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DT(JT10^TARY 


ROMAN   ASD   GREEK   ANTIQUITIES 

WITH  HBABLY  SOOO  EH&BAYIHGS  OH  WOOIi 

FEOM  ANCIENT   ORIGiMALt^ 


IffllTJSTElAL  ARTS  AND  80CTAL  l.TPE  OF  THE  OUEEKS  ASI)  KOJIAKS 


ANTHONY    RICH,    B.  A. 


'    EDITION— REVISED 


NEW  YORK: 

"D.    APPLETON    &    OOMPANj 

S4a    &    361    BROADWAY. 

1874. 


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PREFACE 

ro 

THE   THIRD 

EDITION. 

P                 h 

h 

P                   P 

h      db 

m                  h 

ee        bm 

g 

d          d 

h            p 

h 

ti 
d             d 

d 

from  ambiguity.      These  alterations,  small  in 

themselves  individually. 

bHt  not  unimportant 

in  the  aggregate. 

have 

reference  to 

the 

manner 

more  than  the  matte 

r  of  the  work  ;   bi 

t  they 

serve  to  re 

move 

imper- 

fections  and  give  un 

tyto  the  whole,  like  the 

finishing  touches 

p„,by 

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iv  PREFACE    TO-   THIRD   EDITION. 

artists  into  their  pictures,  which  improve  the  general  effect,  though 
they  do  not  alter  any  of  the  material  parts. 

The  Greek  synonyms  and  the  Index  to  tliem  have  received  some 
considerable  additions.  It  was  not  at  tirst  intended  to  insert  any 
Greek  terms  at  all ;  but  the  advisability,  if  not  the  necessity,  of  doing 
so,  became  apparent  as  the  work  progiesbed,  and  they  weie  intioduced 
amongst  the  articles  as  memory  served,  mostly  while  the  pages  were 
going  through  the  press 

Some  few  additional  lEuslrations  have  been  introduLcd  from  oii- 
ginals  discoveied  in  e-icaiations  made  sim.e  the  pievious  publication, 
or  which  were  at  that  time  unknown  to  me,  or  had  escaped  my 
memoiy  Some  few  articles  have  likewise  been  added  ,  and  others 
have  had  more  matter  introduced  into  them,  if  interesting  in  itself; 
but  always  with  e\treme  sobriety,  so  as  not  to  destroy  the  original 
design,  which  was  to  produce  a  large  book  in  a  small  compass, 
entitled  to  take  its  rank  as  an  authority  amongst  scholars,  and  be  a 
safe  guide  to  the  student,  whilst  it  would  serve  no  less  as  a  manual 
of  ready  reference  for  artists,  archjeologists,  and  all  who  interest  them- 
selves about  the  history  and  manners  of  bygone  ages  ;  and  especially 
of  those  two  great  and  gifted  families  of  the  human  race  to  whom 
our  modern  civilization  is  so  largely  indebted. 

How  far  that  object  has  been  accomplished  is  not  for  me  to  decide. 
But  as  the  volume  has  been  translated  into  the  three  principal  lan- 
-  guages  of  Europe, — French,  Italian,  and  German,— without  any  con- 
cert with  myself,  and  therefore  presumably  because  it  supplied  a  want 
previously  experienced,  it  may  be  permitted  me  to  indulge  a  belief 
that  the  time  and  trouble  expended  upon  it  has  not  been  altogether 
bestowed  in  vain. 

A.    R. 

Heene,   January   1873'. 


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DICTIONARY 


ROMAN    AND    GREEK    ANTIQUITIES. 


ABAC'ULUS (i^aKfo-jtos).  Asmall 
tilG  or  die  of  glass,  or  a  composition 
■' >iiofstonejSt£unedofyariOHS 


^F^^ 


The  illuatrahon  represents  part  of  the 
^  jcient  mosaic  pavement  in  the  church 
ofi  Ci^etfiGerusa/tniiiie,ai  Rome 
AB'ACUS  (apof).  In  its  general 
signiRcadon,  a  rectangular  shh  of 
stone,  marble,  earthenware,  &c. ; 
whence  it  Is  applied,  in  a  move  spedal 
sense  to  various  other  obiects,  which 

fiossess  the  characteristic  form  of  a 
evel  tablet 

I    A  tablet  employed   in  making 
arithmetiLOl  takulatiuiis  on  the  plan 


of  reckoning  by  decads  ,  similar  to 
that  still  in  use  amongst  the  Chinese 
(Davis,  CAinit,  chap  19  ),  and  com- 
monly called  the  Pjtln^oiein  multi- 


plication table.  The  iUnstvation  re- 
presents an  original  first  pubhshed 
by  Velaer.  {Histor.  Auguslan.)  It  is 
divided  into  compartments  by  parallel 
channels  cut  through  it,  into  each  of 
■which  13  inserted  a  cerlain  number 
of  pins  witli  a  button  at  each  end,  in 
order  that  they  might  be  moved  up 
and  down  the  channels  without  falling 
)ut  The  numbers  represented  by 
the  pins  in  each  channel  are  marked 
on  it  the  longer  ones  at  the  bottom 
are  for  Units  ;  the  shorter,  at  the  top, 
fur  decimals 

A  ti  ij  covered  with  sand  was  like- 
wise employed  for  the  game  purpose, 
the  lines  being  drawn  out  in  a  similar 
mamier  m  the  sand,  and  pebbles  used, 
instead  of  pins,  for  making  the  calcu- 


s  (Per^ 


Sal.  \.  131., 


still  designated  by  the  same  name,  ai 
va,  also  the  t  ay  of  the  san  e  kmd 
wl  ch  geomet  c  a  s  used  fo  de  cnb- 
mg  tl  e     d  agrams.     Apul    Apol   p 


A   pi  y  boa  d   d  V  d   1 


andslcill;  probably 

lied  to  our  "back- 
gammon,"the  ludus 
dusdeiini  scrifto- 
rum,  or  the  game 
of  the  twelve  lines. 
Caryst.  up.  Athen. 

1.46. 

Tlie  iUustraiion  is  copied  fr 


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original  of  marble  belonging  to  the 
Chiristian  era,  which,  was  excavated  in 
a  vineyard  at  Rome.  It  will  be  ob- 
served that  it  is  divided,  lite  our 
iMckgammon  boards,  into  fouc  sepa- 
rate tables  by  the  cross  lines  at  each 
side  ;  and  each  side  into  twelve  com- 
pactioents  by  the  same  number  of  lines, 
the  duodedm  scrt^a.  The  inequality 
of  the  lines  upon  which  the  pieces 
moved,  and  of  the  intervals  between 
them,  arose  from  the  necessity  of  leav- 
ing  room  for  n  Greek  inscription, 
which,  in  tlie  original,  runs  down  the 
centre,  but  has  iSen  omitted  for  con- 
venience in  the  woodcut ;  the  mean- 
g  according  to  the  translation 

S    m  aus,   is  as  follows  : — "  In 

fhus  at  the  throws  of  the  dice, 
su  st  gives  victory  and  assist- 

hose  who  write  his  name 

e  board  hero  figured  was 
used  in  a  mixed  game  of 
d  skill,  such  as  our  back- 
g     m       is  proved  by  the  lines  upon 
e,  forming  the  points  upon 
tl      counters  moved,  and  the 
which  implies   that    the 
es       re    first  determined  by  i 
row  of  the  dice ;  and  tha 
aiami  was  most   appro- 
given  to  the  board  used  at 
me,  is  testified  by  the  i 
rface  divided   into  parallel 
losely  resembling  in  appear- 
counting-board,  as  well  as 
mstance  that  it  was,  in  fact, 
a  table  upon  which  numbers  were 
reckoned, ^the  numbers  cast  up  on 
the  dice  being  added  together  to  de- 
cide the  move.     See  tha  Greek  Epi- 
gram,   quoted   by    Dr    Hyde,    and 
Omstie(-4»creHfGreeiGames,p.  42.), 
in  which  a  game  of  this  description 
is  described  in  detail. 

3.  Also  the  play-boacd  used  in 
ano  her  ancient  game  of  skill, — the 
/a  /  a  f  mculBrutn, — having  a  closer 
esemb  ance  to  our  chess  and  draught 
board  (Macrob.  Sat.  i.  5.)  Although 
game  of  his  description  were  of  very 
g  eit  ant  quity,  and  are  represented 


both  by  the  Egyptian  and  Greek  ar- 
tists, yet  the  precise  manner  in  whidl 
the  surface  of  the  board  was  divided 
has  not  been  ascertained,  because  it 
s  always  expressed  in  profile,  which 
only  shows  the  men,  but  not  the  face 
of  the  board.    SeeLATRUNCULi,  Ta- 

lULA  LaTRUNCULARUA, 

4.  A  "side-iaard"  for  setting  out 
the  plate,  drinking  vessels,  and  table 
utensils  in  the  IricHnium,  or  dining- 
.  Verr.iv.  16,  fuv.  iii. 204. 
The  Lllustra- 


It  c 


sof't; 


slabs,  the  lower  one  supported  upon 
two  feet,  and  the  upper  by  a  bracket 
leg,  which  rests  upon  the  one  beiow. 
The  simplest  kinds  were  made  of 
marble,  the  more  cosily  of  bronze ; 
and  the  surface  was  sometimes  per- 
forated into  holes,  in  order  to  receive 
such  vessels  as  were  made  with  sliMp 
or  narrow  bottoms,  and,  consequently, 
not  adapted  to  stand  alone.  This  ap- 
pears the  mostnatural  interpretation  of 
the  multiplices  cava-tKS  {Sidon.  Apoll. 
Cami.  xvii  7.  8.),  for  the  term  used  to 
express  the  setting  ont  of  plate  u^n 
a  side-board  is  exponere  (Pet.  ^at. 
Ixxiii  5.),  which  would  be  ill  applied, 
if,  accordii^  to  the  common  accepta- 
tion, these  caverme  were  partitions, 
like  the  pigeon-holes  in  a  cabinet, 
in  which  the  plate  would  rather  be 
hidden  than  displayed, 

5.  A  slab  of  marble  used  for  coat- 
ing the  wallsof  a  room.  (Pliii.  ff.  A". 
XXXV.  I.)     Sometimes  the  whole  sur- 


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ABACi/S. 

face  of  the  wail  was  covered  with,  these 
slabs,  as  In  the  exampie,  which  repre 
sciit'i  an  apartment  in  Dido  a  pilace 
h   m  the  Vatican  Viigil ,  sometime^ 


cofief- or  j.aiiiiel  only  ncrc  inseited 
IS  in  oimment  an  I  aie\liavagance 
IS  commonlj  accompanied  by  bad  taste 
the  marble  itself  was  occasionally 
painted  upon  (Pliii.  If.  N.  xxxiii.  56.) ; 
and  sometimes  the  coatuig  of  stucco 
or  hard  white  cement,  which  was 
capable  of  receiving  a  very  high 
polish,  was  sawed  from  the  wail  of  an 
o!d  house,  s.nd  inserted  as  an  abacas 
instead  of  marble.  See  Vitniv.  vti.  3. 
10.,  a  passage  which  Becker,  in  his 
Gallus,  p.  23.  n.  II.  Traiisl.,  is  clearly 
mistaken  in  referring  to  sideboards. 

6.  A  square  tablet  which  the  early 
builders  placed  upon  the  head  of  their 
wooden  columns  in  order  to  provide 
a  broad  Hat  surface  for  the  supeiin- 
cuinbent  beam  which,  supported  lire 
roof,  to  lie  upon,  and  thus  constituted 
the  first  step  in  the  formation  of  an 
architectural  capital.    Vitnw.  iv.  I., 11. 

It  is  credible  that  this  simple  tablet 
remtdned  for  a  long  period  as  the  only 
capital;  and  in  the  Dorii^  the  oldest 
and  simplest  of  the  Greek  orders,  it 
never  lost  its  original  character,  but 
stiil  continued  wifli  only  the  addition 
of  one  other  and  smaller  member  (the 
erhinws)  as  the  most  prominent  and 
imposing  portion  of  the  capital.  With 
the  invention  of  the  richer  orders  the 
size,  form,  and  character  of  the  abacus 
were  materially  altered,  though  the 
name  was  still  retained,  and  applied 
to  the  crowning  member  of  any 
capital.     These   varieties   are  fully 


explained  and   iH  istrated    under  tl  1 
lord  Capitulum 
The  illustration  leircsents  one  0 
nbs  sculptu  ed  m  the  lock  a 


Bern  Hassan,  which  are  supposed  by 
Sir  G.  Wilkinson  to  be  as  old  as  1 740 
B.C.  It  is  highly  curious  for  the  earlv 
traces  it  affbrfs  of  that  style  of  bu  Id 
ing,  which  the  labour,  skill  and  re 
finement  of  the  Greeks  gradu  Uy 
improved  and  embellished  nt  I  it 
eventuated  in  the  most  pe  feet  of  all 
structures,  the  Greek  Dor  c  te  nple 
There  is  no  base,  nor  pi  1  th  the 
columns  are  fluted ;  the  capital  con- 
sists of  a  mere  abacus ;  a  single  beam 
or  architrave  forms  the  entablature, 
and  supports  a  sort  of  sculptural  cor- 
nice, intended  to  imitate  a  thatching 
of  reeds ;  and  as  there  is  no  frieze 
{zopkgrusi  between  it  and  the  archi- 
trave, we  may  infer  that  it  is  illustrative 
ofaperiodwhen  buildings  were  merely 
covered  by  an  outer  roof  {tectum) 
without  any  soffit  or  ceiling  {c^lum), 
for  the  beams  which  formed  the 
ceiling  or  under  roof  were  shown  ex- 
ternally by  the  member  subsequently 
termed  a  frieze.     [Zophorus.J 

ABOLLA.  Acloakormantleraade 
of  cloth  doubled  (Setv,  ad  Vire.  ^«. 
V.  421.),  and  fastened  by  a  brooch 
under  the  neck  or  upon  the  top  of  the 
shoulder.  It  was  originally  worn  by 
the  military,  as  in  the  example  from 
Trajan's  column,  and  therefore  was 
pat  on  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  city, 
instead  of  the  tt^a,  the  costume,  of 
civilians,  during  periods  of  turbulence 


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of  the  oidinary 
(Tuv  IV  76  Suet  Cil 
35)  Itdoesnutdiffer 
\ey  materially  fiom 
the  si'-UB!  h  t  vfls 
made  of  finer  matenaJ 
and  somewliat  smaller 
dimen'fioiis,  whence 
Martial  recommen  Js 
persons  addicted  to 
thieiing  not  to  iveat  an  nwuu  uc 
canse  it  was  not  large  enoi^h  to 
conceal  the  stolen  article^  beneath 
I      Mait  Ep  VI I  48 

■>  AboiH  'imp  Tl  e  H  ge  i  ap 
p  ng  blanket  of  the  Gteelt  ph  loso 
phers    mure  espec  ally  — 

of  those  who  affected 

and  dress,  the  Cynics 

(Mart  Ep  n   53  )  and 

Stoics   (Jiv    Sat    in 

115 )    where   the  ex 

piessioii  fac  nus  ma 

j/fns  aii/l-   means  a 

ctime    committed    by 

one  who   s  clothed  in 

the  garb  of  those  sects 

the  garment  being  put 

for  the  person  who  w 

apply  our  phrase  "the  long  robe"  to 

members  of  the  legal  profession.    The 

illustration  represents  Heraclitus  from 

an  engraved  gem 

AB&Ib  ot  APSIS  The  semicir- 
cular termination  of  any  rectangular 


chamber,  forming  what  is  commonly 
termed,  in  English  "B«ato!'i'."  (Plin. 
Ep.  ii.  17.  8.)    A  form  of  this  kind 


ACATIUM. 

w  IS  commonly  employed  in  courts  of 
justice  {dasiiioE)  in  order  to  make  a 
convenient  place  for  the  judges'  seats ; 
and  sometimes  in'  temples  to  form  a 
recess  foe  the  statue  of  the  deity  to 
whom  the  edilice  was  consecrated ;  as 

n  il  e  illustration,  which  shows  the 
ai  IS  a';  it  now  remains,  of  the  temple 

f  Rome  and  Venus,  built  by  the 
Emperor  Hadrian.  Compare  also  Ihe 
illnstration  to  ADYTUM,  where  the 
ground  plan  of  a  similar  member  is 

ACAPNA,  sc.  Ligna  (Skoiti^  poet. 
oh™  KiiyKova).  A  word  adopted  from 
t!  e  Greek  language,  and  employed  to 
designate  lire-wood  which  bad  under- 
gone a  preparation  to  prevent  it  from 
sniokmg  when  placed  upon  the  fire. 
Smokeless  wood  of  this  description 
was  prepared  in  three  different  ways  : 
1st  by  peeling  off  the  bark,  then 
aoalt  ng  it  a  long  time  in  water,  and 
finally  suffering  it  to  dry  thoroughly 
before  It  was  used.  (Theophrast /fi>/. 
Pla?U  XV.  10.)  The  effect  of  this 
process  n  now  well  known,  as  it  has 
been  found  that  wood  conveyed  by 
■wafer  m  floats  bums  mote  briskly 
a  id  throws  out  less  smoke  than  that 
which  has  been  transported  by  land 
caiiiage  merely  :  zd.  by  soaking  it  in 
oil  or  oil-lees,  or  by  pouring  ou  over 
It  (Cato,  R.  jF.  130.  Plin.  H.  N.  nv. 
S.) :  3d,  by  hardening  and  scorching 
it  over  the  fire  until  it  lost  the  greater 
part  of  its  moisture,  without  being 
entirely  reduced  to  charcoal ;  this  last 
was  also  designated  1^  a  special  name, 
Cocla  or  CoctUia.     Mart.  Ep.  xiii.  15. 

2.  Acapnon  mil.  Honey  taken  from 
the  hive  without  smoking  the  bees, 
which  was  considered  the  best  kind  of 
honey.  Columell.vi.  33.2.  Plim/ZIM 

ACATIUM  (djitiTiov).  A  smalt, 
but  fast-sailing  vessel,  belonging  to 
the  class  termed  aOuari/B,  viz.,  which 
were  worked  with  oars  as  well  as 
sails.  It  was  more  especially  used  by 
the  Greek  pirates  (Thucyd.  iv.  67.), 
was  furnished  with  an  armed  beak 
{rostrum),  and  had  the  stem  rounded 


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AC  A  TIUM. 

and  bent  inwards  ifn^lexa,  Piin.  H.  N, 
\i.  49.),  a  -recy  common  form  in  tlie 
marine  of  the  ancients,  as  will  be 
shown  by  many  illustrations  in  the 
conise  of  these  p^es.  (See  AcTU- 
ARIUS,  APHRAcrns.)  It  is  therefore 
highly  probable  that  the  distinctive 
characteristics  of  these  vessels  con- 
sisted more  in  the  style  of  their  rigging 
(see  Na  2.}  than  in  the  form  of  the 
hull. 

2.  The  same  word  is  also  used  in 
connection  with  the  rigpng  of  a  ves- 
sel, being  sometimes  applied  to  deaig- 
nate  a  sail,  and  sometimes  a  mast ; 
but  which  of  the  sails  or  whidi  of 
the  masts  is  nowise  apparent.  Xeno- 
phon //c/^sw.  (vL  2.  27.)  speaks  of  the 
acatia  as  sails,  but  contradistinct  to 
the  larger  sails ;  Hesychius  and  Isi- 
dorus  ( Orlg.  xix,  3.  3.)  on  the  contrary 
assert  that  the  aaiimm  was  the  largest 
sail  on  the  ship,  and  attached  to  the 
main  mast ;  while  Julius  PoJlujt  (i. 
91.)  and  Hesychius  in  another  pas- 
sage affirm  that  it  was  not  a  sail  at  all, 
but  a  mast,  and  that  one  the  lai^est  or 
main  mast.  Amidst  all  this  apparent 
contradiction  only  one  thing  is  certain, 
that  the  acaiiuin  was  especially  in- 
vented for  fast  sailing  with  light  winds. 
If  a  conjecture  might  be  liazarded  all 
the  diificnlty  would  be  got  over  by 
assuming  that  it  meant  both  the  mast 
and  the  sail  belonging  to  it ;  and  that 
it  was  a  mast  rigged  after  the  fashion 
of  the  pirate  vessels,  to  which  the 
name  properly  belonged ;  a  taller  and 
lighter  mast  for  instance  than  those 
usually  employed,  fitted  also  with 
smaller  sails,  protiably  with  a  top-sail 
over  the  mainsail,  which  would  be 
handiei-  for  working  and  better  for 
suling  in  fair  weather  than  the  ordi- 
nary heavy  mast,  with  its  cumbrous 
yard.  Thus  Iphicrates,  in  the  passage 
of  Xenophon  already  referred  to,  be- 
fore commencing  his  voyage,  trimmed 
his  vessels  so  as  to  be  ready  for  any 
emergency.  He  left  behind  him  the 
ordinary  large  set  of  sails  {rd.  fitydXa 
iirrin),  and  consequently  the  heavy 
masts  to  which  they  belonged,   and 


ACCMNSUS,  J 

fitted  the  ships  with  masts  tmd  s^uls 
(liiioTiDn),  such  as  the  pirates  used  in 
their  vessels,  for  the  rapidity  they  af- 
forded in  sailing,  and  the  fewer  hands 
they  required  for  working,  in  case  he 
should  be  forced  to  an  engagement. 

ACCENSUS.  A  civH  officer  at- 
tached to  the  service  of  several  Ro- 
man magbtrates,  the  consuls,  prae- 
tors, and  governors  of  provinces. 
(Vaw,  L.  L.  vii.  58.  Liv.  iii.  33.) 
He  was  generally  the  fieedman  of 
the  person  whom  he  served  (Cic. 
ad  Q.  Fr.  i.  I.  4.),  and  it  was  his  duty 
to  summon  the  people  to  the  assem- 
blies,  to  call  the  parties  engaged  in 


t(Cic. 


^;.7.r=  " 


claim  the  hour  at  sunrise,  mid-day, 
and  sunset.    Plin,  H.  N.  vii.  6a 

2.  The  military  AccENSi  vrere 
originally  a  body  of  supernumeraries 
enlisted  for  the  purpose  of  supplying 
any  vacandes  which  might  occur  in 
the  legions  by  death  or  otherwise 
(Festus,  s.  V.  Adctnsi),  but  subse- 
quently they  were  formed  into  a  sepa- 
rate corps,  belongiiw  to  the  /(fit  amia- 
iara,  or  light-armed  troops,  amongst 
whom  they  occupied  the  lowest  rank 
of  all.  They  were  selected  from 
the  fifili  class  of  the  Servian  census 
(Liv.  i  43.),  had  no  body  armour 
nor  weapons  of  attack,  properly  so 
called,  but  fought,  as  they  best  lyjuld, 
with  nothing  but  their  iists  and  stones 


( fugnis  el  lapidibus  depugnaba  «;,  Varro 
a/.  Hon.  s.  Dtcuriones,  p.  520.  Mer- 
cer), precisely  as  shown  mtlie  annexed 


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6  ACCINCTUS. 

figure,  which  is  copied  from  tlie 
Column  of  Trajan.  On  the  ballle-field 
they  were  posted  in  the  rear  of  the 
whole  ai-my,  being  drawn  np  in  the 
last  line  of  all,  behind  the  Roiarii, 
from  whence  they  could  be  advanced 
to  assist  in  desultory  attacks  as  occa- 
sion required.     Liv.  viii.  8.  and  lo. 

ACCINCTUS.  In  a  general  sense, 
girded,  equipped,  or  provided  with 
anything.  Bat  the  word  is  more 
especiaSy  applied  to  the  militaiy,  and 
then  implies  that  the  soldier  has  his 
sword  girded  on,  or,  in  other  words, 
that  he  is  accoutred  as  a  soldier  on 
duty  ought  to  be  ;  lilte  the  right-hand 
figure  in  the  illustration,  from  Tra- 


jaiis  Column.  Hence,  tniies  noit  an- 
iindiis,  nieans  a  soldier  without  his 
sword,  or,  as  we  should  say,  mthout 
bis  "side-arms"  which,  under  a  lax 
system  of  disciplme,  the  men  took  off 
when  employed  upon  field  works,  for- 
Uficatious,  Sec,  and  piled  with  their 
shields  and  helmets  on  the  ground 
beside  them,  like  the  left-hand  figure 
in  the  illustration,  also  from  the 
Column  of  TrajaiL  Under  a  strict 
system,  this  was  not  allowed ;  the 
shield  and  helmet  only  were  laid  aside, 
but  the  soldier  was  always  accinclus, 
or  had  his  sword  on.  Tac.  Ann.  xi. 
18.     Veget.  Mil.  iii.  8. 

ACCUBITA'LIA.  Things  which 
belong  to  a  sofa  or  couch  ;  particu- 
larly the  furniture  of  a  bed,  or  a 
dining  couch,  including  the  cushions 
or  pillows,  mattress,  and  coverlet ;  as 


ACCUBO. 

seen  in  the  two  next  illustrations. 
Valerian,  ap.  Trebell.  Ciaad.  14. 

ACCUEITIO  (.iHraeXtmt).  The 
act  of  recHning  at  table  (Cic.  Senect. 
13.),  as  described  under  AccuBO. 

ACCU'BITUM.  A  particular  kind 
of  couch  used  to  recline  upon  at  meals, 
which  was  substituted  under  the  em- 
pire for  the  la^tus  tridiniai-ii.  {ScboL 
Vet,  ap.  Jnv.  Sat.  v.  17.  Lamprid. 
Elagab.  19.)  Tlie  predse  form  and 
character  of  this  piece  of  furniture  is 
nowhere  described ;  hut  aJ 


uaiibo,  Bccumbo,  accuhitus,  in  their 
Eti  let  sense  refer  to  the  act  of  a  sin^ 
peison,  it  is  but  reasonable  to  con- 
clude that  the  accubitum  was  a  sofa 
mtended  for  the  reception  of  one  per- 
son only  :  the  more  so  as  the  annexed 
illustration  from  an  ancient  Roman 
marble  (Symeoni,  Epiioffi  Anticki, 
p.  51.  Lione,  1558)  ^ows  that  sofas 
of  such  a  character  were  actually  used 
at  meals ;  while  the  interpretation 
given  explains  at  the  same  lime  the 
object  of  their  introduction,  in  order 
that  any  number  of  guests  might  he 
accommodated  at  an  entertainment  by 
tlie  addition  of  extra  sofas  (Lamprid. 
Alex.  Hev.  34.) ;  whereas  the  accom- 
modation afforded  by  a  (ricliniary 
couch  was  limited  to  nine. 

ACCU'BITUS.  Same  as  Accu- 
BITIO.     Stat.  Ach.  i.  109. 

ACCUBO  {mr^mtum,  Ka-rat\i. 
I'Ojuai).   To  recline  at  table,  an  attitude 


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ACCUMBO. 

meals,  instead  of  our  liflbit  of  sitting. 
The  posture  of  reclining,  as  clearly 
shown  in  the  illustration,  from  the 
Vatican  Virgi],  was  one  between  lying 
and  sitting,  the  legs  and  lower  part  of 
the  body  bemg  stretched  out  at  full 
length  on  a  sofa,  whilst  the  uyper  part 
was  slightly  raised  and  supported  upon 
the  left  elbow,  which  rest^  on  a  pillow, 
the  right  arm  and  hand  heing  left  fiee 
to  reacli  out  and  take  the  food, 
m   h  d   f    rran;^ 


coacl  on  which  the  mei  oily  lu 
(.lined  as  shown  m  the  lUustrat  o\ 
copied  from   a  Greek  imrble  in  th^ 


e  practice  was  also  observed  by 
the  Ro  nins  before  the  corr  iplioii 
of  manners  incident  upon  uealch  and 
conquest  had  ensued 

ACCUMBO  Properly  denotes  the 
taking  a  place  on  a  dining  couch  m 
contri  hstmction  to  Acciid  which  re 
fer-;  to  a  person  al  eady  reclining   and 

allusion  to  a  single  perMin  as  dis 


ACERSECOMES.  1 

tinguished  from  Discumbo,  which  has 
reference  to  several  persons  or  the 
whole  company.  But  these  du^tinc- 
tions  are  not  always  observed. 

ACERKA  (Xi^aviBTpXi).     A  small 
square  box  with  a  lid  to  it  (area  iu- 
Serv 


Ovd  Mi  Mii  703  Hor  Od  ii 
8  2  )  The  illustration  is  cop  ed  frt  m 
a  bas  rei  ef  in  the  museum  of  the 
Capitol  at  Rome  on  vhicb  tt  lous 
1  iple  nents  employed  at  the  sac  ifice 
-  ■■  sculptured 


Their 


if«lf  w 


the  a  erra  but  the  box  w 
to  the  altar  bj  in  at 
te  dant  of  the  pnest 
lood  as  shom  by 
the     -innexed     figuie 


pied    froi 


The 


relief  at  Rome 

bo\  IS  earned  in  li  s 

left   hand    i   jug  for 

pouring   ont  1  bat  ons 

of  wine   {cap,i)  m  h  s 

right  and  the  slun  of 

a  Vict  m  over  the  left 

arm       The     incense 

when  used  w  as  talie  1 

out  of  the  box,  and  sprinkled  upon 

the  burmng  altar  for  which  the  e\p  ea- 

sion  IS  h/virs  acen  a     Ov  Pont  iv  8 

j9      Pers.  Sat  u  5 

2  According  to  Festas  (s  v")  the 
same  name  was  also  given  to  a  smalE 
portable  altar  placed  befoie  the  dead 
and  on  wh  ch  mcense  was  burnt  bee 
the  illustration  to  Ara  TURlcREMA 
and  compare  Cic  Leg   1  34 

ACERSECOMES  (^op-rteo/wis) 
Literally  with  long  and  flowing  hair 
and  thence  by  implication,  a  young 
or  effeimnate  person  (Tuv  Sat  vn 
128)  for  the  habit  of  wearing  the 
hair  unshorn  was  regarded,  as  unmii  ly 


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by  tlie  civilized  Romans, 
among  whom  it  was 
only  adopted  for  young 
slaves  who  waited  at 
table,  an  mstance  of 
wBich  is  given  in  PlN- 
CERNA ;  ox  for  the  boys 
{Camilli)  who  acted  as 
attendants  upon  the 
priesthood  at  the  altar, 
as  in  the  illustration  an- 
neiced,  which  is  copied 
from  the  Vatican  Viigi), 
and  represents  one  of 
these  attendants. 

ACETAB'ULUM  {iHjia^av).  A 
vinegar  cruet,  or  ratlver  cup,  which 
the  ancients  used  to  ~~ 
place  upon  their  tables 
at  dinner,  to  dip  their 
bread  in.  (Isidor.  Or^^g. 
XX,  4.  12.    Apic.  viii.  7. 

Uip.   Diff.    xxxiv.    2.  

20.)  We  have  no  direct  testimony 
of  its  being  so  employed,  beyond  the 
inference  drawn  from  the  Greek 
nime  of  the  vessel,  which  means 
liteially  a  vtmgar  dipper.  The  origi- 
nal, of  fine  red  clay,  here  fignred, 
IS  in  the  Museum  at  Naples,  and  is 
n  undoubted  e>:ample  of  these  cups, 


IS  the  ni 


injiov  i 


demeath  it  Panofka,  Recherches  sur 
la  vlritables  Noms  des  Vases  Crecs. 
■  a.  The  cup  used  by  ju^lers  of  the 
class  now  called  "thimble-riders," 
joueurs  de  ^belels,  in  playing  the  trick 
of  the  "little  pea."  (Seneca,  .S^*.  45.) 
This  was  a  very  common  piece  of 
jugglery  both  amongst  the  Greeks 
and  Romans,  and  was  played  exactly 
m  the  same  way  as  now  (Alciphron, 
Ep.  ili.  20.,  where  the  process  is 
rircumstandally  detailed).  The 
"thimble-rigger"  was  called  ^^o- 
eXsirrijE  or  if^^offaiKnjc  by  the  Greeks 
(Athen.  L  34.  Suidas.) ;  the  Romans 
have  left  no  specific  name,  except  the 
common  one  for  all  jugglers,  prms- 
tigiaSor.     Seneca,  /.  c. 

3.  A  dry  measure  of  capacity,  con- 
taining the  fourth  part  of  a  Hemina. 
Plin.  ^A'.  xxi.  109, 


AC  LIS. 

ACIC'ULA.  A  dimindtive  of 
Acus  ;  but  as  the  word  is  applied  to 
the  bodkin  which  women  wore  in 
tlieir  hair  (Acus,  2.),  the  diminutive 
must  be  understood  as  expressing  in- 
feriority of  material,  rather  than 
smallness  of  siie,  for  such  oniaments 
were  made  of  wood  and  bone,  as  wel! 
as  ivory  and  the  predous  metals. 
Cod.  TheodoE.  iii.  16.  I. 

ACI'NACES  (d«i'd«|£).  A  short, 
straight  poniard,  peculiar  to  the  Per- 
sians, Medes,  and  Scythians  (Hor. 
Od.  i.  27.  5.  Curt.  iii.  3.  iS-h  which 
was  worn  suspended 
from  a  belt  round  the 
waist;  so  as  io  hang 
against  the  right  thigh 
(Val.  Flacc.  vi.  701.  ■ 
Florus,  iv.  II.  3.),  as 
seen  in  the  illastration 
from  a  bas-relief  found 


;   the    1 


i   of 


Persepolis. 
niues  was  not  a  sward,  but  a  dagger  ; 
for  it  was  worn  togetlier  with  the 
sword,  but  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
body,  as  may  be  seen  on  tlie  wounded 
Persian  in  the  celebrated  Pompeian 
Mosaic,  inserted  under  Brac^;  from 
the  reduced  scale  of  the  drawing,  it 
is  not  very  prominent ;  but  the  handle 
of  it  is  apparent  on  the  right  side,  the 
sword  being  suspended  by  a  belt  {bat- 
teus)  on  the  left. 

ACIS'CULUS.  A  small  "picA," 
used  chiefly  by  builders  and  stone 
masgns,  having  a  bluff  end 
like  a  hammer  at  one  extre- 
mity, and  a  curved  point,  or 
pick,  at  the  other.  It  is  re- 
presented on  several  coins 
of  the  Valerian  family,  with  the  name 
inscribed  below  it,  from  one  of  which 
the  example  is  taken.   Quint,  vi.  3.  53. 

ACLIS  or  ACLYS.  A  massive 
weapon  used  by  the  Osci,  and  some 
foreign  nations,  bnt  not  by  the  Greeks 
or  Romans  (Virg.  Ain.  vii.  730.  Sil. 
Ital.  iiL  363.)  It  appears  to  have 
been  a  sort  of  harpoon  ;  for  it  con- 
sisted of  a  short  thick  stock  set  with 
spikes,  and  attached  to  a  line,  so  that 


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A  CRA  TOFHOR  UM. 

it  might  be  Tecovered  again  after  it 
had  been  launched  (Serv  ad  Virg 
I.e.'),  but  it  was  only  ijiown.  to  Servius 
by  tradition  having  fallen  into  disuse 
long  before  his  time 

ACRATOPH  DRUM  (aiLparo 
^ipw)  Properly  a  Greek  term  b  t 
fam  lianzed  in  the  I^tin  language 
as  eariv  as  the  time  of  Varro  (Varro 
^.  if  1  8  S  Cic  Pin  111  4.),  and 
employed  to  designate  the  Teasel  in 
which  pure  or  anmiKCd  wine  was 
placed  upon  the  t-ib!e  (Pollux,  m 
99.)      It   wTS,    theiefore     ""     

site  to  the  Ciater 
a  laiger  vessel 
used  for  a  similai 
purpose  but  con 
taiiung  wine  ind  watev  mixed  to 
gether  The  illustration  is  copied 
from  a  ma  ble  vase  (Buonarotti  Van 
di  VOro  p  31 ),  beiimg  an  mscrip 
tbn  dedicated  to  Silvanus,  and  orna 
mented  with  a  wreath  of  vme  leaies. 
It  corresponds  exactly  in  foim  with 
two  others  delineated  by  the  Porapeian 
artists,  one  of  which  is  placed  at  the 
feet  of  a  statue  of  Bacchus  (Mus.  Borb. 
i.  56.),  and  the  other  in  the  hands  of 


-e  quite  su 


the  god  Acratus  (Mi 
whidi,  taken  togetlier, 
dent  to  identify  the  form 
ACROPOiyiUM  A 
from  the  Greeli,  though 
1  ot  found  in  any  Greek 
luthnr  tie  exact  mean 
ing  of  whii-h  IS  open 
to  some  doubts  but 
the  most  probable  inter 
p  relation  seems  to  be 
the  low  square  plintii 
commonly  "seen  under 
the  feet  of  a  marble 
statue  (Hrem  Fab  88) 
as  m  the  illustration 
w  hich  represents  the 
sfatne  of  Juno  placed 
m  front  of  1  temple, 
from  the  Vatn-an  Virgil 
This  acropodium  formed  a  compono 
part  of  the  statue  itself,  but  it  al 
seived  as  a  sort  of  uppei  basement 


62.), 


ACTUARias.  9 

podium  (fi.Kpo«  ir6Bioi')  for  llie  figure  to 
rest  on,  when  it  was  placed  in  an  ele- 
vated position,  or  upon  a  regular  base 
constructed  for  the  purpose,  as  in  the 
illustration. 

ACROTE'EIA  (dicp07i)p<B).  The 
pedestals  placed  on  the  summit  and 
angles  of  a  pediment  for  the  purpose 


of  supporting  statues.  (Vitniv.  iii.  5. 
12 )  They  were  frequently  made 
without  bases  or  cornices,  as  in  the 
llnstration, 

ACTUA'RIOLUM.  DimiimUve  of 
AfTUARius.  A  small  vessel,  or  open 
boil,  propelled  chiefly  by  oai^s,  never 


„  in  number  ;   the 

whii^  transported  Cicero  (Ep.  ad 
Att.  xvL  3.)  had  ten ;  but  they  were 
sometimes  assisted  by  a  5^1  when  the 
wind  served.  (Scheffer,  MU.  Nasi. 
ii.  2.)  The  example  is  copied  from  a 
miniature  in  the  Vatican  Virgil. 

ACTUA'RIUS.  Naves  lutuaria, 
or  simply  Actuarus.  A  laige  class  of 
open  vessels  worked  by  sweeps  and 


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(SisenniL.  af.  Non.  j.  v.  p.  535.  Cic. 
Att.  V.  g.)  Properly  speaking,  these 
were  not  ships  of  wac,  that  is  of  the 
line,  but  were  employed  for  all  pur- 

eses  requiring. expedition,  as  packet- 
ats,  transports  (Liv.  xxv.  30.),  for 
keeping  a  look-out,  and  by  pirates 
(Sallust.  Frag  af  '^  v.  I  )  anl 
were  never  fi  d  w  h  es  ha 
aghteen  oa  S  h  ff       W     iln 


Und  r 
th 


heu 


^of   h 


.0  the  troops. 


ce   ed   h    supp  es 
a  I,   t    m  o 

pe  sed    h  m  in  rati 
Atnn  xji,  5.  g. 

Au    1  V   t.  p,  293. 

ACUS    (dmfffTpa,   ^i>hn,,    fiojpis). 
Seen  have    designated   iu  tlie 

Latin  language  both  a  pin  for  fasten- 
ing, and  a  ««!&■  for  sewing ;  as  the 

wliicli  the  word  is 
applied  are  some- 
times cimracter- 
istic  of  the  former, 
and 


the  latter  of  these  ^—^-—^-—^^ 
two  implen  ents,  which  e  d  st  nguith 
by  separate  names  (C  c  Mi/ti  24 
Celsus,  vii.  i6  Ovid  Afti  vl  23  ) 
The  illustration  epresents  a  box  of 
pins  foand  at  Pompe  1,  -in  1  a  sew  g 
needle  an  inch  and  a  half  long  fron 
the  same  ci  y 

2,  A^us  on  alona 
large  bodk  n  or  p  n 
long,  made  of  gold 
silver,  bronze  vory 
or  wood,  wh   1     he 

through  tl  e  Imck 
hair  after  it  had  been 
plaited  or  tun  ed  up 
in  order  to  keep 
neatly  arrange  a  fas 
in  many  pa  s  of  I  a 


ADiyflSSARIVS, 

1,  Mart,£jS.  ii.66.  Id.xlv.  24.  Apnl. 
Met.  viii.  p.  161.  Varior.)  The  illus- 
tration is  taken  from  the  fragment 
of  a  statue  in  the  Ducal  Gallery  at 
Florence,  which  shows  the  mode  of 
.wearing  these  hair-pins  ;  but  a  great 
■variety  of  originals  have  been  dis- 
co ed  at  Pompeii  and  elsewhere,  of 
d  ffe  n  naterials  and  fancy  designs, 
w  ch  a  e  engraved  in  tlie  Museo 
B  bon  o  (ix.  15.),  and  in  Guasco 
D       O  natiici,  p.  46. ). 

Th  tongue  of  a  brooch,  or  of  a 
bn  k  e  ormed  precisely  iu  the  same 
mai    e    a    out*  own,  as  seen  in  the 


illustrations,  which  are  all  copied 
from  ancient  originals.  Valerian,  af, 
TrebelL  Claud.  14. 

4.  A  needle  used  for  trimming  oil- 
lamps,  and  usually  suspended  by  a 
chain  to  tlie  lamp,  as  is  still 
the  common  practice  in  Italy. 
The  illustration  is  copied  from 
an  original  bronze  lojnp  exca- 
(■ated  in  Pompeii,  and  a  part  of 
the  cliain  by  whidt  it  hangs  is 
shown.  The  use  of  it  was  to 
draw  up  and  lengthen  the  wick 
as  t  b  mt  down  in  the  socket ; 
et  pndusit  am  stapas  humore 
ca  mU       Vii^.  Merit,    n. 

5  A  dibble  for  planting  vines. 
Pallad  1  43.  2. 

6  A  surgeon's  probe  (Fumaletti, 
J  )  b  It  he  does  not  quote  any 
an   e  t  authority,  and  the  proper 


for 


ADMISSA'EIUS,  so.  e^us  (d™- 
(SaTij!)  A  stallion  kept  especially  ■" 
t  e  purpose  of  breeding ;  for  as  l..^ 
1  c  ents  mostly  rode  and  drove  entire 
o  ses  none  but  those  especially  kept 
fur  the  p  rpose  were  allowed  to  haVe 
tercourse  with  the  mares.  Varro, 
RE  71,  Colnmell.  vi.  27.  3. 
Mso  used  of  other  animals,  as 


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A  DOR  A  TIO. 

of  asses.    Vacro,  R.  R,  ii.  S.  3.    Pal- 

ADORATIO  {ipoTOi!«j<n!,  Soph. 
Electr.  1374).  The  act  of  adoration, 
a  mark  of  reverence  exhibited,  by 
passers-by  to  any  person  or  object 
towards  which  they  wished  to  show 
:e  and  respect.    This 


action  was  expressed  by  the  following 
attitude  and  movements  :— the  body 
was  inclined  slightly  forwards  and  the 
knees  gently  bent,  whilst  tlie  right 
liand  touched  the  object  of  reverence, 
an  altar,  statue,  &c  ,  the  left  was 
laised  up  to  the  mouth  {ad  os,  from 
whence  the  term  is  denved),  kissed, 
and  then  waved  towards  the  object 
intended  to behononred  (Plin /f  JV 
xwm.  5.  xxis  20  Apul  Met  iv 
p.  83.  Varior.  Id  Apol  p  496  )  The 
chiff  motions  in  thi',  pantomime  Eire 
dearly  sliown  m  the  illustration,  which 
is  copied  from  an  engraved  gem  m 
Gorlseus  {Daclyhothec  p  11  No  63  ) 
ADULATIO  (irpmKuiTim!,  Herod 
j.  134).  The  moat  abject  manner  of 
IS  practised 


by  tlie  Persians  and  othei  Onental 
races  by  prostration  of  the  body  and 
bowing  the  head  upon  the  ground 
(Liv.  ix.  iS.  Id.  xxx.  16,    Suet,  Vitdl. 


2.  Curt.  viii.  5. ),  as  represented  in  the 
annexed  gem  (Gorla^is,  Dactyliol&ec, 
ii.  39s.),  in  which  a  worshipper  is 
periorming  adulation  to  the  god  Arm-  . 
bis.  The  Latin  poets  also  designated 
this  act  by  such  expressions  as  fi-o- 
cumbere  (TibulL  i.  2.  85.),  or  proniis 
adorare  (Juv.  Sat.  vi.  48.). 

ADVERSA'RIA,  sc  uripta.  A 
day-ioek,  or  sonision- place  icok,  in 
which  accounts  or  memorandums 
were  put  down  at  the  moment  to  be 
subsequently  transcribed  into  a  ledger, 
or  into  a  regular  journal.  Cic.  pro 
Rose.  Com.  2. 

AD'YTUM  (SiuTw).  A  private  or 
secret  chamber  in  a  temple,  from 
which-every  person  but  the  officiating 
priests  were  strictly  excluded.  (Cks. 
B.  C.  iii.  105.  Virg.  Mn.  vi.  98.) 
That  the  adytum  was  distinct  from 
the  ff/Zo,  is  clear  from  a  passage  of 
Lucan  {Phars.  v.  14I-161.),  in  which 
the  priestess,  dreading  the  violent 
exertions  she  would  have  to  undergo 
trom  the  sbmulants  applied  in  the 
secret  chamber  lo  proJuce  an  effect 
like  prophetic  inspiration  —  ptz'ens 
adytijiendra!e  1  emeb  FahdicuiKsHisps 
short  m  the  body  of  the  temple  and 
refuses  to  advance  into  the  adytiaii,  or 
den  laHti-am)  is  it  is  there  termed, 
until  she  is  compelled  by  foice  A 
chamber  of  this  kmd  is  represented  m 
that  portion  of  the  annexed  illuetra 
tion,  which  hes  behind  the  circular 


aim,  marked  m  a  stronger  tmt  than 
the  rest,  and  which  communicate';  with 
the  body  of  the  edifice  by  two  doors, 
one  on  each  side.  The  whole  repre 
senis  the  gromid-plan  of  a  small  Doric 
temple,  formerly  existing  near  the 
theatre  of  Marcellus,  at  Rome,  on  the 


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12  ADYTUM. 

site  of  which  the  church  of  S.  Niccola 
in  Carcere  now  stands.  It  is  copied 
ftora  the  work  of  Labacco,  who  sur- 
veyed it  in  the  i6th  century,  Lihro 
delT  ArckUettura,  Roma,  1558. 

Apartments  of  this  description  were 
constructed  for  tlie  purpose  of  enabUng 
the  priesthood  to  delude  f  heir  votaries 
by  the  delivery  of  oracular  responses, 
the  exhitntion  of  miracles,  or  any 
sort  of  preternatm'al  effects,  and  at 
the  same  time  conceal  the  agency  by 
which  they  were  produced.  They 
consequently  were  not  attached  to 
all  temples,  but  only  to  those  in 
which  oracles  were  uttered,  or  where 
the  particular  form  of  worship  was 
connected  with  mysteri^ ;  which 
explains  why  such  contrivances  are 
so  seldom  met  with  in  the  ground- 
plans  of  ancient  temples  sUll  existing. 
But  the  remains  of  another  ancient 
temple  at  Alba  Fucetitis,  in  the  country 
of  the  Marsi,  now  Alba,  on  the  Lake 
of  Fucmo,  affijrd  ample  conlirmatioii 
that  the  illtistration  introduced  may 
be  regarded  as  a  true  specimen  of 
the  andent  adylum.  The  interior 
of  that  edifice  retained  its  pristine 
form,  and  was  in  a  Complete  stale 
of  preservation  when  visited  by  the 
writer.  It  differs  only  slightly  in 
construction  from  the  example  in  the 
cat ;  for  the  secret  chamber  is  not 
placed  behind  the  absis,  but  is  con- 
stmcted  undemeath .  it,  part  being 
sunk  lower  than  the  general  floor  of 
flie  main  body  of  the  temple  (fe//o) 
and  part  r^sed  above  it,  so  that  tlie 
portion  above  wonld  appear  to  the 
worshippers  in  the  lempie  merely  as  a 
raised  iMisenient,  occupying  the  lower 
portion  of  the  absis,  and  Intended  to 
support  in  an  elevated  position  the 
statue  of  the  deity  to  whom  the  edifice 
was  dedicated  ;  nor  has  it  any  door  or 
■msible  communication  into  the  body 
of  the  temple ;  the  only 


of  the  preiaises,  through  which  the 
priests  introduced  themselves  and 
their  machinery  unseen  and  unknown. 


/RDITUUS. 

But  the  one  remarkable  feature  of  the 
whole,  and  that  which  proves  to  con- 
viction the  purpbse  to  which  it  has 
been  applied,  consists  in  a  number  of 
tubes  01  hoUow  passages  formed  in 
the  walls,  which  commnnicate  liom 
this  hidden  recess  into  the  mterior  of 
the  temple,  opening  upoii  different 
parts  of  the  msdn  i^lls  of  the  cella, 
and  thus  enable  a  voice  to  be  conveyed 
into  any  pact  of  the  temple,  whilst  the 
person  and  place  from  whence  it 
comes  remain  concealed. 
iEDES  [DoMus,  Templum.] 
2EDICULA.  A  shrine,  taber- 
nacle, or  canopy,  with  a  Jiontispiece 
supported  by  columns,  constructed 
within  the  cella  of  a 
temple,  and  under 
which   the   statue  ' 

the  divinity  was  placed 
-^quadrigs  inanratce 
in  CapilBlio  pesita  in 
cella  Jovis  supra  fas- 
tigium  adicula.  (Liv. 
xxxv.  41.)  The  illuslra 
sents  the  statue  of  Jupiter  under  a 
tabernacle  in  the  Capitoline  temple, 
as  described  by  Livy  in  the  passage 
quoted,  and  is  taken  from  a  medal 
struck  in  honour  of  the  Vestal  viigin, 
^Ua  Quirina. 

2.  A  small  cabinet  made  of  wood 
after  the  model  of  a  temple,  in  which 


of  a 


e  family  busts  or  images 

gines  fnajom/n),  the  Lares, 

and  tutelar  deities  of   a  ^ 

house  were  preserved,  and  | 

placed  in  large  cases  round  f 


the  a 


(Pet.      Sal     ' 


8.)  The  illus 
from  a  bas-relief  in  the  British 
Museum,  and  represent'!  an  adiaila. 
in  which  the  bust  of  Protesiiaus  is 
deposited.  Compare  Ovid  Her  xrn 
150-158. 

.^DirUUS,  .^DIT'IMUS,  or 
^DIT'UMUS  (hhj^oJ,  Upof6}Mi, 
scaKbpm).  A  sacristan,  or  guardian,  to 
whose  surveillance  the  care  of  a  temple 
was  committed.  (Varro.  Z.  L.  viii. 
13.   Cell,  xiii  10,)     He  kept  the  keys. 


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opened  it  at  the  appointecl  liouvs  (Liv. 
XXX.  i-j.),  attended  to  the  sweeping 
and  cleaning  (Eurip.  "■ 
/i>».  60-150.),  and 
acted  as  a  gttide  to 
strangers  bv  ex- 
plaining  the 

xsxvi.  4.  § 

honourable  on  e  (Se 
ad  Virg.  ^«. 
64S.),  for  it  was 
place  of  trust  and 
spon^bility ;  as  ir  _ 
also  be  inferred  from  the  style  and 
dress  of  the  lignre  annexed,  which 
affords  a  rare  example  of  the  Greek 
iidiiuu!,  from  a  bas-relief  at  Dres- 
den, whose  office  is  indicated  by  the 
broom  of  laarel  leaves,  which  was 
used  for  sweeping  the  temple  at 
Delphi.     Eurip.  Zait.  U.  cc. 

^GIS  (cUyis).  in  its  primary 
sense  a  goafs  sMn,  which  the  primi- 
tive inlmbitants  of  Greece  used,  as 
ivell  as  the  skins  of  other  animals,  as 
an  article  of  clothing  and  defence. 
This  would  be  naturaUy  put  on  oyer 
the  back,  and  tied  by  the  front  legs 
over  the  chest,  so  as  to  protect  both 
the  back  and  Si-east  of  the  wearer,  as 
seen  in  the  statue  of  Juno  Lanuvina 
in  tlie  Vatican  Museum.  {Vis  n 
Mm.  Pio.  Clsm.  iL  tav.  21.)  1  thu 
formed  the  original  lype  of  the  leg 


Amalthea,  which  suckled  Jupiter  in 
his  infancy       Hygin  Astron   11    13 

The  illustration  exhibits  a  figure 
of  Minerva  on  a  fictile  lamp  (but 
imitated  liom  a  very  ancient  type), 
Bearing  the  iegis  as  described  above, 
n  hich  covers  the  breast,  and  fails  down 
behind  the  back  as  low  as  the  knees 
The  snakes  of  the  Goigon's  head 
placed  upon  it,  form  a  funge  round 
the  edges  in  the  same  manner  as 
Homer  (//  ii  44S )  describes  the 
tassels  on  the  Kgis  of  Jove 

Z  As  s  ith  1  mantle  formed  a 
cumbrous  appendage  to  a  statue  in 
the  ideal  style  of  Greek  sculpture, 
it  was  transformed  bj  the  arhsts 
{f  that  country 
into  a  small  and 
elegantly  formed 
breast  ■  pkte,  co- 
veredwilhscales,to 
imitate  armour,  and 
decorated  with  the  , 
Gorgon's   head  i 


thece 


nthe 


^  of  Minerva 
here  givei^  also 
from  a  fictie  lamp.  From  this  the 
word  ^^s  was  subsequently  used  to 
designate  the  hreast-flaleofa  divinity, 
but  more  espedally  of  Jupiter  and 
Minerva,  as  contradistingui^ed  froni 
Lorka  the  breast-J^ale  of  -moiiah 
0AM  79      Id.  n  755      b 

Vi)^  M     yi     435 
3   A  a  ----.-      -- 


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14  MMEATOR. 

racter  and   authority   they  assumecl, 
as  in  the  example,  from  a  statue  at 

4.  The  translation  of  :egis,  a  shield, 
conveys  an  idea  quite  remote  from 
the  original  and  true  meaning  of 
the  word ;  for  almost  every  fi^re  in 
the  worlis  of  aiident  art  with  a  goat- 
skin on  the  breast,  is  also  furnished 
with  a  shield  apart ;  and  the  passages 
where  a  defence  in  the  nature  of  a 
shield  is  supposed  to  be  referred  to, 
are  either  equivocal,  or  may  be  onder- 
stopd  with  eqtial  tmth  as  descriptive 
of  tiie  large  mantle  of  goat-skin  shown 
in  the  first  wood-cut ;  which  could 
easily  be  drawn  forward  over  the  left 
arm,  to  protect  it  like  a. shield  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  Athenians  used 
their  chlamys  (see  Clipeatus  Chla- 
MT     )    and  as  t  d  b     t] 

d,     h  ed  fr  m 


tlieR  ,  ._      _.  , 

^NEA'TOR.  A  collective  name 
for  one  who  belonged  to  a  brass  band, 
and  played  upon  any  of  the  different 
wind  instruments  used  in  the  army,  at 
the  public  games,  or  religious  cere 
monies,  induding  the  Biuanatores, 
Cormcines,  and  TuMdnts  Suet,  ^w/ 
32.     Aimn  Marc,  xiiv  4   22 

MOUVILM,  or  ^olip'\i^ 
Mtal      seawih  ymU      ifice, 

»h   h  fill  d        h  w         and 


gin 


nl 


f 


R    d 


^QUIPON'DIUM(ir^™^).  The 
equipoise  or  moveable  weight 
attached  to  a  steel  •yai'd 
{staiera),  and  balance  ifiiri, 
Vitrav.  X.  3,  4.).  A  giea 
many  of  these  have  tieen 
found  at  Pompeii  and  else- 
where, moally  made  of 
bronze,  and  of  some  fanci- 
ful device,  such  as  the  ex- 
ample produced,  which  is 
taken  from  a  Pompeian  ori- 
guial. 

^RA'RIUM.  The  public  treasury 
of  the  Roman  state,  as  distinguished 
from  the  exchequer,  or  piivate  trea- 
sury of  the  emperors  (fiscus) ;  in 
which  the  produce  of  the  yearly  re- 
venue, the  public  accounts,  the  decrees 
of  the  senate,  and  the  standards  of  the 
1     '  re  deposited      (Cic    Leg 

T       Ann.  iiL  51      Liv  ni  69  ) 
D       g  th     republic  the   temple  of 
m         used  as  the  treasuiy 
^    rtum  saneliits     A  private 

p     m        of  the  same,    m  which 
k  p    the  monies  and  treasures 

q     ed  by  foreign  conquest  and  the 

p   d  by  slaves  for  then   manu 

m  raw   vkesimanum')    and 

h  was  never  opened  but  upon 

g  m    gendes.     Liv    xwii     10 

C  mp       Quint,  x.  3.  3 

«  um  miRtars  The  army 
f     ffi  separate  tieaauiy  estab 

h  Angustus  to    provide   for 

pensea  of  the  army,  for  which 
1  rp  se  me  new  taxes  were  im- 
posed.    Suet.  Octav.  49, 

jERO.  a  sand'basiit  made  of 
Oilers,  rushes.  Or  sedge  (Plin.  H.  N. 

12  15  ),  which  is  fre 

quently  represented 

as  used  by  the  sol 

diers  employed    1 

excavations,     fori 

fi cations,  and  old 

nary    field    « orks, 

on  the  Column   of       .__ 

Trajin,  from  which '^^•^"' 

the    annexed    illustration    is    taken. 

The  word,  however,  is  only  a  colio- 


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quial  term  employeii  by  the  common 
peoplci  or  in  mmiliEir  langiLJige.  Do- 
nat,  ap.  Terent  Pkorfii.  \.  J.  72. 
'  ^RU'CA.  A  bright  green  colour 
artiJUially  made  to  imitate  the  natural 
Vei'digris  [srago)  which  bronze  ac- 
quires by  age.  Vitruv.  vii.  12.  Com- 
pare Plin.  H.  N.  xxxiv,  26.,  who  de- 
scribes the  different  processes  for 
malting   this   colour,   but  which  he 

^RU'GO    <;is    x^XitoC).       The 
bright  green  rust  whicli  bronze  ac- 

Sidres  from  age,  as  distinguished  from 
le  brown  rust  of  iron  (fermgo,  ni- 
bifft,  CLc,  Tusc.  iv,  14).  The  older 
the  bronze,  the  more  bright  and  beau- 
tiful the  colour  becomes,  which  is 
considered  to  enhance  its  Tulue  ;  aifll 
on  that  accoiuit  a  statue  of  high  an- 
tiquity was  prized  by  the  ancients  far 
beyond  one  of  moi'e  recent  casting. 
.  Wink.  Storii:  '  'k  Arti,  vii.  2.  10. 

^RUSCA'TOR  (x-AkoWtos).    A 
chariitan  or  begging  ini,).-  -or  ;  liter- 


ally 01 


The^, 


s  of 


money    {sra,    xaX& 

Char,  vi.)    by   imposing   upon    aiQ 

credulity  of  otliers.     Aul.   Gell.  xiv. 

MS  THERMA'RUM.  A  metal 
bell  or  gong,  which  was  suspended  in 
the  public  Iraths,  in  order  to  notify  to 
the  public  by  its  sounds  when  the  hot 


water  for  the  baths  «as  ready    Mart 
Ep.  xiv.  163. 
The  illustration  Bhon  ■^  tw  0  if  these 


implements,  from  an  ancient  painting 
representing  a  set  of  baths,  and  whidi 
are  there  suspended  at  the  windows. 
Blanchini,  Imtrtwuni.  Mus.  Vet.  tav. 
vii.  No.  8. 

AGA'SO  (iiTTOKi/ui!).  A  slave  at- 
tached to  the  stables,  who  dressed  the 
hoi-ses,  led  thera  out,  and  held  them 
till  his  master  mounted ;  a  groom, 
ostler,   or   stabU   boy  (Liv.   xuii.    5. 


2.  Sometimes  also  applied  to  those 
who  have  the  charge  of  other  animals, 
such  as  donkeys  (Apul.  Met.  vi.  p. 
121.,  Varior\  and  in  a  more  general 
•«nse  transferred  to  any  of  the  lower 
da-  s  of  slaves.     Hor.  Sat.  ii.  8,  72. 

AGATHOD.^MON  (d-yafloBai- 
■*  The  Greek  name  for  a  good 
spiiit  or  guardian  angel,  for  which  the 
Latin  term  is  Genius,  q.  v.  Lamprid. 
Elagab,  28.  Inscript  ap.  Visconti, 
Mils  Pio   Clem.  tom.  i.  p.  153. 

AGE  A.  The  passage  or  gangway 
by  which  the  boatswain  [Aorlalor'i  ap- 
proached the  rowers  {Isidor.  Orig.  xix. 
2  4.  Ennius,  ap.  Isidor.  /.  c.) ;  also 
termed  aiitus  in  less  technical  Ian 
guage      Ovid  Mtt  ui.  623 

AGGER  (x")/"")  Generally  any 
thmg  which  IS  throw  n  together  — 
ijiieii  tidgentur — to  fill  up  3.  void,  or 
raise  a  mound  whetliec  of  eitth 
wood,  or  nibbioh,  from  whence  the 
following   more   "jpecial   senses   -lie 

I  An  artiUcial  mound  or  rampart 
mth  which  the  Romans  surrounded 
their  camps,  or  any  position  intended 
to  be  occ  ipied  for  a  certani  ptnod 
luiing  the  cirapii£in     It  viis  most 


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by  the  excavation  of  the  earth  dug 
out  of  it  to  form  the  agger.  But  in 
situations  where  the  nature  of  llie 
soil  would  not  admit  of  an  eraliiink- 
jnent  of  earth,  other  materials  of  ready 
and  easy  access  were  had  recourse  to, 
and  it  was  then  frequently  constructed 
o  it  of  the  Irnnks  of  t  ees  fiUeii  in  witli 
bni  hwood   &c    a  he  1  us  atio 


of  it  IS  coveted  liy  a  vallum  or  pali- 
sade, and  a  boarded  gallery  over-head 
for  the  protection  of  the  soldier' 
The  example  will  at  once  explain  the 
meaning  of  those  passages  in  which  it 
is  mentioned  that  the  agger  was  seion 
fire     Cres  Bell.  Civ.  ii.  i'a- 

2  Agger  mumrum.  (Virg.  ■€?«.  x. 
24  )  An  embankment  npon  which  the 
walls  and  towers  of  a  fortified  city 
were  built  and  which  served  as  a 
rampart  upon  which  the  garrison  were 
stationed  to  defend  tlie  place.  It  was 
constructed  of  eartb  thrown  up  in  Ihe 
manner  last  described,  bnt  was  more- 
over cased  with  masonry,  and  as- 
cended from  the  inside  by  a  flight  of 


mainiiig  at  Pompeii,  with  an  elevation 
of  one  of  its  towers  partially  restored, 

3.  A  temporary  mound  of  earth, 
wood,  or  any  other  materials  ready 
at  hand,  thrown  up  ag^st  the  ■mslls 
of  a  besieged  city,  on  which  the  bat- 
tering train  {turnienta  belliai)  was 
placed,  and  for  the  purpose  of  raising 
the  assaulting  parties  to  a  level  with 
the  ramparts.  Like  the  parallels  in 
modern  warfare,  it  was  commenced  at 
some  distance  from  the  city  walls,  and 
then  BL'adually  widened  on  the  inside 
until  It  met  them,  which  is  implied  by 
such  expressions  as  agger  prsmolus  ad 
arbem,  Liv.  v,  7. 

4.  Agxer  vite,  properly  tAs  road, 
that  is,  tlie  central  part  of  a  street  or 
highway  intended  for  the  traffic  of 
carriages  and  cattle  (Vii^.^«.v.273.). 
which  was  paved  withstones  imbc:!  "%a 
in  cement  laid  upon  ^verai  strata  of 
broken  rubbish  (^.jmpare  Via},  and 
slightly  r-" -i^inthe  centre,  so  that 
the  section  formed  an  elliptical  outline, 
a°   ^11  in  the  annexed  plan,  which  is  a 


section  between  the  curb  stones  of  the 
Via  Sacra,  leading  up  to  tlie  temple 
of  Jupiter  Latialis.  The  plan  upon 
which  it  was  constvacted  explains  why 
this  part  of  a  road  was  called  the 
"ig^  (Serv,  ad  Vii^.  I.  c.  Isidoc.  Ong. 
XV.  16.  7.),  though  the  name  is  some- 
times used  in  a'  more  general  sense,  as 
synonymous  with  Via  as  Aurelius 
istead  of  Via  Aureba     Rutil. 


An   artificial    embankment  i 


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(Virg.  ^71.  a.  496.),  and  also  a  mar- 
gin of  masonry,  forming  Ihe  quay  of 
a  port,  to  which  the  vessels  were  made 
fixst  (Ovid.  Met.  xv.  690.  Id.  Trisf. 
iii.  9,  13.)  The  illustration  repre- 
sents a  dyke  of  rough  stones  formed 
at  the  confluence  of  two  rivers  from 
the  Column  of  Trajaii. 

AGI'NA.  The  socket  or  eye,  to 
which  the  beam  of  a  balance  is  pinned, 
and  in  which  the  upright  index 
{exanzen,  Hgula]  oscillates  to  show  that 
the  object  weighed  corresponds  ex- 
actly with  the  weight  in  the  opposite 
scale   (Festns   r  z    Tertull    0  i  Her- 


fSs^g^ 


SSE^Sii^ 


w/fli  41  )  Eo(h  the  a^itui  and  the  i- 
dex  afhxed  perpendicularly  on  the 
centre  of  the  beam  are  shown  in  the 
illustration,  which  is  taken  from  an 
original  of  bronze.  Caylus.  iv.  q6.  4. 
AGITATOR.  Generally  one  who 
puts  any  thmg  in  motion ;  bat  more 
especially  applied  to  those  who  drive 
.-o.fi- .  ,„^  „i  the  following  speckl 


cattle ;  and  1 


Georg.  L  273.)  From  a  fictile  lamp 
formerlyio  the  possesaon  of  Fsbretti. 
{Col  Tr.  Addend.  v-»^t-) 

3.  Agitator  equoruta  (^v\if}(pi).     A 
coachman,  or  eliaiiotcerj  who  drove 


nother  person  in  a  carriage,  whether 
chariot  of  wsir  or  not.  (Virg.  ^ti. 
i.  476.)     The  illustration  is  from   a 


terra  colta,  representing  Paris  carrying 
away  Helen.  Wink.  Men.  In^.'il^. 
3.  When  used  by  itself^  and  without 
any  other  word  to  modify  or  distin- 
guish it,  a  driver  at  the  chariot-races 
of  the  Circus.    (Plaut.  Mea.h.  2.  50. 


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1 8  ACMINALIS. 

varum  agilatnx,  a.  huntress,  who  beats 
ap  the  woods  and  covers  (Aiuob.  iv. 
p.  141),  particularly  applied  to  Diana 
the  goddess  of  the  cirase  ;  in  which 
character  she  appears  in  the  illustra- 
tion from  a  terra  cotta  lamp,  formerly 
in  the  collection  of  Bartoli. 

AGMINA'LIS,  sc.  equus.  A  sump- 
ter  horse,  wliich  follows  an  army  for 
the  purpose  of  carrying  the  arms, 
accoutrements,  and  baggage,  as  in  the 
example  from  the  Column  of  Trajan, 


which  shows  one  of  these  animals 
laden  with  the  shields  and  helmets  of 
the  Roman  soldiers.  Dig.  50,  4  18 
g.  21,     Cod  Theodos  856 

AG'OLUM  A  long  tapenng  stick 
used  by  the  Roman  droveia  and 
heixismen  foi  iiiving  their  cattle 
(Feslus.  J.  )  The  Iruifs  of  the 
Roman  Ciinpagm   nal  e  u'lc     f  a  si 


milar  instrument  it  the  present  dav 
formed  by  a  long  straight  shoot  of 
the  prickly  peat  precisely  like  tlie 
example  here  given  which  is  from  a 
painting  at  Pompeu 

AGONUTH  ETA      (d7«  ofl^s). 
The  president  at  the  public  games  in 


AHENUM. 

Greece,  always  a  person  of  distinc- 
tion, whose  ofSce  it  was  to  decitle 
disputes,  declare  the  victoi's,  and 
award  the  prizes.     Spart.  Hadr.  13. 

AGRIMENSO'RES.  Land  sur- 
veyors. (Amm.  Marc  xix.  11.  8.)  A 
body  formed  into  a  college  by  the 
Roman  emperors,  and  paid  by  the  state 

AHE'NUM  (x«Xi.e»B')  Properly 
a  copper  oi  botlii  for  heating  water, 
which  was  ru  'Mndcd 
the      fire,      m     1 


the   . 


ills)  for  boiling  111 
or  vegetables,  an  1 
which  was  placed 
upon  it  (Paul.  Dig. 
33  7  18  Serv.  ad 
Virg  ,£«.  i.  213.)  ;  the  distinction 
howevei  is  not  always  observed.  The 
example  is  copied  from  an  original  of 
bronze  found  at  Pompeii ;  the  eye 
at  the  top  of  the  handle  is  to  receive 
the  hook  by  which  it  was  suspended, 
a  {ri.  xa^xeia  Theopl  r  Ciar  i\  ) 
The  coppeis  which  contained  the  wate 
for  supplying  a  bith.  (Vilmv  y  --  -  ' 
These  were  always 
three  m  numbei  ar 
i-inj,ed  with  a  n  ce 
ref^acd  to  economy  of 
f  el  The  largest 
1  hich  contaiied  the 
hot  water  {ca/darmni) 

diately  over  the  fnr 

lace,  the  mouth  of  ; 
whidi  IS  shown  by  the  square  aper- 
tuie  at  the  bottom  of  the  annexed 
woodcut  over  that  was  placed  a 
second  (ie^/inum)  which  only  re 
ceived  a  mitigated  heat  from  the 
greater  distance  of  the  fire  and 
which  therefoie  contamed  nater  ot 
a  lower  temperature  the  uppermost 
of  all  [/rigidarmm)  received  the  cold 

^ater  direct  from  the  cistern  thus, 
when  the  hot  water  was  diawii  off 
from  the  lowest  copper  the  empty 
space  was  immediately  filled  up  with 
mild  which  had  already  acquired  a 
certain  degree  of  heat,  and  the  second 


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baths  of  Pompe  i  as  lestored  by  Sn 
W  Gell  fro  n  the  mpressioiis  wh  eh 
their  hjjiiieB  have  left  in  the  mortic 
of  the  will  behmd.  them,  iii  whidi 
they  were  set 

ALA  Tie  wug  of  a  1)  rd  and 
thei  ce  icom  the  itsemblance  m  use 

the  featl  er  alTxe  I  to  the  shalt  of  a  i 
arrow  to  g  u  le  and  steady  iti  course 
thioi  gh  the  ait  (Virg  ^  (  ix.  578 ) 
The  example  shows  1  Greek  a  ow 
found  in  Attiea 

2  A  large  recess  in  Roman  houses 
of  any  siie  and  splendour  of  which 
there  were  geneially  two  one  on 
each  bide  of  the  atnum  (Vitruv  vi 
3  4)  furnished  with  seats  and 
dosed  m  front  with  c  irtains      and 


vh  ch      r  the 

analog>    a  1         d  uubsj   of 

modern  Turl  ey  (whii,h  havi.  t«o 
precisely    similar   recesses   on    their 

fsllenes  closed  with  curtains  and 
tted  with  divan'}  were  intended  foi 
the  master  of  the  house  to  receive 
his  vMtors  and  enjoy  the  conver 
sation  of  his  acquiintince  The 
posit  on  of  the  Alie  is  shown  on  the 

e round  plan  of  the  house  of  Fansa 
!ee  DoMUS],  where  they  are  marked 
c.  c  ,  their  internal  elevation  in  the 
engraviiig  above,  which  is  a  lestora- 
tion  of  the  atnum  of  the  house  of 
Sallust  at  Pompeii,  and  in  which  the 
entrance  to  the  ala;  is  formed  by  the 


wo  lar^  dooiwals  with  the  curt-mis 
drawn  aside  at  the  furthest  ai  lIl  of 
the  chamber    on  the  right  and  left 

3  In  la.1^  b  Hidings  such  as  a 
basilica  or  Etruscan  temple,  which 
were  divided  by  rows  of  columns  into 
a  centre  nave  and  two  side  aisles 
like  QUI  churches  (a  distnbntion,  of 
H 1  ich  the  great  temple  at  P-est  m 
affords  an  ex  sting  specimen  see 
tIsu  the  illustration  to  Basilica) 
theie  side  a  sles  appear  to  be  termed 
41/s  by  Vitruvius  (iv  7  2 )  ind 
in  consequence  Professor  Becker 
{Gi/lus  p  107  Transl)  wishes  to 
establish  that  the  bUs  of  private 
hoi  ses  were  not  die  apartments  de 
Ecnbed  above,  but  merely  two  side 
aisles,  separated  m  like  manner  by 
rows  of  columns  from  the  centre  of 
the  atnum  But  to  support  this 
position  he  IS  nndei  tlie  necessity  of 
mventmg  an  imag  nary  atnum  of  his 
own  onhke  any  nhich  has  yet  been 
discovered  either  at  Pompei  or  else 
wheie — of  sepaiating  the  coLcdtut 
ftora  the  atnum  — and  of  composn  g 
a  Roman  house  upon  a  plan  entirely 
conjectural  which  he  therefore  dis- 
tributee into  the  three  separate  divi 
sions —  the  atnum  first,  next  the 
ca\iedium  aid  the  peristyle  beyond 
all  which  though  plausible  enough 
m  theory  receives  no  corroboration 
Irom  any  thing  yet  brought  to  light 
■md  therefore,  in  the  absence  of  pt  1 
tive  authonty  'he  interpretation  gii  en 
under  No  2  seems  most  entitled  to 
confidence 

4.  The  wing  of  an  armj  which  m 
the  Latm  wiitera  is  equivalent  to 
sajing  the  division  or  contingent 
fumiHied  by  the  allies  for  these 
were  always  stationed  on  the  flanks 
to  cover  the  legions  consisting  of 
Roman  utizens,  wio  always  occupied 
the  centre  of  the  battle  array.  Veget. 
Mil.  3.  14. 

5.  Also  applied  to  a  body  of  cavalry 
containing  300  men  and  npwards, 
whether  Roman  troops  or  furnished 
by  the  allies,  which  were  posted  upon 


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20 


ALABASTER, 


Cmcii ; 


each  flank  of  the  legii 
Gell.  xvi.  4.  4. 

ALABASTER      or      AI.ABA& 
TRUM    (AXd^aarpos    and   -op)       A 
;e  for  holding    *  ' 


de. 


scription  {Cic.  Fragiit.  ap.  A^f^ 
Non.  J.  V.  p.  545-  Mercer.  \  ""M 
Pet  Sat.  k.  3.)!  mostly  W=J 
made  oat  of  an  onyx  stone     WW 

/i^/.  XV.  114.),  but  of  a  ^ 
peculiar  form,  like  the  shape  of  a 
pear,  a  pearl  drop,  or  a  rosebud  to 
all  of  which  it  is  Ukened.  (Piin 
ff.N.--ai.  56.  Id.  xxi.  10.)  The 
example  is  from  an  original  formerly 
in  the  possesion  of  the  Roman  anti 
qnary  Fietro  Ciacconi.  Fottunatus 
Schackius,  Myrhthec.  i.  47. 

ALA'RII.  The  troops  stationed 
on  the  wings  of  a  Roman  army, 
inclnding  both  the  infantry  and 
cavaby,  which  were  formed  out  of  the 
contingents  furnished  by  (lie  all  es 
and  consequently  varied  in  their  arms 
and  accoutrements,  according  to  the 
customs  of  the  different  nations  by 
whom  they  were  supphed.  (Cic.  Fit  i 
ii.  17.  Cks.  B.  G.  i  SI.)  Bodie  of 
such  troops  are  represented  in  several 
battles  on  the  Column  of  Trajan  as 
of  the  German  auxiliaries,  and  Sar- 
mitian  cavalry,  &C,,  each  in  the 
co3turae  of  their  respective  countries. 

ALBA'RIUM  or  OPUS  ALB 
(xoflaiia).  Stucco  or  cement,  with 
which  brick  walls  were  covered, 
made  out  of  sandstone,  brick,  and 
marble,  powdered  and  ground  toge- 
therfor  an  outside  coating;  orof  gyp- 
sum and  plaster  of  Paris,  for  the  finer 
kinds  used  in  the  interior,  Vitrev. 
viL  2.     Plin.  If.  N.  xxxvi.  SS-  ib.  S9' 

ALBA'RIUS  {(coi'iar^i).  A  plas- 
terer, whose  trade  it  was  to  cover  the 
walls  with  cement,  and  make  orna- 
mental cornices,  friezes,  and  reliefs 
in  stucco.  Inacript  ap.  Grater.  642. 
ir.     Compare  Phn.  H.Ii/.  xxxvi.  59. 

ALBATUS,  Clothed  in  white. 
Thus  in  the  Cireensiaii  games,  auriga 


albai  IS  (Plin.  H.  N.  viii,  65.),  a  diivef 
who  wore  the  white  colour,  or  be- 
loi  ged  to  the  white  company  (fadio 
ilbjla) 

ALBO  GALE'RUS,  The  fur  cap 
worn  by  the  Flamen  Dialis,  which 
was   made  of  the 


pG 


m  Fes 

X.         4. 

ALBUM   (         /I  }     A    p  ce 
patch    covered   with   white    plaster 
agamst  the  walls  of  a  building,  upon 
which  public  announcements  or  ad- 
vertisements    to    the    public    were 

^  piwiEsr 1" ' 

wiittei  and  thence  the  name  is 
given  to  any  sort  of  white  tablet 
bearing  an  inscription,  such  9B  a  list 
of  the  senators,  the  prtetoc's  edicts,  or 
things  of  a  like  nature.  (Paul.  Sen- 
tent.  L  L  t.  14.  Seneca.  Ep.  48.  Cic. 
Oral.  iL  IB.)  The  illustration  is  a 
facsimile,  upon  a  reduced  scale,  of  an 
album  written  against  one  of  the 
houses  in  Pompeii,  which  appears  to 
have  been  equivalent  to  a  modem 
announcement,  such  as ;  "  Patron- 
ized by  the  Royal  Family,"  or  "  By 
appointment."       The   words    of    it 


AEDILKM  ,  ORAT  .  UT  .  FAVEAT  . 
SCRIBA  .  ISSUS   .    DIGNUS    .   EST.,  !.a, 

Issus,  the  scribe,  solicits  the  patron- 
age of  M.  Certinius  Vatia,  the  redile  ; 
he  is  a  fit  person. 

ALEXANDRI'NUM  OPUS.     A 
particular     kind      of     mosaic    work, 


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th 


■aag 


6  db 


onjunctioji  of 
red  and  black  for  instance,  on  a  white 
ground,  as  in  the  example,  which  re- 
presents a  portion  of  a  pavement  in  a 
house  at  PompelL  (Lamprid.  Alar. 
Sev.  25,)    The  words  of  Lampridius 

'    '      'y  that  this  description  of 
it  introduced  by  Seve- 


P  n?hy  7 


tl  wl  h  h  d  be 
pi  y  1  f  t!  p  p 
and  Lacedsemonian  marble. 

ALIC'ULA.  A  short  cloak  or 
niatitle  resembhng  the  chlamys  in 
form,  but  of  smaller  dimensions, 
fastened  by  a  brooch  in  front,  and 


(Pet.  Sat.  xl.  5.),  and  by  young 
persons  (Ulp.  Dig.  34.  2.  34.).  It  is 
oflen  seen  in  works  of  ancient  art, 
like  the  eitample,  which  is  froni  a 
painting  at  Pompeii,  in  all  of  which 
the  des^iiation  is  clearly  explained 
by  Che  resemblance  it  bears  to  a  pair 
ol  link  iiiings,  IS  the  wind  or  motions 
of  the  wearer  raise  it  floating  from 
his  shoulders. 

A'LIPES(i-«pi7rou!).  Having  wings 
on  the  feet,  an  epithet  especialfy  given 


Mercury,  as  in  the  ex- 
iplefromateiTa  cotta  lamp.   Ovid. 
J^asl.  V.  100.     Id.  Mei.  iv.  753. 

ALIFILUS(jropOTiXTpiDs).  A  slave 
attached  to  the  baths,  or  kept  by 
private  persons  for  the  purpose  of 
pluckmg  out  the  straggling  hairs  from 
any  parts  of  the  body,  or  under  the 
aim-pits.  Both  males  and  females 
were  employed  for  this  purpose, 
Seneca,  £p,  56.  Compare  Juv.  Sal, 
xi.  157.     Cratin.  'Up.  2. 

ALIPTES  or  ALIPTA  (dA^Tm^). 
Properly  a  Greek  word,  but  used  by 
the  Romans  in  the  same  sense  as  by 
the  Greeks,  to  designee  a  person  who 
combined  in  himsdf  the  several  duties 
and  authority  of  a  lamsta  and  uiictor. 
It  was  his  business  to  anoint  and  rub 
the  bodies  of  the  Athletre  with  oil 
and  fine  sand  mi^d  Cogethei:  before 
and  after  a  contest  in  the  Palsestra, 
or  of  young  persons  in  the  gymnastic 
schools  ;  as  well  as  to  direct  and  pre- 
side over  their  training  and  exercises 
(Aristot.  Eth.  N.  z.  6.  7.  Pindar, 
Olymp.  viii.  54-71.);  and  also  lo 
give    them    advice    respecting    their 


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22  ALLIGATI. 

diet  and  mode  of  living,  whidi  he 
was  enabled  to  do  from  the  knowledge 
lie  possessed  of  their  muscular  con- 
formation, and  general  state  of  bodily 
health.  Cic  Fam.  L  9.  Celsus,  i.  i. 
a.  A  slave  attached  to  the  baths, 
for  whom  the  genuine  Latin  term  is 
vttctor,  whose  business  it  was  to  rub  the 
bather  dry,  scrape  off  the  perspiration 
with  the  sirigil,  and  then  anoint  the 
boly  with  unguents.  (.Seneca,^.  56. 
Juv.  Sat.  vi.  422.)  Tl  illu  trat  n  is 
taken  from  a  fresco  wh   h    ep       n 


3  undoubtedly  eopied  from 
celebrated  original,  tot  Jnvenal  must 
have  had  a  similar  one  in  his  mind's 
eye  wlieii  he  wrote  the  passage  above 
referred  to. 

ALLIGIATI.  In  a  special 


r  prisoner  of 
soldier  who  had 
charge  of  him  ; 
I.e.,  the  two  to- 
gether were  called 
alligatl,  because  it 
was  the  Roman 
pracdce  to  chain 
the  prisoner  to  his 
captor,  the  mana- 
cle being  fastened 
to  the  right  wrist 
of  the  former,  and 
to  the  left  of  the 
soldier  to  whose  ci 
milted;  whence  the  allusion  of  Si 


ilh  the 


{TrdnquiU.  i.  10.),  cdUgati  suntgtdal- 
Hgavertinl.  (Compare  Stat.  Tksb,  xii, 
400.)  The  iUu^mti-on  from  the  arch 
dedicated  by  tbe  silversmiths  of  Rome 
to  Septimius  Sevema,  represents  a 
Roman  soldier  with  his  prisoner,  the 
latter  with  both  his  hands  cliained 
together  behind  his  back,  while  the 
sokiier  is  preparing  to  fasten  the  cliain 
to  his  own  arm  ;  the  ring  which 
forms  the  manacle  is  seen  at  the  end 
of  the  cha'n 

ALLOCUTIO    Anad    e  a 

■angi  p     all        h  a    h   R  ma 


chief  officers,  with  the  -.tindaidt  md 
body  of  the  troops  arranged  m  front 
as  here  shown  from  a  medal  of  An 
toniiius,  which  also  bean  the  inscnp 


ALTA'RE.  According  to  the  gnm 
uiarlans,  a  Ugh  altar  (quasi  alia  ara), 
which  was  dedicated  only  to  the  gods 
above  (Serv.  sd  Vtrg.  £d.  v.  66. 
Festus,  s.  v.),  whilst  the  Ara  was  both 
lower,  and  employed  in  sacrificing  to 
the  gods  below  as  well  as  those  above. 
Such  an  interpretation  may  possibly 
acquire  atitliority  from  the  engraved, 
gem  here  figured  (Agostini,  Gemvte, 
142.},  in  which  two  ^tars,  both  with 
incense  burning  on  them,  but  one 
much  more  elevated  than  the  other, 
are  seen  ;  a  similar  example  occurs  va 
the  miniatures  of  (he  Vatican  Virgil, 
in  which  four  square  altars  are 
depicted,   two    lall    and   two    lower 


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(PUii,  Panes-  '■  5-  Compare  Phn  H  N 
XV.  40.),  and  other  places  ui  -which 
the  two  words  are  distinguished 
The  interpretation  that  a/iare  means 
that  which  is  placed  on  the  altar  (ara) 
is  scarcely  so  satisfactory ,  foi  m  the 
passage  of  Quintiliaji  {Declam  xii 
26.),  oris  altatia  impenert,  the  read 
ing  is  douhtful ;  and  that  of  Justm 
(xxiv.  3.),  lUTnpiir  in  manin  alianbus, 
will  bear  a  very  different  mterpre- 

ALTA'RIUM,  i.  q.  Altars  Snip 
Scv.  i.  19. 

ALTICINCTUS  (ifiit^oi)  Hav 
ing  the  tunic  dra\™  high  np  through 
the  girdle,  and  above 
order  to  allow  fii "' 


n  Virgil. 

alum  (aluiaeii)  ui  order  to  render  it 
soft  and  pliable  ;  whence  the  word  is 
often  used  by  the  poets  for  a  boot, 
shoe,  purse,  &c.,  made  of  such  leather. 
Mart.  xiL  26.    Juv.  Sat.  jdv,  282. 

2.  A  patch,  or  beauty  spot  for  the 
face.      Ovid.  Art.  Am.  m.  202. 

ALVEA'RE  (ff/iflm,  ali^p.os).  A 
6  chhe,  in  which  the  bees  n  -il  -  theV 
combs  and  depoat  their 
honey  (Columel].  ix. 
II  1  )  Amongst  the 
incients     these     wer 

metal,  of  which  :■ 
example  is  introduced  ,  ~T 
(j  FORI)  from  an  orif  iound  at 
Pompeii ,  also  of  eaithe.iware,  bnt 
iheywere  not  approved,*  aS  being  most 
affecteu  by  tlie  vicissitudes  of  heat 
and  cold.  The  best  were  made  from 
strips  of  cork,  or  of  the  fennel-plant 
(ferula)  sevifA  together;  and  the  next 
best  of  tasket-work  (Colnmell.  ix. 
6  I  Viig  Georg.  iv.  33.),  as  in  the 
example,  which  is  taken  from  a 
Roman  bas-relief,  in  whieh  it  is  intro- 
duced as  an  emblem  accompanying 
tlie  figure  of  Hope.  Montfauc.  Antiq. 
Exfl  1  204 

ALVEARIUM  (sitiivJit).  A  row 
of  beehives,  or  place  where  beehives 
stand.     Varro.  M.  S.  hi.  16.  12. 

ALVE'OLUS.  A  diminutive  of 
Alveus,  generally  ;  bnt  in  a  special 
sense  of  its  own,  a  viiavsf's  shuttle, 
whicli  was  used  for  conveying  the 
thi-eadsofthewoof  [sitbtemeit)  through 
the  warp  {stiwiea).  (Hieton.  Ep. 
130,  ad  Demetr.  «.  15.  ad  torguettda 
subteniina  in  ah/eoHs  fiisa  volmnlur.') 
From  this  yassage,  and  tlie  name  by 
which  (he  instrument  was  called,  we 
may  safely  infer  that  it  was  a  ilat 
piece  of  wood  rounded  or  pointed  off 
at   each    end,     and    scoped    into    the 


■at,  with  a  cavity  in  llie 


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centre,  into  which  the  pin  of  the  bobbin 
was  inserted  ;  precisely  like  the  ligaie 
here  introduced,  which  represents  a 
common  kind  of  shuttle  used  in  some 
patCs  of  this  and  other  countries,  bat 
which  coccesponds  so  exactly  with 
the  words  aliove  quoted,  that  it  may 
be  justly  looked  upon  as  an  ancient 
model  unclianged  by  time.  There  is 
a  small  hole  in  its  side,  through  whicli 
the  thread  is  drawn,  and  as  the  shuttle 
is  thrown,  the  bobbin  and  pin  revolve 
(fiisa  volvantiir)  and  deliver  oat  the 

AL'VEUS.  From  flfe«,  the  belly  i 
whence  it  is  applied  in  several  special 
senses  to  a  variety  of  objects  which 
possess  a  real  or  imaginary  resem- 
blance in  form  to  that  part  of  the 
human  body. 

1.  A  long  shallow  wooden  vessel 
answering  to  our  notion  of  the  words 
trough  or  h^y,  either 
for  holding  liquids  or 
any  other  articles ; 
like  the  figure  in  the  cut,  which  is 
used  by  a  carpenter  for  his  tools  and 
necessaries  in  a  Pompeian  punting. 
Plin.  If.  N:  XVI  22      Liv  1.  4. 

2.  A  small  boat  or  canoe  used 
upon  rivers,  of  ^ery  pmmtive  con- 
struction, being  hollowed  out  ot  a 
single  tree.     (Veil  n  107  )    The  ex 

.   ample  here  given   represents   a  log 


canoe  discovered  in  the  bog  which 
forms  tlie  bank  of  the  old  river  at  the 
jimction  of  the  Nen,  at  Horsey  near 
Peterborough  (Artis  Dmobnt  pi 
57.J,  which,  if  not  of  Roman  origin,  is 
certainly  of  very  great  antiquity ;  and, 
as  it  resembles  in  every  respect  the 
canoes  represented  on  medals  which 
commemorate  the  foundation  of  Rome, 
it  may  be  recdved  as  a  model  of  the 

3.  The  hull  of  a  ship ;  and  thence 
used  by  the  poets  for  the  ship  itself. 
Sail,  Jug.  XI.    Proper!,  iii.  7,  16. 

4.  A  particular   kind  of   dish  or 


small  tray,  in  which  certain  sorts  of 
fruit,  such  as  olives,  yjere  handed 
round  to  the  guests  at  table.   Pet.  Sair 

5.  A  board  used  by  tlie  Romans 
for  one  of  their  games  of  skQf.  The 
circumstance  of  dice  as  well  as  coun- 
ters being  mentioned  in  connection 
with  the  game  played  upon  the  alveui 
(Plin.  ssxvii.  6.  Val.  Mas.  viii.  8.  2.). 
implies  that  that  game  was  the  Indus 
duodedm  scriptoruni,  in  which,  as  in 
our  backgammon,  the  move  was 
decided  by  a  throw  of  the  dice.  The 
alveus,  therefore,  must  have  resembled 
in  some  respects  our  backgammon 
board,  and  been  divided  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  abacas  (see  Abacus, 
No.  2.),  or  if  any  difference  really 
esisted  between  the  meaning  of  these 
two  words,  it  is  possible  that  the 
latter  term  was  strictly  used  when  the 
board  consisted  of  a  marble  slab  ;  the 
former  when  made  like  a  wooden 
tray  with  raised  edges,  as  indeed  the 
ongmal  notions  of  the  two  woids  of 
themselves  indicate 

6  A  hot-nater  bath,  constructed 
m  the  floor  of  a  bathing  loom  at  the 
opposite  extremity  to  that  which  ton 
tamed  the  Labritiii  (Vitruv  v  10  4 
Maiquez,  Case  de^h  Anltshi  Roinam, 


§  317  ),  and  furnished  with  a  step 
at  the  bottom,  which  formed  a  seat 
for  the  bather  «  hen  he  descended  into 
it.  (Auctor.  ad  Herrnm.  iv,  10.  J  The 
illustration  here  given  is  a  section  of 
the  ahieus  in  the  public  baths  at  Pom- 
peii. The  tinted  part  is  the  flooring' 
of  the  room  formed  of  brickwork,  in 
which  the  flues  through  which  the 
hot  axe  circulated  are  observable,  one 
under  the  bath  itself,  and  four  others 
under  the  general  flooring.  A  is  the 
ahieus ,-  B  the  seat  on  which  the  bather 
sat  {gradus,  Vitr.  I.  c.);  a  a  low  para- 


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pet  wall  forming  the  upper  part  of  tlie 
bath  {Jihiteiis,  Vitr,  /,  c),  from  mhidi 
two  steps  on  the  outside  lead  down 
to  the  floor  of  the  room.  The  general 
plan  of  the  apartment  in  which  it  is 
placed,  and  relative  situation  with 
respect  to  the  other  members  of  the 
same,  will  be  understood  ly  referring 
to  thelirsC  wood-cut  under  Balineae, 
letters  D,  h,  i. 

7.  From  this  the  word  is  sometimes 
transferred  in  a  more  general  sense  to 
any  sort  of  vessel  or  convenience  for 
washing  in.     Ovid.  Met.  viii.  bc,3. 

8.  A  bee-hive.  (PJin.  H.  N.  vii. 
13.}  [Alveare.] 

ALVUS,  i.  q.  Alveare.  Varro, 
Columell.  Plin. 

AMANUENSIS  {imo-^f&fii^).  A 
slave  or  a  freedman  employed  as  a 
secretary  or  amanuensis,  to  write 
letters  which  his  principal  dictated 
aloud.     Siiet.  TU.  3. 

AMA'ZON  ('AMofiti').  An  Amazon, 
a  female  warrior  of  Scythian  race, 
whose  armour  consisted  of  a  helmet, 
a  shield  of  peculiar  form  called /^///f, 
a  bow  and  arrows,  a  sword,  and  double 
axe  {H^enms),  .all  of  which  acces- 
sories are  shown  in  the  illiUitration 


in  the  Museum  of  the  Capitol  at 


The  common  derivation  of  the  name 
from  ,uof(ls,  because  tliey  were  said  to 
have  destroyed  the  ri^ht  breast  in 
order  that  it  might  not  interfere  with 
the  use  of  their  weapons,  is  a  mere 
fiction  invented  by  the  grammarians  ; 
for  they  are  always  represented  in 
works  of  ancient  art  as  perfect  as  other 
Hotnen.     See  the  next  cut. 


case  they  are  armed  with  a  spear,  like 
the  ordinary  cavalry  of  other  nations  ; 
as  in  the  example  6:0m  3.  fictile  vase. 

AMBIV'IUM  (a/<^oBoO.  Anyroad 
or  street  that  leads  round  a  place. 
Varro.  ap.  Non.  s.  Eguisonss,  p.  450. 
Mercer.     Aristoph.  Fragm.  304. 

AM'BRICES.  The  cross  iathsfrs^ 
guhi")  inserted  between  the  rafters  and 
tiles  of  a  roof     Festus.  s.  v. 

AMBUBAI'*.  Female  musicians 
and  ballad  singers  of  Syrian  extrac- 
tion, who  fiequented  the  Circus  and 
places  of  public  resort,  and  sup- 
ported themselves  by  their  music  and 
prostitution.  Suet.A^ri',  a?.  Hor.  Sat. 
1.  2.  I.    Compare Juv.  iil  62,  65. 

AMEN'TO.  To  hurl  a  spear  or 
javelin  by  the  asastance  of  a  thong 
(cmimiam)  attached  to  it,  which  from 
the  passages  cited  behjw  appears  to 
have  been  executed  by  inserting  the 
fingers  between  the  ends  of  the  Ihong, 
and  thus  giving  the  missile  a  rapid 
rotatory  motion  before  it  was  dis- 
charged ;  but  there  is  no  known  work 
of  antiquity  in  which  this  action  is 
represented.  Lucan.  vi.  221.  Com- 
pare Ovid.  Met.  xii.  321.  Cic.  li* 
Orst.  i.  57. 

AMENTUM  (Ti  a^n  rffli-  dU™- 
riwc).  A  thong  fastened  to  the  shaft  of 
a  spear  or  javelin  at  the  centre  of 


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14.)  This  illustration  is  taken  from 
one  of  Sir  W.  Hamilton's  flclile  vases  ; 
bttt  in  the  celebrated  mosaic  of  Pom. 
peii,  believed  to  represent  the  battle 
of  Iesub,  a  broken  spear  provided  with 
a  similar  appendage  is  seen  lying  on 
the  ground. 

2.  Tlie  thong  or  strap  by  which 
the  soleae,  crepidai,  and  smiilar  kinds 
ot  shoes  were  festened  on  the  foot 
(Festus.  s.  71.),  as  in  the  example  from 
a  marble  statue  at  Rome,  where  the 
lium  is  shown  by  the  broad  flat 
g  mhidi  passes  over  the  instep. 


and  through  he  loop  (a  at)  affixed 
to  the  sides  of  tl  e  sole  PI  ny  me 
tions  a  sitting  s  a  ue  of  Comeha  1  e 
mother  of  he  d  accl  yh  ch  was 
remarkable  fo  hiv  ng  a  mere  sole 
under  the  foo  w  hou  any  thong  to 
fasten  it  {sols  e  n  ata  ng  u 
//.  N.  xxxiv  14  )  and  sim  lar  om  s 
sioiis  are  no  mf  equentiy  observable 
in  the  Pon  pe  an  pam  mgs  only  to 
be  accounted  fo  by  the  capnce  or 
inadvertence  of  he  artists 

AM'ITES  A/c    0    /qfismA^ 
ticularly  apphed  0  the    vo  lo  g  poles 
like  those  of  a  sedan  cha  r    wh  ch 
projected  f  om   he  f  ont  in  1  back  of 
a  Basterna    0  a     o  form  a  doub  e 


pair  of  shafts  for  the  beasts  which  bore 
't.  (Pallad.  vii.  2.  3.)  The  illustra- 
tion represents  a  conveyance  common 
in  many  parts  of  Europe  during  the 
middle  ages,  which,  though  not  from 
any  known  Greek  or  Roman  model, 
is  introduced  because  it  represents  to 


the  eye  a  precisely  an 

to  what  is  mentioned  by   PaUadius. 

Compare  Bastekna. 

3.  Strong  poles  of  timber  inserted 
horizontally  between  two  ujiright 
posts,  for  the  purpose  of  making  a 
fence  to  confine  cattle  withm  their  en- 
closures.    Columell.  ix.  1.  3. 

3.  The  two  parallel  rods  upon  ■ 
which  each  side  of  a  clap-net  is 
stretched  when  laid  flat  upon  the 
ground,  and  by  which  they  are  made 
to  rise  up  and  fall  over  the  bird  which 
has  alighted  between  them ;  from 
which  it  may  also  be  applied  to  the 
net  itself.  Pallad.  vih.  12.  Hor. 
Epod.  2.  33. 

Tiiat  the  ancients  were  acquainted 
with  clapnets  there  is  no  doubt ;  for 
they  are  represented  in  the  Egyptian 
ombs,  and  constructed  precisely  upon 
the  same  principles  as  those  now  used 
by  on  bird-catchers..  (Wilkinson's 
A  tent  Egyptians,  vol.  iii.  p.  37.) 
They  a  e  distinctly  alluded  to  by 
Plauu  (-4f.  i.  3.  6i-72.);aiidbyMa- 
n  bus  {A  tr.  T.  371-373.),  where  he 
describes  the  various  ways  of  taking 
birds  Aiit  nido  captare  sua,  ramm/e 
den  -n  Pascfnlemve  saper  siir- 
g  a  diuere  Stm:  in  which  passage 
the  last  vords  gmphlcally  depict  the 
rmng  up  of  the  clap-nets  over  the  bird 
hat  s  feedmg  on  the  seeds  which 
the  fowle  has  thrown  down  on  the 
ground  {aria)  iietween  (hem,  as  de- 
sc  bed  by  Plaulus.  lastly,  Palla- 
d  us  (/  )  says  that  an  owl  was  em- 
ployed together  with  the  amites,  as  a 
(_  11  bmd  to  wliich  use  it  is  still  pyj  by 
1  e  modern  Italians,  All  these  ch- 
um lances  seem  sufficient  to  autho- 
rise the  interpretation  given  ;  though 
it  should  not  be  concealed  that  Festus 
(j.  7).)  and  the  scholiast  on  Horace 
(/.  c.)  make  the  word  synonymous 
with  ancones,  or  jwibs,  and  explain  it 
by  the  gloss  fiirculas  aucupalariae, 
which  is  received  by  Doering,  Orelli, 
and  the  commentators  generally.  But 
it  is  not  probable  that  the  Romans 
would  have  invented  three  different 
words  to  express  one  and  the  same 


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AM  ICTUS. 

thing ;  nor  is  it  easy  to  conceive  how 
birds  could  be  canght  by  nets  erected 
upon  poies,  which  they  could  so  ea'iily 
flyover;  and  the  general  analt^y  of  the 
word,  by  a  comparison  witli  its  other 
meanings,  should  not  be  neglected 
both  of  which  apply  to  poles  placed 
in  a  horizontal  and  fariulel  position 
as  distinct  from  tliose  which  are  set 
upright,  or  stuck  in  the  ground 

AMICTUS  (iir^i^,  i^orioi. 
Alciphr.  Ep.  iii.  42.  la).  A  general 
term  expressive  of  all  the  vanous 
articles  of  outer  clothing,  which  were 
in  fact  wrapped  round  the  peison 
(from  amiciri),  as  distinguished  from 
those  of  the  inner  apparel,  which  w  ere 
drawn  on  (from  iniuere)  \  including 
therefore,  the  Toga,  Pallium  Stgam 
AbollOi  Paludameiitam,  &c.  (Vug 
^«.v.421.  Qamt.  xi.  3. 137  Com 
pare  iNDUTtrs.)  The  two  figures 
here  represented,  both  from  Etmscan 


works,  wili  explain  distinctly  what  1 
meant  by  the  term.  The  one  stand 
ing  is  just  beginning  to  put  on  his 
amictus,  a  loose  piece  of  cloth,  one  side 
of  which  is  already  passed  from  be- 
hind over  the  left  arm  and  shoulder, 
whilst  he  is  in  the  act  of  slipping  bis 
right  elbow  undev  the  other  side,  in 
order  to  pull  it  up  to  the  neck,  so  that 
both  the  ends  will  depend  in  front  of 
the  person  iu  the  manner  represented 
by  Ihe  left-hand  figure,  in  the  illus- 
tration to  Anabolium.  He  will  then 
take  up  the  right  side,  draw  it  across 
the  chest,  and  turn  the  end  over  his 
left  shoulder,  so  as  completely  to  en- 
velope the  upper  part  of  the  body  in 


AMPHITAPUS. 


\mictis  and  including  all  the 
smaller  and  finer  kinds  of  outside 
wraps,  both  of  male  and  female  attire 
which  were  disposed  upon  the  per-on 
in  the  manner  expla  nedunder  tie  pre- 
ceding word  sudi  for  instance  is  the 
Chlamvs  Saguhtm  and  also  the  bnclal 
Flainmatm      1  estus  s  i    Corolla 

AMPHIMALLUM  {aiifl^aWon) 
A  very  thick  and 
of  woollen  cloth 
1  avi  ig  a  long 
nap  on  both  side; 
of  the  fabric 
from    which   the 

it  was  used  for 
carpeting  out 
side  coverings  in. 
very  cold  weather 


ieasi 


originally  at 


Lufacture  for 
It  was  not  known  at  Ivome  un 
time  of  the  elder  Plmy  (Pirn  . 
VIII  73  )  and  w  as  probably 
duced  theie  from  Germany  for  it 
IS  represe  ited  m  one  of  the  trophies 
erected  by  the  soldiers  of  Antoninus 
over  the  Geimans  on  the  column  of 
that  emperor,  from  nhich  the  illua 
Iratjon  is  taken  It  will  be  observed 
Chat  the  long  nap  is  seen  on  the 
inside,  where  the  edges  turn  over,  the 
same  as  on  the  outside, 

AMPfllPROSTYLOS  (d^^nrpi- 
DTvXo!).   Applied 
to  tempi! 


J- 


any  othe      d  li 

which    h    e 

open     pD   h 

portico  p  oj      ng  tiey     1   ne  t:ella  01 

main  body  of    he  bu  Id  ng  at  botii 

extremit  es      he  f  on    and    rear,   as 

shown  on   he  ac  ompanj  ng  ground' 

ph 


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A  MP  HI  THE  A  TR  UM. 


which,  hke  the  amphimaUum,  had 
a  nap  on  both  sitles,  but  was  of 
a  finer  textuie  (Athen.  v.  26.),  and 
probably  of  Orienlal  manufacture. 
There  was  certainly  a  distinction  be- 
tween the  two;  for  ampMmalla  vitit 
not  known  at  Rome  till  tlie  time  of 
Pliny,  whereas  ampkiiapa  are  men- 
tioned by  Lucilius  and  Vacra,  ap. 
Non.  s.  V.  p.  540.  Mercer. 

AMPHITHEA'TRUM  (d/KfiflAi. 
Tpoi')  An  amphitheatre  a  build 
ing  originally  constructed  for  the 
exhibition  ot  glad  ator  al  combitf 
but  occa  lonally  used  for  other  kuids 
of  spectacles 

The  exterior  nas  always  forn  ed 
by  an  oial  wall  divided  nto  one  or 
ni  re  stones  of  arcades,  accord  ng  tu 


the  s  le  of  the  building  a  id  decorated 
W  th  columns  pilaaCeis  &c  ai.cord 
iiig  to  the  tiste  of  the  architect  as 
shown  by  the  lUnstratio  1  mtroduced 
which  represents  the  external  wall  of 
in  imphithealre  still  remaining  in  a 
high  state  of  pieiervation  it  Pola  in 
1st  1. 

The  ntenor  fo-ned  an  elliptical 
cup  o  hollo  (  <i<j  1)  set  a  xA\  th 
seats    for   tl  e   spectators    nsm^,    1 1 


steps  one  above  the  other,  and  was 
distributed  into  the  following  prin- 
dpal  parts  ;  the  atma,  a  flat  and  oval 
space  at  the  bottom,  and  in  the  centre 
of  lie  edifice,  where  the  combatants 
fought ;  the  podium,  an  elevated 
gallery  immediately  encircling  the 
arena,  reserved  for  the  senators  and 
persons  of  distinction  ;  gradus,  the 
circles  of  seats  occupied  by  the  public, 
which,  when  the  building  was  lofty, 
were  divided  into  two  or  more  flights, 
teimed  maettiana,  by  broad  iantl- 
ing  places  {praednctumes)  and  r^ed 
walls  (daitd) ;  and,  verUcally,  into 
compartments  in  the  form  of  an  In- 
verted triangle  or  wedge  [cunei)  by  a 
m  mber  of  stcdrcases  (scalix),  whicli 
communicated  with  the  avenues  of 
ingress  and  egress  {voiiiiioria)  within 
the  shell  of  the  building.  On  the 
top  of  all  was  a  covered  gallery, 
i;.  propriated  to  the  women.  All  of 
ilicse  points  are  discernible  in  the 
followmg  illustration,  which  repre- 
sents the  interior  of  the  amphitbeatie 
at  Pompeii  in  its  existuig  state ;  but, 
af  the  drawing  is  necessarily  made 
upon  a  very  reduced  scale,  and  is 
indistinct  in  parts  from  tlie  dilapi- 
dations It  has  suffered,  the  whole 
plan  and  consttuctlon  of  these  edifices 
wJl  be  better  understood  by  compar- 
mg  It  with  the  plan  subjoined  in  the 
following  page    wh  ch  is  a  restored 


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Pol  tiD  4)  11  which  all  tic  farts 
are  detailed  moie  perfectly  The 
company  entered  the  theatre  ihrough 
the  arches  on  the  ground  floor  at  the 
left  hajid  side  of  the  engraving  a  is 
the  podtum  which  is  approadied  by 
a  =hort  staircase  Bpnnging  from  the 
th  rd  or  inner  comdur  in  the  centre 
of  the  cut  It  IS  laised  above  the 
ar^na  by  a  blank  w  1        rmu  iitei  1  5 


AMFHORA  29 

of  tie  djorway  thro  gh  \  I  h  the 
w  lid  beasts  or  combatants  eme  ged 
UDon  the  arena.  The  staircase 
immediately  from 
;e  leads  diiectly  to 
TO  (I)  which  fie 
spectator  entered  through  the  door 
ways  i^omitona')  B  and  descended 
the  flights  of  stairs  which  divide  the 
rows  of  seats  between  them  into  a 
compartment  (cmieus') 


the  ground  e 


untd  he  came  to  the  particular  row 
where  his  seat  was  reserved  The 
high  hlanl  » all  into  wh  ch  the  en 
trance  (a)  opens  is  the  balteus 
and  its  object  was  to  separate  the 
different  msmana  and  pre\ent  the 
claaies  who  weie  only  entitled  to  a 
seat  m  the  upper  ones  from  descend 
ing  into  those  below  A  braiidi 
taircase  diveiging  to  the  left  leads 
up  to  the  comdoi  foimed  by  the 
ircades  of  the  outer  wall  from 
whence  it  turns  to  the  light  and  con 
ducts  to  the  second  msntanum  (2) 
nhich  IS  entered  and  distnbuted  m 
s  the  loni 


:    above   by 

Other    stair 

it  be  shown  on 


separated  fiom  the 

another   ialtms    (c) 

cases  but  which  cam 

one  section   conduct 

to  the  third 

the  coiered  e<illery  for  the  women 

above   (D)      The  thwe  solid  arches 


(3)  aJM^  t 


in  the  centie  of  the  engravmi.  con 
sttucted  in  the  mam  bnckwork  of  the 
hmldii^  form  a  succession  of  cor 
ndors  encircling  the  whole  edifice 
from  which  the  different  ■Jtaircases 
spr  ng  while  at  the  same  t  me  they 
support  the  seats  of  the  cajm  and 
the  flights  of  tans  by  which  the  com 
pany  entered  or  left  the  amphitheatre 
AM  PHORA  iaii4opevi)  A  laige 
earthenware  vessel  with  a  handle  on 
each  side  of  its  neck  and  terminating 
in  1  pomt  at  bottom  so  that  it  would 
stand  npngl  t  if  planted  in  the 
ground,  or  retnain  stationary  if 
merdy  leaned  aga  nst  a  wall  chiefly 
used  for  contaimng  wme  in  stoie 
for  which  the  smaUness  of  its  dia 
compared  with  the  height 
was  indented  m  order  to 
large  quantity  and  only 
a  small  space  The  llu<i 
represents  two   ampl  ore   of 


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the  most  usual  form,  the  one  stuck  in 
the  ground,  and  the  other  leaning 
against  a  wall,  as  they  were  found  at 
.Pompeii,  and  also  shows  the  manner 


ill  which  they  were  transported  from 
place  to  place,  from  a  terra-cotta  baa- 
relief,  which  formed  the  sign  of  a 
wine  shop  in  the  same  town. 

AMPUL'LA  (X^suPoi).  A  bottle 
a  general  teim,  like  our  own,  for  a 
vessel  of  various  shapes  and  ma  enils 


the  word  s  figumt  vely  used  in  the 
plural  by  the  Romans  and  Greeks  to 
signify  tuigid  or  inflated  langiage 
(Hor.  A.  P  97  Cic  AU  \  14.  j. 
Compare  Hot  Bp  \  Z  14  aiid 
Strabo,  xih  I  54 )  The  illustration 
affords  an  eiample  of  various  onginala 
excavated  at  Rome. 

2.  Ampulla  olatria  (X^icuflos  i\aaip&. 
Jul  Poll.  x.(a,Id.  iii.  154.).  An  «V 
flitik,  such  as  was  used  for  caiiying  oil 

to  the  baths  for  pour-  ^,^^ 

ing  over  the  strigil  .  ^  \^ 
to  prevent  it  from  t  ^^  ^^ 
scraping  too  sharply,  ^^^-.^''^ 
and  for  other  general  ■*•"• 

Eurposes.  It  is  described  by  Apu- 
aus   {Fl0r.   ii.   9.  2.],  exactly  as  rs'. 


AMUSSIUM. 

presented  In  the  cut,  from  an  original 
formerly  in  the  possession  of  Lorenzo 
Pignoci  (£>e  Sera.  p.  84. ),  as  shaped 
like  a  lentil,  with  a  narrow  neck  and 
flattish  sides,  Itnticiiiari  fonim,  Isreti 
ambitu,  prsssula  rotunditak. 

3.  Ampulla  rubida.  A  flask  co- 
vered with  leather,  like  our  hunting 
flaslui  and  used  by  persons  on  a  journey 
to  hold  wine,  vinegar,  or  oil,  Plaut, 
Stick,  ii.  I.  77.     Festns.  s.  v.  KuMda. 

AMPULLA'RIUS.  One  who  fol- 
lowed the  trade  of  coveting  glass 
bottles  with  leather.  Plant.  Hud.  iii. 
4.  51- 

AMUS'SIS.  An  instrument  em- 
ployed by  masons  and  builders  for 
testing  the  evenness,  accuracy,  and 
regularity  of  their  work,  as  the  rule, 
the  square,  and  the  plummet  is  by 
ca  penteis.  The  exact  meaning  is 
son  e  vhit  doubtful ;  for,  from  the 
d  ffe  en  passages  where  the  word 
occurs  t  appears  to  have  been 
equally  applied  to  a  level  for  test  n^ 
tl  e  un  form  evenness  in  the  surface 
of  a  wall  or  course  of  nasonry  (Fes 
t  s  J  ^  Aaiusnm  and  Era  nussim 
Varro  ap  Non  t  v  Exainussmi  p  5 
Mercer)  the  squaie  for  proving  a 
r  ght  angle  (Atison  Edyll  ktl  10 ) 
and  the  line  and  plummet  foe  pre 
servmg  an  exact  perpendicular 
(Sisenna  ip  Charis.  11  p  178 )  but 
m  each  c-ise  the  same  general  use  and 
notion  IS  piese  led,  that  in  whatever 
«ay  appbed  it  is  always  foe  the 
purpose  of  proving  that  the  work 
IS  accuntely  and  regularly  done 
whence  the  expression  adamasnm  or 
acamusstm  is  equivalent  to  a<.curately 
ue.,  according  to  hne  and  rule.  Mac 
rob.  Sat.  i.  4.    Aul,  Gell.  i.  4.  i, 

AMUSSITA'TUS.  Made  with  ac- 
curacy and  precision,  as  tested  by 
the  instrument  amassis ;  hence,  figu- 
ratively, in  Plautus  {.MU.  iii.  I.  37.), 
accurate,  precise. 

AMUS'SIUM.  A  marble  slab,  the 
surface  of  which  was  exactly  levelled, 
and  proved  by  the  instrument  a/wwjjiy, 
and  upon  wMch  the  direction  of  the 
winds  was  marked     It   vras    (hen 


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ANABATIIRUM. 

fised  against  the  external  wall  of  a 
house,  as  a  dial,  to  show  the  pouit 
from  which  the  wind  blew  Vitiuv 
i.  6.  6.     Marini,  ad  I 

ANABATH'RUM  (dsdjSoflpop) 
Generally  any  row  of  seats  nainj;  one 
above  another  like  a  flight  of  stairs 
as  was  the  usnal  arrangement  in  all 
buildings  constructed  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  a  numerous  company,  such 
as  the  theatres,  circus,  &c  {Isee  the 
illustrations  under  Am  PHlTHEATRUM  ) 
But  the  more  accurate  and  strict 
meaning  of  the  word  implies  some 
thing  more  definite  ;  ¥ia  ,  a  tempoiaiy 
"iet  of  wooden  seats  constructed  upon 
sa       p  n  b      wh  di  weie 


d  plated 
m  for  the 


mm  tl      p  ese      d  y  foi   a 

m       p    po  46 

ANABOL     U  ^iXo(op) 

P  G  eek  w    d    wh  Lh  has, 

pe    al     efereni,e 

b  m  th       people , 

gh     be  ig         g      ra      erm    it 

m   h  be   q    1      wel     pp  ei   to  the 

R  m         wii      des     p  similai 

h  b 


designate  a  particular  mode  of 
Wearing  the  pallium,  or  any  shnilar 
object   of   the  outward   attire,   both 


ANACLINTERIUM.  3 1 

ol  maka  and  females,  ftLen  the  end 
WHB  thrown  up  so  aa  to  cover  the 
shoulder  (Isidoi  Orig  xix  35  7 ), 
in  the  manner  lepresented  by  the 
female  figure  of  the  preceding  engrav 
mg,  which  IB  taken  fiom  i.  stitue 
of  the  Villa  Pamflli  at  Rome  The 
mile  figuie,  fiom  a  hclile  vase,  shows 
the  simplest  mode  of  arrange 
ment ,  and  is  intiodnced  here  only 
for  the  purpose  of  evpiainmg  moie 
cleaily  how  the  other  wts  produced 
vK ,  by  tiking  up  the  side  which 
hangs  down  behmd  the  right  arm, 
passing  It  across  the  breast,  and  then 
throwing  it  over  the  top  of  the  left 
shoulder,  BO  that  the  end  will  hang 
down  behind  instead  of  m  front 
both    the    arms    be    coveied,    : 


from  the  weatliei 
arrangement,  the  brooch  at  the 
thioat  would  be  first  unclasped,  to 
make  the  drapery  set  closer,  and 
the  whole  blanket  drawn  more  on  to 
the  right  side  than  in  our  figuie,  in 
ordei  to  afford  a  greater  length  foi 
caatmg  over  the  shoulder  It  may  be 
remarked  that  the  people  of  Italy 
-idjust  their  cloaks  at  the  present  day 
in  both  of  these  ways,  aceordu^ly  as 
the  external  tempeiatnie  is  more  01 

ANACLINTE  RIUM  (i-voxXtv 
rlipuiv\  The  headboard  of  a  sofa 
01  sleeping  couch,  upon  which  the 
squab  ind  pillow  for  the  BUpport  of 


the  head  rested     (Spart  Ad  Ver.  5.) 


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AN  A  DEM  A. 


ment,  such  as  those  woi'ii  by  \         n 
and   young   persons  of  the  ma      •^■x. 
amongst  the   Greeks,    in   conti  d 
tinction  to  the  diadema,  vitia,  or     h 
head-bands,  which  were  the  ins  gnia 
of  regal,  religions,  or  honorary  d 
tinctions.     (Eur.  Hippol.  83.    L 
iv.  1126.     Paul.  Dig.  34-  2-  27-    TI 
example  is  from  a  Pompeianpa      ng 

ANAGLYPTA    or   ANAGL 
PHA(i(niTXinrTa,di'ct7Xu^W).  Ob 
cast  in  low   relief;    a  bas-re        in 
marble,  mefal,  ivory,  &C.     Ma 
39.     Plin.  H.  N.  xxxiiL  49. 

ANAGNOSTES  (dwi^wiffTij  A 
slave,  whose  duty  it  was  to  read 
to  his  master  in  his  study,  or  to  (he 
guests  at  table.  {Cic.  Att.  i.  iz. 
Nepos.  Att.  14.  AuL  Geli.  iii.  19.) 
Also  a  person  who  read  out  passages 
from  the  favourite  poets  in  the  theatre 
or  public  places  (Aul.  Cell-  xviii.  5. 
I.),  like  the  reciiatori,  or  spie^tori  of 
modem  Naples. 

ANALEM-MA  {i.<^r,Mia\  Pro- 
perly a  Greek  word,  used  to  designate 
anything  which  serves  as  an  under 
prop ;  and  especially  a  v.  all,  pier,  or 
butli-ess  constituting  the  substructure 
of  a  buildng  (Dion.  Hal 
69 )  for  which  the 
p  ope   Latin  term  is  inb 

■ati  The    Romans 

adopted  t  to  signify  the 
/fl/  ii/npon  which  a  sun- 
dial vas  erected,  often 
seen  m  p  ctures  and  bas- 
a  square  pillar. 


Vinkelni.  Mon.  Ant.  Intd.  i 


157- 


ANCILE. 

185.);  but  Vitmvius,  who  uses  the 
word,  Dtpplies  it  incorrectly  to  the  dial 
itself.  (Vitruv.  ix.  r.  I.  Schneider  rt,/ 
/.)  In  the  illustration,  copied  from  a 
silver  cup  found  al  Porto  d'Anzio,  only 
a  portion  of  the  analemma  is  drawn  ; 
Ijut  Ihat  is  suiEcieut  to  show  what  is 
meant :  the  whole  consists  of  a  square 
pilaster  about  live  feet  high,  with  a 
base  at  the  bottom  corresponding  with 

ANANC^'UM.    '  A    vessel    for 

g    quids  (Varra.  ap.  Non.  s.  v. 

d         p.  547.  Mercerl,  bat  of  what 

ise   haractec  is  very  uncertain.  It 

ual  y  uiterpreted  a  wine  cup  of 

rpacity,  employed  in  drinking 
nts  which  it  was  compulsory  to 
mp  draught,  upon  She  authority 

P         s  (Rod.  ii.  3-  33) ;  but  the 
d  f  the  passage  is  doubtful. 

W  s  dravKttfmt. 

ANATHE'MA    (dmJSTi/io).      Pro- 
p  Greek  word,  whicli  includes 

an  thi  g  that  is  sit  up  as  s.  votive 
if  n  g  n  a  temple,  such  as  a  tripod, 
&C.,  used  in  a  Latin  form  by 
Prud         Psyckom.  540. 

ANCILE (rtd/yifiiXioi').  Tlie sacred 
shield  found,  according  to  tradition, 
in  the  palace  of  Nnma,  and     ^-~^ 
supposed    to    have    fallen   1^^^^ 
from   heaven.      According  ff^^^ 

made  of  bronze,  and  of  an  ^^W*a 
oblong  oval  shape,  but  with  6'^^'^ 
a  semicircular  incavation  \^^^ 
on  each  side,  similar  to 
that  on  the  top  of  the  pilta  (Varra 
L.  L.  vii.  43.  Festus.  s.  v.  Mamur.), 
as  seen  in  the  illustiation  from  a 
medal  of  Augustus,  which  also  has  a 
representation  of  the  Salian  apex  by 
its  side.  The  name  andk  is  evidently 
formed  from  the  Greek  &yK6\Ti,  the 
bend  of  tks  an/i,  which  the  gram- 
marians above  cited  refer  to  the  in- 
cision on  the  sides  of  the  shield  ;  but 
it  is  clearly  referable  to  the  lenii- 
drcalar  handle  (compare  Ansa  and 
Ansatus)  affixed  to  the  top  for  the 
purpose  of  suspending  it  on  the 
rod  by  which  it  was  carried  through 


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AHCLABRIS. 

the  city  bi    tlio    Salii,    a-. 

the    annexed    woodcut   frun 

graved  gem,  in  which  the 

of  the  sides  is  much  less  pronounced, 

and  the  general  form  i 


with  the  language  of  Ovid  (Fast.  iii. 
377.)  r  Idque  ancils  vocal,  quad  ai 
smm  ^rte  recisum.  est ,  Quaque  notes 
ocuHs  attgu/iu  omnu  abest,  which  can 
scarcely  be  taken  as  a  description  ot 
the  figure  on  the  medal  of  Augustus  ; 
a  fi^ie  which,  it  is  probable  was 
invented  by  the  designer  of  the 
medal,  in  conformity  with  the  received 


which  the  sacrificial  mplements  were 
placed,  as  well  as  the  entrails  of  the 
Vict  m,  for  the  inspection  of  the 
diviners.  (Festusj  v  \A  s  Bscarne) 
The  example  represents  1  small  bronze 
table  found  at  Pouipeii,  whith  from 
Its  diminutive  size,  and  the  hollow 
form  of  Its  top,  v,  believed  to  have 
been  employed  in  the  manner  stated 
It  is  rather  more  than  eight  inches 
hi^h  rxthiik'5  than  eij  t  lon„  and 


ahout  seven  wide.  In  one  of  the 
lompeian  paintings  a  priest  is  repre- 
oenteii  tarrying  one  of  these  tables  to 
the  sacrifice.     PiUurs  di  Ercolan.  iv. 

ANCOK  (d^Ki&f).  Literally  an 
ddaai ,  i.e.  the  bend  or  angle  formed 
by  the  two  bones  of  the  arm  when 
bent  at  the  elbow  joint  1  from  this  ic 
IS  transferred  to  several  other  things 
which  partake  of  the  same  form,  or 
have  a  resemUance  to  it;  and,  as  this 
flexure  consists  of  two  separate  parts 
or  sides,  the  word  is  generally  applied 
in  the  plural. 

I.   'JThe    arms   or   branches   of  a 
stone:mason's    or  carpenter' 
(«(iraOT),  which  ia  employed  t; 
in  measuiing  right  angles  ; 
and  was  formed  of  two  flat 
rules  mitred  together  lil 
an  elbow  joint.    (Vitruv.  i 
5.   14.)     The   example 
square  thus  formed,  whicii  is  carved 
upon  a   sepulchral  marble  amongst 
m     y  therimplementsofacarpenter's  . 
t    d       Fabretti.  Aq.  73. 

(   aparis  — oSs  T(3  SmpBiffg.     In- 

pt.     u   Elgin   collection  of  Mus. 

B  t )    The  trusses  or  consoles  which 

ppo  t  an  ornamental  cornice  {kyper- 

tlyru   )  over  a  doorway  ;  which  are 

II5  made  in  the  form  of  the  letter 

S     an  I   are   affixed    under   each   ex- 


ters    square 

n 


he  engrav 


hgure  on  the  left  hand  of  the  ei 
ing  gives  a  side  ■> 
consoles,  from  the  temple  of  the  "  Dio 
Redicolo,"  as  it  is  now  called,  near 
Rome ,  the  other  represents  the  cor- 
mce  over  the  doorway  to  the  temple 
of  Hercules,  at  Cora,  and  gives  a 
front  iievr  of  the  ancones  depending 
on  eich  side  of  the  cornice. 


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34  ANCON. 

3.  Cramps  of  bronze  or  iron  em- 
ployed ill  building,  for  connecting 
together  lara;e  blocks,  or  conrees  of 
masonry.  (Vitruv.  x.  13.  21.)  These 
were  used  instead  of  mortar,  in  all 
structures  of  great  size,  and  account 
for  the  number  of  boles  observable  in 
the  masonry  of  many  ancient  build- 
ings, from  which  the  cramps  have 
been  removed  during  the  middle  ages 
in  order  to  got  possession  of  the  metaL 


The  top  figure  in  the  illuitiation 
shoH's  the  form  of  a  bronze  aiuoii 
from  the  Coliseum,  and  the  low  er  one 
the  manner  in  which  it  was  applied 
to  cramp  together  two  blocks  of  atone 
in  the  same  edifice- 

4.   Thearmsof  anarm-cliaii.iihich 
aie  attached  to  the 
u|  lights  fotmmg  the 
back,  and  thus  witli 

nght  angle  lilte  the 
carpenter's  square 
(CoeL  Aar  Tard  u 
I  )  rhe  illustration 
!■>  copied  from  a 
marble  chair  111  a 
baa  relief  formerly  in 
the  Palace  of  the  Cardinal  Maziaiini 

5    The  prongs  or  forks  at  the  end 
of   he  props  (vans),   which  die  an- 
c  ent  sportsmen  nsed   to    hang   v 
h     nesupon,  (Grat-CyHiy.S?.)    V 


stuck  by  their  sharp 
n  o   the  ground,    and  at 
n  ervals  from  one  another, 
1  0  n  1  any  spot  which  it  was 
V  hed   o  enclose,  and  the  nets 
hen  hung  upon  the  fork.    Com- 
pa  e   Vara,   where    the   manner  of 
e    ng  up  the  net  is  shown. 
6    A  particular  kind  of  bottle  or 
see    for  holding  wine  used  in  the 
R      ai    avcrnstPaul.i'ii'.  33.  7.  13.), 


AND  ASA  TjE. 

and  wliicli,  from  its  dcnoniinEitian,  is 
not  unreasonably  supposed  to  have 
been  made  with  a.  bent  neck,  some- 
thing like  a  retort.  An  example 
alone  is  wanting  to  confirm  the  con- 
jecture. 

AN'CORA  {brfKipa).  An  anchor. 
The  ancient  anchors  were  sometimes 
made  with  only  one  arm  or  fluke,  but 
the  most  perfect  kinds  had  two,  made 
of  iron,  and  in  form  closely  resembled 


those  still  in  use.  They  were  usually 
carried  over  the  bows  of  the  Tcssel 
(Virg  Mn.  iii.  277.},  as  in  the  ei- 
imple  fi  om  Trajan's  Column ;  but 
lai^e  ships  had  two,  and  sometimes 
more,  acLordmg  to  their  size.  Atheil. 
^   41 

ANCORA'LE.  The  cabU  0/  an 
anLhor  Liv.  xxiL  19.  Id.  xxxvii.  30. 
See  the  preceding  woodcut. 

2  The  buoy-rope.  (Plin.  H.  N.  Kvi. 
16  )  The  buoy  itself  (aij/Ktw  dvJtC/MS. 
Pans  viii.  !2.  I.)  was  made  of  cork, 
iiid  was  attached  by  means  of  the 
ancorale  to  a  ring,  which  is  seen  at 
the  bottom  of  the  shank  in  the  pre- 
ceding illustration.  While  the  buoy 
indicated  the  spot  where  the  anchor 
lay,  the  rope  which  held  it  also  served 
to  draw  the  fluke  out  of  the  gi'ound, 
when  the  anchor  had  to  be  raised. 

ANDAB'AT-E.  A  class  of  gla- 
diators who  fought  hoodwinked,  or 
with  a  close  helmet  which  had  no 
ti  the -visor  to  see  through, 

but  here  the  reading  is  doubt- 
ful.) According  to  Tumebus  (Ad- 
vsrs.  ii.  10.)  they  exhibited  in  the 
Circus  after  the  races  in  a  sort  of 
ludicrous  contest,  both  the  driver  and 
Andabala  being  bhnd folded. 


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the  customs  of  tliat  n  t 
signates  the  fivst  of  th    t 
divisions  into  which  th 
of  a  Greek  house  wa    d 
pTOpriated  to  the  s  1 
use  of  the  male  port   r 


(aiXij),  surrounded  by  colonnades 
{marked  c  on  the  plan),  round  which 
were  arianged  the  various  sets  of 
chambers  required  for  the  service  oE 
tlie  proprietor  and  his  dependants 
(Nos.  I  to  9),  and  was  separated  from 
the  other  division  containing  the 
women's  apartments  by  a  passage  and 
door  (marked  d)  between  the  two. 

s  The  Latin  writers  applied  the 
word  in  a  very  different  sense,  to  de- 
signate a  meie  passage  which  di- 
vides one  house,  oi'  one  part  of  the 
same  house,  from  another ;  as,  for 
instance,  the  passage  between  the  ex- 


ANOVIS.  35 

t  1  11  of  a  house  and  garden  ad- 
j  %  (Pliii.  Ep.  iL  17.  22.];  and  the 
R  man  architects  made  use  of  the 
sa         t    m  most   inaccnrately  to  de- 

rt  the  corridor  in  a  Greek  house, 
h  parated  tlie  men's  and  wo- 
rn partments  from  one  another 
(  ked  d  in  the  preceding  plan),  but 
f         h  eh    the    proper   name    was 

\NDRONI'TTS  (ii^pojw'Tis).  Sy. 
nonymous  with  AndrON,  No.  i. 

ANGIPORTUS  or  ANGIPOR- 
TUM  (oTSi'OTri!)-  A  narrow  or 
back  street,  whether  in  the  nature 
of  a  court  which  bad  no  thorough- 
fare (Terent.  Adelph.  iv.  2.  40.),  and 
which  was  then  properly  tenned^«- 
diila;  or  merely  a  small  back  street 
leading  from  any  of  the  principal 
ones  to  the  less  frequented  parts  of 
the  city.  (Hor.  Carm.  i.  25.  10.  Plaut. 
Pseud,  iv.  2.  6.)  These  back  streets 
in  Pompeii  are  so  narrow  that  a 
■person  can  step  across  them  from 
kirb  stone  to  kirb  stone  at  one  stride. 

ANGUIL'LA.  A  whip  made  of 
eel-skin,    which    was    used    by    the 


Roman  schoolmasters  to  punish  their 
scholars.  (Plin.  ff.  N.  ix.  39.  Isidor. 
Orig.  v.  37.  15.)  TJie  illustration  is 
copied  from  a  painting  at  Hercu- 
laueum,  which  represents  the  interior 
of  a  school-room. 

ANGUIS.  1.  A  sei'pent,  or  snake, 
which  amongst  the  Romans  was  em- 
ployed as  a  symbolical  representation 
of  the  genius  loci,  or  presiding  spirit 
of  a  place.     (Serv.  ad  Virg.  Mn.  v. 


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36  4-lfGUSTICLAVWS. 

85,)  Figures  of  serpents  were  there- 
fore painted  againet  a  wall,  in  tlie 
same  way  as  the  cross  is  in  modem 
Italy,  to  deter  the  public  from  con. 
taminating  the  spo^  and  aiKwered 
the  same  purpose  as  our  injunction, 
"  Commit  no  nuisance."  Pers.  Sat. 
i.  113- 

These  signs  are  frec^uenf ly  m 
in   the    houses  ^ 
of  Pompeii, 
kitchens,  bak 
bouses,         and 
such       places, 
where    cleanli- 


annexed  illustration,  which  was  co- 
pied \)^  the  writer  from  one  of  the 
corridors  leading  into  the  Thermse  of 
Trajan  at  Rome.  It  is  painted  in 
fresco,  and  has  the  following  inscrip- 
tion underneath : 

lOVKM  ET  JUNOKEM 
DEOS  lEATOS   HABEAT  IJUISQUIS 


2.  A  military  ensign  made 
tatiou  of  the  figure  of 
a  serpent,  and  which 
was  adopted  in  the 
Roman   armies    for 

hort.  (Ckud.  in  Eu- 
;f«.ii.5.  177-  Sidon. 
Apoll.    S-   40)      It 

ly  termed  Dkaco, 
under  which  name  the  materials  char 
acter,  and  uses  aie  more  fully  de 
scribed.  Tlie  illustration  is  copied 
&om  the  Column  of  Trajan. 

ANGUSTICLA'VIUS.  One  who 
is  entitled  to  wear  upon  his  tunic  the 
ornament  called  dmms  angastus  a 
distinctive  badge  of  the  equestrian 
order.     Suet.  Otko,  la    [Clavus.] 

ANQUITSJA  (d^KofaiB).  The  collai 
by  which  the  yard-arm  of  a  vessel  is 
fastened  to  the  mast,  technically  called 


In  the  ilhistration,  which 
from  a  fictile  lamp,  the  a?iquina  ap- 
pears as  a  semidrcular  riiig,  or  band 
of  wood,  or  of  metal,  but  it  was 
usually  made  of  rope.  It  received  its 
appellation  from  the  primary  sense  of 
the  Greek  word,  which  means  a  6mt 
arm.  The  iyaiva.  6nrX^,  whicll  is 
spoken  o£  amongst  the  Greeks  as 
employed  for  vessels  of  a  laige  class, 
sudi  as  Quadriremea,  &c.,  does  not 
mean  that  the  yard  was  fitted  with 
two  trasses,  but  that  the  truss  was 
made  of  a  double  Ihicltness  of  rope  to 
bear  the  wear  and  tear  proportional 
to  the  size  of  the  yard. 

ANSA  (S,y<as,  iryK^).  That  by 
which  we  take  hold  of  any  thing ; 
whence  it  is  specially  applied,  in  the 
same  way  as  our  own  word  "  handle," 
to  many  objects  which  differ  essen- 
tially from  one  another  in  form  and 
character,  though  all  are  employed 
for  the  same  general  purpose,  as  a 
handle  to  hold  by.  Of  fiiese  the  most 
important  arc  the  following  ; — 

I.  (AojSij — ™  iB™).  The  handle  of 
any  vessel  for  containing  liquids,  as 
cups,  jugs,  amphorfe,  &c.  ff^ 
These  of  coucse  varied  in  ([  gj^. 
form,  aocordhig  to  the  \\V^'* 
taste  of  the  artist  who  de-  KJ— -L 
signed  them,  and  are  in-    W  ] 

difleiently  placed  upon  the     ^  ) 

neclc,  one  or  both  sides,  or  1-  t 
from  top  to  bottom  of  the  vessel  as  best 
suited  the  beauty  of  the  whole  out- 
1  ne    of   which    the    ancient    artists 


k 


th 


f   1 


ds 


Th 


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handle,  of  a  very  beautiful,  though 
simple  character ;  but  a  great  variety 
of  other  foims  mill  be  shown  in  ihe 
course  of  the  work.  Cato,  H.  Ji. 
.  Ov.  H^.  xiv. 
J3- 

2.  Ansa  ostii  {iirtuiratrHipf  Koptii^, 
fihjrTpov).  The  handle  of  a  door  by 
whidi  it  is  pulled  open  or  shut  to, 
and  which  also  served  al  a  kiioclter. 
(Pel.  .5^.  96.  r.)  These  are  fre- 
quently represented  as  simple  rings 
attached  to  a  hold-fast ;  in  other  cases 
they  are  more  elaborately  designed  and 


ornamented,  as  in  the  illustration  an- 
nexed, whidi  is  copied  from  an  original 
of  bronze,  and  formerly  belonged  to 
the  door  of  a  house  at  Pompeii. 

3.  A?iia   crepda   {h-^sSk-^).      The 

loop    or    eye 

leather  of  the 
Greek      shoe, 

through  which 
the  thong  or  lace  was  passed  and 
crossed  over  the  insfep  to  bind  it  on  the 
foot.  (TibuU,  i.  8.  14.)  There  were 
the  same  number  of  these  on  each  side 
of  the  shoe,  as  may  be  collected  from 
the  well-known  story  of  Apelles,  who 
was  reproved  by  a  cobbler  for  having 
omitted  one  of  the  ansa  in  a  work 
which  he  had  exposed  to  public  view. 
(Plin.  H.  N.  »;xv.  36.  §  12.)  The 
form  and  character  is  -clearly  seen  in 
the  illustration,  from  a  mirble  foot  of 
Greek  scalpture 

4.  Ansa  'taia-^    The  eye  or  handle 


ANSA  TUS.  3  7 

it  is  suspended,  and.  which  formed  its 
centre  of  libration,  being  fixed  to  the 
shortest  half  of  the  beam,  nearest  the 
end  on  which  the  scale  or  object  to 
be  weighed  was  attached.  (Vitruv.  x, 
3.  4.)  Tlie  illustration  is  copied  from 
a  bronie  steel-yard  found  at  Pompeii. 
5.  Ansa  gtibemaeuB  (ofof).  Tiie 
handle  of  a  rudder  (Vitruv.  x,  3. 
5.),  which  was  the  top  of  the  rudder 
pole  (aa  in  the  illustration),  which 
the  helmsman  held  with  both  his 
hands,  when  the  rudder  condsted  of  a 
mere  oar  without  any  tiller  (din!us\ 
as   in    the    right-hand    zwX.     But    in 


when  the  addition  of  a 
necessary,  he  placed  ooe 
hand  on  the  ansa  (at  A,  left-hand 
cut),  and  the  other  on  the  clmms 
IB),  which  enabled  him  to  move  hia 
hehii  with  much  greater  facility.  The 
right-hand  figure  is  copied  from  the 
Column  of  Trajan  ;  the  left-hand  one 
from  a  painting  at  PompeiL 

6.  Ansa  ferrea.  An  iron  cramp 
by  which  the  large  blocks  of  stone 
were  fastened  together  in  andent 
buildings,  when  mortar  was  not  used, 
Vitruv.  ii,  8.  4.  same  as  Ancon  (6), 
where  an  illustration  is  given. 

ANSA'TUS.  Furnished  with  a 
handle  or  handles,  as  explamed  in  the 
pieceding  word. 

2     Ansaia   hasta,   Ansatum   Idum 

spear  or  javelin,  which  n'as  furnished 
with  a  semicircular  rest  for  tlie  hand, 
ittached  like  a  handle  to  the  shaft. 
These   handles   wer. 


)    theii 


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weapons  by  the  soldiers  before  going 
into  battle,  Ot  upou  an  emevgency,  as 
occasion  required  (Plutarcli.  2.  p.  iSo. 
C.  ed,  Xylaiidr.  Compare  Xan,  Anab. 


iv.  2.  28.),  and  they  served  a  donlle 
purpose,  fo  assist  in  hurling  them 
when  employed,  as  missiles— anio'nj' 
mitiunt  de  turribus  hastas  (Ennius,  ap 
Non.  I,  ■u.  AmatiE,  p.  556.)  ;  or  as  a 
stay  for  the  hand  which  gave  force  to 
the  tlirusE  when  used  ac  close  quar- 
ters, ansoHs  conaa-runt  tetis  (Ennius, 
ap.  Macrob.  Scii.  vL  I.).  Both  of 
these  uses  are  indicated  by  the  illus- 
tration, copied  from  a  painting  on  the 
walls  oE  a  warrior's  tomb  at  PsesCum 
(Nicolai,  AnHchUh  di  Festo,  tav.  vi.); 
and  which  is  valuable  for  the  au- 
thority it  affords  respectmg  the  tme 
meaning  of  the  word,  hitherto  only 
guessed  at,  or  misunderstood.  But 
fliis  picture  proves  the  characteristic 
difference  between  the  ansa  and 
ammttija  of  a  javelin ;  the  latter,  as  is 
well  known,  being  a  mere  thongj  the 
former,  as  here  shown,  and  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  primary  and  other 
notions  of  the  word,  both  in  Latin 
and  Greelt,  a  handU  either  of  an 
angular  or  curved  form  attached  to 
some  other  object 

AN'SULA.  Diminutive  of  Ansa  ; 
applied  in  all  the  senses  illustrated 
under  that  word.  Valerius  Maximus 
(viii.  13.  3.),  in  relating  the  story 
about  Apeiles  and  the  cobbler,  uses  the 

employed  by  Pliny  {H.  N.  xxxv.  36. 


Ansa  (3)  it 

b 

bserv  d 

t  there 

mb 

mailer 

loop-holes 

rl 

h      lar^ 

th 

afford 

"w""^i 

b    h 

a  and 

ANT« 

DT 

square 

pilasters    (N 

P       0 

which 

b  lid  ng  I 
4  I)  A 
th  ^e  p  Us 
quned  on  ea  h 
responding  support,  the  word  is 
always  used  in  Che  plural ;  and  thns  a 
temple  is  said  to  be  in  anils  or  is 
TapauTaai  (Vitruv.  iii.  2.  2.),  when 
the  jjorch  is  formed  by  the  projection 
of  the  side  walls,  terminated,  as  de- 
scribed, by  two  square  pilasters, 
which  have    two   colamns   between 

ANTA'RIUS.  Fmia  aniarii; 
ropes  employed  in  tlie  erection  of  a 
mast,  column,  or  any  other  object  of 
great  wekht  and  height.  (Vitvuv.  x. 
2.  3,)  They  were  fastened  to  the 
head  of  the  column,  and  to  the  gromid 
on  each  side  of  it  at  proper  distances, 
in  order  to  keep  it  steady,  and  prevent 
its  inclining  either  way,  whilst  being 

ANTEAM'BULO.  A  slave  whose 
duty  it  was  to  precede  the  lectka 
of  his  master  or  mistress  and  clear 
the  way  through  a  crowd  (SueL  Vesp. 


2-)i 


:  the  s 


applied  to  llie  freednian  or  client 
who  performed  the  obsequious  office 
of  walking  before  his  patron  when 
he  went  abroad.     Mart.  Ep.  ii.  18. 

ANl-ECESSCRES.  Light  ca- 
valry soldiers  who  formed  the  ad- 
vanced guard  of  au  army  on  the 
march  ;  they  cleared  the  way  for  the 
main  body,  and  selected  the  positions 


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ANTECURSORMS. 

for  a  halt  or  a  camp.  Hirt.  Seil. 
Afr.  12.     Suet.  Vtt.  17. 

ANTECURSO'RES.  Same  as 
Antecessores.   Css.  Bell,  Civ.  1. 1^. 

ANTEFIX'A.  Ornaments  in 
teira-cotta,  invented  by  tlie  Etruscan, 
arcliitects,  from  whom  they  were 
borrowed  by  the  Romans,  and  used 
to  decorate  various  parts  of  an  edifice 
eiternally  as  well  as  infernally,  to 
cover  a  flat  surface,  or  conceal  She 
junctures  between  two  blocks  of 
masonry,  or  to  make  an  ornamental 
finisli  to  a,ny  cough  or  inelegant  con- 
tour. Hence  the  name  is  specially 
applied  to  the  followmg  distinct 
objects. 

I.  Long  flat  slabs  of  terra-cotta 
with  designs  in  relief,  which  were 


nailed  along  the  whole  surface  of  a 
frieze  {zapkoriis),  in  order  to  enrich 
the  entablature,  and  give  to  the  ^rt 
a  finished  and  ornamental  effect.  The 
Greek  artists  sculptured  tlie  marble 
itself,  and  held  such  a  contrivance 
for  concealing  defects  in  supreme 
contempt  (Liv.  xsxiv.  4.)  The  il- 
lustration represents  an  original  ante- 
fix  found  at  Rome,  which  liad  once 
been  used  for  the  purpose  described. 
The  holes  for  the  nails  by  which  it 
was  fastened  up  are  perceivable  on 
tlie  surfece. 

2.  Ornaments  of  the  same  material 
which  were  affixed  to  the  cornice  of 
an    entablature,    for    the      j-ifliste, 
purpose    of    affording    a    ijJ^f^Sj 

discharge  itself  from  the    BsSfe^ 

s.  V. )       They     represent 
tlie    "goi^ils"    of    Gothic    archi- 
tecture, but  ai-e  of  a  more   simple 
design,  and  mast  fi'equently  formed 


39 

by  the  mask  of  a  lion's  head,  in 
allusion  to  the  inundation  of  the 
Nile,  which  takes  place  when  tlie 
sun  is  in  the  sign  of  Lea  The  illus- 
tration is  taken  from  an  original 
found  at  Rome,  which  shows  a  round 
hole  in  the  mouth,  where  a  leaden 
tube  was  inserted  to  form  a  spout  for 
the  dischai^e  of  the  water. 

3.  Upright  ornaments  placed  along 
fire  top  of  an  entablature  above  the 


upper  member  of  the  cornice  to  con 
ceal  the  e  ids  of  the  ndge  tiles  (im 
brtce ),  and  the  juncture  of  the  flit 
ones  1  he  illustration  represents  a 
front  and  side  view  of  two  origmaU 
found  at  Rome ,  the  upper  figure,  in 
the  centre,  shows  the  ends  of  the  tiles 
as  they  appear  without  the  antefix, 
the  one  beneath  it  with  the  antefixes 
attached  ;  the  r^ht-hand  figure  also 
shows  the  shoulder  at  the  back,  which 
was  inserted  under  tlie  imbrex,  to  fix 
it  up  i  and  the  left-hand  one,  which 
has  an  image  of  Victory  on  its  face, 
thus  presents  a  graphic  commentary 
to  the  passage  of  Livy  (xxvi.  23.), 
where  he  mendons  that  the  statue  of 
Victory  on  the  lop  of  the  temple  of 
Concord  fell  down,  and  was  caught 
by  the  Victories  in  tlie  antefixes : 
Victioia,  qua  in  culmine  eral,fiiimme 
icta  dicussaqui  ad  Victorias,  qua  in 
anlifixis  eratii,  kasii,  &c. 

ANTEN'NA  i.iirbtpioi').  The 
yard-ami  of  a  ship ;  which  was  made 
of  a  single  piece  of  (ir  when  the 
vessel  was  a  small  one,  but  of  two 
pieces  braced  together  for  tliose  of  a 
larger  size.  Hence  the  word  is  often 
met  with  in  the  plural  numlier,  while 
the  sail  attached  to  it  is  at  the  same 
time  expressed  by  the  sii^ular — an- 
tennis  toUim  subnecHti  vehtm  (Ovid, 
Met.  xi.  4S3.)  ■  Small  yards  of  a 
single  piece  are  represented  in  several 


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40  ANTEPAGMBNTUM. 

of  the  wood-cuts,  illustrative  of  ain-ient 
shipping  in  diffeient  parts  of  this 
work ;  and  the  yard  introduced  at 
p.  36.  s.  V.  Anquina  shows  distinctly 
the  manner  in  which  the  two  pieces 
were  joined  together  for  the  larger 
kmds.  The  yard  itself  is  taken  from 
a  bas-relief  on  a  tomb  at  Pompeii; 
the  details  of  the  sail  and  truss  by 
which  it  is  fixed  to'  the  mas^  from 
two  terra-cotta  lamps  of  BartoU, 

ANTEPAGMEN'TUM.  The 
jamh  of  a  door-case ;  especially  so 
termed  when  the  jamb  was  made 
with  an  ornamental  moulding  whicli 
projected  before  the  upright  pillar 
(scapus  car/Unaiis)  that  formed  the 
pivot  on  which  the  door  turned,  and 
concealed  it  entirely  from  view  on  the 
outside.  Vitruv.  iv.  6.  Festiis,  i.  v. 
Cato,  ff.  J^.  xiv.  4. 


Thii  will  be  readily  understood  by 
the  illusliation,  whiti  represents  an 
ele*  ation  and  ground  plan  of  the 
ancient  door  ind  dont  else  still  r^ 
nninmy  to  the  chuiji  of  b    Theodore 


A!^TE  RIDES. 

at  Rome,  formerly  the  temple  of 
Reraus.  On  the  right  side  the  ante- 
pagmmtum  is  cut  away  in  order  to 
expose  the  shaft  and  socket,  while 
the  left  side  and  the  ground-plan 
show  the  manner  in  which  those  parts 
were  concealed  by  the  afitepagTiienlujii, 
and  explain  the  real  meaning  of  the 
word.  It  will  also  be  observed  that 
a  door  80  constructed  couid  only  open 
inwards;  the  style  of  the  door,  to 
wiiich  the  pivot  was  affixed,  and  the 
socket  in  which  it  turned,  beii^ 
placed  behind  a  projecting  part  of 
the  jamb,  which  was  hollowed  to  re- 
ceive it,  and  thus  formed  a  sort  of 
frame  lapping  over  the  edges  of  the 
door  on  the  outside,  so  as  to  exclude 
the  external  ^r  from  the  interior. 

2.  Anltpagntentum  sujteritis.  Vitruv, 
iv.  6.  I.  The  lintel  of  a  door-case  ; 
especially  when  the  door  opened 
inwards,  and  the  movdding  of  the 
lintel  lapped  over  its  upper  edge,  in 
the  same  manner  as  just  desciibed 
with  respect  to  the  jambs  on  the 
sides,  a  construction  commonly 
adopted  in  the  houses  at  Pompeii, 
where  the  doors  are  usually  placed 
entirely  behind  the  door-case. 

ANTEPILA'NI.  The  men  who, 
in  the  battle  array  of  the  Roman 
legion,  were  drawn  up  before  the 
/Sb«i  or  Triarii,  who  were  posted 
in  the  third  Une.  Thus  it  is  a  genei-al 
term,  comprising  the  soldiers  of  the 
two  first  lines,  and  including  both  the 
Hastati  and  PHndpes,  as  they  were 
respectively  called.     LSv.  viii.  8. 

ANTE-RIDES  (ipeifnaTa).  But- 
trasei  built  up  against  the  outside  of 
a  w^  to  support  it  if  weak  (Vitruv. 
vL  8.  6.),  sddom  employed  by  the 
Greek  or  Roman  arcldtects,  except 
to  strengthen  a  foundation,  _  The 
illustration  shows  the  construction  of 
ihe  Cloaca  Maxima  at  Rome,  with 
exteinal  buttiesses  on  each  side  of 
the  masonry,  as  seen  in  an  excavation 
supei  intended  by  Piranesi.  These 
buttresses,  however,  are  formed  of  a 
diffeient  stone  from  the  test  of  the 
work  iiidweieiiotpait  of  the  original 


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ANTESIGNANI. 

v,.w..,  ^uE  may  be  reg^rdeJ 
:iges  of  the  repairs  wliich.  the 
underwent  upon  the  occasion 


alluded  to  by  Dionysius  (iii.  67,1, 
■when  ft  sum  of  not  less  than  200,000/. 
of  our  money  was  laid  out  upon  them. 
ANTESIGNA'NI.  A  body  of 
the  boldest  and  best  men  of  the 
legion,  who  were  stationed  imme- 
diately before  the  standards  to  pre- 
vent their  being  captured  by  the 
imemy.   Cses.  .S.C.i.  57,  Liv.  xxii.  5. 


Id.  i: 


3''^. 


ANTESTOR.  To  summon  a  per- 
son, or  ask  Win  to  become  witness 
that  a  defendant  refuses  to  come  into 
court.  On  such  occasions  the  plaintiff 
sjJted  any  of  the  bystanders  to  bear 
witness  of  the  defendant's  contempt, 
by  the  words  Ucet  antesUtri;  upon  re- 
ceiving his  assent,  he  touched  the  ear 
of  his  witness,  then  seized  upon  the 
person  of  his  opponent,  and  dragged 
him  forcibly  into  the  court.  Plant. 
Fa-s.  iv.  9.  10.  Hor.  Sat.  i.  9.  78. 
Plin.  H.  N.  n.  103. 

ANTI^.  The  ringlets  of  a 
1  of  hail,   wiiich  hang 


ANTLIA.  41 

down  to  the  eara  irom  the  temples 
(Festus,  s.  -v.  Isidor.  Orig.  xLx.  31,  8,), 
and  likewise  the  side  locks  of  males, 
when  studiously  arranged  in  the  ssime 
way  from  the  temples  down  the  ^des 
of  the  face  (Apul.  Flor.  i.  3.  3.);  as 
in  the  example,  from  a  small  bronze 
figure  found  at  Herculaneum.  The 
illustration  to  Anadema  shows  these 
ringlets  as  worn  by.  females,  from  a 
Pompeian  painting, 

ANTILE'NA.  a  breast  strap 
attached  to  the  pack  saddles  of  a 
beast  of  burden, 
in  order  to  keep 
the  saddle  from 
sliding  back- 
wards. (Isidor. 
Orig.  ■xs.  16.) 
It  was  fastened 
to  the  front  of  tire  .; 
saddle  on  both 
sides,  and  passed  across  liie  chest  of 
the  animal,  as  in  the  illustratjon  from 
a  painting  at  Herculaneum  ;  and  was 
a  necessary  appendage  to  the  pack- 
saddle  in  all  mountainous  countries, 
where  the  ascents  are  steep. 

ANTIQUA'RIUS.  A  term  used 
under  the  empire,  and  distinct  from 
Librarius,  to  designate  a  person  em- 
ployed ill  copying  old  books  (Isidor. 
Ong.  vi.  14.  1.),  and  who  wrote  in 
the  old  uncial  character  after  the 
running  letters  had  come  into  ^eral 
use.   Becker,  Gallus.  i.  p.  l64.Transl. 

ANTLIA  iiLvr\la\  _  A  pump,  or 
other  madiine  for  iTiising  water,  in- 
cluding all  the  various  contrivances 
adopted  by  the  ancients  for  that  pur- 
pose ;  and  not  indicating  any  par- 
ticular construction  ;  the  word  being 
used  by  Martial  (Ef.  ix.  19.  4-)  to 
designate  the  pole  and  bucket ;  \iv 
Suetonius  (ra.  51.),  the  water  tread- 
wheel  ;  and  by  Callixenus  {ap. 
Athen.  V.  43.),  the  Archimedean 
screw.  The  different  machines  thus 
comprised  under  the  general  teim 
Antlia  are  described  and  ilhistrated 
under  their  own  specific  names,  and 
are  as  follows : — I.  Rota  Aquaria  ; 
2.  Tympanum  ;  3.  Tolleno  ;  4.  Gir- 


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42 


ANULARIUS. 


GILLUS  !      S-     CTESIBiCA 

aud  SiPMo  ;  6.  Cochlea. 

ANULA'RIUS  and  ANNULA'- 
RIUS.  One  who  follows  the  trade 
of  making  rings.  (Cic.  Acad.  ii.  46.) 
The  rhig  makers  formed  a  distinct 
colUgmnt  or  company  at  Rome.  Iii- 
script.  aA  Murat.  2015,  5. 

ANULA'TUS  and  ANNTJLA'- 
TUS.  In  general,  liaviiig  or  being 
furnished,  with  rings  ;  whence 

I.  Amilati  pedes,  having  fetters 
the  feet,  in  t' ^.1.-^— 


of  the  is 


slaves  amongst  the  Romans,  who 
worked  in  chains  (Apul.  Met.  is. 
p.  1S4.),  as  in  the  example,  from  an 
eiigiaved  gem. 

a.  Aimlata  aures.    Ears  with  rings 
in  them  (Plant.  Fait.  v.  2.  20.J,  as 


in    the    example,    from   a    Pompeian 
painting. 

A'NULUS  or  AN'NULUS  (Snic- 
TiKu,s,  o^payis).  A 
ring  for  the  finger  ; 
originally  made  of  iron, 
and  nsed  as  a  signet  for 
sealing.  Subsequently, 
however,  golden  rings 
were  adopted  instead  of 
use  of  that  metal  at  Rome 


'j/w 


ANULUS. 

to  the  sena.tors,  diief  magistrates,  and 
equites.  (Plin.if.A'.  xxniii.  4.)  The 
example  represents  an  original  from, 
die  DactyUotlieea  of  Gor&us.  Ths 
signet  ring  n'as 
worn  on  the  fourth 
finger  of  the  left 
hand  hoth  by  llie  , 
Greeks  and  Ro-  ^ 
mans  (Aul.  Gell, 
K.  10.);  see  the  right-hand  figure  in 
the  cnt^  which  represents  the  hand  of 
Jupiter,  from  a  Pompeian  painting ; 
and  tlience  the  expression,  sedire  ad 
atmlos  alkui  (Eum.  Faneg.  ad  Const. 
15.),  means  to  sit  on  the  right  hand 
of  any  one.  But  mider  the  empire 
the  fashion  of  wearing  rings  of  vanous 
kinds,  and  degrees  of  value,  as  mere 
ornaments,  became  prevalent  amongst 
all  classes,  and  were  wont  on  different 
fingers  of  hoth  hands,  as  well  as 
several  at  a  time  (Mart.  Ep.  v.  61. 
Id.  xl  59.);  see  the  left-hand  figure 
from  a  Pompeian  painting,  which 
shows  a  female  hand  with  three 
rings,  two  on  the  fourth,  and  one  on 
the  little  finger. 

2.  Anuhu  i/gamnis,   A  ring  which 
has   two   precious  Et<  .    ■      ■ 
(Valerian,  in  Epist. 
ap.  TrebelL  Claitd. 
14.)    The   illustra- 
tion    exhibits     an 
original    from    the 
Dactyliotheca        of 
GorlEeus     (Part     i. 
No.    68)    with    two 
engi-aved  gems  Set  in 
signet,  with  the  £„ 
iiie  other  a  smaller  o 
and  myrtle  branch. 

3.  Armbts  velaris. 
made  like  our  own, 
rod  for  the  purpose  of  draiving  0 
withdrawing  the  curtain.  Amongst 
the  Romans  these  rings  were  usuiJly 
made  of  hard  wood.  (Plin.  H.  N. 
xiii.  18.)  In  a  hoase  excavated 
at  Herculanenm  in  1828  (an  ele- 
vation of  which  is  given  as  an  illus- 
'     ■"        ■       "'  Lcle    DOMtis).    the 


1  be- 


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APIIRACTUS. 


43 


and  similarly  placed 
to  tbe  example 
annexed,   which   i: 


hoop  pertomied 
lis  revolmions  (Mart  Efigr  xiv 
169  )  Several  of  these  were  placed 
on  the  same  hoop,  as  shown  by  the 
enainple  which  is  topietl  fiom  1 
sepulchral  bas  relief  011  a  tomb  stJl 
remaimi^  near  Tivoli 

5  A  plait  of  long  haii,  amiiged 
in  circles,  like 
rmgi,  round  the 
back  part  of  the 
head  (M,  '  '~  ' 
iL  66  ),  as  seen  m 
the  ilIuBti-ation  an 
ne\ed,  which  re 
presents  Plotina, 
the  wife  of  the 
emperor  Trajan,  from  an  engia\ed 
gem  The  female  peasantry  m  many 
paits  of  the  Roman  and  Neapolitan 
states  BuU  contmue  to  arrange  then 
hmt  ui  a.  sunilai  manner 

6  In  ijchitectiire,  aiinuUij ,  which 


of 


WTTUli 


n  number,   which  a 


APALA'RE  or    -VPFLA  RL       V 
deicript  on        of  ^  ..         , 

ladle    or    spoon,  .— — rmW 
more  paHieuiarly  ||My| 

mtended  for  cook- 
ing or  lianding  round  soft  IjoJed,  01 
peihaps  poached,  egys  {Gloss  Jsid) , 
though  It  was  also  employed  for 
other  purposes.  (Auson  Epist  xxi  ) 
The  illustration  is  copied  from  an 
original  of  bronze  found  in  a  titchea 
at  Pompeii,  which,  it  la  belicied, 
affords  a  specimen  of  one  of  these 

APEX.     Literally  a  pointed  piece 


flock    of 


of   olive    wood, 

top  of  the  head 
by  the  Flamhus 
and  SeHi  (Festus, 
s  V  Albogaierus. 
Serv  m/Viig.  ^. 
X  270).  It  was 
fastened  by  a  fil- 
let on  eadi  side, 

fitted  the  head,  ,    , 

fiom  a  Roraaa  bas-relief;  whence 
tUe  word  oAot  is  often  put  for  the 
tap  Itself.  Fabins  Pictor  ap.  Gell,  x. 
15   J     Liv.  VL41. 

3    (mj™).     The  ridge  on  the  top 
of  a  helmet  to  which   the   crest   of 


horse  hair  was  afhved.  (Isidor.  Orig- 
xviii  14.  2.  Vug.  jEn.  xii.  492.)  The 
aptx  Itself  is  prommently  shown  in 
the  annexed  example,  which  is  copied 
from  a  bronze  original  found  at 
Pompeii;  but  a  specimen,  with  the 
hoi-se-hair  crest  attached,  is  given 
under  the  article  Galea. 

APHRAC'TUS  or  APHRAC- 
TUM  (a^aCTiff).  A  ship  without  a 
deck  or  only  partially  covered  fore 
and  aft,  in  the  manner  which  we  term 


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h^li  decl  ed  (Cic  A  t  v  13  )  The 
illtrt  at  on  IS  cope  I  from  the  Vatican 
Vir^il    and    shows    by  the   lektive 


height  of  the  men  that  it  has  no  deck 
m  the  centre ,  by  companiig  the 
decked  ships  instanced  s.  v.  NAVIS 
CONSTRATA,  the  different  constniction 
of  the  two  will  be  readily  apparent. 

APIA'RIUM  (iie\ur<r(!«',  /«XiWd- 
rpo^etoi').  An  apicay,  or  place  whei'e 
a  number  of  bee-hives  are  kept. 
Columell.  ix.  5.  6. 

APIA'RIUS  (/ifXiio-nl!— «!7M- 
One  who  tends  and  keeps  bees.  Plin. 
H.  N.  xxi.  31. 

APICA'TUS.  Wearing  the  a^ 
or  pointed  cap  of  the  Flamen  Dialis. 
fOvid.  Fast.  lii.  397.)  See  the  en- 
graving in  the  preceding  column,  and 
article  Fi.ahgk. 

APLUS'TRE  andAPLUS'. 
TRUM  {i4\a.erw). 
made  of  wooden 
planks,  somewhat 
resembling  the  fea- 
thers of  a  bird's 
wingi  which  was 
commonly  placed  on 
the  stern  of  a  ship. 
(Lucan.      i"         "' 

The   illiisti 
presents  an  aplastre 
in  detail  from 
which  there 
Museum  ;  th 
cupied  upon  the 
the  preceding  woodcuL 

APODYTE'RIUM  (diroBi^pioi-), 
An  rtndnssing'raoin ;  especially  a 
chamber  in  the  liafhs  (Cic  Q.  Fr. 
iii.  r.  1.  riin.  Ep.^.  6.  25.),  where 
the  visitors  undressed,  aiid  left  their 


A  POSPHR  ACTSMA. 

clothes  while  batl  1  ig  for  in  the 
public  estal  lishments  every  person 
uas  compelled  by  law  to  strip  himself 
before  he  passed  into  the  inteiior 
apartments,  as  a  check  to  lobbery, 
and  to  prevent  the  concealment  of 
^lolen  articles  about  the  person  (Cic 
Lai    26)      The    illustration    repre 


sents  the  interior  of  the  Apodytmum 
in  the  batlis  at  Pompeii ;  its  relative 
position  with  r^ard  to  the  other 
apartments  of  the  establishment  may 
be  seen  on  the  ground-plan  of 
Balinb^,  on  whidi  it  is  marked 
A.  It  is  flimished  with  three  doors: 
the  one  on  the  left  hand,  at  tlie 
further  end  of  the  engraving,  is 
the  general  entrance  from  the  out- 
side ;  that  on  the  right  of  it  opens 
into  the  cold  bath;  and  the  nearest 
one  on  the  right  gives  access  to  the 
warm  bath.  Seats  for  dressing  and 
undressing  upon  run  along  three  sides 
of  the  room  ;  and  holes  are  seen  in 
tlie  walls,  in  which  wooden  pegs  were 
fixed  for  hanging  op  the  clothes.  The 
small  dark  niche  luider  the  window 
served  to  contain  a  lamp. 

APOPHORE'TA  (iiro^pT;™). 
Presents  which  a  host  gave  to  his  guests 
at  the  conclnsion  of  an  entertainment, 
to  be  carried  home  with  them.  Com- 
pliments of  this  kind  were  more  espe- 
cially customary  during  the  f^te  of 
the  Saturnalia,  Suet.  Cal.  55.  Id. 
Vesi.  19. 

APOSPHRAGIS'MA  {diroo-^pii- 
yuifia).  The  device  or  impressioit 
upon  a  signet  ring.  (Plin.  £phi.  x. 
SS.  3.)  See  the  illustrations  s.  n. 
Anulits. 


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APOTHBCA. 

APOTHE'CA  ((iTTDlhi^         A 

scription  of  stock.  (Cic.  Foft'n.  5  Id 
Phil.  ii.  27.)  This  woi-d  onans 
the  elements  of  tlie  Italian  be  ga 
and  Fiench  houHgue,  a  shop ,-  b  ha 
is  a  perrersion  of  the  original  en  e 
whidi  did  not  mean  a  store  in  h  h 
goods  were  kept  for  sale,  but  on  y  fo 
the  private  use  of  the  owner.  Com 
pare  Tabekna. 

2.  In  a  more  special  sense  by  he 
Romans,  a  store-room,  for  wine  n  he 
upper  part  of  the  house  whe  e 
Horace,  Od.  iii.  ai.  7.  descend 
Plin.^/.  ii.  17,  13.  Pliii,  A'.jVxv  4 
6.  and  7.),  where  it  was  kept  o  npen 
ill  amphene,  or,  as  we  might  ay  n 
bottle;"  whereas  the  new  w  e  in 
dolia  and  ntps,  01,  according   0  on 

below  in  the  c^a  vinaria.  [Cella  ] 

APOTI-IEO'SIS   (iijToffia,..  A 

word  borrowed  from  the  Greek  lin 
guage,  but  only  used  at  a  late  pe  od 
(TertuU.  Appl.  34.),  for  winch  the 
Latin  term  is  Consecratio,  which 


attached  to  the  service  of  the  Roman 
magistrates,  including  the  AccEHSl, 

LlCTORBS,  PR.ECONES,  SCBLIB  C, 'V  I  \ 

TORES,  &c     Cic.  Q.  Fr.  i.  i.  4.  Suet. 
Tib.  II. 

2.  In  the  army,  the  servants  who 
waited  upon  the  military  tribunes. 
Hirt,  B.  Afr.  37.  Lamprid.  Alex. 
Ssv.p.. 

AQU^DUCTUS  (Wpayurtrn-). 
An  aqueduct;  an  artificial  channel, 
frequently  of  many  niiies  in  length, 
for  the  purpose  of  conveying  a  pure 
stream  of  water  ftom  its  source  to 
any  determinate  point.  (Cic  Att.  xiii. 
5.  Frontinas  de  Aquaduct.)  The 
illustration  represents  a  portion  oE 
the  aqueduct  constructed  by  the  em- 
peror Claudius,  win  h  bu  It  of  t  a 
vertme  stone,  and  np  n  a  ngle  t 
of  arches  ;  but  som  aqued  th  con 
veyed    as    many   as     h  parat 

streams    in    distin  t      h-m    1 


accordmg  o  he  na  u  e  o  he  s  es 
o  e  whliji  hey  passed  Tl  e  channel 
pecut)  h  ougt  wh  cl  e  wa  e 
flo  ved    s  see    un  ove  ed  a    he   op 

AQUA  G.IU  I  A  wa  e  on  e 
o  s  ream  of  wa  e  wh  t  was  con 
mon  p  o  je  y  and  co  Id  only  be 
tt  ve  ed  n  small  po  ons  by  he  p  o 
ptietors  through  whose  lands  it 
pissed      Pomp.  Big-.  43.  20.  3. 

AQUA'LIS.  Any  vessel  which 
contains  water  for  drinking  ;  a  aiaier- 
c  in,  or  water  Jug,  Plant.  C3irc.  IL  3, 
33     Id  Mil.  iil  2.  39. 

2  The  same  as  Matula  (Varro, 
L  L  ■V  119.)  J  to  which  the  joke 
contained  in  the  passage 'of  Plautns 
(J/jV.  iii.  2.  39.)  probably  alludes. 

AQUA'RIUS  (Mpo^po!).  A 
water  carrier.      Cic.  Fanu  viii.  6. 

2.  A  slave  employed  m  the  baths, 
who  brought  in  the  water,  poured  it 


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45 


AQVILA. 


figure  in.the  illustratiovi,  copied  from 
a  fictile  vase.  These  men  were  noted 
for  their  licentious  habits,  Juv.  vi. 
332.  compared  with  Festus,  j.  v. 

3.  An  ollicer  at  Rome  attached  to 
the  service  of  the  aqueducts,  whose 
duty  it  wras  to  see  that  not  more  tlian 
the  quantity  allowed  bylaw  to  each  in- 
dividual, ov  public  establishment,  was 
kid  pn  from  the  main.     Front  Aq. 

AQUILA.  The  m.gU,  the  prin- 
cipal ensign  of  the  Roman  ' 
(Plin.  H.  N,  X.  S.), 
made  of  alver  or 
bronze,  and  with  ex- 
panded wings,  as 
sliown  in  the  ex- 
ample, from  an  ori- 
ginal published .  by 
La  Chausae  (Recueii 
d'Anda.  liomaines, 
Y.IS.).  The  manner 
in  which  it  was  carried  is  shown  by 
the  illustration  to  the  following  word. 

2  (oierii  itenls  kiruiia)  In  archi- 
tecture the  ti  angular  fice  mcli  ded 
by  the  horizontal  and  sloping  cornices 
,if   a    -.Bj.mont    fn   which   lattei   it 


'  s  JaiiigiHm  aqujlts 
111  71 )  The  term  is  properly  Gieek 
(PausalLi.  24  5  Id  V  10  20)  and 
coiTCsponds  to  the  Latin  TYMPANUM  ; 
unless  the  latter  word  was  employed 
when  the  part  consisted  of  a  mere 
naked  face  vmadorned  with  sculpture ; 
and  the  former,  when  the  surface  was 
broken  hy  bas-rehefs  ;  for  the  name 
originated  in  a,  very  early  Greek 
practice  of  carving  an  eagle  in  the 
pediment  of  a  temple,  especially  of 
those  which  were  dedicated  to  Jupi- 
ter, as  in  the  example  from  a  bas- 
relief  of  the  Villa  Mattd  at  Rome, 
In  Etruscan  or  other  edifices  of  ar^o- 
slyle  construction,  the  aquila  was 
formed  of  wood,  in  ordev  to  lighten 


the  pressure  upon  the  architrsive  ;  a 
circumstance  which  caused  tlie  con- 
flagration of  the  temple  of  Jupiter 
Capitolinns,  when  the  Capitol  was 
besieged  by  Vespasian.  Tac  Hist.  1. 1:. 
AQUIL'IFER.  Theprir  '  ' 
ensign  of  a  Roman 
legion,  who  carried 
the  eagle.  (Cies. 
B.  G.  V.  37.  Suet. 
Aug.     10.),        There 

to  each  legion,  though 

there      were     many 

sigtiiferi,  or  standard 

bearers.   (Veget.  Mil. 

ii.  13.   Compare  Tac 

Ann.  i.  39.  and  61.} 

The  example  is  taken 

from  the  Column  of 

Trajan,  on  which  an 

ensign    carrying    the 

eagle  is  seveial  times 

represented,  with  the 

skin  of  a  wild  beast 

over  his  head  and  back,  in  the  same 

manner  is  here  shown. 

AQUIMINA'RIUM,     AQUIMI- 

NALE  or  AQU^MANA'LIS.  A 
ig  from  which  water  was  poured 
ver  the  hands  before  and  after  meals. 

It  was  accompanied  by  a  basin  to 
CLeive  the  water  as  it  fell  from  the 

hands  so  that  the  two  tt^ether  would 

Varro  a/  Non.  s.  v.  p.  547.  U!p. 
Z>!g  34  2  lis-  «9-  "-  12- 

ARA  {BuHspioi',  §anis).  An  alldr; 
i,  e.  any  structure  raised  above  the 
ground,  either  of  turf,  stones,  brick, 
or  sculptured  marble,  upon  whicli 
the  offerings  made  to  the  gods  were 
placed  or  Gamed  Altar';  were  either 
circular    or    sq  nre     with    a    cav  ty 


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kiiidled,  and  an.  ouhce  it  the  =ide 
or  bottom,  thtoiigh  w  hii.li  the  hbitions 
of  wine,  orjuices  of  the  burnt  offeniig 
exuded,  TTib  cavity  for  the  tire  is 
shown  at  the  top  and  the  oi  ilice  foi 
the  outflow  of  liqiuds  atthe  bottom  of 
the  right-hand  figure  in  the  cat  which 
is  copied  from  a  Pompeian  pamting 
the  left-hand  liguie  is  fiom  a  fictile 
vase,  and  shows  the  liquid  streaming 
out  from  a  Tent  hole  placed  higher 
up.  These  parts  are  essential  to 
every  altai  on  which  victims  were 
burnt,  or  libitions  ponied  wheie 
they  are  winting  though  the  maible 
beat's  a  general  resemblance  to  an 
altar,  it  is  only  a  appus  not  an  ara 
a  fact  which  archieologists  too  often 
lose  aght  of. 

a.  Altars  were  erected  m  the  fol 
lowing  situations.  In  the  liKtis  or 
sacred  grove,  before  the  statue  of  the 
divinity  to  whom  it  was  consecrated 
(Horn.  //.  ii.  305.)  as  in  the  lUus 
tration  irom  the  arch  of  Trijan,  in 
which  the  trees  repttsent  tlie  sacicl 


grove  surrounding  a  statue  of  Diana 
before  which  the  altar  is  placed 

3.  On'^he  steps  under  the  entrance 
porch,  or  in  front,  of  a  temple  as  in 
the  annexed  engraiing  wluch  repre 


e  at  I  rimpeii  where  the  altar 


.^^"ijdl 


IS  seen  at   the   bottom  of  the  steps 
which  lead  up  to  the  entrance  door 

4  In  the  streets  of  a  town  (Pkut 
Aid  IT  1  20  Id  Most  V  1  45  )  and 
igainst  tlie  walls  of  a  house,  in  front 


of  a  pictun 


f  the   Ltr. 


I  tales  as  m  the  anneied  street  ti 
at  Pompen  The  top  compartment 
of  the  bas  relief  above  the  altar  con 
tarns  the  figures  of  two  Lares  ex 
actly  similar  to  the  one  used  as  an 
lUiistntion  for  th'it  woid  and  the 
two  sml  es  helow  are  a  sign  to  warn 
the  publii,  agau 


ifiijipjiaipiii__^ 


i   e-^plamed   under 
Anguis 

5  Lastly  thev  were  placed  near 
or  upon  the  im/fmiinii  of  pnvate 
houses  and  on  these  the  family 
sacnfices  were  offered  to  the  Penates. 
The  engraving  represents  a  resto- 
ntion  of  part  of  the  atnum  in  the 
house  of  the  Dtosciiri  at  Pompeii  in 
which  the  impluzium  is  seen  m  the 
foreground  with  the  altar  on  ifs 
margin    tnce     of  which  were   dis 


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whii-h  frankini-ense  ■» 
and  bu-nL  {Luciet  ii  3^3  \irg 
jEn  IV  453  )  The  illustration  frpm 
an  ancient  painting  discovered  at  the 
e  Palatme  hill  sliows  a 
aged  m  the  duty  of  spnnlv 
;  upon  a   bnming  altar, 


d  d   solely  for 


ngs 


,  but 


pass  ges  of  Lu 

d   Vii^il, 

bo  erred    to, 

m  indicite 

h     th     pithetfti/j 

plied  very 

to    every  Ttind    of 

altar,    because    the 

incense  «as  commonly  nsed  with  all. 

7    4ia  iipulcnixarafitttais.    The 
funeral  pile  upon  which  a  dead  body 


Bas  burned  (Vug  -£■«.  vi.  17;.  Ov 
Trtst  HI  13  21 )  =Q  termed  becaiisi 
it  was  built  up  ot  logs  of  wood  in  ; 
square  form,  like  an  altar.     The  illua 


@~a-@ 


ARA  TOR, 

tratio  1  IS  from  a  bas-relief  repre- 
aenling  tl  e  story  of  the  Eiad,  supposed 
to  have  been  executed  in  the  age  of 
h  ero  ind  represents  the  burning  of 
Patioclus 

ARACH'NE.  A  particular  kind 
of  sun-diil,  which  is  naturally  be- 
lieved to  have  received  its  name  from 
a  resemblance  to  the  spider's  web 
produced  by  tlie  hour  lines  inter- 
settrng  the  circles  of  the  equator  and 
tropics  described  upon  it ;  but  of 
» hich  no  ancient  specimen  has  been 
discovered      Vitniv.  ix.  8. 

AR^^OSTY'LOS  {dpafnariXos). 
Armntih  applied  to  a  building  or 
colonnade  in  which  the  ^  ^^^ 
columns  are  situated  ai 
w  de  intervals,,  of  noi 
lesi  than  3}  or  4  of  their 
own    diameteis     apart     S— 3 — % 

fiom  each  other  ,  as  in    g—.^ A 

the  lowest  line  of  the  an- 
nfiKed  diagram,  which  shows  the  re- 
lative width  of  the  five  different  kinds 
of  interLolumniations  adopted  by  the 
inuents  The  aneostyle  construe- 
tiuu  was  piiticularly  employed  in  the 
Tusi-an  order,  and  for  localities  fre- 
quented by  a  large  concourse  of 
people,  in  ordei  not  to  occupy  too 
muCli  room  by  amultitude  of  columns. 
It  required  an  aichitrave  of  wood,  as 
stone  or  marble  could  not  support  a 
superincumbent  weight  upon  supports 
placed  so  far  amrt.  The  colonnade 
surrounding  the  r 

of  the  wooden  architr 
at  the  period  when  it 

ARAt'oR  (ri/iOT^p).  One  who 
ploughs;  a  plotighman  {Plin.  H.N. 


n  of  Pompeii  is 
n  which  vestiges 

s  excavated.   ■ 


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xviii.  49,  82,).  Alw  a  ploughing 
ox,  for  the  word  is  equally  applied  to 
animals  (Ovid.  Fast.  i.  698.),  Both 
are  abown  by  the  illusCmtion,  £^oin  a 
Roman  lias-relief. 

2.-  A  tenant  farmer  upon  a  large 
scale,  who  cultivated  extensive  tracts 
of  the  public  lands  for  a  tenth  part  of 
tlie  produce  ;  generally  persons  of  tlie 
equestrian  order,  and  spoken  of  by 
Cicero  as  a  useful  and  excellent  class 
ofmeu.     Cic.  Agr.  ii.   31.  2.   Verr. 

'AKk'TWVU(&i,BT(,iv).  Kphitgh. 
The  plough  most  commonly  repre- 
sented on  andeut  monuments  is  a 
very  simple  machine,  consisting  of 
the  branch  of  an  elm  tree  (whence 
aratntmcwevam,  Luctet.  v,  93i.Viig. 
G.  i.  494.  incwvuin)  either  naturallvor 
ardfidally  bent  into  a  crook  (iuns)  a 
one  end,  which  when  sharpened  a 
point,  and  cased  with  iron,  an  w  d 
the  purpose  of  a  share  Ipomir 
other  branch  growing 


I    ary 


the  crooked  end,  served  for  a       ug 
t^  (jTfeo)  or  Imndle   to  gu  d     th 
machine,  and  press  the  share  t        uffi 
cientdepthintothegronnd.  Th      h 
of  these  parts  and  details  are  d 
shown  by  the  preceding  wood 

z,  The  next  illustration  rep  esen 
a  plough  of  improved  constr    ti 
from  a   baa-reljef  discovered 
island  of  Magnesia.      With    h     e, 
ception  of  not  being  furnished  wi  h 
coulter,  it  possessed  all  the  comp 

nts  enumerated  by  the  Gr    k    nd 
tin  authors  :  viz.  A  A,  buris 
tlie  plough-tail,  the  opposite      d 
which  forms    the    pole   {teni 
fjotiis) ;  B,  dmtaU  (aujin),  th 


(n  i-ii)  the  plough 
«  whn.h  bnil»  the 
firmly  to  the  pule 


ARCA.  49 

and  plough-tail,  and  which  some 
archEeo!(^ists  distinguish  by  the  name 
'fulcnim,  bat  without  quoting  their 
authority;  EE,  aures  (jrrf/jd),  the 
earth  'boards ;  F,  slhm  (ixirXjj),  the 
handle  by  which  the  ploughman 
directed  the  plough. 

3;  The  next  example  represents  a 
wheeled  plough  (aimis)  from  Caylus, 
wliich,  besides  the  parts  above  enu- 
merated, is  liltewise  fumislied  with  a 


coulter  {oiltir),  like  the  hlade  of  a 
knife  attached  to  the  pole  in  front  of 
th   share. 
4.  A  alrum  auritum.      A  plough 
h  d  with  mould-boards.    Pallad. 
43  Woodcut,  No.  2.  E  E. 

5    A  alrum  simfkx.      A   plough 
w  mould-boards.      Pallad.  /.  c. 

Viud    ts.  Aratoe. 
ARBUS'CUL.*:    (a;io?oirofe). 
ng    wooden    collars,     or    rings 
as        d  underneath  a  cart  [Jiltttistrum) 
d  r  an  engine  of  war,  for  the 
p   p       of  receiving  the  axle,  which 
ed  together 


hese  CO  lars,  i 


the  SI 


"t: 


child's  go-carl  (Vitruv. 
Ginzrot,  JVagen  and  Fahr- 
)i.  3.).  When  tlie  wheels 
upon  their  axle,  as  was  usual 
(lurrui),  the  axle  was  of 
uie,  and  arbtacula  w 


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kept  (Cato,  R.  K.  ii.  3.  Cic.  Parad. 
vi.  I.  Juv.  xL  26.  Suet.  Cal.  49.)  ;  a 
clothes  trunk,  money  chest,  &c.  The' 
example  here  introduced  is  a  very 
remarkable  specimen  of  a  money 
clieal,  discovered  in.  the  atriiun  of  a 
lioiise  at  Pom]>eii ;  and  which,  with 
great  apparent  reason  "s  beliei  ed  to 
have  been  a  cliest  in  which  the 
qutestor  kept  the  public  moneys  It 
stands  upon  raised  jiedestBls  coated 
with  marble  tl  e  frame  is  of  wood 
lined  inside  with  bionze,  and  plated 
outside  with  iron.  It  is  described  in 
detail  in  Gell  s  Pompeiana  vol  11  pp 
30-31  ■ 

2.  A  common  woodenlotii  whicii 
the  remains  of  those  people  wh  )  c  lid 
not  afford  the  expense  of  a  fuieral 
and  regular  coffi  i  were  cai  ed  to  the 
place  of  sepulture  Hor  Sat  \  %  t) 
i-ucan.  vii[    736      Gail,  Dtg  1     ^   ^ 

3,  (Xijcis)  A  coffin  in  which  a 
corpse  was  deposited 


.  nb  -v  he  1 


iishes  o    tl  t  fu  e    1  p  le  (PI  n  // 


jV.  xiii.  27.  VaL  Max.  i.  1.  iz.).  The 
illustration  shows  the  plan  and  eleva- 
tion of  an  original  cofEn  of  baked  clav 
tUggeri  Ca^diBtme  pi  19)  The 
h   fdi.       in  th   pla  ed   ill 

f     th    h    d    f  th        rose,       d  th 
d  h  1 


th 


,    Imlaj 


cavity  f 


bottom,  Slink  into  the  ground,  from 
the  interior  of  which  the  water  was 
pumped  out,  the  void  being  then  fihed 
in  with  stone  or  other  materials,  of 
which  the  foundation  was  composed. 
Vitruv.  V.  12.  3. 

ARCA'RII.  Officers  who  kept  the 
accounts  of  the  emperor's  privy  purse 
{focus)  whence  they  were  termed 
Casiiriaia;  their  offices  were  situated 
m  the  Forum  of  Trajan.  Lamprid. 
Alex  Scv.  43.  Fragment  jur.  mite 
Jusl  nean  a  Maio  editci,  p.  38. 

2  In  private  families,  cashiers  or 
senants  who  kept  the  accounts,  and 
supenntended  the  receipts  and  dis- 
butsements  of  their  master's  property. 
Inscnpt  ap.  Grul.  641.  7.  8.  Sciev. 
Dg  if>   5.41. 

AR  CERA.  A  dose  covered  cart 
hoarded  all  over,  so  as  to  resemble  a 
la  ge  chest  (<a-  )  wl  cl  as  used  at 
Pome  fo  ti  e  tra  po  t  of  invalids 
o  aged  an!  fi  n  pe'so  s,  before 
he        ent  on   of   I  tte       and   other 


L.  L.  V.  140.).  The  inmate  reclined 
in  it  at  full  length,  for  which  purpose 
it  was  furnished  with  cushions  and 
p  11  nade  ;  and  the  exterior  was 
lly  veied  over  with  loose  diu- 
p  y  t  give  it  a  more  sightly  ap- 
p  an  and  conceal  the  rough 
b  ardi  g  of  which  it  was  made  (GelL 
XX       S )     The  illustration  is  from  a 

p  I  hral  marble  preserved  in  the 
M  m  at  Baden,  published  by 
G  nz  t  ( Wageti  una  Fahnnerke, 
t  b  9  . ),  and  may  be  reg;arded  as 
th  yjy  known  example  of  this  pri- 
t  nveyance,  the  great  antiquity 

f  h  1  is  authenticated  hy  the  men- 
t        f      n  the  Twelve  Tables.   (Gell. 


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ARCHIMIJIWS 

I  c)  The  o  glial  ilsu  si  mis  a 
bundle  of  drapLiy  jlacel  on  the  louf 
III  aheap  intended  to  be  spiead  oie 
the    whole    carnage     as   mentioned 

ARCHIMIMUS(apj,i;«/io!)  Tlie 
leider  of  a  company  of  bifloon&  nho 
■were  engaged  at  funeials  to  dance  and 
play  the  merry  andren  in  the  pio- 
cetsion  the  leader  of  the  party  enact 
mg  a  mock  repre'ieiitation  of  the 
pe  son  and  character  of  the  deceased 
Suet   Vap   19     See  also  MiMTis  2 

ARCUA  RIUS  One  who  makes 
hoiis  and  iitows  Aur  Arc  Dig 
50    6   6     Compare  Veget    Mil   11 

ARCUA  TIO  A  s  bsti  cton  of 
aiches  for  the  support  of  any  super 
St  Ticture,  as  a  road«  ay  bridge,  or 
aqueduct  Frontinus  18  and  21 
Cut  of  Aqu-eductus 

A  RCU  A  TU  b  In  general  arched 
or  built  upon  arches  Pirn  £p  x. 
47  2      Seecnt  of  AQO^DtcTUb 

a     Arcuaitis 


wheeled  carriage  with  an  arched 
awnuig  over  head  {Ln  1  21 )  The 
example  is  from  a  painting  m  an 
Ettuscan  tomb  published  by  Micali 
{/ia/ia  manti  tlDonanio  di  Romani). 

ARCUBALLISTA  An  instru- 
ment for  'ihootmg:  arrows,  combining 
the  properties  of  the  bow  and  balUsta 
The  name  points  to  a  weapon  m  the 
nature  of  the  modem  cross-bov.  but 
it  is  impossible  to  define  it  piecisely, 
as  the  exact  character  of  the  Bal 
USTA  is  not  sufficiently  undeistood 
Veget.  Mil  a.  1$. 

ARCUBALLISTA-RIUS.  One 
who  mniiages  the  ArcubalKsta  Ve 
get,  MU.  iv.  21. 


ARCULUM. 


colour  boJ>  dvded 
into  a  number  of  sepa  te  compart 
ments,  more  espe 
eially  used  by  en 


which  tl  ey  kept  11 
dishnct  the  d  ffe 
rent  coloured  wasi 
ait  (Vano  R  M  I  4 )  11  e 
illustration  is  from  a  Roman  bas- 
relief  which  represents  Painting  in- 
di  cii^  M.  Varro  to  illustrate  his  book 
n  ith  portraits. 

2  A  small  sepulchre  or  slone 
coffin,  snch  as  was  u'ied  by  the  Chris- 
tianised Romans,  ind  deposited  in 
then  catacombs,  when  the  bodies 
were  bined  w  tliout  being  bnmt. 
(Insciipt    ap    Grt  t    J031    4.)      The 


illustration   repieaents   one  of   these 
coffins  m  the  catacombs  at  Rome,  a 

Srtion  only  being  removed  in  the 
™  ing  to  show  the  skeleto  1. 

ARLULARIUS  A  maker  of 
tticulT  caskets,  little  boxes,  jewel 
cases,  &c     Plant  Aul.  iii.  5.  45. 

ARCULUM  A  ehaplet  made 
from  the  branch  of  the  pom^ranate 
tree  bent  mio  a  circle,  and  fastened 
at  the  ends  by  a  fillet  of  white  W'ool, 
which  was  worn  by  the  Flavtinua 
Dialis  at  all  sacrifices,  and  on  certain 
occasions  likewise  by  the  wife  of  the 
Rex  sturifictihu  Setv  ad  Vii^  jSii 
XV   137 

2  Ot  Arculus  h  ^fers  imt , 
especially  the  linen  cioth  1  oiled  up 
and  twisted  mto  a  circle  which  the 
young  women  placed  on  the  top 
of  their  heads  in  the  same  way  as 
IS  still  practised  by  the  Italian  pea 
santry,  as  a  support  for  the  baskets 
{/■an  sl/-tp,  ct't  )   which    they  cairied 


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5  2  ARCUMA. 

in  the  Panallienaic  and.  otli 
tivals.  (Festus,  s.  v.) 
This  contrivance  is 
frequently  repiesented 
in  sculptiu"e  upon  figures 
carrying  any  sort  of 
burden  on  their  heads, 
such  as  the  CanephoTH, 
Carplaiidis,  Tdamoms,  of 
which  latter  the  figure 
in  the  cut  presents  an 
e):ample  from  the  batlis 
of  Pompeii ;  and  ia  fre- 
quently mistaken  for  the 
iiiodiiis,  which  it  resembles  indeed 
appearance,  but  would  be  a  mc 
propriate  ornament  for  such 


AR'CUMA.  A  small  cart  (plam- 
ffiir/i)  or  iruci,  in  which  a  single 
person  could  be  conveyed.  (Festus, 
s,  71.)     The   illustration,    from    a  se- 


at Rome,  agrees 
the  definition  of 
o  doubt  of  its  real 

rfjof),  Abowfor 
he   use   of  which, 

I  Its  B'as  chiefly  con- 

s  of  the  field  and 

II  vitli  some   partnl 
g  the  Home  ic  i^e 

r  which  it  never 
ml    ary  weapon      The 


d     g   h 
■  centie  hke 


as  shown  by  the  bottom  figure,  also 
fium  a  fictile  vase  ;  and  when  strung 
was  bent  backwards  against  tlie 
curve,  which  must  have  given  it  tre- 
mendons  power,  and  will  explain  the 
true  meamng  of  Homer's  epithet  ttot- 
\ivTcvov  (/?.  viiL  266,).  The  two 
forms  are  also  distinguished  by  the 
Latin  writers  with,  the  epithets  pa- 
iulus  <0v.  Met.  viii.  30.),  and  sinii- 
osus  or  sinualw  (Id.  M^i.  viii.  sSa 
Am.  i.  I,  23.). 

2.  The  Roman  bow,  as  shown  in 
their  paintings,  did  not  differ  from 
the  Greek  one. 

3,  Atvus  Siytkicus.  The  SCTthian 
bow  mentioned  by  the  Greek  and 
Ljitin  authors,  possessed  a  very  dif- 
ferent form  from  either  of  the  two 
preceding  examples,  as  will  be  per- 
ceived by  the  illustration  copied 
from  the  base 
of  a  candela- 
bnim  in  the 
\  illa  Albani, 
winch  repre- 
sents Hercules 
carrying  off  tlie 
sacred  tripod 
from  the  temple 
of  Apollo  (see 
Hjgm         -  ' 


iilar  form 


hands  of  Hercules  on  a  gem  in  the 
Florence  Galleiy ,  on  one  of  the 
Stosch  Cabinet  ;  and  on  the  base  of  a 
ca  1  lelal  mm  at  Dresden,  representing 


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the  same   quarrel  between  H 
and  Apollo. 

The    hmated    figure   in    th 
woodcut   has   often    been   ci 
philologists    aa   a   specimen 
Scythian  how,  but  the  follow    g 
ticiilais  will  satisfactorily  pr 
such  a.  supposition  is  not  su  p 
by   authoritj' ;  — I.   Hercules    mad 
iise  of  too  bows  (Herod,  iv.  i 
of   which,   as   he   received        !i 
Apotio  (Apollodor.   ii.   4,   l        waa 
necessarily  a  Greek  one  j  th       h 
which  he  had  from  Teutarus      S 
thian  shepherd  (Lycophr.  56. 
crfLycophr.  50.   Compare  Th 
xiii,  55.),  waaneeessarily  one  of  tliose 
used  by  the  natives  of  that  country. 
2.  Lycophron  {917.)  assimilates   the 
Scythian  bow    to   a    serpent ;    and 
Becker,   in  describing  the  fignce  on 
the  candelabrum  of  Dresden  {Angus 
teum  pi  S  ),  singularly  enough  mis 
takes  It  for  a   serpent    though  the 
qi  iver  at  hia  -ade  is  dearly  indiea 
tive  of  Its  real  charactei      3    Strabo 
(11   p   332   Siebenk      Compare  An 
mtan.  xxi     8    5  )  compare'  the  0  it 
1  ne  of  the  Pontns  Eux  nus  to  that 
of  a  Scythian  bow     one  side  which 
IS  nearly  straight  forming  the  chord 
the  other,  which    as  he  says    is  re 
cessed  into  fan  iajs   one  larger  and 
mor^  arcular  the  othei  smaller,  and 
receikng   liss     the    how    itself       4 
Eunpides  (xf    Alhen.  x   80)  mtro 
d  ices  a  countryman  who  had  seen 
the  name  of  Theseas  which  lie  could 
not  read,  somewhere  inscnbed    en 
deavounng  to  explain  (he  characters 
of  which   t  was  composed  by  some 
famii  ar   image       ani    he    compares 
the  fourth  letter   the  Greek  Sigma, 
to  a  lock  of  hail  tviibted  into  oris 
like  the  tendrils  of  a  vme,  p6Trpvxtis 
tt\i.yii4in!      5     Wh  lit  Agathon  (n/ 
Athen    /  c)    in  1  elating   the  same 
story  makes  hn  rustic  assimilate  the 
sime  letter  to  the  form  of  a  Scythian 
bow      6  Now  the  earliest  character 
used  to  express  the  Greek  Sig^na  w  as 
wnlten  thus  f,  01   thus  ^,  as  shovm 
by  the  Sigean  marble 


4.  An  arch,  a  mechanical  arrange- 
mentby  which  tiles,  bricks,  or  blocks 
of  stone  are  disposed  in  the  form  of  a 
curve,  which  enables  them  to  support 
one  another  by  iheir  mutual  pressure, 
and  hear  any  si  penncumbent  weight, 
such  as  a  budge  aq  educt,  uppe 
sto  >   of  T  build    c;    \c    &c      Ovid 


Though  the  pnnci[  e  upon  which 
an  arch  is  constnicted  was  not 
ent  rely  unknown  to  the  Greeks,  yet 
their  iniversal  adoption  of  the  co 
lumnar  style  of  architecture  and 
general  deficiency  of  rQadi,  aque 
ducts,  and  bndge'  renderea  itb  tise 
unnecessary  to  them  but  the  Ro- 
roans  en  ployed  it  extensiielv  in  all 
their  greit  woik=  as  will  be  seen 
by  numerous  e\amples  thioughout 
these  pages  and  at  a  very  early 
peuod  as  shown  by  the  illustration 
annexed,  wh  ch  is  an  elevation  of  the 
wall  called  the  fulcrum  littus  on  tlie 


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54  "' 

t-aiils  of  the  Tiler  aid  the  thiee 
concentric  aiches  which  formed  the 
C/oaci  Maxinia  1  itructuie  belong 
ing  to  tlie  fabulous  age  of  the  elder 
Tarquin 

5  Anarch«ay,  or  trmmpkal  atch 
(Suet  Claud  I  and  with  the  epi 
thet  trmmpAalis,  Cenotaph  Pisan  C 
C/esans  Attgasi  F)  Durmg  the 
repubhcan  period  these  were  tem 
porary  structures  of  wood  thrown 
acioss  a  stieet  through  which  a  Cn 
umph  passed,  and  removed  after  the 
show  fbi  llie  perminent  aichways 
recoided  uiidei  the  republic  (Liv 
J.XX1U  27  Id  xhsvu  3  )  are  termed 
fornuis,  and  were  not  eiected  to  com 
memorate  the  honours  of  a  triumph 
(See  Fornix.)  But  under  the  em 
pire  they  were  converted  into  pel 
manent  edifices  biult  of  marble  and 
elected  in  various  parts  of  the  city 
as  weli  at  Rome  as  m  the  provincial 
t]wns,  small  and  un)  tentatious  at 
first,    wth    a    single   j,ing   «ay    but 


subsequently  mcieased  m  size  anl 
elT.borati.ly  covered  with  sculpt  1  e 
and  statues  aa  m  the  illusln.t  on 
which  presents  an  elevat  on  of  the 
triumphal  arch  of  Septimius  Severas 
now  stand  ng  at  Rome  tonhich  tlie 
statues  only  on  the  top  hive  been 
restoied  as  lliey  oiigiiially  ex  sted 
from  tiie  design  on  a  medal  uf  that 
emperor 

AREA  In  its  original  scn-e  is 
used  to  designate  any  vacant  plot  of 
ground  in  a  city,  affording  a  site  for 
a  building  (Varro,  L,  L.  v.  38.  Hor 
Epist,  i.  10.  13.),  and  from  that  it  s 
also  transferred  to  the  open  space 
upon  which  a  house  that  had  been 


p  lied    dcv 
(Liv 


tool 


special   significations    aie   de 

I  A  large  open  space  in  a  town, 
1  ke  the  French  flai.e,  the  Italian 
prazia,  and  the  Enghsh  pofode  left 
free  and  unencumbered  by  buildmgs 
for  the  exercise  and  1  ecreation  of  the 
townspeople  (Vitruv  1  7  I  Hor 
Od  \  9  18)  These  areas  were 
often  embell  ahed  by  stat  es  and 
works  of  art ,  sometimes  su  Tounded 
by  posts  and  rails  to  define  theic 
extent,  and  prevent  private  indivL 
duals  from  building  on  the  public 
property  (InscnpL  ap  Bellon,^jwH/ 
U}b  kom  p  70  ) ,  and  still  further 
to  preclude  all  attempts  at  encroach 
ment  or  appropriation  they  were 
consecrated  to  some  deity  who  had 
his  altar  erected  in  the  centre  and 
hence  they  were  distinguished  from 
one  another  by  the  name  of  the  deity 
undet    nhose    protei.tioi    they    weie 


lustration  from  tfie  ancient  marble 
plan  of  Rome,  now  preserved  in  the 
Capitol  but  which  originally  formed 
the  pavement  to  the  temple  of  Ro 
mulus  and  Remus  The  altar,  as 
ceiided  on  each  side  by  a  (light  ot 
steps  IS  seen  in  the  centre  ,  the  open 
space  around  is  sufliaently  ippiient, 
and  its  extent  may  be  guessed  by 
completing  the  mutilated  inscription, 
which  was  Area  Apollinis. 

2  The  open  space  of  ground  in 
front  of  a  Roman  house,  temple,  or 
othei   edifice,  which  forms  the  area 


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A/iElVARlC/S. 


J?om.  Ant.  Hi.  4.),  as  in  the  example 
(copied,  from  an  ancient  painting,  in 
which  some  of  the  principal  edifices 
of  Rome  are  depicted),  where  it  lies 
between  the  two  projeoting  wings  in 
front  of  the  building. 

3.  An  open  space  in  front  of  a 
cemetery,  around  which  the  sepul- 
chres were  ranged,  and  which  served 
as  an   Ustrinuta,  where  the  funeral 


lilJlii 


1  yie  WIS  rased,  and  the  body  burnt 
(Slat  Tkeb  Vi  57  TeitiiU  ad 
^icafiul  3  Marini,  Iiau-a  Alb  p 
It8)  The  illustration  repre^nts  an 
area  of  ihia  description,  with  tlip 
tomts  bmlt  lound  it,  which  was  e\ 
cavated  in  theViIia  Coisint  at  Rome 
4.  (dXiiiii. )  A  threshing-jiaor ;  or 
more  accurately  a  flat  drc^ar  area  in 
the  open  fields,  paved  with  flints,  and 
then  covered  over  with  clay  or  chalk, 
and  levelled  by  the  roller,  in  which 
the  grains  of  com  were  trodden  out 
of  the  ear  by  cattle  driven  round  it 
(ITn^.  G.  i.  178.  Hot.  Sat.  i.  I  45. 
Cato,  Columell.  PaUad),  a  mode 
of  threshing  commonly  atJopted  in 
Egypt,  Greece,  and  Italy,  even  at  (he 


Egyptian  tombs. 

5.  The  square  open  space  between 
the  two  wings  of  a  "clap  net  "  when 
they  are  spread  on  the  grouncl,  upon 
which  the  fowler  sprinkled  Iiis  seed 
to  induce  the  birds  to  alight  between 
them.     Plant.  Asin,  i.  3.  64. 

6.  A  Ijed  or  border  in  a  flower  or 
a  kitchen  garden.  CoInmelL  xL  3.  13. 
Pallod.  i.  34.  7. 

7.  In  Martial  (x.  24.  9.),  appa- 
rently used  for  the  race-coarse  in  a 
circus,  round  which  the  chariots  mn, 
more  usually  called  sfaihail :  but  the 
reading  is  doubtful. 

ARE'NA.  The  flat  oval  floor  in 
the  interior  of  an  amphitheatre,  where 
the  wild  beasts  and  giadiatora  fought, 
so  called  because  it  was  sprinkled 
over  with  sand  to  prevent  the  feet 
from  slipping  (Suet,  N^ro,  53.  Jhv, 
Sat.  iv.  too.) ;  see  the  second  wood- 
cut s.  Amphitheatrum,  which  re- 
presents the  amphilheatie  at  Pompeii, 
in  its  present  state;  the  arena  is  the 
flat  space  in  the  centre,  where  tiie 
two  small  figures  ore  standing. 

ARENA'RIA  ARFNA'RIUM 
A  sand  p  t.     C      V  n      V  tru 

ARENARIU&  Agnnit  m 
for  any  h  ded         ri 

arena      f    an      mph  th    t  th 

against  h      f  II  w       n,        w  th       11 
beasts,    n  1  d    g  tl      f       th    G 
DiATOK  and  Bes      e  V  i  S  t 

CSXYL  6 

2,  A  t      h        f      thm 


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56  AREOLA. 

out  his  calculations  or  diagrams 
upon  a  tray  covered  with  sand.  Ter- 
tull.  Pidl.  6,    Abacus,  i, 

ARE'OLA.  DiminHtiveofAEEA; 
a  small  open  square  or  place  (Plin.  £p. 
V.  6.  20.)  i  a  small  bed  for  flowers  or 
v^etables,  &c.  ih-,  b.  gaitien.  Colu- 
mell.  si.  2.  30. 

ARETAL'OGUS.  A  personage 
introduced  at  dinner  time  amongst 
the  liomans  to  amuse  the  conipa.ny, 
but  in  what  character  or  by  what 
means  is  not  clearly  ascert^ned,  per- 
haps as  a  sort  of  court  jester  or 
buffoon,  Juv.  Sai.  xv.  16.  Rupeni 
ad  I.    Saet.  Aug.  74.     Casaub.  ad  2. 

ARGE'I.  Certain  sites  in  he 
city  of  Rome,  twenty-seven  in  run 
ber,  with  small  chapels  attached  to 
them  (Varro,  L.  L.  v.  45.),  CO  se 
craled  by  Nnma  for  the  perforraance 
of  religious  rites  (Liv,  i.  22.)i  an  1 
visited,  it  would  appear,  in  sitecess  0 
(Ov.  Fast.  iii.  791.  Aul.  Cell,  x  16 
4.),  upon  certain  festivals,  like  tl  e 
Slasiotii  of  modem  Italy. 

a.  Images  or  Manikins,  made  of 
bulrushes,  diirty  in  number,  wh  ch 
were  annually  cast  into  the  T  be 
from  the  Sublician  bridge,  on  the  Ides 
of  May,  by  the  ponlifices  and  Vestals 
the  origin  and  meaning  of  wh  cl 
custom  are  involved  in  obscu  ty 
Varro,  L.  L.  vii.  44.  Ov.  Pasl  v 
621.     Festus.  J.  V. 

ARGENTA'KIA,  sc  Taderia 
A  silversmith,  banker,  or  mo  ey 
changer's  tiooth  or  shop,  generally 
situated  under  the  colonnade  wh  ch 
suiioiinded  the  forum.  Plant.  £p  d 
ii.z.  17.    Liv.xxvi.27. 

ARGENTA'RIUS.  K  p  va 
banker,  as  contradistinguished  from 
the  public  banker' (^iBJOf^j)  he 
received  deposits,  and  allowed  intere 
upon  them,  acted  as  a  money-change 
for  foreigners,  and  attended  publ 
sales  as  a  broker  or  commissioner  to 
bid  for  his  employers.  Cic  Cue  6 
Flaut.  Ah/,  iii.  5,  54.     Suet.  JV^era  5 

AR'IES  [lipids).  A  battning.fa 
an  instmment  composed  of  a  powe 
wooden  beam,  furnished  at  one  ex   e 


ARMARIUM. 

mity  xviih  a  mass  of  iron  moulded 
into  the  form  of  a  ram's  head,  which 
was  driven  with  violence  against  the 
walls  of  a  fortified  place,  in  order  to 
effect  a  breach  in  fliem.  Cic  Off.  i. 
II.    yirg.^n.  xiL  706. 

In  the  primitive  manner  of  using 
this  instrument,  it  was  carried  by  a 
nnmtier  of  men  in  their  arms,  and 
thnist,  ivithout  any  other  asastance 
than  their  united  energies,  against  the 
opposing  walls  (Vitr 


pe  d  U  e  ram  f  on    a  beam  pi 
upo     upngl  ts    by  wl  ch 


swung    , 

nechan  cal  fo 
•md   las  ly 


bn  n  eh  greater 
(\  ruv  X  13  2 
■J  \  nos  fixed  pon  a  fame 
10  ed  upon  wheels,  and  vaa 
o  er  by  a  shed  and  s  d  ng  of 
''"■  p  otect  t  "  ""''^  ""^  "  ^•■ 


vorked    t  from  the    n  ss  les  of  the 
enemy  (V  t    v   /     )  as  he  e  si  o   n 
f  om   he  tnumpl  al  arch  of  Sept  m  us 
Severus 
ARMARIUM      A      anur 

ab  net     or    cupho  rd     for      eep  ng 
domes  c   u  ens  5        othes,    money 

no     esoayofhertl       n 
da  ly  u  e      I        a     a   la  {,e  p  e  e  of 


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into  compartments,  andclo'iedmf 
by  doors.     (Cic.  Cluent.  64.     P 
Capt.  iv.  4.   10.     Pet.  Sai.  it  i>_  8 
PlLn.  IT.  N.  xxix.  32.)      The  examp 
here  given  represents   one  of  tl  es 
cupboards      exactly     as     descnbcd 
wliich  forma  part  of  the   furniture 
belonging  to  a  shoemaljer's  room   n  a 
Pomptaan,  painting.     It  is  filled  with 
lasts  and  boots. 

3.  A  deok-cast  in  a  library ;  aho  a 
sort  of  fixture,  and  sometimes  let  into 
the  walls  of  a  room.  (Plin,  Ep  11 
17.  8.)  Tliese  were  divided  into  a 
number  of  separate  compartments  by 
shelves  and  upright  divisions  and 
each  division  was  distinguished  by  a 
number,  as  Che  first,  second,  and  thi  d 
case.  Vitruv.  vii.  Pi-^f.  7.  Vop  so 
Tac.?:. 

ARMENTA'RIUS.  A  herdsma  i 
of  any  kind,  who  bad  the  chai^  of  a 
drove  of  oxen,  for  instance,  or  of  brood 
imres  (Appul.  Mtt.  vii.  p.  142 ) 
and  und  whose  care  and  superintend 
h  were  driven  up  from  the 
pi  o  the  mountains,  and  kept 


h     fsu 


iunng    I 


R   R.  ii.  5.   18.    Virg.  G   i 


'  or  •i,r\,<.v) 
consislng  of 
coils  of  gold 


344- 

ARMILLA  Wi 
An  armlet  for  11 
thcee  or  four  ma: 

siderable  portion  of  the  arm  (Fes 
tus,  s.  V.  Isidor.  OHg.  xix  jl 
r6.),  generally  worn  by  the  Me  lei 
and  Persians,  and  also  by  the  Gauls 


dress,    and    indi 

and  power  The 
aimlet  belonged 
likewise  to  the 
national 

of  the_  early   Sa- 


a(Liv 


freauentiy  given  as  a  reward 

0  the  Roman  soldier  who  had 

d       gi  ihed  himself,  to  be  preserved 

as  a      cord,  or  worn  as  a  <lecoration 

Th  xa  iple  here  giveii   is  from  a 

b  ginal-Khich  vis  discovered 

n  a  mb  at  Rifatransona  upon  the 

a'm  a  keleton 

TipiiT^vpiav)  In  1  mo  e  general 
sense  any  circle  of  gold  or  oma- 
raeital  nng  wh  ch  females,  and, 
more  especially  the  women  of  Greece, 
w  ore  upon  var  ou'i  parts  of  their  per- 
sons lound  the  wrists  on  the  fleshy 
part  of  the  arm  or  above  the  ankle, 
all  of  which  fash  ons  aie  exemplified 


from  1  Pon  peiin  paintn  g  The 
Gieek  language  had  ai  a^ftopriate 
term  for  each  of  tliese  ornaments ; 
but  the  Latm  which  u  not  equally 
copious  includes  all  under  the  same 
name  fPlait.  Mcii  111  3  3.  Pet. 
Sal  Itvii  6 )  Where  they  are 
ascribed  to  men  as  m  Pet.  Sai. 
xxxii  4.  and  Mart  Efi  xi  21.  7.,  it 
IS  to  ndicile  m  the  Srst  mstance  the 
vulgar  ostentation  of  a  fiarv  nu,  and 
1  the  latter  to  characterise  -i  \omanly 
efTem  racy  of  mam  er 


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ARMILLA'TUS.  Wearing  an 
amiiet  (aruiiih),  an  ornament  eape- 
dally  cfiaracterisiic  of  the  Asiatic  and 
some  other  foreign  races  ;  hence  a 
notion  of  disparagement  is  commonly 
conveyed  by  the  word,  even  when 
used  with  reference  to  those  nations 
(Suet.  JVira,  30,),  and  of  severe  cen- 
sure when  apphed  to  the  Romans,  as 
indicating  an  unmanly  imitation  of 
foreign  customs.  Suet.  CaJ.  52. 
Compare  Armilla. 

2.  Artnillalus  canis.  A  dog  with 
an  amiiiUi  or  collar  round  his  neck, 


as  in  tlie  example,  from  a  ra 
Pompeii.     Propert  iv.  8.  24. 

ARMILLUM.  A  vessel  fo  w 
which  Varro  {ap.  Non.  s.  v.  p  547  ) 
descrities  as  a  kind  of  ttrceabts  ai  d 
Festus  {s.  v)  enomerates  a  g> 
the  sacrificial  vessels.  It  must  h 
ever,  have  been,  in  veiy  comm  se 
as  may  be  inferred  from  the  p  b 
anus  ad  arniilhnii  {Lucil.  Sat  p  60 
10.  ed.  Gerlach.  Apul.  Met,  iii.  1  97  ) 
which  is  said  of  persons  whe         y 

"   c  to   their  accustomed   tr    '" 


habits 


"oidw 


a  the 


ARQUITES.     An  old  form  f 
arqutts,  instead  of  arciis  ;  iawi  ten  f 
whom  the  more  tisual  name  is  S 

AR'TEMON  {Apriiuav,  JV.  T.). 
One  of  the  sails  on  a  ship,  but  which 
one,  or  where  placed,  is  extremely 
doubtful.  Isidorus  [Orig.  xix.  3.  3.) 
says,  that  it  was  used  more  for  the 
purpose  of  assisting  the  steerage  of 
a   vessel   than   for    acceleiatiiig   her 


ARTOPTICIUS. 

speed — dirigenda  fotius  navh  causa, 
guam  f«i™'3i&— which  would  seem  to 
mdicate  a  sail  attached  to  a  low  mast, 
slanting  over  the  stern,  like  that 
which  is  freqnently  used  in  our 
fishing-boats,  am  in  the  small  crafts 
of  the  Mediterranean,  which  tho 
sailors  tliere  call  the  trimhetlg.  This 
is  probably  the  true  interpretation, 
for  it  distinguishes  the  sail  by  a  par- 
ticular use  and  locality,  entirely 
distinct  fi:ora  the  various  other  sails 
of  which  the  position  and  nature 
are  sufficiently  ascertained.  Bay- 
fius,  however  {R.  Nov.  ^.  121.),  con- 
siders it  to  be  the  maimail,  whicli 
the  Italians  of  his  day  called  arle- 
mone;  and  Scheffer  (Mti-  Nov.  v.  2.) 
a  topsail  hoisted   above   the   main- 

2.  The  principal  pulley  in  a  system 
comprising  several  others  {foly- 
spastan),  which  was  attached  to  a 
contrivance  for  raising  heavy  weights, 
Vtn  2  9 

ARTOLAGANUS(«p7-oXri)'nf™)- 
A  y  d  1  ca  id  savomy  kind  of 
b     d      ak       fl    oiu'ed    with    wine, 

ilk  I,  dp  pper.  Athen.  iii. 
79      C      /"  20.     Plin.  II.  JV. 


passage   t 
p  rson  wh    m  d   this  kind  of  bread. 
Th  pi    represents  two  originals 

f    m  P      p         f  the  simplest  kind, 
b        h  rs    f  m       elaborate  patterns 
i        bee   f      d      the  same  city, 
ARl  OPTIC  lUS,  sc.  panis.     A 
11    cak  mall  loaf   of   bread 

baked  in  a  mould  (Plin. 
ff.  N.  xviii.  27.)  The 
example  is  from  an  ori- 
ginal, which  was  discovered  with 
several  others  in  a  baker's  shop  at 
Pompeii,  hardened  but  uninjured  by 
the  lapse  of  so  many  centuries. 


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ARULA. 

A'RULA.     Diminutive  of  Ara. 

ARUN'DO.  A  reed  or  cane;  a 
plant  very  generally  used  by  the 
ancients  in  the  mannfacEure  of  many 
articles  for  which  the  long,  light, 
elastic,  and  tapering  form  of  its  stalk 
was  peculiarly  suitable ;  whence  the 
word  is  iised  both  by  prose  writers 
and  poets  to  designate  the  object 
formed  out  of  it.  (Plin.  H.  N.  xvi. 
66. )  Of  these  the  most  importalJt  are 
as  follows  :— 

1.  A  deal,  made  of  cane,  particu- 
larly employed  by  the  Parihians  and 
Oriental  races.     Sil.  Ital.  x.  l? 

2.  All  atrow  made  of  cane,  em- 
ployed by  the  Egyptians  and  Oiiental 


races,  as  well  as  the  Greel.=  (Vug 
Mn.  iv.  73,  Ovid.  Md  1  471  )  The 
example  represents  in  origmal 
Egyptian  arrow  of  till'  lie^cription 

3.  A  Jtshing-rod   made    of   cane, 
wliich  is  shown  in  the  innexed  en 


923- 

4.  A  cane  rod  tipped  with  bird- 
lime, employed  by  the  ancient  fowlei-s 
for  catching  birds.  The  example 
here  given  is  from  a  terra-colla  lamp, 
on  which  a   fowler    is    represented 


on  one  end  of  it,  and 

a  cage 

or  a  trap 

is  suspended  fiora  the  other 

It  was 

applied    in    the    fol 
The  sportsman  first 

hung 

the  cage 

with  his  call  bird  0 

1  the  bough  of  a 

tree,  under  which,  or 

nient  di'itance  from 

It,  he 

contrived 

to  conceal  himself. 

and  when  a  bnd. 

-^ 

atti  acted    by    the 
singing  of 

^ 

xt 

panion,  p 

&! 

the    bran 

m/ 

quietly            se 

X-. 

his     rod 

h) 

the  boug 

^   -^^ 

It  reached 

the  hme, 

ia       th 

giound.       W 

ry 

high  or  t 

sily  of  ta 

lengthen 

object   of           «rs 

termed    a      do 

'SV  i 

09 

Bion,  Id 

IS  from  an  engra  ed 

the  process 

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5° 

5  A  /a  iff  f  p 
made  of  wve  il  stalk  of 
the  eed  o  cane  of  n 
eq^ual  length  and  bo  e 
fa.  tened  tt^ether  and  e 
mented  w  t!    wax    hen  e 

(Ot  d  Me/  }.    154    Suet 

?Hi        )   as  siown  by  lie  example 

from  a  Pompeian  moible. 

7.  A  rod  employed  in  iveaving, 
for  the  purpose  of  separating  the 
threads  of  the  warp 
(stamen)  before  the 
"  leaslies  "  (Hcia)  were 
attached,  and  passed 
alternately  in  and  out, 
before  and  behind 
each  alternate  tliread, 
in  order  to  separate 
the  whole  into  tivo 
distinct  parcels,  wliich, 
when  decussated, 
formed  a  "  shed  "  for  the  passage  of 
the  shuttle,  as  represented  in  the 
centre  of  tlie  loom  here  engraved, 
which  is  copied 


Vii^l.       Ovid, 
consult  TELA,  Texo. 

S.  A  long  cane  with  a  sponge, 
other  appropriate  material,  affixed 
the  end  of  it,  which  thus  served  as 
broom  for  sweeping  and  clea 
the  ceilings  of  a  room.  Plaut.  k 
ii.  3.  23.  Compare  Mart,  £p.  x 
and  the  brooni  in  the  hands  o 

jEdITUUS,  1.  -B. 

9.  A  cane  rod  for  measu 
Prudent.  Psych.  826. 

ro.  A  stick  or  cudgel  mad 
cane.  Pet.  Sat  134.  4. ;  but  t 
probably  the  same  as  No.  8. 

1 1 .  An  espaliec  of  canes  for  ra 
ing  vines.     Varro,  R.  R.  i.  8.  z. 

ARX  (drpiTToXii).  The  fi 
or  citadel  of  an  ancient  town, 
were  always  formed  upon  the  t 
a  steep  hill,  or  an  abrupt  and 
cipitoiis  rock,  rising  out  of 
general  level  of  the  plain  upon 
the  habitable   parts  of  the  city 


built.  They  required,  therefore,  but 
little  artificial  foriification,  in  addition 
to  the  natural  difficulties  of  the  site, 
beyond  that  of  a  wall  at  the  top,  and  of 
a  gale  and  tower  to  command  the  prin- 
cipal access.  Many  of  these  citadels 
are  still  to  be  traced  in  various  parts 
of  Greece  and  Italy,  all  of  which  are 
constructed  in  the  manner  described. 
They  are  not  fortified  upon  any  rtgu- 
lar  plan,  nor  have  they  any  precise 
shape,  hut  merely  follow  the  outline 
of  the  snmmit  on  which  they  stand. 
The  Ulustration  here,  inserted  is  from 


a  sketch  of  the  \cr)pol  it  Uhens 
as  It  now  remains  with  some  columns 
of  the  temple  of  Jup  ter  Olympius  in 
the  1  la  n  below  wb  ch  will  serve  to 
convey  a  general  notion  of  the  com 
mon  appearance  of  the  e  fortresses 
Lil  e  the  Ati.  of  Rome  it  contains 
the  pnnc  pil  ten  pies  of  the  deities 
11  ho  presdeJ  over  the  cty  whch 
were  placed  within  tlie  enclosure  for 


O 


E«, 


Arx      R 


hi  vn  of  the 

as  facing 

V      F   m    la  an     Mons 


&.  by 

money, 

value 


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composed  of 
and  tin  {«i),  henc 
gTTcue ;  but  the 
reduced  in  aftei  ti 
of  Cicero,  it  was  \ 
farthings  of  our 
earlicBt  state  it  bore 
bull,  ram,  boar,  or 
of  the  flocks  and  he 
the  word  peciinia), 
the  wealth  of  al 
nftern'ards  the  more 


with  the  prow  of         sst 
MISSIS),  or  of  Me  cury 
traffic,  on  the  other 
example    introduce 
one-third  the  size 
which  weighs  in  its 

ASCAU'LES  {& 
coined  from   the  k, 

a  bag'piper.  (Ma 
Epigr.  X.  3,  8 
These  men  a 
scarcely  to  be  re 
koned  amongst  t 
class  of  profesitd 
musicians ;  for  the 
instrument  that  they 
played  was  peculiar 
to  the  peasantry  and 

clearly  to  be  in- 
feri-ed  from  the  pas- 
sage of  Martial  (/.  c), 
and  from  the  style 
and  dress  of  the 
figure  here  introduced,  which  if 
copied  from  a  small  bronze  figure 
formerly  in  tlie  possession  of  Dr. 
Middleton,  evidently  intended  to  re- 
prebent  a  person  of  the  lower  classes. 


ASCI  A.  61 

The  ancient  marbles  and  gems  afford 
other  specimens  of  the  same  subject. 

AS' CI  A.  Tlie  name  given  to 
several  different  implements  em- 
ployed in  separate  trades,  and  for 
distinct  purposes,  all  of  which  were 
classed  under  the  same  term,  because 
they  possessed  a  general  resemblance 
in  foi-m,  or  the  manner  in  which  they 
were    handled.      They    are    as    fol- 

mvapvov).  An  instrument 
have  been  invented  by  Dee- 
lin.  H.  N.  vii,  57.),  of  com- 
e  amongst  all  workers  in 
uch  as  carpenters,  wheel- 
ts,  shipwrights,  &c  {XII.  Tab. 
Leg.  ii.  23.  Pet.  Sat.  74.  16,), 
TCsponding  in  some  respects 
<^e  or  addke  of  our  day ; 


for  chopping  sur- 
aced  in  an  upright,  instead  of 
tal,   position    (see    the   illns- 
s.   Ascio) ;    had    a   shorter 
an         so  as  to   be  used  with  one 
and  was  formed  with  a  bluff 
d,     ke  a  hammer,  at  one  extie- 
m  the  blade,  whilst  (he  opposite 

end,  which  formed  the  cutting  edge, 
was  sUghtly  hollow,  and  curved  over 
for  tlie  convenience  of  chopping  into 
the  hollow  side  of  a  piece  of  wood, 
or  for  scooping  out  flat  surfaces,  all 
wliich  characteristics  are  distinctly 
shown  by  the  example,  which  repre- 
sents' two  specimens,  slightly  dif- 
fering from  one  another,  both  copied 
from  sepulchral  marbles. 

2.  (ruKosandrux"')'  An  in 
of  nearly  similar 
form,    employed   ( 
by    masons   and 
builders,  to  which  allusion  is 
iii  sepulchral  inscriptions. 


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haininer  :it  one  end,  and  a  blade,  liLi 
a  bird's  bill,  at  the  other  (Anstoph 
Av.  1 138.  Schol.  ad  I.),  as  seen  ip 
the  illustration,  which  is  copied  from 
an  origiuiLl,  found,  with  several  other 
building  implements,  at  Pompeii 

3.  An  instrument  used  "by  bnck 
layers  for  chopping  lime  and  mumg 
mortar  (Vitruv.  vii.  7.  Pallad  1  14  ), 
as  ill  the  example  from  Trajan  s 
Column,  which  '      " 


figure  { 
'.i.rihcci 

4  A  short-hindled  hoe 
gardeners,  ignculliiral 
for  breaking  up 
the  gronud,  ex- 
cavating earth, 
and  similar  pur 
pobes  (Pallad 
i.  43  )  Ihe  il 
luitratitai  13  fiom  tlie  Colamn  of 
Trajan,  and  resembles  both  11  u'ie 
and  form  the  sappa  or  '^hort  hoe  iA 
the  modern  Italian  peasant 

AS'CIO  (nKfjrnpMe^i)      When  ip 
pUed    to    wood  norkeis,    to    diop. 


mplojed  in  the   process  de 


S'^^^saas 


adze  {as^t'),  an  upciat  on  nhiJi  Ihe 
iiicients  performed  ii  ith  one  hand, 
and  upon  surfaces  placed  in  an 
upright  position,  as  shown  bv  the 
cut,  which  represents  one  of  the 
workmen  of  Djedalu';  employed  in 
this  mannei,  from  a  bas-ielief  of  the 
Villa  Albam 

2  When  applied  to  builders,  to 
stir  up  and  mix  mortal  with  a  plis- 
terer's  hoe,  as  in  the  illu'Jtratiun  to 
AsciA,  No.  3. 

ASCOPE'RA  {^iKowiipa).  A 
laige  bag,  or  knapsack,  made  of  un- 


dres  ed  leathe  in  n  h  ch  foot  tra 
-vellcs  carred  their  necessar  es  as 
contrad  stmguished  from  hipfopsia 
le  horseman  s  saddlebags  (b  cL 
Ne  0  45  )  The  illustiition  is  se- 
lected fiom  an  ancient  fresco  paint- 
ing reprffienting  a  landscape  scene. 

ASINARIUS.  A  farm  sei-vant 
vho  had  the  charge  of  feeding, 
diiving,  and  tending  the  asses  be- 
longing to  the  farm.  Varro,  R,  H. 
1   iS   I 

AbPERGIL'LUM  [ntp^^vTi, 
plot)      See  the  next  word, 

ASPER'SIO  (TTipi^/io^flis).  As 
ad,  Theophrast.  xvi.  p.  143.  The  act 
of  sprinkling  with  water,  as  a  purifi- 
cation, before  making  saciifice  to  the 
gods  below  (Cic,  Z^.  iL  10.  Com- 
pare Ov.  J-asl,  V.  679,  Virg.  ^n.  iv. 
635.1 ;  whereas  the  whole  body,  or 
the  hands  and  face,  were  immersed 
previous  to  a  sacrifice  offered  to  the 
gods  above,  (Brouer,  de  Adorai.  cap. 
12.)     This  ceremony  was  performed 


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ASSERCUL  UM. 


presents  Lucilla,  the  daughter  of  M 
Aurelius,  breaking  off  a,  branch  to 
sprinkle  the  young  children,  whilst  a 
priesiess  is  drawing  wafer  from  the 
river ;  or  with  a  whisk  made  espressly 
for  the  purpose,  as  in  the  annexed 


h  ll  e  Greeks 


spond  ng  Latin  term  is  unknown;  for 
the  word  aspergillum,  employed  by 
modem  philolc^sts,  is  not  supported 
by  an)  ancient  authority. 

ASSER.  In  general,  a  Kmall 
wooden  beam,  pole  or  post  fixed  in 
or  upon  anytliing  (Liv.  Cses.  Tac.)  ; 
whence  the  following  more  special 
meanings  are  deduced  : — 


s  bearers.  (Suet.  Cal.  58.  Juv. 
iii,  345.  Id.  vii,  132.  Mart.  ix.  23.  9.) 
It  WHS  entirely  separate  from  the  con- 
veyance, and  must  not  be  confonnded 
with  the  shafts  {amiiss),  which  were 
permanently  af&xed  to  the  body  of  the 
carriage,  or  at  least  only  removable 
upon  occasion.     The  assir  was  passed 


bind  a  sm^le  harness  and  tl  en 
laised  ipon  the  'ihtulders  of  the 
heareis  ijecticani)  so  tliat  the  whole 
Height  of  the  carnage  was  sus- 
pended upon  It  The  subjomed  en 
gravnig  which  repiesents  a  Chinese 
sedan  from  Staunton,  i*ill  moke  the 
matter  perfectly  clear,  m  the  absence 
of  any  known  ancient  example.  It  is 
assumed  to  coincide  with  the  Roman 
model,  from  the  light  it  throws  upon 
the  different  terms  employed  in  con- 
nection with  these  conveyances,  and 
the  simple  and  natural  explanation  it 
affords  upon  those  points  which 
scholars  have  failed  to  i-econcile ; 
besides  that  a  moment's  reflection 
will  convince  any  one  (hat  a  sedan 
could  not  be  carried  by  six  or  eight 
men,  as  was  frequently  the  case 
{hexaphoros,  octapliores).  by  any  de- 


:    the   c 


2.  An  iron-headed  beam  suspended 
and  worked  like  a  ram  on  board  ship, 
to  damage  the  enemy's  rigging. 
Veget.  Mil.  iv.  44. 

3.  Asser  falcatus.  A  long  pole, 
with  a  sharp  and  crooked  ii-oii  head, 
used  in  sieges  to  mow  down  the  gar- 
rison on  the  walls.     Liv.  xxxviii.  5. 

4.  Asserts.  In  nrchitectnre,  the 
comnwn  rafters  of  a  timber  roof,  over 
which  the  tiles  are  laid  ;  marked  h  h 
in  the  plan  which  illustrates  the  word 
Materiatio.  Eitemally  they  are 
represented  by  the  ornaments  called 
dentils  (Dbbticulus,  a.)  in  Ionic 
and  Corinthian  elevations.  Vitruv. 
ly.  3.  I.  .„a  5. 

ASSER'CULUM    and    ASSER'- 


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64  ASSIS. 

CULU'^  Diminumeof  Ajfl,  111) 
small  pole  or  slake,  anJ  s)  wed  fci 
a  broom  handle      Cato,  J{   /^    l=;2 

Woodcvlt    I     ^DITUUS 

ASSIS  {aavh)  A  flat  board  or 
plank      Cies   Ilui  Columell  Vitrav 

z  A  valve  in  a  nalerpipe,  or 
water  cock,  by  the  turning  of  which 
the  Uquid  is  drawn  , — ^ 

lamed  iii,  the  pipe      !4^P'""B1 

The    example    re    ^'^IT^^^'^ 
presents  nn  original 
bronze  cock,  discoiered  in  the  island 
of  Cipn  ,  the  contrivance  for  tunimg 
the  valve  is  distinctly  apparent  at  die 

AS&US  'LiteroKy  fcasled,  hence, 
in  the  neuter  gendei,  assum ,  e.  dum- 
ber in  a  set  of  batlis  heated  with 
warm  air,  with  the  object  of  pro- 
moting violent  perspiration.  Cic.  Q. 
Fr.  iii.  i.  i.     See  Sudatio,  Suda- 

2.  Assa  tibia.  A  solo  on  the  p  pe 
without  any  vocal  accompan  n  en 
"erv.  orf  Viig.  G.  ii.  417, 


3.    Asn 


A    dry  t 


Schol.  Vet.  «rfjuv.  Sat. 

4.  Asa  lapidss.     Stones  laid       I 
oat  mortar   (Serv.    ad  Virg.    G 
417,),  in  which  way  the  finest  of   he 
Greek   and    Roman    buildmgs   we  e 
constructed. 

ASTRAGALIZONTES(dff  f«7a 
XifotT-es).  A  Greek  name  i  ed  o 
designate  persons  engaged 
in  playing  with  tlie  iiiucile- 
bones  of  animals  {Airrpa- 
yoKoi,  Latin  Tali),  one  of 
which  is  here  shown  from  an  original 
of  bronie,  a  very  favourite  subject 
ivilh  the  sculptors  and  painters  of 
Greece.  (Plin.  H.  N.  xxxiv  19 
g  2.  Pausan.  x.  30,  i.)  Both  ses.es 
amused  themselves  in  thia  way,  and 
employed  the  Itnuckle  -  bones  for 
many  different  games ;  but  the  sim- 
plest and  commonest,  which  appears 
to  be  represented  in  the  annexed 
engraving,  from  a  Greek  painting 
discovered  at  Resina,  resembled  wliat 


bones  up  into  the  air,  ind  catching 
them  again  on  the  back  of  the  hand 
OS  they  fill  down  In  many  others, 
which  were  pmely  gambhi^  games, 
the  bones  «  ere  marked  w  ith  numbers, 
and  used  as  diuj  Jul  Poll.  is. 
100-104.  Eust.  Od.  I.  p.  1397.  34.  sq. 
aiid  Talus. 

ASTRAG'ALUS  (dirrpdyoAos). 
The  Greek  name  for  one  of  the  ver- 
Uiralhones,  tlie  baU of  tJie mikle-jein!' 
ad  he  knuckle-bone  of  animals, 
h  ch  yas  used  instead  of  dice  for 
ga  es  of  chance  and  skill,  but  is  not 
en  p  oyed  in  any  of  these  senses  by 
tl  e  La  n     lit  rs. 


By 


d     g      f  Si 


mlai 


guai 


lation  of 
aTOWof 
kn    kle-b  n  "   iorpdv  and  Ust 

u  but  on  p  d  d  by  side ; 
and  called  3  bead  or  baguette  by  the 
modems,  because  it  closely  resembles 
a  string  of  beads  or  hemes.     It  is 


more  especiiJly  characteristic  of  the 
Ionic  order  m  which  it  is  employed 
to  foim  the  Io«eimost  membei  of  the 
cipital  immediately  under  the  ethi 
nus,  to  divide  the  faces  of  an  archi- 
trave, or  in  the  base,   where  it  is  a 


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plain  moulding,  similEir  to  the  ioms, 
but  of  smaller  diiaeiisLons.  (Vitiuv.  iv, 
I.  II.  Id.  iiL  4-  7-  H-  iii-  S-  3-) 
The  first  of  the  two  specimens  here 


mple  of  Minerva,  at 

ASTUR'CO.  A  small  horse  of 
the  Spanish  Astnrian  breed ;  highly 
valued  hy  the  Romans  on  account  of 
its  showy  action  and  easy  paces. 
PUn.  Jf.  N.  viii.  67-   Mart.  idv.  199. 

ATHLETE  (ieXijTQi).  A  gene- 
ral name  for  the  comlmtants  who  con- 
tended for  a  prize  ^d»^D^),  in  the 
public  games  of  Greece  and  Italy ;  of 
whom  there  were  five  kinds,  each  dis- 
tinguished by  an  appropriate  name, 
viz.,  Cursor,    Luctator,    Pugil, 

QUINQOERTIO,  PANCRATIASTES. 

ATLANTES  ("ArAavrts).  Pro- 
perly a  Greek  term  (to  which  the 
Latin  Telamokes  coiresponds),  used 
to  deagnate  human  figures,  when  em- 
ployed as  architectural  supports  to 
an  entablature  or  cornice,  instead  of 
columns,  and  so  termed  m  allnsion  to 
the  story  of  Atlas,  who  boi-e  the 
heavens  on  his  shoulders.  (Vitrnv. 
vi.  10.)  One  of  these  figures  is 
given  under  Arculus,  from  a  speci- 

ATRAMeI^TA'RIUM  ijitXai- 
floxy).  A  vessel  for  holding  atra- 
nieaium,  a  black  liquid  employed  for 
various  purposes,  as  varnish,  by 
painters  (Plin.  H:  N.  xkkv.  36.0. 
18.) ;  by  shoemalsers  for  dyeing 
their  leather  (Plin.  If.  N.  xxxiv. 
32.)  ;  and  also  for  writing  infe  (Cic. 
Q.  Fr.  ii.  15.),  in  reference  to  which 


last  1 


■    the    I 


ink-stand  (Gloss.  PhQox.  Vulgat. 
E%^h.  ix.  2,),  one  of  which  is  shown 
in  Arundo  5. 

ATRIEN'SIS.  A  domestic  slave, 
or  one  who  beloi^ed  to  the/aniiiia  ur- 
iaaa  in  all  the  great  Roman  houses,  to 
whose  especial  chaise  the  care  of  the 
Atrmm  was  committed.  He  occupied 
a  position  not  unlike  that  of  maltre 
d'kSkl  in  the  present  day ;  foe  he  eiter- 


ATRIUM.  65 

cised  a  control  over  all  the  other  slaves 
of  the  household,  took  cliarge  of  the 
busts,  statues,  and  valuables  exposed  iu 
the  atrium,  set  out  and  a  anged  the 
furniture,  and  saw  that  it  was  kept 
clean,  and  nothing  damaged  Plant 
Asin.  /assim,  and  especially  Act  11 
So.  2.  and  4.    Cic  Firat  v  2 

ATRPOLUM.  DimnuUve  of 
Atrhaii,  and  thus,  in  a  general  sense 
any  sntall  atrium  ;  but  the  word  has 
also  a  more  special  appl  cation  and 
designates  a  distinct  member  m  the 
lai^e  Roman  palaces  which  might  be 
styled  the  second  or  b  id  atrium  for 
it  was  disposed  with  sleeping  rooms 
ai5d  other  members  all  round  it, 
similar  to  those  of  the  principal  one, 
from  which  it  chiefly  differed  in  size, 
and  perhaps  in  splendour.     Cic.  Q. ' 


Fr.\\ 


U.A 


A'TRIUM.  A  large  apartment, 
constituting  the  first  of  the  two  prin- 
cipal parts  into  which  the  ground- 
flan  of  a  Roman  house  was  divided, 
t  was  approached  directly  from  the 
entrance  hall  or  passage  {Jirathynmi), 
ana  in  early  times  served  the  family 


s  the  c< 


e  of  r. 


public  room  of  the  house,  in  which 
the  women  worked  at  their  looms, 
the  family  statues  and  ancestral 
images  were  displayed,  the  household 
gods  and  their  altar,  as  well  as  the 
kitchen  hearth  {focus),  were  situated. 
Its  relative  poationwith  regard  to  tlie 
rest  of  the  mansion  is  shown  in  the 
two  first  ground-plans  which  illus- 
trate the  word  DoMUS,  on  which  it  ia 
marked  b, 

As  regards  the  internal  structure, 
it  consisted  of  a  rectangnlar  apart- 
ment, the  sides  of  which  were  covered 
over  with  a  roof,  Ijavlng  inmost  cases 
an  aperture  in  the  centre  {complu- 
viwa),  and  a  corresponding  basin  in 
the  floor  {impl«T/ium),  to  receive  the 
rain  water  winch  flowed  in  through  the 
opening  (see  the  next  woodcnt).  The 
roof  itself  was  frequently  supported 
upon  columns,  which  thus  formed  a 
colonnade  or  open  cloister  round  its 
sides  (see  woodcut  No,  3.).    But  as 


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e  of  as  constructed  anl  p 
po  ed  n  eve  al  d  fte  ent  ways 
eacl  ofw  c  gave  a  different  char 
aeler  to  he  nter  or  these  varieties 
were  classed  tmder  he  following 
sepa  a  e  names,  to  d  s  guish  the 
d  fferent  styles  adopted  in  the  r  con 

I  Air  n  Tsa  mn  The  T is 
can  ati  um  the  simplest  a  I  i  ro- 
haHy  most  anc  ent  of  all  wh  c 
wa  adop  ed  at  Rome  f  on  (he 
Etnisca  s  and  could  only  be  en 
ployed  for  ■ui  apa  t  c  t  of  mall 
d  nens  as.     Is  pec  il  a    y  cons  s  ed 

n  ot  hav  ig  any  col  mns  to  ppo  t 
the  roof  wl  cl  ran  round  ts  sides 
anl  as  earned  po  two  beans 
pk  ed  lengthw  se  hora  wall  to  nail 
0  wh  ch  t  vo  slio  te     ones    ve  e 

n  tised  a  equal  d  s  ances  f  on  the 
11  all  so  a   to  form  a  squa  e  opemng 


tyle  £ 


II,  so  termed  because 
supported  upon  four 
columns,  one  at  each  angle  of  the 
pluvtum..  The  illustration  aflbrds 
a  specimen  of  this  style  from  a  house 
at  Pompeii,  excavated  by  General 
Champ  onet ;  from  tlie  preceding 
example  it  is  easy  to  imagine  a 
estOrat  on  of  the  roo^  whicll,  when 
t  tes  s  upon  the  four  columns,  will 
form  a  covered  gallery  round  the 
s  des  of  the  room,  with  an  opening  in 
the  ce  tre  between  them,  similar  to 
the  one  there  shown,  but  with  (he 
deco  at  on  of  a  column  at  each  of  its 

3  Atnum  CcHnthhaii.  The  Co- 
nn h  an  atrium,  which  was  of  the 
same  description  as  the  last,  but  of 
g  ea  er  size  and  magnificence,  inas- 
much as  the  columns  which  supported 


n  1  e  cen  re  be  we 

n  them  (Vfuv 

6    2)    a     see 

1  tie  engrav    g 

of    he  Et  uscan  atr 

fSalu     a   Pomie 

A             To. 

_,/          T  e  te 

placed  at  a  distance  hack  from  the 
nfl  Ji  m  The  central  part  wis 
also  open  to  the  slty  as  in  the  en 
ample,  f  om  a  Connthian  atnum  at 
Pompe  restored  after  the  pattern  of 
a  house  whidi  was  discovered  with 
its  upper  story  entue  at  Herculaneum, 
and  an  elevation  of  which  is  intro- 
duced m  the  article  DoMUs.  In  this 
style  of  construction,  one  end  of 
evciy  beam  which  hove  the  roof,  and 
formed  a  ceiling  to  the  colonnade 
round  the  room,  rested  upon  the  head 
of  each  column,  the  other  one  upon 
the  side  wall,  instead  of  being  placed 
parallel  to  it^  as  in  the  Tuscan  and 
tetraslyle  ;  they  are  thus  arranged  at 


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;  till 


priilci] 


h  ho  ts  n  gi  rs  n  he  utside, 
instead  of  conducting  it  into  the  cti- 
pluvium,  as  in  the  three  preceding 
instances.  Such  a  plan  of  construc- 
tion is  clearly  shown  in  the  diagram 
annexed,  from  the  marble  plan  of 
Rome,  where  the  opening  in  tlie  cen- 
tre and  the  outward  shibie  of  tlie  roof 
is  very  cleverly  expressed. 
5.  Atrium  testtminatitm. 
tudinated  or  covered  1 
had  no  comptiaiimn,  the 
whole  apartment  being 

by  a  roof  of  the  kind 

teimed  Ustudo   (Vilruv 

V.  i.)i    which    IS    alio 

cleverly    expressed    by 

the  ai  tist  who  executed 

the     marble      plan     of 

Rome,  from  whick  the  illustration  is 

selected.      It    is    proLifle    tint    in 

atrium  of  thio  desLi  iption  consisted  of 

two  stories,  and  tlmt  it  received  its 

light  from  windows  in  the  upper  one 

Compare  also  Cavaedium, 

ATTEG'IA.  A  Moorish  hut  or 
■wigwam  made  of  reeds  and  tliatch. 
Tuv.  Sat.  xiv.  196. 

AUCEPS  (/ifur^,  hpvSi'n-hi).  In 
a  general  sense,  a  fowler  or  any 
person  who  amuses  himself  with  the 
sport  of  snaring,  netting,  and  killing 
birds  i  but  in  a  more  special  sense, 
a  slave  belonging  to  the  familia 
■nistica,  something  like  our  "  time- 
keeper," whose  employment  consisted 
in  taking  and  selling  game  for  the  profit 


of  hist 

being  derived  from  the 
produce  of  the  woods 
and  fisheries. 
Am.  iii.  669.  Plant,  ( 
Trin.  ii.  4. 7.  Kgnorius  \ 
diServ.  p.  560.)  The  ^ 
illustration,  ftom  a  small 
marble  statue  at  Naples, 
represents  one  of  these 
fowlers  returning  with 
his  game.  He  wears 
a  sportsman's  hat  and  - 
boots,  a  tunic  and  cloak  of  skin  witli 
the  fur  on,  carries  a  hunting  knife  in 
his  right  hand,  two  doves  slung  to  the 
drdle  round  his  waist,  a  hare  on  his 
left  arm,  and  the  end  of  the  noose  in 
which  it  was  caught  appears  between 
the  fingers.  The  instruments  em- 
ployed by  the  andent  fowlers  in  the 
pursuit  of  their  sport  vrere  gins  and 
snares  (laquei,  pedia^),  a  rod  tipped 
with  bird  lime  (arunda,  mlavats),  traps 
(traitsenns),  clap-nets  (ajjuftj),  a  call- 
bird  {m>is  illex),  and  cage  for  Ihe  same 
{cavsa) ;  the  manner  of  (tsing  all 
which  is  described,  and  illustrated 
under  each  liead 

AUDITO-RIUM  Any  place  m 
which  orators,  poets,  and  authors 
generally,  assembled  an  audience  to 
hear  their  compositions  recited 
Quint  11.  II  3     Id.x  I  36 

2  A  lecttfiE-rosni,  in  which  philo- 
sophers and  professors  delivered  their 
lectures.     Suet   Tth   II 

3  A  cotert  of  justice  where  trials 
weie  heard.  Paul.  Dig.  49.  9.  I. 
Ulp  Dig  4.  4.  18. 

4.  Audttermm  Prmcipis.  The 
court  or  chamber  in  which  the  em- 
peror sat  to  hear  and  decide  causes. 
Paul.  Dig.  42.  1.  54. 

AUGUR  IfiUvo-KiToz).  An 
angur,  a  Roman  priest,  who  inter- 
preted the  wilt  of  the  gods,  or  re- 
vealed future  events  from  observa- 
tions taken  on  the  flight  and  singing 
of  birds.  (Liv.  i.  36.  Cic.  Div.  i. 
17.)  They  were  formed  into  a 
college    or    coi^iorallon ;     and    are 


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6S  'II.GL/-1 

].imcipally  Jolmgu  led  fion 
classea  of  the  pnesthooi 
on  coins  and  medals  by 
a  crool  ed  wand  (liiuus) 
1  ke  a  cioiter  whidi 
they  earned  m  the  nght 
1  and  and  Bometunes  w  th 
the  sai-rei  bird  and  the 
■w-iter|ig  {ci/ii>  by  their 


,    the    1 


-iUGURALE 
nght  side  of  the  general  s  tent  (fira 
lafium)  in  a  Roman  camp  where  th 
auspices  were  taken  Tac  Anji  w 
Xo     Compare  Quint   ' 

AUGUSTA LES 
priests  institited  by 
selected  from  the  class  of  freed 
whose  duty  it  was  to  snpenntend  the 
lel  gioui  ceremonies  connected  with 
the  woislnp  of  the  Zo/rj  Cotija 
tales  deit  es  who  presided  over  the 
cross  roads,  to  whom  t  was  customary 
to  erect  a  shnne  at  the  spot  where 
these  roads  met.  Pet  Sat  30  2 
Oielh  Ins  r  3959  bchol  Vet.  ad 
Hor  Sii  -a   -^  2<i 

2  SodaUs  Augiisiules  or  s  mply 
AugHstales  An  older  of  pnesta  m 
slituted  bj  Tiberiu';  to  super  ntend 
the  divine  bono  irs  pa  d  to  Augustus 
and  the  Jul  an  fimily  The  bodj 
cons  sted  of  t«  enty  one  persons  se 
lected  fiom  Ihe  pnncip^  Roman 
faimhes  Tiu  Atin  1  15  inti  54 
Remes.  Inscr  l  12 

AULA  (  M)  Properly  a  Greek 
word  which  in  early  times  designated 
an  open  court  or  court  yard  ui  fiont 
of  a  hoitse  around  whidi  the  stables, 
stalls  for  cattle,  and  farming  out 
houses  weie  situated ,  hence  the 
Roman  poets  adopted  the  woid  to 
egress  a  di^  kennel  (Giat  Cynsg 
167 )  a  aheep  pen  (Proi.  111  2  39) 
or  a  den  for  w  Id  amnnls  Pet  Sat 
"9   '7 

2  bilseqeiitl)  to  tie  age  of 
Ilomei  the  Creek  auli  wi  in  open 
f  eiiitjle    n  the  mteno    of  a  house 


manaion  (V  tniy  vi  7  5)  01  e 
round  which  the  mens  apaitments 
were  di  posed  and  the  other  for  the 
exclusive  use  of  the  females  In 
rther  respects  they  corresponded  in 
general  arrangement  and  distribution 
to  the  atnavi  and  fenstylaim  of  a 
Rom-m  house  see  the  plan  of  the 
Gieeli  houses  v  DoMUi  onwh  ch  the 
two  auli,.  are  n  atked  lespectively  (, 
and  E  In  allusion  to  this  sense  of 
the  word  Virgil  u  es  it  for  the  cell  of 
the  q  een  bee     Mn  1 1  353 

3  Aidi  itgii  The  centnl  poi 
tion  of  the  scene  in  tlie  Greek  ai  d 
Roman  theatres  especially  for  tragic 
performances,  representing  a  noole 
mans  on  (Vitniv  v  6  8 )  near  or  in 
Tihich  the  action  was  supposed  to 
take  place  The  illustration  repie 
sents  a  vien  cf  the  great  theatre  at 
Ponipe  I     with    the    scene    at    the 


1 

^^^?*^ 

■  '^ 

further  end  from  which  the  general 
charicter  of  this  part  of  the  bu  Id  ng 
may  be  leidily  imagined  though  tl  e 
whole  of  ifs  upper  portion  has  de 

4.  An  old  foim  of  spellmg  (Cito 
Ji   R  Z^)  for  Olla,  which  see 

AUL^A  or  AUL^UM 
{aiikala)  A  piece  of  tapestry  or  arras 
hangings  used  to  decoiate  the  walla  of 
a  din  ng  room  (Hor  Jii^  11  8  54  )  01 
as  a  screen  against  the  sun  between 
the  pillars  of  a  colonnide  (Prop  11 
32  12),  or  to  close  m  the  oi.en 
galleries  ronnd  an  atnui  1  01  p  nsly 
hunt  of  private  houses  as  shown  in  the 
elevation  of  the  Hercula  lean  1  juse 
(j  J  DoMUS)  in  wh  eh  tl  e  rod  and 
1  nj,s  for  s  ispendin^  Ihcm  were  fuiii  d 


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tl      iiliit  m  forms  the  background  to 
ncl     9.ry  chamber  ;   and  similar 

bo  h     n    sculpture    and    paiiitmgs, 

h         hey  are  introduced    by   flie 

conventional  sign  to  indicate 

h     scene  in  which  they  appear 

n         d  in  the  open  air,  but  taLes 

p  an  interior. 

2.  A  large  coverlet  of  tapestry  or 
embroidered  work,  which  it  was  cus- 
tomary to  spread  over  the  mattress  of 
a  sofa,  or  dioing  couch  (Vii^.  ^n.  \, 
697.),  and  which  hung  down  to  the 
ground  all   round    it ;   whence  also 


in  the 


le  from  the 


termed  Ferhtra 
preceding  woodcut,  but 
tlnctly  in  the  annesed  0 
Vatican  Viipl, 

3.  A  piece  of  tapestry,  or  airtain 
ornamented  with  iigures  embroi- 
dered on  it  (Virg.  G.  iii.  25.),  em- 
ployed in  the  Greek  and  Roman 
theatres,  for  the  same  purpose  as  oiir 
drop-scene,  to  conceal  the  stage  before 
the  commencement  of  the  play,  and 


contrary,  ■v<ss  rolled  1  juiid  a  cy 
liiider  let  into  a  recess  in  the  brick- 
work fronting  the  stage,  as  is  clearly 
seen  on  the  left  hand  of  tlie  annexed  en- 
graving, which  represents  a  perspec- 
live  view  of  the  small  theatre  at  Pom- 
pen  looking  across  the  stage,  and  the 
orchestra  which  lies  on  the  right  hand. 
When  the  play  commenced,  tlie  curtain 
was  let  dmtm,  and  consequently  after 
an  act  it  was  dravnt  tip  (Ovid.  Met.  iii. 
111-114.);  whence  the  expression 
avlsa  prevtimtitr  (Hor.  Efist.  ii,  i, 
189.  Compare  Apnl.  MA  x.  p.  232.), 
"  the  drop  scene  is  let  down,"  implies 
that  (he  play  is  about  to  commence  ; 
and  imliea  tslbintur  (Ov,  Mel.  I.  c), 
"  the  scene  is  raised  Bp,"  that  tlie  act 
or  play  was  ended. 

AULfEUUS  (<.iM"!i.  One  who 
sings  to  the  accompaiiimenl  of  a  flute 
or  pipe.    Cic  Miir.  13. 

AURES.  The  earth  or  mould 
hoards  of  a  plough,  placed  on  each 
side  of  the  share-beam,  and  inclining 
outwards,  in  order  to  throw  off  the 
earth  turned  up  by  the  share  into  a 
ridge  on  each  side  of  the  furrow. 
(Virg,  C.  i.  172.)  They  are  shown 
in  the  engraving  j.  v.  Abatrum  2.  by 
the  letters  EE. 

AU'REUS.  Called  also  ««mmus 
aureus,  or  denarius  atirfus ;  a 
guilder,  or  golden  denarius,  the  stand- 
ard gold  coin  of  the  Romans,  which 
liassed  for  twenty-five  denarii,  or 
17J,  SJi  ;  but  the  intrinsic  value,  as 
compared    with  our  gold  coinage  at 


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Suet.  Cil  4  lA  Do  h  II  &sey 
onancient  Weights  and  Money.)  The 
illustration  IS  from  an  original  in  its 
actual  stEice. 

AURI'GA  I.J.'ioxit).      In  general 


any  person 


who  acted 


Circensian  games 
(Suet  Cul  54.) 
The  example  here 
given  IS  from  a 
statue  m  the  Vati- 
can, which,  if  com- 
pared with  the  next 
illustration,  will  ^- 
ford  a  perfect  notion 
of  the  costume  worn 
by  these  drivers. 
The  palm  branch 
111  the  right  hand  is 
the  emblem  of  vic- 
tory ;  the  purse 
in  the  left  contains  t 
which  formed  the  prize.  The 
ner  in  which  these  nieii  drove  was 
peculiar,  and  differed  materially -from 


n  of  money 


the  ordinary  style,  shown  in  the  first 
cut  as  Villi  be  perceived  by  the 
onneied   example,   which  is    copied 


from  a  consular  diptych  ;  and  as  the 
original  is  the  work  of  a  late  period, 
when  the  arts  were  at  a  low  ebb,  it  is 
0  be  ega  -ded  as  a  mo  e  faithful 
"  " '    *""  "    ual   rath  uu- 


The 


domed  by  any 


po 


ba  kagains  the 
h      hance  of    ' 


el  hm 


1  lis 


of  w  was  to 

ommand    o  er  his 
h  s  who  e  weight 
em    and  o  prevent 
le     fal  mg  f  om  his 
of  any   u  de    shock  or 

he  dan  e    of  being 


e  of  a 


crooked  knife 
fi!  d  o  the  hongs  h  b  ed  his 
body,  as  seen  in  front  of  tbe  left  side 
ill  Uie  preceding  figure,  in  order  to 
cut  them  on  the  emergency.  The 
last  eicample  also  shows  the  skull  cap 
which  he  wore  on  his  head,  as  well  as 
the  bandages  round  the  legs,  and  on 
the  back  of  the  hands  ;  the  horses'  legs 
are  also  bandaged,  their  tjuls  are  tied 
up,  their  manes  are  ho^ed,  and  a 
mask  is  placed  over  the  front  of  their 

3.  By  poets  the  word  is  also  ap- 

Elied,  less  specially,  for  a  groom  who 
rought  out  a  carriage  or  war  car, 
and  stood  at  the  hoises'  heads  till  the 
driver  mounted  (Vug.  ^n.  xlL  85.) ; 
for  a  helmsman  (Ovid.  Trist.  i.  4., 
l5.)  ;  and  generally  for  a  horsemai] 
or  rider,  (Auct.  Pamg.  ad  Pison. 
49.} 


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A  VRIGARIUS, 

AURiGA'RIUS.  Same  as 
Auriga.    Suet.  Nero,  5. 

AURIGATOR.  SameasAuKIGA. 
Inscvipt  ap.  Grut.  340.  3. 

AURFGO  and  AURI'GOR.  To 
drive  a  chariot  in  the  races  of  the 
Circus,  as  described  under  Auriga. 
Suet,  Nero,  24.  Plia.  H.  N.  xxxiii. 
rj. 


also  a  surgeon's  probe  for  tlie  ear. 
(Scribon.  Compos.  230.)  The  ex- 
ample represents  an  original  found  at 

AUS'PEX.  One  who  takes  the 
auspices,  or  in.  other  words,  who 
observes  the  flight,  singing,  or  feeding 
of  birds,  in  order  to  discover  there- 
from the  secrets  of  futority,  Cic  Alt. 
ii.  7.     Hor.  OJ.  iii,  a?.  8. 

AUTHEP'SA  (nWi-pi!).  A  word 
coined  from  the  Greek,  meaning  in  its 
literal  sense  a  self-bdler  (Cic.  Rase. 
Am.  46.  Laroprid.  Elag.  19.),  from 
wliich  it  is  reasonably  inferred  to 
have  been  an  apparatus  which  con- 
tained its  own  nre  and  heaters  for 
water,  so  as  to  be  adapted  for  cook- 
ing in  any  part  of  a  house  ;  and  con- 
sequently of  the  same  description  as 
the  specimen  here  introduced,  from  a 


bronieoriginalfoundat Pompeii.  Tlie 
sides,  which  are  of  considerable  tliick- 
iiess,  and  hollow,  contained  water; 
and  a  small  code  projects  from  one  of 
thera  (the  left-hand  in  the  engraving) 
to  draw  it  off;  the  four  towera  at  the 
angles  are  provided  with  moveable 
lids ;  the  centre  received  the  lighted 
charcoal ;  and  if  a  trivet  or  other 
vessel  was  placed  over  it,  such  an 
apparatus  would  admit  of  many  pro- 
cesses in  cooking,  with  great  economy 
of  trouble  and  expense.     Many  otlier 


AXICIA.  71 

contrivances  of  the  same  sort  have 
been  discovered  at  Pompeii,  similar 
in  regard  to  the  principle  upon  which 
they  are  constructed,  and  only  differ- 
ing in  the  pattern  or  design. 

AUTOPVROS<at5T^jrupo!).  Brown 
hread,  made  of  coarse  flour  with  the 
bran  in  it.  Plin.  H.  N.  xxii.  6S. 
Petr.  Sat.  66.  2.     Celsus,  ii.  iS. 

AVE'NA.  A  Pandean  pipe,  made 
with  the  stalk  of  the  wild  oat,  such 
as  was  used  by  the  peasantry.  Virg. 
TibuJl.  Ov.  jJ/rf.  viii.  19a.  Arundo. 
No.  6. 

AVERTA.  A  saddle-bag,  which 
was  probably  placed  on  the  rump  of 
an  animal,  as  now  commonly  prac- 
tised in  Italy.  Acron.  ad  Hor.  Sat. 
i.  6.  106. 

AVERTA'RIUS.  A  beast  of 
burden,  which  carries  the  aserla,  or 
saddle-bag,  upon  his  rump.  Impp. 
Valent  et  Valens.  Cod.  Theodos.  8. 

AVIA'RIUM.      A  poultry  yard.     ■ 
Vario,  K.  R.  iii.  3.  7. 

2.  An  cruiasy,  in  which  birds  of 
choice  kinds,  and  rare  breeds  were 
kept.     VaiTO,  /.  c. 

3.  A  decoy  or  pi-iserve  for  aquatic 
birds.     Cdumeii.  viii.  1.  4. 

AVIA'RIUS.  A  slave  who  had 
the  chaise  of  breeding,  feeding,  and 
fattening  poullry.  Columell.  viiL  3, 
4.  seq. 

AVICULA'RIUS.  Apic.  viii.  7. 
Same  as  preceding. 

AXICIA.  A  word  only  met  with 
in  a  single  passage  of  Piautiis  (Cure. 
iv.  4.  ai.),  which  the  dictionaries 
and  commentators  interpret,  a  pair  of 
scissors.  But  the  readmg  or  the  in- 
terpretation seems  very  doubtfol ;  for 
the  instniment  used  by  the  ancients 
for  the  same  purposes  as  our  scissors, 
was  termed  Forfex  by  the  Romans  ; 
and  in  the  passage  of  Plautus,  tlie 
axieia  is  enumerated  as  an  article  of 
the  toilet,  with  the  comb,  tweezers, 
looking  -  glass,  curling  -  irons,  and 
towel ;  but  a  pair  of  scissors,  though 
useful  enough  on  a  modern  dressing- 
table,  would  be  far  less  appropriate  to 


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72  AXIS. 

the  Roman  toilet,  if  regard  is  liad  to 
tlie  difference  of  ancient  liabits. 

AXIS  (oSmw),  The  axle-iree  o(  a 
carriage  to  which  the  pole  is  affixed, 
and  round  which  the  wheels  revolve 
(Ov.  Ma.  ii.  317.),  which  is  clearly 
Been  in  the  illustration  from  H.n 
ancient  bronze  car  preserved  in  the 
Vatican  ;  but  in  waggons  of  the  kind 
called  plausira,  the  axle-tree  was  not 
a  fixture,  but  revolved  together  with 
the  wheels  in  nuts  or  sockets  screwed 
on  to  the  bottom  of  the  cart ;  see 
Artemon. 


cy!  nder  such  as  s 
w  ndlaos  fo  draw  ng 
up  weig  ts   by  tn  s 

ng  t  e  cord  round 
about  tself  1  ke  the 
rolle  a  d  vl  ndlas? 
by  wh  cl  a  buc  et  3 
dnn  n  o  t  of  a  veil 
as  llnstrated  by  the 
annexed  engra  _. 
foma  niblesarco 
phigus  n  the  Vat  ca 
cemete  y  V  tmv  x  : 
3     The  npnght   ax  s  of  a    doo 

vl  cl  w  rked  socl  e  s  let  nt  1  e 
uppe  and  lower  1  nte  and  so  formed 
a  \  vot  upon  wl  ch  tl  e  door  tume  1 
when  opened  orshut.  Stat  JScJ.  1.34.9. 
.See  Antepagmentum  and  Carixi. 

4.  The  valve  of  a  water-pipe  or 
cock ;  in  which  sense  the  proper 
reading  is  Ass  is. 

5-  A  plank  ;  also  properly  written 


BABVLON'ICUM  A  shawl  of 
Babylonian  manufactnie,  which  was 
highly  prized  amongst  tlie  Romans 
for  its  fine  texture  and  brilliant 
colours.  Lucret,  iv.  1027.  P.  Syrus 
ap.  Petr.  Sat.  55.  6. 

BACCHA  (KAnyy,).  A  Bac- 
chante ;  a  female  who  celebrates  the 
mysteries  of  Bacchus.  (Ovid.  Ber. 
s.  48.)  They  are  frequently  repre- 
sented in  works  of  art,  and  described 


isisMj 


bj  the  poets  (Ov  Mi  vi  591.),  as 
ni  the  liluatration  with  a  «realh  of 
ime  leives  01  ivy  round  the  head, 
loose  flowing  hair  a  mantle  made  of 
ktd  skm  on  the  left  side  and  the 
thitsus  in  the  right  hand  running  like 
mid  women  through  the  streets  The 
figure  here  introduced,  which  is  front 
a  bas-relief  of  die  Villa  Borghese,  in- 
stead of  the  skin  on  her  person,  car- 
ries part  of  a  kid  in  her  left  liand. 
BACILLUM   (fJasriipiot).      A 


small  staff,  stick, 


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u  t    to  r    1    {Cic  n    ii, 

Tuv     ?n?    11    38 )    The  esampJi 
/rom    a   panliig    at    lompei,    i 


BACULUS     and     EA.CULUM 
{0aKTpov)        A    Ion 

monly  earned  by 
travellers  rustics 
"hepherds,  goat 
herds  (whence 

termed  agnste  Ov 
Jlla  XV  654.)  by 
inhrm  or  aged  per 
sons  of  both  sexes 
(Ov.  Met.  vi.  27.}  ; 
and  also,  out  of  af- 
fectation, by  the 
Greek  pMlosophers. 
S3.)  The  illus  ratic 
of  Virgil  1 1  the  Vitican  Ubrary, 
represents  one  of  the  shepherds  of 
the  Ed<^es  lein  ng  on  hii  staff, 
precisely  as  descr  bed  by  Ovid,  in- 
cumbais  01  tanttens  lacalo  {Met.  xiv. 
655.  /^asi.  1  177)  an  att  tude  also 
of  dailv  occurrence  anongst  the 
peasants  of  tlie  Roman  Campagna, 

2.  (nKiiirrpov.)  A  long  staff,  which, 
in  caviy  times,  was  carried  by  kings 


73 

represented  of  greater  length  than 
the  rustic  staff,  as  may  be  seen  by  the 
annexed  figure  of  Agamemnon,  from, 
a  marble  vase  of  Greek  sculphire,  and 
it  is  sometimes  described  as  being  orna- 
mented with  gold  and  silver.  (Flonis, 
iv.  II.  3.  Id.  iii.  19.  10.)  Itwasthe 
original  ii!  the  te^  scepb-e ;  and  in 
consequence  was  used  on  the  tragic 
stage  by  actors  who  ]>ersonated  kingly 
diaracters.  (Suet.  JVero,  24.)  But 
tlie  word,  when  used  in  this  sense,  of 
a  sceptre,  by  the  Latin,  writers,  is 
mostly  adopted  in  order  to  character- 
ise, and  to  ridicule,  foreign,  and  espe- 
cially Asiatic,  manners.  Florus. //.  cc. 
BAJULATO'RIUS.  Which 
serves  or  is  adapted  for  carrying. 
Selk^  baiulaioria.  See  Sella. 
'HT 


burdens  on  his  biek,  is  shown  in  the 
illustration  fiom  a  paintmg  in  a: 
sepulchral  chamber  at  Rome.  Plant. 
Fa:n.  v.  6.  17.     Cic  Par.  iii.  2. 

2.  In  the  Roman  htmselioW,  a 
,dave  who  performed  the  same  duties 
as  the  porter  of  a  modem  establish- 
ment, such  as  canying  parcels, 
letters,  &c.  Hieron.  £/.  6.  bI 
yul.an.  n.  1. 

BALIN'E^  or  BAL'NE,^ 
(flnJioi^w  Z-riiikaiav.  Pint.  Pkoc.  p. 
302.  Reiske).  A  set  ot  fiublU  baths, 
including  conveniences  (or  warm  and 
cold  Ijafliing,  as  well  as  sudorific  or 
vapour  baths,  and  provided  with  a 
double  set  of  apartments  for  the  male 
and  the  female  sex,  Varro,  L.  L.  viii. 
4&     Id.  ix.  64. 

The  system  upon  which  the  bathing 
establishments  of  tJic  Romans  were 


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had  six  distinct  ,    ,    ,  „,   ., 

S,  6,  from  the  street ;  of  whici  ihe 
three  first  were  for  visitors ;  4  and  5 
/or  the  slaves  and  purposes  connected 
with  the  business  of  the  establish- 
ment }  and  the  last  gave  access  to  the 
women's  liaths,  which  have  no  inter- 
communication with  the  larger  set. 
To  commence  the  circuit  by  the  firat 
door  (t),  at  the  bottom  of  the  plan  on 
the  left  hand. 

a.  Lalrina,  a  privy. 

d.  An  open  court,  surrounded  lij-  a 
colonnade  on  three  of  its  sides,  which 
formed  a  sort  olAlrium  to  the  rest  of 
the  edifice. 

cc.  Stone  seats  along  one  side  of 
the  court  for  the  slaves  who  were 
awdting  the  return  of  their  masters 
from  the  interior,  or  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  the  citizens,  in  like  manner 
expecting  the  return  of  their  friends. 

d.  A  recessed  chamber,  either  in- 
tended as  a  waiting-room  for  visitors ; 
or  probably  appropriated  to  the  use  of 
the  superintendent  of  the  baths. 

e.  Another  lalrina,  near  the  second 
principal  entrance  (2),  from  which  a 


Th    afoi}  et 
hof   h 


y^ 


i     h 


wth 

destined  fo      h  P    P 

hot  and  cold  b   hi 

ff.  Seats    f  maso  ry 
of  the  room,  f     th    b  tl   rs 
and  undres     p 

1)     TUa      f  C»j  „  1 


m). 


Idw 


I    11  fih  f    J 

roM,  who  took  charge  of  the  wearing  ap- 
parel, keptfor  its  owners  while  bathing, 

C.  The  Upidartum,  or  tepid  cliam- 
ber ;  the  atmosphere  of  which  was  kept 
at  an  agreeable  warmth  by  means  of  a, 
bn         f      d  m         I      as  intended 

b     k  th   sudd  n  chang     f  tempe- 

f   mlea  Id        h   bathet 

edf   n    h     1     m  1  h  mbecto 

h     pe      nr      This    p     m       served 

pi        f      b      g    scrap  d   ^  ill    the 
g 1         la  d     f       bathing 

(  h       11  A    PTEs); 

f     fh    CO  f  whi  h  it  was 

famished    wi  h  b  seats 

f      d  nth     00m      dth        llswere 
1  k  WI      d  vided  all         dm      small 
recesses,  forming  so  man         se 
lockers,    which    migh  tau      h 

strigils,    oils,    uugue  d 

necessaries  for  the  us  wh 

did  not  bring  their  vi       h  m 

A  door  from  this  d  p     m  n        n 
ducted  the  bather  into 

D.  The    caldariuii  h   -n 
chamber  ;   which  con  ai       4       h 
water  bath  {ahieus)  a  my 
and  the  Laconituia,  with   ts  basi 
labrum  (i),  at  the  oth       Th   fioon  g 


pill 

d 

h 

11 

m 

51 

d 

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BALINEM. 

I.  The  furnace,  wliich,  besides  the 
use  above  metitioned,  also  heated  tbe 
coppets  containing  the  water  for  the 
baths  ;  vii., 

m.  The  caldarmm,  or  copper  for 


BALmEt/M. 


hotw 


\  The  iepidarium,  or  copper  foe 
tepid  water. 

0.   The  cold  water  cistern, 

p.  A  room  for  the  slaves  who  liad 
chai^  of  the  fiirnace  and  its  appen- 
dages, furnished  with  a  separate  en- 
trance from  the  street  (4),  and  two 
staircases,  one  of  which  led  up  to  the 
roof,  and  the  other  down  to  the  furnace. 

q.  A  small  passage,  connecting  the 
last-named  apartment  with 

r.  The  yard,  where  all  the  things 
necessary  for  tlie  service  of  this  part 
of  .the  es1a.bl!shment,  such  as  wood, 
charcoal,  &c.,  were  kept.  It  has 
also  its  own  separate  entrance  from 
the  street  (5),  and  the  remains  of  two 
pillars,  which  ori^ally  supported  a 
roof  or  a  shed,  are  still  visible. 

The    remaining    portion    of    the 

Elan  is  occupied  by  another  set  of 
aths,  appropriated  for  females, 
which  are  more  confined  in  point  of 
space,  but  arranged  upon  a  similar 
principle.  They  have  bnt  one  en- 
trance (6),' which  gives  access  to  a 
small    wdling-room    (s),   with   — '- 


foi-  the   s 


those  marked  cc  in  the  lai^er 
E.  The  apodyterium,  with  seats  on 
two  of  its  sides  {tt),  and  which,  like 
the  lysa  first  described,  commimicates 
with  the  frigidarium,  or  cold  n  atei 
bath  (f),  and  with  the  Updanam  or 
tepid  chamber  {(:),  through  -nhieh 
the  bather  passes  on,  as  he  did  m  the 
preceding  case,  to  the  thermal  cljam 
ber  (h),  provided  in  the  same  manner 
with  its  Lacmticum  and  Ijlrram  (a)  at 
one  end,  and  its  ahims  or  hot  water 
bath  (i!/),  on  the  side  contiguouo  to 
the  furnace  and  boilei's,  Vihich  are 
thus  conveniently  sifuatsd  so  is  to 
supply  both  sets  of  baths  w  th  hot 
air  and  warm  water  by  a  single  ap 
paratus.  In  these  bath  for  tl  e 
women,    the   tcpidark       h^a   a  su 


pended   floor   and  walls   fitted  with 


flues,  which  is 


>t  the  ci 


n  the  c< 


responding  apartment  of  the  lai^er 

2.  Vitravius  (vi.  5.  1.)  used  the 
same  term  to  designate  a  privats  bath 
in  a  man's  own  house ;  but  this, 
according  to  Varro  (/.  i^.),  is  not  a 
strictly  accurate  usage.  See  the 
following  word. 

BALIN'EUM  or  BAL'NEUM 
{^akasiian  ISii^uclip,  Plut.  OanOr.  p. 
41.  Reislte,  Alciphr.  Ef.  i.  23.).  A 
private  bath,  or  the  suite  of  bathing 
rooms  belon^g  to  a  private  iiouse 
(Varro,  i.  L.  ix.  6&  Cic.  Fam.  xlv. 
20.);  as  contradistinguished  from  the 
plural  Balinea,  apphed  to  the  public 
establishments,  which  commonly  com- 
prised two  sets  of  ^ths,  with  distinct 
and  separate  accommodation  for  both 
sexes,  and  consequently  more  extensive 
and  numerous  dependencies.  In  other, 
respects  the  distribution  and  arrange- 
ments of  the  several  apartments  wei-o 
upon  a  amilar  principle  in  both 
cases,  as  will  be  seen  by  comparing 
the  members  in  the  annexed  wood- 
cut, which  presents  the  ground-plan 
of  the  baths  belongiijg  to  the  sub- 
urban villa  of  Arrius  Dioroides  at 
Pompeii,  with  those  of  the  public 
baths  described  and  illustrated  in  the 
preceding    article.      The  baths  and 


their  appurtenances  occupied 
aigle  at  )ne  extremity  of  the  whole 
pie  of  builhig  and  were  entered 
from  the  atrun  througl  a  door  at  a, 
Ii  uediately    on    th"    r  ght    of    the 


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for  .  fhe   si  h  d 

partment  o    th    h  oseh  B  y  nd 

tiiis  is  the   /      ter  nd  essing 

room  (a),  ed  b  tn     n    h 

and  liot  ba  is,  and  b       g         pa 
entrance  in     b 

tially  cove       by  a  d 


of  ii 


and  in  the    p  pb  ig 

bad  a  rooF  d      p     rt  d    p 

two  colum.  pp  g  es  wa 

the  cold  w         bad  f  ciia 

area.    Plin  £p       6     6 

C  is  the  tep  d  h  mbe    lep  da   u 

which  the   jath  b  ped 

-    '  ------  h   b   h 


The 


th 


chamber, 

public  baths  wi      h  Lac  i 
circular  e  d,    nd  an 
water  baUi       h     pposi 

rfis  the    eserv       w     1 
a  general        p  y        w 
aqueduct ;  m         h 

slaves  who     rv  d  wh   h 

had  s.  to  le  table  in  it  [e),  and  a  : 
case  leading  to  an.  upper  stoiy, 
the  oof;  f,  the  cistern  for  cold 
vater  the  boiler  for  tepid  water  ; 
/  tl  e  boUer  for  hot  water ;  i,  llie 
fu  ace  all  of  which  are  disposed  in 
the  same  manner  as  those  of  the 
p  bl  c  establishments,  and  with  the 
sa  ne  i-egard  for  the  saving  of  fuel 
and  water.     See  Caldarium,  Tepi- 

DARIUM,  FRIGIDARIUM. 

2.  Soinetinies  llie  same  word  is 
used  in  a  more  confined  sense  for  the 
hot  water  bath  (alveus) ; 
square  end  of  the  room  c,  and  at  the 
letter  h  in  the  preceding  woodcut.  Cic, 
jiW.ii,  3.   7et.Sal.^2.    Celsus,iil  24. 

BALL'ISTA  or  BAL'ISTA 
(Xifloj^iXiK  or  -Di').  An  engine  usei 
at  sieges  for  hurling  ponderous  n  asse 
of  stone.  (Lucii.  Sat.  xxviiL  p  6 
23.  Gerlach.  Cic.  Tusc.  ii.  24.  Tact 
Hist,  iv,  23.)  Neither  the  desc  \ 
tions  of  the  Liitin  authors,  no      1 


h     w    d  m  y    eem 

wh      tl        n  w         k      b 

nperfec    and      fici        in 
d  aff   d  any     pp    xim 

tl  na  pnn  p  p  wh  h  y 
were  constructed. 

BALLISTATilUM  or  EALIST. 
An  arsenal  or  magazine,  in  which 
Ai//«fis  are  kept.   Plaut  lien.  i.  I.  74. 

BALLISTA'RIUS  or  BALIST. 
A  soldier  who  worked  or  discharged 
a  balHsta ;  ranked  amongst  the  liglit- 
arnied  troops.  Ammiail.  16,  2,  g  5. 
Veget.  Mil.  ii.  a. 

BALNEjE.     See  Baune^ 

BALNEA'RIA.  Used  absolutely 
to  express  collectively  all  the  imple 
ments,  vessels,  and  necessaries  used 
in  the  bath,  such  as  strigils,  oU,  per- 
fiimes,  towels,  &c  ApuL  Met.  iii. 
p.  51.  Compare  Lampnd.  Alex.  Sen. 
42.     Paul,  Dig.  34.  2.  33. 

EALNEA'RIS,jc.>r.  liiaTw<i\iw 
nis  D  og.  Laert.  vL  52.  y,bnroS6TJis, 
Id  (S  Catull.  xixiiL  I.  A  fellow 
who  made  a  livelihood  by  stealing  the 
clothes  of  poor  people,  who  had  no 
slaves  f  their  own  to  take  care  of 
he       J  oin   the  public  baths  while 


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BAL!^EASIA. 

fheir  owners  weie  bathing  ;  for  at 
Rome  eveiy  one  was  compelled  by 
law  to  strip  himself  in  the  undressing- 
looiu  before  he  was  permitted  to  enter 
the  batliiug  apartments  (Cic.  Cal. 
26.  )>  the  object  of  which  was  to  pre- 
vent the  property  or  utensils  of  tlie 
establishment  from  being  purloined, 
and  concealed  under  tlie  dress. 

BALNEA'RIA.  Absolutely,  for 
a  set  of  baths,  or  bathing  ehanibefs. 
Cic.  Q.  Fr.  iii.  i.  i.  See  Baline^ 
and  Balineusi. 

BALNEA'TOR  ((3nXo»rf!).  The 
keeper  of  a  set  of  baths,  Cic.  Gr/. 
26.  Also  the  bath-man ;  a  slave  who 
attended  to  the  baths  in  a  private 
house.     Alciphr.  Ep.  i.  23. 

BALNEATRIX.  The  mistress 
of  a  set  of  baths,  or  who  has  charge 
of  the  women's  department  of  the 
same.      Petr.  ap.  Serv.  Mn.  liL  159. 

BAL'NEUM.     See  Balineum. 

BALTERA'RIUS.  The  master 
or  keeper  of  the  belts  {balid),  an 
officer  in  the  Imperial  household, 
whose  duty  it  was  to  provide  and 
keep  in  the  wardrobe  those  articles 
of  use  and  ornament,  luscripL  ii/. 
Reines.  cL  8.  n.  69.  Spon.  MiscdI. 
Erttd.  Ant.-o.  253. 

BALTE'OLUS.  Diminutive  of 
Baiteus. 

BAL'TEUS  or  BALTEUM 
(TfXofdif).  A  baldric  or  thouMvr 
6eil,  passed  over 
one  shoulder, 
and  under  tiie 
other,  for  the 
purpose  of  sus- 
pending the 
sword,    in    the 

our  soldiers 
carry  their  side- 
arms.  (Quint. 
xi.  3.  140.)  It 
was  fastened  in  front  by  a  buckle 
(Virg.  jEn.  V.  314.),  and  frequently 
enriched  with  studs  (.iallie)  of  gold  or 
precious  stones  (Virg.  /.  c),  both 
which  particulars  are  distinctly  visible 
in  the  illustration,  from  a  trophy  at 


Rome,  commonly  known  as  "the 
trophies  of  Marius,"  but  in  reality 
belonging  to  the  age  of  Trajan. 

2.  The  Greek  soldiers  of  the 
Homeric  age  also  used  a  similar  belt 
to  carry  their  shields  by  ;  and,  conse- 
quently, wore  two  of  them  at  the 
same  lime;     Hom.  //.  xiv.  404. 

3.  A  similar  kind  of  belt,  also  de- 
signated by  tlie  same  term,  was  used 
in  like  manner  for  suspending  a 
quiver  from  the  slioulders  (Virg.  ^n. 
V.  313.  Nemes.  Cyt^g.  91.),  and  a 
musical  instraraent,  like  the  lyre  or 
guitar  ftom  the  neck.  {Apul.  Flor. 
ii.  15.  2.)  See  the  illustration  to 
Phaketratus,  3.  and  Lymsthia, 
which  afford  examples  of  a  belt  ap- 
plied in  both  of  these  ways. 

4.  An  ornamental  belt  or  band, 
aometunes  decorated  with  gold  and  sii' 
vet  sluda,  or  witli 
embroidery,  whicli 
was  placed  round 
a  horse's  neck  and 
breast,  below  the  I 
vtoTiilc  or  throat- 
band,  and  from 
which  bells  were 
often  suspended. 
(ApuL  Met.  X. 
p.  224.)  The  illustration  is  from  a 
fictile  vase ;  compare  the  example 
under  Tintinnabulatus  which  is 
plain,  and  with  a  bell  honguig  from  it 

5.  Less  accurately,  and  partici 
larly  by  the  poets,  a  girdle   roun 


1   361 


!   round 
",    Ital 


X.  181.  ClWGULUM),  and  a  horse'a 
girth  round  the  bodj  Claud,  Ep 
xxi.  and  xx.     See  Cingula 

6.   The    broad    flat    belt    in   the 
sphere,        " 


tlurough     them 

(Manilins,      iii. 

334.),  as  shown 

by    the   engraving,    wlnth 

from  a  painting  at  Porapci 


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Ionic  capital ,  in  techn  cal  i-mguage, 
the  band  or  girdle  of  the  iolsters 
(Vitniv  XI  5  7 )  It  js  often  covered 
with  sculpture,  as  in  the  exam 
which  represenla  a  side  view  c 
capital  helongiig  to  the  temple  of 
Miiierva  Polias. 

8  In  T  theatre  or  amphitheatre, 
a.  wall  or  belt  which  formed  a  line  of 
demarcation  between,  one  tier  of 
seats     {Mnmaminc)     and     another. 


(Calpum.  Ed.  ri.  47,)  The  object 
of  this  was  to  prevent  the  different 
classes  of  epeelators  from  passing 
over  from  the  places  assigned  to  their 
respective  orders  into  other  parts  of 
the  building  where  they  were  not 
entitled  to  sit ;  as  for  instance,  irom 
an  upper  circle  into  a  lower  one. 
The  illustration  presents  a  view  in 
the  lai^er  theatre  at  Pompeii,  and 
shows  a  portion  of  two  mstdana,  or 
tiers  of  seats,  separated  by  the  battsus 
between  them.  It  will  Iw  understood 
that  this  belt,  which  here  is  only  a 
fragment,  ran  uninterruptedly  rotmd 
the  entire  range  of  seats.  The  visitors, 
upon  entering  the  theatre,  walked 
round  the  covered  gaEery  shown  by 
the  laige  dark  arch  on  (he  right  hand, 


rAPTISTERlUM. 


the  coveted  passage  which  encircles 


the  6 


with  the  one  above,  which 
was  ipproai-hed  by  a  separate  cor- 
ridor of  Its  own  conncLled  with  a 
distinct  set  of  sturcases  in  the  et 
temal  shell  of  the  building 

BAPHIUM  ipa^ioi-)  A  dyer'i 
establishment  InscnpC.  a/  Carh, 
AiittcA  Ital  torn  3  p  14.  I'mcura- 
tart  Bapkii  Cisiie  MstniE  Lampnd. 
41  X  ':e7  40  Strabo,  xvi  2  §  23 
T  \'^  PTSl  F  P  fT  ^T  ((SttTmoTi} 
I  ttoid  (61 


manvG 

mg  batk,  constructed  5 
fngidaria  (Phn  Bp  u  17  "  W 
V.  6.  25.)  The  illustration  presents  a 
view  of  the  cold  bath,  and  room  which 


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BASSATULUS. 

peii  The  bath  \'ise\Z  (ia^tista-ium)  is 
s.  circular  marble  basin,  of  12  feet  9 
inches  diameter,  indented  with  two 
steps,  and  having  a  short  low  seat  at 
the  bottom  (on  the  left  hand  in  (he 
engraving),  upon  which  the  bather 
might  sit  and  wash. 

2.  Amongst  the  ecclesiastical 
writers,  or  subsequently  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  Christianity,  a  building 
distinct  from  the  church  in  which  the 
baptismal  font  was  placed  (Sidon. 
Mp.  iv.  15.) ;  of  which  the  baptistry 
built  by  (Jonstantine  near  the  church 
of  S.  GUmattni  Laterano,  at  Rome, 
affords  an  actual  example.  A  view 
of  the  interior  of  this  edifice  may  be 
seen  in  Gaily  Knight's  "Ecclesiastical 
Architecture  of  Italy." 

BARBATULUS  (iinjninjs  jrpfi- 
TBv.  Ael.  V.  H.  X.  18.  Horn.  H.  itxiv. 
348.).  Having  a  youthfiil  beard  grow- 
ingjnst  round  tlie  chin,  without  being 
shortened  or  Irimmed  into  shape  by' 
the  bather  (Cic.  AU.  i.  14.),  as  it  was 
worn  by  the  youth  of  Rome  before  the 
custom  of  shaving  had  obtained ;  and, 
Bubseqnentlj^,  until-  the  age  of  man- 
hood, when  its  ample  growth  required 
to  be  artificially  trimmed  info  form. 
Youtlis  used  to  grease  their  faces  with 
oil  from  the  lamps,  to  antidpate  nature 
in  making  the  moustache  and  beard 
grow.  (Petr.  5n/.  75. 10.)  Theillustra- 


BASBITOS. 


tion  is  (alien  from  a  statue  of  Drusu 
the  son  of  Tiberius,  found  atPompeu, 
BARBA'TUS  (ftnijvlfnj!,  jrtuyu- 
I'fas).  Wearing  tlie  beard  of  its  natural 
length,  as  was  frequently  practised  by 
the  Greeks,  until  the  age  of  Alexander, 


and  universally  by  the  Romai 


(PJin.  H.  N.  vii.  59. 
Compare  Liv.  v.  41. 
and  Cic,  CaL  14.), 
whence    the    Latin 

use  the  word  to  de- 
scribe the  rude  and 
unpolished  manners 
of  the  early  ages  (Cic. 
Mur.ll.  Id.JfjTj'.a 
Juv.  iv.  103),  when 
beards  were  worn  like  that  in  the  ex-, 
amplefrom  an  engraved  gem,  supposcii 
to  represent  Numa  Pompilius,  from 
the  resemblance  it  bears  to  the  profile 
upon  some  coins  which  have  the  name 
of  Numa  inscribed  upon  them. 

2.  Barbaius  bene.  Having  the  beiuii 
neatly   clipped    and 
trimmed,    so   as   to 

five  it  an  artificial 
iiid  of  beauty ; 
practice  which  can 
into  fashion  amongst 
the  young  .exquisites  , 
towards  the  latter  / 
days  of  the  republic 
(Cic.  Cat.  ii.  10.), 
and  was  generally 
adopted  by  the  emperors  from  tlie  time 
of  Hadrian,  as  in  the  annexed  bust  of 
Antoninus  Pius,  fromanengravedgem. 
BAR'BITOS  and  BARTJIION 
(/3<ip/3irat,  3npj3.ro.,  anl /5n/>«;«<ro. 
Jul.  Poll.  IV  59  )  A 
stringed  inatrument  be 
longing  to  the  class  of 
lyres  ;  bnt  which  iv  as 
of  a  larger  size  and  bad 
thicker  strings  (Pollux 
I.  f.)i  3""^  tlierefoi^ 
produced  lotder  and 
aud  fuller  notes  thin 
the  usual  instniment 
of  that  kmd  In  other  , 
respects,  it  h  as  played  ; 
in  the  same  manner  ^ 
as  they  were  w  th  the 
fingers  and  the  plec 
tium,  or  quU  (Clai  1 
Pioim     ad  hfith     in    A'l/l 


,y  Google 


So  BARCA. 

et   Mar.    g.     Alison.    Epigi'.    44..) ; 
and   thus    it   may   be    regarded    as 
an  instrument  which  bore  the  same 
analogy   to  the  lyre  as    our  violon- 
cello does  to  the  violin.    All  these 
particulars   make  it  highly  probable 
that    flie     figure     here     introduced 
alTords  an  authentic  specimen        h 
ancient  barhitos.    It  is  copied  f   m 
Pompeian  painting,  where  it      and 
by  tie  side  of  Apollo,  resting 
knob,  like    our    bass  viol,   npon 
ground,  and  reaching  as  bigll  a    h  If 
way  up  the  figure. 

BAK'CA,  A  boat  employed 
dischai^ing  a  cargo,  and  iransporlm^ 
It  to  the  shore  When  the  vessel  put 
to  sea  It  w  as  shipped  on  board  and 
only  lowered  down  again  when  its 
services  were  required  Isidoi  On^ 
XIX  I    19      Not  Tir  p  77 

BARDOCUCULLUS  A  hood 
or  cowl  (^aicuUas),  whicli,  if  we 
mi^t  judge  fiom  the  name,  was 
jieculiar  to  the  Bardjei,  a  people  uf 
lllyna  (compare  Capitol  Pertin  8  ) 
but  Mart  {£/  1  54  ,  compare  Ji  v 
Sit  -.m  145 )  attributes  it  to  the 
Gauls  and  m  another  passage  (Ep 
XIV  12S)  he  dearly  indicates  that  it 
wis  an  outei  garmeit  morn  by  the 
common  people  uf  that  country  and 
bearmg  some  soit  of  lesemblance  to 
the  Roman  peiiulx  Thus  it  was 
probably  a  cloak  of  coarse  matertals, 
with  a  bood  to  it  wh  ch  covered  the 
whole  body  like  the  one  worn  by  the 
carter    m    the    annexed    engiavmg. 


winch  is  copied  from  %  sepi  Ichnl 
bT.fi  rehef  fiund  at  Lang  ea  in 
France  It  has  slcve^,  wl  ich  tl  e 
JuimIi  had  not,   but  there  is  a  slit 


at  the  side  (j  it  near  the  ii^Iit  foot) 
the  same  as  m  the  pcenula  only  not 
so  long  i  and  it  is  free  sely  these  re 
sembluces  and  disciepanaes  which 
account  for  (lie  juj-taposition  of  the 
two  words  in  Marliil 

BA'RIS  [^apa)      A  flit  bottomed 

bo      used  upon   the    Nile    for   the 

p       of  merchandibe    and  mo  e 

p  for  conveying  a  dead  body 

river  to  the  plice  of  se 

n    the   fuiieial   processioi. 

(H      d       96     Dodoc   1   96)    Th- 

il  us  sliows  one  of  these  boita 


ASCAU  D 
"  basgawd      -m     I 
These    ar 
manufactur 
with  their      ro 
Bp.  xiv.  99 
ployed  am    gs 
and  held  in 
xii.  46.   Sc 
BASIL' 
building  er 
ft.  >.,.        m 
merchants 

justice;    th       an 

"  Exchang 
Id.  Att.  ii. 


,y  Google 


BASILICA. 

ii)it  of  ovir  01 1  English  Lhurchts 
con&ibted  of  i  central  tn.ve  an"" 
1  'iide  aibles  divided  from  it  by 
r  of   columns    on   eich  aide    t 


..._  ._  ..I  the  aniit\ed  giouiid  plan 
of  the  Basihci  at  Pompeii  In  this 
part  of  the  buiMing  the  merchants 
and  people  of  bu  iiitss    i,oiigie^ilc  l 


BASTSKNA.  3f 

further  e\tremity  of  the  piiiicipal 
nave  a  poiCion  was  lailed  off  {see 
the  light  hand  of  Ihe  preceding  cut), 
like  3ie  chancel  of  a  chnrcli  or  a 
tnbune  iias  thrown  out  (  ee  the  next 
woodcut)  so  -IS  to  form  a  recess 
ai-irt  fiom  the  noise  and  activity  of 
the  traflickers  in  the  body  of  the 
building  and  in  these  the  judges  sat, 
and  the  touniel  pleided  The  whole 
of  the  interior  was  fuither  surrounded 
by  an  upper  gallery  liiised  upon  the 
colnmns  which  divided  the  aisles 
ltd  111  the  annexed 
'         1 1  luituiiinal 


section  and  elevation  down  the  centre 
of  the  ancient  basihca  at  Verona  as 
restoied  from  its  remains  by  the 
Count  Arnaldi  Iliese  upper  f,al 
lenes  were  mainly  intended  for  the 
accommodation  of  spectators  and  idle 
loungers  who  were  thus  enabled  to 
watch  the  proceedings  going  on  with 
ont  creating  confusion,  or  disturbing 
the  real  busmens  below     Vitr  v  I 

3  After  the  mtrodnction  and 
estibhshment  of  Christnmty  by 
Constantine  many  of  the  ancient 
basiltci£  were  converted  by  him  into 
places  for  religious  k  orship  for  whii-h 
purpose  their  plan  of  construction 
was  so  well  adapted  ;  hence,  amongst 
the  ecclesiastical  writers,  after  that 
period,  the  word  is  commonly  used 
1   designate    a    church    (Sulp.    Sev, 


Hisf. 


■    33- 


Five 


of  these  edifices  at  Rome  still 
their  ancient  name  of  iasilicie;  and, 
moreover,  preserve  a  record  of  their 
original  purpose,  by  being  kept 
open,  like  a  court  of  justice,  the 
whole    day,   instead   of   being   shut 


at  ceitam  houis  like  all  tl  c  otliei- 
churches 

BASIL  ICUS  se  ja  ius  The 
name  gl\en  to  one  of  tie  tlirons  on 
the  dice  What  combination  of 
numbeiB  was  required  to  luin  up 
tlie  throw  IS  not  astertained ,  but  it 
was  evidently  a  good  cast,  from  the 
name,  though  below  the  Venus, 
iihich  was  the  best  of  alL  Plaut. 
Cun  11  3  So  Becker  Callus, 
P  393  Transl 

SASTERNA  A  sort  oi  fi^an- 
quiii,  more  especially  appropriated 
to  the  use  of  females  (Poet  Incert. 
;«  Anthol  Lat  Ep  m  183.)  It 
was  a  close  carriage  {Ammian.  xiv. 
6.     16.) ;    and    was    borne    by  two 


-   before   and  one  behind. 


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BASTERNARIL 


each,  harnessed  to 
shafts.  (Pallad, 
whole  of  this  description  corresponds 
so  precisely  with  the  annexed  dtaw 
jug,  from  an  old  woodcnt  of  the 
Ijth  century,  and  with  -siiuilir  con 
veyanoes  still  in  use  iu  varKui 
countries,  as  to  leave  no  doubt  that 
the  ancient  bijslema  was  formed  up  m 
a,  similar  model. 

BASTERNA'RIUS.  A  sk\e 
who  drove  the  mules,  wliicli  earned  a 
palanquin  or  baslei-na.      Symm    £p 

BATH  LUS 


as  a  chafing-dish,  in  which  hj^hted 
charcoal  was  carried  for  the  p  vpose 
of  burning  odoriferous  herbs  and 
frankincense.  (Hor.  Sal.  i.  5  36) 
The  example  is  from  an  origmal  of 
bronze  found  at  Pompeii. 

2.  A  common  shovel  or  scoop  for 
removing  filth,  rubbish,  &c. ;  some 
times  made  of  wood  (Varro,  R  Jf 
i.  50.  2.),  and  sometimes  of  iron 
Varro,  S.  S.  iii.  6.  5. 

3.  A  small  and  flattish  pan  or 
dish,  with  a  handle  to  it,  employed  as 
a  crucible  for  assaying  silver.  (Plin 
H.  N.  xxxiii.  44.)  The  example  is 
copied  from  a  bas-relief  found  01 


Via  Appia,  the  use  of  which  is 
clearly  id,enlified  in  the  original,  by 
the  representation  of  a  bag  of  mini,y 

BATI'OLA.  A  sort  of  dn  ik  ng 
cup  of  large  dimensions  and  valuable 
materials ;  but  of  which  the  precise 
form  and  capacity  are  not  known 
Plant.  Slich.  V.  4.  12. 

BAX'A  and  BAX.'EA.  A  hght 
sort    of  slipper,    or  sandat,   or  ih  dc 


(Isidor  Ortg  xix.  34  6  and 
13  )  and  of  the  palm  leaf  or  llie 
papyms,  by  the  Egyptians      (Apul 


Wet  11  39 )  They  v 
the  Comic  stage  (Phut  Mm  11  l 
40  )  and  by  philosopheis  who  af 
fctled  simplicity  of  dress.  (Apul 
Met  xi  p  244.)  The  example  is 
from  an  original  ofpapyius  in  the 
Berlin  collection  They  are  some 
times  indicated  on  the  feet  of  Egjp- 
t  an  Etitues  -ind  many  originals  have 
been  discovered  m  the  E^ptian 
tombs  some  made  with  dose  Sides 
ai  d  uppei  leathet  hke  a  shoe , 
others  vith  a  leaf  forming  a  mere 
strap  hke  a  clog  across  the  instep 
and  otheis,  like  the  specimen  here 
engraved  with  a  band  across  the 
mst^,  and  another  smaller  leaf  in 
the  lore  part  of  the  sole  intended  to 
pass  the  great  foe  through 

BEN-NA  A  GaulLshviord  used 
to  designate  a  four  wheeled  cart  or 
carriage  made  of  wickei  work  and 
capable  of  holdmg  several  persons,  as 
teen  in  the  example  copied  from  the 
Column  of  Antomnns.  Festus,  j  </ 
''Cheffer   Ri  f  hu   11.   21       Compare 


Cato   A   A    23.  2    where,  however, 
Schneider  reids  Mana 

BES        Eight  melfths      01     two 
thirds  of  anyth  ng     as    fo    instincs 
of  the  fiactional  parts  of  the  jis , 


bnt  t 


fm 


,el  1 


. I  age  as  a 
:>  L  L   1    I-]-' 


,y  Google 


BFSrf42!/[/S 


a  helmet,  shield,  knife  or  sword,  and 
defences  for  the  legs  ;  most  of  which 
particulars  are  shown  in  the  illus- 
tration, forming  part  of  a  bas-relief 
let  into  the  wall  of  the  Palaizo 
Savelh,  now  Orsini,  at  Rome,  and 
which  IS  built  upon  the  ruins  of  the 
theatre  of  Marcellus ;  at  the  dedi- 
cation of  which  600  wild  beasts  were 
killed,  a  slaughter  commemorated, 
ojo  doubt,  ^  the  bas-relief  here  in- 
troduced. But  latterly  they  became 
more  distinct  in  tbeur  accoutrements 
and  mode  of  fighting,  having  no  body 


ired    d    h        k 


d  ced 

I'll        ^     V   T 

E  EL     P( 


&  S  1 

lA   A  F 
b    tl       mp   yinen 


Tp 


-£/.  IX  II.) 

BIBLIOTHE'CA  (^i^iofl^Kij}. 
A  libraiy  ;  i.  s.  the  apartment  or 
building  in  which,  a  collection  of 
books  IS  preserved.  (Cic.  Fapi.  \\i. 
28.}  A  room  fitted  up  as  a  library 
was  discovered  in  one  of  the  houses 
at  Hercalanenm,  in  the  year  1753, 
whicli  contained  1756  MSS.,  exclu- 
sive of  many  destroyed  by  the  work- 
men before  their  value  was  known. 
They  were  arranged  in  shelves,  or 
presses,  round  the  room,  lo  the  height 
of  nearly  ^x  feet ;  and  in  its  centre, 
there  was  also  an  isolated  case, 
formed  by  a  rectangular  column, 
which  fronted  each  way,  and  was 
filled  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
other  shelves.  lorio,  Offieina  di 
Papiri. 

2,  A  library  ;  /,  e.  the  collection  of 
books  contained  in  a  libi-ary,  Cic 
Fain.  xiii.  77.     Festus,  s.  v. 

3.  A  book-case,  or  set  of  book' 
fhelves.  Pai.il.  Dig.  30.  '.  4i.  Ulp, 
Dig.  32.  3.  52.  §  8. 

BIBLIOTHE'CULA.  A  small 
library,      Symm.  Ep.  iv.  iS. 

EICLIN'IUM.  A  sofa,  or  couch, 
adapted  for  two  persons  to  recline  on 
at  their  meals,  &c.  (Plant  Bacch. 
iv.  3.  84,  and  117.)  It  is  a  hybrid 
word,    half   Latin   and    half    Greek, 


,y  Google 


from  a  Roman  bas-relief. 

BIDENS  (8(k6XAo,  a/ui^).  A 
strong  and  heavy  two-pronged  lioe 
(Ov.  J^isi.  iv.  927.1,  employed  for  vari- 


^ 


:ultura- 


hoeing  np  the  soil  instead  of  plongh 
ing  ;  for  breaking  the  clods  of  earth 
tutned  np  by  the  plough ;  for  loosen 
ing  and  clearing  the  earth  about  the 
roots  of  the  vine,  &c.  (Vii^  G  11 
355.  400.  Tibull.  ii.  3.  6.  Colum-ll 
iv.  17.  8.)  The  example  is  from  in 
■engraved  gem,  whidi  represents 
Saturn  in  the  character  of  an  agu 
cultural  slave,  in  allusion  to  the 
SatumaJiiUi  festival. 

2.  As  an  adjective,  it  is  descriptive 
of  things  which  are  formed  with  two 
prongs.  Hades,  or  teeth  ;  asferfex  or 
forum  Hdens  (Viig.  Cat.  8.  Id.  Cir. 
213.),  a  pair  of  shears  (cut  of  FOR- 
FEX) ;  Mdetts  ancara  (Plin.  viil  57.), 
an  anchor  with  a  double  fluke,  tor  in 
early  times  they  were  only  made  with 
a  single  one.     Cut  of  Ancora. 

BIDEN'TAL.  A  small  temple  or 
shrine,  consecrated  by  the  augiirs, 
and  enclosing  an  altar  erected  upon 
any  spot  which  had  been  struck  with 
lightning  (putsat) ;  so  called  because 
it  was  customary  to  sacrifice  a  sheep 
of  two  years  old  [fiidsm)  at  such 
places,  (Festus,  J.  !■.  Hor.  ^.  J*.  471. 
Apul.   Deo   Socr.   p.    677,)      The   il- 


ns  of  a  hdiittal  at  Pompcu  Tlie 
r  IS  seen  in  the  centre,  and  parts 
of  the  columns  which  enclosed  it  are 
standing  in  their  places ;  the  roof 
and  superstructure  jnay  be  easily 
imagined. 

BIF'OEIS  and  BIF'ORUS  i5.S«- 
/50s}.  Bivalve ;  applied  to  windows 
and  doors,  to  indicate  those  which 
open  in  two  leaves,  instead  of  all  in 
one  piece,  similar  to  what  we  call 
French  windesis  sxvL  folding -doers. 
(Ovid.  Pont.  iii.  3.  5.  Vitmv.  iv.  6. 
6.)  See  the  iilustcation  to  Ante- 
PAGMBNTirM. 

BIFRONS  (SiM^uir«).  Having 
two  fronts  or  faces  looking  botli 
ways  a  type  s  ' 
hnted  to  Janus,  s .  __ 
Instrative  of  his  great 
sagacity,  and  emWem- 
atic  of  his  knowledge  of 
the  past  and  future, — 
the  known,  whicli,  as 
It  were,  lies  before,  and 
the  unknown,  which  is 

behind.     (Viig.  ^b,  vii. 

of  this  kind,  with  the  likenesses  of 
different    persons    turned    back    to 
back,  were  much  used  by  the  ancients 
to  ornament  their  libraries  and  pic- 
ture galleries  ;    they  were  frequently 
placed  on  the  top  of  a  square  pillar  at 
the  meeting  of  cross       d      and 
generally   as  a   tern 
top  of  a  post  formii  g   h      p  gb 
a  garden  railing,  or       er    m  m    tal 
enclosure  ■    for   wh  ch    purp 
object  present  ng  a 


'  all  rotmd  1: 
The  illustration 

busts,  of    he  sa 


p  a 


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effected   by   a     

tlieir  witliers,  like  our  cunicle-bai-, 
as  is  very  plainly  shown  by  tlie  illus- 
tration, from  a  Pompeion  painting. 
In  this  sense  the  plural,  big^,  is 
generally  and  most  appropriately  used. 
Plin.  H.  N.  -vii.  S7-  Viri;.  jE«.  ii. 
272.    CatulL  Jy.  26. 

2.  In     the    eingalar,    more    accii- 
rately,  though  the  plural  is  also  used, 


S6.),  and  equally  ap- 
cai',  or  radng  chariot, 
which  latter  is  represented  hy  the 
engraving,  frora  a  fictile  lamp. 

BIGA'TUS,  sc.  nummiis,  01  ai-gm- 
tum  bimtum.  (Liv.  xxxiii.  83,)  A 
silver  denarius ;  one  of  the  eariiest 
Roman  coins  <Liv.  xniii.  15.  Tac 
Gei-ai.  5.),  whidi  bore  the  device  of  a 


Q-horsi 


1    the   I 


d    wi  o    he  actual  siie. 

BIJUGIS  and  BirUGUS.  The 
same  as  BiGA,  in  both  senses. 

B  LANX.  With  two  scales.  Marc. 
Cnpeli.  a.  i3o.  p.  42.    See  Libra. 

B  I'  L  I  X  {UiiiTK).  Literally, 
made  with  two  threads,  or  by  a 
double  set  of  leashes  {lida),  in  refer- 
ence to  doth  woven  lilte  our  "twill" 


_..  _     __   __ calico,"  the 

tlu«a<&  cross  eacli  other  at  r^ht 
angles,  every  thread  of  the  woof 
{subtiiiieK]  passing  alternately  over 
and  under  one  of  tlie  threads  of  the 
warp  {stamm),  for  which  a  smgle  set 
of  leasliea  is  sufficient ;  but  in  twilled 
fabrics  a  thread  of  the  woof  is  passed 
ever  one,  and  then  tinder  two  or  more 
threads  of  the  waip,  which  gives  a 
ribbed  appearance  in  the  pattern. 
Thus,  when  the  twill  is  formed  by 
passing  over  one  thread  and  under 
two,  it  requires  Atw  sets  of  leashes, 
and  was  distinguished  by  the  epithet 
bilix;  when  over  one,  and  under 
three,  trilix  ;  and  so  on, 

BILYCH'NIS,  sc/Kfmia.    A 
Hmp  furnished  will)  tno  ntzile    and 


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BIPALIUM. 


cerlahi  height  above  the  blade,  upon 
which  the  labourer  pressed  his  foot 
ill  di^iig,  and  Ihus  drove  the  blade 
two  spits  deep,  or  twice  the  depth  of 
the  common  spade  (>i/a).  The 
usual  reach  of  this  instrument  was 
two  feet,  but  that  could  be  increased 
or  diminished,  by  placing  the  cross- 
bar either  farther  from,  or  nearer  to, 
theblade.  (Cato,^.^.45. 3.  Varro, 
R.  R.  i.  37.  5.  ColumelL  xi.  3.  ll.) 
Th.e  example  IS  from  a  sepulchral  bas- 
relief. 

BIP'ED\  A  hi^e  tile  two  feet 
long,  used  for  making  pavenents  ni 
the  open  air  Pallad  1  40  a  Id  j 
19.  I. 

BIPENNtFER  Beanig 
armed  witb  the  do  ble  blade  1  : 
(bipennis'),  a  weapon  especi 
acteristic  of  the  AmaTOiis  a 
the  illustration  fiom  a 
Greek  baa  lel  ef  but 
also  attributed  to  other 

Thracian  king  Lycui 
gus  (Ov.  Ma  IV  33  J 
and  to  Areas  the  son 
of  Jupiter  and  CalUsto 
Ov.  Mel.  V  11    ,91 

BIPEN'NIS  {IkTo- 
fio!  srfteicw  (£|!n,)  An 
axewith  adoiblee<l„e 
or  blade  (Isidor  (hi^ 
xiic.  19.  II.);  used  as  a  chip  a^ 


57-),    and    1 
weapon  of  war.     (Virg. 
van.   V.   307.     Plin.  A^   N.   nil    S) 
See    the    illuscratiori   and   preceding 


BIREMIS. 

EIPRO'RUS  (Slirpu/io!).  Having 
a  double  prow  (Hygin.  Fab.  168. 
277.)  1  which  piooably  means  a 
vessel  built  sharp  fore  and  aft,  like 
the  fast-sailing  "proas"  of  the  In- 
dian seas,  so  that  it  could  sail  either 
way  without  lacking  or  going  about. 
Con  pare  Tac  Ann  "  6 

BIRETHIS  (Biicunroj}  L  teraUy 
f  m  shed  w  th  a  >j  ?■  of  oars  0 
culb  a  d  tl  CO  usei  bo  1  aljec 
t  vely  V  1  a/  0  a  d  absolu  e  y 
for  a   n   11  bo  c         e  1  by  o  e      a 


thee 


1  "{, 


Od 


30 


giate 


563      Gjmpare  5^5 
611     where  the  sa 
far-        1  ,  and  ul 

2    {UnpOTOi)      Furni  hed  with 
banks  of  oira  {ordiiies) ,  winch  is 


more  common  apphcitioi  of  the  term. 
It  designates  a  bireme  or  vessel  of 
war  which  has  two  lines  of  oars  on 
each  side  placed  in  a  diagonal  posi. 
tion  one  above  the  other  as  in  the 
eiample  from  a  marble  bas  relief  of 
the  \  lUa  Alban  each  oac  being 
worked  by  a  single  rower  (Plin. 
/r.^'lvii.  57.  Cies.  J.  C.  iii.  4a  Tac 
^ist.  V.  23.)  That  such  was  the 
arrangement  adopted  in  the  construc- 
tion of  a  bireme, IS  sufficiently  evident 
from  the  figure  in  the  cut;  by  the 
sculptures  on   Trajan's   Column   {33. 


,y  Google 


24-  59  ^ I  ed  Bartoh)  whcie  a 
similar  disposition  is  indicated  and 
by  the  passage  of  Tacitus  (/  i ) 
mhicli  distinguishes  a  vessel  which 
has  its  oars  placed  in  a  single  tile 
(montns)  from  the  bireme  whn-h 
therefore  had  them  distributed  in 
two — complet  q-uod  biremiuui,  gunque 
simplici  ordine  agebaniur 

BIROTUS    and  BIROTA  sub 
stantively        HaTing     two     wheeK 
'  ■'  la 

lag 

aie  enumerated 
lytical  Index    Non  Marc  s  v  Cuium 
p   36     Cod   Theodos  8   5   S 

BIRRUS       A   capote    or   cape 
With   1  hood   to   It  (bi-hol   Vet   ad 


'iat  VII)  145)  which  nas  in 
vecy  common  use  amongst  all  classes 
under  the  later  emperors  at.  an  out 
door  covering  for  the  head  and  shoul 
ders.  It  had  a  long  nap  lilte  beavei 
(Claud  Epgr  43.)  and  fiom  the 
thickness  of  its  textuie  is  designated 
as  stiff  (nijiai,  Sulp  Sev  Dial  14.) 
both  of  which  qualities  are  cleaily 
recc^nisable  in  the  illustration,  from 
a  statue  found  at  Pompeii,  which  re- 

E resents  a  young  fisherman  asleep  in 
is  capote. 

EISAC'CIUM.  A  pdr  of  saddle- 
bags made  of  coarse  sacking ;  the 
original  of  the  Italian  Usacce,  iiid 
ii^ixtaa  of  the  modern  Greeks. 
Pet.  Sat.  31,  9,     Anton,  ad  I 

BISELLA'RIUS 
whom  th    p      le^,    ' 
using    a    his  U-u 
Gnit  1059 

BISEL  LIUM  i 
lai^e  dim  is  sif 
ing  two  pe  (\ 


Apr; 


h  Id 


one  ,  as  the  seieial  apecimens  found 
or  represented  at  Pompe  1  are  usually 
accompanied  by  a  s  ngle  footstool 
{suppedaneitin)  placed  in  the  centre, 
sin  liar  to  the  exi  nple  he  e  given 
which  IS  iioni  a  Pompeian  has  relief, 
and  has  its  name  hsdham,  mscnbed 
above  it.  These  chairs  were  used 
by  persons  of  distinction,  especially 
the  AnguElals,  in  the  proiinees, 
at    the    theatie    and    other    publ  c 


H.  iV.  vi.  32.) ;  hence,  in  bivio  (Vii^. 
Mn.  ix.  238.),  at  the  point  of  diver- 
gence between  two  such  roads  or 
streets,  and  which  in  the  town  of 
Pompeii  is  always  furnished  with  a 
fountain,  as  in  the  example,  which 
presents  a  street  view  in  that  city. 

BOI'^.     Probabl)^  identical  with 

th     Gre  k  itXoioi,  which  was  a  lai^e 

w    d      collar,  put  round  the  neck  o\ 

1       ous  dogs    (Xen.    Hell.   ii.  4. 

4    )      whence   the   Eomi 


11       f  wood  o 
k    f   laves  and  ci 


nilar  sen 


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As.  iii.  2.  5.  Id.  Capi.  iv.  2.  109. 
Prudent,  J^ie/.  Fsyck.  34.  Hieroii. 
5.  in  Hiereia.  37,       ' 

BOLE'TAR.  Properly  a  dish 
for  serving  mushrooms  {ieleii)  upon 
(Mart  £fi.  xW.  101.);  and  thence 
transferred  to  any  kind  of  dish.    Apic 


BOTEL'LUS. 
^tu/us.     Mart.  V,  78. 

BOTULA'RIUS.  A  maker  and 
vendor  of  botuli,  black  pnddings,  ur 
sausage  meat.      Sen.  Ep.  56. 

BOT'ULUS  (^K)?).  A  sort  of 
sausage  meat  or  black  pudding,  for  it 
was  prepared  with  the  blood  of  the 
animal  (Tertull.  AfBl.  9.),  which 
appears  to  have  been  prized  more 
espedally  by  the  common  people, 
and  such  gentry  as  Trimalchio  of 
PeEroniuS.  Mart.  xiv.  72.  Geil.  xvi. 
7.  3.    Petr.  Sat.  kUx.  10. 

BOVI'LE,  (Veget.  iv,  r.  3.)  The 
same  as  EuBtLK,  which  is  the  moie 
usnal  form. 

BRABE'UM,  .BRASrUM,  or 
BRAVI'UM  {ppapclcv).  The  prize 
given  to  the  victor  at  the  public 
games.  (Prudent.  Ilepi  Sre^.  v. 
538.)  The  exclamation  bravo!  as  a 
sign  of  approval,  refers  its  origm  10 
this  word. 

BRABEU'TA  {ffpafiivrii).  The 
juilge  who  declared  the  victors  and 
awaided  the  priies  at  the  public 
games  of  Greece.     Suet.  Nero,  53 

BRAC^  or  BRAC'CjE  (dmt 
^uplSa)  An  article  of  dress  wliii.h 
entirely  covered  the  lower  part  of  the 
person  from  the  waist  (see  cut  2  ) 
to  the  ankles,  and  was  either  made  to 
fit  the  figure  nearly  tight,  like  our 
pantaloons,   or  to   sit   more    loosely 


i,  like  t 


The 


woid  contains  the  elements  of  tht 
Scotch  fttE^J,  and  English  ine  Aes 
but  answers  more  closely  to  the 
fantaloons  and  trawstrsot  the  present 
day.  The  Romans  included  both 
kinds  under  the  general  term  of 
bracm  ;  but  the  Greeks  disdnguished 
each   particular  form  by  a  charaeter- 


ciall)  proper  to  the  Eableni  nations, 
and  amongst  these  the  Amizons 
and  Persians  (Ovid  Tnst  v  10  34 
Herod  1  71 ),  as  shovm  by  the  en 
graving  annexed,  which  represents  a 
Persian  prince  at  the  battle  of  Issus, 
from  the  great  mosaic  at  Pompeii. 

2.  Bracn  laxa  (tWXmoi).     A  piur 
of  loose  ti 


the  preceding  bi  t  1  loie 
generally  chanctenst  c  of  the  north 
en  mtions  <0v  d  T,ut  v  ^  4.9, 
Lncin  1  430 )  asseeiintleai 
nexed  figure  representmg  one  of  the 
German  aiixU  anes  in  the  aimy  of 
Trajan  and  of  the  Ph  'ygians  amo  igst 
the  Asiatics  (Eur  Cyd  182I  coise 
quently  the  usual  costume  of  Pans. 

3.  Braae  virgata  (Properl,  iv.  10. 
43.),  or  pictis  (Val  Flacc.  vi.  227.). 
Striped,  checked,  and  embroidered 
trowsers,  which  were  much  worn  by 
the  inhabitants  of.Asia.    See  the  next 


.Google 


£RACAR!US. 

BRACA'RIUS.  Strictly  a  ftwjiT- 
viaker  (Lamprid.  Alex.  Stv.  24.) ;  but 
in  the  Edict  of  Diocletian  (p.  ao.),  ^ 
tailor  in  general,  who  made  any  kind 

BRACA'TUS  or  BRACCA'TUS. 
Ill  general,  a  peraon  who  wears  tiMw- 
sers  or  pantaloons ;  more  especially 
intended  to  charatterise  the  Asiatic 
or  northern  ■  races  (Cic  Fani.  ix.  15. 
Pers.  .S^.  iii.  53.),  as  distinguished 
'hom  they  were 
1  the  Romans, 


freiti  head  to  foot.  An  exp  e  on 
jntended  to  describe  a  pe  u  a  so  t 
of  costume  common  y  worn  by  he 
races  who  inhabited  he  sho  of  e 
PaJvis    Mjeolis    (Mela,  i  )    and 


BR  A  CHI  A/,, 


f  wh    h  tl       11     tr  t        1  t 

d  ced         taken       I    was         d  ess 

wh   h  f   m  d      p         f  pajit  loons 


bel 


f  -v 


J    1- 

1      th,  as  tl      pi  -L       d     t 
and  a         lea  ly    1  by      fig 

W   k  Im      {M     Ida       49 ) 
bihl      es       p      dth     pot 
1  aledbyth   kit. 


h   h 


h     f 


t     th 


pe.t. 
their  ni 


17.)    fro, 


:  long  t 


89 

any  of  the 


(see  the  cut  of . 
tSraca  2.  and  nlaiw  other  examples 
on  the  Column  of  Trajanl ;  but  from 
the  days  of  Alexander  Sevenis,  and 
subsequently,  these  articles  of  apparel 
were   also   adopted   by   the   Roman 


e  figures  of 


■io  1  ers     La    p    d 

tl  e  a    h  of  Cons  a      ne        n    11  hcic 

e  ecu   da    he  pe  od  when  the  ardi 

s  bult,   a  d     ot    aken  f  om  the 

ok  of  Trajan  one  of  which  is 
hen  odaced    con  eq  en  ly  in  any 

n  nns  of  h  s  pe  od  tl  e  phrase 
equal  y  c  ara  a  s  c  of  he  Ro- 
na      hemselves 

4.  B  acuta  Gal  la  A  depa  nent  of 
Haul  =0  called  from  the  long  breeches 


t.    bo 


b    a      tly 

M  1 


5J 


If  A 

BIACHIALE      (ivflppaxili 

A  p  ece     f  d  f  arm  1 

ed   th      *  achm 

part    f  tl 


1 1,  pe  h  p    T    \x\\    C 


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■  9  O  BREPHO  TR  OP  HE  UM. 

where,  however,  it  may  mean  a 
bracelet.  The  example  here  mtro- 
duced  is  from  an  original  of  bronze, 
which  was  found,  with  other  pieces 
of  armour,  at  Pompeii,  and  probably 
belonged  to  a  gladiator.  The  rings 
by  which  it  was  fastened  on  the  front 
of  the  arm  are  seen  at  the  side. 

BREPHOTROPHE'UM  and 
BREPHOTROPHI'UM  0/>efio- 
T/io^iibi').  X/saiidKng-hsspilal ;  both 
words,  however,  the  Latin  as  well  as 
Greek,  are  of  a  late  date,  not  occurring 
before  the  age  of  the  Christian  empe- 
rors, when  foundlings  were  declared  to 
be  free,  and  those  who  received  or 
educated  them  were  forbidden  by  law 
to  detain,  or  sell  them  as  slaves  (imp. 
Justin.  Cod.  i.  2.  19.)  ;  for  while  the 
exposure,  sale,  or  giving  in  pawn  of 
children  was  commpnly  permitted 
and  practised,  it  is  uot  likely  that  any 
establi^ment  of  this  kind  woidd  be 
.maiiilained  at  the  public  expense. 


(Phifidr.  ii.  8  Cato  R  S  ^  Co 
mell.  L  6.  4.)  Tlie  il  u  on  w  h 
might  almost  liave  bee  ke  d 
from  a  modem  farm  ya  d  s  op  ed 
from  a  miniature  of  the  Va  nV  gl 
BUB'SEQUA.     A  coH  boy         o 


BUCCULA. 

drives  the  cattle  to  .ind  from  their 
pastures,  &c  (Aput.  Afe;.  viii.  p.  152. 
Sidon.  Efi.  i.  6.)  The  example  is 
from  the  Vatican  VirgiL 

BUBUL'CUS    (^ovkSKb^X       In    a 
ow-herf,  neat-heid, 


or  herdsman  (Virg.  Eel.  x.  9.),  wiio 
tends,  manages,  and  has  the  general 
care  of  tlie  cattle  on  a  farm  ;  in 
which  sense  the  term  pastor  is  more 
common.  The  illustration  is  from  an 
engraved  gem. 

z.  More  especially  Snd  frequently, 
a  countryman  who  drives  a  team  of 
ojten  attached  to  the  plough  (Columell. 
115.2.11.13.  I.  ii.  2.25.),  as  sliown  in 
the  illustration  s.  Arator  ;  or  to  a 
waggon  of  any  kind.      Ovid.   Tiist. 


m.  r 


^3?-, 


BUCCELLATUM.  A  hard  soIt 
dier's  biscuit,  whidi  was  distributed 
fo  rat'o  IS  I  pon  -i  march  Spart 
P    et       V^    o    Amm  an  1.      8  z 

BUCCULA     irofio    aS        Th 


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BUCCULARIUS. 

with  the  cheek-piece  depending  from 

BUCCUI-A'RIUS.  One  who 
made,  or  affiKed  check- pieces  \buc- 
cula)  to  helmelE.    Auiel.  Arcad.  Dig. 

BU'CINA  and  BUC'CINA 
(pujittvij)  A  particnlii  kind  of  horn, 
tormed  m  'piial  tmsts  (Ovid  Met,  S. 


336  )  1  ke  tlie  shell  of  the  fish  out  of 
which  It  was  orLginally  made,  as 
shown  by  the  annexed  engraving, 
from  a  small  bronze  figure  once  be- 
longing to  Bhncbim  In  thts,  its 
earliest  form,  it  wis  commonly  used 
by  swine  and  neatherds  to  collect 
theit  dioves  from  the  woods  (Varro, 

5  i?  n  4.20  Id  m  13  I  Prop, 
IV  10  29  ) ,  hy  the  night  watch,  and 
the  A<.<.eim,  to  give  notice  of  the 
hours  by  night  or  day  (Plop    iv.  4. 

6  faeneco,  Tk}est  798),  and  in 
eiriy  tunes  to  summon  the  Quiiites 
to  the  assembly,  or  collect  them  upon 
any  emei^ency.     Prop.  iv.  i.  13. 

2.  The  6iidna  was  also  employed 
as  one  of  the  three  wind  instruments 
with  which  signals  were  made,  or 
the  word  of  command  given  to  the 
soldiery  (Polyb  xv  12  2  Virg 
^«  XI  475  Veget  Mil  ui  S ) , 
but  the  ra  litaiy  mstniroent  was  then 
of  a  different  form,  having  a  larger 
moi  th  mide  of  metal,  and  bent  round 
underneath  {qiue  in  semttipsam  mrw 
arcuhfie  tdtir,  VegeL  /  f),  of  which 
kind  a  spec  men  is  here  given,  from 


BULLA.  91 

BUCINATOR  or  BUCCINA'^ 
TOR  Owai^^!,  or  ^MKavmrip). 
One  who  blows  the  hom,  called 
kidna  (Polyb.  il  29.  6.  Id.  xxi.  13. 
ii.  Cebs.  B.  C.  ii.  35.),  which  in 
addition  to  the  uses  mentioned  in  the 
last  article,  was  also  employed  for 
malting  signals  on  hoard  ship,  as  in 
the  example,  from  a  terra-cotta  lamp. 


which  represents  a  ship  eommg  11 
port ,  the  sailors  are  liirhng  the  sai 
whde  tlie  master  signalises  its  airi^ 
by  sound  ng  the  bu  ina 

BULGA.  A  sm-iU  leatlern  b' 
which  was  earned  on  the  ir  1  Nt 
f.  I   p    78    ed    Mei 


I  ed  Gerladi  V; 
ap  Non  /  e  )  and 
by  agriculturists  as  a  poeich  con 
ta  nuig  tlie  seed  at  sowmg  time  (the 
5r)j/)o  iivepitoil>6pos  of  the  Greek  An 
thology)  to  which  use  the  example 
here  given  was  applied ,  it  is  borne 
by  a  fignre  furnished  with  various 
miplemenls  of  husbandry  on  a  beanti 
ful  silver  ineio  of  the  Neapolitan 
Museum.     Miis.  Borb   \ii  47 

BUL'LA.  Literally  a  tw/a 
bubble;  whence  the  iiord  is  appl  ed 
to  various  ornaments  of  a  globular 
form,  or  wh  ich  possess  some  iffii  it) 
in  shape  to  a  bubble,  1        — 


.Google 


(C 


S7) 


menl    g  the  ex 

The  e\ample  i  o  n 
an  o  ginal  of  b  o  ze,  and  ej  en 
one  of  the  la  I  head  wl  1  deco  ati 
he  anc  ent  h  onze  d  urs  of  he  Pan 
theon  at  Kome 

2    A  b  St      of  the  p  e   o 

m  al    lie    n   te   al 


which  was  found  at  Roma  Vecchia 
(Flcoroni,  Bdla  d'  Oro,  p.  8.),  and  is 
drawn  of  one-third  the  actual  size. 

4.  Bulla  scoriea.  An  ornament  of 
a  siniilar  description,  only  made  of 
kather,  instead  of  gold,  vhich  was 
worn  attached  to  a  thong  of  the  same 


SS )      The    exanple         from    a 

lali  I  on  e  statue  found  at  Perugia, 

w]i  ch  the  details  of  tlie  band  by 

which  It  was  fastened  round  tlie  neck 


clearly  indicate  lliat 
leather  plat 

BULLA'TUS. 


ide  of  a 


BU  RA  or  BU  RIS  (-yw,!).  Tlie 
pjough  tail  (Varro,  J?,  ff.  i.  19.  2.); 
i,e,,  the  liinder  part  of  an  andent 
plough  formed  out  of  the  branch  of  s, 
tree,  or  a  angle  piece  of  timbei',  lient 
at  one  end  into  a  curve  (\'irg.  Gear<r. 
i.  169.),  like  an  ox's  tail  ((3oJ!  ofipi), 


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BUSTUARIUS. 

from    which    resemblance    llio  Latin 

name    originated.      (Serv.    ad  Viig. 

l.c.     Isidor.   Oiig.  xx.  14.  2.)  The 


illustration  represents  an  anciept 
plough,  from  an  engraved  gem ;  the 
bent  part  on  the  left  hand  is  the 
bura  ;  the  short  hook  luider  it,  slioi! 
with  iron,  acted  as  the  share  {vanier) ; 
the  upright  stock,  formed  by  a 
natural  branch  growing  out  in  an 
opposite  direction,  the  handle  {stiva), 
by  which  the  ploughman  guid!ed  his 
machine  ;  and  the  strtught  endj  pro- 
ceeding horizontally  from  the  curve, 
a  pole  (&)«»),  to  which  the  oxen  were 
Etftached.  Compare  al?o  Akatrvm, 
2.,  where  the  same  part  is  shown 
upon  a  Greek  ploiigh  of  impi-oved 
construction  at  the  letters  A  A. 

EUSTUA'RIUS.       A     gladiator 
who  engaged  in  mortal  combat  round 


the  funeral  pyre  at  the  burning  of  a 
body ;  a  custom  which  originated  in 
the  notion  that  the  manes  were  ap 
peased  with  blood,  and  the  conse 
quent  practice  of  killing  pnsoneis 
taken  in  war  over  the  graves  of  those 
who  wei-e  slain  in  battle  (Serv  ad 
TiTg.jEit.  X  519  Cvc  Fis  9  Com 
pare  Horn.  M  tJ.i  26  Floras,  ui 
20.  9,)  The  illustration  is  from  an 
engraved  gem  ,  t!ie  character  of  the 
figure  is  indicated  by  tlie  sepulchral 
pyramid  in  the  background 

BUS'TUM  Wvii^m,  Kawrrpa).  A 
vacant  sp!tce  of  ground,  ou  which  a 
funerEil  pile  was  raised,  and  the  corpse 


BUXUM.  93 

burnt ;  but  expressly  so  termed  when 
this  aiea  was  contained  within  llie 
sepulchral  enclosure,  and  contiguous 
to  the  tomb  in  whldi  tlie  ashes  were 
afterwards  deposited.  It  is,  therefore, 
to  be  considered  in  the  light  of  a 
private  or  family  burning  ground,  in 
contradistinctioii  to  the  Ustrimtm,  or 
public  one.  Festua,  s.  v.  Lucret  ili. 
919.  Cic  L^.  ii.  26.  Suet.  Nero,  38, 
Strabo.V.  iii.  8.,  oftheone  attached  to 
the  Mausoleum  of  Augustus  m  the 
Campus  Martius. 

BU'TYRUM  {p«!rupw).  B«ttsr ; 
an  article  which  does  not  appear  to 
have  been  either  of  Greek  or  Kon 


,  but  t 


J  the 


former  people  from  the  Scythiai  . 
Thracions,  and  Phrygians,  and  to 
the  latter  from  the  nations  of  Ger- 
many. After  they  had  become  ac- 
quainted  with  the  manner  of  makmg 
it,  it  was  only  used  as  a  medicine,  or 
as  an  ointment  in  the  baths,  but  not 
as  an  article  of  food,  nor  in  cookery  ; 
and  it  would  moreover  appear  that 
they  were  unahle  to  make  it  of  thei 


itency  ai 


all  the 

J. .^..       which  the  word  occurs  it 

is  spoken  of  as  sometliing  fluid  and 
to  lie  poured  out.  Columell.  vi.  12. 
5.  Plin.  H.  N.  xi.  96.  Id.  xxviii. 
35.  Beckman,  HUiory  of  Inventions, 
vol.  i.  p.  504-7.     London,  1846. 

BUXUM  (sTffM).    Box-wood;  an 
irticle  mudi  employed  by  the  ai 


It  of  it: 


Ly    and    fitbess    for    working; 

whence  the  word  is  commonly  used 
tj  signify  any  of  the  various  articles 
made  of  sucli  wood  ;  for  example : — 

I  A  boy's  whippiag-top.  Virg. 
yE«  vii    382.     Pers.  Sal.  lii.  51. 

z  A  box  -  wood  flute  or  pipe. 
(Ovid.  Met.  xiv.  537.  Prop.  iv.  8. 
43.)  A  pair  of  box-wood  pipes  from 
Greece  are  preserved  in  the  British 
Museum.     See  Tibia. 

3.  A  box-wood  comb.  (Ov.  Fnst. 
vi.  229.   Juv.  xiv.  194.)   SeePECTEN. 

4.  [irviio,-).     A    b<,x-wood    tablet, 


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CACABULUS. 


CACAB'ULUS  or  CACAB'- 
ULUM  (KOKKdpiw).  Diminutive  of 
Cacaeus.     Apic.  iv.  I. 

CA'CAEUS      o(      CAC'CABUS 

(KOKK(fj9.J,        KttKKOjefa,      KisKa^Dt).         A 

1^  for  boiling  meat, 
■vigetcbles,  &'c.  (Varro, 
Z.  L.  V.  127.),  which 
was  placed  immedi- 
ately upon  Ihe  fire,  or  on 
a  trivet  (fripus)  stand- 
ing over  it  (Compare 
Ahenum.)  The  com 
mon  sorts  were  made  of  eatti  en  vare 
whence,  when  other  k  ds  a  e  e 
commended,  the  matenal  s  alwas 
specified  by  a  charac  e  stic  ep  thet, 
as  a  tin  pot  (sfagnais,  Lolumdl  x 
42.  I,);  a  bronze  pot  (aneis  Id 
Kii  48.  I.);  a  silver  pot  [argmteus, 
Ulp.  Big.  34.  2.  za)  The  example  re- 
presents a  bronze  original,  from  Pom* 
peii ;  a  specimen  in  use,  and  upon  a 
trivet,  is  given  under  Tripus  i. 

CADUCEA'TOR.  A  general 
name  for  any  person  who  was  sent 
out  from  one  belligerent  party  to 
another,  carrying  the  wand  of  peace 
{cadaceas) ;  or,  as  we  should  express 
it,  the  bearer  oE  a  flag  of  truce.  The 
persons  of  those  employed  upon  such 
missions  were  at  all  times  held  sacred 
and  imdolable.  Liv.  xxxii.  32,  Cato, 
flS.  Fest.  s.  V.     See  also  Cehyx  and 

CADU'CEUS  or  CADU'CEUM 
{laip^K^iw,  in,p6sio}').  In  general,  a 
heiald's  wand  (Cic.  de  Orat.  ^. 
i.  46.),  which  consisted  of  a  fo 
simple  olive  s'adt,  ornamented  ^f 
with  garlands  (Mulier,  Archno-  V 
logie  der  Kunst,  p.  504.  and  \ 
the  illustration  to  Ceryx  2.1  ;  V. 
but  the  word  is  more  specially  \ 
applied  to  the  wand  assigned  I 
by  ancient    artists   and   poets  " 

to  Mercury  (caduceus  Mercvrialis, 
Apiil.    Met.    xi.    p.    245.),  in  his  ca- 


pacity of  herald  or  messenger  of  the 
-  -'-      In  this,  the  place  of  the  gav- 
is    occ  p*  d    by   snakes      "n 
n         th     f  bl     wl    h     t  t 
ih  t  M        7      b  g  SI   kes 

fight  th    n  t!  p  rat  d 

■'    m  w  tl    1        I  ff    wh  t   k 

deco    t  d  t     be     d  pted 

th      mbl  ra     f  p    ce.      {Hyg 
'  t  7      M        ^3    S  t         9) 

tl   th  se     h       t  n  t        tl       1 
1         d  {h        aJ       f      g    land 


mple,   Hh 


1  ed  f   I 


tl 


wmgs  are  added  on  the  top  as  m 
nevt  lilnstrat  o 
CADU  CIFER      In  general 


implied  that  he  is    . 
heaven.      (Ov.   Met.  viii.    637. 
Fast.   V.   449.)     The  illustration  is 
from  a  Roman  marble. 

CADUS  (KttBos).     A  ki^e  eartheii- 


Mn.  i.  195.     Id.  Cop.  I    ,..,-,,  ,,. 
but  also  employed  for  other   jll_Ij 

honey,    dried   fruits,    salted  1 

fish,   meats,    &c.     (Mart.  i.  a 

44.  g.  Id.  i.  56.  la  Plin.  \  J 
ff.N.^v.2i.  Id.xviii.  73.)  \  J 
It  had  a  narrowish  neck  and  ^^ 
mouth,  which  could  be  • 
closed  with  a  stopper  or  cork  bung 
(Piin.  R.  N.  xvi.  13.),  and  a  body 
which  was   pointed  at  bottom,    and 


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CML  UM. 

possessing  the  general  shape  of  a 
T>oy's  whipping-top  {lurbifies  cado- 
i-um,  Plin.  H.  N.  xxvli.  $.) ;  all 
which,  characleiistio  properties  are 
observable  in  the  illustration,  from 
an  original  discovered  amongst 
various  other  sorts  of  vessels  in  an 
indent  Tvine  celHr,  of  »  hich  the  plan 
jiid    elevation   is   introduced   under 

C^LUM  {i\-^avsv)     The  chi',el 
r  used  by 


CMSTUS. 


95 


'.  the    • 


:   of 


{c^ 


4.  7 


Isidor    Oi  !g 
(^uinL  II   21   24. 

3    See  CcELVM 

C^MEN  FA  RIUS  (XiSoXiyM) 
One  nho  builds  rough  will  of  un 
hewn  ftoiies  [isnisnla]  Hieion  Ej> 
S3   6 

(,  EMENTICIUS  Built  of  un 
heivn  litones       The  in    ents  adopted 


e  laid  t 


lame  irregular  mass 
gethtr  mtliout  mortar,  bnt  liavin^ 
the  interstices  filled  m  with  the 
smaller  cliippings,  as  shown  in  the 
illustration  above,  which  repiesenta  a 
poition  of  the  very  ancient  vralla  of 
firyns  ,  this  kmd  they  teimed  ri 
fiiml!  ia  slmctara  anliaua  (Vitmv 
11  8    Liv  nxi  II  )    Iheolher,  very 


generally  practised  by  the  Romans, 
consisted  of  small  irregular  pieces, 
imbedded  in  mortal-,  so  as  to  take 
any  architectural  form,  as  shown  by 
the  annexed  illustration,  which  re- 
presents a  portion  of  the  Villa  of 
Miecenas  at  Tivoli,  the  ancient 
Tibur  This  was  called  canuntkia 
Hrueiura  tncerfi  (Vitruv.  ii.  8.),  and 
was  mostly  intended  to  be  covered 
over  by  a  coating  of  cement. 

C-EMENTUM  Rough  quarry 
stones,  which  were  used  for  building 
walL  in  the  manner  described,  and 
lilustiated  under  the  preceding  word  ; 
including  th"  lai^e  irregular  masses 
employed  for  the  walls  of  a  citadel  or 
fortified  town  (Liv  xsi.  II.  Vitruv. 
158,  \iBoi  XovriSes  Pans.  vii.  22.  3. 
ind  last  cut  but  one),  as  well  as  the 
imallerfragmenta  or  chippings  (Xot^xij, 
anipm),  more  generally  adopted  in 
domestic  architecture.  Cic  Mil.  27. 
Vitruv  11  7  I  Id.  vi.  6.  1.  and 
last  illustration 

C^SARIES  Is  nearly  synony- 
mous with  Coma  ,  but  implies  also  a 
sense  of  beauty  ,3e,  as  we  should  say, 
a  becommg  liead  of  hail' ;  profuse  and 
abundant  «hen  applied  to  women 
(Ovid  Am  m  i  32.);  thick,  long, 
and  waving  like  the  Greek  busts  of 
Jupiter,  l^cchns,  and  Apollo,  when 
apphed  to  men  (Plant.  Mil.  i.  r.  64. 
Liv  XKViii  35  Vug.  ^n.  i.  590.) ; 
n  hence  the  same  word  is  also  used  to 
designate  a  grand  and  majestic  beai-d. 
Ov  Met  XV  656 

C^NA      See  CtKNA. 

C  ESTRUM      See  Cestritm. 

C^STUS  {iiiAvTfi,  iiipuvS)-  Boe- 
ing gauntlets  worn  by  the  andent 
pi  ize  fighters  (Cic  7>«i<:.  ii.  17. 
\  I  g  -Eff  V  379  )  which  consisted 
of  leither   thun.s  hound  round   the 


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gG  CMTRA. 


i  readied  as  high  up  as 
the  elbow  (illuatralLon  s.  Pugil),  and 
armed  with  lead  or  metal  bosses,  as 
in   the    examples,   from    an    ancient 

CjETRA.     See  Cetka. 

CALAMA'RIUH.  Thica  cola- 
maria  (mXafifi).  A  pen-holder,  or 
case  for  canying  writing  reeds. 
(Snet.  Claud.  35.  Mart.  Tii.  in  Ep. 
xiv.  19.)  It  is  pi-obable  that  these 
cases  also  contained  an  inlt-bottle, 
like  those  now  used  by  our  school-boys; 
whence  the  same  word  calamajo,  in 
the  common  language  of  Italy, 
means  an  "  ink- stand." 

CALAMISTER,  CALAMIS'- 
TKUS,  CAljAMIS'TRUM  (jioAb- 
fiisl.  A  pair  of  atrling-irens ; 
so  termed  because  the  outer  part 
was  hollow  (jn  its  inside  like  a 
reed  (calavtus)  though,  like  our 
own,  they  were  made  of  iron,  and 
heated  in  the  fire,  to  produce 
artificialcurlsinChehair.  (Varro, 
i.  i.v.  129.  Qv:..  Post  Red.  \.l. 
Pet.  Sat.  loz.  15.)  The  iUustra- 
tion  is  copied  from  a  sepulchral 
basrelief  m  the  Florentine  Gal- 
lery,  on  which  it  appears  amongst  vari- 
ous other  articles  of  the  toifet  j  the 
curling  part  alone  is  indicated  on  the 
marble,  as  here  represented,  but  that  is 
sufficient  to  sliow  that  the  instrument 


still  employed  for  the  same  purpose. 

CALAMISTRA'TUS.  Having 
the  hair  artificially  curled  with  the 
irons  (calamisier) ;  a  practice  very 
prevalent  at  Rome,  Ixith  amongst  men 
and  womeu,  in  the  time  of  Plaintus, 
■Varro,  and  Cicero.  Plant.  As.  iii.  3. 
37.     Cic.  Ibsi  Red.  i.  6, 

CAL'AMUS  (KiXa/ios).  Literally 
the  haulm  or  atalk  of  any  tall  plant, 
but  more  especially  of  the  reed  of 
cam;  whence  it  is  applied  in  the  same 
way  as  the  word  AnuNDO,  and  to  de- 
signate a  similar  class  of  object ;  as 

I.  An  arrow.     Hor.  Od.  i.  15.  17. 

3.  Pan's  pipes.     Viig.   Ed.  ii.  33. 


CALAN-flCA. 

3.  A  fishing-rod.      TiLuli  ii,  5.  23. 

Arundo  3. 

4.  A  fowler's  lime-lipped  rod. 
Mart.  Ep.  xiv.  zi8.     Akundo  4. 

5.  A  wiiting-reed.  Cic.  Att.  vi.  8. 
Hor.  A.  P.  447.     Aeokdo  5, 

6.  Also  a  tall  reed  or  caue,  set  up 
as  a  sign-post  in  the  »mdy  deserts  o£ 
Ii7pt.     Plm.  //.  N.  vi.  33. 

CALANXaCA,  CALAUTICA, 
or  CALVAT'ICA  {npiSei^v).  A 
cap  fastened  on 
by  a  ligature 
round  the  head, 
with  a  kind   of 


micht 
and  made 
.  <Hom. 
ua.  1.  334.  Ji.  XIV.  184.)  It  was 
commonly  worn  by  the  Egyptians  of 
both  sexes  (Riddle,  s.  v.),  and  is  con- 
sequently of  frequent  occurrence  in  the 
paintings  and  sculptuvea  belonging  to 
tliat  nation,  precisely  ^milar  to  the 
example  here  introduced,  which  is. 
copied  from  a  slatne  of  Isis  in  the 
Capitol  at  Rome.  When  adopted  by 
the  Greeks  and  Romans,  its  use  was 
confined  to  the  female  sex  (Non. 
Marc  s.  v.  p.  537.),  or  to  persons 
who  affected  a  foreign  or  effeminate 
costume.  Cic.  Fragiii.  Or.  m  Clad. 
p.  115.  ed.  Anied.  Peyion,  Lips. 
1824. 

The  aflinity  of  the  Greek  and 
Latin  words,  and  their  identity  with 
the  figure  in  the  engraving,  may  be 
established  thus.  The  Greek  term 
is  derived  from  Kpds,  and  Be'u  or  S^/w, 
meaning  literally  that  which  is  fas- 
tened by  a  ligature  to  the  head,  and 
Wonius  (/.  c.)  gives  a  similar  inter- 
pretation to  Die  Latin  one — ^ad 
mpili  ittnectitar :  whilst  Ausonius 
{Pericch.  Od.  $. 
of    Hor 


calan 


The    iilusi 


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CALA 

tion  and  deriTatzoii  of  the  Greek 
word  also  explain  anothei'  of  flie 
senses  in  which  it  is  used  (Horn,  Od. 
iii.  392-);  viz.  a  leather  cafi  tied 
over  the  mouth  and  bung  of  a  vessel 
containing  wine  or  other  liquids, 
which  the  lexicographers  erroneously 
translate,  "  the  lid  of  a  vessel."  The 
iLlusbation  moreover  will  explain 
why  Cicero  (/.  c.)  and  Servias  {ad 
Virg.  jEn.  Ik.  616.}  use  the  words 
calaittUa  and  viiti-a  as  nearly  con- 
vertible terms  (compare  the  illustra- 
tions to  each  word);  and,  at  the  same 
time,  account  for  one  of  the  Latin 
names,  calvatica,  which  is  probably 
the  only  true  one,  because  in  Egypt 
it  really  was  used  to  cover  the  bald 
heads  of  the  priests  of  Isis  {grege  caho, 
Jhv.  Sat.  vi.  533.),  and  at  Rome  by 
old  women  who  had  lost  their  hair,  as 
in  the  medal  of  Aurelia,  the  mother 
of  Julius   CEBsar  (Guasco,  Omalrici, 

E.  91.),  which  is  fastened  round  the 
ead  with  a  band,  precisely  like  the 
example  introduced  above. 

CALATHIS'CUS  (ra\o9i<riCD!). 
Diminutive  of  Calathus.  Catuii. 
Ixiv.  320, 

CAL'ATHUS     {   'X  e   )        A 
k  basket  {V  g  .^ 


-S)  " 


f 


t  w    d    th    t  p 

PI      V^^jf 

/f    \     X.             ) 

lly      mpl  y  d 

CO  t         t.     tl 

dm  t      If 

sp          g[]        Sai 

54)   as       th 

mple,  whi  1 

pe,    t    Led 

kbask  t   i   m 

P  mpe  an  p  mt 

wiih  th    balls    f 

wool  and  b  bb 

A  b   k  t 

p         ly  th    sam 

f   m  and  m,  t  n 

doors     f       h  Id 

^g"'fm?^fi 

!ee        &           h 

h^         f       y      m 

twV     f 

t      V  gEl 

46      Id   G 

4         0    A   A 

64. 

7,    Ad      kng 

p      1    h  w    m  V 

t      llj     f    t    h       b       so  t  rm  d 

CALCAR. 

basket  in  shape ;  as  shown 
figure  in  the  illustration,  held 
by  a  cupbearer  in  one  of  the 
miniatures  of  the  Vatican 
VirgiL  Virg.  £fl.  v.  ■Jl. 
Mart.  £fi.  in.  fi"   "'      " 

4,  The    r/rna 
was  placed  as 
top  of  the  head  of 
Jupiier       Serapis, 
(Macrob.     Sal.     i, 
20.),    and    which. 


iusAsl,   which 


work-basket, 

CALA'TOR.  A  public  crier ; 
particularly  one  who  was  attached  to 
the  service  of  the  priesthood  (Suet. 
Gramm.  12.),  whose  duty  it  was  to 
precede  the  high  priest  on  his  way  to 
the  sacrifice,  and  put  a  stop  to  any 
kind  of  work,  which  it  was  considered 
would  pollute  the  ceremony  on  a  fes- 
tival or  holy  day,      Serv.   ad  Virg. 


PI    1   Mere.  v.  2.  11.      Id.  Rud.  ii. 

CALAUT'ICA.    See  Calantica. 

CALtAR  (i-fS^mAi,  Pherecr, 
L  m  /  Poll.  ^  54.  ^mif.  Theo- 
phrast  Ciflf.  sxi.)  A  horseman's  J^af 
(PI    t.^'.  iii.  3.  II&    Viig.  ^K.  vi. 


called,  because  it  was  affixed 
h  h  el  {falx)  of  the  rider  (Isi- 
I  On  XX,  16. 6.  Compare  Vii^. 
£  714.);   whence  the  manner 

f    pply    g  it  is  clearly  illustrated  by 


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gS  CALCATOR. 

the  expression  subdere  equo  cakaria. 
(Curt.  vii.  4,  compare  iv.  16.)  The 
liglit-hand  figure  in  the  annexed 
engraving  represents  an  original 
fromCaylus  {Recueil  d'Aiitig.  vol.  ill. 
pi.  59.  No.  5.),  and  closely  resembles 
OQE  found  at  Herculaueum,  excepting 
that  the  lutter  has  its  point  formed 
like  a  lance  head,  or  lozenge  shaped. 
■AH  the  ancient  spurs  are  like  these, 
with  a  simple  goad,  calcis  aculeus 
(Columell.  viii.  2.  8.,  where  it  is 
applied  to  poultry),  and  not  rowelled. 
The  left-hand  figures  present  a  side 
and  bade  view  of  the  leA  foot  of  a 
statue  in  the  Vatican,  representing 
11  Amazon,  and  show  the  straps  and 


brolten  of^  but  the  place  from  which 
it  projected  is  cleady  seen.  The  right 
foot  of  the  statue  is  not  equipped  in 
the  same  way ;  from  which  circum- 
stance some  antiquaries  incline  to  the 
belief  that  the  ancients  only  rode 
with  one  spur,  and  that  one  on  the 
left  leg. 

2.  In  like  manner,  the  spur  which 
grows  out  from  the  heel  of  a  cock. 
CohimelL  viii.  2.  8. 

CALCA'TOR  (XjjPopitTij!).  One 
who  aiishes  grapes  for  making  wine, 
by  treading  liera  out  with  the  naked 
feet,  as  is  still  the  practice  in  Italy. 
(Calpum.  Ed.  iv.  124.)  In  the  il- 
lustration, from  a  bas-relief  in  the 
Library  of  St   Mark  at  Venice,   tlie 


operation  is  performed  by  two  per 
^ons  oiJy,  lepresented  as  Fauns 
but  m  other  ancient  noris  of  art,  a' 


CALCEOLARIUS. 

many  as  seven  persons  are  seen  in 
the  vat  at  the  same  time,  sometimes 
supporting  themselves  by  ropes  over, 
head,  but  more  commonly  with 
crntdi-handled  sticks,  like  Chose  in 
the  annexed  engraving. 

CALCATO'RIUM.  A  raised 
platform  of  masonry  in  the  cellar 
attached  to  a  vineyard  (cella  viitana], 
which  was  ascended  by  two  or  three 
steps,  and  intended  to  form  a  gang- 
way on  a  level  with  the  tops  of  the 
large  vessels  (doiia,  cufis),  in  which 
the  wine  was  kept  in  bulk,  for  the 
convenience  of  the  persons  who  super- 
intended its  manufacture  and  sale. 
<Pallad.  i.  18.  I.)  It  ;vas  so  called 
3  cakando,  or  ab  ofere  calcalo ;  and 
is  incorrectly  explained  in  the  dic- 
tionaries, where  it  is  taken  for  a  vat 
in  which  the  grapes  were  trodden 
out  (see  the  piecedii^  woodcut) ; 
for  a  contrivance  of  that  desciiption 
belongs  clearly  to  the  press-room 
{liiriulariuv!),  in  which  the  wine  was 
made,  and  not  to  the  cellar  {cella 
viaaria),  in  which  it  was  stored. 
Cato  designates  the  same  thing  by 
the  term  suggsstam.     R.  R.  154. 

CALCEA'MEN.     Same  as  Cal- 

CALCEAMEN'TUM.  A  gene- 
ra! term,  expressive  of  all  kinds  of 
covering  for  the  feet ;  including  the 
various  descriptions  of  boots  and 
shoes  enumerated  in  the  classed  Index. 

CALCEOLA'RIUS.  A  shoe- 
maker.     (Plant.  Aul.  iii.  5.  38.)    The 


iterior  of  a  shoemaker's  '. 
hich  the  two  genii  here 
;e  employed  at  their  trade. 


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CALC BOLUS. 


slteo  iMt;  and  thence  moreespe- 
tilly  -xpplied  to  those  worn  by 
wjmen      (Cic.  A:  Z>;  i.  29.)     The 


espec 


„  shoes  from  the  Pompeian 
of  the  most  usual  descrip- 
■"  "      observed  that  all  of 
the  ankle,  are 
t!  low  heela,  and 


ch  as  higli  a 


wh   i   i 


!    1 


but   t 


the! 


passed, 


her  fastened  by 
n  a  bera  round  the 
a  ly  a  slit  over  the 
sides  of  which 
nd  not  lappets,  as 
n  n's  shoes.  (See 
the  next  illustration.)  There  does 
not  appear  to  have  been  any  material 
difference  between  the  shoes  of  the 
Greek  and  Roman  females  ;  but  many 
of  the  latter  wore  the  same  as  the  men. 
AeL  V.H.  vii.  II. 

CAL'CEUS  (SiroSjifio  KoiXoH,  KQ^^ 
Kim,  Polyb.  xxjt.  16.  3.).  A  shoe  ov  beat. 


made  tipon  a  last  and  right  and  left 
(Suet.  <*!«J'.93.),  so  tha.t  it  would  com- 
pletely cover  the  foot,  as  contradistin- 
guished from  the  sandal,  slipper,  &c., 
which  were  only  partial  coverings  (Cic. 
Hor.  Suet.  Plin.).  Theillustrationre- 
presents  a  lace-up  or  half  boot,  from  a 
bronze  vase  in  the  CoUegio  Romano, 
and  two  men's  shoes  of  the  ordinary 
kind,  from  paintuiga  at  Pompeii 

3.  Calceus  patridas.  file  shoe 
worn  by  the  Roman  senators,  which 
was  of  a  diffi-  -  -  -'' —    ' 


by  straps  crossing  each  other  over 
the  instep  (Isidor.  Orig.  xis.  34.  4.), 
and  then  carried  round  the  leg  as  far 
as  the  bottom  of  the  calf,  as  is  fre-. 
quently  seen  on  statues  draped  in  the 
toga,  and  in  the  manner  represented 
by  the  annexed  figurts,  of  which  the 
front  view  is  taken  from  a  bronze, 
the  side  one  from  a  marble  statue. 
A  lanated  ornament,  called  LuNUUi, 
was  moreover  attached  to  them,  for 
an  account  of  which  see  that  word. 

3.  Caiceus  refandus.  A  shoe 
with  a  king  pointed  toe  bent  upwards 
or  backwards.  (Cic 
Nat.  Deor.  i.  29.,  but 
the  diminutive  is  u  ' 
because  applied  t 
female.)  Tiiis  fc 
appears  to  have  been  of  a  great  anti- 
quity, for  it  is  frequently  seen  in 
E^ptian  and  Etruscan  monuments, 
from  which  latter  people  it  came,  like 
many  other  of  their  iasbions,  to  the  " 
Romans,  and  remiuned  in  common 
use  in  many  parts  of  Europe  until  a 
Jate  period  of  the  middle  ages.  The 
illustration  here  given  is  Etruscan 
(Gori,  Mus.  Eirusc.  tab.  3.  and  47.), 
but  it  resembles  exactly  the  shoes 
worn  by  a  figure  of  Juno  Lannvina 
on  a  Roman  denarius  (Visconti, 
Mits.  P.  Clem.  torn.  2.  tav.  A.  vii. 
No.  13.),  which  is  draped  in  every 
respect  as  Cicero  (/.  c.)  describes  her. 
In  a  passage  of  Cato,  quoted  by  Festns 
(j.  Miilleos),  the  epithet  uadtmitts  is, 
according  to  Scaliger's  emendation, 
applied  to  a  shoe  of  this  character ; 
and  the  term  uncipedis  to  the  persons 
who  wore  fhem,  by  TertuJlian,  di 
Pull.  5. 


,y  Google 


100  CALCULA 

CALCULA'TOR. 
anl  (Mart.  Ep._  x. 
because  the  andents 
used  to  reckon  with 
small  stones  {calculi) 
upon  a  board  covered 
Willi   sand.       (Isidor. 

Orig.  X.  43.     Aba- 
cus.)     Tlie  eiample 
is  from  an  Etruscan 
gem,  and  represents  1 
sitliDg  at  a  table  on 
bles  for  making  his  calculations 
seen,  while  the  counting  boaid,  111 
scribed  in  Etruscan  characters,  which 
are    interpreted  to   mean  '  a  calcu 
1  IS  h  H      hi   I  f  ha  d 

CALCULUS   (^#m)       L        Hy 
a  pebbl  mall       n    w  d 

by  fri  h   h     TS    mpl  y  d  by 

f  1  p  rp  as 


CALDARIUM. 


f  II 


\.     -?\      H    \ 


3   A  p  bbl 


th 


ti  g  wh    h 


one  to  acqait,  and  a  black   one   to 
condemn.    Ovid.  Met.  xv.  41. 

4.  A  counter  employed  in  games  of 
chance  or  skill,  foe  the  same  purpose 
as  out  chess  and  draftsmen ;  and 
the  term  is  applied  indiscriminately 
to  the  men  employed  in  the  btd-ns 
duodeciiii  scriftorum  at  backgammon, 
and  in  the  ludus  laimnculiirum, 


Ov.  /. 


VaL 


Aul.  Cell.  Ki 
CALDA'RIUM.  The  thermal 
chamber  in  a  set  of  baths.  (Viimv. 
V.  10.  Seneca,  Ef  86  Celsus,  i  4  ) 
In  all  the  baths  which  haie  been 
discovered,  public  as  well  as  private, 
this  apartment  is  constantly  arranged 
upon  a  uniform  plan,  and  consists  of 
three  principal  parts  a  semicircular 
alcove  (lacomcum)  at  one  end  (the 
right  hand  in  the  engraving),  with  a 
lairum  upon  a  raised  stem  in  the 
centre  of  it  a  v-ic-xnt  spice  tn  the 
centre  of  the  room  (^udjlio,    sulatu 


1,  the  bather  exercised  himself 
by  lifting  weights  and  performing 
gymnastics,  for  the  purpo'«  of  ex- 
citing perspuration  ;  he  then  sat  down 


fuse  jjerspiration,  superinduced  by  the 
hot  air  proceeding  from  tlie  flues  seen 
under  the  flooiing  of  the  room  ;  or 
entered  the  warm  water  bath,  if  pre- 
ferred, instead.  It  is  probable  tliat 
in  the  more  magnificent  and  extensive 
structures,  such  as  the  Roman  Thtr- 
iiiiE,  separate  apartments  were  appro- 
priated for  eadi  of  these  operations  ; 
but  in  the  smaller  establishments, 
such  as  the  baths  of  Pompeii,  and  in 
private  houses,  the  thermal  chamber, 
in  all  the  instances  hitherto  discovered, 
and  they  are  many,  is  uniformly 
arranged  in  the  manner  described,  and 
shown  by  the  illustration,  which  repre- 


.    the 


.    of    i 


bath-ri 


attached  to  an  ancient  Roman  villa 
at  Tusculum,  The  relative  situation 
and  arrangement  of  such  chambers 
in  connection  with  the  other  paits  of 
the  establishment,  and  the  general 
ground  plan,  will  he  understood  by 
refeiring  to  the  illustrations,  s.  Bai^ 
ikEjE,  fetters  D  and  H ;  and  Bawn- 
EUM  letter  D. 

2  ((?r™\^;9ij!,  XoJ'Rnof).  The  boiler 
in  w  hich  the  warm  water  for  supplying 
a  bath  was  heated  (Vitrav.  v.  10.), 
as  seen  in  the  preceding  illustration 
(where  it  is  marked  2.),  immediately 
)ver  the  furnace,  with  its  conduit  tube 


.Google 


into  the  bath.  See  also  Ahenum  2., 
where  the  principle  upon  which  the 
ancients  constructed  and  arranged 
their  coppers  is  explained. 

CALENDA'EIUM  (iiupoUyio-'). 
An  o/iwonaci  or  calendar ;  which, 
like  our  own,  contained  the  astro- 
nomical, agricultural,  and  religious 
notices  of  each  month  in  the  year  ; 
the  name  of  the  month,  the  number 
of  days  it  contained,  and  the  length 
of  the  day  and  night ;  the  sign  of 
the  zodiac  through  which  the  sun 
passes ;  the  Tarious  agricultural  ope- 
rations to  be  performed  in  the  month ; 
the  divinity  under  whose  guardian- 
ship the  month  was  placed ;  and  the 
various  religious  festivals  which  fell 


in  it  The  illustration 
original  of  marble,  found  at  Pompeii, 
widi  the  inscription  for  the  monUi  of 
January,  printed  at  length,  as  a  spe- 
dmen  of  the  whole,  by  its  side. 

2.  A  ledger  in  which  bankers  and 
money-lenders  kept  thdr  accounts 
with  their  customers  j  so  termed 
because  the  interest  became  due  on 
the  caleudcSy  or  first  day  of  the  month. 
Seneca,  Bm^.  vii.  lo.     Id.  £p.  87. 

CALIC'ULUS  (kvUkiov).  Diminu- 
tive of  Calix. 

CALIDA'RIUM.       See    Caida- 

CALIEN'DRUM.  A  sort  of 
covering  which  Roman  women  some- 
times wore  upon  their  heads,  but  the 
exact  nature  of  which  it  is  not  easy  to 
determine.  (Hor.  Sij;.  i.  8.  48,  Varro, 
iesle  Porphyr.  SchoL  ad  Hor.  /.  e. 
Acron.  ib.)  It  was,  however,  a  kind 
of  head-dress,   and  probably  in  the 


CALIGAEIUS.  lOI 

nature  of  a  cap,  like  that  shown  by 
the  illustration,  which  is  copied  from 
an  engraved  gem  representing  a  por- 
trait of  Faustina  the 
Sounger ;  and  might 
e  made  in  different 
patterns  ;  for  Ca- 
nidia  wore  a  high 
one.  (Hor.  /.  c.) 
Some  think  that  the 
caliendntm  was  made 
of  hair,  and  was  a 
sort  of  wig. 

CAL'IGA.      The    shoe  worn   by 

the  Roman  soldiery  of  the  rank  and 

file,  including  the  centurions,  but  not 

the  superior  ofBceia,     (Cic.  Alt.  ii..3. 

Justin,  xxxviii.  10.    Jiiv.  Sat.  xvL  24. 

SueL   Cal.   52.}      It 

conasted   of   a  close 

shoe,   which    entirely 

covered  the  foot  (see 

Caligarius)  ;  had  a 

thick    sole    studded 

witli   nails   (Clavus 

Caligaris),  and  was 

bound       by       straps 

across  the  instep  and 

rom;d  the  bottom  part  of  tlie  leg,  as 

represented  in  the  illustration,  from 

the  arch  of  Trajan. 

CALIGA'RIUS.      One   who  fol- 
lowed the  trade  of  making  soldiers' 

shoes  (caHgis).     (Lamprid.  Alex,  Sev. 

33.       Inacript.     ap.    Gmt,    649.     I.) 


The  example  is  from  a  sepulchral 
marble  at  Milan,  which  bears  the 
inscription  SuTOR  Caugaeius,  thus 
identifying  the  trade.  It  is  of  coarse 
execvition,  and  has  suffeied  from  age, 
but   is  a  valuable  lehc,   because  it 


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CALIGiTb^ 


hi     1  ft   th     t 
b  ally 


th     tr    mph  I   ax  hes 


1  ft 


whl    tl      fU 


h  Id  th 
his  nght  h  d 
Im  th  ]  t 
tl     Ubl 


before  him. 

CALIGA'TUS.  Wearing  the 
caliga,  or  soldier's  shoe  (Juv.  Sat.  iii. 
322),  as  seen  in  the  last  cut  but  one  ; 
and  thence  by  implication,  a  common 
soldier  (Suet.  A«g.  2$.  Id.  Viiel/  7  ) 
because  its  use  was  peculiar  t  h 
rank  and  file. 

CALIFTEA  or  CALYFTRA 
(Ko\iijrT/io,  KdXoiina).  A  veil  w 
public  by  the  young  women  of  &  ec 
and  Italy,  for  the  purpose  of  co  1 
ing  the  features  ft-om  the  ga  f 
strangers  (Festus,  s,  v.  Horn.  Od 
232  Soph  Ag  245)  very  similir  tj 
what  the  Turkish  women  till  use 
It  was  placed  on  the 
top  of  the  head  and 
w  rapped    round    ' ' 


conce-il 
every  part  of  t  et 
cept  the  upper  por 
tion  of  the  now  and 
one  of  the  eyes 
(Eunp  Ipk  T  372) 
and  fell  down  over 
the  shoulders  to 
about  the  middle  of 
the  figure 


jilustra 


,    from 


figure  m  the  Collegio  Romino  A  veil 
of  this  kind  was  also  worn  by  the  brides 
of  Greece  (.iEsch.  Ag.  1149.),  and  the 
same  costume  is  still  preserved  at 
Rome  for  the  young  women  who  re- 
ceive a  dowry  from  the  state  on  the 
festival  of  the  Annunciation. 

CAUX  (-ftfXiS.      A  sliallow  cir- 
cular   wine  -  goblet 
of  Greek  ' 
(Maccob. 


with 


low 


d  h, 

tiire,  and  vegetables 

cooked  and  bi  ought 

to    table.      (Varro, 

L  L       IZ7     Ovid 

F  509  )     The  illustntion  an 

d      from  an  o!  iginal  of  eirthen- 

re    f    nd    m    the    catacombs    xt 

The  edges  of  the  phlter  on 

i     h         tands  and  which  IS  in  the 

.am    p     e  IS  the  top,  have  suffeied 

f    m      m    ,  but  the  general  form  of 

h      h  1    seems  sulSciently  applicable 

to  the  purposes  described 

3  \.  water  fiuta  ,  t  e  a  copper 
cap  or  tube  of  certaii  length  and 
capacity  attached  to  the  end  of  a 
the  part  wheie  it  v 


eited 


the 


■    of  a 


aqueduct  {castelliiin)  or  to  the  end  o£ 
a  branch  pipe  inserted  in  the  mai  1, 
for  the  purpose  of  measnnng  the 
quantity  of  water  dischai^d  into  the 
pipe  &  ery  pnvate  house  and  pi  blic 
estabbihment  in  the  city  of  Rome 
was  by  law  entitled  to  the  supply  of 
a  ce  tiin  quantitj  of  witer  -md  no 
more  thin  whit  the  law  allon  ed  , 
It  was  measured  out  by  means  of 
the  ca!ix  the  le  igth  and  liametei  )f 
which  being  fixed,  the  number  of 
cubic  feet  of  water  pas-sing  throigh 
it  in  a  given  time  could  be  regulated 
to  a  nicety.     Frontin   Aq  36 

CALO'NES.  Slaves  belonging 
to  the  Roman  soldiery  (Festus,  s.  v.), 
who  followed  their  masters  to  the 
field,  waited  upon  them  as  servants, 
attended  at  their  exercises,  and  per- 
formed all  the  duties  required  of  a 
carrying  the  vallum 


&c.     Cic.  mi.  Deo, 


r?.     Ser 


ad 


,y  Google 


and  Nonius,  j. 
t  (Hor, 


VL-g.  jEndd.  \ 


pHlanquit 

>.  no.)  ;  and  tins  a  menial 
generally, 

CALPAR.  An  antiquated  name 
foe  DoLiUM ;  which  had  already 
grown  obsolete  in  the  time  of  Varro, 
J)e  Vit.  Fop.  Ro.  af.  Non.  s.  ^.  p. 
546. 

CAL'THULA.  An  article  of 
female  altire  which  appears  to  liare 
been  much  in  vogue  at  the  time  of 
Plautus.  {Epid.  ii.  z.  49.)  It  is 
supposed  to  have  received  its  name 
from  the  caltha  (Non.  Mai'c.  j.  v. 
p.  S48.),  the  calendula  offdnaUs  of 
LinnKua,  which  is  a  flower  of  a 
yellow  colour ;  but  it  is  impossible  to 
ascertain  the  exact  nature  of  merely 
local  or  temporary  fashions. 

CALVAT'ICA.    See  Calantica. 

CALX.  Tlie  same  as  LlNEA 
Alba  ;  the  chalkid  rope  which 
marked  the  commencement  and 
boundary  of  a  lace-course  in  the  cir. 
cus  ;  but  this  term  is  mostly  used  in  a 
fignrative  sense,  to  indicate  the  end 
of  anything,  espedally  of  life,  the 
course  and  casualties  of  wliich  are 
often  typified  by  the  race,  its  chances, 
chang:es,  and  acddenls.  Cic.  Sen.  33. 
Id.  Tusc.  I.  S. 

CAM'ARA,  or  CAMERA  C™ 
./iii/jffl).  Strictly  speak  ng  is  a  Greek 
word  adopted  into  the  lilt  n  langu%e 
(Cic.  Q.  Fr.  iii.  I.  I  I  ilia  1  1  13 
I.),  and  used  by  the  Roman  arch 
tects  to  designate  the  va  Ited  ceil  ng 
of  a  chamber,  when  co  is  n  cted  In 
wood  and  plaster  (Vitruv  vi  j  cf 
Propert.  iii.  2.  lo.),  instead  of  a  e 
gular  arch  of  brickwork  or  maso  ■) 
formed  of  regular  intrados  anl 
voussojrs.  This  const  tutes  the  re  1 
distinction  between  the  terms  caniara 
and/omix;  but  the  fo  mer  was  also 
transferred  in  a  more  gereral  se  se 
lo  any  kind  of  apartment  or  b  Id  ng 
which  had  a  vaulted  ceil  ng  Tt  on 
tsins  the  elements  of  0  v  rl  In 
ber,  through  the   mode  n    Ilal  an 


C-iMI\US  103 

mera,  their  ord  nrj  c\j.ieiiion  for  i 
room  of  any  kmd 

2.  Camera  intrea  A  vaulted 
ceiling,  of  which  the  surface  wat 
lined  with  plates  of  glass  Pli  1 
H.  N.  XKWi  64  Compare  Stit 
Syh'.  i.  3.  S3   and  1   5  43 

3.  A  small  vessel  used  by  the 
Greek  pirates  capable  of  containing 
from  twenty  fii  e  to  thii  t j  men  It 
was  of  a  very  peculiar  construction, 
being  made  sliarp  fore  and  aft,  but 
round,  lai^,  and  full  in  the  centre  or 
midship,  with  the  ribs  rising  upwards 
from  the  water,  and  converging  to- 
gether, so  as  lo  form  a  sort  of  roof 
over  the  vessel,  from  which  pecu- 
liarity its  name  was  derived.  (Strabo, 
xi.  2.  12.  Tac.  Bist.  iiL  47.  Aul. 
Cell.  s.  25.  3,)  An  old  engraving 
by  F.  Huiis  after  the  elder  Breugei, 
and  published  by  Jal  {ArMologie 
NavMe,  vol.  ii.  p.  255.),  exhibits  the 
stem  of  a  vessel  constructed  in  the 
manner  described,  and  probably  pre- 

CAMEL'LA.  A  wooden  bowl 
for  drinking  out  of,  the  form  and 
peculiarities  of  which  are  entirely  un- 
known. Ov,  Fast.  iv.  779.  Pet. 
■S'fl'.  I35.  §3.  and4.    Id.  64.  g  13. 

CAMILLUS  (KftBroAos  or  KttBw- 
\<k).  An  attendant  who  waited  ui>on 
■'       high    priest  while 


officii 


.1  the  s. 


the  Cw 
was    a   young  fei  ale 
who   attended  11 
manner  upon  his  w  fe 
They     we  e    selected 
f  om   the   children    of    | 
noble    fam  hes     (Ma 
crob  Sat  1     8      Fes 
lus  J  Flan     lus)   and 
a  e   frequently   lepre- 
sented  n  ancient  works 
of  art   'rtai  di  g  at  the 

de  of  tl  e   p  est  0     pr 
beinng    m   the  r  hands 
employed    n   the   sac  ed      le      The 
;xan  pie  here    ntroduced  l  from  the 


vessels 


Va 


^    I 


CAMINL^  (  o/fts)      \. 


I  It 


,y  Google 


cuiui ;  B,  the  sk^  lying  about  as  it 
ran  from  the  furnace ;  c,  the  channel 
which  conveyed  the  metal  into  the 
moulds,  D. 

3.  A  blacksmith's  forge  iVkg.  jSn. 
Ti.  630.  Juv.  Sal.  XLV.  118.),  which, 
as  shown  by  the  annexed  illustration, 
from  a   sepulchral  marble  at  Rome, 


resembled  m  all  respects  those  of  our 
own  days  The  centre  figure  holds 
the  iron  on  tlie  anvil  (itKus)  by  a 
pair  of  pincers  {/orctfis)  under  the 
anvil  IS  a  vessel  with  water  for 
plunguig  (he  heated  iron  and  mstru 
ments  into ;  the  five  is  seen  in  the 
background ;  and  the  bellows  {,fi>llts), 
with  a  man  workii^  them  behind  the 
left-hand  figure. 

3.  A  hearth  ni  fire flice  m  pnvitp 
houses,    for  the  purposi.  of    *   n    ng 


5.6 


Suet.  Vitill.  8.),  I 
'     as  in  earlv  timt 

1  the  I. 


nsisted    of    a    mere     stone 

sed  above  the  level  of  the 

fioo  upon  which   the  logs   of 

ood     'ere  placed,  hut  without  a 

fl  ca  y  away  the  smoke. 

hi    remains  a  doubtful  point, 

th         minus  ever  means  a  cAimnty 

se    e  of  that  word,  that  is,  a  flue 

ed    o  carry  off  snioke  through 

ff     nt  stories  of  a  house,  and 

ha  g      t  above  the   roof;    as  the 

assag       hich  might  be  cited  for  that 

rp  e  not  at  all  conclusive.    At 

m     time,  the  alisence  of  any 

th    g         a  chimney  on  the  top  of  a 

g   n  the  numerous  landscapes 

portrayed  by  the   Pompeian   artists, 

Bnd  of  any  positive  traces  of  such  a 

contrivance  in  the  public  and  private 

edifices  of  tliat  town,  affoi-ds  sufficient 

evidence   that,  if  knovm  to  the  an- 

dents,  it  must  have  been  very  rarely 

applied ;      consequently,      in     most 

houses,  the  smoke  must  have  escaped 

through  a  mere  opening  in  the  roof, 

at  the  windows  01  through  the  doors 

But  contrivances  for  making  a  fiie  m 

the  centre  of  a  room   accorapimed  at 

■\t  least  with  a  short  flue    have  been 

discoveied  m  seve  al  parts  of  Italy 

one  at   Baise    iiother  near  Perugni 

and  a  third  at   Civila  ^  eccbia    the 

plan  of  which  is  given 

in   the  annexed    wood 

cut     from   a    MS      by 

FranccJco    di     Gioreio 

pieseived  in   the  public 

library  at    Siena.     The  -— 

foim    IS    a     parallelogram     ent  rely 

enclosed  by  a  wall  of  ten  feet  high 

on  three  of  its  side=   hut  hiv 


n 


J 


opening 


I   the    other 


Withm  this  shell  are  placed  four 
columns  with  an  aichitrave  over 
them  which  supported  a  small  pyra 
midaJ  cupola,  underneath  winch  the 
fire  was  made  en  the  hearth  ihe 
cupola  '^er^el  to  collect  the  smoke  ■ 


cende  i 


1  allow..d     I 


,y  Google 


CAMPESTRE. 

out  through  an  aperture  in  its  top. 
If  the  edifices  in  which  these  stoves 
were  constrncted  were  only  one 
story  high,  no  flue,  perhaps,  was  used ; 
but  if,  as  is  most  probable,  there 
were  apartments  above,  it  seems 
almost  certain  that  a  sm^U  flue  or 
tube  would  have  been  placed  over 
the  vent  hole  of  the  cupola,  in  the 
same  mamier  as  it  is  in  a  baiter's  oven 
at  Pompeii,  which  is  represented  in 
the   annexed  engraving  ■    though   (he 


two-thirds  down,  the  thigh ;  worn 
for  the  sake  of  decency  by  gladiators 
and  soldiers  while  training,  or  by 
persons  taking  violent  exercise  in 
public,  when  otherwise  divested  of 
clothing  (Hor.  Ef.' 


.    Civ.   Dei, 


n-y. 


nstead  ot  a  n  c  u  de  the  toga, 
(Ascon  «  Cc  O  at  pro  Scauro.) 
The  llustrat  on  represent  a  gladiator 
wih  the    a  fictre  f  om  a  feira-colta 

cSlMPICUE'SIO.  A  sort  of  re-, 
view,  or  exercise  performed  by  the 
Roman  soldiery  in  the  Campus  Mar- 
tins,   Veget.  Mil.  iiL  4. 

CAMPIDOC'TOR  {djrXoSiSarnis) 
A  d  ill  sergiant  who  ta  g!it  the  le 
en  Its  the  t  e!.ercises  m  the  Campus 
Mat  us.     Veget    Mil   111.   6   and  8 

CAWALICULA  Dimniutve  of 
Cahaiis  a  snail  drain  diti-h  or 
gnt  er      Varro  R  K  M\    % 

CANALIC  ULUS  Dimmutiv 
Can  ylis  a  smaQ  dra  n  ditch 
gn  te      Columell  vni   15  6    Vitruv 


of 


:    Q    7 
z     The 


~S555n5  ^5ncS~    ' 

(Vitruv.  iv.  3.  5.),  marked  by  shading 
in  the  example,  from  an  ancient 
Doric  temple  formerly  existing  in 
the  forum  at  Rome,  as  copied  from 
the  original  by  Labacco. 

CANA'LIS    {ffuXiji').      An    open 


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CA      ELLA      U 


bnckwo  k,  fo  he  pu  po  e  of  upp  y 
ing  ca  ewilxwae  nhem  ado  v 
and  us  se  vuig  a  a  d  k  ng 
ou  h,  as  seen  in.  he  U  ra  on 
f  o  he  Vab  an  V  giL  V  i^  G 
u  330  Varro  iE  if  u  5  a  V  ru 
vu  5  2  and  6  whe  e  t  s  d  s  n 
gu  lied  from  Tub   sandFsruLA. 

2  Caia  F  P  bab  y  he 
gu  e  0  &!  «i^  as  e  ay  nea  he 
cen   e  of    he  Roman   f    u  n    fron 

hh      eranwa  een  med 

a  e  y  diE    a  ged  t!   ougli  an  open  ng 
n  o   the    CiWa    Maxuna   o 
3e«e       P   u       C  V  I 

w         e  o  d       lalico  a   va 

n  ed    a     an  kname    o    a 
d  e       o      be  anse   u  h  peop     i 
to  loiler  and  lounge  away  thur  t 
about  this  'ipot      Festus  s  v 

3  A  narrow  alley  or  passage 


n      he    eye    of    the 

oue.      (Vltmv.    ai.    s.    7.)    It   1, 
a  y   hown  in  the  engraving,  which 

ep  e  enta  a  capital  from  the  temple 
of  Fo   u  a  Viriiis  at  Rome. 
CANCELLA'RIUS         A     word 

n  od  ed .  at  a  late  period  of  tlie 
emp  e  and  applied  either  to  an 
offi  e  ho  kept  guard  befme  the 
emp  o  eiit,  or  his  sleeping  ^part- 
en       he    approach   to  which  nas 

lo  ed  by  gratings  (cartteUi),  as  we 
lea  11  fro  n  Cassiodorus  (Var  Ep  u 
6  )  I  en  e  the  appellation  ,  or  to  a 
sort  of  chief  clerk  piesiding  ovei  a 
body  of  juniors  who  iSBisted  the 
judges  in  a  court  of  law,  the  tribunes 
of  whicli,  where  the  judges  and  tlieic 
of&cers  sat,  weie  in  like  raaiinei: 
separated  from  the  body  of  the  court 
by  an  iron  r^uling.     Hence  we  deiive 


the  arch  of  Constantine  ;  along  the 
top  of  the /ooKmsw,  and  each  distinct' 
tier  of  seats  in  an  amphitheatre  (Ov. 
Am.  ill.  2.  64,),  as  shown  in  the 
restored  section  of  the  amphitheatre 
of  Pok  (p.  29.  A);  and  in  sljort  for 
any    situation     requiring    such     an 

CANDE'LA.  A  candle  made  of 
pitch,  wax,  or  taliow,  with  the  pith 
of  a  bulrush  for  the  wick  (Plin. 
H.  N.  svi,  70.),  which  was  used  in 
early  times  before  the  invention  of  the 
oil  lamp.     Mart.  Ep.  xiv.  43. 

a.  A  sort  of  torch,  made  of  the 
fibres  of  the  papyrus  twisted  together 
like  a  rope,  or  of  a  rope  itself  coated 
with  wax  (Serv.  ad  Virg  ^k,  xi, 
143  Varro,  L  L  \  119),  which 
was  anciently  carried  m  funeral  pro- 
cessions, and  IS  represented  ni  the 
illustration,  from  a  scpulchial  maible 


at   Padni,    which,   according  to  the 
traditicn  there  pieserved,  is  believed 
to  contain  the  remains  of  St.  Luke. 
3.  A  mere  rope  coated  with  was 


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CA  NDELA  BR  UM. 


t    tRI! 


^y^ 


CANDELA'BRUM  A  rontn 
Taiiee  devised  lor  the  purpo^  of 
support  ni{  -I  light  m  a  position  suffi 
ciently  eleviled  above  the  ground  to 
distnbute  the  lays  to  a  convenient 
distance  around  it  Of  these  the  au 
cieuts  Imd  in  use  several  kinds,  viz. — 

I  (XixPouXoi)  A  tandlesUck  for 
holding  tipeii   IX  candles  of  H^\  ani 


tallov,  These  were  eidier  made 
like  our  own,  with  a  socket  and 
noMle  into  whidi  the  end  of  the 
candle  was  inserted  (Vaiio,  ap 
Macrob  Sat  ui  4  Festus,  J  i  ), 
or  with  a  sharp  point  at  the  end, 
like  those  so  communly  seen  in  tlie 
churches  of  Italy,  upon  which  the 
bottom  of  the  candle  was  stnck 
(Serv  (w'Virg  Mn  i  727)  An  ex- 
ample of  the  foimei  kind  is  given  m 
the  illustrabon,  fiomau  oiiginal  found 
It  Pompeii ,  and  an  engraved  gem 
of  the  Woisley  Museum  affoids  a 
specimen  of  the  last  sort,  in  which 
the  sharp  point  is  seen  projecting 
from  the  top 

2  f^vx'ovxai)  K  pBiiaiU  lamp 
sian  i,  upon  which  an  01!  lamp  was 
placed  These  were 
aoinetimea  made  ofvi  ood 
(Pet  Sat  95  6 ),  but 
mostly  of  metal  (Cii, 
Veri  11.  4.  26),  and 
were  either  intended  to 
be  placed  upon  some  other  piece  of 
fun  iture,  like  the  annexed  example, 
whith  represenis  a  bronze  lamp  and 
s,tsnd  founi  at  Pompeii,  of  the  k  nd 
tt.imed  tiumle    [Quint    Imt     vi      3 


99)    ' 


nch  ^^ 


be  place  1 


1=  alludes 


table  ,  or  they  wi 
Kt-md  upon  the  ground  , 
in  which  case  they 
were  of  considerable 
htight,  and  consisted 
of  a  tall  slender  stem 
{scafus"),  generally  iim 
tating  tlie  stalk  of  a 
plant,  or  a  tapenng 
column,  and  a  round 
flat  dish  or  tray  [super 
ji  les)  at  the  top,  on 
which  the  Hmp  was 
plai-ed,  like  the  an 
nexed  lUuatratiOn  fiom 
a  Pompeian  onginal 
It  IS  to  candelabra  of 
tins  description  that  Vitruv 
(vi'  S3),  when  he  repiehends  the 
piactite  adopted  by  the  artists  of  hia 
own  day,  and  of  such  frequent  occur 
n-nce  m  the  arabesque  decorations  of 
the  Pompeian  houses,  of  introducing 
them  m  the  place  of  columns,  as 
architecttiral  supports  to  architraves 
and  other  supenncumbent  weights, 
out  of  all  proportion  with  such  tall 
and  slender  stems  Compare  also 
Lychndchus 

3  {\ap,irrlip)  A  tall  stind  with 
a  hollow  cup,  instead  of  the  flat 
sup^fiaes,  at  the  top, 
111  which  pitch,  losm, 
or  other  mflammible 
matenals  weie  hghled. 
These  were  not  poit 
able,  but  weie  perma 
nently  fixed  m  then- 
situations  ,  and  were 
fiequently  m-ide  of 
maible,  an!  fastened 
down,  to  the  ground , 
not  only  in  the  iiitenor 
of  temples  and  other 
large  buildmgs  but  also 
m  the  open  air  (Slat 
S\h  1  2  231 ),  where 
they  served  for  illu 
festivals 

loicmg,   precise!y 

for  similar  pur 

of  the  cardinals    and 


as  they  are  still 


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Io8  CANEPHORA. 

ambassadors'  palaces  at  Kome  i 
present  day.  The  illustratio 
taken  from  a  bas-relief  in  the  Villa 
Borghese,  and  exemplifies  this  i 
torn  ;  for  it  stands  as  an  illmnination 
in  front  of  an  open  colonnade,  under 
which  a  band  of  maidens  are  dancing, 
upon  the  occasion  of  a  marriage 
festival.  In  the  early  or  Homeric 
times  the  XnjUim}/)  was  a  sort  of  grate 
raised  upon.  I^s,  or  on  a  stand, 
which  dried  wood  (Rxatrvm)  w 
burnt,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  light 
to  a  room,  instead  of  torches,  candles, 
or  lamps.  Horn.  Odyis.  suiiL  306- 
310. 

CANEPHORA  0  CANEPHO 
ROS  (  Bio;0  po)  IXibaklbea  e 
a  oung  Atl  en  an 
maikn       lo    vaJked 

n   the   p  oee  s  on     t 

he    fe  t   als  of   De 


Atle 


B    ch  s 


un   \   ung      m 
q  F 

cpctybytea     et  s,       d 

similarly  described  by  classic  authors, 
with  their  arms  raised  up,  and  in  the 
exact  attitude  of  the  figure  here  en 
graved,  from  a  statue  at  Dresden 
Cic.  Verr.  ii.  4.  3.  Plin.  H  N 
xxxvL  4.  n.  7.  Compare  Ovid.  Met 
ii.  7ll-7i3> 

CANIC'ULA.  Pers.  ScU.  in  49 
Same  as  Can  is  1. 

CANIS.  A  chain ;  but  whether  of 
any  particular  description  is  doubtful , 
though  probably  not,  as  tlie  expression 
may  cave  originated  in  a  play  upon 
the  words  catella,  caitlhis.  Plant. 
Cos.  ii.  6.  37.  Becker,  Gallm,  p.  232, 
traiisl. 

3.  The  worst  throw  upon  the  dice  ; 


CANO. 

CANISTEL'LUM.  Diminu- 
tive of  Canistrum. 

CANISTRUM  and  CANIS'TER 
{KAyeot,  Kttnjj).  A  large,  fiat,  opta 
basket,  whence  termed  fatulu-ni  {Ov. 


jl/rf.viii.  675.1,  and  latum  (Id,  Fast. 
ii.  650.),  made  of  wicker-work  iPal- 
lad.  xii.  17.),  and  without  handles,  so 
as  to  be  adapted  for  carrying  on  the 
head,  as  shown  by  the  figure  in  the 
opposite  column  ;  particularly  em- 
ployed as  a  h-md-basiet  (Vii^.  j£«. 
viii.  180.),  in  reference  to  which  use 
the  example  here  introduced,  from  a 
Pompeian  ptunting,  is  carried  by 
Ceres,  and  filled  with  ears  of  com. 

CANO.  To  dng  generally  ;  but 
also  to  sound,  or  play  upon,  any  mu- 
sical instrument  (Cic.  Die.  ii.  59.) ; 
as  litno  cane>-e  (Cic  Dhj.  i.  17.), 
to  sound  the  Utmts  (see  woodcut 
J.  LlTlCEN)  ;  camu  canere  (Varro, 
I  L  V  91 ),  to  sound  the  horn  (see 
Lornicen)  ,  iibus  canere  {Quint 
1  10  14.),  to  pla)  upoi  the  pmea 
(TiBICEN)  ,  citkara  ciaeie  (Tac 
Ann    xiv    14.),   to  play  the  guitar 

(ClTHAXrSTA) 

2  latus  et  feris  canere  ^  an  ex 
pression  descuptive  of  ths  peculiar 
mode  of  playing  upon  the  lyie, 
which  IS  represented 
in  the  annexed  ei 
graving,  from  the 
Aldobrandim  freaco 
in  the  Vatican  To 
strdte  the  chords  ' 
merely  with  the 
plectrum  hdl  1  m  the 
right      hand,      was 

thrum  the  chords 
merely  with  the 
fingers  of   the   left 

nere ;  but  when  the 


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CAUTERIUS. 

gethtr,  and  both  sides  of  th 

giaving,  the  musician  was  sdd  Co 
pky  on  the  inside  and  out,  inliis  et 
/ons  cancre     Ascon.   ad  Cic   Verr. 

CANTERIUS.  A  gsldini 
.  Varro,  J^.  S.  ii.  7.  15,    Festus,  s.  v. 

2.  A  prop  for  vmes.     CulumeL.  ii 

3.  A  machine  used  for  suspending 
horses  with  broken  legs,  to  keep 
their  feet  off  the  ground  while  the 
bone  is  setting.     Veget.  Fei.  iii.  47.  3. 

4.  In  architecture,  Canterii  [A/ul- 
porrt!,  otwTriTai)  are  the  castkers  or 
principal  rafters  In  the  timber  work 
ofa  roof  (see  Matekiatio,//);  their 
lipper  ends  meet  together,  and  form 
the  apex  of  the  pediment ;  their 
■lower  extremities  rest  upon  the  tie- 
beams  {pigna")  \  and  in  the  finished 
building  are  represented  externally 
by  mutules  {fmituli\,  which  are,  there- 
fore, carved  to  represent  the  project- 
ing extcemities  of  a  seiies  of  rafters. 
Vitruv.  iv.  2.  r.  and  3. 

CANTERI'OLUS  {hxpifai).  A 
painter's  easel;  represented  in  the 
annexed  engraving, 
with  the  pictore  on  it, 
from  a  Roman  bas-re- 
lief, precisely  similar 
to  those  still  in  use. 
The  Greek 
this  ci      " 

authenticated ;  but  the 
Latin  one  here  given, 
Upon  the  anthorify  of 
Riddle's  English- Latin 
Dictionary,  though  suiiicientl)  ippro 
priaCe,  wants  a  positive  atilhouly 

CANTH'ARUS  (KiBflo/w!)  A  gob 
let,  or  drinking  cup,  of  Greek  iniei 
tion.  It  was  fumi^ied 
with  handles  [Viig. 
Eel.  V 


17.);  and  ^ 


=  ^ 


the     cup     particularly 

sacred  to  6a.cchus  (Ma- 

crob.   Sat. 

the  scyphus  was  Co  Hercules    const 

quenily  in  works  of  art,  both  pai  t  1 

and  sculpture,  a  vessel  of  the  foii 


CAPILLUS.  109 

here  engraved,  from  a  fictile  original, 
is  constantly  represented  in  the  hands 
of  that  divinity. 

2.  A  vase  into  which  the  water  of 
an  ornamental  fountain  is  disdiaiged, 
formed  in  the  imitation  of  tho  drinking 
cup.     Paul.  Dig.  30-  41- 

3.  A  sort  of  boat,  the  peculiar 
properties  of  which,  however,  are 
unknown.  Macrob. -Sli/. /.  c.  Aristoph. 
Pac.  143- 

CANTHE'RIUS.       See    Cahte. 

CANTHUS  {hticiinpne\  The 
tire  of  a  wheel ;  a  hoop  of  iron  or 
bronze  fastened  on  to  the  felloe,  to 
preserve  the  wood  from  abrasion. 
(Quint,  i.  5.  8.)  The  Greek  name 
occQrs  m  Homer  (//.  v.  725.) ;  the 
Latin  one,  though  used  by  Persius 
{Sat.  V.  71.),  is  noted  as  a  barbarism 
by  Quintilian  {I.  c. },  who  considers  it 
to  be  a  Spanish,  or  an  African,  word. 

CANTO.  Used  in  the  same 
senses  as  Camo. 

CANUM  (ifnmw).  A  Greek 
basket,  made  of  reed  or  osiers,  more 
usually  termed  Canistrum  in  Latin. 
Festus,!.  I/,      Varro,  Z.  i.  V.  120. 

CANUSINA'TUS.  Wearing  a 
garment  wove  from  tlie  wool  of  Ca- 
niisium,  now  Cattosa.  Suet.  Ntro,  30. 
Mart.  Ep.  ix.  23.  9. 

CAPE'DO.  An  earthenware  wine 
jug  with  a  handle  such  as  was  use  I 
in  early  times  at  the  sacifice  (Cio 
Farad  12)     Sane  as  Capis 

CAPEDUN  CULA  Dimmutrve 
of  the  preceding     Cic  N  B  111  17 

CAPILLAMFNTUM  A  wig 
of  (alse  hau  but  partieuHily  one  in 
which  the  hail  is  very  long  and 
abundant  like  a  womin  s  head  of 
hair  Suet  LU  ii  Pet  Sii  no 
5     TertuU  CuU   Fcem  ^  and  G\le 

LAPILLUh  The  hau  of  tie 
head  m  general,  and  witliout  refer 
e  ice  to  Its  q  lality  or  character  ,  i  e 
equally  applied  to  any  description  of 
hair  whether  lo^g  or  short  straight 
or  curly  dressed  )r  midres^ed  C  c 
O;   Hor  C-vs  Ntp    i^t 


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3.  Also  applied  to  the  hair  of  the 
beard  (Cic.  Off.  ii.  7.  Suet.  Nsrg, 
I.);  and  to  the  fur  of  ruitinals.  Ca- 
tull.  25.  I.     AuL  GelL  xii.  i.  4. 

CAPIS.  A  wine  jug  (Varro,  ap. 
Non.  s.  Armillam,  p.  547.)  of  early 
form  and  usage,  made  of  earthenware, 
and  having  a  single  handle,  from  which 
ciraimstances  the  Roman  gramma- 
rians derive  its  name.  (Varro,  L.  L. 
V.  121.  Festus,  s.  v^  In  the  early 
and  simple  ages  of  Roman  -, 
histoiy,  earthenware  vessels  \^ 
of  this  description  were  of  \ 
common  ose,  both  for  re- 
ligious and  other  purposes 
(Liv.x.  7.  Pet.Ja/.  53.  2,); 
but  with  the  increase  of  lux- 
ury, they  were  relinquished  for  the 
more  elegant  Greek  forms,  or  were 
made  of  more  costly  materials  (Plin. 
H.  N.  xiKviL  7.),  though  still  retained 
for  purposes  of  religion,  which  acquires 
additional  veneration  and  respect  by 
the  preservation  of  ancient  forms  and 
usages ;  consequently,  they  are  fire- 
quently  represented  on  coins  and 
medals  struck  in  honour  of  persons 
belonging  to  the  priesthood,  rfmilar  to 
the  figiire  here  introduced,  which  is 
copied  from  a  bronie  medal  of  the 
Emperor  Marcos  Aurelius  Antoninus, 
on  which  he  is  represented  in  the 
character  of  an  aiigur. 

CAPISTE'RIUM.  A  vessel  em- 
ployed for  cleansing  the  ears  of  corn 
after  they  had  been  threshed  out  and 
winnowed.  It  appears  to  have  been 
something  in  the  nature  of  an  alveus, 
or  wooden  trough,  into  which  the 
com  was  put  and  shaken  up,  so  that 
the  henvy  gr^s  subdded  to  the 
bottom,  while  the  light  ones  and  any 
refuse  admixture  which  might  have 
been  left  amongst  them  after  the 
winnowing,  irose  to  the  top,  and 
could  be  easily  separated  from  the 
rest.  Possibly  also  water  was  em- 
ployed in  the  operation,  dlumell. 
iL  9.  1 1.  Compare  Apul.  Mel.  ix.  p. 
193- 


Ov.  Mel.   X.   125,)    The  example  is 
from  the  Column  of  Tiajan 

2.  A  nose  piece,  with  spikes  stick- 
ing out  from  it,  to  prevent  the  young 
of  animals  from  sucking  aftei  they 
had  been  weaned,  such  as  is  com- 
monly used  with  calves  at  the  present 
day.     Vii^.  Gearg.  iii.  399 

3.  A  ligature  employed  m  training 
vines,  for  fastening  them  to  the  up 
rights  or  cross-bars  of  a  trellis 
Colnmell.  iv.  20.  3. 

4.  A  rope  employed  for  suspendmg 
the  end  of  the  press  beam  {frclum)  in 
a  wme  or  oil  press.     Cato,  Ji.  R.  xu. 

5.  A  broad  leather  band  or  cheek- 
piece,  with  an  opening  for  the  mouth, 
worn  by  pipers,  like  a  halter,  round 
the  head  and  face,  in  order  to  com- 
press the  lips  and  cheeks  when  blow- 
ing their  instruments,  which  enabled 
them  to  produce  a  fiiller,  firmer,  and 

even   tone,   as  shown  by  the 
red  iUustration,  from  a  bas-relief 


at  Rome.  It  does  aot  appear  to  have 
been  always  used,  for  pipei's  are  as 
often  represented  in  works  of  art 
without  such  an  appendage  as  vrith 
it ;  nor  does  the  Latin  name  occur  in 
any  of  their  classical  writers,  though 
the  Greek  one  is  well  authenticatal. 
Aristoph.  Vesp.  582.  Soph.  7>.  753. 
CAP'ITAL.     A  small  kerchief  of 


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CAPITELLUM. 

woollen  cloth  (Varro,  Z.  L.  v.  130.), 
worn  ill  early  times  by  the  Roman 
women  round  the  head,  to  keep  the 
hair  from  flowing  loose  ;  and  suhse- 
quenUy  retained  as  a  peculiarity  in 
costume  by  young  females  attached 
to  the  services  of  religion,  such  as 
the  Fkminica,  or  attendant  upo  h 
wife  of  the  Flamen  Dklis.  V  n 
/,  c.     Festus,  s.  V. 

CAPITELXUM.     Same  as  C 

CAPIT'IUM.     An    articl 
female  attire,   worn   upon    the        p 
part    of  the    person,    and    ove 
bosom  (Varro,  L.  L.  v.  131.    I 
Pi^.  J'oj!.  Rom.  ap.  Non.   p. 
bat  whether  in  the  na.ture  of  a  j/     o- 
or  of  a  corset,  it  is  difficult  10 
mine.    Aulus  Gellius  notes  the      rd 
as  obsolete  and  peculiar  to  the  co 
mon  people  ;  but  in  a.  passage       m 
I^berius  quoted  by  him  (xvl.  7   3 
it  is  described  as  of  ^uAj  co 
and  worn  outside  the  tunic  ;       A 
scription  which  agrees  precisely 
the  style,  appearance,  and  mann 
which  the  peasant 


and  with  the  figuri 


from  a  sepulchral  marble  publLihed 
by  Gorl  {TnscHpt.  Antiq.  Flor.  p. 
344.  )>  evidently  intendal  to  represent 
a  female  of  tlie  lower  '  1  ss  f  ra  th 
rough  stone  seat  oti  whi  h  h  ts 
wiitet  another  figure,  m  tli      ngi  laJ 

CAPITO'LIUM.       Th     CfUl 
one  of  the  seven  hills    f  R 


nally  called  Mons  Saturmus,  a  name 

which  was  subsequently  changed  into 

MoKi   Tarfeois,   in  allusion    to  the 

virgin  Tai^peia,  who  was  said  to  have 

been  killed  and  buried  there  by  the 

Sabines ;    and     finally,    during  the 

legendary  period   referred  to  as  the 

ign         Tarqninius  Superbus,   into 

^    IS  C  ^tolinus  or  CafUolmm,  be- 

se         htunan    head    (captd)    was 

b         do  have  been  found    there 

d         g   the  foundations  for  .the 

m  Jupiter.   (Vatro,  i,  i.  v.41, 

4      L         55.)    The  hill  was  divided 

ummits,  with  a  level  space 

tlie    northern   and 


h   h    h 
as      rmed 


aed  01 


he 


\    A  X 


he 


no   be  ng  occup  ed  by    he    a 

C  p     Im        mp         N  ebuh 

R       ToL     p  S03.   ran 

T         Cap  oine    temfU,    con 

y  the  last  Tarquiii  upon  the 

1  m  summit  of  the  Mons  Capi- 

honour  of  the  three  prin- 

R     lan   deities,   Jupite  ,    ." 

rva.       It    comprised    three 
lis  {cettm)  parallel  to  each 


Inli 


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CAPITOLtUM. 


I  e  on  the  left  ol  tlie  sf  ectitoi  wlicn 
front  n^  the  edihi.e    to  Minerva    itid 

II  e  otter  to  Jimo  The  ground  plan 
was  a  pirallelc^ram  possessing  only 
e.  slLght  difference  between  its  width 
aiJ  length  A  triple  row  of  columns 
supported  the  pediment  in  {  ont,  and 
a  double  one  fotmed  a  colonnade  ou 
each  of  the  fknlts  ,  but  the  rear 
whch  waf  turned  fiom  the  uly  hal 
no  colonnade  (Dionya  ir  6i  )  ihe 
plan  here  given  is  designed  m  ac 
Lordance  with  the  eha\  e  dcscript  on 
from  Dionysms  in  order  to  convey  a 
clear  notion  of  the  internal  arrange 
ment  of  this  remarkable  edificej,  which 
was  constmcted  upon  a  plan  ■jo  d  i 
ferent  from  that  usually  adopted  in 
their  religious  buildings  by  tl  e 
Gieeks  ind  Romans  It  is  true  thit 
the  tempte  deser  bad  by  Dionys  as 
V  aa  the  one  existmg  in  his  own  day 
which  was  built  by  Sylla,  aid  ded 
cated  byCatulus  but  we  have  it  upon 
re  ord,  that,  from  a  feeling  of  religious 
veneration  the  orig  nal  ground  flan 
was  never  alteied      Tac   Hist  iv    S3 

As  legards  the  ej-lenor  elevation 
of  this  famous  temple  nothiig  but  a 
fe  V  blocks  of  large  stones  which 
foiraed  the  tub'itruction  now  remain 
to  give  a  fiiint  idea  of  all  its  former 
^plentour  and  the  representat  ons  of 
it  which  appear  upon  coins,  medals 
and  lis  rebels  are  too  minute  and 
imperfect  in  respect  of  details  to 
afford  a  fair  concept  on  of  its  lenl 
chaiacter  and  appearance  It  was 
thnce  destroyed  by  lire  md  three 
times  rebjlt  but  ilways  upoi  the 
former  site  and.  with  the  same 
ground  plan  The  first  stnictu  e  n  as 
certainly  of  the  Etruscan  order  de 
scnbed  b\  Vitnmns,  for  the  atchi 
tects-nho  built  it  were  sent  for  from 
Ttruna  for  the  purpose.  (Liv  i  56  ) 
When  rebuilt  for  the  first  time  by 
Sylla,  the  only  difference  m-ide  con 
aisted  in  changing  the  order  into  the 


Corinthian 
brought  fr 

5),    which  \ 


the  t 


(/>  em  vu  17)  weie  Co  ntl  nn 
an  1  home  of  them  are  still  lemammg 
there  to  prove  the  fact ,  and  the  same 
plan  and  architectural  order  were 
still  preserved  under  Vespasian  (Tac 
Hist  IV  53  )  as  also  m  tlie  fourth 
structure  ra  sed  by  Dom  t  in  as  tes 
tified  by  the  illustiat  on  here  ■uinexed. 


which  IS  taken  from  a  bas  relief  be 
longi  ig  to  the  trmmphal  arch  of 
Marcua  Aurelius,  which  represents 
tliat  empeior  pirformmg  sacii'ice  in 
front  of  the  Caj-itolme  temple  and 
altho  gh  the  stulptu  e  does  not  ]-ie 
sent  a  faithful  representation  of  the 
real  elevation  it  will  be  observed 
that  the  p  ncipal  charactenslics  are 
sufficiently  indicated — the  Connthtan 
order  of  the  column  and  the  three 
separate  cells  which  are  expreioed 
by  tlie  unu'iial  appearance  of  three 
eninnce  doors  It  is  also  well 
knon  n  to  thosB  who  are  conversant 
with  the  works  of  antiqi  ity  that  the 
ancient  artists  both  Gieet  and  Ko 
man  adopted  as  a  constant  practice 
of  their  school  a  certam  conventional 
manner  of  ind  eating,  rather  than 
representing,  tlie  ai-cessones  and 
loLaltties  amongst  which  the  action 
expressed  took  place  instead  of  the 
matter  of  fact  custom  now  prevail  ng 
of  giving  a  perfect  debneation  01,  as 
it  were,  portraiture,  of  the  identii-al 
spot  and  scene 

3  CapOobum  te/us  The  M  Ca 
pilol  a  small  temple  on  the  Qnn  nai 
hiU    delisted  to  JuptT    Juno    and 


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CAPITULUM. 


MUierva,  and  supposed  to  have  been 
built  by  Numa.  Tliis  name,  hoiv- 
ever,  was  not  given  to  it  until  afisr 
the  erection  of  the  more  famous  edi- 
fice on  the  Capitoliiie  hill,  when  it 
was  adopted,  in  order  to  dislingnisii 
the  two ;  which  Martial  distinctly 
does  in  the  following  verse  —  indt 
novum,  Tielerem  prespkis  iiidt  yinvai. 
Mart.  £/.  vii.  73.  Id.  v.  22.  Vatro, 
/..  L.  V.  158.     Val.  Max.  iv.  4.  n. 

CAPITULUM  {tiriKpofoy,  Kwi-b- 
Kpavor).  The  capital  of  a  cglamn; 
which,  in  the  infancy  of  building  as 
an  art,  was  nothing  more  than  a 
simple  abacus,  or  square  tablet  of 
wood,  placed  on  the  top  of  a  wooden 
trunk,  tlie  original  column,  to  form 
a  broad  bed  Sir  (he  architrave  to 
rest  upon.  (See  the  illustration  and 
article  Abacus  6.)  From  this  simple 
beginning,  it  became  eventually  the 
principal  ornament  of  a  column, 
and  a  prominent  feature  by  which 
the  different  acciiitectural  orders  are 
distinguished  ;  beinz,  like  them,  and 
strictly  speaking,  divided  into  three 
kinds,  the  Doric,  Ionic,  and  Corin- 
thian capitals,  which,  with  the  Roman 
alterations,  make  five  varieties  in  use 
amongst  the  ancients;  for  the  Tuscan, 
of  which  no  example  remains,  is  only 
a  species  of  Doric  ;  and  the  Compo- 
site is  formed  by  a  union  of  the  Ionic 
and  Corinthian,  having  the  foliage  of 
the  latter  surmounted  by  the  volutes 
of  the  former — a  bastard  capital  in- 
troduced in  the  Imperial  aye,  when 

ceeded  by  a  love  for  novelty  and 
splendour,  and  first  employed  in  tlie 
triumphal  arches  at  Rome,  where  a 
specimen  is  still  fo  be  seen  on  the 
arch  of  Titus. 

I.  Cafdlulum  Boricum.  GREEK-. 
The  Greek  Doric  capital,  which 
the  simplest  of  all, 
being  divided  into 
no  more  than  three 
principal  parts  1  the 
lai^e  square  aiacas  at  the  top,  re- 
tainiiii^  in  thi';  order  its  primitive 
ihaiactcr  to  the  last;  the  echinus  or 


■f   all,  p  j 

."'the       W'MlllSl 


quarter  round,  immediately  below  it ; 
and  the  aiiuli,  or  anulets.  jiist  above 
the  neck  of  the  shaii.  The  example 
represents  a  Doric  capital  from  the 
Paithenon. 

3.  Roman.  The  Doric  of  ibe 
Romans  is  more  complicated  and 
varied  ui  its  parts.  , 
Instead  of  the  simple 
aiams,  they  substi- 
tuted a  moulded  cy- 
iiialaim  and  fillet ;  in 
place  of  the  ecAmus,  1 
broken  by  carving,  a; 
pie  ;  instead  of  the  aiiulets,  either  an 
astragal  (astra^-us),  or  a  bead  and 
fillet.  The  example  is  from  a  Roman 
Temple  near  Allra-no. 

3.  Cajdtulum  lonicum.  Greek. 
The  Greek  Ionic  capital  consists  of 
two  leading  features : 

the  abacus,  which  i; 

smaller    and    lower  f 

than  in  the  Doric,  but 

stiii  square  in  its  plan, 

though    monlded    on 

faces;    and  the  Volute-    , 

spiral  mouldings  on  each  dde  of  tlie 

front,  whicli  are  frequently  connected 

by  a  pendent  hem  or  fold,  as  in  the 

example,  and  hang  down  much  lower 

than  the  sculptural  echinus  between 

them.    The  example  is  from  a  Greek 

temple  near  the  Ilyssus. 

4.  Roman.  The  Roman  Ionic 
does  not  dilTer  very  r 
in  its  essential  parts, 
fiom  the  Greek  sj 
cimena,  excepting  tl 
it  is  often  elaboratelj' 
covered  with  carv- 
ing ;  the  volutes  are  in  general 
smaller,  and  the  tasteful  hem  which 
hanys  down  between  them  iu  the 
preceding  engraving  is  never  intro- 
duced ;  but  that  is  not  to  be  con- 
sidered as  a  uniform  characteristic 
of  the  Greek  order;  it  does  not  occur 
in  tlie  temple  of  Sacchus  at  Teos 
(introduced  i.  Denticitlus),  nor  in 
other  esisting  edifices.  The  example 
is  from  the  temple  of  Fortuna  Virilis 


i   {polula),  I 


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114  CAPITULUM 

5  Lipilulum  Cotintluum 
Co  tttiian  cipital  is  tl  e  riche: 
all  tlie  puie  orders 
-\nd  the  specimens 
now  lemammg  of  it 
in  Greece  and  Italy 
do  not  matenaliy 
differ  in  a  ly  cha  ic 
teristic  poinL  It 
cons  sts  of  an  aii 
CHS  not  square  like  that  of  fl  e  Done 
and  loiiic  capitals,  but  hollowed  on 
the  sides,  and  liaying  the  angles  cut 
off,  and  a  rosette  ijlos)  or  oilier 
similar  ornament  in  the  middle. 
Under  the  abacus  are  email  volutes 
(Mka,  Vitr.  iv.  i.  12.),  bending 
downwards  like  stalks,  two  of  which 
meet  under  each  angle  of  the  abacus, 
and  two  in  the  centre  of  each  fece  of 
1  caj-'lal,  where  they  sometimes 
t  h  d  sometimes  are  interwoven 
w  h  ea  h  other.  The  whole  is  sur- 
d  d  by  two  dicular  rows  of 
1  (/"Ha),  each  leaf  of  the  upper 

gr  wing   between   and   beliind 
th  f  the  lower  one,  in  such  a 

m  hat  a 

f  U  m  the  cer 
faces  of  the  capital.  In  the  best 
examples,  these  leaves  are  carved  to 
imitate  the  acanthus,  or  the  olive 
tree,  which  last  is  represented  in  the 
engraving,  from  the  portico  of  the 
Pantheon  at  Rome. 

6.  A  small  cirailar  head-piece,  af- 
fixed to  the  top  of  the  tablets  used  by 
the  Roman  children  _ 

at     their      schools.  ]^j^ 

(Varro,  S.  R.  ill  S, 
10. )  it  had  an  eye 
in  its  centre,  through 
which  a  thong  or 
cord  was  passed,  and 
by  which  it  was 
slung  upon  the  arm  when  carried 
(Hor.  Sat.  i.  6.  74.),  or  hung  up  upon 
a  peg,  when  put  by,  as  in  the  exam- 
ple, from  a  Pompelan  panting. 

7'  In  military  engines,  such  as  the 
baUista  and  catapuUa,  the  capituhim 
appears  to  have  been  a  cross-bar  mth 
holes  in  it,  through  which  the  cords 


CAFREOLUS. 

pas'icd  by  the  tension  of  which  the 
m  ssild  lias  discharged  (Vitrav.  i.  I, 
18  Id  t.  10.2.  Id.  X.  12.2.);  but 
as  the  mechanical  construction  of 
these  machines  has  not  been  ascer- 
tained, any  attempt  to  determine 
their  component  parts  ™ould  only  be 
conjectural  and  unsatisfactory. 

CAPRA'RIUS  (ai-niKoi,  aiyi- 
XoJTji)  A  goat-herd,  who  drove  out 
a  flod  of  goats  to  pasture  ;  of  which 


animals  the  ancients  kept  lai^e  flocks 
upon  their  farms.  (Varro,  K.  R,  ii. 
3.  10.)  The  qualities  required  in 
him  were  strength,  activity,  boldness, 
and  great  powers  of  enduring  fatigue, 
as  goats  always  scatter  themselves  to 
browze,  and  the  places  which  afford 
their  best  pasturage  are  abrupt  and 
precipitous  steeps  in  mountain  dis- 
tricts, which  abound  with  brushwood, 
wild  herbs,  and  flowers.  (ColumelL 
vii.  6.  9.  Varro,  R.  E.  ii.  3.  7.)  The 
illustration  represents  one  of  the 
goat-herds  of  Virgil's  Eclogues,  from 
a  MS.  in  the  Vatican. 

CAPRE'OLUa      Literally  a  roe- 
buck  or   chamois  ;     and    thence    an 
instrument    used    in    husbandry,    for 
raking  up  and  loosening  the      ^^ 
soil,   formed   with  two   iron     <^^ 
prongs  (Columell.  xi.  3.  46.),       11 
convei^ng  together  like   the       II 
horns    of     the     chamois,     as       Ij 
shown  by  the  annexed  figure,      [I 
which   is    copied    from    an      | 
ancient  ivory  carving  in  the      |j 
Florentine  Gallery,   where  it 
appears    in    the    hands   of   a   figure 
standing,  with  a  goat  by  its  side,  in 


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the  midst  of  n  vineyai'd,  thus  ident  !y 
ing  its  object  aud  name. 

2.  ((TV7in5irri)!.)  A  irace  or  sfrut 
in  carpentry  ;  i.e-,  a  piece  of  timbe 
placed  in  a  slanting  position  in  a 
trussed  partition,  or  in  the  frame  f 
a  roof  (e  e  in  the  illustration), 


order  to  foim  a  triangle  by  which 
the  whole  const™  ction  is  made 
stronger  and  firmer.  In  this  sense, 
the  word  is  mostly  naed  in  the  plural, 
because  they  are  generally  inserted 
in  pairs,  meeting  together  at  bottom, 
and  diverging  upwarf,  like  tlie  horns 
of  the  chamois.    Cecs.  ."    "    '' 

CAPRI'LE.' 
lumell.  vii.  5.   ( 


extensively  used  by  the  andents. 
(Catull.  xxii.  lo.)  .  Properly  speak- 
ing, the  capiitmlgas  was  a  slave  be- 
longing to  ^iefamilia  mstisa,  but  in 
the  illustration,  from  a  painting  at 
Pompeii,  he  is  represented  as  a  genius, 
pursuant  to  the  common  pracdce  of 
the  ancient  schools  in  amilar  cases. 

CAP'RIPES.  Goat-footed;  a 
form  commonly  attributed .  by  poets 
and  painters  to  Pan  and  the  Satyrs 


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110  C4PS4 

( inTts)     a    \en    c  nmoi    practice 
Fe  tUB  s  V     Xen   £,^ii  rf  i   b 

CAPS  A        A     deep      cicular 
wooden   boj.  or  case  (Plin    If    V 

111  84.)    in  which  things  are  depo 
sted  to   be  remoied  fiom   place   tc 


place  but  moie  especially  employed 
loi  thi,  transpo  t  d  books  (Cic  m 
Ca  il  Bai  16  Hor  Sat  \  ^  22  lb 
10  6j)  The  illistration  repre^rfiits 
two  of  these  boxes  one  open  with 
the  rolls  or  volumes  inside  it  from  a 
Pompeian  painting  the  othei  with 
the  lid  shut  down  and  locked,  &oni  a 
MS.  of  Virgil  in  the  Vatican.  Both 
have  straps  attached,  for  the  conve- 
nience of  carrying  them  aliout. 

CAPSA'RIUS.  A  slave  who 
carried  his  young  master's  capsa,  or 
box  of  boolts  to  and  from  school 
Suet.  Mro,  36.    Juv.  Sal.  x.  117 

2.  {I,uoTio0iiXof .)  A  slave  Jttaclied 
to  the  service  of  the  publii.  baths 
whose  duty  it  was  to  take  choice  of 
the  wearing  apparel  left  by  the  bathers 
in  the  unarming  room,  to  pieient 
their  being  stolen  ;  a  species  of  theft 
frequently  occurring  at  Rome  Paul 
Dig.  i.  15.  3-  Compare  Ov  Art 
Amat.    iii.    639.       Plant.    Jiud    n 

■  CAPSEL'LA.  A  double  diminu- 
tive of  Caps*  ;  a  very  small  box,  in 
which  dried  fmils  were  kept  (Ulp. 
■Dig.  33-  7-  "■).  or  women's  trinkets  ; 
sometimes  suspended  from  a  chmn 
round  their  necks.     Pet.  Sat.  67.  9. 

C  A  F  S  U  L  A.       Diminutive 
Capsa  ;   a  small  box  for  books 
other    tilings    (Catull.     Ixviii.     36. 
hence  the  expression  home 
nafsiila  (Seneca,  jSfi,  115.),  a  fop   or 
""    'e  also  say,  who  looks  as  fhelad 


a   A  cige   or  enclosure    fo     con 

finn  g  ammils      Veil    1   16 

CAPULA       Diminitiie    of   Ca 

PIS     a  small  wme  jug  or  drink  ng 

cup    Hith  a  handle   to 
t  w  hich  V  as  used  with, 
he   circular    dnnking    ' 
abletermed  alilanltim 

{Vano    Z   Z    v    12 

Id   de  ill   Fop   ho,, 
if   Non    s    Aim  III  m,  ^ 

p     547 )      Ve  ■;el=     of 

this  form  and  charactei  are  fteqiently 
epresented  upon  round  tables  at 
Ahich  parties  are  dtmking  in  the 
laiitings  of  Pompeu  from  one  of 
1  h  ch  the  annexed  illustration  is  taken. 
CAPULA'RIS  S  Capitlus  3 
CAPULA10R  A  pe 
ployed  iithp  essfdmkg 
whose  b  t  wa     t    p  d 

repass  th      1  fi  m  1 1         th 

or  from  th       t     t    j  rs  f     th    p 
pose  ofifi      gtwhhh    dd      th 
a  sort  of  1  dl  essel      tl      h    dl 

tiniilarmf  rm      dint  tl 

caliis  or  c  pal    from    h   h  th 
originate       Cat    .S  ^  I  C 

iumelL  X     5 

CAPULUS  (  wi,)  Tl  h  dl 
or  haft  of  any  pi  m  t  1  h  has 
a  straight  bandl  h  as  kl 

(Columell  5         se    F     X)      E 

a  SLeptr     (Ovid    Mi  506   se 

Sceptkum)    a.  rad  t    in.    h  d 

from  ans       h   h      prese  t  d 

bent  p  M  pe     lly   ll 

kilt  of  a  J-      rf    wh    1        as  m  d       f 


IJ^t^ 


.    ns.      If      d    tP 


P  mpe 

th     ha  d 


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{Ml  Aaz   p  ! 
of  V  tru   us      Th    1    f 
sil      wh   h        m        d   t     t         h 
or  m    1,    li       th     se  m    wl   re  tl 
hid  t  g  tl  Th    f 

of  h   t  n     and  rudd      as      11       1 
f  th     b    1 


wh   h 
al 


) 


1   -bl 


CARACAL  H     An  atUcle  of 

d  esa    w  m    by    tl      G    Is,   wh   h 

p   d  th        m    rel  t        p     t 

h         tt  re         th    1.  f  th 

G     k        d  ^  f  th     R  m 

Tt  dff   ed    h  f   m  th  m 


h  i    bo      h  If  w 


CAJfACALLA.  If; 

ck-coat.  (Strabo,  iv.  4. 
Dioclet,  21.  Compare  Mart. 
8.,  where  it  is  termed /c//a 


Tliis  explanation  depends 

on  the  passage  of  Strabo 

e,  who  says,  m  describing; 

e  of  the  Gauls,  that  they 

ir  to   flow  in  its  natural 

and  wore  a  segiim  and  long 

but  that,  instead  of  tonics, 

a  vest  with  long  sleeves, 

as  sht  up  before  and  behind 

t=  th    f   k—      \  Si  X 

q    X  pS        S    fip  PXP 

I   yl  .^     d        pt 

I  tly   w  th   tl  t 


f 


tLy^s, 


m  11 
hbt 


d    ed     po  If 

t        Ik  fh       t; 

lly      pres     ted         th  h    d  ' 

1    M-     ■ 


J  P' 


which  led   the   Count  Caylus 
andM     tf  t    th  fm 

t,l     g  th       fig  f     p  rs      tl 

f  th        d      es-th      loes     f  th 
p    t     lar      h       t  by    th 

G    1   (se    G  Ai  wh       th 

th         xampl         p  !    g 

cal  )  — tl]  th      h   lid 

f  th   right  h     d  figu    — tl     turquu 
d   th  '       '  -'-       "  -■ 


f 


f  tl    d 


h 


,y  Google 


IIS 


CAE. 


SUS. 


very  plainly  indicated  in  both.  In  a 
Pompeian.  caricature  (inserted  s. 
PiCTOR)  a  corresponding  slit  is  shown 
at  llie  back  of  a  similar  vest.  The 
trowsers  alone  are  wanting  to  both 
iigiu'es  i  which  may  arise  from  the 
caprice  of  the  artist,  or  from  the 
markings  by  which  they  were  indi- 
cated in  the  originals  having  been  lost 
or  overlooked  from  the  pfFects  of  age. 
The  passage  of  Strabo  has  always 
been  interpieted  a,  f  it  meait  a 
Xiroiv  of  the  kind  called  nxiTot,  ,  but 
tliat  opened  at  the  side  (see  the  lU  is 
tcation  s.  TuMCA  5  )  whereas  the 
words  above  quoted  distinctly  imply 
that  the  garmeit  they  describe  was 
slit  up  beKire  and  behind. 

2.  A  dress  of  sim  lar  description, 
introduced  at  Rome  bj  the  emperor 
Aurelius  Anton  nusBaaiianus  whence 
he  received  the  nickname  of  Cara 
calk  (Anton  Catacall  g  Aurel 
Vict.  Vit.  Lies  2!  Id  EpU  21  ) 
which  only  differed  from  its  Gallic 
original  in  being  much  longer  reach 
ing  down  to  the  ankles  and  some 
times    also   furnished  with  a  hood 


n  this  ti 


}t  the  01 


o  gene 
n  people  a  id 


n  priesthood  amongst  n 
still  retained  under  the  name  orjo'/aBn 
a  vest  which  precisely  resembles  the 
Gaulish  jerkin  of  the  preceding  cuts 
with  tlie  skirts  lengthened  to  the 
feet. 

3.  Caracalla  Major  The  long 
caracalla  of  the  Romans  last  de 
scribed.     Edict   Dioclet  ar 

4.  Caracalla  Mtnirr  The  short 
caracalla  of  the  Gauls,  first  described 
Edict.  Dioclet.  /.  f. 

CAR'BASUS  (eaosraoof).  A  fine 
sort  of  flax  produced  in  Spain,  whence 
the  name  is  given  to  anything  made 
from  it ;  as  a  linen  garment  (Viig. 
^1.  viii.  34.)  ;  the  awning  stretched 
over  the  uncovered  part  of  a  theatre 
or  amphitheatre,  as  a  shield  against 
the  sun  and  rain  (Lucret.  vi.  109. 
see  Vei.om)  ;  the  sail  of  a  ship  (Virg. 
^«.  iii.  357,  Velum)  ;  the  Sibylline 


CAliCER. 

books,   which   were  made   of  luien. 
Claud.  B.  Gil.  232.,  &c 

CARBAT'IN^  (lopfSai-ii™  or 
«op7rdr(™i)-  The  commonest  of  all 
the  kinds  of  coverings  for  the  feet  in 
use  amongst  the  ancients,  and  peculiar 
to  the  peasantry  of  southern  countries, 
Asiatics,  Greeks,  and  Italians.  (Xen. 
Anab.  iv.  5.  14.  PoUui,  vji,  2a. 
Hesych.  s.  v.)    They  consisted  of  a 


square  piece  of  undressed  oxhide, 
placed  under  the  foot,  as  a  sole  ;  then 
turned  up  at  the  sides  and  over  the 
toes,  and  fiatened  across  the  instep 
ani  round  the  lower  part  of  the  leg 
bv  thongs  passing  through  holes  on 
the  edges  m  the  same  way  as  with 
the  cispida  on  which  account  they 
a  e  aliio  called  by  that  name  in  Ca- 
tullus (98  4.)  The  single  piece  of 
hide  which  ni  (act  constitutes  the 
w  hole  ihoe  sen  ing  both  for  sole  and 
upper  leather  also  explains  the  mean- 
ing of  the  epithets  by  which  they 
are  described  11  HesycMus — ^ovo- 
irA/ioi.  and  luii&Sipiiov,  i.e.,  having 
the  sole  and  upper  leather  a/l  in  ons. 
Foot  coverings  of  this  sort  are  almost 
umver=!all)  worn  by  the  Italian  pea- 
sanfr)  at  this  daj  as  represented  in 
the  illi  strahon  from  a  sketch  made 
by  the  writer  which  is  introduced 
here  in  preference  to  an  ancient 
etample  on  account  of  the  clear  idea 
It  gives  of  the  material  and  manner 
m  which  they  were  made ;  but  the 
Greek  vases  and  Pompeian  paintings 
afford  many  specimens  of  the  same  ; 
as  in  Tischbeiii,  I.  14.  Miiseo  Bor- 
bon.  xi.  25.  and  the  right-hand  figure 
at   p.   31.   of  this  work  s.   Anabo- 

CARCER  ^Khptapov).  A  frisan 
or  ptol.  The  Roman  prisons  were 
divided  into  three  stories,  one  above 
the  other,  each  of  which  was  appro- 

Eriated  to  distinct  purposes.  The 
iwermost   {career  inferior,   yopyufjij) 


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■g  ""s"  liters,  if'coir 

The  middle  one 
onstructed  imme- 
demned  cell,  and 
th  the  ground,  but 
eceding,  its  only 
an  ap«rture   in   the 

Ece  of  confinement 
ent  of  imprison- 
n$       istodia  arcta)   was 
he  sentence,  if  a 
out  £o  lie  caiiied 
r        pper  one,  forming 
ground,  ivas  pro- 
etenlion  for  Ihose 
offences,  or  who 
m  ed  to  an  ordinaiy 
m  nt  {aislodia  cont- 
confinement  was 
he  prisoners  not 
excluded  from  the 
d  exercise.     Thus 
d  with  precision 
ement   to  which 
ected  by  Otho — 
cha,   nsgus    obscura 
88       i.  e.,  in  the  upper 
in  the  close  con- 
ih        «w  interior  (the 
graving),  nor  in  tlie 
dungeon    below. 


gates,  and  usually  twelve  in  number 
{Cassiodor.  flir.  .£/.  iii.  Ji.),  whence 
the  word  is  mostly  used  in  the  plural 
(Cic.  Brat.  47.  Vii^.  G.  i.  512.). 
One  was  appropriated  to  each  cha- 
riot, and  the  whole  were  situated  at 
the  fiat  end  of  the  race-course  under 
(he  oppidum,  six  on  each  side  of  the 
porta  ponipis,  thTOUgh  which  tlie  pro- 
cession entered.  Their  relative 
position  as  regards  the  course  is 
shown  on  the  ground-plan  of  the 
Circus  (j.  ».)>  o"  which  they  are 
maiited  a  a,  and  an  elevation  of  four 
carceres,  with  their  doors  open  (fan- 
alii),  is  here  given,  from  a  bas-relief 
in  the  British  Museum. 

CARCHFSIUM  (nopx*'"'"')-  A 
drinking-cup  of  Greek  invention,  hav- 
ing a  tall  figure,  slightly  contracted  at 
its  sides,  with  slender  handles  which 
reached  fiom  the  rim  to  the  bottom 
(IMacrob.  Sal.  v.  21.).    It  was  used  as 


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(LnciL  Sal 
Lucan.  v.  4 
tackle  worl 


Ge 


e  ^ 
.  J.  ■u.  p.  546.),  and  into 
amen  ascended  to  keep  a 
,     .mage  the  sails,  and  dis- 
charge missiles,  as  seen  m  the  ilhis- 


which  the  Bi 


— .5^  .... ,  „  ^....  „. 

ration,     frum     a     painting 
Igyptian  tombs.      It  thus  a 


call  the  "  tops,"  hnt  received  its  name 
from  a  real  or  fancied  resemblance  to 
the  drinking-cup  figured  in  the  last 
woodcut. 

3.  Carchesiitvi  tiersaliU.  The  same 
apparatus,  when  made  to  revolve 
round  the  mast,  and  act  as  a  crane 
foe  the  loading  aiuJ  unloading  of 
merchant  vessel^  by  means  of  a  cross- 
bar or  erane-neck  inserted  horizon- 
tally into  it  (Vitruv.  x.  2,  10. 
Schneider,  ad  I)  Our  seamen  make 
rise  of  the  yard-arm  in  a  manner  not 
dissimilar. 

CARDINA'LLS.     See  ScAPUs. 


el       ff  racter. 

G  M  T      G     ks  dis- 

tmnuished  each  of   these    parts    by 


door-leaf  (scapus  cardmalis),  that 
formed  the  axle  by  which  the  con- 
trivance acted.  {Plin.  H.  N.  xvi.  77, 
a.  S4.  Id.  xxj:vi.  24,  g.  8.  Ptaut. 
Adn.  ii.  3.  8.  Vii^.  ^n.  ii.  480. 
ApuL  Mil.  i.  p.  9.)    The  figures  in 


the  annexed  engraving  will  explain 
the  nature  of  these  objects,  and 
the  mannei  in  which  they  were  ap- 
plied. The  two  top  ones  on  the 
right  hand  exhibit  a  pair  of  bronze 
shoes  from  Egyptian  originals  in  the 
British  Museum,  which  were  fast- 
ened on  to  the  top  and  bottom  of  a 
door-leaf,  to  act  as  pivots  (atpo- 
^lyyfi;),  for  the  wooden  axles  were 
cased  willi  bronze  to  bear  the  wear 
and  tear  (Vii^.  Cir.  22  z.  aratus 
cardo) ;  the  two  lower  ones  on  the 
same  side  are  two  Loj-es  which  v.eie 


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CARBNUM. 

Jet  into  tlie  all  and  lintei  of  the  door 
cciiJe  to  act  as  sockets  ((tt(ioJ(T(-)  in 
which  the  pivots  turned  ;  the  left-har  d 
one,  which  is  ^yptian,  and  of  ve  y 
bard  stone,  is  now  in  the  British  M 
seum,  and  was  actually  used  with  tl  e 
pivot  shoe  drawn  immediately  above 
it;  the  right-hand  one  is  of  bronze  t  d 
was  found  in  the  sill  of  a  dooi  it 
Pompeii ;  the  teeth  or  flutmgs  ro  nd 
the  sides  are  to  keep  it  firm  in  ts 
place,  and  prevent  it  from  turning  in 
its  setting  with  the  working  of  tlie 
door  ;  the  left-hand  figure  is  an  Egyp 
tian  door  from  Wilkinson,  and  slio  vs 
the  manner  in  which  the  apparatus 
was  attached  and  worked.  Compare 
the  illustration  s.  Antepagmentum. 

2.  The  pin  or  pivot  at  each  extre- 
mity of  an  axle  in  machinery,  by 
means  of  which  the  axle  revolves  in 
the  sockets  which  receive  them,  as  In 
a  wheel-barrow,  roller,  and  ^milar 
contrivances.    Vitruv.  tl.  14.  I. 

3.  A  ienou  in  carpentry ;  t.  e.,  the 
head  of  a  timber  cut  into  a  parbcular 
form  for  the  ptupose  of  fitting  into  a 


i  call  1 


CARE'NUM  The  »/aj/  of  new 
wine  inspissated  by  boiling  down  to 
two-thirds  of  its  oii^inal  quantity 
Pallad.  Od.  iS 

CARI'NA  (rpiTTt)  The  ial  01 
lowest  piece  of  timber  in  the  frame 
work  of  a  sliip  lunmng  the  whole 
length  from  stem  to  stern  and  serv 
ing  as  a  foundation  for  the  entire 
fabric  (Cic  de  Orat  in  46  )  includ 
ing  also  the  fihe  1  eel  or  keelson 
Liv.  xxii.  2a     Cffis  B  C  in   13 

CARNA'RIUM  A  frame  sos 
pended  from  the  ceiling  and  fur 
nished  with  hooks  and  nails,  for  the 
purpose  of  hanging  up  cured  pro 
visions,  dried  fiuits  herbs,  &c., 
similar  to  tho  e  still  used  m  oui 
kitchens.  (Plant  CaM  iv  4  6  Pet 
Snt.izs-A-     III    TjS   I     Ilin  ^    ^ 


5  spenlel  fron  tie  ce  I  n?  of  1 
tavern  aid  show  sausiges  vllc 
tables  a  id  such  Ihm^a  lianging  oy 
strings  or  in  nets 

2  In  a  moie  general  sense  a  safe 
or  iijiir  for  the  preservatioi  of  fiesh 
vaids  Plait  Cuic  u  3  45  Plin 
N.  JV.  xix.  19  a  3 

CAR'NIFEX  The  public  exe- 
cutioner, who  infl  cled  toituie  and 
scourging  upon  criminals,  and  eie 
cuted  the  condemned  by  ■itranghng 
them  with  a  rope  Plaut  Capt  v  4 
22,    Suet.  Nero,  54. 

CARNIFICINA  The  place  111 
which  criminals  were  tortuied  and 
executed  (Liv  IL  23  Suet  71*  62  ) 
MZ.  an  imdei^round  dungeon  beneath 
all  the  other  cells  of  the  gaol  The 
illustration  represents  the  ratenor  of 


c,l  .pit 


Tulhanuni  and  tlu, 
which  the  friends  and  accomplices 
of  Catibne  were  executed  by  order  of 
Cicero  rhe  crimmil  was  let  down 
into  It  by  a  rope  through  the  aper 
ture  in  the  ceilmg  and  his  body 
dragged  up  again  by  an  iron  hook 
{anciis)  after  the  e\ecution  The 
small  doorway  on  the  left  hand 
though  ani-ieiit    doe    not   belon^  10 


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CARROBA  LL!STA. 

Ong.  xx.  12.  3.)  These  were  like- 
wise covered  carriages,  constructed 
upon  the  same  principle  as  tlie  pre- 
ceding, but  more  sliowy  and  impos- 
ing in  cliaracter,  as  may  be  seen  by 
the  example,  from  a  medal  stmck  in 
commemoration  of  one  of  tlie  Roman 
empresses,  its  use  being  further  im- 
pbed  by  the  form,  whidi,  it  will  be 
observed,   is  made  in  imitation  of  a 

3.  A  cart  employed  for  agricul- 
tural purposes,  and  apparently  of 
very  common  and  general  use ;  for 
the  same  word  is  frequently  applied 
in  the  sense  of  a  cm't-load,  as  of  dung, 
&c,  to  indicate  a  certain  quantity, 
which  every  one  would  imniediately 
recognise,  as  in  the  English  phrase, 
"a  load."  (Pallad,  X.  I,  Veget.  ^h/. 
Med.  iv.  3.  Prsf.)  It  was  pr-obably 
built  like  the  first  of  tlie  two  speci- 
mens, but  of  coarser  workmanship, 
and  without  the  awning. 

CARPTOR.  The  carvis-:  a  slave 
whose  duty  it  was  to  carve  the  dishes 
at  grand  entertainments  before  they 
were  handed  round  to  the  guests. 
Juv  Sat.  ix.  no. 

CARRA'GO.  A  species  of  forti- 
fication adopted  by  many  of  the  bar- 
barous nations  with  whom  the  Romans 
came  into  collision.  It  was  effected 
by  drawtnij  up  the'r  wagons  and 
war-chariot.5  mto  a  c  rcle  round  the 
positions  whrch  tliey  occup  ed  Amm 
Marc  XXXI  7  7  TrebelL  Galluii 
13.    Veget  MU  111   10 

CARROBALLISTA.  A  hilbsn 
mounted  upon  a  cairmge  and  d  ■wm 
by  horses  or  mules  for  the  Conie 
tiin=port  flora  plat 


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CAXRI7CA. 

24.  Id.  ii.  25.)  The  illustrafion  re- 
presents an  engine  of  this  description, 
as  it  is  expressed  on  the  Column  of 
Antonine  ;  but  it  is  too  imperfect  in 
point  of  detail,  to  give  an  adeqoate 
idea  of  the  constructive  principle  upon 
which  such  machines  acted. 

CARRU'CA  or  CARRU'CHA. 
A  particular  kind  of  carriage  intro- 
duced at  Rome  under  tlie  Empire 
(at  least  mention  of  it  first  occiub 
in  Pliny,  and  it  subsequently  becomes 
common  in  Suetonius,  Martial,  and 
others).  Its  predse  form  and  char- 
acter is  a  matter  of  mere  conjecture; 
but  it  is  clearly  distinguished  from 
the  t^inus  and  tssedam  by  Mar- 
tial (Ep.  xiL  24.)  and  from  the 
rheda  by  Lanipridins  {Alex.  Sev. 
43.).  It  viBs  at  all  times  a  vehicle  of 
costly  desci'pt'on    a  i   h'gl  ly  o  n 


mented ;  at  first,  by  carvings  in 
bronze  and  ivory  (Am^.  Vephc. 
46.),  and  afterwards  by  chasings  in 
silver  and  gold.  (Plin.  H.  N.  xitxiii. 
40.  Mart.  Ep.  iii.  62.)  This  de- 
scription agrees  so  far  with  the  figure 
in  the  inneited  engraving,  represent 
ing  the  cam-ige  of  the  pr-efect  of 
Rome  from  tlie  Notitn  Imperii  and 
lu  whii.li  the  metal  ornament!,  are 
veiy  appirent  It  may  therefore  by 
a  plausible  conjecture,  be  regarded  is 
affjrdmg  a  type  of  these  conie; 
ances,  but  the  Latin  writers  certainly 
make  use  ol  the  term  at  times  m  1 
general  sense  without  intending 
thereby  to  designate  any  pirticular 
build  (as  m  Suet  Nmi,  30  and 
Mart  Ep  111  47 ,  where  the  same 
vehicle  IS  indiscriminately  termed 
ra)7w;and  theij]   ani  thi.  Bardie 


CARTIBULUM  123 

tdned  this  isage  n  ifter  times  for  it 
contains  the  elements  of  the  Italian 
carroiza,  and  our  cainags,  both  of 
which  ace  general  expressions 

2.  Carraca  domuloria  A  close 
carruca  (Scsevol  Dig  34  2  II  )  the 
camica  ufuiique  eontnta  of  Isidoras, 

CARRUCATIIUS.  Belonging  to 
B.i^antiai;  an  epithet  applied  to  the 
coachman    who   drove    it    (Capitol. 


I   38  )    See  the  precedmg  word  and 
illustiation 

CIRRUS  A  small  two  wheeled 
cart  with  boarded  sides  all  luund 
used  chiefly  n  the  Romin  aimies 
for  a  commissariat  and  ba^age  » ig 
gon  as  in  the  example  Iroi  1  tl  e 
Coluroi  of  Tiijan    on   which    such 


vehicles  are  frequently  represented. 
The  name  is  of  Celtic  origin,  as  was 
the  vehicle  itself,  having  been  ex- 
tensively employed  by  the  ancient 
Britons,  Gauis,  Helvelii,  &c.  Sisenn. 
fl/.Non,j,!'.p.  185.  Liv- X,  28.  Cffis. 
B.  G.  i.  3. 

CARTIB'ULUM.      A   particular 
kind  of  table,  made  of  stone  or  mar- 


ble with  an  oblong  bi 
il  e  top  and  suppoite 
central  pedestal  01  iftci 


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4  CAJiVATWSS. 

h  w  called  consiili  tables  by 

ph  1   erers.     It   was  not  used 

a.     a  d       g-table,    but   as   an    orna- 

m       1  lab  Of  sideboard  for  holding 

h    pt        nd  vases  belonging  to  the 

h     seh  id     and    used    to    stand    on 

d      of   the    atriuin  with   the 

sel    arranged    upon   it.      (Varro, 

i    L  25.)      This  account  fiom 

V  accurately  illustrated  by  the 

nra     g  which  represents  a  marble 

table  of  the  kind,  as  it  was  discovered 


1  the  n 


1  of  the  imfhtm 
■     "      ■■     itPon 


Behind  it  is  a  fountain,  and 
neath  it  there  is  a  sort  of  sink  divided 
info  two  compaitnients  nto  1  ch 
the  drainings  or  residue  from  the 
vessels  were  emptied  befo  e  thoy 
were  put  upon  the  table 

CARYAT'IDES(Knplicirfic) 
Female  figures  employed  nstead  ot 
columns  1^  the  ancient  arch  tec  s  to 
support  an  eiitalilature  as  seen  u  1  e 
annexed  engraving,  ■w  represe  ts 


CAS  A. 

3.  and  5.  Pet.  Sat.  rlj.  5.) ;  the  first 
regular  effort  in  building  of  the 
pastoral  ages,  and  which  continued 
afterwards  as  the  constant  model  fur 
the  residence  of  a  village  population. 
Of  this  description  was  the  thatched 
cottage  of  Romulus  on  the  Capitoline 
hi  1  (  ain  JP«  /  V  V  I  Fet 
F  gn  2  6  )  and  tl  ose  of  the  bo- 
rig  nal  nhab  ta  a  of  lat  m  of 
wl  cl   the  ilu     a  0     lee       oduced 


1^1  ly  c  e  a       e     It  is  cop  ei 

f  ora  a  I  earthenwa  e  ase  non  p  e 
erved  amo  gst  the  F^^'  a  1  an  1 
other  antiqu  ties  m  the  Br  t  si  M 
seuro,  but  ongi  nlly  employed  as  n 
sepulchral  nm  wh  ch  nas  d  scovere  I 
m  the  year  1817  amongst  several 
others  in  the  f  rm  of  tenples 


s  &c   1 


Mam. 


trthear 


Alba  Longa  nbedded  u 
vh  te  earth  (  uihi-  a  th  ck  s  ratum  of 
voican  c  lava  (the  Italian  peper  no) 
wh  ch  flowed  from  the  Alba  moi  nt 
before  ts  e  pt  ons  became  eit  net , 
previously  to  which  period  these  vases 
must  in  consequence  have  been  depo- 
sited there,  an  irresistible  proof  of 
their  great  antiquity.  ViEconti,  La- 
ter al  Sigr.  Caiseppt  Carnevaii,  sopra 
la  Vasi  sepolcrali  rmvetasti  aella 
la  sa  dilla  aiOica  Alia  Loiiga. 
R  m       87. 

A    mall   coantry-iouse  (Mart. 

Bp  -It   i   );  built,  as  we  should  say, 

ag     fashion,  upon   a  far  less 

g    nd        mogniflcent  scale  Chan  the 

In  or  country  mansion,  as 

es         1  in  the  annexed  engraving, 

m  inting   at   Pompeii,    which 


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yard  outbmld  ngs  and  1  ve  stock 
When  Mart  al<£/  xu  66)  used  the 
words  domus  and  casa  as  convertible 
lerms  it  is  purposely  and  po  nteHly 
in  order  to  msin  ite  that  the  iamas 
or  town  house  was  but  i  poor  ai  d  ill 
built  one     J  If ,  no  better  than  a  casa 

bom  made 


covered  b 

TibuU   11.  I   24. 

4  A  sort  of  wunsKin  or  Iiut  which 
the  soldiery  sometimes  formed  11th 
branches  of  trees,  as  a  substitut  for  1 
tent.     Vef^t.  Mil.  ii.  10, 

CA'SEUS  (rupri;).     Cheese  Varr 
L.   L.  V.    108.)  ;  which  the  a 
made  from  the  milk  of  cows,  sh    p 
and  goats  (Varro,  R.  R.  ii.  II         d 
ate  in  a  fresh  state,  like  cream   hee. 
or  dried  and  hardened.     (Td.  ib      I 
was  also  pressed  and  made  int 
mental    shapes   by  boxwood    m 
(Columell.    vii.  S.  7,).      Pliny 


97) 


dfTf  e 


places  wheie  the  lest  Lheeses 

CASS  IDA     Same  as  Cassis 
CA&SIDARIUS       Au   ainourei 

f.  bo  makes  metal  helmets     Iiiscr  pt 

af   Murat   959   5 

2    An  officer  whose  duty  it  wa 

take  charge  of  tlie  metal  helmet 

the  Imperial  armoury     Iiisci  pt. 


to 


Rein. 


{  70 


<ZhS  Sis  idis  (ropi  c>  A  casque 
or  helmet  n  ade  of  metal,  as  contr-i 
distngusled  fiom  Gale*  a  helmet 
of  leather  (laidor  Oiig  xmii  14 
compare  Tac.  Genu  6 )  btit  tl  la 
distinction  IS  not  always  observed  (Ov 
Mei  vni  25  where  both  names  aie 
given  to  the  same  helmet) ,  and  as 
the  latter  \^^  the  more  con  mon  name 
the  different  kinds  and  foi-ms  ire 
described  and  illuatiatcd  uidei  ll  at 

CASSI=1  IS  (itprut)  One  of  the 
nets  employed  by  ^e  ancients  111 
liunt  ng  wild  animalb  s  ich  is  boors 
and  deer  (Isidoi  On"  xix  5  4. 
Ov  A  Am  1  392  Mart  Ep  111 
58  )  It  was  a  sotC  of  purse  01  tunnel 
net  the  mouth  of  which  was  kept 
open  by  branches  of  tiees  and  so 
deceived  tlie  animal  who  was  diiven 
into  it,  when  it  was  immediately 
closed  by  a  nmmn„  roi.e  {sjudromiii) 
round    the    neck       Yates     Textnn 

CASTELLARIUS  An  officer 
who  had  the  charge  of  super  iiteidiig 
the  public  ieser\oir  {caslclliim)  of  an 
aqueduct  Fronlm  Ag  1 17  Inscript 
up  Or  t  6oi   7 

CASTELLUM  Dmmitive  rf 
Castruu  a  mall  fortified  place 
ss  m  »h   h     bod  Id 


try 


th 


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121^  STELLL    I 

xi.    4       Id    -P        V    4.)     T  e 


tilled  posts  witt 
Vatican  Virril- 

z,  A  sm^fortiRed  town;  so  called 
because  many  of  the  forts,  originally 
intended  as  mere  military  posts,  grew 
into  towns  and  villages  from  the 
neighbouring  population  Hocking  to 
them,  and  building  theii;  cottages 
about  the  fort,  for  the  sake  of  pro- 
tection ;  just  as  the  baronial  castles  of 
the  feudal  ages  formed  a  niicleiis  for 

any  of  the  towns  in  modem  Europe. 


Curt.  1 

3-  The 
formed  at 
any  part  of  the  line,  where  a  head 
of  water  was  required  for  the  supply 
of  the  locality ;  and  into  which  the 
main  pipes  were  inserted  for  the  pur- 
pose of  distributing  the  water  through 
the  various  districts  of  a  city. 
(Vitruv.  viii.  6.  i.  PHn.  H.  N.  xxxvi. 
24.  S  9.  Ffondn.  Aq.  35.)  In  ordi- 
nary dtoations,  thrae  were  plain 
briclt  or  stone  towers  cont^ning  a 
deep  dstem  or  reservoir  within  them, 
but  at  the  termination  of  the  duct 
when  it  reached  the  city  walls,  the 
caskUum  was  designed  with  a  regard 
to  ornament  as  well  as  use,  having  a 
grand  architectural  fiicade  of  one  or 
miire  stories,  decorated  with  columns 
and  statues,  and  forming  with  its  waste 
water  a  noble  fountain  which  poured 
its  jets  through  many  openings  into 
an  ample  basin  below  (Vitruv.  /.  c.) ; 


a  dJapidated  st  , 
church  of  S,  Eusebio  ;  but  the  details 
here  introduced  are  authorised  by  an 
old  drawing  of  the  structure  executed 
in  the  i6th  century,  when  the  prin- 
cipal ornaments  were  still  in  their 
original  situiitions,  and  the  whole  in 
a  mucli  more  perfect  condition  tlian  at 
present. 

4.  CasteUum  prhiatiira.  A  reservoir 
built  at  the  expense  of  a  certain 
number  of  private  individuals  living 
in  the  same  district,  and  who  had 
obtained  a  grant  of  water  fi-om  the 
public  duct,  which  was  thus  collected 
into  one  head  from  the  main  reser- 
voir, and  thence  distributed  amongst 
themselves  by  private  pipes.  Fron- 
tln.  106.  compare  27. 

5.  Castelhim  domcsticum.  A  as- 
tern which  each  person  constructed 
on  his  own  property  to  receive  the 
water  allotted  to  him  front  the  pubhc 
reservoir.     Frontin. 

6.  A  dstem  or  receptacle,  into 
which  the  water  raised  by  a  water- 
wheel  was  dischaiged  from  the 
scoops,  buckets,  or  troughs  {msdiiiU) 
which  collected  it  (Vitruv.  x.  4.  3.) 
See  Rota  Aquaria. 

CASTER'IA.  A  place  in  whidi 
the  oars,  rudders,  and  moveable  gear 
of  a  vessel  were  laid  up,  when  the  ship 

think,  a  particular  compartment  in 
(he  vessel  itself,  to  which  the  rowers 
retired  to  rest  themselves  when  re- 
lieved from  duty.      Non.  i.  2/.  p.   85. 


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PlBHt.  Asin.  iii.  i.  16.    Sdieffer,  Mil. 
Nav.  n.  5. 

CASTRA.  Plural  of  Castruh. 
An  encampment,  or  fortified  camp. 
The  arrangement  of  a  Roman  camp 
Vfas  one  of  remarkable  system  and 
skill.  Its  geneta!  form  was  square, 
and  the  entire  position  was  sur- 
roimded  by  a  ditch  (/nsia),  and  an 
embankment  (agger)  on  the  inside  of 


rHA.  127 

it,  the  top  of  which  was  defended 
by  a  iliDiig  fencing  of  palisades  (™/- 
ium).  Each  of  the  four  sides  was 
furnished  with  a  wide  gate  for  ingress 
and  egress ;  the  one  furthest  removed 
from  the  enemy's  position  (a)  was 
styled  forla  decumana  j  that  immedi- 
ately in  front  of  it  {i)  perta  pnsloria  ; 
the  one  on  Ibe  right  hand  (c),  porta 
principaiis  dexira ;  the  other  on  the 


•□DDDnnDDDnOD    nDDnDDnODDDD' 


left  (d),  porta  principalis  sinistra. 
The  whole  of  the  interior  was  divided 
into  seven  streets  or  gangways,  of 
which  the  broadest  one,  running  i 
direct  line  between  die  two  s 
gates,  and  immediately  in  front  of  the 
general's  tent  (pr/etorisim),  was  100 
feet  wide,  and  called  Via  Principalis. 
In  advance  of  this,  btit  parallel  to  it, 
was  another  street,  called  Via  Qttin- 
tana,  50  feet  wide,  which  divided  the 
whole  of  the  upper  part  of  the  camp 
into  two  eqaal  divisions  ;  and  these 
were  again  subdivided  by  five  other 
streets  of  the  same  width,  intersect' 


tents  and  quarters  a\ 
then  arranged  as  follows  : — I. 
prstoratm,  or  general's  tent.  z. 
allotted  t 


quEestor, ! 


d  the  c 


the 


under  lus  chaige.  3.  1V&  forma,  a 
sort  of  market-place.  4.  4.  The 
tents  of  the  select  horse  and  volun- 
teers. 5.  5.  The  tents  of  the  select 
foot  and  volnnteers.  6.  6.  The 
Egtiiles  Exlraordinarii,  or  extraordi- 
nary cavalry  furnished  by  the  allies. 
7.  7.  The  Feditcs  E.-clruoidinarii,  or 
cxtraordmary   infantry   furnished    by 


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I2S  C ASTRA. 

the  allies,  8.  S.  Places  reserved  for 
occasional  auxiliaries.  g.  9.  The 
tents  of  the  tribunes,  and  of  ibtpra- 
Jecli  sociorum,  or  generals  who  com- 
manded the  allies.  This  completes 
the  upper  portion  of  the  camp.  The 
centre  of  the  lower  portion  was 
allotted  to  the  two  Roman  legions 
which  constituted  a  consular  army, 
flanked  on  each  side  by  the  right  and 
left  wings,  composed  of  allied  troops. 


The    1 


L  which    these  * 


which  are  written  in  the  engraring 
over  their  respective  positions.  Fi- 
nally, the  whole  of  the  interior  was 
surrounded  by  an  open  space,  200 
feet  wide,  between  the  agger  and  the 
tents,  which  protected  them  from  fire 
mis  lies  a  d  litated  the  move- 
m    ts       h  p  within.   The  plan, 

he    description  of 
h       the  Roman   armies 
y  m  niples,  is  inserted 
11     rate    the   general 
whi  h  a  Roman  camp 


d    w 


m  any  ancient 
m  of  the  minor  de- 
an y  altered  after  the 
I   g  the  legions  into 

naniples,  liad  ob- 

;  n  ral  plan  and  prin- 

interior  distribu- 


f  th 


ai.    Tac  A 
the  high  bn  1 
with  one     f 
seen  stand    g 
where  it  fo  m 
city  walls,     t    tl 
which  it  u  as  l\ 
extended  by  A 

naval  encampm 
forlificalio     f 
of  a  fleet,   to  pi 
enemy,   when   they  v 


d     (S,     t   Claud. 

)     A  portion  of 

'  11  wl    h       losed  it. 


f  th    present 
h      tl  ey  were 


It  them  from  the 


CASH  LA. 

ashore.     Cies.  B.   G.  v 
Alcib.  8. 

CASTRUM.  An  augmentative 
of  CaSA,  meaning  in  its  i>rimary 
e  a  lai^  or  sLrongly-hiiilt  hut, 
and  thence  a  fort  or  fortress  (  though 
the  diminutive  Castellum  was  re- 
tained in  more  common  use.  Nepos, 
AlHb.  9.     Vil^.  Mn.  vi.  776. 

CAS'TULA.      A   woman's   peUi- 

•oat ;  worn  next  the  skin,   and  fas- 

ened  under  the 
breast,  which  it  left 
exposed.  (Varro, 
lit  yU.  Fop.  Horn, 
ap.  Non.  s.  V.  CaJ- 
tula,  p.  584,)  In 
early  works  of  art, 
is  often  repre- 
sented as  the  only 
under  garment, 
sole  article  of   the 

figure  in  the  en- 
graving, from  a  bas-relief  on  nil 
Etruscan  tomb;  but  the  Roman 
women  mostly  wore  a  tunic  or  some 
other  article  of  dress  over  the  breast 
and  shoulders,  so  that  the  two 
covered  the  person  as  much  as  an 
upper  and  under  tunic  ;  in  which  Case 
the  upper  part  of  the  petticoat,  as 
well  as  the  bosom,  is  concealed  under 
the  sMrts  of  llie  outer  covei'ing.  In 
this  manner  it  is  worn  by  Silvia  in 
the  Vatican  Virgil  (p.  14^1,  and  by 
a  female  figure  amongst  the  Pompeian 
paintings.  Mus.  Borb.  xiv.  2.  com- 
pare xh.  57.,  where  the  castula  is  put 
on  oser  a  long-sleeved  tunic,  but  lis- 
tened over  the  shoulders  and  round  the 
waist  in  the  same  manner  as  above. 

CA'SULA      Diminutive  of  Casv 
Any    very    -.m-ill 
cottage  or  humble 
dweUing  in  gene 

pedaily,  a  tempo 

uy  hut  or  cabm 

f  a  conical  form, 
which  sheep  and 
goat-herds  erected    ' 


n  the  I 


iidswhei 


,y  Google 


C  i  TAGRAPHi 


tiicir  flocks  pastured  ;  and  a  ral 

peasants  in  the  fields  fo     he    s!  e  e 

t  h         t  fm       (Prn.  H  N  v.-^ 

J        Sat  53        The  ex 

m      P  mpe  an  pa      n 

prese  tin        nisti    s  ene    an  1    ho 

d      dm  CAPRARIU& 

sh  w    a  g      h   d     hut  of   similar 

h      ct        Th       CO  d  meaning  be- 

2.  A    ood  d 


niblaiice 


s  (Apul. 


gm     Wh 

here,  the  whole  garment 
presents  an  appearance  very 
simiiar  to  the  cabin  last 
described,  and  from  this  res 
the  term  originated,  being 
a  sort  of  nick-name,  or  fam: 
amongst  the  lower  orders. 
Oris-  ^i"-  24-  17- 

CATACLIS'TA  so.  visk 
Md.  xi.  245. ;  but  neither  the  read- 
ing nor  the  meaning  of  the  word  is 
free  from  uncertainty).  A  term 
which  some  have  interpreted  to  mean 
a  dress  kept  shut  cp  in  the  wardrobe, 
and  only  taken  out  to  be  worn  upon 
great  occasions  as  a  holiday  dress 
(Salmas.  ad.  TertuU.  de  Fall.  3.); 
others,  with  more  apparent  reason,  a 
garment  without  any  opening,  but  fit- 
ting tight  and  close  to  the  person,  like 
those  commonly  seen  on  Egyptian 
statues.  'Vhx.o«.^i,Miis.Fio-Clem.vLi^. 

CATAD-ROMUS  A  rope  ex 
tended  m  a  alanbng  position  from  the 
ground  to  some  elevated  pomt  in 
a  theatie,  upon  which  ropedancero 
iscended  and  descended ,  a  feat 
nhich,  however  extraordinary  it  may 
appear,  is  ilbo  recorded  to  have 
been  performed  in  the  Roman  amphi- 
'  re  by  an  elephant  WLth  a  nder 
s  back.  (Suet,  Nero,  It,  com- 
Gal6.  6.  and  Plin.  H.  N.  viii,  2.) 


theitre 


h  gh  h  1 
sented,  only  a  portion 
the  spectator  (Plm  B  N  txxv  34 }', 
a  practice  now  considered  as  mdi 
eating  great  skill  on  the  part  of  the 
artist,  but  which  the  ancient  painters 
seldom  had  lecourie  to  The  il 
lustration  liere  introdni^  is  froii  a 


Pumpeian  picture,  wl  h  rep  e: 
Agimemnon  conduct!  Ch  se 
board  the  vessel  which  was 
ley  her  to  her  father  h  figu 
Agamemnon  is  slightly  h  rt 
m  Its  upper  portion ,   b  1 

that  IB,  It  IS  the  cksest  xim 

toH-ard  such    a  mode 
discoverable    in    the 


,y  Google 


I30  CATAPHRACTA. 

ivorks  executed  by  the  artists  of  Pom- 
peii. Even  in.  the  eelebrated  mosaic 
wliidi  represents  the  battle  of  Issus, 
the  laigest  pictorial  composition,  and 
richest  in  uunilxr  oC  figures,  which 
has  descended  to  lis,  the  whole  of 
.  them  are  represented  in  full  front 
or  side  views,  and  in  postures  nearly 
erect,  though  intlie  most  energetic 
action.  But,  with  the  exception  of 
some  arms  and  legs,  and  one  horse 
which  has  his  back  turned  to  the 
spectator,  there  is  no  attempt  at  fore- 
sliortening  the  figure  in  the  sense 
now  understood,  whereby  an  entire 
figure  is  portrayed  upon  the  canvas, 
wilhin  a  space  which  otherwise  would 
only  admit  a  part  of  it.  Even  the 
three  men  wlio  are"  wounded,  and 
upon  the  ground,  have  their  bodies 
presented  in  profile,  and  it  full  length 
their  legs  and  arms  only  bemg  si  ghtly 
foreshortened.  The  same  obsen-i 
tions  are  equally  applicable  to  the 
designs  on  fictile  vases. 

CATAPHRAC  T\(<n™^ia 
triji,')'  A  term  employed  bvVegetm-. 
to  designate  generally  ans  kind  of 
breast-plate  worn  by  Ihe  Roman  m 
fantry  from  the  eailiest  penod  until 
the  reign  of  the  Empeior  Gratianu;, 
VKtet.  Mil.  i.  20. 

CATAPHEACT  ^.TilUS      Same 

as  Cataphractus.    I  ampnd    Alex 

Sn:  56.     Ainmian.  xvi   25     lb  10 

8.  and  12.  63. 

CATAPHRACTU'i       (mi-a^pa 


e  foreign 


CATAPULTA. 

whose  lioi'^e,  as  well  as  himself,  v 
covered  ivith  a  complete  suit  of 
mour  (Serv.  ad  Yiig.  Mn.  xi.  771: 
like  the  scaled  back  of  a  crococ 
(Ammian.  xxiL  15,  16.);  more 
pecially  characteristic  of  som 
nations;  tlie  Partliians  (Prop.  i^.  .». 
13,),  Persians  (Liv.  xxKvii.  40.),  and 
Sarmatians  (Tac  Bht.  i.  79,),  as 
shown  by  the  illustration  represent- 
ing a  Sarmatian  cataphract,  irora  the 
Column  of  Trajan. 

3.  Sisenna  (iij>.  Non.  /.  i-.)  applies 
the  same  term  to  an  infantry  soldier, 
by  which  it  is  to  be  undevstood  (hat 
he  is  armed  cap-i-pie  in  heavy  body 
armour,  conastmg  of  helmet,  cuirass, 
cuisses,  or  thigh  pieces,  and  greaves, 
as  seen  in  the  illustration  s.  OCREATtts. 

CATAPIRATTES  (/3oX/i-)-  The 
had   which    failon,    u?e   for   taking 


.ertaming  the , 
.    .  ground,   whether   of 

sand  lock,  pebbles,  or  shells,  and  if 
fit  foi  anchorage  or  not  (LnciL 
Sat  -^  82  II  ed  Gerlach  Isidor. 
On^  xi\  4.  10)  In  the  illustra- 
tnn,  fr)m  a  marble  has  relief,  of 
which  there  is  a  cast  in  the  British 
Museum,  it  is  repiesented  as  hang;ing 
fiom  the  head  of  a  ve'ise! 

CATAPULTA  {krtrairAnit).  A 
military  engine  constructed  princi- 
pally for  dischai^ng  darts  and  spears 
c  f  great  substance  and  w  eight  (Paulus 
ei,  Fest  s  Tnfax) ,  whence  it  is 
sometimes  put  for  the  missile  which 

t  discharoes  (Titin  ap  Non.  s.  v. 
p   552     Plant  Pers  1    I    27.)    This 

nachine  is  descubed  in  detail  by 
\jtiunus  (">.    15)   itid  it  -xppears  no 


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CATAPULTARIUS. 

le5S  tlian  six  times  on  tlie  Column  of 
Trajan,  from  one  of  which  the  an- 
nexed representation   is   talten ;  but 


tlie  delails  are  not  sufficiently  cir- 
cumstantia!  in  any  one  of  tliem  to 
illustrate  satisfectorily  the  words  of 
Vitruvius,  or  to  show  the  prerise 
manner  in  which  it  acted,  beyond  the 
general  fact  that  it  projected  the 
missile  by  the  force  of  ils  rebound, 
ivhen  the  cross  bar  was  drawn  back 
from  one  of  -  the  sides,  and  then 
allowed  to  fly  lo  again  with  a  recoil. 
It  was  also  employed,  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  iaUista,  for  projecting 
lai^e  blocks  of  stone  (Cre?.  B  C  n. 
9),  forwhich  purpose  the  arch  ro  (he 
centre  seems  mtended,  in  order  Co 
let  the  mass  pas'!,  and  it  was  also 
placed  at  times  upon  a  carnage,  and 
trinsported  by  horses  or  mules  hke 
the  carta  balltsta,  as  pioved  by  tlie 
next  woodcut 

CATAPULTA'RIUS  (jtarairA- 
70[oe)  Anythmg  used  vifli,  or  be 
longing  to,  a  catapult ,  hence  ptlum 


II.),  a  dart  of  a  large  and  heavy 
description,  made  for  the  purpose  of 
being  projected  from  the  catapulta. 
(Compare  Polyb.  xi.  ii.  3.)  The 
illustration  is  taken  from  the  Column 
of  Trajan,  and  also  affords  an  insight 


CATAXACTA,  131 

into  the  manner  of  using  and  working 
these  engines. 

CATARACTA  or  CATAKAC- 
TES  (taTappaKTm)-  A  cataract, 
cascade,  or  sudden  fall  of  water  from 
a  higher  to  a  lower  level,  like  tlje 
falls  of  Tivoli  or  Temi  Plin.  H.  N. 
V.  la    Vitruv.  viii.  2,  6, 

2.  A  iliiicc,  ^nod-gate,  or  lock  in  a 
river,  either  for  the  purpose  of  mode 
rating  the  rapidity  of^  the  current 
(Plin,  Ep.  X.  69.),  or  for  shutting  in 
the  watM,  so  as  to  preserve  a  good 
depth  in  tlie  stream.  (Rutil.  i.  481.) 
The  illustration  is  copied  from  one  of 


the  bas-rehefs  on  the  arch  of  faeptunius 
Severus  IE  will  be  observed,  that  the 
Roman  artist,  m  iccordance  with  the 
practice  of  his  school,  has  indicated 
rather  than  expressed  his  meaning. 
The  floodgate  itself  js  omitted,  but  the 
IV  aterway  which  it  would  close,  and 
the  uprights  by  which  it  would  be 
kept  in  Its  place,  ind  made  to  slide 
up  and  down,  are  distinctly  shown. 
3  A  furtcullts,  suspended  over  the 
!  of  a  aty  or  foi  tified  place,  so 


that  it  could  be  let  down 


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(Uv.  s 


CA  TASCOPIUM: 

■ings  and  chains  at  pleasure. 
ni.  28.  Vegel.  Mil.  iv.  4.) 
e  of  the  ancient  gate-ways  still 
remaining  at  Rome,  another  at  Tivoli, 
and  also  at  Pompeii,  the  gloves  in 
which  the  portcullis  worked  are 
pliunly  apparent ;  and  the  example 
here  introduceil,  from  an  ancient 
fresco  painting,  where  it  defends  the 
entrance  to  a  bridge,  eiliibits  the 
chains  and  ring  by  which  it  was 
worked,  predsely  as  mentioned  by 
Vegetius.  The  grating  which  closed 
tiie  entrance  does  not  appear  in  the 
original,  which  may  be  the  effect  of 
age  ;  or,  perhaps,  it  was  not  a  regular 
portcullis,  but  only  a  movable  bar 
raised  and  lowered  at  certain  hours 
to  close  the  passage  against  travellers 
or  cattle ;  but  in  either  case  it  is  suf- 
ficient to  exhibit  the  character  of  suclk 
contrivances  amongst  the  ancients. 

CATASCOFIUM.  Diminutive 
of  CATA3COP0S.  A  small  vessel 
employed  as  a  spy-ship,  to  keep  a 
watch  or  look-out     Aul.  Gell  x  25 

CATAS'COPUS  (tordoffujToO 
A  spy  or  scout.     Hirt.  Bell.  Aft    26 

2.  A  vessel  employed  as  a  spy 
ship.  tea.  B.  G.  iv.  26.  Iiidur 
Orig.  xix.  I. 

CATAS'TA.  An  elevated  wooden 
frame  or  platform  upon  which  slaves 
were  placed  when  exposed  for  sale  in 
the  slave  market,  in  order  that  the 
purchaser  might  examine  them,  to 
discover  thar  points  or  defects. 
(TibulL  ii.  3.  60.  Fers.  vi.  77  fauet 
Gr/aaii.  13.)  From  an  expression  of 
Statiua  (Sylii.  iL  i.  72.  iurbs  calasin), 
it  would  appear  that  the  machme  was 
made  to  revolve,  like  the  stands  used 
for  statues,  that  the  purchaser  migf  t 
have  an  opportuoilj  of  inspecting 
the  structure  of  the  figure  exposed  all 

2.  Catasia  arcaiia.  An  apparatus 
of  similar  description,  on  which  the 
Inost  valuable  and  beautiful  slave? 
were  shown,  not  in  the  public  market, 
but  privately  in  the  depSts  of  the 
dealers.     Mart.  Ep.  ix,  60.  S 

3.  An  iron  bed   or  grating  under 


CATELLUS. 

which  a  fire  was  kindled,  and  on 
which  criminals  were  sometimes  laid 
to  be  tortured,  and  some  of  the  early 
martyrs  roasted  alive.  Prudent.  Hepi 
CT«$.  i.  56.     Id.  ii.  399. 

CATE'JA.  A  missile  employed 
in  warfare  by  the  Germans,  Gauls, 
Hirpini,  &c.  It  was  a  spear  of  con- 
siderable length  and  slender  shaft, 
having  a  long  cord  attached  to  it, 
like  the  harpoon,  so  that  it  could  be 
recovered  by  the  person  who  had 
launched  iL  Virg.  jSn.  yii.  742. 
Serv.ai^/.  SiLiii.277.  Isidor.  0^. 
xviii.  7.  7. 

CATELLA  (dXuafStor).  A  di- 
minutive  of  Catena  ;  but  generally 
used  to  indicate  the  smaller  and  finer 


or  any  of  the  various  purposes  to 
which  similar  articles  are  applied  in 
our  own  days.  (Hor.  £/.  1.  17.  55, 
Liv.  xxxix,  31.  Cato,  S.  R.  135.) 
The  example  htre  intriduced,  from  a 


Pompenn  onginal,  eJubits  a  small 
bionze  ch^tn  ol  a  pattern  veiy  cjm 
monly  found ,  but  the  excavation? 
made  at  different  tunef  in  that  city 
and  other  parts  of  Italy  have  pio 
duced  a  great  variety  of  other  de 
signs,  affording  specimens  of  all  the 
patterns  now  made,  as  well  as  some 
others,  which  cannot  be  imitated  by 
modem  workmen. 

CATELLUS  A  dimmutive  of 
Catena  ,  a  small  cham  made  use  of 
loi   the   confinement  of    slaves,   but 


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CA  TEN  A. 

whether  of  any  special  character,  it 
is  difficult  to  determine.  From  the 
passage  of  Plaulus  where  the  word 
occurs  (Cure.  v.  3.  13.),  it  may  be 
stirmised  that  the  calellus  was  some- 
lliing  liite  what  Is  now  called  a 
" clog"  which  is  attached  to  the  legs 
of  animals  to  prevent  them  from 
straying,  and  which  might  have  been 
fastened,  as  a  punishment,  to  the  leg 
of  a  slave ;  the  term  thns  originating 
in  a  pnn  upon  the  word  ccaas  (Becker, 
Quast.  Flmitm.  p.  63.  Lips.  1837.), 
the  clt^  and  chain  having  a  sort  of 
aifinity  to  a  Aog  with  its  cliain. 

CATE'NA  (ffiViwu;).  A  chaiit, 
formed  by  a  series  of  iron  links  in- 
terlacing  with  each  other.  (Cic. 
Vii^.  Hot.  Ov.  &c.>  The  chains 
of  the  ancients  were  made  exactly 
like  our  own,  as  shown  by  the  illus- 
tration, which  represents  some  of  the 
links  of  an  ancient  chain  now  pre- 
served as  a  sacred  relic  in  the  Church 
of  S.  Pietro  in  Vinculis  at  Rome, 
and  which  gave  its  title  to  the  church ; 
for  it  is  tliere  Baid  to  be  the  identical 
one  with  which  St.  Peter  was  chined 
in  the  Tiillianum,  or  Servian  prison. 
See    Caiicellieri,    Career c    Tulliano, 


where  all  the  evidence  upon  which  this 
tradition  depends  is  stated  at  length. 

2.  A  chain  of  gold  or  silver  worn 
by  women  as  an  ornament  round  the 
body,  or  over  the  shoulder  and  sides, 
like  a  dalleus  (Plin.  H.  N.  xxxm.  13.) 
Ornaments  of  this  description  are 
frequently  depicted  in  the  Porapeian 
paintings,  from  one  of  which  the 
illustration    is    taken  ;    and    always 


CA  TEN  A  TVS,  133 

placed,  as  lierc,  upon  the  naked  body 


of    goddesses,    bacchanals,    dancing 

girls,  and  persons  of  tliat  desci'iption, 

CATENA'RIUS,  sc.   Cahis.  ■  A 

yard  or  watch  dc^,   chained   up  to 

?otect  the  premises  from  slmngers. 
he  Romans  kept  dc^  in  this  way 
at  the  entrance  of  their  houses  liy  the 
side  of  the  porter's  eel!,  with  ilie 
notice,  Cavb  canem  — "  Beware 
of  the  dog,"  written  up  (Pet  Sai. 
19.  I.  Id.  72.  7.  Seneca,  Ira,  3. 
37.) ;  as  is  also  shown  in   the   an- 


illustration,  from  a  mosaic, 
which  forms  the  pavement  of  the 
prothyrum  in  the  house  of  the  "tragic 
poet,"  as  it  is  dalled,  at  Pompeii. 

CATENA'TUS  [i^vvihmi). 
ShacUeil,  fettered,  or  in  chains, 
like  a  slave,  ciiminal,  or  captive. 
(Flor.  jii.  19.  3.  Suet.  Tib.  64. 
Hor.  Efod.  vii.  8.)  The  word  does 
not  imply  tliat  the  persoh  so  confined 
was  chained  up,  or  bound  in,  another 
object,  which  is  espressed  by  17///- 
gatiii ;  but  merely  that  he  was  bound 
with   chains  in  a  manner  to  impede 


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134  CATESVASIL 

the  freedom  of  his  motions,  and  pre- 
vent  an  escape  by  flight.  See  the 
illustratLons  s.   Catulus  and  Com 

PBDITUS. 

CATERVATiir.  Gkdiatots  and 
combatants  who  fought  m  companies 
or  bodies,  and  not  in  single  pairs, 
which  was  the  more  usual  manner 
Suet.  A«g.  45.  Compire  Cal  30 
eregataiz  dlmuantis. 

CATHED'RA   (MiMpa)      A 

"  but  without 

arms,     such      as 

especially  by   fe- 
males  (Hor.   Sat. 

V°"i?i!'  630'; 
hence  when  as- 
signed to  males,  it 
frequently  implies 
a  notion  that  they 
were  of  idle,  lux- 
urious, or  effemi- 
nate habits  (Juv 
^at  IX.  52  )  The  illustration  repre- 
sents Ledis  chair,  from  a  Pompeian 


easy  or  lounging  chair.  TJie  ex 
ample  is  from  a  Greek  fictile  vase 
and  represents  one  of  tlie  masters 
■who  taught  the  young  men  their 
exercises  In  tlie  gymnasiom  (Triiifo- 
T-pijSift).  A  marUe  in  the  Capitol 
at  Rome  shows  the  empress  Agrip- 
.pina  sitting  in  one  of  a  similar 
cLiracter. 


first  er 

4  1 
rhetoiicians,  &c,  sat  to  delive 
lectures,  a  pro/asot's  c/iair  (Juv. 
Sat  Yii  203.  Mart.  Efi.  1.  77.),  of 
which  the  kst  illusttation  probably 
affords  the  type. 

5  A  sedan  chair  (Juv.  Sat.  i. 
65  )  ,  but  the  word  appears  to  be  used 
there  as  an  intentional  misnomer  for 
sella  g^latoria  or  lectica,  to  give  force 
to  the  satire.  Cf.  Schaeffer.  Re.  Vdiic. 
ii  4,  p.  64-  ,    .     . 

6.  More  recently,  the  chair  in 
which  the  bishops  of  the  early  Chris- 
tian Church  sat  during  divine  service 
(Sidon.  in  cone,  post  Epist.  9.  I.  7.) ; 
from  which  the  principal  church  of  a 
diocese  is  called  "the  cathedral;" 
i.s.  in  which  the  bishop's  chair  is 
placed. 

CATH'ETER  l..<aSfri\p\  Pro- 
perly, a  Greek  word,  for  which  the 


VII.    ao.    I.)  ;  a  caiftsier,    or   bui^caj. 

---^^ 

instrument  employed  in  drawing  off 
tlie  water,  when  suppressed,  from  the 
bladder,  into  which  it  is  inserted. 
(CiBl.  Aucel.  Tard.  ii.  I.  n.  13.)  The 
example  is  from  an  original,  nine 
inches  long,  discovered  at  Pompeii 

CATILLUS  and  CATILLUM 
A  small  dish  of  the  same  form  and 
chiiactei  as  the  cattnus,  but  of  less 
capacity,  and  possibly  of  mlenor 
manufacture  Columell  xiL  57  I 
Val   Ma!.  1 


(o.oi)      The  u 


;r  of 


mill  foi  gnnding 
corn  (Paul,  At-  33-  7- 18.  %  5.),  which 
served  as  a  hopper  or  bowl  into  which 
the  com  was  poured;  whence  thename. 
The  annexed  illustration  represents  a 
Roman  mill  now  remdning  at  Pom- 
peii, with  a  section  on  tlie  left  hand. 
The  upper  part  or  basin  is  the  ca- 


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tables,  iisb,  and 
poultry  were 
brought  to  table. 
(Hor.  Sat.  L  6. 
115.  /A  11-4.  77-  //'-i.  3-92-)  The 
illustration,  which  is  copied  from  a 
series  of  ancient  fresco  paintings  dis- 
covered near  the  Church  of  St  John 
in  Lateran,  at  Rome  (Cassini,  Filture 
Antkhe,  tar.  4.  Roma,  1783.),  lepre- 

-senting^  a  nnmber  of  slaves  bringing 
in  different  dishes  at  a  feast,  sliows 
the  catirtus,  with  a  fowl  and  fish  in  it, 
precisely  as  described  by  Horace  in 
the  last  two  passages  cited. 

z.  A  deep  earthenware  dish,  in 
which  some  kinds  of  cakes,  pies,  or 
puddings  were  cooked,  and  served  up 

,to  table  in  the  same  ;  lilie  our  fw- 

■dish.     Varro,  R.  R.  84. 


rials,  in  which  pastdes  of 
were  carried  to  the 
sacrifice  (Suet 
Calb.  18.  Apnl 
Apol.  p.  434.)  and  thence  taken  Duf 
to  be  dropped  upon  a  smiJl  bumuig 
fire-basket.  (See  the  dlnstiation  to 
Focus  TURicuBMis  )  The  illustn 
lion  represents  a  curious  and  laiuable 
dish  ci  agate,  which  was  brought 
from  Cesarea  in  PaJestine  in  the  year 
lioi,  and  is  now  preserved  as  a. 
sacred  relic  in  the  sacristy  of  the 
cathedral  at  Genoa,  where  it  goes  by 
the  name  of  the  m^v  caimo.  It  13 
devoutly  believed  in  that  city  that 
our  Saviour  partook  of  the  paschal 
lamb  with  His  disciples  out  of  this 
identical  dish  ;  but  the  smallness  of 
its  size,  and  the  value  of  its  material, 
sufficiently  prove  that  it  was  never 
made  to  conttun  food,  though  it  might 
have  been,  reasonably  enough,  em- 
ployed for  the  purpose  first  stated. 

4.  An  earthenware  crucible  for 
melting  metals.  (Plin.  H.  N.  xsxiii. 
21.)  The  illustrations  represent  two 
originals,  one  of  red,  the  other  of  white 


clay,  which  were  found  in  an  ancient- 
Roman  pottery  at  Castor  in  Northamp- 
tonshire.    Arlis.  Diirebrin.  pi.  38. 

5.  A  particular  member  of  the 
forcing  pump  invented  by  Ctesibins. 
(Vitruv.  X.  12.)  See  the  conjectural 
diagram  in  Ctesibica  Machina,  in 
which  the  Catinam  is  marked  A, 

CATOMimO  (tar^^il^Y  To 
"hoist"  one  npon  the  shoulders  of 
another,  for  the  purpose  of  inflicting 
a  flowing ;  a  mode  of  punishment 
which,  amongst  the  Romans,  was 
applied  to  grown-up  persons,  as  well 
as  boys.  (Pet.  Sat.  132.  3.  compare 
Apul,  Met.  ix.  p.  196.     Spart.  Hadr. 


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school-room  at  Heiculaneum,  from  a 
painting  discovered  in  that  city. 

CATULUS.  A  chain  attached  to 
an  iron  collar  (callare)  round  the 
neck  like  a  di^'s  chain,  by  which 
runaway  slaies  when  recaptured 
were  brought  lack  to  the  r  nastei's 
(Lucil  Sat  >.xix  IS  ed  Oerlach 
Cii'i!  J  tan  IS  alula  coUanjuf  with 
nianacles  leading  Lbaiii  and  neck 
coUai  )     The  illustration    from  the 


Column  of  Aiitonine,  representing  a 
barbarian  caiiitve,  shows  both  the 
collar  and  chain  attached  to  it,  as 
mentioned  by  Luciliiis. 

CAUDEX.  See  Codex,  which 
is  the  more  usual  spelling. 

CAUDICA'RIUS  or  COBICA'- 
RIUS.  Na-ots  catuiicarite.  Lai^e 
boats  employed  upon  the  Tiber,  and 
made    of   coarse    planking    roughly 


CA  UPON  A. 

joined  (Varro,  de  Vil.  Pof.  Rem.  ap. 
Non.  I.  E'.  p.  535.  Festus.  s.  v.") ;  pro- 
bably so  constructed,  because  the 
rapidity  of  the  current  rendered  it 
difficult  to  remount  the  stream  ;  and 
they  could  thus  be  broken  up  or  taken 
to  pieces,  without  much  loss,  upon 
reaching  the  mouth  of  the  river  or 
iheir  place  of  destination,  as  was  the 
usual  practice  upon  the  Khone  before 
the  introduction  of  steam  navigation. 
CAUDIC'IUS  lit£  A 
vessel  of  si 


Mos  11 


Auson.  i 

CAULA.      A'   g  n  ral    nam     f 
any  place  su         d  d  vith  f  n  es 
as  to  form  an     n  I  sur    a         h  p 
fold,  &c.   Fe  tu  y  g  jE      x 

61.     Serv.  all 

CAULICULI  In  architecture 
the  eight  smallei  leaies  or  stalks  in 
a  Corinthian  capital  which  spni  g 
oat  of  the  font  laiger  or  pi  ncipai 
ones  by  which  the  eight  volutes  of 
the  capital  are  sustained  (Vitruv 
IV  I  12  Gwilt  Glossary  0/  Anhi 
le  till  e  1  v)  They  are  easUy  dia 
tmguished  upon  iny  Corinthian 
capitals  SeeCAPiTULUM6  btt  m 
consequence  of  the  very  diminished 
size  of  the  drawing  it  is  difficult  to 
make  them  sufficiently  promme  it 

C  A  U  P  O.  The  master  or  keeper 
of  acaupona;  i.e.  l.  An  imikesper 
(^fvolito-:),  who  receives  travellers 
in  bis  house,  and  furnishes  them  with 
food  and  lodging  (Cic.  Div.  i.  27.)  ; 
2.  apublkaa  (Ean'i]Xac),whofiirnished 
strangers  with  drink  or  food,  but  not 
with  lodgings.  MarL  £p.  \.  2J.  ih.  i. 
57.,  and  see  the  next  word. 

CAUPaNA  (JfwoSoniow,  vavli,- 
Kfior),  An  inn,  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  travellers,  where  they 
could  De  furnished  with  temporary 
board  and  lodging.  (Ilor.  Ep.  i.  11. 
(2.  Aul.  GeU.  vii.  11.  I.)  The  old- 
fashioned  country  inn,  or  road-side 
liouse,  affords  the  nearest  parallel 
in  oar  language  to  the  Micient  caa- 
poiia,  which  has  no  resemblance  to 
the  more  imposing  establishments  or 


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CAUPO^A. 

hoUh,  in  wliicli  people  of  wealth 
amongst  us  take  up  tlieir  residetice 
for  long  periods  tc^ether.  It  was 
opened  for  the  convenience  of  the 
poorer  and  trading  classes,  and  those 
who  travelled  upon  business,  not  for 
pleasure  ;  for  most  other  persons  had 


■A  VMDIUM. 


pri 


e  furnished 


with  introductipns,  which  would 
sure  them  a  hospitable  entertainment 
in  some  friend's  house  wherever  they 
went ;  and  such  is  slill  the  custom  in 
modern  Italy,  where  the  traveller 
who  divei^s  from  the  beaten  track, 
is  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  private 
hospitality,  in  consequence  of  the 
wretched  nature  of  the  places  called 

2.  (BoiriiX(ioi').  In  the  lai^e  towns, 
the  ampona  was  a  plate  where  wme 
and  other  refreshments,  hut  wine 
more  especially,  was  sold  and  drunlt 
on  the  piemises  <Cic  Pis  23  com- 
pare Mart.  Ep.  i.  27     ' 


of  tliese  establishments  at  Pompeii ; 
bnt  in  the  original,  a  frame  for  dried 
and  salted  provisions  is  also  suspended 
from  the  ceiling,  which  has  been 
omitted,  from  inadvertence,  in  Che 
engraving ;  it  is,  however,  ^ven 
under  the  word  Carnarium. 

3,  [KatniKii).  A  female  who  keeps 
one  of  these  places  of  entertfunment. 
Lucil.  Sal.  iii.  33.  ed.  Gerlach.  Apul. 
Md.  i.  p,  6.  and  15. 


CAUPO'NIOS,  I 
TfitiitiT  Or  pot-boy  at 
wiiie-shop  (Plant,  /ten.  v.  5.  19.)  i 
see  on  the  right  hand  in  die  pie- 
eeding  woodcut,  the  figure  who  is 
bringing  in  the  wine, 
.  CAUPO'NULA.  Diminutive  of 
Caupona  ;  a  low,  poor,  and  common 
wine-shop.     Cic.  Phil.  ii..3i, 

CAUTULUS  or  CAU'POLUS. 
A  particular  kind  of  boat  (Aul.  Gell. 
X.  25.  3.),  the  peculiar  characteristics 
of  which  are  unknown,  bnt  said  to 
belong  to  the  same  class  as  the  Isinho 
and  cymia.     Isidor.  Orig.  idx.  i.  25: 

CAU'SIA  (Miiffio).  A  high, 
crowned,  and  broad -brimmed  felted 
liTt  mvented  by  the 
Macedonians.  (Val. 
Mix.  v  1.  4.) ;  from 
whom  It  descended  tt 
the  Romans,  and  wa: 
especially  worn  by 
their  fishermen  and  sailors. 
Md.  IV.  4.  42.  Id.  Pers.  i  „ 
The  example  is  from  a  fictile  v 
but  it  resembles  exactly  the  hat  w 
by  Alexander,  on  a  medal. 

CAUTER    and    CAUTE'RIUM 
{eroirao.   navTiipxav).       A   cautery  or 
,  used  by  sui^eons,  vete- 


rinaries,  and  others,  for  branding 
cattle,  affixing  a  stigma  upon  slaves, 
and  similar  purposes.  (Pallad,  i.  43. 
3.  Veget.  Vd.  i.  28.)  The  example 
represents  an  original,  four  inches 
long,  which  was  discovered  in  a  sur- 
geon's house  at  Pompeii. 

2.  An  instrument  employed  for 
burning  in  the  colours  of  an  encaustic 
painting ;  but  as  that  art,  as  it  was 
practised  amongst  the  ancients,  is  now 
lost,  it  is  impos^ble  to  determine  the 
exact  character  of  the  instrument,  or 
the  precise  manner  in  wMch  it  was 
used.  Mart.  Dig.  33.  7.  17.  Teitujl. 
adv.  Hennog.  I, 

CAV^'DIUM  or  CAVUM 
.*:DIUM.  Literally,  the  void  or 
liollow  part  pf  a  house,     To  under- 


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stand  tlie  real  meanin^  of  thib 
It  IS  to  be  ob&eried  that  m  early 
times,  or  for  booses  of  small  dimen 
sions,  tbe  Juiaeiit  style  of  biulding 
was  a,  very  simple  one,  ind  consisted 
m  disposing  aU.  the  habitable  apart 
merits  round  fom  sides  of  a  quad 
xangle,   whidi   thus  left  a  spice  or 


ample  from  the  Vatican  ^  rg  1  This 
hollow  space  leceived  the  inmtve 
nime  of  cavu/ii  ^dium^  so  truly  de 
scnptive  of  it ,  and  formed,  witli  the 
suites  of  apartments  ail  lound  it  the 
entire  bouse  But  -is  the  Romans 
incieased  in  iieiltli,  and  began  to 
build  upon  a  moie  magnificent  stale, 
adoptmg  the  style  aud  plans  of  other 
nations,  they  converted  this  open 
court  mto  an  apartment  suitable  to 
the  uses  of  their  families,  by  covenng 
m  the  aides  of  it  with  a  roof  supported 
upon  columns  of  one  story  high,  and 
leaving  only  an  openuig  iu  the  centre, 
(conifiumum),  for  the  admission  oE 
light  and  air.  This  practice  they 
learnt  from  the  Etruscans  {ai  Atrt- 
atibus  Tiiscis.  Varro,  L.  L.  v.  l6t.), 
and,  therefore,  when  the  caviini 
sdium  was  so  constructed,  they  de- 
signated it  by  the  name  of  atrium, 
after  the  people  from  whom  they  had 
botrowed  the  design  By  lefemng 
to  the  ground-plans  which  illustrate 
the  article  Domcis,  it  will  be  perceived 
that  the  atrium  is  in  leality  nothing 
mote  than  the  hollow  pait  of  the 
bouse,  with  a  coreied  gallery  or 
portico  round  its  sides  ,  and  thus  the 
two  words  sometimes  appear  to  be 
used  as  convertible  tenns,  and  at 
others,  with  so  much  uncertainty  as 
to  bear  an  interpretation  which  would 
refer  them  to  two  separate  and  dis, 
tinct  members  of  the  edifice  ;  ani  in 
reality,  in  great  houses,  or  in  count  \ 


villas  which  covered  a  lai^e  space  of 
ground,  and  comprised  many  distinct 
members  with  their  own  appurte- 
nances attached  to  each,  we  find  that 
both  a  cai/i£diit7ii  and  an  atrium  veeG 
composed  in  the  general  plan.  This 
was  the  case  in  Pliny's  villa  {£^.  ii. 
17)  in  n  liich  we  aie  to  understand 
that  the  first  was  an  open  couvt-yard, 
without  any  roof  and  ^de  galleries 
(whence  it  is  expressly  said  to  be 
light  and  cheerful,  Mlare);  tlie  other, 
a  regular  atrium,  partially  covered  in, 
accoidmg  to  tlie  Etruscan,  or  foreign 
fashion  Tliere  can  be  no  doubt  that 
sudi  la  the  real  difference  between' 
the  cai/^itim  and  aliimn;  but  when 
tlie  two  words  are  not  applied  in  a 
itnctly  distinctive  s  ■      .> 


used  to  designate  the  same  member  of 
a  house  n  ithout  reference  to  any  par- 
ticular position  or  mode  of  fitting  up, 
both  of^  them  in  reality  being  situate 
in  tbe  hollow,  or  shell  of  the  house ; 
and,  consequently,  Vitruvius,  as  an 
architect,  employs  the  term  cavadiusi 
(vi  5 )  for  the  style  which  more 
stiictly  and  accurately  resembles  an 
atrium  (See  that  word,  and  the  illus- 
trations there  introduced  ;  which  will 
show  tlie  different  ways  of  arranging 
a  cav^dmm,  when  taken  in  its  more 
general  meaning.) 

CA'VEjt.  An  artificial  cage  or 
den  for  wild  beasts,  made  with  open 
bars  of  wood  or  iron  (Hor.  A.  P. 
473  ),  m  which  they  were  transported 
from  place  to  place  (Claud.  Cons. 
Stihch  11  322-5.)}  exposed  to  public 
erie  (Plin.  H.  N. 


,1  25  >,  . 


theai 


would  be 
emitted  fro 
into  the  su 
Vopisc  Fr 


ghf 


,y  Google 


(Pet.  Sal.  2S,  9.),  in  nhith 
birds  were  domesticated  ind 
private  houses ;  or  the 
call-bird  carried  out  by 
the  fowlec  {aucefs)  foi 
his  sport.  The  passage 
from  Petronius,  quoted 
above,  speaks  of  a  mag- 
pie, suspended  in  hia 
cage  over  a  door,  which 
was  taught  to  utter  salu- 
tations to  all  who  entered  The  ex 
ample  is  frtm  a  fictile  vase  m  Bol 
detti,  Cimitej  p  154. 

3.  The  coop  01  cage  111  which  the 
sacred  chickens  were  kept  and  car 
Hed  to  Ihe  places  where  the  auspices 
were  taken,  by  observing  the  mannei 
in  which  they  fed  (C  c  JV  Z>  11  3 
Id.   Div.   i      iil      Tie    lUistrLtioi 


MfflttitM' 


rep  e  en  3  on  of  h  e  a  es  n  ith 
he  h  kens  f  ed  g  nd  1  e  handle 
by    wh   h  wa.s  ca    ed     fiom   a 

Roman  bas-relief. 

4.  Poetically,   a  bee-hive.      VJig. 
G.  iv.  58.     See  Alvearet 

5.  A    conical    frame    of  iaths  or 
wicker-work,  made  use  of  by  fullers 


and    d)er=    for    aL 
bleaching    cloth, 
p      193 }      This 
flame  was  placed 

or  a  pot  with  sul- 
phur kmdled  in 
it,  the  use  of  which 
is  well  known  for  bleachuig,  and  the 
cloth  was  then  spread  over  (he  frame, 
which  confined  the  heat,  and  excluded 
the  air  The  example  here  given  is 
from  a  painting  in  die  ft  tier's  estab- 
lishment {/ulloiiica)  at  Pompe  1  In 
the  original  -i  man  caiiies  it  on  his 
head,  and  the  pot  of  sulphur  m  Ins 
hand  but  it  has  been  draws  heie 
standing  on  tlie  ground  with  tlie 
vessel  of  sulphur  placed  undemeitl] 
it  precisely  m  the  same  wiy  as  it  l 
now  commonly  employed  in  Itily  for 
ainng  clothe  in  older  to  ihow  moie 
clearly  the  mode  of  use. 

6  A  circular  fence  constnjctel 
ro  md  the  stems  of  young  tiees  to 
p  eserve  them  from  bemg  damaged 
by  cattle     Col  imell  v  6  21 

7  That  portion  of  the  interior  of 
a  theatie,  or  amphitheatre  (Apul 
Mit  X.  p  227)  whicli  contained  the 

;re  the  spectatois  sat  and 
IS  fo  ned  by  a  number  of 
:  tiers  of  steps  either  exca 
vated  out  of  the  solid  ruck  on  the  side 
of  a  hill,  or  supported  upon  stories  of 
arches  constructed  in  the  shell  of  the 
building.  According  to  the  size  of 
the  edifice,  these  t'        '  ■" 


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I40 


CA  VER^^. 


divided  into  one,  two,  or  three  distinct 
flints,  separated  from  one  another 
by  a  wall  {baltats)  of  sufficient  height 
to  intercept  communication  between 
Ihem,  and  then  the  several  divisions 
were  distinguished  by  the  names  of 
I'ma,  swmvia,  media  aaiea;  i.  e.,  the 
lower,  upper,  or  middle  tier;  the 
lowest  one  bong  the  post  of  hononr, 
where  the  equita  saL  (Pkut.  Amph. 
Prol.  65.  Cic.  Am.  7.  Id,  Sauxt.  14.) 
The  illustration  affords  a  view  of  the 
interior,  or  ccn/ea,  of  tlie  amphitheatre 
at  Pompeii,  as  it  now  remains  ;  and 
shows  the  genefal  plan  of  arrange- 


CAVER'N^  (OTfttl  or  x<A-n  ™vt). 
Tlie  hold  of  a  ship,  and  the  cabins  it 
contains.     Cic.  Oral.  iii.  46.    Lucan. 

CEL'ERES.    Tlie  old  and  original 
name  by  which  the  equestrian  order 
af  Kome  was  designated  upon  its  first 
institution  by  Romulus,  con^sting 
a  Ixidy  of  300  mounted  men,  sele     d 
from   thS  300  patrician  or   buigh 
families,   and  thus  forming  the 
cleus  of  the  Roman  cavalry.     L 
15.     Plin.  H.  N.  xxxiiL  9.     Fest 
V.    Niebulir,  Hist.  Rom.  vol.  i  p. 

CEL'ES   («Xijc).      A  horse 
riding,  in  contradi 


riage  or  draught  horse  ;  but  m 
particularly  a  race-horse,  ridden 
the  Greek  Hippodrome,  or  the  Ro 
Circus  (Plin.  H.  N.  xxxiv.  10.), 
of  which  is  shown  in  the  iltuslra 
from  a  stucco  frieze,  repcesen 
Cupids    racing,     in    the    baths 

2.  A  boat  or  vessel  of  a  parti 


distinction  to  those  in  which  each  man 
worked  a  pair,  and  those  in  which  more 
than  one  man  lal>oured  at  the  same  oar. 
The  larger  descriptions  had  many 
oarsmen,  and  were  sometimes  fitted 
with  a  mast  and  sjul,  but  had  no 
decli,  and  in  consequence  of  their 
fleetness  were  much  nsed  by  pirates. 
(Plin.  H.N.^  57.  Aul.  GelL  x.  25. 
Herod,  vii.  94.  TTiucyd.  iv.  9.  Schrf- 
fev.  Mil.  Nov.  p.  68.)  The  illustra- 
tion here  given  is  from  the  Column 
of  Trajan,  and  clearly  represents  a 
vessel  rowed  in  the  manner  described, 
and  therefore  Jjelonging  to  this  class. 

CELETIZONTES  (nXijj-iSoKrtc). 

y  h      od      h    race       ses  in 

G-eekH    pod    m      P        H.  Nr 

a  h  n  the 


ELEUS^ 

The 

gl 

cock- 

Ao     tor   -bia 

or^c) 

h         w 

and 

d 

aid 

m             pm 

1  en- 

rag     h              h 
^      6        R 

Mart. 

The 

tak 

,and 

if 

and 

m     m      p       d 

il  in- 

lumenis     A 

Dw 

■-.  17. 

CELLA      A      & 

ed  as 

g      ral      rm  d 

g      m  garine 

m    po 

Sr 

noor. 

hp 
as      p               ff 

n 

r^ 

gd       .m  bed 

)ithet 

oa     g 

tides 

tamd  h 

C  lam 

wine- 

icipal 

.Google 


year's  vinlage  was  deposited  in  large 
earthenware  vessels  (dolia,  serUs, 
&e.),  or  in  wooden  barrels  [cup^), 
after  it  had  been  removed  from  the 
vats  of  the  press  room  itm-cularium), 
where  it  was  made ;  and  in  which  ic 
was  kept  in  bnlk  until  sold  or  bottled; 
i.e.,  put  into  amphora,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  beuig  removed  into  the  ap>- 
theca  at  the  top  of  the  houae,  where 
it  was  kept  to  ripen.  (Varro,  R.  R. 
i.  13.  I.  Colum.  xii.  iS.  3.  and  4. 
Pallad.  i.  18.  Cic.  Smect.  16,)  Tlie 
illustration,  which,  is  copied  from  a 


the   year  1601,  shows  nn 
.  magaimes  for  wine  in  the  wood,   h 
usual  manner  of  keeping  it  in  th   I 
genial   climates   (Plin.    H.   N 
27.) ;  and  the  next  eiiample,  th    gh 
not  properly  a  wine-grower's      11 
will  serve  to  convey  an  idea  of    h 
plan  on  which  the  stores  were  arr  ng  d 
and  disposed  when  the  wine  was  k  p 
in  vessels  of  earthenware,  which  was 
the  moie  usual  practice 

2     A  wme  merchant's  or  t      m 
keeper  s  cellar  upon  the  ground  fi 


in  which  they  alo*  kept  their  wme  in 
bulk,  to  be  drawn  off  for  private  sale, 
or  to  be  supplied  in  draught  to  the 
poorer  aistomers  who  frequented 
their  hou'ies  and  which  was  thence 
termed  draught  v  me  (pinum  dalcare) 


or,  out  of  the  wood  (ai  mfa)-  (Cic.- 
fis.  27.)  The  illustrations  represent 
a  section  and  ground-plan  of  a  portion 
of  one  of  these  wine-stores,  which 
was  discovered  in  the  year  1789, 
mider  the  walls  of  Rome.  It  is 
divided  uito  three  compartments  ;  the 
first,  which  is  approached  by  a  few 
steps,  consists  of  a  amail  chamber, 
ornamented'  with  arabesques  and  a 
mosaic  pavement,  but  contained  no- 
thing when  excavated ;  the  second 
one,  which  leads  out  of  it,  is  of  the 
same  size,  but  entirely  devoid  of  or- 
nament, and  without  any  pavement, 
the  floor  consisting  of  a  bed  of  sand, 
in  the  centre  of  which  a  single  row 
of  the  largest  description  of  dolia 
was  found  imbedded  ifieffoisci)  two- 
thirds  of  theb  height  in  tlie  soil ;  the 
last  of  the  three  is  a  nairow  gallery, 
six  feet  high,  and  eighteen  long  (of 
which  a  portion  only  is  represented 
in  the  engraving,  but  it  extends  about 
four  times  the  length  of  the  part  here 
drawn)  nd  like  the  preceding  one  is 
d  t  bottom  with  a  deep  bed 
f  sa  d  n  which  a  great  number  of 
«a  h  are  vessels,  of  different  forms 
d  were   partially  imbedded, 

Ik  h  preceding  ones,  but  ranged 
d  tie  row  along  the  walls  on 
b  h  des,  so  as  to  leave  a  free  pas- 
g  d  wn  the  middle,  as  shovn  by 
h  1  w  St  of  the  tBO  engravuigs, 
h   h      presents  the  ground  plan  of 

3  Cella  elearta  A  magazine  or 
cellar  atnched  to  an  ohvegiound  in 
which  the  oil  when  made  was  kept 
in  large  earthenware  vessels,  until 
disposed  of  to  the  oil  meichanti 
Caio,  S  R  III  2  Varro,^;  H  1  11 
2     Columell  1.  6  9 

4.  Any  one  of  a  number  of  =mall 
rooms  clustered  together  suth  as 
were  constnitted  foe  the  dormitories 
of  househoid  slaves  (Cic  Fhi/  11 
27  ) .  for  travellers  sleeping  100ms 
at  11ms  and  public  house'  (Pet  Sat 
9  3  and  7  ) ,  01  the  vaults  occupied 
by  pubho  prostitute?  Quv  Sat  vi 
"  )     The   illus 


128     Pet   Sal 


,y  Google 


Gieta  the  fronts  were  ongiaally 
bnclted  in,  with  only  an  entrance 
door  1 1  the  centre  to  admit  the  occu 
pant  and  so  much  of  li^ht  and  air  as 


CELLULA. 

CO  Id  1  e  suppl  el  thro  gl    ■Jich  in 

5  In  like  manner  the  different 
chambers  which  containel  the  neces 
sary  conveniences  for  hot  ind  cold 
tathiiig  in  a  =et  of  baths  \  ere  called 
ella  because  m  fact,  they  consisted 
of  a  number  of  rooms  leading  one 
into  another  lilte  the  cells  of  a  honey 
comb  as  is  veiy  clearly  shown  by  the 
annexed  illustration  front  a  fresco 
paintmg  which  decorated  an  ipart 
ment  m  the  Tlie  mee  of  Titus  at 
Rome  thus  the  loo  n  contain  ng  the 
baths  'A  as  tlie  cella  caldarta  or 


s  tep  d  c 


eatdani  n 

T^ich  held  the  'cold  bith  ceSa  fri- 
gdani  or/  gidt  i  Pin  E6  v 
6.  25  and  "6      Palhd 

6  The  1  iches  or  eel 
cot  and  poult  j  1  ouse 
cluste  ed  m  a  sim  lar  mi 
meU.  VI  L  8  3.     Id  vii 

7  (oT,Koc)  The  nte 
pie      I  c     the   pa  t   e 


nhch  are 
ner  Coli 
14.  9 


le  V  I  but  not  nclud  ng 
the  portico  and  peristyle,  if  there  is 
any.     {Cic.  FMl.  lii.  12.)    Tlie  illus- 


a     n     ep  e  a   gro  nd  plan  of 

le  en  eof/"  a  P  rt  ow  e- 
mainine  it  Rome,  on  which  the  pait 
«  th  n  the  dark  lines  is  the  ceila. 

CELLA  RIUS.  A  slave  belong- 
ing to  the  class  of  erdmani,  who  had 
charge  of  the  pantry,  store-room,  and 
vme  cellar  {,cdla  j^aria  d  vmaria), 
and  whose  duty  it  was  to  give  out 
the  daily  rations  of  meat  and  drink 
to  tl  e  honsehold.  PJaut.  Cap.  iv, 
2   116      Columell  xi.  I.  19. 

CELLA  TIO.  A  suite  or  set  of 
U  rooms,  as  in  the  illustration  to 
(  ELLA  4.  which  might  be  applied  for 
any  of  the  ordinary  purposes  of  life, 
IS  store-  ooms,  sleeping-rooms  for 
s  aves  1  d  inferior  dependants,  &c. 
PeL  St-jr^ 

CELL  10.     Same  as    CeLLAKIUS. 

I     of 


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CELLULAR  WS. 

CE1.I.A.  Any  small  or  ordinary  land 
of'  chamber,  such  as  those  descrilied 
and  represented  in  Cella  4.  Ter. 
Euri.  ii.  3.  18.     Pet.  Sal.  II.  I. 

2,  The  interior  of  a  small  shrine 
or  temple,  as  described  in  Cella  7. 
Pet.  Sat.  136.  9. 

GELLULA'RIUS.  A  monk  or 
friar,  so  called  from  the  small  eon- 
vejitual  cells  in  which  the  religious 
orders  dwelt.     Sidon.  Epist.  ix,  g. 

CELOX.  The  same  as  Cei.es  a. 
S,  ap.  Isidor.  Orig.  xxjt.  1 .  22. 


CENTO. 


143 


Liv.  > 


ii.37. 


CENOTAPH'IUM  (mvoto^iov). 
A  cenotaph,  or  honoraiy  tomb  erected 
in  memory  of  a  person  whose  body 
could  not  be  found  or  whose  ashes 
had  been  deposited  elsewhere  (Lam- 
prid.  Alex  Sen  63 ) ,  hence  also 
called  tumuhis  honomrius  (Suet. 
ClaaH  I ),  and  mams  (Viig.  ^«. 
ni>  303  ),  because  it  was  erected 
meiely  out  of  compliment  to  the  de- 
ceased, and  did  not   contain  any  of 

CENSOR  (ti/uji^c).  a  Roman 
magistrate  of  high  lank,  whose  duty 
it  was  to  rate  the  property  of  the 
citizens  by  taking  the  census;  "" 
superintend  their  conduct  and  mor 
and  to  punish  those  who  had  misi 
ducted  themselves,  by  degradation 
and  removal  from  their  nink,  otii 
or  position  in  society.  Thus  he 
could  deprive  the  senator  of  his  seat 
in  the  house  ;  theknight,  of  the  horse 
allowed  him  at  the  public  expense, 
wliich  was  equivalent  to  breaking 
him  ;  or  he  could  remove  any  citizen 
fram  his  tribe  into  one  of  less  influence 
or  rank,  (Liv.  xxvii.  II.  Suet.  Aug. 
37.  Polyb.  vi  13.  3.)  He  woreno 
distinctive  badge,  nor  particular  cos- 
tume, beyond  the  usual  ones  of  bis 
consular  rank;  and,  consequently, 
when  a  censor  is  lepcefiented  on  coins 
or  medals,  he  is  merely  draped  in 
the  toga,  and  sitting  on  a  curule 
chair,  as  in  the  coin  of  Claudius  in 
Spanheim,  vol.  ii.  p.  loi. 

CENTAU'RUS  WevTavpoc).  A 
centaur;  a  savf^  race  of  men  who 


dwelt  berweea  the  mountains  Pelion 
and  Ossa  in  Tliessaly,  and  were  de- 
stroyed in  a  war  with  their  neigh- 
bours, the  Lapithse.  But  the  poets 
and  artists  converted  them  into  a 
fabulous  race  of  monsters  half  man 
and  half  horse,  whence  termed  binie^n- 
bres  (Virg.  Mn.  viiL  293.  Ovid. 
Met.  XV.  283, )  i  in  which  form  thej 
are  represented  waging  war  with 
the  LapitliEe  in  the  metopes  of  the 
Parthenon,  on  the  temples  of  Theseus 
at  Athens,  and  of  Apollo  Epieurius 
near  Phigaleia  in  Arcadia.  In  the 
works  of  Greek  art  they  are  repre- 
sented of  both  sexes,  frequently 
playing  upon  some  musical  instru- 
ment, and  the   figure   is  always  re- 


markable for  the  consiiraraate  grace 
and  skill  with  which  the  artists  of 
that  nation  contrived  to  unite  the 
otherwise  incongruous  parts  of  two 
such  dissimilar  forms.  The  figure 
of  a  female  centaur,  as  being  less 
common,  is  selected  for  the  Dhistra- 
tion,  from  a  veiy  beautiful  relief  in 
bronze,  of  Greek  workmanship,  dis- 
covered at  Pompeii. 

CENTO  (-tvi-pui.-).  Generally, 
any  covering  or  garment  composed 
of  different  scraps  of  cloth  sewed 
tt^ether,  like  patch-work,  which  the 
ancients  employed  as  clothing  for 
thek  slaves  (Cato,  R.  R.  59.  Colu- 
melL  i.  8.  9.),  as  counterpanes  for 
beds  (Macrob.  Sed.  i.  6.),  or  other 
common  purposes  ;  whence  the  same 
name  was  also  given  to  a  poem  made 
up  of  verses  or  scriips  collected  from 
different  authors,  like  the  Cento 
NuptialU  of  Ausonius. 


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144  CENTONARJI. 

2,  Specially,  a  cloth  of  the  same  com- 
mon description;  used  as  a  saddle-cloth 
under  the  saddle 
of  a  beast  q!  bur- 
den, to  prevent  it 
from  galling  the 
back,  as  shown 
in  tiie  annexed 
Example,  from  a 
painting  at  Her- 
cnlaneum,  Ve- 
get,  yii.  ii,  59,  2. 

■  CENTONA'RII. /'iec£-*™*iM,and 
|iersons  who  made  and  sold  pieces  of 
patch-wock,  made  np  from  old  cast- 
off  garments  ;  tlie  dealing  in  which 
formed  a  vegular  trade  at  Rome, 
where  such  economical  articles  were 
extensively  used  for  blankets  to  es- 
tinguish  coiifJi^cations  (Ulp.  Dig. 
33.  7.  12.);  to  protect  tents  and 
military  madiiiies  against  an  enemy's 
missQes  (Cks.  S.  C.  ii.  9.),  and  other 
purposes  envimecated  in  Cekto. 

CENTUN'CULUS.  Diminutive 
of  Cento  ;  and  applied  in  the  same 
senses  as  there  mentioned  (Apul. 
Met.  i.  p.  5.  Liv.  vii.  4.  Edict.  Dio- 
clet.  p.  21.) ;  and  from  a  passage  of 
Apuleius  {Afial.  p.  42a.  mimi  cenlan 
ctilo),  the  same  word  is  also  believed 
to  indicate  a  dress  of  chequere  1  pat 
tern,  lifee  what  is  now  called  Iiarle 
gtmt's,  which  is  undoubtedly  of  great 
antiquity  ; ,  for  in  the  Museum  at 
Naples,  tliere  is  preserved  a  fictde 
vase  on  which  Bacchus  is  represented 
in  3  burlesque  character,  and  draped 
precisely  iike  our  modern  harlequin. 

CENTU'RIO  (kororrripOTc)  A 
cetUurion ;  an  officer  in  the  Roman 
army,  of  lower  rank  than  the  tri 
bunes,  by  whom  he  was  appointed 
His  post  on  the  field  of  battle  was 
immediately  in  front  of  the  eagle 
(Veget,  Mil.  ii.  8.) ;  and  the  distin 
guishiog  badge  of  his  rank  was  a  rod 
Xi/itis),  with  which  he  used  to  correct 
his  men  when  refractory  or  negligent 
of  thdr  duties.  (Plm.  H.  n:  xiv. 
3.)      The    illustration    present    the 

tlie  left  hand  of  the  reader,  from  a 


Cehtuh.  Leg.  XI.)  he  has  his  rod 
in  the  right  hand ,  is  likewise  deco- 
rated with  phaUriE,  and  wears  greaves 
(ocres),  as  the  Roman  soldiers  did  in 
early  tinies ;  the  other  shows  a  cen- 
turion of  the  age  of  Trajan,  from  a 
iias-relief  formerly  belonging  to  the 
triumphal  arch  of  that  emperor,  but 
now  inserted  in  the  arch  of  Constan- 
tine ;  he  has  his  helmet  on,  the  rod 
in  his  right  hand,  and  in  the  original 
composition  the  beaver  of  the  eagle 
{aquilifer)  stands  by  his  side. 

CEPOTAPH'IUM  (Ki)7ror<i0.ov). 
A  tomb  in  a  garden ;  or  a  garden  to 
which  1  degree  of  religious  vene- 
ration became  attached,  in  conse- 
quence of  its  having  a  sepulchre 
erected  within  it.  Inscript.  ap.  Fa- 
bretti,  p  80.  n.  9.  Id.  p.  115.  n.  293. 
Compare  D.  toann,  Evang.  xix.  41. 

CERA.  Wax;  and  flienca  used 
to  designate   things  made   of  wax ; 

cestors  which  the  Roman  '||!|K|ii^|{f 
fimihes  of  distinction  pre-   g^^H 

round  the  atrium  (Ovid.  cijjJjSS 
Fast  \.  591,  Juv.  viii.  rPWiBsn 
19)  as  shown  by  the  example,  from 
a  sepulchral  bas-relief,  which  repre- 
sents a  wife  bewailing  the  death  of 
her  husband,  whose  likeness  is  placed 
in  a  small  case  against  the  wall  of  the 
apartment  where  the  scene  is  laid. 

2.  A  set  of  tablets  for  writing  on 
wiih  llie  style  (slylus),  made  of  thin 


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CERAULA. 

slabs  or  leaves  of  wool!,  coated  with 
wax,  and  having  a  raised  margin  all 
round  to  preserve  the  contents  from 
friction.  They  were  made  of  different 
sizes,  and  varied  in  the  number  of 
their  leaves,  whence  the  word  in  this 
sense  is  applied  in  the  plural  {Quint. 
X.  3.  3t.  and  32.  Jnv.  L  63.) ;  and  the 
tablets  themselves  are  distinguished 
by  the  number  of  leaves  they  con- 
tained ;  as  cmi  iluplUes,  a  tablet  with 
two  slabs  only,  like  the  bottom  figure 
on   the  left  hand  of  the  engravuig ; 


i:«-<F  trip/iccs  (MarL  £p.  xiv.  6.),  a 
tablet  Lontaming  three  leaves,  one 
between  the  two  outsides,  like  the 
top  figure  m  the  engraving ;  cera 
quintuplues  (Matt.  Ep.  xiv.  4.),  one 
with  five  leaves,  or  three  centre  ones 
and  two  outsides,  like  the  right-hand 
figure  at  the  bottom  of  the  woodcut, 
all  of  which  examples  are  copied 
from  paintmgs  at  Pompeii.  When 
the  singular  number  is  used,  as  prima, 
seainda,  extrema.  csra  (Hon  Sat.  iL 
5,  53.  Cic.  Verr.  iu  i.  36.  Suet.  Jiil. 
83.),  it  indicates  the  first,  second,  or 
last  page  of  the  tablets. 

CERAU'LA  lK,pa6\rii).  Pro- 
perly a  Greek  word  Latinised,  and 
cofiesponding  with  the  Roman  CoR- 
KlCEN.  Apul.  Mei.  p.  171,  Ceraula 
doctiisiimis,  qui  cornu  cansns  adam- 
bulabat. 

CER'BERUS  (Kip;3wo£),  The 
dt^  which  kept  watch  at  the  entrance 
to  the  nether  world  ;  a  monster  fabled 
to  have  sprung  from  Typhaon  and 
Echidna,  and  to  have  been  draped 
upon  earth   by  Hercules  as  the  last 


US.  14s 

and  most  difiieult  of  his  twelve 
labours.  In  reality  Cerberus  was  a 
dog  belonging  to  the  king  of  th? 
Molossians,  whose  country  produced 
the  finest  breed  of  dogs  known  to  the 
ancients,  and  which  are  believed  to 
be  represented  by  the  marble  sta- 
tues now  preserved  jn  the  Vatican, 
eihibiting  two  dogs  of  very  power- 
ful frames,  with  long  hair  upon  the 
neck  and  shoulders  like  the  mane  of  a 
lion.    The  poets  metamorphosed  these 


snakes  (Hor    Od   i 


■S), 


the  horror, 
gave  the  animal  a  hundred  heads 
(Hor  Od  11  34  ),  others  fifty  (He 
siod  Ihmga  31Z  ,  though  in  verse 
771  he  has  but  one)  and  others 
lunited  the  number  to  three  (Soph 
Tiachtn  1 109  ),  the  centre  one  being 
that  of  a  lion,  with  the  head  of  a 
11  olf  on  one  a  le,  and  of  an  ordinary 
dog  on  the  other  (Macrob  Sat  1. 
20  1  This  IS  the  usual  type  tinder 
iihich  he  IS  mostly  poitra)ed  by 
the  painters  and  sculptors  of  antiquity 
(Mus.  Pio-Clem.  tom.  ii.  tav.  I. 
Bartoli,  Ltuerm,  part  3.  tav.  7.  Cod, 
Vat  &c.);  though  examples  are  not 
wanting  in  which  the  fahulinis  is 
made  subordinate  to  the  real  char- 
acter of  the  monster,  as  in  a  group  of 
Hercules  and  Cerberus  in  the  Vatican 
(Mus.  Pio-Clem.  ii.  8.),  where  the 
leonine  head  and  mane  of  the  Mo- 
lossian  di^  is  strongly  marked,  and 
made  to  predominate  entirely  over 
the  other  two,  which  are  executed 
upon  3  much  smaller  scale,  and,  as  it 
were,  rather  indicated  than  developed. 
CERCU'RUS  (Bipeoi/poc  or  tip- 
noupoz).  An  open  vessel,  invented 
by  the  Cyprians,  propelled  by  oars, 
fast  in  its  movements,  and  used 
for  the  transport  of  merchandise, 
as  well  as  in  warfare.  (Liv.  xxxiii. 
19.  Lucil.  Sat.  viii.  3.  ed,  Gerlacli, 
Plant.  Men.  i.  L  86.  Plin.  N.  JV.vii. 
57.  Herod,  vii.  97.)  Its  character- 
istic properties  are  nowhere  de- 
scribed i  but  Scheffer  (MU,  Nav.  ii. 
^-  P-  75' )  's  of  opinion  that  the 
oarage,  instead  of  running  the  whole 


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(hat  die  afCei  part  would  sei-ve  as  a 
hold  for  the  freight  in  the  manner 
represented  by  the  annexed  illustra 
tion,  copied  by  PanMiius  (ot  Ltid. 
Circens  il  ll  )  from  a  bronze  medal, 
which,  if  that  notion  be  coriect,  -nill 
afford  a  model  of  the  vessel  in  ques 

CERDO  A  workman  of  mfeuor 
description,  or  who  belonged  to  the 
Jowest  class  of  opeiatives  (Juv  iv 
'53  Psrs  IV  SO,  the  particular 
trade  which  he  practised  is  likewise 
designated  by  the  addition  of  another 
substantive,  as  sular.  eerdo  (MarL  Ep. 
iii,  59.),  a  cobbler;  cerdo  f^ber  (In- 
script  afi.  Spon.  Misc^l.  ErudU. 
Antiq.  p.  221.),  a  journeyman  smith  ; 
and  so  on  for  other  trades. 

CE'REUS,  A  wax  candle,  made 
with  the  piih  of  a  rush  coated  with 
wax  ;  also  3  torch  made  of  the  fibres 
of  papyrus  twisted  together,  and 
covered  with  wax.  Cic  Off.  m.  2a 
Plaut  CuK.  i.  1.  9.  Vol.  Man.  iii.  6. 
4.  and  Candelj. 

CERIOLA'RE.  A  standor  holder 
for  wax  candles  and  torches,  similar 
to  the  eitample  engraved  at  p.  107. 
(j.  Candeiabrum,  I.)  ;  but  utensils 
of  this  description  were  also  made  ii 
a  variety  of  fanciful  forms  and  pat 
terns  according  to  the  taste  of  the 
artist  who  designed  them,  for  one  is 
mentioned  in  an  inscription  {ap.  Grut. 
175.  4.)  of  bronze,  with  the  figure 
of  Cupid  holding  a  colatAu!.  Com- 
pare Inscript.  ap.  MafTei,  Mas.  Veron. 
p.  83. 

CER'NUUS    (icv^ifrniTfio).      '- 
rally,   with  the  face  tmiied  dow 


iiards  the  ground,  hn  cc  alumdh'  01 
ore  nho  entertains  the  pulhc  by  feats 
of  jumping,  throwing 
-  imersets  in  the 
falling  head  over 
heela,  wallting  with 
hif  face  downwaids, 
and  other  similar  ex 
h  bittons,  such  as  we 
still  see  practised  in 
om  streets  and  faiis 
(Lueil  Sat  iiL  20 
Serv  ad  \ag  ^n 
X.  S94.)  The  lUus 
tration  lepie-enls  one 
of  these  tumblers, 
from  the  collection  ii 
Romano       ((.aylus  111    .  ,  , 

2  Amongst  the  Greeks  feats  ot 
this  nalnie  neie  frequently  exhibittd 
by  females,  who  were  introduced 
with  the  dancing  and  sing  ng  girls, 
to  amuse  the  gi  eits  at  an  entertain 
ment,  and  whose  sltili  and  suppleness 
of  body  weie  really  extnoidinary. 
One  of  their  favourite  exhibitions 
consisted  in  making  a  summerset 
backwards,  between  a  number  of 
swords  or  knives  stuck  in  the  ground, 
at  small  intervals  from  one  another, 
with  their  points  upwards,  as  repre- 
se«ted  in  the  following  illustration. 


e  LoUegio 


from  a  Greek  fictile  vase :  to  perform 
this  feat  was  termed  </c  S'^l  or  «'c  po- 
Xni/wi  Kv^iiraif.  Plat  Symp.  p.  190. 
A,     Xen.  Syntp.  ii.  ir. 

CERO'MA  (niipwpa).  Properly, 
an  iinguene,  made  of  oil  and  wax 
compounded  together,  with  which  the 
Ijodies  of  wrestlers  were  anointed 
previously  to  being  rubbed  over  with 


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CEKUCHT. 

fine  sand  (Mart.  Ef.  vii.  32,)';  whence 
the  same  term  is  also  used  to  desig- 
nate the  chamber  in  which  this  opera 
lion  was  performed.  P  n  li  N 
XXXV.  2.     Senec.  £rev.  V    12. 

CERU'CHI  (Hpoixo)  The 
ropes  whicli  run  from  each  rm  of 
the  sail-yard  to  She  top  of  tl  e  mast, 
torrespoiiding  with  what  re  o 
called  in  nautical  la  g  age  tie 
lifts."   (Lucan.  viii.  177.    Id  x.  49+ J 


Their  object  was  to  keep  the  jard  in 
1  level  and  honioital  [Kwatiou  upon 
the  mist  which  it  could  not  preserve 
w^tl  out  a  support  of  this  nature  and 
tie  laigest  class  of  vessels  nhich  had 
t  yard  of  great  length  and  weight, 
« ere  film  slied  with  a  double  pair  of 
lifts  as  m  the  example  from  the 
Vaticau  Vii^  1  while  the  smaller  and 
ordinary  sizes  had  only  one 

CERVL  In  mihtary  language, 
laige  bnnches  of  trees  havmg  the 
smaller  ones  left  on  and  shortened 
at  a  certain  distance  from  the  stock, 
so  as  to  present  the  appearance  of  a 
stags  hoin.  (Varro  Z  i  v  117.) 
They  were  stuck  in  the  ground,  to 
impede  die  advance  of  an  enemy's 
column  a  charee  of  cavalry  over  a 
plam  which  afforded  no  natural  ob- 
structions (Sil  Ital  X  412  Liv. 
xliv  II  )  and  as  a  palisade  or  pro- 
tcxt  on  to  any  vulnerable  or  important 
position      C-e=.  B   G  ^)i.Ti. 

CERVICALfTTOOot^aXatOf  vvav- 
\n  ov)  A  bolster  cushion  or  squab 
fo  'iupportmg  the  back  of  the  head 
Ind    leck  on  1  bel  or  dnrg  conch. 


illustration  is  fiom  a  pamtnig  at 
Pompeii 

CERVISIA  ov  CEREVI'SIA. 
A  beverage  extracted  from  barley, 
like  our  bier  or  ale ;  which  was  the 
oidin'iry  dnnk  of  the  Gauls.  (Plin. 
H  N  xxu  82.)  The  same  name, 
leeording  to  Servius  {ad  Virg. 
(jeoig  m  379.),  was  ajso  given  to 
a  beverage  extracted  from  the  fruit 
(1  the  service  tree,  which  would  cor- 
respond more  closely  with  our  cider. 

CERVCE'UM  (icijpi«.ov),  A 
Greek  word  Latinised ;  same  as  Ca- 
DUCEUS.     Martian.    Capell.  4.  p.  95. 

CE'RYX  (K^pu?).  A  Greek  word, 
used  m  a  Latin  form  bj  Seneca 
{Traaqml/  3  ) ,  a  Gteek  herald,  mar- 
shal, or  pursunotd,  who  occupied  a 
sumlar  position  amongst  tliat  people, 
and  pMormed  the  same  sort  of 
duties  as  (he  Feltalis  and  Legaii  of 
the  Romans  His  distinctive  badge 
was  a  wand  (iri)piri«io(i,  caduceus)  ;  his 


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CERYX. 


of 


!  betwi 


Lcting  armies, 
between  hostile  states, 
a  duty  which  the  figure  in  the  illus- 
tration, from  a  fictile  vase,  is  repre- 
sented as  in  the  act  of  eommencmg. 
He  is  armed  with  aword  and  spear  ; 
has  the  heraM'a  wand  in  liis  right 
hand ;  and  stands  liefore  a  burning 
altar,  upon  whicli  he  has  jnat  sacri- 
ficed, preparatory  to  starting  on  his 
journey;  the  sentiment  of  departure 
being  indicated,  according  to  the  cus- 
tomary practice  of  the  Greek  artists, 
by  certain  conventional  signs,  such 
as  the  travelling  boots,  the  pallinm 
thrown  loosely  over  the  arm,  and  the 
hat  slung  behind  his  back.  Besides 
this,  iu  his  character  of  marshal  and 
pursuivant,  the  Cetyx  possessed  the 
power  of  interposing  between  and 
separating  combatants,  as  seen  in  tlie 
annexed  example,  also  from  a  fictile 


just  beginning  to  sound  his  trumpet 
by  the  side  of  the  conqueror,  who  is 
in  the  act  of  placing  on  his  own  head 


the  crown  which  Tie  has  just  received 
from  the  president  {oytavoBfrrK), 
whilst  on  the  other  side  of  the  com- 
position a  pair  of  Pancratiasta:  are 
contending. 

CESTICIL'LUS.  A  porter's  Itnot, 
for  carrying  burdens  on  the  head. 
Festtis.  s.  V.     Compare  Arcitlus. 

CESTROSPHEN'DONE  (worpo- 
<!^iviovri\.  A  weapon  of  warfare, 
first  employed  by  the  soldiers  of  Per- 
seus in  the  Macedonian  war,  con- 
1  short  dart,  the  head  of 
ti     span   b  oad  affix  d 


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peily  a  Greet  adjective, 
embiotdeied  -wlience  it  is 
quenlly  used  in  a  spec  il 


IS    embroider 

(Horn     // 

1  ZI4.     Marc 


207  >  The  il 
lustration  intro- 
duced IS  from  a  bas  relief  of  the 
Museo  Cliiaramonti  cepiesentuig  a 
figure  of  Venus  draped  lu  the  artSaic 
style  consequently,  from  Some  veiy 
early  type,  whict  maUea  it  trust 
«orthy  It  will  be  peri-eived  that 
the  ctjiW  on  this  figuie  is  worn  lower 
down  than  the  ordinary  female  s  gir 
die  [an^itlam  I  )  and  higher  up  tfian 
the  young  women  s  zone  (xona,  or 
cmgidum,  z  \  which  miy  account  for 
the  unc^lainty  prevailing  amongst 
scholars  respecting  the  proper  place 
which  the  <jstus  occupied  on  the  pet 
son  and  fur  the  apparent  mdeasion 
of  the  passages,  which  have  led 
some  to  place  it  ovet  the  loins  (as 
Winkelmann),  and  others  immediately 
under  the  bosom  (as  Heyne  and 
Visconti) ;  whereas,  in  the  example, 
it  is  really  placed  in  an  intermediate 
position  between  the  two. 

2.  The  glove  worn  by  boxers, 
more  commonly  written  Caestus, 
which  see, 

CETA'    \K.  GET    'RIA. 

ST 


149 

Euch  as  tunnies,  upon  the  cdatim 
(Varro  0/  Non.  s  ..  p  49 ),  salted 
them  down,  and  sold  them  m  shops 
belongmg  to  themselves  Colmnell 
■vui   17   13      Terent  Bun  11   2  26 

CETRA  A  small  lound  shield 
(Vairo  0/  Non  J  w  p  555  ant^ 
p  82  )  coveted  over  with  hide  (Serv 
ad  Virg  Mn  vii.  732  ) ,  chiefly 
employed  by  the  natives  of  Africa, 
Spain  and  ancient  Bntain  (Tac 
'ii'  3^  )  llie  form  and  chiracter  of 
which  IS  believed  to  be  pieserved  ra 
the  target  of  the  Scottish  Higlilanders 
CETRA  TUS  One  «ho  bears 
the  small  lound  taiget,  called  celra, 
which  was  characteristii.  of  some 
larbarous  nations,  but  not  of  the 
Romans      Cxs.  B  C  i  70 

CHALATO  RIU&,  sc  /nms  (sni- 
Tomf  sc  i/ioc)  The  rope  by  which 
a  sail  yard  is  raised  and  lowered 
on  the  mast,  coirespondmg  with  the 
^/jrtfv/of  modem  nantical  language 
It  was  fastened  on  the  middle  of  the 
yard,  and  run  up  through  a  block 
afSxed  to  the  mast,  from  which  the 
end  descended  to  the  deck,  where 
It  was  worked  by  the  sailors.  (Veget. 
Mil  IV  15,)  It  is  probably  derived 
from  xaXoui,  to  slacken,  loosen,  or  let 
down ,  and  allied  to  the  jaXivdj,  or 
bridle  of  the  Greek  sailors. 

CHALCIDTCUM  (XX  ««'  ) 
A  large.  Ion       d  d    p  p      h  ed 

with  its  own  pp       d        pil 


grand  entran 

h 

wh 

dfi 

{Becchi,  dW 

diet, 

d 

Crtp 

diEumachia 

%        4 

n    h 

sei 

d  by   h 

U 

g    " 

ora               ih      p 

m                 h 

r) 

n      h 

ch 

G     gi    m 

V   ah 

R 

m     b 

ed          0 

py     h 

h 

gi  al  BasU 

Smp 

n    h 

?um  Bor 

m       S 

h 

ed 

h       n 

tl 

city  of  Chal 

Fes 

it  may  be  p 

umd    tl 

y 

fi 

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CHALCIDICUM. 


CHARACTER. 


purpo      ot  afford 
ng    h  o  p      on    wh  Is    wutmg 

on  tlie  outside  for  their  turn  to  be 
admitted,  o(  who  transacted  their 
business  under  them ;  to  the  palaces 
of  kin^  and  great  personages  (Hygin. 
Fab.  184.  Auaon,  Fertgch.  Odyss.  23. 
Procop.  de  jSdiJk.  yttstin.  i.  10. ) ;  to 
the  basilica,  conrts  of  justice,  and 
merchants'  chajiges  (Vitfuv.  v.  i.), 
where  they  would  .  serve  to  contain 
the  articles  of  merchandise,  the  sale 
of  which  was  negotiated  in  the  in- 
terior; to  the  curia,  the  town-hall, 
and  senate-house  (Dion  Cass.  li.  22. 
August.  Moa.  Ancyran.  ap.  Grut. 
p.  232.  4.),  perhaps  for  the  receptic" 
of  the  ^aves  awaiting  their  master 
and  of  the  people  naturally  congr 
gating  about  such  places  for  curiosity 
or  business.  The  external  character 
and  ^pearance  of  these  appendages 
is  sufficiently  indicated  by  the  pre- 
ceding woodcut ;  and  their  general 
plan,  with  reference  to  the  rest  of 
the  edifice,  by  the  next  one,  which 
represents  the  ground-plan  of 
extensive  building  at  Pompeii,  O 
Etvucted  by  the  priestess  Eiunacl 
consisting  of  an  enclosed  gallery 
{ctypta,  a),  an  open  one  (fortieui 


iting  the  fornm,  with  the 
name  Chalcidicum  inscribed  upon 
a  slab  of  marble  affixed  to  the  wall. 

CHAMUL'CHUS  (xn/isf^fof)-  A 
sort  of  dray  employed  in  the  trans- 
port of  very  weighty  substances,  such 
as  large  blocks  of  marble,  columns, 
obelislfs,  &C.,  which  lay  low  upon 
the  gi-ound  (whence  the  name,  from 
Xa^al,  the  ground,  and  cAkui,  to 
draw),  and  probably  resembled  those 
now  used  for  similar  purposes,  Am- 
mian.  xvii,  4.  14. 

CHARACTER  (x"!>'"^^p)-  In 
genera!,  any  sign,  note,  or  mark, 
stamped,  engraved,  or  otherwise  im- 
pressed upon  any  snbstance,  like  the 
device  upon  coins,  seals,  &c. ;  and  in  a 
more  special  sense,  the  brand  or  mark 
burnt  into  the  flanks  of  oxen,  sheep, 
or  horses,  in  order  to  distinguish 
the  breed,  certify  the  ownersliip,  or 
for  other  purposes  of  a  sirailar  nature, 


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antique  bronze.     Cohimcll.  si.  2.  14, 

3.  The  iron  instrument  with  which 
such  mariis  were  made.     Isidor.  Orig. 

CHARIS'TIA  (Xop.Vri«  or  Xopt- 
Ttimo).     The  feast  of  the  Charities ; 
a  family  banquet,  to  which  none  but 
relatives  or  members    of  the   same 
family  were  invited,  and  the  object    f 
which  was  to   reconcile  any  d  ff 
ences    which     might     have       n 
i^mongst  them,  and   to  preserv      h 
kuidred  utiiled  and  friendly  with 
another,     (Val.  Max.  ii.  I.  8.     O 
Fast.  ii.  617,)     It  was  celebrated    n 
the    iglh    of    February    (viii.    C  1 
Mart.),  which  was  thence  termed   h 
"kinsmen's    day"  —  lax   propiqiO' 
i-um.     Mact.  EA  it.  56. 

CHARIS'TION  (xapitri'-*).  An 
instrument  for  weighing;  b  f 
what  precise  character,  or  in  what  it 
differed  from  the  balance  (liira)  and 
steelyard  {stalera)  is  not  ascertained. 
Inscript  ap.  Don.  cL  2.  n.  67.  Not. 
Tires,  p.  164. 

CHARTA  (x"(>nK).  Writing- 
paper,  made  from  layers  of  the  papj;- 
ms,  of  which  eight  different  quali- 
ties are  enumerated  hy  Pliny  {//.  N,. 
xiii.  23.)  !  —  I .  Aagitslana,  subse- 
quently called  Clauaiana,  Ihe  best 
quality;  2.  Liskma,  the  next  best; 
3.  Biiralica,  originally  the  best,  and 
the  same  as  charta  regia  of  Catullus 
(xrv  16  ) ,  4,  S,  6  Amphitheatrica, 
Saiiica,  LeHtstica,  inferior  kinds, 
named  after  the  places  where  they 
were  respectively  mannfaclured ; 
7  Fanmana,  made  at  Rome,  and 
n^med     from     ita     maker    Fannius ; 


CHELONIUM.  151 

S.  Empontica,  coarse  paper,  not  used 
for  writing,  but  only  for  packing 
merchandise,  whence  its  name.  To 
these  may  be  added,  9.  charta  den- 
tata,  the  surface  of  which  was 
smoothed  and  polished  by  rubbing 
over  with  the  tooth  of  some  animal, 
to  procure  a  glossy  face  for  the  pen 
to  glide  over,  like  our  "  hot-pressed  " 
paper  (Cic.  Q.  Fr.  ii.  15.  Plin.  H.  N. 
xiii.  25.);  and  10.  charts  bthida,  a 
transparent,  ind  spongy  sort  of  paper 
which  let  the  nk  run  and  sliowed 
the  letters  through  Phn  Epst 
viii.  15.  2.  Compare  Plm.  H  A 
xiii.  24, 

CHE'LE  hmM)  Properly  a 
Greek  word,  which  s  gnifies  a  cloven 
foot ;  a  pair  of  crooked  and  serrated 
claws,  hke  those  of  a  crab    the  talons 


n      ra     b 
bea  w 


th 


be   gd 

b      dhihdcligu  uM> 

Vitruv.  X.  II.  ^.     Id.  X.  10.  4, 

CHELO'NIUM  (xtXciwoi-).  A 
bracket  or  collar  a£6x^  to  Ihe  up- 
rights of  a  certain  machine  for  moving 
heavy  weights  (inachitia  iraclaria)  at. 
their  lowest  extremities,  into  which 
the  pivot  {carda)  of  a  revolving  axle 
and  wheel  {sucula)  was  inserted  ;  iike 
that  in  which  the  axle  of  a  flaustmm 
turned.    Vitruv.  x.  2.  2. 

2.  A  collar  of  similar  description, 


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r  raising  weights  {pelys/asiim),  to 
which,  the  block  and  pullies  {trochleix) 
were  affixed.      Vitruv.  x.  2.  '8. 

3.  A  particular  member  in  a  cola- 
pulla  ;  called,  also  pukiUius,     Vitruv. 

'cHe'lys  (xiXuc,  Xf^""!)-  Pra- 
perly,  a  Greek  word,  adopted  into 
the  Roman  language  by  poets  ;  but 
the  genuine  Latin  word  is  Testudo, 
under  which  Us  meanings  are  illus- 
trated and  expired. 

CHENIS'CUS  (vpviffinn;)-  An 
ornament  resembling  die  head  and 
neck  of  a  goose  (cti'),  sometimes 
placed  on  the  stem  of  a  vessel  (Apul. 
Met.  xi.  p.  250.),  hut  more  fre- 
quently in  ancient  monuments,  at  the 
head.       The    diust  atini     repn.se  its 


three  of  thes 
one  in  deta  1  frin,  an  anc  ent  has 
relief,  of  which  theie  is  a  cast  m  tlie 
British  Museum ,  the  one  on  the  left 
hand,  over  the  stem,  from  Trajan  3 
Column ;  and  that  on  the  nght,  over 
the  prow,  from  the  Vatican  VirgiL 

CHENOBOSCION  {xi'o^o- 
(Ktioii}.  An  enclosure,  with  its  appur 
tenances,  attached  to  a  country  house 
or  farm,  appropriated  to  the  breeding 
and  keeping  of  geese  large  flocks  of 
which  were  maintamed  on  some  es 
tales.  (Varro  H  H  an  ro  i )  It 
consisted  of  a  spacious  yard  on  the 
outside  of  the  farm  hou^e  and  build 
ings  (Coluuell  vui  I  4.)  su 
rounded  by  a  wall  mne  fee  high 
which  formed  the  back  of  an  open 
gallery  or  colonnide  (/o  n.  unde 
which  the  pens  {iara-)  fo  he  h  d 
were  situated.     Thes       e  e  bu  1    of 


CmsAMA  XIUM, 

masonry  or  bricltwoi-k,  each  being 
three  feet  square,  and  dosed  in  front 
by  a  door.  The  site  selected,  where 
possible,  was  ixintiguous  to  a  stream 
or  pool  of  water  ;  if  not,  an  artifidal 
tank  was  made  for  the  purpose  ;  and 
near  to,  or  adjolnii^,  a  field  of  meadow 
grass,  or  one  sown  with  artificial 
grasses,  where  the  soil  required  it 
Columell.  viii.  14.  1-2. 

CHILIAR'CHUS  or  CHILIAR'- 
CHOSt('^'"PX'JeorxiX!npx"(;)-  The 
commander  of  a  thousand  men ;  a 
word  more  especially  employed  by 
the  Greeks  to  designate  the  Persian 
iMr  (Xen.  Cyrop.  li.  i.  23.  Nepos, 
Con.  3. ) ;  and  applied  by  the  Romans 
to  an  ofiicer  who  commanded  the  ma- 
rines, or  soldiers  who  manned  a  fleet. 
Tac.  Ann.  xv.  51. 

CHIM^  RA  (Xi/iaipo)  LiteraUy, 
a  she  goat,  n  hich  the  poets  and  artists 
oi  Greece  converted  into  a  monster 
spouting  fire  composed  of  three  dif 
ferent  anmials — the  head  of  a  hon, 
the  body  of  a  wild  goat,  ending  in  a 
dragons  tail  ,  fabled  to  haie  been 
k  lied  by  Bellerophon  Hor  Ovid 
T:bulL  Horn   &c 

LHIRAMAXIUM  (xHpcua^'nv) 
Kuinuikd  s  c/ air  upon  wheels,nhich 
could  he  drawn 
or  pushed  for 
ward  by  the 
hands      of 


The 

the  Butibh 
Museum  which  onginally  belonged 
to  the  baths  of  Antomnus  at  Rome 
where  it  n  a»  doubtless  employed  as  a 
idia  balnearis  or  pertusa  hut  the 
t  o  small  wheels  carved  as  oraa 
ments  o  the  sides  and  in  imitation 
of  tie  movable  cliair  of  nood,  m 
vl  h  nvalids  were  u  heeled  to  and 
f  om  the  baths,  establish  at  once  the 
n  e  n  ng  of  the  word,  and  the  harmony 


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CHIRIDOTA. 

Letween    ancient    customs    aiid    our 
own  in  this  particular. 

CHIRIDOTA  (xitptiioTSg,  sc. 
X'riii').  Propefly  a  Greek  word,  and 
an  adjective,  but  sometimes  used  sub- 
stantively ijy  tKe  Romans  (Capito- 
lin.  Fertinax,  8.)  (  aiid  applied  to  a 
tunic  with,  long  sleeves  reaching  down 
to  the  hand  (jlfi/j),  more  especially 
characteristic  of  the  Asiatic  and  Celtic 
races,  as  seen  in  the  annexed  figure, 
from  tlie  Niobe 
group,  repre- 
senting the  tu- 
tor (fizdagngus) 
of  Ihe  younger 
children,  a  class 
of  men  usual- 
ly selected  for 
that  duty  fiom 
the  inhabitants 
of  Asia  Minor. 
Amongst  the 
male  population 
of  Greece,  ai 
of  Rome  in    h 

cepting  typeo 
habits,  or  oif 
characters;   h 
made  of  perso 
always  an  im 
concealed  un 
■GelL   vii.    I      2. 
Snet.  Cal.  52       1 
they 


CHIRONOMIA. 


IS3 


I   called 

CHIRONOM'IA     (x^pwofia)- 


The  art  of  gesliculatiug  or  talking 
with  the  hands  and  by  gestures,  witli 
or  without  the  assistance  of  the  voice. 
(Quint,  i.  11.  17.)  This  art  was  of 
very  great  antiquity,  and  much  prac- 
tised by  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  both 
ou  the  stage  and  in  the  tribune,  in- 
duced by  their  habit  of  addressing 
laige  assemblies  in  (he  open  air, 
■where  it  would  have  been  impossible 
for  the  majority  to  comprehend  what 
was  said  without  the  assistance  of 
some  conventional  signs,  which  en- 
abled Ihe  speaker  to  address  him- 
self to  the  eye  as  well  as  the  ear  of 
his  audience.  These  were  chieflji 
made  by  certain  positions  of  the 
hands  and  fingers,  the  meaning  of 
which  was  universally  recognised 
and  familiar  lo  all  classes,  the  practice 
itself  being  reduced  to  a  regular 
system,  as  is  the  case  at  the  present 
time  amongst  the  populace  of  Naples, 


port  of  the  action,  which  a  scholar 
with  all  his  learning  cannot  divine, 
(lorio,  Miimca.  digli  Antkhi,  p.  369.} 
In  the  illustration,  for  instance,  which 


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But  the  subject  of  the  quarrel?  Tliat 
13  Cold  by  the  positions  of  the  hands 
and  fingers  It  is  a  love  quarrel, 
ansing  fiom  jealousy;  for  the  exact 
geatuie  employed  by  a  modem  Nea- 
pohtaii  to  signify  iizie;  viz.,  joining 
together  the  tips,  of  the  fore-finger 
and  thumb  of  the  left  hand,  is  ex- 
hibited by  the  figure  on  the  left  side 
of  tlie  picture ;  whilst  the  other  woman 
not  only  expresses  surprise  by  her 
altitude,  but  With  her  right  hand 
raised  up  towards  the  shoiUdec,  and 
ail  its  fingers  wide  Open  and  erect, 
denies  tlie  insinuation  end  declares 
her  indignation  at  the  accusation ; 
for  such  is  the  gesture  which  a  Nea- 
politan employs  to  signify  a  nega- 
tive, more  espedally  when  wliat  is 
said  excites  his  astonishment  Ei,nd 
displeasure.  Thus  these  few  gestures 
represent  a  long  dialogue.  The 
cause  of  quarrel  is,  without  doubt, 
the  sitting  Faun,  who,  while  affecting 
to  play  away  so  resolutely  between 
the  angry  damsels,  has  been  detected 
in  making  signs  incautiijnsly  to  the 
nymph  with  the  tambourine,  and 
which  were  perceived  by  his  old  flame 
who  stands  behind  him. 

CHIRON'OMOS  and  CHIRON'. 


bo 


ry 


h 


began  to  be    practised  a 
profession.     Cels.  J^a/.  vii.     Becker, 
GalliiSf  p.  224.  transl. 

CHLAM'YDA.  Same  as  Ckla- 
MYS.  Apul.  Mii,  xi.  p.  256.  Id. 
Fl^.  ii.  15.  2. 

CHLAMYDA'TUS  ixr^oiiaSurd-:). 
Clad  m  the  chlamys,  or  Grecian  man- 
tle ;  which,  from  the  nature  of  the 
garment,  might  be  put  on  in  a  variety 
of  ways,  presenting  very  different 
characters,  but  all  studiously  arranged 
with  the  view  of  appearing  graceful 
and  becoming.  (Ovid.  Md.  ii.  ^33. ) 
The  most  simple  and  usual  were  the 
foilowii^ : — 

1,  The  narrowest  part  of  the  man- 
tle {see  the  right-hand  figure  j. 
ChIjIMTS)  was  passed  roimd  the 
back  of  the  neck,  and 
the  two  corners  brought 
together  in  front  of  the 
throat,  where  they  were 
joined  by  a  buclcle, 
clasp,  or  brooch,  so  that 
the  goars  might  be  turned  1 
back  over  the  shoulders  j 
(demissa  ex  hamtrus  j 
Virg,  ^n  263  ),  and 
the  middle  or  longest 
part  would  hang  dcnvn 
behind  as  far  as  the 
knees,  as  shown  \>y  the 
annexed  figure,  fiom  the  Panathenaic 
frieie  in  the  British  Museum 

2.  Or,  a  portion  of  the  narrow  part 
of  the  Ieft;hand  figure  1.  Chlamys, 
was  folded  down,  in  order  to  make  a. 


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CHLAMYS. 


CHOR.AGIUM. 


bojch  "vc  bc  tint  tie  mantle  con 
jletdy  emelcped  tie  left  arm,  leiv 
iig  the  right  one  as  well  is  tlie 
whole  side,  raicovered,  whilst  the 
four  cornets  hung  down  on  the  same 
s  de  parallel  to  one  another,  tw  o  m 
fioiit  and  two  behind,  as  shown  by  the 
annexed  figure,  from  a  Greek  vase. 

3.  Or,  one  side  of  it  was  carried 
across  the  chest,  and  thr ''- 


left  shoulder,   so  as   c  e 

Telope  the  upper  part  o    tl     p       n 
as  low  as  the  wnsts  (Ap      /  or 
IS-  3.) ;  an  arrangemei     n  0  e  e  pe 
cially  adopted  on  horseb  ck  as   hown 
by  the   annexed  examp  m    he 

Panathenaic    frieze    m     he    B       h 
Museum. 

CHLAM-YS   (iXnpi  A       h 

and    short   mantle,    on    n      ng  h 

the  inhabitants  of  Thess    y  li 


c  of  the 


the  regular  eqitestrian  1 
Athenian  youths,  from  tlie  penoci 
of  their  becoming  ifvffo^  until  the  age 
of  manhood.  (Plutarch.  A/ai.  26. 
Pollux,  X.  124.  ApuL  Ma.  X.  p.  233.) 
It  consisted  of  an  oblong  square  piece 
of  cloth,  to  each  side  of  which  a  goar 
(TrripuJ)  was  attached,  Bometunes  in 
the  form  of  a  right-angled,  and  fit 
others  of  an  obtuse-angled  triaogle, 
so  that  the  whole,  when  spread  out, 
would  form  a  mantle  of  similar  shape 
and  dimensions  to  the  diagrams  intm- 
duced  above.  The  different  ways  in 
which  it  was  adjusted  and  worn  are 
described  and  illustrated  in  the  pre- 
ceding article, 

2.  Properly  speaking,  the  chlamys 
belongs  to  the  national  costume  of 
the  Greeks,  but  not  of  the  Romans, 
though  it  was  occasionally  adopted, 
even  at  an  early  period,  by  some  of 
the  last-mentioned  people)  as  by  L. 
Scipio  and  Sylla  (Cic.  Jfaiir.  Post. 
10,  Val.  Max.  iii.  2.  and  3.) ;  but 
these  are  both  mentioned  as  singular 

ascribed  to  women — -to  Dido  by  Vir- 
gil (y£B.  iv.  137.),  and  (o  Agrippina 
yTa  us  4«  XI  56.). 
CHORA  GIUIM  ();op.-,7ior).  The 
f  Ti  u  ■£  s  enery  A  esses,  &c.,  be- 
n  ng  o  a  heatce  which  are  ne- 
ng  a  play  upc 


age    I 


s  call  11 


"the 


60 


Plant.  Capt. 


lent  behind  the 
ge  whe  e  tie  property"  was 
.ep  o  pe  hap  where  the  actoi-s, 
nd  n  a  G  k  thea  re  the  chorus, 
I  es  do  hea  d  Vitniv. v.  9.  1. 
3  m  ho  ha  Ltgai  p.  403,  22. 
i      k  d       e  of  the  appur- 


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■56 


CHOEAGUS. 


tcnances  constructed  in  the  spacious 
porticoes  at  llie  back  of  a  tlieatre  (Vi- 
truv.  /.  c. ),  as  may  be  seen  on  the  plan 
of  Pompey's  theatre,  introduced  as  an 
illiastmtion  under  Theateuu. 

3.  A  sort  of  spring  in  hydraulic 
macliines.     Vitruv.  x.  8.  I. 

CHORA'GUS.  The  person  who 
provided  the  scenery,  ornaments, 
dresses,  &c.,  necessary  for  presenting 
a  play  upon  the  Roman  stage  ;  wluch 
he  sometimes  furnished  ^.t  his  own 
expense,  but  more  usually  from 
moneys  levied  on  the  community, 
and  paid  over  to  him  by  the  sediles. 
Plaut  Fers.  i.  3.  78. 

2.  (xopij/ot).  Amongst  the 
Greeks,  the  ckeragus  was  the  person 
who  defrayed  the  costs  for  bringing 
out  a  Chorus ;  and  the  leader  of  the 
Chorus  was  sometimes  designated  by 
the  same  name. 

CHORAU'LES  and  CHO- 
RAU'LA  (xop'<fi\i|i-).  A  musician 
who  accompanied  the  Chorus  of  the 
Greek  theatre,  or  any  other  number 
of  singers  in  a  concert  generally, 
upon  the  double  pipes;  ascontradis- 


t  nguisl  ed  fiom  au  <edu  who  played 
an  IS  ruraeutal  solo  v  hout  vocal 
muse.  (Sue  Galb  \i  Y\Xi.  H  N 
XXXV  3  Ma  Ep  X  7%)  The 
CO  ume  and  ms  rumen  of  these  pe 
fo  ners  a  e  sho   n  by  the  flgu  e  an 

esed  from  a  d  aw  g  by  Fu  vius 
U    uius     m     he   Va    an    L  b  ary 

op  cd  from  a  atue  d  scove  ed  on 
the  App  an  Way  th  he  name 
Ch  raulbs  iusc   bed  upon  ts  base 


CHOSS. 

CHOEE'A  (K«pfla).  A  choral 
dance;  i.  £.,  in  which  the  performers 
join  hand  in  hand,  so  as  to  form  a 
circle  and  dance  to  the  sound  of  their 
own  voices,  predsely  as  represented 
in  the  illustration,  from  a  pahiting  in 


the  baths  of  Titus  at  Rome.  Viig. 
Cul.  19.  Ov.  Mst.  viii.  581.  Claud. 
B.  Gild.  448, 

CHOROB'ATES.     An  instrument 

used  for  takuig  the  level   of  water, 

and  of  the  country  through  which  it 

is  to  be  conducted.    Vitruv.  viii.  5.  i . 

CHO'ROCITHARIS'TA.   A  mu- 

sidEin  who  accompanies  a  chorus  of 

n^ers  on     e  a  ha  1.   Suet.  Dom.  4. 

CHORt.    GOES     or    COHORS 

(  )         A    fa*m    or    strawyard, 

h   h   oust  a  ed  one  ot  the  principal 

append  gea   be  Ong  ig  to   a   country 

a    nhe  e    he   whole   live   stock, 

a    e    pgs    poul  ry  &c.,  were  kept, 

s  a    dad  fodde  ed.     It  consisted  of 

a  la  ge  cou     cove  ed  with  litter,  for 

e   1  urpose  of  making  dres^ng  for 

e  land  p  0    de   with  a  tank,  where 

a    e  re  e  wa  e  ed  when  brought 

p  fo     he  ngh      and  enclosed  all 

round  by  numerous  outbuildings,  in- 


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Tie  il  t  n  an  ed,  wu  h  re 
presents  the  yard  in  which  the  fol- 
lowers of  Ulysses  were  kept  when 
changed  into  swine,  from  a  miniature 
of  the  Vatican  Vii^il,  will  serve  to 
convey  a  notion  of  the  general  plan 
and  character  of  an  ancient  farm-yard 
and  its  dependencies. 

2.  A  sheep  pen,  made  with  hurdles 
and  netting,  and  set  up  on  the  lands 
where  the  flock  pastured,  to  protect 
them  at  night  (Varro,  Ji.  Ji.  ii.  3. 
9.)  Also  a  permanent  enclosure 
surronnded  by  high  stone  walls,  in 
which  liheep  were  stalled,  Columell. 
vn  3   8 

CHORUS  (xop'It)-  A  band  or 
compiny  of  persona  engaged  in 
dancing  and  sln^ng,  more  especially 
when  their  Songs  and  dances  were 
performed  in  honour,  or  as  part  of 
the  worship,  of  some  divinity.  Cic 
I'iil  1  6  Viig.  .«■«.  viii.  718.  Suet. 
Ca/  37      Hor.  Od.  i.  I.  31.  _ 

2  The  choms  of  singers  in  a  dra- 
matic entertainment  on  the  Greek 
stage  The  performers  in  it  were 
entirely  distinct  from  the  actors, 
though  they  sometimes  performed  the 
part  of  interlocutors.  The  Roman 
drama  had  no  chorus,  Hor,  A.  P. 
193   204.  283,     Aul,  Gell.  xix.  10. 

3.  A    choral    or    round    da  ce 
(Mart.  Ep.  iv.  44.     Compare  Ti  d 
i\   S,  SS )    Same  as  Chorea  ;  w 
see  the  illustration. 

CHRYSEN'DETA    {xpva'ivS 


Tl 


gi 


inlaid,   or  chased   in   relief  upon  it 


CICONIA.  157 

Mart.  £>.  ii,  43,    Id.  vi.  94.^    IdrxW, 
97.  and  compare  Cic.  J^r.  iv,- 21-23. 

CHYT-RA  {xi-'P'^)-  A  common 
kind  of  earthenware  pot  in  use 
amongst  the  Greeks, 
employed  for  boiling 
and  cooking,  or  any  1 
ordinary  purpose ; 
and,  therefore,  left 
in  its  natural  rough 
state  of  red  clay,  without  any  sort  of 
decoration  or  painting.  (Aristoph, 
Pac.  923.  Athen.  ix.  73.  Cato,  X.  K. 
157,  II.,  where,  however,  some  edi- 
tions read  stutra.)  The  illustration, 
from  an  original,  represents  the 
form  of  these  pots  according  to  Pa- 
nofka,  Eecherches  sur  lis  viritabks 
Noms  des  Vasts  Grecs,  i.  28. 

CHYTROPUS  {x^Tphirovi.).  A 
(hvtra  made  with  legs,  so  that  it  could 
be  set  over  the  fiie 
without  being  placed 

shown    by    the 
nexed     figure,     from    \ 
an  original  after  Pa- 
nofka,     Hesiod.    Op. 
746,    Viilg,  Lez'it.  xl  35. 

CIBILL'A,  The  reading  of  some 
editions  in  a  passage  of  Varro  (Z.  L. 
V.  1 1 8.  [  for  CiixiBA ;  which  see. 

CIBCyRIUM  {a0ipiov).  Lite- 
rally, the  seed-pod  of  the  ^yptian 
bean  l,ci>loaisia) ;  and  thence  a  drink- 
termed  from  its  resemblance  to  the 
form  of  that  fruit.      Hor.    Od.  ii,  7, 


ONIA. 


t  pj  11 


ral 


8  Hieron,  Efist.  135.  18, 
2  A  contrivance  employed  by 
rmers  lo  test  a  iabourer's  work  in 
pade  husbandry,  and  prove  if  all  his 
trenches  w  ere  dug  to  a  uniform  and 
piopei  width  and  depth.    It  consisted 


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of  an  upright,  with  a  cvoss-bar  affixed 
to  it,  at  right  angles,  like  the  letter 
T  inverted,  so  tliat  the  long  brancli 
measared  ihe  depth,  the  two  shorter 
arras  the  width  and  evenness  of  the 
trench.     Coiumell.  iii.  13.  II. 

3.  Cicoma  comfosita.  A  contri- 
vance of  the  same  description  as  the 
preceding,  but  not  qaite  so  simple;  in- 
vented by  Columella,  to  remedy  some 
inconveniences  experienced  in  the  use 
of  that  instrument,  which  led  to  fre- 
quent disputes  between  (he  farmer  and 
his  labourers,  witliout  insaring  him 
against  beu^  deceived  by  them ;  inas- 
much as  it  required  a  very  sharp  eye 
to  see  that  the  instrument  was  placed 
fsurly  upright  in.  the  furrow,  and  not 
in  a  slanting  position,  which  would 
make  the  trench  appear  deeper  than 
it  really  was.  For  this  purpose  he 
added  two  cross-bars  to  the  original 
instrument,  nailed 
on  it  in  the  form  of 
the  letter  X,  and 
suspended  a  line 
and  plummet  from 
the  point  where 
they  intersected 
each  other ;  thus, 
the  extreme  ends  of 
the  cross-bars  and 
tail-piece  proved  the  width  of  the 
trench  at  top  and  bottom,  and  showed 
if  the  aides  were  dug  faff  and  even 
throughout ;  the  height  of  the  ma- 
chine measured  the  exact  depth  of 
Ihe  trench;  and  the  plumb-line  pre- 
vented disputes  by  indicating  at  once 
whether  it  was  inserted  in  a  hori- 
zontal position  or  not.  (Coiumell. 
iii.  13.  12.)  The  illastration  is  not 
from  the  antique,  but  is  a  conjectural 
diagram  by  Schneider,  constmcted 
in  accordance  with  Columella's  de- 
scription, and  inserted  here  in  order 
to  convey  a  .better  idea  than  words 
alone  can  express, 

4.  A   name  given  by  the  ancient 
Spaniaiiis  to  the  machine  for  raising 


r  from  a  well,   ■ 

ipe,"   and   the  Romans   1 

(.EPJO.     Isidor,  Orig.  xx.  I 


CILiaUM. 

CICU'TA.  Litei-aily,  ihe  kefiihch; 
whence  transferred  to  things  made 
out  of  the  stallts  of  that  plant,  espe- 
cially the  Pat^s  pipes. 
Viig.  Ed.  ii.  36.  Lu- 
cret,  V.  1382. 

CICU'TICEN.  A 
performer  on  the 
Pan's  fifes,  made  of 
the  hemlock  stalks. 
(Sidon.  Carm.  i.  15.) 
The  illustration  is  from  a 
figure  in  the  Florentine  Mas 

CIiyARIS.  (KiSapi^  and  Kiropic). 
The  royal  bonnet  worn  by  the  kings 
of  Persia,  Annenia, 
and  Parthia,  which 
had  a  tall,  stiff,  and 
straight  crown,  en- 
circled by  a  blue  dia- 
dem ornamented  with 
white  spots  (Curt.  iii. 
3.).  Ail  these  parti- 
culars, with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  colour,  1 
visible  in  the  illustratio  , 
presents  Tigranes,  king  of  Armenia, 
from  a  Syrian  medal 

2.  The  bonnet  worn  by  the  high 
priest  of  the  Jews.  Hieron.  Epiit. 
64.  2.  and  13. 

CILIBAN'TUM.  A  wine  or 
drinking  table  of  circular  form,  sup- 
ported upon  three  legs 
for  circular  tables,  o 
a  singls  stem,  had  a 
appropriate 
their  own  — 
dia.  Tables 
kind  are  frequently 
represented  m  the  Pompeian  pdnf- 
ings,  from  one  of  whicli  the  annexed 
illustration  is  copied,  with  the  drinking 
vessels  (capides,  capul^  upon  it,  pre- 
cisely as  mentioned  by  Vatro,  L.  L. 

'  CILICTUM  (wXi'kiov).  a  coarse 
kind  of  cloth  made  of  goats'  hair, 
used  for  various  purposes,  in  the  army 
and  navy  more  especially,  and  pro- 
bably resembling  the  material  now 
used  for  coal-sacks  and  horses'  nose- 
hags.     Cic.    Ven:    iL    l.   38.      Li  v. 


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ignify   g 

d     gn 

which  iepte»enf5  the  tible  at  which 
the  companionb  of  Uly  sc  fed  when 
changed  into  beasts.  Square  dining 
tables  weie  usually  employed  by  the 
early  Romans ;  but  had  fallen  into 
disuse  before  the  age  of  Varro  when 
circular  ones  were  mostly  adopted 
except  in  camps  for  tbe  mihtary 
mc55,  where  the  old  form  was  retained 
as  more  convenient.  Varro,  L.  L.  v. 
ii8. 

CIN^,DUS  {tivaila^.  A  dancing- 
inculei;  who  taught  the  art  of  dandng 
in  a  school  (Scipio  Afr.  ap.  Macrob. 
Sat.  iL  lo.  Non.  s.  v.  p.  S.  Plaut. 
Mil.  iii.  73.).  In  early  times, 
while  this  kind  of  exerdae  was  con- 
fined to  religious  and  warlike  dances, 
it  was  not  esteemed  unbecoming ; 
but  with  the  comiptioii  of  manners 
when  mimetic  and  lascivious  dances 
were  introduced  upon  the  stage,  the 
name  was  likewise  given  to  the  per- 
formers in  those  exhibitions,  and 
Ihence,  in  a  more  indefinite  meaning, 
it  became  a  term  of  reproadi  for  any 
one  who  indulged  in  the  indelicate 
propensities  for  which  the  stage  dan- 

CINCINNA'TUS.  Having  the 
hair  of  the  head  twisted  into  long 
corkscrew  curls  or  ringlets  [cincinni). 
Cic.  in  Se/iat.  $.    Id.  /r^  Sext.  11. 


C/jVCT!/S. 

INCIN'NUS   {i'Ai?j. 
one  corkscrew  curl 
a  fringe 


INCT  C  ULL  S 

C  CTUS, -ajy  a  short  petticottf  on 
worn  by  boys  round  the  loins  in 
same  way  as  the  dnctus  by  grown- 
persons.  Pkut.  Bacch.  iii  3.  z8. 
CINCTO'RIUM.      A  belt  worn 

round  the  wai=t     foi   the  purj.o5e  of 

attaching     the 

(Mela    11    I)     a; 

tradistingnished     from 

tl     b  Id     k  (^  ;'     ■ 

wh    h  H 


h 


ih     h 


Th 


attached  b, 

am,  as  in  the  example, 
from  a  bas-relief  in 
the  Capitol  at  Rome ; 

but  the  orderlies,  1  _._ 

carry  theirs  suspended  from  a  bol/eiis, 
CINCTUS,  -us  {SiiiK.o^c,mpiWt,n), 


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iSo  CINCTUS. 

A  sort  of  petticoat,  like  the  Scotch 
kilt,  reaLhing  from  the  wiist  to  the 
knees  oi  thereabouts,  which  was 
worn  in  early  times  instead  of  the 
tunic,  by  persons  of  the  male  sex, 
engaged  in  active  or  labonous  em 
ployments  Isidor  Orig  xix  33  r 
Varro,  L  L  \  114  ,  as  shown  by  the 
illustration,  from  a.  terra,  cotta  lamp 

3  A  waist  band  worn  over  the 
tumc  (Plin  H  N  Jtiviii.  9  Suet 
Nero,  51  ) ,  same  as  Cin:,ula  and 
ClNGULliM,  3 

3    Cmctiis  Goiim: 
man  ler  of  adjuating 


A  piiticiilar 


46      Id   1 


<Liv 


I  9),  1 


wh  th  one  end  of 
it  WIS  thiown  oier 
the  held,  and  the 
other  passed  round 


the 


V  ad  Vii^  jSh 

present  the  appear 
ance  of  a  gndle, 
precisely  as  shown 
in  the  annexed  fl 
cure,  from  the  Vatican  VirgiL 

CINCTUS,  a  urn  benerally, 
wearing  a  girdle,  belt  or  sash  of  any 
kind,  and  apphed  to  b>th  seies ,  to 
females,  who  wore  a  girdle  under  the 
breast  (Ovid  Met  vi  59  and  Cin 
CtULtiM,  I ),  or,  like  a  zone,  roimd  the 
loins  (.Curt  m  3  and  Cingulum, 
2  ) ,  to  men  who  woie  a  gniUe  ovei 
tlie  tunic  (Plaut  Cure  11  i  5  and 
CiNGULUM,  3  )  ,  or  thetr  swords 
attached  to  a  waist  hand  {gladio 
aHctus,  Liv  xxxvin  at  and  CiKC 
torium)  ,  and  to  huntsmen  who  car 
ned  their  knives  in  a  waist  band 
ifuhro  zmalorio  cmelus.  Suet  Aii^ 
35  and  19 ) 

2  Cinelasaltt.  See  AltICINCTUS 
CINCTU  TUS  Oothed  ifter  the 
fashion  of  the  early  ages,  ^  f,  with 
nothing  but  a  short  kilt  (cinctus, 
TTEpiJuifin)  round  the  loms,  as  repre 
smted  in  the  last  illustration  except 
one.  Hor.  A.  P.  50.  Ovid.  Fast  v 
101.     Compare  Plutarch,  Rovi.  21. 


CINGILLUM. 

CINERARIUM  A  mOie  in  a 
tomb,  adapted  for  the  reception  of  a 
lai^  cinerary  uin,  or  a  sarcophagus, 
as  contradistinguished  from  coTum 
banum,  which  was  of  smallei  dimen 
sioiis,  and  only  formed  to  receive  a 
pair  of  jara  (oUc^  (InscripL  ap 
GruC  850  10  At  Fabrelt  16  71 
Calpurnia   emit   "  " 


}  1  he  illustration  which 
representa  one  side  of  a  aepulchnl 
chamber,  as  it  appeared  when  first 
excavated,   presents   an  arrangement 


similar  to  that  set  foith  by  llii.  pie 
ceding  inscuption,  with  two  iottim 
baria  at  bottom,  over  which  aie  the 
same  number  of  cinerary  niches  for 
urns,  and  a  lai^er  one  in  the  centre 
mediaimm),  with  its  sar- 


CINERARIUS  A  slave  who 
waited  upon  the  amalitx  nhile  en 
gaged  in  dressing  her  mistress  s  hair 
His  chief  duty  consisted  in  heating 
the  curling  irons  in  the  ashes  ( ^neres), 
whence  the  name  (Varro,  L  L  \ 
129 ) ,  but  in  some  cases,  he  also 
peiformed  the  part  of  a  barber 
CatulL   61     138     Seneca,   Constant 

CINGILLUM  A  dimmutive  of 
ClNtJun  M  ,  but  m  a  passage  of  Pe 
tronius  (Sat  67  4),  the  onl^  one 
in  which  the  word  occurs  it  is  clearly 
used  to  designate  an  article  of  female 
attire,  worn  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
person,  and  reaching  from  the  shoul 
ders  to  a  little  below  the  waist ;  for, 
when  Fortunata  appears  at  the  ban- 


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quet  of  Tr  n  akli  o  she  wears  i  yei 
low  cmgill  I  I  ove  a  cherry  colo  red 
tumc,  wluch  IS  seen,  below  it     the 


tuniL  also  bein^  !.  iflicientl>  short  to 
leave  the  bangles  round  her  a  il  les 
and  her  Greek  shoes  exposed  to 
view  —  gallnna  sui,ctnda  atigtllo  ita 
ni  infra  eeraana  appareret  tunica  et 
periscehdes  tcrta,  fha  aszaque  tnau 
rata  It  must  Oierefore  have  re 
sembled  what  we  now  term  a  jacket 
or  Spenser    such  as  is  frequenflj'  re 

£  resented  in  the  Ponipeian  paint  ugs, 
om  one  of  which  the  illustration  is 
copied  and  if  the  tunic  were  only 
drawn  up  t  h  tie  hjghei  through  its 
girdle  so  as  to  leave  the  feel  and 
ankles  exposed  it  would  stnctly  ac 
cord  with  the  enti  e  costume  de 
scribed 

CIN  &ULA  A  girth  or  suicingle 
by  which  the  saddle  pad  is  fastened 
as  mtheeximi-le  from    he  Coluni 


of  Antoninus  Oi  d  Rem  Am  336 
Calpiirn  Eel  vi  41 

2  A  man  s  girdle  round  the  waist 
Ovid  A  Atiat  u  444.  laA  Cm 
GULUM  3. 

CIN'GULUM  (rniW«).     A  band, 


r  the  ti 


CINGULVM. 
grlle 


bosom      m      order 

0  make  the  A  eca 
s  t  close  and  be 
ctm  ngly  on  he 
person  is  si  uw  ii 
b)  the  figure  in 
1  exed,  fiom  a 
Creek   statue 

loi    Or^    xif 

1  V  g     ^, 


2  (!i^iij)  A  gird 
worn  by  females 
young  unmairied 
women  but  fast 
e  led  lower  down 
the  body  just 
above  the  hips,  as 
shown    by   the   an 


exed      lUusi 


Ell 


representing 

tra    from  a  marble 

found    at   Heicula 

neum       w  ih 

sash    drawn  by  its 

s  de    from  a  Greek 

vase      In  this  sense  ll  .   . .    . 

applied    to   the    Cestus    of   Venus. 

Featus  J  ^     Va!  Place  v    470.  and 

Cestus 

3     <i;«<Tn,p)        A 
■Bom  round   tie  waii 
the  tumc  as  shown 
by     the     example 
fron     a     statue    at 
Naples      It  served 
for     carrying     an)   , 
small    artide 
\  ended  from  if 
especially  to  shorten 
the  lunic   when  the 

gaged  m  aL.ti\e  et 
ertise  by  drawmg 
up  the  lower  part 
to  any  desi  able  hei 
3  and  AlticIncti. 


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s  tomb  at  Ptestum; 
and  over  this  the  sword  belt  (cinctii- 
!  aari)  was  also  strapped,  whence  Vir- 
gil, m  describing  the  armour  of  Pallas 
\Mn  xn  94Z  ),  indicates  both  of  these 
anctures  by  the  pliiml  cingala,  for  the 
shoulder  band  {ialleus),  which  sup- 
ported the  shield,  is  separately  men- 

S  {Siilioiia,  wipiK-^i-a)  An  ar/ic!c 
tnft,male  atttre  similar  to  the  ductus 
of  males  (Vi 
L  i  V  I  .  „ 
viz  a  short  pet 
ticoat  reaching 
from  the  waist  to 
the  kneeo    which 


ff 

ciall}    by 

who  led  an  active 

or  labonons  life , 

whence  it  is  very  

commonly  assigned    to    the    Amazo- 

one  of  w  Inch  the  illustration  is  copied. 
CIN  IFLO  A  slave  attached  to 
the  female  part  of  the  household, 
whose  businesi  it  was  eitlier  to  heat 
the  irons  for  the  omairtx  (Schol. 
Acrjn  ad  Hor  Sat  1  2  98.)  when 
she  was  dressing  her  mistress's  hair ; 


the  powder  {ctms)  which 
women  employed  for  tinting  their  hair 
of  a  hght  auburn  colour, 

CIPPUS  (orJiXx),  A  short  roimii 
post  or  pUlar  of  stone  set  up  to  mark 
the  boundaries  between  adjacent 
lands  or  neighbouring  states.      (Sim- 


the  senate,  as  proconsul,  to  reconcile 
a  dispute  between  the  people  of 
Ateste  (Este)  and  Vincentia  ( Fi-»«o) 
lespecting  their  boundaries. 

2,  A  low  pillar,  sometimes  round, 
but     more     frequently 
erected  as  a  tomb-sto  li 

where  a  person  wa    bun  d 
ployed  as  a  tomb  fo  t 

ashes   after  they  hal   b 


gul 


from    the  funeial   pj        by  pe 
who  could  not  afford  th        p  i 

a    more  imposing  f  bn         (P  rs 
37.)     The   illustrat  [  t     n 

elevation   and  secti         f  pp 

which  formerly  stood  on  the  Via 
Appia  ;  the  section,  on  the  left  hand, 
shows  the  movable  lid,  and  the  cavity 
for  receiving  the  ashes. 

3.  A  Strang  post,  formed  ont  of  the 
trunk  of  a  tree,  with  the  weaker 
branches  cut  off,  sharpened  to  a 
point,  and  driven  into  the  ground  to 
serve  as  a  palisade  in  military  forti- 
fications.    Cses.  B,  G.  vii.  73. 

CIR'CINUS  {lia&r,Trti')  A  fiaif 
ofcompasta,  employed  by  carpenters, 
architects,  masons,  and  sculptors,  for 
describing  circles,  measunng  dis- 
tances, or  taking  the  thicltness  of 
solids.    {Cies.  B.  G.  L  38.    Vitniv.  \x. 


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CISCITORES. 


those  still  in  use  ;  on  the  right  a  pair 
of  proportional  compasses,  on  the  left 
a  pair  of  callipers,  and  a  small  com- 
mon compass  in  the  centre,  aE  copied 
from  originals  found  at  Pompeii. 

CIRCITO'RES  Surveyors  of 
the  Roman  aqneducts,  whose  duty  it 
waa  to  viait  the  different  lines  for  the 
purpose  of  ■jeeing  if  any  pans  wanted 
repairi,  and  thit  no  frauds  had  been 
committed  by  the  insertion  of  im 
proper  pipes,  in  order  to  divert  the 
water  without  permission,  or  draw 
off  a  larger  quantity  of  it  dian  the 
law  allotted      Frontin  Aj  117 

2  In  the  Roman  armies,  &  dettch 
ment  of  men  appomted  to  go  the 
rounds  at  ceitain  interials,  and  see 
that  all  the  watches  were  regularly 
kept,  and  all  the  sentnes  it  then 
posts  Veget  Mil  in  8  Inscript 
c/  Murat  540  2 

3  Commercial  travellers,  employed 
by  certim  nrmufacturers  and  tndes 
men,  to  cany  round  and  dispose  of 
the  goods    they  made      Ulp    JDig 

CIRCU'ITOR.  A  watchman  or 
looker  out  employed  upon  a  fai  m  or 
country  villa,  to  go  the  rounds  and 
protect  the  gardens  ind  fields  from 
depredations      Pet   Frtap    rfi   i 

CIRCULA'TOR  A  strolling; 
juggler,  or  mountebank,  nho  goes 
about  getting  money  by  showing  off 
tricks  and  sleights  of  hanci  (Celsns, 
V  27  3  Apul  Mil  1  p  3  ) ,  or 
with  liiined  animils  (P-iul   Big  47 


illustration,  from  a  terra-cotta  Jamp. 

CIR'CULUS  (vi^Xot).  A  circle  ; 
thence,  applied  to  various  things 
which  have  a  drcidar  figure  ;  as — 

t  The  hoop  of  a  casl  (  ufa),  by 
which  the  staves  are  bound  together, 


M,  in  the  example  of  a  Roman  cask, 
fiom  Trajan  s  Column  Pet.  Sat.  to. 
3      Plin   H  N  Mv  27.     Id.  xvL  30. 

2  A  particular  kind  of  cake  or 
bisciut,  made  m  the  form  of  a  ring. 
Varro,  i  i  v  106    Vopisc.  Tac.  6. 

3  A  circular  dish,  upon  which 
food  was  brought  up  and  placed  upon 
the  table  {Mart  Ep  xiv.  138.),  as 
shown  by  the  illustiation,    from    the 


Vatican  Virgil ,  wheie-is  manv  dishes 
were  only  ha  led  o  nd  to  fhegue  ts 
without  be  ng  depos  ted  on  the  d  n  ng 
table 

4.  The  b  oad  belt    n   the     p!  e  e 


the  zoiai 


inl 


ts  lie 


,y  Google 


L/RC  UiTCID  4  NE  K> 

Itxcl^  Uirou5,li  them  as  seen  in  th. 
eiample  from  a  Pompe  a: 
AuL  (jell  Ki  1  9   3- 


on  the  celeit  al     lb     fo     he 
parpo  e  of  mitk  ng  ou      e   a  n 
g  ons  of  the  slty  1  d      i  lain  n      he 
course  of   he  planets  as  se      m.  th 
illustrauon,  from  a.     ta  ue  of  A  las 


bearing  the  heavens  on  his  shjulders 
Varro,  L.  L.  vi.  Z.  CiC  Somn  bcip 
3.     Ovid.  Met.  ii.  516 

CIRCUMCIDANEU&  Lite 
rally,  cut  round;  but  the  w  >rd  is  em 
ployed  in  a  special  sense  to  design-ite 
an  inferior  quality  of  newly-made 
wine,  or  must,  produced  by  repeated 
squeezing^  under  the  press  beam. 
To  understand  distinctly  the  meaning 
of  the  word  and  the  qualify  of  the  ar- 
ticle intended  by  it,  we  have  only  to 
■reflect,  that  when  the  fresh  grapes  had 
been  crushed  in  a  vat  by  the  naked  feet, 
the  residue  of  stalks  and  skins  {pes) 
was  carried  in  a  mass  to  the  pressing 
machine  {toradar),  and  therS  subjected 
to  the  action  of  a  powerful  beam 
(^frehtiri)  screwed  down  upon  it,  which 
extracted  all  the  juice  remaining  in 
them.     This  operation  would  natu- 


lally  cau^e  1  poition  of  the  mass  to 
b  Ige  out  beyond  the  edge  of  the 
surfeces  between  which  it  was 
squeezed,  without  being  thoroughly 
pressed  It  wu  therefore  ■«;  o^  all 
/'7UKa  wilh  a  knife,  and  again  placed 
under  tlie  beam,   and    the   juice  it 


ielded 


tbe 


When  tbe  mass  of  skins  was  enclosed 
in  a  basket  ijisdna),  or  between  laths 
of  wood  (rfgulis),  it  was  purposely  to 
prevent  it  from  bulging  out,  and,  con- 
sequently, when  so  treated,  there  was 
no  dixBirmdanium  produced,  Cato, 
R.  R.  23.  4,  Varro,  R.  R.  i.  24.  Co- 
lumell.  xii.  36.     Plin,  If.  N.  xiv.  23. 

^"ciRCUMSinUM.  (Varro,  ^.  A'. 
i.  54,)     Same  as  Circumcidaneum. 

CIRCUMCISO'RIUM.  An  in- 
strument employed  by  veterinaries 
for  bleeding  cattle  in  the  feet.  Ve- 
get.  Vei.  i.  26. 

CIRCUS  (lC<>Boc.  Polyb.  xxx.  13. 
2.)  A  Roman  drcus,  or  racecourse, 
which,  in  the  earliest  times,  was  no- 
th  ng  more  than  a,  flat  o]}en  space, 
round  which  temporaiy  wooden  plat- 
forms 01  scaffoldings  were  raised  for 
the  spectators  to  stand  upon  ;  but 
even  before  the  destruction  of  the 
monarchy,  a  permanent  building  was 
constructed  for  the  purpose,  and  laid 
out  upon  a  regular  pto,  ever  after- 
wards retained  until  the  final  disso- 
lution of  the  empire ;  and  then  the 
entire  edifice,  with  its  race-course 
and  appendages,  was  included  under 
the  general  name  of  circus.  Liv.  i.  35. 
Varro,  L.  L.  v.  135.    Dionys.  iii.  68. 

The  ground-plan  was  laid  out  in 
an  obtong  form,  terminating  in  a 
semicircle  at  one  extremity,  and  en- 
closed at  the  opposite  end  by  a  pile 
of  buildings  called  "the  town"  (pp- 
pidam),  under  which  the  stalls  (car- 
certs)  foe  the  horses  and  chariots 
were  distributed,  marked  A.  A.  in  the 
engraving,  which  represents  the 
ground-plan  of  a  circus  still  remain- 
ing in  considerable  preservation  on  the 
Appian  Way,  near  Rome,  commonly 
known   as   the   Circus  of  Caracalla. 


.Google 


which  it  was  d 
parts;  and  at 
ii  goal  [7/iaii 
lots  turned  ;    h 
stables  (c)  be   g 
the   farthest 


the  commencevnetit  of  the  race,  when 
they  all  started  abreast ;  bnl  when 
the  goal  at  the  bottom  (d)  had  been 
turned,  their  position  would  be  more 
ill  column  than  in  line ;  and  conse- 
ijuently  Jess  width  would  be  required 
across  that  side  of  the  course.  For  a 
similar  reason,  the  right  horn  of  the 
circns  is  longer  than  tlie  left ;  and 
the  stalls  (A  A)  are  arranged  in  the 
segment  of  a  circle,  of  which  the 
centre  falls  at  the  point  (l),  exactly 
midway  between  the  first  mOa  and 
the  side  of  the  building,  at  which  the 
race  commenced      The  object  of  this 


entrance"  (h),  called  porta  pomfxa, 
throv^h  which  the  Circensian  pro- 
cession entered  the  ground  before  (he 
races  commenced ;  another  one  was 
constructed  at  the  circular  extremity 
(l),  called /iwto  iriiimphalis,  throueh 
which  the  victors  left  the  ground  in 
a  sort  of  triumph ;  a  third  is  situated 
on  the  right  Bide  (k),  called  porta 
HMtmeHsis,  through  which  the  killed 
or  wounded  drivers  were  conveyed 
away,  and  two  others  (l  l)  were  left 
close  by  the  carceres,  through  which 
(he    chariots  were   driven    into    the 


lieen  displayed.  The  outbtnlding 
(f)  is  the  emperor's  box  (^Mnar) ; 
and  the  one  on  the  opposite  side  (g) 
supposed  to  have  been  intended  for 
the  magistrate  {editor  speclaaihnim), 
at  whose  charge  the  games  were 
exhibited.  In  the  centre  of  the  end 
occupied  by  the  stalls  was  a  grand 


ses  th 

Th 
ws  ts,  di     ed 

,  and  separate  y 
and  landing  places,  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  described  and  illustrated  xinder 
the  word  Amphitheatrum;  of  which 
idea  may  be  conceived  from 
next    engraving,     representing 


the  ancie 
tinople,  ai 


t  appears  <. 


i   Const! 
an  old  m. 


,y  Google 


l6&  CIRR-iTUS 

executed  before  Ihit  city  was  taken 
by  the  Tmks  Though  a  rum,  it 
sho\sb  distinctly  the  arcades  and 
outer  shell   of   the    huildtng,    some 


fragments  of  the  ions,  of  Seats  for 
the  spectators,  the  j/jma,  with  its 
obeliiks  -ind  columns  nearly  perfect ; 
(he  nteta  p?niia  on  the  right  hand  of 


th  //(/« 
ng  d  n.  a  curved  line  lil  e  the  fir^t 
pi  and  one  of  the  gates 
h  gh  which  the  chaiiots  enteted 
i  gr  u  d,  like  those  marked  L  L  on 
I  g  und-ptan ;  it  is  be^des  re 
n  k  bl  as  afibrding  the  only  known 
n  n  in  which  the  Euperstiucture 
of  a  circus  is  eKhibiited. 

CIRRA'TUS.  Of  men  or  women 
(Mart.  ix.  30.  Amniian.  xiv.  6.  20.}; 
sea  Cirrus  i.  Of  cloth  fabrics  (Ca- 
pitol. Pertinax.  8.) ;  see  Cirrus  8. 

CIRRUS.      Properly,   a   lock   of 
curly    hair,    growing   in  a  full  and 
natural   curl,   as    contradistinguished 
from  Cindnnus,  a  ringlet  or  twisted 
curl,   mostly  made  with   the  i 
such,  for  instance,  as  was  natn 
the  youth  of  Greece,  before  th 
tamed   the   age  of  manhood, 
their  locks  were  cut  off  and  ded  ca 
to  some  deity  (Varro,  ap.  Non 
p.   94.) !   or  to   the   Germans 
^at.  xiiL   164.)  and  Gauls,  who 
distinguished  amongst    the    an 
for  the  abundance  and  beauty  of 
hair,  and,  consequently,  in  all  w 
of     art,    are    commonly    deliii      ed 
with  this  characteiTstic.   See  the 
tratioii,  J.  CoMATUS. 

3.  Cimis  IK  vertkc  (/loXUj        ij- 
'j-uu.   Gloss.   Vet.)      A   tuft  of 
drawn  up  all  round   the  head 
tied  into  a  bunch  on  the  occip      as 
was  the  practice  of  athletes,  wrest 
boxers,  &C.,  in  order  to  avoid         g 


seized   by  the  hair  in  the    !  eit 
coite'it    as  exhibited  m  the    llu 
tion   Irom  a  has 
relief  in  the  Va 
tican,   repcesenf- 
ting    a    pair    of 
Foncraliastis. 
The        exampU 
likewise  explains 
3.     passage      of   '"^ 
Suetonius  (Nero, 
45.},   in    which 

during    the    insurrection  of  Vindex, 
and  while  the  city  of  Rome  was  suf- 
fering severely  from  fcraine,  a  vessel 
arrived     from     Alexandria,     which, 
instead  of  being   laden  with  grain, 
lb        It     caig      f  fi      sand  f 
th       th     es  m 
pe  Th 


i    related,   tliat 


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CISIARIXIM. 

his  fDrehead,  when  it  was  called  ca- 
proniB.     Veget.  Va.  \v.  2. 

4.  The   fetlock   tttft   of  a   horse. 
Veget.  Vst.  ii.  a8.   Id,  iv.  I. 

5.  The  toflmet,   or  tuft  upon  the 
heads  of  certain  birds.    Plin.  H.  N. 


like 


IS  of  the  poivpu''  which 
I  bunch  of  hair      Plin.   H  N 


—  1  37 

8  1  he  fruit's  on  a  piece  of  cloth 
(Ph'edr  11  5  13)  which  was  pio 
ilueed  by  leaving  the 
enils  of  the  warp 
threads  upon  the 
cloth  after  it  waa 
taken  torn  the  loom, 
mitead  of  cutting  , 
them  ofl  The  ex 
ample  is  fiom  a  Pom 
peian  pamtmg ,  and 
compare  the  art  cle 
and  illustnlion  J   Tila 

CISIA  RIUM  A 
where  gigs  (kjto)  were 
script  ap  Fabiett  p   91 

CISIA  RIUS       One 
gigs  Kasia)     Inscripl    ap 
iy]ij  6  p   loS  4 

2     The   driver 


(Ulp 


w)  like  our  cab  dn' 
Dig  19  2  13 )  See  the  1 
cut,  and  observe  th-it  the  driver  sits 
on  the  ibjir  side,  whnJi  13  still  the 
prjctice  in  Italy 

CISIUM  A  light,  two-wheeled 
chaisi  or  gig  <Non  s  z  p  86 ),  em 
plojed  by  the  Romans  as  a  public 
and  private  conveyance,  when  n 
pidity  of  transit  waa  required  (Cic 
FM  11  31  Id.  Ron:  Am  7  Vu^ 
Catdl  viu  3  }  It  earned  two  per- 
son-, the  driver  and  another,  was 
open  in  front,  and  furnished  with 
shafts,  to  which  one,  or  sometimes 
two  outriggers  (Auson  Ep  vni.  6 
itsio  tr fug")  v,et^  occasionally  added, 
as  IS  still  the  piactice  m  the  Ntapo 
htan  calessin      Most  of  theai.  pai 


recti)  given  in  the  English  edition  of- 
Wyttenbach's  Treves,  where  the  out- 

USORIUM.  A  sharp  cutting 
instrument  employed  by  veterinariea, 
Veget   Vet  iL  22. 

CISSYB'IUM  («orf,3.in.).  A 
Grecian  drinlcing-bowl  with  a  han- 
dle ,  originally  made  of  ivy  wood, 
but,  subsequently,  distinguished  by  a 
wreath  of  ivy  leaves  and  berries 
Larved  upon  it.  Macrob.  Sal.  v.  21. 
1  heoct  Id.  i.  27. 

CISTA  (rinnj),  A  deep  cylin- 
drical iasktl,  covered  with  a  lid,  and 
made  of  wicker-wotk 
(Phn  H  N.  XV.  18. 
n  2  Id  xvi.  77,), 
which  was  employed 

Its  form  and  charac- 
ter tendered  it  applicable.  The  ex- 
ample here  introduced  is  copied  from 
a  Roman  bas-relief ;  but  baskets  of 
a  similar  form  and  character  are  fre- 
quently lepresenled  both  in  sculpture 
and  pamting.  When  square  cisits  are 
mentioned  (Columell.  xiL  54.  2.), 
the  very  addition  of  tlie  epithet  im- 
plies an  unusual  shape  ;  and  the  uni- 
form character  of  the  following  illus- 
trations, all  representing  different 
objects  which  bote  the  common 
name  of  cista,  is  sufficient  to  declare 
the  figure  which  presented  itself  to 
the  ancient  mind  in  correspondence 
w  ilh  that  name. 

2  A  nton^-box  {Hor.  Ep.  \.  17. 
M  Cic  Verr.  ii.  3,  85.),  undoubt- 
edly of  smaller  dimensions  than  the 


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PP   s  , 


k 


tl 


sed     egg 


w     ed  b 
the  Italian  tt 

3.  A  ioakbask^  (Juv.  iii.  206.), 
similar  to  the  capsa  in  form  and 
character,  bat  made  of  wicker-work 
instead  of  wood ;  and  like  that  also 
used  for  other  similar  purposes,  as 
for  keeping  clothes  (Poeta  vet.  ap. 
Quint,  vlii.  3.  19.).  See  the  illus- 
trations J.  Caps*. 

4.  A  basket  employed  at  the  Co- 
mitia  and  in  the  courts  of  justice,  into 
whioh  the  voters  and  the  judges  cast 
the  tablets  (tabellis)  by  which  their 

declared. 


(Auctor.  ad  Herenn.  r.  12.  Pliti  H 
N.  xxxiii.  2.  §  7.  Manutins  de  Comti 
Mom.  XV.  p.  572,  Wunder.  Codtx 
Er/uiem.  p.  158.  setiq.).  The  illustra 
tioil  is  from  a  coin  of  the  Cassian 
family,  and  represents  a  voter  drop 
ping  his  tablet  of  acquittal  (marked  A 


The 

irft 

M< 

1  wl  ch 

th<. 

Is  and 

ole 

ra      le 

u    wo 

e  e  CO 

ed 

m  from  the  eyes  of  profane 
whilst  carried  in  solemn 

ss         upon    the    festivals    ap- 

d        those  deities  ;  for  all  the 

ni      es  connected  with  their  wor- 

p  w  re  conducted  in  profound  se- 

tull.  64.  260.    TibiilL  i.  7. 

S      C  mpare  Ov.  A.  Am.  ii.  609.) 

T  doubt  tliat  the  dsta  em- 

d         this  purpose  was,  in  the 
fi  ta  ce,   a  mere  viicixr  basket, 

similar  to  the  one  delineated  in  the  first 
woodcut  which  illustrates  this  article ; 
for  it  is  so  represented  on  numerous 
coins  and  bas-reliefs,  where  the  wic- 
ker-work is  expressed  in  detail ;  but, 
subsequently,  or  amongst  wealthy 
congregations,  it  was  made  of  mote 
costly  materials  and  elegant  work- 
manship, as  proved  by  two  origmals 
in  bronze  now  preserved  at  Borne; 
one  of  which  was  found  near  the 
ancient  Labicum,  the  other  at  Prse- 
neste.  Tlie  latter  is  represented  m 
the  annexed  engravhig.  It  stands 
upon  three  feet ; 
the  handles  by 
whidi  it  was  car- 
ried are  observable 
at  the  sides ;  the 
lid  is  surmounted 
by  two  figures,  c 
bacchante  Euid  s 
faun  ;  and  the  out 
aide  is  covered  with 
a  design  in  outline,  representing  the 
reception  of  the  Aigonauts  in  the 
arsenal  at  Cyzicus.  In  it  were  found 
the  following  objects  another  small 
case,  a  model  of  a  kid  and  of  a  pan 


form,  tlie  pyratmd  (irepo/«i)i 
tioned  by  Clemens  of  Ale'tandna  as 
one  of  the  articles  usually  contained 
in  these  crises.  The  other  one,  found 
at  Labicum,  is  similar  in  form, 
material  and  style  of  execution ; 
exceptmg  that  it  has  three  figures 
01  the  lid:  Bacchus  in  the  centre 
draped  with    a  robe    covered    with 


ndici 


;    that 


:   the 


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CISTELLA. 

noclunial  Bacchus  {Nycleltus  Paler, 
Ov.A.  Am.  i.  567.),  at  which  time 
(he  tirgies  were  celebrated  (Serv.  aci 
j^n.  iv.  303.  Compare  Liv.  xxxix. 
8.  seqq.);  and  a  Faun  in  the  nebris 
on  eadi  side  of  him.  The  inside 
contained  a  Jmltra,  on  which  the 
contest  between  Pollux  and  Aijiicns 
king  of  Eebrycia,  with  Diana  be- 
tween them,  was  represented  in  con- 
tomiafe  figures,  the  names  of  each 
being  inscribed  over  Ihera  in  a  very 
ancient  Latin  form,  PoLucES,  Amu- 
CKS,  and  LosNA,  the  old  name  for 
Diana.  Under  the  feet  of  the  figures 
on  the  lid,  there  is  an  inscription, 
resembhng  in  its  spelling  and  Latinity 
the  style  of  that  on  tlie  Duilian 
Column;  and  testifying  that  the 
vessel  was  presented  by  a  female,  and 
made  by  a  Roman  artist  of  the  name 
of  Novius  Piantius  :— 


CISTELLA  (ifwrit).  A  small 
ClSTA.  Plant,  Cist.  iv.  I.  3.  Tei. 
Ean.  iv.  6.  15. 

CESTELLA'TRIX.      A     female 
slave,  who  had  charge  of  her  mis- 
tress's clothes,  trinkets,  & 
dsla.     Plant.  Trin.  ji.  I. 

CISTELL'ULA.  A 
cista;  diminutive  of  Ciste 
Eud.  ii.  3.  60. 

CISTER'NA.     An  ar  ifi 

freqaenlly  covered   in  w 

(Varro,  J?.  R.  \.  n.),  for  se 

of   collecting    and   pres  ood 


r  for  t 


(Columell.  i.  5.     Pallad 

differs   from   our    "dstem 

are    above    ground ;    and    from    a 

"well"  (paitiis),   which  is  supplied 

by  springs. 

2.  Cisterna  frigidaria.  Peihaps 
an  ice-house.     Pet.  Sat.  73.  2. 

CIS'TIFER.  One  who  carries  a 
dsta,  box,  or  burden;  3. porler.  Mart. 
Ep.  v.  17. 

CISTOPH'ORUS  (Kiirrof-Spo;-). 
One  wlio  carried  the  mystic  case 
<ClSTA,  S-)  m  certain  religious  pro- 


CIST0PI-2OHUS.  169 

cessions.  In  the  rites  of  Ceres  and 
Bacchus,  or  of  the  E^ptian  deities, 
Isis  and  Osiris,  this 
service  was  performed 
by  women,  as  repre- 
sented in  the  annexed 
illustration  from  a 
Pompeian  painting. 
The  wreath  of  ivy 
leaves  and  berries  (fo- 
ryuibtis)  round  the 
head,  show  her  to 
have  been  a  follower  ' 
of  Bacchus ;  and  the 
bird's  eye  observable 
on  the  head  of  the  jug 
indicates  a  priestess  of  O'^  ns  "nhose 
symbol  amongst  the  Egyptians  nas 
an  eye  (Wiiikelm.  Cab  SliS!:h  p 
2.)  ;  and  as  Bacchus  and  Osiris  were 
tlie  same  deity,  under  different  names, 
it  is  clear  that  she  is  a  dstopkora, 
'.ephora,  as  the  editors  of 


the   Mnsei 


isly  termed  her,  from  want  of  at- 
tention to  the  above  particulars.  In 
the  ceremonies  of  Bellona,  on  the 
contrary,  the  dsla  was  carried  by 
men,  as  proved  by  an  ancient  marble 
the  Monte  Mario  near 
R  m  bears    the    following 

CTST  JEDIS  .   JlELLON«,  &C., 

gu        f  the  eislgp/idjTis  carved 

H    13  diaped  in  a  manner 

ibbng     the     preceding 

figu  a  tunic  leaching  to  the 

tly  laised,  so  as  to  ex- 

se  er   one    beneath    it ;   a 

pa      m  he  shoulder;  a  chaplet 

nn    th  d  ;  and  an  infula  hang- 

m  fiont  of  the  breast;  in 

the  right  hand  a  lustra!  branch,  and 

in   the   left    two    doable    axes    {M- 

psnms),  characteristic  of  the  priests 

of  Bellona.     Inscript.   ap.    Don.   62. 

and  135.    Compare  Demosth.  p.  313. 

28.  ed.  Reiske.    Giovanni  Lami,  Ois- 

serlaa.  sopra  U  Cislc  Mistiche. 

2.  A  silver  coin,  worth  about  four 
drachmas,  which  passed  current  in 
Asia,  whence  the  expression  in  cii- 
tophoro  (Cic.  Att.  xl  I.)  is  equivalent 


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On 


antiquity,    resembling 
human  chest  and  ne 
11   3  22  ),  and  so  corresp    di  g  w 
OMX  giatar,  a  term  wh        comes 
through    die    Italian    chttarra 
Roman  c  and   Italian  ck  having 
same   sound  as  the  Greek   e. 
illustration  here  mtrodnced,  f   m 
ancient  bas  relief    pieserved 
hospital   of   St  John  in   Late 
Rome,  agiees  so  closely  with  th 
scnption  which  Isidonis  gives 
instrument,  as  to  leave   little 
that  It  preserves  the  leal  foim 
cithara,   m  the    stiict    and    u  gi 
sense  of  that  word  ,  although 
have  been  sometimeo  applied 
Greeks    poets    in    a  less  spe 
determmale  meaning      See  a 
two  following  words  and  illustta 

CITHARISTA  (KSupifTif, 
who  plays  upon  the  cith  ii  i,  or  gi 


«pZ          H     n    ^ 

32.),  as 

oodcut, 

p           ng     n   Egypto 

It   af- 

so     fu  h           fim. 

oii  that 

h                sc  bed 

the   H- 

h                  d    IS 

he  cor- 

d  wU         w 

he  false 

dmg                          h 

me  hymn 

ded                 h       h  ul 

s    by   a 

a      K-D       F 

the  lyre. 

as  occas     al        ru  k  w 

he//«:- 

d        th    fi  g 

c'thar  str  a 

p  107(3  in, 

941.  I.  and  compare  Citharisteia. 

CITHARCE'DUS     («eO|0yW«). 

One  who  plays  upon  the  dlltara,  and 

3.     Id.  iv.  I.  3.     ClcVsr.  13.  and 
compai'e  Citharista. 

CLAEULA'RE,   or    CLAVU- 


,y  Google 


from  an  ancient  bas-telief  published 
Scheffer,  MiL  Nov.  Addend. 

CLAS'SICI.  Citizens  wiio  be- 
ged  to  tht  first  of  the  s. 


whence  Ihe  expression 
iftores  dassici,  classical  authors, 
ans  those  of  the  veiy  fiist  order. 
ul.  GeU.  xix.  8. 6. 

2.  The  horn- blowers  who  summoned 
e  classes  to  the  cemitia  by  sound  of 
e  lii«us  or  the  comu.     Varro,  L.  L. 

91.      CORRICEN,  LlTlCEK, 

3.  Same  as  Classiarii  ;  including; 
e  fighting  men  as  well  as  the  ship's 

npamy.  Curt.  iv.  3.  Tac.  Bist.  i. 
.    lb.  ii.  17. 

4.  Ciasska  corona  (Vellej.  ii.  81. 
;  same  as  Corona  navalis. 

CLAS'SICUM.  Properly,  a  sig- 
al  given  \ij  sound  of  trumpet ; 
hen  c^  transferred  to  the  instrument 


irg. 


f.  ad  Yitg.  Mn. 
org.  ii.  539. 
CLATHKA'TUS.  Closed  01 
otected  by  cross-bars  of  trelliE 
athri),  as  explained  in  the  nex 
vagrapli.  Plant.  MU.  ii.  4.  2$. 
CLA'tHRI.  a  trellis  or  gratin( 
wood  or  metal  employed  to  covei 
er  and  protect  an  aperture,  such  a; 


door  or  window,  or  to  enclose  any- 
ng  generally.  (Hor.  A.  P.  473. 
n.  H.  N.  viii.  7.  Cato,  K.  S.  iv.  I. 
lumelL  viii.  17.  10.)  The  example 
presents  the  trellis  which  covered 
the  lunettes  over  Ihe  stalls  (car- 
es) in  the  circus  of  Caracalla. 
CLAUSTRUM.  One  of  the 
:d  by  the  Romans  with 
;  dosing  of  doors  ;  and 
eu  at  limes  in  a  sense  as  general 
d  indefinite  as  our  teiin  "  fastening," 
which  may  be  equally  applied  to  a 


,y  Google 


112  CL4VSLLA 

lock,  a,  bolt  a  liar  or  other  contriv 
ance,  when  there  are  no  governing 
«ords  to  indicate  tlie  nature  of  the 
fastening  intended  (Cic  Agr  I  7 
Claud  inEuliop  I  195)  But  many 
other  pa'Jsages  as  distinctly  imply 
that  the  word  had  also  a  special 
meaning  ei;pressive  of  some  parti 
cnlar  object  winch  went  under  that 
name,  and  which  would  naturally 
possess  some  analogy  with  the  other 
objects  designated  by  the  ■lame  term 
Of  these  the  one  which  best  agrees 
■H  ith  all  tliese  leqnirements  is  a 
•r/ajile,  has^,  or  box  fixed  on  to  a 
door  post,  into  which  the  bolt  of  a 
lock,  whether  turned  by  1  key  or 
shot  by  the  band,  was  insetted  m 
order  to  fasten  the  door,  as  m^y  be 
seen  on  the  Egyptian  door  repre 
sensed  m  the  illustration  s  Cardo 
This  interpietatioQ  will  coincide  with 
most,  if  not  all,  of  the  eipiessions 
made  nse  of  m  descnbing  a  foicible 
entry,  which  are  such  as  these — to 
bleak  thiough,  pull  out,  or  force 
back,  the  dauslrum  and  as  the 
ancient  doors  were  commonly  made 
in  two  flaps,  or  had  fastenings  at  top 
and  bottom,  the  plural  c/auslra  is 
mostly  used ;  ad  claiistra  feisiili  recur- 
runl,  for  shutting  (Apnl.  Mtt.  i.  p.  10. 
Varior.) ;  elaustraperfi-ingert,  to  break 
open  (li  p.  8.) ;  esdlere  (Id.  p.  70 ) , 
revdli  (Liy.  v.  ai.  Cic  Va^.  n  4 
23.)  ;  elaiislris,  qua  accuraiissinie 
affixa  fuirunt,  molenlir  evulsis  (  ^pui 
Met.  iii.  p.  46.).   Compare  Clausula 

2.  Poetically,  for  the  door  itself 
(Mart.  X.  28.)  ;  or  the  gates  of  a  city 
Ovid.  Met.  iv.  86. 

3.  A  cage  or  den  in  which  wild 
beasts  are  enclosed.      Hor.    Od.  iii. 


a  tlie  Circus.  (Hor.  Epist.  i. 
14.  9.  Stat.  TA16.  vi.  399.)  Same 
as  Cakceres. 

CLAU'SULA.      The  ha>uns  of  a 
stngil  (Apul.  FUr.  ii.  9.  2.),  or  othec 
lent,   when  made   in    such    a 
t   that  the  hand  was  inserted 
,   so  that  it  formed  a  ring  or 


11  by  the 


CLil  4 

guild  all  round  it  a';  sh  1 

annexed   eiample    from  a 
bronze  stngii  found 

in    the     baths    at  mX 

Pompeii    The  diiu  \M  1 

sula  IS  thus  contra  i|  / 

distinguislied  from  11/ 

capulus,  a  stimght  l%?i 

handle  or  haft,  and  j  /  \ 

from  ansa,  a  handle  !    jj 

object      The  word  ^-^ 

is  also  allied  to  c/austnim,  the  staple 
into  which  a  bolt  shoots,  to  iibii.h  it 
hi.?  a  consideiable  lesemblaiice 

CLAVA  (pojToXoi)  A  stout, 
rough  stick,  thickening  towards  the 
butt  end,   such   as 

used  ni  an  offen 

rirr  u  4  43), 
and  frequently  car 
Tied  out  of  aftecta 
(ion  by  the  ineient 

instead  of^  a  walk 
ing  stick  (Sidon 
Epist.  iv.  II  IK 
9.  Id.  Carni  xv 
197.),  as  shown  by 
the  annexed  hgure 
fiom  an  engraved  gem 

2  A  heavy  stick  or  stave,  with 
which  reciuits  were  made  to  go 
through  then  e\erc  ses  m  lieu  of  a 
sword,  and  which  tliev  used  against 
the  dummy  or  manikin  (palus),  a 
wooden  figure  set  up  for  the  purpose. 
Cic  Senat  16.     Veget.  Mil.  ii.  11, 

3  (poirflXow,  Soph.  7)-.  512,)  A 
diii  or  bludgeon,  such  as  was  used  by 
Hercules  and  Theseus.      (Prop.   iv. 


9.  39.  Suet  Niro,  53.)  It  is  always 
represented  by  the  ancient  sculptore 
and  painters  as  a  formidable  weapon, 
made  thick  and  heavy  at  one  extre- 
mity, and  gradually  tapering  towards 
the  other,   by  which  it  was  held  in 


;   of    Demociitus, 


.Google 


CLA  FASIUM. 


A  VIGER. 


173 


with  the 


the  hand ;  and  frequently 
Jcnots  left  rough  upon  it  ifrrasa,  an. 
Ital.  viii.  584.) ;  as  in  tlie  example, 
representing  the  club  of  HeiciUes, 
from  a  Pompeian  painting.  Compare 
Claviger,  I. 

4.    (nopOfi),    phnaKov   mi-ipif 


having  an  iron  head,  thickly  studded 
with  knobs  or  sharp  spikes,  affixed 
to  the  wooden  handle.     In  this  form 


t        1  ly   H  (// 

d  by  H      (It      (         6j ) 

d      nbu      th  t  ts 

Ayn  hfUwdth 


t    ppe 


gn  1 


ClrAVA  RtUM       A      all  wan 
of  money  made   to  the  Roman  sol- 
diery, for  the  purpose   of  providing 
nails  (eland  caligara)  for  their  boots. 
Tac.  Hist.  iii.  50,  and  Clavus,  5, 

CLAVA'TOR.  Either  a  suttlcr, 
or  soldiers  servant,  who  carried  hia 
ba^i^e  (Plant.  Rud.  iii.  5.  25.),  in 
which  sense  it  would  be  synonymous 
with  Calo  ;  or,  a  recruit,  who  prae- 
tised  his  exercises  with  a  wooden 
stave  (CcAVA,  2.)  before  being  en- 
trusted with  a  sword.  Festus,  s. 
Calones. 

CLAVATUS.  Striped  %vitli  gvld, 
purple,    or    oilier    colours.       It   was 


customary  amongst  the  Romans  to 
weave  stripes  of  this  nature  into  their 
cloth  fabrics,  both  such  as  were  in- 
tended to  be  m  d  up  t  g  m  t 
(Vopisc  Bono  S )  th  se  wh  h 
were  manuf  t  ed  f  m  1  us 
hold  piirpos  h        t  bl    1     n 

napkins,   &c      L   np  d    ^/j;    Set/ 
37.    Clavu     S  9 

2.  Studdel  uti  n   h  -a      f 
to  boots  and    1  oe    (F    t  CI 

'■a\  imply  ng      th      tl    I 


t  thi  1 
,      th 


th 


tlie  sole  i; 
hoh-uails, 

sole  or  nnu  11  p  ri  1 
a  terra-cotta  lamp  nuide  in 
the  form  of  a  shoe ;  Or  thaf 
it  is  armed  with  shaip 
projecting  points,  like 
the  soldier's  boot  (cal^a') 

vhich  is  represented  by  the 

llustration  to  CLAVUS   5 
3.  Covered  with    pnckles     sp  1  es 

r  projections,    like  a  mice  01   club 
Plin.  H.  N.  ix.  61.    Cuv^a  3  and  4, 
CLAVIC'ULA   (TtXHiiu^)      Dmi 
nutive  of  Clavis. 

CLA'VIGER  (icuputqrijc)     Armed 

vith  a  dub :  or  with  a  mt  c     The 


dub  is  well  linowii  as  one  of  the 
weapons  used  by  Hercules,  whence 
he  is  distinguished  by  the  eplthec 
clttniger  (Ov.  Met.  xv.  2Z.)  ;  but  in 
early  times,  and  amoligst  many  of 
the  nations  of  antiquity,  it  was  em- 
ployed in  warfare,  as  by  the  Dacians, 
on   the   Column  of  Trajan,  and  by 


.Google 


their  c 


:  iniiabitants  of  Latium  in 
ites(3  with  the  Trojans,  in 
3  of  the  Vatican  Virgi], 
from  one  of  which  the  iuineited 
figure  is  copied.  The  example  uiidev 
Clava,  4-  shows  the  dub  in  its  im- 
proyed  form  of  a  mace;  and  illustrates 
ihe  word  daviger,  in  the  sense  of  B 
THace^mrer. 

2.  I^KKiihotyiii).  Bearing  a  Isey  ; 
an  epithet  given  by  the  Romans  to 

tsnus,  because  he  was  supposed  to 
e  the  guardian  and  overseer  of  all 
men's  doors  (Ovid.  Fast.  i.  228. 
Macrob.  Sat.  i.  9.) ;  and  by  the 
Greeks  to  Cupid  (Wink.  Mm.  Ined. 
32.),  which  implied  that  he  had  the 
power  of  opening  and  shutting  the 
abodes"  of  Love  ;  but  more  especially 
to  Hecate  triformis,  as  the  goddess 
ivlio  kept  the  keys  of  Hades,  and  who 


ing,  fram  a  small  bronze  statue 

CLAVIS  (icX(ic)  A  key  adapted 
for  opening  a  regular  lock  with 
wards,  for  raising  a  latch,  or  moving 
a  mere  holt ,  and  includmg  all  the 
varieties  in  form,  size,  or  use,  of 
which  the  followmg  illustrations  af 


forde: 


3  shown  by  the  e\amplc 


from  an  original  foitiid  at  Pompeii. 
These  were  of  the  lai^est  description, 
and  employed  for  fastening  the  gates 
of  a  city,  the  external  doors  of  a 
honse  or  otiier  building,  the  cellars, 
store-houses,  &c.,  and  were  carried 
by  the  officers  or  slaves  who  Iiad 
charge  of  such  respective  localities, 
suspended  from  the  girdle  round  their 
waists  ; — a  purpose  indicated  by  the 
tongue  and  eye  in  the  preceding 
example. 

2.  A  small  key,  such  as  was  kept 
by  the  mistress  of  the  house  {mattr- 
familias),  or  used  for  locking  j«, 
np  closets,  armoires,  trinket-  li|| 
cases,  book  or  money-boxes  Ml 
(see  Capsa,  where  the  lock  ^ptis 
and  hasp  is  sliown),  &c.,  like  C_j) 
the  example,  from  the  Sacty-  ^*-^ 
liotkeca  of  Gorlseus.  Hor.  Efist.  i. 
20.  3.     Id.  Sat.  iL  3.  146. 

3.  Clavis  LacoHtca.  A  particular 
kind  of  key,  probably  invented  in 
Egypt,  though  the  Greeks  ascribe 
its  origin  to  the  Laconians ;  sup' 
posed  to  be  made  with  three  teeth, 
like  the  example,  from  an  Egyptian 
original  preserred  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum. It  was  applied  to  the  ituMe 
of  the  door  by  a  person  standing 
wilhout,  who  put  his  arm  through  a 


hole  in  the  door  made  expressly  for 
the  purpose  (davt  ■anmitlendm  forar 
men,  Apul  Met  iv  p  70 ),  and  then 
raised   the  latch,  which  fastened  it. 


rehes  for  its  authority  upon  a  passage 
in  Plautus  [Most  a.  1  57.)  ;  in 
which  Thnmo,  who  is  standing  out- 
side the  house  and  wishing  to  make 
It  appear  that  the  premises  were  no, 
longer  inhibited,  locks  the  door  on 
the  outside  with  the  door  key  which 
he  held  in  lus  hand,  and  then  orders 
be  given 


1  that  11 


,y  Google 


the    lock   or 
111  Im       concealed  by 

it.  (Virg.  Mora.  15.)  But  the  in- 
terpretotion,  and  indeed  the  reading 
of  the  passage  itself,  is  exliemely 
doubtful.  Some  think  the  dions 
claiisa  and  Laconua  to  be  identical ; 
and  Aristophanes  {Thesm.  422.)  cer- 
tainly applies  the  epithet  r:pviiT&  to 
the  Laconian  key  willi  three  teeth. 

5.  ClaiHs  adultera.  A  false  or 
skeUloit  key.  Sail,  yugartk.  12. 
Compare  Ovid.  Art.  Amat.  iii.  643. 

6.  Clavis  tracM  {ihariip).  The 
slick  used  by  Greek  and  Roman  boys 
for  tnmdling  tlieir 
hoops  (Propert.  iiL  14. 
6,] ;  made  of  iron,  with 
a  hook  at  the  end,  or 
a  round  nob  and  bend 
in  the  neck,  like  the 
example,  from  a  bas-relief  of  the  Villa 
Albani.  The  epithet  advnca,  applied 
to   it   by  Propertius  {/.   f.).  will 


th    h 


f 


th 


h    d    C  S  R 

U!     plat  V         R  R 

ml  h  ad  d    ai 
AVU  A      il 


Th  Latin  expres; 
na  1  is  clavuiH  Jiga 
o  pingere  (Liv.  vi 
3 )  and  the  act  : 
1  o  vn  by  the  figui 
annexed,   whicii 


the  nail  employed. 

2.  Claviis  Iraialis,  or  taiularis.  A 
nail  of  the  largest  description,  such 
as  was  employed  in  building,  for  fast- 
ening the  mun  beams  {trabes).  Cic. 
Verr.  vi.  21,  Hor.  Od.  i.  35.  18. 
Petr.  Sot.  75. 

3.  Clavus  annalis.  The  nail  which 
was  driven  on  the  Ides  of  September 
in  every  year  into  the  side-wall  of 
the  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus 
jLiv.  vii.  3,) ;  a  custom  wliich  is  re- 
ferrei  back  to  a  very  early  period, 
and  supposed  to  have  been  adopted  as 
an  expedient  for  reckoning  the  lapse 
of  time  before  the  use  of  letters  was 
generally  understood   (Festus,  j-.  v.), 

subsequently 


1  the  possession 
1  historian  Bianchini 
s.  torn.  i.  p.  156.  tav. 
from  the  letters  upon 
to  have  been  actually 
the  purpose  described. 
uiearius.  A  nail  with 
mushroom-shaped  head 
II.),  like  the  one  re- 
er  Bulla  ;  but  lai^r 
orkmanship. 


.Google 


CLAl' 


ends  projechng  fior 
aa  m  uur  ciicki-t  shoes, 
m  order  to  afford  the 
weaier  a  firaier  foot- 
ing on  tlie  ground 
(Joseph  Jf//  ></ 
Y,  1  7 }  The  exam- 
ple introdnced  is  given  by  Ferrarius, 
as  copied  from  the  arch  of  Constan 
Une  at  Rome  He  states  that  the 
spikes  were  dearly  distmguishatle  in 
his  tinie,  but  the  artist  who  made  the 
copy  has  certainly  committed  an  error 
in  leaving  the  toes  exposed,  for  the 
ioliga  was  a  close  boot ;  see  that 
worf,  and  Caligarius. 

6.  Clavus  guitmaculi.  The  hdm 
at  tiller  of  an  ancient  rudder  ;  which 
was  a  cross-bac  {fiisiis,  Serv.  ad 
Virg.  ^n.  V.  176.),  fixed  to  the 
upper  part  of  the  h-mdle  {ansa)  at 
right  angles  to  it,  50  that  it  fell  within 
the  ship,  and  emhled  the  steersman 
to  move  his  helm  m  the  direction 
required,      (Isidor    O  -     1- ) 


When  the  vessel  w 
a  nidder  on  CEich  q 
ciently  small  to  be 
single  helmsman,  he 
each  hand  ;  but  ni  h 
in  larger  vessels,  eac 
own  helmsman.  T 
effected  in  both  ca 
depressing   the   damt 

order  to  give  the  bla 


the  water ;  an  eHect  well  known  to 
those  who  are  accustomed  to  rowing, 
or  steering  with  an  oar  ;  and  our  own 
nautical  phrases  "  helm  up "  and, 
"helm  lAwn,"  which  still  remain  in 
use,  thongh  expressive  of  a  very 
different  operation,  undoubtedly  ori- 
ginated in  this  practice  of  the  an- 
cients, for  in  the  Latin  and  Anglo- 
Saton  Glossary  of  JEltAcas,  the  word 
clavsis  IS  Iraniated  Jielma,  our  helm. 
All  these  particulars  axe  clearly  illusr 
trated  by  the  engraving,  which  repre? 
sents  the  after  part  of  an  ancient  ship, 
on  a  bas  relief  discovered  at  Pozzuoli. 

7.  A  strips  of  purple  colour  woven 
into  the  tenture  of  a  piece  of  cloth, 
as  an  ornament,  for  wearing  apparel, 
or  for  the  linen  employed  in  house- 
hold purposes,  such  as  napkins,  table- 
cloths, coverlets  for  couches,  &e. 
Matt.  Ep.  iv.  46.  17.  Pet.  Sat.  32. 
3.     Ammian.  xvi.  8.  8. 

8.  Clonus  Lotus.  The  iraa^  stripe  ; 
an  ornamental  band  of  purple  colour 


th 


rpe 


,y  Google 


Kc  i  bj  Dariu  n  the  iompLan 
mosa  c  of  the  b-xttle  of  Issas  ind 
which  was  decorated  with  a  sim  lar 
ornament,  with  the  eiception  that 
the  sttipe  of  the  Persian  kiigs  was 
white  upon  a  purple  ground  that  of 
the  Roman  seuatois,  pur]  le  on  a  wh  le 

9  Clajta  snpis/tis  The  narico 
sttipe  a  distinctive  badge  of  the 
equestiian  order     (Pa 

of  p  irple  colour  like 
the  former,  and  ilto  a 
decoration  to  the  tumt 
but  differed  m  cbu 
acter  inasmuch  as  it 
consisted  of  two  narrow 
Etnpes  ninnmg  pinllel 
to  each  othei  down 
the  front  of  the  tunic 
one  on  the  nght,  and 
the  other  on  the  left 
side  of  the  person 
wlience  the  plural /« 
.pur^  (Quint  xi  3  138  )  1^  =on,e 
times  used,  instead  of  (he  s  ngulai  to 
distin^ish  it.  In  paintmgs  of  a  lale 
period,  this  ornament  is  frequently 
met  with,  similar  to  that  on  the  figuie 
aroiexed,  representing  a  CaiiiUlus  in 
tlie  Vatican  Vi^il.  But  at  the 
period  when  such  works  were  exe- 
cuted, it  had  ceased  to  be  worn  as 
a  distinctive  badge  of  rank;  frir  it 
repeatedly  occurs  on  figures  acting 
in  a  menial  capacity,  such  as  cup- 
bearers and  attendants  at  the  table, 
who  were  usually  attired  in  fine 
clothes,  in  the  Same  way  as  an  earlier 


CLIEANUS.  I'll 

costume  of  tliis  country  has  now 
descended  to  a  "livery." 

CLEPSYiyRA   ((cXfiJ-iSpo).      An 
hour  glass,    originally    employed    by 
the  Greek-    and  subsequently 
adopted  at  Rome,  for  the  pur-  «|y| 

I  ose  of  measuring  the  lime  al-  1  atf  | 
loHed  to  each  speaker  in  a  UN^ 
court   of    law.      (Plin.     Ep.    ii.  °^" 

II  )  These  glasses  were  made  of 
d  fierent  siies,  according  to  Ibe  length 
uf  time  for  which  they  were  required 
to  run  and  did  not  differ  materially 
f  om  the  modem  ones,  with  the  ex- 
cept la  i:ii  being  filled  with  water 
instead  of  sand,  as  may  be  collected 
from  the  description  of  Apuleins 
(Md  in  p.  44.),  and  still  more 
from  (he  example  annexed,  which  is 
copied  from  a  baa-relief  of  ihe  Mattel 
palace  at  Rome.  The  one  described 
by     Aristotle     {Probl     xvi.     8.)   wa.i 

unilar  in  principle,  but  had  a  sort  of 
spout  at  die  top  for  pouring  in  the 
water  which  trickled  out  at  the  bot- 
tom through  several  small  holes. 

2  Probably  also  a  ■aiater-cUck  of 
Tiffieient  size  to  run  for  a  number  of 
hours  and  answer  the  purpose  of  a 
day  and  mght  clock  ;  the  lapse  of 
time  being  indicated  by  lines  or 
spaces  (^patia.  Sidon.  ApolL  Ep.  iL 
9 )  described  upon  the  globe  from 
winch  the  water  escaped,  or  upon  the 
leservoir  into  which  it  flowed.  Plmy 
(ff  N  viL  60.)  gives  the  name  horo- 
lo^  mm  to  a  device  of  Ihls  nature. 

CLIBANA'RII.  The  name  used 
to  deagnate  those  of  the  Persian 
cavalry,  whose  horses,  as  well  as  the 
troopers,  were  covered  with  an  entire 
suit  of  defensive  armour  (Ammian. 
xvi.  la  8.  lb.  12.  2Z.  Lamprid.  .J/i'j:. 
Sen.  56.) ;  compare  Catafhbactus, 
I .  and  iHustration. 

CLIBANIC'IUS,  Bc  panis  (^Xi- 
/Ravine).  Bread  baked  in  a  dibanus. 
Isidor.  Orig.  XX.  2. 

CLI;BANUS  {iki^avoi  oi  tpi- 
Pavos).  A  covered  vessel,  made 
wider  at  bottom  than  top  (Columell, 
V.  la  4.),  and  pievced  all  round  with 
small  holes  (Dioscor.  ii.  81.  and  96.) ; 


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IjS  CLINIC  us, 

employed  for  various  purposes,  but 
more  especially  for  baking  bread. 
(Plin.  H.  N.  xix.  3.)  When  in  use, 
it  was  enveloped  in  hot  ashes,  the 
warmth  of  which  penetcated  through 
Ihe  perforations  in  a  rnore  regular 
and  even  temperature  than  could  be 
produced  by  the  otdinary  oven.  The 
usual  material  was  earthenware ;  but 
when  Tiimalchio  has  his  bread  baked 
in  a  silver  dibanus  {Pet.  Sat.  35.  6.), 
it  is  intended  as  an  instance  of  ridi- 
culous ostentation. 

CLIN'ICUS  (kXii/koc).  a  ^dsitiag 
physidan,  who  attends  his  patients 
at  the  bed-side.     Mart.  Ep.  ix.  97. 

2,  A  sick  person  coniined  to  his 
bed.    Hieron,  E^t.  105. 11.  5. 

3.  Same  as  Vespillo  ;  who  car- 
ried out  the  dead  upon  a  bier  or 
couch.     Mart.  Ef.  iii.  93.     Id.  i.  31. 

CIJ'NOPUS  (^\%vU(,vi).  The 
feot  of  a  bedstead.  (Lueil.  ap.  Ma- 
crob.   Sal.y\.  4.)    The  andent  bed- 


CLIPEUS. 

round  Grecian  shield  (dipeus'),  as 
shown  by  the  example,  from  a  Greek 
fictile  vase.  Viig.  Mn.  vii.  793. 
Ovid.  MeL  iii.  no.     Curt.  vii.  9. 

CHpmtus  chlamyde.    Having  the 


instead  of  a  sliield  (Pacuv.  ap.  Non. 
s.  V.  Clypeat.  p.  87.),  as  represented 
by  the  annexed  figure,  from  a  fictile 
vase  in  which  manner  Alcibiades 
IS  stated  by  Plutarch  to  have  fried  to 
protect  himself  in  the  combat  when  he 
lost  his  hfe. 

3  Chpeata  iniaga,  A  portrait  en- 
mved  or  painted  upon  a  clipsus. 
(Cic    Bp    Mactob.   Sat.  ii.   3.)     See 

CUPEUS,  3. 

CLIPE'OLUM  (A.amZiov).  Dimi- 
nutive of  Clipeus.  Hygin.  Fab. 
135 

CLIP'EUS  aiidCLIP'EUM 
( iffiri.)  The  large  round  shield  or 
bncUej  more  especially  peculiar  to 
the  heavy-armed  infantry  of  the 
Greeks  (Liv.  ix.  19.);  bat  also  home 
by  the  first-class  men  at  arms 
amongst  the  Romans,  from  the  time 
of  Servius  (Liv.  i.  43.  Dion  Hal.  iv. 
16.,  which  passages  also  prove  the 
identity  between  the  Latin  dipens 
and  Gi-eek  omrit),  until  the  period 
when  the  citizens  commenced  re- 
ceiving pay  for  their  military  service, 
when  the  Scutum  was  substituted  in 
its  stead.  (Liv.  viii.  8.)  In  form  it 
was  completely  circular,  but  concave 
OQ  the  inside  {cavus.     Varro,  L.   L. 


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reacli  from  the  iieck  to  tbe  calf  of 
the  leg  (see  the  figure  in  Clipeatus, 
I.).  It  was  sometiines  made  entirely 
of  bronze  (Liv.  xlv.  33.);  but  more 
commonly  of  several  folds  of  ox-hide 
(Virg.  ^«.  xii.  925.  mentious  seven, 
Ovid.  Met.  xii,  97.  ten),  covered 
with  plates  of  metal ;  and  occasionally 
upon  a  foundation  of  wicker-work 
(whence  cUpd  lextum.  Virg.  ^k. 
viii,  625,  and  Ma.  Eurip.  Siipfl. 
697.),  over  which  the  folds  of  un- 
lanned  leather  and  metal  were  spread. 
The  illustration  affords  a  front  and 
side  view  of  a  Greek  clipms,  from 


A       el 


^vith  a  bust  of  tlte  Lmpeior  llidrian 
upon  its  fate 

4.  A  shield  or  plate  of  sunilar 
character  made  of  maible  or  metil 
but  ornamented  with  other  device  is 
well  as  porttiits  which  was  used  as 
a  decoration  to  be  suspended  in 
public  buildings  or  private  houses 
between  the  piUaia  of  a  colonnade 


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l8o  CLTPEUS. 

Lacoakum  at  Pompeii,  a  vii-w  of 
which  in  its  present  stale  is  mtio 
duced  under  that  word  ,  the  squares 
at  the  bottom  shoiv  the  flues  of  tlie 
hypgcaaslum  ;  the  basui  in  the  centre 
over  the  lai^est  flue  is  the  lalimm 
and  the  clipeus,  with  tlie  chaui  by 
\ihich  It  was  loweied  oi  iiiied  up, 
so  as  to  dose  the  aperture  in  the 
ceilmg  above  it,  is  an  imaginory 
restoration,  in  order  to  elucid-ite  the 
manner  in  which  the  apparatus  acted 
but  the  bronze  stayi  for  iastemng 
the  cliains  by  which  the  chpius 
was  woil  ed,  were  found  affixed  to 
the  sides  of  the  h  all  It  must  not, 
however  be  concealed  that  the  post 
tive  nature  of  the  clipeus  is  a  point 
iniolved  in  much  uncertainty  an  I 
that   many  scholars,   rel)iiig  upon  a 


of  fl-une  and  hot  an  to  raise  itself 
above  the  general  level  of  the  apart 
ment ,  aid  that  the  dtpeus,  which 
regulated  the  temperature  by  admit 
ting  or  shutting  off   the  heat,   was 


a  the  c 


t    conceive  how  the 

h  ve  been  worl  ed  in 

s  both  the  chpeus 

seiy  hot  from  their 
fi  bes  des  nothing 
mote  resemblance 
tion  haa  been  dis 
he  ancient  baths 
f  Vitruvms   (}      ) 


CLOACA- 

disposlion  fo  tlat  obstnable  n  the 
c  rculai  e\tremity  of  the  tbeimil 
chamber  in  the  Pompeian  baths 
As  both  the  plins  iie  mlroduced  the 
leader  lias  the  means  of  judging  for 
himself  A  long  array  of  names 
lavours  each  side  of  the  argument 

CLITLL  LvE      (em  0i)\io)       The 
pack  saddle  upon  which  pinniers  were 


tamed ,  and  thence  ilso  t  pair  t 
pannurs 3  whence  only  used  in  the 
plural  ntimber.  (Hor.  Sat.  i.  5.  47. 
PhKdr  i.  15.)  The  illustration  is 
from  an  engraved  crystal  in  the 
I  lorentine  Gallery. 

CLITELL'ARnJS  ((avflqXiof). 
\  beast  which  carries  panniers,  as  in 
the  preceding  itluslration.  Cato. 
y    J?  x   I.     ColumeU.  ii.  22.  3. 

CLOA'CA  (bitivo^oq).  A  large 
subtenai  can  canal,  constructed  of 
masonry  or  brickwork,  for  the  par- 
pose  of  carrying  off  tlie  rain  water 
from  the  streets  of  a  town  and  the 
impurities  from  private  houses,  which 
were  dischaigedT  through  it  into  some 
neighbourmg  nver,  thus  answenng 
to  aax  sewer  and  dtam  (Liv  1  38 
Lie.  Csctn  13  Hor  Sat  n  3  242 
Strabo,   v    8    p     197    ed    Siebenk ) 


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raeni:,  and  shows  the  mn.nner  in  which 
the  r^n  water  entered  them. 

3.  Cloaca  Maxima.  A  tueiit  sewer, 
which,  received  the  contents  of  several 
tributary  branches,  and  conducted 
Ihem  in  one  channel  to  the  viver. 
Bnt  the  itame  is  also  specially  pven 
to  the  great  sewer  of  Rome,  which 
was  made  by  the  elder  Tarquin  for 
the  purpose  of  draining  off  the  stag- 
nant waters  of  the  VeTabia,  and  low 
lands  between  tlie  Palatine  and  Capi- 
toline  hills,  in  order  to  provide  an 
area  for  laymg  out  the  race-course, 
ot  Circus  Maxitmis,  and  the  Foruta. 
A  considerable  portion  of  this  great 
work  is  still  in  existence,  affei  a  lapse 
of  more  than  2000  years.  It  consists 
of  three  concentric  arches  of  masonry, 
put  together  without  cement,  and  in 
the  style  called  ktmsoan  as  si  own 
1  y  tl  e  an  exed  elevation,   vh  ch  re 


tee  bouch  e  h  e  i 
ope  s  upon  the  1  her  ear  tl  e  Sub- 
c  an  b  dge  and  pa  of  the  adja  en 
wall,  which  formed  the  substruction 
of  the  quay  termetl  pulthrum  littus. 
The  smallest,  or  mneimost  arch,  is 
between  13  and  14  feet  in  diameter  ; 
each  of  the  blocks  composing  the 
arch  is  J  feet  10  inches  wide,  and 
rather  more  than  3  feet  3  inches 
high ;  (he  whole  being  composed  of 
the  dark  volcanic  stone  (tKfa  Litoide. 
Brocclii  SuolB  di  Roma )  which 
forms  the  basis  of  the  Capitohne  hill 
and  was  the  common  huildmg  mate 
rial  dunng  the  peiiods  ascribed  to 
the  early  kings  A  design  show  n^ 
the  constmction  of  the  undei^ro  nd 
)  art  IS  exhibited  at  p    4I    r   A^te 


Tit  VAtlf  Ulf  181 

RIDES  Plm  //  J\  xxxvi  24  3. 
Dionys  m  67 

CLOAL  4  RIUM  The  eaers 
rate  a  tax  which  n  as  levied  for  the 
expenses  of  cleans  ng  and  repaiimg 
the  seweis  Ulp  Dig  7  i  27 
Pad  Dtg  10  39 

CLOACULA  Diminubve  of 
Cloaca  a  braich  sewer  communi 
eating  with  the  mam  duct  Limpnd 
NUipg:  17. 

CLOSTEL'LUM.  Diminutive  of 
Clostrum.  Either  the  key-hole  of 
a  lock ;  or,  perhaps,  the  box-hasp 
into  which  the  bolt  of  a  lock  shoots  ; 
and  which  would  leave  a  crevice 
between  itself  and  a  door  which  did 
not  fit  dose,  so  that  a  person  might 
see  through  it,  as  mentioned  by  Pe- 
tronius,  ifli.  MO.  II.  Compare  Senec. 
Ben.  YiL  21. 

CLOSTRUM.  For  Claustrum. 
In  a  general  sense,  any  fastening  like 

lock{Cato,  R.R.:!i\n.  "      " 


2.)  ;   hut,  n 
into  which 


I  lock     hoo  s 


le   bo 
Sene 


CLU'DEN 


i   od   u    d  by 


handle  iran  ed  ately  upon  n  ee  nj; 
with  any  resis  ance  and  so  p  od  ced 
Ihe  effect  of  s  bb  e  hout  d  nge 
(Apul,  Apol.  p.  526.)  A  device  of 
the  same  kind  is  resorted  to  by  mo- 
dem actors  ;  but  the  reading  in  Apn- 
leius  is  not  certain,  and  the  interpreta- 
tion is  conjectural. 

CLUNAE'ULUM  or  CLUNAC- 
ULUM.     A  small  swoid,  or  rather 


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TS2 


■LVSTER, 


Boin  at  tlie  bii,!.,  just  ove:  Ihe  but- 
tocts  (.difiiis),  as  Shiran  m  the  an 
neted  example,  iVom  Ihe  Colnmn  ol 
Trajan  Aul  Gcll  x  25  Isidor 
0„g     -  -    '  ' 


■   The 

to   the  Vnife  of  the  Cu/lrim 

which  he  npped  11 

the  eutrails  of  v 

tims   at    the 

hi-e  (Festus, 

and      vhidi 

manner  by  a  strap 
round  the  loins,  as 
shown  by  the  an- 
nexed figure,  repre- 
senting one  of  these 

Pompeiin  painting. 

CLVhTER  {K\a<,T-ip).  A  syringe; 
especially  such  as  was  osed  for  in- 
jecting fluids  into  the  body.  Suet 
Claud.  44.     Plin.  JI.  N.  xxxi.  33. 

CLYSTE'RIUM  (^variipwv). 
Diminutive  of  the  preceding.  Scrib. 
Compos.  118. 

CNODAX  {KvuSai,).  A  pin  or 
pivot,  affixed  to  the  extreme  ends  of 
an  axle  or  cylintHer,  and  run  into  a 
.socket,  so  as  to  form  a  support  whicli 
will  enable  the  axle  to  revolve.    Vi- 


Ihrough  the  dripi.ty,  n  liidi  only  par- 
tially concealed  them  It  was,  there- 
fore chiefly  worn  by  females  ad- 
dicted to  pleasure,  such  as  singing 
and  dancing  girls,  one  of  whom  is 
icpiesented  m  the  engiaving,  from  a 
Pompeian  paintiiig  Phn  If  N.  xi. 
26  Propert  iv  S  55  Ov  A.  Am. 
11  298     Hor  Sal  1  2   loi 

COACTILIS,sc  lana  (irAfiTSe  OT 
sriXwros,)  Felt  or  fdttd  doth;  that 
is,  wool  matted  tt^tlier  by  repeated 
manipulation  and  pressure  until  it 
acquires  a  consistent  texture,  like  a 
piece  of  dotlu  Plin,  ff.  N.  viiL  73. 
Edict.  Dioclet.  p.  ai.  Ulp.  Dig.  34. 
2.  36, 

COACTO'RES  (vpagTopii).  Re- 
ceivers or  collectors  of  taxes,  duties, 
&c.  Cic.  Rab.  Post.  II.  Hor.  SaL 
i.  6.  S6.  . 

2.  The  rear-guard  of  an  army,  or 
the  body  of  troops  who  brought  up 
the  rear  in  a  line  of  march.  Tac. 
Hist.  ii.  68. 

COACTUS.  Same  as  Coactilis. 
Plin.  JI.  N.  viii.  73.    Ceea.  B.  C.  iii.  44, 

COACULUM  (ffutria).  Rmnd  ; 
i.e.,  anything  used  in  curdling  milk  ; 
for  which  the  concreted  mi]k  found 
in  the  stomachs  of  suckling  animals, 
the  milky  moisture  contained  in  the 
stomach  of  a  pig,  as  well  as  the 
stomach  itself,  and  vinegar,  was  com- 
monly employed  by  the  Romans. 
(Varro,if.  ^..ii.  ir.  4.  Plin.  //.  N. 
xxiii,  63.)  Hence,  also,  curdled  mili 
<Plin,  jr.  JV.  xxvii!.  45.) ;  and  c/ieese. 
Ovid.  Fast.  iv.  545. 

COASSATIO  (ootMwpn).  Any 
thing  made  of  boards  joined  together, 
n-s  the  flooring  of  a  house  (Vitrav. 
vi.  6.),  or  tlie  deck  of  a  ship,  Theo- 
phrast.  in  Oxford  Lex. 

COCH'LEA  (pcoxXiat).  Literally,- 
a  snail  with  a  spiral  shell ;  whence 
applied  to  several  other  objects  pat- 


1 


f 


iralf 


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also  mentioned  by  Strabo  (siiL  30. 
p.  561.  eiJ.  Siebenk,),  as  being  used 
in  Egypt,  where  it  was  worked  by 
slaves,  and  employed  for  the  pnrpose 
of  irrigation ;  indeed,  a  pump  of  this 
description  will  only  raise  water  to  a 
moderate  height. 

3.  A  particular  kind  of  doorway 
ailapled  for  a  bull-ring  aviary,  and 
places  of  such  descripdon  (Varro, 
jV.  J^.  iii.  5.  3.),  where  it  was  i-equisite 
lliat  all,  who  entered  or  went  ont 
should  be  enabled  to  do  so  with  ra- 
pidity and  security  ;  in  order  that  the 
animals  might  not  escape  with  the 
opening  of  the  door,  while  the  person 
inade  might  retreat  with  safety  upon 
any  sudden  emergency.  Schneider 
(Index,  ff.  Ji.  Script,  j.  v.  Cavea) 
considers  this  to  have  been  a  door 
o-ajsed  and  lowered  after  the  manner  of 
a  portcullis,  synonymous,  therefore, 
with  Cataracta  ;    but   his    proofs 


the  other  analogies  of  the 

an  apparatus  like  the  one 

mmonly  used  in  the  foandhng 

al     and   convents   of   nuns  in 

e  pnrpose  of  introduang 

mg    nto   the   intenor,   without 

door,  and  which  goes  by 

of  "the  wheel," /a  ructa 

tructed  upon  the  same  prm- 

dark  lantern,  consisting  of 

cal   ho\,    situated    in    the 

ess       the  main  wall,  and  made 

ronnd    an    upright    axis 

ru       through   its  centie,  and 

ts  place.     An  aperture  is 

pari;  of  the  ciicumference, 

hich,   when   turned  to  the 

th    objects  intended  to  be  in 

ce       e  placed  m  the  box,  which 

shed  half  round  its  axis, 

pening  ci 


th 


obvious  that  such 
us  would    be   particularly 
any  of  the  purposes  above 
m  to  which  the  cochlea  was 

an      he  name  may  have  been 
ed    om  the  resemblance  which 
trivance  bears  to  a  snail 
within  its  shell,  or  to  the  spiral  stair- 
case ifocMis)  within  its  case. 

COCH'LEAR  and  COCHLE- 
A'RE  (BoxXtapiO").  A  spoon  with 
a  bowl  at  one  end,  and  a  sharp  point 
at  the  other,   for    eating   eggs   and 


shell -fish  (Mart.  Ep.  xiv.  121. J; 
the  broad  end  serving  as  an  egg- 
spoon  (Pet.  Sai.  33.  6.),  and  the 
point  for  drawing  the  fish  ont  of  its 
sheU.  (Phn.  H.  N.  xxvlii.  4.)  Tlie 
example  represents  aii  original  found 

3.  A  measure  of  liquids ;  answer- 
ing to  our  spoonful.      Columell.  xiL 

COCHLEA'RIUM.  A  place 
where  snails  were  bred  and  fattened  ; 
which  were  considered  as  a  delicacy 
by  the  Roman  epicures,  being  im- 
ported  from    diifereni    parts,    to    be 


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COCHLI.', 


Hid  fed  in  tl 
ries.  {Varro,  E.  R.  iii.  12.  2.  lb. 
14.  I.  Plin.  H.  JV.  ix  82  )  The 
ridiculous  Trimalchio  has  fhem 
served  up  to  table  upon  ailver  grid 
irons.     Pet.  Sat.  70.  7 

COCH'LIS.     See  Colujina,  2 

COC'TILIS,   sc.  lalt!        A  bncl^ 

hardened   by  bnniing   as  contridis 

tiiiguished  fvom  one  dned  by  the  inn 

Van'o,  R.  R.  i.  14.   Plin  H  N  vii  57 

2.  Miinis  eoctiHs.  A  wall  built  of 
bricks  bardened  by  the  fire.  Ovid. 
Met.  iv.  58. 

3.  Coctilia  or  Cucla  lig«a  {KiiXa 
tayKava).  Dried  or  scordied  wood, 
chopped  into  small  pieces,  and  pre- 
pared, by  hardening  over  the  fire 
siiffidently  to  dry  up  the  moisture 
contained  in  it,  without  reducing  it 
tochaj-coal  (Ulp.  Big.  32.  55.),  in 
order  that  it  might  burn  readily  and 
briskly,  and  not  throw  out  a  quantity 
of  smoke.  It  was  sold  by  measure 
Valerian,  ap  TrebeU.  Claud.  14.), 
and  not  by  weteht  lilte  other  kinds 
of  fire-wood,  m  particular  ware- 
houses at  Rome,  called,  tabiriia:  cocti- 
licie ;  and  the  preparing,  as  well  as 
the  selling  of  it,  was  a  particular 
trade,  to  which,  as  we  are  told,  the 
iather  of  the  Emperor  Pertinax  be- 
longed.   Jnl.  Cap.  Pertinax,  3. 

COCTUS.     Same  as  COCTILIS. 

COC'ULUM.  Apparently,  a  ge- 
neral term  given  to  any  kind  of 
saucepan  for  boiling  meats.  Festus,  s. 
■V.  Isidor.  Ory-.  xx.  8.    Cato,  RJi.  xi.  2. 

CO'DEX.  A  clog,  or  heavy  h^ 
of  wood,  chtdr.ed  to  the  feet  of  slaves 
which  tliey  dragged  about  with  them, 
and  were  made  to  sit  upon.  Juv.  ii. 
57.     Prop.  iv.  7-44- 

2.  A  blank  book  for  writing  in, 
made  up  of  separate  leaves  bound 
ti^ether,  like  our  own,         ^^s-^'a, 

annexed  example,  from     ^Sj^-W 
a  Pompeian   painting,    ^r^m 
OiTginally,   the   leaves 
were  made  of  thin  tablets  of  wood 
{codices  i .  q,  amdica),  coated  with  wax, 
whence  theiwime  arose,  and  which  was 


still  retained  in  use,  although  the  origi- 
nal material  had  been  superseded  by 
paper  or  parchment.  Ulp.  Dig.  32. 
50     Cic  Vcrr.  i.  36,     Id.  Sum.  15. 

3  At  a  later  period,  the  word  also 
means  a  cetU  of  laaa,  as  the  Codex 
yiislttrumus,  T/ieedosiattus,  &c.,  which 
it  may  l)e  Assumed  were  written  in 
books  of  this  descripUon. 

CODICIULUS.  Diminutive  of 
CoDET  Cut  in  the  plural,  Codi- 
ciLLi  were  a  collection  of  small  tab- 
lets employed  for  writing  memoran- 
dums (Cic.  Fam.  ix.  26.),  intended  to 
be  copied  out  fairly  afterwards ;  to  be 
despatched  as  Ictferstointimatefriends  ■ 
(Cic.  Fam.  vi.  18.) ;  for  noting 
down  the  particulars  of  a  will  (Plin. 
Ep.  ii.  16.)  i  of  a  petition  or  me- 
morial (Tac.  Aan.  iv.  39.},  and  other 
similar  purposes. 

CCEE'UM  {aipavhs).  A  sajlt.  or 
ceiling.  (VitruY.  vii.  3. 3.  Florus,  iiL5. 
30.  and  ecelum  caHUs,  the  nether  part 
of  the  skull,  Plin.  IT.N.-xl  49,)  ITie 
earhest  buildings  were  only  covered 
by  an  outer  roof  (ieclupi),  the  inrfde 
of  which  served  as  the  ceiling ;  but 
as  Chat  was  found  to  be  an  insufficient 
protection  against  the  changes  of 
weatliei-  and  temperature,  an  inner 
one  was  afterwards  contrived,  which 
constituted  the  calum,  and  gave  rise 
to  an  extra  member  in  the  entabla- 
ture, denoted  externally  by  the  m- 
phoi-us  oxfrisa. 

CCEMETE'EIUM  («o.;«)r^pior), 
A  Greek  word ;  properly  signifying 
a  sleeping  chamber  (Dosiad.  ap, 
Athen.  iv.  22.}  ;  whence  used  by  the 
Latin  writers  of  a  late  period  for  a 
cemetery.    Teitidl.  Anim.  5 1. 

COEMP'TIO.  A  marriage  by  civil 
contract,  solemnised  by  a  tictitiou.': 
sale,  at  which  the  parties  betrothed 
went  through  the  ceremony  of  mu- 
tually selling  themselves  to  one  an- 
other, and  supposed  lo  have  first 
come  into  use  when  intermarriages 
between  the  patrician  and  plebeian 
families  became  lawful,  a.  u.  c  308. 
Cic  Murci.  la.  Non.  Marc.  s.  v.  Nu- 
bentes,  p.  531., 


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CfE'NA  {SopjTov  in  the  Homeric 
age;  ffflTrvovsubsequentl;?,  andiii  Attic 
Gieek).  The  principnl  didly  meal  of 
the  Greeks  and  Romans  ;  and,  conse- 
quently, better  translated,  by  our  word 
dinner  than  sapper,  which  is  more  com- 
monly applied.  It  was  the  third  meal 
taken  in  the  day,  i.  e.  after  the  bieak- 
fest  [jeiiiacsJuai)  and  the  luncheon 
{frandiui/i  or  mtrenda),  the  most  usual 
hour  beii^  abont  3  P.  M.  of  our  time ; 
though  the  particular  habits  of  different 
indivlduids  might  induce  some  to  dine 
at  an  earlier,  and  others  at  a  later  hour. 
Plaut  Cic  Pete.  Suet.,  &c 

2.  Prima,  altera,  terfia  cestui.  The 
first,  second,  or  third  remove  of 
dishes,  or  courses  cit  a  dinner.     Mart. 


£/; 


31- 


CCENAC'ULUM.  An  eating- 
room,  according  to  the  orteinal  and 
strict  meaning  of  the  word  (VarrQ, 
L.  L.  V.  162,) ;  but,  as  the  apartment 
appropriated  for  tliat  purpose  was 
usually  situated  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  house,  at  one  period  of  Roman 
liistory,  the  word  came  to  be  used 
much  more  commonly  in  oui  sense  of 
a  room  up-stairs  (Festus,  s,  v.  Liv. 
xxxix.  14.),  and  the  plural  caaacula 
(like  the  Greek  wirfp.^oi')  to  designate 
the  whole  suite  of  rooms  contained  in 
an  upper  story  (Cic.  Agr.  ii.  35.) ;  and, 
as  the  upper  stories  at  Rome  were 
chiefly  occupied  hy  the  pooier 
clisses  a  sense  of  infenonty  is  fre 
quently  imphed  by  the  term  so  tint 
our  words  aftics  or  ginels  would  in 
such  CISCO  liimish  the  most  appro 
prnte  translation.     {Hoi    Ep    1    i 


91.  Jiiv.  s.  17)  The  annexed  ex- 
ample, from  a  Roman  painting,  ex- 
hibits the  erfemal  appearance  of  tlie 


COHORS.  185 

ccsiiacida;  and  the  two  last  illustrations 
to  the  article  DOMtrs,  which  represent 
the  plan  and  elevation  of  a  two-storied 
house  excavated  at  Herculaneum, 
will  show  the  manner  of  building 
and  distributing  the  apartments  of  an 
upper  story  in  private  houses  of 
a  moderate  size. 
.   Cana 


1  upper  story.      Suet. 


lodging, 
ViteU.  7. 

CCENATIO.  Seems  to  be  a  ge- 
neral term,  applied  to  any  kind  of 
eaiing-room  ;  as  well  to  the  sumptuous 
/lanpieHtig-kalls  of  the  golden  palace 
of  Nero  (Suet.  Nero,  31.),  as  to  the 
ordinary  dining-parlour  of  Pliny's 
villa.  (Plin.  Epat.  ii.  17.  la  Ih.  v, 
6.  21.)  Like  the  eceiiaaiium,  it  was 
situated  tip-stairs  (Juv.  vii.  I  S3. 
Mart.  Ep,  h.  59.)  ;  and  in  this  respect 
differed  from  triclirtmm,  which,  in  the 
Pompeian  houses,  is  always  placed 
upon  the  gromid-lloor. 

CCENATCRIA,  i.  e.  ccenatorio! 
vestes.  The  garments  or  apparel 
worn  at  the  dinner  table  (Pet.  Sot. 
21.  5.  Mart.  X.  S7.  Capitol.  Maxim. 
Jim.  4.) ;  the  precise  character  of 
which  has  not  been  ascert^ied ;  but 
one  of  them  went  expressly  by  the 
name  of  Synthesis,  which  see. 

CCENOFITA.  Late  Latin;  one 
who  lives  in  a  community  (cmno- 
Muni)  with  others  ;  thence  a  monk  or 
friar.  Hieron.  Ep.  22.  n.  34.  and 
3S- 

CCENOBIUM  (Fcoii-dpior).  A 
monastery,  or  convent  of  monks  or 
friars ;  because  tliey  live  together  in 
common.    Hieron.  Ep.  22.  n.  36. 

COHORS.  Same  as  Chors. 
Vairo,  Ji.  Jf.  iii.  3.   Ovid.  Easl.  iv.  704. 

2.  A  cohort,  or  body  of  infantry 
soldiers,  constituting  the  tenth  part  of 
a  legion,  but  which  varied  in  numbers 
at  different  periods  of  the  Roman 
history,  according  as  the  le^on 
itself  was  increased  in  numerical 
sti-ength.  Varro,  Z.  L.  v.  88.  Cin- 
cius,  ap.  Cell,  xvi,  4.  4.      Cres.  B.  G. 


3.  The  term  i; 


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disliiiguisli  the  allied  and  auxiliaiy 
troops  from  those  of  the  legion  ;  by 
which  it  is  inferred,  that  in  early 
limes  such  troops  were  arranged  iu 
cohorts  instead  of '"'""  


Liv,  i 


Id.  ;i 


3,  for  a 


i.  14. 


t  sqnadron  of  cavalry,  hut  of  what 
precise  number  is  uncertain.  Plln. 
kfi.  X.  106.     Vi^.  ^H.  x\.  500. 

5.  Pratoria.  cahors.  A  boily  of 
ptdted  men,  selected  from  llie  legion- 
aries, who  formed  a  sort  of  body- 
guard to  the  consul,  or  commander 
under  the  republic  ;  but  became  a 
permanent  corps  du  garde  under  the 
emperors.     See  PrjETORIANus. 

CO'HUM.  The  rope  or  thong  by 
which  the  yoke  (juguni)  is  fastened 
to  the  pole  \tema)  of  a  plough.  (Fes- 
tus,  s.  v.)  rt  is  very  distinctly  seen 
jn  the  annexed  example,  from  a  bas- 


rel  ef    1  scovered      n  s  a   1    ol 

Magnesia 

COLIPH  lUM  A  so  of  food 
upon  wh  ch  wres  lers  an  \  pe  son  n 
tram  ng  for  atl  let  c  exerc  ses  ere 
d  eted  n  order  to  mcrease  the 
jnxiscular  develop  nent,   w  thout  add 

ng  superflno  s  flesh  upon  the  sa  e 
p  nciple  as  still  p  r-ued  by  our 
pr  ze  fighters,  &c     Wliat  the  Ro  aa 

ohpkia  were  is  not  distwctly  known 


without  leaven,  and  mised  with  new 
cheese.  Plant,  Fers.  L  3.  12.  Juv,  ii. 
53.  Schol.  Vet.  ■K/;Mart.vii.67.  12. 
COLLA'RE  (jrEpiiipoio^).  An  iron 
collar  put  round  the  neck  of  runaway 
slaves,  with  a  leading  chain  (fij/«/»j)  at- 


tached to  it,  like  a  dog's  cliain  and 
collar.  (Lucil.  Sal.  xxix.  15.  ed. 
Gerlach.  Ijaaas,  Lixifh.  10.)  Prison- 


estreated  in  llie 
leway,  as  maybe  seen  by  the  illus- 
lion,  representing  a  barbarian  cap- 
!,  from  the  Column  of  Antoninus. 
!  A  dog's  collar.  (VaiTo,  A*.  R. 
9     15)      Tlie  example  is   from  a 


ue  of  the  hou'ies 
at  Pomj.  e  i,  and  represents  a  watch- 
dog     1th   his  colkr  and   chain  at- 

COLLICI*  or  COLLIQ'UI.^ 
Gut  e  s  made  witli  concave  tiles, 
placed  under  the  eavea  of  a  house, 
for  the  pirpose  of  carrying  away  the 
ra  n  wate  from  the  roof,  and  con- 
duct ng  t  into  the  impluvmm.  Fes- 
tus,  1.  Inhcium.     Vitniv.  vi.  3. 

2.  Open  drains  or  gutters  in  the 
country,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying 
away  the  rain  water  from  the  lands 
into  the  ditches  {fosuc).  Plin.  If.  N. 
xviii.  49.  n.  2.     Columell.  ii.  8.  3. 

COLLICIA'RIS,    5c.    Ugula.      A 


,y  Google 


COLUM. 


18? 


drain  tile,  for  maiirg  coUkim.  Cato, 
R.  B.  xiv.  4- 

COLLIPH'IUM,      See    Cou- 

COLLHyui^.     See  Collici;e. 

COLLUVIA'RIUM.  A  sort  of 
well  or  opening  fonned  at  certain 
intervals  in  thecbannel  of  an  aqueduct, 
for  the  purpose  of  procuring  a  fiee 
current  of  air  along  its  course  ;  and 
also,  perhaps,  to  facilitate  the  ope- 
ration of  clearing  away  any  foul  de- 
posits left  by  the  waters,  by  affording 
a  ready  access  to  every  [art  of  the 
ducL    Vitniv.  viiL  8.  6. 

COLLYBISTES  or  COLLY- 
BISTA  (roXXi.^«rr^c).  A  Greek 
word  Latinised;  a  money- dealer. 
Hieron.  Cmanient.  Mallh.  c,  21. 

COL'LYBUS  (icdXX«/3oc).  Pro- 
perly, a  Greek  word,  meaning  a  smail 
roiti ,  whence  it  came  to  signify,  both 
amongst  the  Greelcs  and  Romans,  the 
Htffirfnce  of  exchange,  or  a^,  as  it  is 
called,  chaiged  by  the  dealer  for 
changing  the  money  of  one  country 
into  the  currency  of  another.  Cic. 
Att  xii  6      Id.  Verr.  ii.  3.  78. 

COLLY'RA  (KoXXipn).  A  sort  of 
bread  or  bun,  of  an  oval  form,  which 
was  eaten  with  broth  or  with  gravy. 
I'iaut.  Pen.  L  3.  13.      Compare  lb. 

COLLY'RIS  (KoXXwpif).  Same  as 
CoLLVEA.     Augustin.  de  Gent. 

2.  A  head-dress  waxa  by  women, 
and  supposed  to  have  received  its 
name  from  some  resemblance  in  form 
to  the  bread  or  bun  designated  hy  the 
same  term.  (Tertull  Cult  F(eni  ^) 
In  a  Pompeian  paintmg  {Mas  Sorb 
vi.  38.),  there  is  represented  a  plate 
of  bread  or  buns  divided  into  separate 
segments  of  precisely  the  same  form 
as  those  which  appear  oi  the  head 

graved  gem  (see  the  woodcut  r 
CalIENdeUM)  such  a  coincidence 
favours  the  conjecture  that  the  paint 
ing  affords  a  genuine  e'lample  of 
the  kind  of  bread  and  the  gem  of 
the   peculiar  head  di  ess  [which  went 


.COLLY'RIUM  (FcoXXypioi.).  A 
medical  substance  made  up  into  the 
shape  of  a  coUyra,  composed  of  various 
ingredients,  according  to  the  nature 
of  the  remedy  required,  aud  applied 
externally  for  rubbing  the  parts  af- 
fected, or  for  inserting  into  any  hol- 
low, such  as  the  nostrils,  &c.  Celsns, 
V.  28.  12.  Hor.  Sat.  L  5.  50.  Scrib. 
Cvmp.  143.      Columell.  vi.  30.  S. 

COLOE'IUM  (mXo(3ioi').  A  tunic 
with  short  sleeves  (from  (he  Greek 
KoXojSir,  doiked  or 
cuttailed),  which 
just  coveted  the 
upper  and  fleshy 
part  of  the  arm 
(Serv.  ad  Vii^. 
^«».  is.  616.),  as 
shown  by  the  an- 
nexed example,  ' 
from  the  Coiumn 
of  Trajan.  Tliis 
was  the  original  i 
and  usual  form  of  ^ 
the  tunic  worn  by  the  Romans  of  the 
repciblican  age,  at  home,  or  in  active 
exercise,  as  here  represented,  without 
any  other  garment ;  but  abroad,  or 
when  in  costume,  as  we  might  say, 
the  Iwa  was  thrown  over  it. 

COLO'NICA.  A  farm-house. 
Auson.  Ep.  iv,  6. 

COLO'NUS.  A  yeoman  or 
farma- ;  t.  a,  one  who  gains  a  liveli- 
hood by  the  cultivation  of  the  soil, 
whether  as  a  tenant  farmer,  or  one 
who  tills  his  own  land.  Vairo,  R.  R. 
ii.  Proaii.  5.  Columell,  i.  7.  ScEevola, 
Dig-  33-  7-  30. 

2.  A  coltmist.     Cic.  N.  D.  iii,   19. 

COLOS'SUS  (koXooooc).  A  statue 
of  gigantic  dimensions,  or  very  much 
beyond  the  proportions  of  nature ; 
such,  for  instance,  as  the  Colossus  at 
Rhodes,  which  was  above  seventy 
feet  high.  Hygin.  Fab.  233.  Fes- 
tus,j.  ^.    Phn.  H.  N.  xxiiv.  18. 

COLOS'TRA  (P!in.  H.  N.  xi,  96. 
Mart.  Ep.  xiii.  38.) ;  only  another 
name  for  Coagulum. 

CO'LUM  WijiaeX     A  colander,  or 


,y  Google 


CO  LUMBAR 


Sent 
as  passed,  after  it  had 
out  by  the  piess  beam 
„  [.  242  )  The  example 
uitvoduced  is  copied  from  a  Roman 
bas  rehef,  representing  vanous  pro 
cesses  connected  with  the  vmtage 

2.  Colum  naaratm  A  wine 
strainer  made  of  metid,  for  cooling, 
diluting,  and  mixing  the  wme  with 
snow  at  table      (Mart.  Ep  xiv  103 ) 

the    following 

lump  of  frozen  ''G  1 -tsSj 

snow       bemg  ^-~^-= 

deposited  in  the  strainer,  and  the 
strainer  bemg  pliced  upon  the  drink 
11^  cup,  the  wine  was  then  poured 
upon  the  snow,  with  which  it  mixed 
Itself,  and  filtered  into  the  cup, 
through  the  perforations  of  the 
strainer,  fiee  from  any  sediment  or 
impurities  The  ekample  represents 
an  onginil  of  bionie  discovered  in 
Pompeu 

3  A  bisket  for  catching  fish,  like 
an  eel  ot  prawn  btsket ,  so  teimed, 
beciuse  when  liken  up,  the  water 
diams  out  of  il  leaving  the  fish  at 
the  bottom,  liLe  the  diegs  m  a 
strainer  Auson  Ep  iv  57  Com 
pare  Nassa. 

COLUM'BAR  \vtvttnipirfoii     A 


thing  like  the  pillory, 
for  confining  the 
hands  and  head 
(Plant.  Riti.  in.  5. 
60. ) ;  so  termed  from 

which  the  apertures 
Ihrongh  whidx  these 


pails  piujeeted,  bore  to  the  holes  fot 
nests  in  a  dove  cot  (ii'luiaiariuipi).  IC 
was  employed  foi  the  punishment  of 
slaves,  and,  m  all  probability,  resem- 
bled the  ' '  wooden  collar  "  of  the  Chi- 
nese, which  13  lepresented  in  the 
annexed  engraving,  from  a  drawing 
by  Staunton  The  Greelts  made  use. 
of  a  similar  contrivance  (Ar.  Eg. 
1049 ),  with  five  holes,  through  which 
the    head,     arms,    and    legs    were 

COLUMBA'RIUM  [wipmrfpiut } 
A  dov' cot  or  pigeon  house,  which 
piobahly  differed  very  httle  fi'om 
those  of  the  present  day,  with  the 
exception  of  being  frequently  bmlt 
upon  a  much  lai^er  scale ,  for  as 
many  as  file  thousand  buds  were 
sometimes  kept  m  the  same  house 
Varro,  R  R  111  7     Pallad  1  24. 

2  Columbaria  (plural) ,  ttit pigion 
holes,  or  sepaiate  cells  m  the  cot  for 
each  pair  of  birds.  Varro,  R  R  111 
7  4  ■ind  1  r      Columell  vin  8.  3 

3  Columharm  (plural) ,  the  mcha 
or  pigeon  holes  m  a  sepulchral  cham 
bar,  in  which  the  ashes  of  the  dead 
contained  m  jars  {oils)  were  depo 
sited.  (Inscnpt  af  Spon.  MtSi.dl 
Er  Ant  19  p  2S7  A^  Fabretti, 
p  9)  Each  of  Ihese  nere  adapted 
lor  the  reception  of  a  pair  of  jars, 
like  doves  in  their  nests,  as  exlubited 
by  the  annexed  illustration,  copied 
fiom  a  sepulchral  vinlt  near  Rome 
The  Iiil,  of  the  jirs  are  seen  above, 
and  the  names  of  the  penons  nho<ie 


rT 


ashes  they  conliined  are  inscribed 
undemetttn,  against  the  face  of  the 
wall,  into  which  the  jars  themselves 
are  lunk  AH  the  four  walls  of  the 
sepulchre  were  covered  with  niches 
of  this  deacnption,  which  sometimes 
amounted  to  one  hundred  and  more 
See  Sepulckum  commune,  and  illns- 


..   Columbaria,  plural  (rpuir^ 


.ra). 


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The  oar-ports,  through  which  ihe 
oars  projected  from  the  inside  of  3 
vessel  (Isidor.  Orig.  xix.  2.  3.  Com- 
pare Festns,  s,  Navalis  Scriba) ;  so 
called  becatise  tliey  re- 
sembled the  niches  in 
a  dove-cot,  as  plainly 
shown  by  the  illustra- 
tion, representing  two  oar-ports  on 
the  side  of  a  vessel,  in  the  Vatican 
Virgil.  This  also  accounts  for  the 
meaning  of  the  word  cohimbariis  in  a 
fK^meiit  of  Plautus,  where  it  signifies 
a  rower,  accompanied  with  a  senti- 
ment of  depreciation, 

5.  Ci!/«W3AHM,p]urid  (oTTm)-  The 
cavities  or  holes  in  the  walls  of  a 
building  which  form  a  bed  for  the 
heads  m  the  tie-beams  {ligna)  to  lie  in. 
(Vitruv.   iv.   2.   4.)      See  the  illus- 

ration  o  Mater  at  o    e  ersii  d  d 

6    C  un  b  na  p  uia        Open  nga 

form  dm      e  axle  of  a  p        ula 

ie    nptio      of        ad  whee    (yt  pa 
fotn      to     ais  ng  wa  e        The  axle 

n  que  tion  was  ah     0  v     y  nd 
and      e     a  e     a  sed  by   he      vo  u 
yd 


the: 


1    Of. 


ILUMNA. 


then  discharged  from 
into  the  receiving  trough  (Vitruv. 
X.  4.) ;  hut  the  whole  process  will  be 
better  understood  by  a  reference  to 
the  article  Tympani;m,  5. 

COLUMEL'LA  (oruXit).  A  ge- 
neral diminu  live  ofCOLUMNA.  ■ 

2.  (oTtiXiAoi'.)  A  small  cippus,  or 
short  pillar,  erected  over  a  grave  as  a 
tomb-stone.     Gc.  Leg.  IL  26. 

3.  Columella  firrea.  A  sliong  iron 
pin  or  bolt,  forming  part  of  the  Ira- 
p^unt,  or  machine  for  bruising  olives. 
(Cato,  S.  Jt.  xx.  I.  Id.  xxiL  2.)  See 
Trapktum,  and  the  illustration,  on 
which  it  is  marked  by  the  figure  4. 

COL'UMEN,  The  highest  limber 
in  the  franie-work  of  2  roof,  forming 
the  ridge  piece  to  the  whole.  (Vi- 
trov,  iv.  2.  1.)  Sec  Materiatio. 
and  the  illustration,  on  winch  it  is 
marked  i,  i. 

COLUM'NA   (rio<p,  uTvkoc).      A 

lumn,  employed  in  architecture  to 
support  the  entablature  and  oof  of 
an  ed  fice.  It  is  con  posed  of  three 
p  nc  pal    parts      the    cap  tal   [cap 

I  1       si  ift  (    apus)  d    Tie 

Tl  olumn        a 


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190 

moreover,  construcled  in  three  p 
eipal  styles  or  ordeio,  each  possessing 
charactenslic  forms  and  proportions 
of  its  own,  dislini-tue  of  the  ordei, 
but  by  imp  ofessional  persons  most 
readily  distingmslied  by  die  difference 
in  the  capitals,  i.  Dctica,  the  Doric, 
shown  by  the  engraving,  representing 
a  Tiew  of  the  Parthsnon,  from  Gwitt'a 
"  Encyclopsedia  of  Arclii  lecture,"  the 
oldest,  most  substantial,  and  heaviest 
of  all,  which  has  no  base,  and  a  very 
simple  capital  (see  Gapitui.um,  i 
and  2.).  z.  lanica,  the  Ionic ,  Che 
next  ia  liglitness,  which  is  fnrnialied 
with  a  base,  and  has  its  capital  de 
corated  with  volutes  (see  Capitulum, 
3.  and  4.),  3.  Coriathia,  the  Conn 
tliian,  the  lightest  of  all,  which  hai  a 
base  and  plinth  below  it,  and  a  deep 
capital  ornamented  with  foliage  (see 
Capitulum,  5,).  To  these  are  some 
times  added  -.—j^.  Tuscanka,  the 
Tuscan,  only  known  from  the  aLLOunt 
of  Vitruvius,  and  which  nearly  le 
serables  the  Rommi  Doric ;  and  5 
CompBsUa,  the  Composite,  a  mixed 
order,  formed  by  combining  the 
volutes  of  the  Ionic  with  the  fohage 
of  the  Corinthian. 

This  most  perfect  and  most  beauti 
ful  of  all  architeciural  supports  origi 
nated,  as  is  generally  the  case,  from 
the  simplest  beginnings.  A  few 
strong  poles,  or  tlie  straight  trunks 
of  trees,  stuck  into  the  groimd,  in 
order  to  support  a  cross-piece  for  a 
thatch  of  boughs  or  straw  to  rest 
upon,  formed  the  first  sliaft  [_scajats\ 
of  a  column.  When  a  tile  or  slab  of 
wood  was  placed  under  the  bottom  of 
the  trunk  to  form  a  foundation,  and 
prevent  the  shaft  ftom  sinking  too 
deeply  into  the  ground,  the  fii'st 
notion  of  a  base  (spird)  was  attained  ; 
and  a  similar  one,  placed  on  its  top, 
lo  afford  a  broader  smfiice  for  the 
cross-beam  or  architrave  to  rest  upon, 
furnished  the  first  capital.  Thus 
these  simple  elements,  elaborated  by 
the  genius  and  industry  of  succeeding 
ages,  prodnced  the  several  distinctive 
properties  of  the  architectural  orders. 


is  rather  the  provmce  of  the  archi 
tect,  than  of  a  work  of  this  nature , 
for  It  would  reqiure  large  draHings 
and  mmute  details,  scarcely  requisite 
for  the  classical  student  or  general 
reader  One  pomt,  howevei,  is 
to  be  constantly  borne  in  ,mind, — 
that  the  columita  of  ancient  aichitec 
ture  aln  ays  implies  a  real,  and  not  a 
Jkiilieas,  Euppoi  t ,  for  neither  the 
Greelu  nor  the  Romans,  until  the 
arts  had  declined,  ever  made  use  of 
columns,  as  the  modems  do,  in  then 
buildings,  as  a  superfluous  ornament, 
01  mere  acceaaoiy  to  the  edifice,  but 
as  a  mam  and  essentially  constituent 
portion  of  the  fabric,  winch  would 
immediatel)  fall  to  pieces  if  they 
were  removed ,  and  that  the  abusive 
application  of  coupled,  clusteied,  in 
castrated,  imbedded  columns,  &:c , 
was  never  admitted  in  Greek  archi 
lectuie  ,  for  the  chief  beauty  of  the 
column  consisls  in  its  tsolaften,  by 
of  which  it  presents  an  endless 
and  changes  of 
■  of  the 


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Horn.  c.  8.  and.  9.)  These  were  em- 
ployed for  various  purposes ;  and 
more  especially  for  honorary  columns, 
to  support  on  their  tops  the  statue  of 
the  person  whose  achievements  or 
memory  they  were  erected  to  com- 
memorate. Two  of  the  kind  still 
remain  at  Rome,  one  constructed 
in  honour  of  the  Emperor  Trajan, 
which  is  represented  in  the  engraving, 
with  a  section  by  its  side  of  part  of 
the  interior,  to  show  the  spiral  stair- 
case, and  which,  with  the  statue  on 
the  top,  now  supplanted  hy  one  of 
Pope  Siittis  V. ,  was  130  feet  in  lieight ; 
the  other,  of  a  similar  cliaracter,  in 
honour  of  the  Emperor  M.  Autelius 
Antoninus.  Both  are  covered  ex. 
ternally  by  spiral  bas-reliefs,  repre- 
senting the  various  wars  carried  on 
by  these  emperors,  from  wliich  many 
figures  have  been  selected  to  illustrate 
these  pages. 

3.  Co&ffisa  rostrala.  A  column 
ornamented  with  images,  representing 
the  prows  (rostra)  of  ships  all  down 
the  shaft.  (Vji^.  Gtorg.  ii.  29. 
Serviua,  ad  I.)  These  were  erected 
in  commemoration  of  per- 
sons who  liad  obtained 
a  great  naval  victory ; 
and  the  example  repre- 
sents the  one  set  up  in 
honour  of  C.  Duiiius 
(Plin.  If.  M  xxxiv.  ir.). 
after  his  action  witli  the 
Carthapnian  fleet,  B.C. 
261,  now  preserved,  to- 
gether with  part  of  the 
oiiginal inscription  under- 
neath, detailing  the  number  of  vessels 
andbooty  taken,  in  the  Capitol  at  Rome . 

4.  Cofuinita  Btllica.  A  short  co- 
lumn  erected  before  the  temple  of 
Eellona,  situated  near  (aeforla  Car- 
laenlaHs  and  Circus  Maximus,  against 
which  the  Romans  in  early  times 
used  to  hurl  a  spear  when  about  to 
declare  war.  Festus,  s.  v.  Eeltona. 
Ovid.  Fast.  vi.  206. 

5.  Columna  Mania.  A  column 
erected  in  the  Roman  forum,  to 
which  slaves,  thieves,   and  other  of. 


fenders  were  boimd,  and  publicly 
p\iiiished.  Cic.  Sext.  58.  Id.  m-o. 
Verr.  16.    Ascon.  ii. 

6.  Columns  HcratHs.  The  co- 
lumns ef  Jfercula ;  originally  and 
properly,  two  lai^  pyramidal  co- 
lumns, which  the  Phcenicians  were 
accustomed  to  set  up  in  the  course 
of  their  extensive  voyages,  as  light, 
houses  and  landmarla,  whereby  to 
recognise  particular  coasts  upon  any 
future  visit,  being  resjiecdvely  dedi- 
cated to  Hercules  and  Astarte,  their 
san  and  raoon.  Tliey  are  plainly 
shown  by  the  annexed  woodcut, 
from  the  device  on  a  Tyrian  coin, 
where  the  tvfo  columns,  with  the 
light'house  in  front,  the  conch  under- 
neath, which  the  master  of  the  vessel 
sounded  to  announce  his  arrival  in 
port  (see  BtJCltlATOR),  and  the  tree  re- 
presenting the  land,  evidently  explain 
the  objects  intended.  Remains  of 
such  works,  or  others  resembling 
them,  are  found  in  the  west  of  Eng- 
land, in  China,  and  in  Africa,  and  are 
mentioned  by  Tacitus  (Germ.  34.),  as 


existing  in  his  day  on 
bank  of  the  RMne,  in  the  country  of 
the  Friaii  (Prisons).  By  the  Greeks 
and  Romans,  however,  me  two  pyra- 
midal mountains  at  the  Struts  of 
Gibraltar,  Caipe  and  Abyla  (Gibral- 
tar in  Europe,  and  Ccuta  in  Africa} 
were  termed  the  Columns  of  Hercules, 
in  consequence  of  the  resemblance 
which  they  bear  at  a  distance  to  the 
I'hcenidan  columns  described  above, 
and  a  corresponding  fable,  fo  account 
for  the  name,  was  invented  in  favour 
of  their  own  hero.  Mela,  i  5.  Plin. 
H.  N:  iii.  Pmsm. 


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7-  The  Hng-posl,  i 
a  timber  roof,   whicli    suppo 
tie-beams  (c  pr  ' 


Ihcra),  mark 
Vitniv.  iv.  2 

COLUMNAr  UM 
tax  levied  up  n  p  pn 
pants   for     I  mbe 

contmned  i      h       h 
buildings  b       ging 

COLUMNAR  US 
fellow,  or,  p  p 
debtor;  i.e  ral 

been  smnm      d 
t  th 


Ck 


ad  Cia  Fara  9. 

COLU'K  AC  egra 

of  stone  pla  ed  n  n  h  p  h 
other  to  form  a  column,  when  tin 
column  is  made  of  different  piece- 
instead  of  one  entire  bloclt  of  marble, 
Sidon.  Ep.  ii.  2 ;  but  the  reading  v. 


COMA  TUS. 

lo   be   spun  into  threads,   as   repre- 
sented   by  the   right-hand  figure  in 
an    \ed    woodcut,    which     is 
d       m  an  Egyptian  original  in 
Bn    h  Museum,     llie  ring  which 
ir       d     t  is  intended  to  be  put  over 
h     w         as  a  sort  of  cap,  which 
p    h    vhole  mass  together     The 
peasan  ry    f  Italy  make  their  dislafls 
p     is      the  same  form  and  mate- 
he  present  day.     When  the 
d    aff  w      fiiled  with  wool,  it  was 
gi  aCed  by  such  epithets  as  cempta 
Y  -a.   H   V.  viiu  74,  pletta  (Tibull. 
3.  86        r  lana  avdcta  (Catuli,  64. 
d  is  shown  by  the  left-hand 
iigu  e,       ma  bas-relief  on  the  Fo- 
run  Nerva,  at  Rome,  which  re- 

sents a  female  with  Che  distaff  in 
h  nd,  and  the  drawn  thread 
nj  «   d  pending  from  it,  whilst  she 
w   ts    h     spindle  (./Smui)   with   the 
fi      rs    f  her  right  hand.     Compare 
h      rticle   NeO,  in  which  the 
n  both    of   spinning,    and    of 

mg  hes    implements,  is  more  fully 
d         d 

COL  MB'US  («ii^i.p/3of).  In  the 
Gloss  of  Isidorus,  a  tatjc  (lacus) 
wherein  clothes  were  washed  ;  heuce, 
a  swimming  or  plunging  bath.  Lam- 
prid.  Hd.xi-  Prudent,  nipim-f^.  12. 
COMA  (iw/ii().  The  hair  of  the 
held  nearly  synonymous  with  Cs 
SAEIBS,  but  mostly  with  an  imphed 
ense  of  length  and  profusion ,  t  e , 
a  fine  head  of  long  thick  hair , 
whence  we  find  the  word  applied  to 
the  mane  of  'uiimals  {Fallad  iv  13 
2  Aul  Gell  V  14  2  ),  to  the  horse 
hair  on  the  crest  of  a  helmet  {Stat. 
fkd  viii  389  and  Crista)  ,  and 
often  connected  witli  snch  epithets  as 
I  ttoma  (Cic  T-usc  111  26 )  damssa 
[Prop  11  24.  52  ]  and  the  like. 
COMATO  RIUS  See  AcuB  2 
COMA  TUS  (ko;i<,ttje).  In  a 
general  sense,  one  who  is  possessed 
of  a  head  of  long  thick  hair,  which 
is  allowed  to  liuuuiate  in  its  natural 
growth  (Mart.  jdL  ^o.  Suet.  Cdl. 
35.)  ;  but  the  word  is  also  specially 
used    to    characterise    the    Germans 


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(Tertuli.  Virg.  Vel  id  lo>  ind 
the  people  of  Transalpine  Gaul,  m 
eluding  Belgiea,  Celtica  and  Aqui 
taniea,  all  of  wii  ch  nere  comprised 
under  Ihe  name  of  Galia  Comata 
(Mela,  iii.  2.  Plm  iv  31  Lucan.  1 
443.),  in  consefiuence  of  tl  e  profusion 
and  abundance  of  thei  hi  r  and  the 
manner  in  which  t  was  arranged 
uniformly  represented  by  the  Roman 
artists  like  tlie  esample    " 


which  is  copied  from  a  sarcophagus 
discovered  in  the  "Villa  Amendola, 
near  Rome,  and  covered  with  bas- 
reliefs  givir^  the  details  of  a  combat 
between  the  Romans  and  Ganls. 

COMES  [i^iUvSoi).  A  com- 
panion  or  associate,  generally;  but 
more  specially  an  attendant,  or  tutor, 
who  accompanied  his  pupil  to  and 
from  school,  in  liis  walks,  &c.  .Suet. 
^HK  98.     Tib.  12.     CIiaid.-i«,. 

COMISSATIO  (icC/ioc,  fi-MTo- 
BiDv).  A  revelling,  feasting,  or  drink- 
ing bout,  commencing  after  the  coina, 
and  often  protracted  to  a  late  hour  of 
the  night.  (Varro,  Z.  L.  vii.  89. 
Liv.  xL  13.  Go.  Ccel.  1$.  Snet.  Tit. 
7.)  Greek  scenes  of  this  nature  are 
frequently  represented  on  fictile  vases. 
(Mus.  Borb.  V.  51.  Miilin.  Vas  Ani 
ii.  58.  Tischbem.  ii.  55-  Wink.  Mon 
Ined.  aoo.),  in  wHch  the  lateness 
of  the  hour  is  indicated  by  the  mtro- 
duction  of  candelabra,  the  festivity 
by  the  presence  of  Comus  and  winged 
genii,  and  the  debauchery  by  the 
mixed  companj-  of  Courtesans,  dancing, 
playing,  and  singing  girls. 

COMISSA'TOR    (™/iaorijr, 


COItPEDITUI 

eUer 


■r,c) 
t  tlie  c 


ftrn 


mpany  at  a 
or  wane  party  (Liv  xl  9  Cic 
del  aS }  It  was  not  always  usual 
for  the  fuji  ssaior  to  dine  {caruire) 
with  his  host  but  he  was  often  m 
vited  to  come  in  and  take  his  wme 
with  the  company  an:er  he  hid  dined 
elaewhere  as  Habmnas  con  es  f  om 
the  cana  of  Scissa  to  the  fw  issilis 
of  Tnmalchio— ^iij  nai  tointssaioi 
mtiamt  Fet  Sal  65  3  Compare 
Liv  \1  7 

COMIT  lUM  An  enclosed  place 
abt  ttmg  on  the  Roman  Forun  nd 
near  the  Cina  vihere  the  Com  ha 
Centuriata  were  held  and  causes 
tried.  (Varro,  Z.Z.  V.  155.)  Itwas 
originally  uncovered,  in  consequence 
of  which  the  assemblies  were  often 
obliged  to  be  dissolved  when  the 
weather  was  bad  ;  but  was  roofed  in, 
to  obviate  this  uiconvenience,  during 
the  second  Punic  war.  (Liv.  xxviL 
36.)  Some  lof^  walls,  still  remain- 
mg  under  the  Palatine  hill,  are  sup- 
posed to  be  vestiges  of  iliis  building. 

COMMENTAC'ULUM  or  COM- 
MOTAC'ULUM.  A  wand  which 
the  Roman  priesthood  carried  in 
their  sacrificial  processions,  wherewith 
to  clear  the  way,  and  prevent  the 
populace  from  closing  too  near  upon 
them.    Feslus,  s.  v. 

COMPEDI'TUS.  Having  fetters 
or  shackles   upon   Hie /eel ;    but  the 


3rd  more  eopcciaUy  designates 
lie  who  always  wore,  ind  woike 
,   fetters    (benei-t,     T  uni    c     n 


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194 


COMPE 


r  R  t 


Plaut.  Ca.pt.  V.  i,  23.    ( 
Compare  Ovid,  /"ent 
the    galley-siaves   of   mod         It  ly 
whose  chains  are  pr        ly     milcir 
those  worn  by  the  tig  ir    in  th     ill 
tration,  from  an  engr      d  g        wh   h 
represents  Saturn  in  f  It  d 

junct  frequently  give    by  Ih    R  m 
to  the  statues  of  this  d    ty   b  t  f    m 
which  they  were  ren       d  d     ng  1 
festival  in  the  month     f  S  pt     b 
(Stat.  Sylv.  i.  6.  4.)   wh  t     1 

rary  liberty  was  also    II  w  1  t      h 
slaves  in  allusion  to  th    h  ppy 
dition  which  mankind  w  pp  sed 

to  have  enjoyed  unde    h 

COMPES    {TiSt,)       A  y^a 
shackle  for  the  feet  h         by 

the  preceding  woodc  t       d  th    illus 


J.  Catu] 
2,  A  ling  of  silv 
by  women  round  ih     b 
leg,  just  above  the  ankl 
manner   as  a   bracel  t 
wrist  (Pliii  /T   V 


g  Id   ^ 


■  pare  xiiii  12  Pet  S^t  67.  7.),  as 
shown  by  the  am  e  ed  engraving, 
from  a  Pompeian  paintirg  of  Ariadne. 
Ornaments  of  this  nature  were  con- 
fined to  femdes  of  the  plebeian  classes 
at  Rome,  to  courtesans,  dancing  girls, 


d  la 


;  fth  td 

f    t  and  p  rt   II 
wh   h  w  uld    th 


COMPLUVIUM. 

pas,  ge  cited,  places  them  on  the 

g      f  I'ortunata   above  her  shoes, 

t     ridicule  the  vulgar  ostenta- 

f  wealth  in   the  wife   of   the 

rv       by  the  adoption  of  an  unusual 


ally  with  reference  to  the  country 
(V  ireor^  n    382  }     in  contradis 

t  t  fiom  tiiJium  which  applies 
m        t     the  stieetsofatown      (Cic 

on  these  spots  at  which  rehgioos 
rites  in  honour  of  the  Lares  Compi 
tales  the  deities  who  presided  over 
cro'is  roads  were  performed  by  the 
country  people  (Prop  iv  3  54.} 
whence  the  word  eompiium  is  some 
times  used  for  a  shime  eiei-ted  on 
such  a  spot  (Grat  Cyn/^  483  Pers 
n  2S )  All  these  paiticulars  are 
elucidated  by  the  illustration,  from  a 
landscape  paintmg  it  Pompeii 

COMPLUVIUM  A  ki^ 
square  openmg  m  the  centre  of  the 


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CONCMBES. 

roof  wliich  coveted  the  four  sides  of 
an  Alrmut  in  Roman  houses,  and  to- 
wards which  these  sides  coiiverEed 
for  the  purpose  of  carrying  down  the 
laiu  into  a  reservoir  (implmiium)  in 
tlie  floor  immediately  under  it ;  as  is 
clearly  sliown  by  the  illustration,  re- 
presenting tbe  interior  of  a  Fompdan 
Atiinm  restored.  (Vaiio,  Z.  L.  v.  l6l. 
Pestus,  s.  Impluvium.  Vitruv.  vi. 
3.6.).  In  a  passage  of  Suetonius  (.^a^. 
92.),  (he  whole  of  the  open  space, 
or  area,  surroimded  by  the  colonnade, 
is  designated  the  comfhtmum. 

CONC^'DES.  A  barricade  made 
of  trees  cut  down  and  placed  across  a 
road  to  impede  the  appioach  or  pur- 
suit of  a  hostile  force  (Toe  Antt  1 
SO.  Veg  Mil  m  22 )  On  the  co- 
lumns of  Trajan  and  Antonine  the 
Roman,  as  well  as  barbarian,  soldieis 
are  frequently  represented  in  the  act 
of  felling  trees  for  this  and  similar 

CONCHA  («<i7tii)  Slncllv,  s. 
sliell-fish,  such  as  tiie  mussel,  pearl 
oyster,  or  murex ,  and,  as  various 
household  ulensils  were  made  out  of 
the  shells  of  these  fish,  or  m  imitation 
of  them,  the  name  is  commonly  Ei'sn 
to  such  objecti ,  as  to  a  salt  i-ellar 
(Hor  iiat  13  14  ) ,  a  diinl  ing  cup 
(Jnv  VI  303  )  ,  a  vase  for  unguents 
Hor.  Od  iL  7   22     Jul    \\  419 

2.  The  coKch,  or  Triton's  sliell, 
which  tiieyare  fi^equentiy  repre'Jented 
hy  poets  and  ar 
tists  as  blowing  in 
place  of  a  trumpet 
(Plin  H  N  \^^ 
Lucan  ix  394.), 
in  which  cases  the 
shell  more  dosely 
resembles  the  bit- 
dna,  IS  shown  by 
the  annexe  1  eiigravmg  fr 


CONCILIAB'ULUM  In  a  ge 
nerftl  sense,  any  place  of  public  re 
sort ,  but  more  especially  a  lendez 
vons  where  the  country  people  « ere 
in  the  habit  of  meeting  tDgethi.r  at 
stated  intervals,   for  the  purpote  of 


CONDALIUM.  1 95 

ti-ansBcting  business,  holding  marjiets, 
and  settling  disputes,  thus  answer- 
ing very  nearly  lo  our  market  and 
assiie-tcTtins,  and  places  wheie  fairs 
are  appointed  to  be  held.  Feslus,  s. 
■v.  Liv.  vii.  15.  Id,  /xjiv.  I.  and 
56.     Id.  xl.  37. 

CONCLA-VE.  A  general  name, 
applied  indiscriminately  to  any  room 
or  apartment  in  a  house  which  is  not 
a  public  passage  room,  but  might  be 
locked  with  a  key,  whether  a  dining- 
100m,  bedroom,  &c.  FestuE,  s.  v. 
Ter.  Evn,  iii.  5.  35.  Id.  Eeaat.  v.  I. 
29.  Cic.  Rose.  Am.  33.  Id.  Or.  ii, 
86.    Vitruv.  vi.  3.  S, 

CON'CREPO.     See  Crepitus. 

CONCUBI'NA.  A  female  who 
had  contracted  the  peculiar  sort  of 
alliance  termed  ccttcuMnatiis.      Cic. 


ty 


ed 


aHed     org 
crow    d  h    d       p  w  h  pers 

of  inf  ank,  whi     ,  by  w 

of  some  countries,  may  be  impolitic  or 
lUegal,  but  not  immoral.  Eeclter,  GaJ- 
lus     Ulp  Dig,  25.  7.  I.     lb.  48. 5. 13. 

CONCUBfNUS.  A  man  who 
contracts  the  alliance  termed  concu- 
btnatus  with  a  female.  Catull.  61. 
130     Quint   i.  2.  8. 

CONDA'LIUM.      A    ring   worn 
on  the  first    joint  (condyliis,  KcnivKo^) 
of  the  fore  finger.        ^-■~_,^ 
(Festus,  s  Coiidy.     ^^^^T^t  -^ 
'■■        Plant    Trill,  d^fr*    \ 

s  infer  from  the 


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196  CONDITIVITM. 

passage  of  Pkiitus  {I.  •:.)  that  rings  of 
this,  description  were  peculiar  to  the 
slave  class ;  but  it  does  not  appear  that 
the  condoMum,  which  Stasimus  loses  in 
the  jJay,  was  his  own ;  it  might 
surely  nave  been  Ma  master's ;  and 
the  one  in  our  engraving  is  on  the 
right  hand  of  a  female  in  a  bronie 
statue  discovered  at  Herculaneum. 
There  are,  however,  two  statues  in 
the  Vatican  (Visconti,  Mus.  Fio 
Clem.  iii.  38.  and  29.  )>  both  i-epte- 
senting  comic  actors  (one  of  them 
certainly  a  slave),  who  wear  amilar 
rings  on  the  same  joint  of  the  fore- 
finger, but  OH  the  left  hand. 

CONDITI'VUM.      Seneca,    Ep. 

CONDIXaRlUM.  An  under- 
ground vault  or  burying-place  (de- 
scendit  in  cenditiratm.  Pet.  Sat.  III. 
7.),  in  which  a  corpse  was  deposited 
in  a  coffin,  without  being  reduced  to 
ashes  (Plin.  H.  N.  viL  iC);  a  practice 
prevalent  amongst  the  Romans  at  the 
two  extreme  periods  of  the  r  hi'Jturj 
before  the  custom  of  bumint,  ^^^  o^ 
tained,  and  after  it  had  been  lelm. 
quished.  This  is  the  stnct  meanine 
of  tlie  word,  though  it  also 
a  more  general  sense  for  a  11 
erected  above  ground  (Plm  Ep  vi 
la  5.)  ;  and  in  which  cmerary  urns 
were  also  placed.     The   lllustr^tlOn 


represents  the  section  and  plan  of  a 
sepulchral  chamber,  excavated  in  the 
rock  wMch  forms  the  base  of  the 
Aventine  hill,  at  a  depth  of  forty  feet 
below  the  sutface  ;  the  centre  shaft 
formed  a  staircase  for  descending  into 


CONFARREA  T!0. 

the  sepulchre,  which  is  a  circular 
chamber,  having  an  external  corridor 
all  round  it,  as  shown  by  the  ground- 
plan  in  miniature  at  fie  left  hand  of 
the  upper  part  of  the  engraving:  It 
also  contains  niches  for  cinerary  urns, 
which  may  have  been  made  at  a  sub- 
sequent period. 

2.  (Xapval).  The  chest  or  coffin  in 
which  the  dead  body  was  encased, 
when  placed  in  the  vault.      (Suet. 


Aug.  18.  Plin.  H.  N.  xxxvu.  7-) 
The  illustration  represents  the  coffin 
of  L.  Cornelius  Scipio  Barbatus, 
which  was  discovered  in  an  under- 
ground sepulchre  of  Ihe  Cornelian 
family  on  the  Appian  Way.  The 
whole  IS  carved  in  a  grey-coloured 
stone  of  volcanic  formation  {pepcrinii) 
with  dentils,  triglyphs,  and  rosettes 
m  the  metopes ;  die  top  slab  takes 
off  as  a  lid ;  and  on  the  side  is  en- 
graved the  following  epitaph,  not 
only  curious  as  identifying  for  whom 
tl  e  c  ffin  was  made,  but  as  an  au- 
tl  cntic  specimen  of  early  I^tinity  :■ — 


CONDUS,    or   J'nmms    Condm. 
See  PromuS. 
CON'DYLUS.     Same  as  Conda- 

Co'nFARREA'TIO.  One  of  the 
three  forms  of  contracting  marriage 
in  use  amongst  the  Romans;  believed 
to  have  been  the  most  ancient,  as  it 
was  the  most  solemn  form,  for  it  par- 


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CONPARREA  TUS. 

toot  of  the  nature  of  a  religious  cere- 
mony, whereas  the  other  two  were 
merely  civil  contracts.  It  was  so- 
lemnised in  the  presence  of  ten  wit- 
nesses, the  high  priest,  and  Flamen 
Dialis  ;  was  accompaaied  by  prayers, 
and  the  sacriiice  of  a  sheep,  the  sltin 
of  which  was  'preTd  over  the  chau^ 
on  whiji  the  bnde  and  bride 
gloom  sat  The  name  obtained 
from  the  custom  of  carrying  a  flour 
cihe  (fm)  belore  the  bnde  as  =he 
letumed  from  the  wedding  (Ar 
nob  IT  140  Serv  ed  Virg  Giorg 
\  31  M-n  IV  374  Phn-jy^xim 
1  )  An  ancient  marble,  representing 
this  ceremony,  is  engraved  and  de 
scribed  by  Bartoh  (Adimrand  pL  58  ), 
and  by  Lumisden  {Antiquities  of 
Rome,  appendix  ni.),  but  the  figures 
are  too  numerous,  and  the  detaiS  too 
imnute,  to  tiear  a  reduction  adapted 
to  these  piges 

CONFARREA'TUS  One  who 
IS  married  by  the  ceiemony  of  1:011 
fairiaiio     Tac  Ann  iv  16 

CUNGIARIUM  A  iarits!,  or 
donation,  consisting  of  a  number  of 
eangti  filled  with  wine,  01!,  salt,  &c 
(Liv  xxv  2  Plin  IT  N  yin  17 
Jh  XXXI  41 ),  which  It  was  custom 
ary  with  the  Roman  kings,  consuls, 
and  emperors  to  distribute  amongst 
the  ^JiU  at  their  own  expense 
(Suet  Niro,  7  Plm  Pa»eg  35) 
This  13  the  original  and  strict  mean 
ing  of  the  term ,  but  in  process  uf 
lime,  donations  of  other  things,  even 
money  (Suet.  Aug.  41.),  were  desig- 
nated by  tlie  same  name,  as  well  as  a 
lai^ess  made  to  the  soldiery  (Cic. 
Alt.  xvi.  8.),  though  the  proper  name 
for  .that  is  dirtiata/um.  The  manner 
of  distributing  these  favours  was  as 
follows  : — the  donor  sat  upon  an  ele- 
vated tribanal  (suggeslum),  which  the 
recipients  approached  one  by  one,  and 
were  presented  with  a  token  (tessera), 
upon  which  the  amount  to  be  received 
was  written,  and  made  payable  upon 
presentment  at  the  magazine  of  the 
giver;  as  shown  in  the  illustra- 
tion, from  a  bas-relief  on  tlie  arch  of 


CONOPEVM. 


;xpre'isly  c. 
CON'G 


promiscuously  amongst  the  crowd  to 
ibled  foi,  when  they  were 
called  mzisthu 

'GIUS  A  Romin  liquid 
measure,  contaiftmg  six  sextarn,  or 
twelve  kewanis  (Rhemn  Faun  de 
Fond  et  Mens  -ja  Cato,  ^  Jl  57), 
the  form  and  dnracter  of  which  is 
sliown    by   the    annexed    engraving, 


Farncse 

Congius.  The  lai^  letters  P.  X. 
stand  for  fondo  decern. 

CONISTE'RIUM  {sDviarpa).  An 
apartment  in  ihe  palissira  01  gymna- 
sium, the  floor  of  which  was  covered 
over  with  fine  sand  (mSi'ie),  or  m 
which  (he  bodies  of  the  wrestlers 
were  rubbed  over  with  sand  after 
being  anointed.    Vitruv.  v.  11. 

CONO'PEUM  or  CONOmJM 
{rlo^cu^iw^',  or  ictiviuirt  101').  Afmtsguito 
net,  suspended  over  a  sleeping  couch, 
or  over  persons  reposing  out  of  doors, 
to  keep  off  gnats  and  other  trou- 
biesome  insects ;    the  use  of  which 


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198  CONQUISITOEES. 

originated  in  f^pt,  Hor.  Efiod.  ix. 
16.  Prop.  ilL  II.  45-  VaiTo,i?.  li. 
ii.  10.  8.  Juv.  yi  80.,  in.  wliich  pas- 
sage the  penultimate  is  long. 

CONQUISITO'RES.  Press- 
masters,  or  recruiting  officers ;  who 
were  appointed  to  go  and  seelt  out 
certain  citizens,  selected  by  the  consul 
for  conscripts,  and  compel  tliem  upon 
his  authority  to  take  the  mililary 
oath,  and  enter  the  service  ;  wliereas, 

presented  themselves  volnntarily  to 
be  enrolled.  Cic.  Mil.  25.  Liv.  xxi. 
II.    Hirt.  5.  Alex.  2.    Compare  Cic 


and  other  decoi 


cond  atory  1  splend  d  co  ch  n  th 
a  wa\en  imige  of  the  decca.'Je  1  lying 
on  It  was  deposited  and  surrounded 
witli  all  kinds  of  aiomatic  herbs 
The  whole  mass  Has  then  ignited 
anl  an  ea^le  let  loo  e  f  on  lie  tip 
st>iy    which  was  believed  ti    canj 


^  on        ha  erapero       Th* 
d  ows    he  tat>ema   e 

eda    of   Caraca  a,      hi: 

ns      p      O  CONSECRAT  O  si 


tomb  of  Munatins  Plancus  at  Pom 
pen  z  Consliatum  ponhs  (Liv 
xiy  10),  the  flooring  which  affords 
a  gangway  over  a  bridge  of  boits     ■; 


i«^^ 


1  the  annexed  example  fiom  the 
Column  of  Antoranus,  or  o^ei  a 
'oodei  bi  dsje  -is  jn  the  illustration 
>  Pins  Subliciu-. 


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CONSUL  (uTToi-ac).  A  consul ; 
one  of  the  two  chief  magistrates  an- 
nually elected  by  the  Roman  people 
during  the  republican  period,  and 
nominally  retained  under  the  empire, 
though  with  very  different  and  limited 
powers.  The  oatward  symbols  of 
their  authority  were  ilie/asea,  which 
were  carried  before  them  by  twelve 
lictors  ;  an  ivory  sceptre  {iceplrum 
eburneum,  or  scipio  diurnsui),  willi 
the  image  of  an  eagle  on  its  top  ;  and 
the  erabroidered  toga  (tega  ^kld), 
which,  however,  was  only  worn  upon 
certain  occasions :  their  ordinary 
civil  costume  being  the  toga  and 
tunUa,  with  the  lalus  damis ;  their 
military  one,  xYie paludammluni,  lorka, 
and  parszonium.  Consequently,  on 
worhs  of  art,  they  are  represented 
without  any  very  distinctive  marks  ; 
either  simply  draped  in  the  toga,  or 
,in  the  same  militaiy  costume  as  other 
superior  officers ;  as  on  the  consular 
coins  of  Cn.  Piso,  and  of  Cinna,  in 


^\ 


o1.  ii 


like 


The   long 


f    planks 

a  build. 

g     as  plainly 

m  d  by  the 

1  th     back  of 

i  a    figure, 

f   m        fi   ile  vase 

Ap  1     M       xi,    p, 

4       C      pare  Tertull.  de  PaU.    5. 

d  C  nrs. 

CONIARII,  and  CONTATI 
(jcoiTo^opin).  Soldiers  armed  with  the 
long  pike  styled  contus.  InscripL 
ap.  Grut  40.  2.  and  3.     Veget.  MU. 


CONTUS.  1 99 

work  of  beams  and  joists  which  sup- 
ports the  flooring  in  a  building  of 
several  stories  (Vitrnv,  vi.  5.  Pallad. 
i.  9.)  i  whence  also  used  to  designate 
the  floor  or  story  itselt      Gees.  S.  C. 

'cont'om'onob'Olon.    a 

game  in  whicli  feats  of  leaping  were 
displayed  by  men  who  made  use  of  a 
pole  (contus)  to  assist  their  exertions. 
Imp.  Justin.  Cod.  3,  43.  3.  Com- 
pare MONOBOLON. 

CONTUBEENA'LES  (ffilmiji^ni). 
Comrades  or  nifssmaies ;  i.e.,  soldiers 
who  shared  the  same  quarters,  and 
lived  togetlier  under  the  same  lent  j 
each  tent  being  occupied  by  ten  men, 
with  a  sutfflltem  [decanus),  something 
like  our  sergeant  or  corporal,  at  tlieir 
head.  Feslus,  s.  v.  Veg.  Mil.  ii.  8. 
and  13.  Cic.  Ligar.  7.  Hitt.  BdL 
AUx.  16. 

2.  Young  men  of  distinguished 
families,  who  accompanied  a  general 
in  his  military  expeditions,  for  tlie 
purpose  of  learning  the  art  uf  war, 
were  also  termed  his  coalubeitiales, 
or  OH  /lis  staff.  Cic.  Cat.  30.  Suet. 
>/.  42. 

3  Hence  m  i  mote  general  sense, 
any  close  or  mtimate  friends  and 
acqiamtances     Phn  Ep.  iy.  27.  5. 

4.  Persons  Iivmg  together  as  man 
and  wife  «  ihout  bemg  legally  ii 


a  fteedn 


a  slaie.  Pet  Sat  96  7.  Id.  57.  6. 
Cohmell  185      Id  xii.  3.  7. 

CONTUBER  NIUM  (ava^via). 
A  militaiy  tent  in  which  ten  soldiers 
and  their  corporal  {decatms,  or  caput 
eontubermi)  aie  quartered  tt^ether 
(C^  B  C  in  76  Tac  Hist  1 
43.),  whence,  in  a  moie  general 
sen?e,  any  dwelling  in  which  scleral 
persons  live  together  (Suet,  Cal  10 
Tac  Ntst  111  74.)  ,  and  especially, 
the  abode  of  a  pair  of  slaves,  male 
and  female      Columell  111   I   2 

CONTUS  (uovroO  A  long  and 
strong  pole,  shod  with  iron,  employed 
for  punting,  t  e,  for  pushing  on  a 
boat  against  the  stream,  instead  of 
rowing,  like  our  punt-pole  ;  as  shown 


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2.  A  pole  of  Eimiltr  character  em 
ployed  on  board  ship  (Virg,  jEn.  v. 
208.)  for  various  purposes  ;  to  keep 
the  vessel  off  the  roelts  or  shore 
(Horn.  Od.  vs..  487.) ;  for  taking 
soundings  (Festus,  j.  Percunetatio. 
Doni  ■        ' "        ■ 


CONVIVIUM. 

similar  uses.  Every  trireme  was 
fumisheii  wilh  three  such  poles,  of 
diffeient  sizes  (BiJckh.  Urk.  p.  125.)  ; 
and  in  the  illnstradon  at  p.  91.  {j, 
Bucinator},  one  of  the  sailors  is 
ob  erved  to  stand  at  the  head  of  the 
vessel,  which  is  just  about  to  enter 
the  port,  with  a  tontus  in  his  hands. 

3  A  cavalry  pike  of  very  great 
weight  and  length  (Non.  s.  v.  p.  555. 
Amin  Tact.  p.  15.,  where  it  is 
distinguished  by  juxtaposition  from 
the  lance,  Xt-nt],  lancea),  and  resem- 
lling  the  Macedonian  sarissa,  ex- 
cept thit  it  was  not  quite  so  long. 
(Veg.  Mil.  iii.  24.)  It  was  the  na- 
tional weapon  of  the  Sannatians 
(Tae.  Ann.  vi.  35.  Stat  AckUl.  ii. 
418.  Sil.  Ital.  XV.  6S4.);  though 
occasionally  adopted  by  the  Greeks, 
of  the  Roman  cavalry  (Ar- 


h   b 


h 


be  remarked  that  only  one-half  of  its 
entire  length  is  presented  to  the  view, 
as  the  portion  behind  the  liand,  which 
is  placed  at  the  centre  of  gravity,  has 
perished,  from  the  mutilation  of  the 
ori^nal  ;  and,  likewise,  that  it  is 
erroneously  instanced  as  an  example 
of  the  sarissa,  an  arm  which  belonged 
to  the  infantry,  and  was  sdlt  more 

CO'NUS  (jcwj-oi).    Generally,  any- 


thing of  a  conical  figure  ;  whence,  in 

1.  The  metallic  ridge  on  the  skull- 
piece  of  a  helmet,  to  which  the  crest 
was  sffixed  (Plin,  ff.  N.  k.  I.  Virg. 
jS».  iii,  468.)  ;  for  which  the  genuine 
latin  word  is  Apex  ;  which  see. 

z.  A  particular  kind  of  sun-dial ; 
from  its  designation,  supposed  to 
have  been  described  upon  an  eleva- 
tion of  conical  form.   "Vitniv.  is.  8.  I. 

CONVIVIUM  (aivSimvov,  icH- 
aati).  A  feast,  or  banquet;  but  at 
regular  and  proper  honrs,  and  with- 
out any  implied  notion  of  debauchery 
or  excess ;  in  which  respect  it  differs 
from  aimissatia,  which  was  a  pro- 
tracted revel  after  the  convaiiuni. 
Cic.  Semct.  13.  IcL  Verr.  ii.  4,  Zf. 
Id.  OJlc.  iii.  14. 


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UM. 

COOPER'CULUM.  Same  as 
Operculum. 

_  COOPERTO'RIUM.  Loose  doth- 
ing,  as  a  covering  for  animals,  ob- 
jects, or  persons.  Veg.  Vd.  ill  77. 
Sc^  iii^.  34.  3.  39. 

CO  PA.  A  gid  wlio  frequents 
the  taverns,  where  she  gains  a.  liveli- 
hood, by  dancing,  sin^Eg,  and  play- 
ing for  the  amusement  of  the  com- 
pany.   Suet.  Ketv,  27.    Virg.  Copa,  I. 

COPA'DIA.  Delicacies  for  the 
table,  or  dainties  for  gourmands. 
Apic,  vL  I.  vii.  6. 

COPmNUS  (ic60ivos).  A  large 
kind  of  basket  or  hantfer,  very  gene- 
rally employed  in  gardening  and 
husbandry  (Columell.  xL  3.  51.),  as 
well  as  for  other  purposes,  (juv. 
Sat,  ill  14.  Id.  vi.  542.)  The  illus- 
tration annexed,    which    is    copied 


COQUUS. 


20T 


from  an  engraved  gem,  probably  re- 
presents a  basltet  ot  this  description  ; 
the  flowers  placed  in  it  indicate  its 
use,  and  .the  size  is  declared  by  there 
being  two  persons  to  support  it. 

COPIS  (Koms).  A  sdmilar;  a 
sword  with  a  convex  edge  {feniier 
cUTVBtus,  Curt.  viii.  14. ),  and  conse- 


quently, better  adapted  for  cutting 
than  thrusting.  It  was  more  espe- 
cially peculiar  to  the  Eastern  nations 
(Xen.  Cyr.  ii.  I.  9.  vi.  2.  10.) ;  and, 
accordingly,  the  example  here  given 
is  lying  on  the  ground  beside  a 
womided  Phrygian,  in  a  statae  exca- 
vated at  Pompeii. 

2.  The  hunting  knife  (.culler  vena- 
torhts\  in  consequence  of  its  having  a 
convex  edge  (see  the  illustration  s. 
CuLTEE,  3.),  is  called  by  the  same 
name  in  Apuleius,  Mel.  xl  p.  243, 


COPO.    See  Caupo. 

COPO'NA.     See  Caupona. 

COP'REA  (soirpiof).  A  jester  or 
buffoon;  a  word  first  introduced 
under  the  Roman  emperors  (Suet. 
TH.  61.  Claud.  S.  Dio  Cass.  xv. 
28.) ;  in  whose  palaces  such  charac- 
ters were  kept,  like  the  kings'  jesters 
of  (he  middle  ages. 

COPTA  (icoTiTq).  A  sort  of  hard 
cake  or  biscuit,  which  would  keep 
for  a  long  time,  and  might  be  trans- 
mitted to  great  distances.  The  island 
of  Rhodes  was  famed  for  its  manufac- 
ture.   Mart.  xiv.  68. 

COPTOPLACENTA  (KOjrrojr^o- 
Koic).  Same  as  the  preceding.  Pet. 
Sat.  4a  PoeL  LaL  Min.  ap.  Wems- 
dorf.  torn.  ii.  p.  234. 

COP'ULA  (i/iarrio?-).  A  Uash  for 
coupling    sporting  dogs,    as    in    the 


Ov. 


example  from  a  bas-relief  represent- 
ing the  fiaieral  oE  Meleager  " 
Trvit  V  9     Alciphr  Ef  m  g 

3,  A  bnast  collar  attached 
traces  by  which  drift  hor 
mules  drew   then   loads    as  1 


example,  from  a  pamlmg  at  Hercu- 
laneum  after  Ginzrot  Apnl  Ma. 
IX  p   185 

COQUU'^    (lurfyfipoc)      A  cook 
(Mart     XIV     .20         In     ixxiv     6.); 


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(Festus,  s.  -u.  Piin.  H.  N.  xviii.  28.) 
It  was  not  until  A.U.C  368,  that  Ihe 
bakers  became  a  distinct  trade  at 
Rome  ;  and  previously  to  this  period 
each  family  ground  their  own  flour, 
the  cook  making  and  baking  the 
bread.  (Plin.  l  c\  The  Greek  ^k- 
yiipos  was  also  originally  employed 
in  making  bread  for  tlie  family. 

COR' AX  (ini/toS).  A  Greek  word, 
whieli  occurs  in  a  Latin  form  in 
Vitruvius,  but  only  as  a  translation 
from  Diades,  who  merely  mentions  it 
33  the  name  of  one  of  the  military 
engines  employed  in  the  attack  of 
fortified  places,  observmg,  at  the 
same  time,  that  it  was  very  inefficient, 
and  not  worth  the  trouble  of  de- 
scribing. (Vitruv.  X,  13.  8.)  Poly- 
bius  also  gives  the  same  appellation 
to  an  engine  employed  by  the  Romans 
on  board  ship,  and  describes  at  length 
the  manner  in  which  it  was  con- 
structed and  applied.     Polyb.  i.  22. 

CORBIC'ULA.  (Pallad  ii  10 
5.)    Diminutive  of 

COR'BIS,  A  basket  of  wn-ker 
work,  made  in  a  pyram  dical  or 
conical  shape  (Varro 
L.L.  V.  139.  l6.ff.S  1 
22.  I.  Isidor.  Ori^.xv  g 
ConipEire  Acrian,  Ami 
Y.  7.  8.  wXiy/ia  U  \uy<iv 
trBpa/iotiSie),  and  used  for 
a  variety  of  agrieultn  at 


,   the   paiticiiiar 
g  generally  marked 


fori 


.   Coriis  w 


1  the  es 


isop- 


1.3.5.   .Id-J^ 


1.99. 

basket  of 
similar  character,  employed  as  a 
muzzle  for  horses  (Veget.  Mulam.  iii. 
23.  2.),  but  here  the  ruuling  is  doubt- 
ful ;  Schneider  has  curcuma. 

The  example  introduced  above  is 
copied  from  a  fresco  paintii^  in  the 
sepulchre  of  the  Nasonian  family  on 
the  Flaminian  Way,  near  Rome, 
where  it  appears  several  times  in  the 
hands  of  figures  engaged  in  rural 
occupations  ;  and  is  given  as  a  genu- 
ine specimen  of  the  Roman  cordis  or 
corbma,  on  account  of  the  uses  to 
which  it  is  there  applied,  its  afiinity 
in  form  to  Che  descriptions  cited  at 
the  head  of  this  article,  and  becanse 
a  basket  of  exactly  h  am  h  p 
and  materials  is  no  mp  d 
the  Neapolitan  peasantry  f  m 
purposes,  and  called  b  dimm 
of  the  same  name  H 

CORBITA  (5rXo.  « 

mnrfmi)         A     mer  h       m  b 

more  accurately,  a  p  n  p  d 
solely  for  the  transport  of  corn,  and 
so  termed  because  it  carried  a 
corbts  at  the  mast  head  (Festus, 
J  J  t  These  n  ere  lar|,e  and  heavy 
sailing  vessels  (Plaut  Pan  iii.  I.  4 
I  ucJ  ap  Non  j  zi  p  533  Com- 
pare Cic.  Att  XYJ  6 )  with  two 
masts  as  proved  by  the  annexed  ei- 
imple  from  a  medal  of  Commodus, 


a  basket   used 


,  .  ,0  the  niodiifs,  in  which  i 
measured  after  it  had  been  threshed 
out  (Cic  i'e.r?.  38.  CatOp^.J.  136.)  : 
or  in  which  fhe  ears  of  corn  (spies) 
were  collected  by  the  reaper,  when 
each  ear  was  niclied  off  from  the  top 
of  the  stalk  by  a  serrated  instniment 
(see  the  illustration  and  description 
J.  Falx  dcntjculata),  instead  of  being 
cut  with  the  straw.  Varro,  -ff.  R.  i. 
50.  I.  Propert.  iv.  H.  28.  Ov.  Msl. 
jTiv,  643. 

2.  Coi'bis  pabiilalnria  ;  a  basket  of 


struck  in  commemoraiion  of  hia 
having  chartered  a  number  of  vessels 
to  bring  com  to  Rome  from  Africa, 
and  Egypt,  as  narrated  by  Lam- 
pridius  in   his    life.      The  cordis  is 


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CORt^U. 


seen  at  Hie  top  of  llie  mam  mast  ; 
Eind  it  may  be  remarked  ttat  the 
modern  name  ccrvttk  onginated  in 
this  word. 

COR'BULA  Dimiimhve  of 
CoKBis  ;  a  small  basket  employed 
in  fruit-gathering  (Cato,  R.  R.  ii. 
5.)  ;  as  a  bread-basket  (CkcII.  ap. 
Non.  s.  V.  p.  197.) ;  and  for  carrying 
up  dishes  from  the  kitchen  to  the 
dming-rooni.      Plaut.  Aid.  ii.  7.  4. 

CORDAX  (tipJaS).  A  dance  of 
the  old  Greek  comedy,  at  once  highly 
ridicnlous,  and  so  indecent  that  it  was 
considered  a  mark  of  drunkenness  or 
great  want  of  self-respect  to  dance  it 
off  the  stage.  (Pet  Sal.  52.  9.  He- 
.^^ych.  s.  V.  Aristoph.  JVuii.  540.)  A 
dance  of  this  kind  is  represented  on 
a  marble  faiza  in  the  Vatican  (Vis- 
conti,  3fui.  Pio-CUm,  iv.  29.),  where 
it  is  performed  by  ten  figures,  five 
Fauns  and  five  Bacchanals  i  but  their 
movements,  tliough  extremely  lively 
and  eneigetic,  are  not  marked  by  any 
particular  indelicacy ;  certainly  not 
so  much  as  is  eshibited  in  the  Nea- 
politan tarantdla,  which  is  thooght 
to  preserve  the  vestiges  of  tlie  Greek 

CORIA'RIUS  ((rKtXoSi.f.i(;,  «"">- 
Jf^ijc).  One  who  prepares  hides  and 
skins;  a  tanna-  or  a  cmiier.  Plin. 
If.  N.  xvii.  6.  Inscript.  af.  Gmi. 
(J48.  8.  and  283.  I. 

COR'NICEN  {KipaToiXrte  or  m- 
pnWijt).  Kirumpaer;  j.  ?.,  who  blows 


203 

from    the    arch    of    Conslantine    at 
Rome.      Liv.  ii.  64.      Juv.  x.  214. 

CORNICULA'RIUS.  Strictly,  a 
soldier  who  had  been  presented  by 
his  general  with  the  corniailiim ; 
whence  the  name  was  given  as  a  title 
to  an  assistant  officer,  or  adjutant, 
who  acted  for  the  consul  or  trititine; 
probably  because  the  person  so  pro- 
moted was  always  selected  from 
amongst  those  who  had  received  the 
above-named  reward.  Suet  Z)om.  17. 
Val.  Max.  vi.  1.  11. 

2.  Hence  the  word  came  also  to 
be  applied  in  civil  matteis  to  a  clerk 
or  secretary,  who  acted  as  the  assist- 
ant of  a  magistrate.  Cod.  Tlieodos. 
7.  4.  32. 

CORNICTJLUM.  Diminutive  of 
CoRNO,  any  small  horn  ;  but,  in  a 
more  special  sense,  an  ornament  be- 
stowed upon  meritorious  soldiers  \iy 
their  commanding  ofhcet,  as  a  mark 
of  distinction  (Liv.  k.  44.),  supposed 
to  have  been  in  the  form  of  a  horn, 
and  worn  upon  the  helmet,  either  as 
a  support  for  the  crest,  like  the  left- 
hand  figure  in  the  engmving  annexed. 


from  a  bas-relief;  or  affixed  to  the 
sides  like  the  one  on  the  right,  from 
a  painting  at  Pompeii. 

CORNU  C0RNUS,orCORNUM 
(lipot)  Orginally,  an  aniinal'shom; 
whence  specially  applied  to  various 
otl  r  objects,  either  because  they 
\  ore  made  of  horn,  or  resembled 
one  in  form     for  instance . — 

I    A  heni  lantern.     Plaut.  Ampk. 

1.  1.  188.     See  Laterna- 

2.  An  cil  cruet,  either  made  of 
horn,  or  out  of  a  horn.     Hor.  Sat.  ii. 

2.  61. 


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204               COS  If u 

COENU  COP/AT. 

4-  A  drinking-korn 

ICalpuni.  EcL 

seiited  in  the  annexed  example,  fi-om 

X.   48.     Plln.   H.    JV. 

xl  45-),  oriEi- 

a  painting  at  Pompeii. 

nallj'madeoutof 
but  a  foequently     V 

8.  A  i^;  in  like  manner  made 

■with  the  horns  of  animals,  joined  to- 

gether by  a  centre  piece,  as  shown 

of  different  me-       ^ 

b^ 

by  the  annexed  example,  from  a  fic- 

tals modelled  in 

to     that    fonn 

kJv^ 

When  dnnki!^ 

<n^ 
i-*^"' 

the     horn    was 

held  above   the 

tile  vase.      In   this  sense  both   the 

h         and    h     !q 

prm      d 

■  "ul         d    1      i              d      0   d 

m      h  hr    eh 

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mill       ft            h        irp      d    as 
h  w      b      h      il     tr 

T  T^             m         d                    d 

p         g      P  mp 

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m          L       Lvi 

6                5 

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h  ra    b          bseq 

Vir      L  L 

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Wild  antelope  (Herod, 

eilat).      The    /wr«    0/  plenty;    a 

iv.  192.),  which  appc 

T  to  be  rcpre- 

symbol   composed  of   the    primitive 

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I  nki  g  ho        (rorw 

two   \  nds    of     our  h 

kind  vl  en  e  CO  n  o  I) 
employed  by  poets  nd 
ar  ats  as  a  Eymbo  of 
Happ  ness  of  Co  cord 
and  of  Fort  e  (PUut 
Pseid  1.  J  5  Compi  e 
Hor    Ef  12       9 

Oi       17    IS)  The  ej. 

ample     s    from   a   te    a 
CO  ta  lamp  where  it  accompanies 
mage  of  Fortu  c 

COROLLA  (or#aw  CTtoc) 
general  diminutive  of  CoRONA, 


As  ! 


any  kind  of  small  chaplet  or  gailand 
(Prop.  ii.  34.  59.  CatulL  63.  66. )  ; 
but  the  word  is  used  in  a  more 
special  sense  to  designate  a  isreath  of 
artificial  flmurs  made  ont  of  thin 
horn  shavings,  tinged  with  different 
colours,  to  imitate  the  tints  required, 


iithew 


Plin. 


H.N. 

COROLLA'RIUM.  Also  a  di- 
minutive from  Corona  ;  but  mora 
specially  applied  to  a  light  wreath 
made  of  vtry  thin  haves  0/  mital 
plated  or  gilt,  which  the  Romans 
used  to  give  away  as  a  present  to 
favourite  actors.  Plm.  If.  N.  xxi.  3. 
Varro,X.  i.  V.  178.       ' 

CORCNA  (ari^avoe,  Kopm-h). 
A  wreatk,  garland,  or  chapUt,  made 
of  teal  or  artificial  flowers,  leaves, 
&c.,  worn  as  an  ornament  upon  the 
head ;  but  not  as  a  crown  in  our 
sense  of  the  word,  i.  e.  as  an  emblem 
of  royalty ;  for  amongst  the  ancients, 
a  diadem  (diademd)  occupied  the 
place  of  the  modem  crown.  Of  these 
there  were  a  great  many  varieties, 
distinguished  by  the  different  mate- 
rials or  the  designs  in  which  they 
were  made,  and  chiefly  employed  as 
rewaids  for  public  virtue,  or  orna- 
ments for  festive  occasions.  Under 
these  two  divisions,  the  prindpal 
coroace  are  enumerated  in  the  follow- 
ing paragraphs ; — ■ 

I.    Corona  iriiaiip!iali!.    The  tri- 


7t  a!  ron  of  wl  h  U  e 
ee  eve'alktiis.  (1)  A  0 
elli.        1 


engraved  gem  Th  s 
be  ng  es  ee  ed  tl  e 
most  honourable  of  the  three  was 
espressly  des  gnated  laurea  n  ignis. 
(L  vii  13)  (a)  Xa-o^nofgold 
made  in  imitation  of  laurel  leaves, 
which  was  held  over  the  head  of  the 
general  during  the  tiiuniph  by  a  public 
officer  {senms  fiiiblicus,  Juv.  x.  41.) 
appointed  for  the  purpose,  and  in  the 
manner  shown    by  the   illustration, 


fron»  a  baa-relief  on  the  Arch  of 
Titus,  representing  that  emperor  in 
his  triumphal  car  at  the  procession 
for  the  conquest  of  Jerusalem,  in 
which  a  winged  figure  of  Victory 
poetically  performs  the  part  of  the 
publicofficer.  (3.)  A  crown  of  gold, 
and  of  considerable  value,  but  merely 
sent  as  a  present  to  the  general  who 
had  obtained  a  triumph  (Pint.  Faiil. 
Mjiiil.  34,),  from  the  different  pro- 
vinces, whence  it  is  expressly  called 
praviridalis.   Tertnll.  Coron.  MU.  13. 

2.  Corona  ovalis.  A  chaplet  of 
myrtle  worn  by  a  general  who  had 
obtained  the  honour  of  an  ovation. 
Ad.  Cell.  T.  6.     Festns,  s.  1/. 

3.  Corona  okagina.  A  wreath  of 
olive  leaves,  which  was  conferred 
upon  the  soldie^,  as  well  as  their 


commanders, 


i   appropriated 


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206  COR 

as  a  reward  for  those  througli  whose 
counsels  or  insttunientality  a  trivmiph 
had  been  obtained,  thoi^h  they  were 
not  themselves  present  m  the  action. 
Ad.  Gel].  V.  6. 

4.  Corona  obMionalU.  A  garland 
(£  grass  and  loUd  fleoiers,  whence  also 
termed  gramiitm  (Liv.  vii.  37.), 
gathered  on  the  spot  where  a  Roman 
aimy  had  been  besieged,  and  pre- 
sented by  that  army  to  the  com- 
mander who  had  come  to  their  rehef, 
and  broken  the  si^e.  Though  the 
least  in  point  of  value,  this  was  re- 
garded as  the  most  honourable  of  ail 
the  military  rewards,  and  the  most 
difficult  to  be  obtained.  Aul.  Gell. 
V.  6.     Festus,  J.  V.    Phn.  yxii.  4. 

5.  Corona  dvica.  Tim  doKCi-own; 
a  diaplet  of  oak  leaves  vMh  the  acorns, 
presented  to  the 
Roman  soldier 
who  had  saved 
the  life  of  a  com- 
nde  in  battle, 
and  slam  bis  op- 

ongmally  pre- 
sei  ted  by  the 
rescued  comrade, 
and  latterly  by  the  empeioi  (Plin 
iy  vV  XVI  3  Aul  GeU  v  6  Tac 
A«)i  tv  12  )  The  illustraf.on  is 
fiom  a  paintmg  at  Pompcii,  repre 
setiting  a  young  warrior  with  tlie 
,  CIVIC  w  reath 

6  Corona  miiraJii  The  mural 
crown      decorated  iiith  the 

battlement,   and 

ward  of   valour 
to    the     soldier 


of  a  besieged  city 

ff-IV.     3tXVJ.     48. 

Aul.  Gell.  V.  6.) 

The  character  of  this 

from  the  representati 

dess  Cybele,  to  whom  il 

by  poets  and  artists,  in  order  to  typify 

the  cities  of  the  earth  over  which  she 


presided.  (Lueret.  ii.  607-610.  Ov. 
Past.  iv.  319.)  The  example  is  from 
a  bas-relief  found  in  a  sepulchre  near 

7.  Corona  castrenm,  or  vallaris. 
A  crown  of  gold,  ornamented  with 
palisades  {i^o/Ahb),  and  ijestowed  upon 
the  soldier  who  first  surmounted 
the  stockade,  and  forced  an  entrance 
into  an  enemy's  camp.  (Aul.  Gelh 
V.  6.  VaL  Max.  i.  8.  6.)  Of  this  no 
authentic  specimen  exisK. 

S.  Corona  dssdca,  navalis,  or  ros- 
traia.  A  chaplet  of  gold  designed 
"■       ■       the 


beaks    of 

presented  to  the 
admiral  who  had 
destroyed  a  hos- 
tile    fleet,     and. 


Vi^.  Mn. 


perhaps,  also 
the  sailor  who 
was  the  first  to 
board  an  enemy's 
vessel  {Paterc.  i 
viii.  684.  Plin.  H.  N.  X 
4.  Aul.  GeU.  V.  6.)  It  is  repre- 
sented in  the  annesed  woodcut,  on 
the  head  of  Agnppa,  from  a  bronze 

9  Corona  roAata  The  tadiated 
crovn ,  ?et  round  with  projectmg 
nys,    and   pro 


generally  as- 
sumed by  the 
Roman  empe 
rors,  and  by 
some  other  per- 
sons who  affected  the  attributes  of 
dmmly  (Stat.  Thih  I  28 )  Its 
cliaracter  is  shown  in  the  annexed 
lUustiation,  on  the  head  of  Augustus, 
from  one  of  the  Marlborough  gems. 

10.  Corona  pactilis,  pltcttlis,  or 
plexilis.  A  festive  gailacd  worn 
merely  as  an  ornament  round  the 
Iiead,  and  composed  of  natural 
flowers  with  their  leaves  adhering  to 


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ther. 


the 


annexed  illusti 
tion,  repre'ientmg 
a  persoQiiicatiou 
of  Spring,  from  a 
marMe  iMS-relief 
Plin  H  N  XXI 
S  Aul  Cell  J.\m 
I    I   37 


Plaut  BihJ 


.  _  .  IB  stiHlis  An  ornamental 
garland  for  the  head,  made  of  flow 
eis  plucked  from 
their    stalks,    and 


It   1 


the 


a  bv  the  Silii 
at  their  festivals  , 

nally  composed  of 


deicription, 

the  lose  alone,  the  choicest  leaves 
being  selected  from  each  bloswrn, 
and  then  sewn  tc^ether  (Plm 
H  2^  lau  %)  It  IS  lepresented  in 
the  annexed  engraving,  on  the  held 
of  a  Rorain  empress,  from  an  en 
graved  gem 

12  Coiona  natalitui  A  wieath 
of  laurel,  ivy,  or  pirsley,  whith  the 
Romans  were  in  the  custom  of  su'; 
pendmg  over  the  dooi  of  a  house  m 
which  a  birth  h'ld  t'lken  place  in  the 
snme  way  as  the  natives  of  Holland 
put  up  a  rosette  of  lace  upon  similar 
occasions,  barthol  n.  de  Pu^p  p 
137       Compaiejuv  Sat  ix    85 

13  Corona  langa  (mroei^it  "to 
ev^  iCi      A  / 


Itahans ,  but,  amongst  tlie  Greeks  and 
Romans,  it  appears  to  have  been  mote 
particularly  employed  as  a  festive 
decoration,  and  n  as  used  to  ornament 
buildings  as  well  as  persons.  ;  (Ovid. 
Fast  IV  733  Cic  Leg  ii.  24.)  The 
illustration  is  from  an  ivory  carving 
in  the  Florentine  gallery,  supposed 
to  represent  M  Antony  in  the  cos- 
tume of  a  followei  of  Bacchus,  and 
lesembles  exactly  the  description 
1*  hich  Cicero  gives  of  Vcrres,  with  a 
chaplet  on  his  head,  and  a  garland 
round  his  neck — ipse  auttm  coronam 
iabiiat  unam  in  capile,  alteram  j«- 
collii      Verr  11   S   Jl 

14.  A  cormce,  or  projecting  mem- 
ber, used  to  decorate  walls,  either  as 
a  finish  on  the  top  (see  the  next  il- 
lustration), or  for  the  purpose  of 
making  ornamental  divisions  on  any 
part  of  the  surface  Vitruv.  v.  2. 
Id  vii  3  4      Phn  H  N.  xxxvi.  59. 

15  A  particular  member  of  the 
coriiiL-e  which  ciowns  an  entablature 
undei  the  roof,  still  called  by  our 
architects  the  LO}ona      It  is  that  par- 


ticular membei  whii-h  ha^  a  broad 
flat  fece  situated  between  the  cyf  a 
recti  above  axAihe  cvmati3iii  orbed 
mouidmg  below  f  om  which  it  has 
a  bold  projection  (Vittuv  iv  3  6  ) 
Tlie  Roman  arclntects,  uihlte  ours, 
do  not  appear  to  have  approp  lated 
aiy  distinct  word  to  e\iress  collec 
t   ely  all  the  members  of  wh  ch  a 

— osed      consf 

eeard  tl  e  co 

ibiatute 

but  as  seveial  d  tinct  members 
which  are  always  enumerated  sepa 
ratel)     viz     the  s  ma     cimatu  i  in 


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203  CORONAEIA. 

Ilesychius,  however,  uses  the  Greek 
Kopciii'ie  in  a  collective  sense,  as  equi- 
valent to  our  cornice. 

CORONA'RIA.  A  female  who 
makes  garlands  and  chaplets.  Plin, 
ff.  IV.  XXL  3.     See  next  illustration. 

CORONA'RIUS  (crf^FijirUBoc, 
mi^avoiriiXiis).  One  who  makes  and 
sells  garlands,  wreaths,  chaplets,  or 
ns,   of  real   or' artificial  flowers. 


(Fronfo.  ad  M.  Cres.  £fi.  i.  6.  Plin. 
ff.  JV.  xKxiv.  26.)  The  illustration 
is  from  a.  Fompeian  painting,  and 
represents  male  and  female  genu  en 
gaged  ill  this  operation. 

-     ' -  ■  '  sum  of 


maudev,  for  making  a  golden  tii 
umphal  crown,  (Cic.  Pis.  37.)  bee 
Corona,  i.  (3.) 

3.  0^  caranarium.  Slucco  work 
employed  in  the  decoration  of  cornices 
Vitruv.  vii.  6.      Corona,  14.  and  15 

CORONA'TITS  (ffn^i-ijfopot) 
Wearing  a  wreath,  chaplet,  or  crown 
See  the  illustrations  to  Corona 

2.  Also,  decorated  with  garlands 
or  festoons ;  applied  to  things,  as 
to  ships  (Ov.  Past.  iv.  335.);  to 
altars  (Prop.  iii.  10.  19.);  to  cattle 
(Prop.  iii.  I.  10.     Id.  iv,  I,  21.). 

CORRIG'IA  (Ipac,  ojio^oiurijp), 
A  sAoe-string  and  imot-lacs  (Cic.  i>iv. 


ii.  40.) ;  which  were  sometimes  made  of 
dog'sskiii,  (riin.A'.ACxxx.r2,)  The 
examples  arefromPompeian  paintings. 


CORRU'GIS,  Literally  !*7-/«^M- 
but  it  is  applied  to  the  plaits  of  a 
loose  garment  \,siims  corrupts,  Nemes, 
Cyneg.  93.),  produced  by  tying  a 
girdle  round  it  (see  the  figures  in 
the  opposite  column)  ;  or  to  the  it- 
regular  and  transverse  folds  created 
by  throwing  up  a  portion  over  the 
shoulder,  instead  of  leaving  it  pen- 
dant, as  seen  on  the  right  side  of  the 

figure  J,  CONTABULATIO. 

C  O  R  S  jE,     Fillets  or  mouldings 


CORTEX  (^XX^c).  A  cork  used 
by  fishermen  to  float  their  nets  (Sidtm. 
Ep.  iL  2.  ..Esch,  Cho.  506.) ;  or  as  a 
buoy  to  indicate  the  spot  where  a  net 
or  a  weel  iftass^  was  sunk,  (Flut.  de 
Gen.  Sixr.  viij.  p.  338.     Reiske.  An- 


Ihol.  Gr. 

CORTI'NA. 
vessel  or  caldron 


ed.  Jae       . 
A   deep    circular 
iployed  for  boil 


pitch  (PUn..ff,A' 

xvt   22.)  mak  ng 

point  (Id    iiw 

42  )    and  a  van 

ety  of  othe   pur 

poses   for  Hluch 

Us  form  an  1  char 

acter    rendered   ii 

which    when  placed  over    the  fiie 

w  as  either  raised  i  pon  a  tnvel^  or 

supported    upon    large    stones    put 

un<3er   it      (Plin.  H  N.  ixxvi    65  ) 

The  example  is  copied  from  a  bronze 

original  foimd  at  Fompen 

2.   (oApoi,  kihsXdi,  imBij/iQ  rof  roi 
jToJac).     The  Ma'. 
over   the    caldro  1 
or  hollow  part  of 
the    Delphic    tn     , 
pod   (Virg      -ffw 
vi.  347.     Prudent 
Afiolk.   506    tnpo 

Jul.       Pollux 
61,),   upon   which 
the    priestess    sat 
to  receive  the  di- 


covennij  placed 


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COR  TIffALE, 

vine  afflalns,  and  pronounce  lier  re- 
sponses. It  liad  the  form  of  a  half 
globe,  and  is  frequently  represented 
in  that  manner  by  scolptora,  lying 
by  itseif  upon  the  ground  at  tlie  feet 
of  Apolio  ;  but  when  placed  upon  tlie 
caldron,  the  two  together  made  a. 
complete  globe ;  as  shown  in  the  il- 
lustration, from  a  bas-relief  upon  an 
altar  in  the  Villa  Borghese.  In  the 
original,  the  raven,  sacred  to  Apollo, 
is  sitting  on  its  top ;  in  one  of  Hamil- 
ton's vases,  Apollo  luntself  is  seen  sit- 
ting upon  tire  cup,  without  any  lid,  and 
in  another,  upon  a  lid  like  the  present. 

3.  An  altar  in  the  form  of  a  tiipod, 
made  of  niarbfe,  bronze,  or 

h    p  metals,  oft 

d  d      be  dedicated 

S      g  m  the  tempi 

h    g         and  likewi 

p  ese     d       a  piece  of  0 

g     t  and  wealth 
so  Plin.    H.    J 

XKxiv.  8,  Suet.  Aug.  5 
Compare  Matt.  xii.  66 
The  illustration  is  from 
of  marble  in  the  Vatican 

4.  The.  vault  or  ceii 
stage  in  a  theatrq  fro 
blance  to  the  covering  o 
No.  2.     Sever.  .Mln.  29 

CORTINA'LE. 
wiiich  new-made  wine      as 
down  in  caldrons  (cott 
mell.  i.  6.  19. 

CORTIN'ULA.  D 
CoxTlNA.    Ammian  x\ 

CORVUS   (Kopai).     Th 
given  to  several  michin 
in  niial  and  military  op 
in  the  attack  or  defeno 
places ,  each  of  which  i  as        < 
either  from  its  resembl 
to  the  raven  s  beak,  or  f   ui 
ner  of  its  application,  h 
darting  down,   and  cariyi  g 
prey ;    consequently,   tb 
be  translated  a 


CORYMBUS.  209 

2.  A  cutting  instrument  used  in 
EUigical  operations,  because  the  blade 
was  shaped  like  a  raven's  beak.  Cel- 
sus,  vii.  19. 

CORYC^'UM.  An  apartment 
in  the  gymna^um,  and  in  large 
bathing  establishments,  such  as  the 
Roman  Thermae,  appropriated  for 
playing  a  particular  kind  of  game, 
which  consisted  in  buffetting  back- 
wards and  forwards  a  large  sack 
(EtupuEoc),  filled  with  £g  grains,  olive 
husks,  bran,  or  sand,  suspended  Irom 
the  ceiling.  AntbylL  af.  Oribas.  Coll. 
Med.6.     VitLTiVtV.  11. 

CORVM'BIUM.     A  wig  of  false 

hair   dressed  in  imitation  of  the  co- 

bus    P      Sat.  no.  I.  and  5.),— a 

hi      is  explained  in  the  next 

N     2. 

R     M'BUS   [Kbp>,f.B^\     A- 

hi  vy  berries,  and  hkewise  of 

th  f  fruit  which  grow  in  the 

m  cal-shaped  dusters ;    afier- 

vr  ath  or  chaplet  made  with 

dusteisofth'hiv  which 


a  cnrw-bos;  as  best  s 


s  th 


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ed  V 


b    d 


of  esemblan 
o  a  3  e  of  vy  be 
nes,  as  no  vn  by  th  e  amp  e  f  om 
aba  lifuiGekniabe  When 
he  ha  a  o  1  ng  o  oo  abundan 
to  be  tied  thus  simply,  it  was  fas  ned 
in  a  double  bow  across  the  top  of  he 
head,  as  in  the  well-known  sta  f 
Apollo  Belvedere,  and  a  bust  of  D  an 
in  the  British  Museum.  In  C 
(Ep.    Att.    xiv.    J.)    Corymbus  a 

proper  name,  arising  out  of  the  u 
torn  of  arranging  the  hair  in  the  man 
ner  described.   Eniesti,  Clmi.  Cu-.s.  j. 

3.  The  elevated  ornament  on  the 
stem  of  a  ship  (VaL  Flacc.  i.  272.) ; 
for  which  the  special  name  is  APLtrs- 
TEE ;  which  see. 

CORYT"US  (TwpuTDiO-  Properly, 
and  accurately  a  bow-case  (Serv.  ad 
Vu-g.  jEn.  s.  168.1, 
as  contradistinguished 
from  the  quiver  for 
airows(^B«i™)i  al- 
though the  same  case 

to  cany  both  the  bow 
and  arrows,  when  it 
is  distinguished  by  a 
characteristic  epithet 
(sagit&firi  coryti,  SiL 
ItSi.  XV.  773.).  An  e  , 
liinds  is  given  in  the  engraviiig,  the 
simple  bow-case  from  a  fictile  vase, 
the  one  containing  the  bow  and  ar- 
rows from  an  engraved  gem. 


iple  of  both 


COTHURNUS. 

engraved  gem,  represents  Cupid 
sharpening  his  arrows  on  a  grind- 
stone, exactly  as  described  by  Horace 
{Od.  ii.  S.  15.  ardaites  acuna  sagUtas 
Cote  cruenta.'s 

COSMETA  (eoff/iurfe),    ,A  slave 

of  the  male  sex,  attached  to  the  house- 

d  es  ablishment  of  Roman  ladies 

of      ah  and  rank,  whose  duties  con- 

d  m  superintending  all  arrange- 

m  n         inected  with  the  toilet  of  his 

n  IS   ess       He  practised   the  art  of 

d  ess  ng    doming,gettiiwiip,andset- 

fi  h  femalepei'SDn(q  KoiFuiiriiEii 

P        Sp  .  277.  A.).     Juv.  VI.  477- 

and    on  [lare  Heindorf.  ad  Hor.  Sat. 

L  2.  9$.   Becker.  Gallus.  p.  22S.  tranaL 

COSMETRIA(Koa/ii>rp.a).  A 
lad^s-mmd;  a  female  slave  who  per- 
formed similar  offices  to  the  preced- 
ing. The  term,  however,  is  properly 
Greek,  for  which  the  Romans  use 
Ornatrix.  It  only  occurs  in  Latin 
as  the  title  to  a  play  by  Naevius, 
cited  by  Varro  (X.  L.  vii.  54.) ;  and 
even  there  the  reading  is  owing  to  an 
emendation  of  his  editois,  not  the  con- 
senting authority  of  MSS. 

COTHURNATUS.  Wearing  the 
cethitmus,  as  explained  and  iliusti-ated 
in  the  next  word. 

COTHUR'NUSMop^ot).  A 
high  boot  of  Greek  original,  usually 
worn  by  huntsmen,  and  persons  ad- 
dicted to  the  sports  of  tlie  field.  It 
was  a  leather  boot,  enveloping  the 
entire  foot  (whence  sslhurtio  calceatus, 
Plin.  ff.  N.  vii.  19. )  and  leg  as  far  as 


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COTHURNUS. 

Tieing  made  right  and  left,  as  the  foot 
coverings  of  the  ancients  usually 
were,  but  with  a  straight  sole  {sols 
perpituo,  Sidon.  ApoU.  Carm.  ii. 
40D.),  so  that  each  boot  could  be 
worn  indifferently  on  either  foot 
{utroqae  aptas  pidi,  Serv.  ad  Virg. 
Busol,  vii.  32.)  ;  hence  the  frequent 
application  of  the  word  in  the  sin- 
gular, whilst  the  calcei  and  other 
coverings  made  in  pdrs  mostly  occur 
in  the  i)lural.  AU  these  peculiarities 
are  distinctly  apparrait  in  the  illustra- 
tion, representing  on  a  larger  scale 
the  boots  worn  by  the  fowler  ex- 
hibitet!  at  p.  67.  j.  Auceps. 

2.  A  boot  of  the  same  description, 
but  more  elaborately  ornamented, 
and  commonly  translated ,  busMn,  is 
occasionally  assigned  by  the  Greek 

divinities,  especially  to 
Diana,  Bacchus,  and 
Mercury ;  and  by  the 
Romans  in  like  manner, 
to  the  goddess  Roma,  and 
to  their  emperors  as  a  sign 
of  divinity.    Thus  the  co-  _ 

thumus  was  asstimed  by  M.  Antony, 
when  be  affected  the  cliaracter  and  at- 
tributes of  Bacchus  (Veil.  Pat.  iL  83.); 
init  it  was  not  worn  by  the  Roman 
as  a  part  of  his  ordinary  costume ;  for 
Cicero  {Phil.  Hi.  6.)  reproaches  the 
insolence  of  one  Tiiditanns  who  ap- 
peared in  public  aim-  fialla  et  co- 
tkumit.  The  illustration  affords  a 
specimen  of  a  boot  of  this  nature, 
from  a  marble  figure  representing  the 
goddess  Roma. 

3.  The  Roman  poets  also  make 
use  of  the  word  calhumus,  as  a  trans- 
lation of  the  Greek  srtpoiiic  (see  Ek- 
DROMis,  3.).  In  this  raanner  it  is 
applied  by  Virgil  [jSit,  i.  341.),  Ne- 
jnesian  {Cyneg.  90.),  and  Sidonius 
Apollinaris  {Cami.  ii.  400.),  which 
last  passage  minutely  describes  the 
ii/Spofuc,  but  not  the  iral&iimas. 

4-  A  boot  worn  by  tragic  actors 
on  the  stage  (Virg.  ■■  .Sf/.  viii.  la 
Servius  ad  /.),  having  a  cork 
sole    several    inches    lliick,    for    the 


always 


purpose    of 
cr«„„|!  1 

Stature  (compar 
Juv.  Sat.  vi 
633.),  and  giving 

posing  appear- 
ance ;  whence  the 
word  also  came  to 
signify  a  grand 
and  dignified 
style.  It  was  in 
order  to  conceal 
the  unsightly  ap- 

chaussufe,  that  the  tragic  ac 
wore  long  robes  reachine  to  cne 
ground,  as  seen  in  the  illustration 
annexed,  from  a  marble  bas-relief  of 
the  Villa  Albatii,  representing  a  com- 
:rs,  though  here 
the  cotkumi  un- 
covered, in  order  to  identify  the 
character  of  the  actor. 

COTIC'ULA.  Diminutive  oF 
Cos;  a  touch-stone  for  assaying  gold 
and  silver.     Plin.  //.  J^.  xxxiii  4,3. 

2.  A  small  mortar  made  of  the 
same  hard  kind  of  stone  as  that  used 
for  hones  aud  giindstones.  Plin. 
H.  N.  xxxi.  45-  Id.  xxxvti.  54.  Isi- 
dor.  Orig.  iv.  II. 

COTT'ABUS  (ic67Tn/3»().  A 
game  of  Sicilian  oiigin,  and  a  very 
favourite  after-dinner  amusement 
amongst  the  young  men  of  Athens. 
It  was  played  m  various  ways, 
more  or  less  complicated ;  but  the 
simple  and  ordinary  manner  con- 
sisted in  casting  the  heel-lap  of  a 
wine-cup  into  a  lai^e  metal  vessel,  or 
upon  the  floor,  whilst  the  player 
affected  to  discover  the  sincerity  of 
his  mistress's  affections  by  the  par- 
ticular soimd  of  the  splash  produced 
by  the  wine  in  its  fall ;  hence  the 
word  is  applied  to  sounds  of  a  amilar 
kmd,  but  produced  by  other  means, 
as  the  lash  of  a  whip.  Plaut.  Trin. 
iv.  3.  4- 

COT-ULA  orCOrVLA  (soriXq.) 
A  small  measure  of  capacity,  con- 
taining the  half  of  a  sexlarius.   (Mart 


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212  COVINARIUS. 

Mp.  iFiii.  71.)  It  was  ebpeeially  em- 
ployed by  medical  practitioners,  and 
liad  a  graduated  scale  marlted  upon 
the  sides,  lilte  those  used  by  our 
apulhecavLes,  dividing  it  into  tweWe 
equal  parts,  each,  of  which  was  termed 

CoVlNA'RIUS.  One  who  fights 
from  a  war-car  of  the  kind  called 
cmiimus.     Tac.  Agr.  35.  and  36. 

COVI'NUS.  Awar-car  employed 
by  the  Belg^e  and  ancient  Britons, 
the  precise  character  of  which  is  not 
ascertained,  beyond  the  feet  that  it 
was  anned  with  scythes,  and  pro- 
bably bad  a  covering  overhead, 
Mela,  iii.  6.    Lucan.  i.  426.    Sil.  ItaL 

2.  A  travelling  carriage  adopted 
by  the  later  Romans,  after  the  model 
of  the  Belgian  car  ;  and  which,  from 
a  passage  of  Martial  {Ep.  xa.  24.), 
it  is  inferred,  was  driven  by  the  owner, 
who  sat  inside,  and  not  by  a  coach- 
man. In  the  same  passage  it  is  also 
distinguished  from  the  ccanaa  and 
essedum,  but  without  any  particulars. 

CRATER  (xpaH}p).  A  capadous 
l)owl  or  vessel,  containing  wine  and 
witer  mived  together  oit  of  nhich 
the  dimkmg  goliiets  weie  filled   and 


n 

a^ 

bind 
table 
their 
Ovid 

d  lound 
lor  the  a 

Fast.  V. 

522- 

1  1  i  vidual  It 
seldom  diank 

n  /  '  P  545 
Vug    ^n    3 

728.)  It  was  uKide  of 
rials,  from  earthenware  np  to  the 
precious  metals ;  and  m  different 
forms,  according  to  the  taste  of  the 
designer,  but  always  w  th  aw  ide 
open  mouth,  as  in  the  example,  from 
a  bron?.c  original  discoverel  at  Pom 
peii.     At  meal  time  it  was  biought 


CRA  TICULA. 

into  the  eating-room,  and  placed  upon 
the  ground,  or  on  a  stand,  and  the 
cup-bearer,  (pincema,  ^dilator)  took 
the  mixed  liquor  from  it  with  a  ladle 
{cyaihHs),  out  of  which  he  replenished 
the  cups  (pBCH/a,  calices,  &c.),  and 
handed  them  to  the  guests.  In  the 
representations  of  Greek  banquets 
(see  the  examples  quoted  s.  CoMis- 
SATIO),  (he  crstsr  is  placed  upon  the 
ground  in  front  of  the  tables  ;  in  an 
ivory  carving  of  a  Bacclianalian 
scene  (Bnonarotti,  Msd.  p.  4S1.),  it 
stands  likewise  upon  the  ground, 
while  a  winged  genius  pours  th^ 
wine  into  it  from  an  amphora ;  and 
in  a  marble  bas-reHef,  representing  a 
similar  subject  (Bartoli,  Adm.  p. 
45.),  a  Faun  fills  it  in  like  manner 
from  a  wine-skin  {atsr). 

2.  The  crater  of  a  volcanic  mown- 
tain  (Plin.  If.  JV.  iiL  14.  Lucret.  vL 
702.) ;  which  is  produced  by  the 
cinders  and  other  matters  discharged 
into  the  air  from  the  mouth  of  the 
volcano,  falling  down  again  all  round 
the  top,  when  they  naturally  form  a 
deep  circular  basin,  through  which 
the  eruption  finds  its  vent. 

CRATES  {rapais).  Our  cratt  : 
a  stand,  frame,  or  basket  made  with 
hnrdles  or  like  a  hurdle  ;  also  a  hur- 
dle Itself  all  of  which  were  employed 
by  the  ancients  in  many  diffeient 
I  a3  s  as  the  same  objects  stitl  are 
a  nt  ngst  ourselves.  Varro,  Cato, 
Columell  Viig.  Hor.  Oes.  &c. 

2    Same  as  Carmarium.      Juven. 

J  Sub  crale  necarl.  To  be  exe^  ■ 
cuted  n  ider  the  hnrdle  ;  an  unusual 
me  hod  of  punishment,  sometimes 
adopted  by  the  Romans  (Liv.  i,  51. 
Id  IV  50),  in  which  the  condemned 
was  laid  under  a  hurdle,  and  crushed 
by  a  weight  of  stones  thrown  upon  it. 
Plant  Urn.  T.  2.  65. 

CRATIC'IUS.  Made  with  hur- 
dles or  hncdle-wise.     See  Paeies,  i. 

CRATI'CULA  {-ra^piov}.  Dimin- 
utive of  Crates  ;  whence,  in  a  more 
spec  al  sense,  a  gridiron.  (Cato, 
/    .ff     13    2.    Mart.  Ep.  xiv,  221.) 


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CREPWO. 


Passtum,  but  wiihout  the  handle, 
which  is  restored  in  the  engraving, 
from  a  Bimilar  specimen  painted  in  a 
sepulchre  of  the  Christian  era  on  the 
Via  Tibnrtina. 

CREAG'RA  {tpikypa).  A  Greek 
word  Latinised  (Marc  Cap.),  for 
which  the  proper  Latin  term  is  Har- 
PAGO ;  which  see. 

CREM'IUM  (0p*r''>'»"');  Small 
wood,  or  underwood,  for  burning ;  es- 
pecially employed  in  bakers'  ovens. 
Columell.  tXi.  19.  3.  Ulp.  Dig.  32.  35. 

CREPIC'ULUM,  CREPlry. 
ULUM,  or  CREPIT'ULUM.  An 
ornament  for  the  head  worn  by  fe- 
males, supposed  to  have  acquired  its 
name  from  the  jingling  sound  it  made 
with  every  motion  of  the  wearer ; 
but  nothing  definite  is  known  respect- 
ing it,  and  the  readings  are  doubtful. 
Festus,  J.  V.     Tertull.  ds  Pall.  4. 

CREFIDA  (Kpfls-lcl.  UsuaUy 
translated  a  slipper,  which  gives  a 
very  imper- 
feet,   as   well 

notion  of  the    ( 
word. 

sisted  of  a  thick  sole  welted  on  to  a 

low   piece    of    leather,    which    only 

d  th       d      f  the  foot  but  had 

be     f    yes  (      c)  on    t   upper 

dge     h       h  ivh   h    a    flit   tl  ong 


213 

fanciful  patterns,  across  the  instep, 
and  as  high  as  the  ankle.  It  was 
properly  characteristic  of  the  Greek 
national  costume,  was  adopted  by 
both  sexes,  and  considered  the  proper 
chaussure  to  be  worn  with  tlie^W/iaw, 
and  with  the  cklamys ;  consequently, 
on  the  fictile  vases  and  other  works  of 
art,  when  figures  are  clail  in  the 
above-named  garments,  and  not  bare- 
footed, as  in  the  heroic  style,  Iheir 
feet  are  commonly  protected  by  cover- 
ings of  a  similar  description  to  those 
introduced  above.  Hor.  Sai.  i.  3. 
127.  Pers.  i.  127.  Liv,  xxijt.  19, 
Suet.  Tib.  13.  Aul.  Gelt  xiii.  2t,  3, 
2.   Cre^da         b  h  S        C   R 

CREPIDAEIUS  O  h  fl 
lowed  the  tn  I  f  m  km  /  d 
AuL  GelL  xii 

CREPIDATUS      W      ng   h 
of  the  kind  call  d      ptds    p    p    ly 
characteristic    f  th    G  eeks,      d    se  1 
with    the    chl    y  th     palla  in 

(Cic  Fis.  38  S  Db!  4,  Cre 
PIDA.)  The  w  11  kn  w  t  tu  f 
the  Belvedere  Ap  11  h  1  has  h 
cMamys  on  i     1  f      m       11  f        h 

CREPIiyULA     Dm  f 

Crepiha  ;  wh  p       lly   ppU   I 

to  those   worn  by   f     al         Pla 


CREPPDO   ( 


)      Ayr. 


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2T4 


tREPITACVLVM. 


Roman  road  or  street  [Juv.  v.  8. 
Pet  ^i;  9  2.)  The  iUustration  ce- 
pcesents  a  street,  with  its  roadway 
and  foot  payement,  in  the  city  of 
Pompeu 

3  A  "all  built  aa  a  mat^n  or 
embankment  along  the  side  of  a 
river,  poet,  or  basin  of  water,  to  form 
a  quay,  against  which  ships  were 
moored,  and  passengers  or  merchan- 
dise landed  or  embarked.  Cic.  Verr. 
ii.S.7.     Quint.  Curt  iv.  S.     ld.v,l. 

4.  In  architecture,  the  projecting 
members  of  a  cornice,  or  other  orna- 
ments in  a  building. 

CREPITACULUM.  A  little 
rattk,  with  bells  attached, 
to  make  a  jinglmg  sound  ; 
especially,  a  child's  ratili. 
(Quint,  ii.  4.  66.  Capeil.  i.  4. 
Compare  Lncret  v.  230. 
where  the  diminutive,  ere- 
pitacillam,  is  used.)  The 
example  represents  an  ori- 
ginal found  at  Pomgeit 

3.  Martial  (Ef,  xiv.  54.),  and  Apu- 
leias  {Met.  li.  p.  240. ),  ^ve  the  same 
designation  to  the  Egyptian  sistrum, 
which  was  only  another  kind  of  rattle ; 
see  that  word  and  the  illustration. 

CREFITUS,  sc.o'^H't™™;  oi 


CJiEPU^DIA. 

snapping  of  the  fingers  by  pressing 
the  tip  of  the  thumb  (hence  folkx 
ai-gukis.  Mart  vi.  89.)  firmly  against 
the  middle  finger,  a  gesture  employed 
by  the  ancients  for  making  a  sign  to 
attract  observation  (Cio.  Agt.  ii.  30.); 
particularly  as  a  summons  to  their 
slaves  (Pet  Sat.  27.  5.  Mart.  Ef. 
xiv.  19.  Id.  iii.  82.);  and,  in  general, 
aa  a  mark  of  contemptuous  indifler- 
ence ;  which  latter  expression  is  im- 
plied by  the  figure  in  the  engraving, 
representing  a  drunken  Fann,  from  a 
statue  foimd  at  Herculaneum,  as  it 
were  in  the  act  of  exclaiming,  "  Eat, 
drink,  and  be  merry ;  all  else  is  not 
worth  this  snap  of  the  fingers,"    (Atli, 

530-  c  ■ 


■«)mdddh        mam 
k  tl  esc  p 

children  s  necks  (Plant.  Mil.  v.  6.)  for 
ornaments,  or  amulets,  and  also  to 
serve  as  a  means  of  recc^nition  for 
those  who  were  exposed,  or  put  out 
to  nurse.      (Plant.    Cist.    iv.    I.    13. 


Cic.  Brut.  91  Soph  ffirf  /"  1035.) 
Several  of  these  are  enumerated  by 
Plautus  (,Rud  IV  4  III  126.  Ep. 
V.  L  34.),  and  are  seen  round  the 
neck  of  a  child  in  a  statue  of  the  Pio- 
Clementine  Museum,  copied  in  tlie 
preceding   engraving,   of    the    same 


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CrETA. 

character  as  he  mentions ;— -viz.,  a 
half  moon  {buiula')  on  the  top  of  the 
right  shouJdec,  then  a  double  axe 
[sauncula  ancip^s) ;  next  a  bucket 
(alula  ar^nleola) ,  a  sort  of  flower, 
not  mentioned  ,  a  little  sword  {ensi- 
culus  atereolus) ,  -i  little  hand  {mani- 
ciilo) ,  then  another  half-moon;  a 
dolphm,  instead  of  the  httle  sow 
{suaiis)  mentioned  fay  Pkutas  ;  with 
a  recuirence  of  the  same  objects. 
CRE'TA.     Tlie  same  as  Calx  and 

LlNEA  ALBA.      Pllll.  f/.  N.  viiL  65. 

CRIBELLUM     (iook.V.oi').      Di- 
minutive of 

,  CRI'ERUM  {KhnKivov).  A  siczie; 
made  of  parchment  perforated  with, 
lioles,  or  of  horse- 
hair, thread,  papy- 


between  each  piat 
The  Romans  sifted 
their  flour  through 
two  kinds  of 
meves,  called  respectively 
and  pollmiaia,  the  latter  of  which 
gave  the  finest  flour,  termed  foUm. 
Sieves  of  horse- hair  were  first  made 
by  the  Gauls ;  those  of  linen  by  the 
Spaniards ;  and  of  pa^ms  and 
TOshesbytheEgyptians,  (Plin.  A'.jV! 
xviii.  28.  Cato,  R.  R.  76.  3.  Pers. 
Sat.  3.  112.)  The  example  is  from  a 
bas-relief  on  the  Column  of  Trajan. 

CRINA'LE.  A  lar^  comb  of 
convex  form  (curvum,  Ovid.  Mit.  v. 
52.),  made  to  fit 
the  back  of  the 
head,  where  it  was 
placed  to  keep  the 
back  hair  close 
down  to  the  head,  1 
as  shown  by  the 
annexed  engrav- 
ing, from  a  small 

presenting  one  of  the  Sabme  n 
in  the   arms  of   a    Roman 
(Gnasco,  delle  Omalnct,  p   69 ) 
will  be  uiiderstood  that  the  lo 
of  the  hair  have  fallen  from 


place  by  the  violence  of  the  struggle 
in  which  the  figures  had  been  en- 
gaged ;  and  it  may  he  remarked,  that 
the  women  of  Rome  and  its  neigh- 
bourhood stili  wear  a  ccimb  of  the 
same  kind,  which  they  call  ''lo 
spUcialojo. " 

CRI'NIS  {9pll).  Any  hair;  then 
especially  the  hair  of  the  head  ;  more 
particularly  implying  a  head  of  hair 
in  its  natural  state  and  growth  ;  i.  t., 
not  cut,  nor  artificSUy  dressed. 
Hence,  crinis  passtis,  dishevelled  hdt, 
which  is  left  to  hang  down  to  its  full 
length,  as  was  usual  with  the  women 
of  antiquity  when  afflicted  with  any 
great  calamity  (Liv.  i.  13.  and  see 
Uie  illustration  s.  PrjEFKjE)  ;  cHmis 
sparsas,  tvAt  which  streams  wildly 
from  the  head,  characteristic  of  per- 
sons under  violent  exertions,  or  pos- 
sessed by  any  furious  passion  or 
impulse.  Ovid.  Ma.  i  542,  and  the 
illustration  s.  Baccha. 

CRINI'TUS.  Having  long  and 
flowing  hair,  which  is  suffered  to 
hang  down  at  its  natural  length,  such 
as  toe  figures  introduced  j.  Acerse- 
COMES  and  Camillus.  Ennius  «/. 
Cic.  Acad.  iL  z8.    Mart  Ef  xii  49 

CRISTA  pA^oc)  The  a-al  ef  a 
Mmet;  which  was  aflixed  to  an  ele 
vated  ridge  {a^x)  on  the  top  of  the 
scuU-cap.  (Virg.  Mn  xn  89  Liv 
X.  39.  Plin.  H.  N.  VII  67 )  Both  the 
apex  and  crista,  are  often  included 
under  the  latter  term ,  bnt  the  real 
difference  between  the  two  words  is 


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se   ed 

rm                       an  espe 

<h                                                     es 

arj 

qdi 

th 

H           es 

wn  be 

Ube                       ds     /«oj3 

aii       gu 

bo           cn^                          rro 

^       so        "" 

'^     ed                        sa     !is 

th 

rp 

'^^^^    w 

(^                         G 

/^^^3      ^Iw/^ 

uaed 

be 

th            pe 

i/y^  il  ^^^w 

B                    al 

f    \~-J 

"" 

1     J — 1 

E 

m         w 

pe 

R 

ts.            gu          Ih 

ed  with          es 

mm              Bes 

cu    ea.        !*f             di 

g 

coff                                               B 

O   d.  Jl/                       Co 

example,   from  a  bronze  figure  of  a 

he  llustrat  on  to  CuDO 

boy  discovered  at  Herculaneum.    The 

p  ec  se  set  of  the  hair  is  not  expressed 
vth  sufBcent   distinctness;    but   in 

/3uXoi)        Des  gnate       a      pa  t  c  lar 

manner  of  atrai  „  ng    he  ha  r    vh  ch 

the       ginal  it  is  clearly  seen  to  he 

was  char  cter  st  c  of  the  «a  I  est    n 

turned  back  and  tied  up  in  the  same 

hab  tants   of  A  hens  (Thucyd    %  6 ) 

man  er  as  that  more  plainly  shown 

and    some   unc  v !  aed   nat  ong   (    ■>■ 

by  tl  e  head  of  the  female  illustraiing 

bylo    ba  baront  n    Tettull    i- rg    Vi 

the  vord  Corymb  us. 

land   lo)      It  was  effected  by  dmw 

ng    back    the                  ^, 

sail  on   olo  red  robe,  or  gala  dress. 

o  n  by  tl  e   Greek  women  at  the 

roots  dl  round           ^^K^m, 

D  0  y  ac  festivals  ;  and  fiom  them 

adopted  by  the  ladies  of  Rome  (Non. 

a  k^ot"or  w  h            1  ^w^F 

^    P    549    Plant.  Fragm.  ap.  Non. 

I   S  roph  um,-p.  538,) ;  by  the  priests 

of  Cybele  (Apul.  Md.  -viii.  p.  172.)  ; 

top      and     he            ^^V=5^ 
mongsl    both    seses    of  the    Greeks  : 

and  also   by  some  individuals  who 

atfected  a  feminine  and  foppish  style 

of  dress.     Cic.  Harutp.  Rispons.  21. 

CROCO'TULA  {Kftsiniov).     Di- 

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mloiitive  of  the  preceding.  Plant. 
Spid.  \\.  2.  49.  Virg,  Catakct.  V.  21. 
CROTAL'IUM  («pdra«i').  Li- 
ternlly,  a  small  rattle ;  a  sort  of  pet 
or  fancy  name  by  which  the  Roman 
ladies  designated  a  pendant  to  their 
ear-tings,  when  formed  by  two  or 
mote  drop  pearls  (eUtnh!),  sufficiently 
large  to  produce  a  shajp  cracltling 
sound  (lilte  that  of  the  crutahim), 
when    shal<en    against  ^ 

each  other  by  the  mo-  hi 

(Pet.  Sat.  67.  9.     Plin.  afg 

H.  N.  ix.  56.)  The  Fj 
example  represents  an  A  A 
original  ear-ring  found  J  U 
at  Pompeii. 

CROTALISTRIA.  A  female 
performer  on  the  crotula.  Prop.  iv. 
8   39     See  the  next  woodcut. 

ROT  ALUM   spoTaXov).     A 

m     cal   ns  mment  especially 

mp       d         h    w  rship  of  Cybele 

p  ^  P       70.),    and  fre- 

q  IS  d  n  BCCompani- 

m  n  d       ne        P.   Scipio  ap. 

Vi^.  Copa,  2.) 

)  J    r  metal  joined 

b  n   h    handle,  as  in 

h  d  fig         f  the  annexed 

ig  saic  paveraeut 


b   S 


ca     ed  in    the   Villa 

Wh  ,  one  of  these 

ea  h  h  and  snapped 

'.   with   tho   fingers,  so  as  to 

a  crisp  rattling  sound,  like 


CRUSMATA.  Z17 

the  castanets,  as  shown  by  the  female 
figure  iri  the  illnstration,  from  a  bas- 
relief  of  the  Villa  Eorghese. 

CRUCIA'RIUS.  A  criminal  exe- 
cuted upon  the  cross  {frux'\  by  hang- 
ing (Pet  Sat.  112.  5.  crudarii  parea- 
tes  dtiraxsrunl  fisisdmiem) ;  hence,  a 
worthless  fellow,  like  our  gaUi/as 
iird     Apnl  Msf  x  p  zij 

CRUCIFIX  US  Or  separately, 
criici  fii.u':  nailed  to  the  cross  in 
the  manner  we  understand  by  the 
term  criKifi  d  Qumt  TU  i  3  Pbn 
H.  N  vm   j8 

CRUMEN\  ((3oXa,r.o.)  A 
leathern  potu-h  for  carrying  mone) 
slung  over  the  neck  by  a  strap  (Plant. 
Asm.  iii.  3.  67.     Id,  True,  iii,    i.  7.), 

in  front  of  the 
person  or  at 
his  back ; 
whence  Bal-  ' 
ho,  inPlauIus  ( 
iPs^id.  i.  2. 
8.),  tells  tlie 


slave 


mik 


front,  that 
he  might  keep 
an  eye  upon  the  crmitena,  which 
was  slnng  behind  him.  It  was  from 
the  practice  of  carrying  money  about 
in  this  manner  that  the  Greek  ex- 
pression jSnXniTidro/iDs,  equivalent  Jo 
our  ait'pune,  derived  its  origin  and 
meaning.  The  illustration  is  from  a 
figure  on  a  bronze  lamp. 

CRUPPELLA'RIUS.  A  Celtic 
word  employed  by  the  Gauls  to  de- 
signate a  particular  class  of  men  who 
fought  as  gladiators,  clothed  from 
head  to  foot  in  an  entire  suit  of  ar- 
mour. (Tac.  Ami.  L  43.  Lampiid. 
Alex.-  Sea.  56).  Men  thus  accoutred 
were  termed  ealaphracti  or  dibanarii 
by  the  Persians,  and  cruppellarii  by 
the  Ganls.  See  the  illustration  s. 
Cataphracti. 

CRUSMATA  or  CRU'MATA 
(tpou^arn  or  icpoiiF/inru).      Castanets; 

peculiarly      characteristic      of      the 
Spanish  nation.  (Mart.   Ep.  vi.    71.) 


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thougl  the  sin  e  nstruments  were 
also  playei  by  the  vomen  of  Greece 
a  d  Italy  as  s  p  oved  by  the  an- 
nexed llu  Irat  on  from  a  fictile  vase  ; 
and  by  a  1)  5  rel  ef  of  the  Capitoline 
M  seunv  (  36  )  n  which  a  female 
li  lepieaeiited  with  thf 


ment  in  her  right  hand,  and  the  jfa- 
UUutn  under  her  left  foot. 

CRUSTS.     Fjgu  es 

low-relU/,  embossed     po  as 

contradistinguished        m    m  La 
which  were  in  high-t  Verr 

ii.  4.  23.     Paul.  ZHg  34. 

CRUSTA'RIUS.  w 

designed  and    modeEet 
gold  and  silver  pkt  ff 

xxitiii.SS.)    Theyw  Rm 

in  shops  appropriat  Ih 

ticular  branch  of  tra        call 
tarid  taientie.     Festus 

CRUSTULA'RIU 
makes  and   sells    cms 
Ep.  56. 

CRUS'TULUM.      D 
CSUSTUM.    Any  sm  ec 

or  cake,  such  as  a  pasliyi-ook  s  tart  , 
especially  given  to  clnldren  Hor 
Sat.  i.  I.  25.  Jnv.  Sal  ix  S  and 
SchoL  Vet.  aJl. 

C  R  U  S'T  U  M.  A  fragment,  01 
broken  piece  of  bread,  cake,  or 
pastry.  Hence  the  English  crml 
Hor.  Ep,  i.  I.  78.    Vn^  ^a  vu  II4. 

CRUX.  One  of  the  machuies  or 
contrivances  employed  by  the  incienti 
for  mfl  cting  capital  pumshment  upon 
cnm  nils  and  slaves.  It  was  made  and 
appl  ed  n  two  different  wiys  On 
g  Uy  t  was  an  upright  pole  with  a 
si  >rp  ]  oint  at  the  top  (Greek  irrnu- 
pi    on  \oiJj),  upon  which  the  victim 


fthe 


Hivt.  S.Afr.  66.), 
or  j«  erucem  sidere  (Mseceri.  ap. 
Senec  Ep.  loi.);  but,  subsequently, 
it  was  fitted  widi  a  transverse  piece 
of  wood,  like  our  cross,  upon  which 
the  condemned  was  fastened  witli 
nmls,  or  bound  with  ropes,  and  then 
left  to  perish ;  a  mode  of  execution 
expressed  by  such  phrases  as  cntd 
Jigere,  or  apgeie,  and  the  like.  (Tac. 
Ana.  XV.  44.  Pet.  Sat.  iiL  J.)  It 
would  also  appear  from  other  passages 
(Plin.  H.  N.  XIV.  3.  pendere  j»  cruel. 
Pet.  Sat.  112.  5.),  tliat  criminals 
were  hkewise  hung  upon  it,  as  upon 
a  gibbet  or  gallows. 

CRYP'TA    (icovTrri,,.  ov    KpvirH,). 

f    our  word   crypt; 

gives  a  very  iiicor- 

object  conveyed 

Gre  Roman  mind   by 

sa  m        he  ancient  crypia 

m  -es  ir  cloister,  which  it 

m    ed     being,  in  fact,  a 

n^  y,'  on  the  level  of 

subteiTanean,    as 

m  d),    enclosed   by 

11  and  receiving  its 

e  walls  which  in- 
se  res  of  this  kind 

w  ui  t  as  public  edifices 

ce  of  the  population; 
in  as       grounds  of  wealthy 

mdividiiaU  (..eneca,  Ira,  lli.  18.); 
as  adjuncts  to  great  mansions ;  to  the 
promenides  connected  with  a  theatre 
(Suet  Ca/.  58.);  and  very  commonly, 
as  we  learn  from  numerous  inscrip- 
tions (Muratori,  Imcript.  p.  481.  4. 
Rheiiies  Syntagm.  InscHpt.  iL  28.) 
were  attached  to  the  side  of  sn  iJfcw 
colonmide  (porikus);  being  intended  as 
agreeable  pkces  of  resort,  when  the 
heit  of  the  season  or  inclemency  of 
the  weather  rendered  shelter  accept- 
ible  to  an  idle  and  luxurious  popula- 
tion Eien  the  PKetorian  guards  had 
a  crypta  adjacent  to  their  permanent 
camp  at  Rome,  which  was  demolished 


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of  the  curpa,  {S{>o.J  t.  Jfai^r.  lo.)  The 
above  illustration,  compared  wiih 
the  one  whidi  follows,  will  afford  a 


gro     d  pi        '^      P  ^^       ^'^ 


th 


th 


Pl 


The 
arked 


.  h  jf/  They 
are  surrounded  on  three  of  the  sides 
by  a  blank  wall,  decorated  with  fresco 
paintings ;  on  the  inside  are  observed 
the  windows  which  opened  upon  an 
adjoining  colonnade,  (^rft««), marked 
B  B  B  B,  which,  in  its  turn,  surrounds 
a  large  central  area,  c.  Considerable 
lemoins  of  a  similar  stnicture  are 
still  to  be  seen  on  the  site  of  ancicjit 
Capua,  contiguous  to  the  amphi- 
theatre ;  and  an  example  of  these  cloia- 
tcra,  annexed  to  a  theatre,  is  shown 
in  the  fragment  containing  the  plan  of 
Pompey'h  theitre  s  THEAxriiw. 

2  inclosed  cloisters  of  the  same 
description,  as  far  as  relates  to  design 
and  locality,  weie  usually  consiructed, 
msEead  of  open  colonnades,  round  the 
I  mcr  court  yards  of  Roman  villas 
and  farm  ho  ses,  for   the  puip 


storing  grain  fruits  and  such  produce 
as  required  to  be  kept  free  from 
damp,   and    y       n  "eth  r  ex- 

cluded from  ai  V  ruvius  heie 
fore  in  giviiig  ad  gn  f  a  model 
villa,  very  wi  y  mm  nd  vered 
galleries    (iry/  is)  acted 

in  the  interi  -m  b  gs  for 


well  as  magaiines  for  less  j  cri 
commodities,  to  be  situated  m  the 
open  fiont  court  (vestibulian)  (Vi- 
ti  n  VI  5  2  Compare  Varro,  E.  R, 
1  57  )  The  lUustratioa  represents  a 
I  ew  of  the  remains  of  the  suburban 
vllaofL   Alnus  Diomedes  at  Pom- 


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220        CRYPTOPOKTICUS, 

peii,  and  shows  very  clearly  the  cliar- 
acter  and  style  of  these  appurle- 
najices.  On  the  left  hand  a  portion 
only  of  the  foundations  remains  ;  but 
the  r^ht  wing  and  centre  are  nearly 
entire,  with  a  part  of  the  first  story 
of  the  villa  behind  them.  From  this 
a  staircase,  slil!  entire,  leads  down 
into  the  crypta,  which,  it  wiU  not 
fail  lo  be  olwerved,  is  not  a  subter- 
ranean cellar,  bnt  on  the  level  of  the 
ground,  and  with  windows  opening 
into  a  square  Court,  originally  sur- 
rounded Dy  the  other  stoties  built 
over  the  cloisters. 

3-  When  the  windows  were  dosed 
witli  their  wooden  shutters,  the  whole 
corridor  would  form  a  long,  narrow, 
dark  vault ;  whence  the  word,  in 
poetical  and  metaphorical  language, 
was  transferred  in  a  secondary  sense 
to  subterranean  passages  of  various 
kinds ;  thus  the  main  sewsi;  which 
passed  down  the  Saburra,  in  continu- 
ation of  the  cloaca  Maxima  at  Rome, 
is  termed  crypta  Subume  (Juv.  v. 
lo6.);  the  tun?iel,  which  passes  under 
the  cliffi  between  Naples  and  Posi- 
lipo,  now  the  "  Grotto  of  Pozzuoli," 
is  desig=nated  aypa  Neapoliiana 
(PeL  Fragtii.  13.  Seneca,  Ep.  57,) ; 
and  the  crypto,  in  front  of  which 
Quacdila  offers  her  sacrifice  (Pet. 
Sat.  16,  3.)  may  refer  to  this  same 
grotto,  or  lo  a  doister  attached  to 
her  house  and  gardens,  like  those 
described  above. 

4.  The  stalls  for  the  horses  and 
diariots  in  a  circus  (Sidon.  Carm. 
xxiii.  319.)  See  the  illustration  and 
article,  Cakcer,  z. 

CRYPTOPOKTICUS.  The  term 
always  employed  by  the  younger 
P  h         pea      g  of  a  structure 

m  wia         described   under 

h      as    w    d      I      ppears  to  have 

des     p  Cr  "PTA  ;  or,  if  there 

w  eal  d   ti      on  between  the 

w  m  y  be  h  when  the  gallery 
h  d  w  nd  bo  h  sides,  as  was 

h       -IS  h  n  Pliny's  villas, 

p  derable   resem- 


CTES2BICA  MACHINA. 

blance  to  the  colonnade  [fcrticus), 
and  was  consequently  distinguished 
by  the  name  of  crypte-perticus;  when 
there  were  windows  oiily  on  one  side, 
and  a  blank  wall  on  the  other,  such  as 
those  represented  in  the  two  preceding 
illustrations,  it  would  be  more  appro- 
priately designated  by  the  name  of 
frj^l/a  simply.  Plin.  Ep.  ii.  i7-  16- 
seqq.  Id.  v.  6.  27-28.  Id.  vii.  21. 
2.    \A.  ix.  36.  3. 

CTESIBTCA  MACHTNA.  -A 
double-actianed  farcing-piimp,  invented 
by  Ctesibius  of  Alexandria,  who 
lived  in  the  age  of  Ptolemy  Euer- 
getes  (Vitrviv.  ix.  8.  a.  Plin.  H.  N. 
vii.  38.),  and  constructed  npon  the 
principle  now  employed  foe  our  fire- 
engines.  The  machine  is  described 
at  length  by  Vitruvius  (x.  7.),  from 
the  writings  of  its  inventor,  which  are 
now  lost ;  and  a  pump  of  similar 
character,  but  improved  construction, 
probably  after  a  model  of  Hero,  the 
pupil  of  Ctesibius,  was  discovered 
near  Civita  Vecchia  in  the  last  cen- 
tury ;  but  as  that  does  not  contain 
all  the  parts  mentioned  by  Vitruviu^  a 
representation  of  it  is  inserted  under  its 
Greek  name  SlPHO,  where  the  com- 
ponent parts  of  which  it  consists  are 
explained  from  the  description  of  Hero. 
In  this  place,  only  a  conjectural  dia- 
gram  of   the    BicuMna    CtesHica    is 


introduced,  designed  by  Perranlt  in 
accordance  with  the  account  of  Vitru- 
vius; but  it  will  enable  the  reader, 
firom  a  comparison  of  the  two  to- 
gether, to  form  an  accurate  idea  of 
the  nature  of  these  machines,  and  the 
differences  between  them.  The  parts 
mentioned  by  Vitruvius  3.re:—cati- 
nus,  the  cup,  A,  which  wiis  not  em- 


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CUBICULARIVS. 

^ployed  by  Hero,  who,  instead  of  it 
uses  an  upright  tube  {oiuX^p  Spflioi) , 
^niKiieli  gemelli,  B  B,  the  two  boxes,  or 
.cases,  in  which  the  pistons  {regtils) 
[act,  corresponding  with  the  Svo 
jrujiBfc  of  Hero  ;  emboU  masciili,  two 
suckers  (c  c),  same  as  i/i^ii. 
Hero  ;  /siaia  in  Jurcillafyura,  twi 
connecting  pipes  in  the  forni  of  i 
fork,  which  111  the  pump  of  Hero  an 
supplied  by  a  single  horizontal  tube 
ipoiKfP') ;  and  picnula,  Uie  arail  (d), 
placed  over  tlie  cup  to  compress  the 
water  at  the  foot  of  the  hose;  not 
used  by  Hero.  The  operation  of  the 
machine  is  easily  understood.  '" 
was  placed  over  the  reservoir,  a 
both  pistons  woi-ked  togetlier,  the  o 
bemg  depressed  while  the  other  h 
drawn  up  ;  aa  the  sucker  (c)  t '  " " 


Under  (b),  which  is  furnished  with 
movable  iid  (marked  by  dotted  lines 
in  the  engravii^),  tliat  opens  as 
the  water  flows  m,  but  doses  of  its 
own  accord  immediately  that  the 
piston  is  pressed  down  agdn ;  and 
this  pressure  forces  the  water  through 


0  the  <•. 


«(A), 


the  bottoni  of  which,  in  like  u 
is  furnished  with  moveable  lids  < 
each  pipe,  alternately  opening  and 
shutting  with  each  stroke  of  the  pis- 
tons, which,  as  they  move  alter- 
nately up  and  down,  force  np  the 
water  in  a  continuous  stream  through 
the  picnula  (d)  into  a  pipe  or  hose 
affixed  to  the  top  of  it,  and  made  to 
any  length  required. 

CUBICULA'RIUS.  A  slai 
whose  service  was  confined  to  ti 
sitting  and  dwelling-rooms  {cubiculd) 
of  a  Roman  house  ;  he  waited  in 
the  antediamber,  and  announced  his 
master's  visitors,  &c.  Cic.  Verr.  ii. 
3.  4-     Id.  Att.  vl  2, 

"UBIC'UT  UM      L     raly   a 


<;ucuLLUs.  221 

buula  Ko.liima  el  diurns.  Id  11.  17., 
3!  Pkut,  Most  lu  2  7  ) ,  for  the 
Romans  were  ranch  jn  the  habit  of 
leposing  upon  sofas  in  the  day-time 
at  then   studies,  meals,  siestas,  and 

3  The  emperoi's  box  at  the  Circus 
or  amphitheatre,  wherein  he  redined 
in  state  to  Mew  the  games  (SueL 
Nsro,  12  Plm  Paneg  51 ),  instead 
of  sittmg  on  the  o^ea  fedium,  as  was 
uiiual  in  more  simple  I 

CUBI'LE  (icoir^). 
any  place  to  lie  down  ii 
the  room  in  wiiich  the  bed  is  ;  whence 
more  especiallj  used  to  designate  the 
mariTage-bed  (Virg.  ./£«.  viii.  41a. 
Eur.  Med.  151.)  ;  a  sieeping-room 
(Cic  Cat.  iv.  8.  Suet  Nero,  25.); 
and,  indeed,  like  ettbiculum,  any  one 
ai  ibi  small  apartments  in  a  piivate 
house  usually  occupied  by  the  master 
or  his  family.  Plm.  H.  N.  xv.  la 
sahtlatoriuia ;  Plin,  Patieg.  63.  3. 

CUBITAL'  (iTrayKcino..).  '  ' 
Ster  or  cushion  for  the  elbow  to  n 
upon,  when  the  figure  is  otherwise 
a  recumbent  position,  such  as  was  ns 


In   general. 


bol- 


for  the  convenience  of  invalids  (Hor. 
Sat.  ii.  3.  255.),  or  by  persons  when 
redining  at  their  meals  (see  AccuBO). 
The  illustration  is  from  a  figure  on 
the  top  of  an  Etruscan  tomb. 

CUBITO'EIA,  sc.  iiesUmenta. 
(Pet.  Sat.  30.  li.)  Same  as  Ccena- 
TOEi.^  vestes. 

CUCUL'LIO  or  CUCU'LIO. 
Diminutive  of  CucuLLus ;  the  dimi- 
ee  pressinginferiorityof quality 
ath  tha  of  dimensions.  Lamprid. 
E  a  32  n  nHoKice ;  Capitol.  Ver.  4. 
■V  latoiio;  Cato,  S.  R.  iL  3. 

CUCUL  LUS.     A  piece  of  paper 

11  the  shape  of  a  funnel,  in 


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wliidi  Uie  chemists  and  other  trades- 
people of  Rome  used  to  wrap  the 
powders  and  drugs  bought  by  their 
customers  {Mart.  Ep.  iiL  3.),  pre- 
cisely as  grocers  and  chandlers'  shop- 
keepers do  at  thepresent  dayinEi^land. 
3.  From  similarity  in  form  to  the 
preceding,  a  hood  or  cowl  attached  to 
some  other  garment,  such  as  the 
laf^erna,  sagum,  psnula,  &c,,  which 
could  be  drawn  up  over  the  head,  to 
serve  instead  of  a  hat ;  and  was  com- 


ics, fisher- 
men, ana  persons  wnose  occupations 
exposed  them  to  the  weather  at  all 
seasons,  like  the  cowl  of  Che  Capu- 
chin friars,  and  modem  Neapolitan 
fishermen.  (Columell.  xL  I.  31. 
Mart.  Efi.  xi.  98.  10.  Juv.  vi.  118. 
Pallad.  i.  43.  4.)  Theabove  iUustia- 
tion  is  from  a  painting  at  Pompeii,  re- 
presenting a  group  of  common  people 
drinking  in  a  tavern  {caupona).   When 


the  cowl  was  pushed  back,  and  rested 
oil  the  npper  part  of  the  hack,  in  the 
manner  shown  by  tlie  second  en- 
graving, representing  another  of  the 
figures  in  the  same  group.  The  first 
of  these  illustrates  Cicero  s  description 
of  M.  Antony  {Phil.  ii.  31.),  demum 
vmitcapikinvduto;  the  latter  one,  the 
caput  aperuit,  of  the  same  passage. 
"    Cuatlltts  BardaicKS  (Jul.   Cap. 

4.  Cticullu!  LUmrnicas  (Mart,  in 
Lcmmate,  xiv.  139) ;  same  as  Bar- 
DOCUCULLUS. 

5.  CttcaUas  SafdQtaais  (Juv,  viii. 
145.) ;  same  as  IiARDOCUCui.i,us ; 
from  the  town  of  Samtes  in  France, 
where  the  manufacture  of  these  arti- 
cles was  introduced  from  lUyria. 

CUC'UMA.  A  vessel  employed 
for  boiling  water,  maknig  decoclions, 
and  similar  purposes,  the  precise 
form  and  character  of  which  there 
are  no  matenala  for  determining. 
(Pet  Sat  135  4  Id  136  2)  'Oie 
word,  however  is  sUU  retamed  m  the 
colloquial  language  of  tlie  modem 
Romans,  m  which  "  la  cucama " 
means  a  vessel  foi  boiling  w^ter 

CUCURBITA  and  CUCUR 
BITULA   (MXoTOiOq,   aiK-ua)       A 
pampkin,  oigi'iini, 
thence,    a  capping 

,     which    the 

:nts  made  out 
of  those  fniits  (Juv 


out  of  a  _  _ 
preserved  in  the  Vatiea' 
Library,  and  published  by  Rliodius. 
CU'DO  or  CU'DON  (^nrclrt! 
Xirof  B-fpiKf^aXniot), 
The  simplest  form 
of  helmet,  con- 
sisting of  a  mere 
scull-cap,  without 
any  ildge-piece 

(«;to)        or       crest 


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CULCITA. 

Horn.  //,  X,  258.),uiadeiitit  of  leather 
or  the  skin  of  wild  animals  (Sil.  Ital. 
viii.  493. ),  and  fastened  under  the  chin 
by  a  uiong  (uj{'''e)'  It  was  worn  by 
Kome  of  the  Roman  light-armed  troops 
(Polyb.  vi.  22.)  ;  is  ascribed  to  Dio- 
medes  by  Homer,  and  is  frequently 
seen  in  Greek  representations  of  that 
hero,  from  one  of  which  in  bronze  tlie 
annexed  example  is  taken. 

CUL'CITA   (ri\i),  arpa/ivri). 


CULJNA. 


^23, 


uffed  1  vadduig  wool,  or  fea- 
e  s  (Vano  Z  Z  v  67.  Pet.  Sat. 
S      Lc    Tu  19      Seneca,  £/. 

hj)  vh  d  CO  sequently,  was  some- 
n  es  ve  y  soft  1  lie  o  feather  beds, 
and  at  others  1  ke  0  r  wool  and  hair 
n  a  trasses  uffic  ently  hard  not  to 
a  e  an  mp  ess  on  f  oin  tlie  body 
e  t  g  upon  t.  (Seneca,  Ep.  loS.) 
Tl  e      us  rat  0     s  f  om  a  painting  at 

CULELS  or  CULXEUS.  A 
veiy  lai^e  sack  made  of  a  pig's-skin 
or  leather,  and  employed  by  the  Ro- 
mans for  the  transport  of  wine  or  oil 
(Nepos,  Earn.  8.  Phn.  If.  N.  vii.  19. 
Cato,  S.  Ji.  xi.  I.),  as  represented  "by 


ing  at  Pompeii,  which  shows  the 
manner  of  transporting  it  on  a  cart 
frame,  of  emptying  its  contents  into 
smaller  vessels  (amphora),  and  how 
it  was  filled  ;  viz.,  by  the  nedt  at  the 
top,  which  was  then  tied  up  with  a 
cord.  A  contrivance  of  precisely  the 
same  kind  is  still  employed  in  Ifaly 
for  the  transport  and  sale  of  oil.  The 
size  of  this  will  likewise  account  for 
another  use  to ,  which  it  was  applied 
by  the  andent  Romans,  for  sewing 
parricides  in.     Cic.  Q.  Fr.  L  2.  2. 

2.  Also  a  liquid  measure ;  the 
largest  used  by  the  Romans,  contain- 
ing Xvia-aVj  amphora,  or  118  gallons, 
and  particularly  employed  in  estimat- 
ing the  produce  of  a  vineyard  or  olive 
ground.  Rliemn.  Fann.  de  Pond, 
el  Mens.  86.    Varro,  S.  R.  1.  2.  7. 

CULIG'NA  (™AiV'Ji)-  a  vessel 
for  wine,  the  exact  nature  of  which  is ' 
not  ascertained,     Cato,  H.  E.  132. 

CULI'NA  (owravwv).  Akitdien. 
{Cic  Fam.  xv.  18.  Pet.  Sai.  2.  I. 
Seneca,  £>.  114.)  The  illustration 
represents  a  kitchen  stove  in  the  house 


'S^ 


ffll[f 


of  Pansa  at  Pompeii,  with  some  cook- 
ing utensils  upon  it,  as  discovered  when 
first  excavated ;  viz.,  a  strdner  (co- 
liim),  a  kitchen  knife  {itdta-  coqaina- 
>  is),  and  an  implement  for  dressing 
egg?  {supposed  apalare) ,  below  is 
the  groimd  plan  of  a  kitchen  m  the 
same  city,  fiom  the  house  of  the 
QuaBtor,  distnbuted  into  tlie  fol 
lowing  parts      Immediatelj   on   tin. 


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gl  al 

tl      k     1   ns 
P  mp 

CULTELLUh  (/I 
piof).  Diminutive  of 
employed  in  nearly  t  sense 

ouly  designadng  a  less 
of   each   kind     But   th 
never  so  small  as   o      poc 
pen -knife    (scalpmm)       i  al 

designates  a  carving-  m 
minutive    (,Sat.     v.  U     an 

{Dig.  9.  2.  II. )j  a  baibers  razor, 
and  the  cultellus  of  Horace  {Ep.  i.  •}. 
51.),  which  people  iised  to  clean  and 
pare  their  nails  with,  was  the  same  as 
the  barber's,  instrument,  which  is  ex- 


liitn  ionsormm  quasi  unguium  resecan- 
dorum  causa  poposcit. 

z.  Cultellus  lignais.  A  wedge  of 
■wood  ;  which  is  shartier  at  tlie  edge 
than  at  the  back,  like  the  blade  of  a 
culler.    Vitruv.  vii.  3,  2. 

CULTER  (i-&x<"pa).  The  name 
given  by  the  ancients  to  several  diffe- 
rent implements  employed  in  cutting, 
which  were  made  with  a  angle  edge, 
broadish  back,  and  a  sharp  point ;  all 
of  which  were  used  for  domestic  or 
agricultural,  and  not  military,  pur- 
poses, excepting  when  descriptive  of 
Ihe  barbarous  ages,  or  to  characterise 
the  assassin  rather  than  the  soldier. 
Our  knife  is,  perhaps,  the  nearest 
translation,  but  the  ancient  culler  is 
mostly  applied  to  the  lai^est  class 
of  instruments,  which  pass  by  the 
name  of  knives  amongst  us.  The 
several  kinds,  with  the  epithets  which 


ife    (Varro,    ap. 
for  cutting  up 


ior   the 


leof 


Herod,  ii.  61- 

ra  oyed  by  the  cul- 

sa  for  cutting  the 

m  t.  Jiud.  i. 

butchers 

u„  se  (Varro, 

R  aently  re- 

iral  bas- 

m  which  the 

pe  s   taken, 

on  Ct;L- 

O  S  the  instrument. 

th        gr  ving  s.   Citltka- 

3.    Culter    venalsrius.    A    kunls- 
xn's  kmfe,  carried  from  a  belt  round 


the  waist,  with  which  he  despatched 
his  prey  at  close  quarters  (PeL  Sat. 
40,  5.  Suet.  Aug.  19.) ;  similar  to 
that  used  by  the  men  who  fought 
witli  wild  beasts  in  the  amphitheatre  ; 
«ee  the  first  illostration  to  Besti- 
AKlus.  The  example  is  copied  from 
an  engraved  gem. 

4.  The  sharp  edge  or  flat  part  of 
the  blade  in  a  vine-dresser's  pruning- 


hook  {/alx  vinitsrid),  which,  in  the 
annexed  engraving,  from  an  old 
MS.  of  Columella,  lies  between  the 
handle  and  the  hook  at  the  top  (Co- 
lumell.   iv.   25.   3.),  and  which  was 

lopping  and  cutting  off. 
5.  Culter    tonsaiius.     A     sort    of 


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COLTRARIUS. 

knife  or  razor  which  barbers  used 
for  shaving.  (Cic  O/.  ii.  7.  Pet. 
Set.  108.  n.  Plin.  H.  N.  MXi.  59.) 
Also  designated  by  the  diminutive 
ctdtellus,  and  probably  having  a  blade 
with  a  point  shaped  like  the  hunts- 
man's knife  (No.  3.),  for  it  was  used 
for  keeping  the  nails  clean.  Hor. 
Ep.   i.    7.    51.   compared  with.  Val. 

5.  A  knife  made  of  bone  or  ivory, 
for  eating  fruit  with .  (Columell.  xii. 
45.  4.) ;  also  termed  culisllus.  Plin. 
H.  N.  xii.  54. 

7.  The  i;o«//ifr  of  a  plough ;  formed 
like  tlie  blade  of  a  large  knife,  and 
inserted  vertically  iii  front  of  the 
share  (vomer.    Plin.  ff.  N.  xviii.  48,), 


as  is  clearly  .shown  by  the  ann 
illustration,  from  an  engraved  gem, 

8.  In  culfrum  coUocatHS.  A  tech- 
nical expression  in  use  amongst  Ro- 
man architects  and  mechanics,  when 
speaking  of  objects  placed  upon  their 
smallest  sides  or  narrowest  edges ; 
as  of  bricks  or  stones  m  a  building 
set  upon  their  sides,  instead  of  laid 
in  the  usual  manner,  with  then- 
broadest  Eurlaces  upwards.  (Vitruv. 
X.  5,}  The  modem  Italians  make 
use  of  a  similar  metaphor,  "/ir  col- 
tslle,"  when  they  wish  to  express  the 
game  kind  of  arrangement. 

CULTRA'RIUS.  The  minister 
or  servant  of  an  officiating  priest,  who 
despatched  the  victim  at  a  sacrifice, 
by  catting  its  throat  with,  a  knife 
(ca/fef),  as  contradistinguislied  froln 
pofia,  who  knocked  it  down  with  a 
blow  of  the  axe  {seaads)  or  mallet 
{malleus).  (Suet,  Cal.  32,  Inscript. 
ap.  Grut  64a  II.)  The  illustration, 
from  a  very  beautiful  marble  bas- 
relief  discovered  at  Pompeii,  repre- 


1   old   1, 


and    . 


Faui 


I   culirarius, 


priestess,   the  latter  a 
cutting  its  throat, 

CULUL'LUS.  According  to  Ihe 
Scholiasts  on  Horace,  an  earthenware 
calix  employed  by  tlie  pontifices  and 
Vestals  in  their  sacrificial  riles ;  but 
commonly  used  m  a  general  sense 
for  any  kind,  of  drinking-cup,  Acron. 
and  Porphyr.  ad  Hor,  OiC  i.  31.  II. 
Hor.  A.  P.  434. 

CUM'ERA.  A  sort  of  tub,  pan, 
or  basket,  with  a  convex  lid,  used  by 
the  country  people  for  keeping  com 
in.  Festus,  s.  Cumerum.  Hor,  Epist. 
i.  7.  3a   Id.  Sat.  i.  I.  53.    Acron,  adl. 

CUM'ERUM.  A  covered  vase, 
or,  perhaps,  basket,  carried  by  the 
camiUus  in  a  marriage  procesaon 
(Varro,  L.  L.  vii.  34.),  and  contain- 
ing the  necessaries  {utsmilia)  of  the 
bride.     Festus,  s.  v. 

CUNA'BULA.  A  child's  cradle. 
(Cic  Mv.  i.  36.  Plaut  Amph.  v.  i. 
55,  Scrv,  ad  Vit^.  Ed.  iv.  23,  Ar- 
nob.  adii.  Gent,  iv!)  The  example  is 
from  a  very  ancient  MS  of  (jei  e- 
sis,  published  by  • 
Ijunbeccius  {Cot  i 
ment.  BiU.  Crs 
iii.  29.) ;  but  an 
dent  cradles  were 
also  commonly  made  m  the  shape  of 
a  trough  or  boat  as  m  the  next  ill  a 
tration  ;  whence  a  Greek  name  for  tlie 
same  is  a>ia^i\.     Athen,  xiii.  85. 


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2.  Hence  the  place  in  which  any 
living  thing  is  born :  a  birth-place 
(Prop.  iii.  I.  27.);  a  bird's  nest 
(PUn.  Jf.  M  X.  SI.);  a  bee-hive. 
Vi^.  Geitt^.  iv.  66. 

CUN^  Same  as  Conabula. 
Cic  Diu.  i.  36. 

CUNA'RIA.  A  nurse,  who 
rocked  an  infant  in  its  cradle,  washed 
it  at  its  birth,  wrapped  it  in  swaddling 
clothes,  &c  (InscripL  o/.  Grut. 
311.  7.     Cornpore  Mart  £/.  xi.  39,] 


The  illustration  is  from  a  marble  bas- 
relief  at  Rome. 

CUN'EUS  {afli'')-  A  vie^g^;  a 
body  of  wood,  iron,  or  other  sub- 
stances, with  a  tliin  edge  gradual!)' 
thickening  upwards,  employed  for 
splitting  (Vii^.  Gewj".  i.  144.),  tight- 
ening, aod  fastening.    Cic.  Tiisc,  ii.  10. 

2.  When  applied  to  ships  (Ovid. 
Mii.  xi.  514.),  the  exact  meaning 
of  the  term  is  doubtful.  Some  sup- 
pose that  it  is  used  to  designate 
projecting  pieces  of  timber  fastened 
to  the  sides  and  bottom  of  a  vessel 
to  protect  it  from  rocks ;  others, 
the  timbers  themselves  put  tMfether 
in  the  form  of  a  wedge,  like  what  ia 
now  called  "  diagonal  trussing ; "  or 
thin  wedges  of  wood  driven  in  toge- 
ther with  the  tow,  by  which  3ie 
seams  are  caulked  Schefflfer,  Mil. 
Natl,  i.  6. 

3.  (k!/)siV).  a  compartment  of 
seats  (gradus,  sedilia,  siibisllia)  in  a 
theatre  or  amphitheatre  (Vitruv.  v. 
6.  2.  Saet.  Aug.  44.),  comprising  the 
several  rows  contained  in  each  tier 
[mxniamira)  between  a  pair  of  stair- 
cases [scaliE).  The  illustration, 
which  represents  a  portion  of  the 
interior  of  the  larger  theatre  at  Pom- 


CUmcUL  US. 

peii,  shows  six  of  these  cunei,  or 
compartments  of  seats,  three  in  the 
lower  tier,  and  three  in  the  one  above, 
with  two  flights  of  stairs  in  each, 
down  whicli  the  spectator  walked 
when  he  entered  the  theatre  throagh 
either  of  the  doors  {vomiloria)  at  the 
top,  imtil  he  arrived  at  the  paiticular 
row  in  the  cuneus  on  whieli  his  seat 
was  situated.  Tliese  compartments  of 
seats  were  termed  wedges  on  account 


of  the  r  cane  form  appea  a  ce  bemg 
narro  vest  at  the  bo  torn,  and  gradually 
expand  ng  upwards  as  the  c  re  ut  of 
the  theatre  creases  see  the  parts 
marked.  £  on  the  general  plan 
THEATRtiM  I  where  the  form  is 
n  ore  character  st  cally  d  splayed 

4.  A  n>  f  iin  con  Cn  cted  vith 
rows  of  shelves  nsmg  one  over  he 
o  her  1  ke  the  seats  ot  a  theatre  a  d 
upon  which  the  w  ne  was  depos  ed 
to  npen  after  t  had  bee  Ira  vn  off 
from  the  bulk  into  amphota,  or,  as 
we  should  say,  bottled  Cato,  R.  R. 
ii.  3.  2.    Pontedera,  Curci  Ffsth.  ad  I. 

5.  (f/ij3oXot)  A  body  of  soldiers 
drawn  np  in  the  shape  of  a  wedge. 
Liv.  xxii.  47.  Veg.  Mil.  iii.  19. 
Polyb.  i.  26.  fin. 

CUNICULA'RII.  Sappers  and 
ini?iirs ;    or   soldiers   who    effect    an 

(cuniculus).  Y eg.  Mil.  ii.  11.  Am- 
mian.  xxiv.  4.  22. 

CUNICULATO'EES.  Same  as 
the  precedii^.  Luctat  in  Stat.  Tfe*. 
ii.  418. 

CUNIC'ULUS  (iTTo^/ioil.     Any 


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i.  bteitanean  passage  bi  t  more  e  pe 
c  ally  a  mine  in  mil  taiy  operations 
Veget   1    6     Liv   V    21      Ammiaii. 

\JL  V    4  21 

l„U'NUL  E  Diminutive  of  Cu 
N  t  a  limall  or  common  sort  of 
cradle  Prudent  Cathem  Tii  164  Id 
XI   98 

CU  PA  (rniX«c)  A  fiw^  or 
^hW  made  wiCh  wooden  stages  (jto 
iul^  Pallad  L  jS  I )  and  lioimd 
ro  md  with  iron  hoops  (f  rculi.  Pet 


J^.  60.  3.  Plin.  S.  N.  xiv.  27.),  in 
■which  wine,  vinegar,  and  other  arti- 
cles were  kept  and  transported  fi-ora 
place  to  place  ;  whence  Tntium  de  cupa 
(Cic.  JHs.  27.)  is  equivalent  lo  our 
expression  out  of  the  weed.  The 
example  ia  copied  from  the  Cohimn 
of  Trajan. 

2.  (ffiuTru).  An  oblong  block  of 
wood,  forming  one  of  the  component 
parts  ia  a  trapetattt,  or  machine  for 
bruising  olives.  It  was  made  of  elm 
or  beech,  and  perforated  throngh  its 
centre,  in  order  to  be  slipped  on  to  a 

thick  iron  pivot  {foluwsUa  firred), 
which  projected  from  the  top  of  Ihe 
stone  cylmder  (miliarium)  in  that 
machine.  The  object  of  it  was  two- 
fold ;  to  form  a  block  for  receiving 
the  ends  of  the  axles,  which  ace  in- 
serted in  it  ill  the  engraving,  and  on 
which  the  wheels  {orbei)  were  sus- 
pended, while  at  the  same  time  it 
enabled  them  to  move  in  a  circular 
direction  round  the  bruising  vat 
{mortariiim)  by  turning  round  the 
pivot  passing  through  its  centre  from 
the  top  of  the  upright  stone  cyUnder 
on  which  it  was  placed.  It  was, 
therefore,  cased  with  plates  of  metal, 
to  prevent   friction.      .(Cato,  j?.   Ji. 


CURIA.  227 

XXI  1-4.)  riie  specimen  here  in- 
troducea  is  restored  from  the  frag- 
ments of  a  trapetum  discovered ,  at  the 
ancient  Stabia,  the  wood- work  of 
nhich  had  perished,  but  the  iron 
plates  remained  entire,  as  well  as  the 
portions  of  the  two  axles  inserted  in  it. 
The  figure,  however,  sufficiently  ex- 
ploms  the  meaning  of  the  name,  and 
why  it  was  so  called  ;  for  the  word,  in 
Its  literal  sense,  signifies  the  handle  of 
an  osr  (Diodor.  Sic,  iii.  3.  and  Agath. 
quoted  by  Wesseling  ad  I.),  to  miich 
the  cupa  of  a  trapetum,  as  shown  by 
ihe  engravmg,  bears  a  close  resem- 
blmice.  The  atuatioo  occupied  by  it 
on  the  machine,  and  the  manner  in 
which  it  acted,  will  be  better  under- 
stood by  referring  to  the  illustration 
!.  Trapetum,  where  it  is  marked  5. 

CUPE'DIA  or  CUPE'DI^.  De- 
licacies for  the  table.  Festus,  s.  v. 
Plant.  Stieh.  v.  4.  32. 

CUPEDINA'RIUS  and  CUPE- 
DIA'RIUS.  A  general  term,  in- 
cluding ali  dealers  in  provisions  of  the 
choicer  kinds,  such  as  poultry,  game, 
fish,  &0.  (Terent.  Eun.  ii.  2.  25. 
Lamprid.  Elag.  30.)  The  market 
where  they  had  their  stalls  was 
called  Forum  cupedinis.    Varro,  L.  L. 

C  U  P  E  L'  L  A.  Duninutive  of 
Cupa,  i.  Palkd.  iii.  25. 12.  Apic  i.  2. 

CU'PULA.  Diminudve  of  Cupa, 
i.  (Ulp.  nig.  33.  6.  3.) !  of  Cupa, 
2.     Varro,  R.  R.  xxi.  3. 

CURCU'MA.  A  kmd  of  halter. 
(Veget,  iii.  33.  r.)  See  Ducang. 
Gloss.  Grme.  et  Lai.  s.  v. 

CU'RIA.  A  common  hall,  or  place 
in  which  any  corporate  body,  such, 
for  instance,  as  the  curm  of  the 
Roman  buighers,  met  to  transact 
matters  connected  with  their  body, 
or  to  perform  religious  duties ; 
whence  the  word  came  to  be  appHed 
more  specially  (o  the  building  in 
wliich  the  Roman  senate  met  to  carry 
on  their  deliberations.  There  were  se- 
veral of  these  in  the  dty  distinguished 
from  one  another  by  the  names  of 
tlie  individuals  who  dedicated  them ; 


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3  28  CURIO. 

as  the  curia  Bosiiha  ■Jtiha,  Pompim, 
but  the  fonner  was  the  one  mostly 
naed  for  the  senate  house  Varto, 
L.  L.  V.  155.  Id.  VI  46  Beneclte 
adOXc.  Cat.  iv.  I.  2 

CU'RIO.  The  priest  of  a  corpo 
rate  body  {curia),  who  wis  appointecl 
to  perform  the  rites  of  leligion  on 
behalf  of  the  corpoialion  {Varro, 
L.  L.  T.  83,)  Each  of  the  thirty 
Roman  curits  had  one  cuno,  who 
acted  as  the  chief  of  hia  own  corpora 
tioii;  but  from  theae  one  wis  ap 
pointed  as  president  over  tlie  nliole, 


z.  A  fubKc  cria  Mart  Epst 
Prof.  ii.    Trebell.  Gallien   12 

CUEIS.  A  Sabvne  word  for  a 
spear.     Ovid.  Fast.  11.  477     Hasta 

CURRICULUM  DimmutiVH  of 
CURRUS.  CJc.  Har  Res^  10  Suet 
Cal.  19.    Ovid.  Tnst  it  8  36 


.  The  CI 


ir  space 


■jh^ 


each  chariot  at  a  race  m  the  Greek 
Hippodrome,  or  Roman  Qrcu;,  Hor 
Od.  i.  I.  3.     Pl^t.  Tnn  iv  4.  11 

CURRUS  A  Roman  chariot  or 
ar  ge  po  tw  o  1  eels,  which  vas 
e  te  ed  f  on    beh  nd    b  t  was   close 


Stan  Img    a  d    was  d  awn   by 
th  ee,  or  fou  horse,  and  oeca  oml 
even  by  a  g  eite     number        f„  c 


CURRUS. 

Ovid,  \iig  S.C  )  The  eiam;  le  :s 
from  an  oiiginal  now  pieseived  in 
the  Vatican,  made  of  wood  but 
covered  with  plates  of  bronze  When 
found,  it  was  broken  into  many 
pLeces,  which  have  smce  been  put 
together     A  front  view  of  the  sr 


Iij;hter  character,  bemg  paitialK 
formed  with  open  rail  woik  mstead 
of  close  pajiellmg,  as  shown  by 
numerous  examples  on  fictile  vases, 
from  one  of  which,  found  at  Sl 
Agatha,  formerly  Satixola,  the  an 
nesed  enslaving  is  copied 

3    Curras  1  oliuns  (s- riji  ov  icpiin) 
K  i-hij  lot  « ith  wmgb  attached  to  tin. 


exlremiiies  of  the  axle-tree,  fancifully 
attributed  by  poets  and  artists  to 
the  cars  of  Jupiter  and  Apollo  (Hor 
O-l  1  S4-  8  Plato,  Piisd  torn,  ix 
p  321  Bipont)  and  frequently  re 
presented  on  fictile  vases,  from  one 
of  which  the  annexed  illustration  is 

4    Curr  tr  trtufnptalu      A    inum 


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CURSOR. 

fhal  car,  in  which  Ibe  Roman  general 
was  carried  at  his  triumph.  This 
was  not  open  a.t  the  back  like  the 
ordinary  currus.  Trot  was  compietely 
circular,  and  clcied  all  round  (Zonar. 
vi.  21.),  as  shown  by  the  annexed  en- 
graving, from  a  medal  of  Vespasian, 


iind  in  the  woodcut  s.  CoRoNA,  1., 
which  shows  the  persons  in  it.  Its 
panels  were  also  decorated  with 
carvings  in  ivory.which  are  apparent 
in  the  present  example,  whence  it  is 
designated  as  the  ivory  car  {aimis 
eiarneus,  Pedo  Albln,  £1.  i.  333,). 

5.  (iifio^a).  A  plough  with  wheels, 
or  the  carriage  part  of  such  a  plough. 
{Virg.(rfii;y.  i.174.  Hesiod.  O/.424.) 
See  the  illustration  s.  Culter,  7. 

6.  Curntsfalcatus,  A  war-chariot 
furusied  vith  sharp  blades  of  iron, 
o  E-yfhes  affixed  to  the  end  of  the 
pole  and  of  the  axle-tree,  chiefly 
en  ploj  ed  bj  foreign  nations.  Several 
de  c  pt  ons  of  these  carriages  have 
come  down  to  ns,  but  no  representa- 
t  0  s  of  any  one  on  works  of  art ; 
conseq  ently,  the  exact  maimer  in 
wh  cl  the  offensive  weapon  was  at- 
tached has  not  been  asce  d  L 
xxxvii.  41.  Curtiv.  9.  Hirt  B  Ale 
75.    Val.  Flacc.  vi.  lOJ 

CURSOR  (ffrnfcilf,  Spiji    ) 

A  runner,   who  rmis  a  ra  th 

sfadiuni.    (Cic.  Tusc.  il    3      N  po 
MOt.  4.)      The  female  figu 
ducedj.  Stuophium,!.      beli      dt 
i-epresent  3  Spartan  damsel    q   pp  d 
for  the  foot-race. 

2.  A  racing  jockey.  {O  d  Pot 
iiL  9.  26.)     See  Celes. 

3.  A  private  postman       mess     g 


horscbacit  (Mart,  i 


ating  to 


cvspis.  239 

49.);  more  especially  termed  Tabel- 
LARIUS,  which  see. 

4,  A  slave  kept  by  great  people  to 
precede  their  carriages  on  foot,  simi- 
lar to  the  running  footmafi  of  modem 
Europe.  Seneca,  Epist.  126,  Mart. 
Ep.  ni.  47.  14. 

CURU'LIS.  An  epithet  very 
generally  .applied  to  anything  re- 
'"'""""  '"  "  "hariot  {carrus);  as,equus 
caniage-horse  (Feslns, 
triumpAus  cumlis,  a  regular 
triumph,  in  contradistinction  to  an 
ovation,  because  at  the  former  the 
general  entered  the  city  on  a  car,  bat 
at  the  latter  on  foot  or  on  horseback 
ISuet.  Aug.  22.  Compare  Tib.  9,) ; 
Itidi  curules,  the  Circensian  games, 
at  which  the  chariot  races  took  place 
(Minudus  Felix,  37,);  sella  atrulis, 
a  portable  chair  which  the  magis- 
trates of  Rome  carried  about  ■■with 
them ;  described  and  illustrated  under 

CUSPIS  [fihm)-  A  point;  of 
anything  generally  -which  is  pointed ; 
but  wore  espedally  used  to  designate 
the  pointed  head  of  a  lance,  spear,  or 
javelin,  when  made  without  barbs,  as 


contradistinguished  from  spkulum, 
which  expresses  a  barbed  point. 
(Virg.  Mn.  xii.  510.  Sil.  Ital.  xui. 
167).  The  illustration  represents 
two  Roman  spear-heads  of  the  most 
tisual  forms,  from  originals. 

A     h  rp  point,    or  spear-bead. 

Hi  ed  t    th    lop  of  the  Ro-         j 
man         gns  (Suet,  >;.  62.),      _   ? 
wh    E      h       tandard-bearers 
rted  mto  a  weapon  of 

R"    ce    wh  n  hard  pressed 


!y  in  the  annexed 

g       from     Trajan's 

1  b  ve  the  eagle. 

3    A    h    p  point,  or  spear-head, 

J      ng  f  om  the  top  of  the  thyrsus 

;      II    64.   257.),   which  is  promi- 

ly  VI   1  le   in   the   next   eugrav. 

f    ra         painting    at    Pompeii; 


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3  CUSTODES. 

Is    represented    above    tlie 
ich  usually  teirai-        , 
h      shaft,    in   order       A 
h  nr    hat  the  painting       /K 

U  the  fable  which  ^^^^ 

la         hat    Bacchus    and  ^^^^ 

his  wers,     upon    cer-  ^Ji^w 

h         h    si    into   offensive        [ 

IV  p         by  concealing    a         ' 

n  head  in  the  leases,    Macrob. 

Sat  9 

4-  Th    point  of  a  spit  for  roasting 

m  d  thence  the  spit  itself  [verii). 

i,  £?>xiv..22I. 

5  Th     pointed  end  of  Neptune's 
d  nd  thence  the  weapon  itself 

m     tridtns).     Ovid.   Met.  sii. 
S8o 

6  A       arlhenware  tube  employed 

Itivation   of    vineyards,    so 

p  d       one  extremity,  for  the  pur- 

p  eing  fixed  in  the  ground. 

V  R  R.i.  8.  4. 

T:)'DES.      a  general  name 
•n  hose  who  have  the  care  or 

g  ardi  hip  of  other  persons  or 
h  g  but  employed  in  a  more  spe 
la  to   designate   the   officers 

h  et  as  scrttimeers  at  the  Comi 
tia.  1  h  r  dnty  consisted  in  receiving 
the  voles  (fMla)  as  ther  were  lalten 
out  of  the  balloting  bast  et  ( ufti)  by 
the  DiriMtores  and  in  pricking  oft  the 
result  upon  a  tablet  whence  the  al 
lusion  of  Horace  omne  tuht  punctam 
&c.  Cic  m  Seiiat  7  Id  Agi  w 
9.     Varro,  ^  ^  m  S   18 

CY'ATHUb  W€9«q)      A  cup 
with  one  handle    employed 
by  the   Greeks   as    a  hlle  A 

for  filling  the  w  ne  goblels  -^/jfl 
[pocula,  calicc  )  of  eath  \jy 
person  at  table  out  of  the  'gjy 
common  bowl  {c/afer)  -ind 
subsequently  adopted  by  the  Eo 
mans  for  a  similar  object  In  very 
early  days,  the  Simpulum  was  the  only 
vessel  used  fir  this  pi  pose  at  tl  e 
domestic  table,  and  at  the  sacrifice  ; 
but    as    luxury   and    refinement    iii- 


sed,  the  latter  came  to  be  appro- 
priated for  mEiking  libations  to  the 
gods,  and  the  cyalhas  confined  to  the 
feasts  of  men.  {Varro,  L.  L.  ^.  , 
124.)  The  example  is  from  an  ori- 
gmal  of  earthenware, 

2.  A  small  measure,  both  of  liquid 
and  dry  things,  containing  the  twelfth 
part  of  a  sextarius.  Rhemn.  Fann. 
de  Pond,  et  MeTts.  80.  Compare 
Pliny,  XXL  109. 

CYB^'A.  A  sort  of  transport 
ship,  or  merchantman,  of  consider- 
able size  (Cic.  Virr.  ii.  4-  8.  lb.  ii. 
5.  17.),  the  distinctive  properties  of 
which  are,  however,  unknown. 

CVBIA'RIUS.  A  dealer  in 
salted  fish.     Arnob.  ii.  70. 

CYBIOSAC'TES  (Ku^iot-drnjc). 
A  dealer  in  salt  fish ;  a  nickname 
given  to  the  Emperor  Vespasian 
(Suet,  Vcsp.  19.),  and  to  the  Thir- 
teenth Ptolemy.     Strabo,  xvii.  I.  11. 

CYCLADATUS.  Wearing  the 
eyclas;  an  article  of  female  attire,  and, 
therefore,  indicative  of  great  effe- 
minacy of  manners  when  adopted  by 
men,  as  was  sometimes  the  case  with 
the  Emperor  Caligula.    Suet.  Cal.  52. 

CYC  LAS  (KuiAac)  One  of  tl  e  ir 
tides  of  female  apparel  consistinj,  of 
a  long  and  loose  piece  _ 

of  drapery    generally 
made   of  a  very  fine 
tettuie    ind  wrapped  k 
round  the  body  in  the 

fal!mm  being  suffi 
ciently  ample  to  en 
velop  the  whole 
figire  if  required 
and  having  a  border 
)f  purple  colour  or 
gold  embroidery  all 
10  nd  its  edges  fiom 
wh  ch    peculianty   the 


eved  t 


V.ig 

Piop  IV  7  40  Lampr  d  Alex  Sev 
41  )  All  these  particulars  are  dis 
t  nctly  vi'Jible  m  the  ill  istration  an 
nexed,  representing  Leila  in  her  fjv- 
/nr,  from  a  painting  at  Pompeii. 


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CVLINDR  US. 

CYLIN'DRUS  i^ihrSpoc).  A 
m/^er,  for  levelling  and  condensadng 
the  ground  in  agricultural  and  other 
operations.  (Vii^.  Georg.  i.  178.  Vi- 
tniv.  X.  6.)  The  illustration  here  in- 
troduced from  Fellows'  Journal  in 
Asia  Minor,  p.  70.,  represents  a  roller 
made  out  of  the  trunli  of-atrce,  and  in- 
tended to  he  drawn  liy  Cattle.  When 
used  it  does  not  revolve,  being  simply 
dragged  over  the  ground,  and 


i  probable  that  rollers  of 
this  description  were  sometimes  em- 
ployed both  by  the  Greeks  and  Ro- 
mans ;  though  revolving  cylinders, 
like  our  own  (Columell.  xi.  3.  34.), 
were  certainly  not  nnknown  to  them. 
CYMATIUM  (jcufiarioi/).  An 
.  architectural  moulding,  employed  in 
cornices,  friezes,  and  architraves 
(Vitruv.  iii.  5.  10-12.),  having  at 
the  top  a  full  ami  swelling  outUne, 

whichsinks  into  a  hollow  be-  i— 

low,  without  making  any  an-    ^ ■ 

gle,  lilte  the  undulation  of  a  wave 
(jcB^iH,  cyma),  from  which  resem- 
blance the  name  arose.  It  is  called 
an  "  ogee "  by  our  workmen,  and 
"  cyma  reversa  "  by  modem  archi- 
tects, to  distinguish  it  from  Ihe  "cyma 
recta,"  the  contour  of  which  is  hollow 
above  and  full  below.     See  SiMA. 

CYM'BA  {KOii&rj).  A  small  boat 
used  upon  rivers,  and  by  fishermen, 
rising  at  both'  ends,  so  as  to  form  a 


Mel  i  293.}y  or  concicva  (Ovid 
Am  111.  6  4.)  It  was  nsuElIy  rowed 
by  one  man,  as  in  the  example,  from 
an  ancient  Roman  painting,  or  by 
two  at  the  most  ;  and  is  the  name 
especially  ^ven  to  Charon's  bark. 
Hor.  Od.  ii.  3.  28.   Virg.  Mn.  vi.  303. 

CYMBALIS'TA  jirap^oXiffr^e). 
A  man  who  plays  upon  the  cymbals, 
{.cymbald),  in  the  manner  represented 
by  the  next  illustration.  Apul.  Deo 
Soerat.  p.  685. 

CYMBALIS'TRIA  {Kv^p-aXw- 
Tpia).      A  female    player  upon   the 


cymbals,  as  shovni  by  the  example, 
from  a  painting  at  PompeiL  Pet, 
Sat.  22.  6.  Inscript.  ap.  Grut.  318.  12. 
CYM'BALUM  [^Kif&tiKov).  A 
cymbal ;  a  musical  instrument,  con' 
sisting  of  two  hollow  half  globes 
(Serv.  srfViig.  Gearg.  iv.  64.  Lu- 
cret.  ii.  619.)  of  bell  metal,  with  a 
ring  at  the 
top,  by  which 


they  w 


eheld 


between 
fingers,  and 
clashed  toge- 
ther with  both  hands,  as  represented 
in  the  preceding  illustration.  Tliey 
were  especially  adopted  by  the  vota- 


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aja  CYMBiUM. 

lies  of  Cybele  (Viig.  /.  i;.),  and  of 
Bacchus  (Liv.  xxxix.  8.  and  lo.) ; 
and  being  always  used  in  pairs,  as  in 
Ihe  example  from  a  painting  at  Pom- 
peii, the  word  is  mostly  used  in  llie 

Cvk'BIUM  (KB^iov).  A  drink- 
ing-bowl,  with  two  handles  (Apnl. 
Met.  xi,  p.  339-),  so  called  from 
a  certain  resemblance  in  its  outline 
to  the  bark  termed  cymba  (Festus, 
s.  V.  Macrob.  Saturn,  v,  31,1,  as  is 
exemplified  by  the  annexed  ex- 
ample, fruni  a  bronze  original  found 
at  Pompeii,   It 


also  made  of  the  precious  metaJs 
(Virg.  ^H.  V.  267.),  as  well  as  of 
eaitlienwate.     Mart.  Ep.  viii.  6. 

CYNOCEPH'ALTJS  (t«i.«J- 
6oXo£).  A  species  of  ape,  with  a 
head  like  a  dog's  {Simia  Intais.  L.)  ; 
'kept  as  a  sacred  animal  in  the  tem- 
ples of  Isis,  and  frequently  repre- 
sented in  the  ^yptian  sculptures  and 
paintings.       Cio.    Att,    vL    r.       Plin. 

2,  Dog-keadcd ;  an  epithet  given 
to  the  Egyptian  deity  Anubis,  who  is 
represented  with  a  dog's  head.  Ter- 
tull.  Apol.  6,  Minadus  Felix  in 
Octav.  2S. 


DA   TV  OTHE'CA    (BaKrwX.o- 

9  collection  of  gems, 

h.  is    Jike    ourselves, 

h  h  b       f  collecting  and 

-y  ts  for  their  value 

be  Pti     H.  N.  xxxvii.  J. 

A  for  finger-tmgs. 


PALM  A  TIC  A  TUS. 

The  illustration  represents  an  ivory 
case  of  this  kind  from  an  original 
found  in  Pompen  with  an  upright 
stick  on  the  top  of  the  hd  for  string- 
ing the  rings  upon  in  the  same 
manner  as  now  pract  sed  on  a  lady's 
toilette  table 

DADU'CHUS  (ZqBovxo-k)  Pro- 
perly, a  Greek  term  meni  ing  a 
torch-beara  but  it  is  specially  used 
to  designate  theperson  who  on  the 
fifth  day  of  the  EleusLnmn  mysteries, 
conducted  the  initiated  w  th  a  torch 
in  his  hand  to  the  temple  of  Demeter 
at  Eleusis,  in  eomme  noration  of  her 
wandering  about  with  a  lighted  torch 
to  seek  for  her  daughter  Persephone. 
Pronto,  ad  Verum  Imp.  Ep.  I.  \a- 
script.  af.  Fabrelti,  p.  676.  11.  29. 

D^^MON  (S<n>«r).  Properly;,  a 
Greek  word,  signifying  a  good  sprit, 
who  was  supposed  to  preside  over 
every  individiid  during  his  lifetime  ; 
translated  by  the  Latin  words  Las. 
and  Genius  ;  whidi  see.  ApuL 
Dee  Socrtd.f.  674.     Cic,  Unwers.  II. 

2.  By  the  ecclesiasdcal  writers  of 
the  Christian  era,  always  in  the 
sense  of  an  eml  spirit,  or  devil.  Lac- 
tant.  ii.  14.     Tertull.  Apol.  22. 

D^MON'IUI«  (Sa-.ij.6vw>.).  Di- 
minutive of  D«MON  ;  and,  like  that 
word,  employed  by  the  heathen 
writers  to  signify  a  goad  spirit ;  by 
the  Christians  for  an  eml  one.  Cic 
Div.  L  24.     TertuU.  Apol.  21. 

DALMATICA'TUS.  Wearing 
the  Dalmatic  robe. 


frock  made  of 
white  Dalmatian 
wooi  It  reached 
as  low  as  the  feet, 
was  decorated 
with  purple  stripes 
down  the  front, 
ind  had  a  pair  of 


very      long 


1  by  the  Romans 


.Google 


DECEMJUGIS. 


233 


eirly  t  mes  -mil  ne\  er  perh-tps  cime 
mlQ  general  use  ;  but  was  al  vays 
regarded  as  a  n  ark  of  s  ngularity  or 
lu\uiious  liabits  even  at  a  late  je 
nod  of  the  Empire  until  it  came  to 
be  adopted  by  the  Tonian  Cathohc 
clergy  under  the  early  popes  {Isj 
dor  Ong  kik.  32  9  Lampnd  Com 
mod  8  Id  Hdtog  26  and  Alcomus 
De  Diwms  Offiats  )  The  illustra 
tion  whicli  corresponds  exactly  ■«  Lth 
the  above  de  c  ption  from  OrLgen  is 
copied  from  o  e  of  the  miniatures  1 1 
the  Vatican  Virgil  which  are  sup 
\  osed  to  have  been  e-iecute  1  du  ng 
the  reign  of  Septimus  Severus 

DARDANARIUS  A  regnter 
or  monopoli'it  who  buys  and  stores 
ip  any  V  nd  of  raw  or  manufactured 
p  oduce  \  th  the  object  of  r-iising  the 

arket  p  ice  by  l  eitmg  a  scarcit) 
Ulp  Dt^  47  11  6  Piul  Dg:  48 
19  37 

DARIUS  or  DAPICUS  (Japf 
KOI,).      A  gold   coin  of  Persitn  tui 

E^ist.     V.      23 ) 
which    bore    the 


isof  a 


kneeling,  with  a 
bow  and  arroHS 
It  contained  about 
1237  grains  of  pure  gold,  and  conse 
riuently  was  equal  in  value  to 
t/.  IS  lod  of  our  money  (Hnssey 
Anoint  Weights  &c  vii  3 )  The 
example  is  from  a  specimen  in  the 
Britidi  Museum  and  of  the  act  al 
size  but  the  leverse  is  tjuite  unin 
telligible  The  silver  coins  which 
bear  the  same  figure  of  a  kneeling 
archer  and  go  by  the  same  name  in 
moder  i  num  smatics  were  not,  how 
ever  =0  called  in  a  ic  ent  times 

DATA  TIM  LUDERE  A  phrase 
express  ve  of  tlie  simplest  kmd  of 
game  at  boll ,  in  whii-h  the  players 
standing  it  respective  distance 
scTcrally  thiow  the  ball  from  one  t 
another     Plaut   Cure  u  3  IS 

DA  TOR  In  the  game  of  ball 
the  person,  or  the  slave,  who  suppl  d 
the  balls,  picked  up  thoE        ' "  '    '" 


which  f  i 


to  the  groun  \  and  b  ou^l  t  then  to 
the  players  Plaut  C  1  1  3  lb 
Conpare  Pet  Sit  27   2 

DEALBATUS  (icojiam)  Co- 
(eed  with  a  coating  of  i  Inte  ce- 
ment or  stucco  (fl/w  albai  i  in ) 
Tihich  the  anaents  employed  exten 
sively  both  m.  the  inte  lor  and  eitenoi 
of  theic  buildings    as  an   ornamental 


Ms^^:=^^^-:t~:^^ 


facu  g  to  con  eal  the  rough  stone 
or  brickwork  (Cic  Va-r  1  I  55 
Ti  ^am  vii  -g )  The  illu  trat  on 
represents  a  portion  of  one  of  the 
city  ^ates  at  Pompeii,  partially  covered 
with  cement,  and  showing  the  brick- 
woil  underneath  the  parts  which  have 
broken  away.  The  whole  city  was 
coated  with  cement  of  rustic  work  in 
this  manner,  and  frequently  tinted  m 
brilliant  colours,  such  as  red,  blue,  and 
yellow 

DEASCIATUS  Chopped  out  or 
off  with  an  adze  {asua)  Ptu 
dent.  Ilfpi  itt0  ro,  381  Inscnpt 
ap.  Murat.  1203  9      AsciA,  Ascio 

DECA'HUS  A  siiboidinate  offi 
cer  in  the  Roman  arm) ,  n  ho  had  the 
command  over  ten  orderlies  quar 
tered  with  him  m  the  same  tent  (curt 
tuiiemium) ;  whence  he  is  also  called 
cafiut  conlubermt     Veg    Mil    a    8 

DECAS'TYLOS  (JwihttiXoO 
Having  a  porch  siippoited  upon  ten 
columns  in  a  low      Vittuv  111  i 

DECEMJUGIS  sc  cutrus  A 
1  n  t  d  wn  by  ttn  liorte'j,  all  of 
h  h  w  yoked  abreast  of  one 
ai  ti  and  not  attached  is  leaders 
and  wh    1     ,  accordmg  ti 


N 


)  haie 


,y  Google 


234  DECEMPEDA. 

ten  horsed  c= 
(SueL  Niro  24  ) 
and  Trajan  had 
the  same  number 
of  horses  attached 
to    hi';   tnumphal 

presented  by  tl  e 
illustration  f  om 
a  medal  of  that  emperor 

DECEMPEDA      A  ter 
employed  by  architects  and 
for  taking  measuiements      (^  1,  jyin 
27.     Hor.  Od  II   11;   14 

DECEMPEDATOR  A  sui 
^or,  or  land  msisurer,  who  tiltes 
his  measurements  wifh  the  decern 
peda.     Cic.  Phd  xni   18 

DECEMREMIS  (OEKi}p.|c)  A 
vessel  with  ten  banks  of  oars  {or- 
dines)  on  a  =i,de  (Plin  A^  A  vii 
57.)  Tlie  manner  of  irranging  the 
ing  the  bSiks 


i   of  E 


.    Etlll 


involved  in  much  doubt  and  obscurity 
But  see  the  article  Hexiremis  m 
which  a  possible  method  is  snggested 
and  if  that  be  admitted,  it  will  only 
be  requisite  to  add  four  oar-ports  to 
each  tier  between  stem  and  stern,  to 
constitute  a  decemretitis. 
DECEM'VIRI.     The  membeia  of 


1   of  t. 


per- 


for    particular 


purposes,  as  follows 

1.  LegS>iis  scrilicndis.  Ten  com- 
missioners appointed  soon  after  the 
expulsion  of  the  kings,  in  place  of 
the  consuls,  to  prepare  a  code  of  laws 
for  the  state.    Liv.  iii.  32.  segq. 

2.  Sacrorum,  or  sacris  ficiundis, 
A  body  of  commissioners,  originally 
ten  in  nranber,  but  subsequently  in- 
creased by  Sulla  to  fifteen,  who  were 
appointed  for  life  to  take  charge  of  the 
Sibylline  books,  and  inspect  them  when 
required.    Liv.  x.  S.     Id.  xxv,  12. 

3.  LiiiMis  judkandis.  Ten  com- 
missioners, five  of  whom  were  sena- 
tors, and  iive  equestrians,  who  acted 
as  judges  in  private  disputes  instead 
of  the  frmtor  iirbanus,  when  his 
miiilary    duties    compelled    him    to 


quit  the  city      Cic     Or   40       Suet 
Aug  j6 

4      Agrii     diMdendzs       Ten     con 


DECE  RIS  (ofKjfpKc)  Same  as 
Decemremis  {Suet  Cal  37)  bit 
the  read  ng  is  not  certain 

DELIMANUb  or  DECUMA 
NUS  A  contractor  who  leased 
from  the  government  the  right  of 
farming  and  collecting  the  puhHc 
tithes ,  a  sort  of  land  tax,  consisting 
of  a  tenth  part  of  the  produce  levied 
upon  the  subjects  of  all  countries 
which  had  become  the  property  of 
the  state,  either  by  voluntary  sur- 
render, or  by  conquest     Ascon.    1 


to  the  tithe  of  land  tax,  as  just  de- 
sc  tbed      Cic.  Ven:  ii.  3.  6. 

3  Frumintum.  dscumaitum.  The 
tithe  of  com  ;  viz.  one  tenth  of  the 
produce  paid  as  flie  above  tax.  Cic 
Verr  11  3   5.  and  8t. 

4.  Miles  diciimantts.  A  soldier  of 
the  tenth  legion.  HirL  B.  Afr.  16. 
Tac  Jlisi.  V.  2a 

5.  Far/a  Decnviana.  llie  princi- 
pal gate   of   entrance    to   a  Roman 


th  w         as  fi  po      d 

o    h      h  d    h  ank 

capla  d  h  d  m        d 

t        h  p      F  Va 

r  9        V  J  4- 


p    d   g  raik    ; 


h 


,y  Google 


DECURSIO. 

3.  Under  the  empire,  an  officer 
attached  to  the  imperial  palace,  some- 
wliat  in  the  nature  of  a  high  chamber- 
lain,, was  styled  Dscuria  cubkidario- 
rum.     Suet,  Dom.  17. 

DECOR'SIO  and  DECURSUS. 
A  niilitary  review;  at  which  the 
soldieri  were  put  through  all  the 
mantenvies  "f  a  sham  fight,  for  pur 
poses  of  discipline  ana  regimental 
exercise  (SueL  Nero,  7  Liv  xxiii 
35  Id  3.>.vi  51  Id  xl  6  Toe 
Ann  II  55  ),  or  as  a  pageant  dis- 
played at  the  funeial  of  a  deceased 
general,  when  a  body  of  troops  pei 
formed  their  evolutions  round  the 
hummg  piJe  (Virg  JEn  xi  1S8 
lac  Ann    u    55)    The  iliustratiou 


is  copieJ  from  the  reverse  of  a  medal 
of  Nero,  which  has  the  inscription 
Decuesio  underneath.  Of  course  it 
is  not  to  be  talten  as  a  perfect  repre- 
sentation of  such  scenes,  but  only  as 
a  conventional  mode  of  expressing  the 
subject  in  a  small  compass.  One  of 
the  slabs  which  formerly  covered  the 
base  of  the  Antouine  Column  affords 
a  more  complete  representation  of 
the  pageant;  but  the  numerous  bo- 
dies of  infantry  and  cavalry  there 
introdnced  could  not  be  compressed 
withiil.  the  limits  of  a  drawing  suit- 
able to  these  pages. 

DECUSSIS.  A  piece  of  money 
of  the  value  of  ten  asas,  which  was 
marked  with  the  letter  x.  Varro, 
Z.  L.  V.  17a     Stat  SybJ.  iv.  9.  9. 

DEDOLATUS.     See  Dola'tus. 

DE'FRUTUM  (V^<j/m,  aipaiav]. 
New  wine  boiled  down  to  one  half  its 
original  ijuantity  (PI in.  //  N.  liv. 


DELPHI  If.  235 

1 1 .),  in  order  to  increase  its  strength ; 
and  employed  by  tlie  ancient  wine- 
growers, as  the  "  doctor "  is  by  the 
moderns,  in  giving  body  to  poor  wine. 
Columeli.  xii.  37. 

DELA'TOR  (puwii^c).  A  ptblie 
spy,  or  caminoK  informer,  who  lived 
by  denouncmg  and  getting  up 
ehaiges    against    his  fellow-citizens. 


DEL'PHICA,  s 
made  of  marble  < 
tation  of  a  tripod, 
which  was  em. 
ployed  as  a  drink- 


bronze,   " 


A  table 


■arble. 

DEL'PHTN  and  DELPHI'NUS. 
A  dolphin.  Ddphinomni  columns 
(Juv.  vi.  589.),  the  columns  of  the 
dolphins.  These  were  columns 
erected  on  the  spina  of  the  Circus,  to 
support  a  number  of  marble  dolphins 
elevated  po- 


readily  ee 


0  be 


in  by  the 

tators ;    their   ob- 
ject being  to  ] 
notice  of  the  n 
her  of  turns  round 
the     goals   whicli 
had  been   i 

courses  roand  the  - 
spina  constituted  a  single  race ;  and, 
consequently,  one  of  these  dolphins 
was  put  lip  at  one  end  of  the  course 
upon  the  completion  of  each  circuit 
and  an  e^  (™o  curria  lorun )  it  the 
other,  in  order  that  there  m  ght  be 
no  mistake  or  dispute.  The  figure 
of  a  dolphin  was  selected  n  hoi  ou 
of  Neptune,  the  ^g,  of  Cas  or  a  d 
Pollux,       The    illustrat  on  Mite 


,y  Google 


336  DELUBRUM. 

from   a  sepulchral   bas-relief,   repre- 

DELU'BRUM.  That  part  of  a 
temple  (lemplum)  in  which  the  altar 
or  statue  of  the  deity  ^vas  erected ; 
and  hence  any  temple  which  contains 
an  altar  or  an  image  of  a  god.  Cic. 
N.  D.  iil.  4a  Id.  Arck.  ir.  Virg. 
Mn.  iv.  56. 

DEMAR'CHUS  (Svpapxog)-  An 
officer  amongst  the  Greeks  (Plant. 
C  ■  3  7 )  i«3  mbl"  g  '  my 
esp    ts  th     Tnb  t  th     pe  pi 

m    g  t  tl     R  m         pa  t     1    ly 
th    pfw     h    potse  sed    f  mg 

m    t    ITS    f  !h    d  m      {l  11  s)    and 
f  tak  ng  eh        tes  11  q      t 

b     tt  d  t     (h  rably    wl 

th         d        mpl  yed  by   h    G  eelt 
es     Iran  It       f     th    Latm  in/ 
pltiu     PI  t   Cm-  J 

DENARIUS      " 


f  th    R  r 


hih     n 


xxjLiii.    13.)     This  piec 

struck  under  Augustus  1: 
duced  in  its  actual  state 

DENS  (6So6^).     A 
specially    appHed    to 
objects,  which  resemble  teeth,  either 
in  their  form,  or  mode  of  application ; 


I.  Tlie  Jliiii  of  an  anchor 

Vivf. 

En.   vi.  3,),  which  is  generally  re- 

es    ted  in  th     w    k           «, 
an       t    rt          pi               ¥ 

□ok  u  th    t  b   b    (se 

11    trat              A 

)     b  t  fl  les 

^,l-,„\f^'>^J^ 

!       d  pt  d  by  th              t 

p       d  ly  tl                 d        mpl 

peri'd 

.Google 


tjoii  would  rather  tear  up,  or  bite  tlie 
ground,  as  Varro  phrases  it  (£.  L.  v. 
135.,  dens,  quod  eo  tnerdetar  ierra), 
tlan  cut  through  it,  like  the  r^ular 
share  {vomer),  from  wMch  it  is  fur- 
ther distinguished  by  the  epithet 
uncus  (Vii^.  Gearg.  a.  406.)  ;  the 
force  and  meaning  of  whicli  are 
(iaracteristicdly  exemplified  by  the 
engraving. 

5.  The  tooth  of  a  rake,  harrow,  or 
other  similar  agricultural  implements, 


such  as  the  irpex,  occc,  rasirum,  &c,  ; 
like  tlie  example,  found  in  the  Roman 
catacombs.  Lucan.  vii.  859.  Varro, 
L.  L.  V.  136.     Festus,  s.  Irpices. 

6.    The   tooth   of  a   saw.       (Plin. 
H.  N.  xvi,  S3.     Ovid.  Met,  viii.  246. 


^=^=^ 


perpiluos  denies.)  The  illustration 
represents  a  small  hand-saw  nsed  by 
Dsedalus,  in  a  mi(.rble  bas-relief. 

^.  The  tooth  of  a  comb.      (Tibidl. 
i   9.  68     Claud  Nupt  Honor  el  Mar 


'2.)     A   niaUtoth^d     nh  Lie 
h  1  t   1    u  tl  g  a    ng  f 

t      I     f  b  d  f       1 


BBNTARPAGA.  23 

Roman  tomb,  was  termed  dens  densu 
TibuD.  /.  €. 

%.   The  tooth  of  the  three-pronge 
key  supposed  to  be  the  davis  Lae, 


nka  (TibulL  I  2.  18.),  of  which  a 
specimen  is  annexed,  from  an  Egyp- 
tian originaL 

9.  The  hook  of  a  clasp  (Sidon. 
Carm.  il  397.) ;  see  Fibula,  2. 

10.  The  fogi  of  a  Vheel  in  ma- 
chinery (tympanum  dentahim).  Vi- 
truv.  x.  5. 

ri,  DeKs  eunrus  Satumi  Poeti- 
cally, for  a  pruning-hook.  (Viig. 
Genrg-.  i\.  406.)    See  Falx. 

DENTA'LE  {!h)t-i>).  The  sAari-i 
lieam  ai  a  plough,  to  which  the  share 
{j/amer)  was  attached.  (Columell.  ii. 
z.   24.]      In  the   annexed  example, 


from  an  engraved  gem,  the  dentale  is 
shod  with  an  iron  head,  maiked  dark 
in  the  engraving.  Compare  Ara- 
TEUM,  2.,  which  shows  a  plough  of 
more  perfect  construction,  on  which 
the  aentale  is  distinguished  by   tlie 

2.   Dentale  duflid  deirso.     (Virg. 
Georg.   i.     72 )     A    ha     bean 
a  double  6a  k  wh    h  op  n    b 

hind  into    wo  pa       bu    m    ts  a  a 


np  fi  d 


by  the  annexed  engraving,  which  re- 
presents a  plough  still  in  f  ommon 
use  amongst  the  agricultural  popula- 
tion on  the  bay  of  Taranlo. 

DENTAR'PAGA  {iSowa-^pa).    A 


,y  Google 


for     drawing 


=38 


dentist's 

teeth.     It 

which  Varro  designates  by  Che  epitiiet 

iipmsUis  j  but  the  precise  form  of  the 

instminenC  has  not  lieen  identilied. 

Varro,  ap.  Non.  j.  v.'-p.  99. 

DENTA'TUS.  See  Tympandm, 
Pedica,  Charta. 

DENTICULATUS.  Furnished 
witli  small  teeth  or  prongs  ;  sis  ap- 
pKed  to  artificial  and  natural  objects, 
in  the  ways  explained  and  illustrated 
under  the  article  Dens. 

2.  Falx  dentictUafa.  (Columell.  ii. 
21.  3.)    See  Falx,  3. 

DENTICULUS.  Aa>«j«marchi- 
tecture.  (Vitruv. iv, 2.5.  Id.iii.5. 11.) 
The  dentils  are  a  number  of  small 
square  blocks,  with  in  tersljces  bet  ween 
them,  employed  in  the  entablature  of 
columnar  architecture.  Tiiey  belong 
properly  to  the  Ionic  and  Corinthian 
orders  ;  and  their  proper  situation  is 
nndec  the  bed  mouldmg  of  the  cor- 
nice,   as   in    the    example    annexed. 


from  the  temple  of  Bacchus 
for  they  are  intended  to  represent 
externally  the  heads  of  the  com- 
mon rafters  {asseris)  in  the  timber- 
work  of  a  roof.  Li  some  Roman, 
and  many  modem  buildings,  they 
are  placed  under  modillions  (ma- 
tuli) ;  but  this  was  contrary  to  the 
practice  of  the  Greeks,  for  it  de- 
stroys tlieir  meaning  and  intention ; 
and,  for  a  similar  reason,  the  Greek 
architects  never  placed  them  on  the 
sloping  sides  of  a  pediment,  as  the 
Romans  did,  because  the  ends  of  the 


PESIGV ITOR, 

rafters  do  not  puject  in  the  front  ot 
a  building  but  only  at  the  ades. 
The  Romans,  moreover,  introduced 
them  mto  their  Done  order  (Vitruv, 
i.  2  6  )  an  mstance  of  wiiich  appli- 
cation may  be  seen  m  the  illustration 
J.  Triglyphus,  representing  an  en- 
tablature belonging  to  the  theatre  of 
Marcellns  at  Rome. 

DENTIDU'CUM.  A  dentist's 
instrument  for  extracting  teeth.  Csel. 
Aur.  Tard.  ii.  4. 

DENTIFRICTUM(4Jov7i(r;ii,y,i«, 
iSowDrpi/i/io).  Tootk-prwder,  for 
clean^g  and  whiteiung  the  teeth. 
Plin.  jy.  N.-i- 


Id.  J 


i  49-    . 


DENTISCALFIUM  {hlavrl^Xv- 
^ij).  A  tooth-fUk.  Tlie  choicest 
kinds  were  made  out  of  the  stalks  to 
the  leaves  of  the  mastick  tree  (fen- 
/iscits) ;    the    inferior  qualities  from 

■■■       Mart  xiv.   22.     Id.  iii.  82. 


Id. ' 


.74-     Id.v 


.  53- 


DEPONTA'NI.  Roman  dtiiens 
who  had  passed  the  age  of  sixty,  and 
thence  become  incapacitated  from 
voting  at  elections  and  in  the  public 
assemblies ;  so  termed,  because  in 
reality  they  were  excluded  from  the 
bridge  l^ns  suffragiomm),  which  the 
voter  passed  over  as  he  entered  the 
enclosure  (stptum)  to  cast  his  ballot 
into  the  box.      Fesfus,  s.  ti. 

DERUNCINA'TUS.  Smoothed 
with  the  runcina  ;  i,  e., planed. 

DESCOBINA'TUS.  Scraped 
with  the  scobina. 

DESIGNATOR.  A  person  em- 
ployed at  the  theatre  in  a  capacity 
something  like  that  of  our  box  or 
stallkeeper,  whose  business  it  was  to 
point  out,  and  conduct  the  company 
to  their  proper  places.  (Plant.  Ptett. 
Pcol.  19.)  Every  seat  was  numbered, 
the  .'ipace  allotted  to  each  bang 
marked  out  by  a  line  (Imia)  drawn 
on  each  side  of  it,  and  the  billet  o! 
admission  ifessera  tAeatralii)  specified 
the  numbei-  of  the  seat  which  the 
holder  was  entitled  to  occupy,  which 
was  shown  to  him  by  the  dtsignater 
when  he  entered  the  tiieatre. 


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DESULTOR. 

2.  Ad  underiaktr ;  who  made  all 
the  arrangements  for  a  funerid,  and 
directed  ttie  procession,  at  the  head 
of  which  he  walked,  attended  by 
lictors  clothed  in  black.  Hor.  Ep.  i. 
7,  6.  Donat.  od  Terent.  Addpk.  i.  2. 
7.     Seneca,  Binef.  vi.  38. 

3.  A  sort  of  Ark  of  the  course  at 
the  Circensian  games ;  who  made 
the  arrangements  for  each  race,  and 
distnbuted  the  prizes.  Uip.  Dig.  3. 
2.  4.~Cic  Alt.  iv,  3.  2.  probably 
applies  to  this  class. 

DESULTOR  (/«r«/3iiTnc,  ^^^w- 
7fo[).    A  person  who  exhibited  feats 


LE. 


239 


of  horseman^liip  in  the  Circus  upon 
horses  trained  lor  tlie  purpose.  like 
oui  performers  at  Astley'';,  and  the 
figure  in  the  preceding  engraving, 
which  is  copied  from  a  bas  relief  in 
the  museum  at  Verona  He  some- 
times had  as  many  as  four  horses 
imdei       his       command       (Agostini, 


Gemmc,    193.);    but 
number   was    two   ( 
which    he    rode    without 
saddle,   as    shown    by    the    i 
example,   from  a    terra-coKa 


and  received  the  name  01  desultor 
from  the  practice  of  leaping  from 
one  to  the  other,  while  the  animals 
were  at  their  full  speed.  (Isidor. 
Orig.  xviii.  39.  Compare  Prop.  iv. 
2.  35.)  He  wore  the  cap  terine4 
pileus  on  his  head  jHygiii.  Fai.  81.  J, 
which  is  observable  in  both  the  illus- 
trations ;  and  fi-e<juently  rode  in  Che 
Circus  by  the  ade  of  the  chariots  (see 
the  illustration  s.  Spina)  ;  but  some- 
exhibited  alone.     IJv,  xliv.  9. 

DESULTCiaUS,  sc  equus.  A 
horse  trained  for  the  performances  of 
lie  desultor  (Suet.  Oi.  39.),  as  shown 
in  the  two  preceding  lUusliations. 

2.  Same  as  Desultor.  Cic.  Mur. 
27. 

DEUNX.  Eleven  uncii^,  or  eleven, 
twelftlis  of  anything ;  as  tlie  eleventh 
part  of  an  as,  a  nominal  sum,  not  repre- 
sented in  actual  coinage.  Varro,  L.  L. 
V.  172.     RhemiL  Fan.  de  Pond.  45. 

DEVERSCHRIUM.  A  general 
name  for  any  place  at  which  a  tra- 
veller "  puts  up,"  or  is  accommodated 
with  temporary  board  and  lodging, 
whether  a  public  inn  (tabema  ■m&ri- 
toria)  or  a  private  house  be  used  for 
the  purpose,  Cic.  Fhil.  iL  41.  Pet 
Sat.  15.  &     Cic  Fam.  vii.  23. 

DEXTANS.  Ten  »»^,  or  ten- 
twelfths  of  anything ;  as  the  tenth 
part  of  an  (M,  a  nominal  sum,  not 
represented  in  actual  coimge  VarrO, 
L.  L.  V.  172       Siet  Nero,  32 

DEXTRA  LE       K  bracelet  ^ 


on  the  fleshy  part  of  the  righ 


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240  DEXTROCHERWM. 

as  in  the  example,  frtrai  a  painting  at 
Pompeii,    Cyprian,  de  Habiiu  Virgin. 
DEXTROCIIE'RIUM.    A  brace- 
mid  the  -wrkt  of  the  right 


arm,  as  in  the  annexed  example,  sup 
posed  to  represent  the  portrait  of  a 
Poropeiac  lady,  from  a  paintmg  m 
that  city.  Capitolin.  Maxwi  5  1 1 
Maxim,  y-un-  1- 

DIAEATHRA'RIUS  One  who 
tniLesdiatatiia  FlautAu!  iii  5  39 

DIABATH  RUM  (Bw^aepoi.)     A 

particular  kuid  of  slipper  01   sandal 

Ua/ea)    of    Greek    ong  lal    (Festus 

s  J  )     respecting  Tiliich  noth  ng  fur 

th  L.10W      than  that  it  was  es 

p       lly    haractenstic  of  the  female 

(ETistath   ad  Horn.   Od   v    g) 

1       e,  if  attributed  to  males  as  by 

N:evi      (  p  Virro  Z  i  y  1   53  }   it 

ly     n    nd  Cule     and    pointedlj 

m      t    t      designate    an    effeminate 

tyl      f  dreiS.     Fro  u  th  s  it  may  he 

f  d  that  Polluj.  la  mistaken  when 
1      mak      It  CO  nmon  to  both  sexe^i 


o  ml  \ 


90 


cilar 


DIACH  YTON 
kind  of  w  e  pi-oJui-ed  by  d"-}  ng  tl 
grapes  in  the  sun  for  seve  al  fays 
befo  e  thej  were  squeezed.  Plin 
If  A   xv   II 

DIADEMA   (0    oifi")       A   dia 
d^m     which  1 


DfAMICTON. 

subsequently  the  diadem  was  a  broad 
white  band  (Val.  Max.  vi.  2.  7.),  fast- 
ened round  the  head,  and  tied  in  a 
bow  behind,  adopted  by  other  nations, 
as  an  ensign  of  sovereignty  (Juv.  xiii. 
105.),  like  the  annexed  example,  from 
an  engraved  gem,  representing  Pto- 
lemy the  bruthi-r  of  Cleopatra.  Thus 
n  works  of  ari  the  diadem  ndicate 
a  regal  station,  like  the  crown  ot 
modern  fine 

DIADEMATUS  Weanng  the 
diadem  as  shown  m  the  precedmg 
illustratioa  Plm.  H  A  jju.iv  19 
§17 

Dl^TA  {Stat-)  The  name 
given  to  some  particular  department 
in  ancient  houses  tlie  precise  nat  re 
of  which  IS  not  distinctly  known 
Thus  much  however  is  ce  tarn  that 
it  consisted  of  several  rooms  adjoin 
ing  one  another  and  contained  w  thinl 
both  eatmg  and   sleeping 


Phi 


5  I 


3     (ffMjm) 
erected  on  the  deck  at  the  stem  of  1 
vessel    as  iH  the  annexed  eiample 


from  the  Vatican  Vii^il     It  ii  as  ap 
propciated  to   the  use   of   the  cl  lef 
person  in  coran  and     o    to    he  u 
gislei    11  ameichantmai     Pet    S'!( 

DIAMICTON  A  tern  employed 
by  the  Roman  buildere  to  des  gnate 
T.  part  cular  n  anner  of  constnn-ting 
walls,  similai  in  most  respects  to  the 
Empleclan  but  of  an  inferior  descrip 
tion  ;  for  though  the  outside  surfaces 
weie  formed   of  regular   masonry  or 


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DICHALCON. 


{diatoni)  to  consolidate  the  mass,  and 
bind  it  together  {Phn  H  IV  xyxvi 
51.)  The  illustration  sliofts  a  wall 
coastnicted  ui  dianiicion,  fiom  a  ruin 

DIAPA&  MA  (Mnasiia)  A  fine 
powder,  made  from  dried  flowers 
odorifeious  herbs  of  bernes,  intended 
to  be  rubbed  over  the  body  as  a  per 
fume.  PUn  H  N  xa\  z  Id  xxi 
73.     Mart.  Ep  1   8S 

DIA'RIUM  A  days  allowJnce 
of  proviaons,  which  wa»  weighed 
out  to  slaves  (Hor  Ep  1  14-  4° 
Pet.  Sat.  75  4.) ,  and  thence  a!ao  a 
soldLer'a  daily  allowance  01  pay 
Cic.  Ait.  viii   14 

DIAST'VLOS  (B.<i(.n.XaE)  Ha^ 
ing  the  space  of  three  diameters  be 
tween  column  and  column  whith 
constitutes  the  widest  mtercolum 
niation  capable  of  bear  rg  an  -iichi 
trave    of   atone    01  -,,.«. 

marble,  for  the  Tub  ®^*® 

can  style,  which  ad         @-  a-© 
mitted    four    diatnc         ®-  ^1-^ 
ters,      requu:ed      its       g— 3_® 
architrave  fo    be  of     g^    4.    g 
wood.      (Vitniv      m 
2  )     The  amiesed  diagiam  shows  the 
relative    width    of   the   live    different 
kinds  of  intercolumniation    m  which 
the  diash'Ie  is  the  last  but  one. 

DIAT'ONI    {itiiTOvoi)       Gtidei. 


241 

or  haitdstones  employed  in  the  ctn 
structiou  of  walls,  which  a  e  built  in 
the  stjle  termed  Empla-ton  Ihey 
are  large  stones  of  the  same  length 
as  the  entire  thickness  of  the  wail, 
like  those  marked  F  in  the  annexed 
example  and  consequently  extended 
fiom  one  face  of  it  £0  the  otlier 
being  laid  in  courses  at  regi  lar  in 
tervals,  for  the  purpose  of  consoli 
datmg  the  strucCuie  and  binding  the 
whole  together      Vitruv  11   b   7 

DIATRETA  (oiarpjjrD)    Vases  or 
dnnking  cups  of  mt  glass,  01  piecioas 


llie  patterns  upon 
them  not  only 
stood   out  in    re 


bored  completely 
through,  so  as  T " 
form  a  piete  ol   opej 
lork  {Mait     Ep    : 
Dg    %  )      recisely  a 

li  xed  hgiire   copied 

g         glass  drinkmg  cup 

un  N  n  the  year  1735 

lop  which  form 

E    E,  Vivas  Mdltos 

an  hole  of  the  tracery 

of  the  solid    and 

m  same  substance  as 

the  inner  cup,  though  completely  a» 

}inir,  small   tiea  or  pms  being  lefi;  at 

Crupei  intetrals,  which  umte  the 
'tteis  and  the  tracery  to  the  inner 
body  of  the  cup 

DIATRIBA  A  place  m  which 
learned  disputations  are  earned  on, 
such  as  a  school  or  lecture  room 
Aui  Gel!  xvu  20  2  Id  iviu  13  2 
DIAZO  MA  ie,Bi«,p.^)  Properly, 
a  Greek  word  latinised  (Vitruv  v 
6,  7  ),  for  which  the  gennme  Latin 
term  is  Pr^cinctio  ;  underwhich  it 
IS  explained, 

DICHAL'CON  (SIxoXkov).  A 
small  copper  coin  of  Greek  currency, 

3iial  in  value  to  the  fourth  or  fifth 
an   ubolua.      Viiiuv.  iii.  r.       Plin. 
If  N  XII.  log. 


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243  DICEOTUS. 

DIC'ROTUS  (Siitpornf).  Having 
two  banlia  of  oars  on  a  side ;  pro- 
perly, a  Greek  word,  foe  which  the 
Romans  used  Biremis  ■  which  see 

DIDRACH  MA  and  DIDRACH 
MUM  (S  Spa'^fio  )  A  doub  e 
i  ad  m,  of  the  Greek  s  Iv  r  coinage 
(Te  tuU  lY/s  r  ll  )  L  ke  flie 
drachaa  t  vas  of  two  different 
standards  the  Att  c  of  wh  cl  pe 
ens  ire  very  rare  vorth  abou 
I  7i/  of  our  money  and  the 
ne  an  no  th  ahout  a  Sis' 
lai^es     0  n  of  tha    standarc^ 


s  he  e  rep  esen  ed  of  tl  e  ac  al  i.  ze 
from  an  original  in  the  Biitish 
Museum. 

DIGITA'LE  (Ja(.TwXT,9oo)  A 
covering  to  the  hand  with  lingera  to 
it,  like  our  glsns.  (Virro,  Ji  Ji  i 
SS.  I.    Xen.    Cyr.  vm    S  ^ 

17.)  The  example  here  \^-a 
hilrodnced  is  copied  fiom  ife  \ 
Trajan's  Column,  n  here  it  M*A 
appears  on  the  hands  of  a  Mtk" 
Sarmatian ;  but  the  passage 
of  Varro  is  considered  doubtfiil,  and 
Bome  editions  read  digilaMarn,  which 
is  interpreted  to  be  an  instrument 
with  prongs,  like  the  human  hand, 
affined  to  a  long  handle,  and  employed 
ih  gathering  fruit. 

DILO'RIS.  A  hvbrid  word, 
meaning  literally  /aiiinhid  with  t<iio 
thongs ;  but  intended  to  dLSignate  the 
two  stripes  of  purple,  01  purple  and 
gold,  termed  paragaiidis,  which,  in 
late  times,  were  employed  to  omi 
ment  wearing  apparel,  in  a  tunilar 
manner  to  the  ctmius,  as  e^iplamed 
and  illustrated  undei  the  word  Pa 
KAGAUDA.     Vopisc.  Aurcl  46 

DI'MACH^    ("Vox"').     A  class 


DIPLOIS 

of  troops  n  o  gst  the  M  elon  ins 
who   acted  botl  ho    e   and   foot 

soldiers,  be  g  trai  ed  to  d  n  ount 
and  serve  amo  gst  ll  e  nfantiy  as 
occas  on  req     ed      Curt  v  13 

DIMAOH^RI  (S/iaxapo)  A 
class  of  gladiators  who  a  e  supposed 
to  h  ve  fou5,ht  th  two  swo  ds  each  , 
bu  the  fact  is  only  an  inference, 
coUec  ed  from  their  name.  Inscript. 
ap  Mur.  613,  3.  Orelli,  Imcrtpt, 
2584 

DIOGMI'T^,.  A  body  of  light- 
armed  roops  employed  under  the 
en  p  re  and  staticaied  upon  the  con- 
fines to  prevent  incursions,  pursue 
obbe  3,  &c.  Ammian.  :ixvii.  9.  6, 
Lap  olin.  Antmi  PhUosoph  21 

HOFTRA  (iioBT-po)  Ageonie 
tr  cal  nstrument  employed  in  mea 
su  ng  the  altitude  of  distant  objects  , 
for  ak  ng  the  levels  of  a  aoune  of 
niter  ntended  to  be  conveyed  to  a 
d  stance  by  means  of  an  aqnednct, 
nd   similar   pni  poses       Vttru^     viic 

S    ' 

DJO  TA  (hi«r^)  A  GreLlc  word 
meanmg  literally  ii-ilh  t-iin  enyt,  and 
thence  employed  both  m  the  Greek 
and  Latin  language",  ia  a 
term  for  any  vessel  which 
nished  mtli  (v/a 
handle,  like  the 
amphora,  lagata, 
&c  ,         espi-aally 

tended  for  the  pre 

m  store  (Hor    Od 

19    8 ),  to  which 

pi  rpose  the  oiigmal  depicted  in  the 

inne\ed  engraving  was  apphed ,  foi 

It   IS   earned    by   a    Faun,    attending 

upon  Bacchus,  on  a  tictile  lase  of  the 

Neapohtan  Museum 

DIPUNTHIUS  Two  bncks 
thick     Vitruv  n  8 

DIPLOIS  (ftn-Xoti,  ff.jr\aj)  A 
doubled  cloak  ,1  e ,  a  pallium,  or 
other  article  of  the  outward  apparel 
{amtctus),  which,  when  put  on,  was 
partly  doubled  back  m  the  same  man 
ner  as  women  do   their   shawls,  in 


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consequence  of  being  too  large  t( 

single.  It  belonged 
to  the  Grecian 
costume  (Isidoi 
Orig.  xiit.  24.  II.), 
■was  affected  by 
the  Cynic  philoso- 
pheiB  (Hor.-  E^. 
1.  17.  25.  Acron. 
ad  I.),  and  is  very 
cleitrly  represented 
ill  the  annexed  fi- 
gure of  Juno,  from 
a  fictile  vase,  as 
well  as  on  a  statue 
of  Minerva  in  the 
Vatican.     Mm.  Pio-Ckin.  i 

DIPLO'MA  {3iiT\,u^c). 
of  passport,  consisting  of  1 
(whence  the  name  originated),  whicli 
was  given  to  a  messenger  or  other 
person  travelling;  upon  public  busi- 
ness, in  order  that  he  might  readily 
obtain  eveiy  thing  necessaiy  on. 
liis  jonmey,  without  delay  or  hin- 
drance. Cic.  Fam.  vi.  12.  Plin.  Ef. 
X.  31.     Capitolin.  Per/in.  I, 

2.  A  diploma,  or  document  drawn 
up  by  a  chief  magistrate,  which  con- 
ferred some  particular  privilege  upon 
the  person  to  whom  it  was  given. 
Suet.  Nero,  12. 

DIPLOMA'RIUS.  A  fubla  cou- 
rier' or  state  utsssenger ;  L  e.,  who  was 
furnished  with  a  public  passport  (iff. 
ploTOa).     Inscript  ap.  Orelli,  2917.' 

DIPTEROS  {SiiTTipoQ).  Lite- 
rally with  two  wings  ;    whence  em- 


M 


ployed  by  architects  to  designate  a 
temple  or  other  edifice  which  has  a 
double  row  of   columns  all    round. 

DIp'tYCHA  (SiTTi-uxH).,  Folding 
tablets,  consisting  of  two  leaves  con- 
necled    by    a    string   or    by   hinges, 


DIRIBITORIVM. 


r   of 


backgi 

(SchoL  Vet  ad  Juv.  ix. 
36.)  The  oitlside  pre- 
sented a  plain  surface  of 
wood ;  the  inside  had  a 
raised  margin  all  round, 
vrithin  wtdch  a  coat  of 
wax  was  spread  for 
writing  on  with  a  steel  point  {stOus), 
while  the  margin  preserved  the  wai: 
and  letters  from  abrasion  by  coming 
into  contact.  The  example  is  from  a 
painting  of  Herculaueum. 

2.  Di^tycha  consularia  pnslm-ia, 
lediliHa.  Tablets  of  similar  form, 
but  containing  the  names  and  por- 
traits of  consuls,  prsetors,  asdiles,  and 
other  magistrates,  which  they  pre- 
sented to  flieir  friends,  and  distributed 
amongst  the  people  on  the  day  of 
entering  upon  their  respective  offices. 
(Symnmch.  Ep.  ii.  80.  Id.  v.  54, 
Cod.  Theodos.  15.  9.  I.)  Many  dip- 
tychs  of  this  description  in  wood  and 
ivory  are  preserved  in  the  cabinets  of 
antiquities,  and  have  been  engraved 
by  Maffei,  Mtii  Veronens.,  and  Do- 
nati,  JDiltici  Antickt,  but  the  details 
are  too  mmute  and  elaborate  for 
insertion  in  these  columns 

DIRIBITO'RES.  Ofiiceis  who 
had  charge  of  the  ballotmg  boxes  at 
the  Roman  Comitia  It  was  their 
duty  to  sort  the  votes  of  the  difTeient 
tribes  at  the  conclusion  of  the  ballot, 
and  then  hand  them  over  to  the  scru- 
tineers {custodts),  who  pricked  off  the 
respective  numbers,  and  declared  the 
result  Cic.  in  Saiai.  II.  Id.   Pis.  15. 

DIRIBITO'RIUM.  A  room  or 
building,  supposed  to  have  been  ori- 
ginally constructed  for  the  diribitora 
to  sort  the  votes  at  the  Comitia  ;  but 
subsequently  tlie  same,  place,  or  a 
similar  one,  was  set  apart  for  the  use 
of  the  officers  engaged  in  examining 
the  muster  roll  of  the  army,  distri- 
buting the  pay,  and  assigning  the 
conscripts  to  their  different  legions. 
Suet.  Claud.  18.  Plin.  H.  N.  xvi. 
76.  §  2. 


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DISCINCTUS  {aiwaroO- 
girt ;  that  is,  wearing  tlic 
with  ts       I  d 


21  _5.  of  ft  EECenas,  who  was  addicted 
to  this  hahit. 

a.  With  respect  to  females,  the 
meaning  is  the  same,  and  the  appear- 
ance presented  by  a  woman's  tunic 
without  its  belt  {rsdncla,  soluta)  is 
shown  hy  the  following  figm-e,  from 
an  engraved  gem  ;  hut  the  sense  of 
■indelicacy   is  still   more  decided   as 


regards  the  sex,  amongst  whom,  both 
in  Greece  and  Italy,  such  a  free'lcim. 
01  costume  was  chiefly  aflected  by 
women  of  easy  character,  such  aa 
singing  and  dancing  girls,  who  aie 
mostly  10  depicted  m  the  Pompeian 
painting), 

3  Disctnctus  miles  With  respect 
to  the  military,  the  word  imphes 
Without  thi  sword  belt  (balteus,  cmc- 
tonum),  which  the  Roman  com- 
manders sometimes  took  from  their 
men  who  had  dl^taced  themselves, 


DISCOBOLUS. 

as  the  colours  are  now  taken  for  a 
Bimikc  purpose  from  a  modern  regi- 
ment ,  and  this  was  not  only  a  mark 
of  Ignominy,  but  z.  real  hardship  to 
the  soldier,  who  was  thus  compelled 
to  carry  his  naked  swotd  without  the 
assistance  of  a  belt  and  the  sheatli 
attached  to  it.     Liv.  xxvii.  13. 

DISCERNIC'ULUM.  A  bodkin 
employed  by  women  to  part  the  hair 
eveiJy  down  the  front  of  the  head, 
Lgcil.  ap.  Non.  s.  v.   p.  35.    Varro, 

DISCOB'bLUSi^witojSaoc).  One 
who  throws  the  discus;  the  manner 
of  doing  which  is  shown  by  the  sub- 
joined engraving,  from  the  celebrated 
statue  of  Myron  {Quint,  ii  13.  10. 
Pliii.  H.  N.  xxxiv.  19.  8  3.),  a  copy 
of  which  is  preserved  ui  the  British 
Museum.  The  very  remarkable  at- 
titude and  position  of  tliis  figure  are 
characterised  by  Quintilian  e 
bonred  and  distorted  " — diito 
daboratant — but  these  words  ai 
understood  with  reference  to  the  usual 
practice  of  the  Greek  artists,  who  were 
extremely  chaiy  of  representing  their 


figuics  in  violent  action,  such  as  oc- 

tended  to  imply  that  tlie  figure  in 
question  does  not  truly  express  tlie 
real  postuie  which  every  player  with 
the  dtsius  actually  assumed  at  the  mo- 
ment of  discharging  his  disk ;  for  a 
passage  of  Statius  (TM  vi.  646- 
721),   descnptue   of   1  contest    be- 


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DISCUBITUS. 

tween  two  discoholi,  enumera  e  e 
by  one  all  the  particular  mot  ons  and 
poses  observable  in  this  statue     The 

Slayer  6rst  examines  hii  da  as  ta 
nd  which  pact  of  the  edge  w  11  be  t 
suit  the  gripe  of  his  foigera  and 
which  will  lay  best  against  the  s  de  of 
his  arm, — jiW  lotus  in  digitus  nedm 
quod  ceriias  ulnre,  Convenial;  he  then 
raises  up  his  right  arui  w  th  ts 
weight,  —  Erigit  adsuttum  ikxt  s 
gestamta  et  alie  Susleutal ;  Ijei  ds  both 
his  knees  downwards,  and  sw  ngs  the 
disk  up  above  the  g^eral  level  ol  h  s 
body,  —  humiqus  Fresstls  ui  oqae 
genu,  collecto  sanguine  disain  Ipse 
super  sese  rotai ;  and  then  disci  arges 
the  mass  by  swinging  his  arm  down 
wards,  which  acquires  a  double  m 
petns  from  the  resistance  in  a  con 
trary  direction,  produced  by  the 
rising  up  of  the  bent  body  as  the  arm 
descends, — ohms  tubrica  mas  ip  /5>b 
deya  m'x,  loia  carvaiiis  coTpoie  jux  a 
d^dt.  This  passage,  while  t  llu 
tmtes  the  meaning  and  inten  on  of 
the  different  attitudes  exhibited  by  the 
above  figure,  also  clearly  expla  ns  the 
manner  in  which  the  discus  was  cast 

DISCU'BITU       D  UB 

These  words  denot 
place,  and  reclining  m  al 
desctilied  J.  Accu 
speaking,  when  th 
sion  is  made  to  tli 
that  is,  to  a  numb 
recline  tt^ther  upo 
{Val.  Max.  ii.  i.  g. 
as  seen  in  the  illus 

Dl's'CUS  {U„ 
plate  of  stone  or  m 
in  diameter,  employ 
for  throwing  to  a  d 
ercise  of  strength 
0(/.  L  8.  II.  Prop, 
instrument  itself,  an 
projecting  it,  are  sho 
by  the  woodcut  on 
and  the  text  which 

2.  Any  shallow 
containing  eatables 
our  word  disk.     Ap 


orgmalp  blishedby Martmi,ii 
Sonnenuk  en  der  Alten 

DISPENSATOR  One  of  the 
slave  fan  ly  n  a  Romin  housel  old 
bo  h  n  town  and  country  who  per 
formed  the  dut  es  of  a  secretary  and 
acconntant  n  the  former  and  of  a 
bail  ff  or  ste  vard  n  the  latter  eslab 
1  shmenL  i^-i  Att  xi  I  Snet 
Calb  12  Macrob  Sal  4  Ton 
pon  i>p  50  16   166 

DISPLUVl^TU'; 


DIVERSORIUM    SeeDE  eeso 

D  DIC'ULUM.  A  tower  in 
educt,  containing  a  large  re- 
frora  which  the  water  was 
ted  through  separate  pipes  into 
It  was  an  old  name,  subse- 
relinqnisbed  for  the  more 
g  one  of  Caslellum.  Festus, 
d  Caetellum,  4.,  where  an 

D    DRA.      A  potMe,    or    drink 
mpo    d  of  nine  diffirent  ingredi- 

iter,    wine,   broth,   oil,  salt, 

herbs,    honey,    and    pepper. 

Epigr.  86.  and  S7. 
D    DRANS.       Nine-tweMhs    of 

g  ;  thence  a  copper  coin,  con- 

f  nineH«(»j,  or  three-quarters 
.    (Varro,  Z.  L.  v.   172.)     It 

mely  race  in  actual  coinage  ; 

an  example  is  said  to  exist  in 
f  the  Cassian  family,  which 

e  letter  .S,  and  three  balls,  to 


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DOLAGE 

A       A     m 

bra,   or  insti 

ployed     for 

glClll 

especially  in 

h         ts      th 

(C  1  m  11 

4. 4     d  s; 

The 

^bl      (M 

k      -f   m       sepuldiral 

179  )      ts  f 

1     ly  h  ws 

h      1         idl 

r^,  as 

by      mpan  g 

with 

atcliet 

I        p       d  th 

curved 

D         k 

elow, 

m  It             H 

ly       tabl 

r  the 

as  ged 

by  C  1  m 

lla  m 

DOLABRA  (dlinj)       An  mstrii 
meiit  employ  d  f         tt         k  pp   g 
breaking,  ai  d  d  ggu  g    by  w    dm 
(Quint.    Cu  4.)      ag        1        1 

'  '  3(0  1        11  ^  II 


lad.  iii.  21.  )  d  ry  g  raJJ 
in  the  army  f  m  k  g  It  d 
(Tuv.viii.  248}  b  k  g  h  fe 
tile  walls  ot       f       f  TL 

II.),  to  bo  h  h  h  p  po  t 
frequently  appl  i  by  h  Id  y 
the   Columns     f  T   j  d  A 

ninus.      It  bel     g  d         th        lass 
instruments  wh   1   go  by  th 
hatchet    {sent     )     m    g  t 
is  often  co  f      d  d  l^  th 
of  a  late  ag   w  h  th      d      ( 
with  both  of     h   1      p    se  ts  p 
of  resembla  d     f  d     rep 

baving  a  long   h    dl     and   d    bl 
head,  one  sd     fwhhjsf        h 
with  a  sharp  cut      g  bl  d      th     edg 
of  which  lie    p    all  1 1      h    haft, 
stead  of  acr  1  k     1       d 


th 

pick. 

th 

Ix                     us 

The 

sepul- 

ca 

=  of  a 

u,          F 

inder- 

pare  also  the  woodcut 

S.    DOLATUS, 

a    Dolabra  fossoria. 

Tbe  instru- 

ment  employed  by  ex 

avators    and 

111  e  the  preceding  one, 

nd  a  head  of 

sirodar  cliaracter,  furnished  with    a 
cutting  edge  at  one  side,  placed  pa- 
rallel to  the  haft,  and  a  regular  pick 
h     ti.  h     n  by  the  annexed 

an  pi      f    m         painting   in    the 
R  cata    mbs,      which  it  appeal's 

I     h    ds    f  cavator.   Isador. 

O  g  9  and  compare  the 

Ilust    t  F  ss  R,  I.,  where  it  is 

■},  D  lahf  p  tficalis.  The  hat- 
h  mpl  yd  1  ightering  cattle, 
t  th  sa  fi  (Festus  s.  Scma), 
d  by  b  h  rs  (Paul.  Dig.  33.  7. 
8)  h  h  fimished  with  two 
bl  d  — o  b  d  rid  lai^e,  like  a 
at  the    back,    of 


m  11 


and    1 


mblin 


g    dg      f    n  ordinary  dola^ 
or  h         by  h    annexed  exam- 

pi     f   m      bas     1   f  representing  a 
fi     m  h   V  U    Boighese. 
DOH.BRATUS       Hewn,  split, 
f    m  d  f    h        d  with  a  dalabra. 

73.   and  woodcut  s. 


D 


M  d     Ik 


■    fur. 


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DOLA  TUS. 

(Pallad.  i.  43.),  a  hatcliet  with  a  do- 
labra  at  tlie  back  uf  the  blade,  as 
aeen  in  the  precedhig  illusttation 

DOLA  TUS  Hewn  cut  chopped 
and  formed  into  si  ape  with  tl  e  do- 
hbra  as  ai  piled  to  o  ects  n  wood 
(Cic  Acad  1  31  PI  n  //  A  xvi 
lb)    and  represe  ted    n  the  annexed. 


DOMUS. 


CT  ,iaving  frtm  the  column  of  Tra 
jan ,  and  as  the  a  tion  employe  i  in 
using  that  instrument  is  one  of  g  ving 
/repeated  Wows,  the  word  is  also  -ip 
plied  in  the  sense  of  beaten  violently 
Hor.  Sat.  L  $.  22. 

DOLl'OLUM,  Diminutive  of 
DoLiDM.  Liv.  V.  4a  Veg  let  vi 
I3.3. 

DO'LIUM(7rieo5}.  Alai^  n  outhed 
round,  full-bdlied  eartheivma  i  vessel 
(VaiTo,  R.  S.  iii.  15.  2,  Columell 
xii,  6.  I.  lb.  4.  5.,)  of  great  capacity 
employed  to  contain 

off  into  ainphaiee,  or, 
as  we  should  say, 
bottled  (Seneca,  Ep. 
36-  Procul.  Big. 
33.6.  15.);  as  well 
as  other  kinds  of  produce  both 
dry  and  liquid,  as  oil,  vintgar  &.i_ 
(Varro,  E.  S.  i.  22.  4.  Cato,  E  P 
10.  4.  and  II.  I.)  The  above  words 
are  nsed  in  Latin  and  Greek  to 
designate  the  receptacle  which  Dioge 
nes  adopted  for  his  habitation  {ja\ 
Sat.  liv.  30S.  Diog.  Laert.  !« ^nt.) , 
and  tlie  one  into  which  Ihe  daughters 
of  Dajiaus  were  condemned  to  empty 
their  pitchers  (Hor.  Od.  iii,  22-27. 
Ludan.  ia  Timon.  tom.  I.  p.  89. 
Bipont.) ;  by  which  the  great  size  of 
''"-"'"'' --■—^"-    ■       "      leoriginals 


the  dolhtm  is  testified. 


247 

excavated  at  Antium  are  three  inches 
thick,  and  have  an  insciiption,  dedar-. 
ing  their  capadty  at  J  8  amphorce, 
eq  al  to  21^  of  the  modem  Koinan 
barrels  The  illustration  is  copied 
from  a  bas  rel  ef,  representing  the 
dolutm  of  Diogenes  Oir  woid  tub, 
which  IS  commonly  adopted  as  ihe 
translat  on  of  dolium  grves  an  incor 
rect  notion  of  the  object,  which  was 
made  of  baked  eaith,  though  of  sufd 
cient  size  to  contain  a  man  as  the  oil 
jaisused  at  this  day  mifalv  and  those 
of  the  well  known  story  of  the  Forty 
Thieves  in  the  Arabian  Nights 

2  Dohum  dimasum  deprtssunt, 
dsfossum  A  dohum  sunk  partially 
into  the  sand  which  formed  the  floor 
of  a  wine  cellar  (See  the  illustration 
J  Cella  2)  Tins  method  was 
considered  the  best  for  keeping  wine 
which  had  not  a  strong  body  but  if 
-      -    -   -'-      the 


I   of   .     „ 
dohum  containing  1 


DOLON   01    DOLO   (&\wi) 


with  s 


■mail 


Iheextren  ity   Vug 
Ain   VII   b&4    \  arro    ap   Ser\    e  1 1 

2  A    swoid    stiik     in   which   a 
ponia  d  IS    concealed  (Serv.  oii  Virg 

■iEh  VII  664.  Isidor  Or^  xv  1  9 
4  bULt  Claud  13  P!ut  T  Gracck 
10)  ^thence  appiopiiately  traos 
fened  to  the  sting  of  a  fly  Phsedr 
ill  6  3 

3  A  small  foresail  on  a  ship  with 
n  oie  than  one  roast  earned  over  the 
prow  and  attached  to  the  foremast 
(I'idor  Ong  XIX.  3  _ 
44.   Polyb    ilvi    15    2)    as  IS  dearly 


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tlie  vessel  had  three  masts,  and,  con- 
sequently, three  sails,  the  doloit  was  Ihe 
smallest  of  the  thi-ec.     Pollux,  i.  91. 

DOMUS.  A  primti  fumse,  occu- 
pied by  a  single  proprietor  and  his 
family,  as  contradistinguished  from 
the  inmla,  which  was  constructed  for 
the  reception  of  a  number  of  different 
families,  to  whom  it  was  let  out  in 
lodgings,  flats,  or  apartments. 

The  Roman  houses  were  usually 
bnilt  upon  one  fixed  plan,  varying 
only  in  the  size,  number,  and  distri- 
bution of  the  auartmenb,  according 
to  the  wealth  of  the  owner,  or  the 
particular  nature  of  the  ground  plot 
on  which  they  stood.  They  were 
divided  into  two  principal  members : 
the  atrium,  or  cai/sdatm,  with  its  ap- 
propriate dependencies  all  round;  and 
t\it  feristyliain,  with  its  appurtenances 
beyond,  which  were  connected  by  an 
intermediate  room,  the  taUinum, 
and  one  or  two  corridors,  fauces,  or 
sometimes  by  both.  These  several 
apartments  constituted  the  nucleus  of 
the  edifice  on  its  ground-plan,  and  are 
constantlyfound  in  every  Roman  house 
of  any  size  ■  their  relative  situatious 
were  always  fixed  and  they  were 
constructed  according  to  ft  received 
model  which  was  never  deviated 
from  in  anyimpirtant  pirticular  it 
alio  in    by   tlii  •      ,.     .     . 


rm 


J  L. 


li-rinn 


representing  the  ground-plan  of  three 
small  houses,  side  by  side,  in  one  of 
the  streets  of  Rome,  from  the  marble 
map  of  the  city,  now  preserved  in  the 

■  Capifol,  but  euecuted  in  the  i^e  of 
Septimus  Severus.      AAA,  the  pro- 

Uhyruni,  or  entrance  passage  from  the 


street  ;  E  B  E,  the  atrium,  or  csva- 
dium  ;  c  c  c,  Oie  perislylium  ;  D  D  I), 
the  tablinum,  or  passage-room  which 
connects  the  two  principal  divisions 
of  the  building.  Of  the  other  pieces 
not  marked  by  letters  of  rderence, 
those  by  the  side  of  the  doors  facing 
the  street  were  shops ;  those  in  the 
interior,  eating,  dwelling,  and  sleep- 
-.._.  r     ..  ^c  j2^^  family. 


illustr 


the     grouud-plan     of 


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lioHse,  which  was  also,  in  some  re- 
Epeots,  an  iiuula;  for  it  was  sur- 
rounded by  streets  on  all  sides,  siid 
some  exterior  dependencies  with 
upper  stories,  which  had  no  commu- 
nication with  the  principal  portion  of 
the  structure.  It  is  introduced  for 
h   p  rp  se  of  affording  an  idea  of  the 


ral     yle  in  which  houses  of  the 

ich  as  were  occupied  by 

IS  in  easy  circumstances, 

h  h  d   of  ar- 


'hr" 


h     indivi- 
d,  will  be 

«  ■  i 

n  rd 


sa  E, 

loured  stones,  b.  The  ainum,  of  the 
kind  called  Tuscan,  in  the  centre  of 
which  is  the  impluviam  (a),  to  receive 
the  water  collected  from  the  dischai^e 
of  the  roofe,  and  a  pedestal  or  altar  (*) 
of  the  household  gods,  which  it  was 
customary  to  place  on  the  jmpluvium. 
The  length  of^the  atrium  is  just  half  as 
long  again  as  its  breadth,  as  Vitra- 
viusdirectsthatitshonldbe,  cc.  The 
aks,  or  wings  of  the  atrium,  which  are 
exactly  two-sevenths  of  the  length 
of  the  atrium,  as  required  by  Vitru- 
vius.  ccccc.  Five  small  mbimla, 
'or  chambers  intended  for  the  recep- 
iion  of  guests,  or  the  use  of  the 
family.  D.  The  Tablinum;  paved 
with  mosaic,  and  open  to  the  peristyle, 
so  that  a  person  who  entered  the 
house  by   the   principal    door,    at    A, 


US.  249 

looked  through  the  whole  extent  of 
the  edifice,  the  atrium  and  peristylium, 
into  the  (ecus  and  garden  beyond, 
which  must  have  presented  a  very 
beautiful  and  imposing  vista :  it 
could,  however,  be  closed,  when  re- 
quired, with  curtains,  or  by  temporaiy 
screens.  E.  A  corridor  of  cotninBUi- 
cation  between  the  atrium  and  peri- 
stylinm,  for  the  use  of  the  ser- 
vaids,  and  to  obviate  the  inconve- 
nience of  malting  a  passage  iijom  of 
the  tablinum.  In  most  cases  there 
are  two  corridors  of  tills  description, 
one  on  each  side  of  the  tablinum, 
whence  they  are  designated  by  the 
plural  fauces,  d.  A  chamber,  the 
use  of  which  is  uncertain ;  but  it 
might  have  served  as  an  eating- 
room  (tricliniutK),  a  picture-gallery 
ipinacctheca),    or     a     reception-rt 


This 


the 


front  part  of  tlie  house,  which  ii 
eludes  the  allium  and  its  dependen- 
cies. FF.  The  ftristyliam,  which 
forms  the  princtpfl.  compartment  of 
the  second  or  interior  division  of  the 
house.  It  has  a  roof  supported  upon 
columns,  which  form  four  corridors, 
with  an  open  space  in  the  centre, 
cont^ning  a  basin  of  water  \pisdnii), 
sunilartothe  jw/Zuiiiam  of  the  atrium, 
but  of  larger  mmenaons.  OG.  Ala 
of  the  peristyle,  see/.  Four  mbi- 
ada ;  the  three  on  the  left,  of  the 
peristyle  were  used  as  dwelling- 
rooms  ;  the  other  one,  by  the  side  of 
the  passage  E,  appears  to  have  been 
appropriated  to  the  house  porter  {osli- 
araa),  or  to  the  slave  who  had  the 
charge  of  the  atrium  {atriensis),  as  it 
had  a  direct  and  immediate  commu- 
nication with  both  divisions  of  the 
house,  as  well  as  the  surveillance  of 
the  entrance  from  the  side  street  at 
BJ.  H.  The  triclinium,  or  dining- 
room  ;  to  which  ihe  contiguous  cham- 
ber (/)  communicating  with  it,  and 
with  the  peristyle,  was  probably  an 
appurtenance  for  the  use  of  the  slaves 
and  attendants  at  the  fable,  i.  CEius, 
which  is  raised  two  steps  above  the 
peristyle,    and    has    a  large    window 


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opening  on  a  garden  behind,  as  well 
as  a  passage  (g-)  by  its  side,  like  tlie 
/aux  of  the  atiium,  m  order  to  give 
access  to  the  garden  without  passing 
through  the  grand  room  K  CuUho, 
the  kitchen,  «liich  opena  at  one  side 
upon  another  room,  or  back  kitchen 
(k),  furnished  with  dwarf  walls  for 
the  deposit  of  oil  jars,  cooking  uten- 
sils, &C. ,  and  at  the  other,  upon  a 
court-yaiid  (i),  adioining  another  of 
the  side  streets  whii.h  flank  the  edi- 
fice, and  to  which  it  gives  access  by  a 
back  door  (o)  L  L  A  covered  galleiy 
(farticus  or  cypia),  running  along 
one  side  of  the  g^en  ( M )  in  one 
comer  of  which  la  a  tank  (A)  =«p 
plied  from  a  reservoir  (/)  by  its  s  de 
This  completes  the  dsmus  or  private 
house,  occup  ed  by  Pansa,  which  has 
four  separate  entrances  the  principal 
one  m  front  (a)  and  thtee  at  the 
sides  two  for  the  latnily  and  visitois 
(m  and  n)  and  one  back  door  {pos 
tica)  for  sen  ants  and  tradespeople  (o) 
But  the  whole  msu/a  contanel 
several  aiditioiial  apartments  or 
smaller  houses,  some  with  an  upper 
story  which  were  let  out  tg  different 
tenant  shopkeepers  i  r  i  Three 
shops  facing  the  main  streeL  z  A 
shop   in   the  same  street    wh  ch  h 


o  the  -f 


consequently  is  supposed  to  have  been 
in  the  occupation  of  Pansa  himself, 
m  whii.h  his  steward  {disfensalor) 
sold  the  produce  of  his  &mis  such  as 
wine,  o  1  i.c  to  the  mhibitanls  of 
Pompe  1  in  the  same  way  as  the 
nobility  of  Florence  retail  ont  the 
produce  of  their  vineyards  at  the 
present  diy  in  a  small  room  on  the 
giound  flour  of  their  palaces.  3  3 
Two  baking  establishments  w  th 
their  ovens  (pp)  wells  (?)  a  knead 
ing  trough   (r)    and  other  appurte 


nances  44.  Two  more  shops,  let 
out  to  different  trades.  5,6,7.  Three 
small  shops  and  houses,  occupied  by 
diflerent  tenants. 

The  ground-floor,  thtis  descrilted, 
constituted  the  principal  portion  of  an 
ordinaiy  Roman  demus  or  private 
house,  and  contained  the  apartments 
occupied  by  the  proprietor  and  his 
family  ,  the  upper  story  being  distri- 
buted into  small  chamtters  {canacula), 
used  as  sleeping  rooms,  and  chiefly 
assigned  to  the  domestic  part  of  the 
establishment ;  for  it  is  an  incredible 
supposition  that  the  small  rooms  on 
the  ground  floor  which  opened  upon 
the  porticoes  of  the  atrium  and  pen 
style  the  principal  apartments  of  the 
master  and  mi'^tress  could  ever  be 
mtended  for  slaves  to  sleep  m  and 
tile  I  pper  storj  was  f  eq  ently  ap 
proached  by  1  double  slaitcase  one 
from  the  interior  of  tlie  ho  se  and 
the  other  an  exltmal  one  ascending 
from  tie  street  (Liv  xxxu.  14.) 
Indicat  ons  of  upper  floors  are  ob 
servable  n  many  houses  at  Pomjwii 
and  other  ancitnt  edihces ,  but  only 
one  actual  example  has  evei  been 
discovered,  and  that  no  longer  ex 
ists  It  belonged  to  a  house  m 
Herculaueum,  which  was  entirely 
coveied  by  a  bed  of  lava  from  the 
erupt  on  which  destroyed  that  city  , 
and  when  excavated  the  wood  wmk 
the  beams  and  aichitraves  were 
found  to  be  nearly  carbonized  by  the 
act  on  of  the  heat  and  the  walls  were 
so  much  shattered  by  the  earthquake 
which  accompanied  the  eruption  of 
79  that  the  whole  of  the  upper  story 
wTS  obliged  to  be  taken  down ,  but 
the  sect  onal  elevation  and  piMi  of  the 
rooms  exhibited  m  the  two  following 
«ond  cuts  WIS  made  from  ictual 
survey   before   tlie    demohlion    took 


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th  d  ins  bew 

The  four  columns  seen  in  front  siip- 
ported  the  roof  B  (also  marked  on 
the  subjoined  gronnd-pJan),  which 
covered  over  one  of  the  four  corridors 
surrounding  the  central  and  open 
part  of  the  atrium.  Iron  rods  and 
rings  for  hanging  curtains  between 
the  columns,  as  shown  by  the  en- 
graving, wete  found  in  their  original 
situations  when  the  excavation  was 
made.  Tliey  were  intended  to  shut  out 
the  sun,  which  beamed  down  into  the 
lateral  corridors  from  the  compliaiinm, 
or  open  space  in  the  centre,  cc  Two 
o'  the  lateral  corridors  just  mentioned 
which  have  doors  at  their  furthest 
ends,  opening  into  separate  apart- 
ments, and  are  enclosed  above  by  the 
flooring  o£  the  npper  story.  D.  Sec- 
tion of  the  peristylium.  The  eight 
columns  seen  in  front  enclose  one  of 
tlie  sides  of  an  open  area,  which  was 


enclosed  at  the  back  by  the  party- 


N 


he 


nd 


of  the  court  bel  and  vih  h  r 
ceived  their  ligh  ra  n  n  w 
looking  down  in  h  n  n  a 
shown  by   the    el  Tl       fi 

six  open  upon  a        race  G      &      m 
above  the  garden        d        se      n 
may  be   surmised         h        been   n 
tended  for  the  us  h    p    pn 

his  femily,  and  gi  N       « 

Another  set  of  smal        ni     so  n 
which  have   wind  h 

probably  used  as        p   g        m 
the  slaves.     Nos.  R  p  o- 

bably  apportioned  to  the  female  part 
of  the  establisliment ;  as  they  form  a 
suite  by  themselves,  with  a  separate 
communication  from  the  rest.  The 
iloois  of  these  upper  rooms  are  laii* 
in  mosaic  work,  as  well  as  those 
below.  The  npper  story  only  extends 
over  two  sides  of  the  peristyle,  as 
shown  by  the  elevation ;  the  other  two 
ha  e  no  sopersttuclnre  above  the  roof 

coveied  the  garden  corridor. 

iKof).     A  Greek  house.     No 

ca    tion  has  yet  laid  open  the  plan 

Greek  house  ;  consequently,  any 

t   to   define    and  distribute  its 
art       an  only  be    drawn  from  inci- 
passages  of   various   authors, 

points  of  differ- 
ence between  the  domestic  habita- 
tions of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  a 
supposed  plan  is  here  inserted,  upon 
the  authority  of  Becker,  which  will 
at  least  serve  to  explain  the  terms 
which  the  Greeks  employed  to  desig- 
nate the  various  parts  of  their  dwell- 
ing houses,  and  to  give  a  general 
idea  of  the  usual  plan  on  whidi  they 
were  arranged,  a.  avKaoq  Slipa.  The 
house  door,  or  principal  entrance 
from  the  street,  b.  Bvpufiiiof,  &vpiav, 
SmUiipa.     The  en  trance-hall   or  pas- 


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2S2 


DOMUS. 


sage  ;  tlie  rooms  on  the  right  and  left 
of  wliich  afforded  accommodation  for 
stabling,  for  the  porter's  lodge,  and 
slaves,  c.  avXri.  The  court  and  peri- 
style foi-ming  the  first  division  of  the 
house,  which  was  appropriated  to  the 


h    m  ,  with  the  d  ft 

ambers  d       buted  arou  d 

rmed  coUectivel     h 

Th  he  passage  wh   h 

es    h      w     p  incipal  div 
which  when  c 
ff  mm    lication  betw 

T  t    and   perisCy 


further  end 
g    room    by    t> 


VONA  TIVUM. 

chambers,  hhk.  iWuii/tc.  Rooms  in 
which  the  women  worked  at  the 
loom.  I.  mjTrnia  Qvpa.  The  garden 
gate,  or  back  door, 

DONA'RIUM.  The  treasury  of 
a  temple ;  i.  e.,  an  apartment  in 
which  the  presents  made  to  the  gods 
were  preserved.  Seiv.  ad'S'\!%,  JEn. 
xn  179  Lucan.  ix.  516.  Apul. 
Met  p  183. 

2  A  lotive  offe}-mg.  Or  present 
mide  to  the  gods  as  a  token  of  grati- 
tude for  some  favour  received,  such 
as  the  recovery  from  sickness,  or  an 
escape  fiom  some  impending  calamity 


{'^ 


G  U 
Th 


'     d^b^ 


^^(^@    ^> 


DONAT      UM       A        g 
lounty  given  by  the  emp 
army,     as     contradistinguished    fi^om 
congiarium,  which  was  bestowed  upon 


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DORMITA  TOR. 


e  peofle  gei 


rally 


Lamprid  AUx  ira   26 

DORMITA  TOR  Iji^ipiKoir 
A  thief  who  commifs  depredati 
by  night  Plant  T>in  iv  a 
Hesiod   Op  603 

DORMITO  RIUM        (^<«,.ari 
A  doimitoty,  or   bed  diambei  ■ 


Niehol  Damasc  p  284  Taiichnitii, 
which  appears  to  have  been  generally 
small  and  scantily  furnished,  ';s  shown 
by  the  example,  representing  the 
interior  of  Dido  s  bed  room,  from  the 
Vatican  Virgil 

DOESUALIA  A  broad  band, 
made  of  nchiy  dyed  cloth,  or  em 
broidered  sill.,  which  wis  laid  across 
the  backs  of  horses  upon  slite  occ-i 
in  the   eianipk,    from  tiie 


triumphal  procession  of  Coiistantine  ; 
or  upon  cattle  conducted  to  the  sacri- 
fice, of  which  the  Arch  of  Titus  at 
Rome  affords  severalspecimens.  Tre- 
belL  Gallun.  8. 

DORSUA'RIUS  and  DOSSUA'- 
RIUS.  A  beast  of  burden  ;  a  pack- 
horse   (Van-o,  R.  R.  ii.    10.),  or  ass 


the  tnumphil  -Lich  of  Constantine 

DORYPHORUS  {ScpvfSpog)  A 
hidbsrdter ,  the  name  given  lo  the 
soldiers  who  formed  the  body  guard 
of  thePersian  kmgs,  fiomthe  weapon 
Ihev  earned ,  but  the  word  does  not 
occur  in  Latin,  excepting  as  the 
name  of  1  celebrated  statue  by  Poly 
cletes  (Cic.  Brul  85  Plin  H  N 
!.x\iv  19  §  2  I  cepieseiiting  one  of 
these  guards,  or  of  a  soldier  armed 
bke  them 

DRACHMA  (ipnv/ii})  A 
di achat ,  the  principal  silver  com  of 
the  Greek  currenc>,  as  the  denattvs 
was  of  the  Roman,  and  of  whidi 
there  were  two  standards  of  different 
weights  and  value— the  Attic  and 
jEginetaii 

The  Attic  drachm,  represented  by 
the  annexed  nood  cut,  from  an  on 
ginal  in  the  British  Museum,  of  the 
actual  size  was  mostly  current  m  the 
noith  of  C  reece,  the  maritime  states^ 


and  in  Sicily.  It  contained  six  obols, 
and  its  average  value  was  nearly 
equal  to  ^%d,  of  our  money ;  but 
when  Phny  {H.  N.  xxi.  109.)  speaks 
of  tbe  Attic  drachma  and  Roman  ds- 
narms  as  bemg  of  equal  weight,  it  is 
to  be  understood  that  the  latter  had 
been  reduced  from  its  original  stand- 
ard. Hussey,  Aiuicnt  Weights  and 
Money,  p.  47 — 48. 


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-5  i  DFACJ 

Tl  e  Ma  netan  diachm  repre 
eented  by  the  next  nood  cut  alto 
from  an  or  guial  of  the  same  size  m 
the  Bntish  Museum,  was  used  in 
Bceotia,  and  some  pa.rts  of  nurthem 
Greece  and  m  all  the  Elites  of  the 
Peloponnesus  e>.cept  Coriith  It 
was  of  a  higher  stii  dird  than  the 
Attic  contain  ng  about  93  gra  ni  of 
pure  silver,   and    ims  worth    abo  it 


DRA  CO     A  dngon     the 
of  a  n  il  tary   coho  t, 
the  Par  hians    and 
n  reduced    n  o  the 


d  agon    fi>.  d  upon 

a  spear    havmg    ts 

head     vith    gap  n& 

jaws  of  silver    vhiie 

the  rest  of  the  body 

coloured  ctolh  or  sk 

hollo  V    aid    fletbie 

w  th  motions  1  ke  tho  e  of   1  e   eptile 

it  represented    as   the   w  nd   en  e  ed 

th  oagh    tl  e    open  mo  th      \  ege 

Sri         13      Amu  in      tv      10 

and  12   39   Claud         Cons    Ho  or 

138.  Neraesian.  85. 

2,  An  apparatus  for  heating  water, 
in  a  manner  which  economized  both 
time  and  fuel ;  consisting  of  a  boiler 
furnished  with  a  number  of  tubes  set 


round  it,  like  the  coils  of  a 
so  that    ■ 


1  that  the    entire    quantity  c 


and  in  small  quantities,  to  the  action  o 

the  five,      Senec.  Qumst.  Nat.  iii,  24. 

DRAGON  A'R  I  U  S.  Thi 


DUUMVIRI. 

stiid-nd  bearer  of  a  military  co- 
1  ort  who  carried  the  draco,  or  dragon 
represented  in  tlie  preceding  wood- 
cut (Ammian.  xk.  4-  18.  Veg. 
MjI  u  7  and  13.)  Ensigns  of  this 
description  are  frequently  represented 
on  the  Columns  of  Trajan  and  An- 
tomne  amongst  the  baiMriau  troops, 
b  t  not  in  the  Roman  armies,  though 
they  were  mtfoduced  into  tbem  about 
tl  e  1  me  of  Trajan.  It  is  from  this  , 
woi  \  tl  at  the  modem  name  of  dro' 
g^vTi  o  igmated,  meaning  in  its  ori- 
g  lal  sense  a  cavalry  soldier,  who 
iollowed  the  ensign  of  a  dragon. 

PkACONTAlilUM.  A  band 
for  he  head  (TertulL  6V.  Mil.  15.), 
e  he  t  isted  to  imitate  the  coils  of 
a  serpent  or,  perhaps,  made  in  the 
fo  n  of  two  seiyents  joined  together, 
1  ke  the  Torquis;  see  the  illustration 
ToRQUATUS,  and  compare  InscripL 
ap  Don.  el  I.  n.  <jl.,torqziei>taureum 
ev  dr  oatariis  duobus ;  but  worn 
ound  tl  e  1  ead  instead  of  the  neck. 

DKOMO,  or  DROMON  (Jpd^ur). 
\  part  cular  kind  of  ship,  remark- 
able for  s  celerity,  but  respecting 
1  eh  nothing  more  definitive  is 
know  Is  dor.  Orig.  jiix.  i.  14. 
Cass  odor   Var.  Ep.  v.  17. 

DROMONA'RIUS.  A  rower  in 
a  vessel  termed  drama.  Cassidor. 
Par  Ep  IV.  15. 

DULCIA.  Conficllamry ;  a  ge- 
ne a  nan  e  for  ail  kinds  of  sweets 
made  w  th  honey,  as  contradistin- 
gu  shed  fi^m  pastry,  or  sweets  made 
w  th  meal  fruits,  milk,  &c  Lam- 
pnd  Elag  27.  and  32. 

DULCIA'RIUS.  A  person  who 
n  ade  d  lia;  i^.,  a  i:oafectionsr,  as 
contradistinguished  from  a  pastry- 
cook. Lainprid.  El^.  27.  Trebell. 
Clmid.  14.  Veg.  Ma.  i.  7.. 

DUUM'VIRI.  Two  officers  ap- 
pointed to  act  tt^ther  for  various 
purposes;  as, 

1.  Dwanwiri  jure  dicundo ;  two 
chief  ma^trates  who  administered 
the  iaws  m  ptovmcial  towns.  Cic. 
Agr.  ii,  34. 

2.  Diititnviri   perdudhonis ;     two 


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colleagues  appointed  to  Cry  persons 
accusal  of  the  murder  of  a  Roman 
citizen.    Liv.      i.    26.     Cic.    Rabir. 

3.  Duumviri  Navales :  two  col- 
leagues appointed  upon  emergencies  10 
saperintend  the  equipment  or  lepairs 
of  a,  fleet.     Liv.  k.  30. 

4.'  Duumviri  satrorum;  two  col- 
leagues appointed  to  take  charge  of 
the  Sybiliina  hooks,  a  duty  subse- 
quently transfeiTcd  to  the  decemvii's. 


Liv,  i 


E. 


>.64.  1 


ECHI'NUS  (lx<.v«i).  A  hedge- 
hoe  ;  and  a  sea-ucchin,  the  shell  of 
which  was  made  use  of  by  the  an- 
cients as  a  receptacle  for  medidne 
and  other  things  ;  hence  the  name  is 
given  by  Horace  (Sat.  i,  6.  117.)  to 
a  table  utensil,  foi-med  of  the  same 
material,  or  modelled  to  imitate  it ; 
but  the  particular  use  for  whicti  he 
intended  it  to  be  applied  is  not  clearly 
apparent,  Heindorf  (oif /. )  says,  a 
bowl  for  washing  the  goblets  in, 

2.  In  architecture.  A  large  ellip- 
tico- circular  member  in  a  Doric 
capital,  placed 
d  lately  under  the 
baacus.  (Vitruv,  iv. 
3.  4,)  In  the  finest 
specimens  of  the  order  it  is  either 
dliptical  or  hyperbolical  in  its  out- 
line, bnt  never  circular ;  and.  with 
the  annulets  imder  it  is  of  Che  same 
height  as  the  abacus.  {Elmes,  Lec- 
tures on  Architecture,  p.  205.)  The 
example  represents  a  capital  from  the 
Parthenon. 

ECTypUS  ((Vuiroc),  Formed 
in  3.  mould  {riittoi,  finna),  which  has 
the  device  intended  to  be  displayed 
impressed  in  it,  so  that  the  cast  (fciy- 
puni)  which  comes  from  it  presents 
the  objects  in  relief,  like  a  terra- 
cotta cast  (Plui.  H.  M  XXXV.  43.t.  as 
wili  be  readily  understood  by  the 
annexed  engravings.    The  right-hand 


i  fifrrmi 


from  an  original  found  at  Ardea,  and 
the  left-hand  one  shows  the  terra- 
cotta cast  with  its  figures  in  relief 
which  comes  out  of  it. 

2.  Edypa,  gemma,  or  scalptura  ;  an 
engraved  stone  which  has  the  images 
upon  it  carved  in  relief,  like  a  camea, 
instead  of  being  cut  uito  it,  like  a 
seal  or  intaglic.  Seneca,  Beti.  iiL 
26.    Plin.  if.  N.  xxxvii.  63. 

EDOLA'TUS.  Shaped,  and  cut 
out  of  the  rough  with  a  dolairit 
(Columell.  viii.  11.  4.  and  Dola- 
Ttis) ;  hence  figuratively  applied  to 
anything  which  is  fiiiished  with 
great  care  and  nicety.  Cic.  Att. 
xiii.  47,  Compare  Varro,  af.  Non. 
p.  44S. 

EFFIGTES.  In  general,  an^' 
likeness,  image,  or  effigy.  But  with 
reference  to  an  express  use  of  the 
word  in  the  Eonian /«B(ra  genlililia 
(Tac.  Ann,  iv.  9,  Compare  iii,  5,), 
see  Imagines,  a. 

ELAEOTHES'IUM  (iXaio0io»>t). 
The  oiling  room  in  a  set  of  baths, 
where  the  oils  and  unguents  were 
kept,  and  to  which  the  bather  retired 
to  be  tubbed  and  anointed.  In  large 
establishments  a  separate  chamber 
was  appropriated  for  this  purpose,  ad- 

{'  )iiiing  thefi^eidarium,  or  cold  cham- 
er  tVitruv.  v.  11.  2),  as  exhibited 
m  the  illustration  at  p.  14Z.,  from  a 
painting  representing  a  set  of  baths 
in  Ihe  Thennas  of  Titus  at  Rome ; 
where  it  is  seen  with  the  name 
written  over  it,  tilled  with  jars  for 
unguents  ranged  upon  shelves,  and 
occupying  the  last  chamber  on  the 
left  hand,  immediately  adjoining  the 
fi-igidariu'ii,  as  directed  by  Vitruvius. 


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IS  copied  lioni  an  original  eai-  "^ 
ring,  consisting;  of  one  large  elenckus, 
foe  a  drop. 

E'LIX.      An    ancient    word,    eit- 

E easing  a  broad  deep  furrow  drawn 
tween  the  ridges  in  corn  fields,  for 
the  purpose  of  draining  the  moisture 
from  the  roots  of  the  plant  Serv. 
ad  Vii^.  G.  i.  109.  Columell.  ii.  8.  3, 
ELLYCH'NIUM  (iAXV"".  ^P"' 
aKKi<:].    The  wick  of   a  candle    or 


HM  xxiiL  41.  Id.  XXV 

ilUustration  represents  a  small  Roman 

kmp,  with  the  wick  burning. 

EMBLE'MA  {Ip^Xvf").  Inlaid; 
but  especially  applied  to  mosaic  work 
(Varco,  -V.  J?,  lil  2  4.  Lucil.  ajt. 
Cic  Bn/i,  79.),  which  is  composed 
with  a  number  of  small  pieces  of 
coloured  stone,  glass,  or  enamel  set 
in  a  bed  of  cement.  As  this  art  was 
practised  in  various  ways,  we  meet 
with  several  names  in  reference  to 
it,  each  of  which  discriminates  some 
one  of  the  particular  methods,  such 
as  tisullatum,  stctUt,  vermiiuiaium, 
and  others  enumerated  in  the  classed 
Index.  If  the  present  one,  emblems 
is  not  a  generic,  but  spedfic  term, 
it  may  have  been  used  to  desig- 
nate 3.  description   of   mosaic  little 


EMISSARIUM. 

ut  practised  in  the  villa  'ol 

near    Tivoli,    some   frag- 

which  have  been  published 

s    {Recueil,    vi.   86.),    and 

ig  of  bas-reliefs  modelled  in 

d  stucco,  which  are  inlaid 

small  pieces  of  different  coloured 

es    nd  enamels,  so  as  to  havff 

earance   of    being    painted. 

nd  meaning  attached  to  the 

iUma  supports  such  a  con- 

Ca  nor  cut  out  of  the  solid,  but 
ffi  ed  some  other  substance  as  an 
ornamental  mK»»i^,' such,  for  instajice, 
as  a  figm'e  in  gold  rivetted  upon  a 
vase  of  silver,  or  in  silver  upOu 
bronze.  (Cic  Verr.  iL  4.  17.  22. 
24.)  This  art  was  much  practised 
and  highly  esteemed  by  the  ancients  ; 
and  several  spedmens  of  it  have  been 
discovered  at  Pompeii. 

EMBOLIA'RIA.  An  actress 
who  came  upon  the  stage  between 
the  acts  of  a  play  to  keep  the  audi- 
ence amused  by  redting  some  kind 
of  interlude  {smMium,  IppoKiov). 
Plin.  Jf.  N.  vii.  49.  Inscript.  a^. 
Murat,  660.  4. 

EM'BOLUM  ((>j8DXDt).  Pro- 
perly ,  a  Greek  word  Latinized  (Pet. 
Sat.  30.),  meaning  the  beak  of  a  ship 
of  war,  expressed  in  Latin  by  the 
word  Rostrum,  under  which  it  will 
be  eiplained  and  illustrated. 

EM'BOLUS  (if^aXos).  The  pis- 
ton and  sucker  of  a  pump,  syringe, 
or  other  similar  contrivance  for 
drawing  up  and  discharging  water. , 
(Vitruv.  X.  7.)  See  Ctesibica  Ma-' 
CHINA  and  SiPHO. 

EMERTTI.  Roman  soldiers  who 
were  discharged  from  military  duty 
(VaL  Max.  vi.  i.  10.  Ov.  T?^.  iv. 
8.  21.),  having  served  the  full  time 
required  by  law ;  viz. ,  twenty  years 
for  the  legionaries,  and  sixteen  for  the 
prffitorians.  Tac.  Anti.  i.  78.  Dion. 
Cass.  ly.  23. 

EMISSA'RIUM.  An  emissary; 
any  artificial  canal  formed  with  the 
object    of   draining    off   a   stagnant 


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257 


boiiy  of  y  atcc 
PUn.  H.  N  3.!.: 
some  Etupendav 


(Cic   Fam 


Etnic^ed  9 


I  )  Eemains  of 
Ls  V  ork><  of  this  nature 
seen  in  Italy,  con 
lEsanes  for  the  lakes 
of  Albano  and  Fucmo  (Sliet.  Claud 
20.  Plin.  H  N  \sxTi  24  I  11} 
the  first  in  consequence  of  an  alarm 
felt  that  the  waters  would  overflow 
and  inundate  tlie  country  the  other 
for  the  purpose  of  redaiming  the 
land  with  a  (lew  to  cultivation  The 
last,  which  remains  nearly  entire, 
and  has  been  cleared  ont  and  made 
passable  by  the  king  of  Naples,  con 
sists  of  a  tunnel  moie  tlmn  three 
miles  in  length,  a  la  ge  portion  of 
which  was  excavated  by  the  hammer 
and  chisel  through  a  stratum  of  hard 
rock,  forming  the  basis  of  the  inoim 
tain  through  which  it  passes  at  a 
depth  of  looofeet  below  the  highest 
EummiL  The  rema  nder  which  lies 
liut  a  few  feet  belon  the  surface  of 
the  earth,  is  entirely  vaulted  in 
brick ;  of  which  matenal  the  arch 
way  through  which  the  vatei  was 
dischai^ed  into  the  nver  Lin=  is 
composed;  but  the  embouchure 
fronting  (he  lake  presents  a  hne  ar 
chitectural  elevahon  of  masonry 

EMPLECTON  (l^^Xixrav)  A 
method  of  constnii-ting  walls  mlro 
duced  by  the  Greeks,  and  copied  by 
the  Roman  architects  in  which  the 
outside  su  faces  on  both  sides  neie 
formed  of  ashlar  laid  in  legular 
courses,  as  shown  by  the  upper  pait 
of  ilie  annexed  ill  st  at  on  (letter  t) 


filed  n 


sith  rubble  work  (<3),  layers 
01  cross  stones  (dmlotd,  F)  being 
placed  at  inteivals  in  regular  courses, 
and  of  sufficient  size  to  extend 
through  the  entire  thickness  of  tlie 
V.  all  from  side  to  side,  and  so  act  as 
gliders  to  bmd  the  whole  togiether, 
Virtuv  11  S,  7-  Plin.  H.  N.  xxxvi.  51. 
EMPORIUM  (ipirdpiov).  Kmart 
aijactoiy;  i.t.,  a,  large  buildmg, 
conlaimng  ranges  of  bonding  ware- 
houses, in  which  foreign  merchan- 
dize, brought  by  sea,  was  deposited, 
until  disposed  of  to  the  retail  dealers. 
(Vitruv  V.  12.  I.)  The  site  was 
always  enclosed  by  lofty  walls,  and 
often  strongly  fortified  (Liv  xxi 
57)  if  the  town  which  contained  the 
emporium  was  situated  in  an  exposed 
part  of  the  country  The  annexed 
engrav  ng  IS  a  ground  plan  of  some 


1  1)  e  ter  e  1  ina  o  the  banls 
of  the  Tiber  uiler  the  A  vent  ne  hill 
believed  to  be  the  lemains  of  the 
eraponum  of  Rome  (Liv  xxxv 
10)  The  single  Ime  outside  shows 
the  c  rcuit  of  the  e-iternal  wall  en 
closmg  the  factory  0  1  flight  of 
steps  leading  down  to  the  nvei  as 
mentioned  by  Livy  o  b  and  c  d 
portions  of  wall  containing  the  colon 


n  d 


b     Vtr 


and  the  cential  =pace  between"  them 


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[Epist.  xxiL  2S.).  Il  designates  a 
person  who  acted  in  the  double  capa- 
city of  merchant  and  seaman  ;  being 
appointed  by  some  shipowner  or 
capitalist  to  a.  vessel  which  he  con- 
ducted on  a  voyage  of  traffic  for  the 
advantage  of  his  employer ;  hence, 
in  Plautus  (/.  c),  he  is  %iy\ei  eniphoro! 
FhUemoms ;  i.e.,  who  imports  for  his 
principal  Philemon, 

ENCAR'PA  {lytapva).     Festoons 
nf  frnit  and  flowers,  employed  as  a 


.1  shown 


decoratiie  oinament  in  sculptui 

Eaintmg  (Vitrav  1     -    -  ■  ' 

y  the  example,   i 
pulchral  monnment, 

ENCAUSTICA  {iyeroaruai) 
The  art  of  encaostic  paintmg ,  t  e, 
m  colonrs  mixed  with  wax,  and 
ifternards  hardened  by  the  action  of 
fiie  This  art,  as  practised  by  the 
ancients  ^  now  lost,  nor  has  the 
process  actually  adopted  b}  tliem 
evei  been  thoroughly  ascertained , 
although  the  Count  Caylus  imagined 
that  he  had   discovered   the 


a  the 


subject  They  appeal  to  have  pursued 
several  methods,  and  to  have  con- 
ducted the  operation  m  very  differeiit 
ways  either  with  coloius  mixed 
wiUi  wax,  laid  on  nith  a  dry  brush, 
and  then  burnt  m  with  a  cautery 
{canliraiiii)  ,  at  by  marking  out  ttie 
drawing  witii  a  hot  etching  iron  (iss 
tiani)  upon  ivory,  in  whidt  procesa 
wax  does  not  appear  to  have  been 
iised  at  all  ,  or,  lastls,  by  hquifying 
the  wax  with  k  hich  the  colours  were 
rmted,  so  that  the  brush  was  dipped 
into  the  liquid  compound,  and  the 
colour  laid  on  in  a  flmd  state,  as  it  is 
withnater  colours  but  "iubsequentl^ 
snootlii-d  and  blended  by  the  opera 


lion  of  heat.  Plin.  JI.  N.  xxsv.  41. 
/i.39.  Vitmv.Ti!.  9.  Ov.  Fasl.a\.^Z'. 
E  N  CO  MBO'  M  A  (iyKii^^^pa). 
Pioperly,  an  arhcle  of  (&eet  attire ; 
VIZ  ,  a  sort  of  apron  tied  lound  the 
body  in  a  knot  {whence  the 


tlie      tunic 
(Longns 


also  I 


p    542  }    and 


1  the  c 


stige  (Jul  lol 
la\  IV  I'i )  Both 
of  these  latter  utes 
are  eK-mphiied  by 
the  annexed  figure 
of  a  young  female 
plai  ing  on  the 
double  pipes  ftom 
a  marble  bas  lel  ef 
lepiesentingascenefi 
EN  DROMIS  A 
or  w  rapper  of  coarse 

customary  to  en 
velope  the  body  in 
order  to  prevent 
the  chance  of  tak- 
ing cold  aftei  the 
violent  I 
gvmnat 


Quv 


103 


Mart 

XIV      126)   'It    1( 

freqnently  depicted 

m    scenes    illustca 

tiie  of   life  m  the 

gjmnasium.      upon 

figures    m    repose,    ■ 

similar    to    the   one   in  the    inncxed 

engraving,    fiTim    a   fictile   vase,    re 

presenting    a    youth  who    has  lust 

fine  through  his  exerases,  standing 
efore  his  teacher ,  but  tliough  the 
word  Itself  is  Greek,  and  has  especial 
leference  to  the  customs  of  thit 
people,  it  IS  only  amongst  the  Latin 
authors  that  it  occurs  m  the  sense 
explamed      Compare  No  3 

2  EndToniu  Tyna  ^  wiappei 
of  similar  character  and  object,  but 


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(f  a  linei  texture  idopted  by  t!  l 
Roman  hdies  nho  addicted  them 
selves  to  masculine  habits  and  af 
fected  the  same  pursuits  as  men 
Juv  VI  246 

3  (IvSpopti,}  In  Gieek  the  woid 
1  ns  a  very  different  me-miiig  being 
employed  to  designate  the  Ixiots  on 
ginally  invented   ind   worn  by  the 


Cretan  huntsmen  (Noun.  Disnys.  v. 
p.  154.),  and  tience  adopted  by  the 
Greek  artists  as  the  characteristic 
ohaussure  of  Diana  in  her  quality  of 
a  huntress.  (Callim.  Hymn,  in  Dtait. 
16.  Jul.  Pollux,  vii.  93,)  Conse- 
quently, they  are  seen  on  a  great 
number  of  statues  of  that  goddess,  on 
which  they  appear  like  the  example 
in  the  annexed  illustration,  from  a 
bronze  of  Herculaneum,  -with  the 
lees  exfiosid,  and  a  broad  band  jvist 
above  them  {jhsiia  primus  sisiitur  ad 
digitos,  Sidon.  ApolL  Carm.  ii.  400.), 
to  which  the  two  side  leathers  are 
attached.  These  open  down  tlie 
front,  but  are  pierced  with  holes  on 
their  edges,  for  the  thong  to  pass 
through  which  binds  thera  on  the 
legs,  in  the  same  manner  as  with  our 
lace-np  boots  (Galen.  Comment,  in 
Bi*p>cr.  de  Arlicul.  and  Spanhelm 
ad  Callim.  /.  c.)  The  cross  laces, 
which  are  omitted  in  onr  bronze, 
may  be  seen  on  other  statues.  (Mws. 
Chiaramont.  tav.  17.  Mus.  Pio-Clent. 
ii.  15.  iii.  38.}  .  The  Latm  poets  al- 
ways dress  Diana  in  cothurni,  which 
were  close  boots,  enveloping  the 
whole  foot  (see  Cothurnus,  and  the 
illustrations  there  given)  ;  but  IvSpo- 
fiiSis   received   their    name   because 


£S,., 


FPiiL'^inris  259 

they  neie  pemliariy  fitted  for  per- 
sons who  required  great  activity  and 
runtang  (Galen.  /.  c. )  ;■ 
obvious,  would  be  mate- 
fialiy  'Tssisted  by  the  free  play  al- 
lowed to  the  foot  from  the  exposure 
of  its  extremities,  instead  of  the 
whole  being  constramed  by  an  upper 
leather  coniequenlly,  they  are  ap- 
propnately  worn  in  this  foi™  by  a 
Faun  and  by  a  shepherd,  ra  the  Nea- 
politan Museum.  (ATaj.  Borh.  viii. 
23,  ib.  25.)  These  consideiations 
as  well  as  the  uniform  testimony  of 
ancient  statues,  seem  to  warrant  the 
distinction  above  drawn,  though  it  does 
not  depend  upon  any  positive  verbal 
authority ;  while  at  the  same  time, 
it  helps  to  explain  the  real  difference 
between  the  names  of  three  kinds  of 
hunting  boots  commonly  received  as 
synonymous  terms ;  taSopvo^,  which 
reached  up  to  the  calf,  was  laced  in 
front,  but  covered  the  entire  foot ; 
lujpo/iij,  also  reaching  up  to  the  calf, 
and  laced  m  front,  but  leaving  the 
toes  uncovered  ;  and  oppuXij,  a  half 
boot,  kced  in  front,  but  only  reachmg 
up  (o  the  ankle. 

ENSIC'ULUS  (&0M.O1').  Dhnin- 
utive  of  Eksis  ;  a  little  sword,  for  a 
child's  toy.  Plant,  Rud.  iv.  4.  1 12. 
and  CeePUNDIA. 

ENSIS  (5(>oc).  A  sword.  Used 
mostly  by  the  poets,  but  synonymous 
with  Glamus.  (Qumt  x.  i.  11,) 
See  also  Falx,  6. 

EPHEBE'UM  ^ri^iiov).  A 
spacious  apartment  in  the  Greek 
gynmasiumj  where  the  youths  per- 
formed their  exercises  in  flie  presence 
of  th«r  masters.  (Vitruv.  v.  It. 
Straho,  v.  4.  7.)  See  the  illustration 
s.  Gymnasium  (letter  c),  which  will 
give  an  idea  of  its  usual  locality  and 
relative  aze,  as  compared  with  the 
other  divisions  of  the  establishment. 

EPHE'MERIS  (f^u/upic).  .A 
journal  or  diary,  kept  by  an  indivi- 
dual, in  which  he  noted  down  the 
daily  occuirences,  actions,  or  expen- 
diture. Cie,  <^ni.  A  Nepos, 
xvv.  13. 


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.z6o  EPHIFFIAEIUS. 

EPHIPPIA'RIUS.  a'  saddler, 
WiO  makes  ephippia.  Iiisciipt  ap 
Fabrett.  p.  7iZ.  n.  339. 

EFHIPPIA'TUS.  One  who  ndes 
upon  a  saddle  pad  (Ephippium)  m 
stead  of  the  bare  back.  See  the  lilns 
tiHtions  s.  EQtJES.  Cres.  B.  G  w  2 

EPHIP'PIUM  (t-piirmov).  ApaJ 
saddle  for  horses  (Varro,  R.R   ii    ^ 


15.  Cses,  B.C.  iv.  2.).  "secl  by  the 
Greeks  and  Romans.  It  is  very 
commonly  represented  in  works  of 
art  as  a  piece  of  clolh  doubled  several 
titnes  into  a  thick  square  pad  (see  the 
second  illustration  i,  Eqwes)  ,  but 
also  occurs  in  many  instanceo  under 
the  form  of  a  r^ukrly  stuffed  pad, 
like  the  annexed  example,  from  the 
Antonine  Column.  Similar  ones  ate 
likewise  seen  in  the  paintmgs  of 
Herculaneum  and  Pompeii,  and  on 
the  arch  of  Septimius  Severut ,  bat 
the  pad  is  more  frequently  concealed 
by  the  housings  (straguh),  which 
covered  lioth  sides  of  the  animal 

EPH'ORI  (f>opm).  Literally, 
overseers;  but  the  word  was  espe- 
cially used  as  the  title  of  five  magis- 
trates elected  annually  by  the  people  of 
Sparta,  to  whom  very  great  political 
powers  were  entrusted,  which  enabled 
them  to  exercise  a  control  over  the 
kings  and  all  the  other  magistrates ; 
and  thus,  in  the  Dorian  constitutions, 
the  Ephori  enjoyed  a  position  some- 
what analc^ous  to  that  of  the  tribunes 
at  Rome.  Aristot.  Polit.  ii.  10.  Cic. 
L^g.  iii.  7. 

EPIB'AT^  (ijr.(3arni).  Marines 
of  the  Greek  navy ;  a  body  of  troops 
who  served  exclusively  on  board 
ship,  entirely  distinct  from  the  land 
forces,   from   the   seamen,   and     tlie 


lowers  (Herod,  vi,  12.  Hirt.  B. 
Alex  II  Vitruv.  il  8.  14.)  The 
Romans  designated  tlie  marines  of 
their  navy  by  the  term  Classiaeh. 

EPICH-YSIS  {iwixvuii).  A  Greelt 
jug,  with  a  small  and  narrow  lip,  out 
of  which  wine  was  poured  at  an  en- 
Ihe  cup  from  which 
drunk  ;  and  adopted  by  the 
they  advanced  in  eivili- 


gir/lai,  previously  used  by  them  f< 
simiKr  purpose.  (Plant.  J!ad.  v.  2. 
22  Varro,  i.  L.  v.  124,)  The  iUus- 
tration  represents  an  epkkysh,  with 
the  leceiving  cup  of  glass,  from  a 
Pompeian  jKunting,  and  a  Nereid 
pourii^  wine  out  of  one  into  a  patera, 
fiom  a  paintmg  of  Stabia.  In  all 
tlie  numerous  pictures  of  Pompeii, 
i.c  ,  which  repiesent  the  act  of  pour- 
ing wine  from  a  jug,  the  jng  is  con- 
stantly formed  with  a  small  neck  and 
narrow  lip,  like  those  exhibited 
ibove  ,  which  identifies  the  epichysis, 
and  establishes  its  difference  from  the 
i-ier,  or  water  jug  {gutiurttawi,  irpo- 
X<">i),  which  had  a  thicker  throat  and 

EPICCPUS  (iirkwjrac).  Pro- 
perly, a  Greek  word,  used  to  desig- 
nate a  row  boat,  as  contradistin- 
guished from  a  saihng  vessel     Cic. 


dv.  16. 


Pro- 


EPICROCUM  (ijri  . 
perly,  a  Greek  word,  used  to  designate 
a  woman's  garment ;  but  whether  it 
meant  of  a  fine  texture,  or  of  a  saffron 
colour,  is  matter  of  doubt,  for  it  may 
be  derived  from  epoo)  (pibtenien),  or 
from  ipisoc  {avcus).  Ncevius  ap. 
Varro,  Z.  L.  vii.  J.  Varro,  ap.  Non. 
s.  Habitare,  p,  318.     Festus,  J-.  zi. 


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FPIDIPTSfIb  {Mhiwif)  Pro 
perl),  a  Greek  woid,  which  de'Jig 
viler,  the  last  couise  at  a  dinner 
Pet   Saf  69  6    Mart.  Ep  la  jr 

EPIDROMUS  {iir(Sp«/.ot)  A 
riinmng  cope  atnched  to  the  neck  of 
a  tunnel  net  {casus),  and  passing 
through  a  set  of  imgs  affixed  to  the 
mouth  of  the  purse,  by  pulLng  which 
the  huntsman,  who  lay  m  ambush, 
Llosed  the  net  hke  a  bag,  when  the 
game  had  been  driven  into  it  Phn 
Jf  iV  -ia  2  §z  Jnl  Poll  V  29 
Xen   CjHig- 


than  one  mist  (Juil  Poll.  i.  91 
Isidor  Ong-  iu.  3  3.)  Pollux  and 
Isidortis  diftec  in  s,ome  degree  from 
each  other,  the  one  giving  the  name 
to  the  sail,  the  other  to  the  mast ; 
but  probably  the  term  included  the 
mast  with  the  sail  belonging  to  it. 
The  aiustiation  is  copied  from  a  bas- 
relief  of  the  Villa  Boi^hese. 

3.  Enumerated  by  Varro  {R.  S. 
xiii.  I.)  amongst  the  articles  neces- 
sary for  the  fumitu  e  of  an  oil  pres. 
room  (lotrtdarmm)  but  without  ai  y 
context  to  explain  what  is  meant 

EPIGRUS      See  Epideus 

EPILIMMA  A  'iort  ofuuguent 
of  the  cheapest  and  most  com  no  1 
description.     Festu        j 

EPIRHEDIU 
word,    composed 
preposition    ijr 
and   the   Gallic 
tena  Rheda    the 
true  meaning  of 

tied.  Schefler  and  Ginirot  believe 
il   lo  have  been  a  square  or  oblong 


hybr  1 


hy] 


EP1STOM2UM.  361 

uirt,  enclosed  with  four  sides,  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  rkeda,  and 
consequently  to  he  represented  by 
the  annexed  figure,  froni  a  bas-relief 
in  the  Museum  at  Verona.  Others 
consider  that  the  word  has  reference 
only  to  the  ornamental  decorations  of 
a  fhida,  01  that  it  des^ates  the  har- 
ness of  the  horses  which  drew  it, 
Juv  Sat  YUi  66  Schol.  Vet.  ad.  I 
Scheffer,  S  V  -ii.  23.  Ginzrot, 
Wagen  und  Fahrwtrke,  xviii. 

EPISTOLA  ( f TTcrroX^).  A  Idter, 
wiitten  upon  papei  foe  transmission 
to  an  absent  person,  as  distinguished 
from  one  written  npon  waxed  tablets. 
(Cic  Cks  Tac  Mart.  Ep.  xiv.  11, 
diarM  eptstolaies  Plin.  H.  N.  xiii. 
31  Ennz)    The  illustration  represents 


a  letter  folded  and  sealed,  with  its 
direction,  as  represented  by  a  paint- 
ing on  the  walls  of  a  house  at  Pompeii, 
in  which  it  is  accompanied  by  vanous 
implements  employed  for  writing, 
both  on  paper  and  wax.  It  is  en- 
graved in  the  Mus.  Borb,  xiv.  ton.  h. 
and  B.  1852.  where  the  address  upon 
''  is  thus  decyphered,  Marco.  Luc- 


The  cock  of  a  water  pipe  or  of  any 
vessel  contammg  liquids  to  be  drawn 
off  m  small  quantit  es  when  re  luired 
(Vtrnv   ix    8    II)     The  illu  trat  on 


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CO  iBt  uctive  pr  nc  pie  to  those  now  in 
use  but  of  a  more  tasteful  dt-a^n 
benecT  says  (£/  So )  that  ui  h  s  diy 
the  baths  of  Rome  e\  en  for  the  com 
mon  people  were  furnished  with 
silver  cocks 

EPISTYLIUM  (tmaruXio,) 
Propeily  a  Greek  word  adopted  by 
the  Roman  architects  to  des  gnate 
the  architrave  Oi  m-iin  beam  laid 
ionzontally  over  the  capitals  of  a 
colimn  from  one  to  the  other  in 
order  (o  fo  m  a  i,ont!ni.  ou3  bed  fnr  a 
superstructure   to  rest  upon      Whe  i 


the  aichitrave  was  made  of  tiniber 
it  was  propeily  called  iiaii  when 
of  itone  or  mirble  e^tsliltum  though 
that  word  as  a  gei  ei-J  term,  may 
with  equal  coirectness  be  applied  to 
both  (Vitruv  in  5  ri  Vano 
J  ^  ill  S  II  Festut  sv)  The 
example  from  a  tomb  sculptured  lu 
the  rock  at  Beni  Hassan  explains  the 
original  use  and  early  apphcation  of 
the  epistyhum  to  columnar  architet 
ture  In  this  mstance  it  has  no 
other  members  over  it  merely  form 
ing  a  connecting  smftce  for  the  roof 
( ledum)  to  rest  upon  but  tl  e  next 
engcav  ng  shows  its  finished  state  it 
one  of  the  pnncipal  members  of  an 
entablature 

a  Epistylia,  m  the  plural  the 
ipislyles,  which  comprise  the  whole 
superstructure  above  the  abacus  of  i 
columi  foim  ng  what  our  arch  tect 
ter  1      colkcfively      the     /  till  li    r 


but  always 
descnbed  it  by 
emimeiating  the  separate  members 
which  it  contained.  See  Coeona,  15. 
EPITHALAM'IUM  (km^aU- 
/Jcov}  The  nuptial  song,  sung  in 
choms  by  a  company  of  young 
g  rls  outside  the  door  of  the  bridal 
chambei        Quint,  ix.  3.  16.  Theocr. 

EPnOXlS.  (Vitruv.  s.  ID.  4.) 
A  particular  part  of  the  catapuUa,  in 
which,  as  It  is  conjectuied,  the  missile 
was  placed. 

EPITVRUM(;7ri™pot).  An  eat- 
able composed  of  the  flesh  of  the 
ohve  seasoned  with  oil,  vinegar, 
rue,  mint,  &c.  ( Cato,  R.R.  119.); 
more  common  in  Greece  and  Sidly, 
tlian  m  Italy.  Vairo,  I„  L.  vil  86. 
Columell.  xii.  49.  9. 

EPIU  RUS  [imovpoQ].  A  wooden 
pin  used  as  a  nail  (Isidor.  Orig. 
XIX.  19  7.  Pallad.  x!L  7.  15.);  but 
the  readmgs  differ,  some  having  epi- 
gnis  ind  in-lxavpos. 

EPULONES.  The  members  of 
one  of  the  four  great  religious  corpo- 
rations at  Rome,  originally  comp<Ke4 
of  three  persons  {trimiwiri.  ^ulones, 
Liv  XXXI.  4.),  but  afterwards  in- 
creased to  seven  (septsmviri  epulenes, 
Lucan  i.  603.) ;  whose  chief  duty 
CO  IS  sted  in  preparing  a  sumptuous 
bang  let,  termed  Lectisternium, 
for  Jupiter  and  the  twelve  gods,  upon 
occasions  of  public  rejoicing  or  ca- 
lamity (Festus,  s.v^,  when  the 
statues  of  the  deities  were  placed 
ipor  couches  in  front  of  tables  (Val. 
Max  I.   2,),    spread   with  delica- 


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cies,   which  the  Ep  lones  afterward'; 
consumed. 

EQUA-RIUS,  sc  piiihcus  (Iji-^rfa 
rpof).  A  hirse  declor  or  vetermar} 
surgesit.  (Val.  Max  u.  15  2)  ITie 
illustralioii    represents   a  veteiinary 


the    soatli    of 


and   show 
Heeding  horse     f 
relief  dscoverel 

2.  Absolutely ;  a  groom  or  stible 
hoy,     (Solin.  43.)     bime  is  Equiso 

EQUES  (iTTTfOt)  In  a  geneial 
sense,  any  one  who  aits  mjon  a  horse, 
a  horsenimi  or  rid^:  (Mart.  Ep.  xii. 
14.)  Both  the  Greeks  aM  Romans 
rode  without  stirrups,  and  either 
upon  the  hare  bade  (Varro,  a^.  Non. 
p.  108,  Mercer),  aa  in  the  annexed 
engraving,  representing  an  Athenian 
youth,  from  the  Panathenaic  frieze 
(compare  the  illustrations  s.   Celes 


and  Decursio,  which  are  Roman) ; 
or  upon,  a  saddle  pad  {^Mpfiutii), 
which  is  mostly  covered  and  con- 
cealed by  a  piece  of  coloured  cloth 
thrown  over  it  (see  the  next  and  sub- 
sequent     illustrations)  ;      but      never 


"."■.°c. '„""„:. 

frame    whtch 

decline  of  the  Empire 

Tie  wfnei 

rode       sidewajs 

on     a    pad      or 

proved     by     the        , 

e-ipressions  tnul          h 

^w,«^*(Am    W 
C^Dare'^chdl      -^ 

\  [\ 

the  bas  leUef  engraved  by  Cuper 
{Man  Ant  Inei  p  199  )  and  many 
impenal  medals  The  same  fashion 
«as  also  adopted  sometimes  by  men 
as  shown  by  the  annexed  illustralun 
represent  ng  a  Pompeiin  gentleman 
taf  ng  a  conntrv  jr  de,  from  a  land 
scape  paint  ng  in  thai  city 

z.  A  Imghl ,  !.e.,  one  of  a  body 
originally,  as  is  suppcsed,  appointed  by 
Romnlos,  and  consisting  of  three  hun- 
dred men  selected  from  the  patrician 
families,  who  served  on  horsebact," 
and  were  mounted  at  the  public  ex- 
pense, to  act  as  a  garde  du  corps  for 
the  king.  Their  numbers,  however, 
considerably  increased  a*  -"-"'- 
periods,  and  a  property 
I,  instead  of  birth,  made  e; 
for  admission  into  the  body,  which 
thus  constituted  tlie  cavalry  branch 
of  the  old  Roman  armies,  and  formed 
a  separate  oidet  in  the  state,  distin- 
guished from  the  senatorian  by  the 
outward  badge  of  the  Clavus  An- 
GUSTUS,  and  from  the  commonalty 
by  a  gold  ring  on  the  finger.  As 
this  class  Iiad  ceased  to  serve  in  a 
distinct  military  capacity  before  the 
temiination  of  the  republic,  and  the 
remaining  monuments  which  delineate 
military  scenes  are  all  posterior  to 
that  period,  we  liave  no  genuine  re- 
presentation of  a  Roman  knight  of 
this  description,  beyond  what  is  af- 
forded by  the  devices  on  some  of  the 
censorial  coins,  which  are   too  small 


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tonic  {tunica),  and  holding  ahovse  by 
the  bridle  before  the  censor,  who  sits  in 
his  corule  ehaiv ;  which  accords  so  far 
with  tlie  account  of  Polybius  (vi.  35.)> 
who  says  that  the  old  Roman  cavalry 
had  no  body  armour  before  their  inter- 
course with  the  Greeks  had  taught 
them  to  adopt  the  same  accoutrements 
as  the  hoi-se  ■^Hiers  of  that  country 

S    A  CO- air}  trsopir    who  did  not 
lecene  his  horse  from  the  state   but 

E assessed  suftic  ent  means  to  mount 
imself    and    so    avoid    the    greater 


hardsh  p  of  sen  ng  on  foot.  (I 
V  7  Id  XXXI 1  26  L:es.  &c ) 
These  troops  rece  ved  p^y  ftom  the 
state  and  eventually  constitnted  the 
Toman  cavalry,  ■dier  the  regular 
equestrians  had  ceased  to  do  mihtaiy 
duty  Soldiers  of  thi?  class  are  fre 
quently  lepresented  on  the  columns 
a  d  tnDmplial  arches  of  the  Imperial 

Senod  sinula  to  the  figure  annexed 
■om  the  Column  of  Antoiiinua,  in  a 
helmet,  and  with  a  cuirass  of  stole 
armour  a  lance  small  ronnd  shiel  1 
no  stirrups,  and  pad  saddle  cove  e  1 
^vlth  housings 

4.  Rques  legionartus     A  legiona 
tmopir     evidently   as  the  epithet    n 
plies,  distinct  from  the  kn  ghts   and 
fro  n   ordmary    cai  ah  y     which    w  as 
usually  stationed  on  the  wings    and 


very  frequently  furnished  by  the  allies. 
The  name  leads  naturally  to  the  con- 
elusion  that  these  men  formed  a  body 
of  heavy-armed  cavalry,  like  the  in- 
fantry of  the  legion  ;  and  the  annexed 
figure  from  the  Column  of  Antoninus 


so  far  confirms  the  conjecture,  as  it 
shows  that  in  that  age  at  least  there 
was  a  class  of  mounted  Roman  troops 
who  wore  cuirasses  of  exactly  the  same 
description  as  the  legionary  of  the 
same  period,  as  will  be  seen  by  com 
paring  the  illustrations  i   Legiona 

id    LoRirA    blJUAMATA,    With 

figure,  the  lower  portion 
concealed  m  the  original 

by  the  groups  before  it     Liv   txxv 

5   Veg  Mil  11   2 

5  Eques  prisioriuiius       See    Pee 

6  Eques  sagittarats  A  mcunii-d 
archer  a  class  of  troops  mostly  com 
j-Osed  of  foreign  auxiliaries  ,  but  also 
equipped  hy  the  Macedonians  (Qumt, 
Curt.  V.  4.),  and  the  Romans  (Tac. 
Ann.  iL  i5.),  who  sometimes  armed 


the  prest 
of  winch 


least  under  the  Empire,  as  shown  by 


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the  annexed  example,  which  repre- 
sents a  Roman  soldiei;  on  Uie  Colunin 
of  Antoninus. 

7.  Mques  caiapkraclas.      See   Ca- 


8,  Sques  alarms.  The  allkd  ca- 
valry which  accompanied  the  Roman 
legions,  so  termed  because  tliey  were 
always  stationed  upon  the  wings. 
Ijv.  xl.  40.    Cres.  B.  G.i.  SI. 

9.  Equa  extraordinarias.  A 
Irooper  selected  from  the  allied  ca- 
valry, and  formed  into  a  picked  body 
foe  the  service  of  the  consuls.  Liv. 
xL  31.  and  27.    Id.  sxxiv.  37. 

io.  A  mounted  gladiator,  who 
fought     like     a    cavalry 


horseback  (Inscrii.t  ap  Oielli  2569 
2577.);  two  of  whom  are  shown  11 
the  annexed  ei^ravmg  from  a  bas 
i-elief  on  the  tomb  of  N-e^oleia  Ty 
che  at  Pompeu  It  wdl  be  perueHed 
that  their  1  mour  assunihtes  closely 
with  the  figure  of  the  leg  omry 
trooper,  No  4. 

EQUI'LE  (ffjroor  u  t]      A   stihh 
for  horsis.     (\  ,rro     r  P  71$ 


EQVULEUS.  365 

only  genuine  specimen  of  such  build- 
ings now  remaining.  It  is  constructed 
of  masonry,  and  vaulted  a?  the  top  -. 
is  not  divided  into  stalls,  each  animal 
being  separated  from  his  neighbour 
by  a  swinging  bar,  if  necessary  The 
manger,  which  recedes  gradually  in- 
wards from  the  top,  is  also  of  ma- 
sonry, and  divided  into  a  number  of 
cribs  (f  aT-niiyiora),  a  separate  one  for 
each  lioise,  and  not  formed  in  one 
long  line,  common  to  all.  The  rope 
of  the  head  stall  passed  through  a 
small  aperture  in  front  of  each  crib, 
and  was  fastened  by  a  biodc  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  wall,  which  will  be 
i-eadily  understood  from  the  diawmgand 
the  horse  introduced  for  that  purpose. 

EQUrSO.  A  groom  who  leads 
ont  horses  to  exercise.  Varro,  ap. 
Non.  J.  V.  pp.  105.  450.  Val.  Max. 
vii  3.  Ext.  I.  z. 

a.  Effmsn  naiitiais.  One  who 
tows  a  boat  up  the  stream  by  a  rope. 
Varro  ap  Non  //  fc 

EQUtfLEUS  Liteially  isoctng 
horse  or  colt ,  whence  transferred, 
in  a  special  sense  to  a  wooden  ma- 
chme  upon  which  slaves  were  placed 
to  e"rtract  evidence  from  them  by 
torture  Cic  Mil  21  Qumt  Curt. 
VI  10  )  The  ancient  writers  have 
not  left  any  description  by  v,\  ich  the 

- -'  —        of  tins  contnvance  can 


be 


and  their 
never  depicted 
scenes  calculated 
to  awaken  pan  ful 
emotions  But 
the  expressions 
used  to  des  nbe 
the  treatment  of 
the  sufferer — in 
tquttl&>  or  ta 
ejuulcum  impost 
lus — lead  to  the 
conjecture  that  it 
was  something  in 
■     -  of  the 


and     the 


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■RGASTULARIUS. 


-  EQUUS.  A  stallion;  prope  ly 
disling\ii3hed  from  eiua,  a  mare  and 
&om  canterius,  a  gdding. 

2.  Egum  pitlicas.  The  ho-se  al 
lotted  by  the  state  to  each  of  the  old 
Roman  knights  {egnitts),  for  the  pe 
formaiice  of  cavalry  duty,  which  yas 
pnrcliased  and  kept  at  the  publ  c 
expense.  Liv.  v.  ^.  Cic.  F/il  vi 
5.  Plic.  IT.  N.  xxxiii.  9. 

3.  Eguns  curtus.    A  horse  wh  ch 
haditstaildock- 
ed  (Prop.  iv.  1. 


appli 

epithet  to  a  mule 
(S'lW.  i6.  104.), 
apparently  in  disparagement ;  bnt  a 
crop-tailed  hoise  was  offered  annually 
as  a  sacrifice  to  Mars  (Festas,  s.  Oc- 
tober equtfs) ;  and  possibly  the  small 
brouze  cast,  from  which  the  aimexed 
figttte  is  copied,  was  intended  to  com- 

4.  Equus  Trajanus.  The  Trojan 
horse,  by  means  of  which  the  Greek 
soldiery  enclosed  in  its  belly  were 
enabled,  according  to  the  fable,  to 
open  the  gates  of  Troy  to  their  com- 
rades, and  thus  captured  the  city. 
jCic  Murm.  37.  Hygm.  Fab.  lOS.) 
Many  ancient  representations  of  ihis 
stratagem  rem^n  in  painting,  sculp- 
ture, and  engraved  gems,  correspond- 
ing generally  with  the  figure  annexed, 
which  is  copied  from  a  miniature  in 
the  Vatican  Virgil,  showing  the  plat- 
form and  wheeb  by  whicli  it  was 
moved,  the  door  which  Sinon  opens 


rope    all    as  minutely    detailed    hy 
V  rg  1  ^M.  ii.  257—264. 

5  Epttis  Upes.  A  sea-horse ;  a 
nonster  composed  of  the  fove*hand 
and  two  front  legs  of  a  horse,  with 
the  body  ending  in  a  fish's  tail ;  fa- 


bulously aiui  poetically  attadied  to 
the  marine  chariot  of  Neptune  and 
Proteus.  (Virg,  Ceorg.  iv.  389. 
Fermgil.  Ven.  10.}  The  exampie  is 
from  a  Pompeian  pcunting. 

6.  Equus  fisematiiU.  The  river 
horse,  or  hippopotamus,  Plib.  II.  N. 
viii.  30. 

7.  Equus  ligaeiis.  Poetically,  fof 
a  ship.    Plant.  Rud.  i.  J.  10. 

8.  A  battering  engine  for  beating 
down  waUs  (Prop,  iti,  i.  25.) ;  subse- 
quently, and  better  known  by  the 
name  of  the  ravi.  (Plin.  H.  M  vii. 
57.)    See  Aries. 

EEGASTULA'RIUS.  A  person 
who  had  the  chaige  of  superintending 


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ERGASTULUM- 

an  trgaslubim,  and  the  slaves  confined 
in  it.  He  acted  as  gaoler  and  task- 
master, to  see  that  theic  work  was 
done,  and  was  himself  a  slave,  though 

filaced  in  a  confidential  office.  Co- 
iimelL  L  S.  17. 

ERGAS'TULUM.  A  sort  of 
prison  and  place  of  correction  at- 
tached fo  the  farms  and  country  villas 
of  the  Romans,  in  which  those  of  tlie 
slave  family  who  were  kept  in  fetters 
ifsmfediti,  next,  vimH)  were  lodged 
and  made  Co  work  in  irons  ;  whereas, 
ttie  rest,  who  were  not  chained,  were 
provided  with  separate  accoramodition 
(cdln,  aifiluierma)  in  other  parts  of 
the  establishraenC  (ColumeU.  i.  6. 
3.  Compare  8,  16.  Apni  j4/i/l.  p. 
482.  Brut,  ail  Cic.  Fam.  xi.  13.) 
As  Columella  recommends  that  such 
places  should  be  constructed  under- 
ground!, we  may  conclude  that  it  was 
not  the  universal  practice  to  do  so. 

ERGAS'TULUS.  A  slave  con- 
demned to  the  ergaslalum.  LuciL 
Sat.  XV.  8.  ed.  Gerlach. 

ER'GATA  (hyirriQ.)  A  ^aptait 
or  windlass,  for  drawing  up  vessels  on 
to  the  shore,  and  for  moving  heavy 
weights  generally.     Vitmv.  x.  4. 

ERIClUS.  Literally,  a  hedge- 
hog ;  a  name  also  given  to  a  contri- 
vance for  defending  the  gates  of  a. 
camp  or  any  fortified  place,  consisting 
of  a  long  beam,  studded  with  iron 
spikes,  and  planted  across  the  opening 
that  required  defence.  (Cses.  B.  C.iii, 
67.  Salhist,  ffisi.  ap.  Non.  p.  555.) 
The  beam  across  the  gateway  repre- 
sented in  the  engraving  s,  Catak- 
ACTA,  3.,  if  furnished  with  spikes, 
would  afford  an  example  of  the  tricias. 

ES'SEDA  or  ES'SEDUM.  An 
uncovered  car  or  cart,  upon  two 
wheels,  open  in  front,  hut  dosed  be- 
hind, and  drawn  by  two  horses,  com- 
monly used  in  warfare  by  the  ancient 
Britons,  Gauls,  and  Belg!e,  (Cres. 
S.  G.  iv.  33.  Id.  v.  16.  Viig.  Gairg. 
iil  204.  Serv.  mi.  I.)  The  Romans 
also  constructed  carriages  after  the 
same  model,  which  they  employed  for 
ordinary  purposes,  and  designated  by 


EUSTYLOS. 


the  SI 


e  (Cic.  Ail.  V 


I.  Ov. 


Font.  ii.  10.  34.  SueL  Gal.  51.)  ;  but 
no  represeiilation  either  of  the  ori- 
ginal British  car,  or  of  the  Roman 
imitation  of  it,  is  knovni  to  exist  in 
any  authentic  monument. 

ESSEDA'RIUS.  A  British, 
Gaulish,  and  Belgic  warrior,  who 
drove  and  fought  from  a  war  car 
{essidain)  in  the  manner  described 
by  C««,r    («.  C.     iv.     33.).      Cic. 

3.  A  captive  from  either  of  the 
above  nations,  who  was  made  to  ex- 
hibit his  nadonal  mode  of  fighting, 
from  the  essedum,  as  a  gladiator  hi 
the  Roman  amphitheatre.  Suet.  Cal. 
35.  Claud.  21. 

EURITUS  (tSpiTToe.)    Anyarlifi- 
cial  canal,  or  water  course,  of  greater 
or  lesser  extent,  such  as  were  made 
to  ornament  a  villa  (Cic.  Leg.  il  I. 
Seneca,  £p.  83.5 ;  to  afford  a  bodj-  of 
water  for  the  display  of  amphibious 
or  aquatic  animals  from  fordgn  parts 
as  a  spectacle  (Plin.   viii.  40.] ;  and 
espedaUy,  a  moat  filled  with  water 
constructed  by  Juliins  Caesar  round 
the  interior  of  the  Circus  Maximus 
(Suet,  Cas.  39.  Plm.  M.N.  viii.  7.). 
in  order  fO  protect  the  spectator  from 
the  sudden  irruption  of  any  animal, 
when  hunts  and  shows  of  wild  beasts 
were   exhibited    in    it      This   was 
afterwards  filled  up  by  Nero  (EUn. 
/.  c);  and  the  name  of  euripus  trans- 
ferred, at  a   subsequent  age,  to  the 
barrier  {spina)  which  ran  down  the 
centre  of  the   course.     Tertul.  adu. 
Hermeg.  31.  Sidon.  Carni.  xxiii.  356. 
EUSTYLOS    ((SoniAoe).    A  co- 
lonnade in  which   the  intervals  be- 
tween the  columns  have  the  width  of 
two  diameters  and  a  quarter ;  the  style 
conadered  to  he  the  most  perfect  in  re- 
spect of  solidity  of  aa** 
structure,  beauty   of         j?    * 
appearance,         and          ™      ® 
general        conveni-         ffl-^i-© 
ence.       (Vitruv.  iii.        ©-a—® 
3.  I.)    Theannexed       © — 4-   -g 
diagram    shows  the 
five   different    kinds    of    intercolum- 


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.UM. 

niation  used  by  the  ancients,  with 
their  relative  intervals,  amongst  which 
the  eustyle  occup  es  the  th  rd  hne 
EVERRIC  ULUM  The  ord  nary 
fishing-net  (Varro    R    R  I?    7 

Apul.  Afid.  p  ^57  Non  i  p 
34)  whidi  a  ep  esen  ed  n  the 
annexed    wood  cu      f  om    a    tre   o 


pa  ntmg    n 

R  me,  appeira  to  have  bee  ve  y 
s  n  lar  to  hose  ised  by  the  fisher 
men  of  on   o  vn  days 

EVOCA  TI  Vete  an  who  had 
served  their  tine  h  t  enl  s  ed  again 
IS  volu  teer       They 


badges  of  d  s- 
tmctiou  hey 
e  joyed  be  ag  represented  on  se 
puldiral  n  onaments  w  h  the  v  ne 
rod  {intis)  m  one  hand  s  ord  o  i 
the  left  s  de  (/o  J  u  ),  and  a  oil 
of  paper,  indicating,  perhaps,  their 
carte  of  discharge,  in  the  other  as 
shown  by  the  annexed  figuie,  from  a 
sepulchral  marbie,  which  alto  bear- 
the  inscription  AuR  .  Julianus  . 
EvoK.  Cic.  Fam.  iii.  6.  C:es.  B.  G. 
vit  6s.  B.  C.  i.  17. 

2.  The  same  title  was  subsequently 
conferred  upon  a  body  of  young  men 
selected  from  the  equestrian  families, 
iind  fonned  into  a  corps,  by  the  Em- 


SXCALCEATUS. 

Jeror  Galba,  to  which  the  duty  of 
eeping  guard  at  the  doors  of  the 
imperial  bed-chamber  was  entrusted, 
Snet.  Galk  la 

EXACISCULATUS.  Dilapi- 
dated, destroyed,  or  pulled  out  with  a 
"pick"  {acisculas)  ,  a  common  way 
ot  bteakuig  into  tombs,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  stealmg  the  vajuables  depo- 
ated  in  them  Hence,  the  word  is 
of  fiequent  occurrence  on  sepulchral 
inscriptions,  in  the  lorm  of  a  caution 
to  the  publii,  against  the  commission 
of  such  an  oifence  Inscrip.  ap.  Mnr. 
1028   2   ap   Don.  d    iz.  n.  27. 

EXA'MEN.  The  tongue  on  the 
beam  of  a  balance,  rising  pei^endi- 
cularly  from  the  beam,  and  oscillating; 
within  an  eye  affixed  to  the  same,  by 
which  it  serves  to  point  out  the 
equahty  or  inequality  of  weight  be- 
tween the  objects  in  the  scale,  (Virg. 
Mn.  idL  725.  Pers.  Sat.  i.  6.)  The 
scale  beam 


tongue    i 
iginal  of  bronze  pre- 
fer eu  amoitKsi  the  Roman  aniiqui- 
t  es  n  the  British  Museum. 

EXASCIATUS.  Hewn  out  of 
the  rough  and  into  shape,  with  a 
ca  penter  s  adze  {asdd\  ;  and  as  this 
i  as  the  first  operation  before  finish- 
ing and  polishing  with  other  and 
finer  tools  the  expression  opus  exas- 
cialum  implies  a  work  already  some- 
what advanced ;  i.  e.,  in  which  all  the 
prelimmar  es  have  been  successftiUy 
got  through.     Plaut.  As.  W.  2.  93. 

EXCALCEATUS.  Literally, 
without  shoes  {caled.  Suet.  Vesp. 
7.} ;  thence,  in  a  special  sense,  a 
comic  actor  (Seneca,  Ep.  8. ),  as  con- 
tradistinguished from  a  tragic  one 
{cothumalus),  who  wore  upon  the 
stage  a  close  boot,  which  enveloped 
the  whole  foot ;  whereas  the  chans- 


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sole  bound  on  with  leather  straps, 
which  left  the  toes  and  great  part  of 
the  foot  exposed,  as  shown  by  the 
anneiied  figure,  from  a  bas-rdlef  re- 
presenting a  comic  scene. 

EXCUBITCTRES.  Se»ii-iis  and 
■aialchmn),  including  those  who  pei' 
formed  military  as  well  as  civil 
duties  (Ctes.  B.  G.  vii.  69.  Columell. 
vii.  12.),  and  wh&  kept  watch  by 
night  or  day  {txcuHn) ;  in  which 
respect  tliey  are  distinguished  from 
F^iUs,  a  name  given  only  to  night 
watches. 

2.  Under  the  Empire,  the  same 
term  was  specially  applied  to  a 
body  of  soldiers  belonging  to  the 
imperial  cohort,  lo  whom  the  duly  of 
guarding  the  emperor's  palace  was 
entrusted.  Suet.  JVem,  8.  Compare 
0/Aa,  6. 

EXCUBITO'RIUM.  The  post 
where  a  corps  de  garde  is  stationed  ; 
of  these  there  were  fourteen  in  Rome 
itself,  one  Kit  each  of  the  regions 
into  which  that  city  was  divided. 
P.  Victor,  de  Reg-  Uii.  Sum. 

EXCU'SORTx"'""*!')-  A-cof/KT- 
smitk  (Quint,  ii.  21.  ra) ;  but  the 
reading  is  not  certain. 

EXED'RA  {iiiipa).  An  assem- 
Uy  room,  or  ball  of  conversation  ;  a 
large  and  handsome  apartment,  some- 
limes  covered  in  (Vitruv.  vi.  3.  8.), 
and  sometimes  open  to  the  sun  and 
air   (Vitruv.   vii.  9.  z.),   constituting 


26g 

one  of  the  dependencies  to  a  gymna- 
sium, or  to  a  private  mansion  of  the 
first  class.  It  was,  in  reality,  a  place 
fitted  up  for  the  reception  of  a  patty 
of  savans  to  meet  and  converse  in 
(Vitruv.  V.  9.  2.  Cie.  N.  D.  i.  6.),  as 
the  philosophers  were  accustomed  to 
do  in  the  Gfreek  Gymnasium  and  the 
Roman  Thermse.  For  this  pnrpo'ie, 
it  was  frequently  constincted  with  a 
circular  a&is  (Pint  Alcii  17),  in 
which  rovra  of  seats  were  arranged 
for  the  company  ,  and,  in  fact  is  so 
delineated  in  a  bas  relief  of  the  Villa 
AH«mi  (Wink.  Mon  ttud  185), 
cepresenting  a  scientific  discussion 
between  several  philosophers.  Con 
sequently,  in  oui  ground  pl'in  de 
scribing  the  ruins  of  the  G\  mnasiuh 
at  Ephesus  (J.».),  the  name  of  exedia 
is  assigned  to  eadi  of  the  two  divi 
sions  at  the  bottom  of  the  lateral 
corridors,  which  terminate  mlh  a 
^mjlar  absis. 

EXED'RIUM  (ilthpiav)      Dimin 

utive  of  ExEDRA.     Cic  Fmn   vii  23 

EXEQ'UIjE.     bee  Evseqtiie 

EXO'MIS  ((?«./«i)      A  particular 


Idnd  of  Greek 
adopted  by  the 
Romans,   with- 

ry   short     \_sub- 


afterwatds 


)  It  was  the  usual 
IB  employed  m  active 
occup-itions  such  as 
artizans  and  hunts 
i  works  of  art,  it  is 
1  by  Vulcan  Chaion 
DB-dalns  and  Amazons  all  of  whoi  1 
pursued  a  life  of  toil  or  mdusEry,  and 
in  a  similar  form  to  that  on  the  aii- 


and   labonotia 
frequently  ■hoi 


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-O  EAOSTRA 

3  ej.ed  ligu  e,  repiehenlmg  a  siaie  in 
attendance  on.  a  hnnting  pirty  (ram 
a  Roman  bas  relief 

2  The  same  term  was  also  applied 
to  tlie/ii7i«Ji  (irfpi^X))^n  Jull  Poll 
■vii  48)  vihen 
It  was  ar  ai  i,ed 
upon   the   per 

present  a  simi 
lat  appearance 
to  that  of  the 
tone  last  de 
scnbed  coi  er 
ing  only  the 
left  shoulder 
but  leaving  the 
r  gUt  one  witli 
the  arm  ind  breast 
h  bited  by  the 
the  Vatican  Vit^ 

EXOSTRA     {ilwarpa)  A 

wooden  b  dge  or  platfomi  projecte  I 
from  a  movable  towev  to  the  walls  of 
a  besieged  town,  over  which  the  as- 
sailants passed  on  to  the  ramparts. 
Veg.  Mil.  iv.  zi.  and  17. 

2.  A  madiine  employed  upon  the 
stage  of  the  ancient  theatres,  for  the 
purpose  of  revealing  to  the  spectators 
the  results  of  cert^n  actions  wWcli 
could  not  be  perpetrated  before  their 
eyes,  such,  for  instance,  as  a  murder, 
or  any  other  atrocity  which  might 
wound  their  moral  or  religions  feel- 
ings. The  precise  character  of  the 
machine,  and  the  maimer  in  which  it 
was  made  to  operate,  is  not  tho- 
roughly ascertained;  further  tlian  the 
fact,  that  it  was  pushed  forward  from 
behind  the  scenes,  and  made  to  turn 
round  by  springs  and  wheels,  so  as  to 
expose  to  view  the  object  required  ; 
a  dead  body,  for  example,  indicative 
of  a  murder  or  a  suicide.  Cic  H-if. 
Cans.  6.  Jul.  Pollux,  iv.  128,  129. 

EXPAPILLA'TUS.  Literally, 
having  one  breast  exposed;  an  ex- 
pression intended  to  describe  the 
appearance  of  a  person  who  wears 
his  tanica  or  pallium  adjusted  in  the 
manner  expldned  and  illustrated  iin- 


ler  the  -ut  cle  Ex  Mis      Plant  Mil. 
IV  4.  44   Non  J  I   p   103 

EXPEDITI  L  teiallj  free  and 
u  lencumbered  whence  applied, 
in  mihtary  Ian 
glage  as  a  de 
scnptive  name 
for  the  light 
armed  troops  in 
genera!  (7  hi  s 
Festos  s  Adve 
htatio)  01  to  the 
heavy  armed  le 
gionanes  (Sisein 
at  Non  s  V  v 
58  Cic  4U  viii  , 
9 )    when    equip 


the  n 


.«ft.>w 


;  cumbrous   parts  of    thei 


their  offensHe  and  defensive 
disposed  about  the  petson  in  the  way 
most  convenient  for  rapid  t)  of  transit 
The  annexed  figure,  representing  one 
of  the  legionary  soldiers  in  the  army 
of  Trajan  in  a  hurried  line  of  march, 
compared  with  the  illustration  to  Im- 
PEDiTUS,  will  afford  a  precise  notion 
of  the  meaning  conveyed  by  the  term. 
EXSEQ-UI^.  A  funeral,  or  fii- 
neral  procession  and  solemnities. 
(Tac.  Mut.  iv.  6z,  Cic.  MH.  13.  Id. 
Quint.  15.  Suet.  Ti&.  32,)  The 
poorer  classes  of  the  Romans  were 
buried  at  niglit,  and  without  any 
kind  of  show;  but  wealthy  persons 
were  carried  to  their  final  home  with 
m,uch  pomp  and  ceremony,  accom- 
panied by  a  long  procession  of  rela- 
tives, friends,  and  dependants,  ar- 
ranged ty  an  undertaker  (designator), 
and  in  the  following  order.  First 
came  a  Ijand  of  musidana  playing 
upon  the  long  funeral  pipe  [tiliia 
loaga) ;  and  unmediately  behind 
tliem,  a  number  of  women  hued  to 
{firsjies),   chanting 


praises  of  the  deceased, 
followed  the  slaughter-man  ipicti- 
»tarius\ ;  whose  busmess  it  was  to  kill 
the  favourite  animals  of  tlieir  deceased 


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EXTISPEX. 

master,  horses,  dogs,  &c.,  round  tlie 
iunenj  pile.  Next  came  the  corpse 
upon  a  rich  bier  {cafiulum,  feretnttn, 
Uctica  ftinebris),  immediatdy  pre- 
ceded by  persons  who  curried  the 
busts  or  images  of  his  ancestors  {iina- 
gines),  as  well  as  any  public  presents. 
Such  as  coronie,  phakris,  torques,  which 
he  might  have  possessed,  and  by  a 
buffoon  ^arehimimus),  dressed  iip  to 
imitate  the  person  and  deportment  of 
the  deceased.  After  the  bier,  fol- 
lowed a  long  line  of  slaves  and  at- 
tendants, leading  the  animals  intended 
to  be  sacrificed  at  the  burning  of  the 
body,  and  finally  the  whole  proces- 
sion was  closed  by  the  empty  car- 
riage of  the  dead  man,  which  brought 


up  tt 


nthes: 


customary  amongst  ourselves.  AIJ, 
or  nearly  all,  of  these  particulars  are 
exhibited  in  the  order  above  stated 
upon  a  bas-ielief,  on  a  Roman  sarco- 
phagus, representing  (he  funeral  of 
Meleager ;  a  device  which  would  be 


addicted  to  the  cliase  and  sports  of 
the  field.  It  is  engraved  by  Bactoli 
(Admirand.  Rom.  plates  70.  and  71.), 
and  several  figures  have  been  selected 
from  it  to  lUnstrate  the  different 
words  bracketed  in  this  article ;  but 
the  entire  subject  contiuns  too  many 
figures  to  bear  a  reduction  propor- 
tionable to  the  size  of  these  pages. 


EX'TISPEX(./7fan 
)'OoKij7fot'l.      A   soothsayer,  ■< 


FABRICA.  2-]  I 

ner,  who  affected  to  interpret  the  will 
of  the  gods,  and  the  results  of  futu- 
rity, by  inspecting  the  entrails  of 
victims  slain  at  the  altar  (Cic.  £)w. 
ii.  18.),  as  shown  by  the  amiexed 
illustration,  fiom  a  bas-relief  of  the 
Villa  Borghese,  the  only  ancient  re- 
presentation of  this  practice  yet  dts- 

EXTISPIC'IUM  (l,iraTOTKO„io). 
An  inspection  of  the  entrdls  of  ani- 
mals for  the  purpose  of  predicting 
events  from  their  appearances ;  as 
'  represented  in  the  preceding  engrav- 
ing. Accius,  ap.  Non.  p.  16.  Suet. 
Nei-o,  56. 


FABATA'RIUM.  A  ki^e  bowl 
or  dish  in  which  beans,  or  bean'flour, 
made  into  a  stu--about  {finis  fabada, 
Macrob.  Sal.  i.  iz.)  was  served  up. 
Lamprid.  ffdiog.  20. 

FABER  ij'ctrm-).  The  name 
given  indiscriminately  to  any  artizan 
or  mechanic  who  works  in  hard 
materials,  such  as  wood,  stone,  metal, 
&c.,  in  contcadistmction  to  one  who 
moulds  or  models  in  soft  substances, 
like  wax  or  clay,  who  received  the 
appellation  of  plastes.  It  is,  conse- 
quently, accompanied  in  most  cases 
by  a  descriptive  epithet  which  deter- 
mines the  calling  of  the  workman 
alluded  to ;  as  /a&er  fignarius,  a  Car- 
penter (see  the  next  illustration} ; 
jaiei-  ferrarias,  a  blacksmith  (see  the 
illastration  s.  Ferrarius)  ;  faha- 
oris,  mantierh,  eisiis,  a  worker  in 
bronze,  marble,  and  ivory ;  and  so 
on.  The  Greek  term  has  not  quite 
so  extensive  a  meaning  as  tlie  Latin 
one,  being  rarely  applied  to  a  worker 
in  metal,  who  was  expressly  called 
XoXpteit  or  aiSijp'is,  though  some  pas- 
sages occur  where  it  is  so  used. 

FAB'RICA.  In  general,  the 
workshop  of  any  mechanic  who 
works  in  hard  materials,  but  eipeci- 
ally  in  wood ;  as  the  shop  of  a  car-, 
penter,  or  a  cabinet-maker.  (Terent. 
Ad.  iv.  3,  45.  Lucret.  iv.  515.)    The 


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FABRILIA. 


sliop,  Ijom  a  pamling  found  ai  Her 
culaiieum,  m  whiLh  the  woikmen 
aie    represented  under  the  form  of 


geiiii,  pursuant  to  the  usual  treatment 
of  the  aticient  schools,  for  subjects  of 
this  nature,  in  which  scenes  of  ordi- 
nary life  are  depicted. 

FABRI'LIA.  MfcAamcs'  taali; 
a  general  term  under  which  is  in- 
cluded all  the  dilfereDt  kind  of  tools, 
implements,  and  instruments  em- 
ployed by  carpenters,  smiths,  and 
other  artisans  who  work  in  marble, 
stone,  ivory,  or  other  hard  materiak. 
H      £j>  li.  I.  ii6. 

FACTOR.  A  term  used  at  the 
g  f  ball,    which   went  by  the 

f  datatiin  ludere,  or  catch-ball ; 
nd  g  n  to  the  player  who  tiirew 
th  b  11  ipon  receiving  it  from  the 
da  Plant.  Cure.  iL  3.  iS. 

FACTCRIUM,  K.  vas.  A  le 
mg  essel  which  held  the  exact 
quantity  of  olives  proper  to  be  put 
under  the  press  at  one  making  (fac 
tuHi).  Pallad.  xi.  to.  I.  Compaie 
CatO,  R.  R.  67.  I.  and  Varro,  R  R 
i.  24.  3, 

FACULA.  Dimbutive  of  Fax. 
A  small  or  common  kind  of  torch ; 
also,  a  strip  or  lath  of  resinous  wood, 
out  of  which  torches  were  made,  by 
tying  them  up  into  bundles.      Cato, 

E.x.m  ■ 

FALA.  A  wooden  tower  of  se- 
veral stories  high,  employed  in 
■sieges,  but  the  characteristic  prop^- 
ties  of  which  are  unknown.  Festus, 
s.  V.  Ennius  ap,  Non.  j.  S'.  p.  1 14. 

2.  A  wooden  tower  of  similar 
nature,  erected  occasionally  in  the 
,   upon  the  vacant  part  of  the 


.    betwef 


the   barrier   {spina) 


Mn.'\ 


FALCASTSUi 


Non.   /.  c.   Serv.  ad.  '' 


705. 


FALA'RICA.  A  pecuhar  kind 
of  spear  intended  to  be  discharged  as 
a  missile  (rom  the  hand,  and  em- 
ployed 10  warfare  as  well  as  tile 
chase  (Virg.  Mn.  ix.  705,  Liv. 
\xxu  14.  Grat.  Cyn^.  342.)  It  is 
described  as  a  missile  of  the  largest 
dmiensions  (Non  j  v.  p.  555.) ;  wttli 
an  immense  iron  head,  and  strong 
wooden  shaft,  weighted  near  the  top 
by  a  circular  mass  of  lead  (Isidor. 
Otig  xvui  7  8 ),  exactly  as  repre- 
sented by  the  annexed  figure,  from 
"   published  by 


character  is  exhibited  on  a  sepulclira 
marble  discovered  at  Aquileia,  pub- 
lished by  Berfoli  (Anik/ata  di  Apii- 
/V\  P-  1530- 

2.  A  missile  invented  by  the  peo- 
ple of  Sagnntum,  similar  in  many 
respects  to  the  preceding,  but  of  a 
still  more  formidable  description.  It 
was  chiefly  employed  in  sieges,  and 
di  charged  with  prodigious  violence, 
by  the  assistance  of  machinery  (Lu- 
can  VI  198.},  from  the  lofly  wooden 
to«eis  called  falis,  which  also  sug- 
gested a  motive  for  its  name.  (Fes- 
tus, J.  tt)  It  is  described  by  Liv. 
(xxi.  8.)  and  Vegetius  {Mil.  iv.ia), 
who  give  it  a  character  very  similar 
to  the  preceding  specimen,  with  the 
exception  that  the  iron  just  under  the 
heaci  was  enveloped  tn  tow  steeped  in 
pitch  or  other  inflammable  materials, 
which  was  ignited  before  the  weapon 
was  discharged. 

FALCA'RIUS.  A  maker  of 
scythes  and  sickles  {/aka).  Cic 
Cat.  i.  4.  Id.  SuU.  iS, 

FALCASTRUM.  An  instrument 
employed  in  husbandry  for  clearing 
away  any  thick  overgrowth  of  weeds 


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FALCA  TUS. 

and  bushes  ;  consisting  of  the  blade 
of  a  sidde  {faJx)  affixed  to  a  long 
straight  handle  (Isidor.  Orig.  xk.  14. 
5.)>  similar  to  what  is  still  used  for 
the  same  object  amongst  ourselves, 
It  was  probably  only  a  provincial 
term  in  use  amongst  the  labouring 
popnladon  ;  for  educated  pemile  and 
tlie  agricultural  writers  used  RUNCO. 

FALCA'TUS  (SpEiroi-q^Dpoc). 
Fumislied  with  scythes  ;  as,  ^urrus 
falcatus  (see  CuRRUS,  5.}  :  or,  lilce 
a  sickle  ;  as,  ends  falcatus.  See 
Faix,  6. 

FALCIC'ULA,  Dinjinutive  of 
Falx.     Pallad.  i.  43.  3. 

FAL'CIFER.  Bearing  a  scythe 
or  a  sickle  ;  both  of  wMch  imple- 
ments wereemblematically  ascribed  by 
poets  and  artists  to  old  Satumus,  in 
allusion  to 
his  having 
fii-st  intro- 
duced   agri- 


the  personi 
licatioii  of  Time  (Cyonas,  Tt^nvoq), 
the  destroyer  of  all  things.  (Ovid, 
lb.  216.  Macrob.  Sai.  I  7.  and  8  ) 
The  latter  quality,  as  of  less  common 
occurrence,  is  selected  for  the  iBus 
tration,from  a  medal  struck  in  honour 
of  Helic^abaliis. 

FAL'CIGER.  Same  as  Falci 
FER.      Auson.   Sd.  de  Fir.  Rem    36 

FAL'CULA  (^pfirdwor).  Dimi 
nutive  of  Falx.  Cato,  .ff.  ^  m  4 
Columell.  xii.  iS.  3. 

F  ALE' RE.  An  architectural 
term  employed  by  Varro  {R  R  ui 
5.  14.  and  16 )  uf  doubtful  signifi 
cation,  but  conjectured  to  mean  a  low 
wall  of  masoniy  omitructed  as  an 
artificial  embankment  round  the 
margin  of  a  pool  of  vi  iter 

F ALX  (ipEirai  If  Spiiraiov,  upjrti) 
In  a  general  sense  an  instrument  for 
cutting,  with  a  curved  blade  and 
single  edge  but  made  m  vanons 
forms,  as  lest  r  Iii  ted  foi  the  p  r 


poses  to  which  it  was  applied,  each 
of  which  was  consequently  distin- 
guished by  a  characteristic  epithet 
denoting  the  particular  kind  in  view 

I.  FcsKaria  and  Vsriiculata.  A 
scythe  for  mowing  grass  (Cato,  R.  R. 
X.  3.   Pallad.  i.  43.  I.   Columell.  ii- 


21.  3),  always  represented  in  andent 
works  of  art  with  a  long  and  straight 
handle,  as  in  the  annexed  example, 
which  is  Egyptian  ;  but  the  specimen 
in  the  preceding  cut,  and  other  in- 
stances on  gems  and  coins,  all  present 
a  sunilaL  figure. 

2  Strammtsiia  aaA  Mcssoria.  A 
stckle  for  reaping  corn.  (Cato,  R.  R. 
\  3  Pallad.  i. 
4o  I)  The  ■ 
illustntion      re- 

g  nal  discovered, 
amongst  various 
otheragricultural 
implements,  in 
the  city  of  Pompeii. 

3  bmtiadata  {dpmj  napxapoSoi^). 
A  iBBtked  sidle,  employed,  instead  of 

for  reaping  in  some 

{arts  of  ancient 
taly  Greece,  and 
Egypt  (Columell 
n  21  3.)  The 
blade,  which  had 
Its  edge  notched 
hi  e  a  saw,  was  attached  to  tlie  end 
of  a  short  stick  slightly  bent  in  the 
back  (Varro,  R.  R.  50.  2.) ;  and, 
when  m  use,  was  held  with  the  point 
upvrards,  in  the  position  shown  by 
our  example,  from  an  Egyptian  paint- 
ing, so  that  tlie  reaper  worked 
upwards,  cutting  the  stalk  a  little 
heloH  the  ear  Qob  xsiv.  24.  ' "  cut 
oft    /     top  of  the  ears   of   com."). 


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:J 


£74  F. 

The  different  modes  of  handling  the 
toothed  and  the  common  sickle  may 
be  seen  in  two  paintings  from  the 
tombs  at  Thebes,  engraved  by  Wil- 
imson  {Maimers  and  Customs  of  the 
Egyptians,  vol.  iv.  pp.  89.  98.). 

4.  Arboraria  and  Sihiatica.     Tlie 
common  hedge-bUl,  or  bUl- '"'-        ' 
(Calo,j?.J?.x.3.Id.ii4), 
ployed  by  wood-men,  bedgers, 
and  labourers  of  that  kind  ;  and 
Mmilar  in  every  respect  to  the 
instrument  used  by  the  same 
class  of  persons  in  our  own  day, 
as  shown  by  the   example,  from 
original  found  at  Pompeii. 

5.  Viaitoria,  Vinealiea,  and  J^ta- 
ioria.  The  vim  dresser's  firuning- 
Aook  (Cato,  Ji.  if.  xi.  4. 
Pallad.  i.  43.  I,  Columell. 
iv.  35.  I . ) ;  which  was  a 
complicated  sort  of  instru- 
ment, furnished  with  a 
variety  of  different  edges, 
in  order  to  adapt  it  for  the 
many  nice  operations  re- 
quired in  the  ,  pruning  of 
vines.  Eacli  of  these  parts 
bore  an  appropriate  name, 
wl '  t  w'll  be  readily  onderstood  by 
■ef        g        the  annexed  engcavm,, 

p  n  ng  one  of  these  instrumen  s 
fr  m  h  MSS.  of  Columella.  The 
i^h  dge  immediately  above  he 
ha  ^  w  termed  colter,  the  coul  e 
h  rv  d  one  beyond,  sinus,  e 
be  d  h  llow;  the  edge  between  he 
h  11  and  the  point,  ssalpram 
knife  ,  the  hook  itself,  rostrum,  the 


edge  at  the  back, 

6  (pa/i^rj)  A  falchion  (Cic  Mil 
33  Stat  Ack  11  419  Polyb  x.  iS 
z») ,  which  has  the  upper  extremity 
of  its  blade  very  much  curved,  so  as 
m  some  respects  to  resemble  a 
sickle ,  whence  it  is  also  exp 
designated  shju  fakatus  (Ovid, 
(  71S  jb  IV  736 ),  or  havmtus 
lid  Met  ^  So)  A  weapon  of  fhis 
form  la  frequently  assigned  bv  joets 
and  artibfi  to  Meieury  and  Peiseiis, 


nexed  engraving,  from  a  terra- 
cotta lamp  (Bartoli.  Lucimi, 
iii.  13,  Compare  Wink.  Man. 
Ant.  Ined.  84.),  where  it 
appears  in  the  hand  of  a 
young  warrior  designed  in  the 
ic  style,  with  sliield,  I 
let.  and  mantle  of  skin.  ' 


helmet,  and  mantle  of  skin. 


down,  and,  as 
its    back     {supina,     Juv.     Sat.     viii.' 
2or,);    i.e.,     with   the    edge    upper- 

0  t  so  that  the  tbrnst  was  made 
a  he  bo  om  of  the  belly,  and  the 
wound  ca  ried  in  a  ripping  direction 

pwa  ds  precisely  as  the  modem 
I  al  an  now  use  their  knives,  and,  as 
md   a  ed  by  the  annexed  engraving, 

ep  esen  g  one  of  the  above-named 
glad  a  o  s   on  a  terra-cotta  lamp. 

8  Mu  alis  {BopvSpiwavov).  An 
instrument  employed  in  warfaie,  both 
naval  and  mihtaiy,  foi  cuttmg  away 
the  masts  and  ngging  of  an  enemy's 
vesiel,  cleamig  the  battlements  of 
their  defenders,  or  tearing  down  the 
stones  and  stockades  winch  formed  a 
bnlwaik  (Ces  ^  G  in  14.  Stra- 
bo,  IV  4  I  Liv  xxxvm.  5  Ctes. 
B  G  in\  86  )  This  may  be  readily 
imipned,  witli  a  massive  iron  head, 
in  the  shape  of  a  siclde,  affixed  to 
the  end  of  3  strong  pole  or  beam, 
which  Lould  be  woiked  bv  the  hand 
1  r  mai-hmeiy  so  as  to  mow,  cut,  or 
pull  oul,  in  the  mannei  dtsi-i  ibcd. 


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FA  NUM. 

g.  Poetically  used  for  Dolabra 
(Prop.  w.  2.  59.);  an  instrament 
which  has  one  of  its  aides  made  in  a 
carved  form,  approximating  to  the 
shape  of  a  sickle. 

FANUM,  A  place  which  had 
l>een  consecrated,  by  the  solemn  for- 
mula of  the  angnrs  (effaium)  to  some 
deity  (Varro,  L.  L.  vL  54-  Liv.  x. 
37.  Cic.  Div.  I.  41.) ;  and,  as  a 
sacred  edifice  was  generally  raised 
and  dedicated  upon  such  places,  the 
same  term  also  signified  the  edifice 
or  temple,  with  the  consecrated  pre- 
dnct  surrounding  iL 

FARCI'MEN.  Sttiffing;  made 
of  minced  ingredients  inclosed  in  the 
inside  of  any  eatable.  Varro,  L.L. 
V.  III.     Isidor.  Orig-  xx.  z.  28. 

FARRA'GO.  A  particular  kind 
of  green  crop,  consisting  of  grain, 
barley,  tiires,  and  leguminous  plants 
sown  tt^ettier  bcoad-oast,  and  cut 
while  green,  as  fodder  for  cattle, 
during  the  latter  end  of  winter  and 
commencement  of  spring ;  whence 
the  term  was  metaphorically  used  to 
signify  a  confused  jumble  of  things. 
(Varro.  RJi.  i.  31.5.  ColumelL  ii. 
II.  8.  Plin.  xviii.  41,  Nemes.  Cy- 
neg.  283). 

FARRA'RIUM.  A  bam  for 
storing  the  gimn  called  far,  or  spelt. 
Vitruv.  vi.  9.  5. 

FAR'REUM.  A  cake  made  of 
far  or  spelt.     Plin.  H.  N.  xviu  3 

FARTOR  (aireur^f).  A  slave 
whose  especial  business  it  was  to 
fatten  poultry  for  the  table ;  01  one 
who  kept  and  sold  fatted  ponltiy 
(Columeli.  viii.  7.  I.  Inscript  ap 
Grut.  58a  15.)  In  the  following 
passages,  Plant.  True.  i.  z.  II.  Ter. 
Eun.  ii.  2.  z6.  Hor.  Sat.  ii.  3.  229, 
the  word  is  commonly  supposed  to 
mean  a  maker  of  sausages,  or  of 
pastry  filled  inside  with  sweetmeats  ■ 
but  there      n  n  f     tl     d  t 

tion,  and  th    p       n      of  a  1      It 
would  be    q    Ey  d  nt  w  tl   th 

context    i       all      f    th  Be  k 

•Gallus,  p      3S    T        1 

FARTUI  -i.  Tl  £ 


FASCIA.  275 

or  fattening  of  poultry  {Columeli. 
viii.  7.  4-) ;  whence  the  term  was 
adopted  by  builders  to  designate  the 
mass  of  rubble  employed  for  filling 
np  the  internal  part  of  a  wall  between 
the  outside  surliices,   wheu  the  wall 


was  not  constructed  of  solid  masonry 
or  bridiwork  (Vitruv.  ii,  8.  74,  zs, 
shown  by  the  annexed  specimen  of 
Roman  bLiilding. 

FAS'CIA.  In  a  general  sense,  any 
long  narrow  strip  of  cloth  employed 
as  a  bandage  ;  such,  for  ' 


\   the 


V.V) 


1  which  I 


^«rf(<ni 
the    and 

tomed  to  envelope  the  bo- 
dies of  newly-born  children. 
(Plant.  True.  v.  13.  Com- 
pare Amphtr.  v.  i.  53.) 
It  consisted  of  a  long  and 
narrow  cloth-band    twined, 

mommy-cloth,  cc 
the  body  from  head  ti 
leave  nothing  hut  tlie  face  uncoverec 
as  is  plainly  Siown  by  llie  annexed  ei 

gfaving,  r —  - 

is  held  in 

in  a  Pompeian  painting,  and  re- 
tembhng  in  every  respect  the  man- 
ner m  which  an  Italian  peasant 
n  Oman  swaddles  her  offspring  at  the 
present  da 

2      A        d  n  d   he  head 

£>      80.)        n  p        U       termed 

Diadem A 

3.    (dff  2  A  bandage  fast- 

ened roun  h  y      ig  girls, 

in  order  t  n  th    gi  w  h  of  the 

bosom  by  its  pressuie    (MarL   Ep. 
34.0      A   Ap  247   P    P 

9.  49  )  bd  ed  b    ast  bem 


be     ty    n  tl 


■    gra  e 


fn   1 


,y  Google 


from  a  bronse  statuette  {Caylus,  vi. 
71.),  and  the  back  one  from  s,  Pom- 
peian.  paindng,  in  which  it  is  coloured 
red.  But  it  is  not  to  be  considered 
as  a  part  of  the  ordinary  dress,  nor 
of  universal  use,  either  iu  Greece  or 
Italy  ;  being;  only  applied  where  the 
person  inclined  to  excessiTe  deve- 
lopment, or  by  mothers  over  anitious 
to  promote  the  personal  attractions  of 
their  daughters,  Ter.  £a«.  ii.  3.  21. 
4.  A  bandage  fastened  round  the 
leg  from  tlie  knee  to  the  ankle  (crus, 
Qnuit.  xi.  3,  144.  VaL  Max.  vi.  2. 
7,  whence  termed  «T(/-o/Er,  Ulp.  Dig, 
34,  2.  25.),  like  the  annexed  exam- 
ple, from  a  consular  diptych  It 
was  not  worn  as  an  ordinary  part  of 
the  national  cost  ime  but  only  upon 
certain  occasions  or  by  particular 
individuals,  as  a  legging  for  persons 
in  delicate  health  (Quint  /  r)  or 
whose  occupations  ma  le  it  necessary 
that  the  skin  and  leg  should  be  well 


protected  by  some  defence  which 
-would  not  impede  agihfy  of  move 
meiit,  like  the  drner>  in  the  Circus, 
of  which  an  example  is  afforded  by 
the  engraving ,  01  those  who  followed 
the  active  and  perilous  sports  of  the 
field  {Grat  Cy>Kg  338  PeL  Sai 
405.),  of  which  an  instance  occurs  in 
the  Vaticrn  Virj,il  where  jEneas 
when  equij^j^ed  for  a  huiitmg  en-ui 


sion  with  the  queen  of  Carthage,  hashis 
legs  protected  by  bandages  exactlylike 
those  of  the  charioteer  here  introduced. 
5.  (iroirtoi',  or  iroSiiov).  A  seci  or 
stocking  (Cic.  Frag.  ixp.  Non.  s. 
Calantica,  Lamprid.  Alex.  Sea.  40.), 
which  entirely  enveloped  the  foot, 
and  was  worn  with  shoes  (Cic.  Att. 
ii.  3,  Varro.  ap.  Non,  i.  Ephippium, 
p.  108.),  and  more  particularly  by 
women.  (Cic  Fragm.  I.  c.)  It  ap- 
pears on  the  legs  of  several  female 
figures  amongst  the  Pompeian  paint- 
ings, one  of  which  is  represented  by 
the    annexed    engraving.       It    will 


not  fail  to  be  observed  that  the  ma- 
tenal  is  evidently  elastic,  smce  it  fits 
tight  to  the  leg,  but  does  not  lace 
m  front ,  that  it  has  no  sole,  and  is 
fastened  by  a  sort  of  band  or  garter 
at  the  top,  thus  intimately  resembhug 
the  hose  of  a  Scotch  bighlander, 
whose  costume,  in  more  respects  than 
one,  betokens  a  very  early  original ; 
and  if  the  sock  of  the  ancients,  as  is 
not  improbable,  was  ornamented  by  a 
diecked  pattern,  lilte  the  Scotch  one, 
which  imitates  the  mterlacing  of  a 
bandige  it  would  explain  why  it  was 
called  /asda  pedulis  (Ulp.  I>ig.  34. 
2  25  ),  which  assuredly  means  "  a 
sock,  '  for  the  same  term  fedtde 
IS  retamed  in  the  modem  Itahan 
language  to  designate  ths  foot  fart  of 
a  stocking. 

6  <Kf  ipia,  PolL  X.  36.>  A  band  of 
coarse  and  strong  cloth,  forming  what 
n  now  called  the  sacking  or  licking, 
nhich  supports  the  mattress  of  a  couch 


.Google 


FASICULUS. 

or  bed.  (Cic,  Di-o.  ii.  65.)  SevetrJ  of 
ihese  bands  were  stretched  across  Oie 
frameivorlt,  and  interlaced  with  cords 
(fstict)  to  strain  Ihem  tiglit,  in  the  same 
manner  as  still  practised.  This  is 
clearly  to  be  inferred  from  Mart. 
Ep.  V.  63. 

7.  An  imaginary  cii'de  m  tlie 
heavens ;  also  called  CiRCULUS  and 
Zona;  which  see.  Mart.Capell  vi  196 

8.  A  dark  belt  of  clouds  forming 
round  tlie  horizon,  indicative  of  bad 
weather.    Juv.  Sat.  xiv.  294. 

9.  In  architecture  ;  the  fascia,  or 
facia,  as  it  is  now  called,  is  a  member 
produced  by  dividing  an  even  surface 
into  separate  parts,  which  thus  possess 
an  appeaiance  of  loi^  flat  bands 
lying  parallel  to  each  other  They 
arc    frequently   introduced   in    a  chi 


FASCIS.  277 

rASCI'NA.  Same  as  FASCI&,  i. 
Cato,  R.  R.  xxxvii.  s. 

FAS'CIOLA.  Diminutive  of 
Fascia.  A  small  bandage,  or  one 
made  of  fine  materials,  for  infants 
(Vopisc,  AursL  4.) ;  the  head  (Varro, 
L.  L.  V.  130.) ;  feet  and  legs  {Cic 
ffar  Resp.  Zl.  Hor.  Sat.  ji.  3.  255.) ; 
as  eiplamed  in  the  article  Fascia. 

FASCIS  (^mAoc  and  ^aicEUoe). 
Accurately,  a  packet  of  fhings,  but 
more  espedally  wood  (Hirt.  B.  G. 
viu  15  Tac.  Ann.  xiii  35.),  wattled 
together,  and  made  up  into  a.faggolo'! 
fascine,  for  the  convenience  of  car- 
nage ,  as  in  the   illiistration,_  from  a 


h   P  UN 

m  P 

m  9 

1  b       d 


,y  Google 


278  FASCIS. 

fasces  with  an  axe  iii  tlie  city  of 
Rome  (Cic.  di  Kef.  ii.  31.  Val.  Max. 
iv,  I,  I.)  ;  tlie  employment  of  tioth 
together  being  restricted  to  tlie  con- 
suls at  the  head  of  their  iirmies  (Liv, 
xsiv.  9 .),  and  to  the  tpsstors  in  their 
provinces.  (Cic.  Plane.  41.)  Theil- 
liistTation  affords  an  example  of  the 
they  appeared  WJth  the  axe 
inserted,  from  a  has  cehef  of  the 
Mattel  palace  at  Rome 

3.  Fasees  fmferre  and  submittere 
The  lictor  walked  before  the  ma 
^gistrate  to  whose  service  he  was 
attached  with  a  rod  (i  rga)  m  his 
right  hand,  and  the  fasc  c  on  his 
left  shoulder,  as  shown  by  the  an- 
.nesed   figure,    from  a    bas-relief   in 


fa 


the  Museum  of  Verona.  This  is  ex 
pressed  by  the  phrase  fasces  free 
ferre;  but  if  a  magistrate  of  uitetioi 
rank  met  a  superior,  the  lictor  re 
moved  the  fasces  firom  his  shoulder, 
and  lowered  them,  as  a  mark  of  re 
sped,  till  the  great  man  had  passed, 
as  our  soldiet:5  ground  arm;  in.  the 
presence  of  great  personages.  This 
is  expressed  by  the  phrase  fasces 
mbimlta-e. 

4.  Fasces  laureafi.  When  a  gene- 
ral had  achieved  a  victory,  he  had 
the  fasces,  which  were  borne  before 
him,  decorated  with  laurel  leaves  {law- 
rcati,  Cic  Dbj.  i.  28.  Id.  Att.  viii. 
3.) ;  and  the  empei'ors  also  added  a 


FAS  EL  US. 

similar  ornament  to  tlicir  own  fasces 
in  cornpliment  to  any  of  their  officers 
who  had  obtained  a  brilliant  success. 
(Tac.  Ann.  xiii.  3.)  The  method 
adopted  was,  npon  such  hj 
occasions,  either  to  in-  T 
sert  a  branch  of  laurel  ] 
into  the  top  of  the  rods 
as  sliown  by  the  left 
hand  figu  e  m  the 
nej-ed  engraving 
presentmg  the  fasces  \ 
earned  by  a  lictor  1 
attendance  on  the  Em 
peror  VespasLin,  from  a  ba  relief; 
or  to  fasten  a  liurel  wreath  upon 
them,  as  in  the  right-hand  example, 
from  a  consular  coin. 

5.  Fasces  verd.  In  mourning,  or 
at  the  funeral  of  commanders,  tlie 
fasces  were  reversed  ipersi,  Tac.  Attn. 
iii.  2.) ;  that  is,  carried  with  the  axe 
downwards,  as  6ur  soldiers  carry 
their  muskets  upon  similar  occasions  ; 
the  funeral  of 


Dnisi; 


the    E 


brol:ei 


(fi-acH fasces,  Pedo  Albin.  El.  i.  177.). 
FASE'LUS  (jKiaijXoc).  A  light 
craft  invented  by  the  Egyptians, 
supposed  to  have  received  its  name 
from  some  resemblance  to  the  pod  of 
a  faselus,  or  kidney-bean.  It  was 
made  of  the  papyrus,  of  wicker-work, 
and  sometimes  even  of  baited  earth 
{ficUbs,  Juv  Sat  XV  137 ).  all  of 
whtch  matenals  accord  with  the- 
fragile  character  ascribed  to  it  by 
Hoiace  {Od  ni  2  28 ),  and  account 
for  the  great  speed  for  which  it  was 
likewise  remarkable         (CatuU    4.) 


It  was  constcucted  of  diffeient  sizes, 
and  for  vanous  purposea  the  smaller 
as  a  mere  row  boat  (hence  stjled 
brevis.  Serv.  ad  Vii^.  Georg.  iv. 
289.)  ;  the  Jailer  being  of  consider- 
able length  (Aero,  ad  Hor.  Ic?,, 
fitted  with  sails,  and  employed  in 
waifare  and  on  distant  expeditions 
(Sail,  ap.  Non.  i 


ir^c.'*" 


,y  Google 


i.  13.).  whence  it  is  mentioned  ss 
forming  an  intennediate  cla'^s  be 
tween  the  navis  longa,  or  war  galley 
and  the  nmiis  acitiaria,  or  transpoit 
and  packet  boat.  (Appian.  Bell 
CiiJ.  V.  95.)  The  illnstratio  from 
an  engraved  gem  of  the  Stosch  cab 


may  be  regard 


affordu  g  the 


probable  type  of  a  fasdus 
smaller  kitil,  both  on  accoui  t  01  ts 
shape,  the  material  (papyrus)  of 
which  it  is  made,  and  because  t  s 
placed  under  the  Egyptiai  de  ty 
Horus,  the  son  of  Isis  and  Os  r  s 

FASTI.  Year  books  or  almanacks 
engraved  on  stone  or  bronze,  and  ex- 
posed in  some  public  pacts  of  the  dty 
for  general  inspection  and  informa- 
tion.    They  were  of  two  kinds  :— 

I.  Fasti  sacri  or  kalendarrs ; 
which  were  very  similar  to  our  al- 
manacks, contEuning  a  list  of  the  days 
and  months  in  the  year;  the  using 
and  setting  of  the  fixed  stars ,  the 
market  days ;  holidays ;  the  days 
on  which  the  courts  of  law  sat ,  those 
which  were  regarded  as  ill-omened 
3  d  u  lucky;  together  with  a  chio- 
noit^cal  table,  eraimerating  import 
ant  events  in  the  history  of  the 
a  e  ch  as  the  anniversary  of  a 
g  -ea  battle,  the  dedication  of  1  tem 
pie  &c  &c.,  as  is  collected  from  a 

an  ty  of  original  fragments  still 
pes       d. 

2  Fasti  annalis,  or  kistoria  Re 
g     ers    ontaining  the  names  of  eon 

u  s  and  other  magistrates  with  the 
da  es  of  their  entrance  upon  and  re 
tt  emen  from  ofiice  inscnbed  upon 
slabs  of  marble  or  bronze    and  pre 

ecved  n  the  public  archives  A 
long  1  of  the  Fasti  consulires  ?np- 
po  ed   o  have  been  engraved  dnnng 

he  e  gn  of  Tibetins,  is  still  displayed 
in  the  Capitol  at  Rome 

FASTI'GIUM.     Stnctly  the  top 

formed 

of  the  roof ;  whence 

used,  in  a  more  general  sense  for  the 

entire  pediment  or  fronton  of  a  re 

ligious  edifice,  including  the  whole 


tnanguHr  fJRure  consisting  of  the 
coinice  of  tlie  entablature  which 
forms  Its  base,  the  two  converging 
cornices  it  the  sides   and  the  tim pa 


nu      O    flat  surface.  A,  within  them, 
V  tn       ii.  S.  13.  and  13.  Cic.  Oi-at. 

When  applied  to  private  houses, 
it  designates  a  roof  rising  to  a  point 
at  the  top,  in  contradistinction  to  a 
flat  one  (Cic  Q.  Fr.  iii.  I.  4.);  or 
implies  that  the  front  of  the  house 
was  covered  by  a  portico  and  pedi- 
ment like  the  fronaos  of  a  temple  ; 
an  honour  not  allowed  to  individuals, 
but  decreed  by  the  Romans  to  llieir 
Impeual  rulers,  as  a  token  of  divinity. 
(Cic,  Phil.  ii.  43.     Floras,  iv.  i.) 

FATUI  and  FATU.^.  Idiots 
of  both  sexes,  who  were  purchased 
as  slaves,  and  kept  in  great  Roman 
fatmlies  for  the  purpose  of  exciting 
memment  by  their  stupidity.  Senec. 
Ep   50 

FAUX.  From  its  original  mean- 
ing, the  gullet  or  entrance  to  tlie 
stomach,  is  used  to  designate  any 
nirrow  pass  or  confined  entrance 
either  in  nattiral  or  artificial  objects  ; 
and  ej-pressly  to  a  narrow  pass:^ 
whicTi  ibrmai  a  communication  be- 
tween the  two  prmcipal  divisions  of 
a  Roman  house  the  atrium  and  pens- 


tylium      it  was  situated  by  the  side 


.Cooi^lc 


Siio  PAt^lSSAL. 

of  the  tablinum;  and  i=  there  weie 
frequently  two  of  these  one  on  eicli 
side  of  tie  above-named  apartment 
the  word  is  commonly  used  m  the 
plural  {fauces,  VitruT  vi  3  6 ) 
The  object  of  it  was  to  obviite  the 
inconvenience  of  malting  a  passage 
room  of  the  tablinum,  as  well  as  to 
afford  a  ready  access  from  one  piil 
of  the  house  to  the  other  when  that 
apartment  was  closed  in  with  screens 
The  relative  position  which  it  bore 
to  the  other  membeis  of  the  house 
will  be  understood  by  referring  to 
the  ground-plan  at  p.  248  ,  Ti  here  it  is 
marked  E,  and  its  general  appearance 
in  elevation  by  the  annexed  engrav- 
ing, which  presents  a  view  from  the 
house  of  the  Dioscuri  at  Ponjpeii,  witli 
the  ceiling  only  restored  TI16  fore 
ground  shows  the  mtenor  of  the 
atrinm,  with  its  tmplteaium  in  the 
floor ;  the  large  deep  recess  on  the 
lelt  at  the  back,  is  an  open  tallmuvi 
showing  the  peristyle  through  it 
and  the  low  dark  doer  at  the  side  is 
the  faux,  which  opens  at  its  further 
end  into  the  penstyle  m  the  same 
way  as  it  does  upon  the  atnuni  on 
the  front  here  shown 

2.  Also  in  the  pin  al  the  stalU 
or  stables  for  the  hoii^s  ind  chariots 
in  the  Circus  (Enmus  ap  Cic  Dw 
i.  48.  Cassiodoi  Var  Ep  111  51  ) 
See  Cae-Cek,  2  ,  where  the  object 
is  described  and  jl  istrated. 

FAVIS'S^  Pits,  or  cellais  con 
structed  underneath  a  temple,  m 
which  the  sacred  implements  oma 
ments,  furniture  or  other  property 
belonging  to  the  edifice  «e  e  stowed 
away  after  they  had  become  untit  foi 
use.  (Varro  ap  tiell  11  10  BroL 
clii,  Suolo  di  Soma  p  152  i  Three 
pits  of  this  nature  were  discoierel 
under  the  rums  of  an  ancient  temple 
at  Fiesole,  filled  with  broken  musical 
instruments,  various  implements  and 
utensils  in  ivory  and  bronze  as  well 
as  idols,  lamps  and  fictile  vases  all 
damaged  and  mntilaled  Giemal 
Arcad.  tom   ni   p  119 

FAVU3,     A  flag    tie   or  sKb    f 


F EMI N ALIA. 

maibie  cut  into  a  sik  cornered  figure 
of  the  s-ime  shape  as  the  cell  m  a 
honey  comb  (foRias)  used  foi  roalcmg 
pavements  of  the  kind  termed  u 


iilia  (Vitrav  TIL  I  4,)  The  illns 
tration  represents  a  piece  of  pave 
ment   in  the  Thermee  of  Titus   at 


kind  c;  . 

FAX   (fav^s).      A  torch; 
was  made  out  of  a  piece  of  xi 
wood  cut  into  a  point  3-' 
dipped  into  oil  or  pitc    .    , 
or   of   tow    impregnated    , 
■B  th  wax,    tallow    p  tch 

roable  materiak  enclosed 

in  a  t  ibe  of  metal  c 

a     bundle     of    wattled 

laths  {facul^)     as  shov™ 

by  the  illustration    from 

the  Column  of   Antoninus 

Georg     1     291     Liv     xxii.    1 3 

N  N  ^l}..^ 

FECIA  LIS      See  FETlAtis 
FEMINALIA     or    FEMOIA 

LIA       Short  breeches,   or  J  !  j£is 

w  hich  coveted  the  th  ghs 

[feTnoia)   bemg  faslened 

round    the    waist     and 

terminatiii;   a  little   be 

loH     the    knee     (Suet    I 

Aug    82    Is  dor     Orig  I 
29  ),   like   the  \ 


Column 


ofTi 


Thev 


aDy  worn   by   the    Ro 

cept  perhaps  by  son 
few  mdividuals  of  delicate  Lon  titu 
tion  hke  Aueustuo  as  in  ordinary 
cases  the  long  an  1  ample  toga  ren 
de  ed  such  a  precaution  unnecessary 
Fut  when  that  gam  ent  fell  mto  dia 


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use,  they  seem  to  have  been  very 
generally  adopted ;  particularly  by 
the  t  o  ps  e  gaged  on  fore  gn  service 

n  cold   a  d  no   lie  ly  cl  nates ;  for 
tl  ey  appe  r  m  sir  ably  o      all    the 
figures  of  tl  e  t  umi  1  al  arches  and 
colu  n  s  both  officers  and  men. 
FEMUR  (iitifiiii)       In  architec- 

ue  tie  loig  flat  proje  ting  face 
be  V,  een  ea  h  channel  (  alicu/us) 
°f   a   trgl)   h    (Vtruv      v    3.   5,]; 


1  ree  of  vl  ch  a  ■ 
glyph  Q  the  a 
fom  the  f  eze  o 
forme   y  ex  sti  g  a 

l-ENUSTEL  LA  or  FENES 
TEELLA  Dminufjve  of  Fenes 
TRA.     A  small  window  o  0  e  wliicli 

s  less  than  the  u  ual  s  ze  (Coin 
mell  Tl  3  3  Pallad  1,  24 )  The 
annexed  jfiustrfltion     ep  eseits   t»o 


of  the  windows  m  the  house  of  the 
Tragic  Poet  at  Pompeu  on  the  stieet 
side.  They  are  situated  on  the 
ground  floor  at  a  height  of  sit  feet 
six  inches  abo^e  the  pavement  -n  d 
are  not  quite  thiee  feet  by  two  m 
size.  By  the  side  of  each  is  t 
wooden  frame  for  the  shutter  lo  slide 
into  when  the  window  was  opened. 

FENESTRA  {Ovpit).  K  window ; 
inclusive  of  the  apertiu-e  {lumen)  m 


the  wall,  through  ivliicli  the  light  is 
admitted,  and  the  casement  or  shut- 
ters, whether  glazed  or  otherwise, 
by  which  it  is  dosed.  The  illustra- 
tion represents  three  ancient  win- 
dows of  different  designs  ;  the  one 
on  the  ieft  hand,  from  a  Greek  bas 
relief  in  the  British  Mnseum 
on  tlie  right  from  the  Vat  can  V  rgil 
and   the    centi'e    one   fr  n    i    ml!, 


that 


sarcophagus  of  a  later  pe  od  louni 
in  the  Vatican  cemetery 

2.  Fmestra  bifons  (9uj-  c  0  kX  c) 
A  window  opening  n  two  lei  e 
from  lop  to  bottom,  su  h  as  we  call  a 
Flinch  ■niini<rw      Ovid. /b«/.  iii.  3.  5. 

3  A  loop  hole  in  the  walls  of  a 
fort  es5    from   which    miss" 


dischareed  (Oes.  B.  C.  il.  9.) 
The  ilhisttation  which  presents  a 
new  of  the  For^  Asauiria  at  Rome, 
constructed  by  Hononut,  shows 
several  of  (1  ese  apertures  The  low- 
roofel  building  m  front  is  a  modem 


4.     A  hole  pierced 
the  ear  for   the  pui 
pose  of  receiving  the 
ring  of  a  pendant  01 


I  the  lobe  of 


ir  rm^ 


(Tuv 


104.)  Many 
have  bee  1  discovered 
with  holes  boied  m 
the  marble  into 
which  real  ear-rings 
were  inserted ;  of 
which    the    annexed 


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FENE    TRULA.  Same  as  Fenes- 
rELLA.     Aptil,  Met.  ix.  p.  208. 
FEr   CULUM      1        g      ral 
se    th  t  h  ch        yth    g    is 


^  displ  y  d    p 

S  t 
47     J 


tly     mplK 


Id 

tl 

ti 

hiti  g 

5         4    PI        H  N 

Q4- 
f   po  t  bl     pi  tf    m 


b) 

h     la  rs  imp       s- 

d    Ih     p  ta,    p         h   h 

bj    t    f     t  I:          "as  pi      d 

d       h  t    t  ight   be      p      d 

g      ral  t    m             1 

Pl 


r  Ih     god 


th     C 


pare  Q.z  Off  36  )  he  polls  cf 
conque  el  ni  ons  t  a  trmmph 
S  et  Jul  j7  )  and  even  the  cap 
h  es  h  e  ves  1  e  of  sufficient 
con  eqne  ce  ve  e  subjec  ed  to  tliia 
c  ue  expo  u  e  (lenec  Heic  Oi' 
no)  The  llus  a  on  foin  abas 
f  on  the  A         of   Ttu      repre 


Sliest  of  Jemsalem,  carrying  the 
s  of  the  temple,  the  "  table  of 
"old"  (1  Kings  s't.  48.}  and  tnim- 
lets  on  a  ferculum ;  another  bas- 
elief  on  the  same  arch  represents  a 
;toup  transporting  the  golden  candle- 
tick  in  the  same  manner ;  a  frieze 
h  ws  ft  f  th  Ri  Jordan 
)  rso    fi  d  il    ly      i        ported ; 

d  sa  phagu  f  tb  Pio-Cle- 
n  t  M  m  ft  ds  xample 
f  tb  eapti  es,  t  ml  and  a 
m  1  b  m  1  fl  p  frculum 
f  th         m     d         pt  by  six  sup- 

FERENTARII  A  corps  of 
Id   r^      tl     R  man    rm       clas  ed 

m    gst  th   Ituts     mai  r  1  gbt 

m  d  toop  (V  Ml  20 
"^  P    554  )     Th  y  were  1  ot 

med  f        1  fl    t,  h      ng  no 


wl 


i  th  T 


J     520     Fes  ui 


O 


a  tim      ranlced 


thth   .  ^       ..  ^ 

fh  n  g  m  th  b  ttl  array ; 
and  were  ch  efly  employed  to  com- 
me  ce  the  a  tad  by  a  discbarge  of 
m  tiles  (Sal  Cat  60  Veg.  Ic."); 
or  omet  me  1  ke  the  Rorarii,  to 
annoy  the  enemy  from  between  the 
anks  of  the  heal  y  armed  troops. 
Tac  ^«      X        5 

2  £gu  ta firenlarit  Amotmted 
corps  of  the  ame  de'Jcription,  fur- 
nished with  javelins  for  throwing  at 
a  distance,  instead  of  the  fixed  cavalry 
lince  ,  qui  ea  medo  hab^ni  ai-ma 
gjii£  firrentur,  tit  jaculum.'   Varro, 


L.L.y 


■57- 


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FERRARIA. 

j^n.  vi,  23Z.) ;  the  bier,  on  which  a 
dead  body  was  carried  to  the  grave, 
or  to  the  funeral  pile  (Viig.  jSn.  tL 
223.  Ov.  Met.  iii  50S.),  represented 
by  the  illustration,  irom  a  marble 
tomb  at  Rome. 

2.  Same  as  Ferculum,  2.  SiL 
Ital.  Jt.  566.  Id.  xvii.  630. 

FERRA'RIA,  sa  fodina  and  offi- 


An  h 


dry ;  and  a  blacksmith's  workshop. 
C!£s  B   G  vii  32     Liv  xxxtv  21 

FERRA'RIUS,  sc  foist,  or  abso- 
lately  A  snat/i,  ilacksmttk,  ar 
mourer,  who  works  in  iron,  as  con 
tradi'Jtin^uished  from  otliei   metals 


(PHut  Jiud  11  6  47.  Inscript.  ap. 
Spon  Mtscell  Anliq.  p.  66.)  The 
engravmg  repreaents  Vulcan  and  his 
.companious  at  their  forge,  from  a 
Roman  bas-relief. 

FERRITER'IUM.  A  prison 
where  slaves  were  kept  in  chaius. 
Plant.  Mo3t.  iiL  2.  55.  Same  as 
Ekgasttjlum. 

FERRITERUS.  A  slave  kept 
in  chains.  PlauL  Ttin.  ir.  3.  14. 
See  CoMPEDlTirs. 

FERRITRIBAX.  (Plaut.  Most. 
ii.  1.  9.)     Same  as  preceding 

FERULA  (mpe  )  IXifntel 
a  plant  muci  used  by  the  in 
dents  for  the  nilcton  of  1  ght 
punisbmetits  as  a  s  1  oolmaslec 
ferule  for  d  asu  ng  bojs  on  the 
hand  (Juv  Sat  15  )  o  the  back 
(Apul.   Mel     v.    p     196 )  d  ng 

switch  (Ov    A   An        546  )      aud  a 


>r  ofTe 


H 


Juv.  vi.  470)  As  nn  nisiiument  of 
punishment,  the  fimla  w  as  thus  the 
mildest   of  those  employed  by   the 

FESTRA  An  antiqmteJ  form 
of  writing  FENESTRA  (Festus,  s  1 
PeL  Fragm     Sii  6  ) 

FESTU'CA.  A  slight  rod,  with 
which  the  lictoi'  of  a  prsetor  touched 
the  head  of  a  slave  whose  owner  had 
restored  him  to  freedom.  (Plaut.  Mil. 
iv  i  15  Id.  Psrs.  V.  174.)  Also 
called  ViNDlCTA. 

FETI  i\'LES  (^(rtaXfis  and  f  ip-i- 
dKixii)  The  members  of  a  college  of 
heialds  at  Rome,  to  whom  was  en- 
trusted the  duty  of  seeking  redress 
of  gLievances  from  hostile  slates, 
carrying  declarations  of  war,  and 
assisting  in  the  condusion  of  treaties 
of  peace.  They  carried  with  them  a 
wand  (caduceus),  as  the  emblem  of 
amity,  and  a  spear,  as  the  token  of 
war,  which  they  hurled  across  the 
hostile  frontier  when  hostilities  were 
decided  on.  (Gell.  x.  37.)^  The  an- 
nexed figure,  from  an  engraved  gem, 
is  supposed  to  represent  a  Feliahs 
about  to  depart,   upon  a  hostile  mis- 


sion, from  (he  colutnna  bdlica,  on 
which  the  figure  of  Minerva  is  seen 
in  the  act  of  dischaigiiig  a  spear,  as 
above  described. 

FIB  ULA(jrfpo  I)  iropTiTi,  iviri,). 
A  b  each  en  ployed  m  fastening 
various  parts  of  the  dress  both  in 
ra-ile  and  female  att  re  (L  v.  xxvii. 
19  O  Met  u  412  II  V  .318.); 
such  IS   fie    /la  }    fall    pallium. 


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284  p. 

is^Hiii,  and  Jialudimentim  but  nt 
the  loga  which  was  wrapped  uri  tli 
body  by  the  ampli 

folds,  and  did  not 
require  anj  tiling  to 
fit     It        Brooches 

ous  matet  lals  and 
patterns,  in  bone, 
iiory,  bionze,  the 
precious  metal';,  and 
of  valuable 
set  in  gold 
the  same  pnncipli 
IS  is  still  adopted, 
with    a    sharp   pin 

whidi  shifted  into  a  catch  on  tlie 
iim  of  the  ornament  and  weie  com 
monly  used  to  fa'Jten  loose  draperies 
under  the  thro-it,  or  on  the  point  of 
the  shoulder,  like  the  annexfid  ex 
ample   from  a  ficble  vase 

2,  A  clasp ;  such  as  were  used 
more  particularly  for  fastening  belts, 
girdles,  and  artids  of  a  like  nature 
(Vii-g.  ^H.  iv.  139.),  made  with  a 
hook  instead  of  a  pin  which  fastened 
into  an  eye  on  the  opposite  end  of 
the  belt  from  that  to  which  the  fibula 
is  fixed  as  m  the  annete  1  example 
representing  an  01  ginil  military  belt 


wise  illustrates  "Juch  expressions  as 
filila  aiunco  morsii  (Cilpurn  Ed 
M  Sr )  sxiiX  fibula  morda^i  detite 
Sidon    Carnt   1    397 

3    A  buckle     employed  in  fasten 
iiggirdies  beits   straps   harness  and 


^  313  Id  \u  274 ),  u  ually  made 
m  the  same  foim  as  oui  own,  as 
shown  by  the  innesed  examples,  all 
ft  om  ancient  origmals  But  bucWes 
Here  often  made  in  a  much  more 
costK    style    ind  of  eHboiite  woil 


minihip,  a=  pioductionb  of  -iit  in 
tended  to  be  bestowed  as  lewiids 
of  ■valour  upon  the  military  (Liv 
XM.IX  31  ),  or  worn  by  peisons  of 
wealth  and  rank  (Plin  H  A  xxxui. 
12  ) ,  a  specimen  of  which  is  afibrded 
by  the  annexed  engiavmg  from  an 
original  of  alver  found  at  Herctila. 
neum.  The  square  part  was  rivetted 
on  to  a  belt  by  studs  pasang  llirough 
the  fonr  holes  visible  in.  the  en- 
grav  ng  the  other  part  which  is 
shghtly  mutilated  at  the  end  formed 
the  bnckle  with  an  ornamental 
tongue  which  worked  ipcn  a  pm 
lunthroigh  tie  centre  of  the  on  a 

4.  A  biiLkle  lias  il=o  emplojed 
for  fisleimg  the  fillet  or  bindeau 
{tima  !illi)v/}ich 
young  Ivor 

iound  the  head    to  ff^ 
keep  their   haii    in 
set  Vi  g  1    de 

nilla 


with  bet  hiir  c 

fined    111    this   wav 

(^»      V,      81S) 

and     the      annexed 

bust,  from  a  bronze 

statue  found  at  Herculanenm,  shows 

the  end  of  the  bandeau  passed  under 

a  guard   beyond   the  buckle  in  the 

same  manner  as  is  customary  at  the 


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5-  In  a  more  geneial  seii^  the 
word  is  also  used  lo  designate  mauy 
tilings  which  fasten  vanous  object 
togetiier ;  as  a  trenajl  m  carpentry 
(Cass.  B.  G.  ir.  17 )  an  instrument 
employed  in  the  ohve  piess  room 
(Cato,  R.  R.  iii.  5  )  a  band  which 
braces  the  withies  in  a  basket  tc^e 
ther  (Cato,  R.R  xxu  I  )  and 
a  contrivance  adopted  by  snigeons 
foe  cloang  wounds  (Greek  ^yMTjp), 
which  compressed  the  lips  of  the 
orifice,  and  held  them  tc^ether  when 
sewmg  (sutura)  was  either  mexpe 
dient  or  impossible  Celsus  v  26 
33,  /*.  7.  4. 

FICTILE  (ripojioi)  A  general 
name  given  to  any  thing  made  of 
eaithenware  or  potter  s  clii  in 
eluding  vessels,  moulds  or  casts  m 
terra-cotta,  briclts,  tiles  &c 

FICTOR  (TrXnami)  A  general 
term  for  any  artist  who  models  m 
clay,  wax,  or  any  plastic  matenal  is 
contradistinguished  from  one  who 
woriis  in  bronzfi  marble  wood 
ivory,  or  other  aohd  substances. 
(Cic  Rragyii.  afi.  Lac  ant  1  8  PI  1 
£/.    i,     ro.)       The    annexed    ft,  re 


from  a  bis  lelief  of  U  e  VUh  Al 
bam,  repre-cnts  an  artist  of  this 
description  as  is  manifest  fioni  the 
small  wooden  stick  held  in  the  left 
hand,  which  artists  still  imiversally 
make  use  of  to  form  their  models  m 
clay ,  the  veiy  fine  or  delicate  con 
lo  rs  were  al-io  fii  ished  with  the 
fiigera  and  nail ,  whidi  give  rise  to 


the  expiession  ad  itngneta  foetus  homo 
(Hor  Sat.  i.  ,5.  32.),  meaning  a 
fintshid  gentleman. 

2  A  sort  of  confectioner,  or  artist 
wl  o  executed  models  in  pastry  or 
wax  of  different  animals  required  for 
sactihCKS  in  certain  religious  rites, 
but  B  hich  could  not  be  themselves  pro- 
cured for  the  purpose.  Ennius  ap. 
'  L.  L.  viL   44.    Serv.  ad  Vii^. 


jS,n  1 


116. 


FIDE'LIA.  A  sort  of  vessel, 
jar  or  pot  made  of  earthenware,  01 
glass  (Columell.  xii.  38.  I.),  the  dis- 
tmct  ve  properties  of  whidi  are  not 
knowi  further  than  that  it  was 
empkved  foe  holding  cement  (Cic. 
Fbin.  vii.  29.),  as  well  as  varioa! 
other  things.  Plaut  Aul.  iv.  : 
Pets     Sat.    V,     183.    Columell. 


5- 


FIDES  or  FIDIS.  Apparently, 
from  the  Greek  a^iSri,  cat-gut ;  whence 
used  as  a  general  term  for  a  string^ 
instrument,  such  as  the  lyra,  chdys, 
cit/ata       Vairo,  R.  R.  ii.  5.  it.   Ov. 

FIDICEN.  A  general  term  for 
a  male  performer  on  any  stringed 
instrument.     Cic.  Fain.  ix.  22. 

FIDICINA.  A  general  term  for 
a  female  performer  on  any  stringed 
in'iCrument.     Tev.  Pliorm.  i.  2.  59. 

F I D I C  U  L  A.  Diminutive  of 
FiDlE  A  small  or  thin  mnsical 
Stnne      Cic  N.  D.  '±  8. 

a  Mostly  in  the  plural,  Fidicul*  ; 
a  contrivance  for  torturing  slaves, 
consisting  of  a  number  of  thin  cords  ; 
bat  the  exact  nature  of  the  appara- 
tu  as  well  as  the  manner  in  which 
it  was  applied,  is  involved  in  uncer- 
tainty    Snet.    Col.  33.     Seneca,  Ira, 

FIGULUS  (efpa)«Ot)-  Any  artist 
or  mechanic  who  works  in  clay ;  as, 
one  who  makes  figures  and  ornaments 
m  tsrra-cotta  (Plin.  H.N.  itxxv. 
43  )  represented  by  the  preceding 
illustiation ;  a  hrkk-maker  (Juv.  x. 
171  ),  represented  by  the  engraving 
s.  Lateraria;  a  fiolter  (Varro, 
R.R.  iii.  15.  2.),   of  which  trade  the 


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poller  sits  on 
the  ground  be- 
fore his  wheel 
irala),  on  the 
top  of  which 
is  placed  the 
lump  of  clay, 
Whicli  he  forms 
into  shape  with 
liis  thumbs  and  fitigers  eiactly  m 
the  same  manner  as  now  practised 
An  engraved  gem   (Caylus   Ricued 


&c.  iv.  6z.) 


a  of 


e  description,  with  a  model 
Img  stidc  in  his  liand,  sitting  before 
a  fictile  vase,  which  is  situated  on  the 
top  of  a  miaiature  kiln  to  indicate 
that  he  is  giving  the  last  finish  before 


d  from  the  loom 
but  rich  tassels 

d  se  m  on  to  the  fabiit 

h         nslE   of  a    lon£. 


FIMBRIA'TUS  {Svaav^ro^) 
Furnished  with  tassels  or  fringes 
The  precedmg  wood  cut  shows  a 
table  napkin  ornamented  m  this  way 
but  fringes  upon  wearing  apparel  in 
works  of  art  are  more  especially 
introduced  to  cliaracterise  royal  per 
sonages  of  foreign  and  barbarous 
nations,  like  the  captive  princes  on 
the  Arch  of  Constantine,  or  the 
Egyptian  priesthood,   especially  Isis 


the   exa 

w  hich  Herodotus 
ascnhed  to  that 
class  (u  8i)  It 
was  a  inark  of  am 
gularity  in  Julius 
Cffisar  that  he  «oie 

sleeve  of  his  tun  c 
(SueL  Cas  45 ) 
for  amongst  both 
Greel^  and  Ro 
mans  such  an  appendage  1 
garded  as  «\cl  isively  feminine 
3   As  appi  ed  to  whips   see 


of 


famimg    and  dai  -y        fflJ^Hf 

culaily  to  hold  a 
sort  of  chees,e  made  with  curdle  1 
cream  (TibuU  n  3  15)  colled 
r  otta  by  the  modern  Italians ,  one 
of  which  is  repiesented  m  the  cut, 
with  the  cheese  in  it  from  an  ongi 
nal   as  it  was  found  at  PompeiL 

'i  (sS'/ioi)  A  sinaK  basket  pat 
over  the  noses  of  oxen  as  a  muzzle 
to  prevent  them  from  cioppmg  the 
\3UHj    si  jut'i    uf    the    \  ic     ^  hei 


lloughmg  (Cat)  j?  ^  54.  J  PIm 
H  N  XVII!.  49  §  2  ),  and  of  other 
aminals  of  a  viaous  natiire  to  preve  it 
tl  eir  biting,  as  shown  by  the  an 
nexed  engraving,  from  the  Theodo- 
sian  Column.     Ginzrot,  85.  3. 


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F2SCELLVS. 


FISCEL'LUS. 
FiscBs.      Same  as  Fiscina.     Colu- 
mell.  xu.  38,  6. 

FIS'CINA.  A  large  basket,  made 
of  osiers,  Spaiiish  broom,  or  ruslies, 
employed  in  all  kinds  of  out-door 
work,  in  gardens,  orchards,  vine- 
y^ds,  and  agricultural  operations,  in 
the  same  maoner  as  the  fisceUa ;  as 
a  fruit  basket  (Cic.  Fl.  17.)  ;  a  dieeae 
basket  (Mart  i.  41].)  ;  a  muzzle  for 
horses  (Plin,  xxxiv.  19.  §  7.);  and 
in  the  wine  and  oil  press  room  for 
containing  the  grapes  or  olives  whilst 
under  the  action  of  tile  press  beam 
(Columell.  xii.  39.  3.),  the  use  and 
action  of  which  are  explained  snd 
eshibited  by  the  article  and  illustra- 

lion,  J.  TORCULAR,  1. 

FIS'CUS.  A  lai^e  basl;ct  of  the 
same  description  and  uses,  as  de- 
scribed under  the  two  preceding 
words  ;  and  especially  employed  in 
the  squeezing  of  grapes  and  olives. 
Columell.  xii.  52.  2.  lb.  47.  9. 

2.  It  would  appear  tliat  the  Ro- 
mans made  use  of  a  basket  of  this 
kind:.for  the  Custody  of  coin  (Cic. 
Verr.  i.  8.  Phsedr.  ii.  7. ) ;  whence 
the  term  fiscus  came  to  be  applied 
under  ,tlie  Empire  to  that  portion  of 
the  pubhc  revenue  which  was  ap- 
plied to  the  maintenance  of  the  sove- 
rdgn,  like  our  "civil  list,"  as  con- 
trfSistinguished  fi'om  the  persona! 
and  private  property  of  tlie  prince 
{res  firivaia  Fiincipi!,  ralio  Ctesaris), 
and  from  the  Exchequer,  or  Treasury 
of  the  State  (lerarium),  out  of  whicli 
the  expenses  of  the  government  were 
defrayed.  But  this  distinction  is  not 
always  strictly  ohsecved, 

FIS'SIPES.  Cloven  footed; 
whence  used  to  designate  a  reed  pen 
(Auson.  E^isi.  vii.  50.),  which  was 
made,  like  our  own,  with  a  split  at 
the  nibs ;  see  the  iUustralion  1. 
Aeunbq,  5. 

F I S  T  U'  C  A.  A  rammer,  with 
which  walls  of  masonry,  floorings, 
and  pavements  were  levelled  and 
consoi;idated  (Plin.  JI.  JV.  xilxvI.  61. 
Cato,  A',  /i.  z8.  2.),  as  shown  by  the 


F!STULA.  287 

annexed  example  frt  ni  the  Column 
of  Tiajan  ,  also  employed  for  driving 
pUes  under  water  ^^  Fy 

performed,   must         ^^l|j  1 

much  laigei  and        \\\   A'P-y 

instrument,  and  probably  was  worked 
by  machinery. 

FISTUCA'TUS.  Beaten  down, 
consolidated,  or  driven  in  with  a 
i-ammer  {fisiuca).  Vrtruv,  viL  4.  5. 
Plin.  J7.  M  xxxvi.  63. 

FISTULA  {oM,v).  A  -wal^ 
pipe.  (Cic  Rahir.ferd.  II.  Frontin. 
Aq.  35.  J  These  were  generally 
made  of  lead ;  but  in  the  V  ilia  dL 
Antoninus  Pius  at  Lanuvium,  a  por- 
tion of  one  has  been  discovered, 
wdghing  between  thirty  and  forty 
pounds  of  pure  silvei-,  so  that  the 
description  of  Stalius  (Sylv.  i.  5. 
48.),  which  records  a  similar  extra- 
vagance, is  not  a  poetic  fiction.  The 
example  here    given  represents  part 


of  an  original  excavated  in  Rome, 
where  many  similar  specimens  have 
been  found,  all  of  which  possess  the 
same  pecv^arity  of  form  as  here  ob- 
sei'vahle,  being  compi'esaed  at  the 
top,  but  circular  below. 

a.  (irtlpiyf).  A  Pan's  pipe,  made 
of  the  stalks  of  the'  reed,  cane,  or 
hemlock.  (Virg.  Eel.  ii.  36,  TibulL 
ii.  5.  31.)     See  Arunik),  6. 

3.  A  writing  pen  made  of  reed  ov 
cane.  (Pers.  iii.  14.)  See  Arundo,  5. 

4.  (™0H-w)-  A  metal  catheter, 
distinguished  by  the  ancient  surgeons, 
as  well  as  our  own,  into  two  sorts, 
the  male  and  female.  (Celsus,  viL 
26. 1.)    See  Catheter. 

5.  An  implement  employed  by 
the  shoemaking  trade;    perlmps,   a 


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FISTULATOR. 


i.  23. 


funch. 


H.N. 


6.  A  rolling  pin.  for  making  pastry. 
Apic,  42. . 

7.  Fistula  farrana,  fermrta,  or 
serrata.  Supposed  to  be  a  machine 
for  grinding  com  (Piin.  H.N.  xviii. 
23.  Cato,  'R.  R.  10.  3),  but  the  read- 
ings are  uncertain ;  some  of  the  old 
editions   of  Cato  have  fiscella  fari- 

FISTULATOR  -One  who  blows 
the  Pan's  pipe  {Jisliila),  Cw  Or.  iii. 
61 ,  m  whiLh  passage  it  la  specially 
uoed  to  designate  a  piper  employed 
by  the  Roman  orators  to  assist  them 
,  m  keeping  their  voices  at  a  proper 
pitJi,  one  of  whom,  it  is  msmuated 
by  Cii-ero,  always  iccompanied 
GraccliUB  when  he  spuke  in  public. 

FISTULATUS.  Hollow,  perfo- 
rated, or  fitted  with  tubes.  Suet. 
Nero,  31. 

FLABELLIFER.    In 


{flabillam) 


her    when     re 
quired  The 

illustration     re 
presents    Cup  d 


bearer  ot  \mdne  lamenting  her  de- 
seition,  m  a  Pompeian  painting ; 
other  designs  in  that  citv  as  well  as 
on  hctile  vases  exhibit  females  in  a 
similar  capae  ty 

FLABELL'UM  (p,mt)  A  fan 
{Terent  Eun  ui  5  50 )  The  fins 
ot  the  Gieel.  and  Roman  ladies 
tl  ere  made  with  the  leaves  of  the 
lotus  plant,  of  peacock  s  feathers 
(Piop  iL  24  n  )  or  some  expansive 
matena!  pimted.  m  br  lliant  colours 
(Ivlart.  ui    &3  ] ,  were  not  constructed 


other,  a  slave 
being  always  « 
ployed  for  p 
pose.  (Flabellifer.)  The  left-hand 
figure  in  the  illustration  represents 
a  fan  of  lotus  leaf,  from  a  Pompeian 
paintii^ ;  the  light-hand  one,  of 
peacock's  feathers,  from  a  pdnting 
discovered  at  Stabia. 

FLAGELLUM  (p.haT%l).  A  ait, 
or  samr^;  made  with  a  great  num- 
ber of  knotted  and  twisted  tails,  like 
the  numerous  feelers  of  the  polypus, 
which  are  consequently  designated 
by  the  same  name  (Ov.  Met.  iv. 
367.) ;  chiefly  employed  for  the 
punishment  of  slaves,  (Juv.  vl  478. 
Hor.  .S-fli.  i.  3.  41.    lb.  3.  119,    Mar- 


cell.  Dig.  48.  19.  10.).  Though  a 
diminutive  of  FlaGrum,  it  was  in 
reality  an  instrument  of  greater  seve- 
lity  ,  the  diminutive  only  applying  to 
the  fineness  of  the  fibres  which  com- 
posed it,  but  which,  by  then  very  na 
ture,  increased  the  suffeimgs  inilicted 
Consequently,  it  is  characterised  by 
the  epithet  hombile ,  in  some  cases, 
even  ptodncing  death  (Hor  //  cc) , 
-md  tie  nature  of  the  wound  pro 
duced  by  it  is  always  speciiied  by 
words  which  are  descriptive  of  cnt 
ting    such   -IS   cudei  e,  sua)  t  snndtrt 


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FLAGRVM. 


(Hi 


"■})•■-:"■.• 
tradistinctioi 


.  Ibis,   . 


3.).  i 


adistinclioii  to  those  connected 
with  floffrum  which  express  an 
action  of  llmmping  or  pounding,  such 
as  fdnsere  or  ntmpers.  The  scourge 
held  by  the  upright  figure  in  the  il' 
lustration,  which  is  copied  from  tlie 
device  on        hand  b  onze  jug 

found   at   P  mpe  n     doubt  in- 

tended to      p       n  hese  in- 

struments    b  wd!  b    readily 

conceived        m     h  eness     f 

the   desig  is  qu  p 

confined    p  ed  h 

affords  on  y   n  mpe  ea         h 

real  object 

2.  A  drtmng'ahip  (Virg     S 
579.  Sil.   IV    440  f ,   m   wh   h  case 
e  may  mfer  that  it  design-i 


gle  one  I  ke  the  s  ut  7  The  speci 
men  heie  introdiiied  is  used  by  a 
Triton  in  a  Pompeian  pamtmg 

3.  The  thing  atlathed  to  a  hir 
poon  {aclu")  iot  tte  purpose  of  draw 
ing  it  back  agam  to  tiie  person  who 
had  launched  it  Virg  A^n  vi  730 
Serviasflrf/ 

SLA'GRUM  An  mstrument 
employed  chiefly  foi  the  punishment 
of  slaves  (Plant 

Mart. '   "       -  ' 


^  of  se 
veral  chaina'with 
knobs  of  metal  at 
their  extiemities  (whence 
Juv.  V.  17a  ),  appenied  to 
handle,  in  the  sime  manner  as  a 
whip  ;  but  which  dealt  out  heivy 
blows  rather  than  lashes  conse 
quently  the  effects  produced  by  it 
are  described  by  words  expressive  of 
thumping  pounding  and  breaking 
(jnnsere,  Plaut.  Merc.  W.  3.  80.  rum~ 
fere,    Ulp.   Dig.   47.    to.  g.j,  and  not 


of  cutting,  or  lashing,  which  is  cha- 
racteristic of  the  fiagdlum.  Livy 
(xxviii.  II.),  hijwever,  has  cssa 
pagTB.  The  illustration  is  copied 
from  an  original  fotmd  at  Hercula- 
nenm,  in  the  houses  of  which  dty 
other  specimens  have  been  found, 
with  two  and  five  twls,  but  otherwise 
of  similar  chamcier  to  the  present. 

2.  Flagrata  talis  tesiellatum-    Ijiaa- 

.71?  &aTpayaKij>Tli).        A    whip    com- 

p      d    f  a  number  ^ 

^  lashes  {fro- 


nh 


hon  {tfli)  of  sliecp 

d  p  in     tlicm 

and  affiled     to    a 

h  hindle,   with 

tybele  iffected  to 
flog  thembclvci  for 
the  parp<         ' 


iting 


(Apul 


the 


p  173)  The  ex 
am].le  annexed, 
coiiespond  ng  m  every  respect  with 
the  above  deacription,  is  copied  from 
a  marble  bas  relief  representing  Cy- 
bele  surrounded  by  various  imple- 
ment! employed  in  her  worship,  of 
which  the  above  forms  one 

3  Flagmm  fimhnattttn  (Apul  I  c), 
furnished  with  a  number  of  lashes, 
which  hang  togetbei  hke  a  frmge 
'fimina),  whence  the  name 

PLAMEN  A  Flamen  the  title 
given  to  any  Roman  pnest  attached 
to  the  service  of  eome  single  divi 
nitv  (Cic  Leg  11  8  \,  each  being 
distingu  shed  by  the  name  of  the 
deity  to  whom  he  mmistered  (Virro, 
I  L  V  84.)  ,  as  Dialis  of  Jupiter, 
Marlialts,  of  Mars ,  Qiivinah',  of 
Romulus  His  pontificial  dress  wis 
tlie  Isna,  fastened  by  a  brooch  at  the 
throat,  and  the  cap  called  afiex,  mil 
an  ohve  stick  ana  flock  of  wool  ou 
its    crown,         Serv    ad    Virg     Ml 


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290 


PL  AMI  NIC  A. 


FLAMIN'ICA.  Tlic  nife  of  the 
Flamen  Dialis.    Festus,  s  Flamen 

FLAMMEA'RIUS  One  who 
inakea,  or  deais  m,flamvKa  Plaut 
Aid.  iii.  5.  35-  and  Flammeom 

FLAMME'OLUM  Diminutive 
of  Flammbuh  ;  not,  hoiyever  mean 
ing  small  in  size,  but  of  a  yeiy  fine 
and  thin  texture  ;  consequent!)  of 
greater  value,    Juv.  i.  334. 

FLAM'MEUM.  Tlie  mainage 
veil,  worn  by  a  Roman  bnde  on  lier 
wedding  dajr  It  was  of 
a  deep  and  brilliant  yel 
low  colour  (Plin.  ff.  IiT 
xxi.  22. ),  like  a  flame, 
from  which  circumstance 
the  name  arose  ;  and  of 
large  dimensions,  snfli- 
cient  to  cover  the  whole 
person  from  head  to  foot 
During  the  ceremony  it 
was  worn  over  the  head, 
to  shield  the  downcast 
looks  of  virgin  modesty 
;Lucan.  ii.  361.),  as  exhibited  in  the 
ibove  figure,  from  a  Roman  marble, 
representing  a  bride  {nu^a)  at  her 
wedding ;  and  was  so  retained  until  she 
arrived  at  her  new  home,  when  she 
was  nnveiled  by  her  husband ;  as  is 
exemplified  by  the  annexed  figure, 
also  from  s.  Roman  marble,  in  which 


FLAM'MULA.      A   ban 


1  egiments     of    the 


:    mi  i 


iS(Vf 

I.   Id. 

5  )  ,  which  mny 
have  received  the 
name  from  being  of 
a  yellow  colour,  like 
the  biidal  veil,  (;&isi- 


«),. 


iiig  notched  at  f 
end  into   lor^  pointed  forks   lite   a 
flame  {Jlammd),  a  specimen  of  which 
IS  eiJiibited  in  the  aimexed  wood-cut 
fiom  the  arch  of  Septimus  Severus. 
FOCALE       (irpoiTj,pn0iS.or).      A 


ppe 
«n  f 


J 


nd  -a 


^ 

^a^ 


oiiiinary  pan 


255.  Qtmit.  xi.  3.  144.),  not  as  an 
of  tile  Roman  costume, 
i ;  but  when  Ihe  exten- 
of  die  Empire  forced  the  Roman 
soldiers  to  endure  the  severities  of 
northern  climates,  it  seems  to  have 
been  generally  adopted  in  the  army ; 
for  it  is  universally  worn  by  the 
troops  in  the  armies  of  Trajan,  An- 
toninus, and  Septimius  Severus,  in 
ilie  manner  shown  by  the  annexed 
example,  the  ends  of  which  hang 
down  over  the  chest  exactly  as  de- 
scribed by  the  Scholiast  on  Horace 
(/,  f.),  a  collis  de^endealia,  ad  fmisn- 
dum  collum,  et  Jauces  contra  frigus 
itmnundas. 

FOCA'RIUS.  One  of  the  lowest 
dass  of  household  slaves,  attached  to 
the  kitchen  department,  where  he 
had  to  attend  to  the  fire,  and  pro- 
bably perform  the  common  drudgery 
of  the  place.     Ulp.  Dig.  4.  9.  I. 

2.  Fa^aria.  A  female  slave  em- 
ployed in  the  above  services  ;  a  kit- 
chen-maid. Ulp.  Di^.  33.  7.  12. 
Pomp,  ib.  15, 

FOC'ULUS,  Diminutive  of  Fo- 
cus ;  any  small  or  portable  fire-place  ; 


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especially  in  the  following    specific 

1.  The  cavity  on  the  top  of  an 
altar  for  burnt;  offerings,  within 
which  the  fire  was  kin- 
dled (Liv.  il  12.); 
whence  also  used  for 
the  altar  itself.  (Cic. 
JJom.  47.)  The  exam- 
ple represents  a  small 
marble  altar,  showing 
the  foculus  at  the  top, 
from  an  original  found  at  Antium. 

2.  {iaxapiov).  A  braaer,  or  cha- 
iing-dish,  in  which  charcoal  or  wood- 
ashes  were  burnt,  for  the  purpose  of 
warming  apartments.  Many  of  these 
have  been  discovei'ed  in  the  houses 
of  Herculaneum  and  Pompeii,  both 


round  aiid  square,  but  similar  in 
general  character  to  the  specimen 
annexed,  from  an  original  of  bronie. 

3.  A  small  portable  stove  oi-  fire- 
place, employed  for  culinary  and 
other  purposes.  (Plaut. 
Capt.  iv.  2.  67.  Jnv. 
Sat.  iii.  262.)  The  ex- 
ample, from  a  painting 
found  in  Herculaneum, 
shows  the  stove  raised 
upon  a  stand  supported 
on  three  legs,  in  order 


J  give  r 


1  for  V 


:indemeath, 
door  in  front  through  which  the 
charcoal  was  to  be  inserted,  and  a 
vessel  on  the  top,  containing  the  in- 
gredients which  the  figure  stirs  round 
whilst  they  boil. 

FOCUS  (JorJo,  iax&ca).  A  fire- 
flace;  the  katrth  of  a  house.  (Cic 
Sen.  16.  Hor.  Od.  i.  9.  5.  Tibull.  i. 
I.  6.)  Amongst  the  Romans,  the 
hearth  was  consecrated  to  the  Lares, 
and  held  as  a  sacred  spot  in  the 
house ;  consequently,  it  was  situated 
in  the  public  hall,  or  atrium,  where 
the  altar  of  the  household  gods  also 


stood  (see  Aka,  5.):hencethefrequent 
juxtaposition  of  the  words  pro  aris  a 
focU  m  solemn  adjurations.  It  con-  . 
sisted  of  a  square  platform  of  stone 
or  bricks,  raised  a  few  inches  only 
from  the  ground,  as  is  manifested  by 


stil!  •. 


uble    > 


Pompeii;  upon  this  the  fire  ' 
kindled  with  logs  of  wood  resting 
upon  andirons  (i'ihie),  but  in  most 
cases  without  any  flue  or  cliimney  to 
carry  off  the  smoke. 

2.  Same  as  Foculus,  i.  The 
hollow  part  at  the  top  of  an  altar  for 
burnt-offerings,  in  which  the  fire  was 
kindled ;  thence,  the  altar  itself. 
Ov.  A.  A.  i.  637.   Tibull,  i.  8.  70. 

3.  Foms  turicremis.  A  brazier 
or  iire-pan,  made  of  metal  and  fur- 
nished with  han- 


purpose  of 1  cen 
ser  for  buramg 
pastiles  of  frankini 
18.  Mamu,  Fr.  Arv.  p.  311.)  The 
illustration,  from  an  ancient  Roman 
fresco,  exhibits  a  female  with  a  dish 
of  pastiles  in  her  left  hand,  and  the 
ficia  Utrkreims  burning  on  the  ground 
beside  her,  into  which  she  drops  them 
one  by  one. 

4.  A  sort  of  hot  plate,  invented  by 
the  luxurious  Romans  for  the  pur- 
pose of  having  their  soups  and  ra- 
gonts  thoroughly  hot  when  brought 
to  table.  It  was  made  of  metal,  and 
contained  a  iiie  of  kindled  charcoal, 
as  well  as  the  dish  or  vessel  with 
the  viands  ready  cooked,  all  of  which 
were  thus  carried  up  at  once  from 
the  kitchen  to  the  dining-room,  which 
Seneca  expresses  by  saying  die  kit- 
chen accompanies  the  meal^ — cuKna 
cxnafn p-ssapalur.      (Senec.  Ef.  78.] 


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of  this  kmd,  from  an  oiigicn.1  in 
bronze  found  at  Pompon,  with  a 
section  of  tlie  inside,  and  a  drawing 
of  ibt  pan  ivhich  contained  the  viandi, 
placed  between  tliem.  The  charcoal 
was  inserted  and  replenished  through, 
the  small  door  at  the  bottom ;  the 
smoke  escaped  tlirough  two  aper- 
tures at  the  sides,  eadi  ornamented 
by  a  lion's  head ;  the  handles  at  the 
top  served  to  carry  it ;  and  the  pan 
was  let  in  at  the  top,  where  it  was 
supported  over  the  fire  by  the  rim 
round  its  surface. 

FODl'NA  (^irciXXoi')..  A  mine 
from  which  minerals,  &c.,  are  dug ; 
each  particiilar  mine  being  marked  by 
a  distinguishing^  epithet ;  as,  auri  fo- 
dina,  a  gold  mine  ;  argenii  fodina,  a 
silver  mine ;  which  are  also  fre- 
quently written  as  one  word.  Ulp. 
Big.  27.  a.  3.  Vitruv.  Plin. 

FCENIS'ECA,  FCENISECTOR, 
FCENISEX'.  Awwawrofgrasswitli 
a  scythe,  as  contradistinguished  from 
a  reaper  of  com  with  a  siclde.  Co- 
lumeU.  ii.  r8.  J.  Id.  xi.  i.  12.  Varro, 
S.  R.  i.  49.  2. 

FOLI.ICULA'RE  {ia<ca^a).  The 
sbaflof  an  oarat  thepointwhece  it  pro- 
trudes from  the 
oar  port,  which 
was  encircled 
by  a  leather 
cap  or  bag 
{folliculus),  to 
ease  the  wear 
and  tear  of  the  oar,  and  prevent  the 
water  in  heavy  seas  from  entering 
the  vessel  through  the  port.  Both 
the  form  and  situation  of  this  cap  are 


clearly  shown  by  the  illustratior 
which  represents  several  oara  fui 
nished  with  the  guard  described,  s 


on  the  side  of  a 


a  bas-relief  of  the  Villa  Albani. 
FOLLIC'ULUS.      Diminutive  01 

FOLLIS  A  ball  moated  ■with  air, 
and  of  large  dimensions,  which,  from 
its  lightness,  was  pemliarly  adapted 
for  the  amusement  of  veiy  young 
or  old  people,  as  affording  exercise 
witliout  violent  exertion,  (Mart, 
xii  47 )  The  annexed  illustration 
!■;  fiom  the  device  on  a  coin  of  Gor- 
dian  m ,  as   published  by  Mercuriali 


(Gymn.  p.  126.)  ;  and  resembles,  both 
in  the  size  of  the  inflated  bladder, 
and  the  manner  in  which  it  is  em- 
ployed an  amusement  still  common 
in  Italy,  known  as  the  game  of  the 
big  ball  (ilgnico  del  Pallane),  at  which 
the  players  have  their  right  arms, 
from  the  elbow  to  the  wrist,  covered 
with  a  gnard  like  that  exhibited  in 
the  engraving  ;  with  this  they  strike 
the  ball,  which  another  person  de- 
livers to  them,  OS  the  bowler  does  at 

2.  A  cushion  or  mattress  inflated 
with  air,  instead  ot  stuffed  with  fea- 
thers, which  latter  was  considered 
more  lusnrious.     Lamprid.  Elng.  25. 

3.  A  large  leather  bag  for  holding 
money  (Jov.  xiv.  281.) ;  especially 
used  in  the  army  as  a  military  chest 
for  keeping  the  soldiers'  pay.  Veg. 
Mil.  ii.  20. 

4.  (fvaa).       A    pair    of   Mlows ; 


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consisting  of  two   toards    wiih   i 
air-valve  (jianra)  umled 
by  a  skin  of  ox  or  cnw 
hide,   BO   IS   to   foni   a 
machine  similar  to  « hat 

by  the  annexed  figure, 
from  a  terra  cotta  lamp 
in  the  collection  of  L  ce 

t«S<Z«i«-K      VI      2^      =) 

Cic.  M  n  I  10  Pets. 
V.  II.  Bellows,  also 
made  of  goat's  skin  {fdlUs  /lircini], 
are  mentioned  by  Hoiace  {Sai.  i.  4. 
19.) ;  and  qf  tuirs  hide  {feilts  tau- 
riid)  by  Virgil  {Georg.  iv.  171.) ;  but 
this  latter  is  only  to  be  taken  as  a 
poetical  expression,  or  was  written  in 
Ignorance  of  a  well  known  fact,  that 
fiill's  leather  is  unfit  for  making 
beUows.  Beckman,  Ifist.  of  Imien- 
tiens,  vol  I.  p.  €4.  London,  1846. 

5.  FoUis  fabriUs.  A  blacksmith's 
bellows  (Liv.  xxxviii.  7.)  of  laige 
dimensions,  such  as  employed  in  our 
forges ;  of  which  an  instance  is  af- 
forded by   the    engraving    s.    Fer- 

FORCEPS  (TTiipdypa).  A  pair  of 
iongs,  such  as  were  used  by  smiths 
for  taking  the  heated  metal  out  of 
the  fire,   and  holding    it   upon  the 


anvil,  whilst  being  worked.  (Isidor, 
Orig.  xix.  7.  3.  Ov.  Met.  xii.  277. 
Vig  M        ■*■     4      )     Th  ml 


FORI.  2  53 

men  have  assigned  to  the  initrun  ei  t 
here  figured,  from  an  ong  nal  dis 
coverei^  ■jmongst  other  suigicJ  m 
ifmraents,  in  a  house  at  Pompen 
ind  for  which  it  seems  n  ell  adapted 
3  (ooowTaypo)  A  pa  r  of  pincers 
for  drawing  teeth  (Celsus    vii     12 

I  )     which    were   constiacted   with 
bent  claw  {tincis)     Lucil    Sat  xix. 

II  Gerlach 

4.  (apSioB'^a.  Serv  ad  \ag 
jSn.  xii.  404.}  A  pair  of  pincers 
expressly  constructed  for  the  puvpose 
of  extracting  spear  or  arrow  heads 
from  wounds.     Virg.  and  Serv.  /,  c. 

5.  In  military  language  ;  same  as 
FORPEX,  3.  Cato,  aj>.  Fest.  s.  Serta. 

FORFEX  (i^nXii,  t-^X^ip"  ^"'''S. 
Pollux,  ii.    32.)     A  /QiV  nf  siiisars, 

ployed  for  snipping  '  -'-' " 
(Columell.  xii.  44.  4.),  dipping  the 
hair  or  beard  (Mart.  vii.  95.),  shear- 
ing sheep  (Calpuvn.  Etl,  v.  74.),  and 
other  similar  purposes.  The  exam- 
ple represents  a  pair  of  sheep  siiears, 
as  seen  over  the  figure  of  a  ram  in 
an  engraved  gem  ;  and  the  wood-cut 
at  p.  208.  fiows  an  instrument  of 
exactly  the  same  foim,  used  as  a  pair 
of  scissors  by  a  party  of  gailand 
makers.  The  form  of  the  inslni- 
rnent,  moreover,  which  is  round  at 
Ihe  bottom,  as  Galen  describes  the 
Greek  4'<'^'C,  "ot  only  identifies  that 
word  with  the  Latia  fmfex,  but  also 
accounts  for  the  secondary  meanings 
which  it  bore ;  viz.  a  vault,  an 
cl  ed  aqueduct. 

hears    for  raising 


1   the 

V,  to  receive  the 

advancing  in  the 

g     (iutiats),  which  it 

ts  position,  and  then 

flanks.     Veg.   Mil 


^   P,. 


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ship's  floors  (Latin  and  Aiiglo-Saxoii 
Glossary  of  the  lolh  century).  This 
inclndes   the    floor'ng  of     he  deck 


(Gdi.    xvi.    ig 

s  passed  abo  t 
6    Luca 

the  vessel   (C 

■T 

irt^^e 

he     o   es 

benches   (V  ig 

M 

Isidor.  Orig  xi 

be  d 

2,  The  standing  pi 

ces  on  n  tem 

4.  Narrow  farrows  in  a  field  01 
garden  formed  into  parallel  lines  by 
the  hoe.    Coluroell.  x.  92.  1. 

FOR'ICA  (Unoq).  A  set  of  public 
privies    like  the  caHnfts  /Taisance  of 


th 


blig^ 


FOR  IS. 

conyenience,  but  a  public 
from  his  own  residence. 

FORICA'RIUS.  The  lessee  of  a 
FoRiCA.     Paul.  D^.  22.  I.  17.  §  5. 

FORIC'ULA.  Diminutive  of 
FORIS  ;  a  mmdma-shitter.  (Varro,  \ 
R.  R.  i.  59.  1.)  See  the  illustration 
s.  Fenestella,  which  shows  a  shal- 
low recess  on  the  outside  of  the  wall, 
to  receive  a  wooden  shutter  when  it 
was  pushed  back  from  the  window. 

FOK       (rrni-d,  kAioihi;,   eiptrpov). 

Th  iseif,  as  distinct  from  the' 

case    Liv.  vi.  34.  Cic.   Verr.  ii. 

ant.  Cnrc.  i.  3.  I.)  ;  and- 

espe  of  ooe  which  opened  out- 

Serv.  .^n.  i.  449.)    The 

le  ancients  were  neutrally 

m  wo  leaves,  like  our  folding 

D  stration  s.  Janua)  ;   con- 

the  word  Jbris  la   mostly 

in    the   plural ;    but  when    it 

the    singular,   we    are  to 

tan     that    ooe    only    of    the 

eant  (Ov.  Jfer.  xii.  15a), 

th    door  consisted  of  a  single 


tised  in  the  mterior  of  their  houses, 
as  shown  by  the  illustration,  from  the 
Vatican  Virgil. 

2.  Fores      cari-eiis.        The    doors 


which  closed  the  front  of  a   stall  in 


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Ihe  circus,  , 

diariots    we 

e  sb^idoned  before  tbey 

started  f     th   ra 

bas     1   1 

in  the  B  U 

0      T    t 

or  farm,  by 

Ih      h  gs    f 

plastic,  fu  1 

made  to  ass 

y   hap        q        i 

I    A  m 

1  f 

'M',." 

casts.      Th 

with  the  dcs 

e      ed    p      tl   m 

ia  intagl 

I    h  th         t    1  J 

left. 

2.   (yiavoi).     A  mould  fo 
metals,  casts  in  bronze  (Ph      H 
xxxvi.  49-  \  coins  (Lamprid,  A 
39.),  and  similai'  objects,  also     ad 
stone,  sufficiently  hard  to  res 
molten  heat ;  or  of  baited  e 
which  material  the  annexed 
is  composed,  representing  an 


mould  for  coins  with  a  spe 
the  money  upon  a  ratlier  lar 
\>y  the  side.  A  number  of 
with  a  reverse  of  the  device 
cm  both  sides,  are  arrange! 
case,  at  a  distance  from  one 
corresponding  with  the  esa 


FORMIDO.  295 

ness  of  the  intended  coin  ;  the  liquid 
metal  was  poured  into  the  groove  at 
the  side  from  which  it  flowed  through 
ih   h  les  th  d  p  od      d 

p    feet  betw  n   1  y        f 

tl     typ 

3    A  Id    f  k    g    b     1 

P  11  d 

4.  A    m    Id  h   h 

h  p         d    m  d       f  1) 

wd(Clmll  87)  Isd 
g  t  d  by  th  d  m  t  Foi  ul 
P  Uad  VI   9 

5  (  X  )  X  h  •?,  ki'  !  t 
d  f  ood  U  1 
th       h    dl     t          a 

t  ab  h  wn  by  th  % 

d  mpl         /V_ 

H        Ian  ■*--=-=«« 

presentmg  two  genii  as  shoemakerK 
engaged  at  their  trade.  Hor.  Sat.  ii. 
3    106    Ulp.  Dis-  9.  2.  5-  §  3- 

6  The  water-^vay  or  channel  of 
an  aqueduct,  or  that  part  of  it  which 
IB  conducted  underground,  instead  of 
be  ng  raised  upon  arches  (Fcontin, 
Aq  75  126.),  and  which  is  conse- 
quently embedded  in  the  earth,  like  a 


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296  FORMULA. 

was  exhibited.  (Grat.  85.  88,  Ne- 
mea.  504.  Vii^.  ^fi«,  xii.  7sa  Senec 
Ira.'w.  12.)  Hence  the  iluaon  of 
Horace  {Sat.  i.  8.  3. ),  when  he  terms 
Priapus  the  tenor  of  thieves — Juram 
formido. 

FOR'MULA.  Dimmutive  of 
Forma. 

FORNACA'RIUS,  TORNACA'- 
TOR,  FURNACA'TOR.  The 
slave  who  attended  an  oven,  or  a 
furnace  at  the  baths.  Ulp.  Dig.  9. 
z.  27.  PanI,  Dig.  33.  7.  14.  Inscript, 
in  the  baths  at  Pompeii. 

FORNACULA.  DiminotLve  of 
FoRHA'*:  A  small  fiimace  foi 
smelting  metals  (Juv  x  8l )  or  for 
liettoig  boihng  or  meltu  g  anyth  ng 


of  a  hqnid  it  lu'JibL 
illustration  represents 
Roman   famaaila  m  elevation    1  ke 


tion  near  Wansford  m  Northampton 

ih  re    and  ws.9  intended  for  makmg 

the  glaze  employed  in  a  neighbour 

ing  pottery   to  varnish  ^— 

over    the    outsides    of  "\S}\ 

the  earthen' 

there 

cut    let 

presents 

section  of  the   copper  and  furnace 

and    shows    how    they    were     con 

structed 

2  Far  tacul^  balneariim  The  fur 
naee  and  flues  employed  f  jr  heating 
the  thermal  chamber  in  a  set  of 
baths  (Fionton  id  M  Cr-s  I 
Ep  2  )  which  are  plainly  shown  in 
the  annexe  \  engraving  represent  ng 
the  section  of  a  bath  room  e!.i.avated 
at  Tusculum  the  furnace  is  seen  on 
the  lefl  with   tHe   boilers  ovei    it 


whole  flooring  of  the  room  towai^ 
the  right 

FORNAX  {^ii-  Foe)  An  oiei  or 
ki!n  for  baking  pottery  C  a  I\  J> 
1    37)      The    illustration   shows  the 


remains  of  -i  Roman  pottery  k  I 
discovered  neai  Castor  m  Noithamii 
tonshire  The  low  door  m  front  is 
the  enliance  to  the  iumace  (fimfiti 
tnum)  the  circular  building  at  the 
back  the  kiln  in  nh  di  the  vessels 
were  baked  upon  i  floor  stispended 
over  the  furnace  The  floor  still  re 
ma  ns  entire  as  shown  by  the  eleva 
vit  on  but  tlie  manner  m  which  it 
y.  as  supported  by  a  central  pillar  the 
locahty  of  the  fuimce  the  situation 
of  the  vessels,  and  the  \  au!t  ng  which 
covered  in     the  ~ 

oven  will  be 
better  under 
stood  by  the  ■ 
anneied  sectioi 
of  the  structure 
in  which  all  (11 
these  pirticulars         '1' 


/^ 


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FORNICA  TUS. 

ace  visible;  and  nothing  is  added  but 
some  vases  and  a  dotted  line  to  com- 
plete flie  original  form  of  the  kiln. 

2.  Firtnax  eeraria.  A  smeltitit  fur- 
naci  (Plin.  H.  N.xi.  42.  Viig.  ^ji. 
vit.  636.) ;  of  whicli  an  example  is 
given  at  p.  104.  j.  Caminus. 

3.  Fornax  calcaria.  A  Hme  kiln 
(Cato.  Ji.  R.  xxxviii.  4.)  ;  constructed 
in  the  following  manner  : — An  exca- 
vation was  made  in  the  earth  of 
suffident  depth  to  form  a  spacious 
vault  [fornix)  for  the  furnace,  and 
provided  with,  an  entrance  mouth 
i^iefiirnium),  both  in  front  and 
year  ;  the  focmer  for  introducing  the 
fuel,  the  latter  for  removing  the  em- 
bers. The  gulley  oc  shaft  [ftiaca) 
which  formed  the  approaches  to  the 
mouths  of  the  furnace,  were  sunklin 
a  perpendicular  d  rection  in  order  to 
screen  the  furnace  ant  its  aperCuies 
from  currents  of  wind  The  part  of 
the  kiln  above  ground  {sun  ma  fm 
nax)  was  then  bu  It  up  witli  bricks 
or  rough  stones  Ifiemtnta)  d 
with  clay  to  i-onfine  the  heat   and 

a  conical  foim     sik    feet    wid 
bottom,  converging  t)  three 
top,   where   it   ended   in  a 
aperture  or  chimney  i^i-bts  sur 

4.  Fornax  bsltna.  {Labe  D 
19.  z.  58  )  The  furnace  of  b  h 
See  FOENACULA.  2. 

FORNICA'TUS.     See  Par  es 
FORNIX.     Aaarck;  a  mec  an 
cal    construction    in    the  form 
segment  of  a  circle,  formed  b 
do3  and  voassoirs  wliich  hold        m 
selves  together  by  mutual  grav 
(Cic   To/.  4.  Seneca,  E^.  90.)    S 
as  Arcus,  4.  which  see. 

3.  An  arckway,  erected  b        m 
individual   lo   commemorate  him 
and  ornament  the  city  (Cor,   Ver 
7.  ii.  63.  Liv.  xxxiii.  27.  Id,        vi 
3.)  ;  but  not  a  trinmpbal  arch 
trmmfkahs),   as   is    proved   b 
above  passages  from   Livy , 
which  has  reference   to  an  a      w 
erected  by  Scipio    Afncanus 
the  commencement  ol  the  cai  p   g 
ihe   other  by  L     'Stertmius 


FORNIX.  297 

conclusion  of  his  command,  which 
ended  without  a  triumph.  Thus  the 
archway  which  forms  dne  of  the  en- 
trances into  the  Forum  at  Pompeii 
would  be  properly  termed  3.  fornix  ; 
that  of  Titus,  of  Septimius  Severas, 
or  of  Constantiue  at  Rome,  an  areas  ; 
though  the  external  appearance,  in 
respect  of  ornament  and  design,  was 
the  same  in  both.  See  ARCUS,  5. 
and  the  illustration  there  given, 

3.  Kva-ult,QX  vaulted  chamber ;  es- 
pecially of  a  confined  and  common 
description,  such  as  was  inhabited  by 
slaves  and  poor  people  ;  hence,  the 
cell  of  a  common  prostitute  (Hor. 
Sat.  i.  2.  30.  Juv.  x!.  171.),  for  at 
Rome  such  persons  pursued  their 
vocation  in  vaults  of  this  description; 
whicli  practice  has  given  rise  lo  the 
modem  ieiiaforaicattan  The  illus 
tratiou  represents  a  set  of  small 
constructed     m    this   manner 


f  3  Eornan  villa 
Ua  eta.      The  doors 

osed  them  in  front 
but  the  remains  are 

clear  notion  of  tlie 


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FOUMUS. 


;   of     the 


293 


illustration  represents 
towel's  belonging  to  the  walls  of 
Pompeii,  iu  its  present  state,  with  a 
sally-port,  on  the  left,  at  the  bottom ; 
the  two  dark  axches,  exposed  above, 
contain  the  staircases,  and  were  con- 
cealed by  the  external  wall,  when  the 
tower  was  in  its  original  state. 

Same  as   Furnus. 
-  s-  "■  P-  53', 
(Cato   R.  R.   X.   3. 
^"S-   7S-)     Same  as  Forfex. 
A  pair  of  tongs. 

FORT  AX.  (Varro.  M.S.  xxxviii. 
4-)  Applied  to  masses  of  chalk  ar- 
rai  ged  tt^thei  in  the  form  of  ai 
arch  ijiirmx)  over  the  lire  in  a  hme 
kiln  su  13  to  support  themselves  by 
mutual  giavity  and  the  whole  mass 
above  them  1 1  the  kiln  wh  le  i  ndei 
the   process  of  bu  ni  g  for   main  ig 


FORNUS. 

Varro,  a^.  Hon 

FORPEX. 


tORULUb  A.dxafhook 
or  cabmet  for  books  (Ju'  " "  " 
not  permanently  tixed  to 
the  walls,  like  the  it 
manum  but  form  ii|,  a 
small  moveable  reposi 
tory  (Suet^H^  31  )  for 
a  few  favourite  authors 
like  the  example  an 
nexed  from  a  bas  tehef 
oi  a  sarcophagus  now 
u  ed  as  the  receiving 
basin  of  a  fovrntTin  1 1 
streets  it  Rome 

FORUM  In  Its  011^  nal  sense 
imphed  the  uncovered  space  of  groimd 
left  in  front  of  a  tomb,  and  in  which 
the  sam?  right  of  property  existed  as 
in  the  sepulchre  itself.  Festus,  s.v. 
Cic  de  Legg.  ii.  24. 


of   the 


lai^      pen 


a   in  the 

fferent 
played 


F  RhM 

cla     of  p  0    s  on  dea  e 
ke     of  the      own     d  s  n| 
of    he  p  odu  e 


aket 


the  cabbage  or  vegetable 
bo  h  of  which  are  repre- 


he  armcfed  illustration, 
fron  an  anc  ent  pa  n  ng  containmg 
vie  s  oJ  seve  a]  s  tes  m  the  city  of 
Rome  w  th  the  r  na  nes  scribed 
ipon  each  The  llustration  also 
shows  distmct  y  1  e  maimer  n  which 
an  a  c  ent  ma  Itet  place  was  hdd  out 
and  enijosed.     Varro,  L.  L.  v.  146. 

3  The  Forum ;  i.  e.,  a  large  open 
arei  of  a  nature  somewhat  similar  to 
the  last  described  ;  bnt  laid  out  upon 
a  much  more  magnificent  scale,  and 
mtended  as  a  place  for  holding  public 
meetings  m  the  open  air,  and  for  the 
transaction  of  judicial  and  commercial 
business  rather  than  a  mere  provi^on 
market  (Varro,  R.  R.  v,  145.)  It 
"A -IS  surrounded  by  the  principal 
\  blic  buddiiKp  and  offices  of  state, 
courts  of  justice,  basiUcje,  places  of 
worship,  and  spacious  colonnades 
of  one  or  more  stories,  in  which  the 
merchants,  bankers,  and  money 
dealers  had  their  counting  houses,  and 
transacted  their  business.  (Vitruv. 
v.  I,  2.)  Of  the  famous  Roman 
forum  nothing  now  remains  but  the 
rains  of  some  of  the  edifices  which 
stood  in  or  around  it,  still  rising  in 
solitary  grandenr  on  the  spot,  or 
interspers&l  amongst  the  modem 
buildings  which  encumber  the  site. 
Its  former  level  lies  buried  beneath  a 
depth  of  twelve  or  fourteen  feet  of 
earth  and  rubbish,  so  that  the  very 
site  it  occupied,  its  bearmgs  and  di- 


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leiis  on^  fo  m  one  of  the  most  dis- 

tuted  points  of  Roman  topography, 
ut  the  excavations  of  Pompeii  have 
opened  the  Foram  of  that  city,  the 
remaini  of  which  are  sufScientlj' 
circumstantial  to  enable  us  to  trace 
the  ground  plans  of  thi 
fices  surrounding   it,    e 


w.  299 

some  probable  use  to  each  of  them  ; 
and  will  thus  afford  a  general  notion 
of  the  usual  appearance  of  these  places, 
and  of  the  manner  in  which  they 
were  laid  out.  The  central  area  is 
paved  with  large  square  flags,  on 
which  the  bases  for  many  statues  still 
and  surrounded  by  a  Doric 


colonnade  of  two  stories,  backed  by 
a  range  of  spacious  and  lofty  build- 
ings all  round.  The  principal  en- 
trance is  throngh  an  ardiway  (/or- 
mx)  (A),  on  the  left-hand  comer  of 
the  plan,  and  by  the  side  of  a  temple 
of  the  Corinthian  order,(B),  supposed 
to  have  been  dedicated  to  Jupiter, 
'On  the  opposite  flank  of  this  temple 
is  another  entrance  into  the  Forum, 
and  by  i(s  side  the  public  prison  {car- 
eer) (c),  in  whicli  the  bones  of  two 


r  legs  wei 


men  with  fetters  a 
found.  Adjacent  to  this 
shallow  building  (d),  with  aeverai 
entrances  from  the  colonnade,  sur 
mised  by  the  Neapolitan  antiquaries 
to  have  been  a  public  granary  (hor 
ream).  The  nevt  building  is  another 
temple  of  the  Connthian  order  (e), 
dedicated  to  Venus,  as  conjectural 
from  an  inscription  found  on  the 
spot.  It  stT.nds  in  an  area  enclosed 
by  a  blanlc  will  and   peiistjie,    to 


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wliidi  the  principal  entrance  is  in  a 
side  street,  abutting  on  the  Foriim, 
and  flanlcing  the  basilica  (f),  beyond 
which  there  are  three  private  houses 
out  of  the  precincts  of  the  Forum. 
The  further  or  southern  side  of  tlie 
square  is  occupied  by  three  pubhc 
edifices  (g,  h,  i),  nearly  similar  to 
one  another  in  thdr  plans  and  dimen- 
sions. All  these  have  been  deco- 
rated with  columns  and  statues, 
fragments  of  which  still  remain  on 
the  floor;  but  there  are  no  Bufficient 
grounds  for  deciding  the  uses  for 
which  they  were  destined.  The  first 
is  merely  conjectured  to  have  been  a 
council  chamber  {curia) ;  the  second, 
the  treasury  {israrium) ;  and  the  last, 
another  curia.  Beyond  these  is  an- 
other street,  opening  on  the  Forum  ; 
and,  Cuming  the  angle,  are  the  remains 
of  a  square  building  (K),  for  which 
no  satisfactory  use  can  he  suggested. 
The  space  behind  is  occupied  by  the 
sites  of  three  private  houses.  The  next 
object  is  a  large  plot  of  ground  {L), 
surrounded  by  a  colonnade  ( pertkui) 
and  a  cloister  (cryptd),  and  decorated 
in  front,  where  it  faces  the  Forum, 
by  a  spacious  entrance  porch  or  ves- 
tibule  {chalddicum),  all  of  which  were 
consttncted  at  the  expense  of  a  female 
named  Eumachia.  Beyond  this  is  a 
small  temple  (m)  upon  a  raised  base- 
ment, attributed  by  some  to  Mercury, 
by  others  to  Quirinus  ;  and  adjoining 
to  it,  an  edifice  (N),  with  a  lai^e 
semicircular  tribune  or  absis  at  its 
further  extremity,  supposed  to  have 
been  a  meeting-haJl  for  the  Augnstals, 
or  a  town-hall  {senaciiium),  for  the 
Pompeian  senate.  The  rear  of  both 
these  structnres  is  covered  by  the 
premises  belonging  to  a  fullers  es 
tablishment  [fiiUonica).  The  last 
structure  (o)  is  a  magnificent  build 
ing,  with  various  appurtenances  he- 
hind  it,  commonly  called  the  Pan- 
Iheon,  from  twelve  pedestals  placed 
in  a  drcle  round  an  attar  in  their 
centre,  supposed  to  have  supported 
the  statues  of  the  Dii  Magni,  or 
twelve    principal    divinities ;  but    the 


FOSSOR. 

style  of  the  decorations,  and  the  sub- 
jects of  the  numerous  paintings  which 
ornamented  its  walls,  afford  consider- 
able weight  to  another  ingenious  con- 
jecture which  has  been  hazarded,  that 
It  was  a  banquetting-hall  belonging 
to  the  Augustals. 

4.  (Perhaps  vTtoKiiviov).    A  parti- 
cular part  of  the  press-room,  where 


>r  oil  w 


i.  18.  3. 


2.  Columell.  xi.  2.  71.  Id.  j 
In  all  these  passages,  it  is  en 
with  the  presses  and  otlier  instru- 
ments and  vessels  employed  in  the 
operation ;  and  the  name  would  be 
well  adapted  to  the  parts  marked  h  h 
on  the  plan  of  the  press-room  exca- 
vated at  Stahia,  which  illustrates  the 
word  TORCULARIUM. 

FORUS.  Same  as  FoitUM.  Lu- 
cil.  Sat.  iii.  23.  Gerlach.  Pompon. 
af.  Non.  p.  206, 

2.  J^orus  alsaiorijts.  A  dice-board. 
Suet  Aug.  71.  Senec  Cons,  ad  Po- 
lyh.  36. 

FOSSOR  (upuKTifc).  An  excava- 
tor (Inscript.  ap.  Murat.  1970.  3.]  ; 
ora™««-(Stat. 
Tkeb.  ii.  41S,); 
i.  e.,  a  labourer 
who    digs     eut 

the  ground  with 
a  sharp-pointed 

the  mattock  (1/0- 
labra  fissoria), 
as  sliown  by  the 
annexed     illus- 

represents       an 


chral  pamtmg  of  the  Christian  era 
Tiie  lamp  at  his  side  milicates  that 
the  scene  of  his  operations  is  laid 
underground 

2  {ma^ciQ^aeawaicCs)  But  as  the 
excavatormadeaseof  thespade  (pala) 
to  clear  aw  ay  the  Soil  which  had  been 
loosened  by  his  mattoclc  (dolabra),  the 
word  is  also  employed  to  designate  a 


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digger,  or  agricultural  labourer  v.hi 
turns  up  or  trenches  the  cround 
with  a  spade,  (Vii^  Georg  ii  264 
Pallad.  i  6.  II,  Alciphr  Ep  111 
-  -  -      *    -  1  ty  tlic 


annejced  exampli, 

the  same  description  as  the  last. 

FRACES  (rTTt/,^uyo),  The  husls 
of  the  olive,  after  Ihe  juice  had  been 
extracted  ,by  bruising  and  squeezing 
the  fruit,    Cato,  R.  R.  56. 2,  Id.  67.  2. 

FRAM'EA.  The  spear  used  by 
the  Germans,  which  had  a  short,  but 
very  sharp  iron  head,  and  was  em- 
ployed both  as  a  pike  at  close  quar- 


(Tac.  Ge        6        n  wh    h    aan  e 
is  used  by  he  annexed  figu  e  rep  e 
senting   a   German  warr        on   th 

FRENUM         a  A  hor«; 


i/M.  301 

and  rens  (Cic  H(r  Vng.)  The 
example  js  Co],  led  from  the  arch  ol 
Septimms  Severus 

FEIGIDARIUM  A  cool  place 
or  larder  for  preseivmg  meat.  LucU. 
Sai  viji   7  Gerlach 

2  One  of  the  chambers  mentioned 
by  Vitruvius,  as  connected  with  the 
bithing  department  of  a  gymnasium 
{Vvtruv  V  II  2  )  ,  the  actual  use 
and  precise  nature  of  wjiich  he  does 
not  state,  nor  is  it  easy  to  determine. 
However,  it  was  eerlainly  distinct 
from  the  cold-water  bath  (frigida  la- 
vatio),  with  which  it  is  enumerated, 
but  situated  in  an  opposite  angle  of  the 
edifice,  and  adjoining  ihe  oiluig  room 
[elsothesium),  precisely  as  represented 
in  a  painting  from  the  Thermas  of 
Titus,  introduced  at  p.  142.  Reason- 
ing from  analogy  and  the  sense  in 
which  the  term  is  used  by  Luciliiis 
(see  No.  I.),  we  might  fairly  conclude 
that  it  was  a  chamber  which  did  not 
contain  a  bath,  but  was  merely  kept 
at  a  low  tfimpeiature,  in  order  to 
bmce  (be  body  after  the  exhaustion 
of  the  Laconiciim,  or  vapour  bath,  by 
a  process  less  violent  than  that  of 
plun^'ng  'mmed'a  ly  'n  o  old  wa 
a  mmon  pra  ti  e  amongs  he 
ts  The  d  f&  u  y  experienced 
m  a  emp  ng  o  estab  h  a  dis  n  on 
lie  we  n  the  wo  exp  ess  on  ^  ■nda 
u  and  f  gid  lavati  11  e  pas 
sage     f  V  ruv  u     abo  e   c  ed    has 

au    d  Ma  im  and  P  ofe   o   Beck 
whin      oaerhefo  me     ead    g 

no     /  daratm      b        h     painting 

eferred  o  f  om  he  The  n*  of 
T  us    whch      hows   a    frgdanam 

d    uung  tl  e  elseo  he  um    as  V  n 
dire      seen    sviffi   en    o  e     b  ish 

h  o  gni 


Ak 
of  ba  hs 


The  V 


anng 


)  The  n 
genious  manner  in  which  the  andents 
uniformly  contrived  to  arrange  the 
different  coppers  and  vats  required 
for  the  supply  of  their  baths,  so  as  to 


bridk,  includmg  the  bit,  head-piece,   1    and   fuel,    is  very  clearly  exhibitet 


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303  FRITILLUS. 

by  the  auiiexed  woodcut,  from  a 
pdnting  in  the  Therms  of  Tiius  at 
Rome.  The  boiler  for  the  hot  water 
{caMarattii)  was 
placed  immedi- 
ELtely  over  the  fur- 
nace ;  above  that 
or  at  a  greater 
elevation,  from  the 
lire,  was  another 
copper  {iepida- 
riitai),  .which  im- 
mediately supplied 
the  vacuum  created 
in  the  boiler  as  the 
hot  water  was 
drawn  off,  by  an 
equal  qiantify  of 
llmd  aheaij}  raised 
to  a  moderate  temperature 
itself,  in  like  manner  filled  up  A 
rectly  from  the  cold  cistern  (fngi  ia 
rium)  which  as  shown  by  the  en 
irravmg  was  completely  remove!, 
from  the  heat  of  the  f  u-nace 

FRITILLUb     (^i/ios)       A    oi^ 
I  ox    of   imilar 


still  in  nse  w  th  gtaduitei  intervals 
on  the  inside  to  give  the  dice  a  rota 
lory  motion  dun  ig  tl  eir  lescent  as 
shown  by  the  anneKcd  example  ind 
oiig  nal  found  n  an 
"    ■■■        "■ -■    5 


Juv 


Mart  IV  14    Id 

FRONS.  Applied  to  books 
mostly  in  the  plural,  " 
(Ov.  Trist,  i.  1. 
ir.  TibulL  iii.  I. 
13.)  ;  the  two  out- 
side surfaces  or 
bases  of  a  roll  of 
papyrus,  &c  when 
It  was  rolled  up  so 
as  to  form  a  volume  Ipolumen),  and 
which  were   smoothed  and  polished 


id  dyed  black, 
h  n  h  U  was  0  nulcted.  The 
a  ra  on  ep  sen  a  box  of  books, 
om  a  Po  pe  an  painting,  in  which 
h  e  a  e  eigh  s,  each  with  one  of 
hen/  B  ppe  m  t. 
FRONTJALE  (d/«r 
Id,  or  head  band,  placed  a 
foreheads  of  horses 
(Plin.  ir.  A^  X! 
74).  as 


ones.  Plin. /.c. 
ters  also  make 


sisted  of  a  plate  of 
gold  (Hom  n  V 
j58)  and  amongst 
person?  of  legal  stat 
oched  with  precious 
2  The  Greek  n 
use  of  the  same 
word  to  designate  a 
1  andean  placed  n  a 

the  forehead  of  fe- 

cially  of   Divin  t  ea 

(Hom    //   xxu  469 

He'i     Thfegn    916)       as     shown   in 

the  innei^d  woodcut,  from  a  fictile 

J  (TTpofiEruwiTioi  Gloss.  Vet.)  A 
\  late  of  metal  placed  as  a  defence 
oier  the  forehead  and  frontal  bone  of 
ho  ea  belonging  to  the  heavy  cavalry 
1  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  (Arrian 
ri  ^  p  IS  Xen.  Cyr.  iv.  r.  Id. 
4nai  1  ^  )  This  practice  was  in- 
tioduced  by  the  Medes  or  Persians; 
ai  d  elephants  when  caparisoned  for 
action  were  provided  with  a  defence 
of  the  -ame  nature    Liv.  xiatvii.  40. 

FUCA'TUS.  Rouged  or  paitilsd, 
as  explained  in  the  next  paragraph. 

FUCUS  (^Sms).  Heiige ;  an  ar- 
ticle frequently  employed  by  the 
Greek  and  Roman  women,  as  it  is  by 
those  of  modem  Europe,  in  order  to 
give  the  appearance  of  a  brilliant  or 
youthliil  tint  to  a  completion  already 
used  up  or  naturally  sallow.  (Plaut. 
mit.  i,  3.  118.  Prop.  ii.  iS,  31.) 
It  was  prepared  from  a  certain  kind 


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FULLONICA . 


303 


uf  moss  [LWien  recdla  L.),  and  was 
laid  on  with  a  brush,  as  in  the  an- 
nexed example  from  a  fictile  vase ; 


s  exluljiied   1 


ur  «'Llli   flie   finger, 

other  designs  of  the  same  naiure 

FULCRUM.  A  stay  or  aupport 
upon  which  any  thing  lests  as  a 
staff  or  walking-stick  {Ovid  Pont  m 
3.  i(.  Baculus)  ;  the  foot  of  a  sofa, 
coudi,orbed(Suet.  Claud.  3?  Prop 
iv.  8.  68.  Clinopus),  whence  some 
times  put  for  the  bed  itself  (Prop  iv 
7.  3.)  ;  and,  in  later  times,  theh^ 
pummel  in  front  of  a  nduig  saddle, 
made  upon  a  tree.  (Sidon  Apoll  Ep 
iii.  90,    Sella  eqobstris  ) 

FULLO   (KKO^ffit)      A  fuUir,   a 
cleaner  and  scourer  of  cloth      IMaiL 
Jtiv.   SI.)    The  fullers    who  formed 
y  'raportant  body  of  tradesmen, 
w  isively  em- 

pi  y  d  m  the  same 
p  y  as  are  our 
wash  rw  men,  for 
leaning  nd  whiten- 
ng  g  ents  after 
h  y  1  d  been  worn ; 
n  p  ration  which 
ff  ed  by  tvead- 
:  clothes  in 
>  of  water 
h  urine  (Plin.  H.  N.  xxviii. 
cted  from  vessels  exposed 
ra  of  the  Streets  for  the  pur- 
Mart,  vi.  93.)  The  doth 
dried  and  bleached  upon  a 
u  ar  frame  {cavia  vimin^a), 
er  a  pot  of  sulphur ;  after 
vas  hung  up,  and  had  the 


m   ed 


nap  loosened  and  laid  with  bruslies, 
or  with  a  thistle  (cardo  fuUonicus), 
from  which  it  was  removed  to  the 
press  {pressoriutn),  where  it  was 
finally  smoothed  and  condensed  by 
the  action  of  a  screw.  The  illustla^ 
tion  represents  a  fuller  at  work  in  his 
tub,  from  a  paintbg  in  the  FuUonica 
at  Pompeii. 

FULLOT^flCA  and  FULLO'- 
NIUM  (k™^«op.)  a  fuller's  wash- 
house  and  premises.  (UJp.  Dig.  y}. 
3.3.  Ammiaa.  xiv.  11.  31.)  An 
extensive  establishment  of  this  kind 
has  been  excavated  at  Tompeii,  of 
which  the  ground  plan  is  annexed,  as 
il  HiU  sene  to  convey  a  very  accurate 
notion  of  the  u 


requiied  for  conducting  the  different 
processes  of  the  bu^mess,  and  the 
mannei  m  which  they  vrere  applied 
\.  The  pnncipal  entrance  fiom  the 
main  street  B  T  he  porter's  lodge 
1  The  mipluvmm,  hke  that  m  or 
(liniry  houses,  suiTounded  by  i  colon 
nade,  suppoited  by  twUve  square  pil 
asters,  upon  one  of  which  the  figures 
of  fullers  at  work,  represented  in  the 
last  and  following  wood-cut,  are  pain- 
ted. D.  Afountamwithajetofwater- 
a  representation  of  which  is  introduced 
tindet  the  wore  SiPHO.  e.  A  spacious 
apartment,  opening  upon  the  peristyle 
or  courtyard  of  the  premises,  and 
perhaps  used  for  drying  the  clothes. 
F.  A  tablinum,  witli  a  room  on  each 
side  of  it,  where  c 


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3°4 


FULLONICA. 


baMy  received,  when  they  came  upon 
business,  e.  A  closet  or  wardrobe,  in 
which  the  clothes  were  deposited  after 
they  had  been  scoured,  and  kept  until 
called  for  ;  the  marks  of  the  shelves 
are  still  visible  against  the  walls. 
II.  An  adjoining  room ;  the  first  on 
the  right  hand,  whicll  is  within  that 
part  of  the  premises  where  the  active 
operations  of  the  trade  were  carried 
on.  I.  The  large  wash-house  with  a 
tank,  where  the  clothes  were  cleansed 
by  simple  washing  and  rinsing,  K. 
The  place  where  the  dirt  and  grease 
were  got  out  by  rubbing  ajid  treading 
with  the  feet  llllll.  Six  niches 
constructed  on  the  sides  of  the  oom 
and  separated  from  one  another  by  low 
walls,  about  the  heightofainan  arm 
pits,  in  each  of  which  was  placed  a  ub 
where  the  fuller  stood,  and  worl  ed  ou 
the  impurities  of  the  cloth,  by  jump  ng 
upon  it  with  his  bore  feet,  an  ope  a  on 
which  he  effected  by  raising  h  nself 
upon  his  arms,  while  they  rest  d  o 
thesidewails  mthe  mannercxh  b  d 
by  the  aiuiexed  e  ig  avmg  from  o  e 


led. 
aaller  tanks   either 
for  washing    or    more  proba 
«hich  the  clothes  wete  left 
before  they  were   washed 
founta  n  oi  well   for  the  use 
wjilcmtn      o    A  bicL  gate  o         g 
on.  a  small  stieet,  contiguous  h 

portion  of  the  premises  m  wh   h  h 
act  \epait  of  the  trade  was  per        ed 
pp.   Rooms  for  which  no  part 
use  connected  with  the  trade 


FUMARIOLUM. 

assigned.  q.  The  furnace  of  the 
establishment,  k.  An  apartment  con- 
tiguous to  the  furnace.  s.  Stairs 
ascending  to  an  upper  story,  ttt. 
Apartments  opening  upon  the  peri- 
style, painted  m  fresco,  and  prolably 
appropriated  for  the  use  of  the  master 
and  mistress  of  the  establishment. 
The  rooms  at  the  bottom  of  the  plan, 
without  references,  are  shops  fadng 
the  street,  and  belonging  to  other 
tradesmen,  as  they  have  no  connection 
nor  communication  with  the  Fullonica. 
FULLO-NIUS  or  FULLO'- 
NICUS.  Applied  to  any  of  the  im- 
plements  or  articles  used'  by  fullers ;  as 
plao  cretafuttimica  (Cato  R.R.  x.  $. 
PLn  H  N.  xviL  4.),  fuller's  earth  ; 
a  !it>/&«3«(Seneca.at.  I5.),the 
jump  ng  and  stamping  which  fullers 
p  ac  se  n  scouring  clothes,  as  repi^ 
sen  ed  by  the  last  woodcut,  and  ei- 
pla  ned  by  the   text  which  accom- 

FULMENTA  (eaaavna).  An 
abb  e  a  ion  of  fiihimsnia,  used  fo 
d     gi  a  e  a  thick,  or  probably  extra. 


sole  attached  to  ashoeorboot   (Lncil. 

Sat   xiYiu.  40   Gerlach    Plant.  Trin. 

L  2    94  )     In  the  example   from  a 

(iieek  statue  of  Mmerva   three  soles 

lie  observable,  one  above  the  other, 

wl  ich,    v  hen    thug    conjoined,    are 

termed _^m«i(ir   in  contradistinction 

to  tlie  ordinary  sole  of  one  piece  {si^ta), 

for  in  tlie  passages  where  the  word 

rs     t  IS   constantly  used  in   the 

mber      They  were  made  of 

k    and    were   employed   by   the 

t     k      I  Roman  ladies  as  a  prolec- 

nst  damp  in  wmter,  as  well 

m   mot  ves  of  vanitj     to   give 

tn  appearance  of  being  taller 

th  y  leally  were      Pirn    H.  N. 


FU^  VRIOLUM. 


re  of 


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FUMARIUM. 

the  next  word.  The  veiib  or  aper- 
ture in  a  volcanic  mountain,  through 
which  the  smoke  and  vapour  make 
■  their  egress.     Tertull.  Fmn.  12. 

FUMA'RIUM.  The  smoke-room ; 
a  chiunber  in  the  upper  part  of  a 
house  ill  which  the  smolte  from  the 
kitchen  fires,  or  from  the  furnaces  of 
the  bath-rooms,  was  allowed  to  collect 
itself  before  finding  a  vent  into  the 
air ;  and  which  was  also  used  as  a 
storeroom  for  ripening  wine  (Mart. 
1,36.  Compare. Hor.  0</.iiL  S.  II.); 
and  for  drying  ihe  moisture  out  of 
wood,  in  oraer  to  malte  it  fit  for  fael. 
Columell.  i.  6.  19. 

F  U  N  A'  L  E      A  linlt    torch    or 


tape  nade  of  the  papyrus  o  he 
fibres  of  otiier  plants  twisted  together 
like  a  ro^  (funis),  and  smeared  with 
wax  or  pitch,  as  exhibited  in  the  an- 
nexed woodcut,  from  a  sepulchralmar- 
ble  preserved  in  the  church  of  Sauta 
Gitistina,  at  Padua.  Isidor.  Orig.xx.. 
10.  5.  Cic.  i'«J.  13.   Virg.  ^«.i.  731. 

2,  A  contrivance  for  holding  torches 
of  tills  description,  upon  which  many 
of  them  were  lit  and  biimt  at  the 
same  time,  like  our  chandeliera.  Isidor. 
Grig.  YX.  10.  5.     Ov.  Mel.  xii,  247. 

FUNA'LIS  sc.  Epms  {nafiaaiipot, 
nitpafofiat,,  jrnpijopoi)'  ^"  i™'" 
"iSS"'  t°  ^  carriage  drawn  by 
horses  abreast.  (Slat.  T/i^i.  vi.  462. 
Isidor.     Oriff.    xviii.    35.    Jitnarius.) 


LUS.  305 

attached,  there  were  two  oul-riggers, 
one  on  each  side  of  ihe  yoke-horses 
{jugales);  and  then  the  one  on  the 
right ,  or  off  horse,  was  called  dtxttr 
funalii  (lihoireipos) ;  the  left  hand 
one,  or  near  horse,  sinister  or  l(mius 
y««a/(j(Snet.  Tib.t.  Axtsort-Ejalajih. 
XXV.  g.).  The  illustration,  which  is 
copied  from  Ginzrot,  {{Vagen  u«d 
Faiiwerke.  T.  40.),  exhibits  a  iraa 
on  the  ontside  horse  attached  to  the 
front  of  the  carriage  ;  or  to  its  axle, 
which  in  that  case  must  have  pro- 
jected laterally  much  beyond  the  body 
of  the  carriage,  to  afford  width  for 
the  oat-riggers.  If  this  trace  is  not  a 
restoration  by  himself,  it  is,  perhaps, 

i  e  on  y  instance  of  such  an  attach- 
men  exhibited  on  any  ancient  monu- 
men       Indeed   Isidoms  says  (1.  c.) 

ha  the  most  ancient  practice  was  to 
ha  e   wo  poles,  and  one  yoke  extend- 

ng  a  OSS  the  withers  of  all  four 
ho  se      and  when   that  custom  was 

e  nqu  hed,  that  the  out-rigger  was 
fastened  to  the  yoke-horse  by  nothing 
but  a  brace,  {simplici  vineide),  which, 
as  it  was  made  of  rope,  gave  rise  to 
the  term;  and  in  that  maimer  the 
out-ri^er  appears  to  be  imiversally 
represented  by  the  artists  of  antiquity. 
FUNAM'BULUS  (flx'">'0^""lf)- 
K  ri^  dancer.  (Terent. /T^ov.  Prol. 
i.  4,  Compare  Hor.  Ep.  ii.  i.  21a) 
The  illustration,  which  represents  one 
of  nine  figures,  dancing  011  the  tight 


,y  Google 


FL     DITOrE. 


and 


t 


;xhbt 


dfi  nt  tttude 
me  d  d  I 
feat)  nd  ate  the  ge  e  al  degree  of 
perfe  t  on  to  h  h  the  a  ent  ha  i 
ca  ed  tl  s  a  t  the  fion  e  is  pkj 
aa  upon  tl  e  double  p  pe  while  1  e 
dan  ea  on   he   ope  to  his  owi   mu 

FUNDA(o0  Bd  j)  K  litg  ia 
d  cha  n^  sto  es  or  leaden  j-lum 
rats  t.  "  *  ) 

lyu  ed  n  warfa  e 
by  the  Span  ards, 
Persians  Egyp 
tians  and  othe 
fore  gi  nat  on 
and    also    o 

onally    by   tbe 
Romans      ss 
hown      by     the 


epe.e 


aEo 


e  lei 


of  th  t  emp    o 
Phn    N   N   vi     37     Vr"6     g 
jog     Se      ad  I     Id    ■En    x   586 

(a/  ^  ^X  jff  po  )      A.    a  tn     irl 
employed    like  0       0  vn    Jo      al. 
fish 


|Vii-g.    G^org. 
141.   Ser  * 


tsadl. 
Isidor.  Oi-ig.  xiK. 
5,  a.) ;  but  appa. 
lenlly  cast  from 
behind,  and  over 
the  light  shoulder 
(instead  of  being 
discharged  from 
tlie  left  shoulder, 
and  in  &ont  of  the 
pCL-son  throwing  it,  _._ 
tice) ;  that  is  if  the 
front  a  mosaic  in  the  Therms  .. 
Titus,  affords  a  f^thfiil  representation 
of  the  manner  in  which  it  "was 
thrown.  The  expression  of  Virgil, 
however,  verberat  amnem,  gives  an 
exact  description  of  the  manner  in 
which  the  casdng-net  falls  upon  the 


I  liag  or  pack  slung  ove' 


shoulders,     for     the 


bably  o  all  d  be  a  e  with  the 
trap  1  h  faste  ed  t  t  had  the 
ppe    an  e  of      si  ng   as  si  own  by 

the  annexed  exa  nple  f  om  tl  e  device 


n   IS  set    and  vl    h  holds  it 
shng  does  ts   to  e  ___ 

ailed  when  the   ei 


and  42)    Th 


an  pie 


FUNDIB'ALUS  and  FUNDIB'- 
ALUM.  A  military  engine  foe  dis- 
charging stones,  belonging  to  the  €asa 
of  Balluttt ;  bnt  the  distinctive  cha- 
racteristics are  unknown,  further  than, 
as  the  name  implies,  that  Its  action 
was  that  of  a  sling. 

FUNDI  TO-RES  (o^iii'Sonira.). 
S/ingenj  mostly  with  reference  to 
foreign  nations.  But,  amongst  the 
Romans,  the  sKngers  were  a  body  of 
men  selected  from  the  fifth  class  of 
the  Servian  census,  who  were  formed 
into  a  corps,  and  attached  to  the  levit 
armalura,  or  lighf-armed  division  of 
the  army.  They  were  scarcely  con- 
sidered as  regnlar  troops,  being  ranked 
in  the  lowe.'*  grade  amongst  the  super- 
numeraries, trum  peters,  and  band  (Liv. 
i.  43.)  ;  and,  consequently,  like  them, 
wore  no  body  armour,  nor  any  offen- 
sive weapon,  besides  their  sling,  (see 
theexample  J.  FuNDA,  i.),  with  which 
it  was  their  duty  to  annoy  the  enemy 


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FUNDULA. 


e  field  to  wbich 


difference  between  the  Access,  J'iin. 
d^ores,  and  Ferentarii,  who  are  dis- 
tinguished by  Vegetius  kMil  L  2a), 
appears  to  be  this,  that  the  first  used 
nothing  but  their  bands  for  throvring 
stones  ;  the  second  employed  a  sling 
for  the  purpose ;  and  the  last,  who 
were  of  n  higher  grade  than  the  other 
two,  probaMy  used  other  missiles  as 
w^ll  as  the  sling. 

FUN'DULA.     A  street  which  has 

no  thoroughfare  ;  a  cut  de  sac  (Varro, 

i,  L.  V.  I45-) ;  one  of  which  is  vepre- 

■  sketch  by  the  annexed  view,  taken  in 


the  town  of  PompeiL  The  street 
terminated  in  a  house,  of  which  some 
remains  are  visible  in  the  engraving, 
and  two  smali  sewers  are  indicated 
underneath  it. 

FUNDULUS.  Thepistonand 
sucker  of  a  hydraulic  organ,  which 
moves  up  and  down  (hence  termed 
ambulaklts),  like  the  sucker  of  a 
pump  (tmbolus).     Vitruv.  x.  8.  I. 

FUNERETUS.  (Apul.  Flor.  i. 
■;    Jb  IV    iS.  S  I.)    Same  as  FUNAM- 

FUNUS.  A  fantral,  so  termed 
because,  m  ancient  times,  the  Romans 
■were  always  buried  by  torch  light, 
twisted  ropes  (fuHalia)  smeared  with 


34.  Donat  ad  Terent.  Andr.  i.  I. 
81.)  Subsequenfiy,  however,  the 
practice  of  night  burial  was  confined 
to  the  poorer  classes,  who  could  not  af- 
ford the  expense  of  a  pompous  display. 
2,  Futms  publkum,  or  indktivum. 
A  grand  and  public  funeral,  celebrated 


FUKCA.  307 

in  the  day-time,  and  lo  which  the 
public  were  invited  by  proclamation, 
to  witness  the  gladiatorial  shows  and 
military  pageants  often  displayed  upon 
such  occasmns.  Tac.  Amt.  vi.  II. 
Cic  Lig.  ii.  24.     Festns  j.  v. 

3.  Funus  gasiililiiini.  A  funeral,  at 
whicli  the  busts  and  images  of  cele- 
brated clmracters  belonging  to  the 
same  clan  {gens)  as  the  deceased,  were 
carried  in  the  procession.  (Piin.  ^.JV. 
XXXV.  2.)  Tins  was  the  usual  kind 
of  funeral  assigned  to  persons  of  dis- 
tineuished  rank  or  ancient  lineage; 
and  a  description  of  the  other  customs 
and  ceremonies  which  mostly  accom- 
panied it,  will  be  foimd  under  the 
term  ExsEQUi*. 

4.  Funus  laciltim,  or  Iranslaliliani. 
An  ordinary  or  common  funeral,  con- 
ducted without  any  pomp  or  show, 
such  as  was  usual  with  private  indi- 
viduals of  the  middle  and  poorer 
classes.  Suet.  Nero,  33.  Ov.  Triit. 
i.  3.  22. 

5.  The  funeral  pyre.  Suet.  Bum. 
15.     Pyra,  Rogus. 

6.  A  dead  body  or  corpse  (Prop.  1. 
17.  8.) ;  whence  also  tlie  ghost  01 
shade  of  a  deceased 
person  (Prop.  iv. 
II.  3.),   which    the 

accustomed  to  re- 
present in  a  coipo- 
real  form,  shrouded 
in  grave  clothes, 
but  endowed  with 
the  powers  of  mo- 
tion ;  as  shown  by 
the  annexed  figure, 
from  a  bas-relief, 
representing  a  fe- 
male whom  Mer- 
cury, in  the  original,  Ie 
to  tiie  shades  below. 

FURCA  (pUfiavQv).  A  two- 
pronged  fort,  such  as  a  stable-fork, 


<: 


.Google 


3o8  mcA. 

ncxed  example  represents  the  iron 
head  of  a  hay-fork,  supposed  to  be 
Roman,  but  certainly  of  great  anti- 
■  quity,  which  was  dug  out  of  a  bog 
forming  the  bank  of  the  old  nver  at 
the  junction  of  the  Nen  at  Horsey, 
near  Peterborough. 

2.  A  fork  with  a.  loi^  handle  to  it, 
employed  in  taverns,  Ijtchena,   and 

'  larders,  for  the  purpose  of  taking  don  n 
provisions  from  the  /■aixarmai  (Pet 

[Sat.  95-  8.),  which  was  fixed  to  the 
ceiling,  by  sticking  one  of  the  branches 
into  the  object,  or  putdng  it  under 
the  loop  by  which  it  was  hung  upon 
its  hook  (see  the  illustration  s,  Car- 
NARtUM)  ;  resembling,  no  doubt,  the 

.  instrument  which  our  butchers  use 
for  taking  down  a  joint  of  meat,  and 
other  tradesmen  whose  articles  are 
hung  out  of  reach.  From  the  ck- 
pression  of  Petronius,  /urea  dc  car- 
naria  rapta,  it  would  appear  that  an 
instrument  of  this  kind  was  usually 
suspended  from  the  camarium,  ready 

3.  Anything  made  in  the  shape  of 
a  fork,  to  be  used  for  a  prop  or  stay  ; 
as  a  prop  for  vines  (Virg.  Gearg.  ii. 
259.)  ;  for  fishing-nets  (Plin.  H.  N. 
Ik.  9.) ;  for  supporting  planks  to 
stand  on.    Liv.  1.  35. 

4.  (oT^piyS,  orflpiyfia).  The  pole 
of  a  cart  or  of  a  carriage ;  or  rather 
that  part  of  it  which  fastens  into  the 
axle,  when  it  was  made  with  two 
branches,  like  a  fork,  as  it  appears  in 
the  annexed  example,  from  a  Fompeiaii 


painting.  (Piutarch,  Coriol.  Z4.  Lysias 
ap.  Pall,  X.  157,)  It  likewise  appears 
from  the  above  passages  that  the  same 
name  was  also  given  to  the  trestle 
upon  which  the  pole  of  a  two-wheeled 
carriage  was  sometimes  supported 
when  tile  horses  were  taken  out,  like 


the  one  we  use  to  rest  the  shafts  of  oni 
gigs  upon.  . 

5.  An  mstiument  made  witli  iwc 
wooden  handles  or  prongs,  like  i 
fort,  employed  for 
carrying  burdens  on 
the  nedt,  in  the  man- 
ner shown  by  the  an- 
nexed' woodcut,  from 
the  Column  of  Trajan 
<PIaut,      -        •■      ' 


37- )■      It 


frequently  adopted  a; 
an  instrument  of  punishment  for  free- 
men and  slaves,  when  the  arms  of  the 
culprit  were  tied  down  to  the  bars 
of  the  fork,  while  he  was  flogged 
through  the  streets.  Plant.  Firs.  v. 
2.  73    Liv.  i.  26.    Suet.  Nero,  49. 

6.  A  contrivance  for  the  infliction 
of  capital  punishment,  on  wliich  slaves 
and  robbers  were  hung  ;  a  gallows  or 
gibbet.  Callist.Z>y-.  48. 19.28.  Paul. 
Dig.  33.     Ulp.  ib.  13.  6. 

FUR'CIFER.  Literally,  one  who 
carries  burdens  on  a  /urea,  as  shown 
by  the  preceding  illustration ;  or  who 
bears  the  /krca  as  a  punishment. 
But  as  this  penalty  was  for  the  most 
part  indicted  upon  the  unfortunate 
slave  class,  the  word  is  commonly 
used  as  a  term  of  contempi,  equiva- 
lent to  our  slave,  villain,  gallows- 
bird.  Plant.  Amph.  i.  I.  132.  Ter. 
Eun.  V.  2.  22.     Cic.  Vatin.  6. 

FURCIL'LA  Diminutive  of 
FuKCA.  A  small  fork,  bnt  still  of 
considerable  aze,  according  to  our 
notions  ;  as  a  hay-fork  (Varro,  S.  S. 
I.  49.  1,  Cic.  Aft.  xvi.  2.) ;  a  vine- 
prop,  two  feet  high.   Varro.  ii.tS.6, 

F  U  R'  C  U  L  A.  Diminutive  of 
FuECA  ;  but  applied  to  objects  of  con- 
siderable size ;  as  a  wooden  prop, 
made  use  of  to  support  the  walls  of  a 
town  which  were  mined  underneath. 
Liv.  x^xvili.  7. 

FURFURAC'ULUM.  A  givMel 
{Arnob.  vi.  200.) ;  so  termed  because 
it  makes  dust  like  bran  (/u^r) ;  but 
the  more  common  woni  is  Terebra, 

FURNA'CEUS  so.  panis.     Bread 


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FURNAS 

baked  in  an  oven  {/; 

distinguished    from 

was  Imted  on.  the  he  an  n( 

ccuy,  which  was. bale  d  t&a 

Plin.  H.  N:  xviii.  27 

FURNA'RIUS.  ra 

(Ulp.   Dig.   39.    2.  m 

COQUUS. 

FURNUS  (iin/d^       Anoif 
baiting  bread   (Plau        as 
Ov.  Fast,  vi,  313.),  o  li   g      'Je 

(Plin.  H.  N.  1^:  39  '9. 

The  excavations  of  P  mpe 
vealed  two  bakers' 

lar  plan,  and  in  a  d  ra        la 

of  preservation  ;  one  of  which  is  re 
presented  in  the  annexed  woodcut  as 
It  now  appears,  with  some  of  the  m  Us 
for  grinding  flour  in  the  shop  before 
It,  The  small  arch  at  the  bottom 
contained  the  fuel ;  the  one  above  is 


h  n    se     o  h   h   tl 

il  carry    fif  h     m 

2   K   bak         hp     (H 
4.  37.)     The   prece  d    g 
shows  a  baker's  shop  w   h      xr 
for  grinding  flour  on    h 
and  the  oven  at  the  bo     m 

3.  A   hot    air   or       p 
contradistinguish  e  d 
warm  water  bath. 
13.)     See  Caldari 

FUS'CINA  (rpiaiin).  A  laige 
fork  with  three  or  more  branches, 
employed  by  fishermen  for  spearing 
fish,  as  I'epresented  in  the  annexed 
woodcut,  from  a  mosaic  picture  in 
an  ancient  temple  of  Bacchus  near 
Rome,       It    was   likewise    given    by 


Ep 


Tridens. 

2  A  weapon  of  similar  form  and 
character,  used  by  the  class  of  gladi- 
ators called  RHiarii,  with  which  they 
alticl  ed  their  adversaries,  after  they 
1 1 1 1  impere  I  liic  a  iiy  casting  a  net 


d  as  exhibited  in  tlic 
in  d  i^ra  ng,  from  an  ancient 
n  sa  Su  C  ;.  30,  Juv.  iL  143. 
FU  IN  ULA  Diminutive  of 
FUSCINA.  A  cai  i/ing-fork  and  eating- 
firk.  (Vuig,  E3:od.  xxviL  3.)  Tlie 
absence   of    any    expi-ess    name    for 


articles  of  this  description  amongst 
the  genuine  old  Greek  and  Latin 
authors  now  remaining  to  us,  has 
induced  a  very  general  belief  tliat 
the  ancients  were  unacquainted  with 
this  convenient  piece  of  table  furni- 
ture ;  though  it  is  well  authenticated 
that  the  use  of  it  was  introduced  into 


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PUSC INULA. 


the  other  countries  of  Europe  fro  \ 
Italy,  where  it  was  in  common  use  lon^. 
before  other  nations  had  learned  thead 
vantage  of  such  a  luxury.  (Coiyate, 
Crudities,  p.  6o.  London,  1776.)  But 
the  two  specimens  here  exhibited 
are  sufficient  to  establish  the  fact  of 
forks  tieing  employed  by  the  sncients 
at  least  partiatly,  and  for  the  same 
purposes  as  they  now  are,  although 
the  positive  name  by  which,  they 
were  called  may  not  have  been  dis- 
covered. The  first  represents  a  two- 
pronged  silver  fori;  found  in  a  ruin 
on  the  Via'  Appia  (Caylus,  Eecueil, 
iii.  84,) ;  the  other,  with  five  prongs, 
one  of  which  is  broken  off,  resem- 
bling our  silver  forks,  in  a  Comb  at 
PEestum  and  is  now  preserved  in  the 
Museum  at  Naples.  ITie  authenticity 
of  the  first  hEK  been  doubted  by  those 
who  are  unwilling  to  admit  that  the 
ancients  were  acquainted  with  such 
contrivances  (Beckman,  Hht.  of  In- 
ventions, ii.  pp.  407 — 413.  London, 
1846.) ;  and  it  is  certainly  possible 
that  Comit  Caylus  may  have  been  im- 

Eosed  upon  by  the  person  from  whom 
e  purchased  it ;  though  the  tasteful 
character  of  the  article  affords  an 
evidence  of  its  genuineness,  corte 
sponding  as  it  does  with  the  usual 
style  of  ancient  minufactures,  in 
which  the  aita  of  design  weie  uni 
veisally  ei.erted  to  embellish  even 
tlie  commonest  utensils  employed  for 
the  most  ordinaiy  purpcies  of  daily 
life  ,  but  the  folk  fiom  the  P^tan 
tomb  will  not  admit  of  smpiuon 
This  same  tomb  abounded  in  objects 
of  antiquarian  mterest,  and  his  fur 
iiished  more  than  seven  illustrations 
fur  these  pages,  severTl  o{  them 
unique  in  their  kind  ,  the  spear  w  ith 


,   the  f 


.    38  ,  the 


Bar  truncheon,  s  Phal^nga,  the 
nelmet,  greaves  belt,  and  bieist 
plate  s  BuccuLjS,  Ockea,  Cin 
GULUM,  4.,  L0KICI  I  ,  besides 
several  others  (f  more  common 
occurrence  Wliether  the  Romans 
leiUy     uatd  the    word     now    under 


FUSUS. 

illiiitn.tion  to  le  lunate  in  eat  n^ 
fori  may,  however  be  a  matter 
of  dispute ,  for  it  certainly  has  no 
classic  authonty  to  rest  upon  The 
Gieek  icptar^pa  uidoubtedly  corre 
sponds  with  the  Latin  hatpago,  a 
flesh  hook  ,  Jutca,  Juscina,  /ur^2a, 
and  fitrdlla  are  all  applied  in  the 
passages  where  they  occur  to  instra- 
inents  of  much  larger  dimensions 
than  eating-forks ;  but  the  precise 
meaning  conveyed  by  dunimitives 
in  the  Latin  langnage  is  very  varied 
and  arbitrary.  Certjunly,  gratia  or 
fitrcilla  might  have  been  appropri- 
ately used  for  a  two-pronged  fork, 
like  the  top  figure,  and  fiiscitmla,  or 
Jusdnella  (which  occurs  as  a  cogno- 
men o^.  Gmt.  Inscript.  1141.  i.),  for 
one  with  a  greater  number  of  prongs, 
like  the  lower  one. 

FUSO'RIUM.  A  drain  or  cess- 
pool from  a  kitchen  sink,  &c.  Pal- 
lad,  i.  37.  4, 1*.  17.  I. 

FUSTER'NA.  The  upper  porKon 
of  a  fir  pole,  which  is  thick  set  with, 
branches,  as  contradistinguished  from 
the  lower  part  {sa/anus],  which  is 
free  from  knots.  Pirn.  If.  N.  xv. 
76   ?l 

FUSTIBALUS  A  contrivance 
for  throwmg  stones,  consisting  of  a 
four  foot  pole,  which  hid  a  sling 
attached  in  the  centie,  and  being 
whirled  round  with  both  hands,  dis 
charged  the  stones  with  great  vio 
lence      Veg   Mil  ni    14. 

FUSTUA'RIUM  (^uXoiottki) 
A  punishment  inflicted  upon  soldiers 
for  deseition  or  othei  seriotis  offences  , 
in  which  the  offender  was  beaten  Co 
death  with  heavy  sticks  {Jiistes)  laid  on 
by  his  comrades  Liv  v  6  Cic  I'kil 
11    6  Serv  adyag  ^n  vi  825 

FUSUS  (JrpaKTot)  A  j/iW/c 
usually  made  of  a  stick  about  twelve 
nithes  in  length,  and  used  witli 
Che  distaff  (.o/jij),  for  twisting  or 
spinning  the  fibres  of  wool  or 
ifix  into  thread  {Plin  IT  N  xi. 
27  Ovid  Met  VI  22  Tibull  n 
I  64 )  ,  a  process  described  at 
Ienf,th   undci   the  woid   Nt.0      Ihe 


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FOriLE. 

small     figuie      in      tin,      engraving 

repre'Jeiits  a  spindle  used 

by     Leda      m     a    Pom 

pe:aa  pamhng  ,  the  other 

two  are   from  an  Egyp 

tian    onginai,   the    tight 

hand     showing     the    in 

■itrument     before     being 

used,  the  other 


FUTILE  AiebbelvUh  abroad 
mouth  and  shaip  pomted  bottom, 
hke  the  anneved  ej;ample,  from  an 
original  found  at  Rome  This  form 
was  originally  adopted  for  the  ser 
vice  of  Vegta,  in  order  that  the  mi- 
nisters of  that  gi3d 
dess  might  not  be 
able  to  set  it  down 
when  filled  i^.tli 
water ,  it  being  con 
traiy  to  leligiuiis 
punctilioes  thit 

ceiemonies  should 
ever  have  stood 
upon  tile  ground 
Seiv  ad  Vu^  ^yi 
fl//Terent  Andr  m 


G^L  \LUb  A  «ord  said  to  be 
foimi-d  from  the  Hebrew  langua^re, 
and  equivalent  to  the  Latin  Crux,  a 
cross  or  stake  upon  which  ciiminals 
were  impaled  (Vano,  ap  Kon.  s  v 
p  117),  whence  the  same  word  is 
also  used  to  designate  a  worthless  fel- 
'  lO  deserved  impalement. 


of  dish  for  (able  service,  in  lashion 
Rome  during  the  time  of  Martial  ;  but 
respecting  its  characteristics  nothing 
is  known.  Mart.  vii.  4a     Id,  iri.  31. 

G^'SUM  {yaiBav\  A  very  strong 
and  weighty  javelin,  which  appears 
to  have  been  made,  both  head  and 


156;), 


stock  (fsolidiron  (Pollui.  vi: 
and  to  have  been  employed  a 
sile,  rather  than  as  a  spear  (Cces. 
B  G  111.  4-),  each  warrior  carrying 
two  aa  his  complement.  (Varro,  ap. 
Hon  s  o.  p.  555-)  The  weapon  was 
of  Gaulish  origin  (Virg.  jEn.  viii. 
662  ) ,  though  it  was  sometimes  used 
by  the  Romans  (Liv.  viii,  S.),  by  the 
Ibenans  (Athen.  vi.  106,),  the  Car- 
thi^uinns  (Liv.  xxvi.  6.  SiL  Ital. 
II  444-),  and  the  Gireeks.  (Stat. 
Thib  IV.  64.) 

GALBANATUS.  Wearing  gar- 
ments of  a  yellow  dye  {galban<i\. 
Mart   in.  82. 

OAL'BANUM.  A  gaiment  of  a 
yellow  colour ;  regaitled  as  a  sign 
of  foppishness  or  effeminacy  when 
worn  by  men,  Jiiv.  ii.  93.  Compare 
Mart  1  97. 

OAL'EA  (tpoi'Oi;,  iiopuc,  mpm^a- 
Aaioc)  In  its  strict  sense,  this  woi-d 
was  onginally  employed  to  designate 
a  helmet  of  sMn  or  leaiher,  in  contra- 
distinction to  cassis,  which  implied  a 
casqne  of  metal;  but  as  the  latter  Miate- 
nal  was  generdly  substitnted  amongst 
the  Romans  instead  of  leather  as 
early  as  the  time  of  CamUlus,  the 
ongmai  distinction  was  soon  lost 
sight  of,  and  the  term  galea  came 
into  common  use,  signifying  any 
kind  of  hemlet.  (Isador.  Orig.  xviii. 
14  Ov  Met.  viii.  25.  Virg.  Mn.  v. 
490  )    The  annexed  illustration  pre- 


sents the  fiont  and  side  vieii  of  an 
original  Roman  helmet  of  bronze 
found  at  Pompeii,  m  which  city 
seieral  others  of  simiki  form  and 
Lhaiacter  have  been  discovered  It 
contains  all  the  parts  usually  belong 
ing  to  the  ordinary  Roman  helmet ; 
the  ridge  at  the  top  of  tlie  scull-cap, 


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to  whidi  a  crest  of  plumes  or  horse- 
hair ■was,  ittached ,  a  projection  in 
front  and  at  the  back        p  h 

forehead  and  nape  of   h         k      h 
cheek  pieces,  by  which        w      S 
ened  under  the  chin         d      pe  f 
rated  vi=or,  which  cov      d    h 
face  hke  i  mask     Th         ail 
ment  at  the  side  of   h 
resembling  a  shell,  w 
hold  a  feather,  iii  the  s  n 
shown  by  the  figure  s  S 
2    The    ordmaij  hel 
the  Romaii  soldiers  on  t] 
arches  and  columns, 
■Jimple  character,  being 
without  visors,  but  with 
and  in  place  of  the  c 
ring  at  the   top,  as  e  h 


annexed  specimens,  from  the  column 
of  Trajan. 

3.  The  helmets  of  the  centurions 
had  the  scull-piece  of  a  similar   ha 
racter  to  those  of  the  soldiery,     h 
bited  ill  the  last  wood-cut ;  hut 
furnished  with   a   ridge   at  the      p 
like  that  shown  by   the  fii-st  w   od 
cut,   which  was  plated   with   s  Ive 
and  adorned  wilh  dark  plumes  t  n 
ing  to  a  considerable  height  (P  lyb 
vi.  ai.),    and  placed   transversely 
tlie  ridge   (Veg.  Mil.  ji,  16,),  so  tl 


tl  ey  drooped  forwards  all  ronnd  m 
he  m-in  er  rep  esented  by  ll  e  an 
neied  engraving  from  one  of  the 
slabs   on   the  arch    of    ConsCantme 


which    originally     belonged    1 
arch  of  Trajan. 
4    Th   1   Im        f  he  gene 


f 


h 
ded 


f  Grec  an  helmets 

a      h  b  ed    n  sculp 

as  grea   person    es 

pa      re    esen  ed 

l    G  U  pUh        eta     Tl  e  stand 
d  bear  rs         th     arches  and  co- 

I  mns  imi  rsally  represented  as 
Vg    usde.     besthera(jyi7.  iL  16,), 

h  1       sc  U  cap  over  which  the 

II  d  d  k  f  some  wild  beast  is 
i  wn  lia  the  face  appears 
i^  E  'i  S  P  g  "s,  and  nothing 
f     h  h  Im           seen,   except   the 


cheelt-pieces  on  the  sides  of  the  face  ; 
as  shown  hy  the  annexed  csample, 
fi-om  the  column  of  Trajan. 

6  (J  /      venataria.      A    scull-cap 
f  I    th     and  of  fur,  worn  by  hunts- 

n        (N  pos.   Bat.  14.  3.),  like  the 
mples      CuDO  and  Gai^rus,  I. 

7  (     \017r1r)        The     old    Greek 
1   1  f  the  heroic  ages  was  of  a 

ry   d  fT    eiit    character    to    any  of 

tl   se  y     de'Jcnbed,  being  made  with 

mm    able  mask   to  tit  tlie  face, 

1         g     nly  two  hole';  for  the  eyes, 

1         hen  pulled  ilose  down,  it 

\y       veied   and   concealed   the 


viijage  viheaix  ga/cis  abscondu«l  oral. 
(Sil  HaL  xtv.  656.  Compare  Slat. 
Theb  XI  373.)  The  iliustiation  re- 
p  esenls  two  helmets  of  tliis  descrip- 


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GAL. 


313 


tlon,  both  from,  fie 
on  the  ieft  dra.v 
face,  the  other  a; 
pushed   bad;. 


befo 


S,    The  foi-m  last   d        bed 
fell  into-  disuse  on  t    f   ts 

convenience,   and    ll         th      eg  1 
Greek  helmets  were      1st      t  d    p 
a  model  generally  res  mbl    l  tl 
nexed  examples,   fr  m  fi  (1 
and  consisted  of  th    f  11        g      d 
vidual    parts ;   — ^  e        S    (.  P    )     th 
ridge  on  the  top  of  th   1     dp         t 
which  the  crest  was    fed     X  J  c 
(iriila)  the  crest   co      t  f  h 

han     and    sometim      tw  th 

of  these  were  worn         in  tl     right 


h an  1  figure  y(  ffoi  a 
over  tl  •.  imnl  of  tl  e  fate  1  ke  a  pe  t 
sometimes  moveable,  but  more  usa- 
ally  fiKed ;  jrapayvaBiSis  [bmaila), 
cheek-pieces,  attached  to  each  side  of 
the  casque  by  hinges,  and  fastened 
under  the  chin  by  a  clasp  or  a  button  ; 
^oKoQ,  a  blight  ornament,  generally 
formed  by  some  figure  hi  relief, 
which  was  afhxed  to  different  parts 
of  the  helmet.  In  the  right-hand 
figure  the  ^oKoq  co!isists  of  two 
griffins,  one  on  each  side  of  tlie  ridge  ; 
such  a  helmet  was  thence  termed  St- 
pa\ot :  ill  other  specimens  the  crest 
itself  is  supported  upon  a  similar 
figure,  in  the  manner  described 
by  Homer  (//.  xiii.  614.),  just  under 
the  plume  ;  and  sometimes  they  are 
seen  projecting  in  very  bold  relief, 
over  the  front  and  round  the  sides 
of  the  casque,  as  in  the  colossal  statue 


f   M      rva,   when  the   Iielmet   was 

t    m  d  i-ii^iifaKoi,  and  the  ^oXoi  in 

h  cases,   when  suffidently  large, 

w     Id  t  net  each  other,  as  mentioned 

by  H  m  r,  //.  xiii.  132.  Id.  xvi.  216. 

CALEOLA.     A  lai^e  vessel  used 

as        ACRATOPHORON,   to  hold  the 

w       before  it  was  mixed  for  drinking 

t  t  W    .(Varro,  di  Vit.  Pop.  Rom. 

/      N     .    p.    54.7.    Interp.    Vet.   ad 

V  g     Ed.    vii.    33.} ;   evidently  so 

t    med  from  being  made  in  a  deep 

d         lar  form  lilte  a  helmet 

GALERIC'ULUM.       Duninutive 

f  G     ERUM ;  both  in  the  sense  of  a 

f  u^      p   (Frontiii.  Sh-aUg.  iv.  7.  39.) ; 

and      W15.     Suet.  Otho,  12. 

UALERITUS.      Wearing  a   fur 

p  (   alerus),  like   the  early  inhabt- 

tants      f   I/afiiim ;    and   thence,  by 

P    p        1   29 

GALE'RUS  and  GA.TE'RUM 
(  1)  A  scull  cap  made  from, 
tiie  skin  of  am 
mals  with  the  fur 


I  inhabitants  of 


men  (Giat.  Cv'ii;, 

339)     and  by  the  o 

Latium  mstead  of  a  helmet  (Vug 
■S«  VI.  6S8.)  The  example  is  given 
by  Du  Choul  [Castramet.  p.  loa), 
from  a  Roman  monument. 

3.  A  fur  cap  of  similar  character, 
worn  by  the  Poutifices  (ApuJ.  Afiol. 
p.  441.},  and  tlie  Salii  (Juv.  viii.  208,), 
made  out  of  the  skin  of  a  victim 
which  had  been 
slain  at  the  altar, 
and  having  a  spike 
of  olive  wood,  sur- 
rounded by  a  fiock 
of  wool,  on  the  top 
(Serv.  ad  Virg. 
^«.  ii.  683.);. 
which  adjuncts,  as  they  increased  the 
apparent  size  of  the  object,  wiU  explain 
why  Juvenal  characterises  it  as  "tall," 
in  accordance  with  the  illustration 
annexed  from  a  medal  of  M .  Antony. 
3.   A  wig  of  arlificial  hair  IJuv.  vi. 


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I20.  Avian.  Fab.  x,),  sewn  on  to  a 
scalp,  in.  order  to  fit  Ihe  head  in  tlie 
same  manner  as  stili  practised. 
(Tertull.  de  Cult.  Fam.  Snet.  Otho, 
12.  Compare  Ov.  A.  Am.  iii  165.) 
Many  of  the  female  bnsts,  and  even 
some  of  the  portrait  statues,  preserved 
in  the  Vatican  and  Capitol,  are  fur- 
nished with  a  moveable  scalp,  some- 
times executed  in  a  different-coloured 
marble  from  the  I'est  of  the  statue, 
so  that  it  could  be  taken  oif  and 
changed  at  pleasure  ;  of  which  an 
instance  is  afforded  by  the  aimeKod 
bust  from  a  statue  of  Julia  Soemias, 
the  mother  of  the  Emperor  Helioga- 
balas.  The  entire  scalp  representing 
hair  is  removeable,  with  tie  excep- 
tion of  the  two  tresses  on  the  shoul- 


rted  to  by  sciilplon., 
n  order  to  gratify  the  vanity  of  their 
patrons,  who,  being  unwilling  to  see 
their  own  portraits  in  a  head  dress 
which  was  no  longer  in  vogiie,  could 
by  this  means  alter  the  coiffiire  witli 
the  change  of  the  day,  without  dis- 
figuring or  mutilating  the  statue 

GALLIC.^.  A  pair  of  Gaulish 
sluies ;  the  original  of  the  French 
galcches    and    of  our  galoshes.      They 


were  low  slioes,  not  reaching  quite  so 
high  as  the  ankle,  had  one  or  more 
thick  soles  {Edict   Dioclet.  p.  34.), 


Y 


and  small  upper  leather,  which  was 
entirely  open  over  the  front  of  the 
instep,  like  the  modem  galosh,  and 
the  right-hand  figure  m  the  cat ;  or 
laced  in  front,  and  fastened  by  a  liga- 
ture round  the  top,  as  in  the  left-hand 
example ;  whence  they  are  classed 
amongst  the  solas  by  the  Latin 
writers,  to  distinguish  them  from, 
the  regular  caUd,  which  were  close- 
fitting  high-lows  that  completely 
enveloped  the  foot  and  ankle.  They 
were  partially  adopted  at  Rome  be- 
fore the  age  of  Cicero,  and  were 
worn  with  the  lacenta ;  but  such  a 
style  of  dresa  was  regained  as  inde- 
corous and  anti-nationaJ. .  (Cic.  Fkil. 
it.  30.  Aiil.  Gea  xiii.  21.)  Under 
the  empire  they  came  into  more 
common  use,  and  were  made  for  all 
classes,  and  of  different  qualities. 
(Edict.  Dioclet.  I.  c.)  Both  the  spe- 
cimens in  the  engraving  are  copied 
from  a  sarcophagus  discovered  m  the 
ViDa  Amendola  at  Rome,  in  the  year 
1830,  which  represents  a  battle  be- 
tween the  Romans  and  Gauls  ;  the 
one  on  the  left  is  worn  by  a  Gaulish 
prince,  tlie  other  by  a  captive  of  the 

GA'NEA  or  GANEUM  An 
eabng  house  ol  the  lowest  and  most 
immoral  descrtption  at  which  faci 
hties  \(ere  afforded  for  every  kind 
of  indulgence,  as  well  as  eating 
and   drinking      {Suet     Cat  "" 


1   3   5 


2)    A 


reeepticle  of  this  kmd  has  been  d 
covered  in  the  principal  street  al: 
Pompeu,  near  the  entrance  to  the 
town  ,  the  public  room  is  fitted  up  as 
a  nme  shop,  and  gives  admission  into 
a  back  pirlour,  the  "  alls  of  which 
are  painted  m  fresLO  with  a  variety 


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GENIUS. 


315 


of  indelicate  subjects,  cliaracterlstic  of 
the  parposes  to  which  it  was  applied. 

GA'N-EO.  Literally,  one  who 
frequents  a  gama  ;  thence  a  glutton 
(Juv.  xi.  58. ) ;  and,  by  implication, 
a  person  of  loose  and  disorderly 
habits,  for  the  indulgence  of  which 
such  places  were  established.  Cic. 
Cat  ii.  4,  Tac  Ann.  xvi  18, 

GAR'UM  (rnpov).  A  sauce  made 
from  the  blood  and  entrails  of  sea 
fish  salted  down,  lilie  the  ca^aare  of 
our  day.  It  was  used  in  a  great 
many  ways  both  in  the  kitchen  and 
at  table  ;  and  was  manufactured  of 
diiferent  qualities,  good,  bad,  and  in- 
different, which  accounts  for  the  con- 
.  flicting  terms  in  ivhich  it  is  spoken 
o^  sometimes  as  a  choice  delicacy, 
and  at  others  as  an  inferior  kind  of 
food.  Plin.  ff.N.  xxxi.  43  Hor 
Sat.  ii.  8. 46.  Mart  vii.  27.   Id.  vl  93 

GASTRUM.  An  ear-thenware 
vessel,  with  a  full  swelling  body  or 
belly;  whence  tie  name.  Pet  Sal 
70.  6.    Jb.  79.  3. 

GAULUS  (yHvXoc).  A  large 
round  fuH-bodied  vessel,  which  might 
he  put  to  several  uses  ;  as,  a  dnnkvng 
goblet  (Plant.  Rud.  v.  z.  32.) ;  a 
iui!k-pail  (Horn.  Od.  ix.  223.);  a 
water-bucket  (Herod,  vi.  119,) ;  &c 

2.  (yauAot).  A  particular  kind  of 
ship,  of  a  round  build,  with  a  broad 
beam,  and  capacious  hold  (Festus, 
!.  V.  Aul.  Gell.  X.  25. 3.),  employed  by 
the  Phcenidaii  merchants  and  by  pi- 
rates, in  consequence  of  its  fitness  for 
stowing  away  any  quantity  of  booty. 

GAU'SAPA,  GAU'SAPE,  and 
GAU'SAPUM  {yaimaizna).  Woollen 
cloth  of  a  particular  fabric,  introduced 
at  Rome  about  the  time  of  Augustus, 
ivhich  had  a  long  nap  on  one  side, 
but  was  smoother  on  the  other.  It 
was  used  by  both  sexes  for  articles  of 
clothing,  as  well  as  for  tablecloths, 
napkins,  bed  covers,  and  other  domes- 
tic purposes.  Plin.  If.  N.  viiL  73  Lucil 
Sai.  xxi.  9.  Gerlach.  Ov.  A.  Am.  ii.  300 
Hor.   Sat.  ii.  &  II.  Mart.  Jdv.  152. 

2.  A  wig  made  of  the  light  flaxen 
hair  peculiar  to  the  German  races. 


which  colour  was  much  prized  by 
the  ladies  of  Rome.  Wigs  of  this 
kind  were  also  got  up  and     jjat^ 

present  German  captives  at  J^^P^ 
some  of  the  mock  tri-  ™*" 
umpha  of  tlie  Roman  emperors  (Pers. 
Sai.  vL  46.),  when  they  decreed 
themselves  this  honour  witliout 
having  subdued  the  coimtry.  The 
figure  in  the  engraving  appears  on  a 
trophy  of  the  column  of  Antoninus, 
erected  to  commemorate  the  victories 
of  that  emperor  over  the  Germans. 

GAUSAPA'TUS  and  GAUSA- 
PI'NUS.  Applied  to  anythmg  made 
of  the  cioth  caJled  gausajis.  Senec 
E/,.  53.  Mart.  xiv.  145. 

GEMEL'LAR.  A  particular  kind 
of  case  for  holding  oil  (Columell.  xii. 
50  10  }  ;  the  eharacterisiic  properties 
of  which  are  conjectured  to  consist  in 
havu^  twin  recipients,  side  by  side, 
instead  of  a  single  cavity. 

G'EiilV?,  {A-,-9oiaifmr).  A  good 
spirit,  or  guardian  angel  of  the  male 
^ex,  believed  to  spring  into  being  with 
every  mortal  at  Lis  birth,  and  to  die 
with  him,  after  having  attended  him, 
directed  his  actions,  and  watched  over 
his  welfare  through  life.  (Hor.  Ep. 
iL  2.  187.  Tibull.  iv.  5.)  He  is  i-e- 
presented  as  a  beauliful  boy,  entirely 


naked,  with  the  exception  of  the  youth- 
ful cMamys  on  his  shoulder,  and 
furniihed  with  a  pair  of  bitd's-wings, 
in   the  manner   represented    by   the 


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3 1 6  GURR^. 

annexed   engraving  from  a  painting 

at  Pompeii.      Compare  J  UN  ONES. 

2    Get  '     led    The  guardian  spint 

f     pi  f       m    gstth   an       t 

y    p  t       d   local  ly        t  wn 

try   b   Mings  ■      - 


the  Geniiis  is  i-epresenl«d  aa  an  m/ 
spirit,  Slid  to  be  condemned  to  eter- 
nal punisbment,  for  his  pride  and 
rebellious  conduct.  TertuiL  Apol.  32. 
A«im.  39.  Zort.  ii.  15. 

GERRjE  (Tippov).  Anything 
made  of  wicker  work  ;  whence  tribes, 
trumpery,  mere  bagatelles.  Plaal.  Pun. 
i.  I.  g.  EA  ii,  2.  45- 

GER'ULUS.  A  porter.  {Hor. 
Ep.  ii.  z.  72.  Suet.  Cal.  40.)  Same  as 
Bajulus. 

GESTA'TIO.  A  part  of  an  oma- 
menfal  garden  or  pleasure-ground, 
divided  into  shady  wallts  and  vistas 
of  suffident  extent  for  the  proprietor 
and  his  guests  to  be  earned  about 
them  for  exercise  in  a  palanquin  {!ec- 
Ika).  Plin.  Ep.  V.  6.  17.  Id.ii  i^  13. 

GESTICULA'RIA.  A  panto- 
mimic actress,  who  expresses  the 
eharactei  she  has  to  peisonate  by 
dancmg  and    mimetic  action    of    the 


GIRGILL  U.l. 

hands  and  feet,  but  without  the  use 
of  language.   AuL  Gell.  i.  <,.  2'. 

GESTICULA'TOR.  A  panto^ 
m  m  tor,  who  expresses  his  part 
by  gest  ulations  and  mimetic  motions 
f  th  body,  but  without  speech.  Co- 
Inm  IL     I^iEf.  3. 

GILLO  ifiavt:Akiov,  ^aiKOKii).     A 

sel  f      cooling  wine  and  water  in 

(Poet  V  t  in  Antholog.  Lot.  ii.  p.  369. 

Burm  n.)  made  of  earthenware  (Cas- 

I^t'tut.  iv.    16.),   and   with  a 

w      ck,  which  caused  the  liquid 

t    gu  gl   as  it  was  poured  out.     Poet 

GINGLYMUS  (rc'ryXw/ioc).  Lite- 
rally    J    nt  which  moves  in  a  socket,  , 
1  k    th      Ibow ;  thence  a  hinge  (Xen. 
Eq  XI    6 ),  the  action  of  which  re- 
se   bles  that  of  a  joint  in  the  human 
f   m       The  cabinets  of  antiquities 
t         umerous  specimens  of  these 
(n        es,  framed  in  the  different 
p  tt    ns  m  use  at  this  day,  and  of  all 
Of  ihe  two   examples  here 
g         tl     top  one  is  from  Pompeii, 
th      th      is  preserved  in  the  British 


Museum.  The  Latin  name  is  not 
met  with  in  any  of  iheir  writers,  and 
consequently  requires  auihority ;  but 
the  Greek  one  is  undoubted  ;  and  the 
Romans  must  have  had  an  appropriate 
name  for  a  hinge,  distinct  from  cardo, 
which  expresses  a  very  diffei-ent  object. 

GIN'GRINUS.     See  Tibia. 

GIRGIL-LUS.  The  roUer  turned 
by  a  windlass,  in  order  to  raise  water 
fiom  a  well  by  means  of  a  rope  and 
bucket  i  a  contrivance  precisely  simi- 
lar to  those  used  in  most  country 
]j|aces  at  the  present  day,  as  shown 


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ble  sarcophagus  of  tlie  Vatican  Ceme- 
tery.    Isidor  Ong  •vs.   15 

GLADIATO  RES  ( novo^&x'"'  1- 
Gladiators.  A  general  name  given  to 
men  who  were  trained  to  combat  with 
deadly  weapons,  for  the  amusement  of 
the  Roman  citizens,  at  public  funerals, 
in  the  drctis,  and  more  particularly 
in  the  amphitheatres.  They  were 
selected  for  the  most  part  from  cap- 
tives taken  in  war,  but  were  sometimes 
slaves,  and  more  rarely  freebom  citi- 
zens who  volnnteered  for  the  occasion. 
They  were  also  divided  into  different 
classes,  with  characteristic  names,  de- 
scriptive of  the  weapons  and  accoutre- 
ments they  used,  or  the  peculiar  mode 
in  which  they  fought ;  all  of  which 
are  enumerated  in  the  Classed  Index, 
and  illustrated  under  their  respective 
titles  ;  but  the  annened  figure,  repre- 


senting the  poi 
ator  in  the  reign  of  Caracalla,  from  a 
sepulchral  monument,  will  afford  an 
idea  of  the  usual  appearance,    arms. 


3'7 


of  the  ordinary 
giaoiator,  wno  was  not  enlisted  in  any 
of  the  special  bands. 

GLADIATO'RIUM.  The  payor 
wages  given  to  a  freebom  person  who 
trained  and  served  as  a  gladiator  for 
hire.     Liv.  uliv.  31. 

GLADIATU'RA.  The  practice 
or  artof  a  gladiator,  Tac.^«».  iii.  43. 

GLAD'IOLUS  (li^ihw).  Dimin- 
utive of  Gladius  ;  same  as  Lingula. 
AuL  Gell.  X.  as. 

GLADIUS  «ifoc).  Like  our 
sword;  in  some  respects  a  general 
terra,  descriptive  of  a  certain  class  of 
instruments,  which  admit  of  occasional 
variety  both  ui  size  and  shape  ;  but 
more  particularly  osed  to  designate 
the  straight  two-edged,  cutting  and. 
tliriisting  glaives  of  the  Greelc  and 
Roman  soldiery,  as  contradistinguished 
from  the  curved  and  fine-pointed 
swords  employed  by  foreign  nations, 
or  by  particular  classes  of  their  own 
countrymen ;  all  of  which  were  de- 
signated by  characteristic  names  enu- 
merated in  the  Classed  Index,  and 
illustrated  under  their  proper  titles. 
Tlie  Greek  Si^oc  had  a  leaf-shaped 
blade,  no  guard,  but  a  short  cros.=-bar 
at  the  lult,  as  in  the  annexed  example, 
and  the  woodcuts  at  pp.  146.  148.,  all 


from  fictile  vases.  It  was  not  more 
than  twenty  inches  long,  and  was 
suspended  by  a  shoulder-strap  (Aj/Smw) 
against  the  left  side,  as  shown  by  the 
figiue  of  Agamemnon  at  p.  73.     The 


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Romans  H?ed  a  sword  of  similar  cliar- 
acter  to  tlie  Greek  one  until  the  time 
of  Hannibal,  when  they  adopted  the 
Spanish  or  Celtiberian  blade  (Polyb. 
VI.  33.),  which  was  straight-edged, 
longer  and  heavier  than  that  of  the 


m»^ 


reprea 


s  sheath,  from  an  original 
found  at  Pompeii.  On  the  triumphal 
ardies  and  columns,  the  common 
soldiers  wear  their  sworda  in  the 
manner  stated  by  Polybius  {I.  c),  on 
the  right  side,  suspendedbya shoulder- 
band,  as  shown  by  the  engravings  at 
pp.  6.  2z:  136.  ;  the  officers  wear  their 
swords  on  the  left,  attached  to  a  lelt 
ronnd  the  waist  (  mcif  ui/  and  vood 
cut,  p.  [59.)  and  the  swords  of  the 
cavalry  are  longer  than  the  weapons 
of  the  in&nt  y 

GLANS  (fo^"/3S<,)  A  laj^e 
leaden  slug  or  pi  mnet,  cast  a 
mould,  and  sei  nstead  of  a  hlone  to 
be  discharged   fon  a  d  ng     (Sail 


letters  fir  are  for  fi 
steadily,  or  Fert  Roi 
Orelli,  4933)        Str  1 
Others    have    been 
found    iu     Greece 
inscribed    w  th  the 
figure    of   a   thu 
derbolt,  or  ABSAT 
"  Take  this. 

GLOMUb  ( 0 
\ujri|).  Kd-w  o 
ball  of  wool  (Ho 
S^.  i.  13.  14.  Lu 
oreL  i.  360.)  or  flai: 
(Plin.  M  N  t-CLY 
19.  §  4.},  taken  off 
the  spindle  (  /  K   ) 


GOMPHUS. 

spun  into  worsted  or  threa([,and  rolled 
up  into  a  liall  to  be  ready  for  using  in 
the  loom.  The  illustration  is  copied 
from  a  frieze  in  the  forum  of  Nerva, 
at  Rome,  on  which  various  processes 
ofspinning  and  weaving  are  displayed, 
and  represents  a  young  female  carry- 
ing a  iapful  of  clews  from  the  spin- 
ning to  the  weaving  department. 

GLUTINA'TOR.  Literally,  one 
who  sticks  things  together  with  glue 
igiuten  or  giatinum) ;  whence  the 
word  is  used  specially  to  designate  a 
person  who  practises  the  art  of  orna- 
menting books,  and  preparmg  the 
slieets  for  tlie  copyists  to  write  upon, 
by  glueing  together  strips  of  papyrus 
to  make  a  page,  and  also  tlie  dilfe- 
rent  pages  to  make  a  roll  or  volume. 
Cic  Alt.  iv.  4.  LuciL  Sat.  xxvi.  42. 
Ge  lach 

CNOMONiT  wpw  )  Tl  dex 
o   p  n  on  1  s  m  d  al  wl  cl 

a  1  s  the  1  o  r  bv   the   / 
si  adow     t    casts    (Plm 
H   V        74.    V  t  u 
6   6)    as  shown  by  tl  e 
annexed  engiaviog  from 
a  sil  er    cup    of   G  ec!  ' 
vorltmansh  p   di  covere  1 
at  Forto  (PA  bo  the  oH  Ai  t  u 

GOM  PHUS  (70,1^0  )  Prope  ly 
a  G  eek  word  vh  oh  s  gn  fi.es  a  la  ge 
vedge  shiped  p  (Schol  Ar  stoph 
^P  463  Te  tnll  Apal  12 )  driven 
bet  veen  two  oljec  s  to  nc  ease  tl  e 
firmness  or  t  gl  tness  of  cont  guo  s 
embers  vl  e  ce  the  same  term  was 
dopted  by  the  Romans  to  des  gnate 
the  lai^e  ro  md  headed  lad 
stiaped    sto 


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GRABATULUS. 

nents  of  tlieir  tmd'-  ^nd  stn.et 

Syiii.  iv  3.  48  )  TS  shown  by 

annexed    engraving     repieseni 

part  of  the  road  and  pavement 

ranee  to  Pompeu      Th?se 

not   only   shaped   hl.e   a 

produce  iateial  piecsure, 

uch  longer  thin  the  other 

d  aie  formed  with  piojecting 

that  they  also  present  the 

m  rising  iipnards  out  of  the 


CRABATULUS.  Dimmutive  of 
RAB  s.  Apul.  Met  I  pp  8  0  IZ 
GRABA'TUS  (^pn/SiiT-oe  or  i:/k,/3 
;8  ot)  A  small  low  couch  or  bed  of 
the  commonest  description  (Cic.  Dw. 
ii.  63.  Vii^,  Morel.  5,),  such  as  was 
used  by  poor  people,  having  a  mere 
network  of  cords  stretched  over  the 
frame  (Ludl.  Sat.  vi.  13.  Geriach. 
Pet.  Sat.  97-  4-),  to  support  the  mat- 
trass,  predsely  as  represented  by  tlie 


ADI'LIS.     See  Panis,  2 

GRADUS.      A    set  of   bed  steps 

consisting   of   several    stairs   (Vairo 

L.  L.,v.   168.},  which  were  requisite 


when  the  bedstead  was  of  such  a 
height  from  the  ground  that  it  could 
not  be  reaclied  by  a  simple  scamniim 
The  illustration  repi-esents  Dido  a 
marriage  bed  in  the  Vatican  Vii^il 
with  a  set  of  these  steps  at  its  foot 

3.  A  flight  of  steps  leading  up  to 
the  porch  {pronaos)  of  a  temple 
(Cic   Alt.  iv.   ,,      Virg.  vS'^.  i.  44S  ) 


exarapie  from  the  rums  of  a  amil! 
temple  in  the  Poruin  at  PompeiL  In 
all  cases,  however,  the  steps  were  of 
an  uneven  number,  in  order  that  the 
person  ascending,  who  naturally  com- 
menced with  his  light  foot,  might 
place  the  same  one  on  the  topmost 
step  by  which  he  entered  the  pordi 
(Vitruv.  iii.  4.  4.)  ;  the  superstition 
of  the  people  leading  them  to  thiak  a 
contrary  cotirse  lU-omened. 

3.  Tiie  seats  upon  which  the  spec- 
tatois  sat  in  a  theatre,  amphitheatre, 
or  circns.  (Inscript.  ap.  Marinl  Frat 
Art)  pp  130  23  Compare  I'essera 
THEATRALib )  The5e  were  dee]) 
steps  nsmg  over  one  another  in  tier 
as  shown  by  the  anne\ed  Mew  from 
the  larger  theatie  at  Pompeii  in 
which   the    seats    [giadus)    are    the 


direct  from  the  doors  of  en 
trance  being  only  stiircases  Iseala) 
b\  which  the  spectator  descended 
until    he    linked    at    the    p-uticular 


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CR^COSTA  DIUM. 


gradus,  on  which  the  pla 
to  him  was  situated. 

4.  The  parallel  ridges,  like  steps, 
on  the  inside  of  a  dice-box  IJriliUiis), 
for  the  purpose  of  mixing  the  dice 


(A, 


shaken,  and  giying  them  a  dis- 

on  to  rotate  when  cast  from  it 

in.  Frefess.  i.  28.) ;  as  shown  by 

111=  section  m  the  annexed  engiaving, 

from  an  original  discovered  at  Rome 

5.  The   lines  or  wrinkles  on   the 

roof  of  a  horse's  month,  which   re 

semble   those  in  a  dice-box.      Veg 

-     ■  lb.  2 


6,  A  studied  and  feminine  arrange 
ment  of  the  hair,  when  artifiually 
disposed  in  parallel  waves  or  grada 
tions  rising  one  over  the  other,  like 
steps  (Quint.  xiL  10.  47.),  the  same 
as  now  termed  "  crimping.  Nero  is 
said  to  have  had  his  head  alwajs 
dressed  m  this  manner  (Suet.  Ntro, 
51.);  and  a  statue  representing  that 
emperor  in  the  character  of  Apollo 
Citharcedus  {Mus.  Fio-Clem.  iii.  4.) 
has  the  hair  parted  in  the  centre,  and 
regularly  crimped  on  both  sides,  like 

^  GR^COSTAD'lUM         Capitol 
Antonin.  8.     Same  as 

GR^COSTASIS  The  fiisign 
embassy ;  a  building  m  the  Roman 
Forum,  near  the  Comitium,  in  which 
ambassadors  from  foreign  ■Jtates  were 
lodged  at  the  public  e>.pense  during 
their  mission.  (Varro,  i  L  v  155 
Cic.  Q.  Fr.  a.  i.)  Three  magnificent 
Corinthiaji  columns,  with  a  poition 
of  their  entablature.  Still  stinding 
under  the  north-east  corner  of  the 
Palatine  hill,  are  supposed  by  some 
antiquaries  to  be  the  remains  of  this 
edifice  ;  but  the  style  of  the  atchitec 
ture,  which  presents  one  of  the  niott 


CRAPHIUM. 

perfect  models  now  remaining  in 
Rome,  is  certainly  antecedent  to  the 
reign  of  Antoninus,  to  which  period 
any  ruins  of  the  Grjecostasis,  if  they 
now  remained,  must  belong,  as  it  was 
rebuilt  by  that  emperor,  alter  having 
been  totally  destroyed  by  fire.  Capi- 
tol A^mU.  8. 

GRALLjE.  Kpair  of  stats  made, 
as  they  still  are,  with  a  fork  to  em- 
brace the  foot  ;  and  originally  in- 
vented for  the  actors  who  personated 
Pan  or  the  satyrs  on  the  stage,  in 
order  that  Ihey  might  appear  with 
the  thin  and  slender  legs  ascrihed  to 
these  goat-footed  deities.  Festus,  i, 
GraJlatoies.  Varro,  a/.  Non.  p.  115. 
and  ClPKiPES. 

GALLA'TOR  (itoXoiSd/XB,^,  nnXo- 
^arijc)  One  who  walks  upon  stilts. 
PHut.  Pun.  iii.  I.  27.  Varro,  ap. 
Non  p   115.  and  Grall.^ 

GRANA'RIUM.  Often  used  in 
a  general  sense  as  synonymous  with 
homitm,  a  granary  or  magazine  for 
storing  com  (Varro,  R.R.  L  57.  Hor. 
Sat  LI  S3.);  but  moi-e  accurately 
distinguished  by  Palladius  (L  19.  2.), 
as  a  cell  or  bin  in  the  general  depot, 
wluch  contained  a  great  number  of 
these,  each  destined  for  the  reception 


Theca.  A  sheath  or  case  for  holding 
the  'iharp-pointed  graver  {grapiium), 
employed  for  writing  on  tablets  covered 
^nt^l  was.  Mart.  xiv.  21.  Suet. 
Claud  35. 

GRAPHIUM  {ypa^iov).  A  sharp- 
pointed  instrument,  or  sort  of  graver 
made  of  iron  or  bronze,  employed  for 
wriimg  on  wooden  tablets  covered 
with  wax.  (Isidor.  Orig.  vi.  9.  Ov. 
Am  I    II.  23,)     The  example  repre- 


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CRKGAR2US. 

GUBERNACULUM.             321 

tioii  at  Rome,  wliicl            1    t 

P 

4,         f  war  (  Not.  Tires,   p.  126.), 

a.nd  shut    (top   iigu    )         1 

11    d 

tl      h      eteristic  proY>erties  of  which 

anecdotes   whicfi    speak      f  p 

f   h 

q  ally  unknown.      From  some 

I  gy  with  these  objects  the  same 

being  wounded,  ev      m    tolly 
Ihismsfiument.     Su  t   Cat  S 

th 

d  was  used  in  a  metaphorical  sense 

Id 

t       gn  fy  anything  doubtfnl  or  ob- 

Cal.  28.  Senec.  Clei          4. 

Ti          ch  as  a  riddle  or  enigma. 

GREGA'RIUS              lis 

An 

An  t  ph    Ve^.  20.  AuL  GeU.  i.  2.  2. 

orderly  or  common  t          Idi 

f  h 

cank  and  file.     (Cic  PI 

T 

A        t  ument  used  by  land-surveyora. 

Mist.  V.  I.)      Their           t    m 

f 

g     er  ,  and  persons  of  that  class ; 

course,  varied  according  t      h 

las 

h  ch  was  set  up  as  an  index  for  the 
p  npo      of  enabling  them   to  draw 

of  troops  to  which  th  y  b  1 

gti. 

and  whether  Roman      11  es. 

h       Imes,  or  direct  their  roads  per- 

f   tly       aight   to    any  given  point. 

a,    Gregarius    eqi           A 

airy 

(^             7,.  p.  63.     Hyg.  de  Umil.  p. 

trooper  below  the  rank    i 

ftl 

64.    (_   es.)      Hence  degntmari,   to 
m  k        raight    {Lucil.   SiU.    iii.    15. 

Tac  Hist.  iii.  51. 

GREM'IUM.     Kip    th 

h 

Ge  I    h  ) ;    and  gtum^,    the   central 

seat  or   cavity   form  d  by    h 

b  Uy 

p  m       which  four  cross-roads  meet. 

and  thighs  of  a  pers 

g 

N        /     . 

posture  ;  upon   wh  ch     f 

GRYPS  and  GRYPHUS  (ypiit). 

nurses     and      moth           pi 

th 

A  i-  #   ;    a  fabulous  animal  (Plln. 

children    (Cic.    Bii,          4 

■^    g 

H    \        69.),  mostly  represented  with 

^«.   i.  689.      Pedo    \lb 

6) 

h     bo  ly   and  legs   of  a   lion,   sur- 

thence  applied  in           ^ 

head    and  wings  >    Jf^^^M 

or  hollow  made       /_^^&Si, 

by  raistog  up  the     ^S^  ^W^ 

^r 

^ 

emblem   of   vigt-         i«Bi-^ 

lance,  and   is   frequently  represented 

in  tombs  and  on  sepulchral  lamps,  as 

it  were  in  the   act   of   guarding  the 

remains  deposited  therein.     The  ex- 

60.  4.)         Thus,      — l^^B 

ample,  from  a  terra-colta  lamp,  pos- 

in   sttitdness,   it  differs  from 

sesses  all  the  qualities  and  character- 

which was   formed   over   the 

hest, 

istics  described. 

■whereas  the  gremium  fell  lower  down 
and  over  the  belly,  as  in  the  annexed 

A  rudder  which    originally  was   no- 

illustratio         m                    ta 

mp 

g  m         h          large  oar,  with  a 

bnt  this  di        ti                aJ 

p 

ry  b      d  b   de,    s  in  the  right-hand 

kerved. 

fi-i        ufar      ed   from   the  column  of 
T               h                edbybraces(A««. 

GRI'PHUS           iS         d 

Properly  a  Ore             d  d          ng 

N^   Ad           6     liiiKixi,  Eur.  Hd. 

of  the  va     u=  k    d          fi  h  ng      ts 

556       tsd     h    quarters  of  a  vessel, 

employed  u    &  ee        Opp  an 

H 

pisaed  h     i_h  an  aperture  in  the 

iii.  81.)  i  b          wh      pre   se 
is    not     as      ta               T         R 

b    wa  k      b      ui   ts  more  improved 

rm       w              hed  with  a  cross- 

used  the      m 

b                       h   h  served  as  a  tiller. 

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GUBERMA  TOR. 


were  distinguished  by  the  Mlowing 
names  :  ansa,  the  handle,  A ;  dcsvtis, 
the  tiller,  B;  ^nna,  the  blade,  c. 
The  word  is  frequently  used  in  the 
plural ;  because  the  ancient  vessels 
were  commonly  famished  with  two 
rudders,  one  on  each  quarter  (wood- 
cut, p.  247.),  each  of  which  had  its 
own  helmsman,  if  tlie  vessel  was  a 
lai^one  (Scheffer,Aft^.  Nav.  p.  301,); 
but  were  both  managed  by  a  sing 
steersman  when  it  was  small  en  ugh 
as  in  the  following  example. 

GUBERNA'TOR  (■cu&p.-qi-        A 
helmsman   Or    pSot,    who   sat         th 
stern  to  steer  the  vessel  (Cic.  Se 
gave  orders  to  the   rowers,  an 
rected  the  management  of  the  sai 


g''ag.  JEit.  X.  218.   Lucan.  vJiL  193.) 
e  was    next    in  command  to  the 
magislsr  and  iraisediately  above  the 

?vreta.    (Scheffer,  Mil.  Nov.  p.  302.) 
he  illustration  is   from   a  tos-telief 
found  at  Pozzuoli. 


GUTTURNIUM, 

GURGUST'IOLUM.  (Apul. 
Md. !.  p.  17.  iv.  p.  70.)  Diminutive  of 

GURGUSnUM.  Any  small, 
dark,  and  gloomy  hovel  or  dwelhng- 
place.     CicPi.e.    Suet  Cramm.  II. 

GUSTATIO.  Any  kind  of  deli- 
cacy  taken  as  a  relish  or  stimulant 
to  the  appetite  before  a  meal.  Pet. 
Sal.  21.  6.    Id.  31.  8. 

GUSTATO'RIUM.  The  tray 
upon  which  a  guslatio  was  served  up ; 
often  made  of  valuable  materials, 
and  lined  with  tortoise-shell.  Pet. 
Sal.  34.  ;.  Plin.  Ep.  v.  6.  37.  Com- 
pare Mart,  xiv.  88. 

GUSTUM  and  GUSTUS.  (Apic 
iv.  5.    Mart  xi.  31.  and  52.)      Same 


of  the  Doric  order,  in  the  architr 
and  under  the  tsenia  (Vitniv,  i 
4.),  as  ill  the  annexed  example  ; 


IIBll 


GUTT   RN  U^ 

□  liy  f      pounng  ivater 
the    hands    befoie 
d  aft      meals.      (Fts 
t  )     Many  of  these 

1  be  n  dbcovered  at 
Pompeii,  with  a  lip  ra 
front,  upright  handle  be 
hind,  round  throat,  and 
full  body,  similar  to  om  jug'  out  01 
a  more  tasteful  outline  and  of  iicIki 
workmanship,     The  woul  is  fonnul 


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GUTTVS. 

from  GuTTUS,  but  the  tenninalion, 
uniium,  is  an  augmen.Lative,  indicaling 
that  it  had  a  lai^er  mouth,  as  shown 
in   the   example,   from  a  Pompeian 

GUTTUS.  A  jug  with  a  very 
narrow  iieck  and  small  mouth,  from 
which  the  liquid  poured 
out  trowed  in  snmll  quan- 
tities, or  drop  by  drop 
(Varro,  L.L.  v.  124.).  as 
the  name  implies.  Ves- 
sels at  this  kind  were  used 
at  the  sacrifice  for  pouring 
wine  into  the  paiira  Ui  make  a  noation 
(Plin.  H.  N.  xvi.  73.) ;  in  early  times, 
or  by  persona  of  moderate  means,  as  a 
wine  jug-  at  the  table,  before  the 
Greek  epichysis  was  substituted  in  its 
place  (Hor,  Sat.  i.  6.  118.  Varro, 
I.e.);  in  the  baths  for  dropping  oil 
on  the  strigil  with  which  the  bather 
was  EcrapecC  in  order  to  lubricate  the 
edge,  and  prevent  it  from  wounding 
the  skin  (Juv.  Sat.  m.  263,)  ;  Mid 
also  as  an  oil-cruet,  in  general  (Aul. 
Gell,  xvii.  8.)  The  example  represents 
a  sacrificial  gullus  from  a  Pompeian 
painting. 

GVMNASIAR'CHUS  [y«ii.vaui- 
apx^i)-  A  Greek  magistrate  who  had 
the  superintendence  of  the  public 
gymnasia,  and  a  jurisdiction  over  all 
who  frequented  them.  He  wore  a 
purple  cloak  and  white  shoes  (Pint. 
Aatoa.  33.),  and  carried  a  sticit  with 
which  he  corrected  the  youths  who 
mitted  any  impropriety,  or  were 
y  of  unseemly  or  indecorous  con- 
%  whilst  performing  their  exercises. 
Cic.  Virr.  ii.  4.  42.  Val.  Max.  ix. 
2Z.  7.  extr.  Sidon.  Ep.  iL  2. 

GYMNA'SIUM  (y«yvhBkov-\.  A 
public  building  in  which  the  youth 
of  Greece  were  insttncted  in  one  of 
the  prindpal  branches  of  their  edu- 
catEOQ,  designed  for  the  develop- 
ment of  theur  physical  powers  by  the 
practice  of  gymnastic  eierdses.  Al- 
most every  town  in  Greece  had  an 
Itution  of  this  kind,  and  Athens 
.essed  three,  the  Lyceum,  Cynos- 
3,    and    the    Academia ;    all    of 


guilty  ol 


GYMNASIUM. 


;very  kind  of  c  , 

covered  and  open  apartments,  colon- 
nades, shady  walks,  batlis,  and  other 
contrivances  conducive  to  the  health 
or  comfort  of  the  lai^  concourse  re- 
sorting thitlier  as  performers  and 
spectators,  or  for  the  enjoyment  of 
literary  and  scientific  conversation. 
Vitravius  devotes  an  endre  chapter 
of  his  work  (v.  II.)  to  a  description 
of  the  manner  in  which  they  were 
disposed ;  and  remains  of  several 
Gymnasia  have  been  discovered  at 
Ephesus,  HierapoSis,  and  Alexandria 
in  Troas ;  all,  however,  too  mueli 
dilapidated  to  afford  an  undoubted 


produced  as  authorities  sufficiently 
perfect- to  clear  up  the  many  ob- 
scurities still  apparent  in  his  account. 
Yet  enough  is  left  of  them  to  show 
that  they  were  constructed  upon 
one  and  the  same  general  prin- 
ciple, varied  only  in  the  details 
and  such  local  distribution  of  the 
parts,  as  the  nature  of  the  site  or 
taste  of  tlie  architect  would  naturally 
induce.  But  this  principle  is  the 
very  reverse  of  the  one  adopted  by 
the  commentators  on  Vitruvius,  in 
the  conjectural  plans  which  they  have 
invented  to  illustrate  his  text ;  for  all 
of  them,  without  eieeption,  commit 
the  remarkable  error  of  placing  the 
various  apartments  reund  the  eitreme 
sides  of  the  building  with  the  corri- 
dors withm  them,  sturounding  a  laige 
open  area,  forming  the  greater  part 
of  the  ground-plot,  which  thus  re- 
mains unoccupied  j  whereas  in  all 
the  three  examples  above  mentioned, 
the  main  body  of  the  building  is 
situated  in  the  centre  of  the  plan, 
upon  the  very  site  which  the  con- 
jectural designs  leave  unoccupied. 
And  this  arrangement  is  precisely 
similar  to  that  adopted  for  the 
Roman  Thermfe,  of  which  the  re- 
mains are  more  complete,  and  which 
were  undoubtedly   constructed   after 


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3M 

the  model  of  the  Greek  Gymnasia  ; 
as  will  be  at  once  apparent  by  com- 
paring the  plan  i.  Therm*  with  the 
one  here  annexed,  which  represents 
a  survey  from  the  Gymnasium  at 
Ephesus,  the  most  perfect  of  the 
three.  The  dark  tint  shows  the 
actual  remains  ;  the  lighter  one,  the 
restorations,  which,  although  par- 
tially conjectural,  will  be  perceived, 
upon  a  close  inspection,  to  be  in  a. 
great  measure  authorised  by  the  cor- 
responding parts  ill  existence.  With 
regard  to  the  names  and  uses  assigned 
to  each  portion  of  the  plan,  they  have 
been  made  to  accord,  as  near  as  can 
be,  with  the  words  of  Vitruvius, 
which  is  satisfactorQy  accomplished 
in  all    the  more  important  particu- 


lars ;  sufficiently,  at  least,  to  afforH. 
a  dear  and  acciuate  notion  of 
the  number  and  variety  of  parts  es- 
sentially required  io  a  Greek  Gym- 
nasivnn,  and  of  the  manner  in  which 
they  were  usually  distributed. 

AAA,  Three  single  corridors  {por- 
ticus  sini^ices)  round  three  sides  of 
the  central  pile  of  building,  fitted 
with  seats  and  chairs,  and  horned 
with  exedr^  for  philosophers  and 
others  to  retire  and  converse  in. 
The  two  divisions  observable  at  (he 
bottom  angles  of  the  comJors, 
each  of  wmch  is  constructed  with 
a  semidfCular  absis,  appear,  fiom 
their  form  and  position,  to  have  been 
^jxdm  constructed  in  the  three  cor- 
ridors (™  triiHs  porHdh3ts\  as  Vi- 


I  constructed,  that  the  inside  walk 
might  afford  shelter  from  the  rain, 
iihcii  dmen  inwiids  by  windy  wea- 


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GYMNASJUM. 

tliEi-,  Tliese  four  corridors  taken 
together  constitute  what  Vitravius 
callathe  peristyle  (pfrhtyliitm),  which, 
thoiwh  forming  a  penpteral  portico 
roimd  the  cluster  of  rooms  comprised 
jn  the  central  pile,  is  still  a  true 
perislyHum  in  respect  to  the  outer 
parts  of  the  edifice  within  Which  it 
is  situated.  (Compare  Peripteros 
and  Peristviium.)  cEphdmrn; 
a  large  hall  famished  with  seats,  in- 
tended as  the  exerdsing-roora  of  the 
ephebi,  and  opening  on  to  the  centre 
of  the  double  corridor  {in  duflid 
porticn,  in  midio).  D.  Cotycmm,  on 
the  tight-hand  of  the  last  apartment 
{sab  daelm).  E.  Cstmterium,  the 
neitt  adjoining  {deindt  proxime).  F. 
Frigida  lavatia  ;  the  cold  water  bath, 
beyond  the  comslsrium,  and  after  the 
turn  in  the  building.  Vitnivins  places 
it  exactly  in  the  angle  {in  versura) ; 
SO  that  his  design  provided  for  three 
rooms  on  each  side  of  the  eph^/eum 
instead  of  two,  as  in  the  present  ex- 
ample ;  but  the  proximate  situation  is 
the  same  in  both.  g.  Elamtkesium  ; 
the  first  apartment  an  the  left  hand 
of  the  youths'  exercisin^-haU  {ad 
liiiisiram  ephebd).  H.  Fn^dariam  ; 
a  chamlier  of  low  temperature  ad- 
joining the  oUing-coom,  aluated  pre- 
cisely as  Vitruvius  directs  it  should 
be,  and  as  it  is  shown  to  be  in  the 
painting  fiom  the  ThermEe  of  Tiius 
introduced  i.  Elaeothesium.  Be- 
yond this,  in  the  plan  of  Vitnivhts, 
was  a  third  division,  forming  the 
angle  which  corresponded  with  the 
fri^da  IctvaHo  on  the  opposite  side, 
and  which  was.  occupied  by  the  pas- 
sage which  conductel  to  the  mouth 
of  the  furnace  {iter  ad  profinigeum), 
but  which  in  our  example  is  shown 
at  the  letter  N.  I.  Tlie  next  room  is 
probably  a  Teptdarium,  though  not 
mentioned  by  Vitruvius ;  but  its  con- 
tiguity to  the  thermal  chamber  re- 
sembles the  disposition  of  that  apart- 
ment in  the  baths  of  Pompeu.  K 
Concarasrata  sudatio ;  the  vaulted 
sudatory,  which  has  its  warm-water 
bath  {caida  lavatia,  l]  at  one  extremity, 


GYI'^'^CEUM. 


3^5 


and  the  Laconicum  (m)  at  the  other. 
The  apartment  on  the  opposite  side, 
which  is  placed  in  the  same  con- 
tiguity to  the  furnace  (o),  and  is 
constructed  of  similar  shape  and 
dimensions,  was  probably  another 
sudatory,  with  its  warm  balb  (p), 
and  Laconicum  (q),  having  a  separate 
entrance  from  the  Ephebeum  and 
adjacent  apartments.  The  use  of 
the  three  rooms  yet  unappropriated 
(k.  k.  r)  is  quite  conjectoral ;  but  the 
lai^er  and  central  one  seems,  from 
its  size  and  locality,  to  be  well 
adapted  for  the  game  of  ball,  for 
whicli  a  room  was  provided  in  every 
gymnasium,  and  consequently  to  be 
the  Spk<sristfrlum ;  tlie  two  angular 
ones  would  serve  for  some  other  of 
the  many  games  to  which  the  Greeks 
were  devoted.  The  parts  thus  far 
described  comprise  the  whole  of  the 
covered  apartments  which  Vitruvius 
appears  to  designate  collectively  the 
palissira.  On  the  outside  of  these 
were  disposed  three  more  corridors 
(extra  aulem  portiais  tres).  one  {s)  a 
double  one  facing  the  north,  wliich 
■  'ed  the  company  fi^m  the  peri- 


style {«,. 


c  periiiy/in    txeuntibus. 


jkiaiar  duplex)  ;  and  l 
(TT),  called  xysH  (Sutrroi)  by  the 
Greelts,  with  exercising  grounds  in 
front  of  them  {stadiatis),  furnished 
with  an  elevated  path  all  round,  to 
preserve  the  spectators  from  contact 
with  the  oiled  bodies  of  those  en- 
gaged at  their  exercises.  Between 
uiese  and  the  double  corridor  fadng 
the  south  (b)  were  laid  out  a  number 
of  open  walks  (kypiethrir  ambulati- 
OHis,  jr«paJpo/(iJ(s),pIanted  with  trees, 
and  having  open  spaces  {staltones) 
left  at  intervals,  and  laid  with  pave- 
ments for  the  convenience  of  exercise. 
Beyond  tliis  was  the  stadium  (w), 
provided  with  seats  to  accommodate 
the  lai^e  concourse  of  spectators  that 
usually  assembled  to  view  the  exer- 
cises of  the  alJiieli^. 

GYNiECE'UM,      GYNECfUM, 
and   GVN^CONI'TIS    (yvvm^iUv, 


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326         gvNjSCtarius. 

yvvMKitvXTts].  That  part  of  a  Greek 
house  which  was  set  apart  for  the 
exclusive  use  and  occupation  of  the 
female  portion  of  the  family,  lilie  the 
harsm  of  a  modern  Turkish  residence. 
(TeVent,  Phorm.  v.  6.  22.  Plant, 
Musi.  iii.  a.  72.  Vitmv.  vi.  7.  2.) 
The  situation  of  these  apartmeiils  has 
giren  rise  to  much  controversy,  and 
Still  remains  in  some  respects  doubt- 
ful. From  the  words  of  Vitruvius, 
viWo  commences  his  description  of 
Greek  house  with  the  Gyiiieceum, 
has  been  inferred  that  it  formed 
the  front  part  of  the  house  immedi- 
ately after  the  entrance ;  but  this  is 
so  much  at  variance  with  the  close 
and  studied  seclusion  in  which  Greelc 
females  were  kept,  that  it  must  be 
given  np  as  untenable.  At  the 
Homeric  period,  the  women's  apirt 
ments  appeal-  to  have  been  sitnted 
in  aji  upper  story  (vTripHov) ;  and  m 
after  times  the  same  distribution 
was  occasionally  adopted,  where  the 
ground-plot  was  of  small  extent, 
owing  to  die  high  price  or  scarcity 
of  land.  But  after  the  Feloponnesian 
war  the  most  rational  conjectuie 
seems  to  be  that  which  would  place 
the  Gynjeceum  at  the  back  part  of 
the  premises,  behind  the  division 
allotted  for  the  men  {andronitt!,)  ,  so 
that  it  would  occupy,  with  its  depend 
encies,  much  the  same  position  as  the 
periitylium  of  the  Pompeian  houses  ; 
as  it  is  laid  down  on  the  conjectural 
plan  of  a  Greek  house  at  p,  a52.,  on 
which  it  is  inarked  e. 

2.  Amongst  the  Romans,  a  cloth 
factory,  or  establishment  in  which 
only  women  were  employed  in  spin- 
ning and  weavii^.  Cod.  Just.  g. 
27.  5.  Id.  It.  7.5. 

3.  The  Emperor's  seraglio.  Lact. 
Mort.  fersecut.  21. 

GYN^CIA'RIUS  or  GYNj?;'- 
CIUS.  The  oveiseer  or  master  of 
the  factory  girls  in  a  gynmceam,  or 
spinning  and  weaving  estabiishment. 
Imp.  Const.  Cod.  II.  7.  3.  Cod.  Theo- 
doa.  ro.  20.  2. 

GYPSOPLAS'TES.       One    who 


kes  caits  in  plaster  of  Paris  {gyp- 
"ij,  Cassiodor.  I^ar.  Ep.  vii.  5. 
Dmpare  Juv.  ii,  4,,  where  gypsum 


H. 

HABE'NA.  Literally  that  by 
which  any  thing  is  held,  bound, 
drawn,  or  fastened  ;  whence  the  fol- 
lowing more  special  senses  : — 

I.  yiviai).       Mostly   used   in    the 


Slural,  ^  pair  of 'reins  for  tiding  or 
riving,  iSte  the  annexed  example, 
from  a  bas-relief  in  the  Museum  at 
Verona     Virg.  Hor.  Ov.  &c. 

2  (^1  j-nywyf ut).  In  the  singular ; 
a  halter  lOpe,  or  leading  rein  attached 
to  T  horse's  head  stall,  as  contradis- 


from  frmnum,  which  was 
bitted  (Animian.  xix.  S.  7.) ;  shown  by 
the  example,  from  an  engraved  gem. 

3.  A  short  thong  attached  to  the 
shaft  of  a  spear,  to  assist  in  hurling  it 
(Lucan.vl.  221.) ;  poetical  for  AMEN- 
TUM, I.,  where  see  the  iDustration. 

4.  A  strap  or  sandal,  by  whidi 
shoes  that  had  no  upper  leather  were 
fastened  over  the  instep  (Aul.  GeD. 
xiii.  21.  2.)  ;  same  as  Amentum,  2., 
where  see  the  illustration. 


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5'  The  lace  or  strap  by  which  die 
cheek-pieces  [iti^^iiiie)  were  fcistened 
under  the  chin.  VaL  Flacc.  vi.  365., 
woodcut  p.  90. 

6.  The  lieeis  of  a  sail ;  j.  n.,  the 
ropes  by  which  the  lower  ends  of 
the  sails  are  braced  to  or  slacked 
away  from  tlie  wind  (Val.  Flacc.  iv. 
679.  Compare  Ov.  Fasi.  iii.  593-) ; 
poetically  for  Pes,  where  see  the  U- 


¥v 

8.  The  thong  of  awhip  for  punish- 
ing slayes  (Hor,  £f.  il.  2.  15.  Ov. 
JI^.  ix.  81.  and  illustrations  s.  Fla- 
GELLUM  and  Scutica)  ;  or  for  flog- 
ging a  top.     Virg.  ^n.  YiL  380. 

HALTE'RES  (ar^pte).  Heavy 
weights  of  stone  or  lead,  like  our 
damb-ielii,  intended  to  increase  the 
muscular  exertion  of  gymnastic  exer- 
cises, being  held  in  each  hand  whilst 
leaping,  running,  dancing,  &c. 
{Mart.  vii.  67.  Id.  xiv.  49.  Compare 
Senea  Ep.  ij.  and  56.   Juv,  vi.  421.) 


lifting  a  pair  of 
halleres  from  the  ground,  with  two 
examples  of  the  different  forms  in 
which  they  were  made  on  the  left 
hand  of  the  engraving,  all  from  de- 
signs on  fictile  vases :  the  large 
aC  the  top  will  afford 
the  massa  gravis  of  Ju 

HAMA  (n,iijj.)  A  pail  or  iuckit ; 
used  in  the  wine  cellar  {Plant.  MU. 
■m,  2.  42,) ;  by  firemen  and  others 
for  extingU-ishing  conflagrations  (Juv. 
xiv.  305.  Piin.  Ep.  X.  35.  2.)i  for 
drawing  water  from  a  well.  Ulp. 
Zfig.  33,  7.  12.  §2i. 


uT^'^T  ° 


HAMATUS, 

So.)     See  Fai 


Mel. 


',6.  ' 


(Ovid 


SeeLoRi 
HAMIOTA.  An  anglir ;  who 
fishes  with  a  line  and  hook  {iamus), 
as  contradistinguished  from  one  who 
nets  his  prey.  lPis.nt.Jfud.  ii.  2. 
5.  Varro,  c/.  Non.  1.  v.  p.  25.)  The 
illustration  is  copied  from  a  pdnting 


at  Pompeii,  the  inhabitants  of  which 
town  appear  to  have  been  much  ad- 
dieted  to  the  amusement  of  angling, 
arising,  perhaps,  from  their  proximity 
to  the  Sarno ;  for  the  landscapes 
painted  on  the  walls  of  their  houses 
frequently  contain  the  figure  of  an 
angler,  who  always  wears  the  peculiar 
kind  of  hat  here  sliown,  or  one  very 
similar  to  it,  and  carries  a  fish-tiasket 
of  the  same  shape  as  our  figure. 

HAMQTRAHO'NES.  A  nidc 
name  given  to  anglers,  and  to  the 
gaolers  who  dragged  up  the  corpse  of 
a  criminal,  after  execution,  from  the 
camiHdna  on  to  the  Gemonian  stairs ; 
t>oth  in  allusion  to  their  use  of  a 
hook  {hamus).     Festus,  s.i/. 

HA'MULUS.  Dimimitive  of 
Hamus.  A  small  fish-hook  (Plant. 
Stick.  iL  3.  16.  Apvil.  ApaL  p.  46a 
^exus) ;  a  surgeon's  instrument. 
Celsus,  vii.  7.  4. 

HA'MUS  {Ayaarpov).  A  fish- 
hook, made  of  vsirioHS  sizes,  and  in 
form  and  character  precisely  like  one 
own.  Plaut.   Cic   Hor.    Ov. 


,y  Google 


328 


HAPHE. 


.    {Sy.„ 


The  Greeks  ap- 
puea  [ne  same  name  to  a  hook  on 
the  top  of  a  ioiiiii  (ttiji'Iov),  round 
which  the  thread  for  making  the 
woof  in.  weaving  was  wound  (Plato, 


Jfep.    X.    p.    6i6 


c)i 


and  probably  the  Ro- 
mans likewise,  fhough 
the  wold  is  not  found 
in  any  remaining  jjas- 
sage  with  this  meamug ; 
but  the  hook  itself  is 
plainly  shown  in  the  annexed  engrav- 
ing, representing  Leda's  work-basket, 
from  a  painting  at  Pompeii,  which 
contains  two  bobbins,  each  furnished 
with  a  hook  of  this  description,  and 
four  balls  of  spun  thread  ready  for 
winding  on  a  bobbin. 

3.  The  thorn  of  a  briar  (Ov.  JVux. 
US);  whence  applied  to  the  hook 
of  the  weapon  called  Aar^  (Ov.  Met. 
iv.  719),  attributed  to  Perseus  and 
Mercury,  which  exactly  resembles 
ihe  thorn  of  a  briar,  as  shown  by  the 
annexed  examples  from  a  Pompeian 


.  it  also  demonstrates  to 
1  the  incorrectness  of  the 
usual  translation  given  to  the  passage 
quoted— ;ftr«(m  i:urza  tenus  addidit 
iuaiio — "up  to  the  hilt." 

4,  An  iron  hook  or  thorn,  of  which 
several  were  set  in  a  ftame  to  form  a 
brush  or  comb  with  which  tow,  oakum, 
or  unwTought  flax  was  carded  and 
pulled  mto  even  flakes.  Phn  H  N 
XIX  3 

5  The  hoolt  or  img  by  which 
each  plate  ra  a  flexible  coat  of  mail 
was  joined  to  its  neighboui  when 
they  were  merely  linked  ti^ethei 
instead  of  being  sewn  on  to  a  sub 
-,tratum  of  Imen  (Vii^  ^E«  m 
467.) ,  as  explamed  and  illustrated  s 

LORICA,  6. 

6.  A  suipeal  instrument,  the  pre 
cise  nature  of  which  is  not  ascer 
tained.     Celsus,  vii.  7.  15 

7.  A  kind  of  cake,  the 


UAFHE  (i^.1). 


le  ydtow  sand 


sprinlded  over  wrestlers  after  tliey 
were  anointed,  in  order  that  they 
might  obtain  a  firm  hold  upon  each 
other  (Mart.  vii.  67. )  ;  hence  a 
cloud  of  dust  rais^  t»  ■talking  (Se- 
neca, Ep,  57,),  with  which  Seneca 
complains  that  he  was  smothered  in 
che  &otto  of  PosiUipo.  In  the  fii-st 
illustration  to  the  article  Lxjctta,  a 
baslcet  is  seen  on  the  ground  between 
the  wrestlers,  in  allusion  to  the  prac- 
tice described. 

HARA.  A  pig-sty ;  especially 
for  a  breeding  sow.  (Columell.  vii, 
9.  9.    Cic.  /&.  16.)   Compare  Swii.E. 


HARMAMAX'A  (d,o/.i(^?a).  A 
four-wheeled  carriage,  or  caro-van,  of 
Eastern  origin,  usually  drawn  by 
four  horses,  having  a  cover  overhead, 
and  curtains  to  endose  it  at  the  sides ; 
and  especially  used  for  the  convey- 
ance of  women  and  children  (Curt, 
iii.  3.  Herod,  vii  41.  Diod.  Sic.  xi. 
56.),  but  of  which  no  authentic  repre- 

HAR'MOGE  l&piioyii).  A  term 
employed  by  painters  to  express  the 
union  and  blending  of  two  adjacent 
tints  imperceptibly  and  harmoniously 
together.     Piin.  H.N.  xxxv.  II. 

HARP  A.  A  haip,  with  a  curved 
back  in  the  form  of  a  sickle  {apmi, 
falx),  like  the  annexed  example, 
from  an  Egyptian  painting,     Venant. 


vii   Hj  uj  ,  in  which  passage  it 
essly    dwmguished   from    the 


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HARPACINETUL  US. 

HARPAGINETULUS,  (Vitrav. 
vii.  5.  3.)  The  reading  of  ibis  word 
is  generally  given  up  as  corrupt ;  but 
3.  plausible  authority  for  its  genuine- 
ness has  been  suggested  by  one  of  the 
pa  ntings  at  Pompeii  {JHtture  /PEr- 
coiano,  torn.  i.  p.  212.),  which,  in- 
stead of  a  regular  frontispiece  over  a 
row  of  colunuiB,  presents  a  fondfnl 
elevation  covered  all  over  wiUi  orna- 
ments resembling  so  many  little 
hooks  (harpagmetiili,  dim.  of  Imrpa- 
gines) ,  which  it  is  thought,  may  be 
the  objects  relerred  to  by  Vitruvius. 

HARPAGO  and  HAR'PAGA 
(upTrayij)  A  particnlar  kind  of  hook 
Lonstructed  for  grappling  and  draw- 
mg  thmgs  up,  or  down,  or  towards 
the  person  using  i^  which  was  con- 
sei^uently  applied  in  various  ways; 
as  a  flesh-hook  (sptaypa),  for  taking 
eatables  ont  of  the  pot  (Schol.  Aris- 
toph.  Ep  772.) ;  a  drag  for  bringing 
things  up  from  the  bottom  of  the 
watei,  a  bucket,  for  instance  from  a 
well  (Ulp.  Dig.  37-  7-  12.  g  31.) ;  aiid 


grappling-iron  in  naval  warfare, 
for  seizing  the  rigging  of  an  enemy's 
vessel,  so  as  io  bring  it  up  to  close 
quarters  (Liv.  xxx.  io.),  and  similar 
purposes.  The  example,  which  is 
copied  from  a  bronze  ori^al  in  tlie 
Bntish  Museum,  corresponds  exactly 
with  the  words  of  the  Scholiast  on 
Aristophanes  (/.  c),  where  it  is  de- 
scribed as  an  instrument  made  with 
a  number  of  iron  prongs,  bending  in- 
wards like  the  fingers  of  the  human 
hand,  so  as  to  catch  in  different  ways. 
A  wooden  handle  was  added  of  various 
lengths,  as  best  suited  the  purpose 
for  which  it  was  employed. 

HARPASTUM  (dpffoffrfc).  A 
ball  employed  for  a  particular  kind 
of  game  in  vt^e  amongst  the  Greeks 
and  Romans.  It  was  of  lai^er  di- 
mensions   llian    the    paganua.    but 


HAR  US  PIC  A. 


329 


smaller  than  the  fims.  The  game  at 
which  it  was  used  was  played  with 
a  single  ball,  and  any  number  of 
players,  divided  into  two  parties ;  the 
object  of  each  person  being  to  seize 
the  ball  frora  the  ground  (whence  it 
is  asBodaled  with  the  epithet  Jiulvtru- 
lenta,  Axists),  and  to  throw  it  amongst 
his  own  friends.  The  party  which 
first  succeeded  in  casting  it  out  of 
hounds  gained  the  victory.  Mart, 
iv.  19.  Id.  v'i.  62.  and  67.  Mercurial. 
Art.  Gym.  ii.  5. 


like  a  thorn  {hamui),  projecting  from 
the  blade  from  a  cerUun  distance  below 
the  point  [macro)  ;  as  shown  by  the 
figure  in  the  centreof  the  oppositepage. 
iTiis  weapon  is  fabled  to  have  been 
used  by  Jupiter  (Apollodor.  Bibl.  i. 
5,),  Hercules  (Enrip.  loti,  191.),  and 
more  particularly  by  Mercury  and 
Perseus  (Ov.  Ma.  v.  176.  ib.  69.),  to 
the  last  of  whom  it  is  universally 
assigned,  as  ft  characteristic  weapon, 
by  the  ancient  artists  in  their  sculp- 
tures, paintings,  and  engraved  gems. 

HARUS'PEX  (Lpo-iriirot).  A 
soothsayer  and  diviner,  who  affected 
to  foretell  iiiture  events  by  inspecting 
the  entrails  of  victims,  and  to  interpret 
the  extraordinary  phtenomena  of  na- 
ture, such  as  lightning,  thunder,  me- 
teoric effects,  earthquakes,  &c.  ;  thus 
assuming  the  combined  powets  of  an 
ExTisPEX  and  an  Augur,  both  of 
whom  held  a  regular  political  ofSce, 
were  appointed  by  the  government, 
and  us^  as  state  engines.  But  the 
huraspex  held  no  sacerdptal  nor  public 
position ;  and  amongst  the  educated 
classes  was  regarded  with  much  less 
respect  than  the  other  two  ;  though 
he  carried  bis  jugglery  to  a  much 
greater  extent  than  either,  in  order 
to  trade  more  effectively  upon  the 
popular  credulity.  Cic.  Dki.  i.  39. 
Val.  Max.  I.  I.  §  I.  CoJumell.  i.  8 
6.  Herzog.  ad  SalL  Cat.  47.  2. 

HARUSTICA.  a  female  who 
practises  the  same  arts  as  the  Haru- 
spix.    Plant.  Mil.  iii.  i,  98. 


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HASTA  (lyx''&     A  ,fm 
IS  a  pike  for  thrastiiig,   an 


missile  to  be  thrown  from  the  hand. 
It  consisted  of  three  separate  parts ; 
the  head  {cuspis,  aixfll  and  iTrtJoparif} 
of  bronze  or  iron  ;  the  shaft  {hostile, 
iopu)  of  ash  or  other  wood ;  and  a 
metal  point  at  the  butt  end  (spkulum, 
anvjiuTijp  or  arvpai,),  which  served  to 
fix  it  upright  in  the  ground,  or  as  an 
offensive  arm  if  the  regular  head  got 
brolfen  off.  (Polyb,  vi.  25.)  The 
top  figure  in  the  annexed  illustiation 
represents  a  Roman  spear  head,  from 
an  excavation  in  Lincolnshire  ;  the 
centre  one,  a  point  for  the  butt  end, 
from  a  fictile  vase ;  and  the  lowest, 
the  whole  spear,  with  tlie  three  parts 
put  together.  The  manner  in  which 
it  was  hurled  is  shown  by  the  an- 
.nexed   engravit^,   from  the  Vatican 


Vii^,  intended  to  represent  the 
attadt  and  defence  of  a  fortified  post  ; 
while  at  the  same  time  it  illustrates 
and  explains  the  more  special  terms 
adopted  for  describing  the  action  em- 


ployed. It  will  be  ot)served  that  the 
figure  on  the  ground  has  the  inside  of 
the  hand  turned  outwards,  or  from 
himself,  so  that  in  such  a  position  he 
must  have  discharged  his  spear  with 
a  sort  of  twist  to  give  it  impetus, 
which  is  expressed  by  the  phrases 
rolare  (Stat.  Theb.  ix.  102.),  or  tsr- 
quire  (Vii^.  Mn.  x.  5S5.  xii.  536.) ; 
those  above  have  tlie  back  of  the 
hand  turned  outwards,  and  the  little 
finger,  instead  of  the  thumb,  towards 
the  head  of  the  spear,  which  repre- 
sents the  ordinary  manner  of  throw- 
ing the  missile,  expressed  by  jacen, 
jactare,  miitere,  &c. ;  when  held  and 
poised  at  the  centre  of  gra^vity,  with 
the  back  of  the  hand  turned  down- 
wards, in  order  to  take  an  aim  before 
the  cast,  in  which  case  the  point  and 
butt  would  alternately  vise  and  sink, 
like  the  beam  of  a  balance  (librd),  the 
action  was  designated  by  the  word 
librart,  Virg.  ^n.  six.  417.  ix. 
479-,  which'  passage  makes  a  pointed 
distinction  between  _;fli:«r  and  librare. 

2.  Hasta  amentata.  (Cic.  De 
Oral.  X.  57.)  A  spear  furnished  with 
a  thong  to  assist  in  hurling  it. 
Amentum,  and  illustration. 

3.  Hasta  ansata.  (Ennius  ap, 
Non.  p.  556.)  A  spear  with  a  handle 
fixed  on  the  shaft,  to  assist  in  thrust- 
ing and  hurling.  Ansatus,  2.  and 
illustration. 

4.  Hasta  velitaris  (ypoa^OQ).  The 
spear  or  dart  employed  by  the  light- 
armed  troops  of  the  Roman  armies, 
the  shaft  of  which  was  about  three 
feet  lolH,  and  of  the  thickness  of  a 
finger,  i^ilst  the  head  was  not  more 
than  a  span  in  length,  hut  so  thin  and 
finely  acuminated,  that  it  bent  imme- 
diately  upon  coming  in  contact  with 
any  tiling  which  offered  solid  resist- 


ance ;  consequently,  if  the  soldier 
missed  his  sum,  it  was  useless  to  the 
enemy,  and  could  not  be  thrown  hack 
again.  {Liv.  xxxviii.  20.  Plin.  H  N. 
xxviii.  6.  Polyb.  vi.  22.)  The  head 
of  one  of  these  weapons  is   shown 


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HAST  ATI. 


331 


by  the  11  ishation  fiom  -in  original 
found  ID  a.  Roman  entreiiclimeiit  at 
Meon  Hill  m  Gloncestersliire 

5  Hasia  para  A  spear  without 
a  head  f-uspu),  like 
the  old  Greek  sceptre 
{sceptrum),  whidi  the 
Roman  general  used 
to  bestoiv  as  iin  hono 
rary  reward  upon  a 
soldier  who  had  dis 
tinguished  himself  m 
battle.  (Tac  Ana 
iii.  zl.  Virg  j£» 
vL  760.  Serv  ad  I 
Suet.  Claud  28  )  The 
illustration  13  copied 
from  a  painhng  in 
flie  sepulchre  of  the 
Nasonian  famUy  near  Rome. 

6.  Hasta  p-apQata,  with  the  ante- 
penult short.  A  spear  with  the  point 
muffled,  or  covered  with  a  button  or 
ball  (^flj  at  the  end,  like  our  foils 
(Piin.  H.  N.  viii.  6.),  used  by  s  Men, 
at  their  exercises  (Hirt.  B.  Afr  7  } 
and  at  reviews  or  sham  fights.     L 

7.  Hasta  peimpinea.     The  Thjrsus 
of  Bacchus,  so  termed  because      h 
originally    a   spem:    with    its    he  d 
buried  in  vine  leaves  fVirg.  M     vi 


399.  Calpum.  Ed.  x.  6$.),  as  n  he 
annexed  example  from  a  Pomp  an 
painting. 

S.  Hasia  graminea  [sifiat).  A  pea 
made  of  the  tall  Indian  reed,  whi  h 
it  was  usual  to  place  in  the  hands  of 
colossal  statues  of  Minerva  on  a 
count  of  its  imposing  length  and  size. 
Cic  Vm-.  ii.  4,  56. 

9.  Hasia  calibaris.  A  spear,  with 
the  point  of  which  the  Roman  bride- 
groom parted  the  Iimt  of  his  betrothed 
on  (he  marriage  day.  (Feshis  s.  v. 
Ovid.  Fast.  ii.  560.  hasia  recurva.) 
The  epithet  "hooked"  or  "bent," 
which  Ovid  applies  to  this    instru- 


for  the  purpose,  but  the  vi 
or  Sparum,  which  see. 

10  Hasta  pubUcn.  A  spear  set 
ap  as  the  sign  of  a  public  auction 
when  goods  were  pnblicly  disposed  of 
to  the  highest  bidder  (Nep.  Alt.  xxv. 
6  Cic  Off.  il  8.)  i  a  practice  ariskg 
from  the  predatory  habits  of  the  old 


by  the  side  of  the  booty,  to  in- 
dicate whence  the  right  of  ownership 
accrued 

1 1  Hasta  eentumvh-alh.  A  spear 
H  hich  it  was  customary  to  set  up  as 
an  emblem  of  authority  in  the  courts 
of  the  centnmviri  i  whence  the  ck- 
presiion,  cmtumviralem  hastam  eri^re, 
means  to  stimmon  the  centnmviis  to 
their  judgment-seats ;  or,  in  other  words, 
to  open  their  court.  Suet.  Aug.  36. 
Mart  vii.  63. 

HASTAlill.  Veg.  Mil.  ii.  2. 
Same  as  Hastati. 

HASTA'RIUM.  ka.  auctim-romn 
(Te  tu !  Apol.  13.) !  a  catalog  of 
ale     Id  ad  Nation,  i.  lo. 

HA&TA'TI.  In  general  any  per- 
s  ns  armed  with  spears ;  but  in  a 
m  e  spe  lal  sense  the  H-istiti  were  a 
pa  la  body  of  heavy  irmed  m 
fan  r)  constitutmg  the  hrst  of  the 
h  ee  lisies  into  which  the  old 
Roman  legion  was  subdivided      They 

n  13  d  of  the  yoimge'it  men,  and 
•      -    ■  ■     ■   uf  the 


battle  array,  at  least  until  the  latter 
end  of  the  republic,  when  the  custom 
had    obtained     of   drawing    up    t!ie 


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Roman  army  in  lines,  by  colioris  ; 
and,  conseqwently,  tlie  old  distinctions 
between  the   Hastati,  Principes,  and 

'"■-"■  - -i    respe-  - 

ch  off 
It  theic 

and  accoutrements  appear  to  have 
been  retained,  without  any  very  im- 
portant change  even  under  the  '  em- 
pire ;  for  they  are  frequently  repre- 
sented upon  the  arches  and  columns 
with  weapons  of  offence  and  defence 
amikr  to  those  which  Polybius 
ascribes  to  them  at  his-  day ;  viz.  a 
helmet,  large  shield,  cuirass  of  chain- 
mail,  swurd  on  the  right  side,  and 
spear,  as  shown  by  the  annexed  ex- 
a.mple  fiom  the  column  of  Antoninus. 
The  cuhass  of  chain  armour  [6<ipaZ 
ci\t)(fiJ«rdt),  which  was  peculiar  to  Uie 
hastati,  is  indicated  by  the  markings 
m  the  engraving,  but  is  more  promi- 
nently apparent  in  the  ori^al,  from 
being  placed  in  immediate  contrast 
with  two  other  figures,  the  one  in 
scale  armour  (larica  squamata),  the 
otter  plnmated  {lorka  fluvmla),  both 
of  which  are  detailed  with  equal  de- 


HELIOCA  MINUS, 

cision  and  distinctness.  Varro,  L.  L. 
V.  89.  Ennitts  eip.  Maccob.  Sat.  vi.  i. 
Liv.  xxii.  S.    Polyb.  vi.  23. 

HASTI'LE.  Properly  the  sAafi 
of  a  spear  (Nepos,  Epam.  xv.  9.)  ; 
thence  used  for  the  spear  itself  (Ov. 
Ma.  viiL  28.);  a  goad  for  driving 
cattle  (Calpum.  Ed.  iii.  ai.) ;  or  any 
long  stick.     Virg.  Ceorg.  ii.  358. 

HAUSTRUM.  A  scoop,  box,  or 
bucket  on  a  water-wheel  which  t^es 
up  the  water  as  the  wheel  revolves. 
(Lucret.  v.  517.  Non.  s.v.  p.  13.) 
These  were  sometinies  wooden  boxes 
(modioli,  Vitruv.  x.  5.) ;  at  others 
only  jars  {cadi,  Non.  /.c);  and  th? 
Chinese  of  the  present  day  make  use 
of  a  joint  of  bamboo  for  the  purpose  ; 
see  the  illustration  s.  Rota  Aijuaeia, 
which  affords  a  clear  notion  of  what- 
is  meant  by  the  terra. 

HELCIA'RIUS.  One  who  tows 
a  vessel  against  the  stream  by  a  tow- 
line  (helmini)  Mart.  iv.  64.  22.  Si- 
don.  Ep.  ii.  la  ;  as  shown  by  the  an- 
neited  jllustration,  which  represents  a 
vessel  laden  with  corn  and  oil  being 
towed  by  two  grotesque  figures.     The 


original  forms  part  of  the  border  to  a 
mosaic  pavement  excavated  many 
years  back  at  Lerida,  in  Spain,  where 
it  was  copied  by  a  friend  of  my  own. 
HELCIUM.  Generally,  a  rope  by 
which  anything  is  drawn  onirards ; 
specially  applied  by  ApuL  Met.  ix.  p. 
1S5,  to  the  rope  by  which  a  donkey 
is  harnessed  to  his  load ;  but  whether 
indicating  a  fy-ace,  or  the  rope  by 
which  a  yoke  is  fastened  on  his  neck, 
there  is  not  sufficient  authoritj?  'to  de- 


HELEP'OLIS  (IXiiroXic).  Literally, 
Ihedestroyerof  cities,  the  name  given 
to  an  engine  invented  by  Demetrius 
Poliorcetes  for  besi^ing  fortified 
places,  conasting  of  a  square  tower 

E laced  upon  wheels,  and  run  up  to  the 
eight  of  nine  stories,  each  of  which 
was  furnished  with  machines  for  bat- 
tering and  dischai^ng  projectiles  of 
enormous  size  and  weight.  Diod.  Sic. 
XX.  48.    XX.  91.    Vitruv.  X,  22.    Am- 

ilELIOCAMI'NUS  (jiXiOKii/iivof), 


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HELIX. 

A  room,  with  a  southern  exposure, 
which  received  sufficient  heat  from 
the  natural  warmth  of  the  ann,  and, 
consequently,  required  no  artilicial 
contrivance  for  warming.  Plin.  Bp. 
il  17.  ao.     Ulp.  Di^.  8.  2.  17. 

HEL'IX  (tX(5).  The  small  volute 
under  the  abacus  of  a  Corinthian 
capital,  intended  to  ■ 
imitate  the  tendrils 
or  curling  stalk  of  the 
vine,  ivy,  or  any  pa 
rasitical  plant,  bent 
down  by  a  super 
incumbent  weight 
Each  capital  is  deeo 
rated  with  sixteen,  two  uiidei  each 
aiisie  of  the  abacus  and  two  meeting 
imder  its  centre  on  each  face.   Vitruv 

''HEMICVCLIUM(.,,«nl«\„.,)  A 
semicircular  ilcove,  sufficiently  large 
to  admit  of  several  persons  sitting  in 
it  at  the  same  time,  fur  the  enjoyment 


of  mutual  converse.  The  anc'ents 
constructed  such  places  in  the  own 
pleasure^rounds  (Cic  Am.  I  S  don 
Ep.\.  I.),  and  also  as  public  seats  n 
different  parts  of  a  town  for  the  ac 
commodation  of  the  inhabitants  (Suet 
Gramm.  1 7.  Plut.  ie  Gatrul.  p  99  ) 
The  annexed  woodcut  affords  an 
example  of  the  latter  sort ;  represent 
ing  a  henticycHum  at  Pompe  as  it 
is  now  seen  at  the  side  of  the  treet 
just  ontside  of  the  principal  entrance 
(o  the  city  from  Herculaneuro  The 
seat  runs  all  round  the  back,  and  the 
floor  is   at  a  considerable  elevation 


HEMIOLIA.  333 

above  the  level  of  the  pavement,  so 
that  a  small  stepping  stone  is  placed 
in  the  front  of  it  for  the  ct   -  -   - 


spherical  on  the 
upper  surface  of 
a  square  block  of 
stone  ifxcavaiiiTa 
ex  guadrato)  with- 
in which  the  hour 

and  having  the  au- 

tenor  face  sloped  away  from  above 

'- to  give  it  a  foi        ''    ''  ' 


(od 


enchma  succisura)  adapted  to  the  polar 
altitude  of  the  place  for  which  the 
dial  was  made.  (Vitrnv.  ix.  8.)  The 
example  is  copied  from  an  original, 
discovered  in  1 764  amongst  Ihe  ruins 
of  an  ancient  villa  near  Tusculiim ; 
the  angle  of  the  enclinia  is  about  40° 
43'  which  agrees  with  the  latitude  of 
Tusculum  and  the  whole  instrument 
comcides  exactly  with  a  marble  of 
the  same  descr  ption  amongst  the 
collection  at  Ince  Blundell  in  Lanca- 
shire which  has  a  bust  of  Berosus 
sculptured  ( n  the  base  and  the  name 
heniu.    hum  nscribed  up  n  it. 

HEMI  NA  (ii^lva)  A  measure  of 
capac  ty  conla  nmg  half  a  sextarius 
(Festus,  J  V  Rhemn  Farai  ot  J^nd. 
67  )  whence  also  a  vessel  made  to 
contain  that  exact  quantity  Pers.  i.  129. 

HEMIOLIA  l^/uo^a).  A  parti- 
c  lar  I     d    of     h  p   (Pell     x    25  ) 


se4  chiefly  by  the  Greek  p  rates 
(Aman,  Ana6.  ni.  2.5,)  ;  consbTicted 
in  such  a  manner  that  half  of  its  side 


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334 


HBMISPHMSI UM 


was  left  free  from  rowers,  in  order  to 
form  a  deck  for  fighting  upon.  (Ety- 
moL  Sylburg.  ap.  Sch5fer.  Re  Nav. 
p.  74. )  It  seems  to  have  belonged  to 
tlie  same  class  as  the  Cercums,  with 
a  slightly  different  arringement  of 
the  oars  ;  and  is  probatily  represented 
by  the  annexed  example,  from  an 
Imperial  medal  (Scheff.  I.  c.  p.  ilt,), 
in  which  the  central  portion,  not  oc- 
cupied by  rowers,  forms  the  'deck 
alluded  to. 

HEMISPH.^'RIUM,    One  of  the 
many  kinds  of  smidials  in  use  amongst 


the  a 


s  (Vi- 


X.S.},  which 
received  the  name 
fronj  its  resemb- 
lance to  a  hemi- 
sphere, or  half  of 
the    globe     snp- 


circles.  The  illus- 
tration represents 
a  statue  of  Atlas, 
formerly  standing 
in  the  centre  of  Ravenna  (Syraeoni, 
BpitaM  aniic&i,  Lione,  1557),  which 
afford  an  appropriate  design  for  a  dial 
of  this  description  ;  and  indicates  that 
the  himispharutm  was  erected  in  an 
upright  position,  whereas  the  discus, 
which  was  also  circular,  was  laid  flat 
upon  its  stand :  and  that  constitutes  the 
difference  between  them. 

3.  The  interior  of  a  dome ;  i.  e., 
the  ceiling  formed  by  it,  which,  in 
fact,  consists  of  the  half  of  a  hollow 
globe ;  such,  for  instance,  as  the  Pan- 
theon at  Rome.    Vitmv.  v,  10.  5. 

HEPTE'RIS  (lirrnput).  A  war- 
galley  with  seven  banks  of  oars.  (Liv. 
xxiLvii.  23.)  See  the  article  HbXekis, 
where  the  method  of  arranging  the 
oars  and  counting  the  banlcs,  when 
they  exceeded  a  certain  number,  is 
partially  explained ;  and  if  the  plan 
there  supposed  be  adopted,  the  ad- 
dition of  one  oar.port  to  each  tier 
between  stem  and  stern,  will  make 


HBRMERACLES. 

the  rating  of  seven  banks  instead  of 
six  ;  which  banks  will  be  disposed  in 
the  manner  shown  by  the  following 
diagram. 


HERMjiL  ('Ep/ial).  Mercuries;  a 
particular  kind  of  statues,  in  which 
only  the  head,  and  sometimes  the 
bust,  was  modelled,  all  the 
rest  being  left  as  a  plain  fi 
cornered  post ;  a  cnsi 
which  descended  from  the  old  , 
Peksgic  style  of  representing  | 
the  god  Mercury.  (Macrob.  V 
Sat.  i.  19.  Juv.  viiL  53. 
Nepos,  Alcib.  vii.  3.)    The   I 

mounted  with  a  single  hi 
more  usually  with  a  double 
one,  as  in  the  example  from 
an  original  in  the  Capitol  at 
Rome;  and  the  personages 
most  commonly  selected  for  ■ 
the  purpose  were  the  bearded  Bacchus, 
Fauns,  and  philosophers.  Pinal's  of 
this  description  were  exten^vely  em- 
ployed for  many  purposes;  as  sign- 
posts ;  as  the  uprights  in  an  orna- 
mental fence  or  railing,  to  which  use 
the  origmal  of  out  engravmg  was 
applied  (the  cavities  being  visible  on 
each  of  its  sides,  which  received  the 
cross-bars  between  post  and  post) :  in 
the  circus,  for  holding  the  rope  or 
bar  which  kept  the  doors  of  the  stalls 
(carceres)  closed  until  the  chariots 
received  the  signal  to  come  out  (Cas- 
siodor.  Var.  Ep.  ili.  St-);  as  shown 
by  the  iliustration  at  p.  lig.  ;  and,  in 
short,  for  any  purpose  for  whidi  a 
post  would  be  employed. 

HERMATHE'NA.  Probably  a 
terminal  statue,  Kke  that  just  de- 
scribed, with  the  head  of  Athena  or 
Muierva  on  the  top;  of  which  an 
example  is  engraved  by  Spon.  Re~ 
ckerches,  p.  98.  No.  il.  Cic.  Att.  i.  4, 

HERMERACLES.    Probably   a 


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terminal  statue  (Herma)  with  the  bust 
of  Ilerailes  on  its  top ;  of  which  ex- 
amples remain  at  Rome.  Mss.  Fio- 
clsm.  i.  6.  Mas.  Capitol,  i.  p.  13.  Cic 

Probably 
<ia)  witi  the  bust 
in  the  top.     Flin. 


Alt.  I 

HEKM'EROS. 
niinal  statue  {Her 
of  Eros,  or  Love, 
ff.  N.  KxsvL  4.  g 

HERM'UL^. 
5>.  iii.  51.)    Dim 

HEROUM  { ;pi 
moniment,   built 


(Cassiodor.  Vat 
lutive  of  Herm*. 
01)  A  sepulchral 
Q  the  form  of  an 


isdiadii,  or  small  temple.  (Inscript. 
af.  Mijr,  88g.  8.  Plin.  H.  N.  v...  6.) 
Monuiiients  of  this  kind  origiiialed 
with  the  Greeks,  and  in  the  first  in- 
stajice  were  only  erected  in  honour 
of  their  de'fi  i  I  es  hi  h 
plains  why 


extensively 
viduaJs,  as 
frequent  re 
fictile  vase 
The  examp 
a    marble 


bse 


be   nf 


the  daughte 
of  Aiistod 
scribed   upon  it 


1  l_ireek  characleis 


HEXACLINON.  A  term  corned 
from  the  Greek,  fur  the  purpose  of 
designating   a  dimng-eouch  made  to 


HEXAPH'OROK.  A  palanquin 
ir  sedan  (kctka,  sella),  carried  by 
ix  men  (Mart.  ii.  81.  Id.  vi.  77.),  in 
r  described  and  illustrated 


ry  any  burden 
by  their  joint  exertions,  united  by  the 
aid  of  a  p/uilanga  (Vitcuv.  x.  3.  7.), 
as  explained  in  the  articles  Phalanga 
and  PhaIakgarii,  where  the  illus- 
trations represent  the  operations  per- 
formed by  two  men  and  by  eight. 

HEXASTY'LOS.      HexastyU ; 
i.  e.,  which  has  a  row  of  six  columns 

HEXE'RIS  (iK-hpno)-  A  vessel 
furnished  with  six  banks  of  oars  on 
each  ade.  (Liv.  xxxvil  23.).  It  is 
stiU  a  matter  of  doubt  and  of  difficulty 
even  to  surmise  how  the  oars  were 
disposed  in  a  vessel  mted  with  six 
banks  (prdina) ;  as  it  has  been  proved 
by  experiments  that  an  oar  poised  at 
such  an  altitude  from  the  wafer's 
edge  as  would  be  required  for  the 
sixth  seat  of  the  rower,  even  when 
placed  diagonally  over  the  fiveotlieis, 
would  have  so  great  a  dip  for  its 
blade  to  touch  the  water,  that  the 
handle  would  be  elevated  above  the 
reach  of  ihe  rower  ;  or,  if  the  oar 
made   of    sufficient   length 


obviate  this 


fiom  the  wat 
but  lengthw' 
that  these  w 


,  being  fixed 
on  the  thowl  at 
e  length,  the  part 
long  that  it  muEt 
th  posite  side  of  tlie 
mpletely  obstruct 
m  it.  The  most 
seems  to  be  that 
H  ell  (Treatise  i>?i  the 
hi  Ancients),  that 
more  than  five 
tl  banks  were  not 
n  ascending  direction 
B  edge  to  the  bulwarks, 
:  from  stem  to  stern  ; 
e  placed  in  a  diagonal 
anection,  as  in  a  trireme  {see  Tki- 
EEMis,  and  illustration),  and  always 
five  deep  in  the  ascending  line  ;  but 
that  they  were  rated,  not  by  these,  but 


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335  JilBERNACULA. 

by  the  number  of  oar-ports  between 
stem  and  stern.  Thus  a  hcxa-is 
would  liave  five  parallel  lines  of  oars, 
with  six  oar-ports  in  each,  placed 
diagonally  over  one  another,  as  in 
the    annexed    diagram ;    a    hepta-is 


HIBERNAC'ULA.  Apartments 
in  a  dwelling-house  intended  for  win- 
ter occupation,  which  were  less  deco- 
rated than  other  apartments,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  dirt  caused  by  the 
smoke  of  the  fires  and  lamps  burnt  in 
them  (Vitmv.  vii.  4.  4.),  and  for 
which  a  western  aspect  was  considered 
the  most  eligible.     Vitruv.  i.  2.  7. 

2.  Tents  constructed  for  a  winter 
campaign,  or  in  which  the  soldiers 
were  lodged  when  an  army  kept  the 
field  during  the  winter  season  ;  con- 
sequently, they  were  covered  with 
skins,  and  built  of  wood,  or  of  some 
more  substantial  material  than  an 
ordinary  tent.  Liv.  v.  2.  Compare 
XXX.  3.  xxxvii.  39. 

HIBER'NA  (xwpa^in).      Winter- 
quarters  in  which  the  army  was  distri- 
buted during  winter     h  n  n     k  p  in 
"the  field  under  tents   abtr  ac  la    'L 
xxiii.13.Cic  J"am,x    4.T      Ag   38 

HIERONI'CA  q         P 

perly,  a  Glreek  term, 
which  has  exclusive 
reference  to  the  cub 
toms  of  that  nation 
It  was  employed  to 
deagnate  the  victo 
in  any  of  their  publi 
games ;  vk.  the  Ne 
mean,  Pythian,  Isth 
raian,  and  Olympic 
which  were  als 
called  sacred  games 
because  they  com 
menced    with    roli 


The   illustration  ri 


HITPOCENTA  UR  OS. 

presents  a  Grecian  youth,  crowned 
and  habited  as  one  of  these  victors, 
whose  costume  very  closely  resembles 
that  aictibed  to  Nero,  when  he  en- 
tered the  cities  of  Italy  as  a  Meronka 
iSuet.  Nero,  25.),  after  contending  at 
the  Olympic  races. 

HIEROPHANTA  and  HIERO- 
PHANTES  (i(po0o^rqt).  A  high 
priest  and  leachec  of  religion  amongst 
the  Greeks  and  Egyptians,  corre- 
sponding in  many  respects  to  the 
Roman  FonUfex  Maximus.  Nep.  Pd. 
3.  TertulL  adv.  Mars.  i.  13. 

HIEROPHAN'TRIA.  A 
piiestess  of  similar  character  and 
dignity  to  the  kkrophanta.  Inscript 
a/.  Grut.  538.  II. 

HIPPAG'INES,  HIPP'AGI, 
HIPPAGCGI  (i7r7rflT<«T'»'t-  S^''^^ 
transports,  especially  for  the  convey- 
ance of  cavalry  troops.  Festus  s.  v. 
Gell.  X-  25.  Plin.  H.  N.  vii.  57. 
Liv.  xliv.  28. 

HIPPOCAM'PUS      (jTr^OFcd/ITT-ol), 

A  fabulous  animal,  having  the  fore 
quarters  and   body  of  a  horse,  but 


ng  ai    of  a  fish,  like  tire 

d        mp      from  a  Pompeian 

ti  g  "«h  e  poets  and  artists 

antiq     y      mmonly  attach  to  the 

Neptune    and    the 


Neb 


Nepti 
d  Li 


,   Non. 


H  PPOCENTAU'ROS  (It^o*'"- 

A  h  rs    centaur,  half-horse 

d  h  If  man    C   .  N.D.  ii.  2.),  as 

pp      d  o  h   fi    -centaur,  half-man 

ai  d  h  If  fi  h     x^  omiraiipot),  ander 

h      rm    h     giants  who  waged 

t         tl    ^ods,  were  represented 

(Apollodor.  i.  6,  1.  Mus.  Pio-Gkm.  iv. 

tav.    io.)      Hippocentaurs  were  also 


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HIPFODEOMUS. 


\  by  the   illustration  from  a 
bronie  discovered  at  Pompeii. 

HIPPOD'ROMUS.  A  hifjmiivme; 
wMdi,  amongst  the  Romans,  imphes 
a  plot  of  ground  in  a  garden  or  vilh, 
planted  with  trees,  and  laid  out  into  a 
variety  of  avenues  for  the  purpose  of 
taking  equestrian  exercise.  Pliii.  Mp. 
V.  6.  32.  Mart.  xii.  50. 

'  "  "  '  A  hippodr, 
Greeks,  imp! 
)t  hoi'ses  and  chariots, 
contradistinguished  from  the  stadium, 
which  was  appropriated  to  foot- 
racing. Hippodromes  of  this  kind 
were  frequently  attached  to  the  gym- 
nasia, in  which  the  youth  of  Greece 
learned  the  art  of  horsemanship  (Plaut . 
Bacch.  iii.  3.  s?.)  ;  bat  the  regular 
Greek  Hippodrome,  in  which  the 
public  races  took  place,  corresponds 
more  closely  with  the  Roman  Circus, 
though  possessing  smne  remarkable 

Eoints  of  difference,  and  is  better 
nown  to  us  from  the  description 
which  Pausanias  has  left  of  the  Olym- 
pic race-course,  than  from  its  actual 
remains,  some  vestiges  of  it  merely 
being  sdll  extant.  (GelL  Itinerary  of 
.Msrea,  p.  36. )  The  most  important 
distinction  consisted  in  the  manner 
of  arranging  the  stalls  for  the  horses 
and  chariots,  which  were  not  dis- 
posed in  the  segment  of  a  circle,  as  in 
the  Roman  Circus  (see  the  woodcut 
page  165.  A.A.);  but  were  arranged 
m  two  lines  with  cumhnear  sides 
convei^ng  to  a  point  in  tiont  of  the 
course,  so  that  the  whole  plan  re 
aembled  the  figure  of  a  sjup  0  prow 


of  theaj 


337 

beak  towards  tlio  course,  and 
the  base,  or  exlremily  of  the  two 
sides,  where  they  were  widest  apart 
i-esling  upon  the  flat  end  of  the  hippo- 
drome, or  upon  a  colonnade,  which 
covered  it.  (Pausan.  vi.  20.  7.)  The 
whole  of  this  was  called  the  ^teis, 
and  corresponded  in  locahty,  though 
not  in  distribution,  with  the  eppidum 
''  -  "-— n  circus,  Tlie peculiarity 
jgement  was  an  ingenious 
)f  the  architect  Cleotas 
(Pans.  /.  e.),  and  originated  in  the 
necessity  of  affording  abundant  sta- 
bhn^  room,  mnch  more  being 
required  at  a  Gj-eek  race-course, 
where  the  numbeis  were  not  li- 
mited to  twelve,  as  they  were  with 
the  Romans,  but  all  were  freely  ad- 
mitted who  wished  to  compete  for 
the  prize.  The  drivers  drew  lots  for 
their  stalls  (Pans.  /.  ^.) ;  and  the  fol- 
lowing method  was  adopted  in  order 
that  those  who  got  nearest  to  the 
point  might  not  possess  any  advantage 
over  the  others  who  were  posted  be. 
hind  them.  A  separate  rone  or  bar 
(KoAiiJiD^,  ic-nX^^}  was  drawn  as  a 
barrier  acj-oss  the  front  of  each  stall ; 
and  when  the  races  were  about  to 
commence,  the  two  ropes  which  closed 
the  remote  stalls  (i.  i.)  on  eacli  side 
were  loosened  simultaneously,  so  that 
the  two  cars  from  (he  iurthest  end 
came  out  (iist;  and  when  they  had 
advanced  as  far  as  the  level  of  tlie 
two  next  (a.  2.),  these  were  removed  ; 
and  the  four  ears  continued  their 
course  until  Ihey  had  gained  the  line 
of  the  next  stall  (3.  3.),  when  the 
third  baiTiers  were  slacked  away; 
and  so  on  until  the  whole  number 
anived  on  a  luie  with  the  point  of 
the  prow  (b),  Irom  whence  tJig-  all 
started  together  and  abreast.  (Pans. 
/.  f.)  It  is  probable  that  a  long  line 
was  drawn  entirely  across  the  coui-se 
at  this  point,  which  answered  the 
same  purpose  as  the  Roman  tinea  alia. 
The  whole  of  this  design  will  be 
cleaily  understood  from  the  annexed 
plan  of  the  OljTnpic  hippodrome,  as 
su^esled   by   Viseonti,   to   ilhstrate 


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338 

the  description  of  Pausanias  ;  tl  oug 
conjecturd,  it  possesses  great  seen  in§ 
probability  to  stamp  it  with  a  ma 
of  authority  At  all  events  it  v  11 
serve  to  give  a  distmct  idea  of  the 
more  important  features  of  a  G  eek 
hippodrome  and  of  the  mean  g  of 
the   termb  by  which,  each  part  was 


designated,  A.  The  space  enclosed 
by  the  stalls  already  described,  b. 
The  point  or  beak  of  the  d^tate, 
termed  in/ioXop  by  Pausanius.  c.  The 
colonnade  (arod)  forming  atermination 
to  the  flat  end  of  the  hippodrome  : 
perhaps  this  member  was  not  always 
added,  I,  2,  3,  4.  The  stalls  for  tiie 
horses  (oinq/iorn,  carceres).  D  D. 
The  course  [Spoiioi).  e.  A  barrier, 
which  divides  the  course  into  two 
parts,  like  the  Roman  s^na,  but  more 
simple,  and  less  decorated,  consisting 


UIPPOTOXOTA. 

t  of  earth  (^u 


".),   : 


n  y  be  nferred  from  Pausaniai 
20  8  }  F.  The  goal  round  which 
he  cha  ots  turned  [yinea,  koiittt^p, 
n  )  there  probably  was  a  similar 
o  e  at  tl  e  opposite  end  of  the  sjiiiia, 
as  m  the  Roman  Circus.  GG.  The 
space  occupied  by  the  spectators, 
usually  formed  in  steps  cut  out  on 
the  side  of  a  mountain  ;  or,  if  the 
course  was  in  a  flat  country,  formed 
npDO  a  bank  of  earth  (xiu^o)  thrown 
up  for  the  purpose  ;  but  not  upon 
vaulted  Lomdors,  forming  an  archi- 
tectural elevation,  lilie  a  Roman  cir- 
cus One  side  is  observed  to  be 
longer  than  the  other,  which  was  the 
case  at  OJympia  (Paus.  I.  c),  and  pro- 
bably in  most  olier  placed  in  order 
to  give  all  the  spectators  an  equal 
sight  of  the  race.  In  the  centre  of; 
the  space  occupied  by  the  stalls  was 
3  temporary  altai-  (1),  upon  which  a 
lart:,e  bronze  eagle  was  placed;  and 
on  the  point  of  the  prow  (b)  a  sunilar 
figuie  of  a  dolphin,  both  of  which 
w  ere  worked  by  machinery,  and  em- 
ployed to  inform  the  concourse  of  the 
moment  when  the  race  was  about  to 
commence  ;  the  first,  by  rising  up 
mto  the  an;,  the  other  by  plunging  on 
to  the  ground  in  front  of  the  assembled 
multitude.     Paus.  /.  c. 

HIPPOPE'RA  (mTTOn-ipa).  A 
saddl  bag  for  travellers  on  horseback, 
but  used  in  pairs,  so  that  the  plural 
number  is  applied  when  the  equipage 
mgle  person  only  is  referred  to. 


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UIRNEA. 

A  mounted  archer  (Hirt.  B.  Afr.  ig,) ; 
in  most  cases  characteristic  of  foreign 
nations,  as  tlie  Syrians  (Cfes.  B.  C. 
iii.  4.),  Persians  (Herod,  ix.  49,), 
&c  ;  but  men  thus  equipped  appear 
to  have  been  used  amongst  the  light 
horse  of  the  Greeks  (Aristoph.  Av. 
1 1 79.),  and  of  the  Romans  ;  at  least 
under  the  empire,  as  testified  by  the 
annexed  figure,  which  represents  a 
Roman  cavalry  bowman  in  the  army 
of   Antoninus,  from  the   column  of 

HIR^EA.  An  earthenware  ves- 
sel used  for  culinary  purposes  (Cato, 
B.  B.  81.  PkuL  Amph.  i.  I.  273. 
and  276.) ;  but  of  which  the  distinc- 
tive properties  are  unknown. 

HIRNELLA.  Diminutive  of 
Hjrnka  ;  employed  at  tlie  sacrifice. 
Festus,  s  Irnella. 

KIS  TRIO  A  word  of  Etrusoin 
origin,  whiiji,  in  that  language,  sig- 
nified a  pantomimic  performer  and 
dancer  on  the  stM;e  (Liv.  vii.  a.); 
but  amongst  the  Romans  was  used 
m  ft  more  general  sense,  like  our 
term  actor,  to  signify  any  dramatic 
peiformer  who  dehvered  the  dialc^ue 
of  a  play,  with,  appropriate  action 
(Cic  Fill  m  7 ),  including  both 
actors  of  trag^y  (Plin.  H.  N.  xxxv. 
46  )  and  comedy      Plin.  IT.N.  vii.  54. 

HOPLOM'ACHUS  (birXo^axii). 
Generally  one  who  fights  in  a  com- 
plete suit  of  heavy  armonr,  or,  as  we 
say,  armed  cap-i-pLe ;  but  specially 
used  to  designate  a  gladiator  who 
wore  such  armour  (Suet.  Cal.  35. 
Mart  viii.  74-);  and  as  that  was  a 
characteristic  of  the  Samnite,  it  is 
believed  that  the  present  term  was 
only  a  new  name  brought  into  vogue 
under  die  empire  for  a  gladiator  of 
that  description.     See  Samnitis. 

HORA'RIUM.  (Censorin.  i>«  iJw 
NcU.  24.)    Same  as  Houologium. 

HOR'IA.  A  smaU  boat  employed 
by  fi^ennen  on  the  sea-coast  (Non. 
J.  V.  p.  533-  Plant.  Bad.  iv.  2.  5. 
GeU.  X.  25.)  ;  the  pecoliarities  of 
which  are  unknown, 

II O  R'  1 0  L  O.         Diminutive    of 


HORREUM. 


Plant.  Trill. 


HORIA  ;  used  on 

iv.  2.  too.  GeU.  X.  25. 

HOROLOG'IUM  (ApoXoyior). 
Krihsur-nuasuri,  OK  horologe;  agene- 
ral  term  employed  for  any  contrivance 
which  marked  the  lapse  of  time, 
whether  by  day  or  nigli^  and  wifliout 
reference  to  the  agent  employed ; 
consequently,  including  the  various 
kinds  of  sun-dials  (jn/on'o),  and 
water-glasses  (clefsydrce),  which  are 
enumerated  in  tlie  Classed  Index. 
Oar  term  dock  conveys  an  improper 
notion  of  the  ancient  horologium  ;  for 
the  only  instruments  known  to  the 
aiidents  for  performing  the  duties  of 
a  modern  clock,  were  water-glasses 
and  sim-dials. 

HORREA'RII.  Personswho  liad 
charge  of  the  public  bonding  ware- 
houses and  magazines,  in  which 
merchants  :Cnd  also  private  indivi- 
duals, who  had  not  sufficient  accom- 
modation of  their  own,  deposited  their 
merchandise  and  effects  for  safe  cus- 
tody, Ulp.  Dig.  10.  4.  5.  Labeon. 
Dig.  19.  2.  60.  g  9. 

HORR'EOLUM.  Diminutive  of 
HOS.SEUM.  A  small  granary,  or  a 
barn  for  the  storing  of  agricultural 
produce.    Val.  Max.  vii.  i.  2. 

HORR'EUM  {apiioy).  Agranaiy, 
iam,  or  other  building  in  which  the 
fmits  of  the  earth  were  stored  (Viig. 
Gem-g.  1. 49.  Tibull.  ii.  5.  84.) ;  fre^ 
queutly  constmcted,  like  our  own, 
upon  dwarf  piers,  in  order  to  keep 
the  floor  dry,  and  free  from  vermin  ; 
in  which  case  it  was  termed  pensile. 
ColumelL  xii,  50.  3. 


1  for  I 


1  the 


upper  floor  of  a  house,  w 
kept  to  ripen  after  it  had  been  put 
into  amphora,  or,  as  we  should  say, 
boitled.     Hor.  Od.  iii,  28.  7. 

3.  (djreflyjsi)).  A  repository.  Store 
room,  or  lumber  room,  in  which 
goods  and  chattels  of  any  kind  were  de- 
posited for  presennition,  or  to  be  out  of 
the  way,  when  not  required  for  use ; 
books,  for  instance  (Sen.  Ep.  45. ) ;  sta- 
tues (Plin.  Ep.  viii.  18.  II.);  agricul- 
tural implements  (Col umell.  i.  G.  7.],  &c: 


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340  HORTAJOR. 

4,  Ilorrium  puhlicam  (itito^iiAo- 
i&ov).  A  public  granary,  in.  which 
large  stores  of  com  were  kept  by  the 
state,  in  order  that  a  supply  might 
always  be  at  hand  in  times  of  scardty, 
to  be  distribnted  amongst  the  poor, 
or  sold  to  them  at  a  moderate  price, 
P  Victor  de  Reg  Urb  Rem  Com 
pare  L  \  EpI  fx>  Veil  Pat  11  6  3 
Pint  Lrracch  5  from  which  pas 
sa^es  we  learn  tiiat  the  first  not  on  of 
bu  idvng  these  gtananes  originate! 
with  C   Sempromus  Gracchus 

5  A  borMtng  -aiarehoust,  where 
persons  of  all  classes  could  deposit 
tlieir  goods  and  chattels  whether 
meichandise  or  personal  property, 
such  as  furniture  mtney  secunties 
or  valuable-  of  any  k  nd  for  safe 
custo-ii  Th3s  ^as  also  a  public 
bndd  ng  as  well  as  the  laat  mentioned 
and  eich  quarter  {f!^)  of  the  citv 
was  at  one  period  furnished  with  a 
sepirate  warehouse  for  the  use  of 
the  neighbourhood.  Lamprid  Alx 
Sr  39  Uip  Dt  10  4  5  Paul 
^B  34-2  S3    Modest   li  32   i   8' 

HORT'I'TOR  («X(io7-j(0  On 
board  ship  the  officer  who  give  oit 
the  chauit  {fdeutma)  which  was 
s  iig  or  pla\ed  to  mike  the  rowe  s 
ktep   the    stroke    and    aa 


encourage  them  at  their  work  (Ovid 
Met  11  619  Compare  Vii^  j^n 
V  177  Serv  ai  I)  whence  the 
name  (soltt  hortator  nvages  kortarm. 
Plant  Me,>:  iv  2  S )  He  sat  on 
the  stern  of  the  vessel  with  a  trun 
cheon  in  his  hand,  uhich  he  used 
to  beat  the  time  as  represented  in 
the  anneved  engraving  from  the 
Vatii-in  V  rgil 
IIORTULlNUs    A««jj!)w    , 


seedsman,  or  general  gardener.  (Ma- 
crob.  Sal.  vii.  3.  Apul.  Met.  iv. 
p.  64.  ix.  p.  199.)  It  is  also  pro- 
bable that  the  same  name  was  used  to 
designate  a  ,&m^,  or  Jlower  gardener, 
as  contradistinguished  from  topia- 
riui,  who  attended  to  the  shrubs  and 
evergreens,  and  from  o^ur,  the  kit- 
chen gardener ;  for  we  do  not  meet 
with  any  other  name  to  designate  the 
person  who  pursues  this  branch  of 


the  gardener's  art ;  though  it  is  clear, 
from  the  annexed  engraving,  which 
IS  copied  from  a  fresco  pidnting  in 
the  palace  of  Titus,  that  flower  gar- 
dening was  a  favourite  occupation  in 
hia  day  and  the  original  design 
fihons  many  other  gardening  opera- 
t  ons  besides  the  two  of  potting  and 
pknting  out,  exhibited  in  the  above 
specimen 

HORTULUS  («jjr;ov).  Diminu. 
tive  of  HoRTUS.  Catuil.  6r.  92. 
Jnv  n    226. 

HORTUS  (i:^7roc).  A  pleastirc- 
g  <nt»d  or  ganien;  which,  from  the 
descriptions  leit  us,  appears  to  have 
been  very  amilar  in  style  and  ar- 
nngement  to  the  garden  of  a  modem 
Italian  villa.  Where  space  permitted 
It  was  divided  into  shady  avenaes 
(gestaluines^  for  exercise  in  the  sedan 
or  palanqnin  {seliic,  lectka)  ;  rides  for 
horse  exercise  (hippodromus) ;  and 
an  open  space  [xyslns)  laid  out  in 
flower  beds  bordered  with  box,  and 
mtei-spersed  with  evergreens  clipped 
into  pnm  fonns  or  fanciful  shapes, 
with  taller  trees,  fountains,  , 


distributed  at  fitting  s 


ental  v 


:s  of  at 


Plin}  s  garden  might  also  pass  for  a 
faithful  description  of  the  pleasure 
grounds  belonging  to  the  Villa  Pam- 


,y  Google 


HOSPITIUM. 

2.  The  same  term  also  includes  tlie 
kUcken  gardsn ;  the  manner  of  ar- 
ranging which.  Its  cultivation,  and 
the  different  kinds  of  vegetaliles 
grown  in  it,  are  detailed  at  great 
length  by  Columella,  xi,  3. 

3.  Hortus  pensilis.  A  moveable 
frame  for  flowei's,  fruits,  or  vege- 
tables placed  upon  wheels,  so  that  it 
could  be  drawn  out  into  the  sun  by 
day,  and  removed  under  the  cover  of 
a  glass-house  at  night  Plm  H  N 
xix.  23.  Compare  Columell   'u  3   53 

4.  HorH  fensiles.  In  the  plural, 
hanging  gardens ;  le  ,  artificudly 
formed,  in  such  a  manner  that  llie 

the  other,  like  steps,  supported,  or,  as 
it  were,  suspended,  upon  tieia  of 
vaulted  masonry  or  brickwoik,  like 
the  seats  of  a  theatre      Plm   H  N 


for  any  place  which  iSbrds 
traveller  or  stranger  the  temporary 
accommodation  of  board  and  lodging, 
whether  it  be  the  house  of  a  friend, 
a  public  inn,  or  a  hired  lodging 
Cic.  F&ii.  xii.  9.  Id  Seaect  23 
Liv.  V.  28. 

2.  The  quarter  occupied  by  a  sol 
dier  who  is  billeted  on  a  private  in 
dividuaL    Suet.  Tib  37 

HOS'TIA  {Upuoi')  A  victun 
sacrificed  to  the  gods ,  properly,  as  1. 
peace-offering  to  avert  their  wrath, 
as  contradistinguished  from  iichma, 
which  was   offered    as   a    thantsgiv 


HYDRALETES.  341 

mals,  such  as  oxen,  slieep,  pigs,  5:c., 
and  when  sacrificed  to  the  .  Gods  of 
Olympus,  they  were  slain  with  the 
head  upwards,  as  in  tlie  example, 
from  the  Vatican  VirMI  ;  when  of- 
fered to  the  deities  of  the  lower  re- 
gions, to  heroes,  ov  to  the  dead,  with 
the  head  towards  the  earth.  The 
larger  ones  were  first  stunned  by  a 
blow  of  the  mallet  from  the  hand  of 
the  ^epa,  as  in  the  annexed  en- 
graving,   from   a    Roman   bas-relief, 


stack  in  the 
throat  by  the  mllrarms,  as  shown  by 
the  fiist  woodcut. 
HUMATIO  (tatopvli^).     Strictly 

aa%  in  the  earth,  vAich  was  the  most 
ancient  manner  of  disposing  of  the 
body  after  death,  and  amongst  the 
Romans  continued  to  be  the  prevalent 
custom  until  a  late  period  of  tlie 
republic  but  the  woi-d  is  also  used 
in  a  general  sense  for  any  other  mode 
of  hurial,  because  the  practice  of 
throwing  a  small  quantity  of  earth 
upon  the  bones  and  ashes  was  adopted 
when  the  general  custom  of  inter- 
ment liad  been  relinquished.  Cic. 
L.?  u  22.  Id.  Tusc.  i.  43-  Plm- 
H.N.  viL  55. 

HYDRAL'ETES  i.Mpi "  '  ' 
mill  fot  grinding  com 
wafer  Instead  of  cattle  or  r 
appears  to  have  been  first  used  ii 
Asia  (Strabo,  xH.  3.  §  30),  and  no 
introduced  into  Italy  before  live  tim 


driven    by 
nen;  which 


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342  HYDRAULA. 

i:ii  Julitts  C^sar,  at  the  earliest,  and 
then  only  by  a  few  private  indivi- 
duals. (Vitruv.  X.  S.  3.  Compare 
Pallad.  R.  R.  i.  42.)  The  earliest 
mention  0! public  water  milk  is.  about 
A.  D.  398,  under  Arcadlus  and 
Honoriua  (Cod.  Theodos.  14.  15,  4.), 
which  were  supplied  by  the  aqua- 
ducts  !  and  the  use  of  floating  mills 
was  invented  by  Belisarius  in  the 
year  536,  when  Vitiges  besieged  the 
city,  and  stopped  the  mills,  by  cutting 
off  the  water  supplied  by  the  aq  e 
ducts.  (Procop.  Goth.  1  9.)  Frou 
the  passage  of  Vitruvius  (/.  c)  we 
learn  that  the  hydraides  was  ve  y 
similar  in  operation  to  the  co  u  non 
water-wheel  (rota  aquaria)  ;  a  large 
wheel  fiimijied  with  float  board 
{pinnee),  which  turned  it  with  the  cur 
rent,  read,  thus  acted  upon  a  cog 
wheel  attached  to  its  axle,  by  mea  is 
of  which  the  mill-stone  was  dr  ven 
as  explained  s.  MoiA. 

HYDRAU'LA  and  HVDRAU 
LES  (iSpnuXiji)-  One  who  s  ngs 
or  recites  to  an  accompaniment  po 
the  hydraniic  oi^an.  Pet  Sat  ^5 
6.      Suet,  Nero,  54. 

HYDRATJXUS  (BSpnuXoc  or  -n). 
A  water  organ  (Cic.  Tusc.  iii.  18. 
tlin.  H.N.  IX.  &  Vitrav.  x.  13.) ; 
in  which  the  action  of  water  was 
made  to  protluce  the  same  effect 
upon  the  bellows  as  is  now  procured 
by  a  heavy  weight.  The  instrument 
is  rudely  indicated  by  the  annexe  1 
engraving,  from  a  contoiniite  com  of 
the  Emperor  Nero  ;   an  I  n    the  col 


HyPjETROM. 

there  is  a  medal  of  Valeiitinlaii, 
which  has  a  representation  of  a  similar 
instrument  on  the  reverse,  accompa- 
nied by  two  figures,  one  on  each  side 
who  seeni  to  pump  the  water  which 
works  it.  It  has  only  eight  pipes,  is 
placed  upon  a  roand  pedestal,  and, 
like  the  present  example,  affords 
no  indication  of  keys,  nor  of  any 
person  performing  upon  it ;  whence 
it  has  been  inferred  ttiat  these  organs 
were  only  played  by  mechinism 

HYDRIA(yV    }      A      '    / 
or   voter   0  i  for  1  olduig 

pecialiy  used  ti 

a    snpenor    deac  pt  o 
(Cc    Ver  19)    of 

bronze    or    s Iver    and 
of  costly   vorkmansh  p 
hke  the   annexed   e  a   pi 
Pon  peian  o  ginal 

a   In   a  mo  e  general     c    e 
k    d    of   vessel  for   1  old  ng    v    e 
1  e  ce  also  u  ed  for  the  urn  filled 

th  water  from  wh  ch  the  names  of 
tiie  tnbes  or  centur  es  were  draw 
o  t  by  lot  for  the  purpose  of  a's  gn  ng 
to  each  one  its  right  turn  m  voting  ; 
otherwise,  and  more  spedafly 
termed  SiTELiA.     Cic.  Verr.'i-a,  15. 

HYP^TH'ROS  (i!7rn.ep<is).  Lite- 
rally, under  the  sky,  or  in  the  open 
air  whence  applied  to  a  temple  or 
other  edifice  winch  had  no  roof  01  ei 
the  central  portion  of  its  area  so 
thit  the  mterior  was  open  to  the 
sky  HypTtheril  stn  ct  les  weie 
generallj  the  largest  and  most  mag 
nificeit  of  their  kind  indeed  the 
diflii-ulty  of  Eoifing  over  a  very  large 
irea  may  be  regarded  as  a  piineipal 
1  otive  for  adopting  the  e>.ped  ent 
Ihe  great  temple  at  Psestnm  affords 
i  \  existii^  specimen  of  this  style 
f  t  no  mstani-e  wis  to  be  fo  nd  in 
Rome    Vilen  Vitruiius  wrote       Vi 


Ii\P-ETrUM 

A  lattice 

s    LOnsli-icled  ov 

K.     the  tra 

mple  (Vit 

I,),  as  in  the  a 

.Google 


IiyPER  THYR  UM. 

which  lepresent  the  door 
Pantheon  at  Rome  One 
Xanthian  marbies  in  the 
Museum  -iffords   an  exampl 


;   which  po^t 
double  advantage  of  giving  graiideui 
without  an!  admitting  air  within 

HYPER'TH^RUM    («7rip0«por) 
An    ornamental    member,    cons  sti  ^ 


of  a  frieze  and  cornice  supported 
upon  trusses  or  Consoles  {anconss, 
parotides),  usually  placed  above  the 
lintel  of  a  door-frame  in  temples  and 
other  great  buildings  (Vitrav.  iv.  6. 
4.) ;  an  example  of  which  is  given  in 
the  annexed  engraving,  with  one  of  the 
trusses  in  piofile  by  its  side,  from  the 
temple  of  Hercules  at  Cora.  It  is  con- 
structed precisely  as  Vitruvius  directs 
ill  the  passage  cited  ;  and  the  pre- 
ceding woodcut  affords  an  example 
of  a  similar  ornament,  but  differently 
designed,  placed  over  the  hypmtrum, 
in  the  Pantheon  at  Rome.  This 
member  was  intended  to  increase  the 


dir       d    h 


d   h 


f 


hyperth  nm 
h  d  n  d  wlh  h  p 
capitals  belonging  to  the  columns  and 
■uitse  of  the  pronaos  If  the  doorcase 
Itself  were  made  thus  high  the  valves 
would  often  be  ill  proponionpd,  and 
cumbersome  to  open 

HIFOCAU'SIS  (uI^o^D«a(c)  A 
furnace  with  flues  lunnm^  under 
neath  the  floor  of  an  apirtment 
m  a.  private  house  OT  set  of  baths,  for 


p  -poeof  nceas  g  he  lenje^ 
rature  of  the  air  m  the  chamber 
above  (Vitruv  v  10  I  and  2  ) 
It  IS  1  ery  plimly  shown  in  the  an 
nesed  engraving  repiesenting  the 
■Jectional  elevation  of  a  bilh  100m 
di  coveied  in  a  Roman  iiUa  at 
Tuscnium  the  smill  aii-h  on  the 
left  shows  the  mouth  of  the  furnace 
( pi  spnigcuni),  over  H  Inch  are  placed 
vessels  ivascma,  Vitruv.  /.  i:.),  con- 
toning  hot  and  tepid  water,  which  it 
served  to  heat ;  and  under  the  floor 
of  the  room,  which  is  supported  upon  a 
number  of  low  and  hollow  tubes,  there 
is  a  vacant  space,  thionghout  which 
the  hot  air  from  the  hypocauHs  circula- 
ted, and  warmed  the  chamber  above, 
HYPOCAUS'TUM  (i7rc!™«irror). 
A  room,  of  which  the  temperature  is 
warmed  by  means  of  a  furnace  and 
flues  {hypocaiisis)  directed  under  it, 
as  represented  by  the  last  engraving, 
Plin.  Ep.  ii.  17,  11.  and  23.  Compare 
Stat.  Sylv.  i.  5,  59.,  where  tlie  word 


,y  Google 


344 

seems  -to  be  applied  to  the  Sues  under 
the  chamber  rather  than  to  the  cliam- 
her  itself. 

HVPOC'RITA,or-TES  (uTOJcpi- 
njc).  An  actor  or  performer  who 
plays  a  part  upon  the  stage.  (Suet. 
/^eiv,  24.  Compare  QuinL  xi.  3. 
7.)  The  word  is  properly  a  Greek 
one ;  uid  corresponds  with  the  Latin, 

HYPODIDAS'CALUS  (iTroSiM- 
ffrcnXoe).  A  sub-masta;  or  under 
teacher ;  at  a  school  (Cic  Fam,  is. 
18.) ;  of  a  Greek  chorus.     Plat.  Ton. 

^HYPOGAE'UM(lir<iycinn.).  (In- 
script.  ap.  Donat.  cl,  8.  n.  14.  ap. 
Grut.  1114.  3.)     Sameas 

HYPOGE'UM  ili-jr^aov).  That 
part  of  a.  building  which  lies  below 
tlie  level  of  the  ground  (Vitrav.  vi. 
8.);  whence  a  subterranean  vault  in 
whicli  the  Greeks  buried  their  dead 
witliont  burning  the  body  (Pet.  Sat. 
iii.  2,)  ;  consequently,  corresponding 
with  the  Roman  Conditomvm. 

HYPOTRACHET.IUM  {bworpa- 
X'iAioi').  The  uppermost  part  of  the 
shaft  of  a  column,  where  it  is  of  the 
smallest  diameter,  immediately  under 
(he  neck  of  the  capital     Vitrnv.  iii. 


!.  Id.  1 


7- 3. 


IATUALTPT\  31  lES  {Urpa 
XfHrnjc )  A  medical  man  nho 
treated  his  patients  upon  what  was 
called  the  latraliptio  system  (laira 
Itpiue,  Phn.  H  N  iJtit  z ) ,  t  ^ 
by  the  external  apphcation  of  un 
guenta  and  fnction,  comb  ned  with  \ 
rei;ular  gymnastic  regimen  Plui 
£/  X  4.  Gels  1   I 

ICHNOGRAPH  lA  ([\>'i'TP'>f '«> 
A  chart,  map,  or  grouud-plan,  made 
in  outline  by  architects  and  survey- 
ors for  the  workmen  to  build  by,  or 
as  a  map  of  reference,  (Vitruv.  i. 
2.  2.).  The  annexed  engraving  af- 
fords a  specimen  of  Roman  mapping, 
from  a  plan  of  the  city  engraved  upon 


slabs  of  marble,  originally  forming 
the  pavement  of  the  temple  of  Romulus 
and  Remus;  many  fiBgoients  of  whicli 


1^101- 


ai-e  preserved  in  the  Capitol.  It  is 
supposed  to  have  been  executed  in  the 
age  of  S«jtimius  Sevems  ;  and  when 
entire,  afforded  a  complete  guide  to 
the  dty,  in  which  every  street,  house, 
and  public  edifice  was  laid  down  in 
its  proper  place,  and  in  sufficient  detail 
to  show  its  ground-plot  and  architec- 
tural design,  together  with  the  name 
ofeaehinscribeduponit.  Thefragment 
here  introduced  shows  the  original 
plan  of  the  portico  of  Octavia  surround- 
ing the  Temples  of  Jupiter  and  Juno  ; 
of  all  wliicn.  buildings  considerable 
remains  are  still  standing  near  the 
present  fish  market.  The  dotted  lines 
aie  only  cracks  in  the  marble.  Other 
specunens  from  the  same  plan  are 
presented  at  pp.  6y,  348.  and  other 
parts  of  tliis  work,  some  of  which 
mdicate  the  gteat  skill  with  which  the 
ancient  draughtsmen  contrived  to 
express  constructive  forms  by  a  few 
bimple  outlines. 

IGNISPICTUM.  A  branch  of 
the  a  t  of  divination,  which  consisted 
m  foretelling  the  secrets  of  futurity  by 
the  inspection  of  ignited  matter. 
(Pin.  H.  N.  vii.  57.  Compare  Sen, 
Ed.  306—330.),  where  the  various  ap- 
pearances of  the  iiames,  and  the  results 
supposed  to  be  indicated  by  them,  are 

ILLIX  or  In'lEX,  sc.  Avis  (  tti.- 


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IMAGINARII. 

Xfuriji).  A  d!4oy  bird,  employed  by 
the  ancient  fowlers  to  entice  others 
within  reach,  of  their  nets  and  snares. 
For  this  purpose  they  made  use  both 
of  those  which  were  of  a  kindred  and 
of  a  hostile  species,  such  as  the  owl 
and  fiJcon,  which  last  was  also  trained 

oca   h  the  bird  which  it  had  decoyed 
hin      reach,     (Plant.  As.  i.  3.  68. 
Palla  12.  Mart.  liv.  216.   Oppian. 

(5™^  65.)  The  illnstrations  at  p. 
59         Artjndo   4.    affocd  two    ex- 

mp        f  the  use  of  a  call  bnd  from 

n     n      orks  of  art 
11  ACINAHII       Standard  bear 
the  Roman 

h  nsigns  had 

an    un  ge    of   the 
mp  amongst 


annexed  woodcut 
from    the    column 

which  the  empe 
10.  s  portrait  oc 
cupies  the  top 
place  surrounded 
by    a    wreath    of 

IMAGINIF  ERI 
II    7    Inscnpt    ip     Glut 
Same  as  the  preceding 

IMAGINES  MAJORUM 
Family  portraits,  or  likenesses  con 
sisting  of  BHxen  masks  eipressm^ 
the  1  neamenls  of  deceased  pei'Jons 
which  then  survivmg  rehtives  pre 
served  with  studious  tare  in  cases  01 
armoires  placed  lound  the  atnim  of 
their  mansions,  regarding  them  as 
the  honoured  representa- 
tives of  their  ancestral  -i^^^^j-^ 
line.  (Liv.  iii.  58.  SaU.  ^^3 
Jng.  85.  Suet  Vesp.  i.)  It^^M 
The  mask  in  the  annexed  H^^^ 

pulchral  bas-relief,   which  npnH^~I 
represents  a    female    be- 
wailing the  death  of  her  husband,  is 
proLably   iHtended  for  one  of  these 


^  {Vetet 


345 

images  in  its  case.  The  honorary 
distinction  of  handing  themselves 
down  to  posterity  by  these  represent- 
ations, was  only  permitted  to  certain 
persons  amongst  the  Romans  ;  viz. 
those  who  had  passed  through  either 
of  the  high  of&ces  of  EBdile,  prietor, 
or  consul ;  and  when  the  funeral  of 
aiiy  individual  of  the  above  rank  and 
ancient  lineage  took  place,  the  masks 
were  taken  ont  of  their  cases,  and 
worn  by  persons  who  walked  in  front 
of  the  bier,  in  a  similar  costume,  and 
with  the  same   insignia   as  bad  be- 


Jhssertt  ie  Imagg.  Soiu.)  These  were 
called  the  effigies  (effigies)  of  the 
family  and  they  personated  charac- 
teis  even  of  the  heroic  ages, — jEneas, 
the  Albin  kings,  Romulus,  &c.  (Tac 
Aim  n.  9.  Compare  Polyb.  vi. 
53  Hor  Epod.  8.  z.)  It  wUl  be 
'Jelf  evident  that  no  authentic  or 
contemporary  likeness  of  any  indivi- 
dual ascribed  lo  such  remote  anti- 
quity c  ]uld  ever  have  been  in  exis- 
tence even  though  we  should  admit 
that  the  original  was  a  real  historical 
person  but  there  is  no  donbt  that 
the  great  Roman  families  preserved 
ch-uacteristic  representations  of  theiv 
early  and  even  fabulous,  ancestors, 
modelled  in  lineament  and  costume 
after  some  traditionary  type,  well 
known  to,  and  immediately  recognized 
by    the  people   at   laige,  whidi  a 


rtifh  o 


meda 


giaved  gems  {e.  g-  the  headofNrana 
s  Barbatus}  ;  precisely  as  all  mo- 
dern representations  of  the  Saviour 
exhibit  a  particular  identity  of  cha- 
racter, stjde,  and  features,  which 
though  not  professing  to  be  genuine 
hkenesses,  are  still  formed  after  a 
traditionary  model  of  very  great  an- 

IMBREX(KnXv5rT;if)).  hridge- 
tik  made  to  receive  the  shower  (im&er), 
and  of  a  semi-cylindrical  form,  as 
contradistinguished  from  tigula,  which 
was  flat  (Isidor.  Ong.  xvsl.  10,  15. 
Plaut.  Most.   I.  2,   26.)  The   isi!irex 


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IMBRICA  TIM. 


X  the  juncture 


34'' 


was  intended  to  co 

of  two  flat  tiles,  and 

sequently,     was      made 

broader  at  one  end,  so  as 

to  lap  over  the  one  belo« 

and  form 

ridge  down  the  sides  of 

the  roof  (woodcut  J.  Im 

BRICATUS),  which  threw 

off  the  rain  water  ton  its  hog  s  back 

into  the  channel  formed  by  the  UgiUa, 

between  each  tow  of  jmbnces      The 

modern  Italian  architect?  use  tiles  of 

the  same  description  ,  two  of  which 

are  represented   by  the  innej^ed  en 

graving,  which  shows  their  form,  and 

the  manner  in  which  they  weie  fitted 

to  one  another. 

2.  ip;*(-ei;jB^i»!iM.  A  gutter  formed 
by  a  series  of  ridge  tiles  fitted  into 
one  another,  and  laid  upon  their  baclts 
(Columell.  ijL  13.  6.  Compare  11    2 


g  )  as  in  the  anneved  example,  which 
shows  a  Plater  conduit  m  the  ruin, 
commonly  known  as  the  grotto  of 
Egei  11  near  Rome 

IMBRICA  TIM  Formed  hi  un- 
dulati  >n3  hke  the  wtinus  of  a  roof. 
lira.  H  N  ix  52  ,  and ne^t  woodcut. 

1MBRICATU&  (Fiom  mArko, 
ea\i;?rnjpilw).  Imbricated,  in  archi- 
tectme ,  that  is,  having  the  roof  co- 
vered with  a  series  of  flat  and  ridge- 
tiles  {tegal/e  and  itnini.ii) ,  the  usual 
miimer  m  which  the  GreeltS  and 
Romins  protected  the  timber-work 
in  the  roofs  of  their  buildings,  and 
of  which  1  specimen  is  afibrded  by 
the    aiine-sed     engraving     represent- 


ing the  roof  of  the  portico  of  Octa- 


IMPED IMENTUM. 

FIT  it  Rome    thi.  tiles  of  which  a 
nade  of  white  maible 
IMMI&SARIUM   4basm,ti 


ground,  of 
tended  as  i 


hijHni)   of  ! 

am' 


:  built  upon  the 
!  or  bnck  and  in 
■n  to  contain  a  bodj 
;  from  tilt  reservoir 
1   iqueducl,   for  the 


accommodation  of  the  adjacent  neigh 
bourhood  (Vitrav  lui.  6  l)  It 
differs  from  cisteriia,  which  wis  un 
derground  and  is  shown  by  the 
annexed  engraving  fiom  a  ipecimen 
at  Pompeii.  The  high  vaulted  build- 
ing is  the  resefvoir,  from  which  the 
water  flowed  through  the  small  dark 
aperture  at  its  bottom,  into  the  squar- 


.  the 


level  of  the  pavemeM.  The  city  of 
Pompeii  is  furnished  with  several 
other  conveniences  of  tilis  description. 

IMMOLA'TUS,  Accurately 
speaking,  means  sfrinklid  -with  ^ottr 
\mola  saha),  in  reference  to  a  victim 
mtended  for  the  sacrifice,  this  being 
one  of  the  usual  ceremonies  before  it 
was  slain  (Cato  afi.  Serv.  Mn.  x. 
541.) ;  whence  the  word  carae  to  be 
used  in  the  less  special  sense  of  our 
term  immolated,  or  killed  in  sacrilice, 
Hor.  Od  iv.  II.  7. 

IMPA'GES.  The  broad  trans- 
verse band  in  a  door,  which  stretches 
from  stile  to  stile,  and  divides  the 
pannek  horizontally  from  one  an- 
other, technitally  called  by  onr  car- 
penters the  rail.  (Vitruv.  6.  iv,  5., 
and  JaNUA,}  where  the  component 
parts  which  form  the  leaf  of  a  door 
ate  illustrated  and  explained. 

iivipediimen'tum:    (r-tfrwii^). 

The  baggage  of  an  army  which  was 


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niPEDiTi 


orted 


a  le 


of  burden  (Cjes  S  G  za  l. 
xliv.  27.)  incln  Ung  al  o  the  bag^ige 
wa^ions,  and  the  beasts  wl  ch  d  ew 
them.  C^s  B  G  v  45  Front 
Sirateg.  ii    I    II 

IMPEDITI      Inn      aryphise 
ology  sold  e  ■s  who  march&i  w  th  a 
heavy  load  of  arms   j 
s,  and  personal  b 


ta) 


lay  prac  ce  n 
the  Roman  arm  es  (Ctes 
B.  G.i.  1  )  and  shown 
by  the  an  exed  examj  le 
from  the  column  of  Tra   , 

E'  in.  The  soldier  w 
is  heavy  armour ; 
shield  on  the  left  arm,  and  helmet 
slung  in  front,  from  the  right  shoulder, 
while  his  personal  necessaries,  imple- 
ments for  cooking,  and  vessels  for 
eating  and  drinking  are  made  into  a 

?aci  and  carried  on  the  top  of  a  pole, 
he  men  thus  loaded  are  opposed  to 
ExPEDlTl ;  which  compare. 

IMPIL'IA  (ifiTTiAio,  Hesych). 
Thick  and  warm  coverings  for  the 
feet,  made  of  a  filled  fabric  (Fliii. 
H.N.  six.  la,  aad  Ulp.  Dig.  34.  z.  25., 
in  which  passage  they  are  distin- 
guished irora  fascuz  cntraUs,  and  from 
*eduUs),  but  whether  in  the  nature  of 
Btockioes,  socks,  or  shoes,  there  are 
not  sufficient  data  to  determine. 

IMPLUVIA'TUS.  A  term 
used  to  designate  some  particular 
hind  of  garments  worn  by  females 
(Plaat  E^d.  ii.  2.  39.);  but  as  it 
only  occurs  in  reference  to  a  tempo- 
rary fcishion,  it  is  impossible  to  say 
from  what  caprice  the  term  may 
have  sprun&  or  what  peculiarity  it 
was  intended  to  describe.  Some  refer 
it  to  the  form,  viz.  ^nare,  hke  the 
trnfiluvhtm  of  a  house  Cfiinieb.  Aiaers. 
xiv.  19,);  others  to  the  colour,  very  dark 
and  dingy,  like  the  water  which  drips 
down  irom  tlie  roof  of  a  house  into  the 
implmiium  (Non.  Marc  j,  w.  p.  S48.) ; 
both  conj  ectureslitfle  to  be  dependedon. 

IMPLUVIUM.  A  huge  square 
basin  sunk  in   the  floor  of  the  : 


LL 


i6r      Fe  t 


Plaut.  Ataph.  v,  L  59.  Liv.  iliii  13. 
Cic.  Verr.  ii.  I.  23).  The  illustration 
represents  the  implirvmm  as  now  seen 
in  the  house  of  Sallust  at  Pompdi ; 
roof  is  restored  to  the  apartment  in 
show  the  manner  in  which 
would  enter    through    the 

some  passages  the  word  ap- 
^  n  the  SE 


tiie   rain 


■urn  (Plant  MU.  ii.  j 


4.  Ter. 
^     .  3-  6.) ; 

but  there  is  good  reason  for  doublmg 
the  accuracy  of  these  readings,  and 
most  of  the  best  editions  have  adopted 
cempltaHum  m  its  place. 

INAR'CULUM.       Same  as  Ar- 

INAU'RIS (i>.\6^wv',hi>r>«v\  An 
ear-ring  fastened  to  the  ear  through  a. 
hole  (jenestra)  bored  in  the  lobe ; 
very  generally  worn  by  the  women 
of  Greece  and  Italy  (lador.  Orig. 
xix.  3J.  to.  Plant.  Men.  iii.  3.  17.), 
biit  not  by  males,  as  they  were  amongst 
some  barbarous  nations  ;  though  Isi- 
dorus  says  (/.  i^.)  that  the  Greek 
youths  worf 
single    ear  : 


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INCERNICUL  UM. 
If  without  drops   {statagmia),  f 


antiquities.  The  example  introduced 
shows  an  ear-ring  of  the  simplest 
kind,  from  a  Pompeian  painting,  con- 
sisting of  a  plain  gold  ring  of  con- 
adetable  siie,  such  as  is  commonly 
worn  by  the  female  peasantry  of  Italy 
at  this  day ;  but  many  other  speci- 
mens of  a  more  elaborate  and  valuable 
character  are  interspersed  in  different 
parts  of  these  pages, 

INCERNIC'ULUM  (rtjMa ). 
Usually  translated  a  sieve  ;  but  Lnci- 
lius  {Sat.  xxvi.  70.)  and  Cato  {R.  R. 
13.  I.)  both  make  a  distmction  between 
the  two  words  criiruni  and  1)1011001 
btm,  though  neither  of  them  gives  any 
details  by  which  we  might  ascertain 
in  what  the  difference  consisted  A 
passage  of  Pliny  {H  N  yvn  69 ) 
compared  with  Aristotle  (H  N  vi 
34. ),  su^ests  a  more  fitting  inlerpre 
tation  and  leads  to  the  conclusion  that 
the  tncfmiailuin  was  not  a  sieve  at  all 
but  a  lai^e  tray,  chest  or  perhaps 
basket  m  which  the  coin  dealers 
bron^t  their  samples  of  corn  to 
market  afttr  it  had  been  dfted  and 
cleared  from  the  chalF. 

INCI LE,  A  tributary  or  branch 
dram  or  ditch,  whefhec  for  the  purpose 
of  conveying  water  from  a  common 
source  into  the  lands  for  irrigation, 
or  for  conducting  it  from  dilferent 
parts  of  the  land  into  the  main 
channel.  Festiis,  s.  v.  Cato  R.  K. 
155.  1.  Columell.  V.  g.  13.  Apul.  Met. 
ix.  p.  182. 

INCINCTUS.  In  a  general  sense 
girded  or  encircled  by  a  thing  (Cic. 
Acad.  iv.  38. ) ;  thence  wearing  a 
^rdle  round  the  tunic  (Ov.  Fast.  ii. 
634.  CiNGULUM  and  illustrations)  ; 
and  especially  having  the  toga  twisted 
round  the  body  in  the  peculiar  manner 
called  the  gaiine  cincture.  Liv.  viii. 
46.     ClNCTTjs  3.  and  illustration. 

INCISU'EA.  A  term  used  by 
the  Roman  painters  to  express  what 
is  now  technically  called  hatchinghy 
our  engravers  and  artists  (Plin.  H.I^. 


J\'C!TEG.i. 

xxxili.  57.);  which  is  pioduced  by 
making  separate  strokes  with  the 
brush,  like  those  of  an  engraving  or 
chalk  drawing,  over  the  flat  tints,  ui 
order  to  deepen  the  tone,  give  trans- 


parency ind  form  a  lialf-tint  between 
the  light  and  sliade.  The  expedient 
of  hatchmg  is  never  resorted  to  in  oil 
painting  because  the  colours  blend 
easily  by  themselves ;  but  it  is  com- 
monly aj.  plied  by  the  fresco  painters 
both  of  the  old  Roman  and  modem 
Italian  schools.  Theilliistration,  which 
is  a  facsimile  of  a  piece  of  sculptured 
pavement  in  the  cathedral  at  Siena,  will 
explam  exactly  what  is  meant  by  the 
term.  If  it  were  a  fresco  painting 
instead  of  an  engraving,  the  darkest 
tint  at  the  tight  hand  side,  between 
the  head  of  tlie  child  and  the  drapery 
of  the  female  figure,  would  be  crossed 
overwithahatchingof  strongly  marked 
lines  as  it  is  here,  each  one  of  which 
would  form  an  indsura;  the  name 
being  transferred  from  its  original 
weaning,  an  indented  line,  like  those 
in  the  ^m  of  the  hand  (Plin.  H.  N. 
xi.  114.),  to  one  which  resembled  the 
same  in  its  effect. 

INCITE'GA  (iyyueftsij).  A  betUe- 
stand  or  case  for  holding  cruets,  de- 
can  r;  and  th  u  h  bad 
round  po  n  d  bo  m  o  hat  Ihey 
cou  d  and  alo  e  F  us,  s.  v. 
Y  3.  ad  'R        Sa          6        6 )     Of 


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INCOMMA. 


ance  with  tlie  particularise 
they  were  apphed  and  the  tas 
designer      TTie    ex-imple   in   od    ed 
repiesents  an  earths  ware  era     st  nd 
with  two  gla.'JS  bottles    i  it,  in 


original  fo  n  1 
lar  to  those  s,t  11  in  se  i 
kind  \  ry  generiliy  a  of  ed 
open  frame  upon  three  Of  m 
]ike  our  trivets,  made  of  silvei 
or  wood  (Allien.  Ddpn.  v. 
■vihich  the  excavations  of  P  ni[ 
and    Egypt  have   furnished 

INCOM'MA.     A  woi-d  of  d 
authority,  but  supposed  to       p 
post  with  gradations  of  feet  ai  d      I 
marked  upou  it,  by  which  th      ta 
of  consonpts  was  tested,  in  ord 
see  that  they   did  not  fall    h 
the  regular  military  standard      G 
Isidor.    Veg.  Mj/.  i.  S-      Sa  m 
Ijiinprid  jlifx.  Sev.  4. 

INCUNA'BULA.       Incl 
the  objects  which  constitute   h 
niture  of  a  cradle   (funabula        d 
the  infant  in  it ;    viz.   the 
{ptdvilhis)  on  which  it  lays ;  th 
bands  which   prevent  it  from    al 
out,   themselves    termed    ixcu 
specially  by  Plautus  ( Trac.  v. 
swaddling  clothes  and  bands  {f 
with  which  it  was  enveloped      h 
the  same  term  is  applied  ii 
sense  foe  a  ei-adle  (Liv.  "- 
hirth-place.     Cic  Ati.  ii 

INCUS  (fiB^wf).  A 
which  smiths  hammer 
out  and  fashion  their 
work.  (Plhi.  ff.  N.  vii 
57.  Vii^.  j^n.  vii.  629. 
Hor.  Ovid,  &c.)  It  had 
a  projecting  horn,  upon 
which  angular  and  circu- 
lar shapes  were  formed,       

and    when  used    was    placed 


^.36 


-   gli 


h     b       h      m 

d  ed    V  g 

Tb  C      d 

R  Ji  6 

INDEX  R        -n        U 

h   h  d  th        b 

eadnthw  C      Alt        4. 

Id  O  4.   L       xxvii    56    S 


g  d 


nts, 

n        d        mp     f   m  pa  n  ng 

'  mp  O^  d    P  /an 

RalMus  Borb 
An  «   rtftio      po     h    baa 
e,  tip  n  b  pon 


Tbull 


ded 
3     L 


INDICTI'VUS.    See  FuNUS,  2. 

INDU'CULA.  An  under-garment 
worn  by  females  ;  but  whether .  of  a 
general  or  special  nature  is  uncertain. 
It  certainly  belonged  to  the  Indutus, 
and  probably  meant  a  smalt  tunic,  or 


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350  INDUMENTUM. 

cliemise.  (Piaul.  Ep.  ii.  2,  410  Com- 
pare Non.  s.  Regilla,  who  quotes  the 
same  passage,  but  with  the  reading 
TanUiila. 

INDUMEN'TUM.  Ageneralterm 
for  any  thing  which  is  fut  an  in  the 
shape  of  clothing  (Gell.  xvi.  19,  3.). 
or  to  cover  any  part  of  the  pei-son; 
a  mask  (Gabius  Bassus  a?t.  Gell.  V.  7.); 
a  tunic  (Anrel.  VicL  Cos.  is.). 

INDUSIA'TUS.  Wearing  a/fiK*, 
like  tlie  women's  mdusaan  (Apul. 
Met.  ii.  p.  33.)  ;  a  CO! 
probably  representee 
on  the  annexed  figure, 
from  a  bas-relief  of  thf 
Florentine  Gallery.  It 
did  not  form  a  regular 
part  of  the  male  atljre,  / 
though  it  was  so  - 
times  given  to  young  '' 
and  efrenmia.te  boyswho 
waited  at  the  tables  of 
wealthy  or  lusnrious  in- 
dividuals, who  affected 
a  refined  style  of  dress 
for  their  attendants, 
that  Apuleius  speaks  i 
sage  cited.  Comp.  ApaL  Met.  viii. 
P-  172- 

2.  Indusiata  -uestis.  Plant.  E^. 
ii.  2.  49.      Same  as 

INDU'SIUM.  An  article  belonging 
to  the  Indutus  of  female  attire,  for 
which  ouv  term,  frock  affords  the  best 
translation,  and  the  closest  analogy ; 


INDUTUS. 

(luiucu/a),  had  shoit  sleeves,  and  was 
put  on  over  the  head  in  the  same 
manner  as  that  article  of  modem 
costmne.  (Varro.  de  Vit.  Pop.  Rom. 
ap.  Non.  J.  Subucula,  p.  522.  Id.Z.  L. 
V.  131.)  It  is  derived  from  indue, 
not  from  intm,  e.  false  etymology,  in- 
vented by  Varro  {/,  c),  to  suit  which 
he  writes  the  word  tnlasiam.  It 
was  worn  by  females  exclusively, 
for  Varro  distinctly  enumerates  it 
amongst  the  articles  of  their  wimlrot*; 
and  is  very  plainly  exhibited  on  both 
the  annexed  figures,  which  also  sirow 
the  lulitiaila  underneath  it  In  the 
lai^er  one,  representing  the  Flora  of 
the  Capitol,  the  right  arm  only  is  in- 
serted into  the  sleeve  ;  but  the  other 


hand,  just  as  such  a  dress  would  do 
after  it  had  been  put  over  the  head, 
and  one  arm  had  been  drawn  into 
the  sleeve,  before  dropping  it  down 
to  pass  the  other  through  the  oppo- 
site sleeve  in  like  manner.  The  small 
figure,  from  a  statue  of  the  Villa 
Borghese,  shows  a  dress  of  the  same 
description  when  properly  put  on, 
with  a  part  of  tlie  suducula  appearing 
underneath  it,  and  a  loose  shoulder- 
strap  {balteus)  outside. 

IN  D  UT  U  S  (ErSiifia.  Alciphr. 
Ep.  iii.  42.  10.  Ael.  V.  H.  iv.  22.)  A 
genenj  term  (from  induo)  for  any 
kind  of  close  garment  which  a  person 
puts  on,  or  inserts  his  limbs  or  body 
into,  as  contradislmct  from  Amictus, 
which  is  expressive  of 
loose  clothing  that  is 
wrapped  round  the  body. 
(Tac.      Ann.     xvi.  ' 

Apnl.  Fler.  il  9.  I.  j 
mian.  xxx.  7.  4.  Compare 
Cic  Or.  iii.  32.   Auet.  1  ' 
//^™«.iv.47-)Itcons 
quently  designates  any  ar 
every  of  the  varions  kini 
of  imdep'garments  worn  by 
tlie  ancients,  and  enumer- 
ated   in  the   list   of  the    < 
Classed  Index,  both  of  the  1 
female  apparel ;  and  is  well  illustrated 


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INFUDIBULUM. 

by  the  aimeKcd  figure  from  a  fictile 
vase,  whicfi  represents  a  female  tak- 
ing off  her  chemise  before  entering 
tlie  bath  ;  showing  hy  the  action  she 
employs  that  the  tunica  was  a  round 
garment  taken  off  and  put  on  over 
the   head,    like    a   modern   shirt    or 

INFUDIB'ULUM.  Calo,  !i.  R. 
lo.  t.,  for  Infundibulum. 

INFRENA'TUS  sc.  Eques.  One 
who  rides  without  a  bridle  (frenxni), 
as  was  the  practice  of  the  Numidian 
horsemen  (Liv.  xa.  44.),  and  some 
of  the  northern  nations,  whose  hortes 


were  so  docile  and  well  broken  that 
they  could  be  managed  by  the  voice, 
widiout  rein  or  bit,  as  in  the  annexed 
example,  which  represents  one  of  the 
allied  cavalry  in  the  army  of  Trajan, 
from  the  column  which  bears  his  name. 

3.  As  a  participle  of  the  verb  Jn- 
freno,  it  has  an  exactly  contrary  sig- 
nification, meaning  bitled  and  bridled. 
Liv.  xxjtvii  20.  Sil.  Ital.  iv.  314. 

INPSE-NIS  or  INFEE'NUS. 
Vii^,  Mn.  X.  75a  iv.  41.  Same  as 
Infrbnatus,  1. 

IN'FULA.  A  flock  of  wool  dyed 
red  and  white,  and  knotted  at  regular 
intervals  with  a  riband  (vitia),  so  as  to 
form  a  long  fillet,  which  was  worn  by 
the  priesthood  and  vestals,  employed 
as  an  ornament  for  the  victim  dressed 
for  a  sacrifice,  and  to  decorate  temples 
and  altars  upon  festive  occasions. 
(Viig,  vEm,  X.  538.  Id  GeBi-g.  iii.  487. 
Fcstus,  J-.  J'.  Qc  F«-.ii.4.5o.  Lucan 


INFULATUS.  351 

"■  3550  Itisfrequentlyrepresented  in 
sculpture,  though  tlie  natural  elasticity 
of  the  wool,  swelling  out  between  the 
ties  which  fasten  the  flocks  at  inter- 
vals, gives  to  such  works  a  strong 
resemblance  to  a  row  of   large  and 


small  beads  strung  together,  for 
which,  in  fact,  it  has  been  generally 
mistaken  ;  see  the  two  next  woodcuts, 
where  this  appearance  is  very  decided, 
though  upon  inspection  It  will  be  clear 
that  the  forms  are  intended  to  repre- 
sent the  same  objects  as  those  shown 
in  the  annexed  engraving,  which  re- 
presents two  genii  making  infulie, 
from  a  painting  discovered  at  Resina. 
The  niunber  of  flocks  tied  together  to 
make  a  length  also  explains  why  the 
]  0  e  vritert  mostly  u  e  tl  e  word  in 
the  plu  al    "^(to 


INFULATUS 
cora  ed    with 

fio  k    of     00 


CI 


Wea  mg 


3J)      It 

as  1  diadem 

the  head  w  h 

ends  hangmg  down 

on  each  side  (Serv.   I 

ad  Viig.  X.  538.)  by  / 

the  vestals  and  other  members  of  the 

priesthood,  exactly  as  represented  by 

the  annexed  example  from  a  statue  of 

las  in  the  Vatican ;  and  by  die  victim 


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352  INFUNDIBUL  UM. 

(Iwstia)  when  dressed  out  for  llie  sacri- 
fice (Varro,  L.  L.  vii.  24.  Inscript. 
af.  Orelli.  643, ),  which  had  its  bead 


and  neck  decorated  in  the  same  man- 
ner, as  exhibited  by  tlie  annexed 
enample  from  a  Roman  liaa-relief. 

INFUNDIB'ULUM  (xii"i).  A 
funndiox  conveniently  trans-  cao^ 
ferring  liquids  from  one  ves-  y-  ^W 
sel  into  another.  (CaCo,J?.^.  f  % 
13.  3.  Columell.  iiL  18.  Pal-  ^^ 
lad.  ya»,  7.  2)  The  esample  \f 
vepiesents  a  funnel,   of  the        10 

still  in  use,  from  an  original         ID 
of  glass  discovered  at  Pompeii. 

2.  A  funnel,  or  koffer.  as  it  is 
technically  called,  throngh  which  the 
corn  to  be  ground  was  poured  into  a 
mill  (Vitmv.  x.  5.  2.) ;  probably  the 
upper  one  of  the  two  stones  which 
formed  a  Roman  com  mill,  otherwise 
termed  Catillus  ;  but  compare  the 
illustration  J.  Mola,  2.,  on  the  top  of 
which  there  is  an  appurtenance,  which 
may  be  intended  for  a  hopper,  with 
the  com  pouring  into  it,  though  from 
Ihe  dilapidation  of  the  marble,  it  now 
presents  an  appearance  more  like  a 

INFURNIB'ULUM.  Same  as 
■Catlnfitndibulum  ;  (Plin.  H.  N.  xxiv. 
85.),  where  it  is  applied  to  the  purpose 
of  jnlialii^  steam  for  3  cough ;  fm 
which  the  funnel  above  engraved 
would  be  sufficiently  well  adapted  if 
tlie  narrow  end  were  placed  m  the 
month,  and  the  other  one  over  ihe 
object  from  which  the  steam  arose. 

INSCRIP'TUS.  ^■ra«(r'«f;  in  re- 
ference to  a  slave  who  liad  a  stigma 


l^SIGNE. 

burnt  into  his  forehead,  to  denote  the 
offence  which  he  had  committed. 
Mart.  viii.  75.  9.  Compare  Pet.  Sat. 
103.  2.  Id.  106.  I. 

2.  Also,  in  a  negative  sense,  ttn- 
marked ;  in  reference  *o  mercliandize, 
cattle,  &c,  when  smuggled  out  of 
port,  or  across  the  frontier,  without 

Eaying  the  proper  duties,  L  e. ,  without 
avii^  tlie  excise  or  custom-house 
brand  marked  upon  them.  Ludl.  Sat. 
xxvii.  3.  Gerlach.  Varro,  R.R.  iL  1. 15. 

INSIC'IA  and  INSIC'IUM. 
Mincsd  nimt  or  sausage  mmt  (Varro, 
i.  L.  V.  no.  Macrob.  Sat.  vil  & 
Donat.  ad  Ter.  Euk.  il  2.  26.)  The 
word  is  also  wri  tten/rf^w  by  Apiciu  s, 
of  wliichthe  modem  Italians  retain  tlie 
form  in  their  name  for  sausage,  sahiccia 
corrupted  from  salisisida,  i.e.,  minced 
and  salted. 

I N  SI  C I  A'  TU  S.  Stuffed  with 
minced  meat  or  stuffing.  Apic.  v.  4. 

INSIC'IOLUM.  (Apic.  V.  4.) 
Diminutive  of  Insicium. 

INSICNE.  In  a  general  sense, 
implies  anything  which  serves  as  a 
sign,  ornament,    or  badge,   by  which 

Eersons  or  tliingsmay  be  d  istinguished  ; 
ir  example,  the  crest  on  a  helmet,  the 
device  on  a  shield,  the  fasces  of  a  con- 
sul, the  sceptre  and  diadem  of  a  king, 
the  golden  bulla  of  high-born  children, 

2.  (jrapamj/ioc).  In  the  navy  it 
has  rather  a  more  special  sense,  bemg 
used  to  designate  the  figuri-hiad  of  a 
ship,  which  was  carved  or  painted  ou 
the  bows,  and  imitated   the   persoii 


or  object  after  wl  ch  tl  e  vessel  as 
named  as  contradistmgi  shed  iion 
Ttiiela  vh  I  vas  a  tuated  o  the 
quartern    and    epresc  ted  the   de  ty 


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INSILE. 

vvnder  wliosc  protection  the  vessel  was 
supposed  £o  sail.  The  eiample  rcpi'e- 
sents  the  head  of  a  vessel  named 
PUtris  in  Virgil  {Mn,  v.  1 16.),  ftom  a 
picture  in  the  Vatican  MS.,  intended 
to  illustrate  the  passage  cited  ;  which 
conaeqnently  is  furnisl^  with  an  image 
of  that  fabulous  animal  for  its  figure- 
head. All  the  other  vessels  in  the 
picture  have  fignres  in  a  similar  posi- 
tion, representing  tlie  objects  after 
which  they  are  named. 

IN'SILE.  (Lncr^t.  v.  1352.)  The 
real  meaning  of  this  word  k  doubtful. 
Some  think  that  it  e!:presses  the  ssime 
object  as  the  "  treadle  "  of  a  modern 
loom,  which  is  pressed  down  by  the 
foot  of  the  weaver  to  wovlt  the  leash 
rods  or  "heddles,"  and  make  them 
decussate  the  warp.  Schneider,  on 
the  contrary  (Index.  Script.  R.  R.  1. 
Tela),  considers  it  to  mean  the  hed- 
dles themselves,  which  move  up  and 
down  as  they  open  the  warp.  In  both 
cases  It  IS  derived  from  iusilio ;  and 
mitat  have  reference  to  a  horizontal 
!oora,  and  not  an  upright  one,  which 
Qoej  not  require  any  treadle,  and  in 
which  the  heddles  do  not  move  np  and 
down,  but  backward  and  forward ; 
but,  though  a  horizontal  loom  of  a 
very  primitive  kind,  and  doubtless  of 
a  very  ancient  model,  is  still  used  in 
India,  all  the  representations  which 
remain  to  us  of  Ilgyptian  and  Roman 
looms  are  upright  ones. 

IN'STITA.  An  ornament  at- 
tached  to  the  stola  of  a  Roman  matron 
(Hor.  Sal.  i.  2.  39.  Ov.  A.  Am.  i. 
32.)  i  the  real  character  of  which  has 
not  been  satisfactorily  ascertained,  as 
it  is  not  visibly  expressed  upon  any 
work  of  painting  or  sculpture  which 
has  reached  ns.  It  is  generally  de- 
scribed as  B.  sort  of  broad  fillet,  similar 
to  'ia.aftoKtKe  of  modem  times,  sewed 
outothe  bottom  skirt  of  the  outertunic, 
which,  with  this  adjunct,  then  becaonea 
stsla ;  in  which  case,  the  number  of 
thick  folding  plaits  in  the  annexed  and 
,  many  other  figures,  similarly  draped 
in  the  slola,  may  be  intended  to  repre- 
sent this  flounce,  though  its  jmicture 


with  the  tunic  is  concealed  undei  the 
loose  drapery  of  the  amiclm,  which 
covers  the  lower  part  of  the  under 
garment,  as  it  here  does,  in  all  the 


statues  and  figures  which  are  por 
trayed  in  a  corresponding  costume  to 
the  present  one.  But  an  attentive 
considemlion  of  the  terms  in  which 
the  article  is  mentioned  by  Horace 
and  Ovid,  compared  with  the  figure 
here  subjomed, 
believed  to  repre- 
sent Veturia,  the 
mother  of  Corio- 
lanus,  from  a 
frescopainting  in 
the  TTiennffi  of 
Titus,  induces  a 
confident  belief 
that  the  tnstiia 
really  was  an  ap- 
pendage   

the   r-^- 

that  so  promt 
nenlly  exhibited  behind  the  lower  half 
of  her  drapery  Such  an  interprela 
tion  would  accord  with  the  words  of 
^at.,Sat.\.  2.  29.,  where  he  says  that 
it  was  saimta,  sewed  on  under  the 
girdle,  and  trailed  behind  so  as  to 
cover  the  back  half  of  the  feet,  from 
the  ankle  joint  Hor.  I.  c.  li.  i.  a. 
99.  media  fiaies.  Ov.  A.  Am.  i.  32. 
2.  A  fillet,  or  riband,  which  it 
was  usual  to  tie  round  the  top  of  the 
thyrsus  under  the  foliaged  head  (Stat. 


;  of  : 


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example,  from  a  Pompeian  paiiiliug. 

3.  (rdi-oi,  iaiTWiii)  111  the  plural ; 
the  bands  or  cords  interlaced  across 
the  frame  of  a  bed  or  couch,  to  make 


a  support  foi-  llie  mattress  (PeL  Sat. 
97.  4.)  i  as  in  the  annexed  example, 
from  a  terra- cotta  lamp. 

4.  Also,  in  a  general  sense,  any- 
thing which  serves  as  a  band  or  band- 
age.   Pet.  Sat.  sx.  3. 

IN'STITOR(7raA.y«d.r.,\os).  One 
who  sells  goods  of  any  description  on 
account  of  another  person,  or,  as  we 
should  say,  by  commission,  whether 
as  a  retail  shopkeeper  and  agent,  or 
as  a  traveller  and  hawker.  Liv.  xxii. 
25,  Ov.  A.  Am.  i.  411.  Ulp.  Dig.  14- 
tit  3. 

INSTRAG'ULUM,  A  coarse  and 
common  counterpane  for  a  bed.   Cato, 

'iNSUB'ULUM  (fi-rioi'}.  The 
chtk-beam  of  a  weaver's  loom,  round 
which  the  cloth  is  roUed,  when  woven 
to  a  greater  length  than  the  height  of 
the  loom.  It  goes  by  a  similar  name 
in  Italy  at  the  present  day,  where  it 
is  called  il  Subbio.  It  was  some- 
times placed  ati  the  top  of  the  loom. 


rTTT 


as  in  the  annexed  example,  from  an 
Egyptian  painting,  where  it  is  seen 
with  the  clotli  rolled  round  it  under 
(he  yoke  {juguvi) ;   and 


INTERCOL  UMNIUM. 

the  bottom,  accordingly  as  the  noof 
was  driven  upwards  or  downwards, 
by  the  comb  or  batten  (peclen,  ifa- 
fia),  holh  of  which  modes  were 
practised  by  the  andents.  Isidor. 
0(7^.  xxix.  1.  Gloss.  Phibx.  PoUux. 
vii,  36.  X.  125.  Euslath.  iit  Horo.  Od. 
xiii.  107.   Aristoph.  Thesm.  S22. 

IN'SULA.  A  house,  or  a  cluster 
of  contiguous  houses,  having  a  free 
space  alfround  the  collective  pile,  so 
that  they  formed  a  single  and  isolated 
mass  of  building,  like  an  island  in  the 
water  (Donat  ad  Ter.  Ad.  iv.  !.  39. 
Festua,  s-  v.  Cie.  Off.  iii.  16.)  But 
as  the  hooses  compo^g  an  mstda 
were  let  out  in  flats  to  different 
families,  or  comprised  several  distinct 
shops  and  tenements,  the  word  came 
to  be  used  in  a  less  definite  sense  for 
any  hired  lodging  <Pet.  Sat.  95.  3.), 
or  house  occupied  by  more  than  one 
fanuly,  as  contradistinguished  from 
domus,  the  private  house  or  mansion 
only  tenanted  by  a  single  personj  the 
owner  or  bis  lessee;  (Tac.  Ann.  vi. 
45.  Suet.  Nero,  \fi.  38.  44.  Id.  Jtd. 
41.)  The  ground-plan,  which  occu- 
pies the  second  column  at  p.  z$<i., 
affo  da  an  example  boti  of  an  insida 
and  a  don  is  be  ng  an  solated  patch 
of  bu  Id  ngs  u  ounded  on  all  sides 
by  streets  and  o  a  ng  one  private 
mans  on  a  d  eleven  sepa  a  e  shops 
and  tenemen  s,  each  of  which  was 
o  cup  ed  by  a  d  flerBnt  tenant,  as 
V  II  appear  by  efe  ng  to  the  de- 
sc   pt  o      he  e  gjven 

INSULA'RII.  Persons  who  live 
in  hired  lodgings  {msuke).  Pet.  Sat. 
95-8. 

2.  Slaves  belongmg  to  the  owners 
of  house  property  (Pompon.  Dig.  50. 
16.  166.) ;  they  performed  the  duties 
of  house-agents  and  lodging-house 
keepers,  and  collected  tlie  rent  for 
which  tliey  were  liable  to  their 
masters,  the  landlords,  if  tlie  tenant 
defaidt»i.     Pompon.  B.  vii.  8.  16. 

INTERCOLUM'NIUM  (inao- 
ffruXmi').  The  intercolumniation,  or  . 
space  between  one  column  and  an- 
other in   a  colonnade  (Cic.    Vcrr,   ii. 


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INTERMETWM. 

I.  19^) ;  which  tlie  ancient  architects 
distributed  at  five  different  intervals, 
called  respectively  areostylas,  liiaily- 
los,  aistylBS,  ^stylos,  fycnoiiylBs ;  each 
of  which  is  explained,  under  its  omi 

TNTtRME'TIUM.  The  long, 
Ijw  lianier  between  the  goals  {pieta) 
of  a  racecourse  (Gloss.  Pliilox.), 
which  divided  the  course  into  two 
paits,  as  will  be  seen  by  referring  to 
the  ground  plan  of  tlie  Circus  of 
Caracalla,  p  165  ,  on  which  it  is 
marked  B  One  side  of  the  coorse, 
with  an  elevation  of  the  inlsmi^tium 
and  vieliB  at  the  baclt,  is  shown  by 
the  uinexed  illustration,  from  an  eii- 


gn"ed  gem  The  word,  however,  is 
only  found  in  the  Glossary  above 
iiuoted,  but  Visconti  {Mas.  Fio 
Clem.  V  p  244)  tliiiiks  that  it  was 
the  name  oiiginally  employed  before 
the  more  modem  one  Spina  was 
adopted,  and  again  levived  after  that 
had  falJen  mto  disuse,  or  received  a 
difterent  apphcation. 

INTERSCALMIUM.    Tlie  space 
between  thowl  and  thow!  (icalmus) 


355 

outside  by  the  space  bet^i'ecn  one 
oar,  or  oar-port,  and  another.  The 
illustration  is  from  an  ancient  Roman 
fresco  painting  discovered  in  the 
Famese  gardens. 

INTEKTIG'NIUM.  The  space 
between  the  ends  of  the  tie  beams 
(iigna,  B  B  B.  in  the  example)  which 
rest  upon  the  architrave  {Irabs,  A)  in 
the  timber  work  of  a  roof.  (Vilmv. 
iv.  3.  3.  and  4.]  Six  of  these  are  here 
sliown ;  and  m  the  earliest  buildings 
these  intervals  were  left  open  ;  but, 
subsequently,  they  were  covered  over 
with  slabs  of  marble,  so  as  to  form 


par!  of  a  continuous  irieze  [loji/ior 
or  to  form  a  metope  {meioJ>a)  in 
Doric  order. 

INTERULA.  Seems  to  oei. 
tical  with  Subucula,  the 
tunica  interior  or  ititimii),  wom  next 
Che  skin  ;  and  is  applied  indiscrimi- 
nately to  both  sexes.  (Apul.  Plor. 
ii.  9.  Id.  MeL  viii.  p.  159.  Vopisc. 
Pi-ob,  4.}  Ses  the  illustrations  s. 
iNDUTus  and  Subucula 

INTESTINARIUS  A  mechanic 
employed  in  making  what  are  now 
called  thejfiWw^  in  the  interior  of  a 
house;  a  iarptnta-  sin.djmner  Cod. 
Thtod.  13.  4.  2  InscnpC  ap.  Mur. 
929.  6.  ap.  Orelli    4182 

INTESTINUM,  sc  opus.  The 
fittings  gf  iBBod  m  the  inside  of  a 
house,  such  as  aoors,  window  frames, 
and  shutters ;  or  carpenter  and  join- 
er's work.  Vitruv.  v.  2.  Varro, 
R.R.  iii.  I.  10.      Phn.  H.  N,  xvi.  82. 

INTON'SUS  <aKEpo.M,,i,t).  Vn- 
skom;  i.i.,  wearing  long  hair  ;  with 
an  implied  sense  of  youthfulness ; 
for  both  the  Greeks  and  Romans 
cropped  their  hair  upon  arriving  at 
the  age  of  puberty,  after  which  pe- 
riod long  hair  was  regarded    as  ui- 


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JACULA  TORES. 


JANUA. 


357 


,  according  to  the 
amouni:  or  nature  of  the  numbers 
mmed  np ;  as,  Canis  or  Cankuia, 
Vaats,  Valtarius,  Semones.  Liv.  iv. 
17.     Ov.^.  Am.m.-ilz. 

2.    A   out  of   the    net;    it.,    the 
quantity  of  fish   taken  in  it.     Val. 
!   7  extr 
A   ULATORES     Jmelinnim; 
Inr  the  allies  to  the  Roman 
rrru      and  so  termed  from  the  dart 
m)  which  they  used,  in  con- 
in  tion   to    the    slingers    and 
(fun^tcres        sagUtarU)  ; 
g      1  three  were  clisaed  amongst 
armed  troops,  and  were  em- 
battle   by    annoying    the 
ith  showers  of  their  missiles. 


'■  5  2 

JAC  ULUM  A  j<ntlm  or  dart 
which  15  thrown  at  a  distance  not 
held  in  the  hand  for  thrusting  (Varro 
LL  vn  57)  whence  the  name 
saems  to  be  given  indiscnminately 
by  the  Latin  authois  to  many  kinds 
if  missiles  even  to  a  spear  when  di 
charged  from  the  hand  as  a  miss  le 
Liv  XXV)  4  Cic  Tus  I  42. 
Virg   j£n   It  52  with  Sers  ad  I 

2  A  cast  net  used  for  tak  ng  fish 
(Ovid  A  Am  1  763  )  which  differed 
in  some  manner  from  ihtfunda  for 
Ausonius  i,Epist  IV  54)  mentions 
both  these  articles  as  a  nece^sa  y 
part  of  a  fisherman  s  fit  out  but  with 
ont  aiFordi  ig  any  clue  by  which  the 
difference  ca  i  be  traced 

3  The  net  used  by  the  tetmrtu 
(Isidor  Ong  xvi  1  54)  -who  ham 
peied  an  opponent  by  throwing  it 
over  his  Iieid  and  despatchins;  him 
with  his  tndent,  as  shown  and  ex 
pla  ned  j  Retiarius 

4.  Jaculas  A  loig  lope  w  th  a 
noose  at  the  end  hke  the  lisso  em 
ployed  for  catchmg  steers  out  of  a  herd 
when  It  was  required  lo  bring  them 
inti  the  lorae'ilead  and  b real  then 
to  the  pi  u,h       CdIuhcII   124 


JA'NITOR  {dvf,u,p&i).  'ih^  door- 
keeper or  porta-;  a  slave  who  kept 
the  keys  of  the  street  door  (,ja.nu^, 
and  sat  in  the  potter's  lodge  at  the 
entrance  of  a  house.  Cic.  Vsrr.  'a.  3. 
2,  Plaut  Men.  iv.  2.  115. 

JA'NITRIX.  A  duenna.  (Plant. 
Cure.  i.  I.  76.),  Bbttiger  and  other 
writers  infer  from  the  above,  and 
some  passages  of  Tibullus  (L  6.  61. 
andi.  8.  76.),  that  female  slaves  were 
employed  as  doorkeepers,  and  ushers 
in  the  ante-rooms  of  their  mistress's 
house.  But  such  a  notion  seems  highly 
impiohable  ;  much  more  so  than  that 
the  word  is  merely  used  in  an  allusive 
sense,  as  explained. 

JA'NUA  (nSAHoc  ei(M).  Strictly, 
the  front  or  street  door  of  a  private 
house  {Cic.  N.D.  ii.  27.  Sei-v.  [  ad 
Vii^  ■S.n  i  449  Vitnv  ii  7  i  ) 
as  contradistinguished  from  portj 
the  gate  of  a  town  &c  and  from 
estmm  a  dooi  in  the  interior  but 
these  n  ce  distinctio  is  are  not  always 
observed      Tl«  illustration  represent? 


1  doorway  belong  ng  lo  one  of  the 
hou  es  at  Pompc  1  with  the  dooi 
Itself  and   pai  eJlinj,   re=tored   fr  m  a 


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5 


•JENTACULUM. 


•ved  in  imitation  of  wooden 

p  he   whole   design   consists 

Mowing   component  parts ; 

h  c  tlireslioid,   raised  a  step 

b  pavement    {fimeii) ;    the 

bo     {suferdlium,  jugumentum, 

superum)  ;  tlie   door  posts 

wh   h      ppoit   it   {fostes)    the  door 

i,fi>res),  each  of  which  is  Lora 

p    ed  the    following  parts 


■  carpenters 
call  h'  rails"  (itapagina)  dividing 
the  wliole  into  three  separate  panels 
{tympana). 

JENTACULUM  (aspur  r^n)  A 
break-fast;  the  earliest  of  the  daily 
meals.  (Nigid.  ap.  Isidor  xn  3 
lO-t  It  was  taken  at  vanous  houis 
according  to  tlie  habits  of  each  indi 
vidual ;  by  labonters  very  eaily  in 
the  morning ;    and,   in   general,   ap 


)  have  consisted  of  li^l  t 


digestible  food.  Suet  Vit  13  Mart 
xiv.  223.  Compare  v  11  67  Apnl 
Mel.  i.  p.  14- 

JUQA'LIS,  sc.  Equui  (f  j.»t 
Sbttoc).  a  draught-horse  ;  but  espe- 
cially one  which  draws  by  a  yoke 
{JHgum)  attached  to  the  pole,  as  con- 


tradistinguished from  fufmlis,  an  out- 
rider. (Viig.  ./En.  vii.  280.  Sii. 
ItaL  xvi.  400.),  as  shown  by  the  an- 
nexed  example,    from    an    Etruscan 


JUGA'RTUS.  A  rustic  slave,  who 
attended  to  the  stalling,  feeding,  and 
dressing  of  the  plough  oscn,       (Cohi- 


yUGUM. 

mell,  i.  6.  6.)  The  Tuscan  pea- 
santry dress  theh  oxen  daUy  with 
the  brush  and  currycomb,  as  we  do 
our  horses ;  and  it  may  he  inferred 
from  the  above  passage  of  Columella 
that  the  ¥.om.^.^3jllgari^^s  did  the  same. 
JUGA'TIO.  Implies  the  training 
of  vines  to  a  mil  or  treilis,  which  waa 
practirid  in  two  vays  either  in 
single  Imes  like  an  espalier  then 
termed  jugilm  dtreU  or  over  a 
frame  formed  with  uprights  a  1 1  tie 
ba  s  at  the  top  like  the  annexed  ex 
ample    from  a  pamting  in  the  Na 


soman    sepulchie     which    was  then 
called  j/^uSio  coaipli^nalJ       Vino, 

JPJP   1    ii    3 

JUGUM  (Cu/oi)  A  }Bie  foi 
draught  anmal:.  (Lie  A  Z?  11  60 
Cato,  J?.R.  XI.  2.  Vitruv.  x.  3.  8.i, 
which  was  attached  to  the  end  of  a  pole 
by  a  Ihoiig  (co/iuni,  lomm),  or  by  a 
pin  ;  and  was  frequently  formed  with 


two  arcs  to  fit  the  necks  of  the  ani- 
mals on  which  it  rested,  in  which 
case  it  is  described  by  the  epithet 
sunium  (Ov.  Fast.  iv.  216.),  to  distin- 
guish it  from  the  plain  straight  curricle 
bar  also  used  for  the  same  purpose.  It 
was  likewise  furnished  with  a  pair  of 
loops  or  bands  (JtCy^ai)  at  each  extre- 
mity, which  were  tied  tonnd  the  animal's 


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Bevera!  details  aie  exemplified  by 
the  two  illustrations  introduced;  tlie 
first  of  which,  is  from  a  bas-relief 
found  in  the  island  of  Magnesia ; 
the  second,  which  shows  the  pin  and 
the  thongs  round  the  chest,  from  a 
painting  at  Pompeii. 

2,  (iiiTiA\n,  ifa^opov).  A  yoke 
for  men  to  cany  burdens  upon. 
(Varro,  Ji.Ji.  ii.  2.  lO.)  It  consisted 
of  a  pole  slightly  curved  in  the  centre, 
and  furnish^  tvith  a  strap  at  each  end, 
from  which  the  object  was  suspended, 
(Alciphr.  Ep.  i.  i.  25.),  somewhat  in 
the  same  nmnner  as  our  milk-pails  are 
carried;  but  with  this  material  difier- 
ence,  that  it  was  not  placed  ai/mg'  the 
back,  h-jt  acrost  one  shoulder,  so  that 
the  objects  suspended  from  it  hung  be- 
fore an!d  behind  the  person  bearing  it, 


who  could  thus  shift  his  burden  from 
one  slioulder  to  the  other  {Aristoph. 
Ran.  8.)  whenever  he  wished  to  ease 
lb  ght        Th       h  I      f  th*    ■    '1 

Ittdbyth  in  dwdt 
th    t  p  fig  p         t   a      nei    1 

Egypti  n  5  It         I 


1  1 


f   1 


f  th 

ll 


nearly  sixteen  inch      1 
served  in  the  Brit   h   M         1 
object  on  the   left  h    d    h 
bottom  of  the  strap     p 
scale,  the  two  ends   f  wb   ! 
ened   t<^ether    by  11 

which  not  only   se    ed    t 
them,  but  to   rece  1  ooh 

additional  strap,  if  th  t 
burden  require!  it  and  tl 
figure  in  tlie  centre  h  tl 
of  using  the  lustrum  t  f  m 
vase,  which  fancif  II)  p 
Satyr  carrying  obj  t  f 
to  Bacchus. 

3.  The  beam  of      1   I      e, 
of  scales  ;  whence  used  as  a  n 


the  constellation  Libra.  (Cic.  Dm. 
ii.  47.)  The  example  represents  a 
bronze  original 

4.  A  cross-bar  connecting  two  up- 
rights at  the  top,  in  order  to  form  a 
frame  upon  which  vines  were  trained 
(Varro,  R.R.  i.  8.);  as  explained 
and  illustrated  !.  Jugatio. 


loon 


The 


which  thi 


threads  of  the  \ 

were  fastened   (Ovid. 

Mci.    vi.    55.),    when    c 

the  loom  was  of  the 

simplest  kind,  without 

a  cfotli  beam  (inmbu- 

1am),  and  the  web  was 

driven  down  towards 

the  bottom,  instead  of 

pw  rd   ;   such  as  exhibited  by  the 

ed  example,  representina;  Circe's 

1     m  f  om  the  Vatican  Virgil. 
6  75«^(':i^underwhichtheRoman3 
n  p  lied  a  vanquished    enemy   to 

p  thout  arms,  in  token  of  sub- 


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360  yuGUMENTUM. 

jugatSon,  (Liv.  iii.  28,  Flor.  i.  11. 
13.)  It  was  formed  by  two  spears 
stuck  ill  the  ground,  with  anotliet 
fastened  transversely  over  their  tops, 
so  as  to  present  the  same  figure  as 
the  upright  loom  in  flie  preceding 
woodcut.  Festus  s.v.  Zonar.  rii.  17. 
7.  The  thwart,  or  cross-bench  in  a 
boat  upon   which   the  passenger  sat. 


(Vii^.  Mn.  m.  48r.  of  Charon's  l)iik 
Serv.  ad  /.).  The  illustration  i?  from 
a  Roman  bas-relte£ 

JUGUMEN'TUM.  The  lintel  of 
adoorvvay.  (Cato.  ^.^.  xiv.  I.;*.4.) 
From  the  use  of  the  word  Jll^iu/ia 
applied  to  the  gates  of  the  citadel  at 
Sardis  by  Polybius  (viL  16.  5.), 
Schneider  would  infer  that  the  jugu- 
Dienlum  was  something  in  the  nature 
of  a  fastening  affixed  to  the  outside  of 
a  door  or  gate  1  but  it  remains  to  be 


t  Pompeii ;   for 


certa     y  used  by  La  o 


ne  of  the  three 
merabersofawooden  doorcase, /('mwia, 
pastes,  jttguminta  ;  and  in  the  second, 
as  part  of  the  doorway  in  a  wall, 
cdteras  farietes  ex  latere,  jiigarnenta, 
el  aniepagmenia. 

JUNffNES.  Fairies  or  guardian 
spirits  of  the  female  sex,  one  of  which 
was  believed  to  be  born  with  every 
female,  to  attend  and  watch  over  her 
through  life,  and  expue  with  her  at 
her  doLcase,  precisely  as  the  Genius 
with  males  They  are  lepresented 
as  young  girls,  with  the  wings  of  a 
bat  or  a  moth,  and  entirely  draped, 
as  shown  by  the  annej-ed  example, 
from  a  Pompeian  pointing  ,  whereas 


the  male  spirit  was  iisuaHy  repre- 
sented naked  or  nearly  so,  and  with 
the  wings  of  a  bird.  Piin.  JI.N.  u. 
5.  Senec.  Sp.  no.    Tibull.  iv.  6.  I. 


LAB'AKUM.  The  impeda! 
dard  carried  before  the  Roma 
perors  from  the  time  of  Cou' 
stantine.  In  form  it  resembled  f 
the  vexillum  of  the  cavalry, 
consisting  of  a  square  sheet  of 
silk  attadied  by  a  cross  bar  to 
the  shaft,  richly  ornamented 
with  gold  and  embroidery,  and 
emblazoned  with  the  figure  of 
a  cross  and  a  monogram  of 
Qirist.  (Prudent,  in  Symmaeh. 
i.  4S7.),  as  shown  by  the  a 
example,  from  a  medal  of  Coiislan 


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LABELLVM. 

The  name  is  protably  forme 
the  Gaulish,  lab,  to  raiss;  f     C 
stantine  was  educated  in  GauL 

LABEI.'LUM.    Diminuti 
Labrum.     Columell,  xii.  43. 
R.  H.  X.  2.  and  Cic  Z^.  ii.  26      h 
it  is  an  ornamental  vase  over     gr 
(lumu/us), 

LA'BRUM.   A  general  nam   g 
to  any  vessel  which  is  formed 
ftill  round  brim,  turning  ove  h 

outside  like  the  human  tip,  from 
which  simifitude  the  name  arose. 
The  more  special  uses  (0  which  such 
vessels  were  applied  are  the  following : 

I.  A  large  flat  basin  containing 
water,  which  stood,  in  an  isolated 
position ,  upon  the  Hoor  at  the  circular 


LABIUM, 


361 


end  of  the  thermal  chamber  (i;a/(fo- 
rium],  in  a  set  of  baths,  leaving  suffi- 
cient space  all  round  it  to  accommodate 
the  different  liafhers  who  stood  round 
and  sprinkled  themselves  witii  the 
water  it  contained,  whitst  they  scraped 
off  the  perspiration  from  their  bodies, 
engendered  by  the  high  temperature 
of  the  room.  (Vitrav.  v.  10,  4.  Qc. 
Fam.  xiv.  20.  Marquea.  Cm.  Horn. 
g3i6.seqq.)  Most  of  tliese  particulars 
are  exemplified  by  the  Ulustration 
from  a  fictile  vase,  which  shows  a 
slave  {aqaarius}  ffllrog  the  iaimrn 
with  water;  one  person  scraping 
himself  with  a  strigu  (stHg^lisj,  and 
another  dipping  his  hands  into  the 
basin  for  the  purpose  of  sprink- 
ling the  water  over  his  person.  Tlie 
engraving  on  page  363.  s.  v.  Laco- 
NIC0M,  exhibits  a  vase  of  the  same 
kind  as  it  now  stands  at  one  end 
of  the  thermal  chamber  in  the  baths 
of  Pompeii, 


A   ornamental  basin  of  the  same 

■n        tended  to  receive  the  water 

wh    h      11  from  the  iet  of  an  artificial 

ai      (Pin.  Efi    \    (:     Ulp    Dg 

9  5)    as  edib-    ■   '       ' 

xamp  e    repri 


i  bv  the  0 


tarn  now  remi  u  ng  1 1  tl  e  Fullo  ca 
of  Pon  pe  n  »h  1  only  the  a  er 
has  been  re-tored  to  show  II  e  a  on. 
3  A  large  fia  ve'Jsel  or  pan  ade 
of  atone  or  earthenware  [Col.  R,  R. 
xii.  15.  3.),  which  was  employed  in 
the  cella  olearia  for  holding  the  oil 
after  it  had  been  removed  from  the 
locus.     Col.  R.  R.  xii,  52.  10.  Cato. 

4.     (j^tpw^Df,     JTEpi. 

inly  water  _fant,  of  stone 
placed  at  the  entrance 
of  B  heathen  temple, 
to  contain  the  lustral 
water  (Herod.  I.  51.) 
into  which  the  hands 
were  dipped  as  a  puri- 
fication before  sacri- 
fice. Ttie  illustration 
represents  an  original 
font  of  white  mar- 
ble which  served  for  tliis  puipose 
at  Pompeii ;  and  the  manner  of 
placing  It  in  front  of  a  temple  is  ex- 
hibited by  a  bas-relief  of  the  Vatican. 
{Mas.  Pio-Clem.  v.  33.)  Tlie  com- 
position of  the  holy  water  was  tlie 
same  as  that  now  adopted  ui  Roman 
Catholic  countries,  a  minture  of  salt 
with  common  water.  {Theocr.  Id. 
xxiv.  95.  Durant.  de  Rit.  \.  21.) 
The  word  lairunt  is  not  met  with  in 
any  Latin  writer  in  the  sense  here 
mentioned ;    but    the   Greelc 


■e  well  authen 


objec 


;aied,  i 


self;    and   the   form 


well  as  the 
i  pre- 


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362  tABVRrNTHVS 

cisely  tliat  of  which  the  n^ne  in 
question  if  diaractenstic. 

5.  The  ditch  or  trench  on  the  out- 
side of  an  aggsff  or  of  a  wall  of  forti- 
fication.    Alison.  Ciar.  Urb.  v,  q. 

LABYRINTHUS  (.Knfiipti-eo^).  A 
labyrinlh ;  under  which  terra  the 
ancients  understood  more  especially  a 
large  mass  oE  building  connected  with 
innumerable  subterraneous  caverns, 
streets,  and  passages,  like  the  cata- 
coml>s  at  Rome  for  example,  out  of 
which  it  was  nest  to  imposailile  fot  a 
person  who  had  once  penetrated  into 
them  to  return  baclt  again  without  a 
giiide.  Herod.ii.  184.  Plin.  ff.N.  ssxvi. 
19.  §  1-^4.  Viig.  ^n.  V.  588.  Ov.  Msi. 
viii.  159.  seqq.  But  likewise  what  is 
now  railed  a  maze,  formed  by  an  in- 
tricate design  containii^  many  pas- 
sages and  windings  within  a  small 
space,  circumscribed  by  hedges  (Plin. 
/.  c.  §  2.),  snch  as  stiil  remains  in  the 
Gardens  of  Hampton  Court,  and  other 
places ;    and    as    indicated   with    its 


name  in  the  annexed  illustration, 
which  is  a  reduced  facsimile  of  a  sketcli 
ruddy  scratched  with  a  nail  upon  tlie 
pilaster  of  a  Pompeian  house,  pub- 
lished in  the  Mus.  Borb.  xiv.  Tiw.  a. 
1852. 

LACER'NA.  An  article  of  dress, 
which  appears  to  have  been  borrowed 
from  the  Gauls,  (Cic  PM.  u.  30.) 
It  consisted  of  a  loose  mantle,  not 
closed  all  roimd,  like  the  ptenula,  but 
opon  in  front,  and  fastened  by  a  buckle 
or  brooch  (^«&}  under  the  throat.  It 


:.28.), 


L  ACINI  A. 


r,  sufficiently  ample  t 

the  toga  IJuv, 

or  any  other 
garment  ;    and   had  a 
hood    {cuadltis.   Mart, 
siv.    132.  139.),  which 
could    be   raised   over 
the     head    when    tlie 
wearer  wished  to  con- 
ceal   his    features,    < 
ai'oid  the  sight  of  any 
uripleasant         object, 
(rfor.   Sat.   iL    ^.   55.  ^   I 
Paterc.  ii.   70.  2.)     It  'Sȣ 
came  first.into  use  towards  the  latter 
end  of  the  republic  ;  but  became  very 

feneral  under  the  empire,  being  used 
y  all  classes,  civil  as  well  as  military. 
(Suet  Aug.  40-  Claud.  6.)  All  these 
particulars  seem  to  be  distinctly  exhi- 
bited m  the  mantle  worn  by  (he  an- 
nexed figure,  from  the  column  ofTraj  an; 
and  as  it  presents  a  characteristic  dress, 
which  can  be  ascribed  to  no  other  name 
in  the  language,  it  may  be  confidently 
taken  as  affordiiig  the  moddof  a  lacei-na. 

LACERNATUS.  Wearing  the 
kuema,  as  described  and  represented 
in  the  preceding  article  and  illustra- 
tion,     Paterc  ii.  80,  3. 

LACER'NULA.  Diminutive  of 
Lacbena,    Arnob.  iL  56, 

LACI'NIA  (tpomie).  In  its  pri- 
msiry  sense,  a  flock  of  wool,  not 
twisted  into  a  firinge  {fimbria),  but  in 
its  natural  form  of  a  knot  Or  tuft,  such 
as  we  often  see  left  upon  the  surface 
of  blankets  and  other  woollen  fabrics. 
Hence  the  term  was  transferred  to 
many  other  objects  both  animate 
and  maminate  which  bore  a  resem- 
blance to  the  pointed  and  globu- 
lar form  of  that  object ;  as,  a  small 
pn^cliisg  headland  (Plin.  ff.N.  v, 
43,);  a/flV"Pd, 
two   drBp-lihe    e~ 

the  jowl  of  ashe- 
goat(Id,viii.76.) 
which  the  ancient 
artista     likewise 


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■atyi';  II  nrler  lo  ind  cate  the  r  li 
bidiiious  propensibes,  nhen  they  re 
presented  them  witliout  horns  as  in 
the  annexed  example,  f  om  a  statue 
found  at  Herculaneum 

2  From  the  resemblance  aLove 
mentioned  the  name  was  given  to  a 
sort  of  drop,  frequently  left  on  to  the 
comers  of  various  articles  of  dress  ; 
the  cMamys  (Plant.  Merc.  i.  2.  29.}, 
fallium.  (Pet.  Sat.  xii.  2.),  is^  (Suet. 


the  annexed 
gure,  from  ; 
equestrian  statue  of  N  BaJbui  dis 
covered  at  Herculaneum  upon  the 
fallaim,  in  the  first  illustration  to  that 
word  ;  upon  the  chlamys  at  pp  154. 
155.  178. ;  upon  the  to^a  of  the 
Etruscan  figure,  with  the  right  arm 
extended,  s.  Toga,  though  it  is  iost 
in  our  engraving  from  the  reduced 
size  of  the  drawing  and  on  those 
of  the  figures  in  Mas  Borb  11.  41 
Mus.  Mo-Chm.  iil  19  v  32  and 
many  other  statues.  Now  as  th  / 
Hm  always  depended  from  the  e 

corner  of  the  skirt,  it  will  be  d  ly 
understood  how  it  came  to 
ill  general  language  the  angi 
iremity  of  the  dress  itself;  l  \ 
sometimes  hung  down  nea  h 
ground,  and  sometimes  was  tal  n  up 
and  thrown  over  the  shoulder  (An 
SOLIUM),  so  that  one  person  catches 
another  by  the  ladnia,  to  stop  hira 
and  arrest  his  attention  (Suet.  Claud 
15.  Pet.  Sat.  100.  J.),  like  our  "but 
ton  holder;"  or  uses  it  as  a  hand 
Iferchief   to    wipe  his   face     (Plaut 


gnfy 


/  iCOMCUM  363 

Ver  1  2  If  )  cr  to  tontain  any 
thm'  (Cic  ram  xvi  ai ) ;  while 
Apuleius  fiequently  uses  the  word 
m  a  more  general  sense  for  the  en- 
tire garment  to  which  lacinia  were 
appended 

LALCNICUM  {mp^ariifiiov). 
The  semicii'cular  end  of  the  thermal 
chamber  (caldarnim)  in  a  set  of  baths, 
so  termed  because  it  originated  with 
the  Lacedsemonians.  (Mart,  vi.  43. 
16.)  One  end  of  the  caMarmnt  con- 
tained a  bath  of  warm  water  {alvsus), 
and  the   other  the  Lacsnicum,   con- 


szstinj,  ji  a  tmiurcujar  ^lco^e  heated 
by  aluniace  and  ilue^  (/(jjtouwJjjpass 
in^  under  its  floor  and  through  its 
walls,  which  were  mide  hollow  for 
the  purpose  In  the  centre  was  placed 
a  fla  ase  (labrum\  containing  water 
f  1  e  bather  to  sprinkle  over  him- 
If  a  he  scraped  oS  the  perspiration 
eng  nde  ed  by  the  high  temperature 
a  whi  h  the  place  was  kept ;  and 
romediately  over  it  was  a  circular 
op  nmg(&ni(vi),  which  could  beclosed 
o  pened  by  means  of  a  metal  disk 
{  //  us),  accordingly  as  it  was  re- 
quired to  rtdse  or  lower  the  degree  of 
heat  (Vitruv.  vii.  10.  v.  10.)  The 
illustration  represents  the  Laconicum 
m  the  baths  at  Pompeii,  with  its 
labram  in  the  centre,  and  the  circular 
apertire  over  il,  which  was  closed  by 


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364  LACTABWS. 

a  metal  diik,  suspended  b;  di^ins, 
for  uluch  ihe  fistenings  weie  dis 
tovered  afSxed  to  the  walls  Tlie 
three  square  windons  above  were 
made  an  Uglit  by  bemg  closed  with 
glasb  or  lapis  spe  ularis  The  manner 
m  y,  tuch  the  apparatus  of  the  chpau 
acted  IS  explained  and  illustrated  a 
p  179  ,  and  a  different  explajiation, 
which  some  scholars  wi'ih  to  atta  h 
the  word  Laconicnm  will  be  found  a 
p.  180.  The  relative  situation  wh  h 
(he  Lacoiiicum,  as  here  mterpre  ed 
occupied  with  respect  to  the  a  h 
apartments,  and  its  own  position  in  h 
thermal  chamber,  may  be  seen  on  h 
ground-plan,  p.  74.  letters  D.  i. 

LACTA'RIUS.     A  sort  of  pa 
coo!:,  who  made  sweet  things     pus 
lactarium),  with  milk,  meal,  frui    and 
honey.     Lamprid.  Elag.  27.  and  32. 

LACU'NA.  A  pit  sunk  under- 
neath the  fire  of  a  lime-kiln  to  recdve 
the  ashes  which  dropped  from  it, 
when  the  kiln  was  constructed  with 
only  one  entrance  (prtefurrtmni)  to 
its  furnace.  If  there  were  two  en- 
trances, the  ashes  were  removed, 
when  necessary,  through  one  of  them, 
and  in  that  case  no  lacuna  was  re- 
quired. But  if  there  was  only  a 
single  entrance,  such  a  contrivance 
was  indispensable,  because  the  ashes 
could  not  be  cleared  away  without 
extingnishii^  or  diminishing  the  fire  , 
and  it  is  a  requisite  in  malting  lime 
that  the  heat  should  be  kept  np  at  a 
regular  and  continuous  temperature, 
from  the  time  the  furnace  is  kindled 
until  the  whole  mass  is  Bufiidently 
baked.     Cata  R.  R.  38. 


LACU'NAE.  (^an/^fia).  A  coffer 
or  panel  in  a  flat  ceiling,  formed  by 
the  beanis  and  rafters  supporting  the 
roof  or  flooring  of  an  upper  story, 
which  cross  each  other  at  right  angles, 
and,  when  they  are  left  exposed,  are 
seen  to  divide  the  whole  soffit  into  a 
number  of  square  compartments,  like 
a  pit  or  lalce  (lamna,  laens),  from 
which  appearance  the  name  arose. 
(Vilruv.  vii.  2.  2.  Cic.  Tusc.  v.  21. 
Hor,  Od.  ii.  18.  2.)     The  illustration 


n      rm  d  m   arch  d 
e    ng  wh   n    he  Pan    eon   at 

Rome  aflbrds  an.  example. 

2.  A  partiailar  kmd  of  sunniial 
(Vitruv.  IX.  8.),  which  may  be  readily 
imagined  from  the  name,  although 
no  specimen  of  it  is  known  to  exist ; 
as  a  dial  sunk  m  a  slab,  liJte  the  coffer 
in  a  ceiling. 

LACUS  (XnsKoc.)  In  its  primary 
sense,  a  large  ixA  profound  cavity 
filled  with  water,  which  does  not  flow 
nor,  though  stagnant,  dry  up  ;  corres- 
ponding with  our  laki.  Vairo.  L.  L. 
V   26   Lie  Agr.  iii.  2. 

2  A  large  open  baan  or  artificial 
tanli,  contaimng  a  bead,  of  water 
supplied  from  tlie  aqueducts,  gene- 
rally decorated  with  marble  orna- 
ments and  fountains,  so  as  to  form  an 
embellishment  to  the  dty,  whilst,  at 
ihe  same  time,  it  furnished  the  poorer 
residents  in  its  neighboorhood,  who 
could  not  afford  to  have  the  water  laid 
on  to  their  own  houses,  with  a  copious 
and  accesable  supply  of  this  necessary 
element  (Liv.  xxxix.  44.  Hor.  Sat. 
i.  4.  37.  Frontin.  Ag,  78.  P.  Victor. 
Vrb.  Som.  Plin.  H.  I^.  xxxvi.  34. 
§9.)  As  many  as  700  of  these  lakes 
are  enumerated  in  the  city  of  Rome. 

3.  A  particular  part  of  the  building 
in  which  wine  or  oil  was  made  {vina- 
rium,  torculariuin),  and  into  which  ihe 
juice  flowed  as  it  was  squeezed  out 


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LAC  us. 

by  the  pressbeam.  (Columeli.  xii. 
18.  Plin.  Ep.  is.  ao.  2.  Tibull.  i.  i. 
10.  Qv.Fast.  V.  888.)  Thus  far  the 
general  meaning  of  the  word  is  snfii- 
eiently  authenticated  ;  bnt  it  is  not  so 
easy  to  make  out  exactly  what  the 
iifjtr  was,  how  it  was  constructed,  or 
whereabout  in  the  building  it  was 
situated.  It  is  clear,  however,  (from 
Cato,  Jf.  ff.  66.  Varro,  £.  Jf.  i.  13.  7. 
and  Paliad.  i.  18,)  that  it  formed  a 
part  both  of  the  wine  and  oil-preas- 
room  i  in  each  of  which  it  is  reason- 
able to  conclude  that  it  served  for 
similar  purposes,  and  was  constructed 
in  a  similar  manner.  In  compaiing 
the  description  of  Vairo  and  Palla- 
dius  {II.  cc.)  with  the  remams  of  the 
olive  pressroom  discovered  at  Stabia 
(of  which  a  section  and  elevation  is 
given  s.  Torcularium),  the  only 
part  to  which  the  name  of  lacm  can 
be  ascribed,  in  accordance  with  their 
words,  is  a  short  leaden  conduit 
(marhed  &  on  the  plan),  which  passes 
from  the  sloping  pavement  of  the 
large  reservoir  (h)  into  an  earthen- 
ware jar  (c)  sunk  below  the  level  of 
the  floor.  Still  the  name  of  lake 
seems  most  inappropriate  for  such  a 
channel ;  and,  if  it  were  allowable  to 
rely  upon  conjecture  alone,  it  would 
be  a  more  plau^ble  solution  of  the 
difficulty  to  suppose  that  tiie  lacus 
was  a  pit  or  receiving  vat,  constntcted 
in  the  fabric,  bnt  under  the  floor  of 
'  ■      which    the    newly 


oil  0 


s  let  ti 


from  the  labrum,  through  a  channel 
constructed  for  the  purpose  ;  and  that 
it  was  not  used  in  evwy  vineyard  or 
ohve  garden,  but  only  by  those  pro- 
prietors who  bestowed  particular  care 
and  attention  upon  the  manufacture 
of  their  wine  and  oiL 

4.  Qua  in  cells  est;  a  pit  sunk 
below  the  general  ievel  of  a  wine  or 
oil  allar  (cella  iHnaria,  elearia),  in 
which  the  wine  was  stored  and  kept 
in  body  after  it  had  been  removed 
from  the  pressroom  {/orculai-ium)  where 
it  was  made.  Cato,  H.  R.  6?-  Xen, 
Anab.  iv.  z.  22.  Atistoph.  Ecd.  154, 
Schol.  ad.  I. 


lime  is  chopped  up  for  making  mor- 
tar (Vitrv.  vii.  2.  2.) ;  as  shown  by  the 
annexed  example,  from  a  group  on  the 
Column  of  Trajan,  which  represents 
one  of  the  Roman  soldiers  making 
mortar  for  a  party  of  builders. 

6.  A  tiongh  or  vessel  of  water,  into 
which  smiths  and  metal  workers  plunge 
their  instruments  to  cool  them,  or  the 
heated  iron  to  harden  it,  when  wrought. 


(Ovid.  Met.  xii.  278.)  In  the  annexed 
example,  from  a  Roman  bas-relief,  it 
is  represented  as  a  large  round  basin 
standing  on  the  ground  at  the  foot  of 
the  anvil. 

7.  A  bin,  in  a  granary.      Columeli. 

8^  A^^^inaceiling.     (Lucil.  a/. 
Serv.    ad    Mn.  i.   726.)       Same    as 

Lacunar. 

LACUS'CULUS.  Diminutive  of 
Lacus  ;  and  especially,  a  bin  in  a 
gianary  ;  or  in.a  store  house  for  olives, 
in  which  the  fruit  was  deposited  as  it 
was  picked,  and  kept  nntil  it  could 
be  put  into  the  press.  '"-' — 
50.5. 

I,^'NA  (x^af"" 


Columeli.  s 


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^66  LAGENA. 

designate  not  so  much  any  particular 
<lescriptioa  of  robe,  as  a  peculiar  kind 
of  wooHen  clotli,  with  a  long  loose  nap 
(Strabb,  iv.  4.  3.),  which  was  em- 
ployed for  various  kinds  of  garments 
belonging  to  the  outn^ird  apparel 
{amklns),  such  as  the  falliusi,  sagum, 
■ridmum,  lacerna,  &c  But  the  name 
was  also  spedally  given  to  the  amictus 
worn  by  the  Flaraines  at  the  sacrifice ; 
which  in  early  times  was  made  of  this 
tlotii  and  put  011  double,  like  the 
Greek  dipleis  Varro  Z  Z.  v  133 
Featus  s  z  Serv  nrfVii^  jSn  iv 
362  Cic  j™/  57  Juv  ni  -Sj 
Mart  XIV   136 

LAGENA  (\ixyr,%«s)  A  large 
eathenware  lessel  i-hiefly  intended 
for  holding  wine  but  sometimes 
used  for  othei  purposes  such  as 
keeping  fruit  &c  (Hor  Sal  11 
8  41  Col  mell  xi  4.')  *  It 
is  de  cnbed  as  having 
a  full  and  swell  ng  body 
like  a  gonid,  a  shoit 
neck,  and  afoot  to  stand 
upon.  ApuL  Mei.  ii.  p. 
3l.Coltimell.  X.383— 7. 
All  these  particulars  are 
exhibited  by  the  an- 
nexed example,  from  a: 
baked  day ;  which  also  closely 
bles  the  /agena,  on  an  engraved  gem, 
which  the  stork  in  the  fable(Ph;edr.  i. 
26.)  puts  before  reyiiard  the  fox,  in 
return  for  his  tantallBiiig  her  with  an 
invitation  to  eat  out  of  a  patins. 

LAM'I^  (XB(<foO-  Vam^res;\,^ 
lieved  to  be  maUgnant  spirits  of  the 
female  sex,  who  wandered  about  at 
night  in  the  guise  of  old  hags,  sucking 


:)riginal   of 


f 


LANCEA. 

the  blood,  and  devouring  the  flesh  of 
human  beings,  more  especialljr  of 
young  children.  This  superstition 
ovigioated  in  E^jypt,  whence  it  was 
adopted  into  Greece  and  Italy.  Hor. 
A,  P.  340,  Apul.  Met,  i.  p.  13.  Id.  v. 
p.  96.  Quaranta,  Mus.  Sorb,  xi,  53. 

LAMPAS    (Ao^iifdj).     A  general 
term  for  any  thing  which  shines  or 
gives  light ;  as  a  lurch  (Viig.  .M«  ix, 
535.rAX);a&«/(Juv.iii.  v_^ 
285   Lucerna)    but,  espe      ^^ 
daily   a  hght  nhich   wts  t_ 

earned  by    the   youth    of      ^^^ 
Athens   in  a    race    called 
\ttinraiilSpopla,     at  which 
the  winner  had  to  oulstnp  his  com 

Eetttors  without  extmgu  shmg  his 
ght  It  IS  repiesented  by  the  an 
ne^ed  example  liom  1  Gieek  com 
ai  d  resembles  a  candlestick  with  a 
handle  ui  der  the  bottom  and  latge 
dislt  above  to  protect  the  h'md  from 
ihe  guttennj,s  of  the  \  itcl  y  01  resn  ous 
ma,tter  of  which  the  toich  consisted, 

LAN'CEA  (Xiyxx)-  A  lanct;  a 
very  long  light  spear,  with  a  broad 
flat  head,  serving  both  as  a  pike  and 
a  missile  (Virg.  jEii.  xii.  374.)  ;  com- 
monly used  by  the  Greek  cavalry 
(Polyb.  vi.  23.  Festas,  s.  v.),  and  by 
huntsmen.  (Apul.  Mtt.y'm.  p.  156.) 
It  bad  a  leather  loop  {nodus)  attached 
to  the  shaft  (SiL  Iial.  i.  318.  Isidor. 
Orig.  xviii.  7.),  intended  for  the 
poipose  of  enabling  the  horsemen  to 
mount.  (Xnn.  Ji.  Eijuest.  va.  1.)  It  is 
singular  that  we  should  have  no  good 
or  undoubted  representation  of  this 
weapon.  The  spear  used  by  Alex- 
ander and  those  of  tlie  Greek  cavalry  in 


the  Pompeian  mosaic,  representing  the 
battle  of  Issus  (woodcut,  p.  200.),  are 
not  furnished  with  the  particular  ap- 
pendage above  mentioned,  and  their 
prodigious  size  is  more  characteristic 
of  the  contas  than  the  laticea.  In  the 
engraved  gem  of  the  Stosch  cabinet, 
which  represents  a  Greek  horseman 


mounting  from  his  spear  (Wink,  Mall. 
Anl.  Insd.  202),  the  spear  is  not  fitted 
with  a  loop,  but  with  a  projecting 
rest,  or  small  platform,  apparently  of 
wood,  standing  out  from  the  lower 
end  of  the  shaft.  But  in  a  mutilated 
bas-relief  published  by  Stuart  (j^Ri'^p. 
0/ Athens,  v.  3.  p.  47.),    containing  n 


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LJiNCEAKlUS. 

re  presentation  of  two  shields,  and  wlirtt 
appears  to  bepartof  theshaftsofthree 
Bpears,  each  of  them  has  a  loop  affixed 
similar  to  what  is  seen  in  die  illiis- 
(ration  here  araiexed,  wliicii  represents 
a  broken  spear  lying  on  the  foreground 
of  the  Pompeian  mosaic  above  men- 
tioned ;  and  as  the  head  of  it  is  turned 
towards  the  Persians,  it  is  quite  dear 
that  the  artist  intended  il  for  a  Greek 
weapon  ;  the  probability  of  its  bemg 
a  lancea  is  therefore  inferred  from  the 
thong  which  surrounds  its  sha  t 

LANCEA  RIUS  (XorxD^OjOo  A 
&«.;»■;  that  s,  one  who  laatmed  w  h 
the  particular  k  nd  of  spear  ter  ed 
lancea,  wh  ch  s  deser  bed  and  illu 
trated  under  il  e  preced  g  ord. 
Ammian.  xxi    Ij    to 

LAN'CEOL\  D  n  ti  e  of 
Lancea.   Cap  tol   lla^       Js  i  4 

LANCICULA.  Dimnutive  of 
Lanx.     Ar  ob    1. 59 

LAN'CULA  Dmnutve  of 
Lanx  ;  aud  espe  ally  tl  e  scale 
which  was  appended  when  neceaoa  y 
to  one  end  of  a  Ron  an  steeljard 
{slatera).  (V  ruv  x  3  4  >  The 
illustratioi  sho  s  tw  s  eel  aid 
found  in  I    npe       one   wi      t      al 


affixed  lo  the  othe  tho  t  he 
scale,  but  1  a  hook  for  hold  g 
the  ol)j eels      be     e;,hei 


LANIA'RIUM  and  LANIE'NA 
{(piiUTrwXioi').  A  bntcher's  shop. 
Vacro,  K.  S.  ii.  4.  3.  Plant  Epid.  ii. 

'  LANIFICA.  A  general  term  foe 
a  female  empUiyed  in  any  of  the  pro- 
cesses comiecled  with  the  working 
of  wool,  inclusive  of  the  spinner, 
weaver,  and  the  various  names  enu- 
merated ill  the  Classed  Index.  Vi- 
truv.  vi.  7.  2.Ulp.  Zlii-.  33.  7.12. 

LANIPEN'DIA.  Tbe  mistress 
of  a  house  old  or  the  s  pe  ntendant 
n  an  estabhshmei  t 

here  t!  e  bos   ess 

t     .pni 


(Jnv  V    476  Schol 

-O^  -4-  I  38  )   Tl  = 

llustration  si  ows  a  female  we  gh  ng 


;   foi 


bis  rel  ef  n  the  Forum  of  Nervi  at 
Rome  on  vh  ch  vanous  otl  er  ope  a 
tiu  s  belo  gi  ig   o  th  s  b  aneh  of 
stnal  labou  are  rep  e  ented 

LANIPENDIUM       A  room 
vh  ch  vjool  was   vei^hed  ont  to    1  e 

o  kwo  nen  for  their  daily  task  as 
flesonlieii  under  the  p  eced  ng  wo  d 
Insc  pt  ap  Ron  -1  ell  Topog  \  a 
folia  p     7j 

LANIS  TA  (/  ouo/ioxorpo^os)  A 
pe  so    wl  ose  occupat  on  co  si  ted  m 

a  n  ng  glad  ators  to  figl     a  d  teacl 

g  them  the  r  art  He  as  some 
tin  es  the  propnelor   of  a  band  of 

e=e  men  whom  he  let  out  upon 
1  re  to  any  person  les  rous  of  exh 
b  t  ng  a  glad  a  on  1  sho  v  but  mo  e 
commonly  me  ely  the  tniner  ai  d 
fenouig  master  appo  n  ed  to  nstruct 
the  companies  belo  g  ng  to  the  state 
C  c  Ros  Ao  40  Jd  Ail  16 
f  IS    Ser        i  \    ^    ^      V 


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'4''  1     Hi.    s  alwayi  tepresenled 
w  rUs  of  irt  mat  i  ic  ind  unirmi. 
but  with  a  wand   (;  rga)   which  li 
Uied  as  a  token   ol    authority      i 


shown  by  the  annexed  example 
which  represents  a  hiiuta  giving  di 
reutions  to  a  pair  of  gladiators  fi  om 
a  mosaii.  of  the  Villa  Albaiii 

2.  Attttm  LaniiUi{  aKtirrpvovo  rp  o^p  f, 
ipruyDTpi4^o!;.PolluK.vii.  135-6.)  One 
who  trained  and  backed  game  cocks, 
quails,  and  other  pugnacious  bii'ds  to 
fight ;  a  favourite  amusement  lioth  of 
the  GreeliS  and  Romans.  (Colnmell. 
.yiii.  2.  S.)    The  illustration  represents 


a  pt 

under  the  usual  form 
terra-cotta  lamp  in    h 
Mostyn  Hall. 

LAN'IUS  {Kpiovp 
buys  cattle  to  slaugh       ar 
meat ;   a  batcket,    a      ua 
(Varro,   R.  R.  ii.   S-  I 

4. ) ;  whence  transferred 
general 


{Han 


i.  3-  ' 


194.) 


iho  buys  ind  el!a  cattle  for  slaugh- 
tering at  tl  e  sacrifice,  (Varro,  /.  t.) 
LANTERNA  See  Laterma. 
LANX  A  large  circular  dish, 
made  of  silvei  or  other  metals,  and 
often  nchly  eii 

ployed  at  gieat 
entertainments  (Cic  Alt.  -A.  I.  Pet. 
Sat  xxviu.  S  Id  itxxi.  10.)  for 
holding  meat  or  fruit ;  and  at  the 
sacrifice  (Virg  Giorg. 
The  example  is  copied  from  ( 
twelve  fig  ires  representii^  siaves 
bnngii^  in  i  anous  dishes  at  an  en- 
tertainment in  a  set  of  ancient  fresco 
pa  ntmgs  discovered  near  the  church 
of  bt  John  of  Latemn  at  Rome.  It 
exhibits  a  boar  brought  whole  to  table 
m  one  of  these  dishes,  precisely  as 
mentioned  by  Horace  (Sal-  il  4-  41.) 
ui  a  passage  which  would  scarcely 
obtain  belief  were  it  not  confirmed 
by  some  other  authority,  such  as  that 
here  produced 

2.  Lanx  qaadrsta  (nivaC).  ■  A 
square  trencher,  or  platter,  originally 
of  wood,  but  subsequently  of  more 
costly  materials  ;  used  as  a  plate  to 
eat  from,  or  as  a  salver  for  bringing 
fruit  and  other  eatables  to  table ;  as 
shown  by  the  annexed  example, 
from  a  mutilated  Pompcian  paintmg. 


presents  a  slave  bnng  ng  11 
of  ftuit  upon  a  square  trei 
a  party  of  three  t  er  ons  re 
t  table,  supposed  to  be   n 


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Masinissa.  Horn.  Od.  i.  141.  xvL 
49.  Arisfcoph,  Ftut.  990.  Ulp.  Dig, 
34.  2.  20.  Paul.  a.  6.  I.  6. 

3.  (rri\n«-ov,irXrioriyO.  The  dish 
or  stale  of  a  balance  (^ra) ;  so 
termed  from  its  shallow  circular  form, 
which  resembles  that  of  the  dish  re- 
presented in  the  first  illustration  to 
Ihis  article.  The  annexed  example 
exhibits  a  balance  with  the  scales  or 
lances  suspended  by  chains,  from 
an  original  found  at  Pompeii.     Cic. 


LAPICI'DA.  A  quarry  man 
who  hews  stone  out  of  the  quaiiy 
Varro,i.i.  viii.  62. 

LAPICIBI'NA  (XaroiKlof)  \. 
le  quarry.     Cic.  Din.  i.  13.  Plant 


including  the  workers  of  marble  as 
well  as  stone.  (Pet.  Sat.  65.  J.  Ulp. 
Dig.  13.  6.  5.)      The  illustration  re- 


LARES.  369 

presents  two  masons  preparing  a 
block  of  stone  or  marble,  and  a  co- 
lumn for  the  biulding  of  Carthage,  in 
the  Vatican  Virgil. 

3.  When  used  as  an  adjective,  the 
word  is  expvesave  of  anything  con- 
nected or  concerned  with  stone ;  as, 
laiomia  lapidaria, 
Capt.  iii.  S-  6S-)  i 
vessel  freighted  wi 
117.    12.);     lafidi. 

letters  such  as  are  cut  out  ot  stone 
inscriptions.     Id.  $%.  7. 

LAtyUEAR  and  LAQUEA'RE. 
(Virg.  Ain.  i.  726.  Plin.  //.  N.  xxxiii. 
18.)    Same  as  Lacunar. 

LAQUEA'RIUS.  Onewhomakej 


pit  (Plant, 
IS  lapidaria,  a 
iane  (Pet.  Sat.  ■ 
litem,   capital 


LAQUEATCfRES.  A  class  of 
gladiators  very  similar  to  the  Retiarii, 
escepting  that  they  made  use  of  a 
noose  or  lasso,  instead  of  a  net,  to 
hamper  their  adversaries  before  at- 
tackmg  them  with  their  weapon. 
Isidot   Orig,  iviii  56, 

LAQUEA'TUS  ((larttm-df).  Ap. 
plied  to  ceilmga  which  are  laid  in 
coffers  or  panels,  as  explained  and 
illustrated  s.  Lacdnar.  Hor.  Oil.  ii. 
16   II      Suet.  Nsra,%i. 

L-iQUEUS  ilipoxos).  A  cord 
with  a  blLp-loop  to  it,  forming  a  noose 
or  halter  for  strangling  (Sail.  Cat.  58. 
Liv.  i.  26,) ;  or  a  snare  by  which 
wild  annuals,  game,  vermin,  &c,  were 
caught  by  the  neck.  Virg.  Georff.  i.  I  jg. 

LAR'ES.  Tutelary  spu-its ;  accord- 
ing to  the  religious 
belief  of  the  Ro- 
mans, supposed  to 
be  the  souls  of 
deceased  persons. 


who    exercised 
protecting 


r  the  ii 
terior  of  ever, 
man's  household, 
himself,  his  family, 
and  property. 

They     were     not 
regarded   as  divinities,  like  the  Fen- 


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37° 


LASAR. 


?fo„f 


ates  ;  but  simply  as  guardian  spirits, 
whose  sdtai-  was  the  domestic  hearth 
{foius)  in  the  atrium,  upon  which 
each  individual  made  one 
incense  to  them  in  his  av 
(Plant.  Aul.  Prd.  i.  Id.  . 
I.  5-  Quaianta.  Mas.  Borb.  torn. 
id.)  They  weie  likewise  believed 
to  exert  their  influence  out  of 
doors,  where  they  became  the  over- 
seers of  every  spot  and  place  in- 
habited by  men  ;  as  the  streets,  roads, 
fields,  and  buildings,  both  in  town  and 
country ;  whence  they  were  distin- 
guished by  the  epithets  compitala, 
vuila,  otruralei  [5xis,i.Aug.  31.  Plant. 
Ma-i^.  V.  2.  24.  TibuH.  i.  I.  20.) ;  and 
the  honseliold  ones,  famtlinres  (Plaut 
Aui.  I.  £.).  They  are  constantly  re- 
presented in  works  of  art  as  young 
men  crowned  witli  a  chaplet  of  laurd 
leaves,  in  a  short  tunic  {succimtis 
Laribus,  Pers.  v.  31.),  and  holding 
lip  a  drinking-hom  (corrai)  above 
their  heads,  as  eshibited  by  the  an- 
nexed figure,  from  a  bas-relief  in  the 
Vatican,  under  which  is  the  inscription 
Laribus  Augustis.  The  accessory 
of  the  drinking-horn  has  induced 
many  antiquaries  to  take  these 
figures  for  cup-bearers  (jiodllaltirts) ; 
but  the  inscription  just  mentioned  is 
sufficient  evidence  of  their  rMl  cha- 
racters ;  and  they  are  repeatedly 
seen  on  the  walls  of  tlie  Pompeian 
houses,  in  kitchens,  bakehouses,  and 
over  street  doors,  standing  in  pairs,  one 
on  each  side  of  an  altar,  iit  the  exact 
attitude  and  drapery  here  shown. 

LARA'EIUM.  A  sort  of  shrine, 
small  chapel,  or  apartment  where  the 
statues  of  the  Lares,  or  guardian- 
spirits  of  a  household,  as  well  as  other 
sanctified  or  deified  personages,  were 
placed  and  worshipped.  Lamprid. 
Alex.  Sev.  29.  and  31.  Such  an  ar- 
rangement, however,  was  probably 
pecnhar  to  particular  individuals,  or 
to  great  houses  and  persons  of  wealth, 
the  usual  situation  for  images  of 
the  Zara  bebg  over  or  beside  the 
hearth  {,/eciii)  in  the  great  hall,  or 
atrium  of  the  house. 


LAS  A  NUM. 

LARVA.  A  ghost  or  spectri;  li. 
according  to  the  religious  belief  of 
the  Romans,  an  evil  spirit,  supposed 
to  be  the  soul  of  a  departed  being, 
which,  in  consequence  of  crimes  com- 
mitted during  life,  was  deprived  of 
repose  in  death,  and  left  to  wander 
about  the  world  withcmt  any  fixed 
aljode,  tormenting,  frightening,  and 
injuring  mankind.  Its  influence,  how- 
ever, only  extended  to  evil-doers, 
being  innoidous  to  those  who  were 
themselves  innocent  (Plaut.  A  mfk.  ii. 
2.154.  Id.  Cii/i(.  iii.  4.  66.  Apul.  Zto 
Socrai.  p.  689.  Augustin.  Cva.  Dei, 
ix.  II.);  nor  was  it  supposed  to  be 
possessed  of  any  corporeal  substance, 
beyond  the  frame  of  a  skeleton, 
Seneca,  Ep.  84. 

2.  (fiop;ioXwe«of.  A  bug-bear  or 
hobgoblin,  to  scare  and  fnghfen  cliil- 
dren ;  conasting  of  a  mask  for  the 
face;  but  differing  iram persona,  be. 


cause  it  is  only  applied  to  those  which 
possess  unsightly  features.  {'Soi.  Sat.\.  , 
5.  64.)  The  illustration,  taken  from 
a  painting  found  in  an  excavation  at 
Resina,  represents  one  genius  frighten- 
ing another  with  a  lama  of  tlus  de- 

3.  An  artificial  figure  of  a  skeleton, 
which  the  ancients  were  fond  of  intro- 
ducing at  entertainments,  as  a  me- 
mento of  the  uncertainty  and  shortness 
of  life,  and  consequent  inducement  to 
make  the  most  of  the  present  hour 
(Pet.  Sat.  xxxiv.  8.  Apul.  Apol.  p. 
507.) ;  a  custom  which  originated 
with  the  Egyptians  (Herod,  it.  78.), 
from  whom  it  passed  to  the  Greeks 
and  Romans.    Zonar  iii. 

LAS'ANUM  (Xdoavpj.).    Property 


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:kwa. 


371 


a  Greek  wovil,  wliich  the  Latins  ex- 
press by  Sei/a  famUiarica,  a  night- 
cbair  (Hor.  Sat.  i.  6.  109.  PeL  Sat. 
xli.  9.  xlvii.  5.) ;  and  as  the  original 
notion  of  the  Greek  word  means  3. 
Irivet  for  kitchen  utensils  to  stand 
Upon  it  is  easy  to  imagine  the  exact 
jiatm'e  of  a  Greek  and  Roman  liuanum. 
LATER  (jrMveoc).  A.britk;cam 
posed  of  argillaceous  earth,  formed  m 
a  mould,  and  dried  in  the  sun  or 
baked  in  a  kiln.  The  hiicks  of  the 
Greeks  and  Romans  were  much 
latger  and  also  much  thinner  than 
those  made  by  us ;  and  each  buck 
was  stamped  with  the  name  of  the 
maker,  and  the  year  in  which  it  was 
made.  Fancy  liiclis  were  formed  m 
moulds  of  all  shapes  and  sizes  to 
imitate  the  same  designs  as  were  pro 
duced  by  the  chisel  in  structures 
of  stone  or  marble  ;  but  the  ordinary 
building  bricks  were  mostly  square 
in  form,  oblong  square,  or  triangular, 
and  were  made  of  the  comparative 
sizes  and  shapes  exhibited  in  the 
annexed  woodcut,  from  originals  se- 
lected amongst  the  ruins   of  Rome. 


TI  0  la  ges  called  peniadoron,  is 
on  nches  quae  and  21  lines  thick; 
the  e!.t  s  iK  called  telradoron,  about 
16  nches  squa  e  and  from  18  to  20 
Ime  th  ck  ,  t  e  smaller  one  placed 
over  it,  7S  inches  square,  and  Ij  Imes 
thick ;  the  small  oblong  square,  on 
the  extreme  right  of  die  woodcut, 
called  I^dms,  is  about  I J  feet  long, 
and  halla  foot  broad  ;  the  triangular 
ones  are  made  of  different  sizes,  and 
form  either  ,  an  acute  or  a  nght 
angled  triangle  ;  the  manner  of  nsing 
them  maybe  seen  at  the  top  of  p.  24 1. 

z,  Zater  crudus  {irXivQot  iiiai).  A 
brick  dried  in  the  sun  without  being 
baked.  Varro,  R.  £.  i.  14.  4.  Piin, 
J/.  N.  XXXV.  49. 

3.  Zaier  coclus  or  eodilis  (irXii'Soe 


oirTjj).  A  brick  baked  in  the  kiln. 
Varro,  R.  E.  i.  14.  4. 

4.  Later  aureus,  argentms.  Aningat 
ofgold  or  silver,  in  the  shape  of  a  brick. 
Plin.  jr.  N.  xxxiiL  17.  Polyb.  x.  27. 

LATERA'RIA,  A  Mtk- field. 
(Plin.  H.  N.  vii.  57.I  The  example, 
from  ft  pmnling  at  Thebes  in  Egypt, 
represents  an  l^ptian  brick-field, 
but  shows  exactiy  the  same  process 


™  still  pursued ;  the  : 
bottom  are  di^Tpg  up  the  brick 
eai'th,  and  loading  it  in  baskets,  while 
the  one  at  the  top  lays  the  bricks 
already  made  in  wooden  moulds. 

LATER'CULUS  (TrXifeioi-)-  1 
minurive  of  Later  ;  a  brick  of  smaller 
dimensions  than  the  fentadoron  or 
tdradorott;  whence,  any  thing  made 
in  a  rectangular  form,  like  a  small 
brick,  as  a  piece  of  pastry.  Plaut 
Pan.  i.  2.  115.  Cato.  R.  R.  109. 

LATERIC'IUS  (irXiveH-oc).  Built 
of  brick  ;  opus  lateritium,  brick  work. 
Vitruv.  ii,  8,  9,  and  16.  ColumeU.  ix. 
6.  4.     See  Pakibs. 

LATER'NA     or 

tern  j  the  transparent 
parts  of  which  were 
made  in  early  times 
of  horn  or  blidder, 
and  subsequently  of 
glass  (Plaut  Amph  ' 
Prol  149  Mart  xiv  ^ 

61  and  52  Isidoc 
Orig.  XX.  10.  7). 
The  annexed  illustra- 
tion shows  the  section 
of  a  drculac  bronze 
lantern  found  at 


LANTER'NA 


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372 

culftiieum.  Thelowcylinderatthebot- 
tom  contains  the  lamp ;  the  sides  are 
made  of  transparent  horn,  without  any 
door  ;  but  the  cupola-shaped  lid  is  per- 
forated in  several  places  to  admit  air, 
and  permit  the  escape  of  smoke ;  and 
it  could  be  raised  up  by  means  of  the 
upp  ss-bar  and   hai      ttfl.  hed 

h   h,  at  the  s  m    t  m        rv  d 
as      h    die  to  carry      by     h      1 


gra   I 


LAIERNA'RIUS 


Th 


night.     (C       Pu   g    ^   \ 


I).      I      th 


Idi  rsldtewise  cam  dl     t 

n         n  1  expeditions    V^Mil       8 

LAFICLA'VIUS      I     ppl   d 

d  ly  to  any  tl  ing     mm    t  d 

h    h    broad  stripe  termed    / 
!    tl     as  a  napkin  (Pet.  Sai. 
tu        (Val.    Max.  v.    i.  7 
b    1     iy,  to  designate  a  pers 

en    led  to  wear  this   om  m 
(Su      JViVW,    26.),  as  explain 
lilu   ra   d  at  p.  176.  s.  Clavu     8 
LArrl'NA.      In    early  langun 
h   n  m   for  a  bath  or  washing 
ijuas'  /az^l  '  a  (Varro   L  L  8 

cl   11/    Non 


LA  mo. 

and  all,  like  the  annexed  example, 
contiguous  to  the  kitchens.  The  two 
small .  arches  on  the  right  are  the 
kitchen  stove ;  four  steps  lead  down 
to  the  room,  and  had  a  liaudrail  by 
their  side  to  assist  the  ascent  or  de- 
scent ;  the  mark  of  which  remains 
agam  t  he  waD.  The  recess  on  the 
I  ft  IS  h   latrina,  originally  closed  by 

w  od  n  door,  which  has  left  the 
m  k  f  its  hinges  and  bolt  on  the 
dg  f  the  door  frame ;  and  the 
m  h  f  the  pipe  through  which  the 
pi  s  supplied  with  water  is  ob-. 

rv  bl   in  the  right-hand  comer. 

LATRO  (Xarpif).      In  its  piimary 

se      ervant  who  worked  for  hire  ; 

wl  he  word  came  to  agnify  a 

m       n^ry  soldier,  who  took  fordgn 

stipulated  pay,  like  the 


Ital 


■   f  th    m'ddl 


am  huig 

dr  ughts  (Indus  latiniiculorum),  also 

termed  /ostis  and  miies  ;  for  the  game 

represent  a    party 

juuit.o  ui  soldiers  e:^ged  in 

ick  and  defence  of  a  fortified 

on      (Ov.  A.  Am.  iii.  357.  Mart. 

72    Zd.   xiv.    20).      These  w 


may   be  s^d 


ngmshed  by  dilferent  colours 
bh  k  on  one  side  and  white  or  re  I 
on  »  other  is  is  cleaily  expres  e  1 
by  he  lust  li  on  representing  t  vo 
Egyp   onspa)  ngitthegane  andtley 


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lA  TR  UNCULARIUS. 


ments  jvere  made  upon  lines  marked 
on  tlie  board,  the  art  being  to  get  into 
snch  a  portion  that  one  of  the  adver- 
sary's pieces  was  brought  between 
two  of  the  player's,  when  it  was 
taken ;  or  to  drive  it  into  a  place 
■where  it  was  unable  to  move,  when  it 
was  said  iohcalligatta,oi  iiidtii»,"in 
eheck ;"  for  ciert  is  the  word  which 
answers  to  our  move ;  and  tlience  the 
expression  adindtas  redaclus,  literally 
reduced  to  extremities,  corresponds 
with  our  phralae  chick-mated.  Senec 
Ep.  I06.  ik  117.  Ov.  A.  Am.  iii  357 
Plaut  -/&».  iv.  z.  86. 

LATRUNCULA'RIUS  See 
Tabula. 

LATRUN'CULUS.  Diminutive  of 
LATRO,aiidn5ed  in  all  the  same  se  ises 

LATUM'IA-     See  Lautumia. 

LAUTIA.  Presents  which  it  was 
cuGtomary  to  bestow  upon  the  am 
bassadors  of  foreign  nations  who  came 
upon  a  mission  to  Rome,  consisting  of 
proviaons  and  such  things  as  were 
necessaiy  to  thdr  maititenance  during 
their  residence  in  the  city.  Liv.  xxviii 
39.  xxs.  17.  xlv.  20. 

LAUTUM'IA  or  LATOM'IA 
{XaTo/iia).  Literally  a  slone-guarry; 
and,  as  slaves  were  confined  and  made 
to  work  ill  the  quarries  by  vi^  of 
punishment  {Plant.  F^n.  iv.  3,  5. 
Capt.  iii.  5.  65.),  tbe  same  name  was 
also  given  to  any  prison  excavated 
ont  of  tlie  quick  rock,  and  below  the 
surface  of  the  soil ;  such,  for  instance, 
as  the  state  prison  at  Syracuse  (Cic. 
Verr.  ii.  5.  27.  Dorvill.  It^.  Sicul. 
tom.  i.  p.  181.);  and  the  one  excavated 
Toy  Servius  Tcdlius  under  the  Capi- 
toline  Mil  at  Rome  (Varro,  L.  L.  v. 
151.  IJv.  sxvi.  27.  xxxii.  a6.  xxxvii.  3), 
of  which  a  section  is  shown  at  p.  119. 
and  a  view  of  the  interior  at  p.  121. 

LAVA'CRUM.(\<H;rpi.-).Awatei'- 
bath  as  contradistinguished  from  a 
vapour  bath,  and  equally  apphed  to 
those  which  were  composed  of  hot  or 
cold  water.  Spart,  Ifadr.  1.8  Aul. 
Gel.l  i.  2.  !. 

LAVAN'DRIA.    Dirlv   Uncn  or 


LEBES. 


373 


a.  vulgar  w 


things  for  the  wash  ;  : 
only  employed  by  the  a 
Laberius  at.  Cell.  xvL  7.  z. 

LAVA'TIO.  In  its  primary  sense, 
the  act  of  washing  or  bathing  ;  whence 
it  came  to  be  applied  as  a  geneial 
term  to  things  used  by  a  person  who 
lakes  a.  bath  (Cic.  Fam.  ix.  5.  Phtedr, 
iv.  4.28.  Ulp.  i>/j-.  34.2.26),aswell 
as  the  bath  room  itself.   Vilmv.v.ll. 

LAVATRIN'A.     See  Latsina. 

LEBES  (Aij3ij!).  A  deep  vessel  or 
basin  with  a  full  and  swell  g  outl  ue 
{cumi  lebetes  Ov  Met  y.  243) 
made  of  bronze 
or  the  prec  ous 
metals  ind  n 
tended  to  be  held 
under  the  hands 
or  feet  to  catcl 
the  puifj  ig 
water  wh  ch  an 
attendant  po  red 

over  them  f  om     

a  jug  (guii  r  nin ,  ffpoxoos),  befo  e 
ind  <iftei  meals.  (Serv.  ad  Vn-g.  jSn. 
ni  466  Hom.  Od.  i.  137,  xix.  386.) 
Vessels  of  this  description  were  fre- 
quently given  as  prizes  at  tlie  games 
(Virg.  jEn.  V.  266. ),  and,  consequently, 
are  represented  on  coins  and  medals 
with  a  palm  brandi,  the  emblem  of 
victory,  placed  in  them,  as  in  the 
annexfd  example  from  a  medal  of 
Gordian.  The  inscription  upon  it 
testifies  that  it  was  intended  to  repre- 
sent a  prize  for  the  Pythian  games, 
while  the  water  jug  whidi  stands  by 
its  side  expresses  the  purpose  for 
which  it  was  to  be  used,  and  identifies 
it  as  a  genuine  representation  of'the 


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574  ZECT4/iiLi 

(Serv  mf  Virg  j£b  ul  44O  Isidor 
Ong  XK  8  4  Horn  //  frequently ) 
The  illustration  fiom  a  scnlpturcd 
vase  of  Greek  miarble  represents  a 
iUss  of  similar  form  to  the  last 
example  under  which  a  fire  is 
kindled  for  cooking  a  pig  and  as 
these  kettles  had  no  legs  it  is  sup 
polled  over  the  file  upon  large  stones 

LErTARIUS  (Kyiioiroioi)  A 
couch  or  bedstead  maker  Inscript 
ap   Murit    956    7 

LEmCA.     (i^QpHov     KKlm)      A 


pcdanjuin  intioduced  into  Gieece 
and  Italy  fiom  the  East  in  the  first 
instance  as  an  artiule  of  Inituiy  foe 
females  but,  ifterwirds  it  came  to  be 
very  ge  lenlly  used  for  men  as  wel! 
a&  women  (Snlpic  arf  C  c  Fam  iv 
13  buet  fassvn  See  the  Clavis  of 
Baumgarten  Crus  ■as  s  v)  The  body 
consisted  of  a  wooden  case  1*1  Ji  low 
sides  to  it,  like  the  bier  {cafultu, 
fer-arum),  upon  which  a  corpse  was 
earned  out  (Aul.  GeU.  -k.  3.  z.) ;  with 
upr^hts  which  supported  a  wooden 
tester,  like  the  pluteus.  {Isidor.  Orig. 
x!.^  1 1  4.  ItcUca,  ika  latus  pltiteas^ 
This  roof  was  covered  with  leather 
(Mart  XI  98.),  and  curtains  [vda, 
plag,s,  plagula,)  were  suspended  from 
it,  which  might  be  closed  all  round 
(Snec  JU  10.  Senec.  Suas.  i.  d),  or 
drawn  back,  as  in  the  cut,  when  it 
was  said  to  be  open  (apeiia,  Cic. 
Phil  11  Z4-)  (  iiut,  in  some  cases,  it 
was  a  close  conveyance  (claasa), 
Inying  the  sides  fitted  with  panels 
and  wmdows,  which  could  be  opened 


r  shut  a 


.(;«» 


LECTISTERNIA  TOR. 

(Juv  I  159.1.  with  a  bolster  to  sup- 
port the  back  {csnncal,  Juv.  vi.  3S3I), 
so  that  he  could  read,  write,  or  sleep 
withm  !t  According  to  the  wealth 
of  the  owner,  and  the  size  of  the 
ledica  It  was  boine  by  two,  four,  six, 
or  ei^ht  tall  slaves  (leclicarii),  in  the 
manner  described  and  illustrated  at 
p  63  We  have  no  authentic  repre- 
sentation of  this  kind  of  conveyance, 
upon  any  monument  of  Greek  or 
Roman  art ;  but  the  various  det^ls 
are  sufficiently  known  from  numerous 
incidental  passages,  in  which  the  dif- 
ferent parts  are  menKoned  or  described, 
to  warrant  the  general  correctness  of 
the  tigure  annexed,  which  is  designed 
by  Ginzrot  ( Wagen  and  Fahwerkc, 
vol  H  tab.  65.),  and  will  serve  to 
convey  a  distinct  notion  of  the  vehicle, 
a  A  litter  for  the  conveyance  of 
sick  ind  wounded  (Liv.  ii.  36.  xxiv. 
42  Val  Max.  ii.  8,  2,),  of  amilar 
cliaracter  hut  more  ample,  and  less 
ostentatiously  fitted  up. 

LECTICA'EII  (f  Dp(Ki0opo(,  kXimj- 
0of>Di)  Falatiquin-iearers.  These 
were  of  two  kinds,  private  or  pubhc. 
The  first  were  slaves  forming  part  of 
the  domestic  establishment  of  indivi- 
duals who  kept  them  for  thepurpose. 
Sc  Fam.  iv.  is.  Suet.  Cat.  58.) 
e  latter  were  free  roea  of  the 
labouring  classes,  who  plied  for  hire 
at  particuiar  stands  in  the  city  of 
Rome,  called  easira  licticarioruvi-, 
where  a  number  of  these  conveyances 
were  kept  always  ready  for  a  fare,  as 
sedaO-chairs  used  to  be  in  modern 
Europe.  P.  Victor,  de  Reg.  Ui-li. 
Sam.  iii.  49. 

LECTI'CULA.  Diminutiveof 
LeCTICa.  a  lilter  iox  the  transport 
of  sick  or  wounded  persons  (Cic.  Div, 
i.  26.  Liv.  xxiv.  42.) ;  ot  a  Her  on 
which  a  dead  body  was  carried  out. 
Hepos,  Att.  22. 

2.  Licticida  htcubratoria.  (Snet. 
Aug.  78.)  SameasLECTULUS.whicli 
is  the  more  usu^  term. 

LECTISTERNIATOK.  The 

slave  who  spread  and  arranged  the 
couches  ilscSi)  on  which  the  ancients 


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X  ECTiS  TEENIUM. 

reclined  at  their  meals.    Plant.  Ps.   i. 
2.  30. 

LECTISTER'NIUM.  A  religious 
ceremony  amongst  the  Romans,  com- 
prising a  sqmptuous  banquet  offered 
to  the  gods,  at  which  their  statues 
were  brought  out  and  placed  upon 
tricliniaiy  couches  (Jeeti)  at  a  table 
furnished  with  every  kind  of  delicacy. 


and  provided  undei  the  duec 
the  Mpulenes.  (Liv  na  10  v  3 
xL  59-)  The  illust  at  on  represents 
a  leclisterniam  given  to  Serap  s  Is  s 
Sol,  and  Luna,  from  a  terra  cotta  Ian  p 
LECTULUS  («\  V  Biov)  Dimm 
utive  of  Lectus,  both  as  regards 
feriority  of  size,  furniture  and  ma  e 
rials.  It  is  thus  a  small  or  simple 
couch  for  sleeping  (C  c  Cat  1  4. 
Id.  Fm.  ii,  30.),  or  for  d  ung  (Id 
Mur.  36.) ;  and  very  generally  a 
sort  of  sofa,  formmg  pa  of  the 
usuEil  fnmiture  in  a  study  (PI  n  Ef 
V.  5.  5,  Ov.  Trist.  L  1 1  39  )  and  on 
which  it  was  a  common  p  act  ce  to 
recline  at  length  h  hile  read  ng  a  d 
even  writins,  the  tablet  ben  g  placed 
against  one  knee,  wh  ch  was  raised  cp 
as  a  support   for  tl  e  purpo  e      Tl  e 


annexed  example,  fron  a  Pompeian 
painting,  compared  w  th  the  follow 
mg  illustration  and  descnpt  on  v  11 
eiplain  the  difference  between  ti  e 
iartulus  and  hdus, 

LECTUS   {U^rpo  )        V   bed   to 


considerable  height,  requiring  a  foot- 
stool {ssamrtam),  or  a  set  of  steps 
{gradui)  to  get  into  them  ;  and  were 
made  like  our  largest-sized  sofas, 
with  a  head  board  {anacHniesium), 
sometimes  a  corresponding  one  against 
the  feet,  and  a  high  back  (JJuleus)  on 
the  further  side,  but  entirely  open  on 
he  one  at  vh  ch  the  occupants  en 
ered  {ifiotida)  The  fiame  vas 
strung  wih  grtis  {/am  e  les 
f  iis)  which  supported  a  th  ck 
mattress  (iorus  cu/  ita)  on  which 
were  placed  a  bolster  and  p  1  ow  ( 
hiol  cerTi  a2)  All  these  part  tulars 
are  exh  b  ed  m  he  amiexed  exam 
pie  fton  a  has  re  ef  the  B  I  si 
Museu  n 

2   Lc  till    ge    aiis    {  ov  )        The 
mar  age  bed      to   wh  ch     he     vife 


was  cond  c  ed  0  the  e  e  of  her 
n  arnage  by  the  Jiron  bo  after  he 
ha  I  ret  red  from  the  br  lal  feist 
It  was  a  large  bed  handsomely  deco 
rated  a  d  ra  sed  to  a  ery  great 
I  e  gl  t  from  tl  e  ground,  as  s  nd 
cate  I  by  the  fl  ght  of  steps  at  the 
foot  of  the  annexed  example  wh  ch 
represents  the  le  tt  g  ml  of  D  do 
n  he  \  a  can  V  g  1  C  Clum 
5    Con  pare  Luc  n       356 


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376  LEC 

3.  Lectus  adversus.  A  sort  of 
symbolical  mavriage  bed ;  so  termed, 
because  it  was  praced  in  the  atrium 
opposite  the  entrance  of  the  hoase  ; 
or,  perhaps,  the  kcbis  geniaOs  itself 
was  brought  out  after  the  marriage 
and  placed  in  the  atrium ;  and  on 
this  the  mistress  of  the  household 
used  to  sit,  iis  it  were,  in  state,  while 
slie  superintended  the  labours  of  her 
slaves  and  attendants  who  worked 
at  their  looms  in  that  apartment. 
Laberius  a/.    Gell.  xvi.  9.  I-    Prop. 

4.  Lectus  tricUmaris.  A  couch 
idapted  for  the  reception  of  three 
persons  to  recluie  upon  at  their  roeils, 

explained  s  Al.cubo 


(Cic  Viti  11  a  74-)  It  had  a  tailing 
slightly  raised  at  one  of  its  ends,  at 
that  viz ,  which  would  be  on  the  left 
of  the  person  reLlimng  upon  it,  and 
upon  this  he  supported  his  left  arm  , 
the  othei  two  places  were  separated 
from  each  other  by  pillow  a  All 
these  piitieulars  aie  to  be  seen  in 
the  anneted  engravmg,  from  a  bas 
reheC  which  represents  the  visit  of 
BicJius  to  Icarus  The  vacant  place 
against  the  lail,  which  is  seen  on  the 
light  hand,  is  the  one  which  the  god 
IS  about  to  occupy,  after  the  Faun  m 
the  foreground  has  taken  off  his  shoes, 
accordmg  to  the  prevalent  custom 
befoi  e  lying  down  to  eat ,  and  lea 
ms  rests  hu  left  arm  ujon  the  pil 
low  which  separates  his  place  fiom 
that  of  big  guest.  When  1  party 
consisted   of    more    than   th  ee   per 


.   llie   I 


iin^e 


hree  of  these  touches  together  round 

.  table,  so   that  the  whole  formed 

Mcdius, 


three  sides  of  a  square,  leaving  the 
bottom  of  it  opeu  for  the  approach  of 
the  attendants,  in  the  maimer  repre- 
sented by  the  annexed  diagram, 
which  weie  then  respectively  desig 
nated  Uctus  medms,  summus,  and 
i/nu!  the  middle  one  being  con 
sidered  the  most  dignified,  and  ifiiui 
the  least  so  The  places  also  on 
each  coui-h  had  their  degrees  of  pre 
cedence,  and  paiticulai  names  to 
distinguish  them  On  the  two  side 
conches  the  places  of  the  highest 
rank  were  those  nest  the  rail  (1), 
then  the  centre  ones  (ii),  and  the  last 
(ill) ,  but  on  the  middle  couch  the 
post  of  honour  was  it  the  other  et- 
Iremity  (m),  which  was  alftays  left 
foi  the  greatest  personage,  and  wis 
thence  called  consulans  The  hoft 
occupied  the  hi^est  place  (1)  on  the 
lowest  conch  [imus),  in  older  to  be 
near  to  his  pnncipal  guest.  Finally, 
tlie  respective  names  by  whidi  the 
places  on  each  of  the  couches  were 
distinguished  are  is  foUoHS  — 


Hence  such  expressions  as  lu/eriai 
or  >nfeiii(s  aaiiiiiSm  aia  easily  under- 
stood Sallnst  a/  Serv.  ^b.  i. 
698  Hor  Sal  11  S.  Plut.  Syi/i/.  i. 
Qtii^sf  3 

<;  Ledus  luciihr  jtorma.  [Senec. 
Bp   72 )     Same  as  Lectui.us. 


,y  Google 


6.  Lectus  funelris.  (Pet,  Sat. 
114.  12.  Pel's,  iii.  103.)  A  bier  upon 
which  dead  bodies  were  carried  out 


to  the  funeral  pile,  or  to  their  place 
of  sepulture ;  as  shown  by  the  an- 
nexed example,  from  a  sepiSchral  has- 
rehef. 

LEGATUS  {iiv7-.fn-priri,70C,  yTrap- 
Xoc).  A  general  ofScev  attached  tc 
a  corps  d'arm^e  and  to  the  governors 


in  which  the  first  figure  on  th      gh 
is   the  emperor  liimself  (im/  ) 

the  second  a  I^ate  (li^tis),      d  h 
third  a  tribune  {trSianus). 

2.  (irpfij^furqe).  A  general  titlf 
given  to  ambassatlors,  whether  Ro- 
man envoys  to  fore^n  states,  or  from 
foreign  princes  to  Rome.  Cic, 
Liv.  &c. 


377 

LEGIO.  A  Roman  legion  ;  two 
of  which  constituted  a  consular  army. 
It  consisted  of  about  five  or  six  tliou- 
sand  (for  the  complement  was  not 
always  the  same)  heavy-armed  foot 
soldiers  {legiottarii)  drawn  from  the 
Roman  citizens ;  augmented  by  a 
body  of  auxiliaries  at  least  equal  in 
number,  and  adetachment  of  cavalry, 
three  hundred  strong,  which  was 
always  joined  with  it;  so  that  the  effec- 
tive force  of  a  legion  in  the  field  is 
usually  reckoned  at  fen  thousand  men 
at  the  least.  Vai-ro.  Liv.  Tac  Veget. 
■  LECIONA'RIl.  Legionary  sol- 
diers ;  i.e.  the  body  of  five  or  sixthou- 


men  d  g  d  m  all  theiauoua 

d  es  wh  h  h  soldiers  of  a  legion 
w  p     ed      perform. 

L     una  guiles.        Legionary 

oper  h     soldiers  comprised 

in  a  detachment  of  three  hundred 
horse,  who  were  always  joined  with  a 
Roman  I-egion,  (Liv.  xiv.  21.  xxxy. 
S.  Veg.  Mil.  ii.  2.).  Their  defensive 
armour  appears  to  have  been  flie  same 
as  that  of  the  infantry,  at  least  during 


,y  Google 


378 

the  Imperial  epoch, 


annened  figure,  from  the  Column  of 

LEM'BUS  (Xf^Soi-).  A  small  sea- 
going vessel  remarkable  for  its  swift- 
ness, more  espedally  used  by  the 
puates  of  lUyria.  The  distinguishing 
properties  of  the  class  to  whi5i  it  be- 
longed are  not  ascertained  ;  further 
than  that  they  were  generally  small, 
androwed  with  oar3,3ometimes  exceed- 
ing sixteen  ui  number  (Liv.  xsxW.  35. ) ; 
the  largest  of  them  being  used  in  war 
(Liv.  slv.  10.);  the  smallest  as  fishing 
boats  (Accius  aj>.  Noii.  s.v.  p.  534.)  ; 
as  stern  boats  towed  behind  larger 
vessels,  in  which  the  sailors  or  pas- 
sengeis  embarked  and  disembarked 
from  the  shore  (Plaut.  Mere.  ii.  I.  35.); 
and  as  river  boats.      Virg.  Georg.  i. 

LEM'BULUS,  LEMUN'CULUS, 
or  LENUN'CULUS.  Duninutive  of 
Lembus.  Prudent.  Ilfpi  an^.v.  455. 
Tac.  Ann.  siv.  J. 

LEMNISCA'TUS.  Decorated 
with  tillets  or  ribands  IJemtasci),  as  ex- 
plained  and  illustrated  in  the  following 
word,  Cic.  Rose.  Am.  35.  Serv.  ad 
Viig.  v£'«.  V.  269. 

LEMNIS'CUS  {XniiviaKoi).  A 
sort  of  fillet  or  riband  distributed  as  a 
reward  of  honour  ;  sometimes  by  itself 
(Liv.  xixiii.  33,  Suet,  Ntro,  25.),  but 
more  commonly  as  a  decoration  to  be 
fastened  upon  other  prizes  ;  such  as 
military  crowns  (Festus,  !.v.),  palm 
branches  (Auson.  Episi.  xx.  6,),  &c., 
which  were  considered  more  honour- 
able when  accompanied  with  a  lemKis- 
cus,  than  when  they  were  simply  given 
by  themselves.    Originally  it  was  made 


25.);  afterwards 


ad.  Virg.yS/i.  V.  2t_  ,. 
and  finidly  of  gold  and  sliver  tinsel. 
(Plin.  Jf.M  sii.  4.)  The  illustration 
represents  a  figure  of  Victory,  from  a. 

tainting  in  the  pyramid  of  C.  Cestius, 
olding  a  simple  lemniscus  in  her  left 
hand,  and  a  corona  lemniscata  in  the 

2.  A  bandage  of  lint  steeped  in 
lotion  for  applying  to  wounds.  Celsus, 
viL  28.  Veg.  Vst.  ii.  14. 

LEM'URES.  A  general  name  for 
the  departed  spirits  of  men.  Accord- 
ing to  the  religious  belief  of  the 
Romans,  the  soul  was  converted 
aiTier  death  into  a  spirit,  either  bene- 
ficent or  malign,  as  the  actions  of  the 
individual  had  been  good  or  bad 
during  his  lifetime.  The  good  spirit 
then  became  a  protecting  ajigel,  and 
was  properly  termed  lar;  the  evil  one 
a  spectre,  or  hobgoblin,  properly  de- 
signated larsa.  But  although  some 
passages  plainly  imply  that  the  term 
lenmres  meant  departed  spirits  gene- 
rally, and  without  reference  to  any 
particular  disposition,  yet  a  number  of 
others  lead  to  the  conclusion  that  in 
the  popular  belief,  and  in  the  language 
of  the  common  people,  they  weie  con- 
founded with  the  larvce,  and  regai'ded 
as  spectres  of  evil  omen  and  of  mali- 
cious propensities.  Ov.  Fast.  v.  483. 
Apul.  Deo  Soerat.   p.    689,  Augustin, 


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LEPS.ITA. 

Cn/.  D.  ix.  II.  Pera.  v.  185.  Hor.  Bp. 
ii.  2.  109.  Varro,  af.  Non.  s.T!.p.  13S. 

LEPESTA,  LEPIS'TA,  or  LE- 
PASTA  (XfTrnoriJ).  A  lav^e  vessel 
employed  in  early  times  as  an  acralo- 
phorex,  to  hold  the  wine  before  it  was 
mixed  with,  water  for  drinking  at  table 
(Varro,  de  VU.  Pop.  Rofn.  af.  Hon.  j. 
Sinuin,  p.  547.).  and  at  a  UcHstertaum 
amongst  the  Sabine  population.  (Id. 
L,L.  V.  123.)  It  was  originally  made 
of  earthenware,  subsequently  of  bronze 
or  the  precious  metals  (Varro,  <5/.  Non. 
r.  Lepista,  p.  547.  Ntevius  ap.  Mar. 
Victorin.  p.  2587.)  ;  and  appears  to 
have  possessed  a  form  resembling 
what  IS  generally  conveyed  by  onr 
term  pan,  the  name  being  taken  from 
the  slidl  of  the  limpet  (X(?rac),  after 
which  we  may  assume  that  it  was 
modelled. 

LEPORA'RIUM  (koyorpo-piZov). 
A  wayrm,  or  preserve,  attached  to  a 
country  villa,  and  in  which  not 
hares  alone,  but  other  kmds  of  game, 
or  animals  /era  naluris,  were  bred 
and  preserved.  Varro,  £.R.  iii.  la.  I. 
Id.  iii.  3.  I.  GeU.  ii^20. 

LIBA'RIUS.  One  who  cries  nnd 
sells  cakes  about  the  streets,  like  our 
muffin  man.     Senec.  Ep.  56. 

LIBEL'LA.      A  lend;  employed 
by  carpenters  and  masons  for  testing 
the   evenness   of  flat 
surfaces.      It  consists 

'o  sides  joined 
the  top  by  a  cross  bo 
over  which  a  line  and  plumiuci.  uc- 
scend,  as  a  pendulum  ;  so  that  when 
the  instrument  is  placed  uptight  npon 
any  horizontal  surface,  if  both  legs  do 
not  stand  upon  the  same  level,  the 
line  and  plummet  incline  from  the 
centre,  and  show  which  part  is  too 
high  or  too  low.  (Lucret.  iv,  517.  Plin. 
B.N.  vii.  57.  Varro,  R.R.  i.  6.  6.) 
The  example  is  talcen  from  a  sepulchral 
bas-relief,  on  whicli  it  appears  amongst 
various  other  tools  used  in  the  carpen- 
ter's trade. 

2.  A  small  silver  coin  of  the 
Roman  currency,  containing  the  tentlt 
part    of    a    denarius,    and,    conse- 


quently, equal  in  value  to  the  as. 
Varro.  L.L.  v.  174,  Cic.  Ros.  Com.  4. 

LIBEL'LO.  A  bookseller  ;  but 
rather  in  a  derogatory  sense,  as  one 
who  keeps  a  book-stall  with  us. 
Stat.  Sylv.  iv.  9.  zi. 

LIBELO-ULUS.  Dhninutive  of 
LlBELLUS.     Mart.  Cap.  iii.  71. 

LIBELTLUS  {^^\io*).  Diminu- 
tive of  Liber,  a  little  book  ;  but 
wili  this  distinction,  that  the  l^Hus, 
accurately  speaking,  vras  a  book  con- 
"  '■  g  of  a  few  leaves  of  parchment 
r  papyrus,   written  and  bound  to- 


^/K 


ther  in  pages,  as  our  books  are  (Suet. 
y-nl.  56.- Cic  Or.i.  21.  Hor.  Sat.\. 
10.  92.),  as  shown  by  the  annexed 
example,  from  a  inarble  bas-rehef. 

2.  Hence  the  word  came  to  have  a 
more  extensive  though  chineteristic 
significa  b      £  g 


,y  Google 


usually 


380  LIBER. 

sale,  a  lejil  nutin  petitioi 
monal,  Si  of  which  wen 
■H  ritten  on  a  smgli  sheet,  : 
example,  which  represents  Roman 
citiieiis  presenUiig  memorials  and 
petitions  to  M  Aurelius,  from  a 
lias  lelief  m  the  Capitol  at  Rome 
Cic  Ati  xm  16  Mart,  viii  31 
Plaut  Cure  1  3  6  Cic  PM  11  38 
3     A   bookseller's  shop       Catull 

LIBER  (^i^Xos)  Literall?  the 
fine  b-irk  a\  nnd  of  the  Egyptian 
papyrus,  which  was  used  for  wntisg 
upon  ,  whence  it  came  to  signify  the 
work  or  MS  so  written,  nhch  we 
call  a  book  Plin  H  N  xm  ai  ) 
To  form  this,  a 
sufficient   number 

glued  togetliei 
into  one  long 
continuous  slieet  | 
which,     for    con 

cylindrical  roll  (polan, 


s  he  w 


:r  represented  by  the 
annexed  example,  from  a  Fompeian 
painting  ;  hence  the  expressions  psr- 
volatart,  solvere,  tvdvire  liirunt,  mean 
to  read  a  work.  Cic.  Atl.  v.  12. 
TUsc.  I  1 1.  Brut.  87. 

2.  When  the  work  extended  to 
any  length,  and  was  divided  into  se- 
parate parts,  it  was  usual  to  roll  up 
tlie  MS.  containing  each  one  of  these 
parts  into  a  separate  volume  ;  which 
was  then  called  a  book,  in  the  same 
sense  which  we  attach  to  the  word 
when  we  say  the  twelve  books  of 
Vira;irs  JEnad.     Cic.  Diu.  ii.  i. 

LIBiri'NA,  The  goddess  m 
whose  temple  all  the  apparatus  and 
paraphemajia  required  for  fiimishing 
out  a  funeral  were  kept ;  whence  the 
word  is  used  in  a  more  general  sense 
for  the  funeral  apparatus  (Liv  1] 
19.  xli.  21.);  for  the  hier  {latas  Ju 
niiris)  upon  which  a  corpse  was  car 
.  ried  (Mart.  x.  97.  Piin,  If.  M  xxtvii 
II.  §  2.);  and  for  the  trade  of  -in 
iiiidertalier  {Val.  Max.  v.  2.  10.) 


Senec    Ben    vi    38    uTp    Dig-    14, 
3  5   §8 

LIBRA  (iTO^/idc,  raXaiToi)  A 
balance,  or  pair  of  seaies,  of  which 
a  great  many  specimens,  constracted 
m  diftecent  wajs,  are  presened  in 
the  various  cabinets  of  antiqui- 
ties The  simplest  kind  consists  of 
a  mere  beam  {jugum),  with  a  pan 
of  scales  {iances)  at  each  end,  and 
a  rmg  or  short  cham  placed  in 
the  centre  of  the  beam,  as  a  handle 
{ansa)  to  poise  it  by      In  some  cases 


„a 


the  beam  is  furnished  with  a  tongue 
or  index  (exameti)  working  in  an 
eye  {agitia),  to  mark  the  variation  in 
weight,  as  is  usual  with  the  modem 
scales.  And  sometimes  as  in  the 
annexed  example,  from  a  Pompeian 
original,  the  beam  is  divided  into 
fractional  parts,  m  the  same  manner 
as  a  steel-jard  {trutiaa),  with  a  weight 
{teguipiinditim)  attached  to  it,  by 
wliich  means  the  difference  iu  weight 
between  two  objects  is  decided  at 
once,  without  the  necessity  of  having 
recourse  to  a  number  of  fractional 
weights  for  the  purpose. 

2.  Sine  bilance  libra.  (Mart.  Ca- 
pell  XL  180.  p.  4a.)  A  baimce  with 
only  one  scale,  but  having  a  fixed 
Height  instead  of  a  scale  attached  to 
the  opposite  end  of  the  beam,  as  in 
(he  annexed  example,  from  an  ori- 
„mai         the   Granducal  Cabinet  at 


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Florence.  This  \i  ao  vint  u  e  i  f  ji 
measnring  unequal  quinlitics,  but  to 
test  the  just  weight  oi  i  given  quan 


tity ;  and  is  supposed  to  have  been 
employed  at  the  mint,  for  estimating 
the  proper  weight  of  coinage,  and  by 
jewellers,  money-dealers,  &C. 

3.  A  carpenter's  or  stone-mason's 
lead,  for  wliich  the  diminutive,  Ll- 

4.  {Ayaaria).  A  geometrical  in- 
strument, employed  in  taking  &t 
levels  of  water.     Vitruv.  viiL  5.  I. 

5.  A  CBunterpoae.     (Plin.   H.  N. 

xvi.  65.)      ^QUIPONIIIUM. 

6.  A  measure  made  of  horn  and 
divided  by  lines  on  the  inside  into 
twelve  fractional  parts  ;  employed  for 
measuring  oil.  Galen.  Compos.  Med. 
per  gen.  i.  17.  vi.  8.   Compare  Hor. 


Sal.  I 


!.  61. 


;.  (Fr. 


Libra)  ; 
/RTl) 


476. 


e  kept. 


LIBRA'RIUM.  A  box 
which  books  and  writings  1 
Cic.  Mil.  12.  Ammian.  xxix.  a. 

LIBItA'RII.  A  class  of  educated 
slaves  who  were  employed  by  their 
masters  in  dilferent  occupations  re- 
quiring a  certdin  amount  of  literary 
acquirements  and  skill  ;  sucli  as  tran- 
scribing and  bindhig  books,  makmg 
extracts,  writing  letters,  acting  as 
libiaj-ians.  Hence  they  were  distin- 
guished by  an  epithet  denoting  the 
particular  service  which  each  had 
to  perform  ;  as  scriptor  Hbrarhis,  the 
transcriber  or  copyist ;  a  stiidiis,  who 


L!ERIPEI\S  381 

made  extiacts  or  peilormed  the 
duties  of  secretary  and  coadjutor  in 
the  studies  or  business  of  his  em- 
ployer ,  ab  eputolts,  who  conducted 
ins  mister's  correspondence  m  the 
character  of  an  amanuensis  Hoi 
A  P  354  Cic  Agr  11  S  Att  IV  4 
Suet.  Claud.  28.  Cic.  Fam.  xvi.  21. 
Orelli,  Inscript.  2437. 

2.  Same  as  ElBLlOPOLA.  Sen.  i?i7i. 
vii.  6. 

LIBRATO'RES.       Profesaonal 

Eersons,  employed  by  the  officers  vl  o 
ad  the  superintendence  of  tl  e  publ  c 
aqueducts,  to  make  all  tlie  necessa  j 
surveys,  ascertain  the  levels  of  d  fle 
rent  sources  of  water,  and  to  regalate 
the  size  of  the  pipes  which  conveyed 
a  supply  of  water  from  the  rese  vo 
{castellum)  to  the  various  establish 
ments  and  houses  of  the  dty  n  o  de 
that  none  might  obtain  more  tl  a 
their  legal  allowance  ;  which  was  ef 
fected  by  calculating  the  quant  ty  that 
would  pass  through  a  pipe  of  ce  t  n 
diameter  in  a  given  time.  Plin.  Ep. 
X.  70.  3.  Frontin.  Aq.  105. 

2.  In  thearmy.soldiets  who  levelled 
and  worked  the  machines  from  which 
rnissiles  were  discharged ;  like  the 
engineers  of  modern  warfare.  Tac. 
Ann.  ii.  20.  xiii  39. 

LIBRPLE.  The  beam  of  a  balance 
[libra)  from  which  the  scales  depend 
(Festus  s.v.) ;  whence,  also,  the  ba- 
lanceitself(Aul.  GeE.  xx.  i.  9.).  See 
the  illustration  J.  Libra,  I. 

LI'BRIPENS.  Before  the  intro- 
duction of  stamped  money,  all  sums 
were  reckoned  by  the  pound  weight, 
and  not  by  the  number  of  pieces  ; 
whence  the  person  who  weighed  out 
the  amoimt  to  be  given  for  any  pur- 
chase was  termed  bbripeiis,  the  weigh- 
man.  (XII.  Tab.  ap.  Cell.  xv.  13,  +) 
But  the  name  was  retained  m  after 
times,  although  the  custom  from 
which  it  arose  had  iong  fallen  mto 
disuse,  to  designate  the  person  who 
reckoned  up  and  distributed  their  pay 
to  the  soldiery,  whom  we  might  term 
Qis  quarter-master  0/ a  regimenl,  Plin. 
I/.N.  xxxiii.   13. 


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LI^BUM.  A  sort  of  cake  or  biscuit 
composed  of  flour,  milk,  eggs,  and  oil, 
especially  made  ag  an  offering  to  the 
gods  (Cato,  ^.J?.  75-  Vaxro,  ^.  i?. 
ii.  8l.)  ;  and  also  as  a  birthday  pre- 
sent    Mart.  !(.  24, 

LIBUR'NA  or  LIBURTSIICA,  sc. 
JViwjr  (Xi;8«pWi).  A  vesselofwar,  con- 
structed after  a  model  invented  by 
the  lUyrian  pira.teE,  and  introduced 
into  the  Roman  navyafter  the  battle  of 
Actium.  It  was  bnilt  sharp  fore  and 
aft,  was  worlted  with  one  or  more 
banks  of  oars,  accoi'ding  to  the  size, 
as  well  as  sdls,  had  the  mast  amid- 
ship,  and  the  levantine  sail  instead  of 
the  common  square  one.  (Veg.  Mil. 
y.  7.  Lucan,  iii  691.  Sil.  ItaL  siil. 
24a  Scheffer,  Jfi/.  JVaw.pp.  92.  IQI-) 
The  smaller  ones  were  used  as  tenders, 
bnt  the  larger  were  brought  into  line 
for  action.  Thon^  the  real  build  of 
these  vessels  is  not  positively  authen- 
ticated, the  annexed  figure,  wMch 
appears  upon  medals,  bol£  of  Claudiup 
.and   Domiljan,  has  snffident   affinity 


to  tl  e  above    description,   collected 
from  mcidental  passages  to  be  off 
as  a  probable  repre'Jenfal  on  of  o 
the  sm^lle   class 

LICIAMENTUM.  A  s 
Imshis  (lida)  in  weaving ;  that  is 
number  attached  to  one  of  the 
or  "heddlea."  (Not.  Tires,  p.  60 
See  the  neit  iJlnstration  and  Lie 
.  LICIATO'RIUM,  The  rod 
whidi  a   set  of  leashes   [fjcia) 


fastened  in  weaving  (Vulg.  1.  Kii^s, 
17.  7.),  similar  in  use  and  purpose  to 
the  hiddlis  of  our  weavei-s.  The  illus- 
tration shows  two  leash  rods  upon 


the  primitive  Icelandic  loom  re- 
ferred to  by  Scheffer,  Index  R.  R. 
Script,  s.  Tela. 

LI'CIUM.   (pfroc).    A  lijsk  em- 

Sloyed  in  weaving,  for  the  purpose  of 
ecussating  the  Sreads  of^thewarp, 
so  as  to  malte  an  opening,  technically 
called  a  "shed,"  for  the  shuttle  to 
pass  through.  (PIm.  H.N.  viii.  74. 
Miviii.  12.)  It  consisted  of  a  string 
with  a  loop  at  one  end,  through  whicS 
a  thread  of  the  warp  was  passed,  each 
thread  through  a  separate  leash ;  and 
the  whole  number  were  then  fastened 
in  alternate  order  upon  two  rods  (licia- 
loria),  as  shown  by  the  preceding 
woodcut ;  the  first,  third,  and  fifth  to 
one,  the  second,  fourth,  and  sixth  to 
another ;  so  that  when  the  two  rods 
were  pulled  apart,  they  drew  every 
alternate  thread  of  the  warp  across 
every  other  one  in  opposite  directions, 
mailing  at  the  same  time  an  open- 
ing or  shed  between  them,  through 
which  the  cross-thread  of  the  woof 
CO        ed     Th  p  p     in 

as  th   m  descrb  d 

imd  g 

rs        dyhRm        wd 


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tiling ;  a  riband  for  the  hfiir, 
chanted  band,  &c.  Avison.  Ef.  38. 
Ov.  Fast.  iii.  267,  Pradent.  in  Sym 
ii.  1 104.  Pet.&ii.  131.4. 
■  LICTOR  (po/SJoSxoe).  A  lictor 
a  public  officer  attached  to  the  service 
of  certain  Roman  magistrates,  whom 
lie  preceded  whenever  they  went 
abroad;  viz.  twenty-four  for  a  die 
tator,  twelve  for  a  consul,  deceniMi 
or  tnbune  with  military  power  su. 
[or  a  prfetor,  and  one  for  a  Vestil 
vii^in.  He  carried  the  fasces  ele 
■vatai  on  his  left  shoulder,  and  1  rod 
ipir^  in  the  right  hand,  with  which 


he  removed  any  r 


s  obstructing 


y  pers 
the  way,  and  knocked  at 
the  doors  of  those  whom 
the  .magistrate  visited. 
In  the  city  he  wore  the 
toga,  and  carried  the 
fasces  without  the  axe 
(sscmis),  as  exhibited 
by  the  annexed  figiu^ 
from  a  bas-relief  of  the 
Vatican ;  but  out  of 
Rome  he  wore  the  mili- 
tary cloak  {sagum  or 
^aJudamsnlum},  and  had 
the  axe  attached  to  his 
fasces ;  as  shown  by  the 
figure,  p.  278.  i  which  also  exhibits 
the  rod  in  the  right  hand.  Morell. 
Dissert,  d/  Liltori.  Milan,  1828. 

LIGO  fjiOKtWa).  A  sort  of  hoe, 
with  a  long  handle  (Ov.  J^eiit.  i.  S. 
59. ),  and  bMde  curved  rather  inwards 
{incurous,  Stat  TAek  lit.  589.),  the 
edge  of  which  was  notched  into  teeth 
(Jracti  dente  ligonis,  Cohimell,  x.  88.]. 


d   fi 


PP 


h  nd         Saturn 

hara  an  agncn  ti  ra    se 

3      n     y    peaking    wh  n    n    h 
m    waad     ™     dbya 
■n  {bidens,  hxiKKa),  \h^  two-pronged 
e,  which  would   lead  us  to  infer 


LIGULA 

that  the  regnlir  hgo  wai  fiim 
with  more  than  two  prongs.  I 
will  serve  to  convey  a  general  n 
of  the  character  of  tlie  instrui 
and  to  illustrate  the  epithets  applied 
to  it  in  the  passages  cited  above. 

LIG'ULA  or  LIN'GULA.  Di- 
minutive of  LiNGl  A  a  little  tongue, 
appl  ed  in  the  following  dmacieristic 

I  {y\<a<!sa  yXarric)  The  mouii- 
pme  of  a  pipe  if  did)  which  was 
inserted  between  the  teeth  like  that 


-^F-J^J.T7> 


(fa  modem  clarionet  01  flageolet 
{V\  ^  H  \  XXVI  56  Festus  s.  Lin- 
gula  1  The  cJample  is  f  om  a  bas- 
relief 

z  A  kmd  of  small  spoon  possessing 
a  certain  resemblance  to  the  human 
tongue,  employed  for  eating  sweet- 
meats (Cato,  li.S.  84.),  talimg  oint 


ment  out  of  a  bottle,  skimming  certain 
dishes  (Plin.  H.N.  xxi.  49.),  and 
various  other  purposes,  foe  which  its 
peculiar  form  adapted  it  {Mart.  viii. 
33.  Columell,  ix.  15.3.)  The  example 
is  from  an  ori^nai  bronze,  formerly 
belonging  to  the  Italian  antiquary 
Beliori. 

3.  A  small  tongue  or  leaf-sha[jed 
sword,  like  the  Greek  &'0oi',  which 
the  Roman  soldiers  also  used  in  early 
times,  before  they  had    adopted   the 


long  straight  Celtiberian  glaive,  g!a- 
dius.  (Aul.  GelL  X,  25.  2.  Varro, 
L.L.  viL  107.)  The  example  is  copied 
from  the  device  on  a  votive  bronae 
shield,  found  at  Pompeii,  formerly 
belonging  to  a  gladiator  of  the  class 
termed  Retiarii,  as  the  inscription 
testifies..  The  trident  {fitscind)  is 
likewise  exhibited  upon  it :  from 
which  we  may  collect  that  the  Eelia- 
rius  made  use  of  the  ligala  as  well  as 
the  net  and  trident. 


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384  I.IMA. 

4.  Tlie  lapelle  or   lappet  on  ojch 
side  of  a  shoe  {calceus),  through  whid: 
the  strings  {corrigiis)  that  tied  it  on 
the    foot    were    passed; 
whence      tlie     expression 
demiilere  ligulas  means,  lo        ;S     l 
leave    tlie    shoes    untied.    ^^^\aJ 
(Festus,  J.  V.  Juv.  V.  20.   C- ^ 
Schol.   Vet.  ad  1.)     The  example  is 
from  a  Pompeian  painting. 

J.  The  wedge-Kke  end  of  a  lever 
(mv:i&}  which  is  inserted  under  the 
weight  to  be  raised  (Vitniv.  x.  3.),  ot 
into  any  cavity  or  fixture  for  the  pur- 
pose of  producing  pressure,  as  with 
the  pi-ess  beam  (freluni)  of  an  oil  or 
wine  prc=s  Cato,  RR  18.  and 
illiistiation  r    Torcular,  i 

6  A  tenmi  m  carpentiy ,  le ,  3. 
projeclmg  tongue  cut  out  upon  the 
edge  of  a  board  01  end  of  a  beam,  to 
fit  into  a  mortuc  or  caiity  of  corre 
sponduig  form  in  another  timber 
Coluniell  viii   II 

LIMA  (p...))  A  Jih  or  lasp,  of 
the  s-ime  description,  and  for  simihr 

days     Phffidr  iv   7     Phn.  Plaut  &c 

LIMA'RIUS     See  Piscina. 

LIMBATUS      Adorned   with  an 

ornamental  border  or  hmbus,  as  e\ 

plained   and   illastiated    undet   that 

word    Gallien  ap  Trebell,  Claud.  17. 

LIMBULA  RlUb.   One  who  made 

borders  to  be  sewed   on   to  wearing 

apparel,  or  on  to  bands  for  the  hair 

or  waist.     Plant.  Aid.  iii.  5.  45.      In 

script,  ap.  Don.  cl.  8.  n.  27.     LisiBuS 

'  LIMBUS  (n-apu^^).  An  ormmen 
tal  border  woven  into  the  fabric  of  a 
piece  of  doth,  iu  order  to  make  a 
finish  round  the  edges  of  wearing 
apparel  Ov.  Met.  vL  127.  Virg 
Mn.  iv.  137.  Servius  ad  I.  Stit 
Achiil.  i.  330.  It  was  made  m  a 
great  variety  of  patterns,  and  was  w  om 
amongst  the  Greeks  by  both  seies ; 
by  males  on  the  skirts  of  their  tunics 
(woodcut  s.  V.  HlERONlKA)  and 
edges  of  the  chlamys  (woodcut  s.  v. 
p,  155.),  and  by  females  on  most 
articles  of  their  attire  ;  as  shown  by  an 


nlinity  of  designs  on  the  Greek  fictile 
•  ases,  from  one  of  which  the  annexed 
example  is  taken.  But  amongst  the 
;  may  judge  from  the 
upon  the 


Romans,  if  v 


_  it  w  ould  seem  to  have  been  but 
seldom,  adopted,  and  its  use  mostly 
confined  to  iemrJes, 

2  Hence  an  ornamental  band  for 
the  Iiaii,  worked 
with  a  pattern  in 
embroidery  (Stat. 
Achtll  11.  176. 
Arnob  11.  72.),  as 
shown  by  the 
woodcnt  at  p.  284. 
s  Fibula  4  01 
saah  for  the  wai  t  1 
(Slat  Theb  VI 
367  ),  as  exhibited  by  the  annexed 
figure  from  a  slalue  in  the  Rcyil 
Museum  at  Naples, 

3  The  bind  or  zod  ^cal  ci  cle 
which  conta  13    the   ligt  res    of    the 


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a  painting  at  Pompeii,     Varco,  J!  R 


LIMEN   (^11  The 

m  uding  the  sill  and  the 
door ;  which,  howevec,  are 
distinguished  by  a  special  epithet :  as 
limen  mfirior,  the  sill ;  Hnien  superior, 
the  ImteL  Plaut.  Mtrc.  v.  I.  I.  Id. 
Cos,  iv.  4.  I.  Vitruv.  vi.  9  and  1 1, 
See  the  illustrations  i,  Janua. 

2.  Limen  or  Hndiia  equBnim.  The 
tlireshold  or  doorwa/  of  the  stalls  in 
the  Circus,  from  which  the  horses  and 
chariots  came  out  when  they  were 
about  to  start  for  a  race.  Virg.  ^n. 
V.  316.  Si!.  Ital.  xvi.  316.  See  the 
illustration  s.  CarCEk,  2. 

H'MUS.  A  petticoat,  reach- 
ing from  the  waist  to 
the  feet,  and  orna- 
mented with  a  band  or 
stripe  of  purple  colour, 
all  round  the  bottom  of 
the  skirt  It  was  the 
proper  costume  of  the 
Popi,  who  officiated 
at  the  sacrifice,  and  is 
distinctly  shown  by  the 
annexed  example,  from 
the  Vatican  Virgil. 
Vii^.  ^n.  xii.  120. 
Servius  ad  I.  Compare 
Tiro.  a/.  GelL  xii.  3. 

LIWEA.  In  general  a  thread, 
line,  or  string  ;  whence  the  following 
more  special  senses  ; — 


I  [op/((dJ.  A  fishing-line  (Mart. 
111.  58  28.)  made  of  strong  hair  {seta, 
Avnn  Feb.  xx.  I.)  or  flax  twisted 
into  thread   \}inum,    Ov.  Met.   xiii. 


933).     The   example    represents    an 
angler  in  a  Pompeian  painting. 

A  line  which  sportsmen  extended 


tied  on  it,  for  the  purpose  of  frighten- 
ing the  game,  and  to  deter  them  from 
breaking  out  in  the  direction  where  it 
was  placed.  Grat.  Cyneg.  27.  and 
83.  Nemes,  303.  Same  as  Foemido. 
3.  (orriflfii]).  A  caroenter's  or 
stone  mason's  line,  which  is  a  string 
covered  with  chalk,  and  used  foi 
striking  3  straight  mark  npon  a  board 
or  slab  by  which  to  direct  the  course 
of  the  saw ;  or  for  measuring  gene- 
rally. Palkd.  iii.  9.  10.  Vitruv,  vil, 
-   -      Cic.  Q.  Fr.  iii,"-   " 


m\ 


whitened  with  chalk, 
the  opening  0/  a  race- course  (circas)  tor 
the  purpose  of  making  the  start  fair. 
(Cassiodor.  ra?'.£?i.jii5l,)  Its  situ- 
ation  is  shown  by  the  dotted  line, 
marked  b  in  the  engraving  on  the  next 
page,  which  represents  the  ground- 
plan  of  a  small  circus,  still  remammg 
m  considerable  preservation,  at  a  short 
distance  from  Rome,  on  the  Appian 
Way ;  end  in  which  it  is  inserted  on 
the  authority  of  a  mosaic  picture  repre- 


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386  LINEA. 

seiiting  a  circus  discovered  at  Lyons,  in 
the  commencement  of  the  present  cen- 
tury, where  it  is  coloured  white,  and  oc- 
cupies the  same  position  as  here  as- 
signed to  it.  It  was  kept  tight  imtil  all 
the  cars,  having  left  their  stalls  (cawflKf, 
AA.  on  plaji),  had  arrived  (airly 
abreast  of  one  another  at  the  line  in- 
dicated, and  until  the  signal  for  a 
start  was  given,  when  it  was  slacked 
away  from  one  side,  and  the  race 
commenced.  Had  it  not  been  for  a 
contrivance  of  this  kind,  the  eagerness 
of  the  horses  would  have  led  to  a  con- 
m  of  false  starts,  as  fre- 


quently happens  at  the  horse  races 
during  the  Carnival  at  Konie,  where  a 
similiu'  expedient  is  resorted  to  ;  and 
an  over-eager  horse,  who  breaks  away 
from  his  trainers,  rushes  against  the 
rope,  which  either  brings  mm  up  or 
Arrows  him  down;  an  accident 
actually  represented  as  occurring  to  a 
pdr  of  horses  in  the  Lyons  mosaic 
above  referred  to.  Moreover,  as  this 
rope  was  whitened  with  chalk,  it  is 
often  referred  to  nnder  the  ^  term 
Caix  or  Creta;  and  as  the  cha- 
riots ran  round  the  course,  return- 
ing at  last  to  the   end  from   wliich 


they  started,  all  three 
figuratively  applied  to  designate  the 
end  of  anythhig  ;  particularly  of  life, 
the  chances  and  accidents  of  which 
both  poets  and  artists  were  fond  of 
assimikting  to  the  casualties  of  a 
race.  Hor.  Ep.  i.  i6.  79.  Cic.  Sen. 
23.     Tmc.  i.  8. 

5.  A  string  of  pearls,  which,  under 
the  extravagant  habits  of  the  empire, 
were  sometimes  cast  among  the  people 
for  a  scramble  at  the  pubhc  games  of 
the  circus,  fee.  Mart.  viii.  7S.  Com- 
pare SueL  Nero,  II.  Tertull.  Hob. 
Ma.  9.  Ulp.  Dig.  9.  2-  27-  Com- 
pare Miss  ILIA. 

6.  A  line  described  upon  the  face 
of  a  sun-dial  {sola,rbim\  and  marked 
wi  h    h  hours, 


the  seats  {gi'mfus,  sedilia)  in  a  theatre, 
amphitheatre,  or  circus,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  defining  the  exact  space 
which  each  person  was  entitled  to 
occupy,  and  prevent  i 
crowding  '"  ' 


i.  141.  Qnint  xi.  3,  133,)  These 
lines  are  still  discernible  in  the  am- 
phitheatres at  Pompeii  and  Pola, 
from  whidi  last  the  annexed  illus- 
tration is  talcen  ;  it  represents  one  of 
the  large  blocks  of  marble  which 
formed  the  cavea  divided  by  lines 
info  stalls  for  six  occupants,  some  of 
whose  initials  are  carved  upon  the 
Stat, 


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LINGULA. 

2.  The  short  end  of  a  lever.  (Vi- 
trav.  8.  z.)     Same  as  Ligula,  5. 

LINGULA.  A  vulgar  and  in- 
correot  writing  for  Ligula,  whicli 
see.     Mart.  xiv.  120. 

LI'NIGER.  In  a  general  sense, 
wearing  linen  garments;  but  the  word 
is  specially  used  to  deagnate  the 
^yptian  goddess  Isis  {dea  linigera, 
Ovid.  Mel.  i.  747.) ;  and  a  certain 
class  of  priests  ministering  in  her 
temples,  who  went  bald-headed  and 
naked  as  far  as  the  waist,  below 
which  they  were  covered  with  a  long 
linen  petticoat ;  whence  they  are 
styled  linigeH  caM.  (Mart.  xii.  29. 
18.  Juv.  Sat.  vi.  533.)  Both  these 
characteristics  are  exemplified  by 
the  annexed  figure,  representing  an 


Egyptian  priest  of  the  Icind  described, 
from  a  painting  in  the  temple  of  Isis 
at  Pompeii. 

LINIFHIA'RIUS,  LINIPHIO, 
and  LrNYPHUS  {Xivoit^i).  A 
linen  vieaver.  Hadrian,  in  Ep  ap 
Vopisc.  Saturn.  8.  Cod.  Theodos  x. 
20.  8. 

LINOSTE'MA.  A  fabric  made 
of  thread  and  wool  mixed;  the  warp 
(stavien)  of  thread,  the  web  {iiSlemen) 
of  wool,     Isidor.  Oris:  xix.  32,  17 

LINTEA'MEN.  (Apal.  Mel.  a. 
p.  Z4S.  Lamprid.  Elag.  26.)  Same 
as  LiNTEUM. 
_  LINTEA'RIUS  (Kiuoi^pv^.  A 
linen  drapr;  or  hawker  of  linen 
goods  for  sale.  Ulp.  Dig.  14.  4.  5. 
Cod.  Theodos,  10.  20.  16. 


LIHTER.  387 

LINTEA'TUS.  Clothed  into™, 
as  contradistinct  from,  wool  or  cotton. 
Liv.  X.  38.  Festus,  s.  Legio,  Senec. 
V.  B.  37. 

LIN'TEO.  KlinmiiBiaver.  Plant 
Aul.  iii.  5.  38.     Serr.  ad.  Vii^.  Mn. 

LINTE'OLUM  {oSovkov).  Any 
small  linen  cloth ;  thence,  especially, 
a  napldn,  or  a  handkerchief.  {Plant. 
Ep.  ii.  2.  48.  Plin.  H.  I^.  vs-  45- 
Apul.  Apol.  pp.  490-  494-)     See  SP- 


LINTER. A  boat  used  chiefly 
in  marshy  places,  or  waters  abound- 
mg  in  sh-iiloivs  (Tibull  ii.  S-  34-)  i 
tor  the  transpo  t  of  produce  upon 
rive  s,  or  of  cattle  and  soldiers  across 


teady  n  the  ite 
whe  ce  C  cero  {Br  i  60  )  quizzes 
an  orato  who  swayed  his  body  to 
and  fro  wh  le  speakmg  by  say  ng 
that  he  made  u  e  of  a  /  ier  for  \m 
pulp  t  The  example  represents  a 
Roman  soldier  transporting  wine 
casks  across  a  river  in  one  of  these 
boT-ts,  fiom  the  Column  of  Trajan, 

2  A  tray  or  trough  employed  at 
the  vintage  for  carrying  grapes  from 
the  vineyard  to  the  vat  in  which  the 
juice  was  trodden  out  by  the  feet ; 
doubtless  so  named  from  its  resem- 
blance in  form  to  the  boat  just  de- 
scribed. Cato,  R.  R.  -A.  5,  TibuU, 
i-  5-  23-     ^i"^-  Gearg.  i.  262, 


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388  UNTEUM. 

LINTEUM  {m-fn).  Generally, 
any  doth  made  of  linen  ;  but  Pliny 
(H.  N.  xa.  22.)  applies  the  same  terra 
to  cotlon  fabrics.  Specially,  a  /ohh/, 
napkin,  or  handkercinief  (Plant.  Moat. 
L  3.  no.  Catull.  xii.  3.  n.  14), 
same  as  SuDARluu  ;  a  cuL'tain  to 
dose  the  ades  of  a  leclica,  or  palan- 
quin (Mart.  ii.  57.),  same  as  Pla- 
GUlA  ;  the  sail  of  a  ship,  which  was 
made  of  strips  of  cloth  sewed  together 
(Viig.  Ma.  iii.  686.  Liv.  xxviiL 
45.),  same  as  Velum. 

LINTRA'RIUS.  One  who  rows 
a  liHtir.     Ulp.  Z>iw.  4.  9.  r. 

LINTRICULUS.  (Cic.  All.  s. 
10.)     Diminntive  of  Linter. 

H'NUM  {Xi-ov).  Flax;  thence 
anything  made  with  flax ;  as,  a 
sewing  thread  (Ceisus,  vii.  14.) ;  a 
lishing  line  (Ovid.  Mel.  itiii,  923. 
LiNEA.  I,)  ;  a  string  of  pearls  (Ter- 
tulL  LiNEA,  5.) ;  a  string  hound 
round  the  tablets  {iabellie)  upon 
which  letters  or  any  other  document 
were  written,  and  then  tied  in  a  knot 
over  which  the  seal  was  aihxed  (Cic, 
Cat.  iii.  5.  Plaut  Bacch.  iv.  3.  79— 
rn.);  a  net,  the  meshes  of  which 
were    made   of    string.       Ov.    Virg. 

LITERA'TUS.  Marked  or  Id- 
lered ;  espedally  applied  to  any  ob- 
ject of  use  or  ornament  which  has  the 
maker's  or  owner's  name  Inscribed 
upon  it  (Plant.  Rud.  iv.  4.  Iir.  114. 


/3  11  5  21  )  as  n  the  inneied  and 
many  other  articles  found  at  Pom 
jieii  The  letters  engraved  upon  the 
handle  are  L  Arsidiodo 

2  Brandid  meaning  a  slave 
marked  on  the  foieheid  foi  tluevme 
or  miin  ng  away  (Plant  Ca'  u  6 
49)     also  termed  7ns  nptus  nolitiis 


LlrlCEN. 

whose  literary  knowktige  and  ac- 
qiiiremenls  were  turned  to  account 
by  his  master  in  a  variety  of  ways, 
as  a  librarian,  reader,  amanuensis, 
secretary,  &c.  OrbiHns  af.  Suet. 
Granim.  4. 

4.  (j'po/i/ianeos).  Agrammarian; 
i.e.,  a  scholar  who  employs  himself 
in  writing  notes  and  commentaries 
upon  the  works  of  other  authors. 
Nepos.  3/.  Suet.  Gramm.  4. 

LITHOSTRO'TUM  (Xieiorpo^ 
Tov. )  Literally,  pmied  viUk  stones ; 
whence  the  pavement  of  a  Roman 
road,  which  was  laid  with  polj^onal 
blodis  of  volcanic  formation  (Aex)  ; 
or  of  any  flat  open  square,  hke  an 
area  or  a  forum,  which  were  paved 
with  broad  square  flags  ;  or  the  floor 
of  a  building,  like  that  of  the  Pan- 
theon at  Rome,  which  is  formed  with 
slabs  of  porphyry  and  jaune  an- 
tique ;  were  all  lithoslrala  in  a  generic 
sense.  Bat  the  word  is  mostly  ap- 
plied, in  the  passages  which  remain, 
to  the  various  kinds  of  omameirtal 
pavements  which  go  by  the  common 


leof  » 


with  u 


cially  to  those  which  were  composed 
of  small  pieces  of  sloTie  or  marbles  of 
natural  colours,  as  contradistinguished 
from  those  which  were  made  of  glass 
or  composition,  artiiicially  stained  to 
imitate  different  tints.  Varro,  J{.  R. 
iii.  I.ia  Plin.  .ff:.A^.  xxKvi.6a  Ca- 
pitol. Gord.  ja.  and  the  various  names 
enumerated  m  the  Classed  Index. 
LIT'ICEN.     One  who  plays  the 


formed  a  corporation 
{colUguim)  at  Rome 
ajid  the  instrument 
they  played  as  well 
wh  ch 


s  the  c 


ted  by  the  annexed 
figare,  from  a  sepul 
chral  marble  having 
the  fdbwno  mscnp 
t    n    nleneilh— M 


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LITUUS. 


Julius  Victor 
CINUM.  The  piece  of  drapery  over 
the  front  of  the  chest  is  singular ;  but 
a  Roman  soldier,  on  a  bas-relief 
published  by  Du  Clioul  {Castrsmet. 
des  Somains),  wears  a  Cape  of  the 
same  description. 

LITUUS.  A  brass  tnmipet,  with 
a  loi^  straight  stock,  like  the  feAi, 
but  furnished  at  its  fiirthest  extre- 
mity with  a  curved  joint,  like  the 
iucdna  or  aimu.  {Festus,  s.  v.  Gell. 
V.  8.  Sen.  <Sd.  734.  aduTico  isre. 
Hor.  Ovid.  Cic.  Virg.)  The  en- 
gvaving   represents  an  original  dis- 


covered in  clearing  the  bed  of  the 
river  Witham,  near  Tattershall,  in 
Lincolnshire,  which,  it  will  be  per- 
caved,  resembles  predsely  the  instru- 
ment bald  by  tbe  Utken  in  the  pre- 
ceding illustration.  It  is  ratlier  more 
than  four  feet  long,  made  of  brass, 
in  three  joints,  like  a  modem  flute, 
andhs£  been  gilt. 

2.  (Xiruoi').  An  augwr's  wand 
(Virg.  ^».vii.  187.  Vl^xL  Som.  22.^; 
which  was  a  short  stick  (Irevii,  Gell. 
T,  8.),  bent  into  a  twist  at  the  end, 
like  one  side  of  a  bishop'a  cros'er  of 
which  it  is  supposed  to  have  forn  ed 
the  modeL  Liv.  i.  iS  Cic  D 
17.  It  was  nsed  for  desc  bmg  or 
marking  out  imagbnry  di  ons  n 
the   heavens,    for    the    purj  oaes    of 


LOCULA  MENTUM. 


389 


from  a  ccrlsdn  resemblance  wbicli  it 
bore  to  the  military  instrument  last 
described  (Porphyr,  ad  Hor.  Od. 
i.  I.  23.  Gell,  /.  c.  Orelli  ad  Cic. 
/.  c.) ;  but  in  works  of  art,  the  end 
of  it  is  not  formed  with  a  gentle 
curve,  like  the  trumpet  and  the  shep- 
herd's crook  [pedum),  but  is  always 
twisted  into  a  spiral  shape,  like 
the  annexed  examples ;  one  of 
which  represents  the  instrument  itself, 
from  the  frieze  of  an  andent  temple 
under  the  Capitol  at  Rome  (supposed 
fempie  of  Saturn),  and  the  other,  an 
augur  with  the  Htuits  in  his  hand,  from 
a  medal  of  M.  Antoninus. 

LIX^.  -  Camp  followers  ;  persons 
of  fiee  birth,  who  followed  an  army 
into  the  field  with  the  object  of  sup- 
plying the  soldiery  with  goods  and 
proviaons  of  various  kinds,  as  a  source 
of  individual  profit.  Liv.  xxsix.  I. 
Val.  Mas.  it  7.  2. 

a.  By  Apnleius  {Mtt.  i.  p.  iS.j, 
servants  or  attendants  upon  a  magis- 
trate, such  as  the  lictors. 

LOCA'RIUM.  The  price  or  the 
sum  paid  for  lodgings  at  an  inn  or 
lodging  house.     Varro,  L.  L.  v.  15. 

LOCA'RIUS.  One  wb&  makes  a 
profit  by  relinqnishing  his  Iseat  at  a 
place  of  pubhc  entertammeiif^  such  as 
the  circus,  theatre, &c,  to  another  who 
^r  ves  too  late  to  find  room.  Mart. 
V  "4 

L  DCEL'LUS.  Diminutive  of  Lo- 
CVLUS  Mart.  xiv.  13.  Pet.  Sat.  140. 
^  h1   Max.  viL  8.  g.       Any  small  box 

LOCULAMENTUM.  GeneraUy, 
any  case  receptacle,  or  locker  divided 
mto  separate  compartments  (Vitruv. 
X  9  5  and6.)  ;  thencemore  specially, 
a  d  m  the  plural,  an  open  bookcase 
covermg  the  sides  of  a  room  from 
top  to  bottom,  and  divided  into  a 
n  m  ber  of  separate  compartments,  or, 
as  we  should  say,  a  set  ef  iook 
shelve  (Senec.  Tranpiill.  9.) ;  also,  a 
■Jet  of  nests  in  a  dove-cote  or 
house  (Colnmell,  viiL  8.  3.)  ; 


nd 


Id. 


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I 


siJitced  to  ashes  on  the  funeral 
pile.  (Jnstin.  xsxix.  I.  PUii.  H.N.  viL 
16.  Id.  vii.  2.)  The  illuatralion  re- 
presents a  coffin  of  baked  clay,  with 
the  plan  of  the  inWtior  underneath, 
in  which  the  shaded  part  is  a  raised 
sill  for  the  head  of  the  corpse  to  rest 
upon ;  and  the  round  hole,  a  recep- 
tacle for  aromatic  balsams,  which  were 
poured  into  it  through  a  corresponding 
orifice  on  the  outside  of  the  shell  A 
marble  coffin  of  more  elaliorate  design 
is  introduced  at  p.  196. 

z  A  common  wooden  box  in 
whiL-h  the  dead  bodies  of  poor  people 
and  ciiminats  were  earned  out  Ful 
gent  Plane   s   Sandapila. 

3  A  cnb  or  compartment  in  a 
minger,  ^shethei  of  stone,  marble, 
01  wood  in  which  the  allowance  ot 
earh  animil  «as  separately  deposited, 


in  urdpr  that  a  greedy  horse  might 
not  poach  upon  ltd  neighbour,  as 
■=hown  by  rfie  anne\ed  example, 
which  represents  Ihe  interior  of  an 
ancieirt  stable  in  the  bay  Centorbi,  m 
Sicily      Veg    Va  11  28  4. 

4    A  small  cabinet,   box    or  ease 
divided  into  separate  eompirtments , 


LOSAEIUS. 

such  as  xve  should  call  a  disk ;  in 
which  money,  keys,  valuables,  and 
tilings  of  small  size  were  deposited  for 
safe  custody.  Hor.  &.  ii.  I.  175. 
Juv.  i.  89.  Plin.  H.N.ioM.  14. 

5.  A  case  divided  into  separate 
compartments,  in  which  the  Roman 
boys  carried  their  books,  waiting  ma- 
terials, and  ofher  necessaries  to  school. 
Hor.  i>ai.  i.  6.  74. 

LODI  CULA.    Diminutive  of 

LODIX.  A  coarse  and  rough 
sort  of  blanket,  chiefly  manufactured 
at  Verona  (Mart.  xiv.  I52.);usc<iasan 
outside  wrapper  (Snet.  Aug.  83.) ;  as 

counterpane  for  a  bed  {Juv.  vi  195.); 


I  rug  for  the  floor.     Pet.  Sat. 


LOGE-UM  (XoyeTor).  (Vitmv.  v.  7.) 
Properly,  a  Greek  word,  for  which  the 
Latin  expression  iaPuLPlTUMi  which 

•  LOMENTUM.  A  wash  or  paste 
for  the  skin,  made  of  bean  meal  and 
rice  worked  up  together,  which  the 
Eomin  ladies  applied  to  their  faces 
for  the  propose  of  taking  ont  wrinkles, 
and  giving  a  clear  tint  and  smooth- 
ness to  the  skin.  Mart.  iii.  42.  Com- 
pare Pillad.  jlL  14,  g. 

LONGU'RIUS.  A  very  long 
straight  pole,  employed  for  making 
divisions  or  fences  m  a  meadow  (Varro, 
A  ^  1.  14.  2.)  J  as  a  swinging  bar  foe 
epaiating  the  horses  in  a  stable, 
X  Inch  the  ancients  did  not  divide  into 
■.ralli  (Varro,  R.R.  ii.  7.  10.);  as  a 
handle  for  the  falx  muralis  (Cks. 
B  ni  14  ) ;  or,  indeed,  foe  any,  pur- 
pose to  whicli  such  an  object  was 
adapted 

LORA     See  LcRA. 

LORARIUS.  A  slave  who  in- 
flicted the  punishment  of  flogging 
upon  his  fellow  slaves  with  twisted 
ropes  or  thongs  of  leather,  at  the 
Comraind  of  his  mastei'.  A  character 
of  this  VmA  was  frequently  intro- 
duced upon  the  Roman  comic  stage 
(Gell  X  3.  8.  Plaut.  Co^t,  Act.  L 
be  2)  and  is  exhibited  in  the 
illustration  annexed,  from  a  marble 
bas  relief,  representing  a  scene  from 


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twisted  thong  in  his  i-aised  arm,  with 
wliidi  he  js  about  to  punish  Ids 
crouching  comrade . 

LORfCA  (HiipaE),  The  term  used 
pnecally  to  designate  a  piece  of  de- 
fensive armour,  which  covered  the 
breast,  back,  belly,  and  sides  as  far  as 
the  waist;  including  the  cmrass  or 
corselet  of  leather  or  metal,  plain, 
scaled,  laminated,  ringed,  andqmlted> 
tiie  coat  of  mail ;  and  the  loose  doub- 
let, orfledble  linen  shirt;all  of  which 
are  separately  described  in  the  follow- 
ing paragraphs ; — 

r.  {yva\o9)apa0.  The  Greek  cui- 
rass of  the  most  ancient  period,  made 
out  of  two  separate  and  distinct  pieces 


:a.  391 

number  of  clasps  or  buckles  {fibula:, 
irspofoi)  down  the  sides,  and  with  a 
shoulder  strap  or  epaulette  across  the 
top  of  each  shoulder.  Each  of  these 
plates  was  termed  a  ylioKm.  The 
illustration  represents  a  pair  of  bronze 
originals  discovered  in  a  tomb  at 
Ptestum !  but  it  would  appear  that 
Pausanias  hEul  never  seen  a  cuirass 
of  this  kind,  excepting  in  pictures 
(Pans,  X.  26.  2.) ;  a  remarkable  proof 
of  the  value  and  antiqiiity  of  the  spe- 
cimen here  copied 


?cup((5  m-offioc  or  utarai).     The 


by  generals  and 


usually 
superior  officera, 
both  Greeks 
and  Romans, 
subiiequently  to 
the      Homenc 

termed  because 
it  would  stand 
by  itself  when 
taken  off  and 
placed  upon  the 
ground.  Like 
the  last  men- 
two  pieces,  but 
ctple,  being  joined  together  by  the 
armourer  on  Oie  right  side  with  hinges 
(yiyyXufioi),  made  by  inserting  a  pin 
tlirougb  a  series  of  sockets,  so  that 
they  would  open  and  shut  for  potting 
off  or  on  with  convenience  and  ex- 
pedition. The  joinings  are  clearly 
shown  by  the  annexed  engraving, 
from  an  equestrian  statne  of  N.  Bal- 
bns  found  at  Herculaneum  ;  and  upon 
—      of  the  Pio- Clementine  Mn- 


they  a 


.   (iii. 


represented  y. 
Iprer- 


The  ci 


,  which  was  made  of 
very  thick  leather,  bronze,  or  other 
metals,  conslitntes  the  lorUa  itself ; 
but  the  abdomen,  the  thighs,  the  del- 
toid muscle,  and  the  arm-pits,  which 
would  be  completely  exposed  when 
the  arm  was  raised  above  the  level  of 
the  breast,  were  protected  by  a  series 
of  leather  stiaps   (itripvyti),   usually 


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392  LO. 

appended  to  it  round  the  'arm-holes 
and  lower  rim  of  its  two  plates^  wbich 
fell  over  the  upper  part  of  the  arm, 
like  a  sleeve,  and  over  the  .thighs, 
like  a  kilt,  as  exliibited  in  the  illus- 
tcation  s,  Legatcs. 

3.  (flcipaS  XfiriJuro!;).  A  corselet 
of  scale  armour  in  ivhich  the  scales 
(squamre,  Vii^.  ^n.  ix.  707. xi.  487. 
Sil.  Ital.  L  537.),  composed  of  horn 
or  metal,  and  sewed  on  to  a  basis  of 
leather  or  quilted  linen,  were  formed 
to  imitate  the  scales  of  a  jish  (Xt- 
jri'c),  which  are  mostly  circular  at  their 
bottom  edges,  and  overlap  one  another 


Compare  Ov.  Md. 


Hamart.  423.  sqaamasuin  thoraca  de 
pslk  colubr^),  which  are  mostly  an- 
gular at  their  extremities,  and  overlap 
m  a  lozenge  shape,  so  that  one  of  the 
angles  points  downwards  in  the 
manner  exhibited  by  the  examplt^ 
from  the  Column  of  Antoninus,  which 
resembles  exactly  tlie  scales  of  the 
rattlesnalte,  the  common  viper,  and 
many  other  reptiles. 

5.  Lorica  flumata.  (Justm.  xlL 
2.)  A  corselet  of  similar  character 
to  the  two  preceding,  but  having  the 
plates  of  metal  whiiM  cover  if  formed 
to  imitate  the  feathers  of  a  bird  (//«- 
mis.  Virg.  jSn.  xi.  770.  SallusC. 
F     m     p    hn  d 


al  hb  ed  by    h 

xamp  m  A  T 

m        d        h   A    h  ta 

tine  ;  m  which  it  will  be  observed 
tliat  the  plates  are  not  so  angular  at 
their  extremities  as  the  last  example, 
nor  so  regularly  disposed  as  the  one 
which  precedes  it. 

6.  Lorica  serla,  or  hamis  conserta. 
(Nepos.  xi.   r.  Virg.  Mn.  iii.  467.  v. 


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pktes  of  bone  oi  n  etil  instead,  of 
being  se«n  on  to  a  Icatl  er  ur  quiltod 

S'erkin,  were  fastened  to  one  inolher 
ly  means  ff  wire  nngs  oc  hools 
[iami) ;  of  which  the  illustration 
affords  a  speoimen  from  an  ongi 
iial  fragment  ioviiid  at  Pompeii  The 
plate  a  e  of  bone  ^.nd  each  has 
o  holes  near  the  upper  edges 
th  ough  which  the  Loniiecliiig  wiie 
1  1  passed  aa  shown  on  i  lai^e 
ale  by  the  right  hand  part  of  the 
eng  a  mg  but  when  the  parts  are 
put  to  ther  these  are  covered  and 
p  ot  t  d  ly  the  ciri,qlar  end  of  an 
oth  plate  which  laps  uver  them  as 
h  n  by  the  smaller  pattern  on  the 
left  hand. 

7    A  cui  ass  fom  ed  by  two  broad 

Elates  of  metal  acioss  the  cheat  ind 
in  fl  Mble  band  l}amjns)  of  steel 
o  the  shjulders  and  round  the 
wa  t  o  arranged  tl  at  w  hile  they 
fitt  d  losely  to  the  shape  of  the 
"       wonid  ada  '  ''  ' — 

nd  0  ec  one  another 
e  e  aised,  or  the  body  bent  as 
ho  n  by  the  anne'^ed  example,  from 
the  Column  of  Trajan  The  chatae 
teristic  name  by  which  cuirasses,  cf 
;re  distingni  hed  has  not 


survived  ;  but  the  object  itself  is  of 


1  the  tl 


umphal  arches  ind  columns  It  ap 
pears  to  hai  e  constituted  the  orduiary 
armour  of  the  common  legionary 
soldier  under  the  emp  re  for  it  is 
never  worn  by  the  s  penor  officers 
but  alwai  s  I  v  the  orega   ai       wl  o^o 


^^-  393 

r^Ilk  L  understood  from  the  duties 
thej  perform  when  not  engaged  with 
the  enemy ;  such  as  felling  timber 
for  stockades,  building  forts,  trans- 
porting provisions,  &c.     Some  w  ' ' 


havei 


d  this  as  the  ci 


isof 


serpents  scales  (f  oXtiiurij.  No  4.), 
to  which  it  does  not  possess  sufficient 
resemblance. 

S  (G«pal  aKBHiSiaTbi).  A  shirt  of 
c^iH  m  lii,  formed  by  a  rwular  aeries 
of  links  connected  together  into  a 
contmnous  chain  (SXvaie  ;  molli  lorica 
catena  Val.,  Flacc  tl  Z33).  It  was 
wo  tl  by  the  kas/aU  under  the  repub- 
lic <Pol>b.  vi.  23.) ;  and  is  i-epre- 
sented  on  some  of  the  cavalry  sol- 
diers m  the  slahs"which  were  removed 
fiom  the  Arch  of  Trajan  to  decorate 


the  one  built  by  Constaiitine  near  the 
Coliseum,  as  well  as  on  the  annexed 
figure  fiom  the  Column  of  Antoninus ; 
in  wh  ch  the  minuteness  of  the  touches, 
as  n  ell  as  the  dose  and  elastic  jit  oi 
the  shurt,  are  evidently  intended  to 
characterise  a  coat  of  chain  mail. 

9  Lorica  Untea  (flApnJ  Xfwei}.  A 
loose  jicket  of  linen,  several  folds 
thidc  steeped  in 
vinegar  and  salt 
(Nicet.  Choniat. 
Script  Byzant. 
p  247  Paris. 
1647)  more 

especially    worn 
by  the    Oriental 
nations   but  also    / 
ado|tcl    by    the 
b  c  1    imX  Romans    (Nepos,   Jphia 


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394  LQRICATUS. 

I.  Suet.  Galh.  19.  ,Liv.  iv.  20. 
Arrian.  Tatt.  p.  14.).  It  is  fre- 
qjjently  represented  oji  the  columns  of 
Trajan  and  Aiitonine,  similar  to  the 
example,  as  a  long  doublet,  reaching 
below  the  hips,  easily  yielding  as  the 
body  bends,  and  fitting  rather  loosely 
on  the  figure. 

io.  In  a  general  sense,  the  word  is 
also  applied  to  any  thing  which  serves 
as  a  covering,  protection,  or  defence 
for  what  is  behind  or  under  it ;  snch 
as  the  coatirw;  of  cement  upon  a  wall 
(Vitniv.  ii.  8.  18.  vii.  I.  4.),  and  a 
breastwork  which  serves  as  a  screen  or 
fortification  (Tac  Ann.  iv.  49.  Com- 
pare Veg.  Mil.  iv.  28.) ;  &c 

LORICATUS  (TidapaKw^tvoi). 
Armed  with  a  cuirass,  corselet,  or 
coat  of  mail,  as  described  in  the  vari- 
ous paragraphs  of  the  last  article,  and 
shown  by  the  woodcuts,  pp.  144.  1 59. 
178.  330.,  and  many  others  in  the 
course  of  these  pages. 

2.  Lorkatus  eques.  <Liv.  xxiii.  19.) 
Same  as  Cataehractus. 

3.  LoriaOm  d^has.  (Hirt.  B.  Afr. 
72.)  An  elephant  equipped  for  battle, 
by  having  a  breast-work,  or  tower  for 
armed  men  upon  his  back  like  the 
anncj.!.!  e  ampk,  from  an  engraved 


gem  It  IS  obvious  that  the  almost 
impenetrable  hide  of  this  animal 
would  not  require  the  assistance  of 
armour,  hke  the  horse  ,  and  Polybius 
(Fr  Hist  2,1 )  uses  the  diminutive 
Hiupniaov  (/('^■fcr»(b;)  for  the  breast  work 
of  a  tower  on  an  elephant  3  hick 
|.   Coated    with   cement      Varro, 


RR  1 


S7  > 


^■.G.  viii.  9.  -Veg.Mil.  1,57. 

LOEUM  l^i^St).  In  general,  any 
strap  or  throng  of  leather ;  whence 
applied  more  specially  in  the  following 

1.  The  rein  of  a  bridle  for  riding  or 
driving.  Viig.  Ov.Juv.  See  FjlBBUM, 
Habena. 

2.  A  long  (ein  or  rope  with  which 


the  a: 


It  hunt! 


whilst  tracking  the  lair  of  a 
Wild,  beast.  Its  object  was  to  prevent 
the  hound  from  ranging,  from  starting 
his  prey  too  soon,  and  from  closing 
with   it   before    tlie   huntsman    could 


come  up  to  his  assistance.  It  was  of 
considerable  length,  which  is  indicated 
by  the  coils  in  the  annexed  example, 
from  a  Sepulchral  marble  in  the 
Museum  of  Verona  ;  and  the  dog  by 
this  means  also  led  on  his  master  at 
a  convenient  di'itance  to  the  laii,  which 
he  traced  bv  scent.  Pliii  .ff  .A'  viii. 
6l  Grat  diug  213  Senec  Tiyeii 
407 

3  The  leathern  ItuUa  and  thong 
which  attached  it  to  the  neck  ,  wom 
by  the  Lhildien  of  tlebcLans  Plm 
HA'  xxxui.  4-  juv  V  164  See 
Bulla,  4. 

4  The  thong  by  which  a  l&lica 
was  suspended  upon  the  poles  [asse 
res),  which  rested  npon  the  shoulders 
of  the  bearers  (Mart  11  57 )  is  ex 
plamed  anl  illustrited  r  A'i'.ER,  i  , 
also  by  wh  ch  any  buiden  wi'v   sus 


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i.sS.)by 
Mart.  vL 


pended  from  the  phalanga  jVitcuv. 
X.  3.  7  and  8.),  as  explained  and  illus- 
trated J.   Phalakba  and   Phai-ah- 

5-  The  leather  thong  by  which  a 
boxing-glove  was  fastened  round  the 
ajin.     Prop.  iii.  14.  9.  and  illustration 

S.  CjESTUS, 

6.  A  thong  of  twJBted  leather  with 
which  slaves  were  punislied    (Pla 
-ft-,  i.  z.   13.    Ter.  Ad.  ii. 
the  LoRAEius     which  see 

7   The  girdle  of  Venus 
21      Sime  as  Cestus 

LU(„ERNA     (Xi-^Ms) 
lamp    as  contradet    ct  f 
T.  candle ,  gene 
nlly  made    of 

btonzt^  with  a 
h'lndle  at  one 
end,  a  nozzle 
(»yjrfl)  fui  the  wict  (^/ZK'*"!!"")  at  the 
other  and  an  orifice  m  the  centre  for 
pouimg  m  the  oil  When  in  use  they 
were  mtended  to  be  placed  upon  some 
other  piece  of  furniture  or  on  a  tall 
upright  stem  (Candelabrom  2  ),  01 
snspended  by  chains  fio  u  1  lamp 
holder  (L\i,HNUCHUs)  or  fiom  the 
ceiling  Of  course  they  were  made 
in  A  gieat  variety  of  shapes  and  pat 
tems  according  to  the  niture  of  the 
maten-ils  and  the  taste  of  the  artist 
who  designed  the  n  bi  t  howevei 
much  oinimented  or  enriijied  by 
fanciful  adjuncts  and  details,  they 
geneiafly  preserve  more  or  le'is  ot 
the  characteristic  form  of  a  boat 
shaped  vessel,  exhibited  by  the  in 
nexed  example 


illustration     from 
bronze.     Pet.  Sat. 

3.  Lwima  fiolyv, 
A  lamp  with 
several  nozzles 
or  wicks  (Mart, 
xiv.  41.)  The 
annexed  ex- 
ample fi'om  an 
original  of  terra- 
four  ;  but  otheis 
with  fire,  si  , 
twelve  and  fourteen,  have  been  found 
in  the  excavations  of  Herculanenm 
and  FompeiL 

4.  LjKsi^a  pensilis.  A  lamp  sus- 
pended by  a  chain  (instead  of  being 
placed  upon  a  stand,  canddah-uin,  like 
llie  example  No.  2.)  from  a  supporter 
with  brandies,  or  fi-om  the  ceiling. 
Pet  Sat.  30.  3.  and  illustrations  j. 
Lychnuchus  and  Lychnus, 

LUCTA,  LUCTA'MEN,  LUC- 
TA'TIOfsriiXii,  jTiiXnirfw).  Wreslling, 
one  of  the  games  of  tlie  Greelt  palt^ 
til,  in  which  the  combatants  endea- 
voured to  throw  one  another  on  the 
ground  (Ov.  Met.  ix.  33—61.  Stat. 
Theb  VI  830—505.)  by  eveiy  means 
of  bodily  exertion,  except  striking, 
which  was  not  permitted,  or  by  any 
trick  (Xen.  Cyr.  i.  6.  32.)  which, 
their  ingenuity  could  devise.  Grace, 
however,  and  elegance  of  attitude  and 
motion  were  regarded  as  an  important 
feature  m  the  stnisgle.  (Plato,  deLeg. 
796  Cic.  Orat.  (K)  The  wrestling- 
giound  was  strewed  with  sand,  and 
3ie  bodies  of  the  combatants  were 
sprmkled  over  with  line  dust  (kapki), 
in  order  to  give  them  a  firmer  hold 
upon  their  adyersaries  ;  wliicli  custom 
IS  alluded  to  in  the  following  illustra- 
tion by  the  basket  upset  upon  the 
ground 

The  contest  itself  was  of  two  kinds ; 
tlie  simplest  and  earliest  in  practice 
bemg  termed  stand-up  wreslH^  (;roXij 
opSi)  Lucian.  LaripA  5.) ;  in  which, 
the  contest  was  only  carried  on  as 
long  as  both  parties  kept  their  fooling, 
IS  lepiesented  in  the  annexed  wood- 


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antagonist  permitted  him  to  rise  and 
recommence  the  stru^le,  until  he 
met  with  three  falls,  which  dedded 
the  victory  (Senec  Bea,  v  3  )  The 
other  kind,  which  was  of  latei  adop 
tion,  was  termed  ground  ■wrestling 
{ikivSji«i^,  and  had  a  considerable 
resembl-ini,e  to  the  pancratium,  foi 
the  contest  was  contmued  on  the 
grouad  after  one  or  hoih  parties  had 
fallen,  as  e\hibited  by  the  annexed 
illustration  frjm  the  VatiLan  Virgd, 


and  until  one  of  them,  finding  hhnself 
unable  to  rise  again,  was  obliged  to  ac- 
1;  no wledge  himself  vanqnished.  Sen.  /.(. 
LUCTA'TOR  (iraXnrnrfe).  A 
wrestler.     Gell,  liL  15.      Senec.   Ben. 


LUDUS. 

V.  3.  Ov.  7hit.  iv.  6.  31.  See  the 
preceding  article  and  illustrations. 

LU'DIA.  OiiginaJly  designated  a 
female  who  daiicedand  acted  in  public, 
like  the  male  ladius,  in  which  sense 
it  may  be  apjilied  by  Martial  (v.  24.) ; 
but  latterly  it  meant  the  wife  of  a 
gladiator  (Juv,  vt  266.),  as  the  school 
which  he  kept  was  termed  ludm. 

LUDIMAGISTER.  A  s^heol- 
mastir,  who  kept  a  sdiool  in  which 
young  persons  were  instructed  in  the 
nidiments  of  literature,  Ascon.  in 
Clc.  Drs.  Ver.  14,  Cic.  jV.  D.  i.  26, 
Mart.   ix.  69.  X.  62.  and  illustration 

S.  LUD0S. 

LUDIO  and  LU  DIUS  (XkSiW). 
The  original  name  for  a  stage-player 
or  munic  dancer  (Liv.  vii.  2.)  ;  but 
afterwards  connected  with  a  sentiment 
of  depreciation,  such  as  is  conveyed 
by  our  expression,  strolling;  player ; 
for  the  nime  i&  applied  to  those  who 
danced  and  acted  in  llie  public  streets 
(Ov  A  Am  112  >,  or  in  the  Circus, 
for  the  amusement  of  the  populace 
(Suet  Aug  74.),  in  which  jugglers, 
fortune  tellers  tumblers,  and  persons 
of  that  class  used  to  congregate,  as 
they  sdil  do  upon  our  raee.courses. 

LUDUS.  Literally,  a  game,  sport 
or  pastime,  more  especially  such  oi 
were  invented  for  the  purpose  of 
assisting  to  develop  the  powers  of  the 
mind  or  body  ;  whence  me  same  name 
is  given  to  the  place  where  the  neces- 
sary discipline  or  exercises  were  gone 
through,  which  all  attainments,  whe- 
ther intellectual  or  physical,  require. 

I.  Liidus  literariiis,  or  simply /koImj 
{hiaaeaXilav).     A  school  for  the  in- 


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Z  UMJNAR. 

Etmttioii  of  j'Outh,  to  which  Oie 
children  of  both  sexes  and  all  classes 
were  sent  when  old  enough,  public 
education  being  thought  preferable 
amongst  the  ancients  as  wdl  as  our- 
selves,  to  private  toition.  (Festus  s. 
Schola.  Cic.  Fam.  ix.  18.  Plaut.  Pirs. 
ii.  r.  6.  Id.  Merc.  \i.  2,  32.)  The 
illustration  represents  the  interior 
(rf  a  school-room  at  Herculaneuni, 
from  ^  painting  discovered  in  that 
city,  in  which  both  hoys  and  girls 
are  langht  t<^ether,  as  in  Martial 
ix.  69. 

2.  Ltidus  gladiatomts.  An  estab- 
lishment in  which  a  company  of 
gladiators  were  trained  and  taught 
the  practice  of  their  art,  under  the 
instruction  of  the  Lanista.  Suet.  yal. 
31.  Cxs.B.C.i.  14. 

3.  Ludus  Jidicmtts.  A  school  in 
which  instrumental  music  was  taught. 
Plaut.  Sud.  Prol.  43, 

4.  Ludas  Trojs.  The  Trojan 
game ;  a  sort  of  review  or  sham-fight 
exhibited  by  yomig  persons  of  good 
family  oa  borsehaiA.  Tac.  Ana.  xi. 
1 1.  Suet.  Aug.  43.  Vii^.  Mn.  v.  448. 
— 587) ;  also  called  Decursio,  which 
see ;  the  medal  used  to  illustrate  that 
woid  bears  the  inscription  DECtrasiO 
Ludus  Troj^. 

5.  Ludus  latmncuhmm.  A  game 
of  skill  having  con^derable  resem- 
blance to  our  draughts  ;  described  s. 

6.  Ladus  duodtdm  scriptsrum.  A 
game  of  skill  appioximating  to  our 
bac^ammon.     bee  Abacus,  2. 

7.  Under  the  general  name  of  ludi 
tbe  Romans  also  included  chariot- 
races,  gladiatorial  combats,  and  thea- 
trical representations,  which  were  eit- 
hibited  on  certain  festivals  in  honour 
of  the  gods,  or  given  by  wealthy 
individuids  as  an  entertainment  to  the 

LU'MINAR.  Probably  a  window- 
shutter  (Cato,  R.  R.  14.  Cic  Att.  sv. 
26) ;  but  the  interpretaUon,  as  well  as 
the  readings,  in  both  passages  are  nn- 

LUNA(;7rHr?li;p.o^].    An  ornament 


in  the  shape  of  a  half  moon,  whicli 
the  Roman  senators  wore  upon  theii 
boots.  (Jut,  vii.  I93.  Stat.  Syh-.  v. 
2.   28.)      Considerable   diflference  of 


opinion  formerly  existed  amongst 
scholars  respecting  the  actual  mean- 
ing of  this  term  ;  but  it  is  now  gene- 
rally admitted  to  have  been  a  bndtle 
of  ivory  or  silver,  which  joined 
together  the  sides  of  the  shoe,  just 
above  tlie  ankle  (VisconL  Imcript. 
Trwp.  p.  83.  seqq.),  as  tlie  Greek 
name  implies,  and  as  shown  by  the 
right  -  hand  figure  in  the  annexed 
engraving,  from  a  statue  published  by 
Balduinus  {de  Cakeo,  p.  69.),  after 
Casali.  The  right-hand  figure  is  copied 
from  an  ivory  ornament  found  in 
the  Roman  catacombs,  which  is 
believed  to  be  an  original  senatorial 

LUNA'TUS.  Ornamented  with 
the  senatorial  lana  ;  of  tlie  shoe  (Mart, 
i.  50.  fdlis;  of  the  foot  (Id.  u.  29. 
21.  plania) ;  as  shown  by  the  pre- 
ceding illustration. 

z.  Shaped  like  a  half  moon;  of  the 
Amazonian  shield,  which  is  hollowed 
into  the  form  of  a  crescent  (Viig. 
j^n.  1.490.  and  illustration  J.  Pelta); 
hence  agnem  lufiatum  (Stat  Theb,  v. 
145.),  a  body  armed  with  Such  shields. 

LU'NULA.  Diminutive  of  Ldma. 
A  small  ornament  in  the  form  of  a 
half  moon,  worn  by  women  suspended 
fi:om  their  necks  (lador.  Orig.  xix. 
31.  Tertuli.  Ctdt.  Fam.  la);  and  by 
children  as  a  token,  amulet,  or  play- 
thing. Plaut  Ef.  V.  I.  33.  and  il- 
lustration r.  Crepunpa,  where  it  is 
seen  amongst  other  objects  round  a 
child's  neck, 

LUPA'NAR  and  LUPANA'- 
RIUM  (jTopiifiov).  A  receiving-house 
for  the  accommodation  of  immoral 
characters,  kept  by  the  procuress 
(krio),  who  let  out  separate  chambers 


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Ulp. 

u  ,    . 

(PoUux.  X.  S6.}  A  very  severe  kind 
of  Snaffle-bit  surrounded  with  priclts 
or  jags  (ix'^'O'i  TplffoXoi.  Pollux,  i. 
148.),  like  the  teeth  of  a  wolf,  from 
vMcii  it  took  the  name  (Serv.  aii 
Virg.  Ga/yg.  iii.  208.) ;  and,  in  conse- 
quence, usually  characterized  by  the 
epithet  duntm.  Viig.  /,  c.  Ot.  A. 
Am.  i  2.  ij.  Hor.  Od.  i.  S.  6.  Stat. 
Theb.  iv.  730, 

LUPUS  (Xil-toc).  Same  as  LuPA- 
TUM.  Ov.  Trist.  iv,  6.  4.  Stat.  Ai:h. 
1.  281.    Pint.  IL  641.  F, 

2.  A  small  straight-handled  saw. 
Pallad,  i.  43.  2.     Same  as  Serrula 


3.  Lapis fsrreas.  A  sort  of  grap- 
phng  iron,  employed  in  the  defence 
of  fortified  places  to  seize  apon  the 
beam  of  a  battering-ram  (anVj),  and 
break  the  force  of  its  blows  by  di- 
verting it  from  the  proper  direction. 
Liv,  xxviii.  3.  Veg.  MU.  ii.  25.  iv.  23. 

LURA.  Properly  i^^MOH/i  of  the 
large  leathern  sack  or  skin  called 
cukus,  ii\  which  wine  and  oil  were 
transported  from  place  to  place,   as 


esliibited  in  the  annexed  cu  on  a 
Pompeian  painting ;  or  o  a  omn  a 
wine-skin  (Utek,  and  the  il  us  -saiaa 
there  given)  ;  whence  t  was  al  o 
used  to  signify  the  sk  n  tself  o  a 
leathern  bag.    FestHS  \nson 

Perioih.  Od.  10, 
LUSTRUM.     As  p     r 


LVCHNiTCHUS. 

tion  or  expiatory  ofieiiiig,  made  by 
the  censois  every  live  years,  upon 
theit  retirement  from  office,  on  behalf 
of  the  whole  people ;  at  which  a  sow, 
a  sheep,  and  an  ox,  were  conducted 
three  times  round  the  assembled  mul- 
titude in  the  Campus  Martius,  and 
afterwards    sacrificed.      Liv.    i.    44. 

LYCHNU'CHUS  (Xvxvoix"';) 
Properly  a  Greek  word,  which  in 
lirnt  language  appears  to  have  dei 
signated  more  particularly  a  contri- 
vance in  the  nature  of  our  candlestick; 
viz.,  a  stand  into  which  a  candle  or 
torch  was  inserted,  in  order  to  keep  it 
in  an  elevated  and  upright  position 
(Candelabritm,  I.)  j  or  a  lantern  in 
which  an  oil  lamp  {hicertia,  Xixvoi) 
was  placed  for  the  convenience  of 
transport  (Laterna)  ;  for  the  pas- 
sages which  allude  to  the  manner  of 
using  it  express  the  action  of  putting 
the  Bght  in  or  taking  it  out  of  a  stand 
or  case— ii'fld'i;  rbv  \ixt">v,  Pherecr. 
AovX.  5.  iffiVcit'  fK  TBv  Xvxvovx')!'  Ti>v 
Xirxytv.    Alex.  KijpujT.  i. 

2.  The  Latin  word  lychnuchus  has 
a  signification  somewhat  differing 
from  its  Greek  original,  and  contradis- 


nc  f  m  Candelabrum,  being  used 
o  desig  a  e  a  Ismf-stand  ad^ted  for 
hold  ng  nany  lamp  (Suet  Jtd.  47. 
d  Don  4,  Cic.  Q.  Fr.  iii.  7.); 
whe  eas  the  candelahrwm  only  sup- 
p  d  one  A  great  number  of  eon- 
u  f   this   kind    have    been 


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discovered  in  the  excavations  of  Her- 
culaneum  and  Pompeii,  of  various 
forms  and  designs,  from  one  of  whicli 
our  illustration  is  copied  ;  but 
tliey  all  possess  this  characteristic 
feature,  that  the  lamps  are  suspended 
from  them  by  chains,  as  in  the  tx- 
smpl;,  instead  of  being  placed  upon  a 
flat  plate  {ni^rl/Tes),  as  is  the  case 
with  (he  candelabra.  This  peculiorify 
may  also  be  taken  into  account  as 
marking  a  difference  between  the  two 
objects,  and  the  words  by  which  they 
were  respectively  named. 

3.  Lychnackiis  ^nsilis.  A  stand 
supporting  several  lamps,  suspended, 
like  our  chandeliers,  from  the  ceiling, 
(Plin.  H.  N.  xxxiv.  8,)  The  illus- 
tration represents  the  upper   surface 


of  one  of  these  pendant  lamp-stands 
of  marble,  in  the  Villa  Borehese, 
which  carried  eight  lamps  at  least, 
■  one  from  each  of  the  cross-hooks 
round  its  margin.  The  surface  is 
flat,  and  without  any  orifice.  The 
small  circle  in  the  centre  shows  a 
portion  ,  still  remaining  of  the  iron 
bar,  by  which  it  was  suspended ; 
and  the  eight  other  projecting  poinls 
may  have  served  for  placing  additional 
lamps  upon,  when  required. 

LYCH'NUS  {X.ixMO£).  Properly  a 
Greek  word  which  in  that  language 
signifies  any  portable  light,  including 
also  the  stand  or  case,  a  candlestick 
or  lamp  for  instance,  in  which  it  was 
placed.  (Herod.  iL  62.  133.  Aristoph. 
Nui,  56.)  But  the  Romans  appear 
to  have  adopted  the  word  in  a  more 
special  sense,  to  indicate  a  light  or 


ing  discovered  in  the  villa  Negroni, 
at  Rome ;  for  Uie  lychma  is  e>:pressly 
mentioned  as  a  pendant  light  by  most 
of  the  writers  who  ose  the  term. 
Ennins  ap.  Macrob.  SiU.  vl  4.  depm- 
dmt  lymni  laguearHms ;  copied  by 
Virgii,  jEh.  i.  730.  Lucret  v.  296. 
fendentes  lychni ;  Stat  T&^.  i.  521. 
tenant  vincula  lychnis,  &c. 

LYRA  <Xb(hj).  a"  lyre ;  a  small 
and  very  ancient  stringed  instrument, 
the  invention  of  whidi  is  fabolously 
attributed  to  Mercury,  though  it  was 
undoubtedly  introduced  into  Greece 
through  Asia  Minor  from  Egypt. 
The  cords  neie  open  on  both  sides, 


without  any  =oimding-boai*d,  and 
varied  in  number  from  three  to  nine. 
Tt  WIS  sounded  with  both  hands,  one 
on  each  side ,  or  with  a  quill  (plec- 
ti-um)  in  one  hand  and  the  fingers  of 
the  other  ;  being  placed  upon  the 
knees  if  the  player  was  in  a  sitting 
position,  or  suspended  by  a  band  over 
the  shoulder  if  erect.  The  form  of 
the  frame  would  naturally  be  varied 
according  to  the  taste  or  fancy  of  the 
maker  ;  but  without  destroying  the 
leading  characteristics  of  the  instru- 


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4O0  LYS2CEN. 

raeiiE,  rts  shown  by  the  difference  in 
the  two  examples  introdiiced,  lioth  of 
which  ate  ftom  sepalchral  paintings  ; 
the  one  on  the  left  representing  a 
tetrachord,  i.  c,  with  four  strings  ; 
the  other,  a  hexachotd,  with  six. 

LVR'ICEN.     Same  as  Lyristes. 

LYRIS'TES  (Xupwrr^).  One  who 
plays  -upon  the  lyre  {Plin.  Ep.  i.  15.); 
which  was  done  either  by  twanging 
the  strings  with  botli  hnjids,  like  a 
harp  in  the  manner  represented  by 
the  left-hand  figure  m  Ihe  illustration 


from  a  statue  of  Apollo  m  the  Vat 
can  or  by  stnk  ng  them  w  h  a 
sn  all  quill  (fiU  tn  n)  held  n  una 
hand  ai  d  the  fingers  of  the  0  1  e 
as  perfor  ned  by  the  female  figi  e 
o  the  right  s  de  of  the  lUustra 
tion  from  a  Ron  an  fresco  pamting 
also  p  eserved  n  he  Va  can  The 
female  player  wis  termei  Zj  stria 
S  1  ol   ^  e       J-  T  V  r      6 

M. 

MACELLA'RIUS  (i^oirwXqt).  A 
iiictualler,  or  one  who  kept  a  cooUs 
shop,  as  contradistinct  from  Lanio, 
the  meat-purveyor.  (Varro,  R.  R. 
iii.  3.  II.)  He  dealt  in  provisions  of 
every  description,  flesh,  fish,  and  fowl 
(Suet.  Vesp.  jg.  Compare  Plaut, 
Atd.  ii.  8.  3 — 5.)  which  he  sold  ready 
"-''"'   '"■■"'■   yul.    25),     His  shop 


MACELLUM. 

Ilis  trade  regarded  as  one  of  the 
lowest,  sordidissimif  nurds.  Val. 
Max.  iii.  4.  4. 

MACEL'LUM(;.ri«XXo*).  An 
enclosure  or  building  which  served  as 
a  market,  in  which  all  kinds  of  pro- 
vi^ons,  fish,  flesh,  poultiy,  game,  and 
vegetables  were  sold  (Varro,  L.  L.  v. 
147.  Plant.  AiU.  ii.  8.  3.  Suet  Jid. 
43.),  and  probably  ready  dressed  ;  for 
in  early  times  when  cooks  were  not 
regularly  kept  in  private  families,  each 
person  hired  one  from  the  macellum 
when  his  services  were  required. 
(Plin.  H.  N.  xviii.  aS.)  It  differs, 
however,  from  the  forum,  whidi  was 
an  open  area  surroimded  by  colon- 
nades, and  in  which  the  market  was 
held  upon  stated  days  in  each  week, 
and  supplied  with  various  kinds  of 
manufactui^  articles,  as  well  as  all 
descriptions  of  agricultural  produce. 
There  were  two  edifices  approgiated 
for  this  purpose  in  the  city  of  Romej 
one  on  the  Esquiline,  called  Macellum 
Lh/ianum  ;  the  other  on  the  Ccfilian, 
called  Macellum  Magrmm,  surrounded 


«itTi    h. 


.  high 


{tliolas,  Vano  ap  Non. 
Sulcus,  p.  448.),  which  is  represented 
by  the  amiesed  woodcut  from  a  medal 
of  Nero,  by  whom  it  was,  perhaps, 
restored,  or  decorated,  or  enlarged. 
The  square  platform  in  front  upon  two 
legs  represents  a  tray  or  stand  (mema) 
upon  which  the  provisions  were  set 
out ;  and  the  two  olqects  npon  it,  on 
either  side,  which  in  our  engraving 
look   like  balusters,  from  imperfect 


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M ACER  I  A. 

delineation,  are  in  the  otlginal  clearly 
meant  for  a  pair  of  scales. 

MACER'IA  (uaa\ov).  A  rough 
wall  or  enclosure  to  a  vineyard,  garden, 
paddock,  &c.  (Isidor,  OHg.  xv.  g.  4. 
Cic  Fam.  xvi.  18.)  These  were 
either  made  of  irregular  stones,  put 
together  without  mortar  {Serv.  a4 
Vixg.  Gears:.  11^17.),  01 
brick,  both  baked  and 
as  of  earth  and  small  stones  rammed 
into  moulds,  like  what  is  now  termed 
pise.     Varro,  R.  if.  L  14.  4. 

MACH^'RA  (^axa'pa).  A  swovd 
which  has  only  one  edge  (Isidor. 
Orig.  xviii.  6.  2.);  consequently,  in 
an  especial  manner,  adapted  for  cut- 
ting rather  than  thrusting ;  as  the 
passages  in  which  the  word  occurs, 
with  any  context  to  illustrate  the 
manner  of  using  it,  also  distinctly 
imply  an  operation  like  that  of 
chopping  or  cleaving.  (Plant  Mil. 
ii.  5.  51.  Suet.  Clmid.  15.  Senec. 
Ben.  V.  34.)  By  the  Homeric  Greeks 
■  to  the  sword-sheath. 


and  employed  as  a  hunting-knife,  for 
sacrificing  animals,  and  cutting  up 
meat  at  table  ;  but  it  came  originally 
from  the  Oriental  nations,  who  are 
especially  characterised  for  the 
it  (.^sch.  Fei-s.  56.).  It  is,  mor 
distinguished  from  the  leaf-shaped, 
two  -  edged,  cutting  and  thrusting 
sword  {KiijioQ  gladiui,  Xen.  Sym^, 
ii.  II.  Plato,  Sy»i/.  p.  190.  A.).  All 
these  circumstances  induce  a  belief 
that  the  mackara  was  similar  to  the 
hunting-knife  ((■«/(»- iimo/OfiMj);  and 
that  its  peculiar  form  is  exhibited  in 
the  annexed  woodcut  from  an  en- 
graved gem  [Agostini.  ii.  26.),  on 
which  it  is  used  by  a  gladiator,  e.vi- 
dently  of  a  foreign  race  ;  as  it  likewise 
is  by  a  hestianus  contending  with  a 
leopard  inaRoman  bas-relief  inserted 
at  p.  83. 

MACn^'RTUM    (^oxn'Vtn^',  Ji'i- 


MACROCHEKA, 


401 


XnipLc).  Diminutive  of  MACH^aA. 
A  fishmonger's  knife  (Plaut  Aul.  ii. 
9,  I.);  sui^on's  knife  (Aristot.  Geit. 
Am.  v.  8.  13 ) ;  barber's  razor  <Aris- 
toph.  £^.  413.);  all  which  senses 
imply  a  form  of  instrument  simikr  to 
the  one  described  and  exhibited  in  the 
last  article,  and  thus  confirm  the  sug- 
gestion there  made  respecting  its  par-, 
ticniar  formatiqn. 

MACH^ROPH'ORUS  iimx-tpo- 
(jD/iuf}.  Armed  with  the  bunting- 
knife  (machara)  ,  as  characteristic  of 
foreign  nations  (Cic  Q.  Fr.  il  10.); 
the  Egyptians  (Herod,  ix.  32.) ;  Per- 
sians (^sch.  Pers.  56.);  Thiaciaus 
(Thucyd.  ii.  96.) 

MA'CHINA  (/.flXc-.-;,).  Ageiieral 
term,  hke  our  machint,  comprising 
every  sort  of  artificial  contrivance 
invented  by  men  to  assist  them  in 
their  operations,  or  which  is  itself 
made  to  perform  the  part  of  an  agent ; 
as  for  raising  or  drawing  weights 
(Vitruv.  X.  1.);  erecting  columns 
(Cic.  Verr.  ii.  I.  55.) ;  drawing 
vessels  on  shore  (Hor.  Od.  i.  4,  Z.) ; 
discbarving  missiles  (Liv.  Sail.  &c,) ; 
a  scaffolding  for  builders  and  deco- 
rators (Ulp.Z)^.  liii.  6.  5.  PHu.  B.  N. 
XXXV.  37.)  i  a  stand  upon  which 
slaves  were  exposed  for  sale  (Q.  Cic. 
Pd.  Cms.  2.),  &c.  ;  ail  of  which  are 
described  and  illustrated  luider  the 
special  names  by  which  they  i 
der'-  -  -    ■ 


MACHINAMEN'TUM.  (Liv. 
Tac.  Cels.)     Same  as  Machina. 

MACHINA'RIUS.  Anyonewho 
works  upon  a  scaffolding  (Paul  Dig. 
9.  2.  31.)  ;  but  more  frequently  used 
as  an  adjective  to  express  that  .which 
is  worked  by,  or  itself  works  with, 
machinery  ;  as  mola  machinaria 
(Apul.  Md.  vii.  p.>i43-).  a  corn-mil] 
driven  by  cattle  (see  Mola  a. ) ;  asinus 
machinariiis  (Ulp.  Dig.  ii-  °.  7-)j  ^"^ 
ass  which  works  a  mill. 

MACROCHE'RA.  A  word 
coined  out  of  the  Greek  /loKpox'ip, 
which  means  long-armed ;  whence 
used  to  designate  a  tunic  with  long 
sleeves    (Lamprid.    A/ei.    Sea.    33.); 


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403 


MACROCOL  UM. 


only  another  term  for  CHik  D  TA 

MACROCO'LUM  or  MACRO 
COL'LUM.  Paper  oE  the  larges 
size,  such  as  we  might  call  royal 
(Cic.  Att.  xvi.  3.  xiii.  25.  Plin  H  J\ 
xiii,  a4-)  It  is  not  clear  whethe  th  s 
paper  was  manufactured  in  01  e  la  ge 
sheet,  Of  made  by  glueing  seve  al 
ordinary  sheets  into  one  no 
whetter  the  name  was  formed  f  om 
KiuXoi',  a  limb,  or  miWn,  glue  v  t 
the  adjective  panpliq  affixed. 

MACULA.  The  mesh  of  a  net 
Ov.  Her.  v.  19.  Varro,  R.  R  II 
3.  Cic.  Verr.  ii.  5.  11.     Eete 

M^AN'DER,  MEAN'DROS  or 
MjEAN'DRUS  (/xfliW/Jor).  A  Greek 
ornament  designed,  as  it  were  m  ro 
tation  of  the  peculiarly  wmding  course 
of  the  river  Meander,  from  whi  h  t 
derived  its  name.  (Festus  r.  v  Serv 
ad  Vii^.  Mn.  v.  350.  Strabo  x  l  7 
15.)  It  is  often  employed  as  aborder 
for  dresses,  round  the  edges  of  fictile 
vases,  and  as  an  architectuial  dec  -a 
lion;  ofwhiehlatleikmd  the  annexed 


example  affords  an  instance,  f    n 
small    brick    building    near     Rome 
which  goes  by  the  name  of  the  temple 
dd  Dio  Redicola. 
M*;'LIUM,    See  Melium 
M^'NAS    \naivas).       Properly 
Greek    word,    signifying    a    ravmg 
woman.;  whence     adopted    by    the 
Roman  poets  for  a  Bacchai  te  (see 
Baccha  and   illustration)  infunated 
by  the  rites  of  Bacchus  (Sil.  Hal  u 
39S.     Senea  TVoad.  675.) ;  an  ener 
vated  priest  of  Cybele  (Catull    63 
23.)  ;  or  a  prophetess  under  the  ex 
nt  of  iiispirati 


719. 


M^NIA'NUM. 
jecting  over  the  stn 
floor   of  a  house  < 
and  supported  upon  brackets  affixed 
to  the  external  wall,  or  upon  colui 


A  balcony  pro 
.  (I'om  the  upper 
other  biuld    g 


plan    d 

0       he    „  ou 

(Fe   a 

Max         12 

These  balco 

es  were  fre 

onstructed  0 

e    the  colon 

a  forun  {V 

0      hro 

n    out    over 

po  ch  0: 

a  hou  e  (Is 

lo     0   e  XV 

13   »  ) 

as  exh  b  ted  by  he   n  exed 

fon  a  hone 

Herculaneum  w  h  tl  e  |,  ound  pi  n 
of  the  St  'eet  and  a  Ijacent  part  of  the 
house  on  the  right  hand  A  The 
balco  y  spring  ng  f  on  he  uppe 
story  (c)  CO  istructed  over  tl  e  en 
in  e  {E  on  g  ound  plan)  and  np 
po  ted  upon  h  ee  sq  a  -e  pilas  ers  m 
hie  (BB  eleva  on  and  grou  d|la  ) 
placed  1-  on  ti  e  marg  a  of  the  foot 
paven  ent  (  )  so  that  t  p  oject  to  1 
US  derable  extent  o  e  be  road 
ay  (f)  a  o  e  pe  od,  su  a  ces 
or  es  were  p  oh  b  te  1  by  la  w  n 
nc  ent  Rome  (Amm  n  !.xv  9 
o)  onaccoun  of  he  na  onness  of 
the  St  eets  but  by  a  subseq  e  t 
bu  d  g  act  they  we  e  allowed  p  0 
vided  fliey  1  ad  an  open  space 
SO  ne  cases  of  ten  n  o  hers  of  fiftee 
feet  clear  fro  ai  y  ad  ace  t  bu  Id  ng 
Impp     Honor    et   Theodos   Cad   8 


In  e 


theatre   amphitheatre   1 


range  of  sea  s,  ns  ng  n  concentnc 
c  rclea  betwee  one  land  ng  place 
{prs  n  lid)  an  1  another  but  d  vided 
perpend  cnlarly  m  o  a  number  of 
onpartments  (  « ii)  by  the  fl  gl  s 
of  steps  {s  ala)  whrcli  the  specta  o  s 
descended  or  asce  ded  to  and  f  om 
the  r  places  (Inscnpt  ap  Mann 
Fr,  Atv,  p.  224.  seqq.)  The  number 
of  these  varied  according  to  the  siie 


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of  the  building  ;  the  Flavian  amphi- 
theatre contained  three,  with  a  co- 
vered portico  for  women  above  ;  the 
theatre  at  Pompeii,  from  which  the 
annexed   illustration    is    taken,   had 


e  the  object,  for  it  will  be 
readily  understood  that  each  mania- 
num  comprised  an  entire  circuit 

MAGA'LIA  and  MAPA'LIA. 
Carthaginian  words,  designating  in 
the  laneuage  of  that  countiy  the  cot- 
tages of  the  rural  population  (Serv. 
ad  Viig.  ^n.  i.  4ZO.  iv.  259.), 
which  were  slight  huts  made  of  reeds 
or  cane  (Sil.  Ital.  xvii.  88—89.); 
sometimes  of  a  circular  and  conical 
form,  like  an  oven  {Cato,  Orig.  ap. 
Serv.  /.  c,  Hieron.  in  prol.  Amos) ; 
or  at  others  of  an  oblong  shape,  with 
bulging  sides  like  the  hull  of  a  vessel 
(ballast  Jug  311  )  both  of  which 
models  were  also  of  common  occur 
rence  m  othei  conntiies  The  Ro 
ni-ms  descnlwd  them  by  the  words 
C\si  and  <.\-.ui.^  «heie  see  the 


UAGI'STE"  403 

introduced  represents  a  German  vil- 
laeie  of  similar  huts  from  the  column 
of  Antoninus  Some  scholars  make  a 
distmction  between  magalm  and 
mapalia ,  thinking  that  tlie  first  word 
was  used  to  designate  the  stationary 
huts  of  a  village,  the  latter  when  they 
were  placed  upon  carriages,  and 
movable  from  place  to  place  (Heyne 
fli^Vii^.  ^n.  1.  421.) ;  at  all  events, 
the  first  syllable  of  magalia  is  long, 
in  mapaSa  short. 

MAG'IDA  and  MAG'IS.  A 
large  sort  of  dish  used  at  table ;  but 
of  which  nothing  precise  is  known. 
Varro,  L.  L.  v.   I20.      Plm.  H.  N. 

^"^MAGIS'TER.  a  word  very  ge- 
nerally applied  to  any  person  wlio 
has  a  command  or  authority  as  the 
chief  over  a  number  of  others  ;  e.  g. 
magisUr  populi,  the  dictator  (Cic 
Fin.  iii,  21.)  ;  magisler  eguiiujit,  the 
officer  who  commanded  the  cavalcy 
under   the    dictator   (Liv.   iii.   27.)  ; 


Fam. 


i-  13.) 


,   the 


■   (Cic. 


In  the  navy,  the  iiiagisier  was 
an  officer  answenng  to  our  master; 
he  directed  the  navigation  of  the 
vessel,  gave  orders  to  the  steersman, 
sailors,  and  rowers  ;  and  sat  under 
the  tent  {tkronus)  at  the  stern  of  the 
lie  annexed  example. 


from  the  Vatican  \ngil  (Liv 
XXIX,  25  xlv  42 )  In  the  commei 
cial  marine  he  answered  to  what  we 
call  a  siipper  to  whom  the  charge  of 
the  ves  el  and  crew  was  entrusted 
by  the  owners  under  «hose  instruc 
[ions  he  acted  (UJp  Z\,  14  1  I ) 
But  these  accurate  riislinctiona  are 
not  alwiys  oteeued 


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404  M AGISTER. 

3.  In  civil  offices  the  term  answers 
io  our  frmdpal,  president,  at  ckmr- 
man  of  the  heard;  as,  magister  socie- 
talis,  the  director  of  a  company  (Cic. 
Pam.  xiii.  9,) ;  magisler  vicomat,  a 
pa-vish  overseer,  elected  by  the  in- 
habitants of  each  viczis,  to  manage 
the  parochial  afrits  of  the  district 
(Suet  Au^.  30.  Tib.  76.) ;  and  Ihe 
chainaan  or  preadent  of  any  corpo- 
rate body.  Inscript,  ap.  Grut.  ^. 
10.  ap.  Marin,  Fr.  Arn.  n.  xv. 

4.  In  private  and  social  life,  the 
president  at  a  feast  and  drinking 
bout  (Apul.  Apol.  p.  556.) ;  also 
termed  rex  convism,  arbiter  bibendi, 
and  avjiiroaiapxaQ  by  the  Greeks, 
He  was  elected  by  a  throw  of  ihe 
dice,  regulated  all  the  proceedinss, 
fixed  the  proportions  in   which 


lised. 


the  quantity  each  pei-! 
drink,  exacted  the  lines  for  breaches 
of  order,  and,  in  short,  his  word  was 
to  be  a  command.  Hor.  Od.  ii.  7. 
aj.  Sal.  ii.  2.  123.  Xea  An.  yi.  I,  30, 
5.    Magister  iudi.     (Plant.  BsecM. 


Under  the  empire,  Mamster 
was  a  title  given  fo  the  chiefs  of 
several  departments  or  offices  in  the 
state  and  Imperial  household ;  as, 
magister  epistotaram,  a  chief  secretary 
who  answered  letters  on  tielialf  of  the 
emperor ;  magister  Ubdlorum,  who 
recdved  and  answered  petitions ; 
tnagister  memoria,  who  received  the 
decisions  from  the  emperor's  mouth, 
and  communicated  ihera  to  the  par- 
ties interested  ;  magister  scriniorum, 
who  had  the  custody  of  all  the  docu- 
ments and  papers  belonging  to  the 
emperor  ;  magister  ogicioruni,  a  sort 
of  chamberlain  at  tlie  Imperial  court, 
who  attended  and  assisted  at  audi- 
ences, &c,  (Ammian.  Cassiodor.  Spar- 
tian.  Lamprid.  Inscript.  &c.) 

7.  The  title  of  magister  mititum  or 
armorum  was  given  by  Constantine 
to  each  of  the  two  generals  who  re- 
spectively commanded  in  chief  over 
each  branch  of  the  army,  the  infantry 
and  cavalry.     (Ammian.) 


MALLEA  TO  a. 

MAGISTRA'TUS.  The  office  ef 
a  magistrate.;  that  is,  of  any  person 
invested  witji  public  authority  to  ad- 
minister the  law.  Thus,  dming  the 
monarchy,  the  king  ;  under  the  re- 
public, the  dictator,  consuls,  censors, 
prsstors,  redilas,  tribunes  of  the  peo- 
■  pie,  the  proprietor  and  proconaol,  as 
well  as  the  Sceimdri  lilibus fadicandis, 
had  eacli  magisterial  authority. 

2.  A  magistrate ;  the  title  given  to 
any  of  the  officers  mentioned  in  the 
preceding  paragraph,  but  who  were 
also  divided  into  the  following  classes, 
distinguished  by  a  name 'descriptive 
of  the  rank  or  position  which  each 
enjoyed.  .1 .  Majores  ;  cl;ief  magis- 
trates elected  at  the  ccmttia  cenluriata, 
including  consuls,  censora,  and  prse- 
tors,  3.  Minores ;  inferior  magis- 
trates appointed  at  the  comitia  iribata, 
viz.,  Kmles,  tribunes,  and  decemvirs. 
3.  Curiiies  J-  curule  magistrates,  who 
were  entitled  to  the  honour  of  a  seila 
ciinilis,  comprismg  dictators,  consols, 
praetors,  censors,  and  curule  eediles. 

5.  Pl^eii ;  who  were  originally  only 
chosen  from  plebeian  families  ;  viz. 
the  plebeian  asdiles  and  tribunes  of 
the  people,  6.  Ordinarii,  who  held 
office  for  a  fixed  period,  as  the  con- 
suls for  one  year.  7.  Extraordinary, 
who  were  only  appointed  upon  parti- 
cular' occasions,  and  for  an  uncertain 
period,  like  the  dictator. 

MAJU'MA.  A  Maying,  or  di- 
veraon  enjoyed  by  the  inhabitants  of 
Rome  dnring  the  month  of  May  ; 
upon  which  occasion  they  descended 
the  Tiber  to  the  sea-board  at  Ostia, 
and  amused  themselves  by  bathing  in 
the  sea.  (Suidas.)  Though  the  name 
is  not  met  with  until  a  late  period, 
it  is  probable  that  the  practice  it  de- 
signates was  by  no  means  a  modern 
one,  for  it  is  then  spolien  of  as  the 
revival  of  an  old  custom,  which  had 
been  abolished  by  law  in  consequence 
of  the  excesses  it  gave  rise  to.  Impp. 
Arcad.  et  Honor.   Ced.  Theodos.    15. 

6,  f  and  2. 


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MALL  E  A  TUS. 

mallet  (_^a/I^ls]  1  ke  a  goH  better 
book-binder  'Jtr  ki.  uf  a  3  c  i  com 
ing,  &e.  Mart  in  57  Instr  pt  <5/ 
Grut.  1070    I 

MALLEATUS  Beatei  w  th  a 
mallet,  for  tlie  purpose  of  conpies 
sion,  extens  on  li.  as  of  books 
(UIp.  Dig  32  50)  Spanish  broom 
\spartum   Colnmell  siL  19   4 

MALLEOLUS  H«p i>  )  Dm 
nutive  of  Malleus      Cels.  vu  3 

2.  A  missile  employed  for  firing 
the  woiks  shippmg,  or  m  litaiy  en 
gines  of  an  enemy  It  consisted  of  a 
reed  shaft,  fitted  at  the  top  with  a 
frame  of  wne  work  like  the  head  of 
a  distafF  (see  the  illuEtrat  on  s  Co 
LUS),  nhich  vas  filled  with  laflam 
mable  materials  such  as  \o\  steeped 
in  pitch.  Slid  had  an  arrow  head 
affixed  to  the  top,  so  lliat  the  whole 
figure  resembled  a  mallet,  as  sliQwn 
by  the  5ubsec[nent  figures.  It  was 
set  alight  before  bemg;  discharged, 
and  when  it  reached  the  object 
against  which  it  was  directed,  the 
arrowhead  stuck  firmly  into  it,  while 
the  tow  blazed  away,  and  ignited 
whatever  it  had  fastened  upon.  Liv. 
xxxviii.  6.  dii.  64.  Cic  Cat.  i.  13. 
VitniT.  X.  r6.  9.  Veg.  MU.  iv.  18. 
Ammian.  xxiii.  4.  14. 

MALLEUS.  (o^Cpa).  A  mulUl; 
i.  e.,  a  hammer  with  a  hii^e  wooden 
head,  employed  by 
gold-beaters,  book- 
binders, &c,  for  beat- 
ing out  into  fine  plates 
or  leaves  (Plin.  ^.  N. 
viii.  84.  xiii.  26.) ;  by 
carpenters,  shipwrights,  masons,  &c., 
for  driving  the  diisd  wlieii  the  blows 
require  to  be  fine  and  tempered 
{Plant.  Merc,  ii  3.  57.) ;  as  a  beetle 
for  beadng  out  hemp  (Plin.  H.  N. 
xix.  13.) ;  or,  in  short,  for  any  pur- 
pose  to  which  the  same  object  is 
applied  at  tlie  present  day.  Both 
the  examples  annexed  are  copied 
from  the  tomb-stones  of  Roman 
artisans. 

2.  A  large  wooden  mailet  used  by 
hutcliers,  and  by  tlie  Popa  at  a  sacri- 


3! ALUS.  405 

iice,  f  1  1  ocl  ng  dow  the  ox  1  efore 
tf.  throat  was  i-ierced  bj  the  lin  fe 
of  the  cultr]rms  (Ov  AM  n  625 
Suet  Cal  3' )  The  example  is 
cop  ed   from    a    smill    structure    at 


o 


Eome  erected  ly  the  Silversmiths 
Company  as  a  compliment  to  Sep 
timius  Sevems  on  which  it  appeals 
amongst  various  otliei  implements  o( 
sacrjfici. 


either  formed  entirely  of  iron,  or  of 
wood  bound  with  iron,  as  in  tlie  an- 
nexed example,  which,  represents  the 
mallet  used  by  one  of  the  smiths  de- 
lineated at  p.  283,  from  a  Roman 
bas-relief,  upon  a  larger  scale.  Plin. 
B.  N.  xxxiv.  20.  Ji,  4t. 

MALLUV'IA  and  MAI.I.U- 
VIUM  {xi'pbyijvrpov).  ? 
basin  {guasi  manu-lu- 
liso,  Festus,  J.  I'.).  The 
illustration  represents  a 
ba^  upon  Its  stand, 
with  the  towel  beside  it, 
altogether    very    similar 


eiy    ; 

of  modem 
from  the  cele- 
brated Roman  fresco 
painting  in  the  Vatican,  which  goes 
by  the  name  of  the  AldobraniUni 
marriage 

MALUS  (lirroi)  A  ship's  inasf, 
mostly  made  of  fir  and  of  a  single 
pole.  Pirn  H  N  xvi  76.  Ordi- 
nary sized  vessels  curried  but  one 
mast  (woodcuts  pp  9  147.);  the 
lai^er  kinds,  especially  roerdiantmen, 
had  two,  of  the  same  height,  as  in  the 
example  annexed  to  this  article,  from  a 
medal  of  Coromodus,  or  one  consider- 
ably smaller  and  made  to  rake,asin  the 


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appeni-s  to  affoid  an  inst 

uiLe  ol  thiee 

masts.       V^   ik    P«r 

£   r'i       p 

531-  No.  4 

3.  A  ma  t,         t      g 

od       pol 

affixed  to  th    t  p    f  th 

t           11    f 

a  theatre  or    mpl  theitr 
an  awnmg   (    h        ) 

f  Dm  wh   h 

as     trained 

over  the  ent         p       g 

f  th        O!, 

to  shield  th    spe  tat  cs 

m  th 

and    weath           (L 

) 

The  illustr  t            p  ese 

t     th     t  p 

wall     f  th 

great  iheati       t   P  mp 
furnished  w  th    1             t 

h   h 

gs  t 

j-eceive  the  m    ts  in  th 

min        1 

exhibited;     in   th       Fl 

mph 

xviii.  74-).  as    h 

by  theann     ed      g         JJ[; 
ving,  represe  ti  g  tl 
press     em]  1  5    1 
the  fullers      tabli  h 


MAMPBULA. 

meat  at  Pompeu,  froM  a  painting 
still  rcmiiiiing  011  ■i  pilistct  mlhin 
the  premises 

MAMILLARE  (ojro^ea^op)  A 
bosom  baad  ,  mide  of  soft  leather 
(Mart    xiv    66  ),    ind    intended    to 


hjl    th 

1     b 

t    f  th   Afnca 

b      ty    p  mt  dly 

p  ess  d  by  !h 
th         esstj 

ft       \  t 

MAMPHUXA 

A  b      d  caJ 

t  th 

H  b 

Sj               d 

fh     0       t 

1       es 

f  th   f  11 

dsc  pt 

Wh 

b  t  h    f  b     d 

1 

th    1 

use!   W       V 

f  tl     d    gh 

md       t           It 

d  1   k   1 

d      th    ashes  (F    t 

)         a 

fl    Ig 

t      U 

p^    t       Th 

calld 

// 

/         th    Syi 

p    1)  bty    th 

th     w    d         d 

m      tsdf      TV 

1  pt  d    by 

th 

t    R  m 

(L     (   i-«/  p  83 

S   0    I    h)      I 

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MANES. 


407 


tice  tc  irnke  a  piece  of  the  dough  at 
ii  liakmg  into  a  cake,  and  bake  it  in 
the  ashes  for  the  childien 

MANDRA  (fiavapa)  Properly, 
an  eiidoEure  for  cattle,  a  fold,  stall, 
or  pen  ,  whence  the  word  is  trans 
ferred  to  the  animals  themselyes,  and 
more  especially  to  a  ciowd  of  caits 
with  then  cattle  aiid  dnveis,  forming 
a  stoppage  m  a  public  thoioughfare 
Juv  111  237   Mart.  V  22 

a  A  division  or  apace  marked  ont 
hy  lines,  on  which  the  pieces  moved, 
in  a  dtaught  board  (.tabula  latruncu 
lana,  Mart  vii  72  Auct  Pan  m 
Fis  190  )  The  first  notion  of  the 
■n  ord  implies  that  the  mandra  was  a 
square  enclosure,  hke  a  sheepfold, 
similar  in  some  degree  £0  those  by 
which  our  draught  and  chess  boards 
are  d Hided ,  and  that  it  wis  not 
firmed  by  parallel  lines  (liuod&im 
jinjKa),  like  the  backgammon  boaid 
(see  the  lUastration  i  Abacus,  2  ) , 
but  as  all  the  woiks  «hicli  repiesent 
pei'sons  playing  at  this  game  have 
the  board  only  piesented  in  profile, 
and  no  original  has  been  discovered, 
It  IS  impossible  to  spe-ik  decisively 
lespecting  the  manner  lu  which  its 
surface  was  marked  out 

MANDUCUS  A  grotesque 
kmd  of  misked  character,  with  in 
enormous  mouth,  set  full  of  teeth 
introduced    in     eirly    times    in    the 


Afellaiie  playa,  and  on  lUifii,  thea 
ties  fur  the  purpose  of  exLitiiig  mcr 
iimentby  hn  ughiiess  and  ■voracious 
propensities,  n  hich  gave  rise  to  the 
name  <Festns,  s  -a  Plant  Jiad  11 
6  51  )  The  illustratiou  is  from  an 
original  of  bronze  in  which  the 
teelh  are  inserted  of  siliei 


MANES  The  shades  of  the  de 
paited.  The  ancients  themselves 
seem  to  have  attached  a  vague  and 
indefinite  notion  to  this  teim,  so  that 
It  is  not  easy  to  arrive  at  its  leal  and 
distinct  meaning  The  follo«ang, 
however,  appeus  to  afford  the  most 
satis&otory  result.  It  was  believed 
that  the  touIs  of  men,  upon  the  disso 
Intion  of  the  body,  nere  converted 
into  spiuts,  which  Still  ctaitinued  to 
exercise  au  influence  over  their  de 
scendants ,  some  into  good  spmts, 
who  were  termed  lares,  others  into 
bad  ones,  who  were  called  larva- 
But  as  the  survivors  could  not  know 
which  of  these  two  conditions  had 
been  allotted  to  flie  souU  of  their  de 
ceased  relatives,  they  made  use  of 
the  word  mam'  as  an  indeterminate 
CKpression,  which  did  not  define 
either  condition,  while  it  would  in 
elude  both ,  though  their  supersti 
tious  dishke  to  any  thing  of  evil 
sound  and  omen  led  them  generally 
to  attach  the  most  favourable  idea  to 
the  term.  Hence,  m  the  great  ma 
joritj  of  cases,  it  is  used  in  reference 
to  good  spnits,  who  were  supposed 
to  reside  in  the  lowei  world,  and  al 
lowed  to  return  thiee  times  a  year 
upon  eaith,  to  visit  their  descendants 
m  the  foiTiis  tatsy  bore  whilst  alive 
TliUb  the  spirit  of  Anchises,  w  hen  he 
meets  ^neas  m  the  lower  regions, 
15  lepiesented  in  the  Vatican  \  jipl 
a$  draped  m  the  costume  of  his 
country ,  and  Hector,  in  the  same 
It,  when  he  appears  to  ^neas  on 


arth. 


tticed   1 


the 


with  the  words  Seel 
over  the  figure  In  this  case,  as  well 
as  others,  the  name  is  given  to  the 
spint  of  an  mdimdual  person ,  it  is 
also  used  to  designate  the  regions 
below,  wheie  the  manes  lesided,  who 
■were  liltewise  r^arded  m  the  l%ht 
of  mfenm  deities,  whence  they  are 
commonly  styled  on  sepulchral  m 
scnplions  Dri  M\nhs  Apul  Deo 
Saeiat  p  689  Augiistm  C  B  \x 
Compaie  Sen    ad  Vug 


»! 


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Orig.   Via.   u.  loo.     ^    | 
-H2^.     Gearg.  I.  243. 
MANGO.     A  sk     d 
e  eapedally    1 


e  th 


of  young 
for  sale  by  artifici^  de  ,  u  h  ^ 
high-feeding,  rouge,  (iosmetics,  &c  , 
in  order  to  increase  their  value  and 
give  thera  a  semblance  of  properties 
which  ill  reality  they  did  not  possess 
(Quint  ii.  15.  95-  Flin.  S  N  x>.n 
22.)  Hence  the  word  is  transferred 
in  a  more  general  sense  to  a  second 
hand  dealer,  or  furbisher  up  of  fii. 
titioua  and  old  articles,  Plin.  ff  N 
xxxvii   76   of  dealers  in  jewellery 

MANIA  A     bugbear       any 

great  ugly  person  which  nur-es  m 
vent  to  frighten  children  Festos, 
J  !    \rnob  6  Jtii 

MAN  ICA  {x«p£)  A  long 
sleeve  reaching  down  to  the  wnst 
moie  especially  characteristic  of  fo 
reign  nation'  both  of  the  East  and 
North  hnt  regarded  by  the  Greelcs 
and  Romans  of  theviitious  ages  as 
a  m-irl     of  ex 

nacy  though 
at  a  later  e  a  it 
was  commonly 
idled  to  the 
tunics  of  both 
(Vng 


Mn 
Tac    Geit 


dren's  attendant 
(pitdagogus)  ;  consequently,  a  slave 
and  foreigner,  as  the  style  implies ; 
probably  from  Asia  Minor. 

2.  An  arinlit,  or  piece  of  armour, 
which  some  of  the  Roman  gladiators 
wore  upon  the  right  arm,  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  wrist,  like  a  sleeve 
(Juv.  vi.  256.),  as  represented  by 
the  illustration,  from  a  bas- 
relief   in  the  street  cf  the  tombs   at 


A  sheath,  or  armlet, 
archers  on  the  left  irm  bet 
elbow  and  wnst 

ne\ed    example 

fro  n  the  column 

ot  Tnjan     that 

part  liiDg   pii 

ticularly  exposed    and  tl  e  1  ature  of 

their  aims  1  ot  permitting  the  use  of  a 

shield     Veg  Mil  i   20 

4  (vP'l)  ^  S^'  °^  '"  ^^™  fo'' 
the  hand  only  made  of  leather  or 
fur  (Pallid  I  43  4 )  and  worn  by 
the  Persians  and  some  northern  na- 
tions more  geneiiUy  thin  e  ther  by 
Greeks  or  Ronans  amongst  whom 
the  use  of  suuh  a  protection  ivas  con- 
fined to  huntsmen  and  agricultural 
labourets  (Horn  tV  xxiv  330.)  or 
to  del  cafe  persons  (Cic  FkU.  xi. 
11)  whose  hands  sufiered  from  tlie 
cold  (Plm.  Ep  m  5  15 )  Xeno- 
phon  makes  a  clear  distinction  be- 
tween the  two  words  ytipic  and  3«j> 
mX^flpa  {Cyr.  ™i.  8,  17.),  which 
answer  to  the  Latin  manua  and  digi- 
iak;  though  both  are  applied  to  ob- 
jects which  enveloped  the  hand ; 
whence  it  may  be  inferred  that  the 
nuinica  was  made  without  finger- 
stalls, like  the  gloves  of  our  hedgeis, 
and  the  other  with  fingers  like  the 
examples.  Digitale. 

5.  (KapwoStaiia).  A  manacle,  as 
contradistinguished  from  compis,  a 
fetter.  (Vii^,  .S'j,  ii.  146.  Hor. 
Ep.    i.    16.    76.       I-ucian,    Lix.    10.) 


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6  A 
warfare  (Lucan. 
the  name  implies,  forme' 
of  the  fingers  in  the  human  hana 
Similar  in  general  character  to  the 
manus  fcrrea  and  HarpagO,  where 
an  illusfration  is  given. 

iMANICATUS.  Furnished  with 
long  sleeves ;  applied  to  tumcs 
(Cic.  Cat.  ii.  lo.)     See  Manica,  i 

2.  Columell.  J.  8.  9.  Ki.  I  3i 
See  Manic  A,  4. 

MANICULA  or  MANIBULA 
A  cross  bar  on  the  lop  of  the  stc-a 
or   handle    of  a    plough,    whi.li    the 


s  exhb 

ti  e  annexed  wood  ut  f  om  in  Etn  s 
can  eKin  pie     Varro  Z  i  v  I3S 
MANIFULUS     ind     MANIF 

ally     a   hamif  I     f    anything    b 
e  pecialljr    the       umber    of     stalks 
which   tl  e     e  pe    takes  m  h  s  lef 
hand    vl  en  cu  ting    he  co  n      and 
as  tl  ese    w  ere    sub  equeu  ly    I     n  1 


s  0  k 


iiiwsioyr- 

4°9 

tl    he     ame  na  n 

tl  cd    he    0  d  s  a  so 

bundle  of  CO  Tl,      a          J 

h  y       h  ch  the    an       ^ 

was  caned     (Pin 

ff  AT  -CI       72   0 

mel           18  2    u       40) 

The  sheaf 

fon     ■ 

2  The  standard,  or  ensign  of  a 
company  of  soldiers ;  in  the  earlier 
periods  of  Roman  his-  » 

Cory  said  to  have  been  ^ 

1  wisp   or  handful  of         ■  ^ 
hay  fixed   to   a  pole,  ^ 

and  carried  before  the  W 

men      a      record    of  ^ 

which   was   preserved  ^' 

in  after   limes  by  the  " 

figure  of  a  human  hand  placed  on 
the  top  of  the  standard,  as  in  the  an- 
nexed esample,  from  tile  Column  of 
Trajan.  Ov.  Fast.  iii.  115  —  118. 
Serv.  ad  Virg.  Mn.  xi.  870.  Auiel. 
Vict,  dt  Ori^.  P.  R.  22. 

3.  (ffiriipa,  Polyb.)  Also  a  mampk 
of  foot  soldiers  ;  that  is,  the  number 
of  men  vho  followed  one  standard. 
A  man  pie  of  pnncipes,  haslati,  or  ve- 
1  tescons  ted  of  120,  hut  of  (he  triarii 
only  60  and  fou  maniples  formed  a 
cohort  (  ohsr  )  (Cass.  Tac.  Vii^.  &c.) 
I  a  few  cases,  also  used  for  a  ti-oop  of 
horse  but  tl  at  is  contrary  to  the 
St  et sense      SI  Ital.  iy.  316. 

MAN  NULUS  (Pirn.  Ep.  iv.  2. 
3)      Dm  nut  ve  of 

MANNUS  XgaUoway;  a  small 
hor  e  of  Gal!  c  blontJ,  but  veiy  fast 
paces  n  uch  esteemed  by  the  Romans 
for  ts  flee  ness  harness.  Lucret. 
u  1076  Hor  E^d.  iv.  14,  Prop. 
V  8  15  Pet  Sit.  45.  7.  Isidor. 
O  g  x,    I   55 

MANbKyNES     (orafl^Dl).         Sta- 
ur   es     o  1  laces  distributed  at 


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410  MANSUETARIUS. 

certain  distances  .along  the  high 
loads ;  more  particularly  intended  to 
afford  quarters  for  troops,  but  also 
containing  holises  for  tne  accommo- 
dation of  travellers,  where  they  could 
bait  their  cattle  and  obt^n  refresh- 
ment ;  whence  the  distance  from  one 
place  to  another  is  sometimes  indi- 
cated by  reckoning  the  number  of 
laansiones  which  intervened  between 
them.  Suet,  Tit.  lo.  Lamprid.  Al&x. 
Sev.  45. 

2.  Mansiones   mimlorttm.     In  the 
East,   stations  furnished  with   b  II 
nt  which  the  camels  stopped  to  ^*  at 
Plin.  H.  N.  xii.  32. 

MANSUETA'RIUS  \Ti.6a',<itv  1)  ) 
A  tamer  of  wild  animals ;  who  ot 
only  rendered  them  tractable  and 
docile,  but  also  taught  tliem  to  p 
form  certain  exercises  and  tricks. 
{Lamprid.  Blag.  21.  Compare  Seuec. 


M^NTELE     MANTILE 
MANTELIUM  f,\  p  fu     p 
ytio,,).     Originally,  a  nafikm  or  ; 
for  tlio  mouth  and  hands  at  meal' 


MANUBRIUM. 

whicli  sense  it  would  be  synonymous, 
or  nearly  so,  with  Mappa  ;  but  at  a 
later  period,  when  it  became  custom- 
ary to  lay  a  cioth  over  the  dinner 
table,  the  same  name  was  also  used 
to  designate  a  table-cUtk.  In  other 
respects  it  may  be  Collected  from 
tlie  passages  cited  below,  that  the 
mantels  was  of  a  larger,  rougher,  and 
coarser  description  than  the  mapfa, 
and  that  it  was  furnished  by  the  host 
to  his  Dnests ;  a  single  one,  perhaps, 
Se  VI  g  fo  all  of  them ;  whereas  it 
was  tie  custom  for  eadi  individual 
to  b  ng  bis  own  mapfa  with  him. 
Varro  L  L.  -A.  %%.  Serv.  ad  Virg. 
G    g  377.     Mart.  xii.  29.   12. 

38     Isidor,  Orig.  xix.  26.  6. 

MANTEL'LUM  or  MANTE'- 
LUM  That  which  serves  as  a 
cloak  to  conceal  anything ;  the  ori- 
ginal of  the  Italian  mantdlo,  and  our 
TiiafitU.     Plaut.    CaU.  iu.  3.  6. 

MAN'TICA.  A  double  wallet, 
employed  as  a  knapsack  for  pedestri- 
n(.(Apuh.^e^  p   14.)   ora^addlebag 

0  horsebick  (Hor  !iat  1  6  I04.) 
It  cons  te  1  of  tv  o  bags  ]o  ned  toge- 
l!  er  and  vhen  eamtd  by  foot  pas- 
sengers   vas  si  ng  0  e    the  si  oulder 

0  that  one  bag  hu  |,  m  f  ont,  the 
t!  er  beh  nd  tl  e  bearer  (Ph-edr.  iv. 

9  Calull  J.  2  Pe  s  4  23.)  ; 
on  1  orsebacl       t  was  placed  behind 

1  e  de  and  across  the  animal's 
\q    ^     Hor  / 

MANTIC1,L\  Dmmtve  of 
11  e  1  eced  ng 

MA^UA'LE.  A  small  wooden 
ase  b  nding  for  a  book  (libdhts), 
h   h  p  eventwl  the  margins  of  the 

1  es  f  m  getting  mbbed  or  dog's- 
e.  ed  by  the  dress  of  the  person  who 
ca      d    t  about  with  him.      Mart. 

84. 
MANUBALLI'STA.    A  hand 
I  U  t  ,     probably     similar    to     the 
modem  cross-bow.     Veg.  Mil.  ii.  15. 


MANU'BRIUM.     Tliat  by  wliicli 


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mAnucla. 

anything  is  lield  in  the  hand  -t 
general  term  for  any  kind  of  handle 
of  a  jug  or  otlier  vessel  (Cic.  Veri-  u 
4,  27.  Ansa  i.);  of  a  taiife  (Juv 
xL  133.  Capulus  I.  Cultek)  of 
agricultural  implements  (Columell 
xi.  2.  92.,  and  the  list  of  tliem  col 
lected  in  Uie  Gassed  Index)  the 
spigot  of  a  water-cock.  .-  Vitruy  -v 
8.  3.     Assis  2.  and  Epistomium 

MANOC'LA  and  MANUC  ULA 
See  Manulea. 

MANUCULA'TUS.    See  Manu 

MANUL'EA.  A  long  sleeve,  cov 
eiing  the  arm  down  to  the  wrist  and 
band.  Front,  ad.  M.  Cats.  Ef  h  3 
ed.  A.  Miuo.     Ssune  as  Manica  i 

2.  A  piece  of  defensive  acmonr  for 
the  arm  {Accius  ap.  Non.  s.  Bdteus 
p.  194.).    Same  as  Mabica  2 

3.  A  particular  part  of  the  military 
engine   called    Catap    '' 
which  held  the  cord 

m'anULEA'RIUS.  One  who 
makes  manulea,  or  gacoients  ■"  ith  long 
sleeves.     Plaut.  Atil.  iii.  5.  37 

MANULEA'TUS.  Furnished 

with,  or  wearing  long  sleeves.  Plait 
Ps.  ii.  4.  48.  Suet.  Cal.  52.  Senec 
Efi.  33.     Same  as  MaNICATUS 

MANUS  FERREA  (x"p  niSlpH) 
The  iron-hand;  a  sort  of  grappling 
iron,  used  especially  in  the  navy  tor 
seizing  hold  upon  the  ri^ng  or  hull 
of  another  vessel,  so  as  to  iock  the 
two  together  while  one  of  the  crews 
attempted  to  board.  (Liv.  xxvi  39 
XKXvi.  44.  xxxvii.  30.  Frontin.  Strut 
ii.  3.  24.  Lucan.  iii,  635.)  This  con 
trivance  is  sometimes  ccoifouodedwith 
the  Harpago  (Curt.  iv.  3.  12.)  ( 
but  the  two  are  distinctly  mentioned 
as  separate  objects  by  Cresar  (B.  C.  i. 
57.),  and  by  Pliny  {k  A',  vii.  57.), 
who  ascnbes  the  invention  of  the 
tnaitus  to  Pericles,  and  of  the  harisgo 
fo  Anaxdiarsia.  One,  and  perhaps 
the  principal,  point  of  difference  con- 
sisted in  this,  that  the  inanus  was 
fastened  to  a  chain,  and  dischai^ed  as 
a  missile  from  an  engine  ;  so  that  it 


MAFPA.  411 

grappled  a  vessel  at  a  eeriain  distance, 
and  took  it  in  tow ;  or,  when  drawn 
m  brought  it  dose  up  alongside 
(Curt  IV  3.  Lucan.  iii.  375.  Scheffer, 
Mil   Nav.  ii.  7.) ;  whereas  the  har- 

ao  was  affixed  to  a  long  shaft  or 
.      s  (as^^),  Liv.  XXX,  10, 

MAPA'LIA,     See  Magalia. 

MAPPA.  A  tabU-naphm  {Hor. 
Sat  11  S.  63.);  which  the  Romans 
used  for  wiping  ''  " 
hands  and  moutl 
meJs  and  vulgar  peo- 
ple fistened  under 
then  chins  to  protect 
their  clothes  fiom  ( 
stains,  as  some  do  in 
our  days  (Pet  Sat 
32  2 )  In  ordinary 
cases  the  host  did  not 
furnish  his  guests  ivith  napkin! 

each  person  bi  ought  his  o 

with  hira  (Mart  xn  29 
occas  onally  earned  away  in  it  some 
of  the  delicacies  which  he  could  not 
consume  at  table  (Mart  ii  37  mi 
20)  a  practice  not  uncommon  m 
modern  Italy  The  example  is  copied 
from  a  paintmg  at  Pompeii,  of  the 
kind  called  Xeraa,  in  which  it  is 
represented  hanging  upon  a  peg 
amongst  a  variety  of  eatables  and  iable 


the  Circensian 
and  other  games 
by  the  magis- 
tiate  who  fur- 
nished the  show. 
(Suet  Nero,  22. 
Mart.  XII.  ^.  9. 
Juv.  xi.  191.) 
The  origin  of 
this  practice  apjiears  to  have  been  of  . 
very  great  antiquity,  since  it  is  attri- 
buted to  the  Phcenicians  (Quint,  i. 
5.  57.) ;  though,  in  after  time^  a 
slory  gained  currency  which  made 
Nero  its  author,  who  was  reported, 
upon  some  occasion,  to  have  taken  up 
a  napltin   from    the   tabic  wliere  he 


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IS   Maxl- 
a  signal, 


412  MARCULUS. 

was  (lining  in  the  goldf 
which  overloolted  the  Circ 
mus,  and  tlirown  it  down  as 
■when  the  populace  in  ll 
helow  were  becoming  impatient  for 
the  races  to  begin.  (Cassiodor.  Var. 
Ef.  iii.  SI.)  The  illustration,  which 
shows  a  ma^atrate  in  the  &ct  of 
raising  the  mafpa,  is  taken  from  a 
representation  of  a  chariot  race,  on  a 
Roman  bas-relief. 

MAR'CULUS.     Diminutive   of 
Marcus,     A  imilk's  haimner  (MarL 


MARTI 


LUS. 


sii.  57.  6.  Pliii.  H.  N.  vii.  57.  Isidor. 
Orig.  xix,  7.  2.) ;  and  as  the  word 
is  a  diminutive,  it  will  represent  one 
of  the  smaller  kinds,  nsed  with  one 
hand,  as  by  the  annexed  figure  from 
a   sepuldiral  11m,  and  by  one   of  the 


xix.  7.  3.)  ;  as  shown  by  the  example 
from  the  Vatican  Vii-gil,  and  used  by 
one  of  the  smiths  at  p.  aSS. 

MARRA.  A  sort  of  hoe  with  a 
broad  head  {lata,  ColumeO.  x,  70.), 
indented  with  teeth  (Id.  x.  88.), 
which  was  employed  in  gardening 
and  husbandry,  for  tearhig  up  and 
clearing  away  weeds  and  fibrous 
encumbrances  from  the  ground,  &c. 
(Plin.  H.  N.  xvil  35.  §  4.  Juv.  XV. 
166.  ColumeU,  //.  cc.)  The  example 
shows  the  head  of  an  mstntment 
corresponding  with  the  above  descrip- 
tion, which  was  foimd  in  the  tomb  of 


one  of  the  Christian  martyrs  at  Rome, 
with  which  it  is  supposed  that  lie  may 
probably  have  been  tortured. 

MARSUTIUM  (Mnpoilirioi-).       A 
fiaru  for  money  (Varro,  afi.        ^ 
Non.  1.  V.  p.  141.     Id.  S.Ji.       ^ 
iii.  17.  3.     Plaut.  Sud.  v.  2,      £\ 
26.) ;  often    represented    in   ^^^^ 
wnrks  of  art  in  the  hands  of    ^SiS™ 
Mercury,  the  god  of  gain,  and  more 
or  less  ornamented  with    tassels,  &c. 
The    example   is   from    a    Pompeian 
paintinj;. 

MARTTOBAR'BULUS.  A  word 
of  doubtful  authority  which  occurs  in 
Vegetius  (;J/i/.  i.  1 7.)  ;  where,  if  the 
readmg  be  correct,  it  may  designate  a 
soldier  armed  with  leaden  bullets 
(glandts)  for  dischaiging  from  a  sling. 

MAR'TIOLUS.  Dirain  ■ 
Marculus  a  common 
k  moiiff'of  the  smillest  kin  d 
such  as  used  hy  carpenters 
for  dnvmg  nails,  or  him 
mermg  and  beating  01 1 
anything  which  does  not  require 
extiaordinary  force  or  labonr ,  1  Le 
the  delicate  works  in  metal,  called 
ipya  nijiupri\aTa  by  the  Greeks.  (Pet. 
Sat.  51.  4.)      The   example   is  repre- 


T 


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MARTULUS. 

sented  on  the  sepulchral  stone  of  a 
Roman  mechanic, 

MARTULUS.  (Piin,  H.  N.  vli. 
57.)  Same  as  Marculus.  The  Ita- 
lian "  marlills." 

MASTI'GIA  (pooriyiac).  Pro- 
perly a  Greek  expression  of  reproach, 
meaning  a  good-for-nothing  fellow, 
who  deserves  to  be  flogged  (Plant. 
Cure.  iv.  4.  It.  Terent.  Ad.  v.  2.  6.)  ; 
equivaJent  to  the  Latin  verbero. 

2.  Hence  a  whip  (fidcT-iJ).  Sulp. 
Sev.  Dial,  ii,  3. 

MASTIGOPH'ORUS  (paoriyo- 
fiopoc).  A  terra  borrowed  from  the 
Greeks,  amongst  whom  it  signiiies 
something  like  a  sla^ie  driver  (Thucyd. 
iv.  47.) ;  but  the  Romans,  and  per- 
haps the  Greeks  also,  gave  the  same 
name  to  an  officer  who  bore  a  near 
resemblance  to  our  ^Ikeman,  and 
da-k  of  Ike  coiirss  on  a  race^round, 
whose  duty  it  was  to  repress  disorderly 
conduct  at  public  places  and  popular 
festivals,  keep  off  the  populace,  and 
prevent  crowduig  or  tumult,  for  which 

Surpose  he  was  provided  with  a  whip 
irioTil),  whence  the  name  arose. 
Arcad.  Dig.  50.  4.  18.  PmA  adv. 
Symm.  ii.  516. 

MASTRU'CA  and  MAS- 
TRU'GA.  A  word  of  foreign  ori- 
gin, probably  Phcenician,  which  de- 
signates a  coarse  and  common  kind 
of  covering  made  of  the  shins  of  wild 
animals    (lsi<' 


23- 


Orig. 
l-),  mo 

to  the  peasantry 

people  of  Sardi- 
nia (Cic  Fr>igfn. 
pro  Scaur,  ap. 
Isidor.  I.e.  Quint, 
i.  5.  8.),  and  of 
Carthage  (Plaut. 
Pan.  V.  S.  33.)  i 
both  of  which 
were  Phceiucian  colonies.  Its  form 
imd  character  is  doubtless  shown  in 
the  annexed  figuie,  from  a  mosaic 
found  at  Palestrina.  representing  the 


skilfully 
heroine,      d  Ih 

of  a  ru        fig 
expressing  b 

the    gte  arm  n  an 

abducti  g  ess 

MASTRU   ATU&     Wearm„ 


dg 


b     h 


woodcu       C      P  m 

MAT'ARA  and  MAT'ARIS. 
See  Matems. 

MATAX'A.     See  Metaxa, 

MATEL'LA.  Diminutive  of  Ma- 
tula.  Varro,  ap.  Non.  s.  v.  p.  S4J 
Mart.  xii.  32.  13. 

MA  TELL' 10.  DiminutJve  of 
Matula.  Varro,  L.  L.  v.  II9-  Id. 
ap.  Non.  s.  TraUium,  p.  547.  Cic 
Par.  V.  2. 

MATERIA'RIUS.  A  limber- 
}iierckant.     Plaut.  Mil.  iii.  3.  45. 

2.  A  worker  in  wood,  such  as  a 
carpenter,  shipwright,  &C.  Inscript. 
ap.  Gmt.  642.  4. 

MATERIA'TIO.  A  collective 
term,  including  all  the  iifiiber--j«irk 
employed  in  the 
roof   (Vitruv.  iv.  . 

the  ancient  arcliiteccs  m  me  manner 
exhibited  by  the  diagram  on  the  next 
page, which  represents  a  timber  roof  in 
elevation  and  section.from  Gwilt's  En- 
cyclopedia of  Architecture.  It  was  dis- 
tiibuted  into  the  following  component 

S)art3 :  aa.  traces,  the  beams  wWch 
ormed  the  architraves,  supported 
upon  columns  and  pilasters  ;  bb.  eola- 
iiien,  the  ridge-piece  which  forms  the 
culminadng  point ;  c.  cohimna,  the 
king-posty  which  supports  the  central 
apeK  ;  dd,  ilgna,  the  tie-beams  which 
extend  transversely  from  side  to  side 
of  the  building,  and  across  the  archi- 
traves on  which  they  rest;  e.  capreolusy 
the  strut,  placed  diagonally  between 
the  Iting-post  and  rafter,  tiie  centre  of 
which  It  supports  ;  ff.  eantsf  ii,  the 
principal  rafters  of  the  roof,  which 
form  a  bed  for  the  purlines  to  I'est 
upon ;   gggg.   tsmpla,   the    purlines. 


anged  by 


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414  "!    rLRTATLS 


MATERIATUS.  Bnilt  or  con- 
Elructed  of  wood-work.    Vitruv.  iv.  z, 

MAT'ERIS.  A  Celtic  word,  de- 
noting a  paiticular  kind  of  javelin  em- 
ployed by  the  Belgte  (Strabo,  iv.  4, 3.), 
which  had  a  broader  head  than  nsual 
(Hesych.)  ;  but  respecting  which  no- 
thing furbheris  known.  Liv.  vii.  24.  Cies. 
.ff.  f?.  i.  26.  Sisenn.  ap.  Non.j.i^.p.  556. 

MATRIMO'NIUM.  Matrimony, 
which  amongst  the  Romans  was  con- 
tracted in  three  ways  :  by  use  {tistis), 
when  a  man  lived  with  a  woman  for  a 
year ;  by  contract  [cosmpho),  in  whn-h 
the  parties  went  througli  a  mock  cere 
mony  of  mutually  selling  themselves 
to  one  another  ;  and  by  a  religious 
solemnity,  termed  confarreatio,  under 
which  term  the  rites  are  explamed 

MATTA  WiaSav).  A  mat  made 
of  rushes.      Ov.  Fast.  ix.  ftl<) 

MATTA'RIUS.  One  who  sleeps 
upon  a  mat,  or  on  a  coaise  mattiebs 
no  better  than  a  mat.     August  conti  a 

MA.TTEAorMATT'YA(;iorTfia). 
A  general  name  ^ven  to  any  choice 
and  delicate  food,  especially  poultvy 
and  game,  which  we  might  term 
daintus.  Pet.  Sat.  65.  I.  lb.  74,  6. 
Mart.  Jtiil,  92, 
MAT'ULA((l/iir,ii«"^'^D). This  word 


cited  s.  Matelia  and  Matellio)  ; 
though  they  were  all  likewise  referred 
to  any  kindofveaselfor  holding  water. 
MAUSOLE'UM.  The  sepulchre 
of  Mausolus,  king  of  Caria,  which 
from  the  beauty  and  magnificence  of 
its  slmetnre  passed  for  one  of  the 
wonders  of  the  world  (Plin.  H.l^. 
xxivi.  4.  §  9.)  ;  hence  the  word  was 
adopted  by  the  Romans  as  a  name  for 
any  sepulchre  of  extraordinary  magni- 
ficence, especially  of  kmgs  and  em- 
perors, like  that  of  Augustus  in  the  , 
Campus  Martins  ;  and  of  Hadrian  on 
the  opposite  bank  of  the  Tiber. 
(Fbrus,  iv.  n.  10.  Suet.  Aug.  100. 
Vesp.  33.  Mart  v.  64.)  Considerable 
'  of  both  these  edifices  are  still 
the  first  being  now  used 


like  it 


s  the  o. 


aally 


employed  to  designate  a  chamber  i 
sil   (Plaut.  Most.  ii.  I.  39.   Ulp.  Dig. 
34.  2,  25.  g  10.   and   the    authorities 


IS  a  I  inf.  for  bull  baiting  ,  the  latlei 
-I'!  1  fortress,  w  Inch  goes  by  the  name 
of  the  Castle  St.  Angelo.  Both, 
however,  are  entirely  deprived  of  their 


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external  ornaments  :  but  the  annexed 
woodcut  represents  the  mausoleum  of 
Hadrian,  as  it  appeared  iii  its  original 
state,  before  tlie  statues  and  columns 
wlucli  decorated  it  were  destroyed 
during  ^e  siege  of  Rome  by  the  Goths 
under  Vitigea,  The  restoration  is  by 
the  Venedan  architect  Labacco  (Libra 
d^r  AnhiUitura,  Roma,  1558),  from 
remMing  vestiges,  representations  on 
medals,  and  the  description  of  Proco- 
pius.  It  will  convey  a  just  idea  of 
the  former  raagniticence  of  the  se- 
pulchre and  may  be  regarded  as  an 
accurate  design,  with  the  exception 
that  there  ^ould  be  a  statue  of 
Hadrian  on  the  top,  instead  of  tlie  fir 
cone,    which   is   erroneously  placed 

MAVORTE  or  MAVOR'TIUM. 
A  tefin  introduced  at  a  late  period, 
or  used  by  the  conmion  people,  in- 
stead of  RiciKlUM,  .  which  see. 
Serv.  ad  Virg.  j^n.  i.  zSa.  Isidor. 
0r^.xix.2S. 

MAZON'OMUM.  (Mn^ofofiHoj^, 
pa^avinoq).  Properly  an  article  of 
Greek  domestic  use ;  viz.  a  round 
wooden  trencher  upon  which  barley 
cakes  were  served  up  (Hesych.  Com- 
pare Harmoi  af  Athen  iv  31  )  , 
whence  the  name  was  transferred 
to  a  livge  salver  of  bronse  01  gold 
upon  which  bumuig  mccnse  and 
other  perfumes  were  carried  by  young 
boys  in  the  religious  ceiemonies  of 
Bacchus  (Calix  ap  Athen  v  27  ), 
as  shown  by  the   amie!.ed  example, 


from  a  bas-relief  of  the  Pio -Clementine 
Museum. 

2.  The  Romans  also  adopted  tlie 


ferent  meaning ; 
large  dimensions 
[suS  iniguo  pon- 


Nemes.  Fragni, 
de  Aucup.'x.  17.),  in  which  game  pies 
were  served  up  (Hor.  Sai.  \\.  8.  86. 
Schol.  Vet  Brf/.  VaiTo,  R.R.  iii.,}. 
3. ),  like  the  annesed  example  from  an 
ancient  fresco  discovered  near  tlie 
chucch  of  St.  John  of  Lateral),  at  Rome. 
It  represents  a  number  of  slaves,  each 
of  whom  brings  in  a  different  dish  at 
a  feast ;  the  pastry  is  painted  yellow  : 
and  a  bas-relief  of  the  Pio-Clementine 
Museum  (v.  14.)  exhibits  a  disli 
with  a  pastry  crust,  of  precisely  the 
same  character  presented  by  an  at- 
tendant to  Hercules,  who  is  reclining 
at  his  meal. 

MEDIASTPNI.  A  class  of  slaves 
whose  distinctive  services  and  condi- 
tion are  not  fully  ascertained.  They 
appear,  however,  to  have  been  the 
lowest  in  point  of  ran!c,  performing 
tlie  commonest  drudgery  both  in 
agricultural  employments  and  house- 
hold work.  Columell.  i.  9.  3.  ii.  13. 
7  Dig  7.  7.  6.  Aero  ad  Hor.  Ep.  i. 
14  14.  Non.  s.'U.  p.  143. 

MEDICAMENTA'RII.  Dealers 
in  herbs  and  prepared  medicines 
(Pirn  H.N.  xix.  33.) ;  perhaps  quack 
nostrums,  or  something  worse,  for 
these  men  were  certainly  held  in  little 
repute,  and  the  Theodosian  pisoners 
of^both  sexes  are  designated  by  the 
same  name.     Cod.  Theodos.  3.  16. 

MEiyiCUS  (larpi!,).  A  iiudkai 
inan,  like  our  word  "doctor,"  or 
' '  general  practitioner,"  applied  to 
those  who  practise  both  branches  of 
the  healing  art,  sui^ery  as  well  as 
medicine.  (Plaut.  Msn.  v.  3.  6.  Cic 
Cluent.  21.  Plin.  H.  N.  xxix.  6.  Suet. 
Col.  8.  Nero.  2.)  From  these  pas- 
sages we  also  learn  that  generally  the 
msdkus  of  Rome  was  a  foreigner, 
who  gained  a  livelihood  by  attending 
all  persons  choosing  to  employ  him  ; 
or  a  slave  kept  by  wealthy  indivi- 
duals  as   apothecary   to  the   house- 


,y  Google 


hold,  whose  services  were  not  acces- 
sible to  the  public. 

2.  The  same  title  was  also  given  to 
veterinaries  and  cattle  doctors  ;  a 
class  of  professionals  who  divided 
themselves  into  many  branches,  each 
confining  itself  to  studying  the  dis- 
eases of  a  separate  race  of  animals, 
^ter  which  the  practitioner  toolt  his 
characteristic  appeliation  ;  as  iiudims 
equnritts,  muk-mediims,  mtdicus  fe- 
corum.  Sec.  Val.  Max.  ix.  15.  2. 
Veget.i.  Jyaf.  6.  Varro, ff.i?.  ji  7.16. 

MEDIM'NUSand  MEDIM'NUM 
(pISi/ivoc).  A  Greek  measure  of  ca- 
pacity ;  mostly  a  dry  measure,  but 
also  used  for  liquids  ;  it  contained  six 
Roman  amtiii.  Nepos.  AH.  2.  Rhemn. 
Fann.  d^  Pond.,  &c.,  64. 

MEDIPON'TUS.  Enumeratedby 
Cato  amongst  the  necessaries  of  a 
wine-press,  but  without  any  further 
tjplanatocy  details  ;  excepting  that  it 
is  mentioned  as  one  of  the  ropes,  and 
apparently  of  the  strongest  and  thick- 
eat  description.      CalOj  R.  R.  iii.  3, 

ME'LINA.  A  wallet  or  pouch 
made  out  of  the  skin  of  a  badger 
{metes).     Plant.  Epid.  i.  21. 

ME'LIUM.  A  dog's  collar,  made 
of  leather  studded  with  iron-headed 
nails  (clavtdU  cap-Uatls,  Vatro,  R.  R. 
ii-  9-  IS')  i  particularly  used  for 
sporting  &o^  as  a  protection  to  the 
throat  and  neck.  .  Compare  MiLLUs, 
and  the  illustration  there  introduced. 

MEMBRA'NA  (ii^eipo).  Pre- 
pared skin  or  parchment ;  sometunes 
employed  for  writing  books  upon, 
though  not  of  such  common  or 
general  use  as  paper  {c&arta)  made  of 
papyrus  (Plin.  H.  N.  nil  21.  Hor. 
Sat.  ii.  3.  2.),  and  in  the  East  for 
letters  and  royal  rescripts.  Nichol. 
Damasc  Hist.  p.  260,  Tauchnitz. 

2.  A  wiapper  or  cover  made  of 
pardiraent,  dyed  on  the  outside  with 
purple  or  yellow  colour  (TibulL  iii.  i. 
9.  Compare  Ov.  Trist,  i.  i.  J.),  m 
which  a  roll  was  enveloped,  to  keep 
it  clean,  and  preserve  it  from  injury. 
That  the  viembrana  was  not  a  box  or 


MENS  A. 

case  like  the  eapsa,  is  clear  from  its 
being  assimilated  to  articles  of  outside 
clothing  (Mart.  x.  93.  toga  purpurea. 
Id.  xi.  I.  dndofie). 

MEMBRA'NULA.  Diminutive 
of  fhe   preceding  ;  a  small  strip  of 

Jiarchment  upon  which  the  title-pages, 
ettering-pieces,  or  contents  of  a  book 
(indices)  were  written.  Cic.  Att.  iv.  4. 
MENDrCULA,  sc.  veiu,.  _  A 
beggar's  garment  (Plant.  Epid.  iL  2. 
41.),  as  seen  in  the  next  illustratioD. 

MENDI'CUS  (iri-iiY^e),  a  foot- 
dicanl  or  beggar-ntan,  who  lives  upon 
charitable  donations.  (Plaut.  Batch. 
iii.   4,    l5.)    The  illustration  repre- 


laneum  f  om  a  pa  nt  g  discove  ed 
in  that  city,  m  which  a  blmd  beggar, 
exactly  as  described  by  Juvenal,  half- 
clad,  with  hisragged  mat  and  staff  (Sat. 
v,S.  ib.  xiv.  134.1,  and  led  by  a  dog  is 
receiving  ahns  from  ayoung  female. 

Z.  A.  mendicant pnesi,bel<3am-asito 
the  order  of  Cybele,  who  lived  upon 
public  alms,  like  the  modem  Capu- 
chins.   Hor.  Sat  i.  2,  2. 

ME'NIS  (from  the  Greek  t-iivrj). 
An  ornament  in  the  shape  of  a  half- 
tnssn,  which  the  Romans  used  to 
place  at  the  commencement  of  their 
books  ;  hence  a  inenide,  from  the 
lieginnii^.     Auson.  Prefess.  25. 

MENSA  (TpOTTtJn,  shortened  from 
TErpifffEo).  In  the  primary  notion, 
a  surveying  heard  or  table  (from  nit- 
tior);  whence  it  came  to  be  applied 


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lobU  includinE  e\ei-y  kind  of  firm 
both  lound  and  square  though  the 
square  form  is  mostly  implied  when 
the  word  is  used  by  itself,  without 
any  adjunct  deEctipti\e  of  the  shape 
intended  The  followmg  are  the 
most  charactenstic  senses  in  which 
the  word,  la  employed  — 

Either  simply  or  with  the 


thet  e 


r  table     In.  t 


earliest  times,  at  least  amongst  the 
Romans,  dinner  tables  were  square, 
and  supported  upon  trestles  or  several 
legs,  acconlmg  to  the  size  of  ihe  slab, 
as  exhibited  by  the  annexed  example. 


K 


>  -^V, 


i^ 


from  a  painting  m  the  \  itican  Vii^il 
representing  the  compamons  of  Ul)s 
ses  at  dmner  in  the  island  of  Circe 
But  after  the  miention  of  circular 
dmmg-taUes,  this  form  was  generally 
relinquished,  excepting  in  the  soldiers' 
messroom,  where  it  was  still  retained. 
Varro,i.  Z.  v.  Il8. 

2.  Mensa  prima  (Ttpbm)  rpdirtSo). 
The^j*  course  at  dmner  ;  sometimes 
brought  in  upon  a  tray  (ferculum), 
which  was  placed  upon  the  table  ;  at 
others  the  table  itself  was  brought  up 
Eilreody  set  out,  and  placed  before  the 
guests,  the  whole  being  removed  to- 
gether when  its  contents  bad  been 
eaten  ;  hence  the  expressions  meiuam 
ponere,  auferre,  Isllere,  remavere,  cor- 
respond with  our  own,  " to  biing 
in,'  and  "to  lake  away  the  dinner. 
Ov.  Mel.  xi.  19.  Plaut.  True.  ii.  4. 
13.  Clc.  Rs.  27.  Vitg.  Mn.  i.  216. 

3.  Mensasicunda^fhrsfia  Tfcmt^a). 
The  second  or  last  course  at  a  meal, 
consisting  of  fruit,  sweetmeats,  and 
confectionery  ;  our  dessert.  Hor. 
Sat.  ii.  z.  121.  Nep.  Ap.  8.  Cic.  Alt. 
xiv.  6.  and  ar.  Cels,  i.  2. 


•SA.  417 

4  l/fH  a  tufts  A  taVle  up 
ported  upon  three  legs  a  mitradis 
tinguished  from  -movo 
fedatm,  which  had  a 
single  trunk  or  stem 
Though  soi 
made  of  an  ornamenlal 
charatter,  hke  the  ex 
ample  fiom  a  Pom 
peian  pamtmg  the 
three  le^ed  table  was  one  of  the 
commonest,  as  it  was  hkewise  con 
sidered  to  be  of  the  humblest  kind 
m  use  amongst  the  Romans  Hor 
^(tf  1.  3   13     Ov  Met  viii.  662. 

5  Mmsa  vinana  A  table  for 
taking  wine  Upon,  When  round,  as 
in  the  last  woodcut,  which  lepresents 
a  table  of  this  kind,  with  the  drinking 
vessels  upon  it,  it  was  termed  dli- 
SantuiK  (Varro,  L.  L.  v,  isr.) ;  a 
dishnction  which  implies  that  square 
ones  were  likewise  employed  for  the 
same  purpose. 

6  Mensa  vaioHa.  A  table  in- 
tended to  hold  the  jugs,  cans,  and 
other  utensils  (wun)  employed  for 
domestic  purposes.  Of  these,  there 
were  two  kinds;  one  for  the  atrium, 
and  the  other  for  the  kitchen,  both, 
however,  squaie  or  oblong,  and  each 
distinguished  by  a  characteristic  name, 
Cartibulum  and  Uenakium,  tinder 
which  descriptions  and  illustrations 
are  given.    Varro,  L.  L.  v.  r2S,  126. 

7.  Mmsa  Delfhica.  A  table  used 
as  a  piece  of  ornamental  furniture, 
explained    and    illustrated    s.   Del- 

PHICA. 

8.  Mensa  sacra.      A  table  made  of 


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4rS  MENS  A 

the  statues  of  the  go.ds,  with  the' wine 
vessels,  fralts,  and  vi^ids  offered  to 
them  at  the  solemn  feast  of  the  lecti- 
slsrttaim,  as  exhibited  by  the  illus- 
tration, from  a  terra- cotta  lamp. 
Festns,  J.  v.  Cic,  JV.  D.  iii.  34.  Virg. 
Mn.  ii.  764. 

9.  A  table  or  stand  upon  which 
some  tradesmen,  such  as  greengrocers, 
poulterers,  fishmongers,  &c.  displayed 


streets  and  markets.  (Hor.  Sat.  ii.  4. 
37.)  The  illustration  represents  a 
stand  of  this  kind  covered  with  vege- 
tables, poultry,  and  fish,  in  the  forum 
at  Herculaneum,  from  a  painting  dis- 
covered m  that  city.  The  owner  sits 
by  the  ade  of  his  stand,  while  a 
customer  presents  a  plate  for  the 
article  purchased  ;  the  jars  on  the 
ground  also  cont^n  eatables. 

10.  Mensa  laaionia.  A  butcher's 
chopping-block  ;  probably  similar  to 
those  st3l  used  by  the  same  class  of 
tradesmen.     Suet.  Claud.  15. 

11.  Mensa  argaifaria,  A  money- 
dealer's  table  or  counter,  upon  which 
he  sets  out  the  sums  of  money  required 
for  transacting  his  dai^  routine  of 
business.  (Donat  ad  T'erent.  Ad.  ii. 
4.  13.  OjTOpare  Hor.  Sai.  ii.  3.  148.) 
It  is  to  this  early  practice  that  our 
terms  "banker"  and  "bankrupt" 
owe  t  e  r  origin,  which  have  come  to 

s  t  roug  the  language  of  the  Flo- 
rentines the  principal  bankers  of 
Eu  ope  d  ring  the  middle  ages.  At 
that  period  they  used  to  set  out  their 
mu  ey   1  ke  tlie  old  Romans,  upon  a 


MEA'SARH, 

wooden  bench  or  bank,  "banco;" 
hence  they  were  termed  "  banchicri ;" 
and  if  any  of  them  could  not  meet 
his  liabilities,  his  counter  was  imme- 
diately broken  to  pieces,  and  himself 
Erohibited  from  further  contiuuing 
is  business,  whence  the  broken  bank 
(Italian  bancs  rotlSj  gave  rise  to  the 
name  of  bankrupt. 

12.  Mensa  publUa.  A  public 
counter  or  Bank;  i.e.  of  which  the 
capital  belonged  to  the  state,  derived 
from  the  taxes,  and  was  disbursed  for 
the  public  service.  Cic  M.  19.  i%. 
36- 

13.  A  raised  stand  or  platform 
upon  which  slaves  were  exposed  for 
sale.  (Apuk  Mel.  viii.  p.  171,  Apol. 
p.  43a.)    Same  as  Catasta. 

14.  A  flat  square  grave-stone,  laid 
over  the  remains  of  the  deceased ;  the 
sunplest  kind  of  monument  to  the 
memory  of  the  dead,  (Cic.  Leg.  ii. 
26.)      The  illustration  represents  an 


original  found  near  Rome  ;  the  hole 
in  the  centre  was  intended  for  pour- 
ing unguents  into  the  grave  or  tomb. 

15.  A  long  flat  board  or  slab, 
forming  one  of  the  component  parts 
of  military  engines  (Vitriiv.  x.  11. 
6.)  ;  but  how  It  acted,  or  what  pur- 
pose it  served,  is  not  easily  understood. 
But  see  the  illustration  s.  Carrobal- 

LISTA. 

MENSA'RII.  Officers  appointed 
by  the  state  upon  certain  occasions, 

authorised  to  advance  money  o 
half  of  the  state  to  debtors  who  could 
produce  sofiicient  security ;  to  examine 
into  the  debts  of  the  poorer  classes ; 
to  direct  issues  of  specie,  and  so  forth  ; 
but  are  not  to  be  confounded  with  the 


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MENSOEES. 

argxnfaiii,  who  weie  private  bankers, 
negoUatmg  their  own  and  their 
customers  capital,  though,  like  them, 
they  had  their  tables  or  counters 
{mams)  displayed  in  public  in  the 
colonnades  of  the  forum.  Liv.  Kxiii. 
31.  Salmas.  de.  Mod.  Usur.  p.  509. 
Bud^ua  de  Asse,  v.  p.  509. 

MENSO'RES.  A  general  name 
for  persons  employed  in  taking  mea- 
surements of  any  kind  ;   as 

1.  Land  survi^iors  (Columell.  vi. 
I.);   also  termed  a?r(««werej. 

2.  Surveyors  who  measured  out 
and  distributed  the  several  sites  to 
be  occupied  by  the  diiFerent  divi- 
sions of  tents,  &c.  ill  a  Roman  camp ; 
as  contradistinguished  from  mitatora, 
whose  duty  consisted  in  selecting  the 
portion  itself,  which  the  entire  camp 
was  to  occupy.    Veget.  ii.  7. 

3.  Under  the  empire,  certdn  offi- 
cers who  selected  and  marked  the 
houses  upon  which  each  soldier  was 
to  be  billeted  during  a  march,  or  for  a 
giveii  period.    Cod.  Theodos.  7,  8.  4. 

4.  Mensores  cedi^domm.  BuUd- 
irs ;  i.t. ,  persons  who  contracted  to 
build  an  Mifice  after  a  specified  plan 
furnished  to  them  by  an  architect. 
Plin.  Ep.  X.  19.  5.  Trajan,  ad  Plin. 
£f.  X.  20.  3. 

5.  Mensor^s  frumentani.  Corn 
nutsrs;  who  were  employed  to  mea- 
sure the  com  brought  np  the  Tiber 
into  the  public  granaries  (horred). 
Paul.  Big.  27.  I.  26. 

MEN'SULA.  Diminutive  of 
Mensa. 

MENSULA'RII.  A  class  of  the 
public  bankers  or  tncnsarii ;  and  as 
the  name  is  formed  fiom  a  diminu- 
tive, menada,  we  may  suppose  them 
to  have  held  a  lower  rank,  and  to 
have  been  of  an  inferior  grade.  TTiey 
acted  in  the  capacity  of  money  chan- 
gers, providing  Roman  coinage  for 
the  foreign  pieces  brought  into  the 
country  by  strangers ;  and  also  were 
appointed  to  examine  all  kinds  of 
money,  and  decide  if  it  was  genuine 
or  forged.  Tac  Anu.  vi,  17,  Dig. 
16.  3.  7.  Id.  42.  g.  24„  Id.  46.  3.  39. 


419 

MEREN'DA.  One  of  the  Roman 
meals  taten  early  in  the  afternoon, 
which  we  might  translate  a  hituhsen  ; 
in  which  sense  the  word  is  still  re- 
tained by  the  inhabitants  of  modern 
Italy,  Plaut  Most.  iv.  2.  49.  Cal- 
purn.  Ed.  v.  61,,  where  the  ninth 
hone  in  summer  is  called  late  for  the 

MER'GA  (Kop^npanov.  Hesych.). 
An  implement  employed  at  harvest 
work  ;  but  whether  for  leapmg  the 
com,  or  collecting  it  after  it  was  cut, 
and  of  what  precise  nature,  is  not 
clear.  Festos  ji.  &.)  says  that  it  was 
a  pitchfork  (fiireaU),  with  which 
the  labourer  loaded  or  carried  off  the 
sheaves  [manipiU^  from  (he  field  { 
but  Pkntus  (Pan.  v.  2.  58.)  and 
Palladius  (ii.  20.  3.)  evidenfly  speak 
of  it  as  an  instrument  which  was 
used  for  reaping  the  com ;  and 
Pliny  {H.  N.  xvui.  72.)  indicates 
that  two  of  these  were  used  together, 
between  which  the  ears  of  corn  were 
nicked  off. 

MERGES.  A  bnndle,  or  sheaf,  of 
com ;  i.  e.  strictly  the  quantity  taken 
up,  or  cut,  by  a  fnerga.  Virg.  Georg. 
iL  517.  Serv.  ad  Virg.  Mn.  xi.  532. 

MERIDIA'NI.  A  class  of  light- 
armed  gladiators  who  fought  as  a 
sort  of  interlude  at  midday,  after  the 
termination  of  the  combats  with  wild 
beasts,  which  took  place  in  the 
morning.  (Orelli.  InscHft.  2587. 
Suet.  Claud.  34.  Senec.  Ep.  7.  and 
gS  )  The  simple  tunics  in  which  the 
" ■""     ""  "  "  clothed,  and  the 


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it  extremely  probable  tliat  they  afford 
an  example  of  the  mstidiani  ;  the 
more  so  as  they  are  copied  from  a 
mosaic,  which  represents  several  other 
classes  of  gladiators  in  the  character- 
istic suits  of  armonr  belonging  to  each 

MERUM  [S-KpaToi-  ;<«p'  )  Veai 
■mini,    unnuKed    with    wat  ar  Ij 

drunk  in  this  state  b    th    an   ent 
habitants  of  Greece  and  Ilai}      x    pt 
by  regular  bousers     nd  drui  ka  d 
the  usual  beverage  bem      b     t  t 
thirds  of  water  fo  on      f       n      M    t 
i.  12.  and  57.     Id.  ii    57 

MESAN'CULON  (p  aayioA  ) 
Properly,  a  Greek  name  wl  1  the 
Romans  expressed  by  hasla  an  ta 
or  tdum  attsaium.  It  occu  -s  how 
ever,  in  the  above  f  m  >  G  11 
25  I  and  is  described  anid  illustrated 
at  p  83  )■  Ansatus. 

MtSAU'LOS  (/iloauXo,,-).  A  pas- 
sage or  corridor  in  a  Greek  house, 
between  the  two  principal  divisions  of 
the  gionnd-floor,  the  androniHs  and 
gynmconihs  ;  in  the  centre  of  it  there 
was  a  door,  which,  when  closet),  shut 
off  all   communication  between   the 


s  of 


aparl 


(Vitr 


i.  7.  5.)      See  the  plan  at  p.  252. 
which  it  is  marked  a. 

M  E  S  O  C  H'O  RU  S  {junhyopo'^. 
The  leader  or  director  of  a  Ixind  of 
musicians,  both  vocal  and  instiii- 
mental  ;  he  Stood  in  the  centre  of  the 
band,  to  give  the  agnals  and  mark 
the  time.  Plin,  £fi.  ii.  14.  7.  Sidon. 
Ep.  i,  z, 

MESSOR  (ri/omip,  etpuiTiii).  A 
reaper  of  grain.  Cic.  Orai.  iii.  12. 
Virg.  Geerg.  i.  316.)  Themostcom- 
nion  practice  among  the  ancient 
reapers  was  to  cut  the  stalk  with  a 
reaping  hook  (Jalx  messerm,  or  strs- 
meklaria)  about  midway  between  the 
ear  and  the  ground,  as  represented  by 
the  annexed  figure  from  a  sepulchral 
painting  of  the  Christian  era,  the 
straw  being  afterwards  cut  by  itself. 
But  in  some  places,  Umbria  more 
especially,  they  cut  the  straw  near 
the  ground,  as  we  do,  leaving  only  a 


stubble  behind  ;  and  for  a  particular 
kind  of  bearded  com,  like  the  Egyp- 


tt^ether  on  the  top  of  a  single  stem, 
they  nicked  the  heads  off  the  top  of 
the  stalk,  with  an  instrument  fumished 
with  teeth,  like  a  saw  (falx  deniku- 
lata);  an  operation  which  is  exhibited 
Egyptian  painting  published  by 


le  (falx  jmnat 


Wilkins     , 

p.  89.).    Varro.  R.  i 

pare  Columell.  ii.  20. 

grass  with   a 
Columell.  ii.  17.  5. 

ME'TA.  Any  object  with  a  broad 
drcnlar  base,  graduaUy  tapering  off  to 
the  top,  like  a  cone  (Liv.  jxxvii.  27. 
Cic.  Div.  ii.6.  Plin.  H.  'N.  ii.  7.); 
whence  the  following  diaracteristic 
applications  of  the  term. 

I,  (Ba/(7rr)jp,»ifi(rffo,  ittj(Xii.  Soph.^Z. 
72a)The  goal  or  turningpost  in  a  race- 
course, which  consisted  of  a  group  of 
three  conical-shaped  columns,  placed 
upon  a  raised  basement,  and  situated  at 
the  end  of  the  barrier  (spina),  roiind 
which  the  chariots  turned,  each  race 
comprising  seven  circuits  round  the 
course.  (Prop.ii.  25,  36.  Suet.  Dom.i^.) 
There  were  necessarily 
two  Toets,  one  at  each 
extremity  of  the  j/to 
marked  respectivdy  c 
and  D  on  the  gi 
plan 

p.    165.       The 
nearest  the  end  from   [ 
which    the    charit 
started      was     called 
meta  prima;  the  other,  at  the  further 


e  ground- 


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extremily,  where  the  iitst  turn  was 
made,  -mda  secunda.  The  driver  in 
turning  always  kept  these  on  his  left 
hand,  or,  zs  we  say,  on  Ms  near  side, 
which  a  Roman  called  on  his  inner 
wheel  (interiors  rota.  Qt.  Atiutr  m. 
2.  12.)  i  and  the  great  art  of  driving 
weil  consisted  in  getting  round  these 
points  without  teiking  too  large  a 
sweep,  so  as  to  let  an  antagonist  cut 
in  between,  nor  by  shaving  too  close, 
torun  the  risk  of  an  upset  by  coming 
into  contact  with  the  base  on  wHch 
the  coliunns  stood ;  hence  the  writings 
of  the  poets  abound  in  metaphorical 
allusions  to  the  chances  and  acddents 
which  here  occurred  (Ov.  Tiisi,  iv, 
8.35.  Hor.  Od.i.  I.  S.Cic.  Cai.31.); 
and  as  the  race  which  commenced  at 
the  first  taeta  also  ended  there,  the 
word  is  frequently  used,  like  our  term 
Stiai,  for  the  boundary  or  conclusion 
of  any  other  object  or  thing.  (Virg. 
Ov.  Stat,,  &c.)  The  illustration  is 
copied  from  a  Roman  bas-relief,  re- 
presenting a  circus.  The  doorway 
under  the  columns  gave  access  to  a 
small  chapel  in  whicli  the  altar  of  the 
god  Census  was  placed.  Tertull.  de 
Sjisciai:.  5. 

2,  ITie  innermost  or  lowest  of  the 
two  stones  in  a  mill  for  grinding  corn, 
(Paul.  Dig.  33.  7.  18.  §  5.),  which  was 
formed  in  the  shape  of  a  cone,  as  ex. 
hibited  by  the  anneited  example,  re- 

E resenting  a  section  and  elevation 
□m  an  original  found  in  a  baker's 


fitted  c 


METITOSES.  421 

a  to  the  conical,  head  of  the 
mela,  aS  a  cap  (section  on  left  hand) ; 
and  the  upper  part  served  as  a  hopper 
to  receive  the  corn,  which  gradually 
dropped  through  a  small  orifice  at  its 
base,  and  was  ground  into  flour 
against  the  heads  and  sides  of  the 
fiieta,  by  turning  the  outer  stone  round 
it.  Before  the  discovery  of  the  mills 
at  Pompeii,  by  which  the  real  form  of 
a  Roman  mill  has  been  ascertained, 
it  was  the  common  notion  that  the 
upper  stone  was  the  nieia,  and  the 
lower  one  the  caHllus — an  error  which 
is  still  left  uncorrected  even  in  our 
best  dictionaries. 

3.  Meia  fani.  A  hay-rick ;  which 
the  Roman  farmers  made 

up  into  a  conical  shape, 
with  a  very  sharp  point 
(ColumeU.  ii.  19.  2.) ; 
like  the  annexed  example 
from  the  column  of  An- 
toninus, Thus,  also,  other 
articles,  such  as  cream 
cheese,  when  made  up  int 
mass,  were,  designated  by  the  same 
name.     Mart.  i.  44.  iii.  58,  35. 

4.  Msia  sudaits.  A  fountain  at 
Rome,  near  the  Flavian  amphitheatre, 
which  was  designed  to  imitate  a  cone, 
over  which  the  water  distilled  from 
the  top.  (Sext.  Ruf.  de  Reg.  Urb.  4). 
Remains  of  this  fountain  are  still  to 


a  conical 


I   Ih     C  I 


1  betw< 
the  arch   of   Con  ts 
presentations    of  i 
medals,  testifying  th 


METATO'RES       I 
officers  who  selec    d 
camp,   and   mai^ied 
position  and  dime  is 


METITO'RES.  Officeis  connected 
with  the  service  of  the  aqueducts, 
whose  duty  it  was  to  see  that  water 
»as  regularly  laid  on  from  the  reser- 
voir {casteilKm)  into  the  branch  pipes, 
which  conducted  it  through  the  city. 


PA  I 


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422  METOPA. 

and  to  meiisuie  out  the  pioper  quan 
tity  allotted  by  law  to  each  district 
This  waa  effected  by  regulating  the 
diameter  of  the  main  pipes,  and  by  n 
meter  {calix)  affixed  to  them  Fron 
tin.  Aq.  79, 

METOPA    {^iTovri) 
Doric    columnar 

architecture ;!  >: ,    

the  panel  nhicli  ^ 
covered  the  open 
ing  between  the 
triglyphs  (Vitniv 
iv.  a.  4,  iv.  3  5  )  -r 

times  left  with  | 
a  plain  face,  at 
others  richly  , 
ornamented  with  | 
sculpture,  like 
those  of  the  Parthenon,  now  preserved 
in  the  British  Museum,  and  the  an. 
nexed  eitample  from  the  Temple  of 
Theseus  at  Athens.  The  triglyphs 
represent  externally  the  heads  of  the 
tie-beams  [ligna],  and  in  the  early 
wooden  structures  the  apace  between 
one  tie-beam  and  another  {inl^rtig- 
niiim)  was  left  open ;  so  that  a 
stranger  conid  effect  an  entrance 
through  them,  as  Orestes  did  into  the 
temple  of  Diana  at  Tailris.  Eurip. 
J^A.  Tour.  113. 

METOPOS'COPUS  iiitrajro- 
ittoiroq),  A  physiognomist,  who  tells 
another's  fortune  by  observing  the 
expression  or  cliaracter  of  his  counte- 
nance. Suet.  7a.  2.  Plin,  H.  N. 
XXIV.  36.  §  14. 

METRETA  (pirpDrlii).  The  prin- 
cipal liquid  measure  of  the  Greeks, 
containing  about  8  gallons,  7.365 
pints,  English  (Plant.  Mefc.  frid.  75. 
Colamell.  rij.  as.  I.);  whence  also  an 
eartlienware  vessel  of  considerable 
size  (ColumelL  lii.  51.  2.),  used  to 
contain  oil,  received  the  same  name. 
Cato,  R.  R.  100.  Juv.  iii.  246. 

MFTULA.  Diminutive  of  Meta. 
Plin.  Ep.  V.  6.  35. 

MICA'TIO  ;  or  digitis  ttacart.  A 
game  of  chance,  combined  with  skill, 
still  common  in  the  south  of  Italy, 


where  it  now  goes  by  the  name  of 
Murra  (Van'o.  fl/.  Non.  s.  v.  p.  547. . 
Suet  Aug  13.  Calputn.  Ed.  li  26.) 
It  IS  played  by  two  persona  in  the 
following  manner.  Both  hold  up 
their  right  hands  with  the  fist  closed  ; 
thej    tlien    simultaneously  extend   a 


certain  number  of  their  fingers,  call- 
ing out  at  ihe  same  time  by  guess- 
work the  collective  number  extended 
by  the  two  together,  and  he  who 
succeeds  in  naming  the  right  num- 
ber wins  the  game.  The  annexed 
figures,  representing  a  couple  of  Egyp- 
tians playing  at  morra,  from  a  pant- 
ing in  the  tombs,  testify  the  very  great 
antiquity  of  the  game,  and  will  serve 
to  convey  a  distinct  notion  of  the 
manner  in  which  it  was  conducted  £0 
those  who  have  never  seen  it  played, 
It  is  the  same  as  that  still  prac- 
tised, with  the  exception  that 
the  performers  are  in  a  sitting  in- 
stead of  a  standmg  posture,  as  is 
now  usual ;  and  that  they  appear  to 
make  use  of  all  their  fingers,  instead 
of  the  right  hand  only,  which  must 
have  greatly  increased  the  difficulty 
and  intricacy  of  the  game,  as  it 
admits  the  various  combinations  which 
might  be  made  out  of  twenty  num- 
bers instead  of  ten  only.  The  right- 
hand  figure  has  extended  all  the 
fingers  of  his  right  hand,  and  three  of 
his  left ;  his  opponent  puts  out  two 
with  the  right  hand,  and  three  on  the 
left  one  ;  thus  the  number  exhibited 
is  thirteen.  If  either  of  the  parties 
cry  out  "  thirteen  "  at  the  moment  of 
opening  tlieir  hands,  but  before  the 
opened  fingers  are  actually  displayed, 
he  wins  ;  u  neither  succeeds  in  guess- 
ing right,  they  again  dose  their 
hands,  cry  out  a  number,  and  open 
the  fliigeis  until  one   of  them   calls 


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the  right  amoimt. 
be  so  simple  is  m       dai 
cute  with  any  cha 
lequires  more   sk 
than  a  person,  wl 
made  the  experim 
Each  player  has  li 
own  mind  how  m 
show  ;   then   to  sntm 
his  opponent  is  lik 
he  does  by  obseivuig 
of  play,  by  remem 
he    last   called,   a 
showed ;  he  then 
owii,  and  calls  the 
thus  endeavouring       tn 
ber  which  he  calL      B 
which  takes  so  mn 
is   actually  done    wi 
rapidity,  liie  hand 
closed,   and    the        m 
neously  called  as  as 
nounce  them — eit 


id  decision  of  pnipo 
I  have  any  chan 
ell  as  a  quick 


SS 


gate  number  of  fi 
not  to  overlook  h's  o  vn  success  nor 
on  the  other  hand  sufter  h  raself  to 
be  imposed  upon  by  a  more  as  ute 
opponent  ;  whence  the  Ron  ans  cha 
racterized  a  perso  of  exceed  ng  p  o 
bity  and  honom',  by  saj  ng  that  one 
might  play  at  mora  w  th  hun  n  the 
daflc — dignus,  quiaai  ia  in  u 
Cic  Oj:  lii.  19, 

MILIA'RIUM.  A  copper  for 
heating  water,  of  considerable  height, 
but  sniall  diameter,  so  that  it  presented 
the  appearance  of  a  tall  and 
veasfl  (Pallad  v  8 
7.  alium  et  angustuni ) 
It  was  commonly  used 
in  heating  water  for 
the  baths  (Paliad  1 
40.  3.),  as  11  ell  as  for 
domestic  purposes 
(SenecCA^m  24) 
and,  consequently,  w  t; 
made     of  vaiioiis   di 


wheels  {erbes,  3.3.)  i-evolved,  was 
inserted  ;  so  that  when  the  wheels 
were  driven  round  the  basin  (i.l.).  it 
constituted  the  pivot  upon  which  they 
and  their  asles  turned. 

MILLIA'RIUM.      A  mile-slom; 
which  the  Romans  placed 
along  the   sides    of   their 
principal    roads,    '"    "'" 


scribed  upon  them,  re 
koned  at  intervals 
1000  Roman  Baces  {o 
mile)  apart.  This  ci 
was  first  introdticed  by  C 
Gracchus  ;  and  the  illus-  e 
tration  represents  an  original  Roman, 
mile-stone,  now  standing  on  the  Capi- 
tol, but  which  originally  marked  the 
fivst  mile  from  Rome,  as  indicated 
by  the  numeral  T.  on  the  top  of  it. 
The  rest  of  the  inscription  refers  to  (he 


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424 


MILLVS. 


Emperors  Vespasian  and  Neiva,   by 
whom  it  was  successively  restotei 

a,  Milliariam  aareum.  The  golden 
milestone;  a  gilt  column,  erectoi  by 
Augustus,  at  die  top  of  the  Roman 
foriun  (in  ca^le  Rom.  foii.  Plio,  ff.A'. 
iii.  5.  Suet.  Olho,  6.  Tac  Hist,  i,  37.), 
to  mark  the  point  at  which  cdl  the 
great  niUitary  roads  ultimately  con- 
verged and  ended.  (Hut.  Calb.  p, 
1064.}  The  precise  spot  where  it 
stood  was  not  ascertained  till-  about 
ten  years  ago,  when  an  excavation, 
undertaken  by  tlie  late  pope,  revealed 
a  circular  basement  coated  with  marble 


at  the  north-e— •  - 

ale  of  the  foiTim, 

close  beside 

sent  of  all   a 

been 

recdved  as  th 

f  the 

golden  miliar 

g 

ctual 

di   an      m  rked 

upon  Roman 

hi 

have 

been  found  st 

gmal 

places,  prove  se  ances 

were  computed  from  the  gT.te=  of  the 
city  (Marin.  Frat.  An/,  p  8  Fabrett 
A^.  p.  136.)  ;  and  the  law  hooks  also 
cite  a  third  principle  of  measunng, 
from  the  last  row  of  houses  [tiiule 
fassus  non  a  milHario  Urbis,  sed  a 
continatlibus  izdificiis  immerandt  sunt 
Macer.  D^.  5a  16.  154.)  All  which 
testifies  that  the  practice  vaned  at 
difierent  periods,  and  led  to  htigatton 
amongst  (he  Romans  themselves  It 
will  be  remembered  that  our  mileage 
on  some  roads,  which  uiied  to  be 
marked  from  the  standard  at  t  oriihiH, 
is  now  reckoned  more  commonly 
from  one  of  the  bridges. 

MILLUS,  A  collar  for  n.  sporting 
dog,  made  of  leather, 
and  armed  with  pro- 
jecting iron  spikes 
{clavis  ferrEis  emitien- 
tiius),  particularly 
used  for  those  which 
were  trained  for  hunt- 
ing  wild  beasts,    to 


MJMUS. 

protect  the  vulnerable  parts  of  the 
neck  and  throa.t  from  their  formidable 
adversaries,  (Scipio  Aemilian.  a/. 
Fest.  s.  v.]  The  example  here  intro- 
duced represents  one  of  Meleager's 
hounds,  in  a  painting  of  Herculaneum. 

MILVI'NUS.  Applied  to  pipes ; 
see  Tibia. 

MIMA.  (Cic.  FM.  ii.  24.  Hor. 
Sat.  i  2.  56.)    A  female  mime.     See 

MiMUS. 

MIMALL'ONES  <jH^\6rie).  A 
Greek  name  for  Bacehanals  (Stat. 
Theb.  iv.  660. ) ;  distinguished,  how- 
ever, from  Bacchs  by  Strabo,  x.  3.  10. 

MIMALUONIS.  (Ot.  A.  Am.  i. 
541.)  A  word  coined  from  the 
Greek  ;  the  same,  or  similar  to  BaC- 

MI'MULA.  Diminutive  of  Mima. 
in  a  derogatory  and  contemptnons 
sense.     Cic.  Phil.  il.  25, 

MITdULUS.  Diminutive  of  Mi- 
MUS ;  also  with  an  implied  sense  of 
inferiority     Amoh  ii  69 

MI'MUS  In  a  genenl  sen?e, 
means  any  pet  son  "who  takes  off  or 
imitates  the  minneis,  depoitmeut,  or 
expression  of  inother,  by  gestulation, 
grimace,  orfeignedtonesof  the  voice, 
corresponding  with  our  mwtu.  But, 
ra  T  more  restricted  me-ining  the 
name  was  given  to  in  actor  on  the 
stage,  Hho  played  a  part  in  a  paiticu 
larkind  of  diama    de   gnahel  by  the 


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MIRMILLONES. 

private  characters  were  shown  up 
and  exposed  to  ridicule.  The  mimic 
who  perlbruied  these  parts  expressed 
Ms    BieEiiiing    by  gesticulation    ajid 

Eantomimic  a:ciion  diiefly,  though  dia- 
_igae  was  not  entirely  excluded.  Ori- 
ginally he  danced  upon  the  floor  be- 
low the  stage,  not  upon  it,  and  witli- 
out  a  mask ;  accordingly,  in  the  an- 
nexed example,  from  an  engraved 
ring,  it  will  be  perceived  that  nearly 
tlie  whole  of  the  face  is  exposed  to 
view  ;  the  mask,  unlike  those  usually 
worn  by  comic  actors,  only  coverhig 
a  small  portion  of  the  cheeks ;  the 
scalp  is  covered  by  a  for  cap.  Cic. 
Or.  it  59,  Ov  A  4m  I  501  Id 
Trisl.  ii.497  Diomed  m  487.  Com- 
pare Planipes 

2.  Buffoons,  or  mimics  of  this  de 
scriptiod,  were  also  employed  otf  the 
stage,  especially  at  great  fuiieiils 
(indictiva  /uruia),3X  which  they  fol 


lowed  the  Prafics,  dani-ing  groteiqiie 
dances,  and  acting  the  part  of  uierry- 
andrews,  as  exhibited  by  tlie  annexed 
figure  from  a  sepulchral  lamp  found 
in  a  tomb  excavated  111  the  Villa, 
Corsini ;  whilst  the  leader  of  their 
\s^aA(a,rchtmtiims'\  affected  topersonate 
the  deceased  (Dionys  viii  72  Suet 
Vesp.  ig.)  The  mstruments,  which 
the  figure  holds,  are  crotala  (see  p 
217.) ;  and  his  head  is  decorated  with 
the  appiopnite  appendage  of  a  fool  s 
cap. 
MIRMILLO  NtS       \    diss    ol 


They  wore  the 
Gallic  helmet, 
wilh  the  image 


from  a  tomb  near 

the      gate       of 

Herculaneum,  at 

Pompeii.     They 

are    believed   to  C 

have  been  originally  Gauls  ;  but  the 

derivation,   a£  well  h 

meaning  of  the  nam  d 

ful       Cic    Phil.  vi.    S.    Su      Dm 

10    Juv    viii.   zoo,    F  R 

MISTA'RIUS.       A        =£ 
ployed  for  the  same  p  rp  h 

siali.1,    in    which   ^  mi  et 

tall   proportions,  am         h  d 

on    each   side.     Ijx       S  6 

Gerlach 

MISSIL'IA.  Pr 
articles,  thrown  from  an  elevated 
platform  amongst  the  people  by  the 
Roman  emperors,  or  other  wealthy 
mdiviJuals  who  sought  to  gain  the 
of  the  populace  by  a  largess 


[co^gz^ni 


which  t 


of  scattering  money  amongst 
the  crowd  at  a  coronation  or  other 
solemnities  owes  its  origin.  The 
misalia  were  in  general  the  objects 
themsdves  aetuaJly  thrown,  and  be- 
longed to  those  who  had  the  good 
luck  to  catcli  them  in  the  scramble  ; 
but  as  some  tilings,  such  as  corn  or 
wine,  could  not  be  disposed  of  in  this 
manner,  and  others  would  be  damaged 
by  the  fall  and  contest  for  their  pos- 
session, billets  or  tokens  [tssser/c] 
■B  ere  in  such  cases  thrown  in  their 
stead,  upon  which  the  name  and 
quantitv  of  the  article  to  be  received 
was  mscribed,  accompanied  by  a 
written  order  for  the  same,  payable 
to  the  bearer  upon  presenlation  at  the 


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e  dono        Sue     A 


MITEL  LA    (n   f 

t  ve  of  MlTRA       A 

he  shape  of  a, 
half  hindkerchie  f 
[Cel  us  V  lo 
1)        ora  by  the 

(V  -g  Cop  I  ) 
round  he  he-id 
as    ho  yu  by    he 


ph 


fon 

1  e  B  t  sh  Museum  ad  f  e 
q  ent  y  represented  on  fie  e  a  es 
a  d  the  Pompe  an  pauitings  Men 
ed  a  m  la  bajidage  t  ed  round 
tl  e  heads  vhe  i  at  !  ome  or  a 
d  nk  ng  bo  ts  to  co  inle  ^  t  the 
eftee  s    of     he  .... 


Atk 


<-) 


d  Cc. 


a  dil  ti  at  he  had 
botli  yonng  and  old  persons  ui  I  e 
pub  c  s  ee  s  of  Naples  wear  „ 
m     Is     (Rab  Post  JO ) 

A  si  ng  for  a  broken  m  made 
of  a  buuJage  n  the  shape  dtscnbel 
Ceisus  / 

MITRA  Otj-pa)  In  the  srct 
gene  c  sense  means  a  long  carf 
vith.  t  es  {reik  n  P« 

«&)at  the  end     -S^Sr^^ 


c  e  r  fiom  Callu. 
enus  {  p  Athen 
V  8)  who  de 
acnbes  tl  e  colossal  fignre  of  Bacchos 
n  he  D  o  ys  ac  process  on  of  P  o- 
len  y  as  bearmg  a  thjrsus  n  h  s  lef 
1  an!  w  di  a  iiittri  fastened  round 
p  ec  sely  as  sho  vn  by  the  annexed 
e\anple  f  on  a  bas  elef  of  the 
P  0  Cleme  tme  Museum  o  wh  ch 
various  mplenents  and  peisons  per 
ta  n  ng  to  tl  e  vorsl  p  of  Baccl  - 
a  ulp  ed  "-  --  •--  -^  ' 
9  appy 


he   C  e. 


"I  20  e(Call  yo^.21.  ZoNAji 
a  b  oa  I  ash  worn  under  the 
bosom  (Apoll  Rhod.  iii.  867.  Stro- 
PH  Um)  ai  d  the  epithet  affirpot 
(Calhm  Dia  14.),  to  designate  a 
young  woman  nho  has  not  arrived 
at  he  full  Jevelopment  or  at  mar- 
ageable  years  u  ,  who  did  not  yet 
requ  e  the  an  a  or  the  strophium. 
Also  the  m  I  t-iry  belt  worn  round 
the  WTjs  a  the  bottom  of  the  cuirass, 
as  a  p  otection  to  the  belly,  was  called 
by  the   anename     Horn.//,  iv.  137. 

ClifljULUM    4 

2  In  acco  d  nee  with  the  preced- 
ng  delin  on  of  a  scarf  with  ties  at 
tl  e  ex  re  n  t)  to  fasten  it,  the  same 
ame  as  g  yen  by  the  writers,  both 
of  Greece  and  Italy,  to  a  particular 
k  nd  of  cove  ng  for  the  head,  worn 
by  he  nat  yes  of  Persia,  Arabia, 
A  a  M  nor  a  d  by  the  women  of 
Greece  arranged  so  as  to  envelope 
the  vl  ole  of  the  head  from  the  fore- 
he  d  to  the  lape  of  the  nedt,  the 
des  o  the  face  and  the  chin,  under 
wh  eh  t  passed  vhence  the  person 
vho  wears  t  is  said  to  be  veiled  in 
t  (nUra  tela  Claud,   di;  Laud. 

Std  h         156)     as  characfecistically 
d  splayed  by  the  annexed  example. 


epresent  ng  3  ... 

yj  one  of  the  followers  of  Darius,  in 
he  large  mosa  c  at  Pompeii.  The 
As  at  c  %t  a  vorn  by  the  Phry- 
^a  3  and  A  nazons,  n-as  a  cloth  cap, 
vh  ch  covered  the  head  as  completely 
IS  the  pieced  ng  and  was  tied  by 
itrngs  o  lappe  s  under  the  chin 
Is  i^or  Org  XX  31.4.  Serv.  ad. 
\  i^    ^        V         &  ix,  616.),  in  the 


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MODIOLUS. 


■  si  own  bj  Ihc  TTinexed  ex 
repiesenting  tl  e  Ilea  I  f  Pan's 
X   Pompeian    pimting       and 


w        of  art   generally  it  is  one 

li      sual  ch-iractenstics  of  Pnam 

and    h     Trojans    which  distmgui'ili 

m      om    Greeks    and    Romins 

gs  whom  the  use  ot  it  was  re 

ga      d  as  a  sign  of  extreme  effe  m 

Cic    Jill     lesp    21  )    The 

f   the    Greek    women    was 

ed  of  a  si-arf  of  mixed  colons 

era    on'ms       Plin    H    A 

3  fasteneii 


stjle 


ed  g  examples 
a  mpliiied  hy 
h  i^d  lUus 

tration  from  a 
bnst  at  Dresden 
but  when  intro- 
duced into  Italy,  iis  use  y-i.a  moie 
particularl)  confined  to  age  1  pert  ins 
and  women  of  abandoned  character 
whether  foreign  or  native  Ov 
Fast  IV  517  Prop  iv  5  70  Tuv 
m  66  I71p  0^34  -  25  inwlich 
passage  it  ]s  mentioned  as  of  a  similar 
description,  but  different  from  the 
L^anlwa 

3  A  strong  cable  bound  round 
the  hu  1  of  a  \essel  amidship  to 
stienfithen  the  timbers  in  stress  of 
weather  Isidor  Ortg  xix  4  6 
quo  naza  media  vtMitur  TertulL 
drm  (it  ?5)«ii  el  Ninae  42 

MITrATU<%(pirp.,fupo  )  Wear 
in^  tie  mill  a  as  explaiiel  and  illu 


in   the  Jai 


rticle. 


Plin, 


.  -KKiiiivii). 


Prop.  iv.  7.  62.  ot 
Asiatics 

MITTENDA'RIUS.  An  officer 
of  tl  e  Imperial  age,  who  was  sent 
into  tlie  provinces  to  collect  the 
tribute     Cod.  Theodos.  6.  30.  2. 

MOiyiOLUS.  Diminutive  of 
MoDius ;  whence  specially  applied 
to  various  objects  posse^in?  a  re- 
sembla  ce  in  form  to 

The  boi.  or  niwe  of  a  wheel,  i 
which  the  spokes  {radii)  and  axle 
{axK)  are  inserted  (Plin.  H.  N.  ix. 
3  Vitruv.  I.  g.  s 
whence  also  ap- 
phed  to  the  axle 
itself(&oph.£/re//-.  ^ 
745  andbyVarro, 
J?  R  XX.  xxi}  to 
the  ixles  which 
suspend  the  wheels 
(■.r/«)  in  an  oil 
ra  U  (Irapelum).  The  illustration  re- 
presents  an  ancient  wheel,  preserved 
in  the  museum  of  Prince  Esterhazy 
at  Vienna.  The  second  and  third  of 
the  C  reek  names  bracketed  imply- 
that  the  principal  dry  measures  of  the 
Greeks  and  Romans  (^oii'iS  and  mo- 
ims)  were  of  the  same  form,  if  they 
differed  in  capacity. 

2  A  box,  bucket,  or  scoop,  in  the 
shape  of  a  modms  affixed  to  the  outer 
circumfet  ence  of  a  water-wheel, 
which  fills  itself  with  water,  and  dis- 
charges the  contents  into  a  receiver 
IS  the  wheel  revolves.  (Vitruv.  x. 
5 )  Sometimes  wooden  boxes  were 
employed  for  the  purpose,  at  others 
jars  and  the  Chinese  make  use  of  a 
joint  of  bamboo.  See  the  illustration 
s.  Sola  aguaria;  which  ivill  explain 
thett  application  and  object. 

3  A  particular  part  of  the  eala- 
pulla  and  baSista  (Vitruv.  x.  r2.  I.)  ; 
supposed  to  be  a  box  or  cap,  which 
contamed  the  rope ;  but  as  the  exact 
manier  in  which  these  machines 
were  constructed  is  involved  in  doubt 
and  obscurity,  an  authoriied  defini- 


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4.  {jTvUi,  Hero  dc  Spirit,  p.  i8o.). 
The  box  or  cylinder   in  which  the 
and  sucker  of  s.  forcing  pump 


s  <Vitr 


:-7-)i 


rked  B 


spectively  on  the  woodcuts 
siBiCA  Machina  and  Sipho. 

5.  \,%ai.vlia\).  A  surgical  instru- 
ment, like  a  trepan,  for  cutting  out 
parts  of  bones,  consisting  of  a  cylin- 
drical borer,  with  .serrated  sides. 
Ceis.  viii.  3. 

6.  A  small  drinking  goblet      Sciev 


MOD'IUS  and  MOD  lUM 
principal  dry  measuie  of   he  Ro 
contMumg  "— 


The 


inng.o 


1  the  e 


,  that  h 


not  been  cut  with  its  straw  by  the 
sickle,  but  nicked  off  under  the  ear 
with  a  serrated  or  a  forked  instrument 
{falx  imtkulata,  merga.  Cato,  S.  R. 
136.  Hor.  Ep.  i.  16.  ys,.  Cic.  Dhi. 
Verr.  10.)  The  illustration  is  copied 
from  a  terra-cotta  lamp,  evidently 
intended  to  represent  a  modius,  from 
the  introduction  of  several  shocks  of 
com,  which  in  the  original  design  ate 
placed  by  its  side. 

2.  The  sheath  or  socket  in  which 
the  mast  of  a  ship  is  fixed.  Isidor. 
Orig.  xix.  2.  9. 

MOD'ULUS.  In  a  general  sense, 
a  measure  by  which  anything  is 
measured  ;  but  more  especially,  a  mo- 
dule, or  measure  of  division,  adopted 
by  architects  as  a  standard  by  which 
the  proportions  of  an  order,  or  the  en- 
tire bmlding,  may  be  regulated.  It 
may  be  taken  at  pleasure  ;  but  the  dia- 
meter or  semidiameter  of  a  column 
at  the  bottom  ofthe  shaft  is  the  module 
mostly  resorted  to.     Vitruv.  v.  9.  3. 

2.  In  aqueducts,  a  water-meter; 
same  as  CalIX,  3.     Front.  Aq.  34.  36. 


MOLA. 

MCE'NE,  or  MCE'NIA,  plural, 
which  is  more  usual.  The  walls 
cf  a  town  i,Cxs.B.  C.  in.  80.),  al- 
most synonymous  with  murus ;  but 
with  a  more  comprehensive  sense,  as 
it  frequently  includes  all  the  build- 
ings in  a  town  which  were  surrounded 
by  a  nairus.  Cic,  Cat.  ii.  I.  Vitruv. 
viii.  3.  34.     Virg.  Mn.  vi.  S49. 

MOLA  XiiiiKn).  A  viill;  a  general 
term,  like  our  own,  including  various 

n   'vances    for    giinding    diHerent 

nds  of  objects,  wiether  driven  by 
uman  labour,  cattle,  or  water  ; 
^mongst  which  the  following  varieties 
a  e  partic  larly  specified : — 

I  Mola  manuaria,  or  trusatilis, 
1(  pafoikii) ;  a  hand-mill  for  grindii^ 
wheat,  or  other  farinaceous  produce, 
ucl  as  beans,  lupins,  &c.  (Aiil. 
Cell         ,.     Cato,  E.  R,  xi.  4.    Ov. 


less  pecf  ct,  have  been  discovered  in 
the  bakers'  shops  at  Pompeii  ■  all  of 
which  are  c  nstiucted  in  the  same 
manner  and  consist  of  two  stones 
cut  into  11  e  pe  uliar  shape  exiub  ted 
by  the  ai  nexed  noodcut    repre-ent 


mg  the  mil  with  both  its  stones 
fitted  together  ind  ready  for  use  on 
the  right  hind  and  a  sect  on  of  the 
outer  stone  0 1  the  left  to  show  the 
diffe  ent  forms  of  each  The  base 
consists  of  a  cylmdncal  stone  about 
five  feet  in  diameter  and  one  in 
height  out  of  which  rises  a  corneal 
projection  about  t  vo  feet  h  gh  which 
foims    the    lower    millstone    (t  £ti) 


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MOL4                                                                 9 

lop.      The   outer  stone    (caiii 

J          aiM                   m 

formed  in  the  shape  of  an  ho 

ey    &i       fl 

so  that  one  half  of  it  would  fi      k 

d                     ca             V  m 

cap,  upon  the  conical  surfac         th 

S      P          Ji  R               A          A 

lower  stone,  receiving  the  pi 

T        mU 

mentioned     into'     a     socket    m  d 

la           h                       ed 

for  the  purpOKc  in  the  centr 

w                m      wood            b        h 

narrowest  part,  between  the  t       h 

turn  d            d    b 

low  cones,  which  served  the  d 

purpose  of   keeping   it  fixed 

isdwhfi      bods               VIE 
gwhee      ty  p                              ) 

position,  and  of  diminishing  □     qua 

izing    the    friction.      The    c        was 

fii               h      ppo             rem 

then  poured  into  the  hollow      p 
the  top,  which  thus  served  as     h  p 

ts          th        gs          hi  hii   ed 

se              th         h        p   ce 

per,  and  descended  gradually  hi    g 
tour  holes  pierced  in  its  bo     m 

11                        h      as  th 

hee                d            mm      ca  ed 

to  the  solid  cone  below  ;   wh 

ta         m            hr    g               g 

was  ground  into  flour  betwee      h 

outer  snrfaee  of  the  cone  and  th 

S                     H                ETE           A 

one  of  its  cap,  as  the  latter  wa      m  d 

m                 k  wi         w 

round  and  round  (iapis  lafide 

g    m    b       m        sla 

Plaut.  ^j.i.  I.  l6.)bythesk       wh 

w      sue 

drove  it,   with  the  aid  of  a    ood 

4.   Mia  bu:^       A    m 

bar  inserted  in  each  of  its  s    es 

hand                 gnndmg 

which  the  square  socket  is  sh         m 

t.                  m         =s     p            P 

the  cut.     The  flour  then  fell             m 

s 

the  bottom  into  a  channel  c        und 

5  A          ^              P 

the  base  to  receive  it. 

d           ik          ann      d    xamp  e, 

2.  Mola   asinaiia,  or    mach        m 

m            gra    d  g            w     h  th 

A  mill  of  the  same  construe        an 

w    ked          d  b 

use,  but  worked  by  cattle  in       d 

00           h      im      ma           as        w 

men,  as  shown  by  the  anne.   d 

pract     d       Pm    If  /^     xm     g 

ample,  from  a  marble  in  the 

La]            w                     ppears 

r,        fi^ 

M^j] 

Wm 

mU 

^^fo^ffl 

=^^^^J®' 

kind;   but  the  interpretation   is  not 

//  ^lllllllllllra 

altogetlicr  certain,  for  both  passages 

(Cato  i?.  JP.  xi.  4.     Oy.Fast.y\.5i%. 

might  be  referred  to    the    common 

Apul.  Met.  rii.  p.  143.)     It  will  be 

corn-mill.  No.  I. 

perceived  that  the  animal  is  blind- 
foWed,  as  stated  by  Apnleius  [Mit. 

6.    Mbla  sUaria.     An   olive   mill, 

ix.  p.  18+). 

grinding  olf  the  fleshy   parts  of  the 

1 

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43° 


MOLARIUS. 


fruit  from  the  stones  without  breaking 
tliem.  (Columell.  xii,  52.  6.)  In  the 
opinion  of  Columella,  the  taola  was 
the  best  of  all.  the  contrivances  em- 
ployed for  the  purpose.  He  does 
not,  however,  esplaiii  the  manner  in 
which  it  was  constructed,  further  than 
by  saying  that  the  bruising  stone 
could  be  elevated  at  pleasure  to  suit 
the  exact  size  of  the  olives,  and  thus 
avoid  tliedanger  of  crushing  thestones 
with  the  flesh,  which  deteriorates  the 
oil ;  but  the  same  could  also  be  done 
in  the  Irapetam,  by  placing  a  block 
{orMculus)  under  the  axle,  between 
the  aipa  and  miliarium.  (Cato,  R.S. 
22.  2.)  Still  as  Columella  pointedly 
distinguishes  the  meta  from  the  ^afte- 
turn.  It  may  be  inferred  that  the  for- 
mer was  a  machine  of  somewhat  simi- 
lar character  to  the  common  corn-mill 
(No.  1.),  consisting  of  two  stones,  the 
upper  one  hemg  moveable,  and  work- 
ing round  a  stationary  one  below  it. 
(Compare  dofan.  x.  18.  Pallad.  xii. 
17.  i.j  A  third  machine  used  forthe 
same  paiposes  was  the  soles  et  canalis 
(Columell.  /.f.),  the  nature  of  which 
is  entirely  unknown  ;  and  lastlya  con- 
trivance called  TcDicuLA,  which  see. 
MOLA'RIUS,  MOLENDA'RIUS, 
MOLENDINA'RIUS,  sc.  Adnus. 
An  ass  which  works  in  a  mill.  Cato, 
R.R.  xi.  I.  Paul.  Dig.  33.  7.  18.  g  2. 

MOLENDINA'RIUS.  A  >mils,: 
Inscriptn^.  Grut.  1114.  6. 

MOLETRI'NA  {,xv\iiv\.  The 
building  or  place  in  which  a  mill  is 
worked.     Cato  ap.  Non.  s.v.  p.  63. 

MOLI'LE.  The  name  riven  to  a 
part  of  theapparatus  used  for  turning 
a  mill,  both  in  those  which  were 
driven  by  men  and  by  cattle.  Varro, 
R.R.  X.  and  xi.  In  the  former  pas- 
sage, it  probably  means  the  handles 
inserted  info  the  sides  of  the  upper 
stone  (woodcut  s.  MoLA  1 )  ■  in  the 
latter,  the  frame  ove  the  an  mal  s 
back,  to  which  he  was  a  iched  vhen 
harnessed  to   his   wok   (votidcnt  s 

MOLA,  3.)- 

MOL'INA.  Tlie  te  employed 
by  late  writers  for  a  mul       Amm  an. 


Reg.   i 


.   P.  Vici 


■r.    Urb. 


JOLLICINA.  Seethe  nest  word. 

MOLOCH'INA,  sc.  -uestis  {iii>\6- 
Xifil)-  A  garment  made  of  cloth 
woven  fiflm  tlie  fibrous  parts  of  the 
bark  of  the  hiMscm  tjio\oxt),  a  spe- 
cies of  mallow,  whicli  is  still  em- 
ployed in  India  for  making  cordage. 
The  word  is  also  written  mallicina, 
iiielicina,  and  mslodnia,  all  evident 
varieties  from  the  Greek  original. 
Isidor.  Or^.  lix.  22.  12.  Novius  ap. 
Non.  p.  540.  Cieiai.  lb.  p.  54S. 
Yates,  Textrin.  Antia.  pp.  304—309. 

MOLOCHINA'RltJS.  One  who 
deals  in  cloth  made  from  the  mallow 
plani     Plaut.    Aid.  iii.  49.    MoLO- 

MONAU'LOS  and  -' JS  [;ii™«\ot). 
A  single  pipe,  of  the  simplest  charac- 
ter, and  played,  in  the  same  waj  as  our 
flageolet  and  clarionet.  (Plin.  H'.N'. 
vii.  57-  Matt.  ziv.  64.)  The  Greek 
name  also  designates  the  person  who 
played  it  (Hedyl.  Ep.  ap.  Athen.  iv. 
78.),  for  whidi  we  find  nionimla. 
(Not.  Tires,  p.  173.)  The  illustration 
"    "  ■  Lgle  pipe  of  this  de- 


scription, from  a  statue  in  the  Vatican, 
with  a  performer,  showing  the  manner 
in  whicn  it  was  handled,  from  the 
Vatican  Viigil. 

MONE'RIS  {lUtvhptK,  flotonfiOToq). 

\  vessel  which  has  only  a  single  line 
of  oars  in  file  ;  a  g^Uy ;  as  opposed 

0  those  which  have  two  or  more 
[Liv.  xxiv,  33.  Tac.  Hist.  v.  23.  qtta 

implici  ordine  agebatitur),  as  shown  by 
the  example,  froip  the  Vatican  Viigjl, 


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MONOBOLON. 


431 


same  Kay  as  1109    pract   e<l 
Mediterranean   galleys  of  the   iSth, 
i6th,andi7tli  centuries,  and  expltuned 
nC  length  s.  RemeX. 

MONE'TA.  The  mint,  wliere 
money  ^yas  coined  ;  a  building  on  the 
■Capitol  adjoining  the  temple  of  Jiuio 
Monela.  Cic,  PkU.  vii.  1.  Suet  Jul. 
76.  Liv.  vi.  20. 

2.  Hence  the  money  itself  (Ov. 
Fasi.  i.  221.)  ;  and  the  die  or  mould 
with  which  it  is  coined.  (Mart.  xil. 
55.)    See  Forma,  2. 

MONI'LE  (firi^Koc),      A  n^ckla^f  ; 
1   by  the 


females  of  Greece  and  Italy,  in  the 
same  manner  as  still  practised  ;  and 
made  v\  e\  ery  conoeivable  variety  of 
foim,  pittem,  and  material,  of  which 
the    excavations    of    Ilercuianeum, 


-ind  the  tombs  of  Etiuria 

ff   ded   numerous  and  higWy 

miginals.        The  examples 

troduced  are  all  from  Pompeian 

titles  which  are  selected  for  illus- 

b    ause  they  afford  specimens 

es  gn   which  appear  to  have  been 

vourites,   as   they  me  fre- 

n       met  with  on  the  ftctile  vases 

h      works  of  art.      The  top 


h  a  lai^e  bead  between  each 
wo  below  are  dancing  girls  ; 
and  one  with  a  single  row  of 
ir  beads,  the  other  with  a  num- 
'd  drops  or  pendants,    ] 


in  the  royal  m 


at  Naples. 

2.  MonSe  baccatiim.  A  necklace 
made  with  a  string  of  beads,  berries, 
or  stained  glass,  of  which  the  left- 
hand  figme  ill  the  preceding  woodcut 
affords  an  esample.  Vii^.  ^n.  \. 
654,  Lamprid.  AUx.  Sev.  41. 

3.  A  collar  or  necklace  placed  as 
an  ornament  round  the  throat  or  neck 
of  favourite  animals,  such  as  hojses 
(Virg.  ^-        ■■ 


the  annexed  example,  from  a  fictile 
vase,  shows  it  upon  a  horse,  having 
pendants  in  the  shape  of  s.  crescent 
depending  from  it,  which  explains 
the  monils  Imiatum  of  Statius,  Tkeb. 
ii.689. 

MONOB'OLON.  A  game  in 
which  varions  feats  of  leaping  were 
displayed  without  the  assistance  of  a 
leaping  pole,  Or  any  other  aid  to 
muscular  eiertion,  like  the  "  sauts 
perilleux''  of  the  French,  or  the 
"  mortal  leaps"  of  onr  itinerant  show- 
men. (Imp.  Justin.  Ced.  3.  43.  3.) 
The  example  is  after   an  engraved 


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432         MONOCHROMATA. 
gem  ;  and  though  the  word  il 


tratea  belongs  to  a  late   period,  the 
work  of  art  is  of  a  much  earlier  date. 

MONOCHRffMATA  (/lo  oxp-" 
jinrn),  PMiitings  tinted  with  a  s  ngle 
colour,  either  red  or  wh  te  for  n 
stance,  upon  a  dark  ground  as  f  e 
quently  seen  on  fictile  Tases  PI 
H.  N.  xxxiii.  39.  Id  \xxv  36  -, 

MONOGRAM-MOS  (j,ovo-,o  / 
/loj).  Literally,  drawn  in  ontlme 
like  the  earliest  attempts  at  paint  g 
which,  consisted  o  1}  of  ou  1  nes 
(Plin.  If.  M  XXX.  5  )  thence 
transferred  to  any  hing  vhich  has 
no  substance,  as  the  gods  (C  c  N  D 
li.  23.)  ;  or  a  wretched  y  attenua  ed 
person  (Lucii.  Sal.       17   Gerlach) 

MONOLFNUM  A  necUace 
formed  with  a  single  sts  ng  of  pearls 
Capitol.  Jtfaxim,  yun.  I.  Left  hand 
figure  s.  MOKILE,  I. 

MONOLITH'OS  (pDcoXiOoc) 
Formed  out  of  a  single  block  of  stone 
or  marble,  as  a  statue,  column,  or 
pillar.     Laberius   ap.  Non.  s.  Lenis 

544.     Ampel.   8.     Compare  Plm 
■   ?■§  13- 


H.N. 

MONOLO'RIS,'  EC  iiestis. 
rated   with  a  single   paragaada,    or 
band  of  gold  and  purple,  as  explained 
s.  PAR4GAUDA.     Aurel.  Vopsc.  46, 

MONOPOD'IUM.  A  word  coined 
from  the  Greek 
denote  a  table  su 
ported  upon  a  s 
gle   foot   and 


MONOXYLUS. 

language  with  the  same  meaniiig. 
The  illustration  represents  an  ori- 
ginal of  marble  (bnnd  at  Pompeii 

MONO P-T EROS  (/iov6jrrf poi). 
Literally,  with  only  one  wing ; 
whence  adopted  by  architects  to  de- 
signate a  circular  shrine  or  temple, 
consisting  of  an  open  colonnade 
supporting  .a  dome,  under  whidi  an 
altar  might  be  placed,  but  without 
any  cell  (ceHa,  Vitniv.  iv.  8.  I.),  as 
shown  by  the  annexed  example. 
Vitravius  dtes  a  temple  of  Bacchus 
at  Teos  as  a  spedmen  of  this  style 
(vil  Pr^f.  r3.)  ;  and  some  architects 


eci^    se  another 


iple  of  Serapis. 
MONOXTLUS  (po  oSi/Xot). 
terally  m  de  out  of  a  smgle  piec 


ood  appl  ed  adject  vely  to  any 
small  boat  scooped  o  t  of  a  solid 
trunk  such  as  the  /  ti  ohms,  sca- 
flmla  {?\u  H  A  vi  26 } ;  and, 
ab  olutely  as  the  name  of  a  small 
broal  1  ottomed   1  o-it    employed  by 


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MONUMENTUV 

the  Roman  soldiers  k   g 

over  unfordable  ri    rs  A 

number  of  these  w  si  ally 

ported   with    an    a  mj  p             ts 

(V^;et   Mil    m    7)  nd 

peatedly  represented  th       1  m 

of  Trajan  and  An  f          1 

latter  of  which  the  an  d    xa    pi 

MONUMENTUM   (,*'/'"» 
/leiov).     In  general        y  m     um 
record,  or  meraonal  d  1       p 

petuate  the   memory     f  p 
things,  such,  for  ins  ti 

a   building,    or   a       npl      p 
larly  one  on  which   h    n  m  I 

founder  is  insecihed.     Ck     B   C 
21,  Cic.  Verr.  i.  4.  Id  Dev     g  lb    i 

2.  Moaumeniiim  S^  b  o- 

lutely ;  a  monumct      oni  pi 

ckrt  erected  in  memory  of  a  decease! 
person  mcltding  both  those  in 
which  the  reniams  were  actually  de 
posited  {sepalcram  strictly)  and 
such  as  were  merely  erected  to  lecord 
the  memory  of  any  one  apart  ftom 
the  place  where  ns  remams  nee 
buned  (Flore  it  Dij,  II  7  42 
Fe  tus  s  I  Varro  Z  Z  vi  45 
Sulpic  fi/  Tie  Fam  iv  I2  Hor 
^/  1  S  13  Nepos  Zhon  10} 
These  monumeits  weie  not  allo\  ed 
within  the  city  walls  exceptiig  m  a 
few  solitary  instance;  granted  as  an 
especial  dtstmction  but  i^eie  usually 
constructed  by  the  sides  of  the  high 
roads  m  a  loi^  1  ne  of  magni 
ficent  elevations  foimmg  a,  striking 
-  -*'  suggestive  of  moral  and 
"*■■"=""     *"     every    passer 


by      The 


1    l]lU=itl 


MORA.  433 

1  s   of  Pompeii,   on  the   high 

d        Herculaneum,  and  will  con- 

y        dea  of  the  imposing  character 

h  1  he  approach  to  ancient  Rome 
mu  h  ve  possessed  from  the  Appian 
W  y  n  which  the  monuments  of  so 
many  f  her  illustrious  men,  both 
1  and  military,  once  stood.     The 

mai      and   ruins  of  these  are  still 

VI  bl     to   the   eye,  in  a  continuous 

Im    al    g  both  sides  of  the  deserted 

d    f  r  a  distance  of  four  or  five 

ml     f    m  the  dly. 

3  {-f  wpiffpara).  The  toys  or  to- 
L  ed  round  the  necks  of  infants 
wh  hey  were  exposed  as  found- 
li  g  o  I       hat  they  might  tie 

■m  d  by  any  members  of  their 
f  m  I  es  n  af  years,  if  they  hap- 
p      d    o     u       e  (Ter.  Eua.  iv.  6. 

5 )  me  ally  designated  by 
th    g  n  ral      m    Crepundia,  under 

I  h  a  n  e  full  desc  ption  and 
ilu     a     n       n   odoced 

MORA  (  uSuv  m-spv^)  A  pro- 
jecfmg  tooth  or  cross  b  r  oi  e  I 
s  de  of  a  nunting 
Eiear  below  the  1 
head  and  fited  to  m 
the  ferriile  or  | 
socket  into  which  ^^^ 
the  shaft  fits  % 
Sich  an  adjunct 
was  moie  particularly  employed  m 
boar  huntmg  and  its  object  was  to 
prevent  the  pomt  from  penefiatmg 
too  fai  which  would  bring  the  ani 
mal  into  close  contact  with  the 
huntsman  for  as  it  came  on  with 
enormous  Mcight  and  force  the  shaft 
of  the  spear  would  follow  the  point. 


the  hands  of  the  peison  who 
held  it  (Giat  Cyn^  no.  Xen. 
CyK^  I  3  and  16  PolluK.  v.  22.) 
The  last  cited  author  makes  a  dis- 
tinction between  the  bhuJiuv  and 
irripvX,  winch  is  'latisfactorily  ex- 
plai  led  by  the  two  etamples  an- 
nexe! both  representmg  spear-heads 
from  -Lucieit  monuments  (Alstorp. 
iii  Hisl  p  1 79  )  The  shaip  curved 
points  Ike  teeth  ari*  the  KviiSovTi^-, 


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434 


MORIONES. 


MUCIN lUM. 


the  straight  ones  with  widening  ends, 
like  wings,  the  jrripuyfc  ;  but  as  botli 
served  the  same  purpose  of  staying 
he  on  ard  course  of  the  Hnimal,  they 
a  e  included  by  the  Latin  writers 
under  he  one  general  iiame  of  mora, 
I  erally   a  delay  or  hindrance. 

The  cross-bar  which  guards  the 
1  a  die  of  a  sword,  and  prevents  the 


blade  from  penetrating  beyond  it,  as 
shown  by  the  annexed  ejcaraple  from 
the  sarcophagus  of  Alexander  Seve- 
iTis,  at  Rome.     Sil.  Ital.  i.  515. 

3.  A  fiat  cross  piece  of  wood  at  the 
bottom  of  a  spUnt  in  which  a  broken 
leg  is  confined,  for  the  purpose  of 
supporting  the  foot  and  keeping  the 
instrument  in  its  proper  place.  Celsus 
Yiii.  10.  5. 

MORIO'NES.  Defornud  idiots; 
who  were  purchased  as  slaves,  a.nd 
kept  in  the  great  Roman  ~ 

houses  for  the  purpose 
of  affording  amusement 
by  their  want  of  mental 
capacity,  coujohied,  as 
it  always  was,  with  phy- 
sical malconstruction 
(MarL  viii.  13.  Id.  xii. 
94.  ^\m.Ep.\K.  17.  I.), 
both  of  which  properties 
are  visibly  expressed  in 
the  annexed  figure  from 
a  small  bronze  statue,  in 
which  the  eyes  and  teeth 
are  insectei  of  silver,  and  wliich  ftdth- 
fuUy  illustrates  the  description  given 
by  Martial  (ri.  39.)  of  one  of  these 
creatures,  aciUo  capite,et  atiribm  longis, 
Qius  lie  1/uiv^niur,  lit  Solent  aseilorum. 

MORTA'RIUM  (BX/ioc).  A  mor- 
tar, in  which  ingredients  are  kneaded 
up  and  mixed   together  with,  a  small 

Etle  ( pistUlutii),  worked  by  one 
id  (V"iig.  Mora.  100,)  in  a  round- 
about direction  (3.  loz.  ii  manus  in 
gyritm ),  and  formed,  as  it  still  is,  of 
a  stone  or  other  solid  material,  hol- 


shape    of  a  shallow 


50.     7*. 


3  of  Roman 


Scrib.    Comp. 
ColumelL    xii. 
I.  Cato,  R.  R.  ii) 
The  illustration  re- 
presents an  original 

found  amongst  the  1  _  _ 

buildings  in  London.  Compare  PiLA. 
3.  The  hollow  basin  in  which 
olives  were  placed  in  the  braising- 
raachine,  called  a  trapelum,  to  h^ 
crushed  by  the  wheels  which  worked 
round  iL  (Cato,  R.  R.  xxii.  I.)  It 
will  be  observed  from  the  figure  on 
the  riglit  hand  of  the  annexed  wood- 
cut, representbg  an  original  trapaum 
found  at  Stabia  in  elevation  and  sec- 
tion, that  the  fnorlarium  (marked  I. 
I.  on  each  plan)  is  a  sort  of  basin 
with  sides  and  bottom  of  the  same 
hollow  curvilinear  form  as  the  com- 
mon mortar,  though  the  centre  of  it  is 
occupied  by  a  short  thick    column 


( miliarium,  2.  2.),  which  supports  the 
bruising-stones  (orbss,  3.  3.). 

3.  A  lai^e  basin,  or  receiver  of  si- 
milar form,  in  which  fine  cement  or 
stucco  was  kneaded  and  mixed.  Plin, 
H.  IV.  xxxvl  55.      Vitruv.  vii.  3.  10. 

4.  A  hollow  trench  dog  round  the 
roots  of  a  tree  to  collect  moisture 
(Pallad.  iv.  8.  i.);  a  meaning  which 
clearly  arises  from  the  resemblance 
which  the  trench  and  trunk  of  the 
tree  bear  to  the  morlariiiin  and  mili- 
arium  of  an  oil  mill,  as  shown  by  the 
section  in  the  preceeding  illustration. 

MUCI'NIUM  orMUCCrNIUM. 
(Amob.  ii.  5.)  A  pocket-handker- 
chief for  wiping  the  nose.     See  So-. 


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MtfCRO. 

MU'CRO,  The  point  of  any  in-- 
stromenl,  weapon,  or  other  artificial 
or  natural  object  which,  is  pointed, 
jagged,  or  sharply  acuminated  bu 
more  especially  the  point  i/fa  sword 
as  opposed  to  aispis,  the  pom  o  a 
spear.  Ov.  Met.  xii.  485.  Cic.  Fh 
xiv.  3.  Virg.  Lucan,  &c. 

MULC'TRA.      MULCTRAT-E 
and  MULC'TRUM    (d/ioXyjiJt)       A 
milk-pail,  for  milking  cows  and  g 
(Virg.   Eel.  iiL   30.     Georg.  iii.  177, 


,  49.} ;  and  in  which 
the  milTt  was  carried  while  cried 
through  the  town.  (Calpurn.  Ed.  iv. 
25.)  The  esample  is&om  the  Vatican 
Vii^iL 

MULI  MARIA  NI  C  Manus 
with  the  object  of  remedjing  the 
inconvenience  resulting 
from  the  immense  bag 
gage- train wh  ch  accom 
panied  an  army  on  its 
m3rch,inadeeichf.ol  her 
carry  his  own  lations 
for  a  certain  number  of 
days' provis  on  together 
wi  th  the  vessels  foi  dress 
ing  it,  and  h;s  personal 
ba^age,  on  the  top  of  a  pole 
his  back.  This  custom  wa 
quently  retained,  as  shown  by  the 
annexed  figure,  representing  one  of 
the  soldiers  in  Trajan's  army,  from 
the  column  of  that  emperor  ;  biit  when 
first  introduced,  the  practice,  being  a 
novelty,  gave  rise  to  the  joke  which 
attached  to  these  men  the  nickname 
of  "Marius'  mules,"  because  they 
carried  their  loads  like  beasts  of 
buvden,   on   their   backs.        Frontin. 


MULTICWS  435 

Strattg.  iv.  I.  7.    Festiis,  s.  v.  and  s. 

jErumnula. 

MU'LIO   (DpH>Ki;ioe).        A  person 

who  keep    mules  to  let  out  for  hire, 

o    fo    Mle  ;   a  muli-dealtr  and  job- 
nas  tr     Suet.  Vesfi.  4. 
2      17      myoc,   aff7po/3ijXarijc).     A 

muUtee     or  ntule-driver ;  without  re- 
n  e    o  whether  the  animals  were 

h     own  o  ■  not,  or  whether  he  drove 
h  m  a      coachman,  in  harness  (Suet. 

Nerv.  3a  Vesp.  23.);   or  on  foot,  as 

beasts  of  burden.     Id.  Vtt.  7. 
MULL'EOLUS  (Tertull. /-a//.  4. } 

Diminutive  of 

MULL'EUS.  A  half  boot  of  a 
reddish  or  plum  coloiu',  worn  by  the 
patricians  of  Rome  ;  not,  however,  by 
all  of  tliem,  but  only  those  who  had 
borne  the  carule  mi^stracy,  a  dic- 
tator, consul,  prretor,  censor,  or  cii- 
mle  aedile.  (Cato.  ap.  Fest.  s.  v. 
Vopisc.  Aard.  49.  Isidor.  Orig.  six. 
34.  10.)  Some  think  the  muUeus  was 
the  same  as  the  calceus pairidas{vioii<i.- 
eut  J.  w.  p.  gg.);  others,  that  it  re- 
sembled [he  cakeus  repanAis  or  unei- 
natm,  of  which  a  figure  is  given  on 
the  same  page,  No.  3. 

MULOMEDTCUS  (icri)i.(nrpi>!;). 
Strictly  3  veterinary  who  confines  his 
practice  to  tlie  diseases  of  mules,  as 
contiadiatinguished  from  equanus  mt- 
dicus,  a  horse  doctor  ;  but  the  word 
also  bears  a  more  extensive  signifi- 
cation for  a  cattle  doctor  generally. 
Vepet  Mulomed  Prsf.  i  and  iv. 

MULTIC'IUS,  MULTITIC^US, 
orMULTITIUS.  Used  to  designate 
some  particular  kind  of  fabric,,  either 
of  a  very  ingenious,  or  costly,  or  fine 
texture,  out  of  which  the  wearing 
appard  of  women,  and  men  of  luxu- 
rious or  effeminate  habits,  was  made. 
The  precise  meaning  of  the  word  is 
not  clearly  ascertidned.  Some  derive 
it  from  niallmn  and  icib,  and  inteipret 
it  to  mean  "closely  condensed  by 
the  batten  (radius,  spatha),  which  is 
contrary  to  the  character  of  trans- 
parency attributed  to  it ;  others  from 
mclUtie  (a  viulcendo),  in  allusion  to 
the  softness  of  its  texture  ;  and  others 


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436  MUNERARIUS. 

frcni  niH/lis  licit!,  i.e.,  which  is  made 
with  many  leashes  {liaa),  thus  indi- 
cating an  intricate  and  elaborate  pat- 
tern woven  up  in  the  fabric;  wliich 
seems  to  be  the  roost  rational  inter- 
pretation Juv.  ii.  66.  xi.  186.  Va- 
leiian  Aug.  in  Ep.  0/  Vopisc  Atird. 
13  Gloss   Philox. 

MUNERA'RIUS.  The  person 
who  gives  a  public  show  of  gladiatois 
Suet  Dem.  10.  Quint,  viii.  3.  34 

2  Muneraiius  libellus.  A  bill  of 
thisham,  or  list  announcing  the  names 
anddescripdonsof  the  gladiators  about 
to  be  e'diibited  at  a  public  show 
Trebell    Claad.  5. 

MURCUS.  A  nickname  given  to 
those  who  maimed  themselves  by 
LUtting  off  their  thumbs  in  order  to 
eacape  from  military  service.  (Am- 
mian  \v.  12.  5.)  This  appears  to 
have  been  not  an  uncommon  pi-actice 
(Aehan  V.  H.  ii.  9.  Suet.  A-ug.  24. 
27  Pint  Lysand.  Cod.  Theodos,  7. 
13.  4.  S.  and  10.)  ;  and  to  it  our 
Xttta  poUroon  owes  its  origin,  througli 
the  Italian  foltreae,  abbreviated  from 
pollice  trunca. 

MUREX.  A  kind  of  fish,  wiUi  a 
sharp-pointed  and  twisted  shell,  poet 
ically  given  to  the 
Tritons  foi  a  trum 
pet  (VaL  Flacc  UL 
726,},  as  m  the  an- 
neKed  eiKmi  pie  fi  om 
a  terra-eotta  lamp  , 
also  used  as  a  bottle 
for  holding  un 
giients  (Mart  ul 
S2.) ;  and  in  ornamenting  grottos 
(Ov.  Met.  vin  563,),  oi  whicll  exam 
pies  are  still  seen  111  the  gardens  of 
two  houses  at  Pompeu 

2.  In  a  secondaiy  sense,  any 
thing  which  has  a  rough  and  pnckly 
surface,  with  projecting  points,  lil.e 
the  end  of  the  murex  shell ,  as  a 
rock  or  stone  full  of  acuminated  pro- 
tuberances (Phn  H  N  TIM.  d  Virg 
^n.  T.  205 ) ,  a  box  or  case  set  with 
spikes  inside  (Gell  vi,  4  ) ,  and,  as 
some  think,  a  very  sharp  bit.  armed 
with  spites  (blat  AckUi  1   221   mu 


MURRHINA. 

rice/rtenai  aculo  Ddfhinas),  lilic  the 
lupalum,  or  the  bits  formerly  used  by 
the  Mamelukes  ;  but  as  the  passage 
of  Statius  has  reference  to  a  Triton 
and  his  dolphins,  the  more  poetical  , 
interpretation  would  be,  that  he 
checks  lieir  course  with  the  sound  of 
his  sharp  pointed  sliell  instead  of  a  bit. 
3  Murex  fen  ms  A  caltrop,  an 
mstrument  made  with  four  spiltes  of 


I    of    them    always 


stood  upright,  as  shown  by  the  an- 
nexed example  from  an  original.  It 
was  used  in  ancient  warfare  to  impede 
the  advance  of  cavalry  and  disable 
tlie  horses.     Val.    Max.    iii.    7.    2. 


Aimed  or  formed  with  sharp  projec- 
tions, like  the  point  of  the  murex. 
Tim    HN.  XX.  99.  AuBon.  £?>.  ix.  4. 

MURTLECULUS.  One  who 
follows  the  occupation  of  murex  fish- 
ing, the  juices  of  which  were  exten- 
sively used  by  the  ancients  for  making 
a  purple  dye.     Cod.  Justui.  II. 

MUK  RHINA,  MUR'RHEA,  and 
MYR  RHINA.  Jhrcel/mi  vases.  (Plin. 
^jVxxxvii.  7.  Prop.  iv.  5.26,  Juv. 
Ti  156  Lamprid.  Ehg.  32.)  Modem 
investigations  seem  to  have  placed  it 
almost  beyond  dispute  tliat  the  vmrrha 
of  the  ancients  was  a  fine  earth,  dug 
m  the  East,  out  of  which  vases  of 
different  kinds,  but  of  a  light  and  fra- 
gile substance,  were  made  ;  and  many 
fiagments  of  ancient  porcelain  have 
been  discovered  in  various  excava- 
tions, agreeing  remarkably  with  the 
description  of  Phny  {S.  N.  xxxvii,  8.), 
m  regard  to  the  variety  of  colours 
with  whicll  they  are  covered ;  though 


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in    other    respects    his   ide^   of   the 
matetial  which  composes  them  niaj 
be  said,  rather  to  veige         ^^ 
upon  the  truth,  than  to  J^ 

aSbrd   a    faitliiijl    ac       f 
count    of    the     actual      |->«T(jj 
substance.       But     the      liE'S 
well-attested   fact  that      I    ^S 
several  bottles  of  real       \,_y 
Chinese    porcelain  in-         *=3 
scribed  with  native  charactet-s,  have, 
been  found  in  the  tombs  of  Egypt 
(one  of  which  is  represented  in  the 
annexed  woodcut,   Irani  the  orjginal 
of   Salt's    collection   in   the    Bntish 
Museum),   distinctly  proves  that  ob 
jects  of  that  material  were  exported 
from  China  at  a  very  early  penod 
although  the  art  of  malting  it  may 
not    have   been  discoveied    by    the 
Romans  ;  and  this  ivouJd  account  for 
the  prodigious  value  set  upon  them 

MURUS  (rilxof).  Awall  of  stone 
or  brick,  built  as  a  defence  and  forti 
fication  round  a  town,  in  contiadis- 
tinction  tofiaries,  the  wall  of  a  house, 
or  any  other  edifice.  (Cic.  A''  D  m 
40.  Id.  Off.  i.  II.  Cces.  B.  G  w  12  ) 
Town  walls  were  ustially  constiiicted 
with  square  or  1  ound  towers  {furris) 
at  certam  intei\ala  a  foitified  gate 
{p>rta)  at  every  point  from  which 
-iny  of  the  great  roads  eminated  , 
sometimes  with  a  trench  {fossa)  on 
Hie  outside,  havmg  a  mound  (aggri) 
witlun  it,  upon  which  the  ramparts 
{lorica  p  /.pugnacula)  vieie  raised, 
surmounted  by  turrets  (/!«««)  to 
shield  the  defenders 

Muriis  crinalu  A  crann  01 
omanient  for  the  hair 
made  m  imitation  of 
the  walls  of  a  town 
with  Its  towen  ind 
fortifications  attri 

buted  by  poets  and 
artists  to  the  goddess 
<„ybele,  to  typify  the 
cities  of  the  eaith  over 
which  she  was  pre 
sumed  to  reign 


MUSEUM.  437 

MUSCA'RIUM.  [tiPri).  ^fly- 
flap  for  driving  away  flies,  or  -whisk 
for  dusting  anything  ;  made  of  the 
long  peacocks'  feathers  (Mart  xiv. 
67  ),  or  the  tuft  at  the  end  of  a  cow's 
tail  (Id  xiv.  71.)  j  whence  the  word 
is  also  used  for  a  horse's  tail.  Veg. 
Vet.  vi.  2.  2. 

2.  A  case  or  closet  in  which  papers, 
tablets,  &c.,  were  placed  to  preserve 
them  from  fly  stains  (Inscript.  ap. 
Romanelli,  Viagg.  a  PompA,  p.  168.) 
The  modem  Italians  retain  the  same 
elements  with  a  similar  meaning  in 
their  word  mosa^uola,  which  signi- 
fies a  cupboard  or  safe  where  eatables 

MUSCA'RIUS...   See  Clavds  4. 

MUS'CULUS.  A  contrivance 
employed  in  si^es  for  covering 
and  protecting  the  men  from  the 
enemy's  missiles  whilst  engaged  in 
throwmg  np  their  earth-works,  and 
making  their  approaches  to  tlie  walls. 
The  manner  in  which  it  was  con- 
structed is  detailed  at  length  hy 
Cfesar  (S.  C.  ii.  lo.)  and  Vegetius 
(Mtl  IV.  16.) ;  hut  no  representation 
of  the  object  itself,  except  conjectural 
ones,  e^sts  ;  amongst  these  the  one 
designed  hy  Guischard  [Menioiris 
Mibt  tom.  ii.  p.  5B.  tab.  2.),  affords 
a  good  practit^  illustration  to  the 
text  of  Ciesar. 

2  A  small  sailing  vessel  of  ex- 
tremely short  dimensions  between  stem 
■md  stern  (Isidor,  Orig.  xis.  I.  14. 
Not  Tir.  p.  178.);  the  characteristic 
build  as  well  as  the  name  of  which  is 
retamed  by  the  Venetians,  who  still 
use  the  name  of  tofo,  tkt  mouse,  to 
distinguish  a  particular  kind  of  small 
cnft  imongst  the  many  different 
ones  which  trade  in  their  waters. 

MUSE'UM  and  MUSTOM  (Mou- 
17(101 )  Oiiginally  signified  a  temple, 
seat,  or  haunt  of  the  Muses ;  thence 
an  establishment  instituted  by  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus,  at  Alexandria,  for  the 
promotion  of  learning  and  the  support 
of  hteraiy  and  scientific  persons  who 
hvel  there  at  the  publicexpensefSuet. 
(     3.d  42.  fipart,  J%rfr,  20.):  and"-- 


,y  Google 


mSlVARIUS. 


%  gro  tc 


L  their  villas 


ajoy 


ntellectu^I 
HN  XXVI    4J.    Varro,  E.R.  iii.  5. 
9     Con  pare  Cia  Leg.  iL  I. 

MUblVA'RIUS.  An  artist  who 
made  mosaic  work,  the  epus  imaivtim, 
as  explained  under  tlie  following  word: 
MUSI'VUM  (ftavnUov).  The  ori- 
ginal from  which  our  term  -imisaic  is 
derived ;  but  the  ancients  employed 
the  word  in  a  somewhat  more  re- 
stricted sense  than  we  attach  to  our 
term.  Amongst  them  mnskniin  means 
a  mosaic  formed  with  small  pieces  of 
coloured  glass  or  composition  m 
enamel,  as  opposed  to  lilhoslrotum, 
which  was  made  of  natural  stones  or 
different  coloiired  marbles.  Mosmcs 
of  this  description  were  Bot  originally 
used  for  pavements,  but  oniyui  ceiUngs 
(Piin.  H.  M  xxxW,  4.  Inscript.  ap. 
Furnaletti  de  Musra.  cap.  1.  p.  2.), 
because  at  first  it  was  feared  that  the 
material  was  not  of  sufiicient  dura- 
bility to  bear  tlie-  wear  and  tear  of 
footsteps ;  but  when  this  was  dis 
covered  to  be  a  gioundless  alarm,  the 
same  materials  were-  employed  m  the 
construction  of  ornamental  pavements 
(Augustin-Cn/  D  3.vl  8),eithera!one, 
or  with  the  admixture  of  real  stones, 
which  enabled  the  artist  to  make  his 
work  more  perfect  and  his  tmts  moie 
varied  and  more  true ,  in  short,  to 
imitate  a,  picture  with  considerable 
precision  in  all  its  colours,  forms,  and 
varieties ;  whence  this  style  of  the 
art  obtained  the  name  of  mosaic 
painting— /i/wm  de  muHvo  —  and 
became  the  most  perfect  amongst  the 
different  processes  employed  for  w 
of  this  nature,  each  of  which  h 
characteristic  name  of  its  ti 
which  will  be  found  in  the  list  o  tl 
Classed  Index.  Pliii.  H.N.  ti 
64.  Spait.  Pesc.  6.  Visconti.  A 
Ho-Clnn.  vii.  p.  236, 

MUSTA'CEUM,   A.  wedding- 
distributed  to  the  friends  of  the  b  d 
and  bridegroom  when  they  !ef 
marriage  feast.     (Jhv.   vi.    203. 


MUTULUS. 

was  made  of  flour  kneaded  witli  new 
wine  or  must,  cheese,  and  aniseed, 
and  baked  upon  bay  leaves.     Calo, 

'm'uSt'uM  (rpij),  MmI;  i.  e. 
new  wine  not  yet  fermented  and 
racked  off  from  the  lees.  Cato.Colu- 
mell.,  &c. 

MUTATIffNES.  Fasting-houses. 
at  which  relays  of  horses  were  kept 
along  the  high  roads  for  the  service 
of  the  state,  and  the  accommodation 
of  travellers.  The  postmaster  of  tlie 
smallest  mutoHo  was  compelled  to 
keep  as  many  as  twenty  horses ;  of 
the  ai^est,  not  less  than  forty.  Impp. 
Arcad.  et  Honor.  Cod.  Theodos.  8,  5. 
53.  Cod.  Just.  12.  51.  15.  Com- 
pare Ammian.  xi.  9.  4.,  where  the 
word  is  used  for  a  relay  or  change  of 

MUTA'TOE,  sc.  egum-um.  (Val. 
Flacc.  vL  161.)  A  poetical  expres- 
aon  tor  Desui.TOR,  wliich  see. 

MUrULUS  In  a  genenl  sense, 
any  projection  of 

atone    or    w  ood,  1—  —  ==.-.j---^ 

like  the  end  of  "' 

small     beam     ( 

rafter,       standing 

out    beyond    the 

surface  of  a       " 

(Cato,  S  R 

g  3   Varro,  £  R 

UL  5    13      Serv 

ad  Virg    ^K   I 

740  ) ,        whence' 

specially  a  tnuiuie 

in      architecture ; 

J.  s.  an  ornament  properly  character 

istic  of  the  Doric  order,  consisfmg  of 

a  S'juare  projecting  member,  arranged 

m   rv  e   tnglyphs  and 

pe      und         h       corona,     and 

ded  p  esent    m    the  ex 

h     end  of  a  pun 

p  -H  j)  in  the  timber 

k  see  woodcut   j 

M     ERJ  consequently  it 

IS     ecess  p       ds    towards    the 

na,   m    order  to 

I      5S  la    iDg  pcJition  of  the 

f         as     h    ra    by    the    angular 


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MYOPARO. 


!  3  ads 
2  In  the  Corinth  an  order  tl  ese 
membe  -s  are  now  style  1  modxIUo  s 
and  are  made  of  a  more  elabomte 
character  resembling  ornamental 
brackets  but  m  many  Roman  and 
moder    eleva  in    tleroki.:iIpr 


pose  of  representing  the  ends  of  the 
principal  rafters  of  the  roof  {canieyU) 
IS  destroyed  by  the  cnstom  of  insert- 
ing a  row  of  dentils  {detiiiculi),  which 
represent  tlie  ends  of  the  common 
rafters  {assies  and  woodcut  s,  Ma- 
TERIATIO,  hh.),  belew  them  ;  a  prac- 
tice always  censured  and  avoided 
■  the  Greeks.  (Vitniv.  iv.  2.  5.) 
lustration  represents  a  portii 


X 


of  the  portico  in  front  of  the  Pantheon 
at  Rome,  and  shows  (lie  order  in  its 
pure  state,  having  raodillions  without 
the  objectionable  introduction  of  den- 
tils underneath. 

MVOP'ARO,  Diminutive  of 
PARa  A  small  piratical  craft  em- 
ployed hy  the  Saxon  corsairs,  made 
of  wiclter-work,  covered  with  raw 
hides  (Isidor.  Orig.  xix.  I.  21.),  and 
remarkable  for  its  swift  sailing.  (Cic. 
Fragm.  and  Sallust.  ap.  Non.  s.  v. 
p.  534.  Scheffer.  Mil.  Nov.  ii.  p.  72. 
Savaro  ad  Sidon.  Ep.  vui.  6. 

MYROPO'LA  (fiupojTciXi,?).  A 
Gts^  perfumer  or  dealer  in  unguents 
and   perfumes.      Plant.  Cas.  ii.  3.  to. 


MYROPO'LILM  TT  \ 

A   Greek   perfume  s    hop  a 

Plant.  Ep.\\.  2.  17 

MYSTA  or  MYITES  (pve  c) 
Properly  2  Greek    e  n    designa  mg 

or  mysteries  of  ce    a        o  sh  p       O 
Fast.  iv.  536. 

MYSTAGO'&Ufi  {/.uornritroe, 
jrcpniyjiTr)c).  A  guide  or  cicerone, 
who  conducts  strangers  over  places 
unknown  to  them,  and  points  out  the 
objects  most  worthy  of  observation, 
especially  at  the  temples.  Cic.  Verr. 
ii.  4-  59- 

MYSTRUM  duuffT-poi-).  A  liquid 
measure  of  the  Greeks,  containing 
the  fourth  part  of  3.0'athas.  Rhemn. 
Fan.  77. 

MVX'A    or   M'^X'US    (/juJo, 

word  borrowed    k  \\ 

from  the  Greek  ^ ^  ^ 

signifying    lite-  ^^^^^ip:  -L^a» 

discharged  from  the  nostrils ;  whent^ 
it  is  applied  in  both  languages  to  de> 
signate  the  nozde  of  an  oil  lamp 
through  whicli  the  wick  protrudes ; 
as  shown  on  the  left  side  of  the  an- 
nexed example.     Mart.  xiv.  41. 

N 

NAFLIA  and  NAT.  LIA  (  o/3Xa 


0)    Am 


of  Phtenician  on„  n  accord  ng 
to  Athenieus  (iv.  77  and  do  btless 
the  same  as  the  Heb  e  v  n«  /  so 
often  mentioned 
in      the      Psalms 

to      the      Greel  s    / 

and   Romans.      It  '   \ 

was  a  stringed  in 

Btrument,      having 

ten  cords    accord 

ing      to      Sopater 

(Athen.  /.  c),  or    welvc        0  J  "fe  t 

Josephus  (Anliq.   vu    10  )      vas  of  a 

square  form  (Schilte  ad  Kircher,  Mii- 

surg.  ii.  p.  49.),  and  was  played  with 


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44°  NAN!. 

Loth  hands  without  t^e pledrttni,  iDtit 
in    the    SB.me    manner    as   a   harp. 
(Joseph  I.  c.      Ov.  A.   Am.  iii.  327. 
duflici  gemalia  tsaulia  paltaa  vfrrire. 
Ctesius  in  AsterUmo  Lyrm  p.   1S9.) 
Ovid  mentions  it  as  a.n  insUumeut  of 
the  same  class  as  the  lyra  and  ciihara, 
hat  distinct  from  both  ;   particularly 
adapted  for  use  in  sodal  life  and  fes- 
tive occasions,  and  the  study  of  which 
he  recommends  to  all  yocng  females 
who  wish  to  gain  admirers  and  culti- 
■yate  the  art  of  pleasii^.     AE  these 
particulars  agree  so  well  with  the  in- 
strument   and    figure    exhibited    by 
the    illustration,  from    a    Pomp 
painting,    as   to  make   it   extre 
probable  that  it  was  intentled  t 
present  the  nenel,  while  at  the 
time  they  are  scarcely  reconcile, 
with  the  statement  of  Atheujeus 
that  the  instrument  m  question  i 
hydraulic  organ 

NA'NI  (vavtoi  and  ravai)  Pg 
mies  or  dwarfs,  beings  of  diminntn  e 
stature,  kept  for  ostentation,  and  as 
rarities  amongst  the  number  of  state 
slaves  (SueL  7W  61  ),  both  miles 
and  females,  nana  (Lampiid  Alti 
Sev.    34.)       They   vcre    neither    dis 


torted 

ciUty,    lilce 

were  taught 

plishments  (Vi 

illustration   is   from  a  small 

probably  executed  as  a  portrait. 

NARTHE'CIUM  (^apftiuuv,  vrip- 
0j]£).  A  smal!  case  for  keeping 
unguents   and  medicines    (Cic,   Mn. 


NA  TA  TIO. 

ii.  7.  Mart.  iv.  78.)  ;  made  in  a 
cylindrical  form,  like  a  joint  of  the 
fennel  giant  fyipSifi),  which  ^sg 
may  itself  have  been  used  for  ^^ 
the  purpose,  but  doubtless  B 
suggested  the  name,  and  an-  V 
tliorised  the  application  of  it  n 
to  an  object  of  corresponding  I 
form,  though  made  of  other  R 
materials  ;  as  the  annexed  ex-  ■ 
ample,  from  an  original-  of  ■^^S 
ivory  found  at  Pompeii. 

NASITER'NA.    A  vessel  which 

appears  to  have  been  very  si 

use  and  character  to  our  lunte 

mpl      d  b     h  ents  for  watering 

nee  gardens  and  vine- 

d  nng  the  ground  to  lay 

h    d       b  h  use,  and  similar 

p    po  F    tu        -D.  Cato,  R.  R. 

F  S    h      .   ■^.  28.)     It  is 

m   d       m      His  a  nose  or  spout, 
igm  ve    termmation, 

lite  ttrn  m  is  a,  thus  meaning 
a  vessel  witli  a  very  long  spout,  and 
not  with  tirei  spouts  or  three  Imndles, 
as  some  have  imagined 

NASSA  (sijfiic,  tvpm)  A  -ue! 
or  basket  for  snaring  hsh,  mide  of 
vLLcker   woili-   with    a    wide    funnel 


thuat    c. 

in  such  a  mannei  thit  the  fish  could 
entei  it  but  not  get  out  agam  Fes 
tus  f  V  Oppiaa  Hal  ui.  Sj  and 
341  SiL  Ita!  y  48,  where  the  form 
ind  minnei  of  making  it  is  deacnbe  i 
at  length,  corresponding  exactly 
with  the  annexed  figure,  composed 
from  two  Roman  mosaics,  in  both  of 
which  it  is  represented  as  lying  half- 
buried  amongst  sedges  in  a  siiaDow 
piece  of  water. 

NASSITER'NA.  SeeNASlTERMA. 

NATATIO.  A  sTt/immmg'iai/i 
both  in  the  open  air  and  under  cover 
(Celsus,  iii.  27.  I.  Crel,  Aurel.  Tnr/i. 
i.   I.)  ;  consequently  of  a  higher  tern- 


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NAUCLERUS. 

perature  and  of  larger  diinciisions 
than  the  plunging-bath,  bapttsleiium. 
NAUCLE'RUS  {vaiK\r,poQ).  A 
Greek  ship-owner,  who  gained  Wg 
snbsistence  by  carrying  freights  of 
merdiandize  and  passengers  from, 
place  to  place,  himself  generally  act- 
ing as  the  skipper  or  captain  of  his 
own  vessel.  Isidor.  One-  xix.  I.  3. 
Plant.  MU.  iv.  3,  16.  iv.  6.  68.    Xen. 

NAU'CULA  ;  for  Navicula. 

NAUXIA.     See  Nablia. 

NAU'LUM  (vaSKov).  The  price 
paid  for  a  freight  of  goods  or  for  a 
passage  in  a  Slip.  Juv.  viii.  97. 
Panl.  Dig.  30.  39.  I.  UIp.  Dig.  so. 
4.  6. 

NAUMACH'IA  (vav^axia).  A 
naval  engagement ;  but  in  Latin  usu- 
ally applied  to  the  lepresentajfon  of  a 
sea  fight,  exhibiti-d  as  an  entertain 
ment  to  the  people  of  Rome,  in  an 
artificial  piece  of  witei  made  for  the 
purpose  Suet  thud  zi  Jul  44 
Mro    12 

2  An  edifice  constructed  foi  the 
exhibi  ion  of  sham  tights,  m  imitation 
of  naval  engagements  (Suet  Tib  72 
7it  7)  of  nhich  there  weie  several 
in  the  city  of  Rome  consisting  of  a 
large  basin  of  water,  surrounded  by 


i^^^^lLi!>-^ 


an  architectural  elevation,  coi 
seals  fur  the  spectatoia  simili 
posed  to  those  in  the  Circus 
phithealre  ;  as  shown  by  the  : 


441 

example  from  a  silver  medal  of  Ihe 
Emperor  Domitian. 

NAUPE'GUS  (vouTnjydc).  Aj/«>- 
wright.     Pandect 

NAVA'LE  (pfiiv,  viiUpwv  i,\-:if, 
Herod,  ii.  159.)  A  dock  and  d(Kk- 
yatd  in  which  ships  were  built,  re- 
paired, and  laid  up  in  ordinary,  with 
all  the  gear  and  tackle  belonging  to 
them.  Virg.  ^tt.  iv.  593-  Liv.  viiL 
14.  il.  51.     Vitruv.  li 


,0. 


harbour  for  ships  on  the  ci 


Her, 


NAVAR'CHUS(i.ofiapxoc).  A 
naval  caf  tain  who  commanded  a  single 
vessel  in  a  squadron.  (Veg.  Mil.  v. 
2.  Cic  Verr.  ii.  5-  7,^-)  ^M  '^^ 
Greeks  gave  the  same  title  also  to  the 
Spartan   admiraUn-eMef.      Thucyd, 


Sett  L  . 

2  Capita  rmt  iiaiiia.  An  expres- 
sion used  by  the  Roman  boys  when 
tossing  up,  corresponding  with  our 
'  heads  or  tails,"  instead  of  which 
tliey  cned  "heads  or  vessel,"  because 
the  oldest  coins,  the  As  and  Semissis, 
had  the  head  of  Janus  for  a  device 
on  one  side,  and  the  prow  of  a  ship 


n  the  reverse,  as  shown  by  the 
innexed  example,  representing  an 
riginal  half  ai,  Macrob.  Sat  i.  7. 
3  A  shallow  trongh,  excavated 
frcm  a  angle  trunk  of  wood,  like  a 
boat,  especially  employed  at  the  vint- 
age     Festus,  I.  V. 

NAVICEL'LAandNAVIC'ULA. 
Diminutives  of  Navis. 

NAVICULA'RIUS.  A  Roman 
shipowner,  who  made  an  income  by 
transporting  goods  and  passengers 
from  place  to  place  ui  a  vessel  of 
whicli  he  was  the  owner  and  master  ; 


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442  NAVICULATOR. 

corresponding  with  the  Greek  najtcls- 
rus.  Cic.  Fam.  svi.  g.  Id.  Vcrr.  ii. 
2.  55-   Tac.  Ann.  xii.  SJ. 

NAVICULATOR.  (Cic  ManU. 
5.)     Same  as  last. 

NAVIGIOLUM.     Diminutive  of 

NAVIG'IUM  ()r?.o(o«).  A  general 
term  for  any  kind  of  vessel  con- 
structed for  sailing  or  rowing.  Cic, 
Virg.  &c. 

NAVIS  (voBc).  KsHfi;  as  a 
general  term  including  all  kinds 
whether  worked  by  oars  or  sails  but 
mj&tly  applied  to  vessels  of  the 
]a  ger  cla=s  w  tli  an  epithet  added  to 
d  SLnrainate  the  particular  ku  d  in 
tended    as, 

irKoiOv  fopnicov)  A  ship  of  burden 
employed  as  a  itnrc  sAi/  111  attendance 
on  a  fleet  or  as  a  ?  if  ^Aani  vissd  for 
the  transport  of  goods,  merchandize, 
or  any  k  nd  of  freight  It  ivas  of  a 
heavy  bmld  »ilh  a  round  hull  and 
generally  «hole  decked  but  had  not 
an  armed  beak  {mstmiti)  and  was 
always  woiked  as  a  sazling  vessel 
1  ithout  oats  or  sweeps  ^  wh  ch 
pi  ticuiirs  are  exhib  ted  in  the  an 
nLxed    e  imple     representing      the 


ve  sel  tf      1      X  "       'J'  ^\  ip 

owner  f  om  i  acpulch  -il  □lonumcnt 
Liv  Kxu  II  xtt  24  Nep  Tiem 
2   Non  r  ^  p  536 

2  litems  actuarm  {nrbainroQ)  A 
vessel,  worked  with  sweeps  as 
well  as  Balls ,  not  mtended  to  be 
brought  into  action  but  employed  m 
T.  fleet  for  all  purposes  requiring  ex 
]  pdition  for  keepmg  a  look  out  as 
a  1  T,cket  boat    trii=po  t    and  also  hy 


pirates.     (Non.  s.  -u.  Gi 
Liv.  Tja.  28.  xxv.  30.) 
fitted  with  less   than  t 


3  Nmits  langa  (vavq  /latpa)  A 
long  sharp-keded  ship  or  gaJliy 
propelled  by  a  single  bank  of  oar's 
and  forming  an  intermediate  class 
between  the  naais  aclairia  and  those 
which  had  more  than  one  bank  such 
as  the  btrimu  traenits  %.<:  (L  v 
xxx  24  )  These  vessels  were  equip- 
ped with  as  many  as  fifty  oars  (He 
rod    VI    138)     and  the  anne\ed  et 


cli  IS  copied  from  a  m 
]  neir  Poszuoh,  has  forty 
eight  twenty  four  ou  a  side  the 
exact  number  earned  by  the  Medi 
terrajiean  galleys  of  the  middle  ages, 
(Tal  Archiologe  Nrsalc  tom  i.  p 
25 )    The  same  word  is  also  used  in 

general  includmg  Chose  whiJi  had 
several  banks  of  oars  because  1 1 
real  tj  they  were  all  laid  down  upoi 
the  long  pi  nciple  with  a  sharp  keel 
and  lengthened  1  ue  from  s,tem  t 
stem  instead  of  the  short  round  bot 
toma  adopted  for  the  eommeitial 
iianne  ani  jome  p  rat  cal  \es  ds, 


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{laus  KaToi^pnuTi]  A  nit ferf  vessel 
IS  opposed  to  one  which  is  open  or 
half  decked  (Liv  xxs  lo  xxj.vi 
43  Hilt  B  Ala.  ll  Tac  Ann  u 
6 )  The  fiiit  woodcut  shows  a 
decked  vessel  of  the  eommercia! 
morme ,  the  one  follovi  mg,  of  the 
navy  propei 

5  Nimv,  apata  {a^pwirov)  An 
open  vessel,  without  any  deck,  or 
only  half  decked.  (Liv  xxii  rg 
xxxvi  43  )     See  the  example,  No   3 

5  Nwais  turrita  A  wii  galley, 
with  a  tower  erected  on  its  deck, 
from  winch  the  combitants  discharged 
then  missiles  as  from  the  walls  of  a 


fortress  {Virg  vS«  viu  693 
IBS,  IV  II  5),  said  oha  ebeeont 
introduced  1^  A^nppa  (Serv  1 
Vii^  ;  c )  The  illus  ation  f  o 
a  bas-relief,  published  by  Mo    fau  o 

NAXA.  The  ading  f  ti 
editiDns  of  Cicero  (j4  xy  o  f 
Nassa  ;  which  see. 

NEB'RIS  {vpp  \  fav 
sHk;  worn  as  an  a  cle  o  d  ess  ! 
persons  addicted  to  he  ha  St 
ad  Virg.   Georg.  iv    342  ) 


NBO.  443 

foUowerb,  by  whom  it  is  usually  put 
on  as  an  exomis.  (Stat.  Tkeb.  ii.  664. 
AchiU  1  609.)  The  illustration,  from 
a  Greek  bas-relief,  repiesents  a  Faun 
attending  npon  Bacchus,  with  tlie 
■nebra  in  his  hands  ;  and  the  wood- 
Lnt  s  SlMPULUM  shows  it  upon  the 
peraon  of  a  priestess  engaged  m  malt- 
ing a  libation. 
NEO  (vi^,  v-^ew,  kX^Bu,).  To 
twist  a  number  of  separate 

of  spinning 
afforded  universal  occupation  to  the 
w  omen  of  ancient  Greece  and  Italy, 
as  It  does  to  the  modern  population 
of  Hie  same  countries,  in  which  eveiy 
peasant  woman  spins  her  own  thread, 
with  the  same  simple  machinery  as 
[oyed  by  the  females  of  the 
the  distaiff'  /us)  a  d 
■  The  am  X  d  Uu 
ng  H  e  w  h 
he  dis  aif  and  sp   d     of  On    ha  e 


s  of  wool  c 


i  'SZ . 


of  the  sp  n  by  un  g  he  en  of 
thestick through  t]xegicdle(cii!gjiltim), 
instead  of  which  the  modem  women 
use  their  apron  strings.  A  number  of 
fibres  {itamiHn)  are  then  drawn 
down  from  the  top  with  the  left 
hand  {^Kcri  lanaM.  Ov.  Met.  iv. 
34.),  and  fastened  to  the  spindle, 
which  is  then  set  twirling  with  the 
thumb  and  finger,  as  boys  spin  a  tee- 
totum (slamina  nere.  Ov.  Fast.  ii. 
771.  polHce  versare.  Met.  iv.  34.  ver- 
'  \llice  /itsam.  Mst.  vi.  aa.  Com- 
■bull.  ii.  I.  64.)  The  rotatory 
motion  of  the  spindle,  as  it  hangs 
suspended  (wood- cut,  p.  IQZ.),  twists 


sare  palU, 
pare  Tibu 


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444 


NKocoaas. 


these   fibres   info    a    thread  (fdum), 
which  is  constantly  fed  from  above 
by  drawing  out  more  iibres  from  the 
distaff  as   the  twist  tightens  {duceie 
staiaiita   va-mto  /iuB.    Ov.    Ma.  iv. 
221.).     When  the  lengtli  of  the  thread 
lias  grown  so  long    that  the  spindle 
nearly  toudies  the  ground,  th 
tion   made   is  t^ken   up   and 
round  the  spindle,  ond  the  sam 
cess   is   again    resumed,   until 
lengllis  are  twisted,  and  the  s 
is  entirely    covered   with  Ihre 


tliread    is    broken 

from   tlie 

[rumpei-i  suprmias 

•lias.     Val. 

into  a  ba      f& 

eady 

Compare     C    ol 

ti       32 

where    the     p      ti 

detail. 

NEO'CORUS 

Greek    tern 

p  ndi  g 

Latin 


h    h 


cliarge  of  a  temple,  and  the 
contained  in  it ;  and   whose       ty 
was  to  attend   to  the  sweeping 
cleaning   of  the   same.      Hen        h 
inhabitants  of  the  Greek  town     fl 
styled  themselves  the  neocoH  o    li 
patron   divinity  ;  and  in  later      m 
as  a  piece  of  refined  flattery, 
Roman  Emperor  ;  therelay  int         g 
to  express  devodon  and  piety  t 
the  sovereign,  and  at  the  sam 
insinuate  kis   divinity.     Finn  M 
3.  7.  n.  9.    Inscriptions  on  coi     an 

NEli'VIA.  (Varro,  n/.  Non.  j-.  i/. 
p.  215.)     Same  as  Nervtjs,  I. 

NER'VUS  {viBfioi').  The  string 
of  a  musical  instrument.  Cic  Or. 
ill.  57. 

3.  A  bow-string.  Virg.  ^S/i.  x. 
131.  ix.  622. 

3.  A  raw  bide,  with  which  shields 
were  covered.     Tac.  Ann.  ii.  14.  Si!. 

4.'  (ivXoikSn.   Gloss.    Philox.)     A 
contrivance  for  confining  slaves  and 
Iminals  ;   which   appears   to  have 
considerable    resemblance    to 
slixkt,  being  made  of  wood  or  uf 


liad 


NEUROBA  TA. 

iron,  with  holes  throngli  whidi  the 
feet  were  inserted,  and  fastened  witli 
thongs.  (FestuB,  s.  v.  Plant.  As.  iii. 
2.  S.  XII.  Leg.  ap.  Cell.  kx.  I.) 
Hence  frequently  used  for  Career. 

NESSOTROPHI'UM   {rj,<woTpo- 

0(011'),    A  duck-yard,  where  ducks 

ea  ed  and  kept ;   comprising 

th    principal  dependencies  of 

vUla  or  farm     It  was  en- 

sed         a  wali  fifteen  feet  high, 

nl      covered  with,  cement  of  a 

fi  ty,   which  was  hJgHy  po- 

prevent   eats   and  vermin 

ra      mbing  up  it,  and  surmounted 

rong  trellis,  from  the  top  of 

h        net  was  spread  over  the 

losure,  in  order  to  protect 

m   es  from  birds  of  prey,  and, 

th    same  time,  prevent  them  from 

fly  ng       ay.     Tlie  centre  of  the  en- 

1  as  occupied  hy  a  pool  of 

h  ving  an  island  planted  with 

hmbs  in   the  middle ;  and 

es  of  the  pool  laid  down  in 

Trass  depth  of  twenty  feet  from 

m   gin  of  the  water.    Beyond 

against   the  outer  wall  the 

es  llie  birds  were  ranged,  each 

ng  a  foot  square,  formed  of 

d  having  some  plants  of  box 

myr  le  between  it  and  its  neigh- 

\long  the  front  of  the  nests 

a  narrow  trough  or  gutter 

he  ground,  through  which  a 

tream  of  water  was  directed, 

his    the    food    was   mixed. 

R.  R.  iii.  10.  Cohimell.  viii. 

15.)     It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that 

every  duck-yard  was  formed  upon  so 

extensive  and  perfect  a  plan  ;  but  the 

above    description,   from    Cato   and 

Columella,  supplies  a  notion  of  the 

care    and    expense    bestowed    upon 

these    birds    by  lai^    formers    and 

wealthy  coitn  try  gentlemen, 

NEUROB'A'SV  (r'Hipo)3riTij, }. 

One  who  danced  upon  a  very  fine  but 
strong  cord  made  of  gut,  so  that  he 
would  appear  to  the  spectators  at  a 
little  distance  to  tread  upon  nothing 
hut  tlie  air  ;  whereas  the  regular  rope 
dancer   (fiiimmbuhts)    performed    his 


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^EUHOSPASTOi^ 

exploits  upon  a  stout  rope  easily  dis- 
cernible, and,  consequently,  liis  avt 
was  inferior  in  point  of  skill  and  of 
the  illusion  produced.  Vopisc.  Ca- 
}in.  19.  Firm.  Math.  8.  17. 

NEUROSPAS'TON  {vivpiavair- 
Toe).  A  pujipet,  or  marionOti  (Aul, 
Gel.  jdv.  !,  9.),  having  the  different 
limbs  attached  by  wiies,  so  that  they 
conld  be  put  in  motion  impe  ceptibly 
by  a  thread  (Hor.  Sat.  iL  7  82)  as 
is  still  a  common  practice  These 
dancing  dolls  (which  were  veiv  com 
mon  amongst  the  Greeksjwere  i  sually 
exhibited  at  tlidr  shows,  and  -ippear 
to  have  been  brought  to  great  peifec 
tion ;  for  Aristotle  (de  Mund  cap 
6.),  paraphrased  by  Apulems  (i/i 
Muiia.  p.  741.)  speaks  of  some  which 
moved  their  limbs,  hands,  head  and 
eyea  in  a  very  natural  manner 

NICETERIUM  ( 


^eof 


■    d    f     I 


like  axe_pA  I 

b    ^ea               k 

(Juv.iii  68) 

as  h 

m  d         d     h 

crosses      d 

band. 

b       h    w    d 

properly   G 

k 

d   has      f 

more  par 

1    ') 

I              ms     f 

thatna     n. 

NIMBUS 

d    ary    ign 

fication 

ppl 

gloo   y       d 

troubled  w 

h 

d    k      d         my 

cloud,  a  shonerof 

lam,  whence  It  IS 

any  Ihing  which 

spreads  itself  like  a!  cloud,  especially 
the  light  fleecy  vapoui-  which  poets 

assign    to 

flieir 

gods    when    they 

nimli  round  Christian  saints,  and  the 
annexed  example,  representing  Iris, 
in  the  Vatican  Virgil,  (Virg.  jSn. 
X.  634.    Id.iL6i5.y 

a.  But  as  an  accessory  of  this  ex- 
wonld  be  generally  embanassing 


the   conduct 
a     picture, 


representing  the 

a    conventional 

cu-cle    of   light 

th  ov  n  onlj   round  the  head    as  in 

the  1  mexed  example   from  a  paint 

ing  of  Pompeu     The  later  writers  de 

gn     d  this  circle  by  the  same  term 

(S  rv  ad  Vug   Mn  11.  615   11    585 

I   d       Ong    XXIX    31    s ) ,    and  it 

f         d  the  original  of  the  glo  y  01 

esl    round   the   heads    of   Chris- 

samts.      Most    writers   ascribe 

use  of  the  nitnlms  and  glory,  as 

plained,  to  the  Greek  fiij^ioicoe, 

h    h  was  a   circular  disk    of  metal 

pi       1  horizontally  over  the  head  of 

e  in  the  open  air,  to  protect  it 

f    m    the    weather     and    bird- stains 

(A        ph.  Av.    1114.);  an  object  of 

undoubted  utility  in  actual  use,  but 

scarcely  appropriate,  considering  IJie 

association  of  ideas   connected  with 

it,  to  be  adopted  as  an  ornament  for  a 

3.  A  linen  band,  ornamented  iMth 
gold  embroidery,  and  «om  bj  fe 
males  across  the 
forehead  (Isi- 
dor.  Orig  ii* 
31.  a.  Amob 
ii.  72.  Compare 
Plant.    Po'n      1 

der  to'  contract 
its   siee    which    r 

juvenile    appe-innce    (compan 
Sat.jzd   15   tioiismzmii  i\zs: 


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446  NIVARTUS. 

of  beauty  ;  for  a  lilgh  forehead  is 
the  attribute  of  age,  which  bares  the 
temples,  not  of  youth. 

4.  Nimbus  vUreus.  A  vessel  of 
glass,  supposed  to  be  used  for  cooHng 
wine ;  aud  so  termed,  because,  when 
filled  with  snow,  the  steam  on  the 
glass  gave  the  appearance  of  a  mist, 
or  to  the  contents  that  of  a  fleeq- 
cloud.      Mart  xiy.  1I2. 

NIVA-RIUS.  See  Colum,  2, 
and  Saccus,  3. 

NODUS.  A  knot;  by  which  cer- 
tjun  articles  of  apparel  ■■   ■ 

the  top  of  the 
shoulder,  instead 
of  being  fastened 
with  a  brooch 
{fibuld).         Vii^. 

The  example  re- 

Roinan  soldiers 
in  their  military 
cloaks,  the  one  on  | 
the  left  fastened 
by  a  nsdtts,  the 
other  with  a  fi- 
bu2a,  from  a  group  011 
Trajan.  The  rus^c 
ing  the  tiumaulos,  has 
ened  in  the  same  way,  which  was  also 
tlie  ordinary  costume  of  the  Greet 
and  Roman  mariners  (PlauL  Mil.  iv. 
4.  44.) ;  and  the  barbarians  on  the 
columns  are  frequently  represented 
with  their  cloaks  (saga)  tied  by  a  knot 
like  the  above  figure.  From  these 
instances  it  will  be  readily  understood 
tliat  the  practice  was  especially 
characteristic  of  the  poorer  classes, 
who  could  not  afford  an  ornamental 
fastening  ;  hence  it  is  assigned  to  the 
ferryman  Charon  to  describe  bis 
poverty  and  occupation — sordidus  ex 
fmmerisnsdsdrpeadetamuius.  Virg. /.c. 
2.  A  knot;  by  which  the  girdle 
[cingulusi)  wBfi  tied  under  the  bosom 
(Viig.  Mn.  i.  330.) ;  as  shown  bjr  the 
next  illustration,  from  a  small  ivory 
carvinf!  ot  Diana,  draped  in  the  man- 
ner described  by  Virgil  in  the  pas- 
sage just   cited — nodo    sirais  collicta 


NODUS, 
fiuenies.        Hence   the    word  i 


?£ 


ied  to  the  embroidei'ed  girdle  of 
s.     (Mart.  vj.  13.)  See  Cestus, 

3.  A  knot ;  by  wMch  the  band  was 
tied  round  a  tuft  of  bair  (cirrus,  ct~ 
rymbtis,  crobyhis), 
produced  by 
drawing  the  hair 
back  from  the 
roots  all  round 
the  head  into  a 
mass  at  the  occi-  , 
put,  as  shown  by 
the  annexed  example, 
lief  of  the  Vatican  ;  1 
quently  adopted  by  the  young  women 
and  youths  of  Greece,  and  common 
to  some  of  the  German  tribes.  Mart 
Stect.  iii.  9.  £p.  v.  37.  a  Tac.   Germ. 

4.  The  knot  or  thong  by  which 
the  common  leatlier  amulet  (bulla 
scortea)  was  tied  round  the  neck  of 
poor  people's  children.  (Juv.v.  165.) 
See  the  illustration  j.  Bulla,  z. 

5.  A  thong  attached  to  a  spear,  for 
the  purpose  of  discharging  it  with 
greater  power  when  used  as  a  missile 
(Si!.  Ital.  i.  318.) ;  more  commonly 
termed  Amsntum  ;  where  see  the 
illustration. 

6.  The  knot  by  which  each  mesh  of 
a  net  is  fastened  ;  whence  the  mesh 
itself.     Manil.  v.  664. 

7.  (B£oc)  A  wood-bud  on  the  branch 
of  a  tree  (Columell.  Arb.  iii.  4,.); 
whence  the  loiot  produced  by  cutting 
off  the  minor  shoots  from  the  parent 
branch  (Liv.  i.  18.)  ;  and  thence,  in  a 
special  sense,    the  club  of  Hercules, 


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NOMENCLA  TOE. 

which  is  always  represented  as  co- 
vered with  knots.  Senec  Here.  (El. 
1661.  Alciphr.  Efi.  iii.  55.  57. 
Clava,  3. 

NOMENCLA'TOR.  A  sort  of 
usher,  a  slave  kept  by  great  person- 
ages  amongst  the  Romans,  whose  bu- 
siness it  was  to  make  himself  ac- 
quainted with  the  names  and  persons 
of  every  one  who  was  in  the  habit  of 
attencling  his  master's  levees,  so  tlmt 
when  the  great  man  met  any  of  them 
out  of  doors,  the  noinenclator,  who 
accompanied  him,  announced  their 
names,  and  enabled  him  to  address 
them  personally,  or  pay  them  some 
httle  appropriate  compliment ;  for  to 
pass  a  client  without  nodce,  even  in- 
advertently, might  be  regarded  as  an 
affront,  and  possibly  he  resented  at 
the  next  elections.  (Cic  AU.  iv.  i. 
Senec  Ep.  27.)  In  great  houses, 
esand  hangers- 


where  the  acquain 


datoi  arranged  the  order  of  prece- 
dence amongst  the  guests,  announced 
the  name  of  each  dish  as  it  was  served 
up,  and  enumerated  its  peculiar  excel- 
lendes.  Pet.  Sat.  47,  S.  Senec.  Ep. 
19.  Plin,  H.N.  xxxii.  21. 

NORMA  (kovuv).     a  square  for 
measuring  right  angles ;  employed  by 


r 


carpenters,  masons,  builders,  &c.,  to 
prove  that  tlie  angles  are  true.  (Vit- 
ruv.  vii.  3.  Plin.  laxvi,  51.)  It  was 
fonned  in  two  ways ;  either  by  two 
rules  (remiUe)  joined  together  at 
tight  angles,  or  by  a  flat  piece  of 
board  with  a  tight  angle  cut  out  of 
it ;  both  of  which  are  exhibited  in 
the  illustration,  from  sepulchral 
marbles. 

NOSOCOMI'UM  (kooom/wIo.^), 
A  hospital,  or  infirmary  for  the  poor. 
Imp.  Justin.  Cod.  I.  2.  19.  and  20. 

NOTA'RII.  Shert'hand  writers; 
belonging  to  the  class  of  slaves 
termed    generally   librarii,   amongst 


whom  they  formed  a  distinct  body, 
being_  especially  employed  lo  commit 
to  writing  the  thoughts  of  their  master 
at  his  dictation.  Plin.  £*.  iii.  c  ir 
ix.  26,  2.  Mart.  xiv.  20S. 

NOTA'TUS.  A  slave  *™««'Erf  on 
the  forehead  with  certain  marks  or 
letters  decialoi-y  of  the  oifence  com- 
mitted.    Mart.  iiL  21. 

NOVA'CULA  {i.i>pi^).  Aknife  with 
a  very  sharp  edge,  employed  for  shaving 
the  hair  of  the  head  or  beard,  like  our 
razor.  (Pet.  Sat.1.0%  I.  Mart  iL  66, 
Suet.  Cat.  33.  Alciphr.  Ep.  iii.  66,  9, 
Compare  CuLTJELLtrs  and  Cultek, 
5.)  Martial .  (vii,  6r.)  applies  the 
same  name  to  the  assassin's  knife  (Hca\. 

NUBILA'RIUM.   A  large  shed  or 


:  side,  and  s 


ted  close  by  the  threshing-floor  {area\, 
which  was  in  the  open  air,  in  order  to 
house  grain  until  it  was  threshed  out, 
and  shelter  it  from  sudden  or  partial 
showers.  Varro,  R.R.  i.  13.  5,  Colu- 
mell.  ii.  21.  3. 

NUDUS  (yvfivi^).  Undads  m 
the  ordinary  sense,  denoting  absolute 
nakedness ;  thence,  in  common  lan- 
guage, scantily  or  iinper/eclly  clad, 
denoting  a  person  of  either  sex  who 


is  divested  of  all  clothing  except  that 
which  is  worn  next  the  skin — the 
Roman  of  his  toga,  the  Greek  of  his 
pallium — as  we  say  undressed  of  a 
man  without  his  coat,  or  of  a  female 
without  her  gown.  But  the  Latin 
Mudus,  as  well  as  the  Greek  yviivdc, 
appear  to  have  indicated   something 


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448  NUMELLA. 

mole  precise  than  the  mere  absence  of 
an  outer  garment  (ajuicftu)  over  the 
tunic  Foe  both  words  are  particu- 
laiiy  used  in  describing  tlie  hard- 
workmg  population,  E^ncultural  la- 
bomeia,  tiloughmen,  &c  (Hesiod. 
Op  391  Vire.  Geerg.  ii  299.  AureL 
ViLt  Itr.  lUua.  17.),  who  either 
wore  an  examis  (wood-cut,  p.  2*9.), 
or  a  veiy  ^ort  tuiac,  girt  high  up 
ab  ve  the  knees,  as  the  left-hand 
figure  m  the  illustration  from  a  Pom- 
peian  painting  ,  and  when  applied  to 
females  they  occur  as  descriptive  of 
one  who  escapes  from  danger  in  a 
hurned  flight  and  half,  dressed  (Xen. 
Inai  i.  10.  3.) ;  m  of  the  young 
Done  viigins  who  contended  in  the 
gymnasium  (Aristoph.  Lys.  82 ), 
and  wore  a  very  Email  chemise,  not 
leachnig  to  the  knees,  and  leaving 
the  right  shoulder  exposed  (Pausan. 
V  16  2  }  precisely  as  sliown  by  the 
right  hand  figure,  from  a  statue  in 
the  Vatican.  lu  all  these  instances, 
the  atyle  of  clothing,  whicli  scarcely 
conLcals  the  person,  really  does  sug- 
gest %  notion  of  nudity  ;  but  that  is 
not  so  obviously  tlie  case  when  a 
]>eison  wears  an  ordinary  tunic,  with- 

amplea  J  Tunica)  ;  besides  which 
both  tlie  Greeks  and  Romans  had  a 
separate  word  to  distinguish  that 
kind  of  dishabille  ;  via,  iiovoxItoiv  or 
utavi-nuv,  and  TUNICATUS. 

NUMEL'LA  and  NUMEL'LUS. 
A  contrivance  devised  for  the  pm- 
pose  of  keeping  men  and  animals 
in  a  fixed  position  without  the  power 
of  motion,  while  luider  the  infliction 
of  punishment  (Non.  s.  v,  p.  144. 
Pkut.  As.  iii.  2.  J.),  the  operations 
of  the  veterinary  (Columell.  vi.  19. 
2.),  or  any  process  for  which  steadi- 
ness of  posture  was  deemed  requisite 
(Id.  vii.  8.  6.}.  It  was  made  like  a 
pair  of  stocks  for  the  neclt,  with  two 
boards  or  bars  sliding  in  grooves 
against  the  sides  of  two  strong  up- 
iTghts,  so  as  to  open  and  shut  at 
pleasure,  which  allowed  the  head  to 
pass  between  tliem,  and  when  closed 


NYMPHMUM. 

acted  as  a  grip  round  the  neck.  (Co- 
lumell. vL  19.  2.)  The  legs  were 
then  picketted  by  thongs  round  the 
ankles,  or  fetlocks,  if  necessary, 
Festus.  s.  V. 

NUM'IDA.  An  outrider,  or  cou- 
rur-a-chtva! ;  a  slave  who  rode  t)e- 
fbre  his  master's  carriage,  to  clear 
the  way,  announce  his  approach,  or 
for  the  sake  of  ostentation  ;  gene- 
rally, a  Numidian,  a  race  of  people 
who  were  famous  for  their  horseman- 
ship, Senec  Ep  S7  Ii  123  Tac 
Bist.  ii.  40  Inacript  ap  Marm  Fi 
Arv.  p.  691 

NUFTA  (vu/i^ij)  A  bud,., 
meaning,  Lterallv,  a  Icmaie  nhu  is 
covered  with  a  veil 
(from   iiuisie),  became 


theK 


0  foot  ir 


large  yellow-coloured 
veil  at  the  wedding,  as 
shown  by  the  annexed 
figure  of  a  bride,  in  a 
Roman  bas-relief,  re- 
presenting a  marriage 
ceremony.  Cic  CH,  ' 
C^s.  Juv.,  &c. 

NUFTI.*  (yipoi).  A  wedding  ; 
marriage  nuptials.  See  Matjiimo- 
NlUM  and  CoNEAREEATio  ;  under 
which   the  rites  and  ceremonies  are 

^''^YcfoSTRATE'GUS.  A  title 
adopted  under  the  empire  instead  of 
the  old  Pritfectus  Vigilum,  to  desig- 
nate the  officer  who  commanded  the 
city  watch,  and  went  his  rounds  at 
night,  attended  by  a  guai-d,  to  protect 
the  citizens  from  fire,  robbery,  house 
biealiing,  &c.     Arcad.^j-.  50.  4.  iS. 

NVMPH^'UM  or  NYMPHE'- 
UM  iSipi-tov  or  N«(/0«oi'>:  Lite- 
rally, a  building  dedicated  to  the 
Nymphs  (Plin.  H.  N.  xxiv.  43.)  by 
which  was  understood  a  grand  and 
lofty  chamber,  decorated  with  co- 
lums,  statues,  and  pictures,  and 
having  a  stream  of  spring  water 
gushing  from  a  fountain  in  its  centre 


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OBBA. 

(Liban.  Antiocli.  p.  372,),  ao  as  to 
form  3,  cool  and  agreeable  retreat  for 
the  resort  of  a  luxurious  population. 
(Philostr.  iv.  8.)  Many  edifices  of 
this  description  are  enumerated  by 
P.  Victor  ( £/?*.  Jioin.)  in  the  city  of 
Rome;  and  others  writers  generally 
speak  of  them  in  connection  with  the 
Themti^  {Ainmian.  xv.  7.  3.  Capitol. 
Cord:  32.  Cod.  Theodos.  et  Valent. 
II.  42.  5.  and  6.),  to  which  establish- 
ments an  apartment  of  the  character 
described  would  form  a  most  appro- 
priate appendage. 


OBBA  (S.fi^'.l).  A  pailLcular 
Jtiiid  of  diiiildng-cup  (Pers.  v.  148. 
Varro,  ap.  Non.  i.  v.  p.  545.),  made  of 
earthenware,  and  sometimes  of  wood, 
or  of  the  Spanish  broom.  (Non.  /.  c.) 
The  Latm  name  is  translated  by  the' 
Greek  &iL&^l  in  the  glossary  of  Phi 
loxenus ;  and  that 
by  Athen^us  (xi.  ' 
ing  vessel  with  a 
sharp  point.     Di- 

applies  it  to  the 
lid  of  a  vessel 
used  for  making  quicksilver,  in  a 
passage  translated  by  Pliny  (H.  N. 
xxxiiL  41.),  who  employs  the  word 
calix  for  the  same  M)ject.  The  fi- 
gure annexed,  from  an  original  of 
baked  clay,  corresponds  so  com- 
pletely with  all  these  particulars,  the 
pointed  form  of  Athenseus,  the  caiix 
of  Phny,  and,  when  inverted,  the  lid 
of  Dioscorides,  as  to  remove  all 
doubt  respecting  the  genuine  and 
characteristic  form  of  the  obha. 

OBBA'TUS.  Made  in  the  shape 
of  an  ohba,  as  described  mider  that 
word  ;  applied  to 
the  skull  caps 
worn  by  Castor 
and  Pollux 

(Apul.  Met.  X. 
p.  234.),  which 
are   often    represeni 


449 

art  ending  m  a  sharp  point  at  the  top, 
like  the  example  annexed,  from  a 
painting  of  Pompeii.  Charon  wears 
a  cap  of  still  closer  resemblance  in 
shape  to  the  drinking-cnp  delineated 
in  the  preceding  wood-cut  on  a  fic- 
tile vase  in  Stackelbeig's  Grab.  d. 
Hell.  PI.  47.  J  so  that  there  is  no 
neceSMty  for  sdtering  the  reading  in 
the  passage  of  Apaleius,  aa  some 
have  done. 

OBELIS'CUS  (^jSeXfomc)      Lite- 
rally, a  sm-iU 

tremity,  li  p 

especially  t  tall 

rectangular  mn 


sents  an  ongi 
covered   w 
was  original 
the  purpose 
leum   of  A  tTi 


,   th 


Mar 

OBEX. 
It  does  not  appeal  that  the  iioid  had 
any  special  meaning,  being  applied  in 
a  manner  which  admits  of  various  in- 
terpretations ;  a  bolt,  (or  mstance, 
bar,  lock,  or  latch ;  and,  conse- 
quently, it  may  be  considered  as  a 
general  term  applicable  to  any  of  the 
various  contrivances  adopted  by  the 
ancients  as  door  fastenings.  Ov. 
Met.  xiv.  78a  Tac^  Hist.  iii.  30. 
Paulus  ex  Fest.  s.  Obices. 

OB'OLUS  (i^oXic).  A  small 
piece  of  Greek  money,  originally  of 
silver  coinage,  but  in  later  times  of 
bronie  ;  and  of  which  there  were 
two  standards  —  the  Attic,  worth  ■ 
about  I  if/,  of  our  money,  and  the 
^ginetan,  worth  about  2jrf.  Vitru.v. 
iii.  r.  7. 

OBSERA'TUS.     Fastened  with  a 


,y  Google 


OBSTRAG'ULUM.  The  ikt 
leather  strap  or  thong  with  which  a 
shoe  of  the 
kind     called 


great  and  first  toe,  and  over  the  in- 
step, as  shown  by  the  annexed  ex- 
ample, from  a  Greek  marble.  Ex- 
travagant persons  had  these  some- 
times studded  witli  pearls  Plm 
H.  h'.  ix.  56. 

OBSTRIGIULUM  A  pirticu 
lar  kind  of  shoe,  whidi  had  the  lip 
pots  for  the  strings  sened 
on  to  the  sole  at  each 
side,  as  shown  by  the 
annexed  example,  fiom  a 
Pompeiau  painting  Isidor  Ong 
xijT.  34.  8 

OBTURA'CULUM  and  OBTU 
RAMENTUM  A  stopper,  bung, 
or  cork,  for  closing  the  mouth  ot  a 
bottle,   3^1   or   anything 


of 


i  made  of  coik,  and 
^  of  glass    (Mil 


cell.    Empir    35       Pli 
H.  hr.    XVI     13  )      The 
example   lepresents   a   glass    bottle 
and  stoppei ,  from  a  Pompeian  paint 


i  effected  by  drawing  a  hurdle 
(crates)  over  the  land,  or  a  wooden 
frame  set  with  teeth  \dmUata),  simi 
lar  to  oar  harrow,  often  weighted  by 
tlie  driver  standing  upon  it ,  and 
in  very  stitf  soils  the  clods  were 
broken  and  levelled  by  hand,  with  a 
lieavy  pronged  mstrument  {rastmnC), 
possessing  the  properties  of  a  rake 
and  hoe.  (Plin.  H.  N.  xvlii.  49.  g  3. 
Virg.    Georg.  L    94,   95,)     But   the 


by  repeated  cross  ploughings  instead 
of  harrowmg.  (Columell.  ii.  4.  2, 
Plin.  /.  f.  §  2.)  The  Olustration  re- 
presents the  process  as  performed  in 
Egypt,  from  a  tomb  at  Thebes,  in 
which  one  man  sows  the  seed,  while 
the  occater  covers  it  with  his  harrow. 

OCCATOR  OeiBAoKiiiros).  One 
who  harrows,  as  explained  by  the 
preceding  article  and  illustratioii.  Co- 
lumell. il  13.  I.  Plaut.  CaptX\\.  5.  3. 

OCELLATA.  Marbles  ,-  for  boys 
to  play  with.  Suet.  ^j^.  83.  Varro, 
ap.  Non.  s.  Mai^aritum,  p.  213. 

OC'REA  (KJiufils).  A  griave  or 
Isggin;  that  is,  a  piece  of  defensive 
armour  which  covered  the  shin  bone 
from  the  aiikle 
to  a  little  above  f 


vered,  whence 
cruris  dimidiumtegimeii,  Juv.  vL  257. 
It  was  made  of  various  metals,  tin  or 
bronze,  modelled  to  the  form  and  size  of 
the  person's  leg  by  whom  it  was  worn, 
and  often,  highly  ornamented  by  ar- 
tistic designs  embossed  or  chased 
upon  it.     The  illustration  exhibits  a 

Eiir  of  original  bronze  greaves,  from 
ompeii,  represented  in  three-qnarfef 
front  and  in  profile  ;  the  buckles  by 
which  they  were  festened  on  the  legs 
are  seen  at  the  sides,  and  a  number 
of  small  holes  ail  round  the  edges,  by 
which  the  lining^  were  fastened  into 
them.      The    originals   are    entirely 


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OCREA  TUS. 

covered  with  otnamental  chasing 
over  the  surfaces  left  plain  in  our 
engraving,  on  account  of  Ihe  small 
scSe  on  which  the  drawing  is  made. 

2.  A  hunter's  leggln  or  boot ; 
poetically  for  Peko  ;  which  see. 
Vii^  Moret   lai 

OCREA  TUS  Vi^naggrwja 
The  Greeks  iid  Etruscans 
pair  one  o  i  each  leg 
as  frequently  repre 
sented  on  their  tic 
tile  vasei,  ind  exhi 
bited  by  the  annexed 

front     of    the    ndge 

Eiece  in  a  bronze 
elmet  found  at 
Pompeii  the  Sam 
n  tes  and  gladiators 
equipped  lilte  the  n 
wore  f  liy  one  and  that  ij  on  the 
left  leg  (Liv  IX  40  Juv  vi  -56  ) 
and  the  heavy  mfantiy  of  the  Ro 
mans  also  wore  3  s  ngle  greave  but 
on  their  right  leg  (Veg  Wit  20  ) 
for  it  was  their  sjsteni  to  come  at 
once  to  close  quarters,  and  decide 
the  battle  at  the  sword's  point,  the 
right  leg  being  consequently  in  ad- 
vance and  unprotected — a  position 
exactly  the  reverse  of  the  one 
adopted  by  those  who  use  a  spear, 
either  for  thrusting  or  hurling. 

2.  When  applied  to  huntsmen,  as 
by  Hor.  Sat.  li.  3.  234,  poetically 
used  for  Peronatus  ;  whidi  see. 

OCTASTY'LOS  (Sm-daTvAos)- 
Oclaiiyle;  that  is,  which  has  a  row 
of  eight  columns,  in  front  of  the  pro- 
naos.     Vitruv.  iii,  3.  7. 

OCTOPH'ORON  or  OCTA'- 
PHORON.  A  palanquin  [leclica) 
carried  by  eight  slaves  (Snet.  Cal. 
43.  Cic.  Q.  Fr.  ii.  la  Mart.  vi.  S4.), 
in  the  manner  shown  by  the  illus. 
trations  s.  AssER,   I.  EMid  Phalan- 

OC'ULARIA'RIUS.  One  who 
followed  the  trade  of  making  &lse 
eyes,  of  glass,  silver,  or  precious 
stones,    which    were   fiequenlly  in- 


<ECUS. 


451- 


serted  in  marble  or  bronze  statues. 
Inscript.  ap.  Grut.  645.  i.  ap.  Fabretti, 
p.  641.  n.  357. 

OCULA'RIUS.  An  eciUist 
(Scrib.  Comp.  37.);  often  connected 
with  mediats  or  ehirurgus.  Celsus, 
vl.  6.  8.  InscrinL  ap.  Grut.  400.  7. 

ODE'UM  (^Ssroi.).  The  Odmm  ; 
a  small  theatre  with  a  convex  roo^ 
built  by  Pericles  at  Athens  for  mu- 
sical performances  (iflSoI.  Plutarch, 
Perid.  13.  Vitruv.  V.  9,  10.).  Hence 
the  name  was  adopted  for  any  small 
theatre  covered  with  a  roof  [theatrum 
tecUtnC),  and  appropriated  as  a  concert 
room.     Suet.  Dom.  5. 

OE'CUS  or  -OS  (olKas).  Literally, 
the  Greek  name  for  a  house  Latin- 
ized ;  and  for  a  particular  apartment 
in  a  honse ;  originally  of  Greek  de- 
sign, but  sabseqaentiy  adopted  by  the 
Roman  architects,  who  introduced 
several  novelties  into  its  constructive 
details.  In  general  style  of  arrange- 
ment, it  bore  a  close  resemblance  to 
the  atrium,  with  the  exception  of 
being  a  dose  apartment,  covered  en- 
tirdy  by  a  roof,  without  any  opening 
\cmnplwimt})t)  in  the  centre ;  and  was 
principally,  though  not  exclusively, 
used  as  a  banquetting  hall,  but  sur- 
pasang  in  height  and  area,  as  well  as 
splendour,  the  ordinary  dining-room 
{trklmiusi^.  (Vitruv.  vL  7.  2.  and 
4.  Plin.  H.  N.  xxxvL  6a)  These 
apartments  were  built  in  four  difFe- 
rent  styles,  each  designated  by  an 
epithet  descriptive  of  the  construc- 
tion empiovei  or  naming  the  country 
from  which  the  particular  plan  was 
borrowed,  or  where  it  was  most  in 


The    four- 


use,  V 

I.  (Ecus  tetrastylos. 
columned  cecus  resembiea  an  atnum 
of  the  same  name  (wood-cut  s.  Atri.- 
!.),  excepting  that  it  had  no  im. 
pluviiim,  and  (he  roof  covered  the 
square  within  the  four  columns,  as 
well  as  the  aisles  all  round  them. 
Vitruv.  vi.  3.  8. 

(Ecus  CerintAiui.     The  Corin- 
thian   cecus    resembled    an    atrium 
wood-cut  1. 


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452  OLNOPHORVItl. 

Atrium,  3.},  excepting  that  it  had  a 
vaulted  roof,  supported  upon  colamns 
at  a  certain  distance  from  the  ^de- 
walls,  bat  without  any  opening  in 
the  centre  or  impluvium  below.  Vi- 
truv,  vi.  3.  9. 

3.  (Ecus  jSgypHus.  The  Egyp- 
tian cecus  was  more  splendid  than 
the  last  described,  having  its  roof 
over  the  central  portion  of  the  saloon 
supported  upon  a  double  row  of  co- 
lumns, like  a  iasilica  (see  wood-cut 
p.  81.),  and  thus  a  story  hi^er  than 
(he  sides,  which  projected  hke  wings 
all  round,  and  were  coveted  with  a 
flat  roof  and  pavement,  forming  a 
nromenade  round  the  central  and 
higher  portion  of  the  building.     Vi- 

4,  (Eitis  Cyeiciiius.  The  Cyzi- 
•xvs  cecos,  which-.was  a  iiovelty  in 
Italy  at  the  time  of  Vitnivius,  though 
of  freguent  occurrence  in  Greece, 
was  principally  intended  for  summer 
use  ;  its  characteristic  peculiarity 
consisted  in  having  glass  doors  or 
windows  reaching  down  to  the 
ground,  in  order  that  the  persons  re- 
cliiiing  at  table  m^ht  enjoy  a  view 
of  the  surrounding  country  on  all 
sides.     Vitruv.  vL  3.  10. 

CENOPH'ORUM  {olra^6p<«>).  A 
basket  or  portable  case  for  trans- 
porting small  quantities  of  wine  from 
place  to   place  ;   especially  for   the 

supply  of  persons  on  a  jor— '— 

preferred  carrying  their  l 
with  them  to  taking  the  chance  of 
buying  what  they  could  upon  the 
road.     Hoc.  Sai.   u   6.   loS.     Pers. 

'  tENOPH'ORUS  [otyo^6pos).  A 
slave  who  carried  the  wine  basket 
{cenojihoru?!!)  last  deswibed.  Such  a 
character  was  represented  by  one  of 
the  statues  of  Praxiteles,  which  went 
by  the  name.  Pho.  H.  N.  xxxiv. 
19.  §  10, 

(ENOPO'LIUM  (oi^DiriiAHjf},  A 
wuie  shop  j  like  the  modem  beer 
shop  and  public  house  ;  from  which 
the  inhabitants  of  the  vicinity  sup- 
plied themselves  Aaxly  with  the  "^ 


quisile  quantity  of  wine  consumed  at 
each  mKd,     Plaut.  As,  i.  3.  48. 

OFFEN'DDC.     Plural  sgindkes ; 
the  strings  by  which  the  apex,   or 
worn  by  cer- 
orders  of  the         '^^"'^ 
priesthood,       the        PraJ 
flanunis  and  Sa-        \Jf%,^ 

fastened  un-         %7/ 
der  the  chm,  as 

shown  by  the  annexed  example,  from 
a  Roman  bas-relief.     Festus,  j,  v. 
OFFICI'NA  {ifyaaTiifi.av).     A 

which  any  handicraft  trade  is  carried 
on  (Oc.  Off.  i,  42, ) ;  as  contradis- 
tmguished  from  toBetna,  a  shop 
where  retail  goods  are  sold,  and  irom 
apolheca,  a  magazine  or  store ;  the 
particular  kind  being  indicated  by 
the  name  of  the  workmen  em- 
ployed in  it ;  as,  offirina  fidlomtm 
(Plin.  H.  N.  XXXV.  4a  §  39.),  of 
fullers  and  scourers;  tmgenthim  (Id. 
ix,  62.),  of  dyers;  cenmormH  (Id. 
xvi.  8,),  of  smiths  ;  c^ariorum  (Co- 
lumelL  viii.  17.  12,),  of  dry  salters ; 

OL'ITOR  (AixwItds).  a  Mtckm 
gardener,  as  contradistinguished  from 
topiarius,  who  attended  to  the  slmibs 
and  evergreens.  Columell,  x,  229. 
Id.  xi.  I.  2 

OLITO  RIUS,  EC   horms,  a  Mt- 
cheti  garden  (Ulp   Dig  50    16    1    " 
sc.>™-«,(Xaxa..       -        


Fdb.  xi.   Phu.  H.  N:  xxxiv. 

2a )    It  had  a  flat  bottom,  swelling 

sides,  very  wide  mouth,  and  Hd  to 

'    was    employed    for 


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many  purposes,  especially  for  cook- 
ing, like  the  French  pot-a-feii,  and 
for  preserving  fruits  ;  whence  grapes 
kept  in  jars  aje  called  ollarts  tivis. 
(Colnmdl. /.  c.  Mart  vii.  30,)  The 
illustration,  from  a  painting  at  Pom- 

" -"--liars. 

An 

tion,  in  which  the  bones 
and  ashes  of  the  dead 
were  enclosed  after  bum- 
in^  and  deposited  in  the 
sepvilchtal  chamber.  (In- 
script.  ap.  Murat.  917. 
1.  ap.  Gmt.  626.  6.) 
Oils  of  this  kind  were 
mostly  employed  for 
persons  of  the  humbler  classes, 
of  them  being  deposited  in  onf 
(wood-cut.  s.  Sepulcritm  Com- 
mune) ;  sometimes  standing  wider 
niches  round  the  walls  of  the  cham- 
ber, but  more  commonly  buried  up 
to  the  neck  in  them,  as  shown  by  the 
following  wood-cut.  The  example 
annexed  represents  an  original  found 
in  one  of  the  sepulchres  excavated  in 
the  Villa  Corsini  at  Rome ;  the 
mouth  is  covered  with  a  tile  or  lid 
[ofitrculupi),  on  which  the  name  of 
the  person  whose  ashes  were  con- 
tained inside  is  inscribed  ;  which  ex- 
plains an  inscription  in  Muratori 
(1756.  7.),  Oll^  qua  mnt  apcrculis 
et  titulis  martiiord!. 

OLLA'RIUM,  A  niche  in  a  se- 
pulchral vault,  in  which  cineraryucns 
(o/&)were  deposited  (Inscrjpt.  afi.  Fa- 
"     "'  --    -'      '-  ■     niostly   ill 

est,  whence 


■a  .o*i:BflBiB~r 


also  termed  culamdarium.  The  il- 
lustration represents  two  niches,  each 
one  containing  a  pair  of  urns,  from  a 
sepulchre  near  Rome. 

ON'AGER.     A  powerful  engine 
employed   in   sieges  for  dischaiging 


OPIFER^.  453 

missiles  and  stones  of  great  weight. 
It  is  descriljed  at  length  by  Ammianus 
(xxiii.  4.);  but  the  details  of  ma- 
chinery are  always  obscure,  when  the 
actual  form  of  the  object  itself  is  un- 
known. 

ONERA'RIA.  (Cic.  AU.  x.  12.) 
See  Navis,  i. 

OP'A  or  OP'E  (™^).  A  Greek 
term,  for  which  the  Roman  architects 
employed  the  word  celumbarium- 
(Vitruv,  iv.  2.  4.)  It  signifies  the 
bed  or  cavity  in  which  the  head  of  a 
tie-beam  {ligiium)  rests ;  whence  the 
space  between  one  opa  or  tignum  and 
another  was  termed  mdBpa  or  intsr- 
Hgniimi. 

OPER'CULUM  (irii,™}.  A  lia 
or  cover  for  a  jar,  pot,  or  other  vessel 
of  similar  description.  (Cato,  S.  R. 
104,  CohimelL  viii.  8.  7.)  See  the 
three  last  illustrations. 

a.  Opercidum  amitdatorium.  A 
sliding  or  moveable  lid,  which  might 
be  depressed  or  raised,  so  as  to  cover 
exactly  the  contents  in  the  vessel  it 
belonged  to,  like  that  now  used  for 
snuff  and  tobacco  jare.  The  Romans 
sometimes  covered  their  beehives 
with  lids  of  this  kind,  in  order  that 
the  size  of  the  honeycomb  and  hive 
might  be  exactly  proportioned  to 
eadi  other.     Plin.  H.  N.  xxi.  47. 

OPERIMENTUM.  A  genei-al 
name  for  anything  which  serves  as  a 


ruphon    of    I^peia    (uirepa) 


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454  OPIFICTXA. 

ropes  attached  to  tlie  e>:treiiie  eiiJs 
of  the  sail  yacd  {anlenna\  for  the 
purpose  of  bracing  the  yard  round 
to  the  ivind,  called  by  our  stulors  the 
braces.  (Isidor,  Oiig.  xix.  4.  6. 
Horn.  Od.  V.  260.)  They  are  very 
plainly  indicated  in  the  example  an- 


OPTIONES. 

OPISTHOD'OMUS(ajr.o-e,fBDf.oj). 
A  private  chamber,  lilte  the  modem 
sacristy,  builf  at  the  baclf  of  a  temple. 
Front,  ad  M.  Cses.  I.  8.  cd.  Ang. 
Maio. 

OPISTHO'GRAPHUS    (™ 
■       ■Written  0      '      ■      " 


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OPTOSTROTUM. 


officers  and  centurions  had  the  power 
of  appointing  to  assist  them  in  tlie 
dischai^  of  their  duties,  or  to  per- 
form tlieir  duty  for  them  in  case  they 
were  themselves  invalided,  or  other- 
wise incapacitated-  Varro,  L.  L.  v. 
91.  V^.  Mil.  ii.  7. 

QPTOSTRO'TUM,  A  flooring 
made,  or  paved,  with  bricks.  Not. 
Tires,  p.  164.  ;  from  iirT6s,  cectiis, 
and  aTpmrSp,  liralum. 

O  R  A.  A  hawser,  or  cable  by 
which  a  vessel  is  made  fast  to  the 
shore,  and  which  was  thrown  out 
from  the  stem,  whilst  the  anchor  and 
its  cable  (ancarale)  kept  the  head 
seawards.  Liv.  xxiL  19.  Quint,  iv. 
1.41. 

ORA'RIUM.  A  scarf  or  hand- 
kerchief given  to  the  populace  by 
some  of  the  emperors  at  the  Cui»n- 
sian  games,  to  hold  up  and  wave  in 
the  air  as  a  sign  of  encouragement  to 
the  drivers.  Vopisc.  Aurtf.  48.  Au- 
gust. C.  D.  xxii.  8.  n.  7.  Compare 
Hieron,  Ep.  52.  9. 

OREICULUS.  kroller 
revolving  upon  an  axis,  and 
having  a  groove  in  its  drcum-  f  |El„ 
ference  for  the  rope  to  fit  into ;  (1  °  }^ 
empioyed  as  a  mechanical  J^O 
powev  for  raising-  or  drawing  >j°b' 
weights  in  the  same  manner  as  /,M 
still  practised.  Cato,  S.  R.  yS 
iiL  6.     Vitruv.  x.  2.  passim. 

2.  A  small  roller  placed  at  each 
end  of  an  axle  or  cylinder,  to  make 
it  revolve  when  drawn  over  ihe 
ground  ;  applied  specially  fo  the  re- 
volver of  the  dentated  cylinder  nsed 
for  threshing  out  com  in  tiie  ma- 
chine tailed  Plostellum  Pukicum. 
Varro,  R  R  i   ^2   I 

3.  A  weight  made  in  a  flat  cir- 
cular form,  like  the  pulley,  such  as 
still  used  m  our  shops ,  a  set  being 
made  of  different  sizes,  to  fit  one 
another,  of  vi  hich  a  specimen  is  en- 
graved by  Ciylus  (vn  31  I.),  from 
originals  Columell  iv  30.  4.  ;  but 
the  passage  n  very  obscure. 

ORBI'I-E.  Varro,  R.  R.  iii.  5. 
ij.  ;  but  the  meaning,  as  well  as  the 


tT  pulley 


g        ,  wh  h    \p  es  d. 

Thence  the  word  is  frequently  used, 
especially  amongst  the  poets,  for  any 
object  partaking  of  this  constructive 
form ;  BS,  the  disk  of  stone  or  metal 
employed  as  a  quoit  (Ov.  Fast.  iii. 
588.  Stat.  TAei.  vi.  656.  Disctrs) ; 
the  dish  which  contains  the  objects 
to  be  weighed  in  a  pair  of  scales  (Ti- 
buU.  iv.  I.  44.  Lanx,  3.) ;  the  metal 
plate  employed  as  a  looking-glass, 
when  made  of  a  circular  shape  (Mart, 
ix.  18.  Speculum)  ;  a  drcular  shield 
(Pet.  Sat.  89.  61.  Stat.  77ieb.  iv. 
133,  Clipeus,  Parma)  ;  the  circle 
of  a  linger  ring  (Ov.  Am.  ii.  15.  6. 
Anui-us)  ;  the  iron  tire  of  a  wheel 
(Virg.  Georg.  iii.  361.  Plin.  B.  N. 
viii.  19.  Rota)  ;  a  fillet  of  wool 
(Prop.  iv.  6.  6.  Inftila)  ;  a  circular 
table  (Matt.  xiv.  138.    CiuiiANruM, 

MONOPODItTM,) 

2.  Orbis  olearius  (tfiis.  jEsch. 
Fragia.  Polliix.  vii,  150.  x.  130.  and 
TpurrAp,  Nicand.  ap.  Alh.  iv.  II.). 
A  round  flat  board  of  strong  wood, 
placed  over  the  heap  of  bruised  olive 
skins,  or  of  grapes  already  cmshed 
by  treading,  when  they  were  subjected 
to  the  action  of  the  press  beam  {_pre- 
lum\  in  order  that  the  beam  might 
distribute  its  pressure  evenly  over 
thewhole  surface.  (Cato,  R.  R.  iS.) 
See  the  article  and  illustration  s. 
ToRCULAE,  2.  where  it  is  indicated 
by  the  number  6,  and  which  will 
give  a  distinct  notion  of  its  use  and 
character. 

3.  (Tpoxifi.  Geopon.  ix.  19.)  The 
grinding  or  bruising  stone  in  an  olive 
mill  (trapelum),  formed  of  a  circular 
mass  of  volcanic  stone,  made  fiat  on 
one  side,  and  cylindrical  on  the  other, 


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456  ORCA. 

in  order  to  coincide  witli  the  circular 
shape  of  the  basin  {mortariam), 
round  which  itworked.  (Cato,  R.R. 
xxu.  I.  cxxxvL  6.  and  7.)  The  cha- 
racter and  action  of  these  stones  will 
be  better  understood  by  referring  to 
the  article  and  illustration  j.  Tkape- 
TUM,  on  which  they  are  marked  by 
the  numbers  3.  3. 

ORCA  [ip«7t  or  Spx")-  An  ear- 
thenware vessel  of  considerable  size 
but  smaller  than  the  s 
phora,  employed  for  hold  ng 
pickled  fish  (Hor.  Sut 
4.  66.  Arise.  Vesp.  676) 
dried  figs.  (Columell  x 
15.  2,  Y\yn.H.N.^-.  21  )  I 
oil  and  wine  (Varro,  R  R  ^  ^ 
i.  13.  6.).  It  is  descnbed  7 
as  having  a  full  body,  sharp  ' 
pointed  bottom,  smkll  mo  th,  in 
long  narrow  neck  (Bartolon  Fon 
Comment,  in  Pers.  ii  48)  prec  sety 
as  exhibited  by  the  annexed  hgure, 
wliich  represents  one  of  the  numerous 
earthenware  vessels  discovered  in  the 
wine  cellar  of  which  a  description 
and  representation  is  inserted  p.  142. 
s.  Cella,  2.  The  form  of  the  vessel 
is  also  equally  well  adapted  for  the 
purpose  ascribed  to  it  by  Persius(/.  c); 
whether  his  words  are  taken  to  mean 
a  die*  box  with  a  long  narrow  neck 
—angttsts  cslle  no-nfallier  eras, — or 
to  describe  a  game  played  by  the 
Roman  children,  in  -which  a  vessel  of 
this  kind  was  stuck  upright  in   the 

t round,  for  boys  standing  at  a  certain 
istanee  to  pitch  nuts  into  its  mouth. 
ORCHES'TA  {hpxriariis).  (Cas- 
siodor.  Var.  Ep.  iv.  51.)  Properly, 
a  Greek  word,  for  which  the  Romans 
used  Pahtomimus. 

ORCHESTOPOLA'RIUS  {^p- 
XijffTDirifAot).  A  dancerin  somepar- 
ticular  style  not  ascertained,  beyond 
the  inference  collected  from  the 
name,  which  seems  to  imply  that  his 
art  consisted  in  spinning  his  body 
round  and  round  with  great  rapidity, 
lilie  a  dancing  dervisli  of  the  East ; 
from  opxifTrfti,  saltator,  and  vaKim, 
versof.     Firm,  Math.  viii.  15. 


ORCHESTRA  (opx^'^/'n)-  The 
archeslra  of  a  Greek  and  Roman 
theatre ;  which  occupied  a  corrc 
sponding  position,-  as  regards  the  rest 
of  the  edifice,  with  the  pit  of  our 
theatres,  and  consisted  of  a  ilat  open 
space  in  the  centre  of  the  building  it 
the  bottom,  a  cnmscribed  by  the 
lowest  row  of  seats  for  the  spectators, 
and  the  boundary  wall  of  the  sti^e 
in  front    is    liown  by  the  annexed 


n  ood  out,  lepresenting  a  view  in  the 
smaller  theatre  at  Pompeii,  in  which 
the  low  wall  on  the  left  forms  the 
boundary  to  the  stage,  and  the  flat 
semicircular  recess  on  the  right  (he 
OTchtsira. 

In  the  Greek  theatres,  the  or- 
chestra was  the  spot  where  the  Chorus 
stood  and  performed  its  evolutions, 
for  which  a  considerable  space  was 
required ;  consequently,  it  was  deeply 
recessed,  and  consisted  of  more  than 
a  semicircle,  as  shown  by  the  plan  of 
the  Greek  theatre  s.  Theatrum,  on 
which  it  is  marked  B  Plan's  of  ten 
different  theatres  discovered  m  Lycia 
are  engraved  by  Spratt  and  Forbes 
{Trmvis  in  Ljcia,  vol  iL  pi  2  ),  all 
of  which  possess  the  same  construc- 
tive form.  In  the  centre  of  the 
orchestra  was  (he  thymch,  or  altar  of 


3.  In  the  Roman  theatres,  the  or- 
chestra has  a  close  aihnity  mth  cue 
pit ;  for  as  the  Romans  had  no  cliorus 
to  their  dramatic  lepresentations,  it 
was  occupied  by  spectatois,  being  ap- 
propriated for  the  accomn     ' 

lenators  and  persons  oi  diiitinc- 
(Suet.  Aug  35     Nero,  13   Jul. 


of 


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ORCULA. 

39.) ;  whence  the  word  is  used  to 
designate  the  upper  classes  as  opposed 
to  the  populace,  (Jiiv.  iii.  1 78. )  It 
was  likewise  much,  smaller  than  the 
Greek  orchestra,  for  the  reason  al- 
ready given,  and  consisted,  of  an 
exact  semiciccle,  as  shown  by  the 
plan  of  the  theatre  at  Herculaneum  s. 
Theatrum,  on  which  it  is  marked  C. 

OR'CULA.  (Cato  Ji.  S..  117.) 
Diminutive  of  Orca. 

ORDINA'RII.  A  general  name 
for  those  slaves  who  occupied  a  posi- 
tion corresponding  to  wliat  we  should 
call  upper  servanis  in  our  households, 
including  the  atrieiisis  or  house  por- 
ter, cdlarius  or  cellarman,  dispensa- 
lor  at  steward,  promus-cendus,  pro- 
airalor,  &c.  They  superintended  and 
directed  the  execution  of  menial  ser- 
vices, but  did  not  themselves  per- 
form them,  for  they  had  slaves  of 
thdr  own  (aicarii),  purchased  with 
their  own  money,  who  attended  upon 
them.  Suet.  Gal6.  iz.  Ulp.  I>ig. 
47.  la  15.  Id.  14.  4.  S. 

a.  Gladiatores  orilaiani.  Gladia- 
tors bred  and  trained  in  the  regular 
manner,  that  is,  who  were  thoroughly 
instructed  in  the  rules  of  their  art 
(Seneca,  Ben.  iii.  28.  Id,  Ep.  7- 
CompareSnet.  Aug.  45.),  as  opposed 
to  the  cateniarii,  who  fought  without 
science  and  in  tumultuous  bodies. 

ORDO.  In  a  general  sense,  a  rovi 
or  series  of  things  placed  in  regular 
order  of  succes^on  one  after  the 
other,  as  a  row  of  trees,  rank  or  file 
of  soldiers,  &c. 

2.  In.  the  ancient  marine,  a  tier, 
fiie,  or,  as  it  is  commonly  translated, 
a  hank  of  oars,  varying  in  number, 
according  to  the  class  and  sire  of  the 
vessel,  ftom  one  to  fifty.  The  man- 
ner in  which  these  banks  or  ord'aus 
were  arranged  or  counted  is  still  in 
some  respects  a  subject  of  dispute, 
and  will  probably  remain  without  a 
satisfactory  solution,  unless  the  lucky 
discovery  of  some  artistic  representa- 
tion should  enable  fiiture  antiquaries 
to  base  their  theories  upon  some 
better   authority  than  mere   conjec- 


ORDO.  457 

,  for  amongst  the  many  plans 
which  have  been  suggested,  there  is 
not  one  entirely  free  from  objection. 
Those  which  appear  reasonable  upon 
paper,  and  have,  perhaps,  some  appa- 
rent classical  authority  to  lean  on, 
are  found  to  involve  mechanical  im- 
possibilities when  reduced  to  prac- 
tice ;  and  those  which  are  both  feasi- 
ble, and  proved  by  actual  experiment 
to  be  practicable,  must  still  be  ac- 
cepted with  hesitation,  because  they 
are  wanting  in  classical  authorities  to 
support  them.  Up  to  the  number  of 
five  banks,  we  have  pretty  clear  evi- 
dence, both  circumstantial  and  posi- 
tive, that  each  one  was  counted  by 
ik,  and  not  by  file ;  i.  e.  that  the 
ire  number  of  oats,  no  matter  how 
jiy,  extending  in  a  line  from  the 
stem  to  the  stern  formed  an  ordo  or 
bank  Thu  Tacitus  describes  a  tno 
tiera,  or  lessel  which  had  only  one 
line  of  oars,  by  the  expression  qua 
pviine  s  mplirt  igei  itur  {Hist  v  23  ), 
as  shown  by  the  annexed  lUustiat  on, 
from  a  mosaic  discoveied  near  Poz 


zuoli  In  the  bireme  or  vessel  with 
two  ordines  it  is  equally  cleai  fiom 
other  «otds  m  the  same  passage  of 
Tacitus,  and  the  following  lUistta 
tion    from  a  m-uble   bas  rchef    tl  at 


the  second  bank  h 


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naUy  under  the  first,  in  order 
miniali  as  mucli  as  possible  the  intec- 
al  bet  reen  one  bank  and  the  other. 
Tha  he  an  e  p  neiple  was  observed 
n  the  d  pos  tion  of  a  trireme  or 
ves  e  V  th  tl  ree  ordines,  and  each 
bani  counted  n  a  s  milar  manner  be- 
t  veen  the  water  aod  the  bulwarks,  is 
test  tied  by  he  expression  of  Vii^l 
(  ordine  remi  (^n. 
n  lexed  illustration, 
0  pdnt- 


this  number  the  difficulty  of  counting 
the  banks  commences,  and  conjecture 
alone  takes  the  place  of  antnonty, 
whether  written  or  demonstrative 
Tf  more  than  five  parallel  tiers  were 
placed  one  over  ijie  othei,  it  would 
je  practically  impossible  to  use  the 
lar  in  a  sixth  tier,  the  fiileram  being 
placed  60  hi^  above  the  water  that 
it  would  elevate  the  handle  above  the 
reach  of  the  rower,  or  hinder  the 
blade  from  touching  the  water,  or  the 
oar  must  he  of  such  an  inordinate 
length  that  the  pait  in-board  would 
reach  fiom  one  side  of  the  vessel  to 
the  other,  and  beyond  it.  How  then 
are  we  to  account  for  a  vessel  with 
forty  banks  of  oars,  like  the  one 
built  by  Ptolemy  !  The  most  plau- 
sible solution  is,  tlrnt,  in  all  the  larger 


ng,  wl  ch  confi  -ms  it.  A  similar 
construct  on  fo  four  ordhus  is  indi- 
cated by  the  llust  ation  j.  Quadri- 
REMIS  nwh  ch  tl  e  banlts  are  visibly 
fou  deep  n  an  ascending  line  from 
t  e  wa  e  ho  gh  the  individual  de- 
ta  s  a  e  le  s  c  rcumstantial  and  ex- 
pl  fom  the  minuteness  of  the 
des  gn  h  ch  s  only  the  device  upon 
a  CO  n  and  we  nay  thence  fairly 
cone  ude  ha  i  fifth  ordo  was  dis- 
posed and  ounted  in  the  same  way, 
because  t  ha.  beei  ascertained  by 
e  "pe  men  s  tha  a  series  of  five  oars 
asenlug  n  a  lanting  direction 
f  om  the  wa  e  s  edge  to  the  gunwale 
could  be  a  ■inged  within  the  space 
of  n  ne  perpend  cular  feet,  the  high- 
e  t  po  t  of  eleva  on  from  the  water 
at  vh  ch  an  oar  co  Id  be  poised  from 
its  fhowl  {scalmzis)  to  be  handled 
with  effect.  (Howell,  War  Gallics 
of  the  Ancimis,  pp.  49.  51.)    Beyond 


,  the   » 


five  parallel  lines,  as  in  a 
quinqnereme,  biit  that  the  bants  or 
''  \a,  al^et  the  number  of  five, 
counted  in  JUe  instead  of  in 
raidc ;  i.  e.  each  ascending  file  of  five 
oars  from  the  water's  edge  was  called 
an  ordo,  but  the  number  of  banks  or 
ordines  were  enumerated  from  stem 
to  stem,  instead  of  from  the  water  to 
the  gunwale.  Thus  a  vessel  with  ten 
banfe  would  have  ten  files  of  oars, 
counted  from  stem  to  stern,  each  one 
of  five  deep  in  the  ascending  line,  ds 
exhibited, by  the  following  diagram; 


a  vessel  with  forty  banks  would  pre- 
sent the  same  ariungement  of  five 
deep  in  file,  but  each  rank  hetween 
stem  and  stern  would  contdn  forhi- 
oar  ports  instead  of  ten ;  a  length 
quite  within  reasonable  bounds,  for 
even  the  momris,  a  small  vessel,  in 
the  first  cut,  has  twenty-four. 

O'RE^  {xoKivii).  KsnaffsUt: 
for  riding  and  draught  horses.  (Ti- 
finnius,  Ntevius,  Cato,  and  Ccelius 
ap.  Fest  s.  v.'\  The  curb  hit,  as  used 


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b. 


in  which  a  chain  15  pressed 
the  under  lip  and  jaw  by  the 
leverage  of  branches  was  unknown 
to  the  ancients  amongst  whom  the 
most  appro^  ed  bits  we  e  eonstmcted 
with  great  regard  to  tl  e  tenderness 
of  the  a  iim^l  s  mouth,  being  formed 
with  easy  supple  joints  so  that  its 
action  was  elastic,  like  that  of  1 
Lliani  and  the  snbstance  thick  in 
order  that  it  might  bear  niih  less 
seventy  upon  the  parts  by  distn 
batmg  Its  surfice  moie  extensively 
over  them.     (Xen    £y   \   5  seqq ) 


All  these  properties  are  exhibited  in 
the  annexed  example,  from  an  ori- 
ginal of  bronze,  which  is  made  Co 
bend  in  joints,  and  is  furnished  with 
a  circalar  revolver,  midway  between 
the  centre  and  bridle  ring  on  each  ^e, 
which  induced  the  animal  to  keep  his 
tongue  and  mouth  in  motion. 

OR'GANUM  {Hpyavoy).  A  gene- 
ral name  given  to  any  instrument, 
machine,  or  contrivance  by  which 
human  labour  is  as^ted  in  agricul- 
ture, architecture,  warfare,  &C.  ;  dif- 
fering, however,  from  tnachina  in  this 
]>articiilar,  that  it  required  a  certain 
amount  of  skill  from  the  person  using 
it,  whereas  that  only  wanted  brute 
force  or  nirnibers  to  work  it.  (Vi- 
truv.  X.  I,  3.  CoIunielL  iii.  13.  iz. 
Plin.  H.N.  xix.  zo.)  Hence  the 
word  is  especially  given  to  musical 
taBtanmU  (Qilnl.  ii,  4.  10.  il.  3. 
20, ),  and  amongst  these,  more  parti- 
cularly to  the  one  from  which  our 
organ  is  descended  (SueL  Nets,  41. 
Lamprid.  Atix.  Sen.  XJ.  Id.  Hdiog. 
32. ) ;  but  which  also  had  a  special 
name  of  its  own,  inallusion  to  the  water 
originaUy  employed,  instead  of  weights, 
for  working  it.      See  HyDRAULITS. 

ORNATRlX  (ttOfffi^Tpm).  A 
lady'smaid,  afemale  slave,  whose  chief 
buaness  consisted  in  attending  the 
toilette  of  her  mistress,  to  dress  and 
decorate  her  person,  and  especially 


ORTHOGRAPHIA  4^9 

for  the  purpose  of  arran^qng  hei  hair 
(Ov.  A.  Am.  iii.  239  Suet  Claad 
40. ),  upon  which  the  Roman  women 
bestowed  a  vast  deal  of  attention 
and   ingenuity,    judging    fiom    the 


often  fantastic  coiffures 
exhibited  in  the  numerous  busts  re- 
maining of  the  Imperial  period.  The 
annex^  illustration  represents  an 
eniairix,  in  a  Pompdan  painting, 
dressing  her  mistress's  hair  with 
flowers,  some  of  which  are  seen  lying 
on  the  toilette  table  beside  her. 

ORNI'THON  (.hpoMy).  An 
aviary  or  poultry-house,  forming  one 
of  the  principal  appurtenances  to  a 
farm,  Or  country  villa,  in  wliich  all 
kinds  of  domesticated  birds  were 
reared,  kept,  and  fattened  for  the 
table.  These  buildings  were  con- 
structed and  lEud  out  upon  a  very 
magnificent  scale  by  the  Roman  gei 
try  and  farmers.  Varro,  M.  R.  in.  ; 
Columell.  viii.  3. 

ORPHANOTROPHI'UM  (ip^c 
rarpoi^eroK).  An  asylum  for  orphan 
where  they  were  supported  and  edu- 
cated at  the  public  expense.      "   ' 

ORTHOGRAPI-nA  {hpeoypa^ia). 
A  geometrkai  or  ankiiatural  drms. 
ing,  representing  an  elevation  or  a 
section  of  a  building ;  the  first  of 
which  consists  in  showing  the  exter- 
nal front  of  the  edifice,  with  aU  its 
parts,  apertures,  and  decorations,  not 
in  perspective,  but  as  they  would  ap- 
pear to  the  eye  of  a  spectator  placed 
at  an  infinite  distance  from  it ;  the 
latter,  in  showing  (he  whole  plan  of 


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46o 


ORTHOSTAT. 


the  inlerior  as  it  would  appear  in  like 
manner  if  the  external  wail  were  re- 
moved. (Vitruv.  i.  2.  3.)  The  de- 
signs which  originally  accompanied 
the  worlc  of  Vifruvins  being  lost,  we 
have  no  example  left  of  this  style  of 
drawing  amongst  the  ancients ;  but 
the  skiU  Ihey  exhibited  in  making  out 
ground-plans,  or  mapping  {ichnogra- 
pAia)  will  stand  surety  for  their  excel- 
lence in  this  other  branch  of  the  art. 

ORTHOS'TATA  (ip»ooT(tTi,5). 
Literally,  whicli  stands  upright ; 
whence  employed  by  architects  to 
designate  tlie  front  or  facing  of  a  wall. 


i  of  different  materials  Irom 
the  internal  part  of  it ;  viz.  of  regu- 
larly laid  bricks  or  ashlar  outside  an 
irregular  mass  of  rabble  {/artura), 
as  in  the  annexed  specimen  of  Ro- 
man building.     Vitruv.  ii.  8.  4. 

OSCILLATIO  (dWpa).  A  swing, 
or  game  at  swinging  [Pet,  Sat.  140. 
Hygin.i^n*,  130.  Festus  s.  Oscilluni, 
Serv.  ad  Virg.  Ga»^.  ii.  389.);  a 
'■ ;   amusement   with   the   an- 


cients, .  and    pmctised  much  in  the 

the  swing  had  four  legs  to  stand  upon 
the  ground  like  a  chair,  and  was  sus- 
pended by  foor  ropes  instead  of  two, 
as  indicated  by  the  example,  which 
represents  a  Greek  lady  swinging, 
from  a  design  upon  a  fictile  vase. 
The  entire  composition,  in  the  original, 


OSSARIUM. 

another  figure  standing  on 

the  ground  behind  the  swing,   with 

arms  extended,  in  the  altitude  of 

who  has  just  pushed  it  forward, 

and  awaits  its  return,  to  repeat  the 

operation. 

OSCIL'LUM.  Diminutive  of  Os ; 
a  small  mask  or  image  of  the  face ; 
more  especially  of  Bacchus,  which 
the  country  people  suspended  in  a 
vineyard  in  such  a  manner  that  flie 
toask  turned  round  and  fronted  dif- 
ferent directions,  as  it  was  impelled 
by  the  action  of  the  wind ;  it  bemg  a 
■  belief  that  the  district  became 


fraitfiil  towards  which  the  aspect  of 
the  god  was  directed.  (Viig.  Georg. 
ii.  388—392.  Macrob.  Sat.  i  7.) 
TTie  illustration  represents  several  of 
these  oscUla  suspended  on  a  tree, 
from  an  engraved  gem;  and  an  ori- 
ginal marble  mask  of  Bacchus,  in  the 
British  Museum,  with  a  ring  at  the 
top  for  hanging  it  up. 

OSSA'RIUM  and  OSSUA'RIUM. 
A  case  of  m-irble,  stone,  or  other  ma 
t^nal  wilhm  wluch 
a  more  valuable  e- 
vase,  containing  the 
bones  and  ashes  of  " 
the  dead,  weie  fte 
quently  enclosed, 
when  deposited  in 
the  sepulchral  chain 
ber  (Inscnpt  ap 
Grut  1043  I  lb  915  3 
vaia  stbiftcil   UIp   Dig 

nple  represents  the  original 
Vi!ii,h  the  cinerary  urn  of 
\  w-ts  enclosed  when  depo 


The  e 

Agnppr 


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OSTTARIUS. 

sited  in  tlie  inausoleum  of  Augustus, 
as  testified  by  the  inscription  upon  it ; 
and  is  now  preserved  in  the  Capitol 

OSTIA'RIUS  ifivf^fis).  Tlie 
door  keeper  at  house  porter ;  a  slave 
wlio  sat  in  the  porter's  lodge  {cella 
osHana.  Pet.  Sat.  29.  I.),  or,  in  an- 
dent  times,  who  ivas  chained  himself 
hy  the  side  of  the  entrance  (Id.  28.  8. 
Suet.  Rh.  3.  J,  to  talte  cognizance  of 
all  who  entered.     Same  as  Janitor. 

OS'TIUM  (dlipa).  In  strictness, 
designates  a  door  within  the  house, 
as  the  door  of  a  room  contradistin- 
guished from  the  street  door  (janua), 
(Isidor.  Or^.  xv.  7.  4.   Vitruv.    '   " 


Oy/LB.  40 1 

sage  {prolhyrum),  at  the  further  end 
of  which  is  anotlier  door,  the  ostium, 
half  closed  in  the  engraving,  which 
shuts  off  the  atrium,  or  the  aula  of  a 
Greek  house,  from  the  entrance  pas- 
sage. Vitruvius  styles  both  these 
duas  jarmas  (vi.  ?.  I.) ;  because  the 
above  mentioned,  though 
doubtless  an  acciurate  one,  was  seldom 
observed,  the  word  ostium  Ijeing  com- 
monly used  as  synonymous  with 
jaitua,  for  any  front  or  entrance  door, 
and  especially  for  the  entrance  to  a 
limpli  (Vltmv.  ,1  36.),  .niimmplc 
of  which  is  introduced  p.  342. 


i5.)    Thi 

in  a  passage  of  Plautus  (Pers.  v.  1. 
6. ),  ante  oHium  et  jaiiuam  ;  and  is 
aptly  illustrated  by  the  annexed  en- 
graving, representing  the  door-way 
of  a  house  at  Pompeii,  to  which  the 
ceiling  and  doors  are  restored,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  the  subject  more 
clear  and  comprehensible.  The  ja- 
nua  is  the  door  flush  with  the  exter- 
nal wall  of  the  house,  which  gives 
admission  to  an  entrance  hall  or  pas- 


lAuo 

"   ;  anne 

..  .      BntishU 

3    The  mouth  or  entrance  to  a 

port      (Virg    Sn  i.  40a)     See  the 

illustration  J  Foetus. 

OVl  LK     LiteraUy,  a  fold  or  pen 

for  sheep  or  goats  ;  thence  used  to 

designate  an  enclosure  in  the  Campus 

MartLus,  m  whii-h  each  of  the  tribes 

and    centr 

tered,  before  the 

to  give  thek  vol 

Lncan.   ii.    197.    Ji 

called  because  ''  " 

with  a  railing, 

tike    a    sheep 

pen,   which  is 

indicated      by 

the  palirade  at 

the  holtom  of 

the  amiexed  en- 
graving, from 
coin  of  Nerva ;  the  figures  above 
B  intended  to  represent  tlie  voters 
,  they  come  out  of  the  oaile,  and 


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■  the  h   dge  (p  ff  agi 

throw   he     lialotug  carls 
into    the   ballot  ng   basket 


OVUM  An  egg 
c  al  y  to  1  u  nber  of 
Ike  e"gs  h  ch  were 
placed  on  the  top  of  a 
s  ab  s  pported  by  co 
lumns  on  tl  e  barr  er 
(/no)  of 

(      » )      n   order   to 

nforin  the  spectators 

of  the  number  of  c  r    ''  '^\^'HW^^ 

c    ts  round  the  goals 

vh  ch  had  bee     mn  in  ea  h  race 

As  a  s    gle  race    compr  sed  se  en 

circn  ts    oun  1  the  course,   and  the 

eagerne  s  and  mte  est  take    by  the 

populace  ntheseexh  b  t  onsamoun  ed 

nz     some  contrivance 

cam  essary  for   showmg  the 

mbe  un       that   had   been 

m  nh  ch  would  t 

possibility  of  dirf- 

"'  ffected  by  the  plan 

exed  illustration, 

■^■sliaped  bails 


fh 


th     pn. 


rcoluit 


d    b       d 

pecting  which  ol 

ods  was  adopted ;  but 

fFect  would  be  the 

pe  haps,  the  practice 

periods,  or  in  dif- 

L    .  x\\.  ij.     Varro, 

ssiodor.  Var.  Ep. 

xl      p.  417. 

H  II  S     (oJu^iJ^op). 
Pond.  75.     Isidor. 


PASDACOGUS. 

:)ntaiiiiiig  fifteen  drachms ;  properly, 
\  Greek  form,  for  which  the  Latin 
vord  is  Acetabulum  ;  which  see. 


P. 

PjEDAGOGIA'NI,  %o.  pueri. 
Young  slaves  selected  for  tlieir  per- 
sonal beauty,  and  brought  up  in  the 
houses  of  great  people  under  the  em- 
pire, to  act  as  companions  and  atten- 
tknts  for  their  master's  children,  in 
place  of  \he  piedagogiis  of  earlier  times. 
(Ammian.  xjtvi.6.  15.  xxix.  3.  3.)  The 
name,  as  well  as  the  custom,  in  some 
measure,  has  passed  down  through 
the  middle  ages  to  the  present  day ; 
for  the  modern  name  of  "  fiage"  is 
an  evident  corruption  of  the  old 
Latin  term. 

P^DAGO'GIUM.  The  division 
or  department  in  great  houses  where 
young  slaves  were  trained  up  for  the 
service  of  paga  (ptedagegiaiii),  ajjait 
from  the  rest  of  the  slave  family. 
Plin.  Ep.  vii.  27.  13. 

2.  A  page.  (Senec.  FH.  Beat.  17. 
Id.  Ep.  IZ3.  Piiii.  H.  N.  xxxiii.  54. 
Compare  Suet.  Nero,  28. )    See  P^- 


P.«DAGO'GUS  (rfl.!a7BT,i!.)  A 
lave  of  the  better  class,  whose  pecu- 
iar  duty  it  was  to  superintend  the 
moral  habits  of  his  master's  son,  ac- 
ompany  him  in  his  walks,  conduct 
him  to  and  from  school,  and  perhaps 
also  to  give  instruction  at  home. 
Cic  Am.  20.  Senec.  Ira,  ii.  32. 
Quint,  i.  I.  S.  Id.  i.  2.  10.)  He 
hus  occupied  a  position  somewhat, 
though  not  exactly,  analogous  to 
that  of  tutor  amongst  us  ;  but  resem- 
bled more  closely  the  "tiiiore"  of' 
modern  Italy,  who  is  generally  an 
"abate,"  and  accompanies  his  charge 
upon  all  occasions,  even  when  he 
goes  to  pay  a  visit,  precisely  like 
tlie  pedagogue  of  ancient  Greece  and 
Italy,  'file  figure  introduced  at  r 
407.  s.  Mahica,  1.  is  believed  to  be 
intended  for  the  psdagogus  of  one  of 
Niobe's  children ;   the  style   of  the 


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Iiead  and  drapery  are  evidently  meant 
to  cliaraclerize  a  foreigner.   Artem. 

P^'NULA  (^ni^iiATis).  O'icir.  iL 
3.  p.  135.  Reiff.  An  article  of 
the  outer  appMel  belonging  to 
the  class  of  garments  termed  vesti- 
vunta  clama,  or  close  dresses.  It 
was  a  round  frock,  with  a  hood,  and 
opening  at  the  top  for  the  head,  but 
otherwise  entirely  closed  down  the 
front ;  or  sometimes  with  a  slit  reach- 
ing half  way  up  from  the  bottom,  of 
the  skirt  in  ffont,  so  that  the  flaps 
might  be  taken  up  and  turned  over 
the  shoulder,  in  the  manner  shown 
by  the  right-hand 
neited  wood-cut ; 


without  sleeves,  whence  those  who 
wore  it  are  said  to  be  entangled,  con- 
strained, and,  as  it  were,  enclosed  in 
their  psnulix  (irreliti;  adstficti  ei 
ve^i  inclusi.  Cic.  Mil.  20.  Anct. 
Drill,  de  Oral.  39.).  It  was  worn 
ovei'  the  tunic  j  particularly  on  jour- 
neys, and  in  the  city  during  very  cold 
or  wet  weather  (Quint,  vi.  3.  66. 
Lamprid.  Alex.  Sev.  27.) ;  occasion- 
ally by  women  (Quint,  vui.  3.  54.); 
and  was  either  made  of  cloth  with  a 
very  thick  and  long  nap  (Mart.  xiv. 
145.),  or  of  leather  (Id.  xiv.  130.). 
The  illustrations  exhibit  a  front  and 
back  view  of  the  article,  from  statues 
engraved  in  the  treatise  of  Bartholin!, 
de  Punula. 

2.  A  particular  part  of  the  forcing 
pump  invented  by  Ctesibius  of  Alex- 


andria, and  called  after  him  Cte- 
siBiCil  Machima,  under  which  its 
character  is  illustrated  by  the  part 
marked  D.     Vitruv.  x,  7. 

P .«  N  U  L  A'R  I U  S.  One  who 
makes  or  sells  p^imlis.  Inscript.  a^. 
Gnit.  646.  5. 

PiENULA'TUS.  {Cic,  Mil.  10, 
20.)  Wearing  the  p/siaila,  as  ex- 
plained and  illustrated  under  that  word. 

PAGA'NICA,  sc.  Fila.  A  parti- 
cular kind  of  ball,  stuffed  with  down, 
and  covered  with  leather,  originally 
used  by  the  country  people  IJiagaiii), 
from  whom  it  received  the  name, 
though  subsequently  adopted  by  the 
more  refined  inhabitants  of  the  city. 
It  was.  larger  and  softer  than  the 
trigon,  but  smaller  and  of  more  con- 
sistency than  the/aUii.     Mart.  xiv. 


45-     Id.  V 


.32. 


composed  of  a 
number  of  strips  1 
of  the  inner  bark  | 
of  papyrus  I^H- 
/yn),  a  number  | 
of  which,  when  u 
glued  tt^ether, 
formed  a  Mok  or  roll  (A&f,  valiiriien) ; 
or  it  signifies  one  of  the  written  co- 
lumns upon  the  sheet,  as  seen  in  the 
annexed  example,  from  a  Pompeian 
painting;  thus  corresponding  pretty 
nearly  with  our  ^ge,  which  seems 
the  best  interpretadon.  Plin.  if.  N. 
xiii.  24.     Cic.  Q.  Fr.\.  2.  ^ 

PA'GUS  (irdyos).  A  Greek  word 
signifying  literally  a  mountain  peak, 
in  wHch  sense  it  was  adopted  by  the 
Romans  to  designate  any  strong 
position  in  the  midst  of  the  open 
country,  more  fortified  by  nature  than 
by  art,  like  the  top  of  a  precipitous 
bill,  to  which  the  rural  population  of 
the  surromiding  district  Could  retreat 
with  their  families,  cattle,  and  pro- 
perty, as  to  a  place  of  security,  upon 
the  occasion  of  any  sudden  incursion 
or  razzia  so  frequent  during  the  bar- 
barous methods  of  warfare  which 
characterized  the  earlier  periods  of 


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464  PALA. 

Roman  history.  (Dionys.  ii,  76.  Iv.  \ 
15.)  And  as  each  of  these  positions 
naturally  formed  the  nucleus  of  a 
village,  much  in  the  same  way  as 
many  of  the  towns  in  modem  Europe 
have  sprung  up,  from  the  tendency 
of  the  mdostrious  classes  to  establish 
themselves  within  the  protection  of  a 
baronial  castle,  the  name  of  fagiis 
was  given  to  the  village  and  district 
immediately  surrounding  it,  and  the 
name  of  pagani  to  the  peasantry 
spread  over  it,  expressly  to  distinguish 
them  from  the  military.  Vairo,  L.L. 
vl  34.  26.  Virg.  Ceorg.  ii.  32S.  Ov. 
Fast.  J.  669.  Tac.  Ann.  i.  56.  Cic, 
Dam.  aS.  Suet.  Aug.  27. 

PA'LA.  A  spadi,  with  an  iron 
blade  (Colnmell.  x.  45.),  empbyed 
both  in  gardening  and  husbandry. 
(Id.  V.  9.  S.  Varro,  L.  L.  v.  134. 
Liv.  iii.  zd./essam  fodktis  fals  iiuii- 
sus.)  Tlie  andent  spade  was,  how- 
ever, not  so  heavy  an  implement  as 
the  one  now  in  use,  having  a  longer 
handle,  and  smaller,  as  well  as  pointed 
blade,  as  exhibited  by  the  annexed 
example,  from  a  sepulchral  painting 


FAL^STEICUS. 


of  the  Christian 
Romans  make  ust 
cisely  the  same 
designate  by  its 
fala." 


era.  The  modem 
of  a  spade  of  pre- 
form,  which  they 


.  (^ 


'"■) 


shovel  of  the  same  form  as  the  iron 
one,  employed  for  winnowing  com, 
in  the  same  manner  as  still  practised 
both  in  Italy  and  Greece.  (Cato, 
R.  R.  xi,  5.)  It  is  made  use  of  on 
the  threshing  floor,  and  in  the  open 
air  when  the  wind  sets  in  with  a  mode- 
rate freshness.  The  labourer  takes 
up  a  shovel-full  from  the  heap  of  com 
already  threshed  out,   and  throws  it 


_  ates  and  carries  away  with  it  the 
lifter  particles  of  chaff  and  refuse, 
leaving  the  heavier  grain  to  fall  back 
upon  the  floor.  The  illustration  re- 
presents an  Albanian  peasant  win- 
nowing corn  with  a  fala  in  the  Ete- 

3.  (fiiJpSpu,  a^ftliiiTi,  jTufAii.)  The 
bszil  of  a  ring.  (Cic.  Off.  iii.  9.) 
Same  as  Funda,  4,  where  an  Ulustra- 

PALESTRA  (ira^oiflTpo).  Pro- 
perly a  Greek  word,  often  nsed  in 
the  same  sense  as  Gymnasium  ;  or, 
the  distinction  between  the  two  terms 
may  consist  in  this,  that  the  fialiatra 
originally  and  properly  speaking  was 
the  place  where  the  atkkks  who  con- 
tended at  the  public  games  were 
trained  and  exercised  in  the  art  of 
boxing,  wrestling,  &c.  ;  the  gymna- 
sium, on  the  contrary,  an  establish- 
ment in  which  the  youth  of  Greece 
enjoyed  the  recreation  of  juvenile 
sports  and  gymnastic  exercises  ;  the 
palestra  be^g  that  particular  depart- 
ment of  it  ui  which  the  gymnastic 
discipHne  was  undergone.  (Plant. 
Bacch.  iii.  3.  23.  CatulL  Ixiii.  60. 
Vitruv.  V.  ir.)    See  Gymnasium. 

a.  The  Romans,  when  they  applied 
the  word  specially,  used  it  to  desig- 
nate a  particular  part  of  their  vilfis 
fitted  up  for  the  purpose  of  active 
games  and   exercises.     Cic.   Q.   Fr. 

PAL^STRICUS  (TraAoioTpiKiJi). 
In  a  general  sense,  one  who  is  skilled 
in,  or  adfiicted  to,  the  exercises  of  the 


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FALMSTSITA. 

paliestra. 

(Quin 

i.    II.   15.)    But 

as  more  frequently 

se  se  t    design  t 

a   person 

h     act  d   m           p     ty 

something  bet 

anddanc 

&m    t 

; 

d    Ital)    li  w  t 

avoid  awk   ard 

■ut    ty     f 

manner,  t       q  lega  t  d  p  rt 

ment  and  gra  f  \  ca  "na^e,  as  w  11 
as  ease  and  propriety  of  attitude  and 
gesture  (Quint.  L  1 1.  16.  Id.  ii.  8. 
7.  Id.  xiL  2.  12.) ;  for,  amongst  the 
Greelcs  more  especially,  who  were 
devoted  admirers  of  the  beautiful 
under  every  form  and  combination, 
grace  was  regarded  as  an  essentia 
requisite,  even  in  the  violent  contests 
of  the  palsestra ;  hence  pHtsstrici 
motm  (Cic.  Off.  L  36.)  mean  the  mo- 
tions and  gestures  acquired  from 
these  masters,  whicli  Cicero  very 
properly  condemns  when  carried  to 
excess,  or,  as  we  should  say,  remind- 
ing one  of  the  dancing  master. 

PAL^STRITA  (TB^aiffTptiTjiV 
One  who  exercises  himself  in  the  pa- 
lEBStra.  Cic  Verr.  ii.  2.  14.  Mart. 
iii.  58-  25- 

PALAN'GA.     See  Phalanga. 

PALA'RIA.  Neuter  plural.  The 
enercise  of  tilting,  practised  by  re- 
crnits  of  the  Roman  armies,  against 
a  stake  {pni«s'\  set  up  in  the  ground  as 
a  manikin,  by  which  they  learnt  to  go 
through  their  exercise.  Chans.  L  21. 
Compare  Veg.  Mil.  i.  11.  Id.  ii.  23. 

PAL'E  {irikM,).  (Stat.  Ack.  ii. 
441.)  Properly,  a  Greek  word,  for 
which  the  Latin  expression  is  Lucta. 

PALEA'RIUM.  A  lofi,  for  the 
stowage  of  fodder  straw,  or  chaff 
[palea).     Columell.  i.  6.  9. 

PALIMPSES'TUS(5ra>.t;<'ho 
Parchment  from  which  former 
tings  have  been  erased  to  make 
for  fresh  ones.  (Cic  Fam.  vii 
CatuU.  xxii.  5.)  Hence  the  : 
of  falimpsest  is  given  by  the  learned 
to  those  manuscripts,  which,  though  of 
themselves  of  a  respectable  antiquity, 
are  found  to  have  been  written  ovei 


PALLA.  465 

others  still  older.  It  is  probable  that 
this  practice  of  obliteration  and  re- 
writing upon  the  same  skin  was  some- 
times pursued  by  the  Greek  and  Ro- 
man booksellers,  in  cases  where  the 
original  composition  was  of  little  in- 
terest or  value  ;  but  none  of  those  now 
actually  in  existence  are  believed  to 
possess  a,  higher  date  than  the  ninth 
century  ;  and  it  is.  often  found  that 
works  of  superior  merit  have  been 
washed  out,  in  order  to  receive  other 
matter  ;  the  original  writing  under- 
neath  being  still  discoverable,  and 
even  legible.  Thus  Cicero's  treatise 
de  Repub.  was  found,  and  deciphered 
by  A.  Maio,  under  a  commentary  of 
St  Angi^in  on  the  Psalms. 

PAIXA  ({Bcrrft,  i-eitAof ).  -A  term 
employed  by  the  Latin  authors  to  de- 
signate an  article,  stiictly  speaking, 
of  the  Greek  female  costume  ;_  worn 
as  a  robs  of  state  by  ladies  of  distmc- 
tion,  goddesses,  and  mythological 
personages  ;  and  by  musicians  and 
actors  on  the  stage.  Non.  t.  v.  p. 
537.  Hor.  A.  P.  278. 

It  was  composed  with  an  oblong 
rectangular  piece  of  cloth,  folded 
before  being  put  on,  in  a  very  pecu- 
liar manner,  which  will  be  readily 
understood  from  the  annexed  dia- 
grani  and  description.  The  entire 
square  A  B  c  D  was  first  turned  back 
or  folded  down  in  the  line  E  F,  which 
reduces  it  to  the  parallelogram 
E  F  c  D,  the  line  A  B  comciding  at 
the  back  with  the  line  G  h  in  frotit. 
It  was  then  doubled  across  the  middle 
in  the  line  IKL,  and  the  side  fc 
brought  together  with  the  opposite 
one  ED,  the  part  turned  back 
being  lefi  on  the  outside,  so  that  the 
whole  is  finally  reduced  in  siie  to  the 
figure  EDLl,  which  is  double,  and 
entirely  dosed  on  one  side,  repre- 
sented by  I K  L,  but  open  at  the  other, 
EGD.  It  was  then  put  on  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner.  The  wearer  opened 
the  two  sides,  thus  brought  together . 
at  EGD,  and  passed  one  of  them 
round  the  back,  so  as  to  stand  ex- 
actly   in    the   centre    of    the    square 


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back  and  front  together  by  a  brooch  on 
the  pointof  the  left  shoulder  at  N,  pass- 
ing her  arm  through  the  aperture  N I 
of  the  diagram,  and  Hi  in  the  draped 
figure.  Another  brooch  was  then 
fixed  on  the  top  of  the  right  shoulder, 
at  M,  whicli  one  of  the  females  is  in 
the  act  of  doing,  so  that  the  parts  be- 
tween  M  and  H  afford  an  opening  for 
the  head,  and  those  between  M  E  (or 
Me,  draped  figure),  another  arm-hole 
for  the  right  arm,  similar  to  the  one 
on  the  other  side.  The  corners  E, 
(i,  and  [,  E,  on  the  first  diagram,  or 
e  and  i  on  the  last  one,  will  fall  down 
in  the  direction  indicated  by  the 
dotted  lines,  and  occupying  the  situ- 
ations marked  EG,  IK,  on  the  drapery 
of  the  right-hand  figure ;  while  the 
whole  of  the  upper  portion  of  the 
costume  corresponds  exactly  with  the 
words  of  SidonluB  ApoUinaris  {Carm. 
xiii  31  ),  which  describe  a  statue  of 
Bacchus  in  female  attire,  like  the  one 
m  the  Vatican  (Mas.  Pio-Clfm.  vii. 
a  )  tie/,  /e^t  exseytoi,  sed  langit, 
palla  lacertes.  It  is,  moreover,  obvious, 
from  the  preceding  account,  that  the 

^lla  thus  descritei  was  in  itself  a 
)se  piece  of  drapery,  adjusted  on  the 
person  by  folding  round  it,  hke  any 
other  article  of  the  Amictus;  whence 


■  P-  549-);  and  this  peculi_.__j 
will  be  brought  still  more  forcibly 
under  observation  by  referring  to  the 
wood-cut  J.  Peplum,  i.  which  repre- 


to  the  same  set  as  the  two  preceding, 
ind  wearing  the  same  kind  of  cos- 
tume, with  the  whole  of  the  left  side 
completely  open,  so  that  it  might  be 
mistaken  by  careless  observers  for  a 
pallium.  But  sometimes  the  square 
piece  of  drapery,  after  being  folded 
down  at  Ihe  top,  and  again  in  half, 
as  above  described,  was  partially 
sewed  together  at  one  of  its  sides,  from 
the  bottom  to  half  or  two-thirds  of 
its  length,  as  is  clearly  exemplified 
by  the  figure  on  the  left  hand  in  the 
preceding  illustration,  in  which  the 
broad  band  down  the  right  side  shows 
the  hem  by  which  the  united  parts  are 
joined.  In  this  state  it  becomes  a 
round  or  close  dress — vesUmeatum 
clausum — which  was  of  necessity 
put  on  over  the  head,  like  any 
other  articleof the Inhotus;  whence 
a  person  so  draped  is  said  to  be  pal- 
lam  induia  (Ov.  Met.  xiv.  262.) ;  and 
in  appearance,  it  possesses  consider- 
able resemblance  to  a  tunic,  a  resem- 
blance still  further  increased  by  the 
usual  practice,  when  thiis  adjusted, 
of  confining  it  round,  the  waist,  or 
above  the  hips,  by  a  girdle,  as  shown 
by  the  right-hand  figure  above ; 
whence  the  expression  palla  succinc. 
tarn  occurs  m  Hor.  Sat.  i.  8.  23. 

It  should  not  be  concealed  that  this 
explanation  is  at  variance  wilh  the 
ordinary  interpretation  given  to  the 
term     by    lexicographeis    and    phi- 


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lolt^ists,  who  content  themselves  with 
saying  (hat  ^lla  is  merely  a  poetical 
word  for  pallhtm,  more  especially 
used  in  regard  to  women.  But,  I. 
The  pallium  is  never  an  article  of  the 
indutus,  as  the  palla  is  ;  on  the  con- 
trary, it,  or  a  piece  of  drapery  similar 
in  general  character,  was  sometimes 
worn  over  the  pallet,  as  by  Circe  in 
Ovid  (l.  c.)^pallanique  injjuta  m- 
tenleni,  Insuper  mtrate  circiintvelatur 
amklu.  2.  The  ^lla  is  frequently 
described  as  a  garment  that  covered 
ihefeet(Ov.^wj.  iii.  13. 26.  Compare 
Vii^.  ^«.  xi,  576.  Stat.  AcL  i. 
262.),  which  \\iepallium  never  does, 
nor  could  do.  3.  It  was  fastened 
with  a  girdle  (Hor.  /.  c),  which  the 
pallium  never  is,  nor  could  be.  4. 
Nonius  {s.  v.  p.  537.)  and  Servius 
(adVag.  ^11.  i.  648.}  both  explain 
the  term  palla  by  a  compound  word, 
iunito-palliam,  meaning  that  it  pos- 
sessed the  properties  of  a  tunica  and 
^pallium,  or  in  other  words,  that  it 
was  both  an  indtUus  and  an  ainktus  ; 
which  corresponds  exactly  with  the 
description  given  by  Pollnx  (vii. 
47. }  of  the  Greek  female  dress  termed 
IuitIs,  iii^vikS.  TS  ofiou,  Koi  rtpSSt^vfo, 
ital  x'TiSi'.  5.  AH  the  other  fashions 
of  the  p/illa,  which  are  described 
and  illustrated  in  subsequent  para- 
graphs, have  a  positive  afSnity  with 
the  preceding  one,  but  have  no  re- 
semblance wliatever  to  the  pal/iam, 
for   they  are   close   dresses 


iitduius. 


When  Seneca  {Ira,  iii.  22.)  desig- 
nates a  curtain  by  the  terra  palla,  he 
does  not  invalidate  the  accuracy  of 
the  above  reasoning ;  for,  when  the 
garment  was  removed  from  the  body, 
it  formed  a  lai^e  rectangular  piece  of 
cloth,  as  already  expl^ned.  7.  In  a 
variety  of  other  passages  where  the 
word  occurs,  it  is  introduced  without 
any  characteristic  adjunct  or  context 
to  explain  whether  a  sole  covering, 
or  an  inner  or  outer  garment,  is  in- 
tended. The  above  are  some  of  the 
most  obvious  reasons  whicli  establish 
a  conviction  that  the  pallium   and 


palla  are  not  identical  terms,  and 
which  help  lo  confirm  the  accuracy 
of  the  interpretation  here  affixed  to 
the  latter  word  ;  set  out  with  extreme 
conciseness,  it  is  true,  as  the  nature 
of  this  work  requires  ;  but  it  seemed 
incumbent,  when  departing  from  old 
established  opinions,  supported  bytlie 
lion  of  great  names,  to  prodace 
authority  for  the  innovation. 
Although  the  palla,  when  w 


robe   of  state, 
long  dress   reach- 
ing to  the  feet,  as 
described 


always  a 


much   shorter   di. 


minatedjust  above 
the  knees,  as  is 
proved  by  written 
testimony,  and  ex- 
hibited in  works 
of  art.  In  this 
state  it  is  given  to  the  hunting 
nymphs  attendant  on  Diana  by  Vale- 
rius Flaccus  (iii.  525.  mmma  palla 
genu)  ;  to  Tisiphone  by  Ovid  {Met. 
iv.  481.);  aiid  is  so  worn  by  the 
Futia,  in  the  Vatican  Virgil.  The 
illustration,  from  a  bas-relief  of  the 
Villa  Boighese,  shows  a  drapery 
made  up  and  put  on  by  means  of  a 
brooch  on  each  shoulder,  precisely 
similar  to  those  exhibited  in  the 
former  part  of  this  article,  with  (he. 
sole  exception  in  regard  to  length.  It 
is  supposed  fo  represent  a  Spartan 
damsel  danclne  at  the  fites  of  Diana, 
which  were  celebrated  in  one  of  the 
villages  of  Laconia,  called  Caria,  at 
whidi  dandng  was  one  of  the  charac- 
teristic solemnities,  and  the  costume 
worn  would  be  naturally  allusive  to 
the  goddess  of  the  chase  (Visconti, 
M<ts.  Pio-Clitn.  vii.  38.  n,) ;  who  is 
herself  represented,  in  a  great  number 
of  statues,  dad  in  a  palla  predsely 
similar  to  the  one  here  exhibited, 
with  the  only  difference  of  having 
a  girdle  on  the  outside,  under  the 


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46S 

bosom,  to  keep  the  drapery  close  to 
the  person  during  the  purr  -'  ~  ^  - 
ertions  of  the  chase. 

3.  The/fl//o  worn  by  Che  kdies  of 
Rome,  though  not  exactly  identical 
with  the  Greek  one,  yet  possessed  suffi- 
cient resemblance  to  it  in  all  essential 
particulars  to  justify  its  being  included 
in  the  same  class  of  dresses  with  the 
one  already  described,  and  designated 
by  the  same  name.  Like  that,  it  par- 
took of  the  double  character  of  an 
indumentum  and  an  amicius,  being 

(Varro,  L.  L.  v.  131.  Hor.  Sal.  i.  2. 
99.),  and  adjusted  to  the  person  by 
clasps  apon  the  shoulders  in  the  same 
manner  as  explained 
in  the  two  preceding 
paragraphs,  with 
only  this  difference 
that  the  upper  part 

down  to  make  a 
fdl-over,  because 
the  tunic  underneath 
it  completely  covered 
the  bosom,  and  ren- 
dered such  a  protec- 


aJl  these 


The  annexed  figure 
from  a  statue  of  the  ^ 
found  at  Pompeii,  illu; 
particulars.  The  undermost  gar- 
ment, which  comes  close  up  to  the 
throat,  and  has  sleeves  looped  down 
the  fleshy  part  of  (he  arm,  is  the 
under  tunic,  or  stala  (Hor.  I.  c); 
over  this  is  seen  the  palla,  with  its 
bade  and  front  edges  fastened  ti^e- 
ther  by  clasps  upon  the  shoulder 
points,  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
three  preceding  figures;  while  a 
large  veil  or  loose  piece  of  drapery 
(amicius)  is  finally  thrown  over  tlie 
whole,  in  the  manner  stated  by  Ovid 
{Mel.  xiv.  262.),  and  imphed  by 
Livj-  (xxvii.  4. ),  fallam  piciaia  cum 
amictilo  furpureo,  where  (he  diminu- 
tive expresses  fineness  of  texture,  not 
smallness  of  dimensions,  flie  skirts 
of  tlie  palla  arc  concealed  by  the 
outer   drapery,    so    that   its   actual 


length  cannot  be  ascertained  ;  but  it 
probably,  did  not  reach  much  below 
the  knee,  in  order  not  to  hide  the 
flounce  (i«j/alt)  of  the  slsla,  the 
lower  edges  and  plaits  of  which  are 
seen  over  tile  feet,  and  on  the  ground. 
In  addition  to  all  this,  the  lady  with- 
out doubt  wore  a  regular  diemise 
{tunica  itilitiia)  nest  the  skin,  which 
would  be  entirely  concealed  by  the 
over-clothing.  Thus  we  may  rea- 
dily understand  what  Horace  means 
(/.  c)  by  contrasting  the  scanty  ap- 
parel of  immodest  women  with  the 
dense  barricades  presented  by  the 
attire  of  the  virtuous  and  high-bom 
females  ;  and  the  reason  of  the  defi- 
nition given  by  Nonius  {s.  w.  p.  537.) 
to  the  term  paUa^—koiusts:  mulieris 
veiUiiienium. 

4.  The  palla  with  which  Isis  is 
invested  by  Apideius  (Met.  xL  p. 
240,)  would  appear  from  his  woi'ds 
to  be  a  dress  of  a  character  totaUy 
different  from  those  which  have  been 
thus  far  sufficiently  authenticated  by 
written  as  well  as  demonstrative  evi- 
dence, had  it  not  been  for  the  exist- 
ence of  a  bas-relief  in  the  Pio-Cle- 
mentine  Museum,  representing  a 
priestess  of  Isis,  as  here  annexed, 
whose  costume  corresponds  so  closely 
and  minutely  with  the  particular  de- 
tails enumerated  by 
Apuleius,  as  to  leaie 
no  doubt  that  his  de 
scription  was  drawn 
from  some  well  known 
artistic  tjpe,  after  ^ 
which  the  figure  here 
exhibited  n  as  also  in  a 
great  measure  model 
led.  It  is  here  at  once 
apparent  that  she  wears 
a  palla  exactly  the 
same  in  foim  and 
mode  of  adjustment  as 
the  right-hand  figure, 
from  3ie  Pompeian  sta  , 
above,  oier  the  outside  of  nhich 
there  passes  a  broad  scarf  di.corated 
with  embroideied  stais  and  half 
moons,  which  is  earned  from  undei 


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P4LL4 

the  light  arm,  aci  oss  the  breast,  and 
over  the  left  shoulder,  then  turned 
down,  so  as  to  lea\e  an  end  with 
fringes  at  iti  extremity  depending  in 
front ;  the  whole  of  whidi,  a=  well 
as  the  ornamental  details,  are  circum 
stantially  descnbed  m  so  many  words 
by  Apuleius.  The  obscurity  of  the 
passage  arises  from  his  giving  the 
name  ofjntlla  to  the  scarf  only  ;  that 
is,  he  describes  the  part  which  forms 
so  prominent  a  feature  in  the  cos- 
tume, and  attracts  so  much  attention, 
under  the  name  of  the  vest  on  which 
it  was  embroidered,  or  attached  as  a 
decoration 

5  Pa/ia  athariEdua  The  paUa. 
worn  by  musicians  upon  the  stage , 
whence  frequently  represented  in 
worlo  of  art  as  an  appropriate  cos 
tume  for  Apollo  in  his  character  of 
citharmdus  and  musageks  This  n  as 
a  loi^  flowmg  robe,  with  sleeves 
reaching  to  the 
wiistb,,  and  fastened 
with  a  broad  girdle 
round  the  waist,  the 
skirts  of  which  fell 
over  the  feet,  or 
trained 
ground, 
resembles 
in  many  respects  the 
ordinary  chiridola   or 


consequently, 
tioned  as  an  article 
of  the  induius  (Auct. 
ad  ffa-mti.  iv.  47.  ciihariedus  fialla 
indutiis.  Compare  ApiU.  J^or.  iL 
15.  2.  where  a  robe  precisely  like 
the  one  here  eshlbited  is  minutely 
described) ;  but  it  differs  from  the 
common  tunic  in  (his  respect,  that  it 
was  not  made,  hke  tlmt,  of  oneuniform 
width  irom  top  to  bottom,  but  was 
narrow  at  the  upper  part  over  the 
chest  and  shoulders,  gradually  widen- 
ing downwards,  until  it  became  a 
loose  and  sweeping  robe  towards  the 
feet,  from  which  circumstance  it  pro- 
bably  received  the  name  of  palia. 
All  these  particulars  are  conspicu- 


PALLIOLATUS.  469 

ously  apparent  in  the  annexed  illus- 
tration, representing  a  statue  o£ 
Apollo  in  the  Vatican;  the  loose 
drapery  hanging  behind  from  the 
shoulders  is  an  amiclus  worn  over 
the  palla.  In  the  oti^nal  statue  the 
arms  are  restorations,  and  the  artist 
has  given  to  them  short  sleeves, 
which,  are  corrected  for  long  ones  in 
the  present  drawing,  in  accordance 
with  other  representations  of  the 
same  subject,  and  more  particularly 
of  an  ancient  type  in  the  arcii^c 
style  of  Greek  sculpture  (Wink. 
Man.  Iitfd.  V^ette  to  dedication}, 
which  formed  the  original  after  whicli 
they  are  all  more  or  less  modelled. 

6.  Falla  GaUica.  The  Gaulish 
jerkin;  a  short,  close-fitting  dress, 
slit  up  before  and  behind  as  high 
as  the  fork.  (MarL  i.  93,  compared 
with  Straboiv.  4.  3.)  Whenadopted 
at  Rome,  it  received  the  name  of 
Caeacalla,  after  the  emperor  who 
introduced  the  fashion  of  wearing  it ; 
under  which  it  is  described  and  il- 
lustrated. 

PALLIAS'TRUM.  An  augmen- 
tative of  pallium  ;  the  augment^ve 
indicating  coarseness  of  texture,  and, 
consequently,  an  inferior  article  worn 
by  the  poorer  classes,  and  certain  phi- 
losophers who  affected  severity  of  at- 
the.     Apul.  FUr.  ii.  14.  Met.  i.  p.  4. 

PALLIA'TUS.  Wearing  the 
Greek  pallium;  thence,  by  imphca- 
tion,  dressed  as  a  Greek;  for,  the 
word  is  opposed  in  Latin  fo  togahis  ; 
that  is,  to  a  Roman,  whose  national 
costume  was  the  toga.  (Plant.  Cure. 
iii.  2.  9.  Cic.  Rabir.  Post.  9.  Suet 
Jul.  48.  Claud-  15.)  The  illusUa- 
lions  J.  Pallium  and  Toga  will  at 
once  explain  the  difference. 

PALLIOLATUS.  Wearing  the 
paSialum  upon  the  head,  as  explained 
and  exhibited  in  the  followhig  word 
and  illustration.  Suet  Claud.  2. 
Mart.  ix.  33. 

2.  Palliolala  tunica.  (Vopisc.  ,So- 
nos.  l^,)lA'k^luniea-pall£u!'!,  another 
expression  or  gloss  for  Palla, 
which  see ;    and  appropriately  era- 


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470  PALLIOLUM. 

ployed,  because  the  upper  part  of 
the  piece  of  drapery  which  formed 
the  tunic,  was  turned  down  in  such  a 
manner  that  it  resembles  apallielitm 
over  the  shoulders  and  bosom,  in- 
stead of  the  head,  as  is  plainly  shown 
l^  the  figures  under  Palla,  L 

PALL'IOLUM.  A  diminutive  of 
pallium ;  consequently,  nsed  in  a 
general  sense  for  any  mantle  of  ordi- 
nary qaality,  small  dimensions,  of 
line  textare,  adjusted  and  worn  in  the 
same  manner  as  the/a/ZiaiB,  Plant. 
Epid.  ii.  2.  12.  Cic.  Tmc.  iii.  23. 

2.  (flfpioTpioi',  probably).  A  square 
cloth,  doubled  and  adjusted  lo  the 
head,  like 


Of 

e  the  fol- 


jalding. ),  and  females  of  advanced 
age,  as  shown  by  the  annexed 
example,  representing  the  head  of  an 
old  nurse,  in  a  marble  bas-relief. 

PALLIUM  (liiAitov,  •^B.fos).  The 
principal  article  of  the  Greek  amiclm, 
or  outer  object  of  their  apparel,  as 
the  lags  was  of  the  Romans.  (Quint 
si.  5,  143.  Suet  Tib.  13.  Liv.  xxix. 
19.)  It  consisted  of  a  lai^e  sheet  or 
blanket,  madeofwool.andofasqnare 
or  oblong  square  form  (Pet.  Sat.  135. 
4.  TertuS.  as  Pall.  I.  Athen.  v.  50.), 
fastened  round  the  neclt  or  on  the 
shoulder  by  a  brooch  {Jibula,  Ter- 
tulL  /.  c),  and  sometimes  worn  over 
the  naked  body  as  the  only  covering, 
b  n  commonly  as  an  outside 
n  n  ver  the  tunic  (Plaut.  Efi. 
z  59  Cic.  Verr.  a.  5,  52,)  A 
g  m  n  of  this  nature  might  be  ad- 
d  pon  the  person  in  various 
w  cording  as  the  fancy  of  the 

w  the  state  of  the  atmosphere 

gg  d  ;  and,  as  each  arrangement 
p  da  different  mod^l  in  the  set 

s  folds,  the  Greeks 


of  a  distini 


lacterize  the   particular   manner   i 
which  it  was  put  on,  or  the  appeai 
ance  it  presented  when 
these  the  most  important 

I.  iffl^AijuB.      Meaning   literally, 
that  which  is  thrmun  on  or  ovei:  de. 
signates  the  palli 
the  simplest  mam 


eof  01 


the  back 
of  the  neck,  and 
fastened  round  the 
thioat  01  on  one 
shoulder,  by  a 
bru)ch  so  that  all 
the  four  comers 
hnng  downwaids 
in  the  manner  ex 
hibited      on      the 

representmg  a 

Greek    soldier    in 
travellmj 


sides  w 


tile- 


■'a,  fioi 


B^H 


sense,  that  wh  ch  js 
nates  the  falbum 
when  adjusted    in 

lo  tJie  old  style  of 
wearing  the  tc^a  , 
i.  e.  when  the  part 
which  hangs  down 
on  the  right  side 
of  the  preceding 
figure,   was  talien 

the  left  shoulder, 
so  that  it  would 
depend  at  the 
back  of  the  wearer, 
as  represented  by  the  annexed  exam- 
ple, from  the  celebrated  statue  of 
Aristides  in  the  Farnese  collection. 
When  thus  worn,  the  brooch  was 
not  used  ;  and  the  blanket  instead  of 
being  placed  on  the  back,  at  the  mid- 
dle of  its  width,  was  drawn  longer 
over  the  right  side  to  allow  sufficient 
length  for  casting  on  to  the  opposite 
shoulder ;   the    right    arm    likewise 


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ofwiiich  particulara  are  plainly  per- 
ceivable ill  the  illustration.  At  the 
same  time  both  skill  and  attention 
wei-e  required  to  adjust  the  garment, 
so  that  it  should  sit  firmly  and  grace- 
fully upon  the  body,  which  was 
considered  as  a  mark  of  elegance,  if 
well  arranged,  or  awkwardness,  if 
ofherwise.  Plato.  Thaa.  175.  Com- 
pai'e  Aristoph,  Av.  IJ^S- 

3.  jr*p[flA5]»tn,  irspiBifXaiov.  Mean- 
ing, in  a  literal  sense,  that  whicli 
is  thrown  round 
one,  designates  the 
.pallium  ™en  so  ad- 
justed as  completely 
to  envelope  the 
wearer  all  round 
from  head  to  foot, 
in  the  manner  shown 
by  the  annexed  ex- 
ample, from  a  fic- 
tile vase.  In  this 
method  the  blanket 
■was  put  on,  and  a 
part  thrown  over 
the  shoulder,  the 
same  ^  in  the  last 
example,  but 
stead  of  the  hand  being  exposed,  and 
an  opening  or  sinns  left  in  front  of 
the  chest,  the  end  thiown  over  the 
shoulder  was  drawn  up  tight  under 
the  chin,  which  gave  a  greater  length 
to  the  part  depending  behind.  The 
right  arm  was  sometimes  kept  up  in 
a  similar  position  to  the  preceding  ; 
or  it  might  be  dropped  down  at  me 
side,  under  the  drapery,  which  fixed 
itself  on  the  body  by  its  own  close 
folds,  as  it  is  represented  in  the  illus- 
tration, in  which  the  projection  ob- 
served midway  in  front  of  the  figure 
IS  produced  by  the  hand  being  =1  ghtly 
elevited  but  m  either  case  the 
whole  of  the  arm  as  well  as  the 
hand  is  completely  cohered  by  the 
drtpe*\  Tlie  Romans  indicated 
th      conli  1  nent  I  y  the   ei-prea  ion 


xi.  3.  13; 
(Val  M; 
Greeks  by  a  similar  one — iytbi  • 
Xeifa  IxB"  (.lEschin.  in  7'imai'di. 
DemosSi.  de  Fah.  Leg.  p.  420.  ic 
which  was  considered  a  becom 
practice  for  young  persons,  as  chai 
teristic  of  a  quiet,  modest,  and 
spectful  demeanour. 

4.  Women  also  wore  the  palli 

(P  t  y  C  135  4  H  n   Oi      230 

a    n   n    and  ad  lu  ed       u 


h  n     u  p  u  e  and  p   n  n 


f  n 


n  the  /o  w»  "the  ne  n  th  ft 
a   ng      ad  u   ed      a  n  an         m 

a     o    hat  exh  b  ed     y    h  e 

o  A  IS  des    n     du  ed  ab    e 

h    ngh    ha       on     by  ra    ng   h 
arn  o       h      ha     hadanaay 

shoulder,  and  alloweil  the  opposite 
side  to  slip  off  from  her  back ;  but  the 
two  together  afford  a  good  notion  of 
the  manner  in  which  the  drapery  was 

Eut  on  and  arranged.  The  only  dif- 
^rence,  when  there  was  any,  between 
the.^i7i!K«iofatnaleand  female,  con- 
sisted in  the  difference  of  texture  and 
variety  or  brilliance  of  colour,  the 
finer  material  and  gaudier  tints  being 
naturally  selected  by  tlie  women  ;  but 
amongst  persons  of  slender  means  the 


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473  PALLULA. 

but  to  which  Xaiitippe,  the  wife  of 
Socrates,  refused  to  subrait.  jElian. 
Var.  Hist.  vii.  9.  and  10. 

5.  In  a  more  general  sense  the 
name  is  given  to  any  large  rect- 
angular piece  of  cloth,  employed  for 
covering  various  objects ;  as,  a  /tail 
laid  over  a  bier  (Apul.  Plsi:  i.  4.)  ;  a 
counterpane  or  blanket  for  a  bed 
(Juv.  vi.  236.) ;  a  warm  sheet  to 
wrap  in  after  the  bath  (Pet.  Sul.  aS. 
2,) ;  a  curtain  for  a  room  (Prudent. 
ad  Symm.  ii.  726) ;  &c. 

PAIX'ULA.  Plant  True.  i.  r. 
32.     Diminutive  of  Palla. 

PALMA  (  aAci^ij).    The  Jmlm  of 

h  h  from  its  resem- 

h    b        es  part  or  blade  of 


it  was  frequently  employed  by  sculp- 
tors and  medalists  to  indicate  the 
conquest  of  a  province,  as  in  the 
annexed  example,  from  a   medal    of 

3.  Apalfn  braii^k,  or,  as  we  say, 
the  fiaim  of  vLrtoiy ;  for  both  the 
Greeks  and  Romans  bestowed  palm 
branches  upon  snceessful  champions 
amongst  the  mihtary  combatants  in 
athletic  games,  and  on  drivers  in  the 
race  comse  (Liv.  x.  49,  Cic  Brvt. 
47.  Hor,  Od.  iv.  z.  17.);  hence,  in 
works  of  art,  wheiever  any  object  is 
seen  with  a  palm  branch  upon  it,  or 
by  its  side,  or  a  figure  with  one  in 
the  hand,  it  implies  that  the  object 
has  been  presented  as  a  prize  to  some 
victor,  and  that  the  person  so  repre- 


FALUDAMENTUM. 

seiited  is  himself  the  successful  cham- 
pion ;  as  the  annexed  figure,  from  a 
statue  representuig  a  victorious  driver 


ill  tlie  Circus,  who  holds  a  palm 
branch  in  his  right  hand,  and  a  purse 
pf  money  contain'ng  the  prize  (ifo- 
6sum,  isdaslicum)  in  his  left. 

PALMATUS.  Tunica  palmata. 
See  Tunica. 

PAL'MULA  (rapo-iis).  Diminu- 
tive of  Palma.  The  blade  of  a  small 
oar.      Catull.  iv.  4. 

PALUDAMEN'TU^f.  A  mili- 
tary cloak  worn  by  generals  and  su- 
perior ofiicei-s  over  theu-  armour 
(Isidor.  Orig.  xix!  24.  9.  Apul. 
ApoL  p,  441.),  as  the  sagum  was  by 
the  common  soldier,  from  which  it 
mly   differs    m    heme   laiger     of 


Oi  the  (ther  hi 
it  was  not   eo  laige 
as    the    Cieek   /o' 
Hum    for  m  all  tl  e 


the  triumphal  arcl  es 

and   columns,    it    is 

ne*er    thrown    over 

the     shoulder,      nor 

round     the     figure 

that  IS,   It    IS  always   an   fo-iflAnjua, 

never  an  apuBoA'^,  nor  a  Tipl0X7ina, , 

being  only  worn  as  a  pendant  mantle, 

in  the  manner  shown  by  die  annexed 


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PAI.UDATUS. 

cxainpie,   representing  the   emperor  j  a  household. 
Trajan,    from    the    column    which    v.  105. 
bears  his  name.     It  was  fastened  by 
a  brooch  Uibuld)  upon  the  shoulder  ; 
and  though  somewhat  iai^er,  was  cut 
'     "  e  shape  as  the  Greek 


IS  kept.      Varra,  I..  L. 


chtmnys  (Non.  s.  v.  p.  S38.);  whence 
the  later  Greek  writers  translate  the 
Latin  word  paludamentum  by  that  ! 
term.  Dio.  Ix.  30.  compared  with  j 
Plin.  H.  N.  xxxiii.  19.  I 

PALUDATUS.  Wearirffi  the  ' 
palndanuntum,  as  explained  and  illus- 
trated by  the  preceding  article  and 
example  :  but  m  most  cases  with  a 
notion  specially  implied  that  the  per- 
son so  habited  was.  engaged  in  mili- 
tary service  {Cic.  Fam.  xv.  17.  Suet. 
Vit.  II.  Claud.  21.);  during  which 
the  toga  or  garb  of  peace  was  relin- 
quished for  the  military  mantle  or 
paiudamentum.  Isidor.  Or^.xbi.24.4, 

PA'LUS  (irarriraJiof).  Inageneral 
sense,  any  pale  or  stake  driven  into 
the  ground  as  a  support  or  fixture  for 
other  objects  to  rest  upon  ;  and  enpe- 
daUy  a  pale,  set  up  for  the  exercise 
and  practice  of  gladiators  and  the 
Roman  soldiery,  which  they  were 
made  to  attack  with  ft  discharge  of 
missiles  from  a  distance,  or  with 
wooden  swords  at  close  quarters,  in 
order  to  learn  the  exercise,  and  ac- 
quire the  habit  of  taking  a  just  aim 
at  any  particular  part  of  Che  body 
Juv.  vi.  247.  Veg.  Mil  i.  11.  Id. 
ii.  23. 

PAMMACH'IUM  {'"a.^&xiovX 
Hygin.   Fab.   2.T1,.     Same   as  Pan- 


A  bread  basket  for  transport 
from  place  to  place.  Plin.  Ep.  i.  6. 
3.     Suet.  Cal.  18. 

PANCRATIAS  and  -ASTES 
(imyKpKriiWT^s).  One  who  contends 
in  the  Pancratium.  Aul.  Cell.  iii.  15. 
xiii.  27.  See  the  next  word  and 
illustration. 

PANCRATIUM  {wayicf6.T,ov). 
An  athletic  contest  of  Grecian  origin, 
which  also  became  popular  at  Rome, 
after  the  time  of  Caligula.  It  com- 
bined both  wrestling  and  boxing  with 
the  naked  fists,  but  not  with  the  eas- 
tus  ;  the  combatants  being  allowed  to 
make  use  of  any  means  for  worsting 
an  opponent,  by  blows,  throwing, 
kicking,  or  tripping,  and  to  continue 
the  contest  on  the  ground,  even  when 
both  had  fallen,  and  until  one  of  them 
was  killed,  or  aclciiowledged  himself 
to  be  vanquished.  They  fought 
naked,  had  their  bodies  sprinkled 
with  fine  sand  {iapAe),  and  their  hair 
drawn  up  backwards  from  the  roots, 
and  tied  in  a  tuft  on  the  occiput 
(cimis  in  verlice),  to  prevent  an  an- 
tagonist from  seising  hold  by  it  ; 
most  of  which  particulars  are  ex- 
emplified by  the  aiaslration,  repre- 


PAN'ACA.  (Mart-xiv.  100, )  A 
kindof  drinking  cup  of  which  nothing 
characteristic  is  known  ;  but  the  word 
only  occurs  as  the  title  to  the  epigram 
cited,  and,  in  con-tieqaeiice,  is  not  used 
by  Martial  himself ;  for  the  headings 
to  his  epigrams  were  affixed  by  a  later 

PANA'RIOLUM.  Diminutive  of 
PANAHtUM  ;  a  small  bread-basket. 
Mart  V.  49. 

PAN  A'R  I U  M  {iproHKv).  A 
brsad  panhy,  in  which  the  bread  for 


the  Vatican 
Both  figures  have  their  hair  tied  up 
in  the  manner  described  ;  the  one  on 
the  left  also  uses  his  fist  as  a  boxer, 
whilst  the  right  hand  one  attempts  (o 
trip  up  his  adversary  by  hookmg  his 
leg  forward   and   pushing  the  body 


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474  PANDURA. 

back,  as  still  practised  by  our  wrest- 
le:-s.  Prop.  iii.  14,  S.  Quint,  li.  8. 
13.     Aristot.  Rlut.  i.  5.  14. 

PANDU'RA  (iroj'SoSpii),  A  musi- 
cal instiTiment,  the  precise  character 
of  which  is  not  known.  According 
to  PoUujt  (iv.  60.)  it  was  a  stringed 
iiisttument  witit  three  chords  ;  and 
the  guitar  is  stil!  called  by  the  same 
term,  "/a/oWara,"  in  Tuscany;  but 
llesychius  {j.  aipeyyn')  inaltes  it  the 
same  as  the  pan-pipes.  To  play  upon 
it  was  expressed  by  the  word/niii/H- 
s-iso.      Lamprid.  Elag.  32. 

PANiS  (V')-  Bread;  a  loaf  of 
brmil :  Mnos  tones,  two  loaves  (Piaut. 
Fers.  iv.  3.  2. ) ;  mcllia  fanis,  the 
cruinb  (PIm.  H.  N.  xiii.  36.) ;  paiiis 
cmsta,  the  ntut  (Id.  Mix.  23.}.  The 
illustration  represents  some  loaves  as 


they  were  discovered  in  a  baker's 
shop  at  Pompeii ;  they  are  about 
eight  inches  in  diameter,  have  a  crust 
at  top  and  bottom,  are  scored  above, 
and  one  has  a  stamp  upon  the  top. 

z.  Fanis  gradilis.  .  Bread  distri- 
buted gratuitously  to  the  people, 
from  the  lop  of 
flight  of  steps, 


the 


hrge=. 


fioi 


For  tins  puqiose 
flif,hti    of    step. 

different  parts  of 


ai  d  each  person  who  had  ob 

I  d  a  billet  or  order  {fasmj)  as 

d  d   he  steps  in  turn,  and  there 

d  the  donation  from  the  dia 

u     g   ofticer   111  change  foe  his 

he  plan  being  adopted  as  a 

in        preventing  frauds  and  raob- 

b   only  admitting  the  recipients 

m    up  in  regular  order,  and  one 


by  one.  (Prudent,  in  Symm.  i.  584. 
Id.  ii.  9S4.  Cod.  Theodos.  14-  i?-  3- 
and  4. )  The  whole  process  is  shown 
by  the  illustration,  from  a  medal  of 
Nerva  ;  on  the  left  hand  sits  the  em- 
peror in  person  upon  a  curule  chair 
E laced  on  the  top  of  an  elevated  plat- 
irm  {suggattnH) ;  in  front  of  him  is 
the  relieving  officer  giving  the  bread 
to  a  citizen  ascending  tlie  steps,  while 
another  figure  behind  him  holds  up 
for  the  emperor's  inspection  the  billet 
containing  the  order  handed  in  by 
the  recipient. 

PANTOMI'MUS  (irfiw-cinifios).  A 
word  first  used  in  Italy  about  the 
time  of  Augustus  to  designate  a  per- 
former on  the  st^e,  corresponding 
with  the  ballet  or  opera  dancer  of  the 
present  day,  who  represented  a  part 


by  dancing  and  dumb  show,  or,  as 
the  term  implies,  by  all  sorts  of  con- 
ventional signs  and  mimic  gestures, 
without  the  aid  of  the  voice  ;  thus 
constituting  a  distinct  class  from  the 
actor  of  comedy  or  tragedy.  He  wore 
a  mask,  and  was  dressed  in  a  costume 
appropriate  to  the  character  impo-- 
sonated,  but  studiously  designed  with 
the  view  of  exhibiting  his  personal 
beauty  and  bodily  development  to 
the  greatest  advantage  (though  often 
indelicately  scanty,  according  to  our 
notions  of  propriety) ;  considering 
tliat  love  stories  and  bacchanalian 
and  mythological  subjects  furnished 
the  majority  of  characters  for  the 
exercise  of  his  art.     Hence  the  scan- 


ty GoOgIc 


PANUCELLIUM. 

dal  and  corruption  of  morals  super- 
induced by  the  ballet  dancers  of 
Rome  compelled  several  of  the  empe- 
rors to  banish  them  at  various  periods 
from  Italy.  (Macrob.  Sat.  ii.  7.  Suet. 
Aug.  45-  Nero,  16.  Toe.  Ann.  iv.  14. 
xiii.  25.  Plin.  Paneg.  xlvl  4.  Cassio- 
dor.  Var.  Ep.  i.  20.)  The  p^ntings 
of  Pompeii  exhibit  numerous  ex- 
amples of  this  class  of  stage  perform- 
ers, from  one  of  which  the  annexed 
illustration  is  copied  ;  all  more  or 
less  bearing  testimony  to  the  accnracjr 
of  the  preceding  account ;  yet  proving 
by  the  origindity  and  grace  with 
which  the  groups  are  composed,  the 
variety  of  the  poses,  the  display  of 
muscular  power  exhibited  in  the  atti- 
tudes, and  the  animal  beauty  in  re- 
spect of  bodily  form  which  distin- 
guislies  the  performers,  that  the 
ancient  Italians,  or  the  Greek  artistes 
employed  by  them,  far  excelled,  m 
professional  dexterity  and  graceful- 
ness  (its  most  essential  reqaiaite),  the 
dancers   of   the    operatic    ballet   in 

PANUCEL'LIUM,  This  word 
is  written  in  seven  different  ways  ;  as 
uncertain  as  the  meaning  attached  to- 
it.  Some  suppose  it  to  mean  a  spool 
or  bobbitt  ;  others,  a  shuttle  with  the 
bobbin  inserted,  like  the  example  s. 
Alveolus.  Varro,  L.  L.  v.  114. 
Compare  Isidor,  Orig.  xxix.  7. 

PAPIL'IO.  In  its  primary  sense, 
a  butterfly;  whence  the 
transferred  to  a  nti- 
litary  tent,  either 
because  the  cur- 
tains with  which  it 
was  closed  in  front, 
when  set  open,  were 
fastened  up  at  the 
sides     in     such     a 

an   appearance  like   ■^^. 
the  wings  of  a  but-  ■'v] 
terfly,  as  observable 
in  the  annexed  ex- 
ample, from  the  co- 
lumn  of  Trajan;    or,   possibly, 
cause  it  was  made  of  richer  materials 


PAKASTAS 


475 


and  more  varied  colours  tlian  llie 
common  tent  (tentorium).  Lamprid. 
Alex.  Sni.  51.  Spart.  Pesceiin.  II. 
Veg.  MU.  i.  3. 

PAR'ADA.  Believed  to  be  a 
Gaulish  word,  indicating  either  an 
awning  over  the  deck  of  a  vessel ; 
which  seems  more  probable,  a 
■ate  and  state  cabin  for  the  use  of 
persons  of  wealth  or  distinction. 
Auson.  Ep.  y.  27.  Sidon.  Ep.  viii.  12. 
Jal.  Arehiologie  NavaU,  vol.  ii.  p,  363, 

PARAGAU'DA  or  PARAGAU'- 
DIS.  An  ornamental  band  of  gold, 
or    of    coloured  ~ 

silk  decorated 
with  golden  em- 
broidwy,  sewn 
on  to  the  tunic; 
whence  the  gar- 
ment itself  so 
decorated  is  also 
designated       by 


the   f 


appeal's     to 


duced  under  the 

of  substitute  for  the  t 
clwiius,  as  the  word  only  occurs 
amongst  the  writers  of  that  period; 
and  was  distinguished  by  the  epithets 
monoloris,  dilons,  iriloris,  pentoloris, 
according  to  the  number  of  bands, 
one,  two,  three,  four,  orfive,  attached. 
(Vopisc.  Aurel.  46.  Impp.  Grat  Va- 
lent.  et  Theodos.  Cod.  ir,  &  2.) 
The  annexed  figure,  from  an  andent 
Romaii  fresco  disw>vered  near  the 
church  of  St  John  in  Lateran  at 
Rome,  is  introduced  as  affording  a 
notion,  and  probable  specimen,  of  the 
ornament  in  question. 

PARASTAS,  PARAS'TATA, 
PARASTAT'ICA  (ir^-iffTti,,  nopa- 
(TtcJtijs,  irapofl-TBTiK^).  A  flat  column 
a-r  pilaster,  used  to  decorate  the  angu- 
lar terminations  of  a  square  building, 
where  it  has  two  faces,  as  in  the 
annexed  elevation  of  the  temple  of 
Pandrosus  at  Athens,  in  which  the 
parastas  is  seen  behind  the  last  figure 


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PARAZONIUM. 


flat  face  that  corresponds  witli  an 
opposite  eolumii  which  supports  the 
eiitablatvire  of  a  colonnade.       Vittnv. 

PARAZONIUM   (-rap 
\  short  swoid    attached  t 
lound  the  wiist  ( 
iermm)      as    e-vh[b:ted  | 
by  the  aiineted  figure 
and   worn  at   the  left    ' 
side    by    tlie    tiibimes 
and  supenjr  ofticers  of 
the     Roman     armies 

tinction  than  for  actual 


Legatos   and   Palu 


(Ai/feMi),  and  hung  at  the  light  side 
(wood-cut  s.  Legionarii). 

PARIES  (Torxo')-  The  wa//  of  a 
house,  or  other  edifice,  as  contradis- 
tinguished from  murui,  the  wall  of  a 
town.  These  were  made  of  various 
materials,  and  constructed  in  many 
different  ways  ;  amongst  which  the 
following  are  distingui^ed  ! — 


FASIES. 

I.  Paries  sralkius.  A  wali  madie 
of  canes  and  hurdles,  covered  with  a 
coating  of  clay,  something  like  our 
lath  and  plaster  ,  used  in  early  times 
for  an  external  widl,  and  subsequently 
for  a  partition  m  the  interior  of 
a  house  Vitruv  ii  S  lo  Pallad 
L  9  2 

2  Fanes  fontuueus  A  kind  of 
waDmg  now  termed  pise,  made  of 
veiy  stiff  clay,  rammed  in  between 
moulds  as  It  IS  earned  up,  of  veiy 
frequent  occunente  at  the  present 
day  in  France,  and  in  ancient  time'i 
amongst  the  inhabitants  of  Africa, 
Spam,  and  the  southern  paits  of 
Italy      Plm   H  M  xxxiv   48 

3  Pa-iies  laiericius  A  wall  made 
of  bricks  ,  which  was  constructed  in 
many  different  patterns,  as  the  art  of 
building  progressed  and  declined. 
When  the  arts  were  in  the  greatest 

tierfection,  the  briclts  used  were  very 
ai^e  and  thin,  and  of  considerable 
^ize  resembling,  our  (ilea  (see 
Later)  and  weie  laid  ui  legular 
tliroughouC       During 


of  d  ffe  ent  s  zed  br  cks  la  d  n  alter- 
ing patte  to  the  eye,  altl  ough  it 
was  frequently  concealed  by  a  coating 
of  stucco  laid  over  it,  of  which  the 
annexed  example,  representing  the 
structure  employed  in  the  entrance 
gate  to  Pompeii,  will  afford  a  distinct 
notion.  It  shows  the  admixture  of 
thick  and  thin  bricks,  as  well  as  the 


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external  cement  still  remaining  on 
some  ^)art  of  it,  which  has  been  di- 
vided into  rustic  work  to  imitate  a 
stone  walL  During  the  decad.ence 
the  bricks  were  sm5ler  and  thicker, 
like  the  largest  ones  in  the  example, 
and  frequently  of  irregular  sizes. 
Cses.  B.  C.  ii.  75.    ViJruv.  iL  8.  16. 

4.  The  different  methods  adopted 
in  forming '  walls  of  stone  are  ex- 
plained and  illustrated  r.  C^menti- 
cins  and  Stbuctuka. 

S-  Pariis sdidus.  (Cic.  Top.  A.)  A 
blsak  wall,  without  any  opening  in  it, 
as  contradistinguished  from 

6  Paries  fornicaha  A  wall  per- 
forated V  th  arcl  ed  openings,  as  in 
the  anneied  etample  representing 
part  of  the  In  pe  al  palace  or    ' 


Cc  7-^/  4- 

7    Fane    omnut       Tl 

or  ^    tio      vail  be  weei 

tiguo  IS  ed  iices  wh  h  wi 

o  both  of  them     C  c  Tc 


Met 


I  66 


r.  Ov. 


8  Pane  itttrgen  us  or  inter^- 
rru  {^\xi  H  M  xxxv.  49.  Fes- 
tns       V  )    San  e  as  the  preceding. 

9.  Paries  directus.  A  wall  of  par- 
tition ■within  an  edifice,  separating 
one  chamber  from  another.    Cic  /.  c. 

PARMA  (~ipf.ij).  The  shield 
used  by  the  light-armed  troops  (; 
lUes,  Liv.  xxxi.  35.)  and  the  caval  ^ 
(eqaites,  Liv.  il  20,)  of  the  Roman 
army.  It  was  circular  in  form 
(Varro,  ap.  Won.  j.  Veles,  p.  552.), 
about  three  feet  in  diameter  (Liv. 
xxxviii.  21.      Poljb,  vi.  22,  19.),  and 


is  copied  from  a  bas  el  ef  in  terra- 
cotta; and  correspo  Is  in  every 
particular  of  form  and  ornament 
with  ^e  shields  of  the  equestrian, 
gladi'Mors  at  p  264.  j  Eques,  10 

1  Parma  Tkrixidua  Tlie  Tlin- 
cian  shield,  oc  the  shield  used  by 
gladiators  of  the 


bled  the  j, 

m  form,  with  the 

only     exceptioi 

of  being  smaller  \ 

as  well  as  short 

er,  Ts  exhibited  b}  the  annexed  ex 

ample  which  represents  a  Thrician 

gladiator  from  a   terra  cotta  lamp 

Hence  it  is  that   Martial  styles  it 

pumdiona  scutum  (xiv  213  )      Plin. 

H  N  xxxu]  45      Fabretti,  Cd  Ti 

p  267  and  Peltasts 

3.  The  small  round  piece  of  ixiard 
placed  under  the  vent  hole  of  a  pair 


of  bellows,  which  opens  to  admit  the 
air,  as  it  is  drawn  in,  but  closes 
against  the  aperture  immediately 
that  the  sides  of  the  bellows  are 
pressed  together,  and  thus  compels 
the  wind  to  make  an  exit  through 
the  pipe  at  the  nozzle,  Auson.  Mo- 
sell.  269. 


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478  PARMATUS. 

PARMA'TUS.  Armed  with  the 
shield  termed  parma ;  mote  espe- 
cially  charac- 


pavedwith 
illuslra-  , 

US,  will  afford  i 
ference  in  compai 
racter  between  the  Roman  parma 
and  the  Greek  dipeus,  and  of  the  dif- 
ferent appearance  presented  by  the 
men  who  bore  them  respectively. 

PAR'MULA.  (Hor.  Od.  ii.  7. 
la)  Diniimitive  of  Parma;  but 
there  is  no  evidence  that  the  diminu- 
tive denotes  any  distinct  variety. 

PARMULA'RIUS.  A  gladiator, 
of  the  class  called  Thracians  (Thra- 
cts\ ;  and  so  designated  because  he 
was  aimed  with  the  Thraciiin  parma, 
as  explained  and  illustrated  s.  PARMA, 
2.  Suet.  Dom.  40. 

PAR'OCHUSMpoXot)-  An  offi- 
cer appointed  to  everysialion  through- 
out the  Roman  provinces,  who  for  a 
certain  stipend,  fixed  by  the  state, 
undertook  to  lodge  and  entertain  am- 
bassadors, magistrates,  and  persons 
travelling  on  public  business.  Qc, 
Att,  xiii.  2.  Hor.  Sat.  i.  J.  46. 

PAROP'SIS  orPARAP'SIS  (irap. 
»if>is).  A  term  adopted  from  the 
Greeks,  and  used  by  them,  as  well 
^  the  Ramans,  much  in  the  same 
sense  as  the  word  side-dish  is  with 
us ;  under  which  the  dish  itself  is 
sometimes  implied,  at  others  the 
viands  cont  '     d  "    '       h'l  h  rs 

both  the  di  h   nd 

eluded.     Th  /     p  mpl  y  d 

■        p    h 


exquis 


po 


f 


eal 


PAST! NUM. 


illect  from  Alciphrm  , 
deep  bowl  with  a  wide  top,  such  as 
we  conceive  under  the  name  of  ^tip  ; 
iat  he  designates  the  one  used  by 
thimble-riggers  by  the  name  par- 
opsis,  for  which  the  more  usual 
Latin  term  is  Acetabulum.  The 
illustration  introduced  under  that 
word  may  consequently  be  received 
also  as  affording  a  specimen  of  the 
paropsis.  Charis.  i.  Sj.  Juv.  iii. 
142.  Mart.  xi.  27.  Pet.  Sat.  34.  z. 
Uip.  Dig.  32.  220.  Alciphron.  Episl. 
ill.  20. 

PAS'CEOLUS  (^iio-KuAos  and 
^(({TKaXfli).  A  bag  or  pouch,  made 
of  leather,  and  employed  for  carry, 
ing  money,  clothes,  &c.  Non.  j.  71. 
p.  151.  Plaut.  R}id.  V.  2.  2^.  LudL 
Sat.   xiii.  6.  Geilach. 

PASTIL'LUS  (Tpoxfffffoi).  A 
small  round  ball  of  flour  or  other  in- 
giedients;  but  more  especially  z  pill 
or  pastile  of  medicinal  and  odoriferous 
powder,  which  was  chewed  to  impart 
sweetness  fo  the  breath,  or  employed 
generally  for  the  purpose  of  diffusing 
an  agreeable  odour.  Plin.  U.  N. 
xiii.  43.  Hor.  Sat  i.  2.  27. 

PASTINATIO.  The  act  of  pre- 
paring the  soil  of  a  vineyard  by 
digging  and  trenching  for  plant- 
ing young  vines  with  the  faslmum. 
Columell.  iii.  12.  6.  Compare  iii. 
13.  ;  thence  the  ground  bo  prepared. 

PASTINA'TOR.  A  labourer 
who  trenches  the  soil  of  a  vineyard, 
and  plants  the  young  vines  with  a 
pasUaum.     Columell.  iii.  13.  12. 

PAS'TINUM.     A  particular  kind 

n(  dibble  employed  for  planting  young 

,  consisting  of  a  long  stick  with 

prongs    at    the    end,    between 

which  the  young  shoot  was  held,  as 

a  forceps,  and  by  this  means  de- 

essed  into  the  ground  to  the  depth 

quired     (Columell.  iii  18.  I.  and 

Isidor.   Orig.  xix.   15.)     An  in- 


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PASTOPlfORUS. 


t  of  the  same  kind,  called 
irivdla  by  tlie  Roman!!,  and  craccia 
by  the  Tuscans,  is  still  employed  for 
a  similac  purpose  in  Italy. 

2.  Ground  prepared  by  digging 
and  trenching  for  the  planting  of 
young  vines  with  the  above  imple- 
ment (Pallad.  Feb.  9.  II.);  and  the 
act  of  doing  so  (Id.  Jfan.    lO.  I.). 

PASTOPH'OKUS  (TrttiTopVs). 
A  member  belong- 

orderof  thel^yp- 
tian  priesthood 
called  pastophpri, 
because  they  car- 
ried the  images 
of  their  deities 
through  the  public 
streets  in  a  small 
case  or  shrine 
(toittiJs,  llialanms. 
Plin.  H.  N.  viii, 
71.),  stopping  at  intervals  to  kneel 
down,  while  they  displayed  the  imi^ 
case  before  them,  for  the  purpose  of 
elidCing  charitable  donations  from 
the  miUtitude  ;  all  which  particulars 
are  apparent  in  the  annexed  illus- 
tration  from  an  Egyptian  statue,  re- 
presenting one  of  these  mendicant 
priests.      Apul.    Mel.    xi.   pp.   250. 

PASTOR  (vo/teiis).  A  general 
term  for  any  one  who  attends  to  the 

Easturitig  and  feeding  of  any  kitid  of 
ve  stocl  (Varro,  R.  R.  ii.  10.  Hor. 
Od.  iii.  29.  21.)  i  consequently,  ir 
eluding  the  caprarius,  epilio,  an. 
bttbulms  ;  though,  in  some  instances 
the  word  is  specially  applied  to  th 
two  former  to  distingui^  them  froi 
Che  latter.     Juv.  xi.  Ijr. 

3.  The  same  name  is  also  given  to 
a  person  who  tends  and  feeds  poultry. 
Colnmell  viiL  2.  7. 

FATAGIA'RIUS.  One  who 
makes,  or,  perhaps.  Sells,  paiagl 
Plaut.  Aid.  lii.  J.  35. 

PATAGIA'TUS.  Decorated 
with  a  palagium,  as  shown  by  the 
follo»ing  illustration.  Festus, 
Plaut.  Ep.  ii.  2.  49. 


PATELLAR!!.  4 

PATAGI'UM    (TUTOTfruc). 
broad    stripe    of 
purple    or     gold 
upon  the  front  of 

similar  to  the 
f/ijzwjof  the  other 
shown  by 


the    i 


e^ed  ( 


ample,     from     ' 

fresco  painting  u 

the    sepuLhte  of 

the    Nisoman   family    near    Kome. 

Festus,  J  J    Non  i  k  p  54a 

PATEL  LA  Diminutive  of  Pa- 
tina ,  consequently,  resembling  that 
vessel  in  form,  with  the  exception  of 
being  smallei  or  shallower  It  was 
used  m  the  kitchen  as  i  cooking 
utensil  (Mart  v  78  Varro,  ap. 
Pnsc  M.  6S1  ),  and  m  the  dining- 
room  as  a  dish  for  the  viands  brought 
to  table  (Mart  xin  81  Juv  v.  85.). 
The  ordinaiy  kinds  were  made  of 
earthen^/are  the  more  costly  of  metal 
and  elaborate  workminship  and  also 
of  different  relative  sizes,  conformable 
to  the  use  foi  which  they  were  in- 
tended ,  hence  we  find  the  word, 
though  itself  a  diminutive,  accompa- 
nied with  epithets  descriptive  of  very 
diSerent  dimen^ons ;  as,  exigtta,  mo- 
dicii,lata,graiidis.  Juv. /.  ^.  Hor.  £/. 
i.  S.  a.  Mart.  /.  c.  Cic.  Verr.  ii.  4.  21. 

2.  Pttlella  CuiiKnia.  A  dish  of  the 
nature  last  described,  but  made  of 
earthenware,  and  consequently  of  a 
common  description.  Mart.  xiv. 
114.     Comparetuv.  vi.  343. 

3.  A  dish  of  the  form  and  character 
above  described,  in  which  solid  viands 
were  offered  as  a  feast  to  the  gods,  aa 
contradistinguislied  from  the  patera, 
which  held  liquids  only.  (Festus, 
s.  V.  Varro,  ap.  Non.  j.  v.  p.  544.) 
A  person  would  have  been  regarded 
as  highly  irreligious  who  appropri- 
ated one  of  these  dishes  to  the  ser- 
vice of  his  own  dinner  table.  Cic 
Fiu.  ii.  7. 


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400  PA  TEIVA. 

t  on'!  su^e^tect  by  the  images  of 
tht  vanous  deities  which  were  en- 
chased upon  the  dishes  (pateiLs)  era- 
plojed  for  holding  the  viands  pre- 
se  ited  to  them  at  their  feasts.  Plaut 
O  /  II  I.  46.  Compare  Cic.  Verr. 
IV  'I  22.  Becker,  Qu/est.  Flaut. 
P    50 

P\TENA  $B  nj  A  n  fl 
fo  horses  nade  of  n  a  b  e  s  one  o 
woo  add  led  m  o  a  numbe  of 
sepa  a  e  ompa  tments  o  nb  (lo 
1    e    he  an  exed  e  ample,   e- 


he   bay  of   Cen  o  b    m 
S   i]y    ^  h  ch    s  div  ded   n  0  squa  e 
e  e     ig      ou  h      p  ec  ely   as  di 
ecedbyV^e  u   (F         28   3  ) 
2.   See  Patjna. 

PAT'ERA  (^.^Tj).  A  shallow 
circular  vessel,  like  our  laiicer,  em- 
ployed for  containing  liquids,  not 
solids,  that  is,  as  a  drinking,  not  an 


eating  utensil  (Becker,  Quail.  PUml. 
p.  50.) ;  but  more  especially  used  to 
receive  the  wine  with  which  a  liba- 
tion was  made,  by  pouring  it  from 
the  patera  over  the  head  c?  the  vic- 
tim, or  on  to  the  altar  (wood-cut  s. 
Spomdaules).  The  common  quaU- 
ties  were  made  of  earthenware,  the 
more  costly  of  bronze,  ^ver,  and 
also  gold,  highly  and  elaborately  or- 
namented ;  sometimes  with  a  handle, 
but  more  usually  plain.     The  illus- 


tration alTords  a  specimen  of  both 
kinds,  from  originals  in  bronze  dis- 
covered at  Pompeii ;  and  represented 
in  front  and  profile,  in  order  to  show 
the  drcumfaence  and  depth  of  the 
vessel.  Varro,  L.  L.  v.  122.  Macrob. 
Virg.  .^n.  i.  739.  Ov. 


Mel.  i: 


PATIBULATUS. 
the^flA'iw/inwasapmiishment.  Plaut. 
Mil.  ii.  4.  7.  Apul.  Mel.  iv.  p.  70, 
where  pttibuhis  is  used  in  the  same 

PATIBnjLUM.  An  instrument 
of  punishment  made  in  the  sliape 
of  a  fork,  to  be  placed  upon  the 
leck  of  slaves  and  criminals,  with  the 
wo  prongs  projecting  in  front,  to 
which  their  hands  were  tied  up,  and 
n  that  condition  flogged  through  the 
city.  (Plaut.  Mil.  ii.  4.  7.)  The  it- 
lustration  J.  FURCA,  5.  will  afford  a 
clear  notion  of  the  contrivance  in 
question,  although  it  is  there  used  only 
as  a  machine  for  carrying  burdens. 

2.  A  cross  or gallmvs ;  pobably  in 
he  shape  of  the  letter  X,  forming  a 

double  /urea,  like  that  on  which  the 
crucifixion  of  St,  Peter  is  commonly 
represented  by  Italian  artists.  Sallust, 
Pragm.  afi.  Non.  j.  v.  p.  366.  Sanec 
Cons,  ad  Marc.  20.  Apul.  Mel.  vi. 
pp.  130,  131. 

3.  A  fastening  for  a  door,  probably 
made  with  two  prongs  to  fit  into  a 
hasp.     Titinn.  af>.  Non.  /.  c. 

4.  A  wooden  peg,  with  two  prongs 
for  fastening  down  the  layers  of  a 
V  ne.    Ph     ,ff  A'  X       35   §    7 

PAT  INA  (       i(n|)        A  fci  / 
■      shall  w        h  n  fh 


oil     h      dp      Ih      th   . 


d  by     mp     n„  h 


nd 


th  gh  '  ly  f  t  I 
quently  hEid  a  lid  [operntluffi)  to  ( 
it ;  and  was  used .  for  a  great  i 


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PAUSARIUS. 

purp  es  ro  espec  ally  n  cul  ary 
and  phar  nai-eut  cal  ope  at  o  s  35 
well  as  for  bnngrng  to  table  ragouts, 
stews,  and  such  eatables  as  were 
served  with  gravy  for  which  the 
form  described  would  be  pa  I  ulatlj 
appropriate.  Plait  Pseud  z  51 
Plui  ZT  A'  Jtxi  I  j3.  Phiedc  mvi 
3   Hor  Sat.  11.  8  43 

PAUSARIUS  (Senec  -£/  56) 
The  ofticer  who  gave  out  the  chaiin 
(  eleiis  la)  and  beat  the  time  I  y 
wh  ch  ihe  rowers  kept  their  s  ro  e 
also  stjled  Hortator,  when,  an 
lUustral  on  is  given. 

PAVICUL\  A  ram  ler  for 
beat  ng  down  and  consolidating  the 
floornj,  of  a  room  or  other  area 
Cato  Jf  H  91  ColnmeL  1  6  2 
Id  11  20   I      Compare  FlSTUCA. 

PAVIMENTA'TUS.  Laid  with 
an  artificial  flooring  or  pavement. 
Cic  Z>iW!.  44.  Id.  Q.  Fr.  iii.  I.  r. 

PAVIMENTUM  (M^poi,  Siirt- 
Sov),  Strictly,  a  flooring  composed 
of  small  pieces  of  brick,  tile  stone 
and  fjiells  set  inabedof  cement  and 
consolidated  by  beating  down  w  th  a 
rammer  {pavicula),  which  gave  nse 
to  the  name  (Plin.  H.  N.  xs. -yx.  61 
Cato,  H.  S.  xviii.  ^.) ;  thougl  t  wa. 
thence  transferred,  in  a  mote  general 
sense,  to  any  kind  of  artificial  floor 
ing,  even  of  the  most  choice  and  ela 
borate  woriimanship,  like  those  de 
scribed  in  the  succeeding  paragraphs 
(Hor.  Od.  u.  14.  27.  Suet.  Aug  72  ) 
or  of  wood  (Vitruv.  vii.  I.  2.) 

2.  Pmiimeniam  sectilt.  A  flooring 
composed  of  pieces  of  different  co- 
loured marbles,  cut  {secia)  into  sets 
of  r^ular  form  and  size,  so  that, 
when  joined  together,  the  whole  con- 
stituted an  ornamental  design  or  pat- 
tern, as  eihibited  by  the  annexed 
specimen,  representing  a  portion  of 
(he  ancient  pavement  still  remaining 
in  the  church  of  S.  Croce  in  Geru- 
salemme  at  Rome ;  the  objects  at  the 
top  show  the  different  forms  of  the 
pieces  with  which  it  is  cohiposed ; 
the  triangular  ones,  A  and  B,  consist 
of  serfenline  and  pahtnbino   respec- 


PA  VIMENTUM. 


u  I  A  flton  g  belo  gng 
to  the  class  of  secSUa,  and  also  of  an 
ornamental  character,  composed  of 
coloured  marbles,  Imt  of  which  the 
component  parts  were  cut  into  regular 


showing  part  of  a  , 
Therms  of  Ca  acalla  at  Kome  (\ 
truv  /  c  Suet  /  )  Sq  a  e  d  es 
{tessella,  tesserie)  were  likewise  em- 
ployed in  making  other  kinds  of 
mos^c  pavements,  as  in  the  foUowii^ 
spedmen ;  but  in  that  case  they  were 
of  smaller  dimensions,  and  less  precise 
in  their  angles. 

4.  Favimenlam  ■venaiculahan.  A 
mosaic  flooring  or  pavement,  repre- 
senting natural  objects,  both  animate 
and  inanimate,  in  their  real  forms 
and  colours,  as  in  a  picture.  It  was 
composed  with  small  pieces  of  diife- 
rent  coloured  marbles,  inlaid  in  a  bed 
of  very  strong  cement,  the  colours 
and  arrangement  of  the  pieces  being 


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PA  VIMENTVM. 


selected  and  d 


c  the  0 


with  a  considerable  degree  of  pictorial 
effect.  The  dies,  however,  were  not 
laid  in  a  regular  succession  of  parallel 
lines,  nor  oil  exactly  square,  as  in 
the  last  example  (the  Ussellalum),  but 
they  followed  Che  sweep  and  undula- 
tion in  the  contours  and  colours  of 
the  object  represented,  which,  when 
viewed  at  a  little  distance,  produces  a 
clo  e  e  emblan  e  o  he  wrea  huig 
and  t«ii  tin^  of  a  c  as  er  of  worn  s 
[pen  es)     and   thus    s  Eg     ^^     ^^ 


PAyoN^ACEirm, 

plest  and  least  ornamental  style ; 
though  we  can  readily  conceive  (hat 
the  Romans  carried  this  style  of  de- 
corative art  to  much  greater  perfec- 
tion, and  conducted  it  upon  s  princi- 
Ele  similar  to  that  followed  in  the 
luomo  of  Siena,  where  the  effect  of 
a  finished  cartoon  is  produced  on  the 
pavement,  by  inserting  pieces  of  grey 
marble  for  the  half-tints  into  white, 
then  hatchmg  across  both  with  the 
chisel,  and  h  hug  n  he  n  is  oas 
VI  h  b  a  k  mas  c  fo  the  shade  so 
ha    he  design  app  oache    o  1  e  i  e 


I  tolerable  notion  of  this 
pea  a  is  though  it  is  not  So  fbrably 
evpre  b,ed  as  in  the  original,  in  con- 
ieq  en  e  of  the  absence  of  colour, 
and  the  diminutiie  scale  of  the 
dra  ing  PIm  ff  N  xxnv  I  Lu- 
Cil  ap   Cic    Or  ni   43 

5  Pa/iimmtuni  scalfturatum  An 
ornamental  floormg  or  pavement  on 
which  the  design  is  produced  by  en- 
graving {scaZplura),  and,  perhaps, 
inlaying  but,  as  the  name  implies, 
by  a  different  process,  or  in  a  diffe- 
rent manner,  from  either  of  the  kinds 
d     dy    des     b  (P  n     ^   V 


6    )     Th 


C  p  R  me,   nhi  h 

p      m  n  I1 

m  nd  R  m 

p        map         h 

{  spe  nn  wuf 
d  cei  at  p,  344.  J.  Ilhnographia), 
affords  an  undoubted  instance  of  the 
favitiienluta  scalpturatum  ij 


fecliun  of  a  finished  ch-xlk  drawing. 
This  effect  mill  be  leadily  conceived 
fiom  the  annexed  specimen,  which 
presents  a  facsimile,  though  on  a  very 
reduced  scale,  of  one  of  the  groups 
designed  by  the  artist  Beccafiume. 

floonng  made  of  broken  pieces  of 
pottery  (teife).  Fallad.  i.  19.  1. 
lb.  40.  2.     Same  as  No.  I. 

PAVONA'CEUM,  sc.  opui  or  tec- 
tum. A  method  of  laying  tiles  of 
briclc  or  marble,  similar  to  what  is 
een  upon  the  roofe  of  old  houses  in 
England,  Holland,  and  Germany,  in 
vhich  the  tiles  are  rounded  at  one 
nd,  so  that  in  overlapping  each 
other   they  present    an   appearance 


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PA  KILL  us. 

pie,  from  a  marble  fragment  exi:a- 
vated  in  the  Forum  of  Trajan,  Pliii. 
H.  N.  xxuvL  44. 

PAXIL'LUS  (..lioffaAoi)-  Any 
small  sharp  pointed  piece  of  wood  ; 
as  a  peg  for  hanging  things  upon 
(Varro,  ap.  Non.  s.  v.  p.  153.) ;  for 
supporting  a  shelf  (Columell.  viii. 
8.  3. ) ;  a  dibbh  for  planting  (Id.  iv. 
16.  3.)- 

PECtEN  (mteIs).  a  comb  for 
the  hair,  made  of  boi-wood  (MarL 
!dv.  25.  Ov.  Met.  iv.  311.),  or  ivory 
(Claud.  Nupt.  Honor,  tt  Mar.  102.). 
The  illustration  represents  a  small- 


nil/  /    Tihdl   I 

9  68  )  from  an  original  of  ancient 
workmanship  made  of  box  wood 
and  havmg  a  bar  of  ivory  inlaid  with 
a  pattern  in  gold  placed  across  the 
back,  between  the  two  rows  of  teeth, 
which  are  cut  extremely  line  and 
even.  The  large-toothed  comb  (raras 
pecten)  was  likewise  employed  in 
hair-cutting  to  place  under  the  scis- 
sors, in  order  to  prevent  them  from 
dipping  too  close.     Plant.   Capl.  ii. 

2.  (KTefs).  An  instrument  with 
teeth  like  a  comb,  employed  by  the 
ancient  weavers  in  the  horizontal  loom 
foe  the  same  purpose  as  the  "  reed," 
"lay,"  or  "iMitten"  of  our  own  times ; 
via.  to  run  the  threads  of  the  web  close 
together,  by  inserting  its  teeth  between 
the  threads  of  the  warp,  and  pressing 


intended  to  be  driven.     (Ov    Met. 


■\.  58.     Virg     ^« 


4) 


I  pie  represents  an  Egyptiai 
plement  of  this  de'Jcnption,  firan  an 
original  found  in  a  tomb  at  Thebes, 
and  now  preserved  in  the  British 
Maseum. 

3.  An  iron-toothed  bnish,  set  with 
a  number  of  crooked  pins  {peelinis 
unci.  Claud.  eB£B6v/.iL  38a.),  em- 
ployed for  carding  wool  or  flax. 
Plin.  H.  N.  xl  27. 

4.  A  haymaker's  rake,  which  had 
the  teeth  set  wide  apart ;  rants  pecieu. 
Ov.  Rem.  Am.  192. 

5.  An  iron  instrument,  with  teeth 
like  a  comb,  employed  at  harvest  in 
some  parts  of  ancient  Italy  and 
Gaul,  instead  of  the  reapuig  hook 
{.fal3\,  to  nick  off  the  ears  of  standing 
com,  as  well  as  other  grain,  close 
under  the  neck,  without  cutting  the 
stalk.  CoIumelL  ii  20,  3.  Flin. 
H.  N.  xviiL  72.  Compare  Falx 
Denticulata  and  Merga. 

6.  A  contrivance  employed  for 
striking  the  chords  of  a  stringed  in- 
sfniment.  (Viig.  jEb.  vi.  647.  Juv. 
vi.  38a.)  It  was  either  the  same  as 
the  Plectrum  (which  seel;  of.  ^ 
the  other  senses  of  the  word  seem  to 
mdicate,  a  more  complicated  imple- 
meni,  with  several  teeth,  instead  of  a 
single  stick ;  but  we  know  of  no 
authoriSies,  either  written  or  demon- 
strative, to  establish  that  conjecture. 

7.  A  particular  figure  in  a  dance, 
the  nature  of  whit^  is  imknown. 
Slat.  Ach.  ii.  159. 

PECTORAO-E  K^jiAapiitxov,  «ap. 
Sii>fifaof , 7iaAw),  Strictly,  thefront 
plate  of  a  cuirass  (represented  by  the 
lefl:-hand  iigm*  in  the  illustration), 
which  covered  the  chest  and  upper 
part  of  (he  abdomen,  being  fastened 
by  straps  over  the  shoulders,  and  by 
buckles  or  hinges  down  the  sides  to 
another  plate,  which  protected  the 
back,  and  is  represented  by  the 
right-hand  figure  in  the  illustration ; 
though  the  word  is  also  used  for  the 
entire  cuirass.  (Varro,  L.  L.  v. 
116.     Plia  H.  ^.jtxxiv.  18.   Polyb. 


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the  back  one  as  well  as  the  front ;  bnt 
the  Romans  do  not  appear  to  have 
distinguished  the  fonner  by  any 
specia.1  name. 

PECUA'RIUS.  A  Roman  gra. 
mer  upon  a  very  extensive  scale, 
who  farmed  the  pu]>Uc  pastures,  upon 
which  he  raised  and  grazed  large 
herds  of  cattle.  Cic.  Verr.  ii.  6. 
Llv.  X.  23.  Compare  Vatro,  R.  R. 
iii.  I.  g. 

PED'ICA  (itf'Bn).  A  general 
teim  for  any  snare  or  gin  by  which 
birds  and  wild  animals  are  caught  by 
the  leg  (Viig.  Georg.  i.  307.  Liv. 
XXL  36. ) ;  and  sometimes  applied 
to  a  fetter  lor   men    (Plant.   Ratn. 

2,  Psdka  dentoia,  ;(jroS(!7po,  iroBo- 
oTp&^y  A  particular  kind  of  trap, 
employed  by  the  ancient  huntsmen 
fur  taking  wild  deer  (Gr^  Cyneg. 
92.),  an  acCcunt  of  which  is  given  by 
Xenophon  (Cvneg.  is.  iz— 20.  Cy- 
lap.  i.  6.  2S.),  and  Pollax  (v.  32— 
34.).  it  consisted  of  a  circular 
wooden  frame,  set  round  with  teeth 
of  wood  and  iron,  within  which  a  slip 
noose  was  fitted,  with  a  heavy  log  of 
wood  attached  to  its  opposite  extre- 
mity. The  trap  was  set  in  a  hole 
dug  for  the  purpose,  Bt\d  coveted 
over  with  earth,  and  the  li^  con- 
cealed in  another  «ne  at  a  litue  dis- 
tance off.  When  the  stag  trod  on 
the  trap,  the  spikes  pricked  his  foot, 
which  mduced  him  to  witlidraw  his 
I^  with  a  jerk,  and  thus  upset  the 
trap.  That  action  slipped  the  noose 
on  to  his  foot,  avid  consequently  fixed 
the  clog  to  his  leg,  which  by  trailing 


along  the  ground,  displacing  stones, 
and  marking  the  earth  along  die 
course  talceu  in  his  flight,  pat  the 
huntsman  upon  his  track,  whilst  it 
also  materially  checked  and  ham- 
pered his  speed;  for  if  it  got  fixed 
on  a  front  leg,  it  would  fiy  upwards 
with  every  bound,  and  strike  against 
his  breast,  neck,  or  (ace ;  if  on  a  hind 
1^,  it  would  keep  knoddng  against 
his  tliighs  or  belly;  and  sometimes, 
by  getting  wedged  amongst  stones 
or  stumps,  wouid  bring  him  ap  to  a 
complete  sfand-stiil.  A  trap  veij- 
closeiy  resembling  this  description  is 
used  for  a  similar  purpose  by  the 
modem  Arabs  (Wilkinson,  Manners 
and  Customs  of  Aiicknt  Egyptians, 
vol.  iii.  p.  6,},  which  is  supposed  to 
be  an  old  Egyptian  invention ;  so  that 
we  may  condude  it  to  have  tjeen 
common  to  several  nations  of  anti- 

PEDIS'EQUI.  Slaves  of  both 
sexes,  whose  duty  it  was  to  attend 
upon  their  masters  and  mistresses 
whenever  fhcy  went  abroad.  They  ■ 
formed  a  distinct  class,  and  had  pe- 
cuhar  services  of  their  own  to  peiform, 
different,  for  instance,  from  the  ante- 
ambulones  and  ttomendaiores,  who 
were  not  pediseqm,  though  they  like- 
wise followed  their  masters  abroad. 
Nepos.  Ait   13     Plaut    4s  1  3.  32. 

PEDUM  {K6p6vr,,  \ajaB6Kii-).  A 
shepherd'' 1  II  mh,    for  catching  slieep 


and  goats  by  the  leg  ;  always  repre- 
sent^ in  works  of  art,  as  a  simple 
stick  bent  into  a  curve  at  one  end,  like 
the  annexed  example,  from  a  Pom. 
peian  painting  where  it  is  carried  by 
Pa,ris,  the  Phi^an  shepherd ;  and  in 
this  form  it  is  ascribed  by  poets  and 
artists  to  the  pastoral  deiries,  Pan,  the 
Fauns,  and  the  Satyrs,  and  to  the 
Muse  who  presided  over  pastoral  or 
comic  poetry,  Thalia.  (Festus,  j.  v. 
Virg.   Ed.   v.  88.     Serv.  ad  I.)     An 


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queiitly  ii 
priately  i 


PEGMA. 

implement  of  the  same  description, 
Init  rather  shorter  and  stouter,  was 
also  employed  by  the  ancient  sports- 
men and  rustics  as  a  tkraw-stkk  for 
casting  at  haies  (Theocr.  Id.  iv.  49. 
vii.  139.),  from  which  practice  it  re- 
ceived the  last  of  the  two  Greek 
s  bracketed  above ;  and  conse- 
n  works  of  art  it  is  appro-' 
priately  given  in  that  form  to  the 
Centaurs,  who  are  often  represented 
with  a  dead  hare  in  one  hand  and  a 
shoi't  fedtan  in  the  other,  to  denote 
the  fondness  which  that  race'  was 
supposed  to  cherish  for  the  sport  of 

PEGMA  (irfi7;w).  Literally-,  any- 
thing made  of  boards  jcJned  together ; 
whence,  in  a  special  sense,  a  machine 
introduced  upon  the  stage,  in  the 
amphitheatre,  or  upon  other  occa- 
sions where  pageants  were  exhibited, 
for  the  purpose  of  representing  any 
sudden  or  miraculous  change  of 
scenic  effect.  The  apparatus  was 
made  of  wood,  and  so  constructed,  by 
means  of  springs  and  wei^ts  in  the 
internal  machinery,  tliat  it  would 
open  aud  shut,  expand  or  contract, 
increase  or  diminish  in  height,  or 
change  of  itself  into  a  form  altt^Uier 
difierent  from  the  original  one ;  like 
the  contrivances  employed  at  our 
theatres  for  producing  the  tricks  and 
clianges  in  a  pantomime,  of  which 
tiie  pegata  was  the  prototype.  Senec. 
Ep.  88.  Claud.  Mall.  Thsod.  325. 
Phiedr.  y  7   7     Snet  daud.  34, 

a.  In  a  private  house  the  term 
p^iaa  was  given  geneiaily  to  several 
pieces  of  fiirniture,  as  the  case  in  an 
atrium  m  which  the  ancestral  por- 
traits {ftaagines  inajonim)  were  de- 
posited, a  bookcase  cupboard,  &c, 
whether  fixtures  or  not  Auson. 
Epigr.  26  Cic  Aa  IV  8  Ulp.  Big. 
33-  7-  12 

PEGMA'RES  Gladiators  intro- 
duced into  the  amphitheatre  upon  a 
pegtiia,  which  was  then  made  to 
undergo  some  sudden  change,  such 
as  turning  into  a  den  filled  with 
beasts,  amongst  which  they  ivould  be 


precipitated.  (Suet.  Cal.  26.)  But 
as  the  word  only  occurs  in  this  pas- 
sage, and  the  reading  is  regarded  as 
doubtful,  the  esplanation  of  it  can 
only  be  received  as  a  conjectural 
probability. 

PELECI'NON.  One  of  the  many 
kinds  of  sun-dials  constructed  by  the 
ancients,  supposed  to  have  r 
the  name  from  _ 
bearing  a 


of  a 


■dove 


and    thus    to   be 
derived   from  the 
Greek    word    at. 
A(K?i'0!,  wMch  has 
that   signification ; 
a  conjecture  ren- 
dered highly  pro-      '  "       "" 
bable  by  the  anncKed  example,  pub- 
lished by  Lambeccio  (Apfejid.  adIM. 
/J'CoMffMB^.p.aSs-jjtlretopofwbich 
is  formed  exactly  like  a  dove-tail. 

PELLEX  (ir«X\aK^>,  A  kfft- 
mistress,  who  lived  in  a  state  of  im- 
moral intercourse  wifli  a  married 
man,  or  with  one  who  had  contracted' 
the  sort  of  alliance  teemed  csntubi- 
iiaius  with  another  female.  Dig.  50. 
16.  144.  Becker,  Gidlm. 

PELLICULATUS.  Covered 

with  skin  or  leather,  especially  with 
reference       to      a 
bottle   or  a  jar  m 
which   fruits    pre 

articles      requiring 
the   a      ■     ' 


:>  be  e 


eluded  were  kept, 

as  in  the  annexed 

example,    from    a 

Pompeian     pamt 

mg,   in  ■which  the 

edges   of  the  lea 

Ihei    cap   aie  seen  protruding  fiom 

underneath   the   lid     which    15    tied 

down  bj   cords  passing  through  the 

handles    LolumelL   xii    46    j      II 

39  2  and  46   1 

PELLI'TUS(ffHrvp.J^opof)    (ladm 
fur  or  skins,  a  commonstyleof  tlothmg 


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FELT AST  A. 


P    p 

ng 

qa  ntly  m 
works  of  art  m  the  form  of  an  ex- 
ornis ;  but  the  anneted  figuie,  repre- 
senting a  fowler  from  a  statne  at 
Naples,  wears  a  tiimc,  with  an  amk- 
ius  over  it,  both  made  of  fur. 

PELLU-VIA  or  -UM  (iro!™™- 
■rflp).  A  foot-fan,  or  basin  for 
washing  the  feet  in,  as  opposed  ta 
mallwnhim,  a  basin  for  waging  the 
hands.  (Festns,  j.  v.)  The  illus- 
tration,  from  a  Pompeian   painting, 


b       ph 

ii^. 

43)      In   h 

y   h     _     n 

ma- 

compositi' 


tting 


in  front  of  the 


vessel ;  and  a  bas-relief  in  Winkel- 
mann  [Mon.  Inid.  No.  i6i.)  exhibits 
the  old  nurse  washing  the  feet  of 
Ulysses  in  a  vessel  of  similar  form 
and  character. 

f  ELTA  (t(Ati7).  a  small  and 
light  shield  made  of  the  same  mate- 
rials as  the  ceira  (IJv.  xxviii  5.); 
viz.  wood  or  wicker-work  covered 
with  leather,  but  without  any  metallic 
rim.  In  shape  it  was  sometimes  el- 
liptic, like  the  enample  home  by  one 


(Quint, 

Smym.  i  147—149. ) ;  for  the  Thra- 
cian  shield,  to  which  the  name  of 
iilia  was  also  given  (Herod,  vii.  75.), 
because  made  of  the  same  light 
materials,  possessed  a  square  and  nn- 
bricaled  figure,  like  the  Roman 
scutum,  hut  np<m  a  smaller  scale. 
See  PaemA,  s.  and  the  right-hand 
figure  in  the  next  wood-cnL 

PELTASTA  (ireATOirr^!).  In  a 
general  sense,  one  who  wears  the  light 
shield  called  felts ;  but  the  name 
was  also  specially  ^ven  to  a  particu- 
lar class  of  the  Greek  soldiery  who 
were  provided  with  this  defence 
(Liv.  xxviiL  5.  xxja.  36.),  competed 
originally  of  Thracian  mercenaries, 
but  subsequently  adopted  into  the 
regular  army  by  Iphicrales  the  Athe- 
nian. (Xen.  Hdt.  ir.  4.  16.  v.  12. 
seq.)  In  addidon  to  the  psUa,  they 
carried  a  knife  or  dirk,  but  had  no 
body  armour  (Herod,  vii.  75.),  and 
thus  occupied  an  intermediate  grade 
between  the  heavy-armed  troops 
(^XTtoi)  and  those  who  were  alto- 
gether unprovided  with  protective 
arms  (^lAol)-  (Polyb.  v.  22.  /*.  23. 
lb.  25.)  The  left-hand  figure  of 
Priam  in  the  iliustration,  from  a 
marble  bas-relief,  exhibits  an  Asiatic 
peltasta,  whose  costume  corresponds 
very  closely  vrith  the  descrip- 
tion of  Heradotus  (/.  c);  and  the 
right-hand  one,  from  a  terra-cotta 
lamp,  represents  a  gladiator  of  the 
class     called    Thradans    (Thraces), 


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PELT  ATA. 


PENATES. 


487 


consequently,  may  be  received  also 
as  an  exemplification,  of  tlie  accoutre- 
ments and  general  appearance  pre- 
sented by  the  military  belonging  to 
the  corps  in  qnestion. 

PELTA'TA.  In  a  general  sense, 
any  female  who  bears  the  smaJl  light 
Bhield  called  pdta  ;  but  more  espe- 
cially used  to  designate  a  female 
.  warrior  of  Amazonian  race,  to  whom 
it  is  universally  attributed  by  poets 
and  artists  as  the  national  arm  of  de- 
fence. Ov.  Her,  XXL  117.  Am.  ii. 
14.  2.  Mart.  in.  I03.  Compare  Stat. 
Theb,  xii.  761-,  where  pdlifera  ,is 
used  in  the  same  sense.  The  illus- 
>     Amazons, 


from  a  marble  bas-relief;  the  one  on 
the  left  hand,  with  a  lunated/a/to  of 
the  most  usual  form,  the  other  of  a 
cylindrical  figure,  which  is  of  much 


term ;  meaning  thereby  a  large  ves- 
sel of  circular  form  and  open  circum- 
ference (hence /flfti/n,  Jav.  iii,  277.), 
intended  to  hold  water  for  washing 
for  all  general  purposes,  whether 
persons  or  things ;  thus,  as  a  generic 
term,  including  the  special  varieties, 
although  they  might  be  designated 
by  an  appropriate  name  of  their 
own  ;  as  the  hand-basin  {mallwviata, 
where  see  the  iUustration),  Ihe  foot- 
basin  {pdluvhtm,  where  an  example  is 
also  given),  and  various  others  enume- 
rated in  the  Classed  Index.  Non. 
Marc.  J.  V.  p.  543.  Varro,  L.  L. 
V,  1 19.  Pet.  Sal.  7a  8,  Juv.  vi.  441. 
PENA'TES.  Household  gods, 
who  were  believed  to  be  the  creators 
and  dispensers  of  all  the  well-being 
and  gifts  of  fortune  enjoyed  by  a 
family,  as  well  as  an  entire  commu- 
nity, which  it  was  the  object  of  the 
guardian  spirits  (lares)  to  protect 
and  preserve.  It  is  not  clearwhether 
all,  or  which  of  the  gods,  were  ve- 
nerated as  penates  ;  for  many  are 
mentioned  of  both  sexes,  Jupiter, 
Juno,  Minerva,  Vesta,  Neplune, 
Apollo,  &c. ;  hut  every  family  wor- 
shipped one  or  more  of  these,  whose 
images  were  kept  in  the  inner  part  trf 
the  house,  the  tablinum,  sihiafed  be- 
yond the  atrium.      (Cic.   N.  D.   ii. 


27  Maerob  Sat  m.  4.  Vpn  1,  a^ 
Arnob  m.  123  Seiv  ad  j^n  11 
296  and  325  )  They  are  lepresented 
m  various  ways  on  corns  and  medals , 
but  in  the  annexed  illustration,  from 
the  Vatican  Virgil,   which  l^s  the 


,y  Google 


fmcil  foe  laying 
the  colour  [Cic. 
Quint. 


,eof 


24.)! 

were  made  of  hair 
(Plin.  H.  N.  xxviii. 
71,),  and  others  of 
the  long  pointed  fi- 
bres of  a  sponge 
(Plin.  H.  N.  ix.  69.).  The  illustra- 
tion represents  part  of  a  female  figure 
in  a  Roman  bas-relief,  presenting  a 
paint-brush  to  M.  VaiTO,  in  allusion 
to  one  of  his  works,  whidi  he  illus- 
trated with  the  portraits  of  celebrated 
men.  The  trae  meaning  of  the 
Greek  word  bracketed  as  synony- 
mous admits  of  doubt,  and  has  re- 
ceived various  interpretations ;  but, 
as  it  is  applied  to  Parrhasius  in  a 
paragraph  treating  of  the  effects  of 
colour,  wliich  even  in  some  of  the 
encaustic  processes  was  laid  on  in  a 
liquid  state  with  a  brush  (see  En- 
C*ustica),  it  is  highly  probable  (hat 
the  right  meaning  is  alleged. 

PENICULAMENTUM.  The 
end  or  pointed  extremihf  of  a  loose 
garment,  such  as  the  cklamys  ar  pal- 
lium, which  hangs  down  like  (he  tuft 
end  of  a  (aii  Ennius.  Ludl.  Czecil. 
ap.  Non.  /.  V.  p.  149. 

PENIC'ULUS,  A  faint-brush. 
(Plin.  H.  M  XKxv.  36:  5  II.)  Same 
as  Penicillum,  which  some  editions 
have  in  the  passage  cited. 

2.  A  brash  for  dusting,  made  out 
of  the  tuft  of  3  cow's  tail.  Plant. 
Mm.  i.  I.  1.  lb.  ii.  3.  45. 

PENNA.  A  ?!«7/,  or  lai^  feather 
growing  from  the  wing  or  tail,  as 
contradisliiict  from  pixrna,  the  small 
feather  composing  the  general  plu- 
mage of  the  body  (Coiumell,  viii.  2. 
10.);  employed  for  various  purposes, 
the  whole  feather  for  sweeping  and 


dusting  out  confined  or  intricate  re- 
esses  (PaUad.  AW.  viii.  I.);  the 
quill  part  for  muldng  tooth-picks 
(Mart.  Kiv.  22.)  i  the  feather  end  for 
making  a  wing  (a/a)  to  the  arrow 
(Ov.  M^.  vi.  358,),  which  kept  its 
head  straight  and  directed  its  couise 
through  the  air       Sagitta 

2  A  jWJ  for  writing  (Isidor 
(^"g  XV  3 )  made  of  a  quill  as 
shown  by  the  annexed  example 
fiom  the  Columns  of  Trann  and 
Antomnus  on  both  of  which  it  ap 
pears  in  the  hinds  of  a  female  figu  e 
personified  as  Victon  whoisoccupied 
m  recordmg  the  military  successes  of 
those  emperoi's.  The  use  of  the 
quill,  as  an  implement  for  writing 
upon  parchment  or  paper,  is,  j^ 
however,  of  a  comparatively  U 
late  period,  the  reed  or  cane  K 
{aruKiii!,  calmniis)  being  solely  W 
employed  for  that  purpose  in  1) 
early  times.  Beckman  assigns  fi 
the  fifth  century  as  the  period  ( 
of  its  introduction  {History  of  ' 
Invtntions,  vol.  L  p.  408.  London, 
1846] ;  but  he  was  only  cognizant  of 
one  instance  where  it  is  represented 
on  works  of  art — the  marble  of  the 
goddess  Egeria  (Gronov.  Thesatir. 
AnUq.  Gr.  2,  n.  28),  In  which  he 
suggests  the  probability  of  the  pen 
having  been  added  by  a  siibsequent 
hand.  Admitting  that  to  be  an  es- 
tablished fact,  instead  of  a  suppo- 
sition, the  two  instances  quoted 
above  will  still  remain  to  be  disposed 
of;  and  as  the  object  in  question  ap- 
pears on  both  of  them  about  midway 
up  the  columns,  that  is,  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  nearly  sixty-four  feet  above 
the  ground,  it  would  be  mere  folly  to 
suppose  that  a  scaffolding  of  that 
height  was  ever  erected  for  the 
useless  purpose  of  mailing  any  snch 
addition.  It  is,  therefore,  obvious 
that  quill  pens  were  made  as  early  at 
least  as  the  commencement  of  the 
second  century,  when  the  Column  of 
Trajan  was  executed,  though  they 
may  not  have  come  into  general  or 
common  use  until  a  much  later  period. 


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PENfTIPES. 

PEN'NIPES.  Having  feathers 
or  wings  atlaclied  to  the  feet ;  an 
epithet  ^ven  to  Mercury  and  Per- 
seus. (Cattiil.  Ixv,  24.)  Same  as 
Alipes,  which  see. 

PEN'SILIS.     Sec  Horheum  and 

HORTUS,  3. 

PEN'SUM.  That  which  is 
weighed  out  as  a  task  ;  more  especi- 
ally applied  to  the  labour  of  females, 
because ,  a  certain  quantity  of  wool 
was  weighed  out  daily  to  each  of 
the  female  slaves  in  an-  aticient  house- 
hold, which  she  was  expected  to 
spin  into  thread  for  her  day's  work. 
Justin,  i.  3.  Plaut.  Vii^.  Ov.  and 
Lanipendia. 

PENTASPAS'TOS  i.irevT&<rv!ur- 
TBv),  A  pulley  case,  containing  a 
set  of  five  pullies  {orMculi)  for  raising 
weights,  like  the  example  J.  OfiBi- 
CULirs,  only  more  powerM  from  its 
increased  action.     Vitruv.  x.  2.  3. 

PENTATH'LUM  {i,ivT<a\ov). 
A  word  merely  translated  from  the 
Greek,  for  which  the  genuine  Latin 
expression  is  Quibquertidm. 

PENTELO'RIS,  sc  vtstb.  A 
garment  ornamented  with  five  bands 
of  gold  emhroideiy  or  purple,  as  ex- 
plained uiuler  the  word  PahAGadDa. 
AureL  Vopisc.  46. 

PENTE'RIS  (Bf^/rVls).  A  word 
merely  translated  from  the  Greek, 
for  which  the  genuine  Latin  term  is 

QulNQUlREMIS. 

PErNULA.     See  P-bnula. 

PEP'LUM  and  PEP'LUS  (x^irAoc 
and  irtTT^os).  A  Greek  word  trans- 
lated mto  Latin,  designating  a  parti- 
cnlar  article  of  the  femaie  attire, 
wliich  the  Romans  expressed  by  the 
correspondmg  term  Palla  ;  the 
Greelt  word  being  derived,  according 
to  Riemer,  from  h^AAo,  and  akin  to 
t-KvmXa  and  ^IjrXooi' ;  from  which  the 
Latin  fdlis,  palla,  and  pallium  are 
likewise  obtained.  The  ordinary 
interpretation  given  to  the  word,  "  a 
shawX"  rests  upon  no  substantial 
authoiin',  if  it  be  understood  in  our 
sense  of  the  word  ;  at  the  same  time 
that  it  affords  but  a  loose  and  incor- 


FEPLUM.  4^9 

rect  notion  of  the  dress  itself,  and 
the  method  of  adjusting  it ;  which  is 
fully  and  circumstantially  detailed 
under  its  genuine  Latin  name  Palla  1 
to  which,  and  the  illustrations  accom- 
panying it,  the  reader  is  referred. 

As    the   above   explanation    is    at 
variance  with  the  notions  ordinarily 


incumbent    1 


the  principal  n 


e  of 
for  its  adoption; 
in  question  be- 
longed properly  to  the  Greek  attire, 
its  real  character  must  be  sought  In 
the  writm^  and  usages  of  that  coun- 
try. I.  Pollux  (vil  49,  5a)  de- 
scribes the  piplum  as  a  dress  exclu- 
sively for  females,  which  served  the 
double  piHpose  of  a  tunica  and  pal- 
lisim  ^liUe  the  Latin  UtnicopBllium — 
^I'fjSAii/uiHolxiTilii',  and  ?crflij/ui !' IotI 
SiTAout- 1^»  JlpfiaP,  iis  it'Sofiiwi  Tt  ml 
iTriPd>Jitireai).  2.  The  Scholiast  on 
Homer  (//.  v.  734.)  defines  it  to  be  a 
tunic,  which  was  not  put  on  over  the 
head,  like  the  common  one  (Indu- 
Tus),  but  was  adjusted  and  fastened 
on  the  person  by  means  of  brooches 

hy  ovK  irMayro  aA\'  ivfufpovaivo). 
3.  Eustathius  [ad  Od.  a.  p.  1847.) 
describes  thep^fi/usi  as  a  large  wrap, 
per  which  entirely  co- 
vered the  left  shoul- 
der, and  had  one  of 
its  surfaces  passec 
bind  the  person, 
the  other  across 
front,  until  they 
on  the  right  ! 
where  fhey 
joined     together 

shoulder  exposed  {fid-  •' 
■yai'  vtptQiKruop,  tTKiirov  tV  apiintptiv 
^/iov^Kcd  ifiTrpoadtir  Kai  Sittirdeptfiiydyoif 
Tils  S6ojrr4pvyas  elsTiji'Bt^iiiyTr^tvp&Vt 
yviivii''  i^"  'rh'  Sejiip  X"p»  mil  Tie 
i/toy)^  Tlie  annexed  feure,  from  a 
statue  found  at  Hercnlaneum,  and 
composing  one  of  the  same  set  as  the 
first    two   inserted    in     the     article 


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490  PEP. 

Palla,  p.  465. ,  elucidates  the  words 
of  Eustathius  in  a  striking  manner, 
showing  Ihe  character  of  the  drapery 
and  method  of  putting  it  on  ;  with 
the  exception,  that  his  account  seems 
to  place  the  second  brooch  under 
the  arm,  instead  of  upon  llie  shoulder, 
so  as  to  form  an  exoinis,  of  which  an 
example  is  afforded  in  Hope's  Ciu- 
iumes,  vol  ii.  p,  i8a,  whence  we  may 
infer  that  both  these  lashions  were 
practised  ;  but  that  in  no  wise  alters 
the  essential  character  of  the  dress. 
4.  Panthea  is  described  by  Xenophon 
[Cyr.  V.  I.  6.)  as  rending  her /t/Aon 
during  an  access  of  grief— irfpinortp- 
^^f  uTo  thr  finoflsj'  itfirAoi- ;  which  does 
not  mean  simply,  that  she  "  ton 
tent  her  outer  garment,"  as  the  I 
Jators  render  it ;  but  that  she  tore 
the  ly^to-  part  (rb  imiBtp)  of  her 
peplaai  1  viz.  that  which  is  turned  over 
at  the  top,  and  covers  the  breast  and 
back,  rending  it  round  (irtpl)  and 
down  (noTii) — an  action  and  expres- 
sion perfectly  intelligible  when  ap- 
plied to  a  garment  of  the  nature  ex- 
hibited in  the  illustration,  but  not  so 
reconcileable  with  the  idea  of  a 
shawl  over  the  head.  During  this 
act  her  face,  neck,  and  hailds  were 
exposed  to  the  gaze  of  the  bystanders 
(Xen.  I.e.);  from  which,  the  com- 
tat  rs  nf  that  tlie  pepluin 
d    h     h    d   and  hanijs ;   but 


Gre 


d  R  n 


r  the 
women,  as  well 
A       cs  saiarate  shawl  or 

il  the  feplum  (see 

h  Palla,  3.  p.  467.); 

d  h         h  ch  got   displaced, 

as  ta      w  uld,  from  the  head 

d  by    h     violent  action   of 

h     h  d    dress  [peplum)   in 
h    m  desc   bed,     5.  The^- 

m  d  both  by  Greek  and 

Latm  authoi's  as  a  long  dress  reach- 
ing to  tiie  feet,  and  trailing  on  the 
ground  (Tp»itJ«stAi[(am^iAoii J,  Horn. 
Ii.  vi.  443.  fephtm  fl-uats,  Claud. 
Nupt.  Honor.  122.  ManiL  v,  387.), 
which  character  it  is  dilHcult  to  con- 
nect with  the  appearance  of  a  sliawl. 


6.  The  same  term  is  applied  by  the 
Greeks  to  the  long  close-fitting  i-obe 
with  sleeves  .to  the  wrist,  and  skirts 
to  the  feet,  which  was  worn  by  the 
Persians  (,<Esch.  Ptts.  474.  jo6o. ),  as 
the  Romans  gave  thenameofjitBfflito 
a  robe  of  the  same  description,  which 
was  worn  by  musicians  on  the  stage. 
See  the  illustrations  to  Septuchus 
and  Palla  Citharordica.  7. 
The  fcplum  was  fastened  by  a  brooch 
o      h      h    Id         h'  h       h 


a        uig      h 

beuig        y  1   ned , 

and  how,  when  carried  in  the  Athe- 
naic  procession,  it  was  said  to  be  like 
the  sail  of  a  ship ;  because,  «hen 
loosed  from  its  clasps,  and  unfolded, 
it  was  in  reality  nothing  more  than  a 
large  rectangular  piece  of  drapery, 
which  acquired  the  characteristic 
appearance  of  a  legitimate  gaiment 
from  the  manner  m  which  it  was 
folded  and  adjusted  on  the  person. 

2.  The  peplvm  of  Athena  was  a 
large  and  splendidly  embroidered 
piece  of  drapery,  that  was  carried  in 
public  procession  at  the  Panatbenaic 
festival,  opened  out  to  its  full  dimen- 
sions, and  borne  between  two  poles, 
like  the  sail  of  a  ship,  in  the  same 
manner  as  emblazoned  ilags  and 
banners  are  now  carried  by  two  men 
in  the  solemn  processions  of  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  Church  (Plato,  En- 
ihyphr.  6.  C.  Virg.  Ch:  2i.);  but 
when  placed  on  tl:e  statue  of  the  god- 


i.  It  1 


IS  folded  and  adjusted  in  the 


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PERA. 

same  manner  as  the  Palla.  This 
will  be  readily  admitted  from  the  an- 
nexed fignce  of  Mi- 
nerva on  a  fictile 
vase ;  although  the 
brooches  on  the 
shoulders  ate  con- 
cealed by  the  eimk- 
t3is  outside,  and  the 
pgplum  is  compress- 
ed by  a  girdle,  ren- 
dered necessary  by 
the  great  deptii 
of  the  upper  part 
turned   down  {t^i' 

indicating  the  am- 
plitude and  consequent 
the  drapery  oat  of  whii 
was  formed.  Many  other 
exhibit  Minerva  in  a  similar  cos- 
tume ;  and  amongst  these,  one  oS  the 
Mnseo  Chiaramqnti  {tav.  14.),  which 
has  no  outer  drapery,  shows  tlie 
brooches  on  both  shoulders,  and  the 
whole  arrangement  of  the  peplum  ex- 
actly similar  to  the  first  two  figures 
introduced  under  the  article  Palla.; 
the  only  difference  being  rtiat  the  fall 
over  is  as  deep  as  in  the  annexed 
figure,  and  a  narrow  sgis  crosses 
obUqnely  from  the  right  shoulder, 
in  the  form  of  a  balteiis,  to  keep  Ihe 
dress  adjusted,  instead  of  3.  girdle 
round  the  waist. 

PE'RA  (wftpo).  K  scrip  or  ™//rf, 
made  of  leather  and  slung  by  a  strap 
over  the  shoulder 
used  by  travellers  rus 
tics,  mendicants,  and 
the  cynic  philosophers 
in  imitation  of  them, 
to  carrj  provisions 
and  other  necessaries 
(Phiedr.  iv  g.  Senec 
Ep.  91.  Mart  iv  53  } 
"rtie  illustration  repre- 
sents a  peasant  with 
his  staff  and  scrip 
{baculo  et  pera)  from  a 
marble  at  Ince-Blundell. 

PERFORA'CULUM.       An     in- 
strument   employed   by    carpenteis. 


s  of  a 


similar  class ;  usnaily  translated  a 
gimlet  or  auger  ;  but  it  is  clearly  dis- 
tinguished from  the  tmbra  in  the 
following  passage,  where  its  connex- 
ion with  the  word  aWoAirwould  seem 
to  indicate  some  implement  more  in 
the  nature  of  a  gouge — petforaadis 
doiatitm,  terebrarum  vertigine  exawa- 

PER'GULA,  Literally,  and  in  a 
general  sense,  any  kind  of  building 
added  on  to  the  side  of  a  house  or 
other   edifice,   beyond   the    original 

Sound-plan,  as  an  outhouse  or  !ean-lo, 
:e  the  outbuilding  in  front  of  the 
annexed  landscape,  representing  a 
country-house  or  farm,  in  one  of  tlie 


Pompeian  paintings.  (Plaut.  Pseud. 
i,  2.  84.  Pet  Sat.  74.)  Whence  the 
following  more  special  senses  : — 

2.  A  stall  or  balcony  constructed 
over  the  colonnades  of  a  forum,  and 
abutting  from  the  buildings  adjacent ; 
chiefly  intended  for  the  occupation  of 
bankers  and  money  changers.  Plin, 
If.  M  xxi   6.   and  compare  M^Nl- 

3.  A  painter's  exhibition-room  ;  a 
lai^  outbuilding  in  which  the  artists 
of  antiquity  were  accustomed  to 


;   theii 


orks    t 


when  finished.  LndL  ap.  Laclant.  i. 
22.  Plin.  JI.X  XXXV.  36.  5  12. 
Cod.  Theodos.  13.  4.  4. 

4.  A  lecture  room  in  which  any  of 
the    arts    or   sciences  were  taught. 


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rFK  PLTA 


hou  e  fo      ak  n 


PESISTYUUM. 

pon  figures  wiih  bare  feet  and  legs, 
d  ndng  girls  and  such  characters,  or 

he  goddesses  and  heroines  draped  in 
e  poetical  or  heroic  style,  like  the 

nneued  example  representing  Ari- 

dne ;  consequently,  in  the  passage  of 
Petronius  (/,  e. ),  where  they  are  worn 
by  the  wife  of  Trimalchio,  and  seen 


mp  e  f  om  a  pa  n  ng  of  he  Naso 
nian  epu  he  L  xv3  Cou 
me  2     2     Id   a   2   32 )     The 

node  I  ahans  eta  n  he  wo  d 
/   P-  a  n  lesaroe   eise 

PERIPETAS'MA  s-pi  ocrpn 
A  gene  a     erm,  y  G  eek     0 

any  h  ng      h  ch  is     p  ead  ou      a    a 


PERIP  TtPOb 


u  ded 


on  the  e-utsids  by  a  colannade  con- 
sisting of  a  single  row  of  columns  all 
round.  (Viiniv.  iii.  2.)  The  temple 
of  Theseus  at  Athens  affords  an  ex- 
isting specimen  of  the  style. 

PERIS'CELIS  («-.p<o-«rtls).  An 
ankUt,  made  of  choice  materials  and 
workmanship,  worn  more  particularly 
by  the  Greek  women  and  courteians 
round  the  ankle  in  the  same  manner 
as  a  bracelet  is  round,  the  wrist. 
(Hor.  Ep.  i.  17.  56,  Pet.  Sat.  67. 
4  and  5.}  In  the  numerous  instances 
where  ornaments  of  this  description 
:  represented  in  the  Pompeian 
'■     i,  they  are  always  introduced 


peepmg  from  under  her  tunic  above 
he  tops  of  her  shoes  it  is  expressly 
ntended  to  ridicule  the  ostentation 
vulgai  ty  and  absurdity  of  the 
wealthy  parvenu  and  his  silly  help 
n  ate  who  loads  hei  perso  1  with 
fiiery  Without  regarding  its  fitness 
or  perceiving  the  ndiculous  figure 
he  makes  of  herself 

PERISTROMA  (ir(pfoTp«|ua) 
In.  general  inythmgwhch  serve  as 
a  covering  like  the  cnttains  caipets 
and  hangings  o£  t.  100m 


especially  a  large  aid  loose  co\eilet 
customarily  spreid  o\er  a  bed  ur  a 
dining  couch  so  as  to  hang  down 
round  the  =  des,  m  the  manner  shown 
by  the  annexed  illustration  from  the 
Vatican  Viigil.     Cic  Phil,  ii  27. 

PERISTYLIUM  {.(pioriMoi.). 
A  peristyle;  that  is,  a  colonnade 
round  a  courtyard,  or  in  the  inUrior 
of  a  building,  which  has  the  columns 
on  the  inside  and  the  wall  without. 


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PEEISTYLUM. 

as  in  tlie  example  below  ;  wlieieas 
the  Uxia  peripteral  is  used  to  express 
a  structure  designed  upon  a  plan 
precisely  the  reverse  of  this  i  vis. 
a  colonnade  on  the  exterior  of  a 
Iniilding,  which  has  the  columns  on 
its  outside,  and  the  wall  within. 
Suet.  Aug.  82.  Plin.  Ep.  x.  23.  2. 
Schneider.  Vitrav.  ilL  3.  9. 

2.  The  perUtyU  of  a  Roman  house, 
which  formed  the  second  or  inner 
division  of  the  general  ground-plan, 
corresponding  in  locality  with  the 
GynaconiHs  of  a  Greek  domicile ;  and 
was  regarded  as  the  internal  or  pri- 
vate portion  of  the  edifice,  containing 
the  domestic  apartm  n  n  th  d 
nary  occupation  of  the  propne  a  d 
his  family,  to  whi  h  ne  b  h 
immediate  friends  and  acquai  tances 


colonnade,  hke  the  Atnum, 
covenng  a  larger  aiea  open  .to  the 
sky  and  sometimes  laid  out  as  a  gar- 
den, with  a  fountain  and  implaviu?/! 
in  the  centre  the  apartments  occu- 
pied by  the  family  bemg  distributed 
round  its  sides,  and  opening  upon 
the  colonnade  m  question.  It  was 
separated  from  the  Atnom  by  the 
tahhimm  and.  fauces,  both  passages  of 
coramimication  between  the  two  divi- 
sions (Vitruv  VI  3  7  )  The  iUus- 
tration  represents  an  ■elevation  of 
half  the  penstyle  of  a  hotise  at 
Pompeii  restoied  by  Mazoi  , 
Its  relative  situation  with  respect  to 
the  test  of  the  house  will  be  under- 
stood t^  referring  to  the  ground-plan 
at  p.  248.  coL  "  ""  "■'■■"■•'•  ■'■  ■'- 
marked  ff. 


I  which  1 


493 

PERIS'TVLUM    (TfpiuTvXoy). 

Lc  Doin.  44.    Varro,  E.  R.  iii.  5.  8. 

ime  as  the  preceding. 
PERO  [ip,ei5Aii).  A  boot  reaching 
up  to  the  calf  of  the  leg,  laced  in 
front  and  made  of  raw 
hide,  or  untamied 
leather,  with  the  fur 
on.  (Virg.  ^lu  viL 
690.  Juv.  xiv.  i85.  Isi- 
dor.  Orig.  xis.  34.) 
The  example  is  from  a 
Pompeian  painting. 

PERONATUS.  Wearing  the 
boots  last  described  {perBHes,  Pers.  v. 
102.);  the  characteristic  chaussure  of 
ag  cul  urallabo  pi    ghm  n,   n  1 


h  ph   ds,    f  whi  hi       a    p     m 
IS  nsei    df   m  th   Vatica    V  gil 

PERPENDICULUM    (  i9       ) 
Ap2  mbl  Ineandpla  m 

SI  yed  by  b     klay  rs,  maso  is    ^ 
ic  the  purpose  of  pruvmg 
if  their  work  be  true  to  the 
perpendicular.      (Vitniv.  vii. 
3.  5.     Cic.  ap.  Noa  i.  v.  p. 
162.      Plin./?:iV.  XXXV.  49,) 
The    illustration    represents 
an  original  found  with  several 
others   in    a   stone   mason's      a^ 
shop  at  Pompeii ;  and  mime-   "Sa^ 
rous  examples  have  been  dLs-       • 
covered  in  various  excavations,   all 
bearing  a  considerable  resemblance 
to  one  -another,  and  differing  in  no 
respect  from  those  now  in  use,  with 
the  eitception  that  they  are  made  of 
bronze  kistead  of  lead,  and  exhibit 
taste  in  their  design,  which  the  an- 
cients constantly  studied  even  in  the 
commone.st  articles  of  daily  use. 
PERSO'NA    {rpiirairoy  or  .nov). 


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494  P^^- 

A  maii,  always  worn  upon  ihe  stage 
in  Che  theatres  of  ancient  Greece  and 
Italy,  by  the  actors  of  all  classes 
ti-agic,  comic,  or  pantomimic  The 
part  which  covered  the  face  was 
made  of  wood  (Prudent  4iij  Symni 
ii.  646.  Compare  Virg.  Geoi/^  u.  3S7  ) 
and  (o  this  a  wig  of  suitable  diirT.c 
ter  was  added,  so  that  tlie  entire 
head  of  the  actor,  as  well  as  his  face 
was  completely  covered  (Aul.  Gell. 
V.  7.),  and  travestied.  Moreover, 
every  age  and  condition  of  life,  from 
youth  to  dea'epitude,  or  from  the 
hero  to  the  slave,  was  represented  by 
an  appropriate  mask,  the  character- 
istics of  which  were  sufficiently  fami- 
liar for  the  quality  and  condition 
of  the  personage  represented  to  be 
immediately  recognized  by  the  spec- 
tators upon  his  appearance  on  the 
stage ;  and  the  wig  belonging  to  each 
particular  mask  had  a  settled  style  of 
coiffure,  as  well  known  as  the  fea- 
tures it  accompanied.  Those  which 
were  intended  to  personify  historical 
personages,  heroes,  demi-gods, 
were  designed  in  imitation  of 
a.uthentic  type,  handed  down  through 
ages  by  poets,  painters,  and  sculp- 
tors ;  and,  consequently,  were  often- 
times beautiful  representations  ot 
ideal  forms ;  the  others,  employed 
in  genei'al  tragedy  and  comedy,  were 
very  numerous,  and  varied  in  their 
details,  as  expliuned  in  the  two  fol- 
lowing paragraphs. 

2.  Persojia    traglca.      The    tragic 
mask  (Phsdf.  i.  7.),  of  which  there 
were    at    least  Iwenty-five  differ 
kinds,   six  for  old  men,   seven 
young  men,   nine  for  females,   and 
three  for  slaves  ;  distinguished  by 
particular  conformation  of  featmes, 
colour  of  the  complexion,   and  ar- 
rangement as  well  as  colour  of  the 
hidr  and  beard.   The  next  illustration 
shows  three  of  these  varieties,  from 
Pompeian  paintings,  two  for  old  men, 
and  one  for  a  young  character  ;  that 
on  the  right,  with  the  grand  s    ' 
ficks,  for  stately  tragedy  ;  the  01 
the  left,  with  the  hair  also  disposed 


,  for  middle  tragedy  ,  and  the 
youthful  one  in  the  centre,  which  has 
the  hair  disposed  in  a  similar  fashion, 
but  with  still  less  of  exaggeration,  be- 
longing to  the  same  class  ;  all  exactly 
as  described  by  Pollux,  iv.  133.  seq. 
3.  Pirsona  comica.  The  comic 
mask,  of  which  no  less  than  forty- 
three  different  types  are  enumerated, 
distinguished,  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  last-mentioned,  by  their  features, 
complexion,  and  wigs  ;  viz.   nine  for 


old  men,  ten  for  young  men,  seven 
for  male  slaves,  three  for  old  women, 
and  fourteen  for  young  women.  The 
annexed  illustration  affords  an  ex- 
ample of  two  kinds,  from  the  paint- 
ings of  Pompeii ;  the  right  one  of  an 
old  man,  the  other  of  a  young  woman, 
with  her  head  in  the  miira  intended 
for  a  courtezan  (w«-rfnjc),  as  de- 
scribed by  Pollux  {I.  c).  Other 
specimens  of  comic  masks  are  intro- 
duced, s.  Persokatcs,  Lorarius, 

MlMUS. 

4    Per  ana    nut       Ano  he     L  nd 


of  the     omed 

of    Planus 

Terence 

CO    e     upon 


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TVS. 

bnt  never  speaks  himself;  corre- 
sponding with  the  "walkmg  gentle- 
man" of  the  modem  drama.  It  is 
represented  by  the  annexed  woodcut 
ftom  a  Pompeiaii  painting  in  which 
the  dosed  mouth  and  compressed 
lips  indicate  the  silent  diaracter  of 


PES. 


495 


theai 


5.  A  mask  of  terra-cotta  marble, 
or  other  material,  designed  to  imitate 
the  human  &ce, 
h  ad  f  animals, 
o  n  I  devices, 
gen      lly  of  gro- 

i\  e  forms,  em-         ^,  ~    hjsj 

£Ioy  da   ananfe-    /^tj  I   iSSl 
K     n    huHdings 
(        woodcuts  s. 
Antef  xaJ  ;     as 

capement  for  the  water  of  a  fonntain ; 
lai^oil 

annexed  illustration  affords 
men,  from  an  original  of 
Lucret  iv.  297.     Flin.  H.  N.  xxxv. 
43.  Ulp.  Dig.  ig.  I.  17. 

PERSONATUS.  Masked,  or 
wearing  a  mask  {fcrsond) ;  more 
especially  with  reference  to  an  actor 
on  the  stage  (Cic  Oral.  iii.  59.  Hor. 
Sal.  i.  4.  56,);  for  in  the  ancient 
theatres  of  Greece  and  Italy  the 
performers  always  appeared  in  masks, 
designed  to  suit  the  particular  cha- 
racters which  each  had  to  play ;  of 
which  an  example  is  afforded  by  the 


)ne  of  the  figures  on  a  marble  bas- 
elief,  on  which  a  scene  from  some 
comedy  is  delineated, 

PERTICA.  Any  long  thin  rod 
pole,  for  threshing  com  (Plin, 
H.  N.  xviii.  17..);  nut  trees  (Ov. 
N-ux,  67.);  olives  (Plin,  H.N.  xv. 
3.);  as  a  measuring  rod,  or  perch 
(Prop.  iv.  I.  130.),  also  termed  ftr- 
lua  niililaris  (Serv.  ad  Viig.  Eel.  ix. 
7.),  because  the  lands  apportioned 
amongst  the  military  were  measured 
olTinto  allotments  by  this  instrtmient. 
Thence  it  is  often  expressed  on 
medals  and  engraved  gems  by  the 
side  of  a  jilough.  See  Ckirlaeus,  £)ac- 
tyliolAec.  li.  Nos.  608.  610. 

PES  {irois).  A  foot  of  men  and 
animals,  upon  which  the  body  is  sup- 
ported ;  thence  transferred  to  inani- 
mate things,  OS  the  foot  of  a  taWe, 
chair,  stool,  couch,  &c.,  which  were 
sometimes  made  to  imitate  the  feet  of 
animals,  or  other  ornamental  termi- 
nations similar  to  what  are  still  in 
use,  as  shown  by  numerous  examples 
introduced  in  the  course  of  these 
pages.  Sea  Ben.  u.  34.  Ov.  Md. 
vili.  661.     Plin.  H.  N.  xxxtv.  4. 

z.  A  fool  measure,  which  was 
divided  into  twelve  inches  {umiie), 
and  subdivided  into  sixteen  di^te 
{digia,  Vitruv.  iii.  r.  Columell.  v.  i. 
4  Front  A«.  24).  The  precise 
length  of  the  oid  Roman  foot  has  not 
been  distinctly  ascertained,  for  though 
several  foot  rules  of  bronze  have 
been  found  in  excavations,  Uiey  alt 
vary  slightly  in  their  respective  di- 
mensions. One  of  these,  from  an 
original  found  at  Pompeii,  is  repre- 
sented s.  Regula  I.,  for  the  limited 
width  of  these  pa^s  will  not  admit 
of  its  being  inserted  on  a  stale  suffi- 
cient to  show  the  real  length.  Seve- 
ral examples,  however,  of  the  actual 
size  are  engraved  in  the  Museo 
Borbonico  vi.  15,  and  Ficoroni,  Zfl- 
ika  Antico,  p.  93. 

3.  Pes  velL  A  rope  attached  to 
the  clew  or  lower  corner  of  a  square 
sail,  for  the  purpose  of  selling  it  to 
the  wind,  called  the  sheet  in  the  nau- 


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Lical  language  of  our  country, 
dor.  Orig.  xi\,  3.  4,)    Each  sail 
furnished  with  two  sheets,  an  sh 
by  the  annesed  example,  from  a. 


of  I^pidus,  one  on  the  larboard,  the 
other  on  the  Etarbcaird  clew  (Catull. 
IV  19  ),  whence  the  following  ex- 
pressions will  be  readily  understood  ■. 
aywo  /nfe,  «r  Jiedibtis  icquis  (Ov. 
Fcut  -oi  565.  CJc.  yi«.  xvi.6.),  to 
sail  before  the  wind,  because  then  the 
sail  was  set  straight  across  the  ves- 
'jel,  and  consequently  both  sheets 
■were  braced  to  the  same  length; 
ffiW/Ji  I  e  l^vo  pede  cmtma  jLucan.  v. 
428  ),  t)  sail  on  a  wind,  or  by  the 
wind,  because  in  such  case  the  yard 
and  sail  were  braced  up,  or  slanted 
acioss  the  vessel,  to  eaten  the  slant  of 
the  wind ;  prof  are  pedem  (Plin.  S.  M 
II  48  )  has  the  same  meaning,  because 
one  of  the  sheets  was  brought  and 
braced/M-jsmra',  as  in  the  illustration, 
to  give  the  necessary  obliquity  to  the 
sail  already  mentioned ;  facere  pe- 
deni  (Viig.  ^n.  v.  82S.),  to  slack 
out  the  sheets  in  order  that  the  sail 
may  expand  lo  the  wind,  also  imply- 
ing that  the  wind  comes  from  a 
favourable  quarter. 

4.  Fss  vmoceomm.  The  mass  of 
giapc  skins  and  stalks  remaining 
after  the  first  juice,  which  made  the 
finest  wine,  had  been  squeezed  out 
by  the  press-beam  {prelum),  and 
from  which  the  wine  termed  circtim- 
fidaHeuiii,  and  other  inferior  qualities, 
were  subsequently  extracted  by  the 
repeated  action  of  I3ie  beam,  Colu- 
mell.  jLii.  43.  10.  16,  19.  3.  Com- 
pare the  wood-cut      "'  " 


J'ES'SULUS  («A.Wf.or,  MrSaAos, 
KuToxtis).  A  ioli  for  fastening  a 
door  (Ter.  Sun.  HI  5.  55.  Id.  I/eau/. 
ii-    3'   37' 1.    of  which  the    annexed 


a  speciine 


illustra,tion  affords  a 
a  bronze  original  found  at  Pompeii. 
The  doors  of  the  ancients  being 
generally  bivalve  had  two,  and  some- 
times four  bolts  affixed  to  them,  one 
at  the  top,  and  the  other  at  the  bottom 
of  each  leaf,  which  shot  into  sockets 
incavated  in  the  lintel  and  sill  of  the 
doorway,  Still  to  be  seen  in  many 
houses  of  Pompeii,  whence  tie  bolts 
are  mostly  mentioned  in  the  plural 
when  the  dosing  and  bolting  of  doors 
is  spoken  of  (Plant,  Aid.  L  3.  26. 
Bodudi  fore!  ambobtis  pessulis,  ApuL 
Met.  ill.  p.  56.  pessulis  iitjecHs,  Id. 
iv.  p.  76.  Id.  L  p,  8. ) ;  and  some- 
times they  could  not  be  drawn  back 
without  a  key,  for  which  purpose 
the  three-toothed  key  {eiavis  Liuvnica, 
p.  174.)  was  probably  used  (Apul. 
Me/,  i.  p.  II.  subdita  clavt  peisu/oi 
reduco ;  thoagh  in  this  and  other 
similar  pass^es  the  pessaii  may  only 
mean  tSe  boBs  of  a  lock,  as  we  also 
apply  our  term  with  the  same  general 

PETASATUS.  (Cic,  Fam.  xv. 
17.  Suet.  Aug.  82.)  Wearing  the 
pefasus,  as  described  and  illustrated 
under  the  following  word. 

PET'ASUS  (TifraffDi)-  A  common 
felt  hat,  with  a  low  crown  and  broad 
brim,  adopted  by  the  Romans  from 
Greece,  and  worn  in  both  countries 
as  a  protection  against  the  sun  and 
weather.  (Plaut  Pseud,  ii.  4.  45. 
Ampk.\.\.i^.  Compare  Suet.  ^Mg; 
82.)  Hats  of  this  kind  were  natu- 
rally  made  in  many  different  shapes, 
according  to  individual  caprice  or 
fashion  ;  but  the  most  usual  form  ap- 
proximated closely  to  that  now  worn 
by  our  countiy  people  and  railroad 
labourers,  with  the  exception  of  being 
fastened  by  strings,  which  either 
passed  under  the  chin  or  round  the 


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PH A  LANG  A. 


back  part  of  the  head.  Both  of  these 
manners  are  exhibited  in  the  illusWa- 
;    one    from    a    Pompeian 


Kinting,  the  other  from  a  Greek 
5-relB.  Most  of  the  horsemen  in 
the  Panathenaic  procession,  from  the 
Parthenon,  preserved  in  the  British 
Museum,  wear  the  felasus  ;  and  one 
of  the  conventional  signs,  adopted  by 
the  Greek  artists,  to  indicate  that  the 
person  represented  was  on  a  journey, 
consisted  in  depicting  him  with  a 
petasus  slung  at  the  back  of  his  neck. 


One  who  performed  feats  of  agility 
upon  the  machine  termed  fdcmrum 
(Festus  s.  V.  VaiTO  ap.  Non.  s. 


upon  the  machine  termed  /rfn 
(Festus  1.  V.  VaiTO  ap.  Non.  s.  v.  p. 
56.   Pet.  Sat.   53.    II.);   liut  as  the 


real  nature  of  that  object  has 
been  ascertained,  It  is  impossible  to 
identify  the  character  of  those  who 
eidiibited  themselves  upon  it, 

PETAU'EUM  {-tiiravpoy).  A 
Greek  word,  signifying  in  that  lan- 
guage z.ferch  for  fowls  to  roost  on  ; 
whence  it  was  adopted,  amongst  the 
Romans  more  particularly,  as  the 
name  for  a  contrivance  or  machine 
employed  in  the  eshitiition  of  certain 
feats  of  strength  and  agility,  or  in 
a  game  of  mere  amusement,  like  that 
of  swinging.  Its  precise  character, 
however,  still  remans  involved  in 
uncertainty,  every  attempt  at  a  defi- 
nite explanation  failing  to  reconcile 
itself  with  the  different  passages  in 
which  the  word  occurs,  though  each 
appears  to  be  supported  by  some  one 
or  more  of  them.  Amongst  these 
the  following  are  the  most  pkiusible 
conjectures  hazarded,  i.  A  gene- 
ral term  for  all  the  apparatus  used  by 
rope-dancers,  tumblers,  and  similar 
characters ;  including  the  poles,  ropes, 
hoops,  &c,  required  for  the  different 


displays  exhibited  by  them.  2.  A 
long  plank  poised  upon  an  upright  at 
its   centre  of  gravity,   and  working 


the  heads  of  the  others  on  to  the 
ground  and  back  again,  something 
like  the  exhibition  displayed  upon 
the  gem  introduced  s.  Monoboix>n. 
3.  A  wheel  suspended  in  the  air,  and 
worked  round  and  round  by  the 
weight  of  two  men  standing  upon  it, 
one  above  and  the  other  below,  who 
also  exhibited  other  feats  of  dex- 
terity whilst  they  thus  kept  it  in 
motion.  4.  A  wheel,  placed  hori- 
zontally, like  a  potter's  wheel,  upon 
which  the  tumbler  performed  his 
evolutions,  whilst  the  wheel  itself 
was  in  a  state  of  rapid  rotation.  The 
passages  relied  on  for  each  of  these 
interpretations  are  the  following  : — 
Lucil.  ap.  Fest.  J,  v.,  or  p.  87.  40.  ed. 
Gerlach.  Manil,  Asiron.  v.  434.  Juv. 
xiv.  265,  Pet.  Frarm.  13.  Mart.  ii. 
86.  xi.  21. 

PETO'RITUM  or  PETOR'RI- 
TUM.  A  four-wheeled  open  car- 
riage, amongst  the  Romans  used 
chiefly  for  the  transport  of  servants 
and  attendants,  but  of  which  no  re- 
presentation is  known  to  exist.  It 
was,  however,  of  foreign  origin,  pro- 
bably introduced  from  Gaul,  and  de- 
rived from  the  Celtic  words  fetoar, 
four,  and  rU,  a  wheel.  Hor.  Efi. 
ii.  1.  192.  Id.  Sat.  i.  6.  104.  Festus 
s.  V.  Aul.  Gel.  XV.  30. 

PH.^CASIATUS.  Wearing 
shoes  of  the  kind  called  phacasia ; 
espedalN  characteristic  of  the  Greeks. 
Senec  Ep.  113. 

PH^CAS'IUM  {0aiKiio--or).  A 
white  shoe,  proper  to  the  Athenian 
gymna^archs  and  priesthood  of 
Greece  and  Alexandria  ;  though  also 
adopted  by  other  classes  of  both 
sexes.  Senec.  Bin.  vii.  zi.  Anthol. 
vL  254.     Pet  Sat.  67.  4. 

PHALAN'GA  or  PALAN'GA 
(^[Uayf).  A  strong  round  pole  em- 
ployed by  pollers  to  assist  them  in 


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carrying  heavy  weights,  Ihe  ends 
being  tested  on  their  shoulders  and 
the  load  suspended  from  it  between 


them  at  the  centre  of  gravity,  as  in 
the  annexed  example,  which  repre- 
sents two  of  the  soldiers  on  Trajan's 
column  making  use  of  the  contrivance 
in  question.   Vitruv.  x.  3.  7,  8,  and  9. 

2.  A  wooden  cylinder  or  roller  in- 
tended for  placing  under  objects  of 
great  weight  to  assist  in  moving 
them,  as,  for  instance,  under  the  bot- 
tom of  a  vessel,  whilst  being  hauled 
on  shore,  or  launched  from  the  beach. 
Non.  r.  Ti.  p.  163.  Varro,  afi.  Non. 
/  f  C'ES  -S   C  ii    10 

J    P  eces  of  v-iluable  wood    such 
TS  ebo  y  fo     nstance   c  t  nto  tru 
eheon     or  cyl  nders    as  object     of 
merehmd   e      PI  n  jT'  JV^  ml  8 

4.  A  t  mcheon  employed  as  a 
tt  capon  n  tt  irfa  e  the  origin  of 
wh  ch    s  attnbuted  to  the  African 


durnt,  the 

con  ests   vi  h  the  Egyp 
H  N  vti   57  )      These 

t          (Plm 

p    b  b                         me  stror^ 

d               d     but  an 

ro           rr    ponding 

d    h 

n  dis           d    amongst 

og   h 

h     p          g        he  walls 

&     k       n 

h       ba    ,  carry 

n  h         ea           hown  by 

ment  it.elf 

which  is  encravcd  at  the 

bottom  of  the  woodcut,  is  rather  more 

PHALER/E. 

fo  feet  long,  not  including  the 
the  end ;  and  the  manner  in 
Khtdi  it  and  the  shield  are  carried  in 


the  picture  above,  renders  it  probable 
that  they  were  i-epresented  as  a 
trophy,  which  the  owner  of  tlie  tomb 
had  really  taken  from,  some  enemy  in 
battle.  The  object  and  the  painting 
identify  the  instrument  with  its  name, 
which  hitherto  bad  not  been  accom- 
plished. 

PHALANGA'RII  or  PALAN- 
GA'RII.  Porters  who  cairied  things 
of  bulk  or  great  weight  with  the 
assistance  of  a  strong  pole  (plialan^). 
Four,  sis,  and  even  eight  men  by 
this  means  combined  theii'  strength 
for  the  transport  of  a  single  object, 
as  shown  by  the  annexed  example, 
from  a  lerra-cotta  lamp,  representing 
eight  porters  bearing  a  cask  of  wine, 
suspended  in  the  manner  described. 


Vitmv,  X.  3.  7.      Inscript.  af.   Fa- 

2.  Soldiers  formed  into  a  phalanx. 
Lamprid.  Alex.  Siv.  50. 

PHALANGITIS  (^nAoyyiTflj). 
A  soldier  armed  and  equipped  in  the 
same  manner  as  those  of  the  Macedo- 
nian phalanx.  Liv.  xxxvii.  40.  xlii.  51. 

PHAUERiE  (™  ^cl\a/«.).    Bosses 


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PlIALERATUS. 


of  gold    I 


ther  metils  cist 
ne  appropnate  de 
^ce  n  relief  such  foe  istance  as 
the  head  of  a  god  nage  of  a  1.  ng 
or  empe  or  or    tl  e    allu   ve  de  gn 


a  d  f  equentl}  hav  no-  add  honal 
pe  da  ts  n  the  fo  of  d  ops  a  d 
crescent    attacl   d  to  tl  en      ^i  1    h 

ve  e  vom  as  o  naments  npon  the 
b  east  by  persons  of  dist  net  on   by 

old  ers  as  a  mil  tary  decorat  on  p  e 
sented  by  the  co  nraa  de  for  b  1 
liant  serv  cea  and  as  an  omamentat 
trapping  for  horses.  (Liv.  ix,  46.  Sil, 
Itai.  3£V.  255.  Viig.  ^n.  ix.  359.  Id. 
T.  310:  Ckud.  iv.  Com.  Honor.  549.) 
The  illustrabion  represents  a  collar 
formed  ri  phalerie,  with  pendants  at- 
tached to  each  alternate  boss,  from  an 
original  preserved  in  the  Museum  of 
Antiquities  at  Vienna,  and  the  manner 
of  wearing^  them  is  explained  and  illus- 
trated by  the  two  following  eSamples. 
PHALERA'TUS.  Wearing 
bosses  {p/ialeriB)  of  the  precious  me- 
tals, as  a  decoration  to  the  person; 
a  practice  originally  characteristic  of 
foreign  nations  (Suet  Ifero,  30.), 
lint  adopted  from  Etruria  by  the  Ro- 
mans (Floras,  i.  5,  6.],  amongst  whom 
ihey  were  chiefly  employed    " 


PHAKETKATirs.  493 

and  two,  the  halves  only  of  which 
appear  in  the  drawing,  on  each  side> 
2,  Wlien  applied  to  horses  (Liv. 
XXX.  17.  Suet.  Cal.  19.  Claud.  17.),  it 
designates  a 


chest,  as  in  the  woodcuts  at  p.  264, ; 
where  they  hung  as  pendants  (Plin. 
H.N.  xxxvii.  74.  Compare  Claud,  iv. 
Cons.  Honm:  549. ),  shaking  and  shin- 
ing with  every  motion  of  the  animaL 

PHAR'ETRA  (■papdrpa).  A 
quimr,  or  case  for  arrows  only,  in 
contradistinction  to  corytas,  a  bow 
case,  but  which  sometimes  held  the 
arrows  as  well  as  the  how.  See  the 
three  following  illustiations. 

z.  A  particular  kind  of  suU'dial, 
which  from  its  designation  is  sup- 

Eosed  to  have  borne  some  resem- 
lance  to.  a  quiver ;  but  in  the  absence 
of  any  known  example  representing 
such  a  figure,  the  interpretation  can- 
only  be  rt^rded  in  the  light  of  a 
conjecture.     Vitruv.  ix.  S.. 

PMARETRATUS.  CaErying  a 
quiver  (Vii^.  Hor..  Ovid.  &c.}, 
which  vras  practised  amongst  the 
ancients  in  tlnee  different  ways; — I, 
by  suspending  it  horizontally  between 


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50C 


PUARETRIGER. 


I  that  the  s 


the  first  woodcut, 
TOW  was  drawn  out  over  the  ngut 
shoulder.  2.  By  suapentling  it  low 
down  tlie  hack  so  that  the  mouth 
came  on  a  level  with  the  left  hip,  as 
in  the  left-hand  example,  when  the 
arrow  was  extracted  by  passing  the 
hand  across  the  belly.  Both  these 
figures  personify  the  goddess  of  the 
chase,  the  first  fror 
other  from  a  te 
lastly,  by  sling- 
ing  the  quiver 


PHONASCUS. 

others  (Phn.  H  N  ixxvi  18  Sohn 
32  Suet  Tib  74.  Stat  Silv  xa  5 
100)  The  illustiation  represents  a 
light-house  on  a  medal  of  the  Em 
peror  Comjnodiis, 
composed  of  a 
circular      toner, 

ith  of  a  squire 
inn ,      and     the 


by  passing  the 
right  hand  be- 
hind the  back, 

exhibited  by  the  annexed  example, 
from  a  Greek  marble,  representhig  a 
Phry^an  aicher.  TTie  Uiree  figures 
will  also  explain  many  passages, 
mare  especially  in  the  Greek  poets, 
where  the  epithets  used  distinctly 
imply  one  or  other  of  the  different 
arrangements  exhibited  above. 

PHARET'RIGER.    Sil.  Ital.  xii 
286.     Same  as  Pharetratus. 

PHARMACOPO'LA.  (^p/inm 
tiJAtis}.  One  who  makes  and  vends 
quack  medicines  (Hor.  Sst.  i.  a.  1 
not  a  legitimate  dealer  or  practitior 
but  one  of  the  class  of  niountebanlts^ 
still  common  in  Italy  and  other 
countries,  who  frequent  the  public 
market  places  (Cic.  Chimt.  14.  dr- 
cumfm-aneus),  where  they  hold  forth 
the  virtues  of  their  nostrums  in  0 
loud  and  fluent  discourse  (Cato  ap. 
Cell.  i.  5.  3.)  to  the  ^oraut  multi. 
tude. 

PHAR'OS    and    PHAR  U 
(ijji^os).      A  light  so      rm  d 

after  the  celebrated      w      bull   by 
order  of  Ptolemy  P  u  ade  phu 
the  island  of  Pliai  n 

to    the    port    of    A  a 

became   a  general   n   d 


light 

e    at    Dovei 

le,   of  Bhich 

iderable     le 

IS  are  still 
Eible,  isofanot 
gcml  figuie ,  but 
they  all  present  the  same  geneial 
features  of  a  tall  tower  in  several 
stones,  diminishing  upwards,  with 
wmdows  turned  towards  the  sea,  at 
which  torches  were  kept  burning  for 


beac 


PHASE'LUS.     See  Faselus. 

PHIAL'A  (filial).  Only  a  Greek 
word  Latinized,  for  which  the  genuine 
I.,atin  term  is  Patera,  where  an  ex- 
planation and  illustration  are  given. 

PHIL'YRA  or  PHIL'URA 
(^i\i/pa).  A  thin  strip  cut  from  the 
inner  coat  of  the  papyrus,  in  order  to 
make  a  sheet  of  writing  paper.  This 
was  effected  by  glueing  togetlier  a 
number  of  these  strips,  sufficient  for 
the  size  of  the  sheet  required,  and 
then  consolidating  it  by  a  number  of 
similar  layers  fastened  cross-ways  at 
the  hack,  which  gave  the  requisite 
texture  to  the  whde,  and  prevented 
the  sheet  from  splitting  in  tlie  di- 
rection of  the  fibres.  Plin.  H.  N. 
xiii.  23. 

PHIiaUS  (*i(ifi!),  Hor.  Sat.  a.  7. 
17.  The  Greek  name  for  a  dice-box 
tktinized,  for  which  the  genuine 
Latiulerm  is  Fritii.lus,  under  which 
the  word  is  explained  and  illustrated. 

PHLEBO'TOMUS  (*\*5dtVi>!). 
A  lancet  or  flaan  for  blood-letting. 
Veg.  Vet.  L  ig. 

PHONAS'CUS  (fa.rair«ifi).  One 
who  teaches  the  art  of  regulating  the 
voice  ;  as  a  singing-master  (Varro  ap. 


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PHRYCIO. 


:  Susdtabulum.  Suet.  JVera, 
25.);  or  as  a  niasler  of  docution. 
(Suet.  Aug.  84.  QuinL  ii.  8.  15.  -a. 
3-  I9-) 

z.  In  later  times  the  leader  of  a 
dioros  or  band  of  singers  (Sidon.  Ep. 
iv.  1 1. ),  for  which  tlie  proper  word  is 

P]!.«CENTOR. 

PHRVCHIO.  An  embroiderer,  for 
which  art  the  Plirj^iajis  were  much 
renowned.  Plant.  Aul.  iiL  5.  34. 
Meii.  ii.  3.  77.     Serv.  ad  Vicg.  v£n. 

iii.  484- 

PHRYGIO'NIUS.  Enibroidertd. 
Plin.  H.  N.  viii.  74- 

P  H  Y  U  A  C  A  {■pvt.axi,).  Plant. 
Capt.  iii.  5.  93.  A  prison  or  place 
of  custody ;  it  is  only  a.  Greek  word 
Latinized.      See   Carcbe   and   EE- 

PICTOR  {7pn^fc).  Kpainterai 
artist  who  exercises  any  branch  of  the 
pictorial  art.  (Cic.  Acad.  iv.  7.  Hor. 
A.  P.  9.)  The  illustration  represents 
a  portrait  painter  taking  the  likeness 
of  a  person  who  is  sitting  before  Mm, 
from  a  design  on  the  waits  of  a  house 
at  Pompeii,  which,  though  a  palpable 
caricature,  affords  a  very  good  idea 
of  the  interior  of  a  Roman  artist's 
studio.     He  sits  upon  a  low  stool  in 


front  of  his  easel,  with  a  tray  of 
colours  beside  him,  and  a  pot  of 
water  to  cleanse  the  only  brush  he 
uses ;  both  which  drcumstaiices  indi- 
cate an  artist  in  water-colours,  or  in 
that  style  of  encaustic  panting  in 
which  the  colours  were  l^d  on  with 
a  liquid  brush  (see  Encaustica). 
Fronting  Mm  is  the  sitter,  and  behind, 
at  the  further  end  of  the  room,  a 
pupil  drawing  on  his  board  ;  while 
two  assistants  are  engaged  on  the 
right  in  preparing  the  colours,  pro- 
bably mixed  with  wax,  in  a  shallow 


pan  placed  o 

further  indication  of  the  ( 
process.  The  heated  coals,  observable 
in  the  original,  are  lost  in  oar  en- 
graving, from  the  inadvertence  of  the 
draughtsman,  or  in  consequence  of 
the  very  reduced  scale  upon  which 
the  drawing  is  executed.  It  will  be 
remarked  that  the  artist  does  not  use 
a  palette,  which  would  not  be  re- 
quired for  either  of  the  styles  men- 
tioned j  but  other  eTiamples  amongst 
the  Fompeian  paintings  exhibit  a 
paleUe  in  the  left  hand  (Miis.  Borb. 
vi.  3.),  of  similar  form  to  those  used 
at  the  present  day.  Nevertheless,  it 
is  extremely  probable  that  this  article 
was  not  mach  employed  by  the 
ancient  painters,  as  no  name  for  it  is 
known  to  exist  either  in  the  Greek  or 
I^tin  language. 

PICTU'RA  (ypaf^).  A  drawmg 
or  painting  with  lines  or  colours  ; 
thence  the  object  itself  so  drawn  or 

!)ainted,  Afictitre  ;  of  which  the  fol- 
owmg  kinds  are  enumerated. 

1.  JHctura  in  tabida.  (Cic  Verr. 
ii.  4.  I.  Quint  vi.  I.  32.)  A  paint- 
ing oit  tiiood  or  pand,  mostly  on  a 
slab  of  larch,  and  frequently  fitted 
with  two  folding  doors  to  shut  in 
the  picture  and 
preserve  it  from 
dust  and  dirt, 
as  shown  by  the 
annexed  exam- 
ple, from  a  de- 
sign at  Pompeii, 
representmg  a 
picture  on  panel 
hung  over  a  doorwi\ 
trating  the  manner  1 
works  were  suspended 

2.  Pictura  in  hnho 
(Plin.     H      A  < 
XXXV.             33 
Quint.  l.e)    A 


rial       probably 
brought  into  use 

date  than  wood ;  but  clearly  represi 


.Google 


5°: 


■ICTUS  AT. 


by  the  annexed  example,  from  a 
design  at  Pompeii,  which,  also  shows 
the  frame  upon  which  it  was  stretched 
very  similar  to  those  now  employed 
for  embroidery  and  worsted  working. 

3.  FUtura  irntsta.  (Plin.  H.  N. 
Kxxv,  39.  lb.  31.)  A  painting  in 
coloured  wax,  burnt  in  by  the  action 
of  heat,  descriptive  of  one  of  the  pro- 
cesses employed  in  encaustic  p^tiug. 
See  Encaustica. 

4.  Pictnra  iido  iictorie.  Vitruv. 
vii.  3.  6.  A  Jresco-painiing  ;  that  is 
executed  upon  a.  wall  coated  with 
very  fine  cement,  made  of  marble 
dust  and   chalk,   and  painted  while 


the  CI 


i  stUl  w 


5.  Pidur,!  texliti 
4.  I.  Lueret  ii.  35.)  A  picture 
worketl  in  embroidery ;  a  very  early 
invention,  for  which  the  natives  of 
Phrygia  were  celebrated ;  hence  acu 
tkius  means  embroidered. 

PICTURA'TUS.  Painted  in 
colours;  and  when  applied  to  dra 
pery,  einbroidetai  Vug  ^«  ul  483 

PI'LA,  witli  the  first  syllable  long 
IfySii).  Properly  a  deep  mortar 
{alta,  Ov  3is,  573  ),  m  whicb 
things  were  brayed  and  pounded 
into  an  impa^ble  sub'^lance  (Ph 
H.  A^.  xvni  29 
5  2.),  by  beating 
down  with  a  pestle 
of  great  size  and 
weight  (see  PlLUM 
I.);  whence  the 
Greek  terms  17811 
and  tySuiiia  al'JO 
designate  a  dance,  accompanied  with 
mudi  stamping  of  the  feet  The  an 
nexed  example  is  from  an  onginal 
discovered  at  Pompeii ;  and  is  thus 
distinguislied  from  jiwrlaHum,  a  mor- 
tar of  smaller  dimensions,  in  which 
ingredients  were  kneaded  and  mixed 
together ;  but  the  distinction 
always  observed  with  accuracy. 

2.  (ir(cririSt).  A  pillar,  or  pier  of 
an  oval-sbaped  form,  such  as  was  em- 
ployed under  water  for  supporting 
the  superstmcture  of  a  bridge  (Liv. 
xl.  51.  Suet.  Claud.  20.  Senec.  Q.  K 


inscription  (Nep.  ^it.  4.);  in 
front  of  a  bookseller's  shop,  on  which 
the  catalogues  were  exposed  to  view 
(Hor,  Sat.  i  4,  71.);  or  other  pur- 
poses of  a  congenial  nature. 

3.  {irSiixnuii).  A  Jiier  or  broA- 
KNj&rCVirg.  j^n.  ix.  711.),  which  is 
always  rounded  at  the  end,  and  in  its 
entire  mass  from  the  base  to  the  top 
at  low  water  presents  a  figure  of 
nearly  similar  form  to  the  other 
objects  expressly  characteiized  by 
the  same  term. 

PILA,  with  the  first  syllable  shoit 
(ij^ntpa).  A  bail  for  playing  the 
game  ^  ball ;  as  a  genei  al  term  in- 
cluding Ihe  four  distmct  kfads  used 
by  the  ancients ;  viz.  Follts,  ffarpas- 
tum,  Pagantca,  and  Trigoii,  each  of 
which  is  described  under  its  own 
specific  name. 

2,  Pilapkta.  (Ov.  Met.  x.  263.) 
A  playing-ball,  of  which  the  outside 
leather  was  painted  of  different  co- 
lours, and  ornamented  with  tasty 
devices  ;  frequently  represented  on 
the  fictile  vases,  as  an  accessory  in 
scenes  illustrative  of  life  in  the  Gym- 
nasium, or  of  female  amusements, 
from  one  of  which  the  annexed  spe- 
cimen is  copied,  where  it  is  ^rTTTiv 
exhibited  amongst  various  &I4S 
other  trinkets,  working  and  PnTlS 
playthings,  suspended  from  ^"''^ 
the  tomb  of  a  young  Greek  lady.  It 
would  appear  that  green  was  a  fa- 
vourite colour  for  this  purpose  {pro- 
siiia/ila.  Pet.  Sat.  27.  2.);  whence 
the  same  is  de^gnated  by  the  term 
vitrai,  in  an  inscription  («/.  Grut. 
lom.  i.  p.  2.  iS37)<  that  is,  ofaglassy 
or  greenish  hue,  like  the  colour  of 
water ;  as  vi/rea  unda  (Vit^.  jSh. 
viL  759.),  vilrea  sedUia  (Id.  Gesrg. 
iv.  350.). 

3.  Pilavitnu.  (Senec  Q.N.\.(<.-) 
A.  glass  globs  filled  with  water  for  the 
purpose  of  being  placed  between  a 
person  and  the  object  he  is  contem- 
plating, in  order  to  magnify  the  object 
and  render  it  clearer  to  the  view ;  a 
custom  still  adopted  in  wood  engrav- 


,y  Google 


a  strong  and  clear  light 
not  prejudice  the  sight.  It  vrauld  | 
also  appear  from  the  above  passage 
of  Seneca  that  this  contrivance  was 
sometimes  employed  by  the  ancients 
to  assist  an  imperfect  or  failing  sight, 
in  the  place  of  our  spectacles ;  lor  these 
useful  articles  were  not  discovered 
before  the  commencement  of  the  14th 
century,  being  invented  by  a  Floren- 
tine named  Salvino  degli  Amati,  who 
died  in  1317,  as  testified  by  the  epi- 
taph inscribed  upon  his  tomb  (Manni, 
jDissert.  degli  OccMali,  p.  65.).  It 
must,  however,  be  remembered  that 
the  ancients,  who  employed  a  nume- 
rous class  of  well-educated  slaves  in 
the  character  of  readers,  secretaries, 
and  amanuenses,  did  not  stand  so 
much  in  need  of  an  artificial  assist- 
ance for  the  eye-sight  as  we  do. 
Another  meaning  of  the  expresdon 
/i/B  vitrea  is  explained  in  the  pre- 
ceding paragraph, 

4.  Fila  MalHaca.  (Mart.  xiv.  27.) 
A  ball  of  German  pommade,  em- 
ployed by  the  ladies  of  Rome  and 


n  of  fi 


on,  to  ti 


hair  of  a  light  or  fair  colouf. 
composed  of  goats'  tallow  and  beech- 
wood  ashes  made  up  into  a  ball, 
which  received  its  distinguishing  epi- 
thet &om  the  town  of  Mattium  [Mar- 
Jiurg)  from  whence  it  was  imported. 

5.  A  Ai//i'ft«^-*a//;  employedasa 
means  for  selectmg  what  judge  should 
try  a  cause,  and  prevent  the  packing 
of  the  bench  against  the  intere  '  ' 
either  party.  For  this  purpo; 
certain  number  of  balls,  with 
names  of  different  judges  inscriiied 
on  them,  were  put  into  a  box,  and 
thence  drawn  out  by  lot,  in  the  same 
spirit  BS  we  strike  a  jury,  each  party 
having  the  right  to  challenge  and 
reject  any  obnoxious  or  presumedly 
partial  judge.  Prop.  iv.  ij.  zo.,  ant" 
Ascon.  Argummt.  MiUm. 

6.  An  effigy  or  Guy,  ciumsily  madi 
out  of  old  pieces  of  cloth  stuffed  with 
hay,  employed  to  try  the  temper  of 
some  animals,    bulls  and   builaloes. 


PILAR  I  US.  503 

when  baited  ;  or  to  infuriate  them  if 
they  appeared  tame  and  impassive  ; 
a  practice  still  continued  at  Mola,  on 
the  bay  of  Gaeta,  upon  a  certain 
festival,  at  which  it  is  customary 
for  buffaloes  to  be  baited  in  the  main 
street.  Mart.  Sped.  19.  Ascon.  ad 
Cic  Fragtn.  pro  C.  Cornel. 

PILA'NI.  The  origmal  name  by 
which  the  soldiers  composing  the 
td  line  or  division  of  the  old  Ro- 
n  legion  were  distinguished,  be- 
_...ise  they  alone  at  that  time  were 
armed-with  the  heavy  javelin  or 
pilum,  the  other  two  nsing  the  spear 
or  hasta.  But  when  tht  piiuni  was 
adopted  for  all  the  three  divisions, 
the  title  of  Triarii  was  substituted  for 
that  of  H'/ani,  with  whicli  it  becomes 
thenceforth  synoi^mons  (Varro,  Z.L. 
V.  89.  Paulus  ex  FesL  s.  v.  Ov.  Fad. 
iiL  1 29. ).  Subsequently,  however,  to 
this  period,  and  towards  the  close  of 
the  republic,  when  the  custom  ob- 
tained of  drawing  up  an  army  by 
lines  in  cohorts,  the  distinctive 
character,  as  well  as  the  name  of 
Piiani  or  Triarii  was  abandoned,  be- 
cause it  no  longer  represented  any 
real  distinction. 

PILA'RIUS.  One  who  exhibits 
feats  of  dexterity  with  a  number  of 
balls,  similar  to  the  Indian  juggler 
(Quint  X.  7. 1 1.  Inscript  ap.  Fabrett. 
p.  2Sa  n.  2.),  by  throwing  them  up 
with  both  hands,  catching  them  on, 
and  making  them  rebound  from,  the 


innerjointofthe elbow,  leg,  forehead, 


,y  Google 


504  PILEATUS, 

and  instep,  so  that  they  kept  playing 
in  a  continuous  circle  round  his  per- 
son without  fallitig  to  the  ground,  as 
minutely  described  by  Manillas  (As- 
tron.  169— 171.  )>  and  as  exhibited  by 
the  annexed  ligore  from  a  Diptych  in 
the  Museum  at  Verona.  The  player 
is  performing  with  seven  balls,  in  a 
handsome  building  (the  scmapilario- 
rum  of  Quint.  /.  c. ),  whilst  a  number 
of  boys  and  other  persons  stand  round, 
and  look  on.  Two  figures  in  pre- 
cisely the  same  attitude,  and  with  the 
same  number  of  balls  each,  are  sculp- 
tured on  a  sepulchral  marble  in  the 
collection  at  Mantua.    Labus.  A  tick 


(Ca  all.  37  )  amongs  he  G  eel  s 
and  Roman  usual  y  « orn  vi  hout 
stn  igs,  and  pu  on  s  h  a  manne 
as  to  leave  the  ends  of  the  hair  just 
visible  all  round  its  edges,  as  ex- 
hibited by  the  annexed  example,  re- 
presenting Ulysses  on  an  engraved 
gem.     Liv.  xxiv.  16.,  and  Pileus. 

2.  Pileata  Roma,  — fileata  plebs,  — 
pUeata  tierba.  Expresaons  employed 
to  indicate  the  period  of  the  Satuma- 
lian  festival,  or  c^nival  of  ancient 
Rome ;  because  at  that  fSte  all  the 
people  wore  caps  as  a  token  of  the 
general  liberty  permitted  during  those 
days  of  revelry  and  rejoicing,  and  in 
allusion  to  the  custom  of  presenting  a 
tilms  to  the  slave  who  had  regained 
his  liberty.  Mart.  xi.  6.  Suet  Nero, 
57.     Sen.  Ep.  19. 

3.  Piliad  ssrtit.  (Aul.  GeU.  vii. 
4.)  Slaves  whose  heads  were  covered- 
with  e.  pileus,  when  put  up  for  sale. 


n  that  their 
It  them. 


arriage 


PILEN'TUM. 
used  by  the  Romi 
ladies  of  distinction  on  gala  days  and 
festivals,  instead  of  the  Carpsnttim, 
which  they  employed  on  ordinary 
occasions.  (Liv.  v.aj.  Viig.^«.  viii. 
666.  Festusr.B.)  We  have  not  suffi- 
cient data  for  deciding  the  precise 
character  of  this  conveyance,  further 
than  what  is  collected  generally  and 
by  imphcation  from  the  terms  in 
which  it  is  spoken  of;  whence  it 
appears  to  have  been  raised  to  a 
titely  height  of  easy  motion,  with  a 
o  e  ove  head  bu  open  all  round, 
and  ome  mes,  fl  dorus  (On^.  xx. 
)  be    orr  u  ished  with  four 


whee  T,he  fii,  ntheillustration, 
£1:0  n  a  medal  of  he  Empress  Faus- 
U  la,  :^ees  w  h  nany  ot^  these  par- 
ticulars ;  and  although  it  cannot  be 
pronounced  authoritatively  as  an  ac- 
cmate  representation  of  the  carriage 
in  question,  may  serve  to  convey  a 
notion  of  what  it  was  like,  and  how 
it  differed  from  the  ordinary  carpeii- 
turn.  The  circumstance  of  being 
drawn  by  lions  instead  of  horses  or 
mules,  may  be  a  piece  of  mere  ar- 
tistic exa^eration  ;  but  under  the 
extravagant  habits  of  the  empire,  we 
meet  with  various  instances  of  wild 
animals  being  tamed  and  yoked  for 
draught. 

pf'LEOLUS  (ir,\l!iop).  Dhni- 
mitive  lA pileus :  a  small  and  shallow 
skull-cap,  made  of  felted  wool,  which 
just  covered  the  top  part  of  the  head, 
leaving  the  hair  over  the  forehead 
and  at  the  nape  of  the  neck  entirely 


.Google 


FILE  If  S. 

free  (Hieron.  Ep.  E 
pare  Id.  Ep.  64,  i 
worn  by  the  Romans 
as  a  protection  for  the 
head  even  indoors 
{■iioT.Ep.l13.lS.); 
thus  resembling  m  its  / 
use,  as  it  did  in  form, 
the  little  cap  (French, 


Italiai 


bei-- 


reltino),  which 
din^i  arid  some  of  the 
Citliolic  priests  put  or 
tonsures  when  they  take  off  their 
hats,  and  which  is  exactly  similar 
to  the  example  in  the  antiexed  illus- 
tration, from  an  engraved  gem,  be- 
lieved to  contain  the  portrait  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great. 

PI'LEUS  or  PI'LEUM  (tTXos,  ic- 
AutJj-).  a  cap,  properly  speaking, 
of /<■//,  and  worn  by  men  as  contra- 
distinct  from  those  which  were  worn 
by  women  (PlauL  Amp/i.  L  I.  300. 
Mart.  xiv.  132.  Serv.  ad  Virg.  Mn. 
ix.  616).  They  naturally  varied  in 
form  amoiigst  different  nations  of  an- 
tiquity, but  still  preserving  the  same 
general  characteristics  of  a  round  cap 
withoQt  any  brim,  and  fitting  close  or 
nearly  so  to  the  head,  as  exemplified 
by  the  specimens  annexed,  which  re- 
present three  of  the  roost  usual  forms 


occurring  in  works  of  art.  The  first 
on  the  left  shows  the  Phrygian 
bonnet  from  a  statue  of  Paris.  The 
centre  one  the  Greek  cap,  mostly 
e|^-shaped,  as  here,  from  a  bust  of 
Ulysses  ;  and  the  last,  the  Roman 
cap  of  liberty,  from  a  coin  of  Brutus. 

PILI'CREPUS  (Sen.  Ep.  56). 
The  correct  meaning  of  this  word  is 
doubtfiil ;  but  it  is  supposed  to  desig- 
nate one  who  played  a  game  at  bdl 
of  the  same  nature  as  our  tennis. 

PI'LULA.  Diminutive  of  PiLA. 
Any  small  globe  or  ball ;  especially 


PILUM.  505 

pill  in    medicine.     Plin,    H.    N. 
sviii.  37. 
PILUM  (Khiavisvy     A  large  and 

EDwerfol  instrument  for  bruising  and 
raying  things  in  a  deep  mortar 
{pUa)  (Cato,  R.  R.  x.  5.  PEn.  H.  N. 
xviii.  23).  It  was  held  in  both 
hands,  and  the  action  employed  when 
using  it  was  that  of  pounding  by 
repeated  blows,  as  shown  by  the 
annexed  example  from  an  Egyptian 
painting,  whence  the  operation  is 
described  by  connecting  it  with  such 
words  as  iundere  (Pallad.  1.  41.  2.J, 
umluiuiire  {lb.  3.);  whereas  the  ordi- 


nary pestle  {pistUluii!)  was  used  with 
one  hand,  and  stirred  round  the  mor- 
tar {moriarium),  with  an  action 
adapted  for  kneading  and  mixing, 
rather  than  pounding ;  but  the  dis- 
tinction between  these  two  words  is 
not  always  preserved. 

2.  (ucfcrjt).  The  pilum,  or  national 
arm  of  tlie  Roman  infantry.  It  was 
a  very  formidable  weapon,  used 
chiefly  as  a  missile,  but  also  serving 
as  a  pike  to  thrust  with  when  occaaon 
required,  though  shorter,  stronger, 
and  larger  in  the  head  than  the  Aasia 
or  spear.  It  seems  to  have  varied 
somewhat  in  length  at  different 
periods,  the  average  being  near  about 
six  feet  three  inches  from  point  to 
butt.  The  shaft,  which  was  made  of 
wood,  was  square  at  the  top,  and  of 
exactly  the  same  length  as  the  head. 


,y  Google 


506  PILUM. 

which  was  formed  of  iron ;  and  this, 
when  riveted  on  to  the  shaft,  covered 
one  half  of  its  length,  leaving  about 
nine  inches  of  solid  metal  projecting 
as  a  head-piece  beyond  (Liv.  ix.  1 9. 
Flor.  ii.  7.  9.  Veg.  MU.  ii  15.  Sil. 
I  al  X  308.  Polyb.  vi,  23.  Id. 
40)  It  appears  a  remarkable  cir- 
u  n   an      that  we  should  have   no 


figu    dm  h         ost  all 

dis  in  ti       h  h   f^ures 

h  tr   mph         hes,  and 

ta  h  'it   part 

d  d  ffi    r.,  so    iers  of 

ra  Ii  eq       ly  who 

w     d  us  if  the 

mm  rs  ar    b      gh    into  a 

prominent  position,  they  are  engaged 
as  fatigue  parties,  felling  timber,  col- 
lecting forage,  transporting  pro- 
visions, making  stockades,  raising 
field  works,  and  such  other  duties  as 
would  preclude  the  artist,  even  if  he 
wished  It,  from  introducing  offensive 
weapons  into  the  scene.  Moreover, 
the  unartistic  effect  which  would  be 
produced  by  a  forest  of  straight  lines, 
the  difficulty  also  attending  Che  exe- 
cution of  such  objects  in  sculpture, 
and  the  fragile  nature  of  the  object 
itself  when  carved  in  relief  iodnced 
the  ancient  sculptors,  as  a  general 
rule  of  their  art,  to  omit  accessor'- - 
of  this  kind  in  their  works,  and 
content  themselves  with  m^ing  Che 
action  represented  obvious  and  un- 
mistakeable  by  the  mere  truthfulness 
of  attitude  and  gesture.  These  re! 
and  motives  will  account  for  the 
of  an  iilnstration,  the  absence  of 
which  might  otherwise  appear  a 

'  ision.     But  it  may  be 


su^ested  that  the  implement  held  by 
the  figure  m  the  last  woodcut  will 
also  afford  ft  probable  proximate  idea 
of  the  pilitra  of  a  Roman  soldier ;  the 
description  of  which  above  given,  and 
collected  from  various  written  au- 
thorities, corresponds  in  a  remarkable 
ler,  both  as  respects  the  square- 
of  the  upper  part,  and  relative 
proportions  between  the  head  and 
shaft,  with  the  instrument  there 
figured,  which  resemblance  will  thus 
esplain  why  both  objects  were  desig- 
nated by  the  same  name. 

PINACOTHE'CA  (■samoiixi,). 
A  pUture  gallery;  an  apartment 
usually  comprised  in  the  nouses  of 
ii\&  wealthy  Greeks,  and  of  the  Ro- 
mans, after  they  had  acquired  from 
them  a  taste  for  the  arts.  Vitmv.  i. 
2.   7.     Id.    vL    3.   8.     Plin.  H.  N. 

PINCER'NA  (nlTOx-to!)-  _  A  mp. 
iearer  ■;  a  slave  whose  duty  it  was  to 
mbc  the  wine,  fill  the  cups,  and  hand 
them  round  to  the  guests  at  table. 
They  were  in  general  young  persons 
selected  for  the  comeliness  oftheir  ap- 
pearance, who  wore  their  hair  flowing 
on  their  shoulders,  and 
a  short  tunic  ;  and  had 
particular  attentionbe- 
stowed  upon  the  clean- 
liness of  their  persons 
and  attire  (Ascon.  in 
Verr.  iL  i.  36.  Lam-  ; 
prid.  Alex.  Sev.  41). 
All  these  particulars  I 
are  exhibited  in  the  1 
annexed  figure,  from 
the  Vatican  Vii^l ; 
the  long  trousers  and 
mantle  mdicate  a  youth  of  foreign, 
and  probably  Phrygian,  extraction. 

PINNA  iimp6-].  The  blade  of 
a  rudder  {guberaaculum) :  which 
among  (he  ancients  was  little  more 
than  a  large  oar  having  a  broad  blade 
at  the  extremity,  with  two  drooping 
points,  !ike  the  feather  ends  of  birdy 
wings,  from  which  it  received  the 
name,  as  in  the  annexed  example, 
from  a  bas-relief  found  at  Pozauoli. 


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If  file  blade  was  rounded  at  tlie  bot- 


frequently  the  case.  It  slill  retained 
the  same  name  i  but  the  resemblance 
was  drawn  from  a  single  feather, 
which  has  the  qiiill  in  the  centre,  and, 
as  it  were,  a  blade  with  an  edge  on 
each  side  of  it,  like  a  douijie  axe. 
Non.  t.  Bipemiis,  p.  79. 

2.  A  ^rrsi,  ot  notched  battlentent, 
along  tlie  top  of  a  wall,  fortress, 
tower,  &c.  (Varro,  L.  L.  v,  14a. 
Claud.     Quadrig.    ap.     Gell.   ix.   I. 


Virg.  jEn.  vii.  159).  'Some  gram- 
maimns  deduce  this  meaning  of  the 
word  from  a  fancied  resemblance  Co 
the  feathers  or  wings  worn  by  the 
Samnite  soldiers  and  gladiators  at  the 
sides  of  their  helmets  (see  the  illns- 
tralion  s.  Samnites)^  others  icoia 
the  turret  -being  -acuminated  or 
bevelled  npwards  inte  an  edge,  like 
a  feather,  in  the  manner  shown  by  the 
annexed  illustration  which  represents 
two  turrets  on  the  city  walls  of  Pom- 
pen,  newed  from  the  mside  of  the 
ramparts  It  will  also  be  obser\ed 
that  Ihev  are  ingenioiisl}-  contnied 
nitli  1  shouldT  or  rttuming  angle, 


which  protected  the  defenders  from 
missiles  coming  with  a  slant  against 
their  left  sides. 

3.  A  ^rffl!(t  or  ^iw(  foojvf  attached 
to  the  outside  of  a  water  wheel  {rota 
aquaria),  upon  which  the  current 
acts  to  produce  rotation.  Vitruv.  x. 
5.  1. 

4.  A  register  or  stop  in  a  water 
oi^n.     Vitruv.  x.  8.  4, 

PINNIR'APUS,  Any  gladiator 
matched  witha  Samnile  or  "niracian, 
■each  of  whom  wore  feathers  {pinna) 
in.  their  helmets  (as  shown  by  the  il- 
lustrations to  those  words)  which  it 
was  an  object  of  their  opponents  to 
stiaicA  aworyt  whence  the  name  arose- 
Juv.  iil  158.     Schol.  Vet.  irf/. 

PINSOR.  An  early  form  for 
PiSTOR.  Varro.  at  Vil.  F.  K.  ap. 
Non.  p.  152. 

PISCA'TOR  ilthiftSi).  A  /siir- 
man,  understood,  like  our  own  term, 
in  the  same  general  sense  of  one  who 
takes  fish  in  salt  or  fresh  water,  with 
the  net  or  line  ;  and  also  a  /ih-man 
who  sells  through  the  town  the  fish 
he  has  taken  Jiimself,  Plaut.  Capt. 
iv.  2.  34.  Tecent.  Fun.  ii.  2.  26. 
Inscript.  ap.  Fabretti,  p.  731.  n.  45a 
piscatprss  propels. 

PISCIWA  (Jxfltwxpo^eTo;-).  A 
stem  or  slock  pond  for  fish,  an  usual 
append£^  to  the  villa  residences  of 
the  wealthy  Romans.  Aul.  Gell.  ii 
ao.  2.  Cic  AU.  ii.  I.  Varro,  R.  B. 
iii.  17.     Columell.  viii,  17. 

2.  A  large  swimming  bath  in  the 
open  ail-  (Pfln.  Ep.  v.  6.  25.},  either 
of  tepW  water  warmed  by  tlie  heat  of 
the  sun,  or  ftcna  a  naturally  warm 
spring  (Id-  ii.  17.  11.  Suet.  Nero, 
31.1)  ;  but  sometimes  reduced  in  tem- 
perature by  the  admixture  of  snow 
■(Id.  Nero,  37- 1.  It  differs  from  the 
baptifttrium.,  ka  not  being  under  cover 
and  ^generally  colder. 

3.  iPiscina  limaria.  A  clearing 
tank,  constructed  at  the  commence- 

termination  of  an  aqueduct, 
for  the  parpose  of  allowing  the  water 
to  purify  ilself  by  depositit^  its  sedi- 
'     before    it    was     transmitted 


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'■O'i  P7St/V4 

th  ough  th  Ey  (F  on  Jg  1$ 
ig  )  Many  rema  is  of  such  works 
ha  e  been  discovered  n  different 
p  a  ts  of  Itily  some  of  which  are 
cons  nicted  upon  a  scale  of  very  gi  eat 
extent  and  raagn  ficence  but  the 
annexed  lUustratio  i   represent  ng  the 


p  11  of  ne  ]  h  f  mcrly  ex  sted 
under  the  Pincian  hill  {ci/i/is  hortu- 
loruni),  and  served  to  pnrify  the  aami 
VirgB,  though  small  and 


structures,  and  the 

they  of>erated.     A  a  represents  the 

duct  or  water  course  of  the  aqueduct, 


which  discharges  its  waters 
chamber  B,  where  the  onward  course 
of  the  stream  is  arrested,  and  ceases 
to  flow,  c  is  an  aperture  in  the  fioor 
of  the  chamber,  through  which  the 
water  descends  into  another  vanlt,  D, 
below  the  level  of  the  duct,  at  the 
bottom  of  which  the  sediment  con- 
tained in  the  water  deposits  itself. 
K,  another  aperture  through  which  the 
water  passes  on  to  a  second  vault,  F, 
also  below  the  level  of  the  duct,  and 
in  which  it  continues  to  throw  down 
any  remaining  deposits.  From  this 
it  rises  through  the  aperture  G,  into 
an  upper  chamber,  h,  and  again  re- 
stores itself  in  a  purified  state  to  the 
duct  1 1  which  it  had  left  on  the  op- 
posite side.  The  door-vi'ay,  K,  at  the 
bottom  of  the  lower  chamber  on  the 
right  hand,  is  a  sluice-gate  [salarasla) 
through  which  the  mud  and  other 
impurities  were  discharged  into  the 


4,  A  tanlt,  or  basin  of  w. 


nllie 


atr  u  n  or  peristylium  of  private 
houses  (Pet.  ibi.ea.  7.);  more  usually 
termed  Impluvium,  which  see. 

5  Any  large  wooden  vat  for  hold- 
ing water      Plin.  H.  //.  xxxW.  32. 

PlbTILLUM  or  PISTILLUS 
{inripBs)  Oat  ftstU;  an  instrument 
with  a  bl  tfr  head  (Hieron.  £/.  69. 
n  4- )  used  with  a.  mortar  {morla-  i 
r  ti  PlauL  Aul.  i.  3.  17.),  for  ■ 
aing  mixing,  and  stirring  II 
^  round  (Viig.J/iM'rf.iii.  102.   I| 

1  the  Greek  proverb  iirtpou  [J 
T  p  oTo^fl) ;  whereas  the  pilum  ^ 
as  a  larger  implement,  used  with 
a  a  tion  of  pounding  and  bvaAring  in 
a  leep  vessel  termed  pila.  The  ex- 
tmple  represents  an  original  pestle 
found  amongst  some  ruins  of  Roman 
b  Id  ng,  excavated  when  making 
the  approaches  to  London  Bridge, 
and  resembling  in  every  respect 
those  now  in  use ;  but  an  epigram 
\,ap.  Sympos.  85.)  implies  that  the 
Romans  also  made  pestles  with  a 
double  head,  one  at  each  end,  like 
our  dumb  belJs ;  and  the  two  words 
pistiUum  and  fUum,  as  well  as  the 
Greek  names  which  correspond  with 
them,  are  frequently  interchanged 
with  each  other  without  regard  to 
(lie  accurate  notion  they  contained. 

PISTOR.  Literally  one  who 
poDuds  and  biays  things  in  a  mor- 
tar ;  thence,  more  specially,  a  miller, 
because  in  very  early  times,  before 
the  invention  of  mills  for  grinding, 
the  com  was  brayed  into  flour  with  a 
very  heavy  pestle,  in  the  manner 
represented  by  the  figure  s.  PiLUM  r. ; 
and  subsequently  tlie  same  word  also 
signified  a  iaker  {Greelc  opToiroirfi), 
because  those  tradesmen  always 
ground  (he  flour  with  which  they 
made  their  bread.  Varro  ap.  Non.  s. 
Pinsere,  p.  152.  Pliu,  H.  N.  xviii. 
28.     Varro,  ap.  Gell.  xv.  rg. 

2.  Pistor  dHlciarms,  A  confec- 
tioner.    Mart.  xiv.  222. 

PIS'TRIL'LA.  Diminutive  of 
PiSTEiNA.  Tcrent.  Adelph.  iv.  2.  45. 

PISTRI'NA.     (Plin,  {T.  N.  xviii. 


0.)     San 


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PISTRTNUIH. 

PISTRI'NUM  (yoK^v).  Origi- 
naliy  signified  the  place  where  com 
was  brayed  into  flour  liy  means  of  a 
large  pestle  and  deep  mortat,  in  the 
manner  shown  by  the  figure  i.  PiLUM 
I. ;  but  after  the  iiiventioQ  of  mills 
fot  grinding  (MoLA),  the  same  term 
was  retained  to  designate  the  mUl- 
lumse  (Terent.  Phorm.  a.  I.  19.  Cic. 
Or.  i.  r  I. ),  where  the  mills  were 
driven  by  slaves,  cattle,  or  water 
(Pallad.  1.  42.);  and  which,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  laborious  exertion 
reqaired  for  grinding  by  hand,  as 
n  ell  as  the  cont  jnuousness  of  the  toil, 
for  they  were  frequently  kept  going 
by  night  as  well  as  day(ApuL  Met. 
ix.  p.  183.)  was  commonly  used  as  a 
place  of  punishment  for  otTending 
slaves,  where  they  were  made  to 
undergo  a  period  of  imprisonment 
with  Mrd  labour.     Plant,  passim. 

PIS'TRIS  or  PEIS'TIS,  and 
PISTRIX  or  PRISTIX  {ni-frp^ 
and  irp/tTTit)  A  sea  i  lonster  (Floms, 
HI  5  16  Plm  H  N  It  2 ) ,  but 
always  represented  by  the  ancient 
aitists  with  the  same  characteristic 
features  as  are  exhibited  in  the  an- 


PLAGULA. 


5°9 


neted  illustration  from  a  painting  at 
Pompeii  V  z  the  head  of  a  dragon, 
the  neck  and  breast  of  a  beast,  with 
fins  in  the  place  of  front  legs,  and 
the  tail  and  body  of  a  fish  (Virg.  Mn. 
iiL  427.);  a  form  generally  adopted 
by  the  early  Christian  artists  to  re- 
present the  whale  which  swallowed 

a.  The  name  given  to  a  particular 
class  of  ships  of  war  (Liv.  sxxv.  26. 
Polyb.  xvii.  I.  I.),  donbtless  from  a 
cer££un  resemblance  in  general  form 
to  the  above  figure ;  perhaps  from 
the  bow  rising  very  high  out  of  the 


water,  like  the  head  and  neck  there 
portrayed.  In  Vii^l  (Mn.  v.  116.) 
pistris  is  the  adopted  iiaine  of  a 
vessel,  after  the  image  of  this  mon- 
ster borne  on  its  bows  as  a  figure-head 
{iiisif^).  See  the  woodcut  at  p.  325. 

PITTAC'IUM  (iriiTdKiiii').  A 
slip  or  bit  of  paper,  parchment,  or 
leather  for  writing  on ;  especially  as 
a  laUl  for  a  wine  bottle,  on  which 
the  dale  of  the  vintage,  quality  of  the 
wine,  and  time  of  bottling,  was  in- 
scribed.    Pet,  Sat.  34.  6.    Id.  56.  7. 

3.  A  piece  of  linen  spread  with 
ointment  to  form  a  plaster.  Laber. 
ap.  Cell.  xvi.  7.     Celsus,  iii.  10. 

PLACEN'TA  (irXaffoSs).  A  thin 
flat  cake  made  of  wheat  flour,  mixed 
with  cheese  and  honey,  but  of  con- 
siderable size,  BO  that  it  would  cut 
up  into  a  number  of  separate  pieces, 
for  each  of  the  guests  present.  Cato. 
X.R.  76.  Hor.  £p.  i.  10.  11.  Com- 
pare Sat.  ii.  8.  34. 

PLAGA  (^I'riSw).  Ahuntingnet, 
intended  to  be  drawn  across  a  road, 
opening,  or  ride  in  the  cover,  in 
order  to  prevent  the  game  from 
getting  out  of  bounds.  (GraL  Cyneg. 
30a  Hor.  Efod.  2.  23.  Lucret.  v, 
1250.  Compare  Serv.  m/Virg.  j^n. 
iv.  131.)  Though  the  exact  nature 
and  character  of  this  net  is  open  to 
dispute,  yet  it  would  appear  from  a 
general  comparison  of  me  passages 
in  which  mention  of  it  occurs,  that  it 
was  similar  in  form  and  use  to  the 
Rete  ;  with  the  exception  of  being 
smaller,  and  employed  as  a  subsiiliary 
to  the  laiger  one,  across  narrow  and 
confineil  passes,  which  would  other- 
wise give  an  inlet  into  the  open 
conntry. 

2.  Same  as  Plagula.  Afranius 
and  Varro, ap.  Non,  s.v.  pp. 378. 537. 

PLAG'ULA.  DiminuUve  of 
PlAGA,but  applied  with  the  following 

I.  A  curtain  or  a  rideau,  suspended 
like  a  net  round  the  couches  of  a 
irklinium  to  keep  off  the  dust  or  cur. 
rents  of  air  from  the  guests  reclining 
at  table,  as  in  the  annexed  example 


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PLAGI7NCULA. 


bas-relief  in  the  British  Mu> 


2  A  curtain  which  could  be  drawn 
or  witlidiawn  round  the  sides  of  a 
palauqum.  {lectkd),  so  as  to  seclude  the 
inmate  when  dssired,  or  convert  the 
whole  into  an  open  carriage.  Suet. 
Tii   10   and  illustration  s.  Lectica. 

3  A  irmdih  of  eloth,  two  or  more 
of  which,  when  sewed  t(»^ther,  malte 
up  a  diess      Vatro,  L.  L.  iii.  79. 

4,  A  strip  or  file  of  paper,  several 
of  which,  when  glued  tt^ether,  malte 
up  a  sheet.     Plin.  H.  N.  xiiL  23. 

PLAGUN'CULA  {irT^araM-  A 
■BiaxdoU.  Cic  All.  vi.  Ernesti,  ClavU, 
s.  V.  Callim.  Dim.  92,     Pupa, 

PLA'NIPES.  An  a  ' 
played  a  part  in  a  spe- 
cies of  low  farce,  termed  a 
mime  (mimas),  and  who 
received  that  designation 
because  he  caine  upon 
the  stage  with  nakedi  feet, 
without  either  the  eoSmr- 
ma  or  soccus,  filanis  pedi- 
bus,  i.e.  non  arte  exaltalis. 
(Diomed.  iii.  487.  Aul. 
GelL  i.  II.  T".  Macrob. 
-W.  ii.  I.)  The  illustra- 
tion is  from  a 


PLAS'TES  (irAtiffTTii).  One  who 
models  works  of  act  in  day  or  wax. 
VelL  i.  17.  4     Plin.  H.  N.  xxxv.  45. 

PLASTICATOE.  (Firm.  Matth. 
viiL  16.)     Same  as  preceding. 

PLATE'A  and  PLAT'EA  (irAo- 
Ttfo,  sc.  iBiJt).  A  broad  or  principal 
street  in  a  town,  as  contradistinguished 


PLAUSTRUM. 

from  a  bye-lane  or  back-street  (angi- 
fiorhis)  in  the  same.  Ter.  Andr.  iv. 
5.  I.  Hor-  Bp.  ii.  2.  71.  Cks.  B.  C. 
i.  27-    Hut,  B.  Alex.  2. 

PLAUSTRA'RIUS  (a/ioloi^yif!). 
A  wagon  maker  or  cartmrighi.  Lam- 
piid.  Alex.  Sev.  24. 

a.  {fi\ijiifyiis.'\ K'ssa^ner.  Ml'^.Dig. 
9.  2.  27.  and  woodcat,  i  Plaustrum 
Mains.. 

PLAUS'TRUM  (St'oio).  A 
viagiin  on  twoi  wheels  usually  drawn 
by  osen,  and  particularly  employed 
in  country  occupations  for  the  con- 
veyance of  heavy  loads  and  produce 
of  every  description.  (Plant.  Aid. 
iii.  5.  31,)  Though  we  make  use  of 
the  term  wagon  as  the  nearest  eor- 
responding  expression  for  the;  Roman 
plajtdrum,  that  by  no  means  sureests 
a  true  notion  of  the  actual  object,, 
which  in  reality  consisted  of  nothing 
more  than  a  strong  platform  of  boariS 
placed  upn  a  pair  of  wheels,  that  were 
not  radiated  with  spokes  {radii),  but 
formed  out  of  a  flat  dVum  av  tam- 
bour of  solid  wood  {fympmatm),  fixed 
permanently  to  (he  aale,  so  that  the 
whole,  both  wheels  and  asle,  revolved 
together;  and  this  explains  why  the 
plaustrum  is  usually  spoken  of  as  a 


noisy  and  ereaking  cart  (s/riiism, 
Virg.  Geore.  iii.  536..  Ov.  Tnsf.  iii. 
10.  59.).  The  load  itself  was  merely 
fastened- upon  this  platform,,  when  of 

included  in  a  large  basket  {scirfea  in 
plmtstro.  Ov.  Fast.  vi.  680.),  as  in 
the  present  example  from  a  Roman 
bas-relief,  when  composed  of  many 
small  articles  which  could  not  other- 
wise be  held  together ;  or,  in  other 
eases,  a  moveable  rail  was  affixed  to 
Che  sides,  which  kept  the  load  toge- 


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PLMcm  UM. 


sides  (ex  omm  parte  falam,  Varro, 
L.L.y.  140.},  its  in  theannexed  speci- 
men, also  from  a  tias-ielief. 

2.  Flaustrum  majtts.  (CatO,  R.  R. 
X.  2.  Varro,  R.  R.  i.  22.  3.)  A 
■nagon  of  tlie  sime  description,  and 
employed  for  -iijnilar  purposes  as  the 


last  named,  but  of  larger  dimensions, 
and  plated  itpun  four  wheels  instead 
of  two,  as  exhibited  by  the  annexed 
enample,  from  a  sepuldical  bas-relief 
diseovered  at  Langres  in  France. 

PLECTRUM  (jrXSicTpor').  Properly 
a  Greek  word,  which,  in  its  primitive 
n  thing  Chat  is  used  ' 


strike  with  (fn 
whence  in  both 
languages  it  is 
specially  used 
to  designate 
a  short  stick 
or  quill  with 
which  the  chords  of 
a    stringed    instm- 

by  inserting  the  end. 
between  the  strings, 
or  cunning  it  over 
them.whenreq  uired . 
(Cic^i>.  fi.  59.) 
The   ■ 


to  strike) 


ner  of  using  it,  by  the  female  figure, 
from  an  ancient  Roman  fresco  pre- 
served in  the  Vatican,  who  twangs 
the  strings  of  a  lyre  with  the  fingers 
of  her  left  hand,  and  strikes  them 
with  afilectnim  held  in  her  right. 

2.  Poetically  apjilied  to  the  handle 
(ansa),  or  to  the  tiller  [davus)  of  a 
rudder.    Sil.  Ital.  xiv.  403.    IL  548. 

See  GUBERNACULUM. 

PLINTHIS  (irAifefs).  Diminu- 
tive of  Plimthus.     Vitruv.  iii.  3.  2. 

PLIN'THIUM  (TrXiyaioK).  A 
sun-dial  described  upon  a  flat  slab, 
laid  horizontally,  like  a  plinA.     Vi- 

PLIN'THUS  (yrKMos).  The  or- 
dinary Gveek  name  for  a  brick  or  a 
tile ;  whence 
the  word  w 
adopted  by 
the  Roman  . 
architects  to  | — 
designate  the  ' — 
lowest  member  in  the  base  of  a 
coliunn,  out  plinlk,  which  is  a  square 
slab,  like  a  thick  tile,  placed  under 
the  lowest  torui,  and  supposed  to 
have  originated  from  the  necessity  of 
placing  a  laige  flat  surface  under  the 
column  to  prevent  it  from  rotting, 
when  formed  of  wood,  or  from  pene- 
trating too  iar  into  the  ground,  if  of 
stone.     Vitruv.  iv.  7.  3. 

PLnSTLLLlM  (o/ifl^/s)-  Mmi- 
nutiie  of  Pi.AUSTRi  H     consequently 


applicable  to  any  cart  of  the  con- 
struction explained  under  that  word, 
but  of  less  than  the  usual  size,  Iflce 
the  annexed  example,  from  an  en- 
graved gem,  which  is  fitted  for  the 
draught  of  goats  instead  of  oxen 
Agostin.   CD.  vii.  21.      Hor.  Siil. 


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51'  rLOXEiiuti 

J  4  m  1  h  pi  sige  the 
d  u  ve  IS  appl  ed  to  a  to/  with 
m  ce  harnessed  to  t 

2  Pktill  mp  mc  m    Kthreshing 

vented  by  the  Catthag  n  ans  and  from 
then  adop  ed  n  o  Italy  and  other 
cou  t  e  It  cons  t  d  f  a  wooden 
f-ime  Ilea  sledg  ui  h  h  a 
e   ai    nunbe    of     11  t      u  d 

VI  h   1   0  e  ting     ee  h  fitt  d 

he  e  th  e  he  1  on    th         m  as  th  y 


machine,  which  was  further  weighted 
fay  the  driver,  who  sat  in  a  sort  of 
frame  or  chair  placed  on  it.  (Varro, 
R.  S.  i.  SI-  2-)  The  preceding  ac- 
count from  Varro  describes  so  ex- 
actly a  contrivance  still  used  in 
F^ypt  for  the  same  purpose,  called 
the  "Noreg,"  and  represented  in 
the  annexed  illustration,  as  to  leave 
no   doubt  respecting  the  identity  of 


thee 


igrna 


PLOX'EMUM,  PLOX'EMUS, 
PLOX'IMUS,  or  PLOX'ENUS. 
The  body  part  of  a  two-wheeled 
carriage  or  gig  {ciiium),  which  was 
made  or  covered  with  leather.     (Ca- 


ll theri 


PL  UMARIVS. 


■rroborated  by  the  annexed 
ei^raving,  from  an  ancient  sepulchral 
marble  now  preserved  in  the  Museum 
at  Verona,  which  closely  resembles  a 
very  peculiar  description  of  one-horse 
carriage,  still  commonly  used  in  the 
parts  of  Italy,  where  it  goes  by 


tation  of  a  bird's  featheis,  as  in  the 
annexed  illustration,  from  a  bas-relief 
which  originally  decorated  the  arch 
of  Trajan,  from  whence  it  was  re- 
moved by  Conslantme  to  the  one 
which  bears  his  name.  Virg.  Mn. 
xi.  771.  Saliust.  Fragvi.  ap.  Serv. 
adL 

2.  Ornaments,  either  embroidered, 
or  sewed  on,  or  woven  into  the  iabric 
of  a,  piece  of  cloth,  serving  as  a 
coverlet  to  a  pillow,  cushioi^  or  other 
object,  in  order  to  produce  a  rich  and 
fanciful  pattern.  (Mart.  xiv.  146. 
Prop.  iii.  7.  50.)  It  has  not  been 
satisfactorily  ascertained  what  these 
pluma  were,  whether  ornaments  of 
gold,  or  tapestry  patterns,  or  real 
feathers  of  different  colours  sewed  on 
the  fabric  in  the  same  manner  as  now 
practised  in  India  and  China.  Pro- 
fessor Becker  inclines  to  the  latter 
interpretation,  Gallns.  p.  9.  n.  15. 
Lond.  1844. 

PLUMA'RIUS.  Onfe  who  fol- 
lowed the  art  of  malting  plums,  as 


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PLUMATUS. 

explained  in  the  preceding  paragrapli 
(Vitruv.  vi.  4-  Vano.  ap.  Non.  i,  v. 
p.  i6a.);  but  as  the  real  natme  of  those 
ornaments  is  yet  undecided,  it  is  im- 
possible to  declare  in  what  precisely 
his  art  consisted. 

PLUMATUS.  I.  Covered  with 
scales  in  the  form  of  birds'  feathers 
(Justin,  xli.  2. ),  as  shown  by  the  pre- 
ceding illustration. 

2.  Decorated  with  the  ornaments 
ienasdi  plum^.  Lucan.  x.  125.  Pet. 
Sal.  55.  5.     See  Plum.*,  2. 

PLUMBUM  {ii.6\>,Bio!).  Lead; 
whence  used  as  a  special  name  for 
various  articles  made  of  that  metal  ;— 

1.  A  leaden  water-pipe.  Hor.  ^/. 
i.  io.  20.  Stat.  Siiv.  I.  3.  67.  See 
Fistula,  i. 

2.  A  leaden  plummet,  employed  as 
a  buliet  to  be  cast  from  a  sling.  Ov. 
Mtt.  iL  727.     See  Glans. 

3.  A  whip  with  lumps  of  metal 
knotted  into  the  thongs,  employed  for 
punishing  slaves.  Prudent,  irtpi  tr-rt^. 
K.  116,  Compare  Cod.  Theodos.  9. 
35.  2;  and  see  the  illustration  J.  Fla- 

4.  A  leaden  plummet  for  drawing 
lines  (Catull.  22.  8.);  corresponding 
in  use  with  our  own,  but  differing  in 
form  and  character  :  for  amongst  the 
ancients  these  articles  were  made  out 
of  a  small  round  plate,  instead  of  a 
long  pipe ;  a  much  more  convenient 
form,  requiring  no  cutting,  less  apt  to 
get  bent,  or  to  scratch  the  parchment. 
Salmas.  orfSoIin.  p,  644.  Beckman. 
History  of  Inventions,  vol.  ii.  p.  389. 
Lond.  1S46. 

PLUT'EUS  and  PLUT-EUM. 
In  a  general  sense  anything  made  of 
boards,  hurdles,  &c.,  joined  together 
in  order  to  form  a  cover  or  give  snp. 
port ;  whence  the  following  specific 
meanings  are  deduced  ;— 

I.  (iapixaai).  A  breastwork  of 
boarding  which  served  to  screen  the 
assailants  of  fortilied  places  from  the 
missiles  and  attacks  of  the  enemy, 
whilst  making  their  approaches,  pre- 
paratory  to  an  assault.      For    this 


FLUTEUS.  513 

purpose  they  were  advanced  in  front 
of  the  storming  parties,  placed  upon 
the  roihtary  engines  and  moveable 
towers,  or  planted  round  the  spot 
where  earthworks  were  being  thrown 
up.  C^.  B.  G.  vii.  41.  Id.  B.  C. 
i.  25.  ii.   15.     Liv.  K.  38.  Ammian. 

2.  A  moveable  tower  with  a  roof 
overhead,  made  of  boards  or  hurdles 
covered  with  rawhides,  or  hair  cloth, 
and  foied  upon  wheels,  under  the 
shelter  of  which  a  besieging  party 
could  advance  close  up  to  the  walls 
of  a  beleaguered  fortress,  and  clear  it 
of  its  defenders  before  commencing 
the  escalade.  Veget.  Mil.  iv.  15.  Vi- 
truv. X.  15- 

3.  The  back  board  of  abed,  oppo- 
site to  the  spanda,  or  side  at  which 


4.  The  raised  end  of  a  tricliniary 
couch,  in  the  form  of  a  French  sofa, 
which  was  placed  towards  the  fable, 
for  the  upper  part  of  the  occupant  to 


rest  against,  whilst  his  legs  and  feet 
were  stretched  out  to  its  opposite  ex- 
tremity, as  plamly  shown  by  the 
Led  illustration,  from  a  Roman 


bas-relief.     Suet  Cai.  26. 

5.  A  dwarf  wall  closing  up  the 
lower  portions  of  an  intercolumniation 
(Vitruv.  iv.  4,  I.},  or  placed  as  a 
parapet  upon  the  upper  stories  of  an 
edifice  (Vifrur.  v.  I.  j.),  to  preclude 


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the  lain. 


Vatican  Vii^,  representing  Dido 
watching  the  departare  of-  Mnsas 
from  the  upper  story  of  her  palace 

6.  A  sM/,  aifixed  to  the  walls  of  a 
room,  upon  which  articles  of  comn  on 
use  were  deposited  for  conven  ence 
or  objects  of  "  ~ 
luxury  display- 

iheiit  <Juv.  ii.  7.  Pers:  i.  106  Ulp 
Dig:  29.  I.  17.)-  Theexample,  fiom 
a  painting  of  Herculaneum,  represents 
a  shelf  fastened  to  the  wall  in  a  shoe 
maker's  shop,  upon  which  a  number 
of  lasts  are  deposited. 

7.  A  hoard  upon  which  a  corpse  is 
laid  out.     Mart.  viii.  44.  13. 

PNFGEUS  [irvijfh).  A  damper 
made  in  the  shape  of  an  inverted 
funnel,  and  intended  to  stop  or  sup- 
press the  rising  air  in  a  water  organ. 
Vitmv.  X,  8.  2.. 

POCILLA'TOR(<.;v»xM-  A 
.young  slave  who  filled  the  wine  cups 
(^iUa),  and  handed  them  to  (he 
guests.  Apul.  M^i.  x.  p.  223.  Same 
as  PiNCERNA  ;  which  see. 

POCI'LLUM.  Diminutive  of  Po- 
CULUM.     Li?.  X.  42.  Suet.  Visi>.  Z. 

PO'CULUM  (itotV,  roHpiof).  A 
general  term  for  any  description  of 
vessel  employed  as  a  drinking-cup, 
and  thus  including  all  the  specif 
ones  which  are  enumerated  in  the  list 
of  the  Classed  Index.  Vire.  Ov.  Ti- 
bull.  Hor.  Sic 

PODETiES  or  PODE'RI.S 
{iroS^pijs).    Literally  reaching  dnwn  to 


the  feet;  a  Greek  word,  applied  ad- 
jectively  in  that  language  to  any  gar- 
ment of  tlie  dimensions  stated,  for 
which  the  genuine  Latin  expression 
is  Talaris  ;  but  the  writers  of  the 
Christian  period  made  use  of  the 
term  in  a  substantive  sense  to  desig- 
nate a  long  linen  robe,  fitting  close  to 
the  body  and  reaching  to  the  feet, 
wMch  was  worn  by  the  Jewish 
priests.  Isidor.  Or^.  xix.  31.  3.  Ter- 
tull.  a^.  Jad.  II. 

PODIUM.  A  low  basement,  pro- 
jecting like  a  step  from  the  wall  of  a 
room  or  building,  and  intended  to 
form  a  raised  platform  for  the  con- 
vemence  of  deposihng  other  articles 
upon  a=  for  instance  a  row  of  bee 
hives  (PaJlad  1  38  2  )  a  nun  ber  of 
celloi  (Id   1    iS   2  ) 


or  any  object  whether  uf  ornament  or 
use,  such  as  shown  by  the  annexed 
illustration,  representing  the  interior 
of  a  tomb  at  Pompeii,  on  which  three 
cinerary  urns  are  sitiiated. 

3.  In  an  amphitheatre  or  a  drcus, 
a  basement  raised  about  eighteen  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  arena,  which  it 
circumscribed,  intended  for  the  occu- 
pation of  the  emperor,  the  cumle 
magistrates,  and  the  Vestal  virgins, 
who  sat  there  upon  their  ivory  stools 
(sdlm  curules).  Suet.  Na-o,  12.  Jixv. 
ii.  147.  Seethesectionoftheamphi- 
theatre  at  Pola,  p.  29.,  on  whicli  the 
podium  is  marked  A. 

3.  A  socle  m  socle  in  architecture  ; 
i.  e.  a  projecting  basement  on  the 
outside  of  a  building,  servmg  to  raise 
pedestals,  or  to  support  vases  or  other 


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POLLINCTOR. 

ornaments,  being  itself  plain,  ivith- 
out  either  cornice  or  base.  Vitniv. 
iii.  4.  s- 

POLLINCTOR.  One  of  tlie 
undertalier's  men,  whose  business  it 
was  to  wash  and  anuoint  a  corpse,  and 
prepare  it  for  burial,  or  for  the 
luneral  pile.  He  was  a  slave  of  the 
Libitinarua.  Vatro  and  Plant,  ap. 
Non.  J.  w,  p.  157.  Mart.  x.  97.  Ulp. 
Dig.  14.  3.  5. 

POLLU'BRUM  ajid  POLU'- 
ERUM.  An  old  name  for  the  basin 
employed  in  ablution  of  the  hands 
and  feet  before  and  after  meals.  It 
was  held  by  a  slave  in  his  left  hand 
underneath  the  feet  or  hands  extended 
over  it,  to  catch  the  water  poured 
down  upon  them  from  a  jug  in  the 
right.  At  a.  subsequent  period  a 
vessel  termed  truUeuin  was  invented 
forthesameobject  Non.  j.  iv.  p,  544, 
Liv.  AndTOn.  and  Fabius  Pictor,  /.  c. 

POLYAN'DRION  (mAvtlcSpwp). 
A  place  in  which  many  people  are 
buried  tt^ether  in  common,  -~  "~  " 


^ONS. 


V.H.  J 


Amob.   6.  p.  194. 


POLYMITUS(jroMl,ufTot).  Lite- 
rally woven  by  the  assistance  of  many 
leashes  l/ilros,  licia) ;  thence  by  im- 
plication figured  with  various  pat- 
terns, like  our  damask,  for  the 
manu&oture  of  which  a  great  number 
of  leashes  are  requisite,  in  order  that 
the  threads  of  the  wtirp  may  be 
opened  in  many  different  ways  ;  for 
it  is  by  this  means  that  all  varieties 
in  the  pattern  of  stuffs  are  made. 
Plin.  H.N.  viiL  74,    Mart.  xiv.  150. 

POLYMYX'OS  (jroAdfiu^Dj)-     See 

LUCERKA,   3. 

POLYP'TYCHA  (ToAftm^a).  A 
set  of  tablets  consisting  of  many 
leaves.  Veg.  MU.  ii.  '19.  Cassio- 
dor,  Var.  Ep.  v.  14.     See  Cera,  a. 

POLYSPA'STON  {iroKia^a.^rTos). 
A  contrivance  for  Kusing  weights  by 
the  assistance  of  many  puBeys  (orbictUi ) 
set  in  a  case  {trochlea^ .     Vitrav.  x.  2. 

PON'DUS   (iiT«Sf.6s).     ATBsiffM, 


a  pan  of  Scalea 


for  weighing  objects  in 

(Liv.   V.  48     Ulp  Z 

The  illustration  re 

presents  an  ongmal 

found    at    Heicula 

neum,  similar  to  the 

larger  weights  in  ws 

amongst  ourselves  ,  ■ 

but  sets  of  smaller 

ones,  made  to  stand  upon  a  c 

and    divided   into    fiactiona]     parts 

which  fit  into  one  anotho-,  like  fliose 

commonly  emplojed   m    our   retail 

shops,  have  a&o  been  found  in  the 

2.  A  weight  fastened  to  the  ex 
tremities  of  the  warp  thieads  {sia 
nana)  in  an  upnght  loom  (benec  Fp 
90.),  for  the  purpoae  of  keeping  them 
steady,  and  impmling  a  sufficient  de- 


gree of  tension  to  the  warp,  while  the 
woof  {suikineii)  was  driven  home  and 
compressed  by  the  comb  (/wi^n)  or 
batten  {spiitka).  The  ancient  method 
of  fixing  these  weights  is  shown  hy 
the  illustration  representing  a  loom  of 
very  primitive  construction,  still  em- 
ployed in  Iceland  (Schneider,  Imkx 
S.  K.  Script,  s.  Tela),  in  which  they 
i  composed  of  large  stones  tied  by 
number  of  thresBs.  collected  into 
separate  parcels.  In  modem  wea- 
ving weights  are  placed  upon  the 
yam  beam  for  a  siraflar  purpose. 

PONS  (,yi-p-pa).  A  bridge.  Vi- 
truvius  has  not  left  any  account  re- 
specting the  construction  of  hridges  ; 
bnt  the  numerous  exarnples  still  re- 
.ng  testify  the  great  skill  of  the 


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5i6  Fo 

Roman  engineers  and  builders  in 
this  branch  of  art.  The  following 
account  is  consequently  derived  from 
observation  of  existing  examples,  and 
not  from  written  authorities.  The 
canseway  (wio,  agger)  is  uniformly 
laid  down,  like  the  roads,  with  laige 
masses  of  polygonal  stones,  flanked 
on  each  side  wiih  a  raised  trottoir 
[crepids)  or  pavement  for  foot-pas- 
sengers, and  enclosed  on  each  side  by 
n  low  parapet  wall  {fluieiis),  but  not 
formed  of  open  balustrades,  as  is 
the  more  common  practice  at  the  pre- 
sent day.  A  gateway  {/arta),  which 
might  be  closed  by  a  bar  or  port- 
cnffis  (catarai^ta),  is  frequently  erected 
at  one  end  of  the  bndge  (see  the 
woodait  J.  Cataracta,  2.),  or  an 
m  m     aJ  ar  f     ix)       h'  h 


d,  mdy  harp 

It  and  ■declivity.  The  arches  are 
11  cases  'nearly  sonioircular,  and 
rtimes  of  great  span.  A  single 
remaining  one  at  Nami  is  150  feet 
wide,  springing  from  a  pier  at  the 
height  of  too  feet  from  the  river  be- 
low. The  bridge  built  by  Augustus 
at  Rimini,  which  Palladio  regarded 
as  the  finest  model  he  had  seen,  con- 
tains seven  arches,  and  is  horizontal 
in  the  centre,  but  has  a  slight  diver- 
gence  on  each  of  its  ends. 


2.  (7<(n/po).  The  original  Greek 
bridge,  as  the  name  imports,  was 
nothing  more  than  a  dam  or  mound 
of  earth,  forming  a  raised  causeway, 
such  as  we  use  in  localities  subject  to 
inundations  ;  the  sjnallness  of  the 
rivers  or  streams  in  that  country 
rendering  them  for  the  most  part 
fordable,  or  easily  crossed  by  a  few 
planks.  Hence  the  art  of  bridge- 
building,  like  that  of  road-making 
and  drainage,  owes  its  perfection  to 
the  Romans,  who  were  the  first  people 
to  make  an  extensive  use  of  the  arch, 
and  consequently  those  which  are 
enmnerated  as  regular  bridges  of 
any  length  in  Greece  (Plin.  /f.  N. 
iv.  I.  li.  21.)  may  be  fairly  Ijelieved 
to  have  been  executed  after  the  Ro- 


m  should  be  interrupted 
or  re-opened.  Liv.  i.  33.  Plin.  ^.JV. 
xixvi.  23. 

4.  Pons  suffragioi-ani,  A  tempo- 
rary bridge  of  planks  erected  during 
the  Roman  comitia,  over  which  the 
voters  passed  one  by  one  as  they 
came  out  from  the  seplum,  to  cast 
their  votes  [taiellm)  into  the  box 
{cista)  (Cic.  Alt.  i.  14.  Ov.  Past,  v. 
634. ).  The  object  was  to  prevent 
fraud,  tumtdt,  and  intimidation,  and 


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ot  the  bridge, 
over  which  he 

then  crossed  to  the  oppoate  i 
mity,  where  the  balloting  box  was 
placed,  and  having  deported  his  vote, 
passed  out.  These  particulars  are  all 
expressed  in  the  illustration,  from  a 
consular  coin,  which  shows  part  of  the 
railing  eaclosing  theie/'ium,  one  voter 
receiving  a  bdlot,  and  another  in 
the  act  of  depositing  one  in  the  box. 

5.  {l^iMepa,  dTTDedflpa).  A  bridge 
formed  by  a  broad  plank  laid  from 
the  shore  to  a  vessel,  over  whicli  the 
crew  and  passengers  embarked  or 
disembarked  (Virg.  ^h.  x.  288.  X 
The  illustration  represents  a  bridge 


of  this  description,  from  a  painting  in 
the  Nasonian  sepnichre  near  Rome, 
by  means  of  which  a  horseman  is  es- 
capnig  from  the  pursuit  of  a  tiger, 
which  other  persons  in  the  original 
composition  are  hunting. 
6,  The   deck    of   a    vessel    upon 


ample  from  a  marble  bas-relief.    Tac. 

7.  A  drawbridgs,  let  down  from 
the  upper  story  of  a  moveable  tower, 
or  any  other  elevated  object,  during 
sieges,  over  wMch  the  attacking  party 
could  pass  on  to  the  ramparts  without 
the  aid  of  scaling  ladders.  Tac.  ^««. 
iv.  51.      Suet.  Aiig.  20.      Veg.  MU. 


K  viadtiit  O' 


3  of  « 


>rbe- 


such  as  that  which  Caligula  built  to 
make  a  direct  commnnicatiDn  between 
the  Palatine  and  Capitoline  hills. 
Suet.  Cal.  22.     Xfai.  Anab.  vi.  5-  22. 

PONTIC'ULUS.  Diminutive  of 
Pons.     Cic,  Tusc.  v.  10.. 

PONT'IFEX  (TEifupoToi^  A 
poaiiff;  that  is,  a  member  of  the 
principal  order  of  Roman  priests,  to 
whom  the  superiniendence  of  the 
state  religion  and  its  ceremonies  was 
entrusted.  The  head  of  the  order 
was  styled  "chief  pontiff"  (Poatifac 
Meximus,  Upoi^ifnis].  On  coins  and 
marbles  the  pontiffe  are  distinguished 
by  the  following  implements  of  wor- 
ship, placed  as  symbols  by  their 
sides  ^— the  limfulam,  seairis,  apex, 
and  an  aspersoir,  or  whisk  for 
sprinkling  the  lustral  water,  desig- 
nated aspa-riHum  by  modem  writers  ; 
but  the  real  Latin  name  of  which  has 
not  come  down  to  us.  The  chief 
pontiff  is  in  most  instances  accom- 
panied with  the  adjunct  of  a  mBy)»/«ffi 
only  ;  fliough  sometimes  a  securis  or 
a  secespiia  is  added. 

PONTO.  A  lai^e  flat-bottomed 
craft,  more  especially  employed  by 
the  Ganls  (C»s.  B.  C.  iii.  2fj.),  and 
intended  for  the  transport  of  passen- 


gers, soldiers,  or  cattle,  acros 
(Paul.  Dig.  8.  3.  38.      Isidoi 
xix.   1.  24.),     The  example 
a  painting  in  the  Nasonian  sepulchre  ; 
and  the  illustration  on  the  opposite 


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Si8  poPA. 

column  exhibits  a  man  on  horseback 
entering  a  vessel  of  tlie  nature  de- 

2.  A  fontoon,  formed  by  a  flooring 
of  planks  Iiud  between  two  ^oats  with 
sharp  heads  {lintres\  so  as  to  form 
a  float'  ig  b  'dge  fo  t  a  spo  t  across 
a  nver  It  as  a  tached  by  a  runnuig 
ope  si  ding  o  a  transverse  one 
St  e  ched  ove  head  athwart  the 
stieam  and  thus  driven  over  by  the 
s  nple  ac  on  of  the  current  as  st  11 
see  on  tl  e  Po  T  her  and  o  he 
la  ge  r  vers      Au 

POPA  (fli^ijF)  The 
conduc  ed  a  V  c  m  a  1 
knocked  down  wi  h 
a  malle  or  w  th  the 
bl  ff  s  de  of  an  a\e 
st  nguished 


j-Bho 


fomthe 

despatchel   t    viti   11 

sac   fie  al    knife 

wore  <»  short  ap 

kil    f  om  the      I 

the     knee        (wl  en  e 

fiyledjTft   n  i  s   Suet 

Cai   32      Pop     y   3 

62  )        he    Hpper    part 

of    h  s    pe  sou    be   g 

nike      as  m  the  a     e  e     examp  e 

1  om  1  Rom-m  bis  rehef     The  man 

ner  of  givmg  the  blow  is  sho  vn  by 

the  illustration  s.  Victimarii. 

POP'ANUM  (Wi-oMv).  A  flat 
round  cake  used  at  sacrifices.  Juv. 
Ti.541.  Aristoph.  7X«»(.285.Suidas. 

POPI'NA  (iiwrvx.itoi').  An  eat- 
ing-house, cook's-shop,  or  tavern,  in 
which  rendy-dressed  victuals  were 
sold,  as  contradistinguished  from  cau- 
po)ia,  which  was  more  particnlarly 
established  for  the  sale  of  liquora, 
though  the  master  of  a  popina  also 
drew  wine  for  liis  customers.  (Plaut. 
iiiv;.  iv.  2.  T3.  Cic/!4i/.  ii.28.  Mart, 
i.  42. )  It  was  customary  to  display 
some  dainties  and  choice  viands  in  the 
windows  of  these  eating-houses,  de- 
posited in  glass  iwttles  filled  with  water, 
jn  order  to  magnify  their  size  and  en- 
iice  customers.     Macrob.  Sat.  vii.  14. 

POPINA'RIUS.     The  owner  or 


PORTA. 

keeper  of  an  eating-house  [pr/pina). 
Lamprid.  Mtx.  Set/.  49. 

POPINATOR.  Same  as  pre- 
ceding.    Macrob,  Sai.  vii.  14. 

POPI'NO.  Literally,  one  who 
frequents  taverns  and  eating-houses 
^p<^p!^ls)  ;  thence,  by  implication,  a 
glutton,  debauchee,  or  person  of  dis- 
orderly habits,  because  such  places 
'ete  cliiefly  resorted  to  by  people  of 
]ow  lank,  or  of  idle  and  dissolute 
character.  Hor.  So/,  ii.  7.  39.  Suet. 
Gramm.  15. 

PORCA.  The  ridge  between  two 
furrows  in  ploughed  land.  Varto,  . 
Z,  L.  V.  39.  Id.  R.  R.  i.  29-  2- 

PORCA'RIUS  («<i»i>ti\i).  A 
swimhsrd.     Firm.  Matth.  Ui.  6.  6. 

PORCINA'RIUS.  Kporkbutcher. 
Plaut.  Capt.  iv.  3.  J. 

PORCULA'TOR.  One  who 
breeds  and  fattens  pigs.  Varro,  R~  R. 
L  4-  I.    Colmnelk-^L  9.  12. 

PORCUtETUM.  A  piece  of 
land  divided  into  ridges  and  fiu-rows 
by  the  plough.  Plin.  H.  N.  xvii. 
35-  §  9- 

POR'CULUS.  (Cato,  R.  R.  xix. 
.)  A  particular  part  or  member 
belonging  to  a  wine  and  oil  press 
(lorcular),  the  exact  nature  of  which 
cannot  be  ascertained  from  the  single 
passM;e  of  Varro  in  which  it  is  men- 

PORTA  (iniAij).  The^a/eofany 
laige  enclosure  or  set  of  buildings,  as 
opposed  iQJaiiua  and  ostium,  the  deor 
of  a  house;  and  especially  the  gate  of 
a  fortified  place,  of  a  citadel,  or  of  a 
city.  The  annexed  engravuig,  re- 
presenting  the  ground-plan   of  the 


system  adopted  by  the  ancients  for 
structures  of  this  nature.  It  consists 
of  a  central  archway  over  the  main 
road  (a)  for  carriages,  and  two  kteral 
ones  (bb)  for  foot  passengers,  each  of 
whicli  was  closed  by  a  smaller  gate. 
Under  the  arch  which  faced  the  open 
country  (at  the  bottom  of  our  en- 
graving), there  was  no  gate,  but  in- 
stead of  it  a  portcullis  (cataracta'). 


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the  grooves  for  which  are  visible  i 
the  walla  at  tlie  points  marked  < 


thcpLi.  IliL^il  s  n: 
the  oppjsite  cxiremity  of  the  pi  . 
neaiest  the  town,  as  testified  by  the 
sockets  in  the  pavement  (dd),  m 
which  the  pivots  (cardims)  of  each 
valve  turned  Both  the  lateral  en 
tniices  were  vaulted  over  head, 
throughout  their  whole  length ,  but 
the  tentral  road«  ay  w  as  only  LOver  ' 
at  Its  two  extremities,  thus  leaving 
open  space  or  barbican  (a)  between 
the  poiEcullis  and  gate  open  to 
sky,  thioagh  which  the  defendei 
the  position  could  pour  their  mis 
from  the  upper  stones  of  the  interior 
upon  their  assailants,  if  fh^  should 
succeed  m  forcing  an  entrance  bejnand 
the  portcullis  and  into  the  barbican. 
The  entire  &ont  was  further  covered 
with  an  attic,  adapted  for  purposes 
defence,  or  containing  chambers  for 
the  administration  of  justice  and  the 
business  of  dvil  government,  as  in 
the  magnificent  entrance  gate  to  the 
city  of  Verona,  represented  by  the  fol- 
lowing woodcut,  which  is  constructed 
with  two  carriage-wiiys,  one  for  en- 
tering the  city,  the  other  for  going 
out,  but  is  not  provided  with  separate 
gangways  for  foot-passengeis.  Other 
examples,  still  in  existence,  have  only 
a  single  thoroughfare  serving  both 
for  horses,  cairiages,  and  pedestriar- 
fianketl  with  lateral  towers  (Cr 
S.  C.  viii.  9.     Virg.  jSii.  vi.  552 


of  Rome,  of  which  an  example  is 
given  in  the  illustration  j.  Fenestra, 
3.,  though  the  entrance  itself  is  now 
blocked  up  by  a  modem  lean-to. 

2.  Fm-ta/mnfa.  The  gate  through 
which  the  Circeiman  procession  en- 
tered the  Circus.  (Auson.  Ef.  xviii. 
12.)  It  was  situated  in  the  centre  of 
the  straight  end  of  the  btiilding,  with 
the  stalls  for  the  horses  arran^d  on 
each  side  of  it.  See  the  ground-plan 
at  p.  165.,  on  which  it  is  marked  H, 
and  the  illustration  s.  Oppidum, 
where  it  is  shown  in  elevation. 

PORTICUS  (oTflct).  K  portico  ot 
colonnade,  comprising  a  long  narrow 
walk  covered  by  a  roof  supported 
upon  columns,  which  thus  afforded 
the  advantage  of  a  flee  circulation  of 
air,  and,  at  the  same  time,  protection 
against  the  heat  of  the  sun  and 
humidity  of  the  atmosphere.  Struc- 
tures of  this  kind  originated  with  the 
Greeks,  but  were  extensively  adopted 
by  the  Romans,  being  constructed 
with  great  magnificence  by  the  natives 
of  both  those  countries,  and  employed 


either  as  adjuncts  t< 
palatial  residences,  1 
ings  for  the  convei 
of  the  population,  i 


public  buiid- 
«  and  resort 
which  case  they 


became  places  of  general  rendezvous, 
furnished  with  seats  and  decorated  with 
objects  of  art  to  increase  their  splendour. 
(Cic.  ^j;.  iv.  16.  Id. 


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K 


gr 


portico  of  Octavia,  built  by 
with  the  temples  of  Jupiter 
within  its  precincts.     The 
^..1   entrance,   marked  by   the 
d    bl        w  of  dx  columns  (on  the 
gh    i      d  of  the  engraving},  which 
pp  rt    pediment  of  marble  like  the 
p     m       fa  temple,  is  still  in  exiat- 
b      much  embarrassed  by  sub- 
q  pairs  and  modern  buildings. 

C  1  d  s  of  the  same  character 
■w  i  frequently  annexed  to  the 
sid  f  loister  {pypta) ;  so  that  the 
CO  frequenting  them  could  re- 

tire to  a  more  sheltered  spot,  when- 
ever the  excess  of  beat  or  cold  induced 
them  ;  of  this,  an  example  is  ex- 
hibited under  the  word  Crvpta. 

2.  A  covered  gaUery  in  an  amphi- 
theatre (Calpuni.  Ed.  vii.  47. }  for 
the  occupation  of  the  poorest  classes ; 
situated  at  the  very  top  of  the  edilice, 
and  furnished  mith  a  row  of  columns 
in  front  to  support  its  roof,  as  shown 
by  the  woodcut  at  p.  29.,  which  ex- 
hibits a  restoration  d"  the  upper  gal- 
lery to  the  amphitheatre  at  Pola, 
from  the  traces  it  lias  left,  and  those 
of  the  Coliseum  at  Rome. 

3.  M.  long  wooden  s/ied  or  gallery 
covered  by  a  roof,  but  entirely  or 
partially  open  at  the  sides,  constructed 

in   the   annexed    example  from  the 


ship,  beat  the  time  to  keep  them  in 
stroke  (Emiitis  and  Laber.  ap.  Non. 
J-.  n.  p.  151.  Cato  <ip.  Fest  s.  ». 
Plaut  As.  iiL  1.  14.).  In  the  illus- 
tration, from  the  Vatican  Vii^,  it  is 
seen  in  the  right  hand  of  the  fig;ure 
sitting  in  the  stem  of  the  vessel 

POR'TITOR  {i\Mi^ii>,irri,s).  A 
aiilem-house  <0cer;  employed  by  the 
fablUam,  who  leased  the  porioriuta, 
or  duties  levied  upon  exports,  im- 
ports, and  tran^t  dues,  to  examine 
the  goods  of  merchants  and  travellers. 
As  the  duty  was  an  annoying  one, 
and  often  exercised  with  harshness 
and  incivility,  these  ofiicers  were  ex- 
tremely unpopular.  Cic,  Off.  i.  42. 
Non.  s.  V.  p.  24. 

POR'TULA(xuA,(f,^u'oirilAfl).  Di- 
minutive  of  Porta  ;  and  especially  a 
■wicliet  gate  opening  in  a  valve  of  the 
larger  one,  in  order  to  admit  passengers 
after  the  gates  had  been  shut  at  night 
Liv.  XXV.  9.    Compare  Polyb.  viii.  3. 


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PORTUS,  hpert  or  harbour  for 
the  shelter  and  reception  of  sluppii^  ; 
as  a  place  of  refuge  against  stress  nf 
weather  or  an  enemy  s  fleet,  as  well 
as  a  dock  for  the  lading  and  unlading 
of  merchandize.  The  term  likewise 
includes  a  natural  haven,  as  well  as 
an  artificial  basin,  formed  and  forti- 
fied bjr  human  ingenuity  and  labour. 
The  first  of  these  needs  no  explana- 
tion ;  but  the  latter  is  of  sufficient 
rtance  to  demaiui  some  account 
i  general  plan  and  manner  of 
ruction,  as  works  of  this  kind 
occupy  a  promineht  place  amongst 
those  labours  of  the  ancients  which 
were  dedicated  to  public  utility. 

Both  the  Greeks  and  Romans  ap- 
pear to  have  laid  out  their  ports  upon 
the  same  general  plan,  with  scarcely 
any  difference  in  Che  details,  as  testi- 
fied by  numerous  remains  still  to  be 
seen  in  both  countries.  They  con- 
sist  of  an  outer  basin  (Kipiit  of  the 
Greeks)  with  one  or  more  inner  ones 
(Greek  B/jjUos),  connected  by  a  water- 
way ;  and  are  mostly  situated  near 
the  mouth  of  a  river,  or  in  a  creek  of 
the  sea.  The  entrance  to  the  har- 
bour is  protected  by  a  breakwater  in 
advance  of  the  mole,  upon  which 
stood  a  light-house  and  towers  of  for- 
tification, and  chains  or  booms  were 
upon   emergency  drawn 


It  the  ii 


hostile  fleet.  The  mole 
slnicted  upon  arches  in  order  to 
coimteract  the  natural  tendency  of 
artificial  ports  to  fill  Iheraselyes  np 
by  a  deposit  of  sand  or  shingle,  a  suf- 
ficient calm  being  procured  inside  by 
means  of  flood-gates  hanging  from 
the  piers.  Moles  so  formed  may  be 
seen  at  Eleusis ;  are  represented  on 
Roman  medals,  in  Pompeian  paintings, 
and  the  Vatican  Vii^L  Within  the 
harbour  was  a  broad  way  or  quay 
supported  by  a  wall  of  masonry,  and 
backed  by  magazines  for  warehousing 
goods,  a  market  place,  fhe  harbour- 
master's residence,  and  a  temple, 
mostly  dedicated  to  Venus,  in  allusion 
to  the  element  from  which  thai  god- 


dess is  fabled  to  have  sprung.  Flights 
of  stairs  conducted  from  tlie  quay  to 
the  water's  edge  ;  and  columns  were 
placed  as  mooring  posts  at  regular 
intervals  all  round  the  port ;  or,  in. 
stead  of  them,  large  rings  (oiwn^) 
were  affixed  to  the  wall  of  the  quay, 
each  of  which  was  regularly  number- 
ed, so  that  every  vessel,  as  it  entered, 
was  compelled  to  take  up  its  proper 
slatioiu  The  whole  of  the  buildings 
were  furthermore  enclosed  by  an 
outer  wall  and  fortifications,  admitting 
ingress  from  the  land  side  through  a 
gate  strongly  defended,  like  the  en- 
trance to  a  fortress.  This  description 
will  be  readily  understood  by  an  in- 
spection of  the  following  illustration, 
which  exhibits  a  ground  plan  of  the 
port  of  Ostia,  at  the  mouth  of-  the 
Tiber,  from  a  minute  survey  taken 
by  the  Venetian  architect  Labacco  in 
the  l6th  centtuy,  when  the  remains 
were  not  so  much  dilapidated  as  they 
now  are,  nor  the  site  itself  so  com- 
pletely filled  up  with  mud  and  de- 
posits, which  now  conceal  such 
vestiges  as  were  then  apparent.  The 
outer  and .  larger  harbour  was  con- 
structed by  the  Emperor  Claudius  ; 
the  inner  and  smaller  basin  by 
Trajan,  a.  The  entrance  gate  from 
the  land  side,  flanked  by  fortified 
towers.  B>  A  temple,  c.  An  aque- 
duct which  supplied  fhe  port  with 
fresh  water.  D.  The  residence  of 
the  harbour-master,  in  a  situation 
which  commands  a  view  of  both 
ports.  E  F,  Two  bridges  over  a 
canal  which  communicates  both  with 
the  Tiber  and  the  sea,  through  the 
branch  river  on  the  top  of  the  plan. 
It  is  likewise  believed  that  the  water- 
way under  one,  or  perhaps  both,  of 
these  bridges  was  dosed  by  a  flood- 
gate. G.  A  largS  open  square  sur- 
rounded by  magazines,  and  probably 
serving  as  a  forum  or  market,  and 
place  of  rendezvous  for  the  mer- 
chants, and  captains  of  vessels,  &c 
H.  A  small  dodt,  also  surrounded  by 
storehouses,  which  from  the  nairowr 
ness  of  its  entrance,  and  its  position 


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523  PO-LA. 

upon  the  canal  leading  into  the 
branch  river,  appears  to  have  been 
intended  for  the  toasters  and  smaller 
tiading  vessels  of  the  country.  I.  A 
bteahwatei  against  the  entrance  to 
the  inner  harbour  K.  The  break- 
■n  ater  which  protected  the  mouth  of 
the  Ciaudian  port      Vestiges  of  the 


custom  houses  and  magazines  all 
round  the  quay  of  the  inner  port  and 
on  the  side  adjacent  to  the  branch 
river  are  indicated  upon  the  plan. 
Round  the  port  of  Claudius  only  a 
few  could  be  traced,  which  are 
marked  l~  ;  but  they  were  doi 
much  more  extensive  in  the  o 


The  dotted  line  on  the  ri^ht 
tide  if  the  engraving  shows  the  point 
to  «  hich  the  ■  sea  entended  when  the 
survey  wts  taken. 

POSCA  {o^iKparov).  An  ordinary 
drink  amongst  the  lower  classes  of 
the  Roman  people,  slaves,  and  soldiers 
on  semce ;  consisting  of  water  and 
sour  wine  or  vinegar,  with  eg^  beat 
up  1 1  It  Plant  iM  iii.  2.  23.  Suet, 
Fi/  13.     Spirt  J/ai!r.  10. 

POSTILENA  (iTToupfj).  Ac™/- 
pei  ox  iicecAiisg  !oi  riding  and  pack 
horses  made  of  leatl  e  o  of 
wood  bent  into  a  semi  drculai  foim 
(Plant  Cas  1  I  36 )  so  as  to 
i   the  hind   q  a  ters    of  the 


animil    round  which 
the       bact. 
pi!t  of  tl  e 
sad  lie  pad 

thus 


passed  iom 


•^trap  did  from  shiftmg  backn. 


The  illustration  is  copied  from,  the 
arch  of  Septimius  Severus. 

POSTIS  (•rapiand^,  Trae^is).  The 
jamb  of  a  door  case  ;  i.  s.  an  upright 
pillar,  or  a  post,  one  of  which  is 
placed  on  each  side  of  a  door-way, 
Testing  imon  the  sill  and  supporting 
ihe  hntel  overhead,  as  sliown  by  the 
annexed  Cut  representing  a  stone  door- 
case   now  remaining  in  one  of  the 


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POSTOMIS. 


using  it  for  the  door  itself  (Joris),  or 
one  of  its  val^jes,  or  for  the  style 
{scapus  cardinalis)  foimii^  the  pivot 
(cardo)  on  which  the  leaf  revolved. 

POST'OMIS.  An  mstruraent 
employed  for  the  same  purpose  as  the 
tviilch  is  by  our  grooms  and  farriers, 
to  hold  a  horse  by  the  nose,  in  order 
to  keep  him  perfectly  still  and  tract- 
able, whilst  being  handled,  or  dressed, 
or  submitted  to  any  nice  operation 
(Non,  s.  V.  p.  22).  It  was  made  with 
two  branches  ending  in  semicircular 
,  like  a  pair  of  pincers,  the 


cord  fastened  rounS  the  opposite  ex- 
tremity of  the  instrument.  A  con- 
trivance of  the  same  Idnd  is  used  at 
the  present  day  in  -some  parts  of 
England  for  leading  .bulls  aboat,  the 
pincers  being  found  to  .tame  their 
courage  most  completely  4  aind  in 
Tuscany,  for  draught  oxen,  in  the 
manner  exhibited  ;by  the  annexed 
illustration.  The  figure  on  the  left 
hand  represents  an  ancient  foslomis, 
from  a  bas-relief  discovered  in  the 
south  of  France,  on  which  two  vete- 
rinaries  are  exhibited  in  the  acts  of 
bleeding  and  clipping  horses;  the 
one  on  the  right  the  modem  instru- 
ment now  used  in  Italy;  and  the 
centre  part  shows  the  manner  in 
which  it  is  fastened  on  the  beast,  one 
of  the  round  ends  being  fixed  in  each 
nostril,   and  the   handle  turned  up 


PR^CINCTIO.  523 

against  tlie  forehead,  where  it  is  kept 
in  place  by  means  of  a  rope  fastened 

pincers  nip  whenever  it  Is  pnlled. 
The  illustration  will  also  explain  an 
allusion  of  Lucilius  {ap.  Non.  I.  c), 
who  characterizes  a  tippler  by  saying 
that  the  wine  cup  was  always  at  his 
nose,  which  he  therefore  likens  to  a 
fostomU. 

POSTSCE'NIUM,  That  part  of 
a  Roman  theatre  which  lies  behind 
the  scenes  i^scena\  to  which  the  actoi-s 
withdrew  from  the  stage  to  make  any 
change  in  their  costume,  or  perform 
such  .actions  as  required  to  be  con- 
cealed from  the  spectators.  Luciet, 
iv.  1 1 79.  See  the  ground-plan  j. 
Theatrum  Roman  um,  on  which  it 
is  marked  B  B. 

POSTSIGNA'NI.  The  soldiers 
drawn  up  in  the  second  and  third 
hues  of  a  battle  anuy  ;  that  is,  behind 
the  front  ranks  in  which  the  standards 
(  sgnd!j  were  placed,  Frontin.  Strat. 
11   3   17      Ammian.  xxiv.  6. 

POSTULATIC'II.  Gladiators 
exhibited  over  and  above  the  regular 
numbers  advertised  for  the  show,  in 
order  to  gratify  the  demands  {fostu- 
iati)  of  the  people.    Senec.  Bp.  vii. 

PR.^CEN'TOR.  The  leader  of 
Bxhoral  band.  Apuh  de  Mund.  p. 
.749- 
,  PR^'CIA,  A  crier  who  preceded 
the  Flantities  on  holy  days,  and  or- 
dered the  people  to  cease  from  work 
whilst  a  procession  passed,  lest  the 
sacred  rites  should  be  profaned  by 


PR^CINC'TIO  (S..ifa./.a).  A 
wide  landing  place,  or  lobMi,  in  the 
inla-ior  of  a  theatre  and  amphitheatre, 
running  all  round  the  drcle  of  the 
cavea  at  the  top  of  each  nuenianum,  or 
tier  of  seats  (Vltruv.  v,  3.  4,  Com- 
pare ii.  8.  II.}.  The  general  design 
of  these  lobbies  will  be  understood 


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524  FRMCLAVIVM. 

by  rderr  ng  to  the  plan  of  the  theatre 
-A  Heiculaieum  mt  cdui.i.-d  s  ThEA 

TEUM  ROMANLM     aptttlOl    ofwlldl 

IS  show  1   n  elevition  by  the  ■wood 


cut  annexed  which  contains  the  cor 
responiing  parts  of  thiee  pracmf 
hones,  "nieir  use  was  to  enable  the 
spectator  when  he  entered  the  theatre 
to  reach  his  own  seat  without  incom- 
moding those  who  had  arrived  before 
him.  If,  for  instance,  he  entered  by 
the  furthest  of  the  small  dtmrs  (vsmi- 
loria)  in  the  illustration,  whilst  the 
number  of  his  seat  happened  to  be  in 
the  compartment  [cavsa)  nearest  to 
the  leader,  he  walked  round  the  /?a- 
dnctio  until  he  reached  the  nearer 
flight  of  st^rs  (jfois),  which  lie  de- 
scended until  lie  came  to  the  row  of 
seats  (gmdits)  where  his  place  was 
numbered,  thus  having  to  pass  only 
those  few  persons  who  might  be  sitting 
between  the  staircase  and  the  stall 
belonging  to  him. 

PR^LA'VIUM.  That  portion 
of  a  piece  of  cloth  intended  to  be'de- 
corated  with  the  purple  stripe  {da- 
t)us\  which  was  woven  baore  or 
without  the  stripe  {Non.  j.  v.).  It 
was  made  of  white  wool,  and  when 
completed  the  coloured  threads  were 
taken  up,  and  woven  into  the  fabric, 
as  is  clear  from  a  passage  of  Aftanius 
{fip.  Non.  /.  c.\  -. — -mea  natrix,  surge, 
si  -T/is,  frofer,  purpuram,  pradaviiem 
Uxiumest. 

PR«'CO.  A  pcbSc  crier ;  em- 
ployed by  the  Romans  for  many  pur- 
poses— in     a     court     of    justice     to 


summon  the  phintift  and  defendant, 
announce  the  names  ot  the  parties, 
proclaim  the  sentence  &.C  ,  at  the 
conutia  to  call  up  the  < 
vote,   proclaim  t' 

tuiy,  and  the  natr 
of  the  persons  elei 


the   public 


nounce  the  bid- 
dings, &c, ;  at  the 
puMic  games,  where 
they  summoned  the 

and  procMmed  the  1 
names,  of  the  sue-  "" 
cessfiil  competitors ; 
assemblies,  where  they  were  em- 
ployed to  keep  silence  and  preserve 
order;  and  at  solemn  funerals  {fitnera 
iiidictii}a),  when  they  went  round  the 
city  inviting  the  people  to  attend,  of 
which  the  annexed  figure  aifords  an 
example,  from  a  Roman  bas-relief,  in 
which  he  is  represented  with  his  long 
trumpet  at  the  head  of  a  funferal  pro- 
cession ;  and,  finally,  as  a  town  crier, 
who  cried  lost  property  through  the 
district.     Plaut  Cic.  Liv.  Hor.  &c 

PR^FECTI.  Twelve  officers  in  , 
a  Roman  corps  d'armic  appointed  by 
the  consuls  to  take  the  command  of 
the  conhngent  of  troops  fitrmshed  by 
the  allies,  m  which  they  enjoyed  the 
same  rank  and  authonty  as  the  tn 
bum  m  the  Roman  legions  C'es 
B  G  \\\  •]     16  I  39     ball  5V  50 

2  When  used  with  reference  to 
the  armies,  of  foreign  nations  the 
Latin  writers  apply  the  term  in  a 
sense  which  we  might  translate, 
"generals  of  division,'  who  acted 
under  the  commander  in  chief  Ne- 
pos,  Ak  S    Id    4^1^   2 

3  Prmfcctus  eqtiUum  The  general 
who   commanded  the   cavalry  of  a 


corps  d^caynk 

4.  Prsfcctus  legion 
adopted  under  the  em; 
iia.te,  as  is  supposed  t 
viousl)    stjled    legitHs 


title 


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FRjEPECTI. 

legienis  prmposUus  ;  that  is,  who  had 
the  chief  command  over  one  lerion. 
inclnding  both  the  cayalry  and  in- 
fantry composing  it.  Tac.  Hist  L 
Sa.     Compare  Veg.  MiL  g. 

S-  Pt-afecius  castrorum.  An  c^cer 
appointed  to  every  Roman  legion, 
whose  duty  it  was  to  select  ihe  site 
for  a  camp,  procure  the  necessary 
materials  for  forming  it,  snperintend 
the  constrnction  of  its  defoaces,  and 
take  chaise  of  the  baggage  belonging 
to  his  legion,  the  sickand  wounded, 
the  commissariat  stores  and  military 
engines.  V^.  Mil.  ii.  lo.  Tac  Ann. 
xiv.  37.     Veil.  iL  119.  4. 

5.  Prafectu!  claish.  Daring  the 
republic,  an  officer  who  commanded 
a  fleet  in  active  service,  under  the 
tuispices  of  the  consuls,  by  whom  he 
was  appointed  (Liv.  xxvi.  48.  Flor. 
iii.  7.).  But  during  the  empire  the 
same  title  was  given  to  two  admirals 
in  permanent  employ,  and  appointed 
by  the  emperor,  one  of  whom  com- 
manded the  fleet  stationed  at  Ra- 
venna to  guard  the  Adriatic  coast ; 
the  other  at  Misenum  for  the  Medi- 
terranean side.  Suet.  Aug.  49.  Tac 
Hist,  iii  12.     Veg.  Mil.  iv.  32. 

7.  Prsfictus  navis.  The  captdn 
of  a  ship  of  war.  Liv.  xxs-vi.  44. 
Flor.  a.  s. 

8.  Pr^ectus  fabrttm.  In  the  army 
an  ofScer  who  directed  and  com- 
manded the  armourers,  caipenteis, 
and  engineers  who  eonstrucied  the 
militatj-  machines  employed  in  war- 
fare (Nep.  Att.  12.  Cecs.  B.  C.  i. 
24.  Veg.  ^^.  ii.  II.).  Inclvilhre, 
the  same  title  was  given  to  the  master 
of  a  company  of  smiths,  caipeolers, 
and  similar  trades  [fiibri).  Inscript 
af.  Orelh.  3428. 

9.  Prwfectia  protorio.  The  com- 
mander of  tlie  Praetorian  guards ;  an 
officer  fust  appointed  by  Augustas, 
and  only  employed  in  a  military 
capacity ;  but  subsequently  invested 
both  with  civil  and  military  authority 
to  a  very  great  extent,  so  that  he  be- 
came the  second  person  in  the  realm, 
and  possessed  powers  almost  as  ex- 


PR/EFICM.  525 

tensive  as  the  Emperor  himself.   Tac 

10.  Pri^eclits  vigilum.  The  com- 
mander of  the  watchmen  or  urban 
guard,  whose  duty  it  was  fo  protect 
flie  citizens  from  robbery,  house- 
breaking, fire,  &c.  Suet.  Aug.  30. 
Paul.  Big.  i.  15.  3. 

11.  Pmfectus  nrbis.  The  przefect 
or  governor  of  the  city ;  a  magistrate 
originally  appointed,  when  occasion 
required,  to  take  charee  of  Ihe  city 
in  the  absence  of  the  Icing  or  con- 
suls ;  but  he  became  a  permanent 
officer  with  a  cert£un  jurisdiction 
under  the  empire.  Suet  Aug.  33, 
37.     Tac.  Ann.  vl  10.  II. 

12.  Prafechis  ararii.  An  officer 
first  created  under  the  empire  as  the 
guardian  of  the  public  tieasury,  who 
performed  Ihe  duties  previously  en- 
trusted to  the  qusestors,  or  to  the 
tribuni  la-arii.  Tac  Ann,  xiiL  28. 
and  29.     Plin.  Ep.  v.  15.  5. 

13.  Fnefectus  annens.  An  officer 
appointed,  during  the  republican 
period  only  upon  extraoidinaiy  emer- 
gencies of  scardly,  to  regulate  the 
corn  market,  procure  supplies,  and 
fix  the  price  at  which  it  should  be 
sold ;  but  under  the  emperors  he 
became  a  permanent  officer,  elected 
for  similar  purposes,  and  ranked  as 
one  of  the  ordinary  magistrates.  Liv. 
iv.  12.   Tac.  Ann.  i  7.   lb.  xi.  31. 

PE^FERIC'ULUM.  A  melal 
vase,  without  any  handle,  and  widely 
open  above,  like  the/dftiw,  empioyed 
for  holding  Ihe  sacred  utensils  which 
were  carried  in  procession  at  certain 
rehgiotis  solemniues.     Festus,  i.  v. 

PR^'FIC*.  Women  hned  to 
act  as  mourners  in  the  funeial  pro- 
cessions of  wealthy  individuals.  (Lu- 
dl.  and  Varro  ap.  Non.  1.  v.  p.  67. 
Plaut.  Tivc.  iL  6.  14.)  They  pre- 
ceded the  corpse,  making  every  ex- 
ternal demonstration  of  poignant 
grief,  with  bare  heads  and  dishevelled 
hair,  weeping  aloud,  and  chanting  a 
funeral  dirge,  or  singing  the  praises 
of  the  deceased ;  as  exhibited  by  the 
annexed  figures  from  a  marble  sarco- 


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PRjEFUJiNIUM. 


I  is  still  observed  in  two 
districts  of  Italy,  at  Caiialo  and  at 
Agiiaia,  botli  in  the  diocese  of 
Gerace,  where  women,  termed  ripe- 
litiia,  that  IS,  tekearsers,  perform 
similar  offices  for  the  dead.  Ficoroni, 
VesSig.  Soiii.  part  IL  p.  77. 

PIUEFUR'NIUM:  The  mouth 
of  a  furnace  in  a  kiln  {famsx),  or  to 
the  heating  chamber  (hyfiocauiis)  of 
a  set  of  baths  ;  that  is,  the  narrow 
passag  "lU  y    pening  into  the 

li  m         iir      h  wh  ch  the  fuel  was 
od      d  R.R.  38.  1.   Vi. 


in   Northan  ptonsh   e     by   the   dark 
archway  at  the  botton    of  the  e 
graving    behmd  i  1    h   tl  e   c  rcular 
furnace  is  placed. 


PR^GUSTA'TOR  (irpoyEuffriii)- 
slave  commissioned  to  taste  the 
shes  at  tahle  before  they  were  pre- 
sented to  Ms  master  ;  to  discover  if 
they  were  properly  seasoned,    and, 
more     especially,    as     a    safeguard 
against    secret   poison.      The   office 
was  of  Oriental  or^n,  but  adopted 
by  the  Greeks  and  Romans  as  luxury 
increased  and  morals  declined.   Suet. 
Claud.  44.    Tac  Ann.  xii.  66.    PUn. 
B.  N.  xxi.  9,     Xen.  Cyr.  i.  3. 
PRELUM.     See  Prelum.  , 
PR^PILATUS  (with  the  ante- 
penult   short),    {tr^mpwT^s,   Impaipa' 
lilvos)  designates  a  weapon  for  thrust- 
ing, -which  has  its  point  mufHed  with 
a  button  or  baU  {pUa),  like  our  foils, 
to  prevent  it  irom  inflicting  wounds, 
whilst  the  soldiers  were  learning  their 


r  exhibiting 
Liv.  X 


51 


n  fights 
Hirt 


4/5-.-.72.      . 
£g.  viu.  to.     Polyb.  x  20 

2.  Prapilahis  (with  the  antepenult 
long),,  which  is  derived  from  jbilum, 
means  simply  dischai^ed  Ammian 
xxiv.  6.  10.     Compare  Jtvi   12   36 

PR^SETES,  -E'PIS,  -E'PIA, 
■E'PE,and-E'PIUM.  Literally,  any 
place  which  is  protected  in  front  by  a 
hedge  or  a  fence ;  whence  referred 
to  a  fien  for  sheep  (Varro,  H.  M.  ii. 
3.  19.);  aj/fl// for  cattle  (Cato,.ff..ff. 
14.  I . ) ;  a  stabU  for  horses  (Viig. 
j£«.  vii.,27S.);  and  the  wai^f^ in  a 
stall  or  stable  (Suet  CaL  55.  Coin- 
meir.  L  6.  6.),  for  which  the  technical 
name  is  Patena,  under  which  an 
illustration  is  given. 

PR^STIGIA'TOR  (flttupoTo- 
ironti).  One  who  practises  sleights  of 
hand ;  &ctm;iirer0J}«^ler.  Senec  Ep. 
45    Front,  de  Or.  Ep.  l'.  ed.  A.  Maio. 

PR.^STIGIATRIX.  A  female 
]  ^ier.     Plant.  Amph.  ii.  2.  159. 

PRjESUL.  Literally,  one  who 
J  mps  or  dances  before  others  (Cic. 
Dhi.  i  a6.),  whence  used  as  a  title  for 
the  chief  of  the  Salii,  who  danced 
annually  through  the  city,  exhibiting 
the  sacred  shields  {aKcilia)  to  the 
n  ultifude.  Cz.'^itol.  Marc.  Antenin.^ 


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FUMTEXTA. 

PR^TEXTA.     See  Toga. 

PR^TEXTA'TUS.  Wearing 
the  TCCA  Pr^tbxta,  as  eiplaned 
under  that  woid 

PRA,TOk(rrTpOT7|7lJj,IE!HtfA*KtUS 

Polyb  111  io6  )  A  pr^tor ,  the 
title  of  one  of  die  civil  magistrates 
of  Rume  who  ranked  next  to  the 
consul!  ,  first  cieated  A  U  C  3S8, 
to  administer  justice  m  the  city, 
under  the  pretence  that  the  constint 
wars  obhged  both  the  con'Juls  to 
absent  themsel^  es  at  the  head  of  an 
aimy,  but,  m  reality  to  recompense 
the  patiician  families  to  which  the 
pretorship  was  at  first  confined,  for 
the  Luncession  which  had  been 
toited  from  them,  of  sharing  the  1 
sulate  with  men  of  plebeian  exl 


PR^TOKIl/M. 


He  1 


i  the  t 


had  iJie  privilege  of  a  sella  ciiruli!, 
and  was  attended  by  six  lictors.  At 
first  only  one  prretor  was  appointed, 
but  the  number  was  subsequently 
increased  to  four  by  Sulla,  eight  by 
Julius,  and  to  sixteen  by  Augustus 

3.  (ffTjjimryrfj).  As  the  word  in 
its  literal  sense  means  simply  a  person 
who  takes  the  precedence  of  others, 
it  was  at  first  employed  in  a  more 
general  sense  to  designate  a  person 
who  acted  as  chie^  or  had  a  command 
ewer  subordinates ;  thus,  in  early 
times,  the  military  consol  was  styled 
pralor  (Liv.  iii.  55.  vii.  3.);  and  the 
same  title  was  also  frequently  used  to 
disdnguish  the  commander  or  general- 
"n-cMef  of   a  foreign   army.      Cic. 


be  declared  with  posi 
yet  there  are  good  grounds  for 
heving  that  the  an- 
nexed figure    from 
the  column  of  Tra- 


equipped 

commonly  seen  on 

the    columns    and 

trinmplial  arches  in 

immolate   attend- 
on  the  emperor's 

forming  parties  sent  out  t 

the  country  and  movements  of  the 
enemy,  which  was  one  of  the  duties 
appertaining  to  these  guards,  as  may 
be  inferred  irom  Suetonius  {TH.  60.); 
and  they  are  never  represented  as 
performing  any  of  the  ordinary 
labours  of  the  legionary  soldiers, 
such  as  dig^ng  trenches,  felling  tim- 
ber, making  fortifications,  &c 

2.  Equiks pr(stormttt.  The  cavalry 
which  formed  part  of  the  pr^orian 
guard,  (Suet.  Ca/.  45.  Id.  Clcaid. 
21.)     The  illustration  is  copied  from 


Div.  i 


54- 


l',33- 


PR.^TORIA'NI.  Thepr^orian 
guards,  a  standing  body  of  troojKi 
created  by  Augustus  as  a  body- 
guard, in  imitation  of  the  more  an- 
cient prffitorian  cohort  (cohors  prs- 
loria),  and  continued  under  th(  " " 
ceeding  emperors  until  the  tii 
Constantine,  by  whom  they 
suppressed,  and  their  stationary  camp 
at  Rome  broken  up.  (Tac  jiht.  ii. 
44.  Plin.  H.  N.  VI.  35.  Aurel.  Vict. 
Get.  40. }  Although  the  arm 
nents  of  these  troops  i 


tlie  column  of  Trajan  ;  and  it  will  be 
observed  that  the  character  of  the 
body  armour  as  well  as  the  form  and 
device  of  the  ^idd,  resembles  in 
every  respect  those  of  the  preceding 
figure,  thus  constituting;  an  additionEU 
ground  for  the  belief  that  both  these 
men  were  intended  for  prtelorians. 
PR^TO'RIUM   (DTpaTij7.W). 


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gaS  PRANDiuM. 

The  tent  of  the  general-in-chief  or 
commander  of  an  army  (see  the 
wood  cat  p.  126,  where  it  is  numbered 
r  ) ,  so  termed  because  the  consul 
who  hid  the  chief  command  was  in 
early  days  styled /r<s/iw-.  Liv.  x.  33. 
Id   Til    12. 

3  The  residence  of  the  governor 
of  aprovince,  at  which  he  admmistered 
justice  (Cic.  Verr.  ii.  4.  28.  lb.  ii.  3. 
35  ) ,  whence  transferred  to  the  pa- 
lace of  any  king  or  prince.  Juv.  X.  l6l. 

3  Latterly  the  same  designation 
was  also  given  to  the  splendid  country 
villas  of  the  noble  and  wealthy  Ro- 
mans, which  were  built  with  so  much 
espense  and  luxury  under  the  im- 
perial period.  Suet.  Aug.  72.  Id. 
Tib  39      Slat.  Sylv.  L  3.  25. 

PRAN'DIUM  (fipiffTo^).  A  meal 
taken  about  the  middle  of  the  day 
(Suet  Claud.  34. ),  between  the  hours 
of  breakfast  [jentaculam)  and  dinner 
[cceiia),  (Suet.  Vit.  13.),  which  we 
mrgbt  translate  a  luacheon,  or  an  early 
dinner,  according  to  the  nature  and 
quantity  of  food  set  oat  for  the  pur- 
pose ,  for  it  was  sometimes  a  very 
slight  and  simple  meal,  intended 
merely  to  stay  the  stomach  from  long 
fasting  (Hor.  Sat.  i.  6.  27.),  consist- 
ing of  oread  and  cheese,  without  meat 
or  wine,  and  not  served  upon  a  table 
regularly  set  out  (Celsus,  L  3.  Senec. 
Ep.  83.  Mart.  jtiiL  3a)!  but  persons 
fond  of  indulging  their  appetites  used 
to  set  out  a  regmar  meal  <rf  delicacies 
(Cic.  FkU.  ii.  39.},  like  oar  hot  lun- 
^fisoHs,  and  even  take  their  wine  after 
it.    Plaut  Men.  I.  2.  61.  Mart.  iv.  90. 

PRASINIA'NI.  Persons  who 
backed  the  green  party  (factis  irasina) 
at  the  races  of  the  Circus  (Pet.  Sat. 
70.  Ip.  Capitol.  Ver.  6.  The  drivers 
in  the  Circensian  games  were  divided 
into  four  parties,  each  of  which  was 
distingnished  by  a  tunic  of  different 
colours,  white,  red,  green,  and  blue, 
termed  respectively  alba,  rusmta, 
prasiiia,  vmeta,  after  which  their 
supporters  and  backers  received  a 
corresponding  name. 

PRAS'!NU.S.     A  driver  [auriga) 


PRECA  no. 

the  Circensian  races,  who  wore  a 
green- coloured  tunic,  and  belonged 
to  the  green  party,  as  explained  in 
the  last  word  Suet.  Cal.  55.  Id. 
Nero,  22, 

PRECA'TIO.  A  praying,  or 
offering  of  prayers   {6reces),^tfj   ihe 


divimtTes  more  especiaJly     (Doederl. 
Liv     xxiL    5        Compare 
43    where  a  distinction  be- 


tween   aioiatw    ptecatw    and    ,  , 

itio  IS  pointedly  made  The 
_..itude  of  player  -vdopted  by  the 
Greeks  and  early   Romans  v--   — 


wide  open  (panders  palpias,  Lucret. 
V,  1 199. ),  as  exhibited  by  the  pre- 
ceding figure,  representing  Anchises 
in  the  Vatican  Virgil.  But  after  the 
introduction  of  Christianity,  and  in 
general  during 
the  imperial  pe- 

instead  of  being  % 
brought  together, 

wide  apart  in 
the  attitude  of 
pmyer,  though 
the  posture  still 
continued  to  be 

shown  by  the 
annexed  figure,  from  a  painting  in  a 
Christian  sepulchre  near  Rome.  The 
same  posture  is  exhibited  on  nume- 
rous Imperial  medals  with  the  in- 
scription PlETAS  upon  them,  and  by 
a  statue  of  Livia  in  the  Vatican  col- 
lection.    Mus.  Pio-Cleni.  ii.  47. 


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PRE'LUM.  The  press-beam  for 
squeezing  tie  juice  out  of  gtapes  ot 
olives  (VitruY.  vi.  9.  3.  Serv.  a^Virg. 
Ceorg.  ii.  241.  Hor.  Carm.  i  20.  9.) ; 
whence  also  put  for  the  machine  or 
press  itself  (TORCULAE);  under 
'  which  term  the  nature  and  acdon  of 
the  object  is  fiJly  explained  and 
illustrated. 

2.  The  press-beam  in  a  press  for 
clothes,  linen,  or  paper  (Mact.  ii.  46. 
3.  Plin.  H,  N.  xiii.  23.),  as  exem- 
plified by  the  following  wood-cut. 

PRESSO'RIUM.  A  clatha-p-ess 
{Ammian.  xxviii.  4.  19.  schith  pres- 
soriis  vestei  dUiggnitr  exflorat.  Com- 
pare Senec,  Tranquill.  I.).  The  ex- 
ample, from  a  paint-     r-,    1    I ta, 

ing  in    the  fullers'   ^^  ' 

establishment        at 

Pompeii,  exhibits  a 

machine      precisely 

the  same  as   those 

now  employed   for 

similar       purposes, 

worked  by  a  screw  {cochlea)   acting 

upon  a  press-beam  (prdum),   which 

flattens  down  the  folds  of  cloth  laid 

under  it,   and  against  the  board  on 

which  they  are  placed. 

PRIMIPILA'RIS,  The  title  re- 
tained as  an  honorary  distinction  by 
an  officer  who  had  enjoyed  tire  rank 
of  chief  centurion  of  the  first  maniple 
of  the  triarii,  after  he  had  received 
his  i^charge.  Quint,  vi.  3.  92.  Suet. 
Cal.  35.  and  38. 

PRIMIPILA'RIUS.  Same  as 
preceding.      Senec.  Const.  Sap.  iS. 

PRimPI'LUS.  The  first  cen- 
turion  of  the  first  maniple  of  the 
iriarii.  He  was  entrusted  with  the 
charge  of  the  eagle,  had  the  right  of 
attending  the  council  of  general  offi- 
cers, and  took  a  command  in  the 
field  in  the  absence  of  the  tribune. 
Veg.  MU.  ii.  8.  Css.  S.  G.  ii.  25. 
Val.  Max.  i.  6.  11. 

PRIN'CIPES.  A  body  of  heavy- 
armed  infantry  soldiers,  who  formed 
the  second  of  the  three  classes  into 
which  the  Roman  legion  was  origi- 
nsdly  divided.     It  is  supposed,  from 


earliest  times  Uttpiriiicipes-wert  placed 
in  the  first  line  of  the  battle  array ; 
but  subsequently  Xhsy  were  drawn  up 
in  the  second  line,  between  the  has- 
tati  and  the  triarii,  and  they  con- 
tinued to  occupy  this  position  raitil 
the  latter  end  of  the  republic,  when 
the  custom  was  introduced  of  arraying 
the  army  by  cohorts,  which  did  away 
with  tlie  primitive  distinctions  be- 
tween the  hastati,  pnncipei,  and 
triarii,  and  reduced  them  all  to  uni- 
formity in  rank  and  accoutrements. 
Liv.  viii.  8.  Compare  HASTATl'and 
the  ilinstiation  there  given. 

PRINCIP1A  (plural  of  Pfin- 
cipiam).  The  h^  quarters  in  a 
Roman  camp ;  comprising  tbat  por- 
tion of  it  where  the  tents  of  the 
general  officers  were  situated,  and 
flie  space  in  front  of  them  where  the 
iegionaiy  standards  were  erected, 
harangues  addressed  to  the  soldiery, 
justice  administered,  and  the  sacrifice 
performed.  Liv.  vii.  12.  Id.  xxviii. 
24.   Tac.  Hist.  iii.  13.  and  woodcut  s. 

P  R I  S  T  A  (irpim^p).  A  safiliver 
(Pliti.  ff.  M.  xxxiv.  19.  §  3)- 


of  Etruscan  or  primitive  Italian 
workmanship  ;  which  shows  the  use 
of  a  frame  saw,  and  a  simple  meth  od 
of  supporting  the  timber  to  be  cut  by 
means  of  a  stand  and  prop,  without  a 
regular  saw  pit. 
PRISTIS.     See  Pistrix. 


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530  PROCCETON. 

PROCCE'TON  (irpoKoiTd;'),  All 
ante-chamber  (Plin.  Ep,  ii.  17.  10  and 
23.);  a  convenience  adopted  by  the 
Romans,  together  with  its  name,  from 
the  oostoms  and  language  of  Greece. 
Varro,  R.  R.  ii.  Prottn. 

PROCURATOR.  In  a  literal 
sense,  one  who  acts  as  a  proxy  or 
agent  on  behalf  of  another  ;  whence 
ihe  term  was  used  as  a  title  for 
the  head  man  or  superintendent  of 
a   Roman  household,  both  in  town 


management  of  his  master's  property 
and  dependants,  thus  acting  in  the 
capacity  of  our  steward  or  maiire 
dhStel  in  town,  and  bailifE  or  ^ent 
in  the  country.  Senec.  £p.  i*.  Co- 
lumell.  i.  6.  7.  Plin.  Ep.  iii.  19.  a. 
Cic.  Or.  i.  38.     Id.  All.  xiv..  16, 

2.  Procurator  petti.  Plaut.  Pseud.. 
ii.  2.  14.     Same  as  Cellarius  and 

PHOMUS. 

3.  Procurator  regni.  A  vkeroy,  or 
deputy  governor.    Cses.  B.  C  iii.  1 1  z. 

4.  An  officer  who  administered  the 
property  and  collected  the  dues  from 
any  estates  in  town,  or  in  the  pro- 
vinces belonging  to  the  emperors  or 
to  the  senate  (Suet.  Cal.  47.  Plin. 
Paneg.  36.).  These  persons  were 
not  slaves,  but  selected  from  flie 
equestrians  (Suet.  Vit.  l.)>  o^  ffo™ 
the  class  of  freedmen.     Id.  Oiho,  7.. 

PROJECTUTiA  (7(?ffo-o^).  The 
heaver  ai  a  helmet,  so  termed  because 
it  projects  like  the  eaves  of  a 


PRONUBA. 

60. ),  but  without  mentioning 
his  authority ;  the  Greek  one  is  given, 
by  Pollux  (i.  135.). 

PROMPTUA'RTUM.      A  store- 

loset,  or  store-room.     Cato,  R.  R. 

,i.  3.     Apul.  Met.  i.  p.  17. 

PROMULSIDIA'R^or-A'RIUM. 

A  tray,  stand,  or  other  contrivance 

for  holding  the  dishes  and  vessels 

upon  which  the  promulsis  was  served 

Pet   Sat.   31.    9.    where   the 

cle  is  made   in   the  form   of  an 

with  a  pair  of  panniers 

Dig.  34.  2.  20. 

PROMUL'SIS.  Thena- 
to  every  sort  of  eatable  ta 
stimulant  to  the  appetite  before  dinner, 
such  as  ^gs,  oysters,  radishes,  &c. 
Cic.  FatfCix.  20, 

PROM  US.       A    ce!larman    and 
!tgward ;  3.  slave  who  had  cliarge  of 


tl 


f    th      f 


Ulp. 


the  V 


Roman  household,  and  whose  duty  it 
was  to  serve  out  day  by  day  the  ne- 
cessary quantities  of  each  required 
for  the  use  of  the  family ;  hence  the 
word  is  often  joined  with  condus,  tlie 
steward,  because  the  same  individual 
commonly  performed  both  offices. 
Plant,  Psead.  ii.  2,  14, 

PRDNAOIS  or  -OS  (irpif^s).  A 
porch,  or,  as  we  call  it,  portico,  in 
front  of  a  temple  (Vitruv.  iii.  2.  8. 
Id.  iv.  4.  r.) ;  forming  an  open  space 
surrounded  with  columns  and  Sur- 
mounted by  a  pediment  {/astigium)  in 
advance  of  the  main  body  Icella)  of 
the  building,  imder  wMch  the  altar 
la  pi      1      ds.fi      perf   med 


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had  not  been  more  than  once  married, 
who  attended  a  bride  on  the  day  of 
her  wedding,  in  a  somewhat  similar, 
thotigh  not  tiie  same,  capacity  as  the 
bridesmaid  does  amongst  us.  It  was 
her  especial  duty  to  conduct  the 
bride,  alter  the  marriage-feast,  to  the 
lectas  genialis,  and  to  give  her  en- 
cmiragement  and  instructions  respect- 


ing the  new  duties  and  condition  of 
life  she  had  just  entered  upon(Feslus, 
s..  V.  Vano,  ap  Sen  ad  Vug.  jSii, 
iv.  i66.  Compare  Catull.  Ixi.,  i86.. 
and  Stat.  Syhi.  i..  a.  ii.) ;  as  is 
graphically  ^wn  in  the  illustration, 
from  the   celebrated  Roman  fresco, 

E reserved  in  the  Vatican,  and  known 
y  the  name  of  the  "  Aldobrandini 
marriage."  The  bride  is  the  rightr 
hand  figure,  still  enveloped  in,  lier 
bridal  veil  (flammeuni) ;  the  proiatba, 
the  one  on  the  left  with  a  chaplet 
round  her  head,  and  in  an  attitude  of 
persuasion  or  encouragement ;  both 
are  sitting  upon  (he  marriage  bed. 
PRO'PES.      The  lower  end  of  the 


"  sheet  "(;tet),  attached  to  the  clues  of 

a  square  sail ;   viz.  that  which  was  naada.     Hor.  Epod.   I.  2.      Sc 

fastened  down  to  the  quarters  of  the  Vet.  ad  l.  Plin.  H.  N.  xxxij.  i. 

vessel,    in    order   to   keep  the  sail  PRORA  (ir/i^pa).     The  prov. 


PROKA.  531 

stretched  to  the  wind,  as  shown  by 
the  annexed  woodcut  from  a  coin  of 
Lepidus.  Turpil.  ap.  Isidor.  xix,  4, 
3.     Compare  Herod,  ii.  36. 

PROPLAS'MA  (irpAtAatr/ui).  A 
small  rough  model  in  clay  or  terra 
cotta,  which  sculptors  form  in  order 
to  embody  their  first  thoughts  in  a 
rapid  fmd  sketchy  manner.  It  serves 
to  show  them,  the  composition  of  their 
figures,  the  arrangement,  grouping, 
and  position,  of  the  limt>s  and  acces- 
sories, in  the  different  points  of  view 
all  round ;  and  thus  \a,  regulate  the 
form  of  the  frame  upon  which  the 
full-sized  model  of  the  finisted  work 
is  to  be  executed  from  nature.  Plin. 
H.  M  XXX.V.  43:     Ci<L.Atl.  xii.  41. 

PROPNIGE'UM  (fpori'.ytlov). 
The  mouth  of  a  furnace  (lyiyfis); 
properly  a  Greek  term,  for  which  the 
Latm  one  is  PR.^FiTK.NruM.  Plm. 
£p.  ii.  17.  II.     Vitruv.  v.  II.  2. 

PROFUGNA-'CULUM.  In  a 
general  sense  is  applied  fo  any  struc- 
ture on  land  from  which  men  fight 
for  the  purposes  of  defence,  as  a  for- 
tress, rampart,  barricade,  &c ;  and 
on  shipboard,  to  the  lofty  towers 
ndsed  above  die  deck,,  into  which  the 
marines  (cl/issiatii]  ascended  to  dls- 
chai^  their  missiles,  and  which  gave 
to  the  vessel  an  appearance  very  like 
that  of  a  fortress,  as  exhibited  by  the 
annexed  fragment,  from  a  bas-relief 
of  the  villa  Albani,  which  affords  a 
graphic  illustration  of  the  words  of 
■        '■  ■       propug- 


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532 

foiepart  of  a  sliip  (Css  Cic  Vjrg 
Ovid,  S.C  )  Almost  all  the  repre 
seiitations  of  ancient  vessels,  whether 
in  sculpture,  painting,  or  mosaic,  are 
evtreinely  deficient  in  characteristic 
details,  the  artists  confining  themselves 
to  the  expression  <rf  certain  con 
ventioiial  generalities,  rather  than 
attempting  a  fiithful  delineation  bj 
which  the  constructive  pnnciple  would 
he  undeistood ,  so  much  so  that 
wheie  only  fragments  lemain,  as  in 
Iht  preceding  illustration,  disputes 
hive  ansen  lespectmf  the  identity  of 
the  part,  whethei  it  was  intended  for 
the  head  mp 

nexcd,  fi  pai     r^  p 


Naples  affords  however,  a  specimen, 
perhaps  unique  of  the  prow  of  an 
ancient  vetsel  which  is  clear  and 
precise  in  its  delaJs,  as  well  as  prac- 
ticable m  the  eyes  of  experienced 
seamen  (Jal  Aichhlogie  Mmale,  lorn. 
1  p  34  )  a  id  resembles  in  a  very 
remaikable  degree  a  vessel  now  em- 
ployed by  the  Calabrese,  and  often 
icen  in  the  port  of  Naples,  called  a 
ehebek  (Italian  sciaB^^o). 

PRORETA   (irp^parj,!).     A  man 
mho  stood  upon  the  forecastle  at  the 


PR  OS  TO  MIS. 

how  to  steer,  as  in  the  annexed  illus- 
tration from  a  medaL  He  was  second 
in  command  to  the  ^hsnmtor,  and 
had  every  thing  belonging  to  the 
ship's  gear  under  his  care  and  orders. 
Plant,  Riid.  iv,  3.  86.  Rutil.  Mn. 
I.  455.    Sch:e£fer,  MU.  Nov.  iv.  6. 

PRO'REUS  (irp^pcii)-  Same  as 
the  preceding.     Ov.  Met.  iii.  634. 

PROSCE'NIUM  (»piwK^ww'). 
The  sti^  of  an  ancient  theatre,  in- 
dudmg  the  whole  space  of  the  ele- 
vated platfocro,  bounded  by  the  per- 
manent wall  of  the  scena  at  the  back, 
and  by  the  orchestra  in  front  (Vitruv. 
Apil     " 


This  stage,  or  part  before  the  scenes, 
did  not,  however,  extend  backwards, 
either  in  a  Greek  or  Roman  theatre, 
fo  nearly  so  great  a  depth  as  the 
stage  of  a  modern  playhouse,  because 
the  number  of  chMacters  in  the 
ancient  drama  were  mnch  fewer  than 
we  are  accustomed  to  introduce,  and 
the  chorus  of  the  Greeks  performed 
al!  their  evolutions  in  the  orchestra, 
while  the  Romans  did  not  exhibit 
any  chorus  at  alL  The  Illustration 
presents  a  view  of  the  froscemutii 
in  the  great  theatre  at  Pompei, 
taken  from  the  centre  of  the  first 
lobby  {preecinctiif),  and  shows  a  large 
part  of  the  orchestra,  with  the  s£^;e 
beyond,  then  the  wall  of  the  scene 
with  its  three  entrances,  and  the 
boundary  wail  of  the /oJ&rajj/aiw,  in  a 
halftintattheback. 

PROSTOMIS.     The  reading  of 
some  editions  for  POSTOMIS ;  which 


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PROSTYLOS. 

PROSTV'LOS  (irp^D-TfAos).  A 
temple  or  other  building,  which  has 
a  porch  suppc -'-^ 
upon  columns  in 
front,  as  shown  by 
the  annexed  ground 
plan,  and  the  Ulus- 
tratioa  to  Pronaos, 
where  a  similar  stra< 
ture  is  exMbited  i 
elevation.  Vitruv. 

PROS'TYPUM  (irp^dTv«»p, 
Callix.  df.  Athen.  v.  30.).  The 
reading  :ulopted  in  sonie  editions  of 
Pliny  {H.  m  hxxt.  43.)  instead  of 
proiypmn,  and  intrapreted  to  mean 
images  in  Iffoi  rdief  (basso-rilievo),  as 
contradistinguished  from  such  as  are 
executed  in  nigh  relief  (alto-ri!ievo). 

PROSU'MIA.  A  small  sea-going 
craft,  employed  as  a  spy  ship,  to  keep 
a  look  out  and  watch  the  motions  of 
an  enemy's  fleet ;  bnt  beyond  this,  its 
characteristic  pecuharities  are  not  as- 
certained. Festus,  s.  11.  Csedl.  ap. 
Non.  s.  -B.  p.  536. 

PROTH'VRUM    (giiiflupoy).      An 


PSALTER  I UM. 


533 


^_ ^1 

Ll'i 

4-  - 

'      " 

.s^— - 

^ 

al  1    use    tla 


is,  a  small  corridor  situated  between 
the  street  door  [Janua],  which  was 
probably  always  kept  open  in  the  day- 
time, as  is  stQl  the  practice  of  modern 
Italy,  and  the  house  door  {ostium), 
which  gave  itnmediate  access  to  the 
atrium,  and  interior  of  the  house. 
The  Greek  name  defines  it  more 
accurately  as  the  passage  through  (Sii.) 
or  part  between  the  doors ;  and  their 
upSevpai',  or  place  iie/i>re  the  door, 
corresponds  with  the  Roman  ew- 
tid«l!im  (Vitruv.  vL  ■}.  $.).  The 
woodcut  represents  an  entrance-pas- 
sage to  one  of  the  houses  at  Pompeii, 
with  the  ceiling  and  doors  restored 
to  give  a  more  complete  notion  of 
the  locality ;  the  columns  seen  through, 
the  furthest  door,  one  leaf  of  which  is 
represented  as  closed,  are  those  of  the 

PR'oT'YPUM  (irpiSri-irw).  A 
niadel  after  which  anything  is  formed, 
corresponding  with  our  prototype. 
In  a  passage  of  Pliny  {H.  N.  xxxv. 
43.),  the  term  is  used  to  designate 
reliefs  in  terra  cotta  employed  as 
antefixes  {anlefixa)  for  decorating 
buildings,  and  which  could  be  multi- 
plied to  any  extent,  by  makiiig  a 
moald  {fmna)  upon  them,  and  taking 
casts  (eetypa)  from  it ;  but  the  reading 
of  die  passage  is  not  altogether  cer- 
tain, and  some  editors  adopt  ProS- 

PROVOCATCEES,  A  class  of 
gladiators  respecting  whom  nothing 
definite  is  known,  excepting  that  they 
usually  engaged  with  the  iiiOT«;fer,  Cic. 
Sat.  64.    Inscript.  ap.  Orelli,  2566. 

psalte'rium  (i^oatV'O").   a 

psaltery,  that  is,  a  Stringed  instrument 
(Varro,  afi.  Non.  s.  Nervi,  p.  215.' 
Virg.  Oris,  179.),  of  mixed  cha- 
racter, between  the  cithara  and  the 
harpa,  to  both  of  which  it  possessed 
certain  points  of  affinity— to  the 
former  in  having  a  hollow  sonndine 
belly  foimed  of  wood,  over  whicJi 
the  chords  were  stretched,  but 
which,  instead  of  being  held  down- 
wards in  the  act  of  playing,  as  was 
usual  with  the  cithara-  (see  the  wood- 


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FSALTERIUM. 


shoulder,  so  as  to  constitute  the  top 
rather  than  the  bottom  of  the  instru- 
ment (Isidor.  Orig.  iii.  21.  7.     Cas- 


oiod.  in  Psalm.  150.  August,  in  Psalm. 
56,] ;  and  to  the  latter,  in  having  a 
bent  frame  which  kept  the  strings 
extended  from  its  centre,  so  that  the 
figure  presented  by  the  three  parts, 
the  strings,  belly,  and  tnink,  approxi- 
mated to  the   form   of   a   bow,   if 


n  the  ergravJng  ;  ot  of  a  triangle,  if 
the  juncture  'was  an  angukr  one,  as 
is  the  case  with  an  origimd  specimen 
of  the  same  instrument,  now  reserved 
in  the  Paris  collection  of  Egyptian 
antiquities.  This  account,  collected 
from  the  different  passages  quoted 
above,  with  the  assistance  of  the 
figures  in  the  illustration,  seems  to 
leave  no  doubt  respecting  (he  identi^- 
of  the  instrument.  The  lower  wood- 
cut represents  an  original  in  the 
B  'fsh  Museum  the  belly  <jf  vh  c 
IS  covered  v  tl  leather  stra  ned  ove 
t  and  perfora  ed  v  th  holes  to  lUon 
he  sounds  to  escape  the  cppe  o  e 
f  oni  a  pa  t  ng  at  'Diebes  ej.einpl  ties 
the  method  of  hold    g  and  piaj    g 


2 

V-aA 

r  V' 

The     ir 

pa 

•rv 

ment  oned 

hy     Ahena 

a    dffe 

iut         nm 

vas  proba 

328 

St  ongly 

rese   lies 

PSE  UDISODOMUM. 

placed  in  an  upright  instead  of  a  hori- 
zontal position. 

rSALTES  (if-ijATu!)  One  who 
plaj  b,  upon  1  stringed  mstrument  as 
a  general  term  Q  mt  1  10  ib 
Sidon   Ep  viu  9 

PSALTRIA  (^ix-rpia)  In  a 
general  sense  a  female  who  plays 
upon  -iny  stringed  instrument  as  in 
the  annexed  figure  from  a.  fresco  ex 
cavated  at  Civita,  in  the  year  1755 
representmg  the  Mi  se  Erato  which 
in  the  ongmal  has  the  word  ifttArpio 
inscribed  underneath,  bat  the  term 
is  frequently  used  in  a  more  ijpecnl 
sei  e  todist  nguishadassof  W( 
not  remarkable  for  ngid  vi  ' 
made  a  profession  -m 
Greel  s  of  gomg  about  ti 
sing  at  banquets  for 
the  amusement  of  the 
guesti  lepre'Jentahons 
of  whom  are  frequently 
introduced  m  the  de 
signs  on  the  Greek 
vases  in  which  levels 
and  drmking   parties 


The 


duced  It  Rome,  after 
the  conq  est  of  An 
tiochus    by  the  army   jt 
which  had  served  1 
Asia      Liv  xxxiK 
Juv  Sat  VL  337 

PSEUDISOD  OMUM     (if  tuSio-i! 
Soimf)      One  of  the  earlier  and  less 


(   6      Cic   Sext  54 


perfect  styles  of  mawmry  m  use 
amongst  the  Tre  k  m  vh  ch  the 
s  one     h    gh  a  d  n  regi  lar  courses 


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PTEROMA. 


height ;  consequenfly,  though  all  the 
courses  were  pacallei,  and  every  stone 
in  the  same  course  of  one  height, 
yet  the  respective  dimensions  of  each 
course  differed  from  the  others, 
which  produced  the  effect  of  fidse 
equality  indicated  by  the  term.  (Vi- 
trav.  ii.  8.  6.  Plin,  H.  N.  Ksxvi.  51. 
and  compare  Isocomum.}  The  illus- 
tration represents  one  of  the  entrances 
into  the  ancient  citadel  of  Mycence, 
and  consequently  affords  a  very  early 
instance  of  the  style, 

PSEUDODIP'TEROS  (i^mJoBI- 
jTTf pos).  Fseudadifteral ;  a  term  em- 
ployed to  designate  an  edifice  which 
presents  the  appearance  of  having  a 
double  colonnade  round  it,  though  in 
reality  it  is  only  a  single  one,  which 
[Jossesses  the  same  projection  from 
the  walls  of  the  cell  as  the  dipteral 


,  but  the  inner  row  of  co- 
lumns is  dispensed  with.  (Vitruv. 
iii.  a.)  The  colonnade  is  thus  twice 
as  wide  as  that  which  is  termed 
simply  ptriptenU ;  and  of  the  same 
width  as  the  dipteral,  thus  combining 
increased  accommodation  with  less 
cost.  Compare  the  woodcuts  s.  DlP- 
TEROS  and  Peripteros  with  the  pre- 
sent one,  which  will  make  the  dis- 
tinction self-evident. 

PSEUDOPERIPTEROS  (>^E^e- 
irspfuTtpoj).  Ps€adopfripteral ;  ateriu 
employed  to  designate  an  edifice 
that  appears  to  have  a  colonnade  all 
round,  which,  in  reilit\,  it  does 
'     walls  of  the  lell  ti 


535 

the  isolated  ones  of  the  porch.  (Vi- 
lli, z.)  By  such  an  arrange- 
more  room  was  afforded  for  flie 
ior,  as  is  clearly  shown  by  the 
iple,  representing  the  ground- 
plan  of  the  temple  of  Fortana  Virilu 
at  Rome,  while  the  distribution  of 
the  columns  on  the  flanks  suggests 
lotion  of  a  colonnade,  as  may  be 
by  the  illustration  s.  Pkonaos, 
which  exhibits  a  design  of  the  same 


itylei 


:  elevati 


PSEUDOTH'YRUM  (i^™!<(fla/iD>'). 
A  felse  or  rather  secret  door,  for  the 
purpose  of  giving  ingress  and  egress 
to  the  premises,  wi&out  being  sub- 
jected to  observation.  Aminian.  xiv. 
I.     Compare  Cic.  Sen.  6.     Id.  Vcrr, 

'  PSEUDOURBATSIA  so.  ndijkia. 
Those  parts  of  a  farmhouse  or  country 
villa  which  were  appropriated  to  llie 
use  of  the  owner  and  his  family,  i.  e. 
the  mansion  itself,  apart  from  the 
farro-buildings  and  the  tenements 
occupied  by  the  farming-men  {,/ainilia 
ruslica)  (Vitruv.  vi.  5.  3,  compared 
with  Columell.  i.  6.  1.).     The  term 

iiseudourban,  which  might  be  trans- 
ated  dty-li&e,  was  given  to  the 
above-mentioned  part  of  the  villa, 
because,  though  in  reality  a  country: 
seat,  it  was  designed  and  laid  out 
upon  the  same  plan  and  with  the 
same  luxuries  as  a  tomi  mansion, 

PSILpCITHARISTA  {^iMmSo.- 
pioT^i).  One  who  merely  plays 
upon  the  guitar  {citkara)  as  an  in- 
strumental perfoimer,  without  ac- 
companying it  with  his  voice.     Suet. 

PSILOTHRUM  {^lK<a9fav).  An 
unguent  or  medical  preparation,  made 
chiefly  of  heated  arsenic  and  unslaked 
lime,  employed  for  removing  hairs 
from  the  surface  of  the  skin,  by  men 
of  effeminate  habits  as  well  as  women. 
Plin.  ff.  jV. 


'-37-     Id.  » 


i.  47. 


PTERO'MA  or  PTER'ON  {wri- 
pM^o,  irrepiv).  In  architecture,  a 
colonnade  on  the  flank  of  a  temple, 
or  other  edifice  similarly  constructed. 


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536  PTEKOTJ-. 

projecting  from  the  wall  of  the  cell 
on  each  side,  like  a  pair  of  wings, 
which  resemblance  gave  lise  to 
the  name  (Vitiuv  ui  3  9  ) .  lJ"t  i" 
buildings  which  had  no  side  columns, 
and  an  outwork  on  each  side  of  the 
central  pile,  similar  to  what  we  call 
ivings,  or  only  a  blank  wall  running 
out  like  a  screen,  such  an  outwork  or 
wall  was  designated  by  the  same 
name.  PSin.  H.  ?/.  xxxvL  4.  §  9. 
Id.  xxxvi.  13.    Strabo.  xvii.  28. 

PTEROTUS  (TTfpaiTis).  Pro- 
perly a  Greek  word,  meaning  winged, 
but  employed  as  a  characteristic  epi- 
thet for  the  drinking-cup,  termed 
calix,  because  it  was  fiimished  with 
himdles  on  each  side,  like  wings,  as 
exhibited  by  the  il- 
lustration represent- 
ing an  original  calix 
of  Greek  manufac- 
ture.    Plin.  H.  JV.  XXXV.  bb, 

PUBLICA'NUS  (TfAiinji.  N.  T.). 
A  publican,  in  the  sense  whicii  that 
teim  bears  in  our  version  of  the  New 
Testament,  meaning  thereby  a  person 
who  took  a  contract  of  the  public 
taxes  from  the  state  at  a  stipulated 
amount,  he  employing  and  paying 
the  underlings  who  collected  them, 
and  reserving  to  himself  for  his  own 
profit  all  tlmt  remdned  beytaid  the 
sum  at  which  he  had  taken  the  con- 
tract. The  Roman  publican  was  in 
general  a  person  of  equestrian  rank. 
The  taxes  he  collected  were  the  land 
tax,  levied  upon  pastures ;  the  tithe 
of  com,  from  arable  lands ;  and  the 
customs  dues  on  imports  ;  and  as  he 
stood  in  the  place  of  a  middleman, 
and  had  the  onus  of  direct  collection, 
which  would  be  rigorously  enforced, 
to  make  a  good  profit  of  the  contract, 
the  reputation  he  bore  was,  in  gene- 
ral, far  from  being  flattering  or 
popular ;  though  his  wealth  made 
him  an  important  and  influential  per- 
sonage. Plin.  H.  JV.  Kxxviii.  8.  Cic. 
Flaiic.  9.     Liv.  xliii.  16. 

PUGIL  (TiKiKt).  A  boxer;  that 
is,  one  who  fijghts  with  the  fist  {pug- 
nus,  irilj).      ITie  art  of  boxing  (pu^ 


PUG  10. 

laUo,  pitgUiilus)  dates  from  a  remote 
antiquity,  being  practised  by  the 
Gredcs  and  Etruscans  in 
very  early  limes,  and  con- 
tinuing to  be  a  popular 
exhibition  at  Rome  dur- 
ing the  republic  and  em- 
pire. (Liv.  i,  35.  Cic. 
Tiijc.  ii.  17.  Suet.  .^1^. 
45.)  The  attitudes, 
guari^  and  method  of 
directing  the  blows  ex- 
hibited in  various  works 
of  art,  indicate  tliat  the 
boxing  of  the  ancie 

spects  the  practice  of' 
own  countrymen,  with  one  important 
exception,  which  must  have  rendered 
their  conflicts  cruelly  severe — that  of 
covering  the  lower  part  of  the  arm 
and  fists  with  thongs  of  leather  studded 
with  knobs  of  metal  (CffiSTUS),  as  is 
shown  by  the  annexed  illustration, 
from  a  well-known  statue  of  the 
Villa  Borghese. 

PUGlCA'TIO-ATUS(ifio'/«ixI''). 
Boxing;  a  boxing-match.   SeePuGIL. 

PUGILATOR.     Same  as  Pugil. 

PUGILLARES  Small  tablets 
coiered  with  wax  for  wiit  ng  on,  so 
termed  fiom  their  dimimitue  size 
beca  ise  they  could  be  held  commo 
diously  m  a  little  hand  {fiiigilhis) 
They  were  principally  used  for  me 
morandum  bool  s    for  not  ng  down 


first  thoughts  and  to  be  dcapat  hed 
as  love  letters  which  intention  s 
exemplified  by  the  illustration,  from 
a  Pompeian  paintmg  lepresentmir 
Cupid  with  a  love  billet  which  Poly 
phemus  sends  to  Galatea  Se  ec 
£AI5.  Plin.£Ai6.l.  7^.32.11. 
PU&IO   (iyx^ifiStov).     A  short. 


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PUGIUNCULUS. 

two-edged,  sharp-pointed  dagger, 
openly  worn  on  the  right  side,  more 
particularly  by  officers  in  the  army, 
and  persons  of  rank  under  the  empire, 
as  well  as  by  the  emperors  themsdves, 
in  order  to  indicate  their  power  over 
life  and  death.  (Cic.  F/til  iL  ^-j^ 
12.  SueL  Fit.  15.  Tac.  Hist.  Tr 
ill  63.  Id.  i.  43.  Val.  Max.  U 
iii.  5.  3)  The  example  is  tTT 
from  an  ordinal  of  bronze  in  II 
the  Neapolitan  Museum  ;  the  1 1 
holes  on  the  handle  were  in-  ffl 
tended  for  the  reception  of  V 
ornamental  studs, 

PUGIUN'CULUS.  Diminutiveof 
PUGIO.  A  small  da^er,  a  diik. 
Cic.  Fra^i.  contra  C.  Anion.  aj>. 
Ascon.     Id.  Or.  67. 

PULLA'RIUS.  The  person  who 
had  the  care  of  the  sacred  cliickens 
(woodcut  J.  Cavea,  3.),  and  affected 
to  predict  the  results  of  future  events 
from  the  manner  in  which  they  ate 
or  rejected  their  food  Cic.  Zliv.  ii. 
34.     Liv  5.  40 

PULPITUM  (J3))f<n)  A  tribune 
or  pulp  t  made  of  wood  and  of  a 
moveable  charactei  (Suet  Gramm.  4. 
remoto  pulpito)  into  which  an  orator 
dedaimei  gtammanan,  &c  ascended 
for  the  purpose  of  maiuig  hmiself 
conspicuous  and  acquir  ug  a  com 
mandmg  situat  on  when  about  to 
address  an  audience  Hor  Epst  1 
19  40 

-  (AOTE  av  i«p(Bni)  In  an  ancient 
fhcilre  that  part  of  the  stage  (prs 


when  they  delivered  their  dialogue; 


PULVINAR.  537 

or  speeches  (Hor.  A.  P.  278.  Vi- 
truv.  V.  7.  2.  lb.  6.  I.  Propert.  iv. 
I.  16.).  It  is  represented  by  the 
elevated  platform  on  the  left  side  of 
the  armened  woodcut,  which  affords 
a  view  across  the  pit  mid  stage  in  the 
small  theatre  at  Pompeii ;  flie  dark 
groove  which  runs  along  if,  shows 
the  recess  info  which  the  drop-scene 
{im,liea\  was  lowered. 

PULSABnjLUM.  Aniostrtiment 
with  which  the  chords  of  a  stringed 
instrument  were  struck  (Apitl.  Flor. 
15.);  for  which  th^  more  usnalname 
is  Plectr-UM,  where  an  illustration 
is  introduced. 

PULTA'RIUS.  Properly  a  vessel 
in  which  pottage  {puls\  was  served 
up.  It  was  made  in  the  fonn  of  an 
inverted  funnel  (Pallad.  vi.  7.  2. 
Compare  Colomell.  ix.  r5.5.),witha 
broad  bottom  and  narrow  mouth, 
which  may  be  easily  conceived  in  the 
absence  of  any  authentic  specimen ; 
hkewise  employed  for  other 


purposes 


J  which    such 


a    cupping-gl 
md  a  vessel  lor 
[PliiL  H.  N.  vii. 
'•■) 
Diminutive    of 


itself,   . 

(Cetsus,   ii.    II.),   i 

drinking  out  of.     ( 

54.      Pet.  Sat.  42.  ; 

PULVIULUS. 

PULVINUS. 

PULVI'NAR  or  POLVl'NAR. 
May  be  translated  by  our  terms 
fillsw,  bolster,  mshioii,  as  best  suits 
the  purpose  for  which  it  is  applied. 
But  the  term  conveys  a  notion  of 
greatness  and  grandeur,  and  is  to  be 
understood,  when  strictly  used,  as 
indicating  a  cushion  of  laige  size  and 
costly  materials,  such  as  would  be 
used  for  t>eds  and  couches  on  which 
the  body  reclines,  rather  than  for 
chairs  and  seats,  or  for  a  sitting  pos- 
ture. Pet.  Sat.  135.  5.  Senec,  Ira, 
iii.  37.     And  woodcuts,  pp.  374,  375. 

2.  Hence  the  word  is  principally 
used  to  deagnate  the  splendid  couches 
with  cushions  and  squabs,  upon 
which  the  images  of  the  gods  were 
laid  at  the  feast  of  the  Lectister- 
Ilium,  to  partake,  as  it  were,  of  the 
banquet    spread    before  them   (Cic, 


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5'3S  PVLVIHARIUM. 


rM.ii.43.    III.  -Oi>m.  53.    Liv.xxx. 


zr.);    as  exhibited  by  tlie  annexed 
woudcnt  from  a  terra-cotta  lamp. 

3.  Ill  the  circus,  a  spot  where 
couches  of  the  same  description  were 
laid  out  for  those  deities  whose  statues 
were  carried  in  solemn  procession 
at  the  Circenslan  festiTaL  Festus,  s. 
Thensa.    Suet.  Aug.  45.     Id.  Cai.  4. 

4.  A  l)ed  of  state,  or  marriage  Ijed ; 
but  with  especial  r^erence  to  those  of 
the  divinities  (CatuU,  Ixiv.  47.),  and 
of  the  Roman  emperors,  to  whom 
divine  honours  were  paid.  Suet 
Brm.  13.     Juv.  vL  132. 

PULVINA'RIUM.  The  plice  in 
a.  temple  where  the  couches  of  the 
deities  were  set  out  at  the  fea  '  -'' 
the  Leclistertiium.     liv.  xxi.  62 

PULVINATUS.     Having  a 
or  BweDing  contour,  lilte  a  bolatet 
cushion  -  whence  applied  as  a  technical 
term  by  -irchiteLth  to  the  capitals  of 
lomc  col  inns    the  sides  of  wh 
for  ued  by  the  lateral  part  of  the 


Itite  present  a  roind  or  sneDing; 
shape  like  a  lolster  as  shovm  h)  the 
annexed  example  from  a  cap  til  be 
longing  to  the  temple  of  Minerva 
Polias.  Vitrav.  i  2.  6.  Id.  iii.  5.  5. 
PULVl'NUS.  In  its  general 
applications  has  nearly  the  same 
meaning  as  Pulvinar,  a  pillow, 
cushion,  or  bolster  ;  but,  in  strictness, 
of   a  smaller  and  less   ostentatious 


PVMCTUM. 

character,  and  so  more  particularly 
descriptive  of  those  which  -were  used 
for  sitting  on  (Cic  Or.  i.  7,  Id. 
Fam.  ix.  18.,  and  woodcut  j.  Ca- 
thedra), resting  the  head  against, 
like  the  pillow  of  a  bed  (Sail.  Jug. 
74,  and  woodcut  s.  Cervical},  or 
leaning  upon,  hke  the  pillow  on 
which  a  person  supported  his  elbow 
on  a  tridinary  couch  (Nepos,  Pd.  3. 
and  woodcut  s.  Cubital),  than  of 
such  as  were  intended  for  the  re- 
ception of  the  body  in  a  reclining 

2.  In  architecture  the  bshter  or 
baluster  on  the  sides  of  an  Ionic 
capital  (Vitruv.  iii.  S-  7-).  'which 
imitates  the  full  and  a«^ling  outline 
of  a  stuffed  cushion  as  shown  by  the 
preceding  woodcut. 

3. 1  In  a  warm-water  bath  (alveus), 
the  part  immediately  above  the  step 
{grad-us)  on  which  the  bather  sat,  and 
which  thus  constituted  as  it  were  a 
cushion  for  his  back  to  lean  agamst 
(Vttruv  V  10   4.)      The  illustration 


llJ4^ 

represents  a  secti  n  of  the  war  n  bath 
n  the  thermal  chamber  at  Pompe  1, 
m  which  A  IS  the  bath  itielf  B  the 
tep  on  which  the  bather  sat,  and  c 
the  cushion  ot puh/inus  for  his  back. 

4.  A  ridge  between  two  trenches 
m  a  field  or  garden  (Plin.  H.  N. 
■ivii-  35.  §  4-) ;  s^d  a  raised  border 
or  flower  bed  (Varro,iP.  R.i.  35-  i,); 
both  from  their  resemblance  to  the 
upheaving  form  of  a  pillow  or  squaK 

PUiMILIOTJES,  PUMILO'NES, 
PU'MILI.  Senec.  Ef.  76.  Stat 
Syiv.  i,  6.  57.  Suei  Aug.  S3.  Same 
as  Nani,  which  see. 

PUNC'TUM.  Any  small  hole 
made  by  pieicjng,  or  pricking ; 
hence  a  vots  or  siiffrage ;  because  in 
early  times,  before  the  custom  of 
voting  by  ballot  had  obtained,   the 


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poll  clerk  (r-Jjaito-)  held  a  list  of  the 
candidates  inscribed  upon  a  tablet 
coveted  with  wax,  and  scored  off 
each  vote  as  it  was  announced,  by 


the  electar  supported. 
23.     Id.  Tusc.  iL  24. 

2.  One  of  the  points 
a  die  (Mart.  xiv.  1 
Suet.  Nei-B,  30.).  The 
example  is  copied 
from  an  original  die 
found  at  Herculaneum. 

3.  One  of  the  fractional  marks  or 
pjints  on  the  beam  of  a  steel-yard 
\stateriC)  by  which  the  exact  weiglit 
is  indicated  (Vitniy.  x.  3.  4.).     The 


eiample  represents  an  original  steel- 
yard of  bronze  found  at  Pompeii. 

PUPA(«ii(nj).  In  the  primitive  sense 
a  liitle  girl ;  thence  a  child's  play- 
thing, or  doll  (Varro,  ap.  — 
Non.  J.  V.  p.  156.  Pers.  ii, 
7a  Hieron£jetrf.i28.n.  I.). 
The  illustration  represents 
an  original  ivoty  doll  dis- 
covered in  a  child's  se- 
pulchre near  Rome;  and 
another  specimen  of  terra- 
cotta, found  in  Sicily,  and 
more  elegant  in  design,  is 

Sublished  by  the  Prince  of 
jscari,  D^i  aniiehi  Oma- 
?nenti  e  Trashdli  d^  Bambini, 

PUPPIS  (wpit/.™).  The  poof, 
s/srn,  or  ailer  part  of  a  ship.  The 
works  of  art,  hitherto  discovered,  do 
not  fiimish  us  with  any  clear  and 
satisfectory  example  of  the  predse 
mamier  in  which  the  ancient  ship- 
builders constructed  the  stems  of 
their  vessels,  beyond  the  fact  that 
they  are  always  represented  round, 
and  in  many  cases  scarcely  dis- 
tinguishable from  the  prow  (prera). 
Of  such,    numerous   specimens   arc 


composed  by  the  Academidans  of  the 
Royal  Antiquarian  Society  at  Naples 
{Acadsmici  Ercolanesi)  from  parts 
or  indications  observable  in  different 
ancient  monuments,  is  introduced 
in  order  to  give  a  more  practical 
notion  of  the  ireal  appearance  pre- 
sented \iy  the  stem  view  of  an  ancient 
vessel,  than  what  can  be  acquired 
from  the  conventional  iigures  mostly 
exhibited  by  the  artists  of  antiquity. 
If  compaied  with  the  illustration  s. 
Proka,  which  shows  a  prow  faith- 


fully delineated  from  the  a 


tique,  11 


two  would  suit  toeether,  as  the  fore 
and  after  parts  of  the  same  vesseL 

PUT'EAL.  A  dwarf  wall  or 
circular  shell  of  marble  or  other 
materials  surrormdmg  the  mouth  of  a 
well  {.puteu!)  as  a  protection  agiunst 
the  danger  of  filling  in      Many  of 


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54°  PUTEUS. 

lions  of  antiquities,  oftentimes  richly 
decorated  with  figures  or  other  devices 
in  relief  (the  putealia  sigillala  of  Cic. 
Alt.  i.  lo.y-;  and  the  mnexed  woodcut 
shows  one  of  the  same  description 
still  covering  the  mouth  of  a  well,  as 
it  now  exists  in  the  cloisters  of  the 
convent  attached  to  the  basilica  of 
S,  Giovanni  Laterano  at  Rome. 

z.  When  any  spot  was  stvuck  witli 
lightning  it  was  immediately  deemed 
sacred,  and  venerated  as  such  by  tile 
Romans,  being  surronnded  by  a  shell 
of  the  same  character  and  name  as 
last  described,  in  order  to  preserve  it 
from  Ihe  tread  of  pro&ne  feet  (Cic. 


Sext  Z  Ov  S  Am.  561).  Amongst 
these  the  puleal  Libonis  or  Scriba- 
manui  i  n  the  Roman  forum,  was 
much  celebrafed  as  the  spot  near 
whidi  usurers  met  and  money  affairs 
were  negotiated  It  is  represented 
by  the  annexed  woodcut  from  a 
med-il  of  the  bcribonian  gms,  and  has 
the   msuiption    Puteal   Libonis, 


indem 


ath 


PUTEUS  and  UM  {^pitp).  A 
jft7  artificially  dug  in  the  ground, 
and  EU]  plied  from  its  own  spring  of 
water  of  which  examples  are  given 
s  OIRGILLUS  and  i.  PuteaL.  Cic. 
Hor  Piin.  &c 

2  A  ftl  sunk  in  the  earth  for 
storing  giain  as  we  do  potatoes. 
Varro  ^  jf  1   57   2. 

3  \a  air  or  vent  bole  in  the  water 
conriC  of  in  aqueduct,   of  which  a 

uffic  ent  number  were  formed  at 
regular  intenals  throughout  its  whole 
length.  When  the  duct  was  a  sub- 
teirmein  tne  the  vent  holes  were 
constructed  hke  the  sliaft  of  a  tunnel ; 

ra  e  courses  of  water  conveyed  by 
tl  e    s  mt    ^.queduct,    one   over  the 


PYCNOSTYLOS. 

other  the  vent  holes  of  tl  e  lower 
were  formed  at  the  sides  of  the 
channels     above   tlie    level    of   the 


ilow  ng  water  but  when  there  was 
only  a  single  course,  the  opening  was 
made  in  Bie  top,  as  exhibited  by  the 
annexed  illustrj"- 


.  repre 
of  the  Alexandrian  aqueduct 
at  Rome,  in  which  A  shows  the 
channel  {sfecus),  through  which  the 
water  flows,  and  b  the  patens  or  vent 
hole  in  question.  Vitniv.  vii.  8.  ■ 
PUTICULI  or  --LM.  Gravefiits 
'  ■  h  bod 
peop 


h    p 

ft    d    h 


th 


Esqmh      hiU  b 
rmd         ah         calty         h 
t  m  Augu  tu  ,  gard 

tlie  healthiness  of  the  district,  the  site 
being  subsequently  occupied  by  the 
palace  and  gardens  of  Mec^enas. 
Varro,  L.  L.  v.  25.  Festus,  s.  v. 
Compare  Hor.  Sat.  i.  8.  10. 

PYCNOSTY'LOS  (iruKfJiTTuJ.os). 
PycnastyU;  a  term  employed  by  the. 
ancient  architects  to  de-      ®3i9 
signate  the  closest  of  the     ^-3~9 
five    different   kinds    of    «.ji..a 
intercolumniatton  in  use    ^   ^^  ^ 
amongst     them,    which    *'        * 
only  had  an  interval  of  •      ^      © 
one  diameter  and  a  half  between  each 
column,  as  shown  by  the  top  line  in 
the  annexed  diagram,  exhibiting  at 
one  view  the  relative  proportions  of 
all  the  five  styles.     It  was  only  ap- 
plied  in  ihe   Ionic  and  Coriiitliian 
orders,      Vitruv,  iii.  2. 


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PYCTA. 

PYC'TA  ov  PYCTES  (ir<l«Tnsj 
(Ph^dr.  iv.  24.  Senec.  CbrIi:  i.  3.I. 
Merely  a  Greek  word  Latinized,  for 
whicli  the  genuine  Latin  term  is 
PUGIL;  whicli  see. 

PYR'A  (in.^).  A  funeral  ^yre  ; 
made  of  unhewn  wood  piled  up  into 
a=quareform  upon  «  hich  the  corpse 
was  plated  with  it-,  bier  to  be  burnt 
It  was  designated  ^a  before  the 
fire  was  applied,  as  in  the  annexed 
representaflou  of  Dido's  pyre  in  the 
Vatican  Virgil ,  but  rcgus  when  ig 


nited.     Virg.  jEh.  ri.  185.  Serv.  ad 
I.     Id.  j^n.  Ki.  204. 

PY'RAMIS  (vofonU).  Kpyramid, 
a  structure  upon  a  square  base,  taper- 
ing gradually  to  a  point  at  the  top. 
The  particu^r  form,  as  well  as  ihe 
name,  originated  without  doubt  with 


the  Egyptians ;  but  for  what  precise 
object  is  stifi  undetermined.  It 
was,  howexer,  adopted  by  the  Etrus- 
cans (Piin.  H.  N.  xxxvi.  19.  §  4.) 
and  the  Romans,  as  an  appropriate 
de^n  for  sepulchral  monuments ;  all 
those  whicli  are  mentioned  by  their 
writers  having  been  constrticted  for 


that  p 


IS  well  as  the  oi 


remaining  at  Rome,  which  is  known 
as  the  pyramid  of  C.  Cestius;  and 
the  one  here  introduced  from  an  en. 


graved  gem,  may  be  identified  as  a 
tomb  by  the  accompanying  figure 
intended  to  represent  a  gladiator  of 
the  class  termed  btistuarii,  who  were 
engaged  to  fight  round  the  burning 
pyre  of  distinguished  persons. 

PYR'GUS.  (Sidon.  Ep.  viii.  12.) 
A  word  coined  from  the  Greek  irupTos, 
though  not  occurring  with  the  same 
identical  signification  in  that  lan- 
guage, and  foi-  which  the  genuine 
Latin  word  is  TurrICUlA,  wMch  see. 

PYRR'HICHA      and      PYRR'- 


HICHE  {■'vpplxn).  A  Greek  war- 
dance  of  Doric  origm,  performed  to  the 
sound  of  tbe  flute  in  rapid  measure, 
the  performers  wearing  their  armom', 
and  imitating  by  their  motions  the 
attack  and  defence  of  combatants  in 
a  tattle.  The  illustration,  copied 
from  a  fictile  vase,  is  generally  re- 
ceived as  a  representation  of  the 
old  Pyrrhic  dance,  as  executed  by 
the  Greeks;  of  which  an  imitation 
was  introduced  at  Rome  by  Julius 
Csesar,  and  also  exliibited  by  suc- 
ceeding enmerors.  Suet,  Jul.  39. 
I^ero,  la.     Spart.  ffadr.  19. 

PYTHAU'LAor-LES  (irueaiJAij!). 
In  its  original  and  proper  acceptation 
signified  a  musician  who  played  an 
ait  upon  the  pipe  (auAdr),  expressive 
of  the  combat  between  Apollo  and 
the  Python  (Hygin.  Fab.  273,}; 
whence  the  name  was  afterwards 
given  to  a  musical  jierfonner  at  the 
theatre,  who  played  the  accompa- 
niment to  a  single  voice,  as  contra- 
distinguished from  the  Choraules, 
who  accompanied  the  entire  chorus. 
Diomed.  iii.  4S9.  Varro,  ap.  Non.  s. 
Ramices,  p.  166. 

PYXID1C'17LA.    Diminutive    of 


,y  Google 


542  pvxfs. 

PVX'IS  (i-i-lfi).  Literally,  a  small 
box  or  case  made  of  boxwood,  but 
formed  in.  a  particular  manner  ;  viz. 
wiih  a  lid  having  a  Ep  ot  return 
which  shuts  over  the  edge  of  the 
box,  like  the  mouth  of  a  tortoise 
(Plin.  If.  M  ix.  12.),  as  is  very 
plainly  expressed  in  the  imnexed 
woodcut  from  the  design  on  a  fictile 
vase.  Bnt  as  boxes  of  this  character 
were  made  of  various  other  materials 
besides  boxwood,  £uid  extensively 
used  for  holding  any  small  articles  of 
use  or  ornament,   especially  such  as 


are  characteristic  of  female  habits, 
the  word  possesses  in  general  a  sig- 
nification analogous  to  our  ;>!<«i  case, 
Irinkel  bsx,  and  such  other  recep- 
tacles as  rec^ve  their  characteristic 
name  from  the  nature  of  the  objects 
contained  in  them.  Pet.  Sat  no. 
Mart.  ix.  38.  Suet.  Nero,  12.  Cic. 
Ccel.  25. 


QUAD'RA.  In  a  general  sense 
implies  anything  which  has  four 
corners,  or  possesses  a  square  form ; 
whence  specially  ' — 

I      V  J        s    liimf,  table   (Virg 


QUADRANTAL. 

distinct  from  a  mund  one  ;  both  of 
which  forms  were  adopted  iiy  the  an- 
cients, the  former  being  the  earliest 
model,  the  latter  of  most  common 
usage.  Hence  the  expression  aliiiia 
vivire  quadra  (Juv.  v.  2. )  denotes  a 
parasite,  who  lives  at  another  man's 
expense ;  or,  literally,  at  another 
man's  table.  The  illustration  repre- 
sents a  square  dining-table,  from  the 
Vatican  Vit^l,  spread  before  the 
companions  Si  Ulysses,  in  the  island 

2.  The  Roman  architects  employed 
the  woi)l  in  two  different  senses  ;— to 


designate  the  square  member  orfUnlli 
placed  under  the  base  [spira]  of  a 
column  (Vitruv.  iii.  4,  J.) ;  and  each 
of  the  narrow  flat  bands  with  ptun 
surfaces,  forming  respectively  the 
upper  and  lower  division  between  the 
hollow  scoHa  and  swelling  btnis  above 
and  belcw  it  (Id.  iii.  5.  2.  and  3.) ; 
all  which  members  are  exhibited  by 
the  illustration  aiinexed. 

QUAD-RANS  (T<!TpSt).  A  small 
copper  coin,  three  ounces  (anew)  in 
weight,  and  eaual  to  a 
fourth  part  c 

value.  It  is  marked  with  / 
three  balls  to  di 
weight,  accompaiued  with  \ 
the  device  of  an  open  hand, 
a  strigil,  3  dolphin,  grains  01  com,  a 
star,  the  image  of  a  fliip,  or  the  head 
of  Hercnies  or  Ceres ;  all  of  which 
are  found  on  different  specimens  in 
various  numismatic  collections.  (Pliti. 
/r.  M  xxxiii.  13.  Hor.  i.  3-  »37- 
Mart,  ii,  44,)  The  example  here  in- 
troduced is  from  an  original,  weighing 
m  its  present  state  2  oz.  179  gr.,  and 
I   drawn  of  one-third  the  actual  size. 

QUADRANTAL.  Avesselwith 
four  square  sides,  eacli  a  foot  lon^ 
empioyed  as  a  measure  for  hquids. 


.Google 


QUADRIF0R2S. 

the  solid  contents  of  whict  were 
equal  to  an  amphora.  Cato,  R.  R.  57. 
2,  Plaut  Cuic  L  2  16  Festns,  s  z 
QUADRIF  ORISsc  jammirfTpd- 
Supoi)  A  door,  in  which  each  of 
the  two  valves  fild  back  hito  two 
parts,  thus  forming  alti^ther  /our 
pieces,  upon  the  same  pnncipfe  as 
our  window  shutters  and  folding 
doors  ,  as  is  exemplified  by  fhe  lilus 
tiation     representing  a    cabinet    or 


QUADKTSEM/S. 


543 


armoire,  from  a  Pompeian  painting 
Vitruv  IV  6   5 

QUADRI'GA  {TiBpi-mov  &pim).. 
A  team  of  four  horses  or  other  ani- 
mals ;  thence  a  carriage  drawn  by  four 
horses  abreast,  and  more  especially 
^piied  to  the  racing  chariots  of  the 
Circus  (see  the  following  woodcut), 
or  to  fhose  employed  in  public  pro- 
cessions, triumphs,  &c,  (Cic.  Liv. 
Suet.  &c. )  Carriages  of  flus  descrip- 
tion were  originally  furnished  with 
two  poles  and  a  loi^  cross-bar  or 
yoke,  which  stretched  across  the 
backs  of  all  the  four  anhnals,  in  the 
same  manner  as  shown  by  the  first 
woodcut  r.  Bir.A.  But  that  practice 
was  early  set  aside,  and  then  the  two 
centre  horses  only  were  yoked,  and 
termed /i^ijto,  the  two  outside  ones 
being  attached  by  ropes,  and  termed 
funala.  Isidor,  Ortg,  xviii.  35.  In 
the  Fompdan  mosaic  representing 
the  battle  of  Issus,  which  is,  perhaps, 
the  most  naturalistic,  and  therefore 
the  most  acctirately  chcumstantial  of 
tdl  the  ancient  pictures  yet  discovered. 


Darius  have   no  traces,  but 
tached  to  the  front  of  the  chariot  on 
each  of  its  sides  by  a  rope,   which 


appears  also  to  run  through  a  loop 
coupling  them  to  the  two  innermost 

QUADRIGA'RIUS.  Achaiioteer 
who    drove    a    team  of   four   horses 
abreast     more  especially  applied  to 
..i._   J _    foyj.iiofgg^   (;a[. 

es  of  ihs  Circus ; 


who  drove  a 


as  represented  by  the  annexed  cut 
from  the  device  on  a  terra-cotta 
lamp  Cic.  Fragni.  Varr.  R.  R.  ii. 
7   H      Suet.  Afen,  i5. 

QUADRIGATUS.     A  silvtr  de- 
narius, so  termed  from  its  having  the 


Liv. 


Plin.  1 


■151 


QUADRIRE'MIS  <T(Tp^pK!)  A 
war-galley  propelled  by  four  banks 
(ardi-aes)  of  oars  on  each  of  its  aides 
(Plin.  H.  N.  vii.  57.  CiC  Ve>r  n  5 
33. )  The  illustration,  copied  from  a 
medal  of  the  Emperor  Gordian,  though 
too  minute  and  imperfect  to  "be  re- 
ceived as  a  complete  representation 
of  a  quadrireme,  yet  affords  a  valuable 
and  most  satisftictory  authority  re- 
specting the  chief  point  which  dis- 
tinguished tlie  class  to  which  it  be- 


.  the  p 


arage 


It  will  be  perc 


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hoiizoalal  lines  indicating  the  sepa- 
ration  of  eadi  bank,  and  tlie  diagonal 
position  of  each  file  of  oars,  by  the 
angiiiar  teimination  of  their  extre- 
mities on  the  leil  side  of  the  entire 
range  ;  thus  plainly  demonstrating 
that  the  principle  foUowed  in  dis- 
posing and  reckoning  the  oarage  of  a 
quairirimis,  was  the  same  as  that 
practised  in  the  BlREMls  and  Tri- 
EEMIS,  the  illustrations  under  which 
wovds,  being  upon  a  larger  scale,  and 
from  more  detailed  models,  will  show 
the  matter  in  a  clearer  light. 

QUADnV'IUM  (TeTpa"iot}     A 


pla  e  where  four  streets  or  c  os 
roads  meet  (CatulL  58  Juv  64) 
The  lluBtrat  onrepresentsastreetview 
of  this  nature  in  die  city  of  Pompeii. 
QUA'LUS  and  -UM  (tiUivO. 
A  very  general  name  for  a  imcker 
basket,  which  might  be  employed  for 
various  purposes ;  as,  a  woman's  wool 
basket  (Hor.  Od.  iii.  12.  4.  and  next 
woodcut} ;  a  strainer  made  of  wicker 
work,  used  at  the  vintage  (Vitg. 
Gmirg.  il  242.  Serv.  ad  I.  and  wood- 
cut j.  CoLUM,  I.};  a  wicker  cage  or 
coop  for  fowls  (Columell.  viii.  3.  4. 
and  woodcut  s.  Cavea.  2.).  It  will 
be  observed  that  all  the  baskets  in 

conical    shape,    though 


QUI  NASI  US. 

standing  upon  their  base,  and  at 
others  used  in  an  inverted  position, 
which  is  the  very  form  described  by 
Columella  (ix.  15.  12.),  and  conse- 
quently to  be  received  as  the  distin- 
guishing characteristic  of  the  gualus. 
QUASILLA'Rl^.  Femaleslaves 
engaged  in  the  spinning  department 
of  an  ancient  household,  whose  duties 
consisted  in  carrying  the  baskets  of 
wool  (qtioli,  quasilli)  to  the  spinners 
and  weavers,  while  they  were  occu- 
pied with  their  tasks.  They  formed 
the  lowest  rank  in  the  household, 
merely  attending  upon  other  slaves, 
and  not  being  themselves  skilled  in 
any  branch  of  industrial  art  (Pet 
Sal.  132.  3.  Inscript.  ap.  Grut  648. 
5.).  The  illustration  represents  two 
females  of  this  class  with  the  basket 
lietween  them,  from  a  frieze  in  the 
forum  of  Nerva  at  Rome,  on  which 
lected  with  the 


arts  of  sp  nning  and  weav  ng  and 
liffe  ent  classes  of  vo  kworaen  a  e 
sculptured. 

QUASILL'USand-UMfTBXapfi)- 
Diminutive  of  QuAl-tJS  ;  especially 
applied  to  the  basket  in  which  wool 
and  spinning  implements  were  carried, 
as  explained  and  illnstrated  under 
tfie  last  two  words.  Tibull.  iv.  10.  3. 
rop.  iv.  7.  41. 
QtllNA'RIUS.    A  half  denaritis  ; 


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QUINCUS/X. 

worth  aboHt  4jd.  of  our  money. 
(Varro,  L.  L.  v.  173.  riin.  H.  N. 
xxxiii.  13. )■  The  example  is  from 
an  original  of  the  actual  sue. 

QUINCUN'X.  A  copper  coin  of 
Roman  currency,  weighing  iive 
ounces  (uncia),  and  equal  in  value  to 
five  tvi-elftlis  of  an  As  (Hor.  A.  F. 
327.).  It  was  distinguished  by  five 
balls  to  denote  its  value,  of  the  same 
character  as  those  which  appear  on 
the  quadram  {wooAcat  s.  v.);  hut 
the  coin  itself  is  of  estreme  rarity, 
siiA  the  British  Museuni  does  not  pos- 
sess a  specimen. 

2.  A  figure  of  things  ananged  in 
the  same  position  as    *    *    »    * 
the  live  points  (/B«c-       *    «     » 
ia)  are  upon  a  die.     *    *    *    * 
Cic  Sen.  17.      Ceea.        *    *    * 
B.  G.  vii.  73.  +    *    *    * 

QUINCUPEDAL,  A  fine-foot 
rod,  divided  into  graduated  parts,  for 
taking  measuiements.  Mart.  xiv.  93. 
QUINQUEEE'MIS  (irtmipn!). 
A  war  ^ley  equipped  with  five 
banks  {ordines)  of  oars  on  each  si ' 
a  class  of  vessels  very  commonly 

f, loved  during  the  second  Punic  1 
Uv.  xKviii.  30.  Plin.  H.N.vC\._ 
The  absence  of  any  known  represen- 
tation of  an  ancient  qulnquereme 
renders  it  impossible  to  show  the 
dispoation  of  the  oarage 
this  chisa  by  reference  to  a  model  of 
undoubted  authority  ;  hut  there 
fmr  conjectural  grounds  for  believing 
that  each  bank  was  placed  and  rated 
in  an  ascending  line,  one  over  (he 
other,  the  oar  ports  of  all  the  five 
ranging   diagonally 

Mremis,  Iriremis, 
re  shown  by  existing 
ve  been  rated  and 
constructed  upon  that  principle,  as  is 
proved  by  the  illustrations  to  each  of 
those  words  ;  and  it  has  been  ascet. 


RADIUS. 


545 


tained  by  actual  experiment  tliat  a 
fifth  tier  superimposed  in  the  same 
manner  would  not  he  too  high  above 
the  water's  edge  for  the  Made  to  dip 
into  the  water  without  requiiing  the 
oar  to  be  of  an  unmanageable  length ; 
though  beyond  that  number  such  an 
arrangement  is  found  practically  im- 
possible, because  the  handle  would 
be  hoisted  above  the  rower's  reach, 
from  the  great  obliquity  given  to  the 
oar  by  the  height  of  the  fiilcriun  on 
which  it  would  be  poised ;  or,  if  the 
oar  were  lengthened  sufficiently  to 
meet  the  water  at  a  working  angle, 
the  handle  would  become  so  long  that 
could  not  he  contained  within  the 

'qu'iNQUER'TIO  {niyToSAos). 
One  who  practises  the  games  of  the 
"linqMsrimm.  Liv.  Andron.  ap.  Fest. 

QUINQUER'TIUM  (rfrraOXw). 
An  athletic  contest  of  Greek  origin 
(Festus,  s.  w.)  consisting  of  five  feats 
{quinque  ariiuni),  vii.  ;   leaping  (W- 


and  quadrii 


{disais,  diaKos),  and  boxing 
(pugilutus,  iru7^^),  for  which  last 
urrowing  the  javelin  Uacntatio,  i,Kiv- 
'  was  aJlerwards  substituted ; 
gcdn  the  prize  it  was  neces- 
I  achieve  a  victory  in  all  the 


R. 


geometry,  astronomy,  or  mathe- 
matics, for  describing  diagrams  in 
sand,  &C.   (Cic.  Tusc.  v.  23,      Virg. 


Ec/.  in.  40.),  as  exhibited  by  the 
annexed  figure,  representing  the  Muse 
Urania,  from  a  Pompeian  painting. 


,y  Google 


546  RADULA. 

2.  (oKTit).    A  jojuf  light;  usually 
represented   by   artists   as   a   sharp 
pointed  spil>e ,  whence 
cm-ona  ladiis  di'' — '" 
(Fbr    IV    z    9 


nexed  etample,  repre- 
senting  the   head   of 

gnved  gem 

3  (iniii:,  RPiiftij).  The  sfigti  oi  a 
wheel  (Viifi  Gearg.  iL  444.  Oy. 
Mil  11  318 ) ,  so  termed  because 
they  radiate  from  the  nave,  like  rays 
of  light  from  a  centre ;  hence  ra- 
ia  radiaia  (Varrn, 
S  S  m  i  151.  « 
wheel  w  ith  spoltes 
oa  contradistin 
gui'ihed  from  the 
solid  wheel  {/yni- 
psniim)  whii-h  had 
none  The  latter 
of  the  two  Greek  words  bracketed 
abm  e,  Kviiii.ii,  means  literally  the  shin- 
bone  and  thus  suggests  a  different 
imige  for  the  same  object,  which  is 
also  exemplified  by  the  form  of  the 
spokes  in  the  atuie'ied  illustration,  re- 
presenting an  original  wheel  of  ancient 
workmanship  now  preserved  in  the 
gallery  of  intiquities  at  Vienna. 

4  A  sharp  pomled  stake  or  pali- 
sade   lor   inalang   a  vallum.     Liv. 

5  (o-ifoflii,  REpKfs).  An  instrument 
used  by  the  ancient  weavers  in  tlieir 
npnght  looms  (Virg.  j^n.  ix,  476. 
Ov  Ma  i\  275  VL  56.  Luoret.  v. 
1352.) ;  which,  reasoning  from  ana- 
li^y,  and  theothersensesof  the  word, 
we  may  infer  to  have  been  the  same 
as  the  long  reed  now  employed  by  the 
Hindoos,  serving  both  the  purposes  of 
a  shuttle  and  batten.  It  is  formed  like 
a  large  netting  needle,  rather  longer 
than  the  breadth  of  the  web,  into  which 
it  intioduces  the  threads  of  the  weft, 
and  is  likewise  used  to  condense  them. 

RA'DULA.    Ai,-ra;>er/aniroii 


for  scraping  or  paring  off 

matter,    such   as  an  old 

of  paint  or  pitch  from  another 

surface.     Columell.  kU.  18.  5. 

R  A  L'  L  U  M.      Contracted    for 
radulum.    A  scraper  in  the  form  of  a 


spud,  which  a  ploughman  put  on  to 
the  butt  end  of  his  goad  [stimuhis], 
and  used  for  scraping  off  the  earth 
from  the  ploughshare.  Plin.  H.  JV. 
xviii.  49.  §  2.  The  annexed  example 
is  copiKl  from  an  Etruscan  bronze,  in 
whidi  it  is  carried  by  a  rustic  en- 
gaged at  the  plough. 

RASTEL'LUS.  Dimmutive  of 
Raster  ;  especially  in  ih6  sense  of 
a  wooden  rake  for  smoothing  over  the 
ground  after  seed  had  been  sown 
(Columell.  ii.  12.  6.)  ;  or  for  raiting 
up  hay,  straw,  &e,  in  the  hay  or  com 
field.  Varro,  E.  £.  i.  49.  r.  Id.  Z,  Z. 
V.  136. 

RASTER,  RASTRUS  and  -UM. 
An  agricultural  implement  of  a  mixed 
character,  between  ouryoi-^,  raie,  and 
AiK,  both  as  r^jirds  the  form  of  the 
object  and  the  manner  in  which  it 
was  used.  It  resembled  the  fork  and 
cake,  in  so  far  that  the  head,  which 
was  made  of  iron  (Cato,  Jf.  R.  x.  3. 
xi.  4.),  but  very  heavy  (Virg,  Georg. 


contained  two,  three,  or 
four  prongs  (quadridens, 
Cato,  U.  cc),  set  at  intervals  apart 
(Isidor.  Orig.  xx.  14.  6.,  a  rariiah 
dentiiau),  and  arranged,  like  the  rake, 
transversely  across  the  handle  at 
right  angles  with  it,  not  in  direct 
continuation,  like  the  common  fork  : 


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but  the  ordinary  method  uf  using  it 
resembled  tliat  of  a  man  hoeing  witlt 
eneigy,  it  being  raised  up  from  tlie 
eardi  at  each  stroke  (Senec.  Ira,  ii. 
J.)  and  thea  driven  down  forcibly 
upon  or  into  it  (Celsus,  ap.  Non.  s.  v. 
p.  222.  )■  Thus  it  was  empltwed  in 
dieriiig  and  clearing  the  sariace  of 
the  soil  (Varro,  L.  L.  v.  136.  Virg'. 
Georg.  iii.  534.);  for  subduing  or 
working  the  mnd,  instead  of  plough- 
ing (Id.  ^n.  ix.  60a),  and  more 
especially  for  chopping  down  and 
breaking  into  smaller  particles  any 
lai^e  clods  of  earth  left  by  the 
plough,  before  harrowing,  or  as  a 
substitute  for  it  (Plin.  ff.  N.  xviii, 
49.  §  3.  Virg.  Geerg.  i.  94.).  The 
figure  in  the  wood- cut,  which  is 
copied  from  a  very  ancient  MS.  of 
Terence  in  the  Vatican  Libraiy,  pos- 
sesses all  the  qualities  described  ;  and 
though  undoubtedly  an  imperfect  por- 
traiture, will  enable  the  reader  to 
form  an  accurate  notion  of  the  real 
character  of  the  instrument.  It  forms 
the  headpiece  of  the  first  scene  of  the 
first  act  in  the  ffeautentim.,  being 
carried  on  the  shoulders  of  Mene- 
demus,  and  is  evidently  intended  for 
an  ^icultural  instrument  of  the  name 
and  nature  described,  from  the  dia- 
logue it  illnslrates.— Cheemes.  Isios 
rakro!  inierea  tatiieH  adfone,nelaiora. 
Menbdem.  Minime,  &c. ;  and  by  the 
accessories  of  a  sheaf  of  wheat,  and  a 
jroke  for  plough  onen,  which  accom- 
pany the  original  deagn.  At  the 
same  lime  it  exemplifies  the  difference 
between  the  rosier  and  the  lige,  an 
instrument  of  otherwise  amilar  cha- 
racter and  use,  but  which,  instead  of 
having  its  head  formed  by  two  or 
more  distinct  prongs,  like  a  rake,  or 
being,  as  this  is,  and  as  Columeila  ex- 
presses it,  a  "two-homed  tool"  [H- 
comefeman,  Columell.  x.  148.),  had 
a  continuous  blade  like  the  hoe,  but 
notched  at  its  edge,  or,  in  the  lan- 
guage of  the  same  author  (x.  SS. ), 
broken  up  into  t^^i^—fracti  dente 
ligonis — as  shown  by  the  illustration 
s.   Lino.      The   term,    moreover,    is 


RATIS.  547 

mostly  applied  in  the  plural  number, 
because  the  head  was  composed  of 
several  parts  or  prongs,  instead  of  a 
single  blade. 

2.  Raster  ligneus.  A  -woodsn  rake 
(Columell,  ii.  II.  27.);  for  which  the 
diminutive  Rastellus  is  more  com- 

RA'SUS  {\ia-r.h).  Close  shaved 
vrith  a  razor ;  ix>f h  with  respect  to 
the  beard  and  hair  of  the  head  (Cic. 
Rase.  Com.  7.  Aul.  Gel.  iii.  4. : 
and  woodcut  s.  Lihigeb)  ;  as  opposed 
to  tonsus,  which  means  dipped  or  cut 
short  with  scissors. 

RATA'RIA.  Ennmerated  by 
Aulus  Gellius  amongst  the  different 
kinds  of  boats  and  ships  of  which  he 
gives  a  list  (x.  25),  but  without  any 
indication  of  its  characteristic  quali- 
ties. Servius  (ad  Virg.  jEn.  i.  43.) 
describes  it  merely  as  a  small  ^ip 
propelled  by  oars — nankula  cum 
remis f  Isidorus  {Orig.  xix.  I.  9.) 
seems  to  imply  that  it  was  roughly 
built,  and  flat-bottomed,  like  a  raft. 

RATIS  (<rx*Sifl).  Ara/t;  formed 
"by  joining  together  a  number  of 
planks  or  spais  to  mike  a  float,  as 
show  n  by  the  annexed  cample,  from 
the  ceilnig  of  an  ancient 


temple  of  Bacchns,  now  the  chorch  of 
Santa  Constantia,  near  Rome.  PJin. 
H-  N.  vii,  57.  ■  Coel.  afi.  Quint,  vi. 
3.  41.  Cic.  Att.  ix,  lador.  Orig. 
xix.  I.  9.  Hence  seirpea  ratis  (Plaut. 
Aul.  iv.  1.9.),  a  float  made  of  rushes 
used  to  support  beginners  when  learn- 


.    1  the  s 
tablets  of  cork,  which  are  men 
by  Hor.  Sat.  i.  4.  laa 

2.     (lAoTop    KOKTOWcfj'l.        A  > 

tamed  boat,  pushed  on  by  a  pole 


.Google 


54°  EECHAMUS. 

the  annexed  example,  from  the  very 
ancient  mosaic  pavement  of  Prseneste, 
instead  of  being  rowed  witli  oars. 
It  constitutes,  in  fact,  the  first  step  in 
naval  architecture  from  the  simple  raft 


REG  If  LA. 


to  the  regular  vessel.  -Yirg.  George. 
ii.  445.  Flor.  iv,  a.  32.  Diodor.  xix. 
Bayfins,  Re  Nav. 

3.  By  the  poets  used  indiscrimi- 
nately for  a  boat  or  ship  of  any  kind. 

4.  A  pontoon,  or  bridge  of  boats 
for  passing  over  firom  one  side  of  a 
river  to  the  oliier;  formed  by  fixing 
the  requisite  mimber  of  boats  in  the 


a  from  the 


laid  atliwart  them  from  one  side  of 
^  nver  *o  its  opposite  bank    whence 
the  expression  of  Livy 
jitimen     The  example 
column  of  Antoninus 

RECH  AMUS  (Vitruv   x.  2   I  ] 
6ame  as  Trochlea. 

RECINCTUS     (V^rg     ^n.    x\ 
51S.).     Equivalent  to  Discinctms. 

RECI'NIUM.     See  RicraiUM. 

RECTA  (ipfloffrai '  ' 

all  round,  like  our 
stockings ;  which 
fitted  mto  the 
waist,  and  took 
the  form  of  the 
figure,  without  re- 
quiring any  girdle 
to  keep  it  adjusted 
to  the  person,  as 
was  necessary  with 
the  common  tunic, 
which  was  made  of 


It 


equal  width  f  m  t  p  t  b  tt 
consequently  h  ng  d  n  m  i  gut 
or  direct  1  id  f  m  th  k  t  th 
feet,  asehbtdbyth  ne.d 
figure  of  C  es  wh  cb  pe  hanty 
gave  rise  t  th  nane,  b  th  m  th 
Latin  and  Greek  1  nguag  Plm 
H.  M.  viiL  74,    Fest  I    1 

One.  xix.  2       8      P  H      vii  48 

REDEMPTOR  (^py  i&  )  A 
contractor ,  like  our  own  term,  of 
general  application  for  one  who  un- 
dertakes to  perform  any  description 
of  work,  such  as  the  building  or 
repairing  of  a  house,  &c.,  for  a  stipu- 
lated amount.  CicZte.  ii.  21.  Piin. 
H.  N.  xjotvi.  55.     Uv.    Hor. 

REDIMt'CULUM.  A  long 
lappet,  or  fillet  attached  to  the  mitra 
(lador.  Orig.  six.  31.  J.  Virg.  Mn. 
ix.  616),  or  any  otter  head-dress  of 
similar  character,  for  the  purpose  of 


fastening  it  under  the  chin  (wood- 
cuts j.  Mitra,  p.  426.),  but  the  whole 
of  which,  when  loose,  would  hang 
down  over  the  shoulders  and  breast 
(Ov.  Met.  X.  265.),  as  shown  by  the 
annexed  figure  of  Paris,  from  one  of 
the  Pompeian  paintings. 

RE'GULA  \«av!iv).  A  striaght 
rxile,  used  by  carpenters,  masons, 
artificers,  and  people  in  general,  for 
drawing  lines,  or  taking  measure- 
ments (Vitruv.  V.  3,  Cic.  ap.  Non. 
J.  Perpendiculum,  p.  162.).  The 
example  represents  an  original  bronze 
rale,   found  in  a  mason's    shop   at 


.Google 


Pompeii,  wWch  is  divided  into  gra- 
duated parts,  and  made  to  shut  up  in 
Iialf,  by  means  of  a  hinge,  similar  to 
those  now  in  use ;  but  is  moreorer 
furnished  with  a  stay  at  the  back, 
indented  by  two  notches,  which  slip 
under  the  heads  of  two  small  pins, 
and  thus  prevents  the  two  muves 
from  closing  or  yielding  from  the 
sfrajglit  line  whUst  in  use. 

2.  In  a  more  general  sense  any 
long  straight  lath,  or  thin  bar  of  wood 
or  metal,  for  wliatever  purpose  ap- 
plied ;  and  specially  in  the  plural,  the 
laths,  within  which  the  pulp  of  olives 
(samsa),  or  the  husks  erf  grapes  {pes 
vinacsonim)  were  mcluded,  when 
placed  under  the  press  beam  Iprslum) 
to  keep  the  entire  mass  under  the 
action  of  the  beam,  and  prevent  the 
sides  from  bulging  out  beyond  the 
centre  where  the  force  was  applied. 
Columeil.  xii.  52.  la  See  the  illus- 
tration J.  ToRCULAR,  I.  which  ex- 
hibits a  basket  {fiscina)  employed,  as 
was  frequently  the  case  (Id.  xii.  39. 3. ). 
instead  of  laths,  for  the  same  purpose. 

RE'MEX  {ipems,  Konrq\i-rqs).  A 
r<rwer  or  parsman  who  cows  in  a  boat, 
galley,  or  ship.  In  vessels  of  war  the 
rowers  {r^miges)  formed  a  distinct 
class  from  the  sailors  {naaiis}  who 
managed  the  sails  and  navigation  of 
the  vessel  ;  and  from  the  marines 
{classiarii),  or  troops  to  whom  its 
defence  was  committed  ;  but  the 
three  tc^ether,  the  soldiers,  seamen, 
and  rowers,  completed  the  manning 
of  the  vessel  Cic  Verr.  ii.  5.  33. 
Id.  ii.  4.  34.    Cies.  B.  C.  iii.  24. 

In  boats  and  small  crail  the 
ancients  used  thdr  oars  in  most  of 
the  different  ways  Still  practised ;  a 
single  man  sometimes  plying  a  psur 
of  sculls  (woodcut  s.  BiREMIS,  I.) 
when  the  boat  was  very  small ;  or,  in 
those  of  a  lai^er  size,  handling  only 
a  single  oar,  and  then  either  sitting 
and  pulling  towards  himself,  as  we 
do,  or  standing  up  and  pushing  from 
himself,  as  is  still  the  more  common 
practice  in  the  Mediterranean  (wood- 
cut j.  ACTUARIOLUM.). 


549 

going  vessels  of  a  large  size 
with  a  single  line  of  oars, 
such  as  the  naves  lengie,  liiumica, 
and  others  belonging  to  the  class  of 
moneres,  which  were  equipped  with 
oars  of  great  weight  and  length,  it  is 
almost  certain  that  more  than  one 
man  pulled  at  the  same  oar,  and  sat 
on  the  same  bench,  as  was  the  prac- 
tice adopted  in  the  galleys  of  the 
Venetians,  Genoese,  and  French  of 
Marseilles,  during  the  15th,  i6th,  and 
17th  centuries,  a  method  which  is 
thus  described  in  the  memoirs  of  Jean 
Marteihle,  a  French  protestant, .  con- 
demned to  the  galleys  in  1701.  "The 
rowers  sit  upon  benches  "  (the  trmtsira 
of  the  Romans),  "  six  men  to  an  oar ; 
one  foot  rests  upon  a  low  stool  or 
stretcher,  the  other  is  raised  and 
placed  against  the  bench  before  them. 
They  lean  their  bodies  forward  "  (the 
Tinas  incumbunt  of  Vii^,  compare 
Polyb.  i.  zi.  5,),  "  and  stretch  out 
their  arms  over  the  backs  of  those 
before  them,  who  are  also  in  a  simi- 
lar attitude.  Having  thus  advanced 
the  oar,  they  raise  themselves  and  the 
end  of  the  oar  which  they  hold  in 
their  hands"  {remis  pariler  msurgunt, 
Vii^.),  " and  plunge  the  opposite  one 
into  the  sea  ;  which  done,  uiey  throw 
theniselves  back  upon  their  benches, 
which  bend  beneath  the  pressure  " 

In  vessels  which  were  furnished 
with  more  than  one  bank  {ardo)  of 
oars,  such  as  the  birimis,  trireims,  S.c , 
the  system  of  rowing  was  conducted 
upon  a  different  plan  In  these  the 
rowers  sat  upon  separate  seats  {sedilm) 
instead  of  cross  benches  (tiaiatra), 
and  each  oar  was  pulled  by  a  single 
man,  the  highest  one  fiom  the  water 
being  of  course  the  longest,  and  the 
labour  of  the  man  who  worked  it 
:.  But  when  vessels 
tie  were  constructed, 
ace,  as  the  lienrts 
t,  decemremu ,  &.c  ,  even  though 
they  conld  not  have  more  than  f\\e 
oars  in  an  ascending  line  from  the 
water's  edge  to  the  bulwirka,  as  ex 
plained  in  the  article  OrCO,  vet  it  la 


the  most 
of  very  g 
such,   for 


.Google 


55©  REMIGIUM. 

clear  tliat  the  length  and  weight  of 
the  oar  must  have  borne  a  certain 
proportion  to  the  width  and  length  of 
the  ship  ;  and  in  such  cases  it  is  but 
reasonable  to  infer  that  both  the 
methods  of  rowing  hitherto  described 
were  united  ;  the  lower  and  smaller 
oars  being  managed  each  by  a  single 
man,  the  upper  a.nd  larger  ones  by  as 
many  more  than  one  as  their  size  re- 
quired. Thuswhen  mention  is  made 
■'    "  t  authors  of  the  oarage 


vanting,  which  could  scarcely 
be,  but  tliat  the  proper  strength  or 
nrunber  of  hands,  required  for  their 
effective  management,  was  not  put 
upon  some  of  them. 

REMIdUM.  The  oais  or  oat- 
age  of  a  vessel,  in  a  collective  sense  ; 
also,  like  the  Greek  ^Xptaia  and  th 
ifitriKiy,  for  remiges,  a  crew  of  rowers. 
Vii^.  Hor.  Pliii.  &c. 

EEMUL'CUM  or  -US  (^P(.o).  A 
tmo-ropt,  by  which  one  vessel  is  drawn 
after  another.  Isodor.  Orig.xa.  4.  8. 
Hirt.  B.  Aler.  11.     Liv.  xnxii  16. 

EE'MUS(^()6T,i(ij,(Hi7r?j).  Anoni-, 
The  small  oars  and  sctdh,  when 
managed  by  a  single  man,  differed  in 
no  respect  from  those  in  modern  use, 
as  may  be  seen  from  numerous  speci- 
mens inserted  in  these  pages  ;  but 
the  lai^er  khids,  which  sometimes 
extended  to  the  length  of  54  feet, 
and    consequently  required    several 

thick  at  the  handle  for  the  hand  to 
grasp  ;  whence  it  may  be  confidently 
assumed,  that  they  were  constructed 
in  the  same  manner  as  those  used  in 
the  Mediterranean  galleys  of  the  i6th 
and  1 7th  centuries,  which  were  from 
45  to  50  feet  in  length,  each  one 
requiring  six  rowers,  who  managed 
it  by  the  assistance  of  a  felse  handle 
or  rail,  afUxed  to  the  main  butt,  as 
shown  by  the  annexed  woodcut,  re- 


REPAGULA. 

Just  beyond  the  handle,  is  distinct 
from  the  oar  itself;  but  is  fastened  to 
it,  as  a  guard,  to  prevent  the  con- 
sumption of  the  oar  by  rubbing 
against  the  side  of  the  vessel,  and 
easily  renewable  when  itself  worn  out. 
RE'NO  or  RHE'NO.  A  very 
short  cloak  {parvis  rhenofnim  tega- 
mentis.  C^s.  B.  C.  vi.  21.)  which 
only  covered  the  slioulders  and  breast 
as  far  as  the  loins  and  abdomen  (Isi- 
dor.  Orig.  xix.  23.  4.),  forming  an 
article  of  clothing,  especially  charac- 
teristic of  the  Germans  (Sallust. 
Fragm.  Ineerl.  13.  ed,  Gerlacb.),  and 
of  the  Gauls  (Varro,  L.  L.  v.  167.). 
It  was  made  out  of  &e  rough  skin  of 
the  reindeer,  still  called  Sen  in 
Swedish,  and  is  frequently  seen  on 


the  German  figures  of  the  column  of 
Antoninus  (see  the  illustrations  s. 
Framea  and  Supplex)  ;  but  is  also 
worn  by  some  of  the  soldiers  in  the 
imperial  army  on  the  column  of  Tra- 
jan, two  of  whom,  affording  a  front 
and  back  view,  have  been  selected 
for  the  illustration,  because  they 
show  the  pecuhar  form  and  dimen- 
sions of  the  object  more  distinctly. 
REPA'GULA.     PluraL     One   of 


fastemng  (Cic 
Dn    1    34  ).  the 

which  must  at  this 
day  be  collected 
from  mferential 
reasoning,  rather 
thanpositHe  tes 
timony      As  the 

in  the  plural,  we  may  conclude  that 


si-te— 


.Google 


REPLUM. 

the  device  consisted  of  a  double  fast- 
ening, and  not  a.  single  one  ;  while  the 
expression  of  Plantus  (Cirf.  iii.  18.), 
occladite  Jiessulis,  rifiagvtis,  leads  to 
the  conjecture  that  it  consisted  of  a 
pair  of  boits  (fasuH),  made  of  wood 
and  fastened  on  the  leaves  of  a  fold- 
ing door  (Plin.  IT.  N.  xvi.  82.),  hut 
made  to  shoot  against  one  anotlier 
from  opposite  sides,  which  seems  to 
be  the  true  meamng  of  the  dehnition 
given  by  Verrius,  {op.  FesL  s.  &,)  re- 
^gtila,  ipis  p^efaciuttdi  gratia  ila 
fynniur,  lii  e  cotttrario  opfangunUtr. 
TTie  annexed  illustration,  representing 
an  Egyptian  door,  from  a  painting  at 
Thabes,  which  shows  the  two  Imlts 
affixed  to  separate  valves,  and  shoot- 
ing from  opposite  sides  against  each 
omer,  confirms  this  account  so  far 
as  to.  encourage  the  belief  that  it 
really  exhibits  the  contrivance  ui 
question.  Indeed  it  is  from  the 
Egyptians  that  both  Greelcs  and 
Romans  appear  to  have  derived  the 
models  for  most  of  their  locks,  kc}  ^ 
and  fastenings  in  general. 

REPLUM.  (Vitrav,  iv.  6.  5  ) 
An  upright  rail  fixed  in  the  centre  of 
the  frame  of  a  doorcase,  and  stretch 
ing  from  the  lintel  to  the  sill,  in 
order  to  serve  the  purpose  of  a  rebate, 
and  guard  the  crevice  formed  by  the 

£■  mcture  of  the  two  valves,  as  shown 
y  the  annexed  example,  represent 
ing  an  ancient  bronze  door  in  its 
original  slate,  which  formerly  be 
longed  to  the  temple  of  Remus,  now 
converted  into  tlie  church  of  S. 
Cosmo  and  Damiano,  al  Rome.  The 
ground-plan  at  the  bottom,  where  it 
appears  in  the  centre,  exhiliits  the 
maimer  in  which  (he  rebate  closed 
over  the  juncture ;  and  the  elevation 
shows  one  leaf  of  the  door  closed 
ag^nst  it ;  if  both  valves  were  open, 
it  will  be  readily  perceived  that  it 
would  remain,  like  an  isolated  up- 
opening.  The  interpretation  here 
given  cannot,  however,  be  accepted  as 
certain,  for  the  precise  meaning  of 
tlie  word  is  much  controverted,  and. 


REPOSITORILM 


iigc    of 


ir-^— 

of  the  term  in   the  on^ 
Vitruvius  above  Lited 

REPOSITOlilUM  A  niece  of 
furniture  employed  b)  the  Romans 
for  bringing  up  to  table  the  various 
dishes  composed  m  a  course  (Plin 
U  A  xviii  90),  and  which  mas 
placed  with  its  contents  upon  a  table 
m  the  dining  room  (Pet  Sat  Jx  4.) 
It  consisted  of  a  lai^  covered  box  or 
case  (whence  tkeca  repositorii.  Pet 
Sat.  xxxix.  3.),  either  round  or 
square,  and  sometimes  made  of  choice 
woods  inlaid  with  tortoise-shell,  and 
enriched  by  ornaments  of  silver  (Fe- 
nestella  ap.  Plin.  H.  JV.  xnxiii.  52. 
Pet.  Sat.  XXXV.  a.).  The  whole  case 
was  moreover  divided  into  a  number 
of  stories,  one  above  the  other 
each  of  ^*hich  held  a  separate  tray 

ifivfiiliiin)      fiimwhpii      t^i)-h      rinhpff 

like  the  dinner  hiskets  m  whn,h  a 
French  01  Italian  restaurateur  sends 
out  a  readv  dressed  dinner  to  his 
This  I'J  clear   fr  m    Pe 


,y  Google 


552  REPoriA. 

tronius  {Sat.  xxxvi.  J.  and  2.  Com- 
pare xKxv.  I.  and  2.),  where  a  re- 
fiositariwm  is  placed  upon  the  table, 
and  after  the  first  division  has  been 
removed,  another  fray  containing  a 
different  covuse  of  entries  is  exposed 
to  -view — supa-iorem  partem  refinsi- 
torn  absttdenmt  Quo  facts,  videmus 
infra,  scUuit  in  <Utiro,yercalo,  alUlia, 
Su:.- — which  passage  mstinctly  points 
out  the  difference  between  a  reposi- 
toriam  and  a  ferculum,  and  proves 
the  inaccuracy  of  those  scholars  who 
make  the  two  words  synonymous. 

REPO'TIA.  A  carousal  or  drink- 
ing bout  after  a  banquet  (Apul.  Afiol. 
p.  501.  Id,  de  Mund.  p.  730.); 
whence,  in  a  tROTS  special  sense,  the 
entertainment  given  by  a  bridegroom 
to  his  friends  the  day  after  his  wed- 
ding.  Festus  s.  V.  Hot.  Sat.  iL  2.  60. 

RESTIA'RIUS  (ox«™>-A'i'"'i. 
KoAonTTp^if'oi:].  A  Tvpe  make!-.  In- 
script.  Vet.  a  Jo.  Cam.  Rossi  edits. 

RESTIO  (oxoifoTii^li).  A  dealer 
in  ropes  and  cords.  Front,  ap. 
Putsch,  p.  2201.   Suet.  Aug.  2. 

RE'TE  and  RE'TIS  (Hhtbov).  A 
net;  in  the  same  general  sense  as  is 
conveyed  by  our  own  word ;  including 
Ixith  hshing  and  hunting  nets,  and,  in 
consequence,  all  the  different  kinds 
wliicli  are  enumerated  in  the  Classed 
Index.    (Qc  Plant.  Virg.  &c)    But 


RETIARIUS. 


distinguish   the    large   1 


Cyneg.  30a),  with  which  they  used  to 
surround  a  wide  tract  of  country,  be- 
fore the  operation  of  beating  the  covers 
commenced,  in  order  to  prevent  the 
game  from  dispersing  through  the 
open  country,  and  to  form  an  enclosed 
circle  towards  which  they  might  be 
driven,  when  dislodged  by  the  dogs 
from  the  shelter  of  their  thickets. 
Both  the  gbject  itself,  the  manner  of 
setting  it,  and  the  purpose  for  which 
it  was  used,  may  be  r^dily  imagined 
from  the  annexed  illustration,  copied 
from  a  fbesco-painting  in  the  sepul- 
chre of  the  Nasonian  family,  near 
Rome,  which  also  contiuns  several 
otlier  pictures  illustrative  of  hunting 

RETIA'RIUS.  A  Roman  gladi- 
ator,  so  named  from  the  net  (i-ete) 
which  formed  his  characteristic  im- 
plement of  attack.  Besides  this,  he 
was  equipped  with  a  heavy  three- 

Eronged  fork  {/uicina,  tridens),  but 
ad  no  body  armour;  and  his  art 
consisted  in  casting  the  net  over  the 
head  of  the  adversary,  generally  a 
Seculsf,  with  whom  he  was  matched. 
If  he  succeeded  in  the  thiow,  so  as  to 
hamper  his  opponent,  who  was  fully 
armed,  in  the  toils  of  his  net,  he  ad- 
vanced to  close  quarters,  and  attacked 


h  m  v  th  the  fr  denf,  as  exhibited  b 
he  llu  tral  on  from  an  ancient 
mosa  c  but  f  he  failed,  having  no 
defe  s  ve  armour,  he  imniediately 
took  to  fl  gl  I,  and  endeavoured  to 
collect  his  net  for  a  second  cast  before 
he  could  be  overtalten  by  liis  adver- 


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RETICULATUS. 

sary,  who  pursued  him  lound  the 
arena.  SueL  Col.  3a  Claud.  34. 
Jnv.  a.  143.  Tiii.  203. 

RETICULA'TUS.  Literally, 
thut  which,  is  formed  like  a  net,  or  in 
a  pattern  like  net-work. 

t.  Sdiculata  structura.  Ritku- 
latiimopm.  A  method  of  constructing 
walls  very  common  in  Italy  dnring 
the  later  days  of  the  republican  and 
early  part  of  the  imperial  period,  tlie 


estetnal  appearani^e  of  which  pre 
sented  a  reticulated  pattern,  like  the 
meshes  of  a  net,  as  shown  by  the 
division  marked  a  m  the  annexed 
wood  cut  which  exhibits  at  a  Tiew 
the  different  constructive  arrange 
ments  idopted  by  the  Roman  bmlders. 
The  one  in  question  was  formed  by 
small  btones  or  by  blocks  of  tufo  cut 
into  1  die  which  instead  of  being 
laid  on  their,  sides,  were  placed  upon 
the  sharp  edge,  so  as  to  fit  into  one 
another  like  wedges.  This  method 
of  construction,  though  extremely 
pleasing  to  the  eye,  has  the  great  de- 
fect of  wanting  durability,  tn  conse- 
quence of  the  tendency  which  such 
walls  have  to  settle  into  cracks.  Vi- 
truv.  ii.  8.  I,    Plin.  H.  N.  xxxvi.  51. 

3.  Eetic^lala  fenestra.  A  lattice, 
i.  e.  a  window  protected  by  smalt 
bars  of  wood  or  metal,  crossing  each 
other  in  a  reticulated  pattern.  Varro, 
X.  R.  iii.  7.  3- 

RETICULUM  (SiKTiiSior).  Dimi- 
nulive  of  Rete  ;  a  small  net,  or  a  net 
made  with  small  meshes  (Varro,  R.  R. 
'"■  5'  IS-) ;  whence  the  following 
specific  senses  : — 

I.  A  bag  of  network,  the  original 


SS3 

our  reticule,  employed  foi'  holding 

■ious   articles; — bread   (Hor.   Sat. 

'■•  4-70  ;  p'aying  balls  (Ov.  A.  Am. 
361.);  dried  rose  leaves,  or  other 
aromatic  productions,  which  were 
thus  carried  in  the  hand,  for  the  same 
purpose  as  the  modem  scent  bottle. 
Cic.  Verr.  ii.  5.  11. 

2.  (KfKpi^oAoj).  A  cap  for  the 
hair,  made  of  net-work,  and  prroerly 
belonging  ip  the  female  attire  (Varro, 
L.  L..  Y.  1^0,), 
though  the  sa 


by  the  women  of  Albano,  and  by  the 
men  of  Sonnino.  The  example  is 
from  a  pdnting  at  Pompeii. 

RETINA'CULUM  (ffxo-i'W  ^>rf- 
Tfiop).  Innautical language, a^aauw, 
thrown  out  from  the  stem  of  a 
vessel  (Ov.  Met.  xv.  696.},  by 
which  it  was  made  fast  to  the  shore 
{/i.  xiv.  547.),  as  contradistinguished 
from  the  caile  {anccrals)  at  the  bow. 

3.  A  iow-rofe,  by  whicli  animals 
draw  a  vessel  from  the  shore  (Hor. 
Sat.  i.  5.  l8.),  as  contradistinct  from 
remulcus,  by  which  one  vessel  was 
towed  behind  another. 

3.  Long  traces  for  wagons  to  which 
several  pairs  of  oxen  are  attached, 
sometimes  extending  to  the  length  of 
26  feet.     Cato,  R.  R.  63.  and  135. 

4.  Any  kind  of  long  rope  or  thong 
which  serves  to  retain  or  restrain;  as 
a  tether,  or  a  halter  for  cattle  (Colu 
mell.  vi.  2.  4.  Capistrum),  the 
reins  of  a  chariot.      Virg    Geotg  1 


Rete    (ApuL    Met     ^ui     p     155), 
same  as  RETICIJLUM,  2      Augustin 

RE'TIS.     See  Rete. 
RE'TIUM.      Sime    as    Retf 
Glos.   PhiloK.  J  and   S«,hol   ^  et    ^ 


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554 


RHEDA. 


Ju- 


i.  207.,  where  ib  is  applied  to 

of  the  Reliarius. 
RHE'DA.  A  large  and  roomy 
carriage  upon,  four  wheels  (Isidor. 
Orig.  XX.  12,),  and  fiimished  with 
several  seats,  so  as  to  be  adapted  for 
the  transport  of  a.lai^e  party,  witli 
thdr  lu^age  and  necessaries  (Juv. 
iii.  la  Mart  iii.  47.  5.).  It  appears 
to  have  been  in  very  general  use 
amongst  the  Romans,  both  for  town 
and  country  (Cic.  MU.  20.  Id.  Aii. 
vi.  I.  /*.  V.  17.  Suet.?«;.  57-); 
and  probably  resembled  the  French 
char-h-banc  with  a  cover  overhead, 
for  the  carriage  itself,  as  well  as  its 
name,  was  of  Gallic  original  (Quint, 
i,  5.  68.).    The  annexed  illustration  is 


not  copied  from  any  ancient  au- 
thority, nor  is  it  altogether  imaginary, 
being  composed  by  Ginzrot  ( Wagen 
und  Fakneerke,  tab.  20.),  after  the 
models  of  several  very  similar 
carriages  which  appear  on  the  co- 
lumns of  Trajan  ana  Antoninus;  but 
is  here  introduced  in  order  to  con- 
a  p      un  tion  of  the  general 

h  h      conveyance    in 

q  es     n  wbj  h   h  ugh  not  altogether 
g  n    n         il  serve  as  a  useful 

n  h    various  passages 


RH  yPA  ROGRA  PH  US. 

RIIOM'BUS  [^luBo^).  Originally 
signified  the  spindle  (Jiisus)  with 
which  women  spun  their  thread 
(Schol.  (irfApoll.  Argon,  i  Ii39.);a 
vertical  section  of  which,  when  cover- 
ed with  thread,  would  exhibit  the 
figure  termed  a  rhomboid  by  mathe- 
maticians, as  will  be  seen  by  the 
centre  figure  in  the  illustration  j. 
Fdsus.  This  meaning  subsequently 
obtained,  to  the  complete  exclusion 
of  the  primary  notion ;  though  a  very 
distinct  allusion  to  that  is  contained 
in  one  of  the  common  applications  of 
the  word  both  by  the  Greek  and 
Latin  writers,  who  make  use  of  it  to 
designate  a  sort  of  red  or  laJwrl  em- 
ployed in  enchantment.  Ov.  Am.  i. 
8.  7.     Prop.  i!L  6.  26, 

RHOMP.^'A,  ROMPH^'A,  and 
RUM'PIA  (io/i^afo).  A  military 
weapon  peculiar  to  the  Thracians 
(Aul.  Gell.  X.  25.);  but  whether  be- 
longing to  the  class  of  swords  or' of 
spears  is  a  malfer  of  doubt,  though 
the  iafter  seems  the  more  probable. 
At  all  events,  it  was  characterised  by 
prodigious  length  [Liv.  xxxi.  29.); 
and  by  having,  like  the  Roman /iftioi, 
a  wooden  shaft  of  the  same  dimen- 
sions as  the  iron  head  affixed  to  it. 
Val.  Flacc.  vi.  98. 

RHVPAROCRAPHUS  (^u™po- 
7(it^iDi).  A  painter  of  low,  coaise, 
and  trivial  subjects,  amongst  which 
are  enumerated  scenes  of  ordinary 
life,  interiors  of,  barbers'  shops, 
coblers'  stalls,  animals,  and  objects  of 
still  life  (Plin.  H.  N,  xxxv.  37.),  such 
as  those  for  which  the  Dutch  and 
Flemish  schools  have  become  cele- 
hratfid.  It  is  evident  from  the  adjec- 
tive which  ^ves  the  governing  sense 
to  the  term  (jSiwnpJs,  foul,  dirty),  that 
works  of  this  description  were  held 
in  low  estimation  by  the  talented  and 
accomplished  people  of  Greece;  but 
the  coarser-mmded  and  more  ma- 
terial Romans,  whose  love  of  ari,  and 
taste,  were  fer  less  pure,  being 
acquired  or  aflfected,  not  innate,  set 
the  highest  value  upon  fhem,  and 
bought  them  at  prices  oftentimes  ex- 


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ceeding  what  they  paid  for  the  great 
works  of  the  best  masters.  Pliii.  /.  c. 
RHYTIUM(Ti^vTiJi')  Properly, 
the  Greek  name  for  a  dnnking  kom 
(Mart.  ii.  35.  2.),  r  ■  -'  ■  ' 
liquor  was  allowed 
the  name,  jSvrrii,  1 
through  an  ori- 
fice in  the  point 
at  bottom,  into 
the  mouth  of  the 

hibited  by  the 
annexed  example 
from  a  Pompeian 
painting  It  is  here  shown  m  its 
simplest  fnrm  of  a  mere  horn,  but 
vessel"  of  the  same  character  were 
made  m  many  ornamental  devices, 
especially  imitating  tlie  headi  of  dif- 
ferent animals,  m  which  the  narrow 
extremity  formed  by  the  nose  and 
lips  malies  a  pomt  ibr  the  liquoi  to 
flow  from  Several  such  have  been 
discovered  jn  the  etcavations  of 
Pompeu  and  Hereulaneum,  ■jnd  are 
engraved  m  the  Museo  Borbonico  (\ 
20  vm   14. ) 

RI'CA  A  square  sheet  of  woollen 
cloth  with  a  funge  lound  11s  edges 
(vestimenium  qua 
dralum,   fimbria- 

ap    Fest    J    !  ), 

ovei  the  head  by 
females  when 
performing       sa 

pecially  (Varro, 
'     '  130), 


but      also 


Both  the 


(Plaut,  Epid  n 
2  50  Aul  Gell 
German  m  Aiat  i 
form  and  character  of  this  piece 
of  drapery  are  plainly  disceimble  on 
the  annexed  figure,  representing  a 
priestess  of  Isis,  from  a  statue  of  the 
Chiaramonte  collection  in  the  Vatican. 
RICI'NIUM,  RECITsriUM,  RI. 
CI'NUS,  or  RECIT^US.     Diminu- 


Riscus.  555 

form  of  Rica.  A  small  square 
sheet  of  woollen  cloth  (pallioUtm 
breve,  Non.  s.  v-  p.  542.),  doubled  in 
(Varro,  L.  L.  v.  13Z.),  and  worn 
■  the  head  (Isidor.  Orig.  six.  25.) 
1  veil ;  more  especially  assumed 
by  females 


fresco  piinting 
which       deco 


of  a  chamber 
m  the  Therm-e 
of  Titus  m  which  the  celebiated 
group  of  Laocoon  was  found  and  is 
suppo-ed  to  reprcJent  Vetuna,  the 
mtther  of  Lorionnus  whenshewent 
out  as  a  suppl  ant  and  in  moammg 
to  dissuade  her  son.  who  forms  a 
prominent  object  in  the  picture  fiom 
advancing  against  his  native  c  t> 
But  even  if  this  etplanation  of  the 
subject  be  not  the  true  one  it  is  still 
apparent  from  the  attitudes  and  de 
meauour  of  the  two  females  in  the 
design,  that  they  are  represented  m 
the  character  of  suppliants,  and  con 
sequently  ittired  in  the  haMiments  of 
gnef ;  which  alone  would  be  sufficient 
to  connect  the  very  peculiar  piece  of 
drapery  on  the  head  and  shoulders  with 
the  name  and  object  above  described. 

RI'CULA,  Diminutive  of  ElCA. 
A  veil  worn  by  young  women  over 
the  head.  Tuqiil.  ap.  Non.  s.  Rica, 
p.  539-     Isidor.  (h-ig.  xix.  31.  5. 

RIS'CUS  (iWo-K»!)-  A  ■jiiard-robe, 
more  especialiy  for  female  apparel 
(Terent.  Sun.  iv.  6.  rj.  Ulp.  Dig. 
34.  2.  z6.  Pollux,  vii.  79.).  The 
word  appears  to  have  been  generally 
applied  to  any  kind  of  receptacle 
adapted  for  the  purpose  mentioned, 
as  It  is  severally  explained  to  be  a 


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556  ROBOEARIUM. 

wickec  basket  covered  with  leather 
(Donat.  ad  Terent.  /,  £.) ;  a  large 
chest  {Gloss.  Phihx.^;  and  a  closet 
let  into  the  wall.     Non.  s.  v.  p.  165. 

ROBORA'RIUM.  A  place  en- 
dosed  with  wooden  palings,  more 
particularly  of  oak.  Scip.  Afrtc.  af. 
Gell.  ii.  20. 

RO'BUR.  The  undeigrovmd 
dungeon  in  a  goal  {career)  in  which 
the  sentence  of  capital  punishment 
was  earned  uito  execution  whence 
the  expression,  dr^rmm  cat  cere  etrotore 
(Apul  Apol  p  530  )  deservuig  im 
pnsonment  and  death  Festus  s  1 
Lh  xxjtviiL  59  compared  with 
xxxiv  44.  where  it  is  termed  career 
ii^erior  Lucan  u  125  It  is  shown 
by  the  cu-cular  chamber  m  (he  an 


coming  out  from  the  indosure  {mile\ 
in  which  he  had  been  previously  mus- 
tered with  the  other  members  of  his 
century ;  and  to  present  a  balloting 
token  [fabellii)  to  every  one  of  them  ia 
turn,  by  whom  it  was  taken  and 
thrown  mto  the  box  {cista)  placed  at 
the  opposite  extremity  of  the  bridge. 
The  illustration,  from  a  coin,  explains 
the  entire  process,  showing  at  bottom 
the  railing  which  enclosed  the  ovUe,  a 
voter  ascending  the  bridge  and  re- 
ceiving his  ballot  from  the  rogator, 
whilst  another  one  at  the  opposite 
end  IS  eoMged  in  depositing  his  in 
the  box  The  term,  however,  origi- 
nated before  the  practice  of  secret 
votmg  had  obtained,  when  the  poll 
clerk  hid  only  to  ask  {rogare)  the 
citizens  how  they  intended  to  vote, 
and  to  le^ster  the  result  upon  a 
waxed  tablet  containing  a  list  of  the 
candidates  by  making  a  mark  or 
pomt  {pinctam)  against  the  name  of 
e  ch  one  as  a  suffrage  was  recorded 
111  his  favour.  Cic  N.  D.  ii.  4.  Id. 
r  n  35  i3.  i.  17.  ld.iii&n.-ll. 
Id   Pis    15. 

KOGUS  (wupd).  A  funeral  pile 
whilst  m  process  of  combustion; 
Lompo  ed  of 
rough      l(^s  ^iM  'fes  ii& 

of  wood *  .-«lSr*=S.Jte, 


nexed  illustration   which  represents  a 

s(ri(i,ted  by  Ancus  Marlins  and  Ser 
vius  Tnllius  now  exisling  at  Rome 
and  the  identical  one  to  which  the 
parages  of  Livy  above  quoted,  refer 
ROGATO  RES.  Officers  ap- 
pomted  to  1  t  >t  the  RomaJi  Comitia, 
whoso  duty  il 


af  Cic  Zfg. 
11  23  )  but  , 
piled  np  inlo 
a  square  mass,  on  the  top  of  which  a 
corpse  was  reduced  to  ashes  (Viig. 
jSn  iL  189.).  It  was  strictly 
termed  fyra  before  the  fire  had  been 
applied  to  it,  and  rogus  when  burning 
(Serv.  ad  Viig.  /.  c),  as  in  the  ex- 
ample annexed,  representing  the  pile 
on  which  the  body  of  Patroclus  is 
consumed,  in  the  bas-relief  Itnown  as 
the  Tabula  Iliaca,  on  which  the 
various  events  recorded  in  the  Iliad 
are  portrayed. 

RORA'RII,  A  class  of  soldiers 
in  the  Roman  armies,  forming  part  of 
the  levis   annalura,    or  light-armed 


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RORARir. 

troops.  They  were  drawn  up  in  the 
third  line  behind  the  Iriarii,  and  in  a 
position  between  them  and  the  acceim 
(Liv.  viii.  8.  Compare  Plaut.  Fragni. 
ap.  Varro,  L.  L  vii.  $8.) ;  their 
duty  being  to  rush  forward,  as  op- 
porttmities  of- 
fered, and  make 
desultory 


tacks  upon 


sliowers  of  n: 


from  amidst  the 
ranks  formed  by 
the  lirst  and  se- 
cond lines  of  the 
heasy  legionary 
soldiers  (Liv.  viii.  9.).  It  is  pro- 
bable enough  that  the  term  was 
derived  from  reres,  drops  of  rain,  as 
the  grammamns  say  (Varro,  /.  c. 
Festiis,  I.  -a.  Non.  s.  -a.  p.  552. ) ;  but 
it  by  no  means  follows  therefrom,  as 
they,  and  the  modern  lexicographers 
after  them,  have  inferred,  that  the 
name  was  given  to  these  troops  be- 
cause they  commenced  the  action  by  a 
shower  of  missiles,  like  the  drops 
which  precede  a  storm  ;  for  that  was 
the  duty  oSHhe/erejiiarii,  wbo,  for  that 
purpose,  were  conveniently  posted 
upon  the  wings  (Veg.  Mii.  i  2a), 
whereas  the  rear  ranks  of  the  army, 
the  post  of  the  ivran'i,  would  be  s 
most  unfit  one  for  such  a  puipose. 
J?0)-«  are  any  drops  of  water  which 
fall  Siring  a  shower,  as  well  as  Sefore 
it.  The  post,  moreover,  assigned  them 
by  Livy,  immediately  Ixfore  the 
acceiisi,  who  constituted  the  lowest 
grade  of  the  whole  army,  indicates 
sufficiently  that  they  formed  a  dis- 
tinct class  from  them,  as  well  as  from 
the /eraiiarii,  holding  an  intermediate 
position  between  both  in  regard  to 
rank  and  accoutrements.  The  figure 
in  the  woodcut,  from  the  colnmn  of 
Trajan,  represents  a  soldier  of  the 
Imperial  army  fighting, 
mentioned,  between  two  heavy-armed 
legionaries.       Though  his  weapon  ' 


ROSTRUM.  557 

not  seen,  it  is  plain  enough  from  the 
attitude  tirat  he  is  in  the  act  of  dis- 
charging a  missile.  Similar  figures 
occur  on  two  other  parts  of  the  co- 
lumn, with  shields  of  the  same  cha- 
racter, and  appointed  in  the  same 
manner,  naked  to  the  waist,  with  short 
drawers  (femoralia)  and  military 
boots  [,caligte\ :  in  one  instance  stand- 
amongst  a  body  of  troops  of  all 
i,  heavy  and  light,  who  are  lis- 
tening to  an  harangue  (idtooiitio)  from 
the  einpeior ;  and  in  the  other  one, 
on  the  field  of  battle,  engaged 
amongst  (he  heavy  infantry,  like  the 
one  here  selected.  In  early  times  no 
doubt  a  kilt  {cam^lre)  was  worn 
instead  of  drawers,  which  were  not 
introduced  until  the  Imperial  age  ; 
but  that  will  not  impair  the  genume 
evidence  of  the  otliec  details,  whUe 
fa  missile  and  shield,  in 
with  the  defenceless  state 
of  the  rest  of  (he  body,  accords  per- 
fectly with  the  rank  which  these  men 
occupied,  and  the  duties  they  had  to 
perform,  and  shows  a  ground  of  dis- 
tinction between  them  and  the 
ferentarii,  who  had  no  shield  nor 
defensive  arm  whatever,  and  the 
aecensi,  who  had  not  even  an  offen- 
sive weapon  beyond  what  nature  sup- 
plied them,  their  fisfs  and  stones. 

ROSTRATTUS.  Formed  in  the 
shape  of,  or  furnished  with,  a  snoiit 
or  beak  [Sostmm)  ;  whence  applied 
as  a  descriptive  epithet  (o  many 
different  objects  —  to  the  bill-hook 
(ColunielL  iL  21.  3.  Rostrum,  3.) ; 
to  the  plough  (Piin.  H.  N.  xviiL  48. 
Rostrum,  4.);  to  a  crown  (Plin. 
W.  N.  xvi.  3.  xxii.  4.  COROKA,  8.)  ; 
to  a  ship  (Hirt  B.  Afr.  23..  Ros- 
"  )  ;  to  a  column  (Suet.  Galb. 


23- 

U.VIt \r~iA.--r      J. 

of  a  beast,  especially  of 
swine,  and  the  hill  of  a  bird  ;  whence 
the  term  is  transferred  to  various 
artificial  objects,  resembling  in  form, 
or  in  the  nses  to  wliich  they  are  ap- 
plied, either  of  the  natural  oi^ans 
above  mentioned  ;  as  : — 


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558 

I.  (r^iSoAos).  The  kak,  as  it  is 
called  by  us,  of  a  ship  of  war,  made 
of  bronze,  or  sometimes  of  icon,  and 
intended  to  act  against  the  timbers  of 
an  enemy's  vessel,  like  the  battering- 
ram  against  a  wall  (Liv.  Hot.  Hirt. 
Pliiu  &c. ).  In  eiirly  warfare  it  con- 
sisted of  a  single  beara,  shod  at  the 
end  with  a  metal  head,  mostly  repre- 
senting some  animal,  as  exhibited  by 
the  a  mexed  exan  pie  fro  n  a 
or  g  nal  perhaps  u  que  vh  h  wa 
fo  nd  at  tl  e  bo     m  of   he  port  c( 


ROSTRUM. 


strucfion  adopted  during  the  Punic 
war ;  that  on  the  right,  with  the 
oripnal  rostram,  in  Sie  form  of  a 
bird's  head,  above,  and  the  improved 
and  more  formidable  one  underneath 


Genoa,  and  Is  supposed  to  have  been 
sunk  there  in  the  battle  fought  be- 
tween the  Genoese  and  Mago  the 
Carthaginian.  It  projected  from 
the  head  of  the  vessel  at  a  certain 
elevation  above  the  keel  and  water's 
edge,  in  the  manner  shown  by  the 
woodcut  at  p.  44a.  But  when  the 
system  of  naval  warfare  was  per- 
fected, it  was  formed  by  several  pro- 
jecting beams,  cosed  wi^  sharp  metal 
points,  sometimes  employed  alone, 
and  sometimes  in  addition  to  the  one 
last  described  ;  but  either  situated  on 


the  same  level  as  the  keel,  or  de- 
pressed below  it,  so  that  every  frac- 
ture not  only  damaged  the  vessel,  but 
made  a  fearful  leak  below  the  water. 
All  these  properties  are  exhibited  by 
the  annexed  illustration,  from  two 
Roman  medals,  the  oue  on  the  left 
showing  the  rostrum  on  the  same  line 
with  the  keel,  according  to  the  con- 


dressed  the  people,  because  it  was 
ornamented  with  sliips'  beaks  taken 
from  the  Antiates  in  the  Latin 
war  (Liv.  viii.  14.  Varro,  Z.  L. 
V.  155.  Cic  Cses.,  &c.)-  The 
illustration,  from  a  coin  of  the  Lollian 
£«  {  b  bl  th  M  LoU"  P  V 
ca        m  d  b    C 

ii.  h  ug  g      d  fi 


di  gw 


th      1 

with    p     p 
top       wh   h  ed         d 

placed,  the  whole  being  supported 
upon  arches,  the  piers  of  which  were 
ornamented  with  the  beaks  of  the 
vessels  above  mentioned.  It  must 
have  been  ascended  by  a  flight  of 
steps,  and  probably  there  was  one  on 
eadi  side  of  it,  so  that  tlie  whole 
structure  would  resemble  very  closely 


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SOSTSUM. 


of  the  ea 


still  t. 


;t  Chris- 


the  ambones  ci 

tian  churches  at  Rome, 

3.  The  crooked  and  pointed  end  of 
a  vine-dresser's  bill-hook  {falx  viiti- 
tffria),  that  is,  the  point  which  is 
turned  uppermost   in    the   aimexcd 

mella,  and  which  bears  a  close  re- 
semblance to  the  beak  of  cert^n 
birds  of  prey.     ColumelL  iv.  25.  3. 

4.  The  curved  end  of  the  primitive 
Roman  plough,  used  for  light  soils, 
formed  from  the  limb  of  a  tree,  either 


be    anvil,  from  a  bas-relief     Plin.  JI.N. 


naturally  or  artiticially  bent  mt>  a 
crook  and  when  necessary,  shod 
with  iron  at  its  extremity  as  is  very 
clearly  displayed  11  the  annexed 
figure,  from  a  small  Etrilscan  bronie, 
found  at  Areizo  Phn  1/  JV  xviii. 
4S. 

5.  The  noszL  of  an  oil  lamp 
{lucerna),  through  which  the  wn,fc 
projects,  and 
which  is  usu- 
ally made  with 
a  curved  line 
rising  from  the 
body  of  the 
object,  not  unlii.e  the  beak  of  a  bird, 
as  exhibited  by  the  anne).ed  example 
from  an  ongmal  Roman  lamp.  Plin. 
H.  N.  xxviii.  46. 

6.  The  head  of  a  smith's  hammer 
or  mallet  (malletis);  in  which  case 
the  analogy  is  deduced  from  the  ap- 
plication not  &om  the  foim,  of  the 
mstrument ,  because  iC  is  the  part 
w  th  which  the  shocl..  is  given,  in 
allusion  to  the  rostrum  of  a  ship,  as 
exemphhed  hy  the  annexed  illus- 
tration   represent  ng  smiths  at  the 


felloes ;  fn/rf^ju  \ 
or  Bxiis,  the  tire  ; 
all  of  which  are 
distinctly  marked  i 
figure,  representing  an  original  wheel 
now  preserved  in  the  cabinet  of  an- 
tiquities at  Vienna, 

2.  The  expression,  insislire  rolls 
(Virg.  Giorg.  iii.  114.),  literally  "to 
stand  upon,  or  over,  tiie  wheels,"  is 
not  a  merely  poetical  figure  of  speech, 
but   a  graphical  description  of  the 


always  a  standing 
and  not  a  sitting  one,  as  shown  by 
the  annexed  example  from  a  terra- 
cotta lamp.  Thus  Martyn's  trans- 
lation of  the  above  passage^"  to  sil 


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560  HOTA. 

viLtoiiouo  o^cr  the  lapid  ivlieels" — 
1'  not  only  incorrect  as  regards  La- 
trnity  but  su^ests  an  im-^e  at  direct 
vai  iance  with  the  words  of  the  poet. 

3.  Th.!:  wheel  of  torlute  an  mstni- 
ment  of  punishment  employed  by  the 
Greelts,  by  nieins  of  which  the  victim, 
when  bound  to 
the  spt  kes 
was  whirled 
round  with  a 
lapid  rotation 
till  'iensation 
or  life  became 

hibited  by  the 
annexed  ex 
ample  from  a  Greek  bas  relief  repre- 
=entmg  Ixion,  nho  was  condemned 
!o  the  wheel  by  Jupiter  for  his  in- 
gratitude and  other  o\  ert  acts.  Cic 
Tiisc  V  9  ApuL  Mei  iit  p.  48. 
Tibul  1  3   74. 

4  Rota  aquaria.  A  TOaisr  whed, 
for  raising  water  from  a  flowing 
Etieam,  and«hich  works  itself  by  llie 
action  of  the  cmient  (Lucret.  v. 
517)  Wheels  of  this  nature,  of 
vetysimp'e  construction,  but  agreeing 
e\actly  with  the  descnption  of  Vi- 
truvuis  (x  5  ),  are  stiU  employed  in 
many  countries,  of  which  the  follow- 
ing example  representing  a  water 
wheel  conn      iy  met   vith  in  China, 


will  afford  a  very  cleat  notion.  The 
wheel  itself  is  made  entirely  of  bam- 
boo, and  consists  of  two  concentric 
rims,  between  which  ate  affixed  small 
jiaddles  or  float  boards  [pinna), 
which  turn  the  wheel   as  tbey  are 


RUBRIC  A. 

urged  by  the  current.  On  the  outer 
circumference  [/ro3is)  are  situated  a 
certain  number  of  scoops  {hauitra), 
made  out  of  single  joints  of  the  bam- 
boo, in  place  of  which  the  Romans 
used  wooden  boxes  {inodioli)  or 
earthenware  jars  {rotarum  cadi). 
(Non.  s.  Haustra,  p.  13.)  As  the 
wheei  revolves  these  are  filled  by 
immersion  ;  and  being  placed  with  a 
slight  inclination  upon  the  wheel, 
when  they  rise  to  the  summit  of  revo- 
lution tliey  are  forced  to  discharge 
their  contents  into  a  receiving-trough 
which  conducts  the  water  into  a 
reseruoir,  or  into  canals  on  the  level 
of  the  high  land. 

S.  RotafiRiilaris. 
(Plaut.  Efid.  iii.  ; 
zontatly,  as  a 
table,  the  mass 
of  clay,  out  of 
which  the  vase 
is  to  be  form- 
ed, being  situ- 
ated upon  it, 
and  fashioned 
by  the  hands  of  - 
the  workman,  as  the  rotatory  m 
of  the  wheel  (carrente  roil.  nor. 
A.  P.  31.)  would  readily  assist  in 
producing  any  circular  form,  either 
for  the  inside  or  the  outside.  The 
process  is  clearly  shown  by  the  an- 
nexed example  from  an  I^yptian 
painting,  which  exhibits  a  potter  sit- 
ting on  the  ground  before  his  wheel, 
with  the  lump  of  clay,  marked  in  a 
darker  tint,  upon  it,  gradually  form- 
ing into  shape  ;  the  hollow  part  of 
the  inside  being  scooped  by  the 
thumb  of  the  right  hand,  and  the 
outside  rounded  by  the  palm  of  the 
left  one — a  process  precisely  similar 
to  what  may  be  seen  every  day  in 
our  own  potteries. 

ROT'ULA  ijpoxiaicos).  Diminu- 
tive of  Rota.  Plaut  Fers.  iii.  3.  30. 
Plin.  H.  M.  xviii.  4S. 

RUBRI'CA.  Red  ochre;  thence,  a 
lieiB,  or  ordinance  of  the  civil  lain ; 
Eiicb,  for  instance,  as  the  Twelve 
Tables,  and  in  contradistinction  to  a 


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prcetor's  edict,  or  rule  of  the  courts 
[album) ;  because  the  titles  of  the 
former,  or,  it  may  be,  the  entire  text, 
were  written  with  red  ochre ;  whereas 
the  iatfer  were  posted  on  a  white 
ground,  and  inscrilied  in  the  usual 
.form.  Quint,  xiii.  3.  11.  Pers.  v. 
99.     Compare  Juv.  siv.  192. 

RUD'ENS  (kcU«s).  A™/e;more 
especially  intended  to  designate  any 
part  of  the  lighter  cordage  constituting 
the  rigging  of  a  vessel  (Pacuv.  ap. 
Ciel.  ad  Cic.  Ftmi.  Tjii  2.  Vii^. 
jSn.  I.  91.),  employed  about  the 
mast,  or  used  for  raising  and  trimming 
the  sails ;  in.  contradistmction  to  the 
heavier  kinds,  such  as  cables,  haw- 
sers, &c. ;  for  example,  the  halyard, 
by  which, the  sail  was  raised  (Catull. 
Isiv.  235.),  and  down  which  the 
searaan  slid  from  the  yard  to  the 
deck  (Ov.  Ma.  iii.  616.),  brail  ropes 
(Viig.  jSn.  iii  68z.),  sheets,  or,  per- 
haps, braces,  or  both.     Id.  x.  329. 

RUDIA'RIUS.  A  gladiator  who 
had  been  presented  with  the  rudis,  in 
toteo  of  receiving  liis  discharge. 
Snet  77*.  7. 

RUDIC'ULA  (kiIkijV)-  Dimi- 
nutive of  Rttdis.  a  mull  or  wooden 
spoon  (ColumelL  xiL  46.  3.),  for 
beating  np,  stirring,  or  mixing  toge- 
ther different  ingredients,  whikt 
boiling,  stewing,  or  making  decoc- 
-^--is  (Cato  R,  R.  95.  j.    PHn.  H.  N. 


xxxiv.  54.).     The  example,    from  a 

Eieture  of  slill  life  at  Pompeii,'  ex- 
ibits  a  plate  of  ep;s,  together  with 
the  vessel  and  muU  for  bSiting  them 


RUNA.  561 

and  other  ingredients  while  boiling, 
&c, ;  similar  to  the  preceding  exam- 

Sle,  but  of  latter  dimensions.     Cato, 
;.  R.  79.     Plin.  n.  N.  xxxiv.  Jo. 
a.  A  stick  with  a  knob  at  the  end 
or  blunted  at  the  point,  employed  by 
gladiators  and  soldiers  whilst  learning 


the  art  of  attack  and  defence,  or 
practising  for  exercise  and  amuse- 
ment. (Suet.  Cal.  32.  Liv.  xxvi. 
51.  Ov.  Am.a.  9.  22.  Id.  A.  ^nj.iii. 
515.)  It  was  usual  to  present  an  in- 
strument of  this  description  to  the 
gladiator  who  had  received  his  dis- 
charge from  service ;  whence  the 
expression  rude  donari,  means  to  be 
refieved  &om  duty.  (Hor.  Ep.  i.  I, 
2.  Compare  Suet.  Claud.  21.)  The 
illustration,  from  an  engraved  gem, 
is  believed  to  represent  a  gladiator 
with  the  rv£s  in  his  hands ;  a  conjec- 
ture which  the  round  form  of  the 
object,  and  its  proximate  resemblance 
to  the  stiiring  ruull,  described  oiider 
the  primary  meaning  of  the  word, 
renders  extremely  probable. 

RU'GA  (Ms)  Literally,  a 
wrinkle;  whence  the  iBom  of  a  screw 
(PH11.  JI.Ai\  74  and  Cuchlba), 
and  a  small  Tegi  lar  crease  or  fold 
in  a  piece  of  d  apery  contradis- 
tingaished  fom  a  deep  and 

loose  one,  and  from  c  laAulntio,  a 
straight  and  regular  one  Phii.  If.  JV. 
XXXV.  34.  Mac  ob  6af  n  9.  and 
woodcuts    s.    CoNTABULATlo     and 

RULT,A.    See  Rallum. 

RUM'EX.  A  weapon  of  similar 
character  to  the  Sparum.  Festus 
s.  V.  I.ucil.  ap.  Test.   Aul.  Cell.  x.  25. 

RUNA.  A  weajjon  of  similar 
3  N 


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562  RUMP! A. 

character  to  the  PiLUM  (Festus 
J.  J/.  Eiinius  ap.  Fest.);  perhaps  an 
antiquated  term  for  ^ilum. 

RUM'PIA.     See  Rhomp^a. 

RUNCATIO  (Boravitr^iJs).  The 
act  of  thintii?igi>ut  and  ■weeding  young 
crops,  by  removing  the  weakly  or 
over  thick  plants  and  weeds,  which 
cholte  up  and  draw  off  nourishment 
from  the  rest.  (Colrnnell.  il  12.  9. 
Plin.  H.  N.  xviii.  50.)  This  opera- 
tion was  usually  performed  after  the 
'  hoeing  {sarritk.  ColumelL  il  II.  9.), 
and  was  conducted  chiefly  by  the 
hand  (Id.  v.  6.  ^. ),  with  the  assistance 
of  a  crooked  weeding-hoolt  (ruaco), 
for  the  removal  of  any  stubborn  roots 
or  weeds  amongst  the  plants. 

RUNCATOR.  dne  who  thins 
out  and  clears  a  crop  from  estraneovis 
herbage  and  weeds,  in  fhe  manner 
described  under  the  preceding  word. 
Columell.  ij.  13.  i.     Id  xi.  3.  19. 

EUNCI'NA  {^wivn).  A  carpen- 
ter' s  plane,  for  smoothing  and  levelling 
siirfacesLnwood(Phn.  ~ 

If.  M  xvi.  83,),  of 
which  an  example  is 
afforded  from  a  sepul- 
chral marble  at  Rastadt,  which  is 
furnished  with  a  handle,  and  shows 
the  holes  through  which  the  shavings 
[ramenta)   turned    up.       The 


a  the.  f 


plane,  employed  by  cabinet-makers, 
joiners,  and  carvers  in  wood,  for 
making  grooves  or  channels  between 
the  folds  of  drapery,  &c.  Tertull. 
Apel.  13.     Augostin.  C.  D.  iv.  8. 

RUN'CO.  A  ■weiding-hook  (Pal- 
lad.  i.  43.  4.),  employed  for  rooting 
out  briars  and  other  stubborn  ofisets 
amongst  the  young  crops,  when  they 
were  being  thinnri  and  cleared  out 
im/urath).  It  was  formed  with  a 
cutting  edge  and  bent  neck,  like  the 
/alx  (Isidor,  Orig.  xx.  14.  S-j,  and 
appears  to  have  received  its  name 
from  the  Greek  fiiyxos,  the  snout  of  a 
beast  and  the  bill  of  a  bird,  either  in 
allusion  to  the  form,  ortothe  manner 
in  which  it  was  applied,  of  pecking 
and  routingup  the  earth.     In  modem 


J!  UTR  UM. 


Italy  the  terms   ronca  and  roncom 
are  now   used  to  designate  a  bill- 

RUSSATUS.  Clothed  in  red; 
especially  emplojred  to  designate  a 
driver  [.mtriga)  m  the  chariot  races 
of  the  Circus,  who  belonged  to  the 
ted  party  (factk  ■nismta),  and  wore 
a  red  tunic  to  distinguish  him  from 
his  competitors,  whose  colours  were 
respectively  white,  green,  or  blue. 
Plin.  H.  N.  vii,  54.  Inscript.  ap. 
Reines,  cl.  5.  «.  63. 

RUTA'BULUM.  A  firg-s&ozvl, 
employed  by  bakers  and  smiths  for 
throwing  up  the  embers  and  ignitable 
maiter  in  tbeir  ovens  and  foiws 
(Festus  J.  !>.  Isidor.  Oijg-.xx.  8.  6.); 
whence  it  is  commonly  mentioned  in 
conjunction  with  the  tongs  {/ore^s). 
Cato  .ff.  H.  X.  3.  xi.  5.      Suet.  Aug. 

2.  A  wooden  shovel,  used  for  stir- 
ring together  and  amalgamating  the 
new-made  wine  {t/msluin)  with  that 
which  was  boiled  down  (d^ruttmi) 
and  other  ingredients  infused  into  it 
for  the  purpose  of  producing  an  arti- 
ficial body  and  flavonr,  Columell. 
xii.  2o.  4.     B.  23.  2. 

RUTEULUM  (i/ioTLio-T^p).  Di- 
minutive of  RuTETjM.  A  strickle,  or 
small  shovel  employed  by  com  meters 
for  filling  the  measure  aiui  levelling 
the  surlace,  in  order  to  strike  the 
exact  quantity.  Lucil.  Sal.  ix.  18. 
ed.  Gerlach. 

RUT'S  UM.  The  implement  with 
which  Remus  is  said  to  have  been 


:^ 


(Ov.  Fast. 
843.);  consistiiw  ol 
large  and  broad  ii 
bliSe  into  which  the 
handle  was  inserted  per- 
pendicularly, like  our 
shovd;  and  which,  like 
that,  was  adapted  foi  the  iaoou= 
purposes  of  grubbing,  scraping,  dig- 
ging, and  mixing  ;  as,  for  breaking 
down  clods  of  earth  (Vatro,  L.  L.  v. 
134.);  scraping  and  throwing  up 
sand  (Festus  s.  r.)  ;  for  kneading  and 
chopping  up  mortar  (Vitmv,  vii.  3. 


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SASANUM. 

Pallad.   i.    15.);    and  olher  Bimilar 

T 

uses  to  which  such  a  form  would  be 

ar                       carry    g        th       re 

the  blade  of  a  shovel  of  this  nature 

from  an  originid.  discovered  amongst 

various  other  building  implements  at 

Pompeii. 

1     ^KxwM 

S, 

W^^^^M, 

SAB'ANUM  {ei^ayav).      A  linen 

!                lrTj> 

cloth,  employed  as  a  napkin  to  con- 

tain auything  (Pallad.  vii,  7.  3.);   a 
towel  for  rubbing  and  drying  (Veg. 

spe                                   be 

Vd.   V.   46.  II.),  and  for  wrapping 

roond  the  body  to  confine  the  perspi- 

Asa            rg      ag 

ration  after  sweating  in  the  vapour 

bath.    MarceU.  Empu-.  26. 

SAB'ULO.     (Macrob.  Sat.  u.  i.). 

m          eal       H                      rf_ 

A  player  upon  some  musical  instru- 

ment ;  but  the  reading  of  the  word  is 
extremely  doubtful,  and,  consequently. 

the  interpretation  given  to  it. 

T        xa                                          as 

Sacculus.    a  very  small  bag.    Pet. 

r                                R  m                 as 

Sat.  104.     Cels.  iv.  4. 

th      ns                                             as 

SAC'CEUS.      Made  of  coarse 

fo              m 

linen    or    sackdotk.       Hieron.    Vil. 

Hilar.  44- 

p              as  ry 

SACCIPE'RIUM  (trflKKar^pn).   A 

large  bag  made  of  sackcloth,  and  em- 

ployed as  a  receptacle  within  which 

the  smaller  bag  or  purse  was   de- 

posited.    Plaut.  Rud.  ii.  6,  64. 

SACCULUS   (ffMicW).      Any 

small  saci  or  bag  (Apul.  Mel.  ix. 

p.  200.);  andespe- 

ciaUy  one  employed        J^ 

for  iolding  money      ff^\  „^ 

(Cattdl.  =dii,  7.  Juv.    X.a« 

X                                                   60 

xiv.i38.)i  as  in  the   -«-^-»*^ 

T              ra        exhi 

annexed  example,  which  exhibits  a 

t      ki         es       ed    fr           R  m 

hag  of  this  kind  with  aheap  of  money 

b      el                     ting           us 
ceses      nn     ed    ^ 

lying  beside  it,  from  a  painting  at 

a      th                                        gi     es 

with                                        ca 

Saccus  3. 

0                  hi         wa   us 

SAC'CUS  (ptJiciros).     A  large  bag 

or  sack,  made  of  coarse  linen  cloth  ; 

c    rse         1,       p   3                  ™"" 

as  a  com  or  flour  sack  (Cic.     Virr. 

way,  or  by  poor  people,  instead  of 

iLa.  38.     Phsdr.ii.  7.),  like  the  an- 

the cobim  nivarium,  for  the  purpose  of 

nexed    example   from    a   group  of 

cooling  their  wine  by  mixing  it  with 

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5*54 


.VM. 


snow ;  the  cloth,  with,  a  lump  of , 
snow  upon  it,  being  placed  over  the 
wine  cup,  and  the  liquor  then  poured 
upon  the  snow,  and  made  to  filter 
through  the  cloth  into  the  cup.    MarL 

SACEL'LUM  (T(plSo\oi).  A  di- 
minutive from  Sacrum.  A  small 
enclosed  precinct,  either  square  or 
round,  consecrated  to  a  divinity,  and 
containing  an  altar  (C.  TrebaL  af. 
GeU.  vL  12.),  but  not  roofed  over 
(Festus  s.  V. }.  Such  a  spot  was  often 
set  apart  by  individuals  on  their  own 
property  in  honour  of  some  favourite 
deity,  as  well  as  by  the  state,  for 
public  reverence.  Cic  Div.  L  46. 
Id.  Agr.  ii.  14.     Ov,  Fast.  i.  275. 

SACE'NA.     See  Scena. 

SACER'DOS  (.>fi!  and  itpffn). 
A  priest,  and  a  priestess ;  a  general 
teim  applied  to  both  sexes  of  all 
classes  and  orders  of  the  priesthood  ; 
including,  therefore,  the  Augur,  Fan- 
ti/ex,  Flamen,  Vestatk,  and  others 
ennmemted  in  the  Classed  Index, 
and  described  under  their  special 
titles.  Varro,  L.  L.v.  83.  Cic  Leg. 
ii.  8.     Id.  Verr.  ii.  5.  45.     Ov.  Fait. 

^'SACERDO'TULA.  a  yiiung 
priestess,  or  one  of  inferior  grade 
who  ministers  to  her  superior.  Var- 
ro, L.  L.  V.  13a  Festus  s.  Flaminia. 

SACOMA  iHioilta).  A  cauKCir- 
faise  J  properly  a  Greek  word  Latin- 
ized (Vitruv.  ix.  i>«/  9.),  for  wMch 
the  Roman  expression  is  .^QUlPON- 
DitTM,  where  see  the  illustration. 

SACOMA'RIUS.  Onewho  makes 
weights  for  counterpoises.  Inscript, 
o/.  Mur.  979.  4. 

SACRA'RIUM  (UpafuXixiov).  In 
a  general  sense  any  place  where 
sacred  things  are  kept,  but  moi 
especiallv  the  sacristy  of  a  temple,  i 
which  the  utensils,  vessels,  imph 
nients,  &c. ,  used  in  the  service  of  the 
deity,  were  preserved  (Setv.  ad  Virg. 
^n.  xii.  199.  Ov.  Mel.  x.  691,); 
whence  the  town  of  Csere,  [o  which 
the  Vestals  fled  with  the  sacred  fire 
and  property  of  their  temple  when 


SAGA. 

Rome  was  besieged  by  the  Gauls,  is 
termed  by  Livy  the  sacristy  of  the 
Roman  people  —  sacrarium  populi 
Romani. 

!.  Kprkiate chapel \a.a-sataS%<yiixi. 
house  {Cic  Fam.  sail  a.),  such  as 
are  attached  to  some  of  the  mansions 
of  our  old  nobility  and  great  Catholic 
families.  An  apartment  of  this  na- 
ture has  been  discovered  in  one  of 
the  houses  at  Pompeii,  consisting  of  a 
square  room,  with  an  absis  at  one 
end  for  the  statue  of  the  divinity,  an 
altar  in  the  centre  within  a  small 
peristyle  of  four  columns  which  sap- 
poited  the  roof,  and  furnished  with 
a  separate  flight  of  stairs  on  each 
of  its  flanks,  conducting  to  the  suites 
of  apartments  situated  in  the  upper 

3.  An  apartment  in  the  Imperial 
palace  (Auson.  Grat.  Act.) ;  so  styled 
m  order  to  flatter  the  anperor  by 
insinuating  his  deification. 

SA'GA.  Literally,  a  wise  woman, 
deeply  versed  in  religious  mysteries 
(Cic  Div.  i.  31.  Festusj.  Sagaces)  ; 
whence  the  more  common  meaning 
affixed  to  the  word  corresponds  with 
our  terms,  a  witc/i,  sorceress,  fortune- 
teller.  (Hor.  Od.  i.  27.  Columell-  i  & 
6.  Id.  XL  I.  3.)    The  annexed  figure 


of  a  female  in  a  Pompeian  painting, 
who  in  the  original  is  sitting  just 
outside  the  door  of  a  miserable 
thatched  hovel,  exhibits  all  the  popu- 
lar characteristics,  and  seems  to  e:i- 


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SAGATUS. 

hibit  die  original  type  of  oar  nursery 
witch.  The  Motlier  Sliipton's  hat, 
the  magic  wand,  the  Aog,  and  the 
caldron,  are  all  recorded  and  depicted 
in  childcen's  story-books. 

SAGATUS,  Wearily  the  mantle 
of  coarse  woollen  cloth,  tennedji(|«OT, 
a*  explained  and  i]lustra.ted  under 
that  word  i  a.nd  as  the  sagum  was 
worn  by  the  military  more  especially, 
the  word  sagatus  is  frequently  opposed 
to  lognius,  thereby  implying  tliat  the 
individual  so  equipped  is  prepared 
for  military  duty,  or  for  a  violent 
conflict.  Cic.  Fragfii.  ap.  Non.  s. 
Sagum.  Capitolin.  Marc.  Antonio. 
Philos.  27. 

3.  Madt  of  coarse  long-napped 
wool ;  ft  ^.  of  the  same  fabric  as  the 
sagum.  CoiumelL  xi.  1.  21.  Id.  L 
8.9- 

SAGE'NA  (ffOT^nj).  Our  seine; 
a  large  dtag-net  for  tiiking  fish,  one 
edge  of  w&ch  was  floated  by  corks 
on  the  water,  and  the  other  depressed 
and  extended  by  leaden  weights  ;  the 
entire  length  ^  the  net  being  suffi. 
dent  to  enclose  a  considerable  extent 
of  water,  as  much  as  an  entire  bay. 
(Alciphr,  Ep.  i.  17.).  One  end  of  it 
was  carried  out  from  a  boat  or  from  the 
sliore,  and  laid  round  in  a  drcle  until 
ends  were  brought  together,  in 
—   '■  —  dragged  into  the 


nthea: 


boat  or  shore, 

still  practised 

and  on  the  coast  01  L.ornwaii.      luanii. 

Astroji.  V.  6;S.     Ulp.   Dig.  47.  10. 

13- 

SAGINA'RIUM.  A  place  in 
which  poultry  is  put  up  to  be  iatted. 
Varro,  R.  R.  iii,  10.  7. 

SAGITTA  (Tii£«K/<a,  orcrrii,  Ui\. 
An  arrow  ;  amongst  the  Greeks  and 

^ — ^^ 

Romans  ustially  made  with  a  plain 
bronze  head,  without  barbs,  as  ex- 
hibited by  the  anoesed  specimen, 
from  an  original  found  in  Attica. 

2.  Sagitia  hamala  or  adunca.  An 
arrow  with  a  barbed  head,  ■tike  the 


dally  characteristic  of  the  Asiatics 
and  northern  nations.  Ov.  Triii.  iii. 
10,63. 

3.  A  lancet  otphtenie  for  bleeding 
cattle  (Veg.  ta.  1.22.4.    7^.25.5.); 
evidently  so  termed  from  being 
formed  in  the  same  shape  as  the 
Greek  and  Roman  arrow-head,   i 
as  shown  by  the  anncKed  speci- 
men from  an  original  of  bronze, 
found  in  a  surgeon's  house  at 
Pompeii. 

SAGITTA'EII.     Archers  or  bow- 
men, who  formed  part  of  the  light- 


armed  infantry  in  the  Roman  armies. 
But  as  the  hovi  was  not  a  national 
weapon  amongst  the  Romans,  the 
batWlions  of  archers  were  generally 
furnished  by  the  allies.  (Cies.  SalL 
Tac  &c)  The.  illustration  repre- 
sents a  German  archer  from  the 
colnimi  of  Antoninus. 

2.  Sagiitarii  equttes  (iTTfuroJiiToi). 
Mounted  bowmen.  Tac  Ann.  li. 
16.     Curt.  V.  4.    See  Hippotoxota. 

SAGIT'TO  (Tojfiioj).  To  shoot 
with  a  bow  and  arrows ;  an  art 
amongst  the  Greeks  and  Romans 
almost  entirely  confined  to  the  sports 
of  the  field  or  exeicises  of  skill.  The 
illustration  is  taken  from  a  fictile 
vase,  representing  three  Greek  youths 
shooting  at  a  cock  tied  on  the  top  of 
a  column.  One  of  them  kneels  in  the 
same  position  as  the  figure  s.  Phake- 


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566  SAGMA.  SAGOCHT.AMVS. 

TEATCTS,  and  the  present  figure  shows    E^ist.  ap.  Vopisc.   Anrd,  7,)    The 


the  precise  manner  of  handling  the 
bow,  fixing  the  arrow,  drawing  it  be- 
tween the  fingers,  and  of  directing  its 
course  by  projecting  the  forefinger  of 
the  left  hand  along  the  shaft;  thus 
graphically  illustrating  the  various 
passages  which  describe  the  process 
— nerva  aptare  sagittas  (Vira.  jEn. 
X.  131.);  imfomri  (Ov.  Md.  viii. 
381.);  ditigere  (Claud,  iv.  Cans. 
Hmwr.  530.),  &c 

SAG'MA  (irtty/ui).  k.  pack-saddle 
made  on  a  frame,  and  employed  for 
sumpler  horses  and  beasts  of  burden, 
to  receive  the  panniers  or  loaded 
goods,  as  contradistinguished  from 
the  ordinary  riding-pad  (ephippiuni), 
which  was  soft:  and  stuffed,  and  had 
no  tree  (Veg,   Vet.  iii.  59.  I.      Is  " 


Orig.  XX.  16.  5.). 
copied  from  a  Pompeian  painting , 
and  similar  saddles  are  also  exhibited 
on  the  column  of  Trajan.  The  frame 
projecting  from  the  side  is  intended 
to  receive  the  lowest  packages,  and 
thus  constitute  a  broad  base  for 
piling  up  the  goods  all  round. 

SAGMA'RIUS.  A  horse,  mule, 
or  other  beast  of  burden,  who  carries 
a  load  upon  the  pack-saddle  (sagnia) 
as  described  under  the  last  word. 
(Lamprid.  £ia^.  4.    Aurel.  Imp.  in 


annexed  illustration  is  copied  (som 
the  column  of  Trajan. 

SAGOCHLAM'YS.  Aparticular 
kind  of  militaiy  cloak  introduced 
under  the  empire,  which,  as  the  name 
iniplies,  must  have  possessed  some 
property  common  to  the  Greek 
chlamys,  and  the  Roman  or  foreign 
isgnm.  (Valer.  in  Epit.  ap.  Trebdl. 
Claud.  14.)  Both  the  figures  in  the 
annexed  woodcut,  one  of  whom  re- 
presents a  foreign  soldier  in  the 
Roman  service,  and  the  other  a  cap- 
tive youth  of  the  same  nation,  wear 
an  outer  cloak  of  very  peculiar 
feshion,  repeatedly  occurring  on  the 
column  of  Antoninus.  It  is  formed 
by  two  sqtiare  pieces  of  cloth,  fastened 
together  over  each  shoulder  by 
brooches  ;  so  that  one  of  the  parts  de- 
pends in  front  of  the  person,  the  other 


back.  The  squjure  form,  the  length  of 
the  drapery,  the  manner  of  adjust- 
ing, and  the  general  appearance  pre- 
sented by  it,  afford  many  points  of 


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SAGULATUS. 

resemblance  to  the  two  articles  of 
attire  compounded  in.  the  present 
name,  as  will  be  a;pparent  by  referring 
to  the  figures  which  illustrate  those 
terms  respectively  ;  and,  as  it  cannot 
be  doubted  that  a  garment  so  singular 
as  the  one  above  delineated  must 
have  been  called  by  a  name  of  its 
own,  while  no  other  occurs  in  the 
language  so  appropi' 


SALGAMARWS. 


that  it 


i  the  ti 


3t  unreasonable  to  infer 


SAGULA'TUS.  Wearing  the 
sc^um.     Suet.  Vit.  ii, 

SAG'ULUM.  Diminutive  of 
SaguM  ;  the  duniiiutive  sometimes 
implying  fineness  of  texture,  as  well 
as  reduction  in  ^e,  a  thin  or  fine 
saguni,  as  well  as  a  small  one.  Suet. 
Au^.  s6.     lAv.  vii.  34.     HiL  Ital.  " 


s>?.-." 


i.  527. 


SAG'VUa.nd-X!S{^iyo!,i4"^is). 
Properly  a  Celtic  word,  the  original 
of  our  "  siag,"  and  adopted  in  the 
same  sense  by  the  Romans  to  desig- 
nate a  mantle  made  of  coai'se  wool, 
or  of  goat's  hsur,  with  the  nap  left  on. 
It  consisted  of  a  square,  or  at  leasl 
rectangular,  piece  of  doth  (A&au, 
afi.  Charis,  1.  81.),  which  when  off 
die  person  could  be  spread  out  like  a 
sheet  (Suet.  (Ji*f,  z.),  but  when  put 
or.  was  folded  in  two  and  fastened  by 
a  brooch  (fihila,  Varro  afi,  Non.  i.  v. 
p.  538.,  whence  lagum  fiiulatorium. 
TrebelL  Poll,  7>y-.  Tyraitn.  10.),  or 
tied  in  a  knot  [nedits,  and  woodcut 
J.  V.)  on  the  top  of  the  left  shouldei 
the  brooch  being  fixed  through  on 
edge  of  the  drapery  at  the  distance  c 
abont  one  third  from  each  of  the  coi 
necs,  so  that  the  left  arm  and  side 
were  covered  alid  protected,  the  right 
being  left  open  and  free,  while  the 
two  upper  corners  fell  upon  the 
breast  and  arm,  and  the  two  lov 
ones  depended  before  and  behind 
the  level  of  the  knees,  as  is  pkinly 
exhibited  by  the  annexed  figure 
from  a  bas-relief  in  the  Museum  a' 
Verona,  representing  a  Uctor  in  thi 
sagum,  which  was  his  appropriati 
costmne  when  in  attendance  upon  thi 


governor  of  a  province  (Lie.  m  J'is. 
33.).  As  the  sagaiii  was  more  es- 
pecially a  military  costume,  both  for 


the  fifiicer-  and  common  soldiets,  it 
WIS  for  th-it  very  reason  asaumed  by 
the  citizens  geoenlly  instead  of  the 
cumbrous  and  stately  toga,  in  times 
of  tumult  or  thieatened  invasion, 
whence    such    expressions   as    sa^o 

— are  always  indicative  of  turbdent 
anil  troubled  times  or  of  a  state  of 
actual  warfere.  Cfes  B  C  i.  K 
Sallust.  Pi-agm  ap  Non.  s  v  -p  ^38 
Cio  Fhil  viii  ri     Liv  Ept  Ti 

2  A  saddle  clolk ,  composed  of 
coarse  shag 
placed  under  the 
tree-saddle  {sella. 
bajulataria)  or 
the  pack-saddle 
(sagiiia\  to  pre- 
vent   the    hard 

substance    from   — -■ 

galling  the  animal's  back  (Veget. 
Vet.  iii.  59.  2.),  as  exhibited  by  the 
annexed  illustration  from  a  pamting 
at  Herculaneum. 

SAL'GAMA(TiaX;uua).  PicMes; 
made  from  roots,  herbs,  fruit,  &c., 
potted  down  and  preserved  in  brine. 
Columell.  X.  117.     Id.  xii.  4.  4. 

SALGAMA'RIUS  (SA^tw^i). 
One  who  makes  and  deals  in  pickles 
(salgamri\  of  the  kind  last  described. 
Columell.  xil  44,  I. 


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SAL'IENS.  Ajel  iPeau,  or  arti- 
ficial fountiun  ill  which  the  water  is 
made  to  shoot  forth  or  leap  up  by  the 
force  of  its  own  pressure^  ' ' 


th  0  i4h  a 


15  )    Agnppa.  fi 
and  five  of  these 


imall  tube  (iif/o)  which 
It  (Cic  Q  hr  111  I  2 
II  6  2  Ulp  Dig  19  I 
raed  one  hundred 
«  fountains  in  the  city 
of  Rome  (Plm  H  N  xxxvi  24  § 
9  )  and  the  lUustcation  exhibits  one 
still  remaining  in  the  fuUers  esta 
blishment  at  Pompeu 

bALII  (2a\(oi)  The.  Salu 
twelve  pnests  of  Mars  Gradivns,  who 
had  the  tustody  of  the  ancilia,  at 
sacred  shields  Their  costume  con 
sisted  of  an  embroidered  tunic  girt 
round  the  M  list  w  th  a  broad  mil  tary 
belt  of  bi-onae  (CiNGULuM,  4.) ;  or 
possibly  covered  by  a 
breastplate  (Pecto- 
R4LE),  ivhicli  seems 
moie  probable  ;  and 
tlie  Irdbnt  for  an  out- 
w-iid  minlle.  On 
Iheir  heads  a  pointed 
bonnet  (Apex)  ;  a 
shOLt  sword  suspended 
from  the  left  side,  a 
shield  upon  the  left 
arm  and  in  the  right 
iiand  a  spear  or  a 
wand  with  which  they 
struclt  the  sacred  shields 
being  cairied  thiough  the  city  by 
their  mmisters  suspended  from  a 
pole  (Ln  1  20  Dionys.  11  70  ) 
Most  of  theije  particulars  are  illus- 
trated by  the  annexed  woodcuts , 
the  first  of  which,  fiom  a  Roman 
bas-ielief,  exhibits  the  apes,  trabea, 
and  wand  above  mention^i  ;  a  branch 
of  laurel  is  carried  in  the  left  hand, 


SA  LISUBSUL  US. 

because  the  priest  is  engaged  at  a 
sacrilice  of  thanlcsgjving  for  some 
victory.  The  lower  figures,  from  an 
engraved  gem,   which    is    inscribed 


with  Etruscan  characters,  exhibit  the 
embroidery  on  the  drapery,  the  sa- 
cred shields,  and  the  method  of 
carrying  them  in  procession. 

SALIULUM  (Catull.  xxiii.  19.). 
Diminutive  of  Salirom. 

SALIfN^E  (£x«f^ioj').  Places  or 
pits  in  which  salt  is  made.  Plin. 
H.  N.  xxxi.  39. 

SALINATOR  (oKoTnais).  One 
wha  prepares  or  maltes  salt ;  tlius 
salinaier  /srariui  (Ennius  tip,  Serv. 
ad  Vire;.  .^Eb.  iv.  244. )  is  one  who 
leased  from  the  government  the  privi- 
lege of  mating  and  selling  salt. 

SALI-NUM.  A  salt-cdlar!  both 
for  holding  the  salt  which  was 
sprinkled  over  the  alter  at  a  sacrifice, 
and  that  which  was  used  at  meals. 
It  usually  consisted  of  a  cup  standing 
in  adishorasaucer;  and,  from  being 
employed  at  the  domestic  sacrifice, 
ivas  regarded  as  an  object  of  vene- 
ration in  the  family ;  so  much  so, 
that  persons  even  of  slender  means 

silver,  if  they  conld  contrive  to  pur- 
chase it-  Val.  Max.  iv.  4.  3.  Liv. 
xxvi.  36.     Hor.  Od.  ii.  16.  13. 

SALISA'TORorSALlSSA'TOR. 
One  who  forbodes  the  occurrence  of 
good  or  evil  from  tlie  sensible  pul- 
sation or  palpitation  of  any  part  of 
his  body.     Isidor.  Orie.  viii.  9.  29. 

SALISUB'SULUS.  A  dancing 
Salian ;  an  epithet  given  to  the  priests 
of  Mars  (Catull.  xvii.  5.),  in  allusion 
to  the  dance  which  they  performed 


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SALPTCTA. 

on  certain  festivals,  as  described  s. 
Saltatio,  iL  3- 

SALPICTA  or  SALPISTA 
(iraAiri7i(T^s,<ra\jriirT^s).  (Jul.  Firm, 
viii.  21.  Vopisc  Carin.  l<j.)  A 
word  coined  from  the  Greek,  for 
which  the  Latin  term  is  Tubicen  ; 
which  see. 

SAI-SAMENTA'RIUS  {yuptxo- 
Tt6\7it).  A  dealer  in  salted  fish. 
Auct.  ad  Hereitn.  iv.  54.     Macrob. 


■AT20.  569 


Sat.  V 


■  3- 


SALSAMENTUM.  The  brine 
or  pickle  ttsed  for  salting  fish  (Cic. 
Div.  iL  57. ) ;  whence  also  the  salted 
fish  itsefl;  Greek  Tiipixoi.  Terent. 
Adelph.  m.  3.  26. 

SALTATIO  (ipx<l<"h  xip^'^A- 
A  dancing,  or  a  dame ,-  under  which 
term  the  inhabitants  of  ancient  Greece 
and  Italy  designated  fonr  different 
kinds  of  exerdsea  having  little  in 
cominonwith  one  another,  beyond  the 
circumstance  that  the  motions  of  the 
performers  in  all  of  them  were  ac- 
companied and  regulated  by  strains 
of  music  or  a  chorus  of  voices  ;  viz. 

I.  Religious  dances !  consisting  for 
the  most  part  of  slow  and  stately 
movements  round  the  altar,  without 
any  violence  of  gesture  or  attempt  at 
gymnastic  dexterity,  and  more  in  the 
nature  of  a  cerimanial  accompanied 
by  music,  than  what  is  implied 
by  our  term  dance;  consequently, 
amongst  the  Greeks  and  Romans  free- 
bom  citizens  of  both  sexes  aud  all 
ranks,  even  the  highest,  took  a  part 
in  these  exhibitions,  without  any  dis- 
paragement to  the  gravity  of  their 
characters  or  dignity  of  position. 
Quint,  i.  ii.  18.  Macrob.  Sat.  ii 
10.     Serv.  ad  Viig.  Bucol.  v.  73. 

II.  Gymnastic  or  iBar  dances; 
whidi  served  as  a  training  for  tlie 
field  and  a  stimulus  to  militaiy  va- 
lour, like  the  dances  of  the  South  Sea 
Islanders  and  the  Indians  of  North 
America.  Amongst  these  are  enu- 
merated i — 

I.  Saltatio  Cotybantam.  The 
Corybantian  dance,  more  especially 
pecuhar  to  the  natives  of  Phrygia 


and  Crete ;  wliich  possessed  a  mixed 
character  between  the  teli^ous,  mili- 
tary, and  mimetic  eshibitions,  the 
performers  beii^  armed,  and  bound- 
ing about  with  wild  and  violent  ges- 
tures while  striking  their  shields  and 
swords  togetlier,  to  imitate  the  noise 
made  by  the  Corybantes,  when  en- 
deavouring to  stifle  the  cries  of  the 
infant  Zeus,  in  the  island  of  Crete. 
(Ludan,  Salt.  8,  Strabo,  x.  3.  21.) 
It  is  supposed  to  be  represented  by 
the  annexed  figures,  from  a  Greek 


bas-relief  in  the  Vatican,  The  entire 
composition  now  remaining  contains 
six  figures,  all  in  the  same  attitude  as 
the  pair  here  introduced ;  but  as 
neither  of  the  two  outade  ones  is  con- 
fronted by  another,  it  is  evident  that 
the  marble  is  only  a  fragment  which 
originally  formed  part  of  a  longer 
frieze,  including  a  gieater  number  of 

2.  Saltatio  Pyrrhica.  The  Pyrrliic 
dance ;  described  and  illustrated  s. 
Pyrrhica. 

3.  Saltatio  Saliaruns.  A  dance 
performed  by  the  Salii,  or  priests  of 
Mars  (Quint  i.  II,  18.),  during  the 
ceremony  of  carrying  the  sacred 
shields  {ancilia)  throng  the  city  of 
Rome.  We  have  no  representation 
of  this  performance  ;  but  it  may  be 
inferred  from  a  passage  of  Seneca 
(£)*.  15.),  that  the  motions  exhibited 
by  these  priests  resembled  the  act  of 
leaping  and  jumping,  more  than 
graceful  or  measiu-ed  steps,  for  he 
compares  them  to  the  stamping  and 
jumping  of  fullers  [saltus  fullonius 


.Google 


570  SALTATTO. 

upon  the  clothes  they  are  engaged  in 
cleaning,  as  explained  and  exhibited 
by  the  text  and  wood-cuts  under 
FuiLO  and  FuLLONiCA,  but  they 
evinced  a  considerable  degree  of  mus- 
cular strength  and  agility. 

4.  Saltath  bdlicr^a.  A  Roman 
dance  of  a- military  character,  said  to 
have  been  histihited  by  Roraulas,  in 
commemoration  of  the  rape  of  the 
Sabines,  and  as  a  ceremonial  for 
averting  a  similar  calamity  from  his 
own  people.     Festus,  s.  v. 

III.  Mimetic  dances;  in  which  the 
perfotmers  represent  certain  events 
and  actions  by  mere  gesticulation  and 
movements  of  the  body,  to  a  mndcal 
accompaniment,  but  without  the  aid 
of  the  voice,  like  the  actors  in  a 
modern  ballet.  These  exhibitions 
would  in  our  day  he  classed  under 
the  name  of  actuig  in  dumb  show,  for 
dancing,  in  our  sense  of  the  term, 
had  no  place  in  it,  the  performance 
consisting  in  expressive  movements 
of  the  features,  body,  arras,  and 
hands,  rather  than  the  feet.  Macrob, 
Sat.  ii.  7.  Suet  Col.  f,^.  Nero.  54, 
Tit.  7.     "       " 


ALTATOR  i    x<"^       ^ 
fi-as).      A  daiicei ,    only  of  mijnetio 
daiices  on  the  stage  (SAI.TATIO  III.), 


and  pnblic  places  (Si 


,  leligjous,  nor 
ATloLandlL); 
I   ng  regarded  by 


be    m    g    mp  ut,  but  the  two 

la             n   VI     d  gatory.     Heuce 

tl        rni     w  ntains  an  implied 

sense       co     mp  reproach.    Cic. 

J*        6      d   Off  42.  Macrob.  Sat. 

'  SALTATRI'CULA.  Diminutive 
of  Saltatrix;  the  diminutive  con- 
veying a  notio^i  of  disparagement. 
Aul.  GeU.  L  5. 

SALTATRIX  (^x.^^-rpia).  A 
dancing  girl;  a  class  of  women  com- 
mon in  ancient  Greece  and  Italy,  as 
now  in  the  ^st,  of  indifferent  morals 


gi  >ce,  igihty,  and  strength,  m  which 
the  movements  of  the  feet  and  body 
perform  the  e^isential  part,  without 
any  direct  attempt  at  mimetic  re 
presentation,  as  shown  by  the  an- 
nexed group,  from  a  fictile  vi=e 
feuch  dinces  weie  chiefly  e\h  biled 
for  the    amusement    of   the    guests 


but  considerable  personal  beauty, 
who  hired  themselves  ont  lo  dance 
at  great  banquets  and  entertainments 
for  the  amusement  of  the  guests. 
(Cic.  Pis.  8.  Ammian.  xiv.  6.  19. 
Macrob.   Sal.   a.   10.)      Females  of 


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SALTUARIUS. 

this  description  are  frequently  repre- 
sented in  the  Ponipeian  paintings, 
from  one  of  which  the  annexed 
figure  is  copied ;  mostly  furnished 
with  a  lai^e  and  transparent  piece  of 
drapery,  -which  is  sometimes  wrapped 
in  graceful  folds  ronnd  the  person, 
sometimes,  as  in  the  example,  allowed 
to  expand  itself  as  a  parliol  veil,  and 
at  others  entirely  removed  from  the 
figure,  and  carried  floating  in  the  air, 
so  as  to  leave  the  body  altogether  ex- 
posed to  the  gaze  of  the  spectators,— 
a  scandal  which  is  not  (o  be  ascribed 
to  the  caprice  of  the  artist,  but  which, 
at  least  under  the  comiptions  of  the 
Imperial  age,  was  actually  practised. 
TertulL  deSfectac.  p.  269. 

SALTUA'RIUS.  StricUy,  a  slavt 
chai^d  with  the  superintendence  of 
a  tract  of  woodland  and  pasture  (m/- 
tus),  whom  we  might  call  a  forester 
ocrawjirflnscrLpL  ap.  Orelli,  1599.); 
but  the  word  is  mostly  applied  in  a 
more  general  sense  to  designate  the 
steward  of  a  landed  estate,  who  per- 
formed the  same  duties,  and  stood  in 
a  similar  relation  to  the  country 
tenants  ^rf  his  master,  as  ttie  insularius 
in  the  city;  i.  e.  he  had  the  general 
superintendence  of  the  lands  and 
farms,  attended  to  the  letting  and 
keeping  up  of  repairs,  that  the  pro- 
perty might  not  be  wilfully  or  care- 
lessly deteriorated.  Pet.  Sat.  53.  9, 
Pomp.  Dig.  7.  8.  16.  African.  Dig. 
32.  I-  58- 

SALUTIGER'ULI  sc  pifri.  A 
class  of  slaves  whose  occupation  con- 
sisted in  carrying  out  complimentary 
messages,  salutations,  &e.,  to  the 
friends  and  acquaintances  of  their 
masters.     Plant.  Aul.  iii.  5.  28. 

SAMBU'CA  (i7B/»eiimj).  A  stringed 
instrument  with  cliords  of  different 
lengths  and  substance,  similar  to  our 
harp.  (Scipio  African,  ap.  Macrob. 
Sat.  iL  10.  Petsius  v.  95.  Porphyr. 
in  Plol.  ffartn.)  It  was  sometimes 
of  small  dimen^ons,  like  the  Welsh 
harp ;  at  others  a  large  and  powerful 
insiument,  like  our  own,, and  highly 
ornamented,  as  shown  by  the  annexed 


SAMNITES. 


iple,  from  an  Egyptian  paintiijgi 


now  well-known  as  Bruce's  harp, 
who  first  made  it  public, 

2,  A  military  engine  employed  for 
scalmg  walls.  (Festus  s.  w.  Veg. 
Mil.  iv.  21.  Vitruv.  x,  16.  9,)  In 
the  absence  of  any  representation  of 
the  macliine,  we  may  easily  conceive 
its  use  and  character  from  the  above 
figure,  as  a  movable  platform  raised 
up  and  down  by  a  number  of  ropes 
attached  to  pulfies  on  the  top  of  the 
ftame,  hke  the  strings  of  a  harp. 

SAMBU'CINAandSAMBUCIS'- 
TRIA  (o-of(5HKlirrpio).  A  ferniUe 
harpist  (PlauL  Stick,  it  3.  57,); 
mostly  a  foreign  woman  of  l^ptian 
or  Aaatic  race.  (liv,  xxxix,  6,) 
When  playing,  she  either  stood  up- 
right, in  the  position  of  the  precednig 


figure. 

d 

d 

which 
former. 

S' 

SAW 

A 

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SA  NDAL IGBR  UL  M. 


soldiers,  viz.  a 
close  helmet  with 
wings  (^iwnm)  at 
the  sides  (Vatro, 
L.  L.  V.  142.),  a 
shield  of  the  kind 


avo  (oc: 


the  left  leg  (Liv. 
ix.    40. ) ;     and    a 

or  armlet  (mani- 
CO,  Tuv.vL  255.) 

which  was  not  protected  by  the  shield. 
Most  of  these  particulars  are  distinctly 
visible  in  the  annexed  figure,  which 
from  that  circumstance  is  Believed 
to  represent  a  gladiator  of  the  class 
in  question.  It  will,  however,  be 
observed  that  both  the  legs  are  fur- 
nished with  greaves,  instead  of  the 
left  one  only,  as  expressly  mentioned 
by  lAvy  and  Jnvenal  {II.  a:.) ;  bot  as 
the  original,  which  once  formed  part 
of  a  baS'relief  in  stucco,  on  a  tomb 
at  Pompeii,  has  entirely  perished,  in 
consequence  of  the  fri^ile  nature  of 
that  material ;  and  had,  moreover, 
snffered  from  the  lapse  of  time  before 
it  was  first  discovered,  it  will  not  be 
unreasonable  to  assume  that  Mazois, 
the  artist  to  whom  we  are  indebted 
for  the  design,  has  added  the  greave 
to  the  right  1^  to  make  both  match, 
in  ignorance  of  the  real  fact,  or,  per- 
haps,   misled  by  corrosions   of   the 


SANDALIGER'UL^.  Female 
slaves  who  carried  their  mistresses' 
dress  slippers  (saiidalid)  when  they 
went  oitt.     Plant.  Th'n.  ii,  I,  zg. 

SANDA'LIUM  (ffnrSctAiov,  oi£i.So. 
\ov).  A  highly -ornamented  slipper 
H0I3  by  the  ladies  of  Greece,  from 
hom  was  adopted  by  those  of 
Rome.  (Terent,  Eun.  v.  7.  4.  Tur- 
p!  ap  Non.  J.  Priores,  p.  427.)  In 
ch  a  e  it  appears  to  have  possessed 
a  n  e  mediate  form  between  the 
a!  ejltts  and  the  solea,  having  a  sole 


SARABALLA. 

and  upper  leather  over  the  toes  and 
front  half  of  the  foot,  but  leaving  the 
heel  and   back    part  _^^-_^ 

dem  slipper ;  and  to  ^^~-^^*j^ 
this  part  it  is  probable  "  '""  ''"" 
that  a  strap,  or  a  sandal  as  it  is  now 
called,  was,  sometimes  at  least,  at- 
tached to  fasten  it  over  the  instep. 
The  use  of  it  was  exclusively  con- 
fined to  the  female  sex ;  and  accord- 
ingly the  example  here  introduced, 
which  also  shows  the  manner  of  de- 
coratbg  tlie  upper  leather,  is  worn 
by  a  female  in  a  Roman  bas-relief ; 
another,  of  precisely  simQar  form, 
is  met  with  on  the  feet  of  a  female 
iigure  in  one  of  the  Pompeian  paint- 
ings.    Muj.  Bari.  viL  39, 

SANDAP'ILA.  A  coarse  and 
common  kind  of  coffin  or  bier,  in 
which  the  corpses  of  indigent  people 
and  of  malefactors  were  carried  out  to 
burial.    Fulgent,  j.  !>.   Suet.  i)ojn.  17. 

SANDAPILA'RIUS.  One  who 
carries  out  the  bier  called  sandapila. 
Sidon.  Ep.  ii.  8. 

SANGUIC'ULUS.  A  sort  of 
MacS pudding,  made  with  the  blood 
ofa-kid.     Plin.  H.  N.  xxviii.  5& 

SAN'NIO.  Literally  one  who 
grins  or  makes  grimaces ;  whence  a 
sti^  buffoon,  who 
endeavours  to  excite 
the  merriment  of  the 
spectators  by  any  kind 
of  grotesque  gesture, 
ridiculous  manner,  or 
distortion  of  the  face 
and  body,  in  the  man- 
ner exhibited  by  the 
annexed  figure,  re- 
presenting a  perform- 
er of  the  kind  de- 
scribed, from  an  en- 
graved gem,     Cic,  Of.  ii.  61. 

SAP'A  (?iMi«a.  o-lpaiou).  Must,  or 
new  wine  boiled  down  to  one  third  of 
its  original  quantity  (Plin.  H.  N.  xiv. 
1 1. ),  employed  principally  for  season- 
ing and  strengthening  other  wine. 
Columell.  xii.  ig. 

SARABAL'LA   and    SARA- 


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SARCINALIS. 


BA'RA  {irapit,3BAAo  and  -Sopa), 
Jj/ng  and  loose  £r. 
sinuasa,  Isidor. 
Orig.  xix.  23. ) 
teaching  from  the 
waist  to  the  instep, 
worn  by  the  Par- 
thiajis  (Publius 
ap.  I^dor.  I.  c.), 
Medes  (TertulL 
^^/.  4.),  and  some 
others  of  the  Asi- 
atics ;  and  also 
by  the  Northern 
people,    its    repie-  ^ 

sented  b^  the  annexed  figure  of  a  Ger- 
man auxiliary  on  the  column  of  Trajan. 
SA'PO  Mirup).  A  Celtic  or 
German  word,  conlaining  the  ele- 
ments of  the  low  German  ispe,  and 
our  soap,  but  indicating  an  article  of 
different  character,  both  in  quality 
and  use,  from  what  is  now  understood 
by  that  term  ;  inasmuch  as  the  ancient 
sapo  was  not  made  for  washing,  but 
as  a  pomade  for  tinging  the  hair  of 
a  light  brown  colour.  It  was  com- 
posed with  goat's  tallow  and  beech- 
wood  ashes,  the  most  approved 
quality  being  manu&ctured  by  its 
inventors  the  Germans,  the  next  best 
in  Gaul.  It  was  made  up  into  balls, 
and  imported  at  Rome  for  the 


3  extremely  beautiful,  aa  it  la 
by  their  descendants  of  the  present 
time.  VXm.If.I^XT.'nn  51  Com- 
pare Mart,  viii,  33.  20  Id  xiv  26. 
Beckman,  History  of  Imieniio-iis,  vol. 
iL  p.  92.  Lond.  1846 

SARA-PIS    (oapairis)        A    tumc 
noiii    c\du';ivcl)     I)    the    Km^-.   of 


573 


decorated  w 

thi.  fiont  (lUstroAeuKos),  aa  is  phmly 
shown  by  the  annexed  illustration, 
representing  Danus  at  the  battle  of 
Issus,  from  the  celebrated  mosaic  of 
Porapeii,  m  vhiiJi  the  shades  of 
colour  are  Imted  as  described 
Plant  Pan  v  5  33  Compare 
Cult  in   3   28       Hesych   s  v 

SAR'CINA  Afack  01  IfundU  of 
things  collected  together  and  mada 
....  ...^.  ^  \aaiy,  for 


Phiedr  a' ^  Hirt  B  4Jr  75)  as 
contrad[sting\  ished  fiom  ^cis  1 
bundle  tied  up  mto  a  figgot  The 
example  is  from  the  column  of 
Trajan,  and  shows  the  wajr  in  which 
the  ancient  packs  are  uniformly  re 
presented  when  tied  up 

2.  The  personal  ba^ge  belonging 

to,  and  carried  by,  a  " '''■ 

the  march  ;  viz.  Ms 

tions  for  a  certain 

number    of    days, 

and  the  uiensils  for 

cooking  them ;   as 

contrafflstinguished 

from  imJxMmenta, 

the  baggage  of  the 

entire  ^nny.     Oes. 

B.  G.  i.  34-    Id.  B.  C.  ii 

B.AJr.^S•  The  illustration  ie 

a  Roman  soldier,  with  his  f> 

as  described,  on  the  column  of  Trajan 

SARCINA'LIS     and      SARCI- 

NA'RIUS. .   K  Pack-horse,  or  other 

animal,        which 


exhibited  by  the 
annexed  illus- 
tration from  tht 
arch  of  Constan- 
tine.  Cebs.  B.  C. 
i.  8l.     Ammiati, 


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574 


SARCINATOH. 


SARCINATOR  {iuc^iMs)-  One 
whose  trade  consists  in  mending  and 
repmring  garments  (Locil.  Sat.  xxviii. 
33.  Plaot.  Atd.  ill  5.  41.  Aldphr. 
Ep.  iii.  27.  Paul.  D^.  A-1-  2.  8a.)  ; 
not  a  tailot,  in  our  sense  of  that  word, 
for  the  ^rments  of  the  ancients  did 
not  require  to  be  cut  out  and  fitted  like 
our  own. ;  the  outer  ones  beingchieHy 
formed  by  a  large  rectanguto  piece 
of  cloth,  the  underneath  ones  of  two 
or  more  breadths  of  similar  shape, 
merely  sewed  together  at  the  sides 
and  top,  excepting  where  openings 
were  ikt  for  the  arms  and  head  to 
come  through.  By  such  means,  and 
the  practice  of  weaving  round  upon 
an  upright  loom,  all  the  varieties  of 
habiliments  exhibited  in  the  course  of 
these  pages  could  be  produced. 

SARCINA'TRIX  (iK^o^pia).  A 
female  who  exercises  the  same  trade  as 
the  sarcinaloy,  that  of  mending  and 
rep^ring  garments.  Varro,  a/.  Non. 
s.  V.  p.  56.      Cajus,  Dig.  15.  !,  37. 

SARCIN'ULA.  Diminutive  of 
Sarcina. 

SARCOPH'AGUS  (<-a(j«'")>^T»i)- 
Literally  mrnhiorous,  whence  the 
name  was  given  to  a  particular  kind 
of  limestone  quarried  at  Assos  in 
Troas,  and  remarkable  for  possessing 
the  peculiar  power  of  consuming  or 
eating  away  Oie  flesh  and  bones,  with 
the  exception  of  the  teeth,  of  a  body 
enclosed  within  it,  in  the  short  period 
of  forty  days.  (Plm.  H.  N.  xxxvi. 
27.)  On  account  of  this  property  it 
was  extensively  empl03^d  for  making 
coffins,  when  the  corpse  was  buried 
entire  without  burning ;  and  thence 
the  term  came  to  be  used  in  a  general 
sense  for  any  kind  of  coffin  or  tomb, 
without  regard  to  the  materials  of 
which  it  was  made.      Jiiv.  x.  172. 

SARCULA'TIO.  The  act  of 
hoeing  or  earthing  up  round  the  roots 
of  young  plants  and  crops  with  the 
iarculum.     Pallad.  iii.  24.  6. 

SAR'CULUM  and  -US  {ukuXU), 
A  hoe,  of  a  lighter  and  smaller 
description  than  the  ftja ;  employed 
chiefly  for  weeding  in  fields  and  gar- 


SARKACUM. 

dens  (Plin.  H.N.  xviii.  65.  5  3-  Id. 
xix.  33.  Columell.  ii.  II.  lo.)  ;  and 
in  mountain  districts,  where  the  soil  is 
usually  of  little  depth,  and  Che  in- 
equalities of  surface  foitiid  the  use  of 
a  plough,  the  sarcidum  was  employed 
instead  of  that  implement.  (Plin. 
H.  N.  xviii.  49.  I  2.)     The  example 


is  copied  from  a  Roman  bas-relief  re- 
presenting a  race  in  the  circus ;  and 
an  accessory  of  the  same  kind  is  com 
monly  introduced  by  the  a  c  cut 
sculptors  in  scenes  of  thsdesc  ption 
where  it  was  used  for  hoe  g  out  a 
trench  across  that  part  of  tl  e  a  ena 
in  which  attiletic  contests  vere  con 
ducted,  as  explmned  s.  Scamma 

2.  SaraUum  bkorne  (Pallad  43 
3.).  A  twD-pvooged  1  oe  pec  ally 
called  BiDEKS  ;  where  see  the  Uus 
tration. 

SARIS'SA  (o-.ipiff.ra)  X  pke 
peculiar  to  the  infanlr}  of  the  Mace 
donian  phalanx  (L4v.  ix.  19.),  of  pro- 
digious length  (Id.  xxxviii.  7.),  not 
less  than  18  or  20  feet  (Pol^b.  xviii. 
12.),  and  of  a  similar  description  to 
the  contus,  only  much  longer  (Veg. 
Mil.  iii.  24. ).  A  proximate  notion  of 
the  general  character  and  dimensions 
of  this  weapon,  the  longest  and  most 
ponderous  of  the  class  of  spears  in  use 
amongst  the  ancients,  maybe  obtained 
by  referring  to  the  figure  of  the  contus 
carried  by  Alexander  at  p.  200. 

SARISSOPH'ORUS  (ffopio-ffo- 
.Jirfpos).  Armed  with  the  sarissa,;  a 
title  given  to  the  soldiers  who  formed 
the  Macedonian  phalanx,  to  whom 
that  weapon  was  peculiar.  Liv. 
xxxvi.  18.     Curt.  iv.  15.     Polyb.  xii. 

SARRA'CULUM.  Ammian.xxxi. 
2.  18.     Diminutive  of 

SARRA'CUM.  A  particular  kind 
of  wagon  or  tart,  of  foreign  origin, 
but  adopted  into  Italy  (Sisenn,  ap. 
Non.   J.    Carra,    p.    195.      Capilolir. 


.Google 


M  Aiitontn  13  )  where  it  was  cdhi 
mgnly  employed  by  the  agriculturil 
population  as  a  coiiveyince  for  !'"'"■ 


selves  and  funihes  (Cic  Ftagm 
Pis  ap  Quint  1111  3  21  ),  and  for 
transporting  the  produce  of  thei 
farms  to  market  The  ciicumstano. 
of  Its  being  mentioned  by  the  Roman 
authors  m  connexion  with  the//* 
tnim  (Juv  m  354-),  or  as  a  quasi 
synonyme  with  it  (Id  v  23  Vitrui 
X.  I.  3.),  indicates  that  it  must  ha\ 
had  considerable  resemblance  to  th: 
particular  conveyance,  though  at  fh 
same  time  possessing  some  difference 
from  it ;  which  forms  the  inducement 
for  proposing  the  fignre  exhibited  by 
the  annexed  illustration  as  a  genuine 
example  of  the  sarracum.  It  is  copied 
from  a  painting  representiiK  a  group 
of  country  people  in  the  mariieC -place 
of  Herculaneum,  and  possesses  two 
principal  qnalities  which  characterize 
a  genuine  flaustrum,  viz.  a  thick 
platform  of  boarding  placed  upon  a 
pair  of  solid  wheels  Qympana)  instead 
of  radiated  ones  {rota),  but  differs 
from  it  in  the  essentuti  particular, 
that  it  has  a  regular  body  with  close 
sides  affixed  to  the  platform  instead 
of  a  mere  basket  placed  upon  it,  or 
an  open  railm^  or  nothing  at  all,  as 
was  usual  with  that  kind  of  wagon, 
and  will  be  perceived  by  referring 
to  the  article  and  illustration  s. 
Plaustrum.  But  if  the  body  of  this 
vehicle  was  removable,  it  would  be 
well  adapted  for  the  transport  of  st^- 
folding  poles  and  timbers  for  build- 
ing, in  accordance  with  the  languageof 


SATRAPA.  575 

Juv.  I.  c,  by  coujihng  seveial  of  the 
trucks  together,  in  which  sense  the 
words  of  Seneca— jtjwaj  et  aiies  defe- 
rd>atur,  Isngo  vehiculorum  ordine, 
vicu  intremeniiius—{Ep.  90.)  may  be 
undeiBtood. 

SARRITIO  or  SARFTIO.  The 
act  of  hoeing  out  weeds  from  young 
plants  and  crops.  (Columell,  ii.  II.  4. 
PUn.  H.N.  xviii.  so.)  It  was  per- 
formed with  the  sarcjihim  ;  but  differs 
from  satoilatie,  which  expresses  the 
hoeing  up  of  earth  fo  the  plant ;  and 
from  nincalio,  which  expresses  the 
weeding  and  thinning  with  the  hand 
and  the  instrument  termed  runco. 

SARRI'TOR  or  SARITOR.  A 
labourer  who  performs  the  sarriHe, 
as  just  explained.  Columell.  xi.  13.  I. 

SARRITU'RA..    Same   as   Sar- 

SARTA'GO  (T^wor)  A  Liti-hen 
utensil,  believed  to  be 
the  same  as  oui  filing 
pan,  of  which  ■m  ex 
ample  is  aflorded  by  the 
annexed  illustration  from 
an  original  of  bronze,  dia 
CO  veroJ  at  Pompeii  Phn 
If.N.xvi  2z   Juv  X64. 

SARTOR    (from   sara 
as  Sarcinatok      Non.  j  i/  p  7 

2.  (from  samo  )  Same  as  Sar- 
RITOR.      Pliut   Capt  IIL  5    3 

SAT'RAPA,  SATTiAPES,  and 
SATRAP'S  (oHTpiimj!)  A  -.atrap, 
i.  e.  a  Persian  officer  of  n 
high  tank,  who  acted  ir 
the  capacity  of  govemt  r 


of  a 


«ioy 


ig  (Quint 
13  Nepo= 
One  of  the 
distinctive  badges  of 
personages  consist 
the  right  of  wear 
__,  .  tall,  stiff,  upright 
cap  (tiara  letta),  whii,h, 
as  being  worn  by  the 
annexed  figure,  from  a 
Persepolitan  eculpturc, 
induces  the  belief  that  it 
an  officer  of  the  quality  described. 


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576  SAVANUM. 

SAV'ANUM.     Sec  Sabanum. 

SAVIL'LUM  or  SUAVIL'LUM, 
A  sort  of  pudding,  made  of  flom-, 
cheese,  eggs,  and  honey,  and  served 
up  to  table  in  the  yessel  in  which  it 
was  cooked,  like  our  puddings  in  a 
pie-disli.     Cato,  S.  R.  84. 

SAXUM  QUADRATUM.  A 
rock  of  volcanic  formation,  termed 
by  the  Italian  geologists  "lithoid 
tufo"  {tufi  litoide),  the  same  as  that 
which  forms  the  basis  of  the  Capito- 
line  hill,  and  which  received  the 
name  from  the  reetaitgular  masses 
into  which  its  natural  fissures  divide 
it.  All  the  earlier  buildii^  ascribed 
to  the  legendary  period  of  the  kings, 
the  underground  dungeon  of  Servius 
Tulhus,  the  Cloaca  Maxima,  and  the 
substructions  of  the  Capitolium,  are 
bmlt  of  this  material,  which  in  fact 
was  the  only  one  in  use  until  the 
introduction  of  the  Appian  and  Gabiaii 
stone,  now  designated  by  the  name  of 
pspeittto  It  IS  consequently  this 
which  Livy  designates  by  the  name 
of  saxum  quadratuiii  (vi.  4. ),  when 
speakir^  of  the  foundation  of  the 
Capitohne  temple ;  and  the  same 
material  is  intended  (x.  23. )  when  he 
says  that  the  road  from  the  Porta 
Capena  to  the  temple  of  Mars  vras 
paved  saxo  guadraio;  not  that  the 
stones  were  regularly  squared,  like 
ashlar,  since  the  Romans  always  em- 


t  Via),  but  that  the  material  used 
was  hthoid  tufo,    instead    of  sUex, 
which  in  his  lime  was  the  usual  one. 
BiOLChi,  Stiolo  di  JfOTiia. 
bCABEULUM.      Diminutive    of 


SCABELLUM. 

square  stool,  forming  but  one  step,  or 
consisting  of  a  smgle  height  (Varro, 
L.  L.  V.  168.),  employed  as  a  bed- 
step,  when  the  bedstead  was  not  a 
very  high  one  (Varro,  /,  f . ),  as  shown 
by  the  aimexed  illustration  from  a 
Roman  bas-relief. 

2.  (in!0Ti6iiev\.  A  foet-stovl,  of 
similar  character,  placed  before  a 
chair  or  seat  for  the  feet  to  rest  upon  as 


in  the  annexed  example  fr  m  a  Pom 

peian  pamtmg  Isi  lor  Oi  ^  \x  11  8 
3    (KpovwtQ  a)      A  mus  cal  instm 

ment      cons  sfi  ig   of  a  very  thick 

aoled  wooden    h  e 

(Pollux      vu     B7  ) 

with  a  deep  fissure 

under      the      toes 

which,  when  yield 

ingto  thepressu  eof 

thefoot  emitted  cer 

tail   notes   from  a 

small  machine  of  me 

taJ  (compare  L  ician 

Salt   83  )  plared  bet 

and  lower  surfaces.     It  w 

the  pipe-player  {tiiicen]  at 

(Pofiux,  j:.  153.) ;  and  wa 

used  to  give  notice  of  the 

ment  and  termination  of  an  Act  (Cic. 

Csl.   27.)  ;   to  heat  the  time,   and 

make  an  accompaniment  with  other 

instruments.    (Suet.  Ca/.  54.  August. 

de  Mas.  3. )     Although  some  doubts 

are  entertajned  respecting  the  accu- 
racy of  the  interpretation  here  given, 

yet  the  numerous  remaining  repre- 
'  ' '  jns  of  a  contrivance  similar  to 
exhihited  by  the  woodait,  from 
ent  marble  slatiie,  and  the  cha- 
by  whom  they  are  used,  afford 


theo 


,y  Google 


SCABELLUM. 


iiess.  A  teira-cotta  of  the  British 
Museum  shows  a  figure  by  the  side 
of  a  wine-vat  playiiig  on  llie  double 
pipes    (&)jis  fares)    while  he  beats 


1  instrument  similar  t< 


__s  engraved;  a  marble 

phafius  published  by  Viaconti  [Mus. 
Fio  Clem.  V.  tav.  C. )  exhibits  a  female 
playing  the  Phrygian  pipes  {tibia  Phry- 
gian and  beating  time  upon  a  similar  in- 
strument ;  and  a  female  statue  of  the 
Capitol  (^HJ.  Captolin.  iii.  36.)  has 
the  same  contrivance  under  her  foot, 
SCAO-jE  (KAVof)-  A  ladder;  or 
machine  for  ascending  (Irom  scatido), 
but  used  in  tlie 
plural  because  it 


by  a  number  of 
separate  steps, 
arranged  one 
over  another 
and  between  two 
uprights,  in  the 

practised  at  the  ■ 
present  day. 
(SalL  Plin.  Cres. 
Tac  Ov.  Viig.) 
The  jl]ustrp,tioii 
represents  one  of  the  Roi 
""rajan's  army  canning 
erfor  the  assault  of  a  D 
2.  A  shtfis  ladder,  of  the  same  con-' 
struction,  but  carried  on  board,  and 
let  down  from  the  sides  of  the  vessel 
when  cequured  for  the  convenience  of 


.45)      «''    ' 


It.    653 

th     po 


thrown  0     fmtldk      sid     f 
small  vessel   n  a  h  tal  po  ti  n 

to  the  top  of  a  quay,  or  any  promi- 
nence on  the  shore  of  corresponding 
height  with  the  vessel  itself,  as  sliown 
by  the  illustration  s.  Pons,  5. 

3.  A  staircase,  condacting  from 
the  bottom  to  the  upper  stories  of  a 
private  bonse  or  other  edifice.  The 
ancient  builders  formed  their  stidr- 
cases  much  in  the  same  way  as  the 
modem  ones,  either  by  fixing  them 
against  a  wall  in  the  interior,  so  as  to 
leave  one  side  open,  like  the  ordinary 
stairs  of  Eirivate  houses  in  England, 
exterior  of  the  building 


(Liv. 


i4-)>  i 


s  still  a 


Italy;  or  they  en- 
closed it  altogether  by  side  walls,  like 
a  staircase  formed  in  the  thickness  of 
a  wall,  so  that  the  person  ascending 
or  descending  was  concealed  from 
the  view  of  all  others  above  and  be- 
low, excepting  only  such  as  happened 
to  be  upon  the  same  flight  with  himself. 
These  were  specially  termed  Greelc 
staircases  (jcn/iB  Grscs,  Vitruv.  ix. 
Fr^.  7.  Aul.  Geil.  x.  15.  Serv. 
urfVirg.  Mn.  iv.  646.),  and  from  the 
nature  of  their  construction  would  of 
necessity  be  dark  and  generally  nar- 
row, which  explains  the  reason  why 
the  staircase  is  so  often  mentioned  as 
a  h'ding  place  (Cic  Mil  15  Id 
FHl  n  9  Hor  .£>>  n.  2  15  )  a 
notion  so  much  at  variance  with 
modem  usages  by  which  the  stairs 
are  the  most  open  and  pubhc  parts  of 
the  house  tW  the  commentatos 
upon  all  the  passages  cited  from  not 
being  acquainted  with  the  consti  c 
tive  peculiarity  uSt  described  are 
leduced  to  the  expedie  it  of  m  scon 
strmng  the  r  authors  by  su  jstituting 
one  preposition  for  another  is  if  the 
person  took  refuge  under  the  st-\ircaie 
instead  ofupon  it. 
4.  At  a  much  later  period  the  same 


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578  sc  iLWLS 

woid  appears  to  have  been  eiQ 
pIo3ed  to  designite  a  ^»-  e/  stii 
rifis  being  first  met  witli  m  a 
treatise  on  the  ait  of  WEtr  written 
b)  the  Emperor  Miurice  at  the  end 
of  the  sitth  century  It  is  sufficiently 
ascertained  that  the  pure  Greeks  and 
Romans  did  not  ride  upon  regular 
saddles,  made  like  our  own  upon  a 
tree  {see  Sella  e^uesiris),  but  only 
upon  pads  (ephippia\.  Consequently, 
as  stirrups  were  not  used  until  tie 
regular  saddle  was  invented,  the  word 
is  not  to  be  regarded  as  pure  Latinity 
in  this  sense,  nor  as  characteristic  of 
really  andent  maimers,  but  as  one 
adopted  during  the  period  of  tian^- 
lion  from  ancient  to  modern  times. 
Mauricii,  Ars  Mil.  ed.  Joh.  Scheffer, 
Upsal,  1664.  p.  22.  and  lib.  ii.  cap.  S. 
p.  64.  Beckinan,  Hisiirrv  of  Ijpucit- 
liffiu.  Article  "Stimips." 

SCAL'MUS  ((TKBA/iifi).  The 
thmol ;  a  strong  wooden  stay  on  the 
inside  of  a  vessel  to  which  the  oar 
was  attached  fay  means  of  a  thong 
[strufifius)  to  keep  it  firm  and  steady 
*     ,    (Cic.  Bnit.  53.  Id.  Or.  i. 


38.  Vlliuv.  X.  3.  6.)  Being  inside 
the  vessel,  this  object  is  not  apparent 
in  any  ancient  work  of  art ;  but  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  it  whs  formed  in 
the  same  way  as  in  the  Mediterranean 
galleys  of  the  l6th  century,  from 
wliidi  the  example  annexed  is  taken. 

SCALPEULUM  and  -US 
{trii-iXlov).  Diminutive  of  Scalper 
or  ScALPRUM.  A  small  sharp  sur- 
gical knife,  employed  for  cutting 
away  the  proud  flesh  round  a  wound 
(Columell.  vi,  32.  Plin.  ff.JV.  xxviii. 
28.  Cic.  Sext.  65.) ;  and  for  opening 
veins  to  let  blood.  (Gels.  ii.  10.) 

SCALTER.     Same  as 

SCAL'PRUM  {<r^lK-n,  «:oAotti5(j). 
A   sharp,    cutting   instrument,    em- 


SCALPKUM. 

ployed  by  artists  and  mechanics  for  a 
variety  of  purposes,  and  belonging  to 
the  class  which  we  denominate  chiseU 
or  cells  (Isidor.  Orig.  jdx.  19.  13.); 
that  is,  which  are  driven  with  a 
mallet,  or,  when  applied  for  cutting, 
are  thrust  from  the  person  using 
them,  instead  of  being  drawn  timiards 
him  ;  though  the  name  was  also  given 
to  several  other  instruments  ordinarily 
used  for  cutting  as  explauied  in  the 
subsequent  paragraphs. 

I.  Sealprum  faSrile.  A  common 
cMsel,  driven  by  a  mallet  (Liv.  T^x.\n\. 
49.  nmlleo  aiiaciaiii )  of  the 
same  description  with 
those  still  m  use,  as 
shown  by  the  annesed 
examples,  both  from 
originals  in  the  British 
Museum ;  the  left  hand  ; 
one  being  formed  t( 
ceive  a  wooden  handle,  like  those 
usedby  carpenters,  flie  other  entirely  of 
metal,  hke  those  used  by  st 

z.    A    leather-cut     ' 
maker's  knife  (Hor. 
Jul.    Pollux,    vii.    ; 
of    the    same   fom 
those   used    for    similar 
purposes     in     our 
times,  as  shown  by  the  < 
annexed    example,    from 
an  original  found  at  Pompeii. 

3.  An   instrument    emplo 
surgeons  {Jul.  Poll.  iv.  181. 
for  opening  wounds, 
and  cutting  away  parts 
of  the  diseased  flesh 
(CelsuE,  viii.  3.  and4.); 
for  which  purpose  the 
annexed  example  from 
an  original   found   in 
a   surgeon's  shop   at 
Pompeii,  is  supposed  by  medical  m 
to  have  been  intended. 

4,  A  pin-knife !  used  by  the  tri 
scribers  and  copyists  (Ii-         ^s 
krarii)   in   the  employ         Tr 

of  private  individuals  or  sl\ 

of  booksellers,  for  tem-  ^y 

pering    the    reed   pen  ^g 

arundu,  ealamus),  with  ^3 


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SCALPTOK. 

which  an  ancient  MS.  was  wriften. 
(Tac  Ann.  v.  &  SueL  Vikll.  3.) 
The  example  is  ii-om  an  original  ex- 
cavated at  Rome ;  the  liandle  is  of 
bone,  into  which  the  blade  is  made 
to  shut,  precisely  in  the  same  miniier 
as  now  practised. 

5-  A  paiticnlar  part  of  the  vine- 
dresser's pruning  hooln  (falxmnitoria) 
situated  between  the  sinus  and  the 
rostrum,  as  will  be  understood  by  re- 
ferring to  the  article  and  illustration 
s.  Faiux,  5.  Colmnell  iv.  25.  i. 
Plin.  H.  N.  xviL  26. 

SCALP'TOR.  An  artist  wno 
executes  with  the  chisel  {scalpram), 
as  in  the  annexed  illustration  from 
an  engraved  gem  found  at  Pompeii, 
which  represents  an  artist  at  woric 
upon  a  marble  vase.     Scholars  differ 


greatly  in  opinion  respecting  tlie  ac- 
curate meaning  of  the  two  words 
ScalflarsndSciilfi/or;  somecon^dec- 
ing  them  to  be  purely  synonymous 
(B,  Cruaus,  C/azru  Suel.  s.  &alp£re)  • 
others  that  the  first  designates  an  en 
graver  of  gems  only,  the  latter  a 
scalptor  of  marble  (Emesti  ad  Suet. 
Atig.  So.  Nero,  46.);  others  that 
the  scalftor  ir\eans  an  artist  wlio  exe- 

work  than  the  sculptor  (Oudendorp, 
(irfSuet.  Galb.  10,);  and  others  leave 
the  matter  in  dotibt  as  one  which 
cannot  l>e  decided.  (Bremi  ad  Suet. 
Aug.  50.  Heindorf.  ad  Hoc.  Sat. 
'a.  3.  22.)  Thus  the  term  is  used  to 
■  designate  a  gem  engraver  (Plin.  H.  If. 
xxxvii  15.  sculptor  gemmaruni)-  " 
sculptor  (Id,  xsxvi.  5.  scalptor  m 
morum) ;  and  an  artist  who  maltes 
the  dies  for   coins.      (Insoript.    ap. 


Marin.   Iscris.  Ali.   p.  T09,  scalptor 

SCALPTO'EIUM.  An  instru- 
ment made  in  the  form  of  the  human 
hand  for  scratching  any  part  of  the 
person  not  otherwise  easily  accesable. 
Mart  jxiv.  83. 

SCALPTURATUS.  Engraved 
with  the  chisel  (scalprum). 

2.  Pavinienfam  scalpluralu'/i.  See 
Pavimentum,  5. 

SCAM'MA  (ffitiWo)-  A  Greek 
word  signifying  literally  that  which  is 
dug,  as  a  trench  or  ditch ;  thence  a 
ling  in  the  gymnasium,  within  which 
the  wrestlers  contended,  because  it 
was  defined  by  a  small  trench  scraped 
in  the  sand,  to  mark  the  limits  t>eyond 
which  no  competitor  was  permitted 
to  retreat.  (C^l.  Aurd.  Tard.  a.  I. 
Polyb.  xl.  55-)  Amongst  the  Ro- 
mans, athletic  contests  were  exhibited 
in  the  broad  end  of  the  circus ;  which 
expkins  the  otherwise  unaccountable 
introduction  of  two  accessories  com- 
monly met  with  in  bas-relieis  repre- 
senting the  Cncensian  games,  viz.,  a 
hoe  issrctdum),  and  a  basket  of  sand 
(Aapie),  Ae  former  being  used  to 
make  the  ring,  the  latter  to  sprinkle 
over  the  bodies  of  the  wrestlers. 

SCAMNATUS   {sc  ager).     See 

SCAMNUM, 

SCAM'NUM  A  M-sidc  step  or 
stool  (Ov.  A.  Am.  ii.  211.),  of  an. 
intermediate  aze  between  the  sca- 
hellum  and  gradiis  (Varro,  Z,  L.  v. 
168.),  which  was  used  when  the  bed- 


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580  SCAMNUM. 

XX.  11,  8.)  Hence  the  expression 
scan^sre  Uciam,  means  strictly  to  get 
into  bed  by  tlie  assistance  of  this 
contrivance.  The  example  is  taken 
from  a  tas-relief ;  the  le^  upon 
which  the  stool  is  raised  indicate  the 
increased  height,  serving  the  purpose 
of  an  extra  step,  and  if  compared 
with  the  illustrations  s.  Scabellum, 
r.  and  Gradus,  i.  will  at  once 
demonstrate  the  accurate  distinctions 
between  those  three  words  and  the 
objects  expressed  by  them. 

-      ■     '   •   ■    '       'a  highf ' 


arble  bas-rehef, 
.1  which  it  is  appio;priately  placed 
under  the  feet  of  Jupiter  to  indicate 
(he  majesty  of  the  god,  and  the 
grandeur  of  the  throne  on  which  he 
sits.  The  epithet  caoum,  the  hoUaw 
foot-stool,  applied  by  Ovid  {A.  Am. 
i.  i6a.)  to  this  object  may  be  in- 
tended to  describe  the  incavation 
formed  bj-  cutfmg  away  the  step  in 
front,  asm  the  present  example;  or 
to  its  being  actually  hollow  under- 
neath, like  the  preceding  specimen. 


t  formed  n 


SCAPHA. 

peiah  painting.  It  is  this  property 
which,  accurately  speaking,  consti- 
tutes the  difference  between  a  scain- 
iium  and  a  labselliatn ;  though  the 
distinction  is  not  strictly  preserved. 
Ov.  Fast.  vi.  305.     Mart  v.  41, 

4.  In  the  technical  language  of  the 
agricultural  people,  a  lialk,  or  long 
line  of  earth  between  two  furrows 
left  unbroken  hy  the  plough  (Colu- 
mea  ii.  2.  25.  Plin.  H.  N.  xviiL  49. 
§  2. ) ;  also  a  tract  of  the  same  cha- 
racter left  between  the  ridges  that  are 
made  with  thehoe.  Columell.iiLi3.z, 

5.  In  the  technical  language  of 
land-surveyors  {a^mensores\,  the 
breadth  of  a  field,  as  opposed  to 
striga,  its  length.  Auct  R.  Agrar. 
pp.  46.  125.  19S.  ed.  Goes. 

SCAN'DULA  or  SCIN'DULA. 
(iTx'Sol).      A  lAiiigie;  i.  e.   a  small 


ing  the  roof  of  a  house.  Shingles 
continued  to  be  commonly  used  at 
Rome  until  the  period  of  the  war 
with  Pyrrhus,  and  may  still  be  seen 
in  ditferent  parts  of  Europe,  and 
as  protections  for  the  I'oof  or  spire  in 
many  old  English  churches.  Plin. 
M.  N.  xvL  15.     Pallad.  i.  22. 

SCANDULA'RIS.  Made  or 
covered  with  shingles  {scan^Ue). 
Apul.  Met.  iii.  p.  54. 

SCANDULA-TIIUS.  One  whose 
business  consists  in  laying  a  roof 
with  shingles  {saazdnla)  Arcad. 
Dtg  50  6   6 

bCANSO'RIA.  MACHINA 
(iKpo^aTiK^  HIX""^)  A  seaffi)ldmg 
for  working  upin  at  any  elevation 
above  the  ginund      Vitruv  x   I    I 

SCAPH'A  (o-K(£$)j)  kshff,  uUu, 
long  boat,    or  jolly  mat,   earned   on 


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SCAPHE. 

and  used  as  occasion  required.  (Cies. 
B.  C.  iii.  24.  Cic  Inn.  ii.  79.  Pet. 
Sat.  loi.  7.)  Tlie  modem  name  of 
skiff,  whicli  appears  to  retain  the 
elements  of  the  ancient  term,  and 
designates  a  form  of  boat  precisely 
similar  to  the  one  exhibited  by  the 
annexed  wood,  cut,  from  a  Pompeian 

{Anting— that  is,  with  a  broadish 
ody,  sharpish  head,  and  small  Hat 
stern, — favours  the  conjecture  that 
it  aifbrdi  a  genuine  specimen  of  the 
model  designated  by  the  term  aapka; 
but  even  if  that  be  doubtful,  the  ex- 
ample is  in  every  respect  worthy  of 
attention,  as  one  of  the  very  few 
reiDaiiiing  ilhisCrations  of  andent  ship 
or  boat  building,  wliich  affords 
practical  model,  with  correctness 
form  and  detail,  instead  of  the  usual 
imperfect  and  conventional  style  of 
represenla.tion,  so  geiiera}ly  adopted 
by  the  ancient  artists  when  treating 
marine  subjects. 

2.  A  smaller  bo^  constructed  npon 
the  same  mode!  as  the  preceding,  but 
TOwed  only  by  a  pair  of  oars  (Hor. 
Od.  iii.  29.  62.  birmiis  scafM\,  and 
employed  for  river  and  coastmg  oc- 
cupations, such  as  fishing  (Justin,  ii 
13.  piscaioria  scafha),  &c. 
SCAPH'E  (Vitmv.  in.  8.).    Same 

asSCAPHlUM,  2. 

SCAPH'IUM  (cf«<i.JiiB^).  A  vessel 
of  small  dimensions  and  Greek  in- 
vention, employed  at  the  dinner  table 
as  a  wine  cup.  It  was  sometimes 
made  of  silver  (Phylarch.  ap.  Allien, 
iv.  21.),  and  elaborately  ornamented 
as  an  object'  of  luxury  (Plaut.  Stick. 
V.  4.  II.  Cic.  Vtrr.  ii.  4.  17.); 
and  appears  to  have  belonged  to  the 
same  class  of  utensils  as  the  pattra  or 
phials,  since  Plutarch  {Agid.  et  Cliom. 
p.  8ir.)nses  the  latter  term  to desig- 


:ssel  which  is  called 
scaphiunt  by  Phylarchns  (Athcn.  /.  c.\ 
Perhaps  the  veal  distinction  between 


1  Ihis,   that 


SCAPVS. 


these  words  consisted  i 
when  the  cup  was  a  mere 
out  any  handle,  it  was  called  a  palera 
by  the  Romans,  and  pMala  {ifni^ii) 
by  the  Greeks ;  when  furnished  with 
a  projecting  handle,  like  the  annexed 
example  from  an  original  found  at 
Pompeii,  (which  gives  to  the  whole 
object  a  certain  similitude  to  the  boat 
scapha,  after  which  it  was  named,) 
then  it  received  the  special  name  of 
scafMum  and  irxdijiioi'.  The  same 
article  is  also  enumerated  amongst 
the  necessaries  of  a  woman's  dressing- 
room  (Juv.  vi.  263.  Ulp.  Big.  34- 
2.  28.),  but  for  what  parllcular  pur- 
pose is  not  mentioned. 

2.  A  suit-dial,  formed  by  a  hollow 
circular      vessel, 
within  which  the 
hour   lines    t 
drawn         (Mart. 
Capell.  vi.  194.), 
as  in  the  example  / 
from      a      statue  [ 
formerly   existmg 
at  Ravenna.      It 
received  the  pre 

itB      re'Jcmblance 

in    form    to    the 

bowl  of  the  last 

engraved  atensil 

but  was  also  termed  kemtsph 

tirom  its  affinity  with  that  figure.    Vi- 

truv.  ix.  8. 

SCAPH'ULA  (ffKo^iS.*^).  Dimi- 
nutive of  Scapha,    Veg.  Mil.  iii.  7. 

SCATUS  (ffKaios).  In  its  primary 
sense  means  an  object  upon  or  by 
which  any  other  thing  supports  itself, 
as  the  stalk  of  a  plant,  for  instance, 
which  su[^orts  the  haid  and  blos- 
som ;  the  notion  oblaining  from  the 
primitive  sense  of  the  Greek  word 
(TK^iTTaF,  "  to  prop  or  support  oneself 
by  a  staff."  This  root,  from  which 
the  Latin  form  is  derived,  also  fiir- 
nishes  an  appropriate  meaning  for  the^ 
following  special  and  technical  appli- 
cations of  the  term. 

I.  The  shaft  of  a  column;  which 
supports  the  capital  {capituliim)  and 


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!  bottom  of 
just  above  the  base,  by  that  of  itnus 
scapus.     (VitniT.    iii.   5.)_    AU  these 
pavts    ave    sufficiently   displayed   by 
the  Irft-hand  figure  in  tho  annexed 


wood-cut,  representing  tho  column  of 
Trajan  at  Rome. 

a.  The  shaft  or  pillar  which  sup- 
ports one  end  of  each  st;ur  in  a  stair- 
case {Vitruv.  ix.  Prisf.  8.),  as  shown 
by  the  right-hand  figure  of  the  above 
wood-cut,  representing  the  internal 
coostmction  of  the  same  column. 

3.  The  stUg  of  a  door  ;  that  is,  the 
Yeitical  piece  on  each  side  of.  the 
valve,  into  which  the  transverse  pieces 
or  i-ails  {impitgei)  are  mortised 
(Vitruv.  iv.  6.  J.)  ;  exhibited  by  the 
four,  uprights  decorated  with  bosses 
in  the  following  illustration,  represent- 
ing an  ancient  door  of  bronze  noH 
belonging  to  the  church  of  S.  Theo- 
dore at  Rome. 

4.  Scdpus  cardinalis  {m^i^iy^. 
The  main  siile  of  a  door  which  carried 
the  piTots  (cardities),  by  which  each 
leaf  is  kept  in  an  upright  posi. 
tion,  when  not  fixed  with  hinges 
Iginglymi),  and  made  to  revolve  as 
the  pivots  turned  iii  a  socket  exca- 
vated in  the  sill  and  lintel  respec- 
tively.     {Vilfuv.   iv.   6.   4.)      It  if 


seen  on  the  righl  side  or  liie  annexed 
wood-cnt,  which  exhibits  an  ancient 
marble  door-case,  with,  the  original 
valves  of  bronze,  now  standing  at 
Rome  ;  but  represented  in  the  draw- 
ing for  the  purpose  of  illustration, 
as  it  would  appear  if  that  portion  of 
" ntal  facing  (anlepagjiien- 


lui/i),  which  conceals  it  on  the  oppo- 

5.  (KwArfs).  The  sluifl  or  skin  of 
a  lamp-stand  {canddabruni) ;  that  is, 
the  portion  between  the 
base  or  foot  upon  which 
it  rested,  and  the  capital 
or  flat  tray  {superficies) 
at  the  top,  on  whudi  the 
lamp  was  placed  (Phn 
H.  N  xxsiv  6)  The 
use  of  the  term  also 
implies  that  a  tall 
and  'Uender  shaft,  like 
the  stalk  of  a  plant  is 
alluded  to  It  Mas  m 
tended  to  stand  upon 
the  ground,  and  cf  — 
qnently  made  of  c 
derable  height,  in  ordei 
that  the  light  might  be  r'ii-.ed  fo  a 
convenient  elevation  for  illuminating 
the  chamber ;  and  for  this  purpose, 


^ 


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SCELETUS. 

the  stem  of  the  example  here  intro- 
duced, from  an  original  found  at 
Pompeii,  is  made  to  draw  out  from 
tlie  mouldings  observable  on  it,  in  the 
same  majiner  as  a  telescope. 

6.  The  Oeam  of  a  steelyard  (sla- 
tera,  Vitrnv.  a.  3,  4.),  as  contradis- 
tinguished from  ^M^»m,  the  joke  of  a 


balance  (libra).    The  c-iample  is  from 
a  bronze  original  found  at  Pompen 

7.  A  wooden  cylmder  round  which 
books  and  paper  wei  e  rolled,  a'i  maps 
now  are.     Plin,  H  N  -^   n 


SCENA. 


583 


SCE'NA  (o-KD^ii).  The  seem  of 
an  ancient  theatre  ;  mider  which  name 
were  included  the  stage  on  which  the 
actors  perforrned,  and  the  sctn^,  and 
j/^j?-jC£«£T,  as  we  now  distinguish  them. 
The  first  of  these  consisted  of  a  per- 
manent wall  at  the  hack  of  the  stage, 
wjth  'hrec  doors     one  m  the  centre. 


warp  (  am  «)  arefa-tened  and  s  u- 
ateJa  the  oppos  e  ext  em  j  to  the 
cloth-beam  (  sub  litn)  It  seen 
in  the  illustration  ftom  an  Egyptian 
painting  at  tl  e  bottom  of  the  warp, 
attached  by  a  1  dmg  brace  at  each 
end  to  the  two  uprights  of  the  loom, 
and  is  termed  "noisy"  (Lucret.  v. 
1352.  sonaTis),  either  because  weights 
were  sometimes  fastened  nnder  it  to 
keep  the  warp  on  the  stretdi,  and 
which  would  rattle  ag£dnst  each  other 
when  shalten  by  the  strokes  of  the 
batten  (spatka),  in  driving  home  the 
weft,  or  from  the  noise  rf  the  braces 
as  they  played  against  the  uprights 
under  the  same  process. 

SCEL-ETUS  (o-KfAsTJj).  LiteraUy 
dried  or  parched  up  like  a  mummy 
(Apul.  Apol.  pp,  504.  507.);  not  a 
s&elitm  in  om-  notion  of  the  word,  for 
that  was  termed  Itiraa. 


through  «hich  the  chief  actor  en 
tered,  teimed  t'aki^  'eg'<s,  and  two 
latenl  ones  hospital  r  (Vitinv  i  6 
8  )  all  of  which  are  distinctly 
marl  ed  on  the  illustration,  which 
exhibits  the  scena  of  the  great  theatre 
at  Pompeii  in  its  present  state.  The 
movable  side-scenes  were  adapted  for 
the  representation  of  any  particular 
locality,  in  which  the  action  of  the 
piece  was  supposed'  to  take  place,  and 
were  distinguished  by  the  epithets 
va-saiiies  axAducHUs  {Sen.  ad  Virg. 
Georg.  iii.  24.),  accordingly  as  they 
were  constructed  to  turn  round  on  a 
pivot,  or  to  slide  forward  in  a  groove. 
SCE'NA  or  SACE'NA.  An  old 
Latin  name  for  the  double-edged 
hatchet^  employed  in  killing  the 
victim  at  a  sacrifice,  having  the  broad 
blade  of  an  axe  {stairis)  on  one  ^de, 
and  the  small  cutting  edge  of  the  ■ 
dolabra  on  the  other,   as  exhibited 


nen  froi 


El  bas- 


by  the  annexed  specii 
relief  of  the  Villa  Eorghesi 
observes  [s.v.)  that  the  Jrtvw  was 
evidently  a  cutting  instrument  [g^ius 
(ultn),  but  whether  belonging  to  the 
class  of  secures  or  dolabm  was  to  him 
a  matter  of  doubt.    Yet  the  passage 


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584  SCENOGRAPHIA. 

which  he  quotes  from  Livius  Andro 
nicus  —  corruit,  quasi  utus  scena  — 
evidently  expresses  an  instrument 
which,  dealt  out  a  Haai  rathei  than  a 
gash  at  stab,  precisely  such  as  would 
be  inflicted  by  the  iigure  exhibited  111 
the  wood-cut;  and  the  uncertainty 
entertained  respecting  the  actual  cha- 
racter of  the  instrument  is  accounted 
for  by  the  feet  of  its  possessir^  both 
the  qualities  mentioned,  that  of  cut- 
ting is  well  as  striking. 

SCEN0GRAPH'IA(o«,i'07pa*fo). 
The  pa-sptctwe  draught  of  a  bmlding, 
&c ,  as  it  really  appears  to  the  eye  of 
a  spectator,  and  would  be  represented 
in  landsLape  or  scene  painting  (Vi- 
truv  I,  z,  3.);  and  as  contradistin- 
gmshed  from  the  ^metrical  draught 


viewed  fiom  an  infinite  distance.  It 
haabeen  Slid  that  tlie  ancient  draughts- 
men were  not  acquainted  with  the 
art  of  linear  peiapective ;  and  tlie 
numerous  errors  observable  in  tlie 
architectural  and.  landscape  scenes 
amongst  the  Pompeian  designs  are 
referred  to  in  corroboration  of  that 
opinion  ,  but  it  must  be  remembered 
that  the  artists  who  executed  those 
works  were  merely  provincial  house- 
painters  and  decorators,  of  unetjual 
ments,  some  of  whom  were  certainly 
deficient  m  this  respect ;  but  the  in- 
tricate and  accurate  designs  of  many 
amongst  them,  evince,  on  the  other 
hand,  a  perfect  knowledge  of  per- 
spective There  is,  consequently,  no 
sufficient  reason  for  doubtit^  the 
genuineness  of  tlie  term,  nor  for  alter- 
mg  the  reading  in  the  above  passage 
of  Vitruvius,  as  some  commentators 
propose. 

SCEPTRUM(ffKSiiTpoi/).  Strictly 
a  Greek  word,  for  which  the  Romans 
frequently  use  another  form  of  the 
same  Oreels  root,  sdpis;  though  both 
words  beat  a  very  similar  significa- 
tion, Tiie  original  scejitni7ic  was  a 
long  staff,  like  the  shaft  of  a  spear 
(Justin,  xliii.  3.),  formed  from  a 
sapling  or  young  tree,  cut  down  to 


SCEPTRUM. 

the  roots  (Virg.  Mn.  zii.  206. ),  which 
m  early  times  served  for  a  support  in 
walking,  while  its  imposing  length 
gave  an  air  of  importance  to  the  per- 
son who  bore  it,  as  is  well  exemplified 
by  the  illustration,  which  represents 
Agamemnon  with  a  staff  of  the  nature 


described,  from  a  bas-relief  of  Greek 
workmanship. 

2.  A  sceptre :  the  emblem  of  royal 
authority  (Cic  Sad.  57.); 
quently  ascribed  to 
Jupiter  (Suet.  Aug. 
94.),  Juno,  tings, 
and  actors  on  the 
stage  (Plin  H  N 
XXXV  6  )  wl  o 
personated  tl  em 
and  wh   h,         ' 

noth   g     0  e  tha 

a  long  staff    like 

tlie  p  ecedmg  one 

conveted    nto  a 

ornament  of  st  te 

b;  the  add  f  on  of 

a  de  orat   e  head  pee  1 1  e  11  e  e. 

an  pie  annexed,    ep      ent  n^  Lat  nu 

in  the  Vat  can  V   ■^l 

3    S  ptri  IT     i       ai  An  tv   ji 

sceptre  espec  ally  the  royal  cept  e 
int  od  ced  at  Rome  by  the  k  ng  of 
the  Etn  can  dynasty  an  I  subse 
quently  appropriated  to  themselves 
by  the  consuls  of  the  I'epublic.  (Serv. 
ai^Virg.  Mn.  xi.   238.)     This  was 


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SCBPTUCHUS. 


SCHCE  MCILE 


much   shorter   than    the    primidve    sented  b>  the  annexed  figuia  from 
"      '  ....  ^^  ^j  ^^  sculptuies  of  Persepolis. 


Greek  sceptre,  as  is  shown  by  the 
Hexed  example,  from  an  engraved 
gem,  representing  Porsena  sitting  in 
judgment  upon  Mucins  Sctevola ;  and 
is  more  commonly  designated  by  the 
Latin   word    scipia,   instead   of   the 


purely  Greek  one  sceplrum.    Liv.  v. 
41-     VaL.  MaK.  iv.  4.  §  5. 

4.  S^imm  Au^isti.  (SueC,  Gali. 
I.)  The  impenal  and  triumphal 
sceptre  ;  which  was  not  identical  with 
the  regal  and 
consular  ones, 
but  was  decorated 
with    the    figure 


getieral 

at  his  triumph,  duving  the  republican 
period,  as  well  as  by  the  emperors 
generaily  under  the  empire,  as  shown 
by  the  annexed  example,  representing 
Antoninus,  from  the  base  of  Ihe 
column  erected  in  his  honour. 

SCEPTU'CHUS  (o-KijirraSxo!}. 
A  high  officer  in  the  Persian  court, 
so  termed  from  the  sceptre  which  he 
bore  as  a  badge  of  office,  as  our  own 
titlesof  "gold  and  ^Iver  stick,"  or  of 
"black  rod,"  have  arisen  from  like 
causes.  He  was  generally,  if  not 
always,  a  eunuch,  though  regarded  as 
a  personage  of  consideration,  having 
the  command  over  some  province 
assigned  to  him  ;  hut  bis  costume 
!uid  badges  are  believed  to  be  repte- 


SCHED'A  or  SCIDA  (cr^fM-  A 
strip  cut  from  the  intier  bark  of  the 
papyrus,  and  used  for  the  purpose  of 
making  sheets  of  paper  to  write  books 
upon  ;  which  was  effected  in  the  iol- 
lowing  manner.  The  inner  skin  was 
first  peeled  off  in  thin  coats  (phiiyne) 
of  the  largest  size  which  could  be 
obtained  without  flaws  or  fractures. 
These  were  cut  into  ftrips  {scheda), 
and  glued  together  by  their  largest 
sides,  to  form  the  writing  surface ; 
the  back  part  bemg  strengthened  by 
other  strips  stuck  on  m  a  transverse 
■'1,  to  prevent  the  paper  from 


1  the  dm 


I  of  the 


splitting  up  11 

fibres.  One  row  01  strips  tnus  pre- 
pared and  jomed  together  was  called 
a  length  01  a  breadth  {flagald)  ;  a 
certain  number  of  which  were  then 
glued  tt^ether  mto  one  large  sheet  to 
make  a  book  or  roll  U%ber,  vohmuri). 
Plin.  H.  N.  xiii.  23.  Hence  the 
word  is  frequently  used  in  the  sence 
of  a  leaf,  a  single  piece  of  paper,  or 
the  fractional  part  of  a  sheet;  like  our 
pige.  Cic.  AU.  i.  zo.  Quint,  1.  8. 
19.     Mart.  iv.  91. 

SCHCENIC'UL^.  Women  who 
perfumed  themselves  with  a  very 
coaise  and  common  kind  of  ointment, 
manufactured  from  a  species  of  rush 
{schisitus),  possessing  odorifercus  pro- 


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586  SCHaZNOBATES. 

perties  ;  intended  as  a  contemptuous 
nickname.  Festus  s.  v.  Varro,  L.  L. 
vil  64.  Compare  Plaut.  Pmu  i  2. 
58.  schreao  deliiutas. 

SC  HCENOB'ATES(ir;(oi'"'BoTi,!). 
A  Greek  term  for  a  rope-dancer  (Juv. 
iiL  77.) ;  for  which  the  genuine  Latin 
expression  is  Funambulus. 

SCHOL'A  (iix»^«-  LiteraUy 
means  vest  from  bodily  labour,  which 
affords  an  opporlimily  for  mental 
recreation  or  study ;  whence  the 
term  is  transferred  to  the  place  where 
teachers  and  their  pupils  assemble 
for  the  purpose  of  instruction,  our 
school  (Cic.  Or.  ii.  7.  Suet.  Gramm. 
16.  Auson.  JdyU.  iv.  6,,  and  Lu- 
Dus) ;  and  to  a  room  in  which  phi- 
losophers and  literati  assemble  toge- 
ther for  conversation  and  discussion. 
Plin.  H.  N.  XXXV.  37-  it>^vi  4.  §  5. 

2.  Schola  ahici.  Sciola  labri.  The 
vacant  space  on  the  iioor  of  tlie  ther- 
mal chamber  {caldariuta)  in  a  set  of 
bitlis  which  surrounds  the  warm 
water  bath  (alzsw),  or  the  circular 
basin  [labram)  situated  ■it  the  oppo- 
site end  of  the  room  where  the 
bathers  itho  iveie  waiting  to  USE 
Lither  of  thest  ^esiel'i,  might  sit  Oi 
strnd  uiilil  then  turn  came     (Vitruv 


SCIRPICULA. 

In  the  annexed  illustration,  repre- 
senting the  circular  end  of  tlie  ther- 
mal chamber  in  the  baths  at  Pompeii, 
with  its  tabruvi  in  the  centre,  the 
the  passage  round  the 
reference  lo  the  wood- 
cutj.LABRUM,  I.,  wMch  exhibits thfi 
bathers  standing  round  the  vessel,  will 
further  eluindate  the  matter,  by  show- 
ng  how  that  vessel  was  occupied  by 
jne  set  of  bathers,  while  the  others 
were  compelled  to  stand  by  until 
they  could  find  a  vacant  place  at 
their  disposal. 

SCIMPOD'IUM  (ffKvir<i5io^).  A 
small  couch  or  so&,  of  Greek  inven- 
tion; or,  rather,  an  invalid's  chair,  con- 
structed so  as  to  support  the  legs  and 
feet  in  an  easy  position,  like  our  gouty 
chair,  for  it  «-as  used  by  persons  snt 
ject  to  that  complaint  during  an  access 
of  the  malady.  Aul.  Gell.  xix.  10.  I. 
SCIN'DULA.  See  Scandula. 
SCIOTHE'RICON  (o««.flj,piKip). 
A  term  coined  from  the  Greelt  lan- 
guage (Plin.  H.  N.  ii.  78.),  for  which 
die  Latins  use  Soi^RltjM. 

SCI'PIO  (BsXnoiii).  Ajifl^anda 
sceptre;  applied  in  the  same  sense  as 
Sceptrum;  both  words  being  only 
different  forms  from  ^e  same  Greek 

SCIR'Pe'a  or  SIR'PEA.  A  large 
basket  made  of  msh  s(jfi!j)Hj')  platted 
together  and  en  p  oyed  more  espe- 
cially o  form  the  body  of  a  wagon 
(plaii  /  «  n)  u  ed  for  agricultural  pur- 
poses, as  the  rniexed  example 
i ,   — n^    1.    relief;    whence 


V  lu  4  }  We  might  translate  t  the 
■mailing  or  resting  place,  which  fully 
expresse-  the  primary  as  well  as 
secondary  notion  of  the  word  icksia. 


scirpea  ster  era  ^a  a  dang-basket  or 
dun'  art  \  a  o  Z  i.  v.  139.  Ov. 
Fast.  VI.  680.  Cato,^.  R.  x.  3.  xi.  4. 
SCIRPICULA  or  SIRPIC'ULA. 
A  small  portable  basket  of  platted 


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rash  {scir/^ji-),  employed  for  a  variety 
of  purposes,  as  for  holding  flowers 
(Prop.  IV.  z,  40.),  vegetables  (LuciL 
oANon.);  as  a  fidiiiig  basket  (Plant 
Ca^i.  iv.  2.   37.   iLC )     The   exam 

bench  which  siands  beside  the  gar 
land  makers  (mrenani),  in  the  ongi 
iial  picture  from  which  the  illustration 
to  that  word  is  copied. 

SCIS'SOR.  A  slave  who  cut  up 
the  viands  for  the  company  at  an 
entertainment.  He  was  aXv/ays  ex- 
pected to  carve  with  skill  and  sdence, 
and  a  certain  sleight  of  hand ;  but  at 
the  banquet  of  the  ridiculous  Trimal- 
chio,  the  carver  is  made  to  flourish 
his  knife  and  dissect  the  food  with 
sundiy  gesticulations,  to  the  sounds 
and  measures  of  a  musical  accom- 
panunent.  Pet.  Sai.  36.  6. 
,  SCOBI'NA.  Arnj/,  for-scTaping 
wood,  as  used  by  carpenters  (Isidor. 
Ori^.  xix.  19.  Varco,  Z.  Z.  vH.  68. 
Plin.  If.  A'.  Ki.  68.),  and  contradis- 
dnguished  from  lima,  a  y?/c,  which  is 
enumerated  amongst  the  implements 
of  smiths  and  metal  workers.  Isidor. 
Orig.  xls.  7. 

SCO'P^  (jftiWimTpoj',  adpaBpBy). 
In  the  singular  means  a  iiiii  i«iig; 
bat  the  word  is  rarely  used  eitcept  in 
the  plural,  when  it  signifies  a  NrcA 
broom  (Cato,jt.iff.  152.  YXs.vi..  Stkh. 
ii.  3.  27.),  made  up  from  a  number  of 
twigs,  like  our  own.  See  the  wood-cut 
s.  Area,  5.  which  exhibits  an  S^p- 
tian  at  the  edge  of  a  threshing-floor 
witli  such  a  broom  in  his  hands. 

SCOPATilUS.  A  slave  whose 
occupation  consisted  in  sweeping  out 
rooms  or  other  places  vrith  a  birch 
broom  {,scoM\     Ulp.  Dig.  33.  7,  8. 

SCO'PULA.  Diminutive  of 
ScoPA.  A  birch,  or  hand-brush,  of 
twi^  sometimes  myrtle  (Columell. 
xii.  38.  4.),  tied  together,  used  for 
cleansing  the  interior  of  small  ob- 
jects, such  as  wine-jars,  &c,  Cato, 
R.  R.  26. 


SCOTIA.  5S7 

SCORDISCA'RIUS.  One  who 
makes  and  sells  horses'  clotliings 
{scordisca).      Hieron,  Ep.  $1.  5. 

SCORDIS'CUM.  A  housiitg  or 
dothingios  horses  (Veg.  Vet.  ilL  60.}, 
made  of  untanned  leather  or  skins 
(Isidor.  Gloss.  Edict  Dioclet  24), 
and  adapted  to 


tised. 

the  ancients 
appeartohave 
used  it  not  so  mudi  for  the  purpose 
of  warm  clothing,  as  to  provide  a  de 
fence  for  the  animal  on  the  field  of 
battle.  This  may  be  inferred  in  part 
from  the  strong  material  of  which  it 
was  made,  from  its  being  designated 
in  the  edict  of  Diocletian  (/.  c.)  as  a 
mihtary  accoutrement,  and  from  the 
fact  of  its  being  frequently  repre- 
sented in  the  ^yptian  paintings  and 
Etruscan  vases  on  the  bodies  ofhorses, 
when  harnessed  to  the  war-chariot.  Tlie 
example  is  copied  from  aGreek  medal. 

SCOR'PIO,  -US,  and  -OS  {crKop- 
irios,  -Ttiav),  A  weapon  for  dis- 
chai^ing  stones,  phimmefs,  and 
arrows  (Veget.  MU.  iv.  22.  Ammian. 
xsiii.  4. ),  handled  by  a  single  man,  but 
reqmrii^  skill  to  he  used  effectively 
(Vitruv.  X.  I.  3.);  and  probably  the 
satiie  as,  or  very  similar  to,  the  modern 
cross-boat,  the  form  of  which  has  a 
close  aflinity  to  that  of  a  scorpion,  the 
insect  after  which  it  was  named. 

2.  A  heap  of  stones  piled  up  to  a 
point,  and  employed  as  a  boundary 
mark  between  adjacent  properties. 
Sicul.  Flacc,  de  Condit.  Agivr.  pp.  4. 
6.  Goes. 

SCOT'IA  (ffifOTia,  Tpaxihos).  The 
'coiia  in  architecture  ;  that  is,  a  hol- 
lo V  mould  ng 


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lower  lunis,  which  received  its  name 
from  the  dark  sliadow  (o-kiItos,  dark- 
ness) cast  upon  its  receding  surface  by 
the  projectmg  cushion  of  Sie  torus,  as 
shown  hy  the  tinted  portion  of  the 
annexed  example.     Vitruv.  iii.  5.  2. 

2.  A  groove  or  channsl  cut  into  the 
undei'  surface  of  the  corona  in  the 
Doric  order,  and  near  its  edge,  the 
object  of  which  is  to  prevent  the  rain 
water  which  trickles  over  the  cornice 
from  re-entering  nndemeath  it.  Vi- 
truv. iv.  3.  6.  Marqiiez,  Ord.  Dor. 
p.  47. 

SCRI'BA  {7pan/MTeiJs).  GeneraUy 
any  person  employed  in  writing ;  hnt 
more  especially  applied  to  the  fubUc 
notary  or  derk,  who  was  a  free  man, 
professionally  employed  hy  the  state 
in  copying  public  documents,  &c. ; 
whereas  the  ordinary  copyist  {U- 
brarius)  was  a  slave,  who  worked 
for  the  individual  fhat  owned  him. 
Cic.     Liv.     Suet. 

SCrlBILITAor  SCRIBLITA. 

li.  p    t   nl  t   f  plain  pasty,  eaten 

h  t  fr        th  n,   and   made   of 

cl  d  fl        with  honey  poured 

th      t  p  nething    like   our 

"  ■      R.  R.  78.     Pet. 


:  35 : 


M  r 


SCRIBLITA  RIUS.      One    who 
mak  h  ese  cakes        (scriblita). 

Lucuns.  p.  131. 
A  circular  bqs  or 
vvL  84-)         "     " 


th 


ith  the  same  external 
,1s,  and  nsed  for  si- 
ft, passage  of  PUny, 
xvL  84.),  clearly 
from  each  other  ; 
n  conjectured  that 


SCULPTOR. 

the  scrimum  was  a  capni,  but  divided 
internally  into  a  number  of  separate 
compartments  (quasi  lecernium) ;  and 
this  supposition  gains  some  sort  of 
authority  from  the  annexed  illustra- 
tion, representmg  the  scrinium  ungueit- 
larium  of  Venus,  in  a  Pompeian  paint- 
ing, amongst  a  number  of  other 
articles  appertaining  to  the  toilette  of 
that  goddess.  Though  the  inade  of 
the  case  is  not  exposed,  yet  the  fonn 
of  the  lid,  rising  in  the  centre  to  give 
room  for  the  laigest  bottle,  sufficiently 
indicates  the  purpose  for  which  it 
was  intended  to  be  used ;  and  a  case 
containing  many  bottles  would  answer 
its  object  very  imperfectly,  unless 
divisions  were  made  in  it  for  the  re- 
ception of  each  one,  distinct  from  the 
rest.  Quaranta.  Mus.  Borb.  xi.  16. 
Compare  Capsa. 

SCRl'PULUM  or  SCRU  PU 
LUM.  A  scruph,  the  smallest  guhl 
coin  of  the  Roman 


i.  16.)  It  IS  distinguished  by 
the  head  of  Mars  in  a  hehnet,  and  an 
eagle  with  the  word  Roma  on  the  re- 
verse, as  in  the  example,  from  a  spe- 
belonging  to  the  Royal  Library 
~-       '^'■"    ""1   is   extremely 


SCULPO'NE^  (» 
common  kind  of  shoe 
a    thick   wooden 

slaves  in  the  agri- 
cultural districts 
(Cato,  K.  M.  135, 
I.  Id.  59.  Plaut. 
Cos.  ii.  8.  59.); 
possibly  represented  by  the  annexed 
wood-cut  from  a  small  bronze  figure 
of  an  agricultural  serf.  Pignor.  di 
Serv.  p.  526. 

SCULPTOR.  Apparently  syno- 
nymous with  scalplor;  and  applied 
to  the  sculptor  who  works  in  marble 
(Pliii.  H.  N.  xsxvi.  5,  §  2,  Plin. 
Jun.  Ep.   i.   10.);  as  well  as  to  tlie 


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SCURRA. 
engraver  of  gems.     Plin.  H.  jV.  xxix. 

38.      SCALPTOR. 

SCUR'RA.  A  polished  genHe- 
jnan,  or  one  who  has  acquired  the 
habits  of  good  society  and  town  life, 
osopposedtoawlcwardand  provincial 
manneR.  (Plaut.  Most.  i.  I.  14.); 
afterwards,  one  who  toadies  great  and 
wealthy  individuals  for  the  purpose  of 
getting  invitations  to  dinner,  which 
he  repays  by  flattering  his  host 
and  amusing  the  guests  with  his 
anecdotes  and  bon-mots  (Plaut.  Pan. 
iii.  2.  35.  Hor.  Si.  i.  18. 10.)  ;  and 
finally,  in  a  sense  of  contemptuous 
reproach,  a  mere  buffoon.  Hor.  Sat. 
i.  S-  49-     Plin.  Ef.  ix.  17.  I. 

2.  At  a  later  period  ilie  soldiers  of 
the  emperor's  body-guard  were  de- 
signated by  the  same  name.  Lam- 
prid.  Alex.  Ssa.  61.     Id.  Elag.  33. 

SCUTA'LE.  Either  the  purse  of 
a  sling  {fitnda)  in  which  the  misale 
is  placed,  or  the  thong  by  which  it  is 
projected  ;  but  opinions  differ  respect- 
ing which  is  the  proper  interpretation, 
as  the  term  only  occurs  in  a  solitary 
passage  of  Livy  {jtxxviii.  29.). 

SCTJTA'RIUS.  One  who  makes 
shields  (jcwto).   Plaut  Epid.  I  i.  35, 

a.  ScuiarU.  The  title  given  to  a 
class  of  foreign  troops  introduced  by 
Constanline  ;  proljably  as  a  body- 
guard.     Ammian.  xx.  4- 

SCUTATUS.  Armed  with  the 
oblong  rectangular  shield,  termed 
senium,  as  exhibited 
by  the  annexed  figure 
of  a  Roman  soldier 
from  the  column  of 
Trajan.  {Liv.  xxviii. 
2,  Virg.  ^n.  ;x. 
370.)  1  -„- 
nary  soldiers  ilegio- 
mrll)  o.  T»i„'. 
column  are  unifonn- 
ly  represented  with 
a  long  square  shield, 
made  of  a  convex 
form  to  take  the 
shape  of  the  body ;  ■  and  never,  as 
some  writers  have  supposed,  with  one 
of  a  long  flat  oval,  or  of  an  hexagonal 


SCUTRA.  589 

form ;  for  those  figures  are  witliout 
exception  given  to  the  cavaliy  {e^id- 
lis),  to  the  Prietorian  troops  {p-islo- 
riani),  or  to  the  enemy  and  allied 
troops  from  foreign  nations.  But 
the  seutHtn  was  lilcewise  used  by  the 
Samnites,  and  consequently  was 
carried  by  the  Samnite  gladiators,  as 
may  be  seen  by  the  figure  introduced 
in  illnstration  of  that  word. 

SCUTEL'LA.  a  diminutive  of 
SctJTRA.  A  salver  or  waiter  upon 
which  other  vessels  were  placed  to 
be  brought  up  and  handed  vound  to 


the  guests  at  table  (Dip.  D^.  34.  2. 
20.) ;  thus  potioim  sealeUa  (Cic. 
Tusc.  iii.  ig.),  a  salver  on  whicli 
goblets  of  wine,  or  any  other  beverage, 
are  handed  about,  like  the  annexed 
example,  from  a  picture  of  "  still  life'' 
painted  at  Pompeii. 

SCUT'ICA.    Aw:4;>withathong 
madeof  leather  (Mart.  x.  63.),  whence 


the  name  (from  the  Greek  iss.miKi%). 
As  au  instrument  of  punishment  it 
was  sharper  than  the  switch  {feitild), 
but  milder  than  thescoorgeijfo^«//«nj, 
Hor.  Sal.  i.  3.  119.  Juv.  vi.  479., 
where  all  the  tliiee  words  are  in- 
stanced distinctively).  The  example 
is  from  a  marble  bas-rehef. 

SCUTRA.  A  sort  of  tray  or  dish 
(PlauL  Firs.  i.  3.  8.  Cato,  R.  S. 
civil.  II.);  of  which  nothing  defini- 
tive is  ascertained  beyond  the  sup- 
position that  it  received    its   name 


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590  SCUTSISCUM. 

from  the  Roman  shield,  scutum,  after 
wUch  it  was  probably  formed  ;  since 
the  word  is  so  written  by  Lucilius 
{Sal.  V.  28.  Gerkeh.),  who  more- 
over states  that  it  was  nmde  of  wood. 

SCUTRIS'CUM.  Probably  a 
diminutive  of  the  last  word.  Cato, 
R.  R.  K.  and  xi. 

SCUT'ULA  (ffKin-iiMi).  A  wooden 
roller  or  cylinder  placed  under  ob- 
jects of  great  weight  for  the  purpose 
of  assisting  in  moving  them.  Cies. 
B.  C.  iii.  40. 

2,  (Diminutive  of  Scutra.)  A 
small  dish  or  platter,  of  which  no- 
thing decisive  has  been  ascertained ; 
but  supposed  from  other  analogies  of 
the  word  to  have  possessed  a  diamond 
or  lozenge  shape.     Mart.  si.  31.  19. 

3  A  segment  of  marble  or  other 
artiticnl  mateml  tut  mto  the  shape 
of  a  diamond  or  ihomb  and  used  for 


mlaj  mg  floors  or  pavements  hkc  the 
three  white  patterns  in  the  centre 
division  of  the  annesed  ex-imple 
which  represents  a  \  ortion  of  the 
ancient  mosaic  pavement  now  re 
maimiig  in  the  church  of  Sanlz 
Ciocitn  G  ru  a'emme  at  Rome  Vi 
"rui  111  1  4  r-illad  I  y  5 
4    ^   dicck    or    diamond 


SCVPHUS. 

a  in  the  pattern  ot  a  piece  of 
cloth,  hlte  the  border  on  the  drapery 
of  the  annexed  figure  from  a  fictile 

„=e.     Plin.  H.  N.  viii.  74. 

SCUTULATUS.  Applied  to 
drapery ;  ornamented  with  a  pattern 
in  checks,  as  shown  by  the  preceding 
wood-cut.  Juv.  ii.  97.  Plin.  H.  N. 
viii-  73' 

2.  Applied  to  animals,  as  horses  ; 
it  corresponds  with  our  term  JUa- 
bitten.     Fallad.  iv.  13.  4. 

SCUTULUM  (Cic.  A?:  D.  i.  39.). 
Diminutive  of  SCUTOM, 

SCUTUM  {Suffis).  The  lai^e 
oblong  shield  generally  adopted  hy 
the  Roman  infantry  instead  of  the 
round  buckler  {dipais),  at  the  period 
when  the  military  ceased  to  serve 
without  pay.  It  was  about  4  feet 
long  by  z|  wide ;  formed  out  of 
boards,   like   a    door   (whence    the 


had  h  si  d  p  d 
ent  colour,  and  Lharged  n  ith  distinc- 
tive symbols,  as  is  exhibited  by  the 
illustration  representing  three  scuta, 
as  they  stand  upon  the  ground  in  the 
column  of  Trajan,  distbgnished  seve- 
rally by  the  image  of  a  thunderbolt, 
of  a  wreath,  and  the  same  t>olt  witha 
pair  of  wings.  Liv.  i.  43.  viiL  8. 
Plin.  H.  N.  xvi.  77.  Viig.  Mn.  viii. 
662.  Veg.  Mil.  ii.  18.  Folyb.  ii.  3a 
3.  vi.  23.  2. 

SCYPH'US  (ff/cVos)-     A  cup  for 


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-.cus/s. 


drinking  wine  out  o^  very  commonly 
used  at  convivial  parties.  (Hor.  Od. 
i.  27.  I.  Id.  ^jto/.  is.  33.)  Itwas 
sometimes  of  lieech  wood  (Tibull.  i. 
10.  8.),  or  of  silver  (Varro  aj>.  Gell. 
iii.  14.  I.),  or  bf  earthenware,  the 
ma.teiial  used  for 
the  original  &om 
which   the    an- 

is  copied, 
figure  conceived 
under  our  term  nip  allords 
true  aJid  accurate  notion  of  . 
which  was  circukr  and  deep, 
be  adapted  for  holding  a  laige  mea- 
Gnre ;  whence  it  is  the  vessel  com- 
mooly  given  to  Hercules  by  the  poets 
and  artists  (Val.  Flacc  ii.  272.  Virg. 
^11,  viii.  278.  Serv.  ad.  I.); whereas 
the  calix,  pottra,  and  others,  which 
were  of  a  more  open  and  shallow 
form,  have  3  closer  affinity  to  the 
figure  of  our  saucers. 

SCYT'ALA  or  SCYT'ALE  (o-ku- 
TciAij).  A  Greek  term  for  a  stick: 
thence  a  roller  or  staff  employed  at 
Sparta  for  the  pmrpose  01  enatiling 
the  government  to  comninnicate  Secret 
despatches  to  their  generals,  which 
was  effected  in  the  following  manner. 
A  strip  of  leather  was  first  roiled 
slantwise  upon  a  wooden  cylinder, 
and  upon  this  the  orders  written 
lengthwise  ;  so  that  when  the  leather 
was  unrolled  ftom  the  cylinder,  it 
contained  only  a  series  of  single  letters 
without  any  consecutive  meaning.  In 
this  state  the  strip  was  transmitted  to 
Ihetr  officer,  who  ascertained  the  con- 
tents by  applying  it  to  another  cyhn- 
der  of  precisely  the  same  dimensions,' 
given  to  him  before  he  set  out  for  the 
campaign.  Nep.  Paus.  3,  Aul.  Gell. 
xvii.g.  3. 

SECES'PITA.  A  sort  of  knife, 
employed  at  the   sacrifice,   with    a 


(Fes- 


ed  with  gold  and  silver. 
.  V.  Serv.  ad'^Yic.  jEa. 
SueL  Tib.  25.)  Tlie  example  is 
copied  from  the  frieze  of  an  ancient 
temple,  sfili  remaining  in  the  Forum 
at  Rome,  onwhich  it  apjiears  amongst 
various  other  sacrificial  implements. 

SEC'TILIS.  SeePAViMENTUM,  2. 

SECURlC'ULA(ir«XeKiiS«ip}.  Di- 
minutive of  Secijeis  ;  a  little  axe,  for 
achild'stoy.  '9\sat.  Rud.  iv.  4.114., 
and  woodcut  s.  Cbepundia. 

1.  (irihiKivm).  K  mortise  ot  dave- 
lail  in  carpentry,  produced  by  a  re- 
cessed cutting  in  the  shape  of  a 
hatchet  head,  which  receives  the 
tenon  or  projecting  end  of  a  corre- 
sponding form,  left  on  another  piece 
c*  timber,  so  as  to  bind  the  two  toge- 
ther at  a  given  angle.  Vitiuv.  x.  1 1. 
a      Id.  iv.  7.  4. 

SECU'RIS  (ir*'A!««s).  An  axe  or 
katchel,  employed  as  a  battle-ajte 
(Curt.  iiL  4. } ;  for  slaughtering  cattle 
at  the  sacrifice  (Hor.  Od.  iil.  23.  12. 
Ov.  Trist.  iv.  2.  5, ) ;  ora.s  awoodman's 


k 


for  felling  timber  (Ov.  Fast.  iv. 
649.),  &c.  The  ejiarople  is  from  the 
column  of  Trajan. 

2.  Securis  dolahrata.  A  hatchet' 
with  a  small  cutting  edge,  like  that 
of  the  dstabra, 
projecting  from 
the  tiack  part 
of  the  regular 
blade,  like  the  annexed  example  from 
the  Vatican  Virgil ;  and  as  contra- 
distinguisiied  from  the  bipennSs,  which 
has  two  perfect  blades,  and  from  the 
common  hatchet,  also  termed  securis 
simplex,  because  it  has  no  addition 
beyond  the  simple  blade.  Pallad. 
R.  R.  i.  43- 

3.  The  axs  inserted  in  the  bundle 


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593  S ECU  TO  RES. 

Ijctocs,  and  with  wiiich  a  criminal 
was  beheaded  after  he  had  been 
beaten  with  the  rods.  (Cic  Fis.  34. 
i.  5.)    Tlie  illustration  exhibits 


the  a 


a  marble  bas-rehef 
palace,  at  Rome. 

4     Tlie  lunated  member  on  tit 
back  part  of  the  vme-diesser  6  prun 
ing  b  11   wh  ch  IS  deailj  detailed 
theannetel   llutatoi    repieienti 


5  shown  by  th^ 
i  example,  from  a  sepulclii^f 
bas  relief     btat  Syl./  n   2  87 

SECUTO'RES  Futsuirs  the 
nime  given  to  a  particular  clilss  of 
gladiators  who  were  tramed  to  com 
bat  with  tV  ROmrti  (Jut  vsn  210 
■liiet   C  1/     o  Isidoi    Oti    xMU  55  ) 


receiving  the  iiime  from  thi 

m  ■nhich    thev  pursued    rtuiid   the 


SEGMENTA  TUS. 

arena  an  adversary  who  had  made  an 
onsuccessfulcastwithhisnet,  aiidwho, 
in  consequence  of  being  unprotected 
with  defensive  Mmouc,  was  compelled 
to  immediate  flight  until  he  could 
succeed  m  gatlierijg  up  his  net  for 
another  throw  liie  aims  of  the 
secutor  were  a  sword  dud  shield 
(XiphiL  luxii  iq  >,  precisely  as  seen  . 
in  the  annexed  lUustcation,  from  an 
ancient  mosaic  in  which  seveial  dif- 
ferent clasoes  of  gladiators  are  re- 
1  resented  Tlie  reharms,  who  is  on 
the  ground,  and  m  a  simple  tunic,  as 
described  by  Suetomus  (/  c  retiaril 
tumcait),  haa  thrown  his  net  over  the 
secutor,  but  without  entangling  him 
sufficiently  in  its  toils  £0  hamper  the 
pursuit,  or  prevent  himself  from  being 
overtaken. 

SEDECULA  (!.^p(cr™t).  A 
settee;  a  low  seat  or  stool;  see  the 
illustrations.  Sella,  i.,  of  which  it  is 
only  a  diminutive  form,  Cic.  Att.  iv. 
10.     Pollux,  I.  47, 

SE'DES  (?!fia).  A  seat;  in  the 
same  general  sense  as  our  own  term, 
and  thus  includmg  aU  the  parlieulai- 
kinds  which  are  enumerated  in  the 
Classed  Index. 

SEDI'LE.  Any  seat  or  thing  to 
sit  upon  ;  used  in  the  singular  with  the 
same  geneial  meaning  as  Sedes  %  but 
the  plural  Sedii-ia  is  commonly  used 
to  designate  a  row  of  seats,  such  as 
were  permanently  constructed  of  stone 
or  marble  in  the  theatres,  &c  (Plin. 
Ep.  V.  6.  Hot.  Ef.  iv.  15.  Grades, 
3.),  or  of  wood  put  up  for  temporary 
accommodation  in  public  places,  at 
shows  and  ceremonies  (Suet  Aug. 
.,  1 . which  the  rowers  sat  on 


SEGES'TRlIor-ESTRiUM  {ai 
ToffTpojO.  Any  covering  or  wrapper, 
made  of  straw  matting  (Vairo,  L.  L. 
V.  166.),  or  fur  skins  (Festus  s.  v.), 
and  employed  very  generally  for 
packing  goods  (Plin.  H.  N.  xiii.  23.), 
as  a  coverlet  for  beds,  or  wrapper  for 
persons  exposed  to  the  weather.  Suet. 
Aug.  83. 

SEGMENTATUS.    Ornamented 


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SEGMENTUM. 


SEGMENTUM.  An  omaraent 
attached  to  the  dresses  of  females 
(Val.  Mai.  V.  2.  I.  Ov.  A.  Am.  iii. 
169.  Juv.  ii.  124.); 
iistiiig  of  one  or 
e  strips  of  gold 
tissue,  or  some  other 
richly  coloured  ma- 
terial, sewed  on  to 
the  skirts  of  the 
drapery  in  parallel 
lines,  one  above  the 
other,  like  tuclis 
(Isidor.  Orig.  xix. 
22.  18.),  as  shown 
by  the  annexed  ex-  akio^^^^ 
ample,  representing  —r^isj^^- 

one  of  the  figni-es  in  the  celebrated 
Roman  fresco  of  the  Vatican,  which 
goes  by  the  name  of  the  Aldobrandini 
marriage.  This  interpretation  is 
further  confirmed  by  a  passage  of 
Pliny  (H.  N.  vi.  39.),  iu  which  the 
woxl  segininium  means  a  division 
formed  by  parallel  circles— Jigmenftj 
niundi,  qjus  nostri  eireula  appellevere, 
Gnsd  parall^s. 

SE'JUGIS.  A  chariot  drawn 
by  six  horses  yoked  abreast.  Liv. 
xxxviii.  35. 

SELIQUASTRUM.  _  An  old- 
fashioned  or  antiquated  kind  of  seat 
(Festus  1.  v.),  but  of  what  precise 
character  is  not  ascertained.  Varro. 
L.  L.  V.  128.    Hygin,  Astroit.  ii.  jo. 


SELLA.  593 

in  opposition  to  chair  [cathsdrd) ; 
that  is,  without  back  or  arms,  such  as 
was  commonly  used  by  females  (Cic. 
Div.  I.  46.)  and  artisans  (Id.  Cat.  iv.  - 
8. )  engaged  in  sedentary  occupations. 
The  iltustcation  rejjresents  Penelope 
in  a  Pompeian  painting ;  and  comj>are 
the  wood-cuts  i.  Calceolarius, 
Calculator. 

2.  Sdla  cundis  (Si^poi  ayR»\iitaos). 
A  curuie  seal;  that  is,  a  stool  with 
bent  ]egs,  made  to  open  and  shut  like 


our  camp-stools,  for  the  convenience 
of  being  transported  with  its  owner 
wherever  he  went,  -  The  example 
exhibits  an  ori^nal  of  bronze,"  dis- 
covered at  Pompeii.  The  left-hand 
figure  shows  one  side  of  the  frame,  as 
it  would  stand  when  opened  out  to 
receive  the  seat,,  which  £tted  into  the 
incavations  observabJe  at  the  top ; 
the  right-hand  one  shows  it  when  it 
is  shnt  up  and  the  four  legs  brought 
close  together.  Seats  of  this  kmd 
were  introduced  from  Etruria,  and 
were  originally  used  exclusively  by 
the  kings  at  Rome,  but  were  subse- 
quently granted  as  a  privilege  to  the 
consuls,  prsetors,  and  ciuiiie  sediles  of 
the  republic.  In  early  times  they  were 
inlaid  or  embossed  with  ivory  carv- 
ing, hut  subsequently  enriclied  with 
omamentb  m  gold.  Liv.  i.  8.  ix.  46, 
Suet  A%ig.  43-  Ov.  Pont.  iv.  9.  27-. 

3.  Sella  casireasis.  A  camp-stool 
(Suet.  Galb.  iS  );  made  to  open  and 
shut  upon  the  same  principle  as  the 
preceding  example,  but  proliably 
ibrmed  m  a  much  simpler  manner, 
without  any  adventitious  ornaments, 
and  with  straight  legs  instead  of  tlie 
bent  ones,  which  constituted  the 
essential  and  dislingmshing  feature  of 
the  sdUi  curalis.  The  illustration  is 
from  a  bas-relief,  which  originally 
decorated  the  triumphal  arch  of  Tra- 


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and  represents  the  emperor  m 
ICE  of  addressing  his  troops  from 


a  cfunp-stooJ  of  the  precise  character 
described. 

4.  Sella  balneafis 
in  which  the  tether 
water  poxired  over 
him,  and  to  be 
steamed  by  va- 
pour whilst  he 
remained  in  it, 
closely  enveloped 
in  wrappers. 
Every  bathing 
establkhment  was  fmnished  with  a 
sufficient  number  of  these  conve- 
niences ;  the  TherniEe  of  Antoninus 
alone  contained  as  many  as  1600,  all 
made  of  marble,  one  of  which,  from 
the  original,  is  exhibited  by  the  illus- 
tration. It  has  a  very  low  circular 
mai^in  round  the  back,  a  flat  seat, 
hollow  imdemeath,  but  perforated  by 
a  horse-shoe  aperture  in  front  (ulience 
it  is  also  termed  sdla  pertusa  by  Cato, 
R.  R.  157.  II.),  which  served  to 
carry  off  the  water  thrown  over  the 
person  occupying  it,  or  to  transmit 
the  steam  if  it  was  used  for  a  vapour 
bath.     Sidoa  Ep.  ii.  2.     Cassiodor. 

Var.  Ep.  39.     Paul.  Dig.  iii.  7. 

5.  Sellapertma.  Same  as  the  pre- 
ceding. 

6.  Sella familiarica.  Knight-stool. 
Varro,  R.  R.  i.  13. 4.  Scrib.  Comp.  193. 

7.  Sella  tonsoria.  A  bat-bet's  chair; 
which  was  low,  and  had  a  narrow  rest 
for  the  baclt,  like  the  enample  last  in- 
serted, and  supports  for  the  arms,  not 


lying  in  a  horizontal  position,  but 
sloping  downwards  from  the  front. 
A  seat  of  this  construcUon  was  re- 
commended io  paralytic  patients  by 
the  Roman  physicians,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  assistance  it  afforded  in 
raising  the  body  from  a  sitting  pos- 
ture.    Ccel.Aurel.  Tard.  u.  1. 

8.  Sella  gestaturia,  ferloria,  and 
portoria  (Bi^pos  KorciirTeyos,  DLo  Cass, 
xlviii.  23.  ^op^av  «ii:ti/n%-joti.  Id. 
xlvii.  10.).  A  sedan  chair:  in  which 
the  inmate  was  transported  in  a  sUtbg, 
instead  of  recmnbeat  poation,  as  was 
the  case  in  a  ledica.  (Suet.  Nero,  26. 
Vit.l(j.)  It  was  generally  covered  with 
a  roof(Tac.  Ann.  xv.  57.),  and  closed 
in  front  and  at  the  sides  (Juv.  i.  124.), 
though  not  always  (Suet.  Aug.  53.)  ; 
and  was  more  especially  used  for 
females,  whence  it  is  also  designated 
sella  muli^rii  (Suet.  Otho.  6.).  No 
representatiou  al  this  conveyance  has 
been  discovered,  but  its  character 
may  be  readily  imagined  from  the 
above  details. 

9.  Sella  bajulatoria.  A  saddle  for 
beasts  of  burdeti,  made  uponawooden 
frame  eoveredwilh 
leather,  and  of  a  / 
considerable  size, 
adapted  for  receiv- 
ing the  packages  to 
be  loaded  upon  it. 
(CceL  Aurel.  Acwt. 
i.  II.  Veg.  Vet.= 
iii,  59,  z.)  The  example  is  from  a 
paintingofHercnlaneum,  representing 
a  scene  in  the  market-place  of  that  dty. 

10.  Sdla  eguestris.  A  ridine-saddU 
(Veg.  Vet.  vi.  6.  4.  Cod.  Theodos. 
8.  5.  47.1',  made  upon  a  tree,  with  a 
high  pommel  {fulcrum,  Sidon.  Ep. 
iiL  30.)  in  front,  and  a  cantle  behind, 
covered  with  leather,  and  stuffed  in- 
side. The  genuine 
Greeks    and    Ro- 

either  rode 


x)n     the     bare 

icic   or   upon  a 

id  (ephippium)  ; 

It  the  regular  saddle  is  supposed  to 

Lve  been  invented  about  tiie  middle 


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of  tile  4th  centuf  y,  as  an  order  of  the 
Emperor  Theodo^us,  in  the  year 
385,  forbids  persons  who  rode  post- 
horses  from  using  saddles  of  more 
than  sixty  pounds  weight ;  and  the 
example  introduced  is  designed  by 
Gin2Tot  ( Wageii  uiid  Fahrwtrke,  pi. 
80.),  from  one  of  the  troopers'  saddles 
on  the  Theodosian  column.  Conse- 
quently, this  sense  of  the  word  is  to 
be  regarded  as  of  late  latinity. 

SELLA'RIA.  A  room  furnished 
with  settles  (sella),  as  a  reception 
room.  Plin.  H.  M  xxxiv,  (9.  |  24. 
xxxvi.  24.  S  5. 

SELLA'RIS,  sc.  iyH«J.  A  saddle- 
horse.  Veg.  Vet.  ii.  38.  34.  Sella,  10. 

2.  sc,  gedatia.  A  riding  in  a 
sedanchair.  Ccel,  Aurel.  Tard.i.  4. 
a.  92.    Sella,  8. 

SELLISTER'NIUM  {afWiarpm- 
(Tis).  A  religions  feas!  oiTered  to  the 
female  deities  (Val.  Max.  ii.  I.  2. 
Tac.  Ann.  xv.  44,),  of  the  same 
nature  as  the  Lectisternium  ;  but 
with  this  difference,  that  their  statues 
were  disposed  upon  settles  (islls), 
instead  of  couches  {leciij,  because  the 
ancient  women  were  not  accustomed 
to  recline  at  table,  like  the  men,  but 
sat  upon  the  edge  of  the  couch,  or  on 
a  seat  apart,  as  OKplained  by  the 
article  and  illustrations  s.  ACCUBO. 

SEL'LULA.  Diminutive  of 
Sella,  8.  A  small  or  ordinary 
sedan.     Tac  Hist.  iii.  85. 

SELLULA'RII  (B^-buitdO-  Ar- 
tisans and  mechanics  who  work  at 
sedentary  occupations,  such  as  shoe- 
imikers,  t^ors,  &c  ;  so  termed  be- 
cause they  sat  upon  a  stool  or  settle 
{sella).  Liy.  viiL  20,  Compare  Aul. 
Gell,  iii.  i.  3.  and  wood-cuts  s.  Ch.'L- 
ceoLAKius  and  Corowarius. 

SEMBEL'LA.  A  small  piece  of 
Roman  money,  equal  to  half  the 
liiella,  or  the  twentieth  part  of  a 
deHaritu.  (Varro,  L.  L.  v.  174.)  It 
would  beloi^  to  the  silver  currency  ; 
bnt  probably  was  only  a  nominal  di- 
vision, never  actually  coined. 

SEMICINDTIUM.  A  cloth  fast- 
ened round  the  loins  for  the  same 


SEMITA.  595 

objects  and  purposes  as  the  kilt 
{einctui),  but  of  smaller  dimensions, 
or,  as  the  name  imphes,  not  exceeding 
half  the  width  of  that  , 
objert.  (Isidor.  Orig. 
xix.  33.  I.  Pet.  Sat.  94. 
8  Mart  liv  153 )  In  I 
the  annexed  illustration  \ 
it  IS  worn  by  Djedalus  , 
on  an  engraved  gem  ; 
and  a  similar  article  is 
frequently  met  with  E 
sculpture  and  paint- 


ing 


SEMIMIT'RA  {Ulp.  I 
26.).     A  half  mitnc :  same  as  iHl- 
tella,  where  an  illustration  is  Mven. 

SEMIOB'OLUS  (Vi^ySoAas).-  A 
halfoOol;  a  small  piece  of  the  Greek 
silver  coinage,  of  which  there  were 
two  standards,  the  Attic,  worth  about 
3-25  farthings,  and  the  ^ginetan, 
worth  id.  0-583  farthings.  Fann.  De 
Fond.  8. 

SEMIPHALA'RICA  or  SEMI- 
FALA'RICA.  (Aul.  Gell  x.  25.) 
A  Falarica  of  half  the  ordinary  sise. 

SEMISPATH'A.  (Veg.  Mil.  ii. 
15.)  ASPATHAofhalf  theosualsize. 

SEMIS'SIS.  HalfanAs;  acop- 
per  coin  weighing  six  oimces  (uncis), 
stamped  with  the  letter  i'  to  d     - ' 


nexed  example,  from  an  original, 
drawn  one  quarter  of  the  actual  size. 
SE'MITA,  Any  narrow  pathway 
(Varro,  L.  Z.  v.  ^5.)  ;  as  s.  foot-path 
in  the  country  (Ov.  idiy.  43.  Suet 
Neyo,  48.)  ;  or  a  narrmo  lane  in  a 
town,  as  opposed  to  via,  a  broad 
street  (Cic.  A^.  ii.  35.  Mart  vii. 
61.)  Hence  the  term  is  usedspedally 
in  the  same  sense  as  Crepibo,  the 


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596  S EM  UNCI  A. 

trottoir  for  foot  passengers  on  either 
side  of  the  carriage  road  ifig^). 
PlauL  Trin.  il  4>  So.  Id.  Cure.  ii. 
3-8. 

SEMUN'CIA.  A  half  ounce 
weight  (Liv.  xxsiv.  i.);  ahalf  ounce 
measure  (ColumeU.  xii.  ai.  a.) ;  ajid 
a  small  piece  of  money  containing 
the  twenly-fouith  part  of  an  As. 
Varro,  L.  L.  v.  171. 

2.  The  semancia  is  also  enumerated 
by  Cato  {S.  R.  x.  and  xi.)  in  a  list 
of  forming  implements  and  stock, 
but  without  any  context  to  suggest  a 
notion  of  the  object  intended.  Some 
commentators  suppose  it  to  be  a 
small  pair  of  panniers  of  balf  the 

SENA'CULUM.  A  place  in 
which  the  senate  used  to  meet. 
Three  of  these  are  recorded  in  the 
city  of  Rome,  — one  on  a  site  between 
tlie  Capitol  and  Forum,  where  the 
temple  of  Concord  was  afterwards 
built ;  a  second  at  the  Porta  Capena  ; 
and  a  third  near  the  temple  of  Bellona. 
Varro,  Z.  i.  V.  156,   Festusj.w.  Vai. 

SE'KIO.  Tlie  six-fimni  on  the 
dice  ;  whence  this  name  was  given  to 
the  throw  when  all  sizes  were  turned 
up,  which  was  considered  a  favour- 


,   but  I 


:  the 


Venus.     Suet 

SENTI'NA  (ii>\<K)  The  fold 
at  lowest  part  in  the  intenor  of  a 
ship,  where  the  bilge  water  settles 
(Cic.  J'ani.  ix.  15  )  and  the  bilge 
water  itself  (Cks.  B  C  m  28) 
whence  senlinam  tfahste  (Sen  £f 
30.),  "  to  make  leakage  senlmam 
exhajfrire  (Cic.  Sen.  6.),  '  to  pump 
out  the  ship." 

SENTINA'CULUM.  A  pump, 
with  which  the  bilge  water  (lenlina) 
is  worked  up  from  the  hold  of  a 
ressel.     Paid.  Nol.  £/.  vi.  3. 

SEPLASIA'RIUS.  A  dealer  in 
medicinal  herbs,  and  in  medicines 
compounded  from  them,  answering 
in  some  respects,  though  not  exactly, 
to  the  chemisl  and  dnigghl  of  the 
present  day.     It  is  not  easy,  however. 


SEPTIZOmUM. 

to  determine  the  precise  branch  of 
trade  carried  on  nnder  this  name; 
but  from  the  passi^s  cited  below,  it 
is  clear  that  the  seplasiarius  sold 
herbs  fo  veterinaries  for  the  cure  of 
cattle,  and  also  medicines  ready  made 
up  to  physicians,  like  our  dealer  in 
patent  medicines.  Veg.  Vet.  iv.  3. 
6.  Plin.  itxxiv.  11.  Lamprid.  Elag. 
30.  Beckrnann,  History  of  Inventions, 
voL  i   p  '  328  Loud 

SEPTIZONIUM      and    faEMP 
TEMZODIUM      Apartcuhtrk    d 


-"X^ 


what  p  11  ula 

purpo  e    th    e      truccu  e      we  e  a 

igned      but  two  su  h  a  e    pe   ally 

eco  I  d  n  the  c  t)  f  Rome,  one  u 
theXIItl  Region  whche  ted  tie 
fo  e  the  t  n  e  of  the  Empe  o  T  tus 
(Suet     Ttt    2    Ammian    x     6      ) 

nd  tl  e  othe  n  the  Xth  Reg  on, 
nnde  tl  e  Palatine  hill  ai  d  n  a  to 
the  C  us  Ma.  mus,  wh  h  was  b  uU 
hy  bept  n  u    Se  eru       (Spart    ben 

g  )  Th  ee  to  es  of  th  last  strac 
ture  en  am  1  >tand  ng  du  ng  the 
pont  fi  ate  f  S  stus  V  b  t  ve  e 
tak  n  down  hy  h  m.  fo  the  pu  -pose 
of  emplopng  the  olun  is  n  bmld  ig 
the  V  t  can  Th  se  are  e  h  b  ted 
by  the  annexed  wo  d  ut,  f  om  an  en 
graving  of  the  l6th  centary  (Ga- 
mncei,  Anlichil&  di  Roma) ;  and 
though  they  form  but  a  small  portion 
of  the  original  stmcture  in  its  entirety, 
yet  that  is  sufficient  to  convey  an  accu- 
rate notion  of  the  general  plan  upon 
which  such  monuments  were  designed. 


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SEP'TUM,  in  a  general  sense, 
is  applied  to  any  enclosure  sutrounded 
by  barriers,  walls,  palings,  hedges, 
&c.  ;  such  as  a  slieep-fold,  homestead 
for  cattle,  den  for  wild  beasts,  and 
the  like  (Cic  Virg.  Varro) ;  but  in 
the  plural  the  name  of  Septa  was 
spedally  used  to  designate  a  number 
of  enclosures  in  the  Campus  Martius 
within  which  the  tribes  or  centuries 
were  collected  at  the  Roman  Comitia, 
before  they  proceeded  fo  vote.  (Ov. 
FasL  i.  53.  Lucan.  vii.  306.  Cic.  Ati. 
iv.  16.)  Each  ofthese  was  termed  a 
pen  (OviLE,  and  wood-cut  J.  v.),  and 
was  originally  partitioned  off  by 
wooden  railings  ;  but  subsequently 
the  whole  site  was  furnished  with 
marble  fittings,  and  surrounded  by 
colonnades  as  well  as  other  archi- 
tectural decorations.  B,  Cxus.  ad 
Suet.  Atig.  43. 

SEPTUN'X.  Seven-twelfths  of 
any  whole,  as  of  an  As  ;  a  nominal 
piece  of  money,  never  in  actual  coin- 
age.    Varro,  L.  L.  v.  171. 

SEPEJL'CRUM.  A  sepukkre;  a 
general  term  for  any  kind  of  tomb 


which  the  corpse 


r  Che 


SEPULCRVM.  ^l)-l 

alone  for  tombu  of  ihe  ordinary  de- 
scription (see  example.  No.  z.) ;  but 
those  of  a  more  ostentatious  charac- 
ter had  one  or  two  stories  built  over 
the  burial -room,  containing  apart, 
ments,  richly  decorated  with  paint- 
ings and  stucco  work,  which  were 
intended  to  accommodate  the  members 
of  the  family  when  they  went  t< 


form 


t  the 


of  their  deceased  relatives, 
but  not  to  receive  cinerary  urns  noi 
coffins  ;  for  these  were  deposited  oniy 
in  tlie  sepulchral  ciiamber,  the  en- 
trance to  which  was  in  general  stu- 
diously concealed,  in  order  to  secure 
its  contents  from  violation.  All  these 
particulars  are  elucidated  by  the 
illustration,  representing  in  half 
section  and  elevation  an  ancient 
sepulchre  of  three  stories,  on  the  Via 
Asiiiaria,  near  Rome,  the  identical 
one  in  which  the  celebrated  Barbe- 
rini  or  Portland  Vase,  now  preserved 
in  the  British  Museum,  was  dis- 
covered. The  lowest  compartment 
is  the  sepulchral  chamber,  in  which 
the  vase  was  deposited. 

t.  Sepulsram //amliare      K  family 


chamber,  m  which  the 
deposited,    comprised   all   that 
essentially    requisite,     and     snfSced 


CONJUGI     ET     LIBERIS 
LIBERTAEUSQUE  " 
POSTERLSQUE  ■  EORUM  '  FECIT  . 


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598  SKPULTURA. 

and  is  shown  by  tlie  design  on  the 
second  column  of  the  last  page,  from 
an  interior  in  the  street  of  the  tombs 
at  Pompeii. 

sepulchre;  that  is,  which  received  the 
remdna  of  many  different  individuals 
be  ongmg  to  he  san  e  or  to  many 
d  ffe  e  t  fan  es  (C  c  Off  17 
Auson  Epaafi     xjcvi         Inscnj    ) 


sometimes  to  the  amount  of  several 
hundreds,  and  all  regularly  numbered, 
in  each  of  which  a  pair  of  cinerarj 
jars  [pUie\  conld  be  deposited  ;  and  i( 
was  the  common  practice  for  the  per- 
son to  whom  the  sepulchre  belonged, 
to  give,  sell,  or  bequeath  by  willthe 
right  of  possession  in  so  many  niches, 
set  out  by  number  in  the  docnment. 
(Inscript,  ap.  Fabrett.  16.  71.)  The 
illustration  represents  the  interior  of 
a  sepulchre  of  this  kind,  which  was 
discovered  nearf  he  PortaPiaat  Rome. 
SEPULTU'RA.  A  burying  or 
sepulture ;  properly  meaning  the  dis- 

Sosal  of  the  body  or  ashes  in  a  tomb 
^epulcrum),    as   contradistinguished 
from  kumalis,  interment  in  a  grai 
Plin.  H.  N.  vii.  55.     Cic.  Lig.  li.  2 
SER'A.     A  padlock ;    that  is, 
lock    constructed  to  hang   upon 
staple,  or  from  the  link  of  a  chain, 
as  to  make  a  ftistening  npon  the  sai 
principle  as  is  commonly  adopted  at 
the  present  day.     That  the  sera  was 
not  a  permanent   fixture,  but  loose 
and  removable,  like  a  modern  pad- 
lock, is  clear  from  many  passages,  in 


which  it  is  spoken  of  as  being  "  put 
on"  {appusita.  Tibull.  i.  8.  76.  Ov. 
Fasl.  i.  266,)  or  "  taken  off"  (deittia. 
O1.  Fast,  i.2%0. 1  reniola,V3ss(i,  L.L. 
vii.  108.  Non.r.  Reserare,  p.41.),  or 
falling  down  from  its  holding  [sera 
sua  sponte  delapsa  cecidU,  reinissieque 
sulnla  fores.  Pet.  Sat.  xvi.  2.) ;  and 
that  it  was  employed  with  a  chain 

Selena)  is  expressly  mentioned  by 
■opertius  (iv.  »l.  z6.).  When  used 
for  fastening  doo  s  't  was  Inked  o 
to  a  staple,  or  some  such  contr  vance 
iserted  in  the  doo  post  (po  i  ) 
vhence  the  express  an  e  po 
era   (Ov.  An  I    28 )     ndicates 

he  door  be  g  loc  ed  fj;  fo  t^ 
eram  (lb.  i  6  2 )    on  the  cont  ary 


describes  the  process  of  open  ng 
The  illustrat  o  rep  ese  ts  a  n  ovable 
iron  lock  of  tl  e  1  aracter  de.  bed 
which  was  found,  with  the  key  be 
longing  to  it,  in  a  tomb  at  Rome ; 
and  the  barrel  of  another  specimen, 
exactly  similar  in  form,  is  now  pre- 
served, with  its  key  rnsted  in  it, 
amongst  the  Roman  antiquities  of  the 
British  Museum.  The  circular  plate 
on  the  left  shows  the  cap  of  the  barrel, 
removed  from  its  place  for  illustra- 
tion, with  its  keyhole  and  the  orifice 
through  which  a  return  of  (he  link-rod, 
now  broken  off,  but  originally  bent 
like  the  right-hand  side,  would  enter 
when  the  lock  was  closed.  Tlie  ex- 
ample in  the  Sritish  Museum  has  lost 
this  adjunct  alt(^ther. 

SE'RIA.  An  earthenware  vessel 
chiefly  employed  for  holding  wine 
and  oil  (Columell.  xii.  18.  5.  Varro, 
R.  R.  iii.  2.  8.),  though  also  put  to 
other  uses,  as  a  jar  for  potted  meats 
(Columell. xii.  55.4.  Plant.  C^/A  iv. 
4.  9.),  burying  money  (Pers.  ii.  11.), 
&c  We  have  no  passages  which 
detail  the  exact  form  of  the  vessel  in 


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question,  excepting  that  it  liad  a 
body,  ttrminated  by  a  iii 
{/mix,  Columell.  xii.  SS- 
4.),  and  that  it  was  EmaUer 
ttian  the  doliuni,  liut  larger 
than  the  atnphm-a.  (Id.  / 
iii.28. 1.)  The  annexed  | 
figure  is  copied  from  an  1 
original  in  earthenware,  \ 
discovered,  amongst  man; 
others  of  different  shape 
and  sizes,  in  a  wine  cella 
under  the  walls  of  Rome,  of  which 
a  plan  and  description  are  given, 
s.  Cella,  2.  ;  and  as  it  bears 
a  distinct  outline  from  the  well-ascer- 
tained forms  of  the  dolium  and  am- 
phora, whilst  possessing  the  properties 
aljove  mentioned,  it  is  hwe  tntro- 
dueed  as  a  probable  example  of  the 
model  known  by  the  name  of  Sa-ia; 
the  more  so  as  the  liicality  where  it 
was  found  fully  testifies  its  quality 

SE'RIOLA.    (?ers.  v.      . 
lad.iv.  10.  9.)    Diminutive  of  Seria. 

SERPERAS'TRUM.     A  sort  of 
splint  or  other  conlriyance  fastened 
to  the  knees  of  infants  for  the  pur- 
pose of  keeping  their  legs   straig' ' 
ftnd  counteracting  any  tendency 
distortion   (Varro,    L.   L.  ix.     II 
wlience  Ocero  ^ves  the  name  al 
sLvely  to  the   officers   of  his  cohort 
{Jttt.  vii.  3.),  liecause  it  was  tlieir 
duty  to  keep  the  army  in  order. 

SER'RA  (irpW).  A.  saw;  an 
iron  toothed  insfnimenf  for  cutting 
wood.  (Vitvuv.  i.  5.  7.  Virg.  Gearg. 
i.  143.  Senec.  Ep  90.)  The  saws 
of  the  ancients   were  made  in  (he 


variety  of  forms  and  sizes,  adapted  to 
the  nature  of  the  work  for  which 
they  were  applied,  as  those  now  in 
iise.  The  example  represents  aj^-ttmf- 


SERRULA.  599 

w,  of  the  kind  used  by  sawyers  for 
Ltting  timber  into  plaiili  ;  the  blaiie 
^  imina)  is  copied  in  detail  from  a 
sepulcliral  bas-relief ;  and  the  frame 
has  been  added  through  the  rings  at 
eadi  of  its  extremities,  upon  the 
authority  of  a  similar  instrument 
roagHy  delineated   on  an   Etruscan 

3.  A  saw  for  cutting  stone,  made 
of  iron,  but  without  teeth,  like  those 
stili  used  by  our  stonemasons ;  the 
place  of  teeth  being  supplied  by 
emery  or  very  fine  sajid,  by  means  of 
which  even  the  hardest  marbles,  such 
as  porphyry  or  granite,  can  be  cut 
into  slabs.     Plin.  If.  TtT.  xxxvi.  9. 

SERRA'CUM.    See  Sarracum. 

SERRA'RIUS.  Ksam-maker 
(Senec  Ep.  56.),  not  a  sawyer 
{prista)  ;  the  termination  in  arius, 
according  to  the  usual  analogy,  de- 
scribing the  person  who  makes,  not 
the  one  who  uses,  the  object  to  which 
it  is  added,  like  calceolarius,  coro- 
narias,  ratiarius,  sdlarius,  and  many 
others  enumerated  in  the  Classed  In. 
dex  of  trades.  Thus  Seneca  (/.  f.) 
complains  of  the  noise  inflicted  by 
such  tradesmen  on  theu'  neighbours  ; 
which  would  scarcely  be  reasonable 
if  the  mere  sawing  of  limber  were 
the  nuisance  objected  to ;  but  the 
disagreeable  sounds  produced  by  con- 
stantly filing  up  the  teeth  of  this 
instrument  iftriam-  serra  turn,  atm 
acuitar.  Cic.  Ttisc.  v.  40.),  will  be 
readily  admitted  to  be  an  intolembLe 
infliction. 

SERR'ULA  (wpiiJuo^).  Diminu. 
tive  of  Serea.  a  small  saw;  Such 
as  employed  by  carpen- 
ters (wood-cut  j.  Fabri- 
c  a),  surgeons  (Celsus,  vii, 
33.),  woodsmen  (Colu- 
mell. Arb.  vi.  4.),  &c.  The  illiistta- 
tion  represents  an  implement  of  this 
description,  from  a  sepulchral  bas- 
relief,  of  the  class  now  called  bcrw- 
saws  by  our  mechanics. 

2.  Seyrula  tnanuiriala.  A  small 
saw,  having  the  blade  fastened  into 
a  short  handle  {;naim!nium)  at  one 


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end,  instead  of  being  set  in 
like  the  last  two  specimens. 
i.  43-  a-)     The   example 


cularly      intended 
to  be 

naments  for  the 
person  ;  bat  this  distinction  is  not 
always  obsetred.  (Piant,  As.  \i.  i. 
58.  Vii^.  -Sb.  I.  421.  Cic.  Tusc.  iii. 
18.)  The  illustration  exhibits  a  fes- 
toon of  the  kind  described,  which  is 
carried  by  a  young  woman  in  a.  bas- 
relief,  representing  a  marriage  fes- 
tivity, to  decorate  the  doors  of  the 
briiMl  mansion ;  and  the  last  illus- 
tration s.  Ikfulatus,  shows  the 
manner  of  suspending  it  over  the 
doorway  of  a  house  or  temple. 

SESTERTIUS.  A  Roman  coin, 
worth  two  asses  and  a  lialf,  the  fonrth 
part  of  a  denarius,  and  equal  in  value 
to  a  fraction  more  than  two  pence 
ofourmoney.lt    ^gstv      ri«^%\ 

but  subsequent-  ^^^y  ^^ — 
ly  was  made  of  the  metai  calledaan- 
ckalckam,  s,  very  fine  quality  of  brass. 
(Plin.  R.  N:  xxxiv.  2.}  The  ex- 
ample is  from  an  original  of  silver, 
and  of  the  actual  size  ;  but  speci- 
'  1  the  latter  metal  are   much 


lai 


SEXTANS. 


1   of 


Roman  currency,  weighing  two  ounces 
{wmis),  and  equal  in  ralue  to  (he 
sixth  part  of  an  .41.  (Varro,  i.i.  v. 
171.)    It  bore  the  impress      — ^ 

with  two  balls  to  denote  its  (®^a) 
value,  as  exhibited  by  the  V  jj  T/ 
nnexed  specimen,  from  an  -^ 

riginal,  drawn  of  one-thiid  the  ac- 

SEXTA'RIUS.     A  Roman  mea- 

re  both  for  liquids  and  dry  things  ; 

ntaining  a  sixth  part  of  the  congius, 
and  the  fourth  part  of  the  madius. 
Rhemn.  Fann.  DeFond.  71.  Hor.  Sat. 

I.  74.  ColumelL  iL  9.  Plin.  H.  N. 
viii.  35. 

SEXTULA.  The  smallest  de- 
omination  in  Roman  money,  con- 
tamiiig  the  sixth  part  of  an  uncia  or 
ounce.  Varro,  Z.  Z.  V.  171.  Rhemn. 
Fann.   De  Fond.  22. 

SIB1NAorSIB'VNA(ir.Sin?).  A 
particular  kind  of  hunting-spear 
\Benabuluni\,  but  of  which  the  peculiar 
properties  are  unknown.  (TertuU. 
adv.  Marc.  i.  i.  Hesych.  s.  -o.)  It 
was,  however,  used  as  a  boar  spear. 
(Athen.  ii.  5.)  Compare  the  illus- 
trations s.  Venatio  and  Venator. 

SI'CA.  A  sort  of  knife  or  dagger 
with  a  sharp  point  and  curved  blade 
(Gloss.  Philox.  kifas  hr.Kom'U),  like 
a  wild  boar's  tusk  (Plm.  ff.  JV.  xviii. 

1.  apridtiitmvi!kas!xaaai?it),yi'ta<i:i 
rendeied  it  particularly  efficacious  for 
stabbing  and  ripping  up.  It  was  the 
national  weapon  of  the  Thracians 
(VaJ  Max 

2.  12)      a 


quently 
pi  jyed  by  the 
gladiators,  who  took  their  name  and 
accoutrements  from  that  people  (Suet 
Cal  32  Malt  ui  16  Tnd  next 
wood-cut  )  But  amongst  the  Ro 
mans  it  wa=  only  regarded  as  the 
weapon  of  a  ruffian  and  assassin 
(Cic  CU  li  10  Qumt  Bed  321 
Is  dor  Onf  xviu  6  8)  like  the 
knfe  of  the  kwest  Ilalnn  popi 
laci.     whii-h      ••    formed    and     u=ed 


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SJCAKIUS. 

in  a  similar  way,  to  stab  at  the  abdo- 
men, and  rip  upwards.  The  esample 
is  in  the  hands  of  a  barlDarian  on  the 
column  of  Antoninus. 

SICA'RIUS.  In  a  general  sense, 
one  who  makes  nse  irf  the  curved 
knife  or  da^er  termed  ska  ;  but  as 
tllat  weapon  amongst  the  Romans 
was  chiefly  employed  for  ruffianly 
purposes,  the  word  sKorim  ivas  com- 
monly used  to  designate  a  iandit, 
murderer,  or  assassin  (Cic  Rose.  Ant. 
36.  Hor.  Sat.  i  4-  3' ).  even  withont 
reference  to  the  instrument  by  which 
the  murder  was  accomplished.  Quint. 


called  Thra- 
cians,  who  were 
armed  with  the 

nal  weapon  in 
Thrace,  instead 
of  the  sword 
(^/nrf/uj),  as  ex- 
hibited by  the 
annexed  figure 
of  a  Thracian 
gladiator,  from  the  device 
cotlalamp. 

SIC1LIC'UI.A.  Diminutive  of 
SiciLls  ;  the  reading  of  some  editions 
of  Plant.  Rud.  iv.  4,  IZ4.,  but  of 
which  the  correctness  is  very  doubtfiJ. 

SICI'LIS.  A  spear-head,  cha- 
racterized by  the  broadness  of  its 
point  {Ennius  and  Festus  s.  v.),  . 
and  a  partial  resemblance  to  (Ij 
the  outline  of  the  Caspian  sea  /ll\ 
(Plin.  H.  m  vi.  ISO;  both '«' 
which  properties  are  sufficiently  [j 
apparent  in  the  annexed,  figure,  ] 
ln»n  an  original  spear-head  found  Ij 
at  Pompeii,  to  admit  of  its  being 
produced  as  a  probable  example  of 
the  form  in  question.  A  speai-head 
of  eJ:actly  the  same  shape  occurs 
twice  on  the  column  of  Trajan. 

SICINNIS'TA  (ffiBimirrtiF).  One 
who  dances  the  sicimii-um,  a  dance  of 
Satyrs,    introduced    in    the    Greek 


formers  accompanied  themselves  by 
tlieir  own  music  and  anging  (AuL 
Gell.  XX.  3.  J,  as  in  the  annexed  illus- 
tration, from  a  fictile  vase  of  Ilalo- 
Greek  workmanship,  which  is  be- 
lieved to  afford  a  representation  of 
the  dance  in  question.  In  the  origi- 
nal the  open  mouth  and  expression  of 
the  female  figure,  both  of  which  are 
lost  in  our  wood-cut  from  the  minute 
scale  of  the  drawing,  clearly  indicate 
that  she  is  anging.  The  veiy  pecu- 
liar poses  and  gesUires  of  the  per- 
formers are,  moreover,  worthy  of 
attention,  because  they  express  the 
exact  attitudes  and  steps  of  the  mo- 
dem Neapolitan  iiwa"/f//(i,  which  may 
be  consequently  regarded  as  a  relic 
of  this  old  classic  dance. 

SICINNIUM  (ok-wis).  The  SU 
citaiis ;  a  Greek  Satyric  dance,  de- 
scribed and  illustrated  in  the  pre- 
ceding article.     Gell.  xx.  3. 

SIGILLA'TUS.  Ornamented 
with  small  figures  in  rehef  {sigilla)  ; 
like  the  embossed  ornaments  on  a 
vase  (Cic.  Verr.  ii.  4-  14- ).  °'  carved 
devices  on  a  well  cover.     Id.  Ait.  i. 

la       PUTEAL,    I. 

SIGIL'LUM.  A  small  statue, 
figure,  or  image  (Ov.  A.  Am.  i.  407.); 
embossed  or  affixed  to  vases  of  gold 
and  silver  (Cic.  Verr.  ii.  4.  33.)  ;  ca-st 
in  ierra-cotta  moulds  for  architectural 
decorations  (PHn-  ^-  JK  xxitvi.  59.), 
formed  by  the  impressions  of  a  signet 
ring  (Cic.  Aead.  iv.  26.) ;  or  worked 
in  embroidery.     Ov.  Mci.  vL  86, 


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602  SIGMA. 

SIG'MA.  A  semkirailar  dining- 
CBueh  (Mart,  xiv^,  87.  Apul.  Met.  v.  p. 
<y>.mggestum  iemirotuadurn),  adapted 
for  use  with  a  roond  table  {erhis)  ; 
and  so  named  because  it  resembled 
one  of  the  early  forms  of  the  Greek 
letter  Signia,  which  was  written  like 
our  C.  It  was  not  invented  until  the 
sijuare  dining-table  {guadrd)  fell  into 
disuse,  when  the  introduction  of  the 
circular  form  necessitated  a  similar 
change  in  the  shape  of  the  sofa  used 
with  it.  But  it  was  more  convenient 
than  the  old  tutus  tric/iniaris,  because 
it  did  not  like  tliat  require  the  fixed 


gh  (Lamp    \  E/ig     S) 

d  1 

f   pec  d          m    h 

<mlar 

■ 

pa      mg      P  mt        wl     h     1 

ese 

tom  of  the  hot-water  hath,  on 

which 

selves.     (Sidoa  £?.  ii.  2.)    Alsothe 

bath  itself.     Id.  ii. 

SIG'NIFER  (iTji/ioinfiJpos 
ensign  or  standard-harer 
intheRomanarmies(Cic. 
nk>.  i.  35-  C^  B.  G. 
ii.  25.);  a  general  term, 
which  will  include  all 
the  individual  officers, 
who  nevertheless  re- 
ceived a  special  title 
from  the  particular  kind 
of  ensign  they  carried, 
s  the  Imaginifir, 


Dmca, 


J,  &c,  whose 


ensigns  were  all  classed    ■ 
under  the  name  of  signa 
miiitai-ia.         The    an- 
nexed    example,     from 

hibiEs  the  Hgnifer  of  a 


cohort,  whose   standard  is  different 
from  either  of  those  mentioned. 

SIGNI'NUM  (sc.  Bpiis).  The 
name  given  to  a  particular  kind 
of  material  employed  for  making 
floorings ;  consisting  of  tiles  broken 
up  into  minute  paiticles  and  mixed 
with  mortar,  then  bealen  down  into 
a  solid  substance  with  the  rammer. 
It  acquired  the  name  from  the  town 
of  Sigtiia  (now  Segni),  which  was  fa- 
<  mous  for  its  tiles,  and  where  it  was  first 
:  ijitrodueed,  Columell.  i.  6,  12.  Plin, 
I  H.  N.  XXXV.  46.  Vitmv.  viii.  6.  14. 
SlffNUM  (inj^sToj').  In  a  general 
sense,  any  mark,  sign,  or  signal  by 
whioh  something  is  known  ;  whence 
I  the  following  more  special  applica- 
LS  have  obtained. 


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SILBX. 


603 


1.  (SyoATia).  An  image  or  figure, 
whether  of  metal,  marble,  wrought, 
cast,  sculptured,  or  embroidered  (Cic. 
V^r.  ii  4.  I.  Virg.  jSn.  ix.  263. 
lb.  i.  648.  Plin.  Ep.  i.  20.  5.) ;  but 
strictly  used  to  designate  the  image  of 
a  deity  (Plin.-  Ep.  ix.  39.),  as  contra- 
distinguished from  statua  (fivB/jfas), 
an  image  of  men.     Inscrip.  af.  Grul. 

174.    8.      SiGNUM    MARTIS    ET   STA- 

2.  The  image  or  device  engraved 
upon  a  seal,   and  the 

made  by  it.  (Cic.  Cat. 
m.  5.  Id,  gwsrf.  6.  Id. 
AU.  ix.  la)  The  ex- 
ample is  from  an  original. 

3.  The  sign  of  a  shop  (Quint,  vi. 
5,  38, ) ;  indicating,  by  some  emble- 
matical representation,  the 


the  business  carried  on  inside,  like 
the  annexed  example  of  two 
carrying  an  amf>kf>r(tj  which  is 
cuted  in  terra-cotla,  and  forms  the 
sign  of  a  wine-shop  at  Pompeii  " 
milkman's  in  the  same  town  is 
tinguished  by  the  sign  of  a  boy 
milking  a  goat. 

4.   (ofl/ia).   Kcoitstcllatiiinmsi 


apparently  repiesentmg  the  form  of 
certain  animals  as  m  the  annexed 
illustration,  from,  3  statue  of  Atlas 
with  the  heavens  on  his  shoulders 
Id    Met   xiii 


/■..(ff^p 

ia)    M 

hlaiy 

icludi 

reality       the 

e,de 

^ 

■A- 

general  ensign 

ot  tht 

1^^ 

l» 

the  heavens,  formed  by  agroup  of  sfarE 


lonTy  used  with 
reference  to  the  diife 
rent  standards  belong 
mg  to  each  sepuate  _ 
mample  ind  cohort 
as  distinct  fiom  the  eaj^le.  (Oc 
Cc/  n  6  Tac  Hist  11  29  Id 
Arm.  1.  18.)  The  illustcation,  from 
a  medal,  slioivs  the  eagle  between  two 
standards  of  cohorts ;  the  name  of 
each  ensign  is  enmnerated  in  the 
Classed  Index,  and  an  example 
given  under  its  own  denomination. 

SILENTIA'RIUS.  A  domestic 
slave  whose  duty  it  was  to  preserve 
silence  in  the  housdiold,  and  keep 
the  whole  establishment  from  malcing 
the  slightest  noise  in  the  presence  of 
their  master ;  even  a  cough  or  sneeze 
being  immediately  checked  by  the 
ready  stroke  of  the  rod.  Salvian. 
Gub.  Dei.  iv.  3.  Inscript.  af.  Fabrett. 
p.  206.  n.  54.  Compare  Senec.  Ep.  47. 

2.  Siltniiarhu  sacripalatii.  At  a 
late  period  of  the  Empire,  one  of 
thirty  officers  who  were  persons  of 
some  consequence  at  the  Byzantine 
court,  acting  under  the  authority  of 
three  superiors  [deturiona),  and  ap- 
pointed for  the  purpose  of  preserving 
order,  silence,  and  decorum  within 
the  precincts  of  the  palace.  Imp. 
Anastas.  Cod.  15.  62.  25.  Inscript. 
ap.  Grut.  1053.  10. 

SIL'EX.  Generally  a  common 
^ita  or  flint-itorU;  but  in  a  more 
special  sense  a  lai^  hard  stone  of 
volcanic  formation,  cut  by  the  inason 
into  polygonal  blocks,  and  then  dove- 
tailed accurately  together,  which  was 


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nil.  27.  KxxviiL  28.)  i  in  the  manner 
shown  by  tlie  annexed  example  tvoia 
3  piece  of  Roman  pavement  near 
Rome,  It  is  thus  freqnently  opposed 
to  lapis,  a  square  ila^-Stone,  and  to 
saxum,  also  used  in  polygonal  masses, 
and  likewise  of  a  volcanic  formation, 
but  possessing  properties  which  geo- 
leasts  call  lufe,  instead  of  a  flinty 
substance. 

SILICER-NIUM  {ntplSciispav).  A 
funeral  feast  given  in  honour  of  a 
deceased  person,  either  at  the  funeral 
or  within  a  few  days  after  it  (Varro, 
ap.  Non.  J.  V.  p.  48. ) ;  whence  the 
term  is  sometimes  used  in  mockery, 
to  designate  a  decrepit  old  man. 
(Terent.  Ad.  iv.  3.  34.}  Amongst 
the  Romans  it  would  appear  that  l£is 
entertamment  took  place  at  the  sepnl 
c^Te\tse]!{adsepulcrtim,  Varro,/  c), 
and  the  highly  decorated  chambers, 
so  commonly  metwith  as  appendages 
to  their  tombs  (SEFUI.CRUM  1  and 
illustration),  but  never  csed  to  re 
ceive  deposits,  were  doubtless  intended 
for    the    p  irpose       ivh  le 


SIMPULUM. 

for  the  table,  is  still  to  be  seen  within 
one  of  the  sepulchral  enclosures  at 
Pompeii.  But  amongst  the  Greeks 
it  was  always  given  in  the  house  of 
the  nearest  relative  to  the  deceased, 
and  immediately  after  the  funeial. 
Demosth.  de  Coron.  p.  321.  25.  Cic. 
L^.  ii.  25.  The  illustration 
represents  the  relatives  of  a  young 
Greek  lady  at  a  funeral  feast  of 
the  kind  described,  from  a  marble 
bas-relief  sculptured  upon  her  tomb. 
The  objects  in  the  cornice  above  are 
merely  intended  to  represent  various 
articles  of  the  female  toilette  and 
work-table. 

SI'MA  («5;io).  An  architectural 
moulding,  sotermed  from  the  character 
of  its  outline,  which  resembles  c;- — 
the  snub  nose  of  a  goat,  being  ^' — 
boilow  in  its  upper  surface  but  swell- 
ing below,  as  exhibited  by  the  figure 
annexed.  It  is  chiefly  employed  for 
the  crowning  or  uppermost  member 
of  a  cornice,  being  placed  over  the 
corona,  and  is  now  termed  "slnia," 
or  "cyma  recta,"  by  English  archi- 
tects, and  "ogee"  by  the  workmen. 
Vitruv.  iii.  5.  12. 

alM'PULUM.  A  ladh  or  cup 
{cyathai)  with  a  long  handle,  em- 
ployed at  the  sacrifice  for  talcing  the 
wine  in  small  quantities  (Varro,  L.  L. 
V.  124.)  out  of  the  crater  or  other 
large  vessel,  in  order  to  make  liba- 
tions.   ( Festus  r.  v.     Apul.  Apol.  p. 


434.)     The  right  side  of  the  annexed 


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SIMPUVIUM. 

wood-cut  exhibits  the  implement  it- 
self, from  an  oiiginal  found  in  a  fictile 
vaae,  which  has  a  picture  on  its  out- 
side, representing  a  priestess  in  the 
act  of  filling  a  cup  with  wine,  taken 
oat  of  a  larger  vessel  witli  the  sim- 
piilum,  as  shown  by  the  illustration. 

SIMPUVIUM.  A  vessel  em- 
ployed  at  the  sacrifice,  supposed  to 
be  only  another  name  for  simpulum, 
which  see.  Plin.  H.  N.  xxxv.  46. 
Ju; 


VI.  343> 
IN'DON  ( 


SIN'DON  {s«,%&,).     A  very  fine 
sort  of  linen  cloth,  or  muslin,  em- 

iiloyed  for  clothing  by  the  natives  of 
.ndia,  Egypt,  a.nd  Asia.  The  same 
fabric  was  also  imported  into  Greece 
and  Italy,  and  ased  by  persons  of 
refined  habits,  for  light  summer 
dresses,  both  of  the, inner  {indulus) 
and  outer  apparel  (amictus).  Mart, 
ii.  16.  iv.  19.  Auson.  Ephan.  ia 
■  Parecb.  2.     Diog.  Laert.  vl  90. 

2.  A  wrapper  for  books.      Mart. 
li.  I.     Same  as  Membrana,  2. 

SI'NUM  and  -US  (^woi).    A  very 
large,  round,  and  deep  bowl  for  wine 


(Vatro,Z.Z.  V.  123.  li..  DiVil.  Pop. 
Rom.  ap.  Non.  p.  547.  Plaut.  Cure. 
i.  I.  82.\  or  milk  (Vu-g.  Ed.  vH.  33-) ; 
like  the  annexed  example,  which  re- 
presents Ulysses  presenting  a  bowl  of 
wine  to  Polyphemus,  in  a  bas-relief 
of  the  Villa  Pamffli.  The  fabled 
size  of  the  Sicilian  monster  is  thus 
appropriately  expressed  by  the  great 
capacity  of  the  vessel  containing  the 
potation  proffered  to  him. 

SIN'US  (KiiMros).  Literally,  any 
surface  bent  into  a  semicircular  or 
hollow  form,  whence  the  following 
expressive  senses  ; — 


I.  A  semicircular  fold  in  a  loose 
outside  garment,  produced  by  catching 
up  one  of  its  ades  and  throwing  the 
end  over  the  opposite  shoulder,  in 
the  manner  described  J.  Anabolium; 
thus  contiadistinguished  from  gre- 
mium,  a  lap  formed  by  holding  up 
the  lower  portion  of  the  dress,  and 
from  Ttiga,  a  small  irregular  crease, 
arising  from  the  constraint  of  a 
girdle  {cingulutii).  The  ordinary  jinaj 
-    -  formed  immediately  across  the 


breast,  so  as  to  make  but  a  short 
fall,  thence  termed  sinus  brcvis 
(Quint,  xi.  3.  137.),  as  in  the  left- 
hand  figure  of  the  annexed  wood-cut, 
from  a  statne  at  Venice  ;  whence  the 
word  is  frequently  used  to  designate 
that  part  of  the  human  person. 
(Phsedr.  v.  5.  16.  Terent.  Neaut.  iii. 
3.  2.  Tac.  Hist.  iii.  10.)  But  it  might 
he  lengthened  out  to  a  mach  lower 
sweep  by  dropping  the  right  hand 
and  arm,  and  drawing  Ihe  end  down 
with  it  from  the  shoulder,  as  Ctesar 
is  represented  to  have  done  when 
about  to  fall  beneath  the  strokes  of  his 
assassins — simnl  sinistra  miam  strtum 
adimacrura  deduxilifi^&j^iis.  82.); 
it  was  then  termed  smuslaxus  (Hor. 
Sat.  ii.  3.  172.),  because  it  made  a 
long  and  loose  belly,  in  the  manner 
represented  by  the  part  marked  2.  on 
the  right-hand  figure,  from  a  statue 
of  the  Villa  Pamfili,  In  the  late 
fashion  of  adjusting  the  toga,  a  double 
sinus  was  formed,  a  short  one  drawn 
from  under  the  right  arm  to  the  top 


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6o6  SIPARIUM. 

of  tie  left  shoulder  (Quint  xi.  3. 
102.),  as  shown  by  the  right-liand 
figure,  at  the  part  marked  4,  and  the 
loose  one  lower  down,'  raaiked  a. 
Both  sexes  were  accustomed  to  ad- 
jua:  their  outer  drapery  in  this  style, 
and  the  hollow  thus  created  served 
3S  a  convenient  receptacle  for  carrying 
about  their  persons  any  object  which 
ihey  wished  to  keep  concealed,  such 
as  a  letter,  purse,  &c.  Cic.  Veir.  i. 
5.  57.     Ov.  Am.  i  lo.  18. 

2.  The  purse  of  a  iishing  and 
hunting  net  Plant  True.  i.  I.  15. 
GraL  CvTieg.  29. 

3.  The  bosom  of  a  sail  when  filled 
by  the  wind.    Virg.  Ov.  TibuU. 

4.  A  bay  or  gulf  nn  a  coast,  formed 
hy  the  retiring  of  the  land  into  a  semi- 
circular recess.     Cic.  Virg.  Plin. 

5.  The  curved  or  hollow  part  of 
the  sharp  edge  in  a  vine-dresser's 
bill-hook  (Columell.  iv.  25.  I.),  which 


resembles  in  form  a  bay  of  the  sea, 
as  exhibited  by  the  annexed  example 
from  an  ancient  MS.  of  Columella. 

6.   A  large  full-bodied  vessel   for 
wine  or  milk.      See  SiNUM.    ' 

SIPA'RIUM.  A  /oldmg-scrtm, 
employed  at  the  theatre,  and  con- 
sisting of  several  leaves,  which  could 
be  opened  out  or  folded  fogetlier 
(Apui.  Md.  i.  p.  7.  siparium  eompli- 
cBlo.  Id.  X.  p.  233.,  complicitis  sipa- 
riis)  like  a  modern  screen.  Some 
antiquaries  think  that  the  siparium 
was  the  drop-scene  used  only  in 
comedy,  and  the  eadisum  only  in 
tragedy.  But  Apuleius  speaks  of 
both  as  used  together;  while  '-" 
language  implies  that  the  «K/awwi 
let  down  {subd  tun )  nd  h  si 
when  the  play  mm  n  ed  nd 
siparium  folded  -ap  {et  fil     t  m 


(Ms  as  tak    g  pi 
sentation  of     p  n     1 
scciptive  of    he  ju  Ig 


H 


e  pre. 


SIPHO. 

and  as  it  is  known  that  in  some  of 
the  large  theatres  of  the  Maeedoniail 
era,  the  part  of  the  orchestra  situated 
between  the  front  of  the  regular 
stage  {presceniuiii)  and  the  altar  of 
Bacchus  (thymele)  was  converted  into 
a  lower  stage,  upon  which  the  mimes 
and  dancers  performed  (MuUer,  Hist, 
of  Greek  Literature-,  vol.  L  p.  299.), 
It  may  be  fairly  inferred  that  the 
siparium  was  intended  to  conceal  this 
lower  stage ;  and  that  it  was  folded 
up  to  reveal  the  dancers  upon  it,  at 
the  moment  when  the  aatlaam  was  let 
down  to  show  the  scenery  upon  the 
regniar  stage. 

SI'PHO  (fff^u),  A  pipe  or  tube 
through  which  water  is  made  to  rise 
by  Its  own  pressure,  or  by  artificial 


Q  N  16  PI  0.  J?  A''  I 
The  illuatrat  o  represents  a  founta  n 
n  the  full  ng  establjslin  ent  at  Pom 
pen ,  the  tubes  st  11  rema  n  projecting 
from  each  of  the  square  reservoirs, 
but  the  water  has  been  added  in  the 
drawing,  to  show  (he  manner  in 
which  it  played  from  them,  and  fell 
in  a  united  stream  into  the  labrum, 

2.  A  sip/inn,    or  pipe,   by  whicli 


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Fin.  ii.  8,  PoUus,  -vi.  2.  x.  20.),  in 
Jhe  same  manner  as  praclised  at  the 
present  day.  The  invention  is  of 
very  great  antiquity,  and  of  Egyptian 
origin,  for  the  name  of  the  instrument 
is  traced  badt  to  the  Egyptian  root 
"sif,"  to  imbibe  (Wilkinson,  Manners 
and  Cttstoms  of  Ancient  Egypt,  iii. 
p.  341'),  and  is  represented  in  the 
annexed  engraving  from  a  painting 
at  Thebes.  The  right-hand  figure 
pours  the  liquid  into  three  vases 
placed  on  the  top  of  a  high  stand, 
while  the  one  on  the  opposite  side 
dia«s  It  off  by  three  separate  siphons 
mto  3  larger  vessel  below.  Oneofthe 
siphons  ts  applied  to  his  mouth  in  the 
actof  exliausting  the  air,  and  the  liquid 
IS  already  flowing  through  the  other 
two  which  are  heldinhis  right  hand. 
3  A  donble-actiontd  foreing-pumf, 
used  also  as  ajire-engim.  (Plin.  £p. 
X  35  Isidor.  O-Hg.  xx.  6.  Ulp. 
Di^  32  7.  12.)  A  machine  of  this 
kmd,  discovered  in  the  last  century 
at  Castruin  Novum,  near  Civila 
Vecchia,  and  supposed  to  have  been 
used  for  pimiping  up  the  water  into 
the  public  baths  of  that  town,  is  ex- 
hibited on  the  opposite  column.  It 
is  constructed  upon  the  same  principle 
as  the  Ctesibica  mackina,  described 
by  Vitruvius  (x.  7.),  but  is  more 
simple  in  its  parts  j  and,  since  it 
agrees  in  all  respects  with  the  di- 
rections given  by  Hero  (de  Spirit,  p. 
iHo.),  who  was  a  pupil  of  Ctesibius, 
wo  can  have  no  hesitation  in  receiving 
a  mod  1  of  the  nomal  pump 
ent  d  by  Ctesib  u  w  th  the  im- 
po  en  nt  eff  ted  by  hi  pupil. 
Th    parts    f  wh   h   t  is      mposed, 


t    h     aln 


isfol- 


//)  t  jlnde  n  which  the 
u  k  r=  B  (*fij8  K  embl\  and 
pist  ns,  c  {  mi  a  gn/is),  work 
alt  nately  up  and  down  c  a  hori- 
1t1  tube  (rruAij  )  communicating 
w  th  and  onn  t  ng  the  two  cylin- 
d  and  info  th  nt  e  of  which 
ath  phttbE(  p  0  •riiKv 
itpfl     )  t  d  FF    on  the 


{ffirirapia  asses)  two  of  which  are 
affixed  to  the  lottom  of  the  two 
cylinders,  a  id  the  otlia  s  to  the  neck 
of  the  upright  tube  one  on  each 
side  of  It  The  piimp  was  placed,  in 
the  same  position  as  shown  by  the 
engravmg  over  the  resenoir  with 
the  lower  ends  of  the  two  oylmders 
(p  f)  immersed  m  the  water  The 
action  was  precisely  sim  lar  to  that 
described  under  the  article  Ctesibica 
MaChina  The  two  pistons  work 
simultaneously,  but  inversely,  the 
one  up  and  the  other  down.  As  one 
rises,  the  valve  at  the  bottom  of  the 
cylinder  opens,  and  allows  the  water 
to  be  drawn  in  through  the  aperture 
thus  created,  while  the  one  which 
descends  in  the  other  cylinder  closes 
its  own  valve,  and  thus  forces  the 
water  contained  in  it  into  the  hori- 
zontal tube,  forcing  open  the  neck 
valve  at  its  own  side,  and  closing  the 
other  one  ;  so  that  the  water,  having 
the  communication  with  the  opposite 
cyhnder  shut  off,  is  driven  into  the 
upright  tube  (s),  and  forced  out  of  it, 
with  a  continuous  stream,  through  a 
pipe  or  a  hose,  fastened  on  to  its 
npper  end  ;  which  is  not  shown  in 
the  engraving,  because  the  top  was 
in  a  mutilated  state  when  discovered. 


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6o8  siPHorfARii. 


The  adaptation  of  suck  a 
for  fire  engines  will  be  readily  under- 
stood ;  it,  in  fact,  proceeds  upon  the 
same  principle  as  that  employed  in 
the  eonslructiou  of  such  .machines 
amongst  ourselves. 

SIPHONA'RII.  ■  Firanm;  oc,  as 
the  Fceneh  language  more  closely 
renders  the  term,  pompisrs,  who 
worked  the  engines  (lif&oius)  kept 
for  extinguishing  conflagrations. 
They  formed  part  of  the  cohort  of 
watchmen  {mgi/es)  established  by 
Augustus.    Inscript.  ap.  Mur.  788.  3. 

SIPHUN'CULUS.  Diminutive  of 
SiPHO.  A  small  pipe  or  tube  through 
which  water  is  discharged  to  fomi  a 
^et  a'eau.  Plin.  £p.  v.  6.  23.  and 
illustration  s.  SiPttO,  I. 

SIR'PEA.     See  Scirpea. 

SIKPIC'ULUS.      See     Scirpi- 

SISTRATUS.  One  who  carries 
the  S^yptian.  rattle  {sislrum)  ;  thence, 
by  implication,  a  '  ~ 
priest  or  a  priestess 
of  Isis,  who  made 
use  of  that  instru- 
ment in  their  re- 
ligious ceremonies, 
holding  it  up  and 
shaking  it  with  the 
right  hand,  *     " 


priesthood 
xil.  29. 

SISTRUMtof?- 
(TTpoy).  A  sort  of 
rattle,  used  by  the 
Egyptians  in  the 
religious  ceremo- 
nies of  Isis  (Ov. 
A.  Am.  iii.  635. 
J/rf.  ix,  783.),  and 
in  war  instead  of 
the  trumpet.  (Virg. 
^n.     vui.      695. 


'Oiamf of  the  same  material  (Apul. 
Met.  xi.  p.  240.)  ;  to  this  a  short 
handle  was  attached,  by  which  it  was 
heUl  up  and  rapidly  shaken,  so  as  to 
make  the  rods  give  out  a  shaip  and 
rattling  noise.  The  example  1  frori 
an  original  of  bronze, 

SITEL'LA.  Diminjtive  of 
SlTULA.  A  vessel  wi  h  1  full  bellj 
and  narrow  throat,  em 
ployed  at  the  Roman 
Comitia  for  the  puc 
pose  of  drawing  by  lot 
the  names  of  tlw  tribes 
or  centuries,  in  order  to  fix  the  n 
tation  in  which  they  were  t)  ^ole 
The  lots  (sor-la),  made  of  wood,  weie 
dropped  into  this  vessel  which  was 
filledwithwater,  so  that  when  shaken 
only  one  of  them  could  present  itseli 
at  a  time,  in  consequence  of  the  nar 
rowness  of  the  throat,  through  whidi 
it  liad  to  be  drawn  out.  (Plaut  Cos. 
ii.  4.  17.  /i.ii-S.  34.  Liv,xxv.3.) 
The  example  is  copied  from  the  de- 
vice upon  a  coin  of  the  Cassian 
gens. 

SIT'ICEN  (Tv^^,xi\7ii).  .A  mu- 
sician who  performed  'at  funerals, 
upon  a  particular  kind  of  straight 
horn  (fuia)  Capito.  ap.  Gell.  xx.  2.), 
the  characteristics  of  whicii  are  not, 
however,  explained. 

SIT'ULA.  A  bucket  for  drawing 
water  out  of  a  well  (Isidor.  Orig.  xx. 
15  Plaut.  Amph.  ii.  2.  47.  Paul. 
Dig  18  1 .  40. );  ma.de  with  a  pointed 
bottom,  to  facilitate  immersion,  as 
aliown  by  the  annexed  example  from 
in  original  of  bronze. 
The  same  outline  is 
instantly  observed  in 


thear 


Qtreprei 


of  wells 
w  ndlass  and  bucket ; 
in  a  fn^nent  of  fresco- 
\  omting   preserved 


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foot. 


SITUL  US. 

(Pkut.  Cm-  ii.  6.  6.     Cic.   F<?^.  Li. 

2,  51.)     Same  as  SiteLLa. 
SIT'ULUS.     (Calo,  R.  R.  x.  2. 

Vilruv.  X.  4.  4.)    Same  as  Situla. 

SOCCATUS.  Wearing  the  shoe 
or  slipper  termed  soccus.     Sen.  Bai. 

'  SO'C'CIFER.  (Sidon,  Cami.  ix. 
215.)    Same  as  the  preceding. 

SOC'CULUS.  (Sell.  Bm.  iL  12. 
Suet.  Vit.  2.)    Diminutive  of 

SOC'CUS.  A  loose  slipper,  or 
shoe  without  any  tie  !o  it,  but  which 
completely 
ed  thi  ' 
that  a  person 
wearing  it  is  said 
to  be  soccis  indutus  (Cic.  Or.  iii.  32.), 
or  wccis  cakeatm.  (Plin.  H.  N. 
xxxvi.  4.  §  13.)  Amongst  the 
Greeks  it  was  commonly  worn  by 
both  sexes  (Cic.  Rab.  Post.  10. 
Terent.  Hsaui.  i.  I.  72.) ;  but  at 
Rome  its  use  was  strictly  confined  to 
females  {soccus  mulitliris.  Suet.  Col. 
52,),  a.nd  to  actors  on  the  comic 
stage,  in  order  to  fomi  a  contrast 
with  the  high-soled  boot  (fol&urnus) 
of  the  trcigic  drama.  (Hor.  A.  I".  80. 
Ov.  Font.  iv.  16.  29.  Quint,  x.  2. 
22. ) ;  so  that  whenever  an  instance 
occm's  of  the  soccut  being  worn  by  a 
Roman  off  the  stage,  it  is  recorded  as 

3.  singularly  anti-national  affectation, 
and  reprobated  accordingly.  (Sen.  I.e. 
Suet,  i.f.  Plin.  ff.A'.xxxvii.  6.)  The 
example  here  introduced  is  worn  by  a 

SOLA'RIUM  (ffKiiWjjpok).  A  sun- 
dial ;  a  general  term,  including  mauy 
different  kinds  and  forms  of  the  same 
instrument,  with  distinct  and  appro- 
priate names,  enumerated  in  the 
Classed  Index,  and  described,  each 
one  under  its  own  special  denomina- 
tion. Varro,  Z.  i.  w.  4.  Plin..ff.A^. 
vii.  60. 

2.  Solarmmex aqiia.  A'oiater-glass, 
wliich  performed  the  uses  of  a  clock ; 
showing  the  hours  by  the  decrease  of 
water  cont:uned  in  it,  against  a  cer- 
tain number  of  spaces  {spatia,  Sidon. 
Apoll.   E^.  ii.  9.)  partitioned  off  on 


SOLDURII.  609 

the  body  of  the  vessel  from  which  it 
escaped,  or  of  the  one  into  which  it 
distilled.  (Cic.  N.  D.  ii.  34.)  In  this 

a  age  Cicero  uses  the  term  solarium 
.  for  a  sun-dial  and  foe  a  water- 
clock  ;  but  distinguishes  them  by 
calling  the  former  solarium  descrijilum, 
the  latter  salarimn  ex  aqua. 

3.  (^A<auT^»..o^).  A/!y^a«onthe 
top  of  a  house  built  with  a  flat  roo^ 
or  over  a  porch,  suiTounded  by  a 
parapet  waif,  i)ut  open  to  the  sky,  to 
which  the  inhabitants  retired  to  en- 
joy the  sunshine  and  fresh  breezes  in 
fair  weather,  as  is  still  a  common 
practice  at ,  Naples  and  in  the  East. 
(Isidor.  Ong.  XV.  3.  12.  Suet.  Ifero, 
16.  Flaut.  Mil.  ii.  4.  25.)  A  terrace 
of  this  kind  was  discovered  on  the 
second  story  of  a  house  excavated  at 
Hercalaneum,  of  which  a  description 
is  given  at  p.  251.  and  a  plan  of  the 
same,  on  which  itis  markeda.  Sub- 
sequently, however,  the  solariuin  was 
covered  with  a  roof  (Inscript.  ap.  Fa- 
bretL  p.  724,  n.  443.)  as  a  protection 


against  the  sun  and  firmed  in  fact,  the 
upper  story  of  a  house  open  to  the  air 
on  all  sides  etcept  the  lop  as  in 
the  example  representing  Dido  s  pa- 
lace, fiom  the  Vahcan  Virgil  When 
thus  constructed  it  was  employed  in 
hot  weather  as  a  cmnaculum,  or  re- 
freshment room.     Inscript.  /.  c. 

SOLDU'RII  (fi-x">A<H>'T8i).  Pro- 
perly a  Gallic  word,  employed  by  the 
ancient  Ganls  (Cjes.  B.  G.  iii.  22.)  in 
a  sense  somewhat  ^milar  Co  our 
vassals  oi-  retai?iers,  thereby  intending 
to  designate  a  body  of  men  attached 
to  some  chieftain,  whom  they  served 


.Google 


wilh   the  I 


t  fidelity  and  (3ovo- 


L,  for  the 


SOL'EA.  A  sort  oichg 
of  the  simplest  form  ;  cons 
mere  sole  underneath 
the  foot  (Festus,  s.  v. 
Isidor.  Orig.  xix.  34. 
II.  Aul.  Cell.  xiii. 
21.),  bound  on  by  a  strap  across  the 
instep,  lilte  the  anneKed  example 
from  a  Pompeian  piuntiiig,  and  the 
clogs  now  ased  by  the  Capuchin 
friars.  It  was  worn  by  both  sexes 
indiscriminately.  Ov.  A.  Am.  ii. 
21Z.  Hor,  4*-  >■  >3-  15-  P^""^- 
True.  ii.  4.  13. 

2.  Solea  spartm.  A  shoe  or  boot 
made  of  the  Spanish  br 
purpose  of  protecaing 
the  feet  of  cattle  and 
beasts  of  burden, 
when  tender  or  dis- 
eased. (Columell. 
,vi.  12.  3.  Veg.  Va.  i.  26.  3.  iL  45-  3.) 
The  example  annexed  is  not  from  aji 
ancient  original,  but  shows  a  contriv- 
ance of  the  same  kind  now  used  by 
(he  inhabitants  of  Japan,  consisting  of 
a  small  basket,  made  to  the  shape  of 
th  al'    f    t,         t    wb   h   t  IS 

b       1 15       trap         d  tl     f  tlock 

2,    Sol    fir  A  p    t    t        f 

h    f   t    f  m  les  (C  tull  6  ) 

mpl  y  d        draUj,ht         t    d  d   t 
■uisw     th   sam     b]    t      th  mod 
i  !        th  ugh   d  ff      ig    m  t 

lly         ts   q  alty       d  f 

fi   ng    f      til       bse  f  all 

.    Ipt  re. 


f    th 


f 


Ch 


I   1     see      t      ff   d 

Euffi       t 

d            f  th    f    t    th  1 

th      th 

G  eek           11      E  ma 

th 

habt     f    h            th 

t    tl    hooi 

w               d        Th 

)  biy       so  k 

1       d         1           f 

aid  gen 

pat       1    1 

h    f    t       d  bo 

d          d  th 

f    I    k    and      h    k 

f    th        m 

SOLEATVS. 

mal  by  thongs  of  leather,  like  the 
carbalinie  of  the  peasantry.  This 
sock  was  not  permanently  worn,  but 
was  put  on  by  the  driver  during  the 
journey  in  places  or  upon  occasions 
when  the  state  of  the  roads  required  it, 
and  taken  off  again  when  no  longer 
necessary.  Both  the  nature  of  ftie 
contrivance,  showing  that  it  was  a  . 
close  shoe  coveting  the  entire  foot, 
and  the  practice  of  putting  it  on 
and  removing  it  occasionally  is  suffi- 
ciently testified  by  the  particular 
terms  employed  to  designate  the  ob- 
ject itself  and  the  manner  of  applying 
\t—mulas  calctare  (Suet.  Vesp.  23.)  ; 
mulis  soleas  i$tduere  (PIui.  H.  N. 
,) — terms  which  will  be  fiiHy 


underneath  part  of  the  sock  was 
strengthened  by  a  plate  of  iron,  it  was 
termed  soUaferrea  ;  but  under  the  ex- 
travagant habits  of  the  empire,  silver 
plates  were  sometimes  used  instead  of 
iron,  when  it  was  called  solea  argenl^ 
(Suet  Nav,  30.);  and  sometimes 
gold,  solea  ex  aaro.  (Plin.  /.  c)  It 
13  consequently  an  iron  plate  of  this 
kind  which  Catullus  mentions  (/.  c. ) 
as  being  left  in  the  mud,  by  gettii^ 
detached  from  the  sock  under  which 
t  was  fastened  ;  and  not  one  nailed  on 
to  the  hoof,  like  a  modem  horse-shoe. 

4.  So!^  ligitea.  A  sort  of  wooden 
log  or  fatter,  into  which  the  feet  of 
riminals  iwere  inserted,  to  prevent 
hem  from  escaping  while  being  con- 
ducted to  prison.     Cic.  Ikv.  ii.  50. 

5.  An  Instrument,  or  a  machine 
mployed  for  bruising  olives  to  make 
il  (ColumeO,  xii.  52.  6.);  the  nature 
f  which  is  entirely  unknown. 

SOLEA'RIUS.  One  who  malces 
soleie.     Plant.  Aul.  iii.  5.  40. 

SOLEA'TUS.  Wearing  selt^,  as 
hown  by  the  wood-cut  i.  Solea,  i. 
When  the  word  is  used  with  reference 
to  the  Romans,  it  is  indicative  of  a 

Eerson  being  in-doors,  or  in  dis- 
abille ;  as  these  articles  were  con- 
idered  unbecoming  for  out-door  use, 
nd  to  betoken  affected  manners  or 


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SOLIFERREVM. 

a  foreign  style  of  dress.  Senec  Ira. 
iii.  18.  Gastric,  ap.  Gell.  xiiL  21. 
Cic.  Verr.  ii,  5.  33.  Fh.  6. 

SOLIFEE'REUM  or  SOLLI- 
FER'REUM.  A  sort  of  javelin 
madeofsolidiroDjbothlieadand  shaft. 
Liv.  xxxiv.  14.     Festus  i   SoUo 

SOLITAURILIA      S      S        E 


SPAESIO. 


611 


son  might  have 
proteetionagainst  any 
sudden  or  secret  violence  i 
hind.  (Serv.  ad  Virg.  -Mn. 
The  example,  which  agrees  eioictly 
with  Ihe  a.bove<3escriptionof  Servius, 
represents  the  chair  used  ty  Latinus 
in  the  Vatican  Vitgil. 

2.  A  chair  of  state,  like  onri^ra/M, 
upon  which  the  gods,  ki:^,  and 
great  rulf  "  ~ 


e  valuable 
ii-ils  and  costly  workmanship.  In 
woiks  of  art  it  is  mostly  represented 
with  a  back,  arms,  and  cushions,  fre- 
quently covered  with  rich  drapery  ; 
but  always  with  a  foot -stool  in  front 
{Kobellum,  scamimm)  to  indicate  its 
height.  The  example  shows  the 
so/mm  of  Venus  in  a  painting  of 
Pompeii 

3    A  laige  arm  chair,  in  which  the 
Roman  lawieis  iised  to  sit  and  re- 


sult them  (Cic.  Ltg.  i.  3.  Id.  Or.  ii. 
55-)  i  whence  the  expression,  a  sub- 
selliis  ia  oUum  soliumqae  se  cot^ave 
(Id.  Or.  iL  33.),  mesns  to  retire  from 
court  to  chamber  practice ;  that  is, 
from  active  pleading  in  court,  where 
the  advocates  sat  upon  benches  {suh- 
Uiai,  to  the  comparative  leisure  of 
tending  consultations  in  an  arm- 
hair  (solium)  at  home. 
4.  Saliain  e&arneaia.  An  ivory 
hair  (Claud.  Laud.  Sill.  199.); 
meaning  thereby  the  curule  seal, 
hich  was  decorated  with  ivory ; — 
nly  a  poetical  expression  for  SELLA 

5  A  receptacle  for  the  dead  bodj, 
te  what  V,  e  now  call  a  sarcophagus, 
jf  an    imposing   chaiai 


made  of  valuable  marbles  (Suet.  Acre, 
50.),  and  enriched  by  sculpture  ;  es- 
pecially used  as  a  deposit  for  kings 
and  great  personages  (Curt  x.  la 
Flor.  iv.  II.  II.),  of  which  the  an- 
nexed illustration  affords  a  remark- 
able specimen,  from  an  original  in 
which  the  body  of  L.  C.  Scipio  Bar- 
bafus  was  deposited. 

6.  The  seat  at  the  bottom  of  a 
circular  warm-water  batli,  on  which 
the  bather  sat  and  washed  himself 
{Suet.  Au^.  82.  Festus,  s.  v. ),  usually 
made  of  the  same  substance  as  the 
bath  itself  (PaUad.  i.  41.),  but  some- 
times of  wood  (Suet.  /.  c),  and  even 
of  silver.  (Plin.  H.  N.  :»xxiii.  54.) 
See  the  illustrations.  Baptisteeium, 
at  the  bottom  of  which  a  seat  of  this 
kind  is  eshibited.  But  in  some  of  the 
above  passages,  as  well  as  others 
(Celsus,  viL  26.  5.  Sidon.  Apoll.  Ep. 
ii.  2.,  solii  capads  Aemuydium),  the 
word  is  used  for  the  bath  itself. 

SPAR'SIO.     An  artificial  sprink- 


,y  Google 


SPA7 


■ALIUM. 


Hug,  or  mist  {aiviMis,  Mart.  Spect.  3. 
Id.  V.  25.)  of  scented  waters,  made  tc 
fall  over  the  interior  of  a  theatre  01 
amphitheatre  by  fii 
machinery.  (Sent 
Fr^f.  Id.  J5>.  9a. 
This  treat  was  not 


the  munificence  of  s( 
and  consequently  it  w 


,      CoHtrnv. 

a.  N.  ii.  9.) 

iin  ordinary  oc- 
occaaionally  by 
ime  individual ; 
'as  customary  to 
.^  1  advertisement  {0/- 
in  prominent  parts  of  the 
city.' such  as  the  foUowii^  found  at 
Pompeii.  —  Vbnatio  ■  Athlet.«  ■ 
Sparsio«es  ■  Vela,  erunt.  TImt 
is,  "There  will  be  a  hunt  of  wild 
beasts,  an  exhibition  of  athletic  con- 
tests, a  discharge  of  perfumed  waters, 
and  an  awning  over  the  spectators." 

2.  A  scattering  of  presents  to  be 
scrambled  for  by  the  people  (Stat. 
Sylv.  i.  6.  65.  Compare  SueL  Cai.  i.  S. 
Horn.  4.);  same  as  MisslLlA. 
SPARTEA.  See  Solea,  2. 
SPAR'UM  or  -US.  A  weapon, 
properly  speaking,  peculiar  ' 

the    af  "    '■      '     '-" 

{agresli     ^ 

xi.  682.  ;  tdmn  Tusacum, 
Serv.  ad  /.),  which  had  a 
wooden  shaft  (hostile,  Nepos, 
Epa-rn.  9.),  and  an  iron  head 
with  a  curved  blade  attached 
(oit{!«  modumpedirecunmm, 
Serv.  /.  c.'),  but  also  ending  in 
a  sharp  point,  to  fit  it  for 
being  dischai^ed  as  a  missile 
(Nepos,/.  <:.   Sise 


n.  ap.  Non, 


;  but  in  that  ci 


a  be 


regarded  as  a  regular  weapon ,  only 
such  as  m^ht  be  adopted  by  rude 
levies  of  the  peasantry,  or  in  sudden 
risings,  wheie  every  man  arms  him 
self  as  he  best  caji  (Sail  B  Cat 
59.)  The  annexed  figure  is  copied 
from  a  has  relief  m  the  coilection  at 
Ince-BIundell,  where  it  is  uaed  at  a 
hunt ;  and  as  tlie  vecy  peculiar  form 
of  its  head  agrees  so  chari^teiistically 
with  the  dtscnption  collected  from 


the  vaiions  incidental  passages  cited 
above,  it  does  not  appear  that  any 
doubts  can  be  entertained  respecting 
the  name  and  quality  of  the  object  it 

SPATH'A  (uTrift)).  A  batten;  3. 
flat  wooden  instrument  used  in 
weaving,  for  the  purpose  of  driving 
home  the  threads  of  the  woof  or  tram 


{subtemen,  trama)  so  as  to  knit  the 
whole  closely  and  compactly  togetlier 
(Senec  £p.  90.) ;  probably  similar 
to  the  instrument  still  employed  for 
the  same  object  in  Iceland,  where  the 
manner  of  weaving  is  extremely 
primitive,  and  whli^  is  represented 
by  the  figure  annexed. 

2.  Abroadandflatwooden j^ftdij, 
employed  for  stirring,  mashing,  and 
mixing  medicines  or  other  ingre- 
dients. Columell.  xii.  41.  3.  Plin. 
If.  N.  xxxiv.  26.     CeUns,  vii,  12. 

3.  A  large,  broad,  and  Ipng,  two- 
edged  sword,  with  a  very  sha.cp 
point  (Veg.  Mil.  ii.  15.  Tac  Ann. 
xii.  35.      Apul.   Mil.   i.   p.  3.)  i   as 


shown  by  the  annexed  example  from 
the  sarcophagus  of  Alexander  Se- 
venis.  In  length  it  reaches  from  the 
ground  to  the  top  of  the  wearer's  hip. 

4.  A  wooden  implement  employed 
by  surgeons  in  replacing  a  dislocated 
shoulder.     Celsus,  viii.  15. 

SPATHALTUM  (irjrafliiMBP).  An 
ornament  worn  by  women  round  the 
wrist  (Plin.  H.  N.  xiii.  52.       ^^ 
Tertull.     Cult. /(em.  13.);  ^?^\ 
which  is  supposed  to  have  §  || 

had  small  bdls  attached  as  &^  S 
pendants  to  it,  as  in  the  ^foa^" 
example,  from  an  original  ^^^^ 
discovered  in  a  Roman 
sepulchre  ;  and  to  have  received  its 
name  from  the  resemblance  it  bore  to 
a  branch  of  the  palm-tree  with  its 
pendant  capsule  [spatha)  containing 
the  flower  and  fruit 


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SPECILLUM. 

SPECIL'LUM  {iiiiKi]).  A  sur- 
geon's frobe,  for  sounding  wounds, 
and  othef,  purposes.     (Cic  N.  D.  iii. 


22.  Ceisus,  vii.  8.  Id.vi,  9.)  The 
example  is  from  an  original  of  iron, 
six  inches  long,  which  was  found  in 
the  house  of  a  surgeon  at  Pompdi 

SPECULA    (iTKOTlli,    o-Koir^),      A 

■watch-tower,  on  which  guards  were 
regularly  stationed  to  keep  a  look-out 
and  transmit  Mgnals.  (Varro,  L.  L. 
vi.  82.  IJv.  xxiL  19.  Cic,  Fam. 
iv.  3.  Id.  Vtrr.a.  5.  35.)  TheiUus- 
tration  represents  a  coast  view,  from 


a  painting  of  Pompeii,  with  five 
watch-towers  situated  upon  as  many 
eminences,  very  amilac  to  those  with 
which  the  Italian  coasts  of  the  Medi- 
terranean are  now  furnished. 

SPECULA'RIA.  Windffmfana; 
made  of  thin  plates  of  talc  {lapis 
spfculai-is) ;  a  transparent  substance, 
which  the  ancients  employed  for  the 
above  pvirpose,  before  the  invention 
of  glass,  both  as  a  closing  over  the 
aperture  of  a  window  (Senec.  £p. 
go.  lb.  86.  Q.  N.  iv.  13.),  and 
for  covering  conservatories,  garden 
frames,  &c  Plin.  If.  N.  xk,  23. 
Columell.  xi,  3.  52. 

SPECULATORES.  Lookers-mt; 
a  term  applied  generally  to  any  per- 
sons who  acted  the  part  of  scouts  or 
spies  (Liv.  xxii.  33.  Sail.  yug.  114.) ; 
but  specially  to  a  small  number  of 
men  attached  to  each  Roman  legion 
(Tac.  Hisl.  i.  25.  Hirt.  B.  Hhp. 
13.  Inscript.  ap.  Grut.  520.  5.  Ap- 
pian.  B.  C.  v.  132.),  whose  duty  it 
was  to  collect  information  respecting 
the   numbers    and    motions    of   the 


SPECULUM. 


the  general  in  transmitting  his  oiSers 
to  the  different  divisions  of  the  army. 
Hirt  B.  Afr.  31. 

2.  Under  the  Empire,  ' 
given  to  a  select  body  of 
for  the  service  of 
the  prince's  person, 
sort  of  detec- 
force  and  body 
guard.  (Tac.  Hist.  1. 
24.  Ji.  iL  II.  Suet. 
Col.  44.  a<i«d.  35.) 
They  were  armed 
with  a  lance  {lani:^, 
Suet.  L  c.  Id.  Gold. 


i.)  :    and    : 


I    fre- 


quently   represented  Z 
on    the   columns   of  = 
Trajan   and  Antoni- 
nus in  attendance  upon  the  emperor, 
or  keeping  guard  before  his  tent,  in 
the  manner  shown  by  the  example 

SPECULUM  (ha,,pov,  ffdruff- 
Tpo.)      A    m,rro,, 
originally  made    of 
white  metal,  fo^  med 
by     the    admi\t 
of  copper    and 
(Plm   H  N  \- 


4.5  ),  but  afterwards  of  silver  (Plin. 
/  f  V\s.utMcst  I  3  III  ),  which  is 
less  bnttle ,  the  surface  bezng  kept 
bnght  by  the  use  of  pounded  pumice- 
stone  and  a  sponge,  usually  fastened 
to  the  frame  by  a  short  string.  Glass 
was  also  employed  at  a  later  period 
for  the  mirror.  The  annexed  wood- 
cut represents  two  originals  of  sQver, 
both  found  at  Pompeii,  one  of  a  cir- 
cular shape,  the  mrat  usual  one,  with 
a  short  handle  for  holding  it  up,  when 
used,  in  the  manner  exhibited  by  the 
female  figure,  from  a  painting  in  the 


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othe  s    ad  ui 


the  other    of  an  oblong 
a   intended  to  be  held  by 
e  before  her  m  stress,  whilst 


he 


3  let 


ofte    rej  resen  ed  on  G  eek 

other    o  1  s  of  art    bu    he  kessmg. 

mirror  made  n  a  frame  o  s  and  upon 

the  table   as  a  p  ece  o(  furniture,  like 

the  modern  ones   has  not  been  met 

wth 

2  A  Iml  ni,  ilass  (Pi  n.  IT.  N. 
\i.  V  66  )  covered  at  the  back  with 
tin  and  lead  (Bee  man  History  of 
Inve  horn  vol  pp  69 — 76  ),  and 
employed  as  a  p  ece  of  ornamental 

sistmg  of  a  m  or  as  tall  as  the  hu- 
man body  (Senec  Q  V  l^.), 
sometimes  permanently  fixed  to  the 
wall  (Lip  -O^  34.  a  19  5  8.),  at 
otl  ers  arranged  m  such  a  manner 
t!  at  t  could  be  dra  vn  up  a  id  down 
to  A  fferent  levels,  like  a  sash.     Vi- 


SPICULUM. 

lilpiop].  An  apartment  for  playing 
the  game  at  ball,  attached  to  the 
CymKosia,  Theraus,  and  other  places 
of  public  resort,  as  well  as  to  the 
private  mansions  of  wealthy  people  ; 
and  as  the  players  at  this  game  were 
usually  stnpped,  it  was  frequently 
warmed  by  flues  from  a  furnace 
(hypocaiaii)  underneath  the  floor. 
PUn.  i>.  il  17.  II.  Id.  V.  6.  27. 
Suet.    Vesp.    20.      Lainprid.    Alex. 

SPH'^ROMACH'IA  (o-4ia.pa. 
pjiX^a).  A  match  at  the  game  of 
balL  Senec.  £>.  80.  Stat.  Syhi.  iv. 
Prief. 

SPI'CA  TESTACEA.  An  ob. 
long  brick,  employed  by  the  Romans 
for  making  floorings  (Vitruv.  vii,  i. 
5.)  ;  KO  termed  because  each  owe  was 
arranged  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
imitate  the  setting  of  the  grdns  in  an 
ear  of  com  {spka),  as  shown  by  the 
exaiiiple,  from  an  ancient  flooring  in 
th  TWmEB  of  T'tu  A  p  tt  m  f 
h    des     p     n  wa      rmed  /  a 

V  m  4      Ph     fi-   V 


the  se       g 

portion  of  h    A 
esisting  at  R  was     m 

tunnelled    h      gh  11  1 

raised   upo  rs 

arches,  ac      d 

the  source  d      ting  na 

of  the  coun  d         ir 

channels  were  earned,  one  above  t\ 

other,  over  the  same  file  of  arches. 

SPH^RISTE'RIUM     (irf»pi< 


^r" 


xp  es   on  htrr  tt  -ioned 
w      as  the  modem  Italians,     h      al 
a  pHad  tes     ddu      h     ei 
lance  from  me  set  of  the  bones  in  a 
fish's  back. 
SPI'CULUM  {K&^xii)-  The  barbed 
ead  of  an  arrow  or  spear  (Ov.  Met. 
ii.  375.  Hor.  Oii.  15. 17.    Celsus, 
i.  5.  2.   Ammian.xxv.  1.  13.)      » 
whidi  presents  several  jagged     /R 
points  like  those  in  an  ear  of    ™\ 
om  {spied),  as  exemplified  by  /tTh 
he  annexed  example  from  the       I 
arch  of  Constantme.    Hence      H 
he  Latin  and  the  Greek  words 

e  frequently  used  in  the  plural  to 
include  the  point  with  its  barbs, 
.  Ill  later  times  synonymous  with 
UM.      Veg.  Mil.  ii.  15. 


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a  lance  or  a  spear  (Gloss.  Vet.  ap. 
Alstorp,  de  Hast,  p,  68.),  which 
served  for  fixing  it  upright  in  the 
ground  (Virg.  Mn.  xii.  13O.),  or 
miglit  be  used  offensively,  if  the 
regular  point  {ciispis'\  got  damaged  or 
broken  off.  (Polyb.  vi.  25.I  We 
have  no  express  authority,  beyond 
that  of  the  glossary  cited,  for  this 
usage  of  the  term  in  Latin  ;  but  the 
Greek  names  aie  thoroughly  authen- 
tic, as  well  as  the  object  itself,  which 
is  represented  at  large  by  the  top 
figure  in  the  annexed  wood-cut,  from 
a  fictile  vase ;  while  the  lower  one 
shows  the  spear  complete,  with  its 
regular  head  on  the  left  end,  and 
pointed  butt  on  the  right  In 
times  the  Roman  lance  had  m 
junct  of  this  tind  ;  but  was  adopted 
after  contact  witi  the  GreeliS  (Polyb. 
/.  i". ) ;  which  may  perhaps  accounl 
for  the  circumstance  of  there  not  being 
any  distinct  term  in  the  Lilm  Ian 
guage  to  designate  it 

SPI'NA.  The  barrier  of  a  race 
course  (Cassiodor.  lar  Ep  111  51 
Schol.  Vet.  ad  Juv  Sat  vi  -iSS  ) ,  a 
long  low  wall  extending  lengthwist 
down  the  centre  of  the  circus  foi 
about  two-thirds  of  its  length,  and 
which  received  the  present  name 
from  the  similarity  of  its  position  to 
the  spine  or  dorsal  bone  m  animals 
The  object  of  it  was  to  determine  the 
length  of  the  course,  and  hinder  the 
chariots  from  coming  into  collis 
fi^nt  to  front,  as  they  had  to  r 
seven  times  round  it  at  each  race 
The  goals  (wifto),  round  which  they 
turned,  were  situated  at  a  small  dis- 
tance from  each  of  its  ends  ;  and  the 
whole  length  of  the  wall  was  deco- 
rated with  various  objects  on  its  top  ; 
an  obelisk  in  the  centre,  statues  of 
the  deities,  an  altar,  and  columns  on 
which  the  eggs  (oua  currictUorum) 


the  number  of  ci 
ip.  The  whole  of  these  objects  are 
;xhibited  in  the  illustration  from  an 
;ngraved  gem,  which  represents  an 
elevation  of  the  spina,  with  one  side 
of  the  course  and  the  racing  chariots 
in  it  The  position  it  occupied  in 
the  general  building,  and  relative 
length  in  regard  to  it,  will  be  seen  by 
referring  to  the  ground-plan  of  the 
circus  of  Caracalla  (p.  165),  on 
which  it  is  marked  B. 

SPIN'THEE  (<r.f.<7KT*^). 
ticular    kind   of   Wavelet, 
females  on  the   lell 
arm  (Festus   s.  v.)  ; 
made  of  gold  (Plant. 
Men.  iii.  3.  70.  and   ll 
without   any  c' 
but  retain! 
on  the 

wearer  by  the  natural  elasticity  of  its 
own  pressure.  From  this  peculiarity 
the  name  arose,  in  allusion  to  the 
action  of  the  sphincter  muscle,  which 
naturally  remains  in  a  state  of  con- 
traction. The  illustration  is  from  an 
original  of  gold,  which  possesses  all 
the  elastic  property  described, 

S  P  I'R  A  foirdpo).  A  circular 
body  forming  a  succession  of  twists 
or  coils ;  whence  the  following 
special  applications. 

1.  A  ceil  of  ropes.  Pacuvius  ap. 
Fest.  s.  -v. 

2.  An  ornament  worn  by  women, 
which  appears  to  have  been  a  sort  ot 
wreath  with  many  pendants  to  it, 
tvrined  and  interlaced  round  the  head, 
like  the  coils  and  heads  of  the  ser- 
pents commonly  represented  on  the 


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6i6  snuuLA. 

edge  of  Minerva's  tegis,  and  on  fhe 
head  of  Medusa.  Plm.  B.  N.  ix.sS. 
Compare  Val.  Flacc,  tI.  396. 

3.  The  Etiing  or  tie  with  which 
the  bonnet  {galems)  of  tlie  Saiian 
priests  was  fastened  under 
the  chin,  as  exhibited  by 
the  annexed  wood-cut, 
from  a  marble  bas-relief  -  , 
of  Roman  sculpture.  Tuv.    iA^i 

viii.  208.  r// 

4.  A  particular  kind  of  biscuit  or 
pastry,  made  in  a  spiral  form.     Cato, 

R.  R.  7?.  . 

5.  The  *njE  of  a  cohiimi  (Festus 
s.  11.  Vitrav,  iii.  5.  Plin.  H.  N. 
xxsvi.  56.),  which  rests  upon  the 
plinth (///n!':4iij'),  ornpoii  acontinued 
basement  {fiediiim)  Instead  of  a  plinth. 

single  torus  surmounted  by  an  astra- 
^1,  as  in  the  Tuscan  and  Roman 
Doric  orders ;  or  of  an  upper  and 
lower  torus,  divided  by  a  scotia  and 
lillets  {quadra),  and  with  oi  without 
the    astragal,    as     in    thi 


example,  representing  a  very  beautiful 
and  simple  specimen,  now  known  as 
the  "Attic  base,"  in  which  form  it 
was  applied  to  the  Ionic  and  Co- 
rinthiaji  orders.     The   Greek  Doric 

SPI^'^ULA.  Diminutive  of 
Spira,  5.  (Serv.  ad  Virg.  jEn.  ii. 
317.);  of  Spira,  4.  (Aniob.  ii.  73). 

SPLENIATUS.  Covered  with 
patches  of  sticking-plaster  {splenmm). 
Mart.  X.  23. 

SPLE'NIUM  {a'Kkhvmv).  An  ad- 
hesive plaster,  spread  upon  white 
Imen  or  leather  (Plin.  Ep.  vL  Z2. 
Ov.  A.  Am.  iiL  202.),  and  worn  in 
patches  upon  the  fece  to  conceal  any 
defect,  sore,  or  scar  (Mart.  ii.  29.  10. 
Id.  viii.  33.),  like  oixT  s/icMng-filaiter. 

SPOLIA'RIUM.  An  tindnssing 
room,  in  which  the  arms  and  clothing 


SPONDA  ULES. 

were  stripped  from  the  gladiators 
who  were  slain  in  combat  (Senec 
Ep.  93.  Lamprid.  Cammed.  18.  and 
19.  Inscript.  ap.  Grut.  489.  iz.); 
whence  the  term  is  also  applied  gene- 
rally to  any  place  in  which  a  person 
is   plundered    or  mui-dered.      Senec. 

2.  An  undressing  room  in  a  set  of 
liaths  (Gloss.  Jsidor,);  same  as  Apo- 
DYTERiTiM  ;  but  this  usage  of  the 
word  rests  upon  no  other  authority 
than  the  one  cited. 

SPON'DA  {4^hwTov).     Any  one  . 
of  the  four  bars  in  the  frame  of  a 


sofe,ora 

bedstead  {lecliis),  to  which 

a'ffi^d  '("1 

the   mattress 

(ioras)   ai 

!.  Sat  97.  4. 

Ov.  Met. 

viii.  656),   a 

the  above 

But  when  the 

bedstead 

urnished  with 

sides  and  a  backboard 
0 

plu/cm),  as  m 

the  annexed  example  from  a  Roman 
bas-reiief,  the  open  rail  or  front,  at 
which  the  occupant  got  into  it,  was 
termed  sponda  more  expre^y  (Mart. 
iiL  91.  Hor.  Epid.  iii,  22.),  and 
the  part  against  the  back  spoada 
mlSTTor.  Isidor.  Ori^.  xx.  11.  5. 
Suet,  Ctes.  49, 

2.   A  couch   or  bier   upon  which 
the  dead  were  carried  out.     Mart, 


-5-9- 

SPONDAU'LES  (t™ 
ausician  who  played  ai 
nent  upon  a  pair  of  lor 


I'BaiiMjs),   A 


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lon^a)  (M^niis.  Vicfoiin  1  2i^^ 
Diomed  m  472 )  to  fhe  hymns 
which  w  ere  sung  at  the  saci  ifice 
dunng  libation  as  shown  by  the  an 
nexed  illustritton  from  the  column 


of  Tnian  Tlie  minister  (camdlus) 
stands  in  fronl:  of  Che  altar  with  the 
incense  box  (acerra,  hence  litare 
aurra),  the  sfiandaules  with  a  pair 
of  pipes   behind    hini    and  Trajan 


left 


t  a  Mera  on  the  nght  side,  the 
of  the  group  in  the  original  com 
position  being  occupied  by  the  ^/la 
and  the  victim. 

SPON'SA,  SPON'SUS.  A  6^ 
irotAsd  couple;  but  not  yet  mained 
Amongst  the  Romans  yotrag  per 
sons  were  frequently  betrothed  to  each 
other  long  before  the  marriage  wis 
intended  to  take  place  ;  and  the  cere 
mony  was  performed  in  presence  of  the 
relatives  and  friends  of  both  parties, 


SPORTULA  617 

p-iit,  who  then  mutuaEy  joined  hands, 
and  pledged  themselves  to  one  an- 
other, as  represented  by  the  illustra- 
tion, from  a  Roman  bas-relief;  the 
man  then  put  a  ring  on  the  finger  of 
his  betrothed  for  a  token  of  fidelity. 
The  woman  was  termed  sperata, 
during  courtship ;  facta,  when 
the  lover  had  made  his  proposals, 
and  been  accepted  by  the  girl 
•ind  her  father ;  sponsa,  when  Chey 
had  mutually  pledged  their  faith ; 
and  nupta,  when  a  bride.  Non.  s.  -a.. 
P  439- 

SPORTAtiTOiipi!).  AroundpMted 
basket,  with  a  small  flat  bottom,  and 
handles  on  the  top  for  the  purpose  of 
suspending  it  from  the  arm,  or  on  a 
pole  ijugam),  when  carried  with  its 
contents  from  platfi  to  place.  It  was 
employed  for  many  uses  (folumell 
viii  7  I     Varro  ap 

49  )    and  especially  \ 

as  a  fishing  basl  et 

{Mart    X    ;  ■■ 

cipbr   Ep  1   I     ana 

wood  cut  s    Hami 

OTA )     The   example    is   from   tl  e 

statue  of  %  young  fisherman    in  the 

Royal  Neapol  fan  Museum 

bPORlELLA  {inrvplSov)  Di 
minuttve  of  Sporta  ;  especially  s, 
small  basket  in  which  cakes,  fruit, 
and  eatables  were  handed  round  at 
table.  Pet.  SiU.  40.  3.  Cic.  fam.  ix. 
20.     SueL  Dniri,  4. 

SPORTULA  {o-ituplSioy).  Di- 
minutive of  Sporta  ;  a  small  fishing- 
basltet  (PlauL  Shc/i.  ii.  2.  i5.  Apul. 
Mei,  I.  p,  19.),  like  the  preceding 
example.  It  would  appear  that  bas- 
kets of  this  descilption  were  also  em- 
ployed for  haaiding  round  certain 
kinds  of  eatables  at  table  ;  whence 
the  term  was  adopted  to  signify  a 
dole,  consisting  of  a  small  basket  of 
provisions,  given  by  great  personages 
to  their  clients  Biid  retainers,  as  a 
substantia]  return  for  the  court  paid 


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6l8  SPUMA. 

compliments.  Latterly;  as  manners 
grew  more  refined  and  moials  less 
so,  the  dole  of  provisions  was  com- 
mufed  for  a  sum  of  money ;  whence 
a  gift  or  present  of  any  kind  was  also 
termed  a  sprtuta.  Juv.  iii.  294. 
Mart  siv,  125.     Plin.  Ep.  ii.  14.  4. 

SPU'MA  (sc.  caustka  01  Batava). 
A  pomade,  manufactured  hy  the 
Germans  and  Gauls,  from  goats' 
tallow  and  beech-wood  ashes,  and 
employed  for  the  purpose  of  giving  a 
light  hrown  tinge  to  the  hair.  Mart, 
xiv.  z6.  fd.  viii.  33.  20.  Also  termed 
Sapo. 

SQUA'MA  (A(7r!i,  cpoAd),  See 
LoRica,  3.  and  4. 

STABULA'RIUS.  hlivay-stable 
keeper,  who  keeps  a  set  of  stables,  and 
takes  in  horses  to' bait.     Ulp  !>'§.  4. 

2.  An  inn-keepey,  or  master  of  a 
stabulmn,  which  afforded  accommo- 
dation for  "man  and  beast."  Senec. 
Ben.  i.  14.     AptiL  Mel.  i.  p.  13. 

STAB'ULUM  (oTBflnJj).  In  a 
general  sense,  any  standing-place 
(from  stare)  which  serves  as  an 
abode  or  shelter  for  man  or  beast ; 
as  a  stable  for  horses  (Vii^.  Geerg. 
iii.  184.  Equile);  a  pen  or  fold  for. 
sheep  and  goats  (73.  ill.  295.  jSn.  x. 
723.) ;  a  shed  or  stall  for  oxen  (Colu- 
raelL  vi.  23.  BubIle)  ;  an  aviary  for 
poultry  and  domestic  birds  (ColmneH. 
viii.  I.  3.  OrhITHON.  Chors);  a 
shed  for  bee-hives  (Id.  ix.  6.  4. 
AriAHiUM) ;  a  stock  pond  for  fish. 
{Id.  viii,  17.  7.  Piscina.) 

2.  (nai/SoKtloi').  An  inn  atpuihc- 
house,  for  the  temporary  accommo- 
dation of  travellers.  (Pet.  Sal.  vi. 
8.  Id.  xvi.  4,  Plin.  Ep.  vi.  19.  4.) 
A  dL^inction  between  the  slabulum 
and  caupona  is  drawn  in  the  Pandects 
(Ulp.  Dig.  4.  9,  I.),  though  without 
any  particulars  (o  explain  the  differ- 
ence. But  lo  judge  from  the  general 
meanings  of  the  two  words,  and  the 
particular  applications  given  to  them, 
we  may  conjecture  that  the  latter  was 
only  intended  for  the  reception  of 
lodgers   who   travelled   on  foot,   the 


former  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
horse  as  well  as  its  rider.  Such 
a  distinction  would  be  perfectly  con- 

the  keepers  of  many  public-houses 
at  this  day  do  not  take  horses 
in  to  bait ;  but  amongst  the  Ro- 
mans  it  would  be  the  more  neces- 


wealthy  enough  to  use  , 
horses  and  carriages,  generally  took 
advantage  of  private  hospitality,  in- 
stead of  resorting  to  an  inn.  A  sia- 
dulum,  thus  understood,  would  then 
be  an  establishment  of  much  less 
common  occurrence  than  the  eaupona, 
and  probably  always  opened  on  the 
roadside,  or  near  the  entrance  of  a 
town,  at  which  persons  coming  from 
the  country  colUd  put  up  their  horses 
and  carriages,  without  driving  them 
through  the  streets ;  whereas  the  fou- 
pona  was  mostly  in  the  heart  of  the 
city.  This  notion  is  further  confirmed 
by  the  discovery  of  an  inn  for  man 
and  beast,  just  outside  the  gates  of 
Pompeii,  on  the  road  toHerculanenm, 
having  a  very  iai^  range  of  stables 
attached  to  it,  in  which  the  skeleton  of 
anasswas  found,  aswell  as  several  bits, 
wheels,  and  other  pieces  of  harness. 

STADIOD'ROMUS  (ffraS.oBprf- 
nos).  One  who  runs  a  race  in  tlie 
Greek  stadium.  Plin.  H.N.  xxxviii. 
19- §3- 

STAiyiUItf  (o-TdSw^).  A  race- 
course for  /oat-racing,  so  named 
because  the  famous  race-course  at 
Olympia  measured  exactly  one  stade 
(trriXiov),  which  contained  6ooGreelc 
feet,  equal  to  6o6|  English,  andabout 
one-eighth  ofa  Roman  mile.  A  course 
of  this  description  usually  formed  one 
of  the  principal  appendages  to  the 
Greek  gvmnima  arid  Roman  therms, 
and  in  these  other  athletic  contests, 
as  well  as  foot-races,  were  exhibited ; 
but  separate  and  isolated  structures 
were  also  laid  out  for  the  same  pur- 
pose. In  its  general  plan  the  stadium 
approximated  very  closely  to  the 
Greek  hippodrome  and  the  Roman 


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;r  {spina) 


STALAGMIUM. 


circus,  without 
and  slalls  (mtcires),  forming . 
oblong  area,  tetminated  in  a  semi- 
circle at  one  end,  and  by  a  straight 
line  at  the  other,  the  seats  for  the 
spectators  being  sometimes  excavated 
on  the  slope  of  a  hill,  sometimes 
formed  upon  an  artilicial  embankment 
of  earth,  or  raised  vipoii  arches  of 
masonry  and  brickwork  like  the  Ro- 
man circus.  The  names  appropriated 
to  the  several  parts  were  the  same  as 
those  employed  for  the  hippodrome ; 
with  the  exception  of  the  circular 
end,  which  had  a  special  term  of  its 
own,  being  called  the  <t^tvi&mt  (fun- 
da\,  either  from  its  elliptical  figure, 
or  its  resemblance  to  a  sling,  or  to 
the  bezel  of  a  ring;  but  this  was  not 
used  in  the  foot-race,  for  the  600  feet 
comprised  in  the  length  of  the  stadhttii 
extended  only  as  feir  as  the  straight 
sides  of  the  enclosure,  from  a,  the 
starting-place  (fi^effn),  to  the  two 
angular  projections  of 


STAMEN.  619 


B^ev^&vt\y  marked  B. 
The  illustration  represents  the  ground 
plan  of  a  stadium  at  Cibyra  (now  Bu- 
ras)  in  Lyda,  still  in  considerable  pre- 
servation; to  which  nothing  is  added 
but  the  two  projecting  walls,  near  the 
circular  extremity  on  the  inside,  for 
the  purpose  of  showing  the  n^tvihvn, 
and  these  are  copied  from  existing 
remains  in  the  stadium  at  Ephesus.  It 
stands  on  a  hill-side,  from  which  a 
certain  portion  is  cut  away  to  form  a 
long  flat  terrace,  having  its  outer 
edge  bounded  by  a  walled  embank- 
ment represented  by  the  double  lines 
on  the  top  of  the  plan,  and  sufiid- 
ently  deep  to  carry  several  rows  of 
seats  arranged  along  it ;  the  opposite 
side,  and  the  circular  end  is  exca- 
vated out  of  the  slope  of  the  hill, 
which  is  cut  into  twenty-one  rows  of 
seats,  rising  like  steps  one  above  the 
other,  and  subdivided  by  staircases, 


STALAG'MIUM.      An  ear-ring, 

furnished  with  one  or  more  drops  of 

g  Id   p      Is   bead     or  precious       g 

h   h   d  pend  from  it     A 

dm  h     mipe  of  a  drop     « 

if       /la),  which  is     U 

h    Greek  word     a 


ed 


h 


Plant-  (   \ 
The  annexed  I     B 
I?   d    an  example,   ^^ 
m  m  the  British  Mu- 

TAMEN  'hm")-  A  spun 
L      d  Her      .  76.);  consisting 

several  fibres  drawn  down  from 
le  top  of  the  distaff  {folus ;  deducsre 
amina  colo.     TibuU.  i.  3.  86.),  and 


torque.  Ov.  Met.  xii.  475.) 
and  the  rotary  motion  of  the  spindle 
{films),  as  it  hung  in  a  perpendi- 
cular  line  from  the  distaff,   the  up- 


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620  STAPES. 

2.  Tlie  warp  or  warp-tlireads 
upright  loom,  at  which  the  w^ 
stood  instep  of  sitting. 
(Varro,  L.  L.  v.  113. 
Ov.  Mil.  tI.  54.  55. 
58,  Senec,  Ep.  90.) 
They  were  extended 
in  a  perpendicular  di- 
rection from  the  waqj- 
beam  (iiisuiulum),  or 
from  the  yoke  of  the 
loom  (jugum),  as  ex- 
hibited in  the  annesed  tigui .,  .^._ 
sentiiig  Circe's  loom  in  the  Vatican 
VirgQ ;  and  formed  the  groundwork 
into  which  the  threads  of  the  woof 
[subiemen)  were  inserted ;  whence  the 
term  is  also  given  to  any  thing  made 

of  thread,  as  a  garment  (Claud,  in 
Eub-op.  i,  304.};  or  a  fillet  round  the 
head.     Prop.  iv.  9,  52. 

3.  The  airings  of  a  lyre  (Ov.  Met. 
xi,  169.};  so  named  from  the  resem- 
blance which  they  bote      ,  , 

to  the  warp  threads  of      -'^^ 

an    upright    loom, 

exhibited    b}     the 

neied    figure    ft  Dm 

pamtmg  m  the  N: 

niin      sepulchre      r 

STAPES  or  STAPIA  A  woid 
found  in  some  inscriptions,  evidently 
not  of  an  early  character,  in  which  it 
signifies  ft  stirrup.  It  appeals  to  be 
formed  from  the  German  staff,  a  step ; 
and  though  itiserted  in  the  Latin  dic- 
tionaries is  to  be  considered  as  a  word 
of  modern  invention,  for  which  there 
is  no   ancient   authority.     Compare 

STATE'RA,  A  steel-yard;  an 
instrument  of  much  later  mvention 
than  the  balance  (liira).  It  consisted 
of  the  yard  {scapus)  divided  into 
fractional  parts  by  points  (puncta), 
and  suspended  from  above  by  a  hook 
or  chain,  called  the  handle  (ansa). 
The  short  end  of  the  yard  was  fur. 
nished  with  a  hook,  to  which  the 
objects  to  be  weighed  were  fixed,  and 
sometimes  with  a  scale  (laneuta)  for 
holding  them ;   the  longest  end,  on 


by  Vitruvius  aie  eihibLted  iv 

nexed  figures,    both  fiom   oiigmils 

discovered  at  Pompeii. 

z  Sometimes  nsed  without  discn 
mination  for  /lira,  a  Maiiee  Pet 
^"f  35   4-   &uet    Verp  35 

3    A  cuinde  bai  or  joke,  placed 


and  to  which  the  pole  {femo)  was 
attached,  as  in  the  annexed  example 
from  a  painting  at  Pompeii.  Stat. 
Sylv.  iv.  3.  35- 

3.  A  kind  of  dish,  probably  of  a 
flat  circular  form,  like  the  se^e  ap- 
pended to  the  steel-yard  in  the  first 
example.  Com.  Nepos.  ai.  Plin. 
H.  N.  xxxiii.  52. 

STATO'RES.  Officials  or  public 
servants  who  attended  upon  Roman 
magistrates  in  the  provinces,  and  more 


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especially  employed  for  carrying  let- 
ters, messages,  dispatches,  &c.  (Cic. 
Fam.  ii.  17.  ib.  19.  x,  21.)  Their 
office  was  abolished  by  Septimius 
Severus,  and  the  duties  discharged 
by  them  transferred  to  the  military. 
Lamprid.  Alex.  Sev.  52.  Ulp.  Dig. 
I,  16.  4. 

STATUA(af!p.(Ii)  Thestatneof 
a  man,  as  distinguished  from  sieniim 
the  statue  of  a  deity.  Plaut  Eauch 
IT.  3.  I.    Cic  Pis.  38 

STECA  (oT^ij).  A  word  merely 
transferred  from  the  Greek  signifying 
the  deck  of  a  ship  (Pkut  Btcch  11 
3.  44.  Id.  Slick.  Ill  I  12  )  for 
which  the  Romans  use  the  expression 
Constejvtom  NAVis,  Under  Bliich  an 
illustration  is  given. 

STE'LE  (oT^M,).  A  word  meiely 
transferred  from  the  Oreek  (Plin. 
H.  N.  vi.  32.) ;  for  which  the  genuine 
Latin  term  is  Cippus. 

STEMMA  {rrrdii/ux).  Properly 
speaking  a  Greek  word,  in  which 
language  it  signified  a  garknd  or 
wreath  bound  round  with,  fillets  of 
wool,  and  worn  as  a  chaplet  on  the 
head,  or  employed  as  a  decoration  for 
other  objecis,  as  wdl  as  the  person 
<CoEONA  Infula).  But  the  Romans 
adopted  the  term  in  a  n)ore  special 
sense  to  designate  a  long  scroll  deco- 
rated with  garlands,  and  having  a  list 
of  the  famuy  names  emblazoned  on 
it,  wh  ch  It  w  as  customary  to  hang 
upon  the  ancestral  busts,  as  they 
stood  in  then  cases  (sdi-aie)  round 
the  itrium  (Plm  ff  N  xx^y  2. 
Senec  Bei  11  28)  whence  the 
woid  came  also  to  signify  a  giiiea 
logical  tree  pedigiee  or  lineal  'tern 
Suet   CoU  2      Acru    jj      Mart    > 

STCREOB  ATA       {Vitruv     iv 

STIBAD  lUM  A      circular 

dining-couch,  adapted  to  a  round 
table  (Plin.  Ep.  v.  6.  36.  Mart.  xiv. 
87.  Sidon.  £fi.  i.  11.  Serv.  adVirg. 
jSii.     L     698.) ;     otherwise    called 

SlQMA. 

STIG'MA  (arijfia).     Literally,  a 


'LVS.  621 


marls  made  by  puncture  ;  whence,  a 
brand,  or  mark  ^sricia^  into  {scrifitam 
imcriftum.  Quint.  viL  4.  14. 
Sen.  Ben.  iv.  37.),  or  stamped  upon 
{iinpressum.  Pet.  Sat.  105.  II. )>  the 
forehead  of  a  slave  (Id.  103,  2  and 
4.),  convicted  of  thieving,  running 
■,  &C.     A  single  letter,  such  as 

deemed  sufficient  for  tlie  purpose  ; 
but  the  last  passage  cited  from  Pe- 
tionius  expressly  mentions  an  entire 
word,  if  not  a  sentence,  in  laige 
letters  covering  the  face. 

2.  A  marlc  priclced  into  the  arm 
of  conscripts  (Veg.  MU.  i.  8.  Id.  ii. 
5  )  after  they  had  been  approved  as 
capable  of  miUtary  duty,  in  order  that 
they  might  be  called  out  when  re- 
quii'ed ;  and  hkewise  upon  labourers 
employed  in  the  state  factories  to 
prevent  them  from  desertmg  their 
employments,  atnd  accepting  work 
from  other  mas  ers.  (Impp.  Arcad. 
Honor.    Cod.     II.    9-    3-)      The 

hand.      Imp.  Zeno,  Cod.  42.  10, 

STIGMATTAS  (orry/^fw).  A 
slave  marked  with  the  stigma.  Cic. 
Off.  ii.  7. 

STIGMO'SUS.  (Pet.  Sat.  109. 
S. )     Same  as  the  preceding. 

STIL'US  01  STYL'US  (7po*(s). 
An  instrument  made  of  iron  or  bone 
(Isidor.  Or^.  vL  9.),  pointed  at  one 
end,  but  having  a  broad  flat  blade  at 
the  other  (Sympos.  jEnigin.  i.),  and 
nployed  for  writing  upon    tablets 


[X> 


covered  with  a  thin  coat  of  wax 
(Plaut.  Bacch.  iv.  3.  79.  and  91.). 
The  point  served  for  tracing .  the 
letters,  and  the  fiat  end  for  making 
corrections  by  smoothing  over  the 
surfece  of  the  wax  so  as  to  obliterate 
(he  writing,  whence  the  expression 
vertere  stitum  (Hor,  Sat.  i.  10.  72.) 
means  to  erase  or  correct  the  compo- 
sition. Scholars  generally  trace  the 
woni  to  the  Greek  one,  otB^o!,  a 
pillar ;  but  as  the  best  Latin  anlho- 


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622  STUdULUS. 

rities  spell  it  with  an  i  instead  ol y, 
and  the  Latin  pennlt  is  short,  while 
tlie  Greek  one  is  Ions;,  it  is  more  pro- 
bable that  it  comes  from  ttTiMxn!,  a 
stalk,  which  is  also  one  of  the  mean- 
ings of  the  Latin  stilus  (Columell. 
xi.  3.46.  V.  10.  z.). 

2.  i'lilus  cacHi ;  the  spike  of  a 
caltrop,  which  was  placed  upon  the 
ground,  so  f  hat  it  would  be  concealed 


by  herbage,  while  it  effectually  dis- 
abled cavalry  from  advancing.  (Hirt. 
B.  Afr.  31.  Sil.  Ital.  x.  414.)  The 
example  is  from  an  original, 

3.  The  pin  or  index  of  a  sundial 
(Mart.  Capell.  vi.  194.)  ;  otherwise 
called  Gnomon,  under  which  an  ex- 
ample is  given. 

4.  A  bronze  needle,  or  sharp- 
pointed  rod,  employed  for  destroying 


I   fniit  t 


Paikd. 

5.  A  wooden  probe  employed  in 
the  kitchen  garden  for  inoculating 
the  seed  of  one  plant  into  the  pithy 
stalk  of  a  different  species.  Columell. 
Ki-  3-  53- 

STIM'ULUS  {KtWpov).      A  goad 


ivith  fu 
imployed  for  driving  a 


horses,  mules,  and  slaves.  Tibul.  i. 
I.  10.  Columell.  ii.  2.  26.  Sil.  Ital. 
viL  702.  Plant.  Most.  \.  1.  54.)  The 
example  is  from  a  terra-cotta  at  Vel- 
letri,  after  Ginzrof. 

2.  Stimulus  cuspidatus  ralla.  A 
goad  with  a  spud  (rallum)  affixed  to 
one  end,  which  was  employed  by  the 


fixed  i 


STL  A  TA. 

his  oxen.      Plin.  H.  ,V.  xviii.  49.  §2. 
The  example  is  from  an   Etruscan 

STI'PES  {mhros).  A  round  state 
'  *  the  ground  (Festus 
!.».);  as  a  land  mark  (Ov.  ^a 
Fast.  ii.  642. ) ;  as  a  stay  for  ^ra 
tethering  other  things  to  (Id.  if 
iv.  331,  Suet.  Nera,  29.),  or  rfffl 
for  supporting  them,  as  in  the  [Mffl 
annexed  example  from  the  |^a| 
column  of  Trajan,  which  re-  [iSM 
presents  the  manner  in  which  '-^^^ 
the  soldiery  piled  their  helmets  and 
shields  when  engaged  upon  field 
works,  making  fortifications,  &c, 

2.  A  stake  set  up  for  practising 
recruits  at  their  exercises  (Mart.  vii. 
32.)  ;  same  as  Palus. 

STI'VA  (Ix"Aj,).  The  fil<«igh- 
staff^  or  handle  of  a  plough  ;  consist- 
ing, in  its  simplest  form,  of  a  single 
upright  branch  (Varro,  Z.  L.  v.  135.), 
formmg  part  of  the  same  piece  as  the 


plough-tail  (burii^,  which  the  plough- 
man held  in  his  left  hand  to  guide 
the  machine,  or  pressed  down  to 
make  the  shaie  penetrate  the  ground, 
in  the  manner  shown  by  the  annexed 
example,  from  a  Roman  bas-relief; 
which  also  graphically^llustrates  such 
expressions  as  sthi^  pmm  rectus  inni- 
titur  {Columell.  i.  g,  3.) ;  sthia  iff 
nixus  (Ov.  Met.  -viii  218.)  ;  stivam 
premens  (Id.  Fast  iv.  826.).  Other 
plough-staffs,  upon  a  more  improved 
plan,  are  exhibited  under  the  words 
Aratrum  and  Bura. 

STLATA.  A  particular  kind  of 
sea-going  vessel  (Aul.  GelL  x.  25. 
Auson.  Ep.  xxii,  31.),  constructed 
with  an  unusual  breadth  of  beam, 
and  lying  low  upon  the  water  (Fes- 


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fl  aim  with        ps 

but  put  on  as  an  tndumenlum  <Senec. 
Vit.  B.  13. },  over  the  chemise  {lunica 
inlima),  and  fastened  with  a  double 
girdle  {luccincta,  Emi.  af.  Non.  p. 
198.),  one  under  the  breast,  and  the 
othe  over  the  1  ps,  so  as  to  produce 
an  ample  d  splay  of  small  i  egi  la 
folds  {ru^a;  Ma  L  03  )  when  con 
p  eased  by  and  d  a  vn  th  ouj,!  s 
ga  u  es    Thus 


cial  charade   of 

which  is  mves  ga  ed  nder  ttia 
word,  and  appears  :^eth  -^  h  the 
garment  to  wl  ch  t  was  a  t^  hed  o 
be  exemplified  by  the  long  train  de- 
pending behind,  and  covering  the  back 
part  of  the  feet  of  the  annexed  figure, 
from  a  painting  in  the  Thermse  of 
Titus,  supposed  to  personify  Veluria, 
tlie  mother  of  Coriolanus. 

2.  (moAj,).  The  Greeks  made  use 
of  the  term  in  a  more  general  sense, 
applying  it  to  any  kind  of  robe  worn 
by  men  as  well  as  women  ;  and  in 
this  they  were  followed  by  the  elder 


STRACULUM. 


•A-i.     Enni 


3"^A1, 

orn  by  musicians  {\ 
3.  3O,  and  possess. 

g  considerable  re- 
emblaiice     to     the 

male  robe  described 
bove,  for  it  was  of 
onsideraUe  length, 

id  mademuch  wider 
bottom    thai 


>  that 


ould   trail  c 

ound  beliind,  as  J 
there  were  an  imfil: 
attached  to  it.  Th 
illustration,  from  : 
statue  of  Apollo  in 
the  Vatican,  will  establish  the  above- 
mentioned  afBiiity,  and  thus  account 
for  the  name  ;  though  it  was  more 
commonly  termed  /a?/o  ciikariEdrca. 

4,  At  a  later  period,  a  robe  worn 
by  certain  priests  (Apul.  Met.  xi. 
P  257.);  probably  of  a  similar  cha- 
racter to  the  last  example. 

STOLATA.  Wearing  the  robe 
of  a  Roman  matron  (Pet.  Sia.  44. 
l3.),  as  described  and  illustrated  s. 
Stola,  I. ;  particularly  as  uidicative 
of  a  chaste  and  virtuous  female 
{whence  pudor  stdlatus.  Mart,  i.  36.), 
hccause  women  of  abandoned  charac- 
er,  or  who  had  been  divoi'ced  on 
he  ground  of  adultery,  ivere  not  per- 
mitted to  wear  that  article  of  attire. 

STOR'EA  andSTO'RIA.  A 
overing  or  a  mat,  made  of  rushes  or 
s  ring.  C:es.  B.  C.  ii.  9.  Liv.  xxx. 
,  Plin.  H.  N.  XV.  18.  5  I. 

STRA'GULUM  (BTpSjia).  A 
general  term  for  any  thing  which  is 
spread  out  or  over  something  else,  to 
make  an  under  coverlet  for  lyingupon; 
more  particularly  applied  to  the 
articles  used  for  laying  over  the 
mattress  of  a  sleeping  bed  (Cic. 
Tm^.  V.  21.  Van-o,  L.  L.  v.  167. 
Senec.  £p.  87.);  or  a  bier  opon 
which  the  corpse  is  laid  out  (Pet.  Sat. 
42.  6.  Id.  78.  1.)  ;  in  all  which  pas- 
sages' the  term  is  used  to  distinguish 


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624  STKATOR. 

the  undef  sheet  or  blanket  upon  which 
the  body  reposes,  as  contradistinct 
from  the  upper  one,  or  coverlet  [operi~ 
mentum,  Bpirt<iriam\,  thrown  over  it. 
2.  (^irffi\ij/ia. )  A  caparison  for 
riding  horses  (Mart.  xiv.  86.) ;  placed 
under  the  padsaddle  [ephifpiuni),  or 
used  mstead  of  it,  and  consisting  of 
the  furred  skin  of  some  wild  beast, 
such  as  the  lion  or  tiger  (Virg.  J^n. 
viii.  553.  Sil.  Ital.   v.    14S.),  of  suffi- 


arly  tlie  whole 
body  of  the'animal  (Virg.  /.  c.\  like 
the  sheep  skms  of  oui  heavy  cavalry, 
ind  the  example  above  &om  a  Greek 
t  the  fur    and  then 


n  %de  of  kather  covered  jMsr  with 
t,Lile  1  nout  (\ir4,  £«  xi  770.), 
hke  the  piesent  eiample  from  the 
Thejdoaian  column,  which  exactly 
resembles  m  its  outhne  the  caparisons 
now  used  m  onr  light  cavalry  regi- 

&TRATOR  (ovafloXEKs).  A 
soldier  who  acted  as  mihtary  groom, 
or  equerry  to  the  emperor  and  to  a 
consul  or  prstorm  the  Roman  armies 
(Ulp.   Dig.  i,   16.  4.);   It  being  his 


duty  ti 


STRIA  TUS. 


irchase  cavalry  horses  for 
me  service  of  the  commander  (Ara- 
raian.  xxix.  3.  J.),  as  well  as  to  saddle 
them,  lead  them  out,  and  assist  the 
officer  in  mounting  (Id.  xxx.  5.  ig. 
Spart.  CaracaU.  7, ),  aa  stumps  were 
not  brought  into  use  until  a  very  late 
period.  The  illustration  represents 
an  equeny  of  this  description,  holding 
the  emperor's  horse,  from  the  column 
of  Trajan.      "  ■ 


cloak,  paludamenium,  thus  indicat- 
ing tha.t  his  rank  was  considerable. 
Other  examples  are  frequently  re- 
presented on  the  triumplial  arches 
and  columns,  both  with  and  without 
this  cloak,  though  always  in  military 
costmne  ;  but  civilians  of  rank  and 
fovtmie  also  kept  servants  who  psr- 
led  the  same  duties,  and  went  by 


the  SI 


,e  desii 


STRE'NA.  A  present  which  the 
Romans  were  accustomed  to  send  to 
one  another  on  a  festal  day,  or  clients 
to  their  patrons,  and  citizens  to  the 
emperor ;  more  particularly  on  the 
calends  of  January,  as  a  new  year's 

gift.    Festus  s.  -a.     Suet.  Aug.  57.  Id. 
Cai.  42. 
STRIA    {Wos,   luorpft).      The 

Jlule  of  a  column,  including  the  list 
31    fillet  between   two  channels,   as 
well  as  the  channel  itself      Vitmv, 
li.  5.  14.  Id.  iv.  4.  2. 
STRIATU'EA  (edBSa^u-i^).     The 

fluting  of  columns.      (Vitruv.    iv.  3. 

9.)    Stria. 

STRIA'TUS  (pneSaiTris).  Fluted, 
like  a  column.     Vitruv.  vii.  5.  3. 


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STEIGILECVLA. 


of 

STRIG'ILIS  (crTAeyyfi.  £i«n-pi!). 
A  strigil  or  seraper^  employed 
Greece  and  Italy  (or  scrap- 
ing off  the  moisture  and 
impurities  thrown  out  upon 
the  smface  of  the  skin  by 
the  heat  of  the  vapour  bath, 


r  the  1 


ilent   f 


e  of 


paliEstra. 
iv.  12.  Suet.  Aug.  80.  Pers. 
V.  126.)  It  was  made  of 
iron  or  bronze;  with  a  han- 
dle, into  which  the  hand 
could  be  inserted  {dansula\ 
and  a  curved  blade  (Mart.  xiv.  51.) 
hollowed  into  a  channel  [pab%Uatio), 
down  nhidi  the  moisture  and  per- 
spurahon  would  flow  as  in  a  gutter 
(Apul  Flor.  ii.  9.  2.}.  When  used, 
the  ed^e  was  lubricated  with  a  few 
drops  of  oil  {unctus,  Juv.  iii.  262. )  to 
prevent  abrasion  of  the  skin.  The 
example  which  possesses  all  the  pro- 
perties enumerated,  is  copied  nom 
an  original  of  bronze,  discovered  at 
Pompeii,  together  wich  three  others, 
upon  a  nng^  which  also  held  an  oU 
f^sk  {an2^/i!a),  and  ashallow  pan  with 
a  handle  {scafkium) ;  the  whole  as 
n  erUioned  by  Plautus  (Pers.  i.  3.  44. ). 
The  method  of  using  it  is  shown  by 
the  woodcut  s.  Aliptes. 

z  (ojTO'X'Wi.)  A  surgical  m- 
strument  for  introducing  lotions  into 
the  ear  (Celsus.  -n.  7.  Plin.  H.  N. 
ixv  103  ) ;  which  may  be  readily 
imagmed  to  have  received  the  name 
from  bemg  formed  with  a  hollow 
cliannei  down  its  length,  like  that  of 
the  scjaper  above  described. 

STRO'MA  (o-rpi^).  (CapitoL 
^ffl-.  4.)  A  Greek  word,  correspond- 
ing with  the    Latui    Stragulum  ; 

STROPHIA'RIUS.  One  who 
makes  and    sells   strophia.      Plant. 

STROPHTOLUM.  Diminutive 
of  StrOphiUm.  a  small  chaplet  or 
twisted  hand  for   the    head.       Plin. 


TertuU      Coi 


V 


H.    N.   : 
15- 

STROPH'IUM  (ffrp^ifwi')  A 
sash,  or  rather  scarf  {mttro),  twisted 
or  rolled  up  into  a  long,  loiind,  and 

strofkio,  Catull.  Ixiv, 
65.  irtpo-iyiKii  Z4ivT\. 
Hesych.),  and  fast- 
ened round  the  bust 
close       under      the 

support  to  tlie  bosom 
for  young  women 
who  had  attained 
their  full  develop- 
ment. (Cic  Fragjn. 
ap.  Non.  s.  v.  p.  538, 
Catull.  /.  c).  It  was  not  Hat,  nor 
was  it  worn  next  the  skin,  like  the 
bosom  band  {mamillare),  but  over  a 
little  tunic  or  chemise  {tmdcula),  as 
is  clear  from  a  passage  of  Twpilius 
[ap,  Non.  /.  c),  in  which,  a  girl  is 
introduced  lamenting  the  loss  of  a 
letter  that  she  had  deported  feftBasr 
her  chemise  and  sirophimii  —  i-nUr 
vias  spistda  cscidit  nahi,  Infdix,  initr 
fHnmdian  et  sirophmni  quam  colloca- 
veram — and  precisdy  as  exhibited 
by  the  aimexed  figare,  from  a  statue 
believed  to  represent  a  youi^  Boric 
female,  dressed  for  the  toot-race 
(compare  Pausan.  v.  16.  2.,  who 
there  describes  a  costume  of  exactly 
the  same  character  as  the  one  here 
^own).  A  similar  appendage  is 
frequently  met  with  on  statues  and 
other  representations  of  Diana,  the 
huntress,  which  is  unaccountably 
mistaken  for  the  cMamys.  We  may 
also  infer  fiom  these  peculiar  in- 
stances, that  it  was  not  intended  as  a 
contrivance  for  compressing  tlie  form 
artificially,  nor  worn  by  all  feniales, 
but  only  by  those  whose  figures,  or 
active  habits  of  life,  rendered  such 
an  assistance  necessary. 

2.  A  wreath  worn  round  the  head, 
Virg.   Cop.    31.,  where  it  is  made  ol 

the  wood-cuts  J.  Corona, 


3.  The  cable  of  ai 


anchor. 


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626 


STRUCTOR. 


Met.  xi.  p.   250.     Ancorale,    and 

STRUCT'oR  {TpairtfoiroiJj).  A 
slave  whose  duty  it  was  to  arrange 
the  several  dishes  of  each  course 
npon  Ihe  trays  (fenula,  Serv.  ad 
Vii|;.  jSji.  i.  704.))  snd  place  them 
in  proper  order  m  the  dinner-basket 
(r^siiotium.  Pet.  Sat.  35.  2. ) ;  ■ 
sometimes  also  to  take  upon  himself 
the  office   of  carrer  (Mart.   x.    48. 

cial  devices,  the  fruits  and  delicacies 
of  the  dessert.   Lamprid.  Elag.  27. 

STRUCTU'RA,  Generally,  the 
putting  together  of  things  in  r^ulac 
order  ;  whence  the  term  is  specially 
applied  to  designate  i/iasaniy,  or  the 
constructive  arrangement  of  stones  in 
a  i*all  (V  ruv  8  Plin  ZT  A 
XX.V  S  )  S»:  ifee  sty  es  a  e 
en  me  a  ed  n  he  p  a  ce  of  he 
Roman  and  G    ek  a   h  ects     each 


STRUFPUS. 

ashlar,  e,  bound  together  by  girders, 
F,  and  the  centi-al  part  filled  in  with 
rubble,  G  ;  6.  diamicloji,  which  is  the 
same  as  the  last,  without  the  girders. 
STRUPPUS  (rpoWj,  TfoitwTiip). 
A  twisted  thong  of  leather,  or  cord, 
by  whicli  the  oar  is  fastened  to  itf 
thowl   (scalmu )       (Vitrui   x    j    6 


rregnla  masonry  of 
no  squa  ed  no  cu  no  any 
form  B  3.  «^  mu  b  a  h  ar 
stones,  and  in  which  all  the 
are  of  the  same  height,  c  ;  4.  fiseud- 
isodonium,  also  ashmr,  and  of  lai^e 
stones,  but  in  which  the  courses  are 
of  different  relative  heights,  E ;  5. 
eniplecton,  in  which  both  the  outside 
surfaces  of  the  wall  are  formed   of 


Li\  ap  Isidor  Ong  \  \  4  9  ) 
The  contrivance  is  etpH  ned  by  the 
annexed  wood  cut  which  exhibits 
the  manner  of  fistening  the  oars  in 
tiie    Mediterranean    galleys    of   the 

2  The  hong  of  a  pala  qum 
ilea)  (Grac  hu  a/  G  x  3  2  } 
by  whi  h  he  on  eyance  wa  a 
a  hed  o  a  y  ng  pole  ru  )  as 
an  oa  IS  o  ts  thowl  I  was  fas 
en  d  do  n  if  ^  tr)  o  he  shaf  s 
amtss     Ik     the   ba  k  baud    of  a 


-u  d    th     carrj  n 
h  ouch  wh   h    ai 

po   ed  he  carnage  by  < 
hou  ders  of     e  beare  ■s. 


nport    j 


1  palanqu  n 


g  a  pah 
A  ho  igh  he  1  u 
a  ge  u  ne  G  eek  o     K      a 
little  doubt  will  be  fe      h 
trivance  employed  by   h  se 
was  the  same,   if  ref     n      I 
to  the  wood-cut  s.    Pha 
which  exhibits  the  s 
plied  in  a  very  similar  manne 
transport  of  a  butt  of  wine. 


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STYLOS  ATA. 


SUSyUGlUM. 


STYLOB'ATA  oi-  -ATES  [arvM-    them  it  that  tender   ije 
BiiTiji)     A.sty2obaU<ix  fcdtstal  ■  upon 


"\ar  /■  A'  II  5  ir)  \  sepa  ate 
stylobate  is  sometimes  placed  under 
each  column,  as  in  the'  annexed  ex- 
ample, representing  the  arch  of  Sep- 
timius  Severus  ;  at  others  a  long  con- 
tinuous one  is  constructed,  upon  which 
the  whole  range  rests ;  as  in  the  il- 
lustration I.  PltONAOS. 

STYLUS.     See  Stilus. 

SUA'RIUS  (fioSocrsiJi)-  A  smins- 
herd  (Plin.  H.  N.  viii.  77.)  ;  a  pig- 
dealer  (Id.  xxi.  7.  Inscript.  ap.  Orelll 
2672.)- 

SUAVIL'LUM  or  SAVII/LUM. 
A  sort  of  sweet  cake,  made  with  flour, 
eres,  cheese,  and  honey.     Cato,  R. 

SUBARMA'LE.  An  article  of 
clothing,  the  precise  nature  of  which 
is  not  satisfactorily  ascertained.  Some 
suppose  it  to  be  so  termed  from  pass- 
ing under  one  shoulder  {amats),  like 
an  ixomis  (see  the  wood-cut  i.v.'S; 
others  from  being  worn  under  the 
body  armour  {annd^,  like  the  eques- 
trian statue  of  N.  Balbus  (see  the 
wood-cut  s.  LORICA,  2.),  and  many 
of  the  soldiers  oh  the  triumph^ 
arches  and  columns.  Mart.  CapelL 
V.  136.  Spart.  Sev.  6.     Vopisc.  Au- 

SUBCENTU'RIO.  An  adjutant 
to  the  centurion,  by  whom  he  was 
selected  to  watch  over  and  protect 
his  superior  in  the  dangers  of  the 
field.     Liv.  viii.  8. 

SUBGRUNDA'RIUM.  A  pTace 
where  infants  who  died  before  they 
had  cut  their  teeth  were  deposited  ; 
for  it  was  not    customary  to  bum 


5to 


1   //  N- 


vii.  15  Jnv  \v  I-!?  )  The  __ 
lustiaiion  is  from  a  work  01  the 
antiqu  ties  of  Cadiz,  by  Jo  Bapt. 
Suarez,  which  also  accou  its  for  file 
peculiarity  of  the  term,  by  showing 
that  the  deposits  were  arranged  like 
swallows  nests  under  a  projecting 
roof  or  eaves  {sub  grundd) 

SUBJUGIUM    (^ta-oBov)       The 
unda  yoke    1  wooden  frame  fastened 


underneath  the  yoke  (jiigtii),  at  each 
of  its  extremities,  by  a  bolt,  or  a 
leathern  thong  {lorum '  subjugium, 
Cato,  X.  S.  Ixiii.  Id.  cxxxv.  5.), 
wliidi  rested  upon  the  animal's  neck, 
a.nd  endrcled  it  like  a  collar,  as  ex- 
hibited by  tlie  annexed  example, 
from  an  ancient  MS.  of  Hesiod. 
(Vitruv.  X.  3.  8-  Hesiod.  Op.  469, 
Callini.  Gram.  ap.  Prod,  ad  I.  ii4a- 
vaBa  flaSi  ivaUs.)  When  the  yoke 
itself  was  formed  with  two  curvatures 
at  its  extremities,  as  was  frequently 
the  case  (see  the  example  s.  Juguh), 
there  would  be  no  necessity  for 
these  additional  collars ;  but  their 
object  was  to  enable  the  carter,  or 
ploughman,  to  distribute  the  work 
between  two  animals  of  nnequal 
powers  in  a  proportion  suitable  to  the 
strength    of  each,    by   mailing    the 

SoinI  of  draught  farther  removed 
om  the  centre  on  one  side  than  on 
the  other,  which  would  throw  the 
most  work  upon  the  animal  nearest  to 


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po 


then 


UBL  C    US  ^   d       w    d  1 
pp  rt  d    po    p  See  P  n 

SUBLIGA'CDLUM      (SibCbm 
cloth  featened  round  the  v 
lassed  through 
the 


thighs,  and  festened 
onderthefork.  (Non. 
J.  V.  p.  29. ),  to  an- 
swer the  purpose  of 
drawers,     like     that 

tumblers  in  our  own 
streets,  as  shown  bjr 
the  annexed  example, 
from  a.  small  figure 
in  the  Collegio  Ro-  - 


It  1 


worn  upon  the  stage,  as  a  safeguard 
against  any  casual  or  Indelicate 
exposure  of  the  person.  Cic.  Ofi 
i.  35- 

SUBtlGAR,  (Mart.  iii.  87. 
Juv.  vi.  70.)   Same  as  the  preceding, 

SUBLIGA'TUS.  Wearing  the 
suiligar;  of  men,  as  shown  by  the 
preceding  example  ;  of  women  (Mart, 
vii.  67. ),  as  shown  by  the  annexed 
one,  representing  a  female  tumbler. 


SUBMIN'IA. 
lioned  by  Plant  1 


SUBSTJIUCTIO. 

in  a  catalogue  of  female  apparel.  Pro- 
bably, only  a  name  in  vt^ue  at  his 
day,  descriptive  of  a  reddish  tint 
{minium)  with  which  it  was  dyed. 

SUB'SCUS.  A  ls».m,  m  car- 
pentry, joinery,  &c.  ;  tiiat  is,  the  end 
of  a  piece  of  wood  ox  meliil  cut  or 
moulded  into  a  certain  form,  to  be 
received  into  a  hole  of  corresponding 
size  and  shape,  called  a  mortise 
(j*iit-iiWa),  for  the  joining  of  both 
together,  Vitruv.  x.  5.  2.   Id.  iv.  7.  4. 

SUBSEL'LIUM.  A  moveable 
ieiuA  or  /ona  supported  upon  legs, 
but  without  any  oack,  and  of  suffi- 
cient length  to  contain  several  per- 
sons upon  it  at  the  same  time  (Gel- 
sus,  vii.  26.  I.  Varro,  Z.  L.  v. 
rz8.);  especially  used  in  places 
where  a  number  of  people  are  assem- 
bled together ;  in  a  dining-room 
(Suet.  Tirait.);  auction-room  (Id. 
Cal.  39.);  senate-house  (Cic  Cat.  i. 
7.  Suet.  Claud.  23.)  ;  for  the  judges, 
lawyers,  suitors,  and  witnesses  m  a 
court    of  justice.       (Cic,     Val.    14. 


Kosc.  Am.  6.)  The  example  is  from 
an  ori^nal  of  bronze  found  in  the 
baths  of  Pompeii. 

2.  In  the  theatre,  amphitheatre,  or 
circus  (Plaut  Amph.  Prai.  65.  Id. 
J^n.  Pivi.  5.  Suet.  Au^.  43.  and 
44.),  a  Ime  of  seats  encircling  the 
interior  of  the  edifice  (cavea),  and 
rising  in  tiers  or  steps  one  Over  the 
other,  as  explained  and  illustrated 
I.  Geadus,  3. 

SUBSTRUC'TIO  (Ivi.Mm'')-  A 
wall,  pier,  buttress,  or  any  work  of 
like  nature,  constructed  underground 
as  a  foundation  (Vitruv.  vi.  II.  5.); 
or  above  ground  as  an  underprop  to 
support  a  superincumbent  structure 
(Liv.  xxKviii.  28.  Dionys.  iii.  69.); 
such,  for  example,  as  the  elder  Tar- 
quin  is  reputed  to  have  raised  on  the 
Capitoiine  hill,  for  tlie  purpose  of 


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SUBTEMEN. 

forming  a  level  platfoiit 
■'      ■        '       '  Jupiter 
if  whieh 

taut ;  or  those  on  the  side  of  the  same 
hill -feeing  the  forum,  which  were 
executed  by  Q.  Catnlus  as  a  support 
for  the  tahdarium,  (Inscript.  ap. 
Orelli,  3267.),  and  still  remain  ex- 
posed to  view  in  a  state  of  consider- 
able preservation. 

SUBTE'MEN  or  SUBTEG'MEN 
(Rpifioj,  irjiipv)-  The  tik/I  or  nm^/in 
weaving;  that  is,  the  cross-lhread 
which  is  passed  alternately  under  and 
over  those  of  the  warp  (stajneii),  to 
make  a  piece  of  doth  (Varro  £.  L. 
V.  113.  Pin  ^  ^  M  28  Ov  Met 
vi.  55.)     The  illuitratLon  represents 


SUCCINCTUS. 


an  Egyptian  m  the  act  of  inserting 
the  weft  into  the  warp  upon  a  frame 
stretched  on  the  groiind  Though 
more  like  mat  making  than  weaving 
it  exhibits  the  ohject  and  proceia  dis 
tinctly,  as  a  part  of  the  warp,  on  which 
he  sits,  is  seen  by  itself  while  the 
other  half  is  already  interlaced  by  the 
weft  loosely  inserted  and  not  driven 
up  dose  by  the  batten. 

SUBU'CULA.  The  inne 
tunic,  made  of  woollen  (Suet, 
8a.),  and  worn  next  the  skin  under 
the  regular  outer  one  (Hor.  Ef. 
95.),  which  then  was  specially  d 
nated  indusium  or  suppantSs  a& 
ing  to  the  style  in  which  it  was  made. 
Vano,  L.  L.  V.  131.  Id.  ap.  Non. 
p.  542.)  It  had  long  sleeves,  which 
the  outer  one  had  not,  and  was  worn 
by  both  sexes,  though  some  scholars 
confine  it  to  the  male  attire,  co 
to  the  express  testimony  of  Varro 
(/.  f.),  by  whom  it  is  also  enumerated 
amongst  the  articles  of  female 


relief;  find  two  terra-cottas  of  the 
Museo  Borbonico  (xiv.  37.)  repre- 
sent a  male  and  female  both  draped 
in  a  very  similar  manner,  with  two 
tunics,  the  nndemeatli  one  in  both 
cases  having  long  sleeves. 

SU'BULA  (aireai).  A  leather- 
closec's  and  shoemaker's  awl.  (Mart, 
i,  16.  Columell.  vi. 


S.>     The    , 


mple 


is  copied  from  a 
pulchral  sfone,  found  on  the  Via 
Cassia,  and  bearing  an  inscription 
which  testifies  that  it  was  erected  in 
memory  of  the  wife  of  a  worker  in 
leather  [suter). 

SUBUL'CUS  (avfi^Tiz,  iipop&is). 
A  STi/iiteherd.     Vairo,  E.  Jl.  ii.  4-  ^O- 

SUCCI'DIA,  Pork  salted  or  cured, 
like  our  iacon  and  ham.  Vavro,  Z.L. 
V.  110.     Id.  Jf.R.ii.^  3. 

SUCCINCTUS  (iiro&io-Tos). 
Wearing  a  girdle  round  the  tunic, 
low  down  under  the  ribs  {from  the 
Greek  ^i(fw>io,  which  signifies  the 
diaphragm  or  midriff).  The  object 
of  this  was  not  simply  to  keep  the 
dress  closely  adjusted  to  the  figure, 
but  to  enable  the  wearer  to  shorten  it 
by  drawing  up  the  skirls  through  the 
belt  in  order  to  leave  the  lower  ex- 
tremities free  and  unembarrassed  by 
drapery  ;  consequently  the  usage  of 
the  teim  invariably  indicates  that  the 
person  to  whom  it  is  applied  is  en- 


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SUCCINGULUM. 


SUDARIUM. 

girtilc  or  a  belt,  worn  low  down  the 
figure,  just  round  the  diaphragm,  as 
explained  and  illustrated  under  the 
preceding  word.  Plaut  Me>i.  L  3.  17. 
SUCCOLLATUS.  Literally,  car- 
ried on  the  neck  and  shoulders.  (Suet. 
Otko.  6.  Varro,  M.  R.  iii.  16.  com- 
pared with  Virg.  Georg.  iv.  217.) 
But  the  verb  succollare  is  specially 
used  to  describe  the  method  of  carry- 
ing a  palanquin  (Isclica,  Suet.  Claud. 
10.),  and  olner  heavy  loads,  which 
was  effected  by  the  aid  of  a  pole 
(nJHT,  phalanga),  resting  Oil  the 
shoulders,  and  from  which  the  weight 


to  be  carried  was  suspended,  in  the 
manner  represented  by  the  annexed 
illustration  from  the  liilumn  of  Tra- 


The  I 


apphed  to  the  transpoit  of  a 
palanquin  is  explained  and  illustrated 
J.  Struppus,  2. 

SUC'ULA.  A  fn^/nn  ;  for  draw- 
ing weights,  constructed  upon  the 
same  principle  as  the  modem  ones. 
Vitmv,   X.   2.   2,      Cato,   K.  R.   xii. 

SUd'a'RIOLUM.  Apu].  Apol. 
p.  491.     Diminutive  of 

SUDA'RIUM  (Kai^iSpiTwi-}.  A 
cloth  or  handkerchief  carried  about 
the  person  or  loose  in  the  hand,  to 
ipe  perspiration  from  the  face,  and 


the    i 


i  the 


moHera^ktt-handiercMef.     (Quint. 

vi.  3.  60.  xi.  3.  148.    Suet.  Nero,  48. 

Catull.  xii.  14.  XXV.  7.)  It  is  carried 
the  left  hand  of  a  statue  belonging 
I  the  Farnese  collection,  and  sup- 
jsed  to  represent  a  Roman  empress. 


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SUFFIBULUM. 


lint  the  ob|eet  does  not  form  jnrt  of 
llie  general  diipery,  but  is  a  separate 


SUFFLAMEN.  631 

handkerchief  carried  in  the  hand,  as 
modem  females  cairy  theirs. 

SUDA'TIO,  -ATO'RIUM.  The 
siidalery  01  swealing-Toora  in  a  set  of 
baths  (Senec.  V.  B.  vii.  7.  Id.  Ep. 
51.),  which  was  heated  bj  flues  ar- 
rai^ed  underthe  flooring  (jai^towiij-o), 
and  sometimes  also  constructed  in  the 
walls  of  the  chamber,  when  it  was 
specially  tetmed  sudatio  amcmnerata 
(Vitruv.  V.  It.  2.),  as  in  the  annexed 
example,  lepresenting  a  set  of  baths, 
from  a  painting  in  the  Thermee  oif 
Titus,  in  which  the  warm-water  bath 
ipalneitni)  and  the  sudatory  form 
But  when  both 
these  departments,  the  water'  and  the 
vapour  bath, 

sii^le  chamber  (caldariuvi),  then  the 
central  part  of  it,  between  the  two 


extremities   formed  the  sudatory    as 
eipla  ned  s  Caldarium   i 

SUFFraULUM.  A  lai^  oblong 
square  piece  of  white 
cloth  placed  over  the 
head,  and  festened  by  a 
brooch  (Jihida)  under 
the  chin  rworn  by  the 
Vestals  (Festus  s.  i-,), 
and  priests  (Varro,  L.  L. 
vL  21.),  at  the  sacrifice. 
The  annexed  figure,  re- 
presenting the  Emperor 
Trajan  offering  a  sacri- 
fice to  Mars,  from  a 
bas-relief  now  inserted 
of  Constantine,   exhibii 


so  sin  lar  to  the  0  0  de- 
that  if  It  be  I  a  tua  v  he 
^  m  in  question,  it  will  at 
least  afford  a  good  proximate  idea  of 
the  character  it  bore,  and  manner  in 
which  it  was  adjusted. 

SUFFLATWEN  (teoxtii,  rpoxo- 
ir^).  A  break  or  drag-chain  for 
locking  the  wheel  of  a  carriage  or  a 
cart,  to  prevent  it  from  running  upon 
the  horses  in  steep  declivities.  (Juv. 
viii.  148.  Pcud.  Psych.  417.)  IE  is 
underneath  the  carriage  part  of 


the  t 


ad  van 


of  the  hind-wheel,   though  n 
distinctly,  in  consequence  of  the  mi- 
nute scale  of  tliE  drawing ;  but  in  tie 


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■,iC(^ESTrM. 


France,  two  chauia  are  disiinctiy 
seen,  one  with  a  ring,  the  other  with 
a  hook  at  the  end,  to  loci  round  the 
felloe  between  two  of  the  spokes,  and 
thus  stop  the  revolution,  or,  as  it 
were,  make  a  JeiUr  for  the  wheel, 
which  is  the  literal  meaning  of  the 
latter  Greek  word  bracketed  above. 

SUGGESTUM'  or  SUGGES'- 
TUS.  In  a  general  sense,  any  ele- 
vated place  made  of  earth,  stones, 
&c.,  but  especially  a  raised  platform 
on  which  orators  stood  to  address  a 


concourse  (Cic  Tiisc.  v.  20.),  gene- 
rals to  harangue  their  (roops  (Tac. 
Jfisi.  i.  55,,  wood-ciit  J.  Allocutio), 
or  magistrates  sat  to  hear  causes 
{Liv.  xx\i.  29,),  &c.  The  illustra- 
tion, from  a  bas-relief,  represents 
Trajan  sitting  on  an  elevated  stage  of 
the  kind  described,  to  receive  the 
submission  of  a  ParAJan  king. 

X.  In  a  wine  and  oil  cellar.  Cato, 
S.  J?.  154.    Same  as  Calcatorium. 

SUGGRUNDA'RIUM.      See 

SUBGRUNDAEItTM. 

SUI'LE.  l^piggtry,  . 
number  of  separate  sties  {ht 
Imnell.  vii.  9.  14. 


SUPERCILIUM. 

SU'MEN.  The  udder  of  a  sow  ; 
a  favourite  dish  amongst  the  Romans ; 
considered  to  be  in  perfection  if  the 
animal  was  killed  one  day  after  far- 
rowing, and  before  the  teats  had  been 
sucked.  Plin.  H.  N.  ni,  84.  Plant 
Cure.  ii.  3.  44.     Mart,  xiii  44, 

SUOVETAURI'LIA(Tp<TTio).  A 
purificatory  sacrifice,  consisting  of 
three  animals,   the  pig,   sheep,    and 


bull,  whicb  ^-ere  conducted  in  solemn 


Lg  purification,  and 
ihcn  slain.'  (Cato,  R.  R.  141.  r. 
Varro,  R.  R.  ii.  r.  10.  Liv.  i.  44.) 
It  is  exhibited  by  the  annexed  illus- 
tration from  a  Roman  bas-relief; 
and  other  compositions  representing 
the  same  subject  contain  a  numerous 
band  of  instrumental  performers,  ac- 


t  (Vitmv    IV    6    -    and  4) 


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which  stcetdves  from  the  top  of  one 
doorpost  (,poiiis)  to  the  other,  and 
over  the  doorway,  like  an  eyelirow 
over  the  eye.  The  example  repre- 
sents a  stone  doorvray  to  one  of  the 


jaxiv.  7.) ;  or  the  entire  elevation, 
above  the  ground  on  which  a  build- 
ing stands  (Liy.  v.  54.  Cic.  Aei.  iv. 
I,);    whence   the  following    special 


form  on  the  top  of  the  head 
roof  of  a  house,  or  She  Greek  letter 
A  (AajSSosiS^s.  Jul  Poll  iv  133) 
and  having  a  hunch  or  protuberance 
at  the  back  {capul  gtbberum  Varro 
ap.  Non.  p.  452).  It  lias  usually 
worn  by  tragic  actors  in  older  to 
increase  their  stature  and  give  a  cor 
responding  altitude  to  the  upper  part 
of  the  figure,  which  the  high  boot 
(cotkumu^  did  to  the  lower  ettre 
mities ;  and  is  exhibited  by  the  an 
nexed  example,  from  a  pairting  re 
presenting  a  tragic  scene  at  Pompeii 
in  which  both  the  penthouse  form  of 
the  supsrficies  and  the  protuberance 
behind  are  distinctly  delineated. 

2.  (M!xrou  MBfua  iriraKioi'  BiiTHO!  ) 
The  uppermost  member  of  a  lamp 
stand  [randdaintm),  upon  which  the 
lamp  was  placed  ;  usually  consisting 
of  a  small  flat  circular  dish  or  tray, 


as  shown  by  the  anne\ed  example, 
from  an  original  nf  bronze  found  at 
Pomptii,   and  mdicate<l   by  the  last 


two  of  the  Greek   r 
above.     Plin.  H.   N.   ; 
Poll.  X.  115.  vi.  109. 

SUP'PARUM  and  -US.  A  sail 
which  only  had  one  sheet  {pes.  Isidor. 
Orig,  xix.  3.  4.),  so  that  it  must 
have  resemhled  in  form  the  latine 
sail  now  so  common  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, or  the  figure  of  an  inverted 
triangle,  with  its  base  attached  to  the 
yard,  as  in  the  annexed  example,  from 
a  Pompdan  pjuiiting.  It  was  parti- 
cularly employed  when  great  expe- 
dition was  lequiced  or  the  wind 
iacli  (Isidor  /  c  Lucan  v  428 ) 
and  as  the  upper  part  of  the  sail  m 
such  cases  is  the  one  which  catches 


remarl^  with  rij^ara  10  die  JH/  ;  im 
{Ep  77  )  It  leema  hi(,hly  piobable 
that  the  figure  here  mtroduced  which 
has  the  broadest  part  upwards  really 


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eg  ra  es 

tionin  their  back-ground; , 
and  subordinate  parts  irf  the  compo- 
sition, merely  indicating  the  time, 
place,  or  drcnmstances  of  the  action 
bya  few  conventional  signs,  expressing 
the  ideas  they  wished  to  convey,  and 
which  would  be  readily  recognized  by 
the  majority  of  spectators,  ThQS  tte 
picture  from  which  our  illustration  is 
selected  represents  the  desertion,  of 
Ariadne,  whose  person  forms  the 
principal  object  in  the  foreground, 
stretched  upon  the  earth  in  an  agony 
of  grief  at  the  moment  of  discovering 
the  iiight  of  her  lover.  The  ship  is 
just  in  the  oliing ;  and  the  artist  has 
ingeniously  contrived  to  express  the 
haste  with  which  the  faithless  hero 
escaped,  by  merely  placing  on  his 
vessel  two  s^ls  of  the  kind  which 
seamen  hoisted  when  they  wished  to 
press  their  craft  with  the  utmost  ex- 
pedition through  the  water. 

3.  A  barnier  stretched  upon  a  cross- 
tree  (Festas,  i.  v.),  affixed  to  an  up- 
right shaft,  like  the  vexillum  and  laba- 
rum  (Tertull,  Apd.  16.) ;  for  each  of 
which  it  is  only  a  more  recent  name. 
3.  All  article    of   the   induttts   in 


SUP  PLICA  TIO. 

female  apparel  (Afrai 
540. ),  made  of  linen  and 
worn  over  the  subitcula 
(Varro,  L.  L.  v.  131.), 
and  made  with  a  short 
and  lightish  sleeve,  which 
covered  the  fleshy  part 
of  the  arm  from  the  a 
shoulder  to  the  elbow-  ' 
joint.  (Lucan,  iL  i 
Suppara  nudatos  dttgunt 
angiista  la^ertos.)  The 
are  no  pass^es  which 
prescribe  its  length ;  but 
the  other  objects  expressed  by  the 
same  term  naturally  lead  the  imagi- 
nation to  a  short  vest,  which  sets 
H-pon  the  upper  part  of  the  person,  as 
a  topsail  above  the  mainsail,  or  a 
banner  on  the  top  of  its  shaft,  like 
the  annexed  figure,  from  a  bas.relief 
found  at  Herculaneum,  and  the  one 
introduced  s.  SuBtJCULA. 

SUPPEDA'NEUM  (SirireiiB.oj/). 
(Isidor.  Orig.  xx,  II.  8.  Lacfant 
iv.  12.).     AJbol-sloel;  same  as  ScA- 

BELLUM  or  SCAMMUM. 

SUPPLEX.     One  who  supplicates 


in  a  kneeling  posture,  or  with  his 
knees  bent  under  him  (sub  and/Z/cc), 
as  the  annexed  figure  of  a  German 
captive  supplicating  Trajan,  from  (he 
column  of  that  emperor.  Viig.  Cic&c. 

SUPPLICA'TIO.  Apraying 
upon  the  bent  knees,  or  in  a  kneeling 
posture,  as  contradistinguished  from 
the  erect  one  {pricalio),  in  which  the 
Romans  usually  ofiered  up  their 
prayers. 

2.  The  SHpplkatio  was  also  a  solemn 
pubUc  thankfeiving   offered    to    the 


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SUPPOSITITII. 

gods,  when  all  the  temples  were 
thrown  open,  and  the  statues  of  the 
deities  brought  out  and  placed  upon 
couches  for  the  people  to  worship, 
which,  it  may  be  presumed  from  the 
term,  was  done  by  kneeling  down 
before  them.     Liv.  Cic.  &c. 

SUPPOSITIT'II.  Subilitutm;\\it. 
name  given  to  gladiators  substituted  in 
he  room  of  others  who  had  been  de- 
feated or  killed.      Mart.  v.  24. 

SUSPENSU'RA.  In  general,  any 
building  or  flooring  raised  from  the 
ground  by  being  supported  upon 
arches,  pillars,  or  piles;  ajid  espe- 
dally  ippiied  to  the  flooring  of  a 
bath  room,  when  it  is  suspended  over 
the  flues  of  a  fu  nace  upon  lo  v  p  liars 
in  order   1        h       a       v  pou    may 


Tusc  dm  n  h  ch  the  floor  of  the 
room  IS  supported  upon  tubular  tiles, 
themselves  hollow  and  perforated 
down  the  sides  to  aiJniit  Ihe  vapovff. 

SU'TILIS.  Belonging  to  any 
thing  which  is  sewed  or  stitched  to- 
gether; a,s 

1.  Corona  suhhs  (Phn  H.  N. 
xxi.  8.  Mart  ix  91  )  A  chaplet  of 
flowers  sewed  together    SeeCORONA, 

2.  Thyrsus  sitiilis  (Auct  JViap. 
xix.  3.)  A  thyrsus  which  has  the 
head  concealed  m  a  wreath  of  ivy 
leaves.     See  Hasta,  7 

3.  Cymba,  navis  sutUis.  {Virg. 
Mn.  vi.  414.     Plin.  H.  N:  xsiv.  40. 


SYMPHONIA.  63  s 

Varro,  ap.  Gell.  xvii.  3.  2.)     A  boat 

laiger  vessel  covered  wi^  hides  ov 

pappus,  stitched  over  it.     See  Ca- 

4.  Domus  mtilis.  (Val.  Flacc,  vi, 
r.)  A  Scythian  tent,  made  of  skins 
wed  together,  and  fixed  upon  wag- 
gons, which  transported  it  from  place 

S  U'TORl^iJirnj!).  A  Uatker- 
iser  [Plaut.  Aul.  i  i.  34.  lb.  iii.  5. 
1.  Cic.  Fl.  7.);  that  is,  one  who 
ws  leather  with  an  awl  (jw^x/a)  and 
bristle  {seta.  lador.  Orig.  x.  263. 
i.  26.  xix.  34.  I.);  the  particukr 
kind  of  work  being  often  pointed  oot 
by  a  distinguishing  epithet,  as  sutor 
crepidarius  (Senipion.  Asell.  ik*.  GelL 
xiii.  21-  3.);  jn/Dr  fn/i^orow  (inscript, 
ap.  Grut.  649,  i.)&c 

SUTRI'NA  [onin-fioi').  A  leather- 
closer's  or  a  shoemaker's  shop.  Plin. 
ff.N.yi.(a.  XXXV.  37. 

SYMPHO'NIA  {avii^M-  The 
kamimiy  of  many  voices  or  instru- 
ments concerted  togeUier,  as  contra- 
distinguished from,  canlus,  the  melody 
of  a  single  voice  or  instrument  Cic. 
■Coil.  15. 

2.  {pOTrTp6i'  SapaoTayU.)  A  leiig 
drum,  or  barrd  drum,  made  by  a 
hollow  cylinder  of  wood  or  copper, 
with  a  skin  strained  over  both  its  ends, 
and  beaten  by  a  pair  of  dram-sticks 
{■nirgula)  on  both  sides  at  once.  (Isi' 
dor,  Orig.  iii.  21.  14.}  Itwasusedas 
a  military  instrument  by  the  Egyp- 
tians (Prudent.  a<k:.  Symm.  ii  527.); 
and  by  the  Parthians  (P!ut.  Crass. 
23. ) ;  -but  not  by  the  Greeks  or  Ro- 
mans,  though  it  appears  upon  a  bas- 
relief  published  by  Licetus  (De 
genimis  anulorum],  slung  round  the 
drammer's  neck  by  a  broad  belt,  in 
the  same  position  as  it  is  borne  by 
the  figure  on  the  left  side  of  the  il- 
htstration,  which  is  copied  from  an 
Egyptian  painting.  The  right-hand 
figure  exhibits  a  copper  drum,  also 
^yptian,  from  an  original  found  at  . 
Thebes ;  and  the  bottom  one,  a 
wooden  dram-stick,  from  the  same 
country,   now  preserved   in   the  mu- 


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036  SYMPHONIA. 

seum  at  Berlin,  The  marks  on  the 
sides  of  the  drums,  along  and  across 
then'  barrels,  show  the  cords  which 
braced  up  the  skins.     The  knob  at 


the  end  of  the  dnim-sticlt  is  formed 
for  being  covered  with  leather 
wadded  underneath ;  and  the  shape 
of  the  handle  distinctly  proves  that 
it  was  to  be  used  as  one  of  a  pair 
intended  for  striking  a  drum  placed 
in  a  horizontal  position,  similar  to 
the  one  carried  by  the  iigure  imme- 
diately above  it.  Bumey  expresses 
an  opinion  that  a  drum  of  the  kind 
described  was  not  an  ancient  inven- 
tion (Hitt.  of  Musk,  i.  ir6.),  m^nly 
induced  by  not  liaving  met  with  any 
representation  of  it  in  worts  of  art  ; 
but  the  example  of  Licetus  was  not 
known  to  him,  and  those  -engraved 
above  had  not  been  discovered  when 
he  wrote.  Scholars,  moreover,  and 
lexicographers,  are  inclined  to  regard 
the  term  ^B2/*oHiis  as  one  of  doubtful 
I^tinity,  in  the  sense  here  ascribed  to 
it,  because  it  is  thought  that  tlie  Latin 
language  affords  no  positive  authority 
for  such  us!we  of  an  earlier  period  than 
that  of  Pmcfentius  and  Isidorus.  Cel- 
sus,  however  (iii.  18.),  applies  the  term 
most  distinctly  to  some  kind  of  musical 
instnmient  used  in  conjunction  with 
cymbals,  and  intended  to  make  a  very 
great  noise,  for  which  none  more  ap- 
propriate than  the  drum,  could  be 
su^ested  ;  and  the  word  would  bear 
a  similar  interpretation  in  a  passage 
of  Pliny  (H.  N.  ix.  8.),  where  it  is 
united  with  the  hydraulic  organ ; 
though  in  that  instance  a  different 
interpretation    may    be    preferable. 


SYNTHEEINA. 

At  all  events,  it  is  certain,  from  the 
specimens  mtroduced  above,  that  the 
barrel  drum  was  used  in  very  early 
times  by  the  Egyptians,  and,  in  con- 
sequence, that  it  could  not  have  been 
unknown  to  the  Romans,  who  would 
naturally  invent  or  adopt  some 
name  by  which  to  distinguish  it, 
If  that  name  was  not  symphsnia,  what 
was  it !  Assuredly  not  tympanum;  for 
that  word  expresses  an  object  of  very 
different  form,  though  somewhat  allied 
in  character,  as  is  clearly  uid  accu- 
rately distinguished  by  Isidorus, 
who  says  that  the  tympanum  had  its 
skin  strained  over  one  face  only, 
like  a  tambourine,  or  a  kettle-drum 
(Orig.  iii.  21.  10.  coriuin  ex  una 
parte  extenium),  but  the  s^mphoxia 
over  two  surfaces  i,Oriff.  iii.  21.  14. 
ex  lOraque  fm-te  pelU  extenta). 

SYMPHO'NIACI.  Musicians 
who  sang  or  played  a  piece  of  music 
in  concert.  The  name  was  specially 
conferred  upon  young  slaves  edu- 
cated as  choristers,  for  the  purpose 
of  entertaining  their  masters  at  the 
dmner-table  (Cic.  Mil.  21.);  and  to 
a  band  of  musicians  employed  on 
board  ship  to  keep  the  rowers  in 
stroke,  by  ^nging  or  playing  the 
naval  chaunt  {celeusma),  or  to  make 
signals  and  transmit  commands  by 
the  sounfl  of  music.  Cic,  niv.  Ferr. 
17.' Ascon.  ad/. 

SVMPOS'IUM  (ffufiwrioMj').  A 
Greek  word,  and  properly  descrip- 
tive of  the  manners  of  that  people. 
(Cic  J^am.  is.  24.)  It  signifies  a 
laine-parfy  or  drinking-bout,  which 
took  place  after  the  meal,  and  to 
which  otlier  guests  besides  those 
who  partook  of  the  repast  were  fre- 
quently invited  to  come  and  join  the 
convivial  part  of  the  entertainment. 
At  these  parties,  the  company  of 
dancing  and  singing  girls,  as  well  as 
drinking  to  a  considerable  extent, 
n-as  indulged  in  by  the  youth  of 
Greece.      Bedcer,      Charkles,     £x- 

SVNTHES'INA.       (Suet.  Mero, 


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SYNTNESIS. 

SYNTHESIS  (crfoe^o-it).  A 
dress  worn  by  the  Romajis  at  their 
meals  (Mart.  v.  79.)  ;  but  not  at  other 
times,  nor  in  public,  excepting  during 
the  Satumalian  festival,  when  the 
whole  city  was  engaged  in,  the  feast- 
ing and  gaiety  of  a  modem  cainiva!. 
(Mart.  xiv.  i.  and  141.)  It  is  im- 
possible  to  ascertain  the  character- 
istic peculiarities  distinguished  by 
the  term;  but  the  l)as-reliefe  and 
paintings  which  exhibit  people  at 
meals,  represent  them  with  the  up- 
-  per  [ttirt  of  the  figure  q\ute  naked, 
or  roore  usually  dothed  in  a  loose 
ungjrt  tunic,  either  with  short  or 
long  sleeves ;  the  legs  and  lower 
half  of  the  body  being  folded  in  a 
loose  piece  of  drapery,  which  is 
sometimes  also  raised  Bs  a  mantle 
over  the  shoulders,  as  sliown  by  the 
wood-cats  r.  Accitbo  and  Lectus 
Tricliniaris.  Possibly  these  two 
articles  tt^fher,  the  indumentum  and 
lie  amktus,  constituted  a  synthssis; 
which  is  more  consonant  to  the  pri- 
;  meaning  of  the  term,  and 
'  'ts  other  senses,  than 
any  single  piece  of  drapery  would 
be  ;  for  all  of  them  have  reference  to 
a  combination  of  several  thmgs  ;  as, 
the  various  pieces  which  compose  a 
table-service  (Stat.  Syh>.  iv,  9.  44- ) ; 
a  medicinal  mixture  compounded  of 
different  ingredients  (Seren.  Sammon. 
XXX.  578.);  a  wardrobe  or  entire 
suit  of  clothes.  (Scav.  Dig.  34. 
2.  39- > 

SYNTONUM.      (Quint,    ix.    4- 
142.)     A   musical 
posed  to  be  the  san 
to,  the  SCASILLUM.' 

SY'RINX  (o-Bpi^J).  The  Greek 
name  for  the  pastoral  pipe  invented 
by  Pan,  and  formed  of 
reeds  or  canes  of  several 
unequal  lengths  joined  to- 
gether, as  m  the  annexed 
exarople,  from  a  statue 
found  at  Pompeii.  By  the 
Romans  it  was  termed 
aruHda,  ea  fistula. 

SYR'MA  (o-i^p^tt).     A  long  robe 


trying  on 

the  ground 

cularly  wo 

the   tragic 

stage 

^3)/*,. 

or  heroic 

-erson 

ages,     as 

annexed 

figuie, 

the 
character  of  Htr 
cnles,  from  a 
group  of  actors 
on  a  marble  bas- 
relief.  It  was  in- 
tended to  give  grandeur  and  dignity 
to  the  person,  and  conceal  the  un- 
sightly appearance  of  the  high-soled 
tragic  boot  {cothumus)  at  the  back 
of  the  actor. 

SYS'TVLOS     (oi<rTo\oi).    Clcee 
columned ;  a  ti 
ancient  ardiitei 
designate   : 


a  employed  by  the 


intercoiumniation 
of  only  two  dia- 
meters apart,   as        9 — ^ — ^ 
shown  by  the  se         ^-    4      ^ 
cond  hne  of  the 

annexed  diagram,  which  exhibits  at 
one  Mew  the  relatue  distinces  of 
the  five  diffeient  systems  of  mtir 
colummttion  in  use  amongst   them 


TABEL'LA  (iru-iKior,  aav&iav-). 
In  a  general  sense,  any  smalL  iiat 
board  ■  whence  the  following  specific 
usages  are  dcnved 

I    A  small    ablet  mide    f     ood 


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437-  "'■  469')    The  example  is  from 
a  Pompeian  painting. 

z.  A  small,  or,  as  we  should  say, 
cabinet  picture  on  fianel,  as  con- 
tradistinguislied  from  a  painting  on 
canvas. 


shown  by  the 
aniieKed  illustration,  from  a  painting 
at  Pompeii. 

3.  A  small    votive   tablet,   which 

used  to  hs  hun"  up  in  tlie  temples, 

d  bd"         he         ue  of  a  divinity, 

a     a    ora    u    a  knowledgment   by 

p  rs  n       h     had      taped  from  any 

calam  tv  cid      ,    such  as  ship- 

n  e  k   &  wh    had  been  cured 

m      n     dy  by  the  miraculous 

n   rp     ti  n    15        vas  believed,  of 

h      d   ty  h  m  the    acknow- 

dgm  n  wa. 

raitde      H 


bnllj       \    ) 
These  tablets 

rude      repre- 


the  supposed 
miracle,  with 
an  inscription  recording  the  citcom- 
stances  attending  if,  similar  to  what 
is  now  commonly  seen  in  Roman 
CathoUc  churches  ;  or  a  mere  por- 
traiture of  the  member  saved  or 
restored,  executed  upon  a  marijle 
slab,  and  dedicated  in  gratitude  to 
the  protecting  power,  as  shown  by 
the  illustration,  from  a  specimen 
found  at  Rome,  and  supposed,  from 
the  inscription,  £0  have  been  dedi- 
cated to  Hygeia,  the  goddess  of 
health,  by  an  individual  who  had 
arrived  safe  from  a  long  jonmey,  or 


who   had  escaped  some  disease   or 
accident  in  the  feet. 

4.  A    small    fablet   employed   in 
voting  at  the  Comitia  and  in  courts 


marked    with 
the        letters.   , 
U.  R.  for  « 

propose ;  file  other,  with  the  letter  A, 
for  aniiquo,  1.  e.  I  vote  for  the  old 
law,  as  exhibited  by  the  annexed 
example,  from  a  coin  of  the  Cassian 
gens,  which  represents  the  voter 
dropping  his  tablet  into  the  basket 
{dsta).  But  in  a  court  of  justice 
tliree  lableta  were  given  to  the 
judges ;  one  marked  with  the  letter 
A,  for  absuliio,  I  acquit,  or  not  guilty ; 
the  other  with  C,  for  condeniiw,  I 
condemn,  or  guilty  ;  and  the  third 
with  N.  L.,  for  non  liquii,  it  is  not 
dear,  which  was  tantamount  to  the 
verdict  of  "not  proven,"in  Scotch  law. 

5.  Thbella  absclatoria.  The  tablet 
of  acquittal,  marked  with  the  letter 
A,  as  expl^ned  in  the  last  paragraph. 
Suet  Aug  33 

6  Taielia  damnatorta  The  tab- 
let which  expressed  a  verdict  of 
guilty,  maiked  with  the  letter  C,  as 
explamed  m  paragraph  4  Suet, 
-J^i-  33 

1  A  small  gaming  boaid  but  of 
what  precise  descnption,  or  for  what 
partiLular  game,  is  nOt  ascertained. 
Ov.  A.  Am.  iii.  365.  Id.  TrisL  u.  481. 

8.  A  small  fan  (Ov.  Am.  iii.  2. 
28.  Id.  A.  Am.  i.  161.),  made  by 
stretching  a  piece  of  linen  over  a 
square  frame  with  a  handle  attached 
to  it ;  but  the  only  remaining  repre- 
sentations of  ancient  fans  on  the  fia- 


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TABELLARIUS. 

tile  vases  and  Pompeiaii  paintings,  are 
madeoffeathersandlotus  leaves,  as  ex- 
plained andillustmtedj.  Flabellum. 

9.  Taidla  liminis.  The  leaf  of  a 
wooden  door  ;  which  was  made,  like 
our  own,  out  of  a  number  of  separate 
slahs.     Catull.  xxxii.  5.  and  Janua. 

10.  A  booth,  made  of  boards,  and 
erected  by  the  candidates  at  the  Co- 
mitia  for  the  reception  of  their  voters, 
to  shelter  them  from  the  heat  of  the 
sun  or  moisture  of  the  atmosphere. 
Varro,  R.  R.  iii.  2.  I. 

11.  A  particular  kind  of  pastry, 
so  termed  from  being  made  in  a  flat 
sqiare  mould.     Mart.  ni.  31. 

TABELLA'RIUS  (Tpttfyiord^o- 
poi,  BiBAioflwlfKn,  Polyb.  J^.  38.) 
A  letter-carrier,  or  special  mes- 
senger, by  whom  the  correspond- 
ence of  a  private  individual,  or  the 
government  despatches,  were  con- 
veyed to  the  friends  of  the  former 
or  to  the  employers  of  the  latter  ;  but 

word,  for  the  andents  had  no  such 
as  a  public  post     1 
Id.  Fam,  xii.   13, 


TABER:7A. 


639 


17.)  The  illnstraUon  is  from  a  se. 
piilchrai  bas-relief,  with  the  inscrlp' 
tion  TabellarxUS  underneath. 

TABELL'IO.  A  notary,  em. 
ployed  in  drawing  out  legal  dotu- 

use  under  the  Empire,  and  desigtiates 
a  similar  employment  to  that  of  the 
ScRlBA  under  the  republic.  Cod. 
Theodos.  9.  19.  I.  Ulp.  Big.  48.  19. 
9,  Capitol.  Macriit.  4. 

TABERfNA,  Literally,  a  hut 
formed  with  planlts  (iaSu/ie),  the 
earliest  style  of  building  amongst  the 
Romans  tHor.  Od.   l   4.   13.     Ulp. 


i>ij.  5a  10.   183.     Festus   s.   Adtu- 
berisalis)  ;  thence — ■ 

2.  A  iho^  for  the  sale  of  retail 
commodities  (Cic  Varro,  Suet. 
Tuv.);  so  named,  because  in  old 
Rome,  the  shops  consisted  for  the 
most  part  of  boarded  stalls  projecting 
from  the  houses,  or  raised  under  the 
colonnades  which  surrounded  the 
market-places.  Subsequently,  how- 
ever, as  wealth  and  commerce  in- 
creased, the  ground-story  of  the 
rows  of  houses,  and  even  palaces,  in 
a  street,  were  appropriated  for  shops, 
and  let  out  to  separate  badesmen, 
like  those  round  our  Royal  Es- 
chai^,  and  many  of  tlie  great  man- 
sions in  continental  towns.  In  the 
majority  of  cases,  the  shop  liad  no 
communication  with  the  rest  of  the 
house,  the  tenant  merely  occupying 
it  for  the  purpose  of  his  trade,  and 
dwelling  himself  elsewhere ;  but 
some  few  houses,  of  a  respectable 
class,  have  been  (Mscoveced  at  Pom- 
peii, in  which  the  shop  has  an  en- 
trance from  its  back,  into  the  habita- 
ble parts  of  the  mansion,  and  these 
are  reasonably  believed  to  have  been 
in  the  occupancy  of  the  persons  who  . 
dwelt  on  the  premises,  and  who  are, 
in  consequence,  supposed  to  have 
been  wealthy  tradesmen.  The  gene- 
ral appearance  of  a  Roman  shop,  as 
uniformly  exhibited  by  the  numerous 
examples  remaining  at  Pompeii,  re- 
sembled those  of  our  butchers  and 
fishmongers,  being  entirely  open  in 
front,  with  the  exception  of  a  low 
wall,  forming  the  counter,  and  were 
dosed  by  wooden  shutters  at  night. 
Tliey  are  mostly  comprised  in  a 
single  room,  without  any  other  con- 
venience ;  though  in  some  instances 
a  small  back  parlour  and  other  ap- 
purtenances are  added.  The  ar  -■ 
"'-'--■--    -^presents   . —    *■'■ 


elevation 


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&40         TABERNACULUM. 

h  ise  Pansa,  at  p.  248,  ■which  also 
con  IS  the  plan  of  several  shops, 
n  b  d  I — 7,  will  afford  a  distinct 
d  he  usual  manner  in  which 

h  e  laid  out,  both  when  con- 

n  d  ith  and  separated  jrom  the 
dw  11  ng  house. 

3     T  berna  dfvertoria  and   fneri- 
ion  simply  taberiia.      A  wine- 

hop  b  the  road-side,  for  the  conve- 
n  travellers.     (Vitniv.  vi.  5. 

a.  Varro,  Ji.R.\.2.  23.  PlauL  Men. 
ii.  3.  86.  Val.  Max.  i.  7.  est,  10.) 
The  Roman  landlords  whose  estates 
abutted  on  any  of  the  public  roads, 
were  in  the  habit  of  erecting  builduigs 
of  this  kind,  in  which  tlwy  tetailei 
the  produce  of  their  estates  ;  and  a 
very  similar  practic.e  obtains  at  the 
present  day  amongst  the  Tuscan 
nobility  of  Florence,  where  a  sinali 
window  is  frequently  seen  by  the 
side  of  the  principal  enti'ance  to 
many  of  the  great  palaces,  from 
which  the  steward  retails  to  the 
townspeople  the  produce  of  Ins 
master's  vintage. 

TABERNA'CULUM.      A   imt ; 

properly  speaking,  made  with  platiks, 

like  a  baoth  0      ooden  hut  (t  6     la 

Fes  IS  and       a  d  w  h   km 

US,  h     an      ed 


TABLINUM. 

TABERNA'RIUS.  A  shop- 
keefer.      Cic  Fl.  8.    Id.  Fam.  viii.  6. 

TABER'NULA.  (Suet  Nero, 
26. )    Diminutive  of  Taberna. 

TABLI'NUM  and  TABULI'- 
NUM.  One  of  the  principal  apart- 
ments in  a  Roman  house,  immedi- 
ately adjoining  the  atrium  siid.Jaiices 
(Festus  s.  V.  Vitruv.  vi.  3.  5.  and 
6.  \  which  was  used  in  early  times  to 
contain  the  fiimily  archives  (Plin. 
B.  N.  nxxv.  2.),  and  as  an  eating- 
room  in  a  town-house.  (Varro,  de 
Vtt.  P.  R.  ap.  Non.  p.  S3.)  In  most 
of  the  houses  at  Pompeii,  there  is 
observed  an  apartment  sititated  be- 
tvi-een  the  atrtum  and  perisiylmm, 
with  two  narrow  corridors  {.fmtcis') 
on  each  of  its  flanks ;  the  relative 
position  of  which  is  shown  on  the 
plan  of  the  house  of  Pansa,  at  p. 
24S. ,  where  it  is  marked  D  ;  and  an 
interior  elevation  of  a  similar  apart- 
ment, in  the  house  of  the  Dioscuri, 
is  eshibited  by  the  annexed  illus- 
tration. The  pact  immediately  in 
front  of  the  drawing  is  the  floor  of 
the  atrium,  with  a  portion  of  its  tin- 
pliesium  ;   the  dark  and  open  recess 

cupying  the  left  h  If  of  tne  mi '  ^' 


g" 


th 


also  u    d  m         nd: 
an    k    d  r 

upon       d       nd  w3 
k    w     h         e 
d    ry       by     d     d 


n  pnhpnty  at  uith 
mity  I  II  b  b  ed  th 
p     n         ;s  y     p 


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divisions  of  the  house ;  but  these 
ends  were  closed,  when  desired,  by 
movable  screens  or  partitions  of 
wood  (tahild),  as  is  evident  from 
there  being  a  separate  passage  at  the 
side,  for  the  purpose  of  affording 
comniunicatiDn  l>elween  the  atrium 
and  peristyle,  which  would  not  be 
required  if  the  tahlimtm  permitted 
a  thoroughfare  always  tlmjugh  it. 
The  name  will  thus  be  derived  from 
tabula ;  probably  in  allusion  to  the 
partition  with  which 


5  to 


,(/.  c.) ; 


though   Pliny   and  Fesius   (//. 
suggest    another    motive,    viz.    mc 
registers  and  archives  (taiu/is  ratio- 
num)  deposited  in  it. 

TAB'ULA  (irAc£|,  1101.(1,  iriciit). 
A  piank  or  board ;  whence  the  fol- 
lowing special  applications  ; — 

I.  A  bench,  or  form,  made  of 
boards  (Hor.  &/.  ii.  i.  86.),  as  in 
the  amiesed  example,  from  a  painting 


the  dice  were  cast   when  playing  ; 
game    of  chance 
(Juv.  i.  90.  Senec, 
"■       '.  14.) ;  and 


mixed  games  of  chance  and  skill, 
the  dice  which  determined  the  nature 
of  the  move  being  cast  upon  a  sepa- 
rate slab,  and  the  move,  as  at  back- 
gammon, then  made  in  the  gaming- 
board  \,abams)  with  the  piece.  The 
annexed  example  is  from  an  original 
of  marble  in  the  museum  of  the  Col- 


legi 


lea 


markings  n 
adapt  t  for  use  n  -i  gam'e  of  si  ill ; 
but  the  macnption  upon  t,  which 
runs  thus —  G  e  over  when  you 
are  beaten  yon  don  t  know  the 
game,  give  place  to  one  who  does," 
evidently  expresses  tl  at  its  employ- 
ment WIS  connected  n  some  manner 
with  a  game  of  skill  and  not  of  mere 
chance  at  which  no  kind  of  k  ow- 
ledge  would  be  requisite. 

3.  Tabula.  latmnaUaria.  A  board 
table  upon  which  the  Indus  latrun- 
ciilomm  was  played  (Senec.  Ep. 
117.)  ;  a  game  which  had  a  certain 
resemblance  (o  our  draughts.  The 
annexed  illustration  shows  the  table 
and  pieces,  with  two  Egyptians  at 
play,  but  the  exact  manner  in  which 
its  surface  was  divided  is  not  known, 
as  no  original  has  yet  been  disco- 
vered ;  imd  the  representations  af- 
forded  by  works    of   art    are  only 


delmeated  in  profile,  like  the  one 
annexed,  so  that  no  details  can  Ik 
seen.  But  there  is  good  reason  to 
believe  that  the  pieces  were  moved 
in  parallel  lines  ;  consequently,  that 
the  board  was  not  divided  into 
squares,  like  onr  chess-board.  Some- 
times, however,  the  table  was  made 
double,  one  side  being  fitted  for  the 
ludus  latrunculorwn,  the  other  for  the 
ludus  duodedvi  scriptorum  (Mart  xiv. 
17.);  and  thus  taiula  also  means  a 
ba»itgammon  board  (Pet  Sit  33. 
2.),  with  divisions  as  descnbed  and 
illustrated  i.  Abacus,  a 

4.  A  board  or  plank  for  a  game 
played  by  the  Roman  boys  during 
the  Saturnalian  festival,  with  walnuts 
(Ov.  Mix.  77  Mart.  V  84.),  and 
probably  with  balls  which  the  ob- 
!i,^c  in   fha  i^^vt   illiicrf rqi-ion   scem 


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in.  the  following  manner.  A  number 
of  nuts  were  disposed  upon  the 
ground  at  certain  intervals  from  one 
another,  in  front  of  a  plank  supported 


slanting  position.  From  tlie  top  of 
this  a  single  nut  was  then  let  off  by 
the  player,  which  ran  down  the  in- 
clined plane,  and  captured,  all  those 
it  happened  to  strike  against.  The 
process  is  very  clearly  ejroressed  by 
the  annexed  illustration,  from  a  Ro- 
man bas-relief  in  the  collection  at 
Inee  Blundell. 

5.  A  board  covered  with  wax  or 
sand,  which  the  Roman  school-boys 
used  for  writing  their  exercises,  t 
working  their  pro- 
upon     (Hor. 


Sat.   i 


■•  74- 


Pet. 


Sal.  46.  3-). 
hibited  by  the  an- 
nexed figure,  from  a 
bas-relief  in  terra- 
cotta, representing  a 
Roman  youth  with 
the  bulla  round  his 
neck,  his  tablet  on 
his    knees,    and    his 

box  of  books  {capsa)  

on  the  ground  beside  liim.  Hence 
the  term  tabula  is  also  applied  to  any 
kind  of  writing ;  as,  for  example,  an 
account-book,  catalogue,  advertise- 
ment, legal  or  testamentary  docu- 
ment, marriage  settlement,  or  any- 
thing inscribed  upon  a  waxed  tablet. 
Cic.  VaiTO,  Hor.  Liv.  Tac  Cses. 
Ov.  Plin. 

5.  A  picture  painted  upon  panei, 
as  eontradistinct  from  one  on  canvas 
or  in  fresco.    (Quint,  vi.  1.  32.     Cic. 


TABULARIUM. 

Verr.  V.  55.      Plin.  FL  N.  x: 
These    were     set    in 
frames  of  marble   or       r 
wood,    and    thus    let        L, 
liito   the   wall   (Plin.        W- 
If.    N.    XXXV.      la), 
whence  tlie  name  ta- 
bula is  sometimes  used 
to  designate  allure- 
/ra,ne.        (Id.    xxxv, 
45.)    The  illnstration 
exhibits  a  portrait  up- 
on the  easel,  and  enclosed  in  a  fr 
as  descrii>ed. 

7.  A  votive  tablet  (Hor.  Od. 
13.);  BS  described  s.  Tabella, 
the  diminutive  form  being  most  fre- 
quent in  this  sense,  and  the  most  ap- 
propriate, as  it  expresses  the  medio- 
crity of  size  and  execution  peculiar 
to  such  productions. 

8.  A  tablet  used  for  voting  at  the 
Comitia  and  in  corarts  of  justice  (Cic. 
PkU.  ii.  8.),  as  described  and  illus- 
trated s.  Tabella,  4.  ;  the  diminu- 
tive form  in  tliis  sense  being  the 
more  usual  and  appropriate. 

9.  Ta6ul<i    (oToAlSsij,    the    long 

Earallel  folds  or  plaits  into  which  a 
>ose.  garment  naturally  forms  itself 
as  it  depends  &om  the  shoulders  or 
waist  (Tertull.  Pall.  I  and  5.);  and 
which  received  tlie  name  from  the 
resemblance  they  bear  to  that  of  a 
series  of  boards  lapping  over  each 
other  in  a  wooden  buUding.  See 
CoNTABULATio,  and  the  illustration 
there  uitroduced. 

TABULAiRII.  Notaries,  ac- 
conntants,  registrars,  and  keepers  of 
public  documents  and  archives  (fts- 
iula)  are  included  under  this  title. 
Senec  Eji.  88.  Capitol.  M.  Anion. 
9.     Ulp.  Z>^.  43.  5.3. 

TABULA'RIUM.  Xrecord-offci, 
in  which  archives,  registers,  and 
public  or  private  documents  (taMd^) 
were  kept ;  sometimes  a  separate 
edifice  constructed  for  the  purpose 
(Cic.  Arch.  4.),  like  the  ofle  under 
the  capitol  at  Rome  (Inscript.  ap. 
Grut.    i;o.   6.),    of  which  extensive 


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TABIILIMUM. 

very  commonly  attached  as  an  ap- 
purtenance to  a  temple  and  other 
pablic  buildings  (Liv.  xliii.  i6.);  or 
formed  in  a  room  of  a  private  house 
Paul.  Dig.  32.  I.  90.    Tablinum. 

TABULI'NUM.   See  Tabunum. 

T^WDA  or  TE'DA  (Soft)-  A 
species  of  pine-tree  producing  a  great 
quantity  ofresinous  matter ; 
thence  a  pine-torch,  made 
out  of  slips  cut  from  a 
part  of  the  tree  into  which 

artificially  made  to  accu- 
mulate, and  which  was 
particularly  employed  in 
marriage  ceremonies  and 
processions.  (Ov.  Vire;. 
Prop. )  The  illustration  is 
from  a  marble  bas-relief, 
is  carried  by  Hymen  ;  and  it  wiu  not 
fail  to  be  observed  that  it  is  formed 
by  small  scales  of  bark,  in  the  pattern 
of  a  fit  cone,  and  mot  of  wattled 
laths  or  tttigs,  Wie  the  Fax. 

T«'NIA  {joivia)  Strictly,  the 
lilt  frmged  end  of  the  nbbon  (z'jffi;) 
that  was  twisted  round  the  woollen 
flocks  of  a  sacied  fillet  {nifu/a),  and 
which  formed  a  band  at  each  of  its 
extremities  foi  fastemiK  the  fillet 
round  the  head  (Vu^  jSn  vii.  353 


Serv.  ad  Vu^.  jSa.  v. 
269.  viliiE  exi7-einitas),  as  will  be 
understood  from  the  annexed  illus- 
tration, representing  at  the  top  a 
woollen  fillet,  with  two  Iteni^  at  each 
end,  from  a  fictile  vase,  and  the  head 
of  a  priest  with  the  ligature  round  it, 
from  a  marble  bas-rehef,  underneath. 
2.  The  flat  band  or  ribbon  which 
fastened  tt^ether  the  tn-o  ends  of  a 


chaplet,  wreath  of  flowers   or  bono 


Antonmus  En 
nius  17/.  Fest.  s.  j. 
Virg.  .^n.  V.  269. 
Serv.  ad  I. 

3,  A  flat  band,  o 
round  the  1 ead 
for  the  purpose  of 
keeping  the  ha  n 
a  set  form  of  a 
rangement  as  ex 
hibited  by  the  an 
ne!.ed  bust  fiom  a 
bronze  statue  found 
in  Herciilaneum 
(Mart  -as  -4 : 
But  the  reading  of 
the  pissage  is  not  fiee  fiom  u 

4  The  Gieek  name  fur  a  bosom- 
band  worn  by  young  girls  under  the 
dress  and  next  the  skm  (Apul 
Aiet  s  225  Anacreont  xiii  32.) 
Same  as  Fascia  pectobialis  under 
which  term  the  object  is  described 
and  illustrated 

5  Alreasi  o/&r  for  draught  horses 
(Apul      ^fet    1       "    ■ 


anneKed  example 

6.  In  architecture,  the  fillet  which 
separates  the  Doric  frieze  from  the 
architrave  (Vitntv.  iv.  3.  4. ) .;  running 
along  the  whole  line  of  the  architrave 


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TMmOLA. 


ample  from  a  Doric  entaWature  of 
the  theatre  of  Marcellus  at  Rome. 

T^'NIOLA  (TtaviUov\  Diminu- 
tive of  T/ENIA.  Any  small  band  or 
tie.     Columell.  xi.  3.  23. 

TALA'RIS.  Reaching  to  the 
ankle  joints,  or  heels.     See  Tunica. 

TALA'RIA  (wJBiAh,  Horn.  II.  24. 
340.)  Sandals  with  wings  affixed 
lo  the  sides  near  the  ankle  bone 
{falui)  ;  attributed  by  the  artists  and 
poets  to  Mer- 
cury (Virg. 
Mn.  iv.  239.), 
Perseus  (Ovid. 
Mit.\y.  666.), 
and  to  Miner- 
va. {C\a.N.D. 
iii.  23.)  The 
illustration  is 
from  a  figure  of  Mercury  painted  at 
Pompeii,  in  which  the  sole,  and  liga- 
tures by  which  die  wings  v/ere 
attached  to  the  foot,  are  clearly  de- 
lineated. 

TALENTUM   l^-r&Kianr,ii\.     The 


Greek 
(libra). 


of  scales 
whence  the  term  was  trans- 
the  object  weighed  ;  and  as 
u  was  an  early  practice  to  weigh  out 
the  sums  of  money  to  be  paid,  the 
taient  came  to  signify  a  definite  weight 
in  money,  as  well  as  other  commo- 
dities ;  varying,  however,  in  different 
states  of  Greece,  and  at  different 
periods  of  her  history.      The  Attic 


TALli^ 

y  A    )   Th  paster 

e    pi  y  d  by  tl 

ad      {te  er) 

fh       tual    -«_. 

J        wasfreq 

m  d            th 

espe      Uy      f 

n      d       mpl 

ts      It  had  b  t 

foirfl  t 


t    d    f 


111 


th  t  tl     b 


woiild  ni  t  stand  upon  either  of  th  n 
The  points  were  marked  upon  the 
four  flat  sides ;  I  and  6  upon  two 
opposite  faces  ;  3  and  4  on  the  two 
others ;  a  and  5  were  not  marked ; 
but  four  tali  were  used  tc^ther. 
The  best  throw,  called  Venus,  was 
when  each  side  presented  a  differenl 
number,  as  i,  3,  4,  6.  The  worst 
one  {caKts),  when  all  four  numbers 
came  up  the  same.  In  playing,  they 
were  cast  from  a  box  {friiilltis),  or 
simply  from  the  hand,  as  exhibited 
by  the  wood-citt  s.  Astkagalizontes. 
Suet.  Aug.  "]!.  Senec.  Apocol.  s.  f, 
Cic  Div.  i.  13, 

2.  In  tire  human  race,  which  has 
no  pastern  joint,  'CaateUus  is  a  small 
bone  nndei'  the  base  of  the  tibia,  jnst 
above  the  os-calcis,  which  lies  rather 
backward  in  the  foot,  and  is  now 
called  the  astragalus  in  anatomy 
(Celsus,  viiL  I.  and  7,)  ;  but  poets 
apply  the  term  to  tlie  projecting  base  of 
the  tibia,  our  flji*/;.  Ov.  J/rt.  viiL  808. 

TAP'ES,  TAPE-TE,  or  TAPE'- 
TUM  (Titinjs).  Baize,  or  drugget  of 
long  napped  .wool  (Plin.  H.  If.  viii. 
73.),  used  as  tapestry  for  the  walls  of 
a  room,  carpeting  for  floors,  coverlets 
for  couches,  chairs,  or  beds  (PJaut. 
SHeh.  ii.  3.  54-  Mart,  xiv.  147.  Vii^. 
jS'fj.  iK.  325.,  and  wood-cuts  s.  Au- 
L^A  and  Solium  z.  ),  and  as  capari- 


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sons  for  horses,  of  ridily-dyed  colours 
instead  of  skin.  (HiL  Ital.  xvii.  64. 
Apnl.  Mel.  K.  224.  Virg.  j^n.  vii. 
277.,  and  wood-cuts  J.  Stragulum.) 
TEGII^LUM.  A  very  coarse  and 
common  kind  of  hood  or  cowl  (Fes- 
tns  s.  v.),  which  was  used  by  fisher- 
men, rustics,  shepheiJs,  &c.,  to  i.ovcr 
their  heads    and    siujulders  in  wet 


weather.  (Plant  Rmi  n  7  iS  Var 
ro  ail.  Nou  j  ^  p  179  )  The  iDus 
tration  represents  a  young  fislierman 
ssleep  in  hia  hood,  from  a  statue  found 
at  Pompeii ,  and  charactei  stically 
exhibits  the  form,  of  the  object  de 
signated  by  the  term  ttgiHum  which 
is  a  dimmutive  of  tegiUum,  meaning 
literally  a  small  roof ,  but  it  is  mide 
of  better  materials  than  usually 
pkwed  for  the  purpose,  if  the  ace 
of  Festus  (/.  c.)  be  true,  that  it 
ordinarily  composed  of  rushes. 

TE'GULA  (HtpB/ioi).  A  /n; 
roBjing-tile,  usually  made  of  baked 
clay,  but  in  very  sun  ptu  ^  "'""- 
of  marble  or  bronze,  a  d 
sometimes  gilt.  (P  ut 
Mil.  ii.  6,  24.  Cic  T  n 
Ov.  Plin.  Liv.)  Th  » 
sides  were  made  to  p 
a  little  inwards,  in  d 
that  the  smaller  end  n 
tile,  when  laid  npon  th 
roof,  might  fit  into  d 
ovevkp  the  larger  end  of  an  1 
below  it ;  and  also  w  th  ra  sed 
to  prevent  the  rain  f   n^  . 

trating  the  lateral  interstices,  and  to 
catch  the  sides  of  the  ridge  tiles  {ini- 
irkes),  placed  over  tliem  in  the 
manner  shown  by  the  wood-cuts  s. 
Imbrex  and  Imbricatus.  The  il- 
lustration represents  two  teguis,  of 
baked  clay,  with  the  malter^  stamp 


ipon    tliem,     from 


In  the  plural,  tegul^  is  often  put 
tiled  roof,  as  we  say  the  tiles ; 
but  the  expression  psr  Isgulas  (Terent. 
EuK.  iii.  5.  40.  Cic.  Fkil.  ii.  18. 
Aul.  GelL  X.  15.  I.),  iK  ToB  T^irs 
(Ael  r  H  ni  4),  as  descnptive  of 
effected  through 


^^^^^^S 


rDct  b\  dLpl-Lci^  the  tiles  b  t 
through  the  open  space  in  the  centre 
of  an  atnum  or  penstj  hum,  end  jaed 
by  the  tiled  roof  -Hhich  coveied  the 
colonnade  surrounding  its  four  aides, 
as  is  clearly  expltdned  by  the 


of   s 


of 


one  of  the  houses  at  Pompeii,  showii^ 
the  colonnade  round  the  quadrangle, 
with  the  roof  and  tiles  which  cover 
it,  and  over  them,  in  the  badtground, 
three  wmdows  of  the  upper  story. 

TE'LA  {ioT-Js  and  JoTci!  Jpeiot}.  A 
weaver's  iomrt.  (Ov.  Mel.  vL  576,) 
The  earliest  looms  and  tho  e  most 
common  amongst  the  Romins,  i 
upright  o"  ' "'  "  — 


e  still  used  at 


: 

w 

fl 

1     1     1     1    1   1 

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646  TELA. 

for  weaving  cloth.  The  illustration 
represents  an  Egyptian  loom  from 
a  painting  in  the  tombs,  slightly 
restored  on  one  of  the"  sides,  which 
had  suffered  io  the  original ;  but 
exliifaiting  most  distinctly  all  the 
different  parts  enumerated  by  the 
Latin  writers ;  riz.  the  cross  piece  or 
yoke  (Jiigum)  coruiecting  the  two 
uprights  at  the  Cop ;  the  cloth  beam 
{itisabulum)  inmiediately  under  it, 
rotuid  whici  the  cloth  was  rolled  as 
the  work  progressed ;  the  pair  of 
treddles  ar  leash  rods  (Ikiatoria), 
which  ai'e  used  to  decussate  the 
threads  of  the  wa.rp,  so  as  to  open  a 
shed  for  the  passage  ijf  the  shuttle 
(fllv&tlus),  or  the  needle  (raStcs)y 
which  convey  the  weft  across  it ; 
below  these  is  the  reed  {arundo), 
which  is  passed  alCcinately  over  and 
under  every  thread  of  the  warp,  in 
order  to  separate  the  whole  of  them 
into  two  parcels  for  receiving  tlie 
leashes  (lida) ;  and  finally  the  yam 
beam  {saipas),  to  which  the  threai^ 
or  yams  forming  the  length  of  the 
cloth  are  feslened."  In  this  loom  the 
web  is  driven  from  below  upwards ; 
in  (he  foUowii^  specimen  it  is  driven 
downwards  from  above  ;  but  in  both 
of  them  (he  weaver  stood  at  his  work 
instead  of  sitting. 

2.  Tdajugalis.  The  commonest 
and  simplest  kind  of  loom  in  ordinary 
use  amongst  the  Romans  (Cato,  H,  li, 
10.  and  14.),  so  termed  because,  it 
had  no  ,  cloth  beam  (insubulum),  the 
yams  being  merely  attached  to  a 
yoke  (jupitn)  on  its  top  (Ov.  Mel.  vi. 
55.),  as  m  the  annexed  example,  re- 
presenting Chce's  loom  in  the  Vati- 
can Vii^X  Schneider  (Index,  R.R. 
Scr^t.  J.  Tela)  con- 
siders that  the  tda 
Jugaiis  is  opposed  to 
the  upright  loom,  and 
that  it  designates  a 
machine  of  similar 
construction  to  those 
now  in  use,  in  which 
the  warp  is  spread  in 
an    horizontal  direc- 


tion, so  that  the  weaver  sat  at  his  work 
instead  of  standing.  But  it  does  not 
appear  that  looms  of  that  description 
were  known  to  the  Romans  of  Varro's 
day,  for  they  are  only  allnded  to  fay 
ArtemMoros  (iii.  36. }  and  Serviiis  {ad 
Viig.  jEn.  vi.  14,),  and  no  represen- 
tation of  the  kind  has  been  discovered 
in  any  of  the  ancient  monuments ; 
and,  furthermore,  it  is  reasonable  to 

iclude  that  looms  of  the  most 
ordinary  description  would  be  used 
in  farmhouses,  where  they  were  only 
applied  for  making  the  commonest 
articles  for  the  use  of  slaves  ;  anJi 
in  both  the  passages  referred  to  from 
Varro,  the  tela  jugaiis  is  enumerated 
amongst  the  insirumenta  rusiica. 

3.  The  -marfi  (Vug.  6^^.  i.  285. ) ; 
i.  e.  the  series  of  strongly  twisted 
threads  or  yams,  extended  on  a  loom, 
into  which  the  finer  ones  of  the  weft 
{sail/nieti)  are  woven  to  make  a  piece 
of  cloth.  The  word  is  commonly 
accompanied  by  such  epitirets  as  siaiis, 
rei;la,pendii/a{Ov.  Mt.iv.  i'Ji-  Id. 
Fasi.  iiL  819.  Id.  Hir.  i.  10.);  atlof 
wliich  imply  that  the  warp  was  fixed 
in  a  vertical  position,  and  consequently 
upon  an  upright  loom,  such  as  is  ex- 
hibited by  both  of  the  preceding  illus- 

TELAMO'NESCAtAbjth).  Mus- 
cular figures  of  men,  employed  in 
architectural  elevations  i 
instead  of  columns,  t 
support  an  entablature 
or  a  cornice,  in  the 
same  manner  as  the. 
female  figures,  or  cary- 
atides, (Vitruv.  vl  7. 
6.)  The  annexed  ex- 
ample represents  a  sup- 
port of  this  kind  from 
the  tepidariupi  of  the 
Pompeian  batlis  ;  and 
the  iaustration  to  that  ■ 
word  will  show  the  mann 
they  were  applied. 

TE'MO  (pvjiAs).  The  pole  of  a 
carriage,  cart,  or  any  sort  of  vehicle. 
(Vii^.  Ov.  Juv.  &c.)  The  pole  was 
permanently  (ised  to  the  asle,  in  the 


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il  ltd    I V   the   example 
«  preserved  n  the  Vatican    and 


yoke  iji'gaii) 
hound  on  tJ  its  evtiemity  Ly  a  th)r^ 
(cuMm)  or  by  a  bolt  shot  thioighil 
which  IS  seen  m  its  place  in  the  pie 
sent  illustration  Whe  i  the  horses 
were  taken  o  t  and  the  caimge  put 
np  the  yoke  was  removed  and  the 
vehicle  tilted  on  lo  its  heara  end 
that  the  pole  would  stand  upright 
the  air  as  described  m  the  lollomiig 
passage  erecin  curruia  ietione  sapi 
ntnt      Stat    Theb   u    414. 

3  (ioTOjeofuj)  The  beam  or  pole 
of  a  plough  (Virg  Gserg  1  171  } 
which  was  fastened  on  to  the  bent 
end  or  plough  tail  (hins\  passed 
between  the  o>:en  and  bo  e  the  yoke 
b>  wh  ch  they  \  ere  attached  at  its 
extreniitj    as  will  be  understood  b) 


mnexed  example,  repre-^enting 
an  Etruscan  ploi  gn  Compare  the 
wood  cut  J-  Aratkum  z  a  a,  which 
exhibits  the  same  object  upon 
chine  of  more  improved 
TEM'PLUM  \-rl,^ 
primary  notion,  signifii 
which  IS  cut  off ;  and  es 
reference  to  an  imaginary  space 
heavens,   raaited  off  by  an   augur 


illy  with 


with  his  wand  {liiuus),  in  order  to 
circumscribe  a  certain  boundary, 
withm  wliich  lie  took  his  observations 

the  flight  of  birds.  Van-o,  Z.  Z. 
7 

J  A  p  ece  of  land  separated  and 
mirked  off  by  the  augurs,  with  a  cer- 
tain solemn  formula,  to  serve  for  re- 
ligioi  s  purposes,  but  more  especially 
foi  taking  auguries.  Varro,  L,  L. 
vu   8    etc  Leg.  ii.  8.  Lit.  i.  6. 

3  A  temple  or  religious  edifice 
ruied  upon  the  land,  consecrated  as 
abo%  e  b}  the  augurs ;  including  also 
the  sacred  precinct  which  surrounded 
It       Cic    Verr.  ii.  4.  43. 

4  Any  place  or  building  which  had 
been  consecrated  by  an  augur  ;  as  the 
cuna  {Liv.  L  30.  Cic.  Dotn.  51.),  the 
ratfr»(Id.  Vat.  ID.). 

5  In  architecture,  ianfla  are  the 
purlins  placed  across  the  principal 
nflers  {canterii)  in  the  timber  work 
ofaioof  for  the  purpose  of  receiving 
the  common  rafters  (assercs)  on  wliicli 
the  tiles  {feguls)  are  laid.  {Vitniv. 
IV  2  I  )  Seethe  wood-cut  J.  Mate- 
RIATIO    on  which  they  are  marked 

^■^TEN'SA  or  THEN'SA  (Sp^n  itSiv. 
Gloss  Philox.l.  A  state  car  drawn 
by  animals,  upon  which  the  statues  of 
the  gods  were  transported  in  solemn 
pi  cevsion  to  the  Circensian  games 
(Festisj  V.  Cic.  Verr.  ii.  7.  73.  Suet. 


Visp.  5. ) ;  as  contradistinguished  from 
feradum,  which  was  carried  on  the 
shoulders  of  men.     The  illustration. 


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648         TENTIPELUUM. 

which  is  copied  from  a  medal  of 
Nerva,  will  serve  to  convey  a  notion 
of  the  geneiBl  style  and  charactet  of 
these  vehicles ;  though  it  cannot  be 
pronounced  as  a  positive  example  of 
the  tkensa,  yet  no  other  name  occurs 
so  applicable  to  it  as  the  above. 

tSsITIPEL'LIUM      (KaAiTous). 
Literally,  that  which  stretches  leather. 


(Fesi 


i/.),c 


sr  which   ^i 

probable  that  this 

quial   term  of  the 

people ;  for  Horace 

the  word  forma 


A  CO  m  ti  aid  over  the  fiice 
for  taking  out  wrinkles,  by  tightening 
the  skin  (Festus  s.  v.) ;  wliidi  usage 
of  the  word,  as  well  as  the  former  one, 


a  tent  stretched  uj>on  cords  (from 
tentas),  as  contradistinguished  from 
tabeiiiaculum,  which  was  formed  on  a 
framework  of  wood.  But  that  dis- 
tinction is  not  strictly  observed,  and 
the  term  is  applied  to  any  kind  of 
tent,  either  for  military  or  civil  pur- 
poses. Hirt.  B.  G.  viii.  5.  Suet. 
T!&.  18.  Vii^.  ^11.  i.  472.,  and 
wood-citls  J.   Papilio  and  Taber- 


TEPIDA'RIUM  or  TEPIDARIA 
CELLA.  A  cham.ber  in  a  set  of 
baths  kept  at  a  moderate  degree  of 
tempeiatitre,  10  order  to  prepare  tlie 


TEPIDARIUM. 

Lory  or  vapour  bath,  and  to  break 
the  sudden  transition  after  it  before 
returning  into  the  open  air.  (Ceisus, 
i.  3.  Vitruv.  V.  10.  5.)  The  illus- 
tration represents  the  interior  of  the 
tepidarium  in  the  baths  at  Pompeii. 
It  adjoins  the  undressing-room  {apo- 
dyleriuni),  and  the  thermal  cimmher 
{caidarmm],  as  directed  by  Vitruvius 
(/.  c. ),  to  which  the  door  on  the  right 
hand  gave  admission,  as  will  be  per- 
ceived by  referring  to  the  general 
ground-plan  of  the  building  at  p.  74. , 
where  it  is  marked  C.  It  contains 
three  bronze  benches  {subseUia)  in  the 
positions  they  were  foimd  when  the 
escavatlon  was  made,  and  a  brazier 
[/bcus)  at  the  father  end  for  warm- 
ing the  atmosphere  ;  but  the  tepida- 
rium of  Che  women's  department 
(marked  G  on  the  general  pm.n  above 
referred  to)  was  warmed  by  flues 
underneath.  The  walls  all  round 
are  divided  into  recesses  under  the 
cornice  by  a  number  of  male  figures 
{telamoiies),  which  thus  constitute  a 
series  of  small  closets,  where  the 
unguents  and  other  necessaries  used 
by  the  bathers  were  deposited.  It  is 
likewise  beheved  that  in  a  limited 
establishment,  like  that  at  Pompeii, 
the  tepid  chamber  served  also  for  the 
oiling-room  {elieotkesiinn,  unclorium), 
to  i^ich  the  bather  retired  to  be 
rubbed  and  scraped  with  the  strigil, 
alter  the  sweating  bath.  The  small 
dark  recess  below  the  window  con- 
tained an  oil-lamp. 

2  Tepidaraim,  sc  ahcmim  oivas. 
The  boiler  which  contained  the  tepid 
water  for  supplying  a  set  of  batSs. 
(Vitruv  V  10  I  )  It  was  placed 
bi*bw  the  cold  water  retem  (frigi- 
:iium),  and  above  the  hot  boiler 
(  Idattum)  but  commumcatingby  a 
with  both,  so  that  as  the  heated 
was  drawn  off  from  the  latter, 
the  deficiency  was  supplied  by  an 
equal  quantity  all  eidy  part iilly  heated 
from  the  tepidanam,  the  vacuum  thus 
occasioned  being  at  the  same  moment 
filled  up  with  L-ild  water  f  m  the 
cistern  abo^c      Eidi  of  these  parti- 


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TESSERA. 


culars,  as  well  as  tl 
IS  exemplified  by 
the  annexed  il 
lustration,  whii.lL 
exhibits  all  the 
three  vessels,  with 
the  water  flowm| 
fiom  them, 
their  relative  posi 

the  fiimace,  from  a 


I   th< 


Themise  of  Titus 

TER'EBRA  (T^p(Tpoi').  Literally, 
a  iorer ;  apphed  as  a  general  term  to 
several  different  instruments  used  for 
boring  holes  in  wood  or  other  sub- 

I.  A  carpenter's  gimlet  (Isidor. 
Orig.  xix.  19,  14.  Celsus,  viii.  3,), 
which  makes  fine  sawdust  (scobis)  in 
the  act  of  boring.    (Columell  iv.  29. 


15  )  Th  s  WIS  a  %ery  ancient  inven 
tion  whence  it  » as  d  stinguished  by 
the  name  uf  /erdia  aniiqua  (Coin 
mell  I  c)  -ml  exactly  resembled 
oui  own  as  shown  by  the  annexed 
eximple  of  an  ancient  gimlet,  from 
Gmzrot 

2  An  iotger,  which  maKes  line 
shavings  (ramentd)  instead  of  sawdast, 
in  the  act  of  boruig  (ColumelL  iv.  29. 
16.  Plin.  H.  N.  xvii.  25.)  ;  an  in- 
vention of  later  date,  which  was  dis- 
tinguished by  the  name  giUlka  terebra 
(Columell.  Plin.  //.  cc),  and  no  doubt 
like  our  own. 

3.  (jfvTrixvir).  AliOJB-drillj-wotkeA 
by  the  bow-string  twisted  round  its 
handle,  and  used  for  piercing  small 
holes  in  metal,  stone,  or  gems  (Phn. 


i  still  is  by 


If.  JV.  xxxvii.  76.),  i 
our  jewellers.  Pliny 
ascribes  its  inven- 
tion to  Diedalus 
(^A^vi;.57.),  and 
agreeably  to  that 
tradition    the 

duced  is  lying  on 

ground   beside   the 

bronze  heifer  which 

that  artist  is  forming 

for  Pasephae,  in  a  Pompeiaji  painting. 

4.  (jpinrdrop).  A  trepan,  used  by 
sui^eons  for  cutting  out  pieces  of 
bone.     Celsus,  viii.  3. 

5.  A  military  enrine,  adapted  for 
boring  into  the  walls  of  a  besieged 
town.     Vitruv.  x.  13.  7. 

TERGITSJUM.  A  fhong  of  leather 
used  for  scour^g  slaves  (Plant. 
Pseud,  i.  2.  22.)  by  the  Ixjkarius, 
which  see. 

TERUN'CIUS,  sc  nummm.  The 
last  and  smallest  division  of  the  dena- 
rius, or  silver  coinage  of  the  Romans, 
containing  three-twelfths  (utieicej,  or 
one-fourth  of  the  as,  and  thus  equal 
in  value  to  the  copper  qaadrans.  It 
seems  incredible  that  so  small  an 
amount  should  ever  have  been  coined 
in  silver,  though  it  is  enumerated 
amongst  the  silver  pieces,  Varro, 
L.  L.  V.  174. 

TESSEL'LA.  Diminutive  of 
Tessera.  A  small  cube  of  marble, 
stone,  or  composition,  employed  in 
making  tessellated,  vermicufated,  and 
mos£uc  pavements.  Senec.  Q.  N.  vi. 
31,     Pavimentum,  3.  and  4. 

TESSELLA'RIUS.  One  who 
maies  tesseils  for  pavements.  Cod. 
Theodos.  xiii.  4.  2. 

TESSELLA'TUS.  Tessellated; 
applied  to  pavements  (Suet  Ci^s. 
46.);  see  Pavimentum,  3. 

z.  Applied  to  whips  (Apnl.  Met. 
viiL  p.  173.)  ;  see  Fj-AGRUM,  2. 

TE&SERA  (jtiiflDi).  A  square 
piece  of  stone  or  composition  for 
making  pavements.  (Plin.  H.  N. 
xxxvi.  62.  Pallad.  i,  9.  5.)  Same 
as  Tessella. 


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skiU, 


;     of    : 


small  cube 
bone,  or  wood, 
numbered  on  thi 
aides,  like  our  own.  (Pliii.  H.  N. 
xxxvii.  6.  Cic.  Da/,  ii.  41.  Mart, 
siv.  \^.  Ov.  Trist.  iL  473.)  Itwas 
customaiy  to  play  with  three  ttssera, 
which  were  cast  out  of  a  box  (_j9-i- 
tilltis) ;  and  the  highest  throw  'Was 
when  all  the  three  presented  a  dilfe- 
rent  number  ;  the  worst  one  when  aH 
came  up  the  same  ;  as  three  aces,  for 
instance.  The  example  is  from  an 
original  of  ivory  found  at  Hereula- 
neum.      Compare  TALUS,  I . 


gue  t  he  time  of  dsparture,  when 
1  oUen  into  two  parts,  each 
pa  y  retaining  one-half,  in  order 
that  f  e  ther  of  them  or  their  descen- 
dan  s  should  again  meet,  they  might 

ecogn  ze  each  other,  and  renew  or 
repay  then'  ancient  femily  obligations. 
{Plant  ite«.  V.  a,  86—93.)  The 
example  is  from  an  original. 
^  Te  era  frumtniaria  and  num- 
a  A  voachcr  or  tkket  given  upon 
certam  occasions  by  the  magistrates 
to  poor  people,  in  exchange  for  which 
they  received  the  quantities  of  bread, 

-----e,  and  oil,  or  sums  of  money 


TESSERA  RIUS. 

lets  of  wood,  like  the  left-hand  figure 
the  illustration,  wiih  the  number  of 
.  aisures  to  be  received  marked  upon 
them  ;  hut  subsequently  round  bidls 
were  used  like  the  right-hand  figure, 
hollow  inside,  and  having  the  quan- 
tity inscribed  within  them ;  or  con- 
taining a  written  order  for  the  object 
intended  to  be  given  away,  when 
that  consisted  of  some  fancy  article, 
instead  of  eatables  or  money.  This 
order  was  payable  on  presentation  at 
(he  magazine  of  the  donor,  and  might 
be  sold  or  transferred.  (Suet  //  1 
Juv  v:l  174 )  Both  the  examples 
are  from  ongmils  found  in  excava 
tions,  the  maamei  of  distributmg 
them  IS  shown  m  the   woodcut  s 

CONGIARIUM 

5    Ttssert  theahalis     A  licid  of 
the  theatre,   or   other 


place  of  public 
vin      78 },     distn 
bated    by    the  du 
tiimii   andenfitling 
the  holder  to  aplace 


(Mart 


:b  the  title  of 


inscribed  upon  it  (Suet.  Nero,  It. 
Aug.  40.  41.);  or  sometimes  scattered 
in  a  laigesse  {congiariam\  amongst 
the  crowd  by  the  emperors,  or  wealthy 
personages,  for  the  pitposeof  courting 
popular  favour.  (S«et.Z)pni,  4-)  These 
irouchers  were  at  first  small  square  tab- 


inscribed  the  H 

ber  of  the  seat, 

division  and  low  in 

situate,  and  in  some  li; 

the  pKy  to  be  perfon 

annexed  example,   from  tui  ongmal 

found    at    Pompeu,    in    which    the 
Carina  oi  Plantus  is  announced  for 

fierfoimance,  and  the  place    antho 

rized  to  be  taken  is  the  eighth  on  the 
second  Ler  of  the  third  cunais 

6  Tesseta  mililaris  (truBBTjua)  A 
Mid,  or  wooden  tablet  (Polyb  vi 
34.)  with  the  watchword  inscribed 
upon  it,  which  was  given  out  by  the 
officers  to  their  soldiers,  in  order  that 
they  might  have  a  test  for  distinguish- 
ing friends  from  foes  ;  it  was  also 
employed  as  a  means  by  which  the 
orders  of  the  commander  were  dis- 
tributed through  the  diflerent  divi- 
sions of  an  army.  Liv.  vii.  35.  xxvii. 
46.  Veg,  Mil.  il.  7.  Vii^,  Mn.  vii. 
637.  Serv.  adl. 

TESSEEA'RIUS.     In  the  army. 


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the  oiderly  who  received  the  billet 
{tessera]  containing  the  watchword 
or  the  order  for  action  from  the 
generJ,  and  who  cnniimmicated  it 
airoigh  the  army  Tac  Ifisi  i  25 
Yeg  Mil  n   y 

TESSER'UlrA.  Diminutive  of 
Tessera  ;  a  die  for  making  pave- 
ments (LuciL  a/.  Cic.  0.44.),same 
as  Tesselia  ;  a  ticket  or  voucher 
(Pers.  V.  74.),  same  as  Tessera,  4. ; 
a  tablet  for  voting  at  the  Comitia 
(Varro,  If.  J?,  iii.   5.  18.),  same  as 

TABELtA,   4. 

TESTA  l6ffTpaKov,  Kipiiunp).  A 
general  name  for  any  kind  of  vessel 
made  of  baked  clay  or  earthenware 
(Plin.  Viig.  Hor,  &c.)  ;  a  tile  (Vilruv. 
il  8.  19.  Tegula)  ;  a  broken  frag- 
ment of  tiles  or  pottery.  Ov.  Met. 
viii.  661.  Juv.  iii.  270. 

TESTA'CEUM.  Made  of  Hies. 
Columell.  i.  6.  13.  Plm.  £^.  x.  46. 
Pavimentum,  6.  Spica. 

TESTU  and  TESTUM.  The  lid 
of  an  earthenware  vessel,  and  the 
vessel  itself.  Cato,  .ff.  j?.  74.  Ov. 
J^asi,  V.  510.,  and  wood-ciits  J.  Olla. 

TESTUA'TIUM.  Bread  baked 
in  an  earthenware  pan.     Varro,  Z.Z. 

'  TESTUDINEATUS  or  -DINA'- 
TUS.  Formed  in  the  shape  of  a 
tesluiiir,  as  applied  to  the  rools  and 
ceilings  of  houses  (Vitrav.  ii.  I.  4- 
Columeilxii.  15.  i.)i  see  Testudo,  2. 

TESTUDIN'EUS.  Made  of  or 
decorated  with  tortoise-sheU.  Prop, 
iv.  6.  33.  Jnv.  vi.  So. 

TESTU'DO  (x^^"'-  X^*^'^)-  In 
a  tortoise;  whence 


TESTUDO. 


Is  pnmary  ni 


the  n 


Si  give- 


.  particular  stringed 
instnunent  (Cic.  N.D. 
ii.57.Hor.^./'.394-} 
forming  a  variety  of 
the /v™,- that  is,  when 
the  simple  lyre  (see 
the  wood-CHts  J.  v. ), 
had  been  improved  by 
the  addition  of  a  sound- 
ing bottom,  over  which  the  chords 
were  drawn  to 'increase  the  fulness  of 


their  tone.  It  was  so  termed  because 
the  idea  was  believed  to  have  first 
occurred  to  Mercuiy,  the  fabled  in- 
ventor of  the  instrument,  upon  his 
observing  a  tortoise-shell  on  the  sands 
of  Egypt,  with  the  skm  of  the  belly 
dried  up  into  thin  strings  across  it, 
which  were  found  to  emit  different 
notes  when  tried  witlt  the  flngei-s. 
(Serv.  ad  Virg.  Georg.  iv.  4G4.) 
Hence  the  form  of  ine  sounding- 
boaid  was  made  to  imitate  tlie  sliell 
of  a  tortoise,  as  in  the  annexed  ex- 
ample, which  is  carried  by  Mercury 
in  a  PcanpeiaD  painting.  It  was 
sounded  with  the  fingers,  and  the 
plectntm,  in  the  manner  described  and 
lUnstrated  s.  Cano,  2.  The  distinc- 
tion above  drawn,  though  doubtless 
an  accurate  one,  is  not,  however, 
strictly  observed,  for  the  poets  fre- 
quently apply  the  term  indifferently 
to  any  stntiged  instrument,  such  as 
the  lyra  and  dt&ara. 

2.  A  ceiling  formed  by  four  sides, 
converging  to  a  centre  (Vitruv.  v.  i . 
6. ),  .as  distinguished 
from  the  vault  (eo.  '  ■" 
and  the  dome  [tholiis) ;  | 
whence  the  : 
also  used  ti 

an  apartment  covered  I 
by  a  ceiling  of  the  kind  i 
described.  (Varro,  Z.Z.  ' 
V.  161.  Cic.  Brut.  2 
The  form  of  the  fom-  sides  rismg  to  a 
point  at  the  top  is  cleverly  expressed 
by  the  two  cross-lines  in  the  centre 
of  the  annexed  iJiusfration,  which  are 
intended  to  represent  the  roof  of  an 
atrium,  on  a  fragment  of  the  marble 
plan  of  Rome,  preserved  m  the  Ca- 

3.  A  shed  formedof  planks,  covered 
with  untanned  hides,  and  placed  upon 
wheels,  so  that  it  could  be  moved  to 
any  position  required  for  the  protec- 
tion of  the  men  wliile  digging  trenches 
and  making  their  approaches  up  to 
the  walls  of  a  besieged  town  (Vitruv. 
X.  15.  and  16.  Cies.  B.  G.  iiL  42. 
and  40. ) ;  or  for  covering  those 
wlio   worked  the  batteiing-ram  {tes- 


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TETRACHORDON. 


wood-cut,   from  a  bas-relief  on  tlie 
arch  of  Septiraius  Sevenis. 

4.  A  shed  which  soldiers  formed 
ovei  head  with  their  shields  to  pjo 
tect  themselves  from,  the  missxles  of 
the  enemv  more  especially  iihilBt 
they  advanced  up  to  the  wills  of  a 


fortified  place  m  order  to  scale  them 
(Oes.  B.  G.  u.  6.  Tac,  Hut.  m.  a?. 
Id.  iv.  23.)  It  was  effected  by  raising 
the  shields  over  the  headanddioulders 
and  fitting  them  closely  under  each 
other,  so  that  the  whole  formed  a 
compact  covering  like  the  shell  of  a 
tortoise,  or  the  pent  of  a  sited,  over 
which  everything  would  slide  off 
without  injuring  the  men  below. 
{Liv.  xliv.  9.)  The  pent  was  pro- 
duced hy  the  outer  rank  stooping 
whilst  those  before  them  gradually 
stood  more  and  more  erect.  The 
whole  of  these  details  are  clearly 
illustrated  hy  the  annexed  wood-cut, 
which  represents  a  body  of  Roman 
soldiers  on  the  column  of  Antoninus, 
formed  into  a  tistudo,  and  advandng 
to  the  escalade  of  a  German  fortress. 
TETRACHORTJON  {^ezpi.x•>9^ 
Sop}.  Literally,  having  four  strings, 
and  thus  producing  four  notes  (Capell. 
ix.  324.);  a  scale  comprising  two 
tones  and  a  half,  which  formed  the 
old  Greek  musical  system.  Thei 


organ  (hydi-aalus)  is  termed  s.  tetra- 
chord  by  Vitnivius  (x.  8.  2.),  when 
it  had  only  four  barrds. 
TETRADO'ROS  or  -ON  (Tfrpd- 
jpos  or  -av).   Literally,  of  four  hands' 
breadth;  appHed  to  bricks  (Vitniv. 
iiL   2.   3.);    see  Later,  where  the 
comparative  sizes  of  ancient   bricks 
e  described  and  exemplified. 
TETRADRACH'MUM     (Ttrpci- 
Spoxnoi').       A   silver  piece  of   the 
Athenian    coinage     contammg  four 
drachms  (i/rai^-i   s)  and  worth  some- 
thing less  than  31   -id  of  cur  money 
(Liv.   xxsiv    S2)     Tie  exa    pk  is 


from  an  otigmal  drawn  ne  thir  1 1  s 
than  the  actual  size 

TETRAPH'ORI  sc.  phalangarii. 
Porters  who  carried  a  load  in  a  body 
of  four,  by  means  of  a  bearing  pole 
{phalanga).  Vitruv.  x.  3.  7.  See 
the  illustrations  s.  Phaianga  and 
Phalangarii,  where  (he  operation  is 
performed  by  two  men,  and  by  eight, 
respectively. 

TETRASTV'LOS  (TM-pdifTuAoj). 
Having  four  columns  ;  either  situated 
in  a  straight  line  in  front  of  an  edi- 
fice (Vitruv.  iii.  3,  7.),  or  at  the  four 


1  the  i 


(Id.  vi,  3. 1.,  and  wood-cut  J.  Atkivm, 
a. ) ;  whence  tstrastylon,  as  a  substan- 
tive, is  used  to  deagn^e  an  interior 
which  has  a  row  of  columns  disposed, 
like  a  peristyle  (^peristylaim),  round 
the  four  sides  of  a  square.  Capitol. 
Gord.  32.  Inscript.  ap.  Grut,  124.  i. 
TEXTOR,  TEXTRIX  {v^6ini,!, 
S^dmpia),  Aweaver,  male  and  female, 
(Mart  xii.  59.  Id.  iv.  I9-)  The 
process  of  plain  weaving  was  con- 
ducted in  the  following  manner.  The 
warp  (siaraen,  Ma),  which  consisted 
ofa  number  of  strongly-twistedthreads 
or  "  yams,"  was  fastened  to  the  cross- 
har  {JHgam)  forming  the  top  of  the 


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loom  (wood  cut  Tela  2  )  or 
the  cloth  beam  (li  sutjulum)  as 
the  anaexed  eximple      A  stick   ■ 


vced  {isrmido)  was  then  passed  ii 
out  between  each  alteroale  yam, 
one  and  under  the  other,  in  the 
maimer  as  the  needle  is  used  in 
ing,  so  as  to  divide  the  whole  number 
of  yams  into  two  separate  parcels— 
stimten  saemit  arundo.  All  the  threads 
ofoiieparceiwere  then  passed  through 
a  set  of  loops  or  "Irishes"  (Ikia), 
fastened  on  to  a  rod  (iiciaioriam),  cor- 
responding with  the  ' '  heddle  "  of  our 
weavers,  each  individual  thread  being 
passed  through  a  separate  loop,  as 
seen  in  the  engraving.  Tliis  process 
of  putting  on  tbe  leashes  is  described 
by  the  expression  /icia  tsli^  addtre,  or 
suineciere.  The  ends  of  the  yams 
were  fhen  fixed  to  the  yam  beam 
{scapus),.  if  there  was  one,  as  in  the 
wood-cut  J.  Tela,  i.  ;  or  where  col- 
lected into  a  number  of  bundles,  to 
each  of  which  a  weight  {pondus)  was 
fastened,  as  here  shown,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  keeping  the  warp  steady  and 
extended  while  the  woof  was  driven 
home.      The  loom  being  thus  pre- 

Eared,  the  weaver  decussated  the  warp 
y  pulling  forward  the  leash  rod, 
which  separated  one  alternate  set  of 
yams  from  the  other,  and  produced  a 
"shed"_or  "tram"  [irama),  that  !s 
an  opening  through  which  the  woof' 
(suHeniea)  was  conveyed  across  the 
warp   by  the    instrumentality 


THEATRUM.  653 

thread  of  the  woof  became  thus  inter- 
laced between  each  alternate  thread 
of  the  warp,  and  was  then  rendered 
tight  and  compact  by  driving  it  toge- 
therwithailatwooden  batten (j/n^o), 
or  by  the  teeth  of  a  comb  {^Im) 
inserted  between  the  yains,  and  pro- 
ducing the  same  effect  as  the  "reed  " 
or  "lay"  of  a  modern  weaver.  Ov. 
Met.  vL  55—58.  Schneider,  Index. 
R.  R.  Script,  s.  Tela. 

TEXTRl'NA  jlcmSi-),  A  room 
for  weaving.     Vitrav.  vi.  4.  3. 

TEXTRI-NUM.  Qc  Verr.  ii.  4, 
a.     Same  as  the  preceding. 

3.  (j'ouT^-yini'),  A  dockyard,  where 
ships  are  built  and  repaired.  Ennius 
ap.  Serv.  ad  Viig,  jEn.  xi.  326. 

THALAME'GDS  {Bahaiiityhs).  A 
state  barge  used  by  the  kings  of 
Egypt  upon  the  Nile.  (Suet,  Get. 
53.)  It  was  fitted  up  with  greaj 
splendoiu',  containing  all  the  requi- 
sites for  a  party  of  pleasure,  and 
cabins  (thalami)  for  a  numerous  suite, 
ftom  whichit  received  theabovename, 
as  well  as  the  Latin  paiaphrase,  navh 
cubiculala  (Senec.  Ben.  vii.  7a). 

THAL'AMUS  (BiiAa^oi).  A  woi-d 
adopted  from  the  Greek,  and  bearing 
a  veiy  general  and  similar  significa- 
tion in  both  languages,  in  which  it 
occurs  in  the  sense  of  a  bedchamber 
(DormitoriumJ  ;  but  especially  the 
principal  one,  in  which  a  married 
couple  reposed  (wood-cut  s.  DoMUS, 
2.  p.  252.  g. };  a  dwelling-room 
(Cubiculum),  especially  amongst  the 
inner  apartments  of  tlie  house ;  or 
the  enthe  dwelling-iionse  itself.  Virg. 
Mn.  vi.  623.  Vitmv.  vL  10.  2.  Ov. 
"  'et.  ii.  738.     Viig.  ^n.  vi.  28a 

THALASSITES  (SaKacei-mfi). 
Wine  sunk  under  the  sea  in  jars  to 
ripen  it.  (Plin.  H.  N.  xiv.  la) ;  as 
sed  to  vamm  maris  ex/ers  (Hot. 
ii.  8.  15.),  the  ohtu  hedharraia 
of  the  Greeks. 

THEATRUM.  A  tiealre,  for 
the  representation  of  dramatic  per- 
formances and  mimetic  exhibitions. 
The  earliest  theatres,  both  in  Greece 
and  Italy,  were  notiiing  more  than 


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654  THEA 

terapotary  wooden  scaffoldings  erected 
for  fee  occasion,  and  afterwards  pulled 
down ;  but  subsequently  they  were 
constiucted  io  stone  or  brick,  as  per- 
manent buildings,  and  with  a  consi- 
derable display  of  architectural  beauty 
and  magnificence  of  decoration  ;  alike 
in  both  countries  as  far  as  regards  the 
general  features  of  the  plan,  but  dif- 
fering materially  in  some  of  the  inter- 
na! arrangements  and  in  the  distribu- 
tion of  some  essential  parts. 

I.  The  Roman  thiatre  was  usually 
built  upon  a  level  space  witliin  the 
town,  and  consisted  estemally  of  a 
semicircular  elevation  at  one  end, 
'  3  of 


jcades,  throi 


through  which  the  spectatois 
entered,  and  passed  by  staircases 
constructed  wifliin  them  to  a  number 
of  semidrcular  tieis  of  seats  in  the  in- 
terior of  the  building,  which  were  en- 
closed by  the  external  wall  described 
and  exhibited  hy  the  annexed  illus- 
tration, vopres eating  the  ciiculac  end 


Two 
of 


ofiholln,a  ^  ji.^,    1  , 

exists  in  pittial  ruins  at  1  n 
stones  only  remain,  the  low. 
the  Doric  order,  p-iiily  embedded 
the  soil ,  o\  er  this  the  lorac  is  more 
petfeot  but  thtre  was  originally  a 
thud  storv    of  the  Connthiin  order. 


which  lias  entirely  disappeared.  The 
circular  line  of  the  plan  is  distinctly 
apparent  in  the  drawing  ;  as  well 
as  the  colunms  which  decorated 
each  story,  and  the  stonework  of 
the  arches  between  them,  which 
formed  so  many  open  arcades,  now 
filled  up  by  the  wall  and  windows  of 
modem  houses,  into  which  the  edifice 
has  been  transformed.  The  opposite 
extremity  of  the  building,  which  con- 
tained the  stage,  apartments  appro- 
priated for  the  use  of  the  actors, 
and  conveniences  for  storing  the  pro- 
perty, Slc,  was  stra^ht,  forming,  as 
it  were,  a  chord  or  base  to  the  semi- 
circle, and  was  decorated  externally 
by  a  portico  (porliciis),  sometimes  of 
considerable  extent,  contmning  nu- 
merous colonnades,  and  open  as  well 
as  covered  walks  and  corridors, 
which  formed  a  favourite  place  of 
resort  foe  the  idle  and  fesnionable 
loungers  of  the  city.  A  portion  of 
these  appurtenances,  sufficient,  how- 
ever, to  give  an  accurate  notion  of 
the  entire  structure,  is  exhibited  by 
tlie  lowest  part  of  the  annexed  illus- 


tration wliich  repieaents  the  ground 
plan  of  Pompey  3  theatre,  liom  the 
marble  map  of  Rome  now  preserved  m 
the  CapitoL  It  shows  the  portico  a.t 
the  bottom  marked  in  black  lines,  then 
the  walls  of  the  scene  and  stage,  and, 
bejond  them,  the  circular  seats  for 
the  spectators,  which  were  enclosed 


exliibiEeJ 


a  that 


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The  h 


)  the 


sky,  having  no  roof,  and  consisted  of 
tie  following  essential  parts,  distri- 
buted iii  the  manner  shown  by  the 
annexed  illustration,  representiiM;  the 
gromid-plan  of  the  theatre  at  Hercu- 


-ATKUM.  655 

laneum,  which  is  constructed  upon 
the  Roman  model.  The  body  of  the 
house  (rozwo)  where  the  spectators 
sat,  consists  of  a  number  of  semi- 
circular rows  of  seats,  formed  by 
steps  {gradus)  rising  in  concen- 


tric lines  one  above  the  other,  which 
■were  subdivided  horizontally  mto 
tiers  {m^mana),  comprising  several 
rows  each,  by  broad  landing  places 
{pi/scirtcttoiits,  A  A,  \A.),  and  verti 
cally,  into  cuneiform  compartments 
(iuim,  B  B  B  B  b)  by  a  number  of  stair- 
cases (scala,  a  a  a  a  a),  down  which 
the  spectators  descended  to  the  row 
where  their  respective  places  were 
situated,  upon  entering  the  house 
through  the  open  door-ways  {voniilo- 
ria,  bbbbb)  at-the  head  of  each 
staircase,  which  were  reached  by 
means  of  pass^es  and  covered  lob- 
bies eonsti-ucted  in  tlie  shell  of  the 
building,  precisely  in  the  same  ; 
ner  as  explained  and  illustrated  by 
the  text  and  wood-cut  j.  AMPHITI"" 
ATRUM,  p.  1').     At  the  bolfom  of 


rn-iJT  ^^a5  the  orchntia  (c), 
half  dicle,  and  answering 
locality  to  our  pti,  foi  it 
the  seats  appropriated 


contained 
the  n 


persons  of  distmction ;  and 
was  not  used,  like  the  Greek  orches- 
tra, for  a  chorus  and  musicians.  A 
little  in  advance  of  this  was  a  low 
wall,  fulpiUtm,  or  froscenii  pzdpitum, 
c,  fonning  the  front  of'  the  stage 
(p'oscmium,  dd)  towards  the  spec- 
tators, and  separating  it  from  the 
orchestra.  At  the  back  of  the  stage, 
there  was  a  lofty  wall  of  bridt  or 
masonry  [scena,  eee),  which  formed 
the  permanent  scene  of  the  theatre, 
with  three  grand  entrances  for 
the  chief  actors  ;  and  behmd  this, 
the  apartments  for  the  actors  and 
property     ipsisckiiium,     e  eJ,      or 


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Ill 


ftll 


lart  "behind  the 
divisions  in  ad- 
on  each  side  of  it, 


M#), 


'  f  h  ur  f  th  chief  magistrates 
f  H  culan  m,  f  r  they  have  each 
p  t  tran  from  the  portico 
t  th  b  k  f  th  house,  by  a  sepa- 
at  til  ca  (gf)  but  they  consti- 
t  t  e-ceph  t  the  general  rule,  and 
do  not  appear  to  have  had  a  perma- 
nent place  in  every  theatre. 

3.  (eiaTpoi'.)  The  Gre^  lAmliv 
was  usually  formed  at  the  foot  of  a 
hill,  the  sloping  sides  of  which,  when 
cut  into  steps,  afforded  accommoda- 
tion for  the  spectators'  seats,  and  (he 
level  ground  beyond,  for  the  outbuild- 
ings required  for  the  stage,  scenes,  &c. 
In  such  cases,  the  entire  locality  was 
httle  more  thiin  an  excavation,  and 
required  no  exterior  elevation ;  but 
when  the  nature  of  the  site  would  not 
afford  such  facilities,  and  it  became 
necessary  to  build  on  level  ground, 
the  external  construction  would 
piesent  features  of  a  sunilar  cha- 
racter to  those  described  as  usual  in 
the  Roman  practice  The  interior  con- 
tamed  all  the  parts  enumerated  ui 
the   prece  ling  paragraphs,    Jisposed 


It  the  S! 


!  but  d 


some  impo  "tant  particulars,  as  re 
pects  the  ises  to  wh  th  a  portion  of 
them  we  e  applied  and  the  pla 
upon  which  they  were  designed  as 
I  11  1  e  understood  by  comj  arrng  the 


]  re  ent     lustiat  on    rej  csentuig  the 


ground-plan  of  the  great  theatre  at 
Pompeii,  which  is  constructed  upon 
the  Greek  model,  with  that  of  the 
Roman  theatre  last  inserted.      The 


and  subdivided  in  a  amilar 
into  tiers  by  broad  landing-places 
{Sidia/itara,  hr^citidiones),  and  com- 
partments of  a  wedge-like  foim  (AAA, 
KtpKiSes,  cuaii),  by  conveiging  lines 
of  staircases  (a  a  a,  Khi/iiuies,  iot/ie)  ; 
but  instead  of  being  semicircular,  it 
consisted  of  a  much  laiger  segment 
of  a  circle,  and  thus  afforded  accom- 
modation for  a  greater  concourse  oE 
visitors.  The  orchestra  {ipx^'^'^f')! 
in  like  manner,  was  much  deeper 
than  in  a  Roman  tlieatre,  and  was 
not  occttpied  by  the  spectators,  but 
appropriated  solely  to  the  chorus, 
who  required  room  to  range  them- 
selves, and  perform  their  e\  olations. 
In  the  centre  of  the  orchestra  stood 
the  altar  of  Bacchus  (b,  eufi4\7i,  thy- 
mele),  which,  being  formed  of  wood, 
has  perished,  but  is  restored  ui  the 
illustration,  to  show  its  sittiation. 
The  stage  and  its  adjuncts  (irpoo-K^i'iDi', 
prosienium)  was  divided  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  Roman,  into  two  parts; 
the  stage  itself,  from  which  the 
actors  spoke  {6,  Aoyeior,  iKfiipas, 
pulpUum),  and  the  back  part,  with 
its  wall  or  permanent  scene  (c,  <riciji^, 
scena).  The  name  of  the  part  be- 
hind  the  scenes,  corresponding  with 
the  Roman  postscenium,  is  doubtful : 
some  antiquarians  think  that  it  was 
called  SiroffK^^'Wf,  but  others  attribute 
that  term  to  the  low  wall  which 
separates  the  front  of  the  stage  from 
the  orchestra. 

3.  Thsalmm  iedjtm.  A  covered 
theatre,  which  had  a  roof  over  head, 
like  the  Odeum  of  Pericles  at 
Athens ;  generally  used  as  a  concert- 
room.  (Stat.  Sylv.  liL  5.  91.  Inscript. 
1/.  OrellL  3294.)  The  smallest  of 
the  t«'o  theatres  at  Pompeii  is  be- 
1  eved  to  have  been  a  covered  theatre, 
trom     an    uiscription    found    in    it. 


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THERM^^. 


whose  expense  the  roof  was  made.  It  is 
constructed  interaally  upon  the  same 
plan  as  other  theatres ;  but  as  the  upper 
part  has  fallen  into  decay,  the  nature 
of  the  roof  cannot  be  asceit^ed. 

THE'CA  (fl^Kij).  A  case  to  put 
anything  in ;  applied  to  any  descrip- 
tion of  objects,  with  an  accompanying 
epithet  to  designate  the  article  in- 
tended ;  as,  tkeca  calamaria,  a  case 
for  pens ;  thsca  numniaria,  for  money, 
&c,     Vii^.   Quint.  Prop.  Varro. 

THECA'TUS.  Draositedinacase; 
apphed  to  the  bow  (Sidon.  Ep.  i.  a.), 
as  shown  ill  the  wood-cut  J.  Corytus. 

THERIS'TRUM  {eipiarpoy  and 
etpliTTinov)  A  Greek  word  (Theoec 
Kv  69  ),  adopted 


yond  the  fact  that  it  denoted  some 
part  of  the  female  attire  which  was 
worn  in  summer  as  a  protection 
against  the  sun.  It  consisted  of  s 
square  piece  of  Uoth  {falhum,  Isidor 
Orig  xTx.  25  6  )  and  probably  was 
used  as  a  covermg  for  the  head,  like 
the  annexed  example,  ftom  a  '"'- 
relief,  which  closely  resembles 
arrangement  the  manner  still  adopted 
by  the  female  peasantry  in  many 
parts  of  Italy,  who  cover  their  heads 
with  a  linen  cloth  in  summer : 
woollen  one  in  winter.  The  Greeks 
also  used  different  cloths  for  sut 
and  winter ;  the  summer  cloth  they 
termed  flfpioTpioF,  the  winter 
Xfifuto-Tpwi'. 

THER'M^  (e^/t>iaO.      Literally, 
hat  springs ;  thence,   a  bath  of  hot 
water,  whether  warmed  by  natural 
or  artificial  heat.      From   this,   the 
name  was  subsequently  transferred 
the  building  which  contained  a  'i 
of  haths,   including  cold  as  well 
'hot,   and  vapour  as  well   as  wal 


batlis  ;    such,    for 


people,  of  whidi  the  noble 
edifice,  now  called  the  Pantheon,  at 
Rome  formed  one  of  the  apartments 
(Plin.  ff.  N.  xxxiv.  19  5  6  Id 
XXXV.  9.  Id.  xxuvi  64.)  In  this 
general  sense,  the  name  is  conse- 
quently nothing  more  than  a  new 
term  for  BalinEj«;  under  which  the 
ancient  method  of  constmcting  and 
arranging  a  bathing  establishment  is 
explained  and  illustrated. 

z.  But  after  the  i^e  of  Augustus, 
when  the  Romans  had  turned  their 
attention  to  the  arts  of  peace,  and 
laid  out  some  portion  of  the  tributary 
wealth  collected  from  their  exten- 
sive dominions  in  the  embellislmient 
of  their  capitol,  the  name  Therm>e 
was  appropriated  more  particularly 
to  those  magnificent  establishments 
modehed  after  the  plan  of  a  Greek 
Gymnasium,  but  constructed  upon  a 
still  more  sumptuous  and  extensive 
scale,  which,  in  addition  to  conveni- 
ences for  all  kinds  of  bathing,  hot 
and  cold,  contained  rooms  for  intel- 
lectual conversation,  and  philoso- 
phical discussions,  libraries,  picture- 
galleries,  apartments  for  games  and 
exercises,  open  and  shaded  walks, 
covered  corridors,  and  porticos  for 
tanning,  leaping,  racing,  and  other 
gymnastics,  as  well  as  every  ap- 
purtenance which  could  conduce  to 
the  intellectual  or  physical  enjoy- 
ment of  a  wealthy  and  lununous 
population.  Suet.  Cal.  37.  Nero,  12. 
Mart.  v.  44.  vii.  32.  iii.  20.  25.  vii. 
34.  ix.  76.  xii.  83.  Capitol,  Gin-d. 
32.  Eutrop.  viL  9.,  in  seven  of 
which  passages,  Tha^is  are  opposed 
to  Balnea.  Very  extensive  remains, 
which  formerly  belonged  to  three 
pubhc  builduigs  of  this  description, 
are  stiil  to  be  seen  in  Rome  ;  the 
therms  of  Titus  on  the  Esquiline 
(Suet.  Til.  7.),  in  which  the  well- 
known  statue  of  Laocoon  was  found  ; 
the  t&ermix  of  Caracalla,  or  Ania- 
niana,  on  the  Avenfine  (Spart.  Cam- 
call.   9.   Eutrop.  viii.  n.),  in  which 


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were  found  the  statues  of  the  Famese 
Hercules,  ihe  Flora  Famese,  and 
the  group  of  Dirce,  tied  by  Zethus 
and  Amphion  to  a  wild  bull,  all  pre- 
served in  tlie  Museum  at  Naples  ; 
and  lastly  the  thermie  of  Diocletian, 
covering  parts  of  both  the  Viminal 
and  Quirinal  hills,  a  single  room  of 
which  was  converted  by  Michel  An- 
gelo  into  a  church,  Sanla  Maria  digli 
Angeli,  the  largest,  after  St.  Peter's, 
ill  Rome.     The  anuc\ed  illustration 


sliows  the  ground-plan  of  the  tksrms 
of  Caracalla,  trom  a  survey  made  by 
the  Italian  architect  Pardiiii,  with  a 
few  slight  alterations  in  the  restored 
portions;  adopted  in  conformity  with 
the  gymnasium  at  Ephesus,  of  which 
a  plSi  is  inserted  p.  324,,  and  which, 
by  comparison  with  the  present  one, 
will  testify  the  general  uniformity  of 
principle  existing  in  the  distribution 
and  design  of  these  two  classes  of 
buildings.     The   dark  parts  exhibit 


rr-riTi  fL.:±i_J   hT-rr-n 


!,jht,k!rtiii!"d 


liiifiiiiMiiiiiii 


the  actual  remains ;  the  light  ones 
are  restorations,  but  sufficiently  au- 
thorized by  corresponding  portions 
still  existing,  as  will  readily  appear 
upon  an  accurate  inspection  of  the 
opposite  sides.  The  names  and  uses 
assigned  to  each  apartment,  or  divi- 
sion of  the  edifice,  must  be  under- 
stood as  being  to  a  certain  extent 
uncertain  and  conjectural,  excepting 
wlicre  the  traces  left  in  the  ruins  are 


sufficient  to  demonstra.te  of  them- 
selves the  original  intention ;  but 
still,  by  affixing  names  to  them,  the 
object  will  be  served  of  conveying  to 
the  reader,  in  a  concise  form,  a  clear 
and  distinct  notion  of  the  magnifi- 
cence of  these  edifices,  and  of  the 
number,  variety,  and  general  dispo- 
sition of  the  dependencies  contained 
in  them;  for  (he  thermse  of  Diocle- 
tian, though  built  upon  a  sfiO  laiger 


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scale,  are  laid  out  upon,  a  plan  ex- 
actly similar  to  the  present  one  in  all 
essential  parts. 

A  A.  A  colonnade  fronting  the 
street,  an  addition  to  the  original 
huilding  commenced  by  Helic^balus, 
and  completed  by  Alexander  Severus. 
(Lainprid.  Hdiog.  17.  -Id.  Alex.  Scv. 
25.)  The  range  of  small  apartments 
behind  this  colonnade  are  supposed 
t    h       b  p  rat    b  th'  g  0  ms 

wi  h   Ti\   und         g       m      fiod 
tt    h  h         h 


h 


h 


ggc  V 


end,  which  probably  served  for  some 
of  (he  games  or  exercises  adopted 
from  the  Greeks,  g  G  G  G.  Open 
walks  {kypislhris  nmiulationes),  plant- 
ed witli  trees  and  shrubs,  and  laid 
out  with  vacant  spaces  between,  for 
active  exerdses.  H.  The  stadium, 
with  seats  round,  for  spectators  to 
view  the  racing  and  other  exercises 
performed  in  it ;  hence  also  termed 
theairidmm  The  woiJts  at  the  back 
of  this  contain  the  water-tanks,  and 
furnaces  below  them,  which  heated 
the  water  for  the  baths  to  a  certain 
temperature,  before  it  was  conveyed 
by  pipes  into  the  coppers  immedi- 
ately adjoinmg  the  bath-rooms  ;  with 
I,  the  general  reaervoii  {casldlum),  and 
J,  a  portion  of  the  aqueduct  which 
supplied  it.  For  the  Other  apart- 
ments at  this  extremity  of  the  stvuc- 


be  authoritatively  assipied,  beyond 
the  inference  drawn  from  their  lo- 
cality near  the  exerdsing-grounds, 
that  they  were  probahly  intended  for 
some  purpose  connected  with  bodily 
activity.  The  central  pile  of  build- 
ing contained  the  bathing-apart- 
ments, some  of  which  stiU  retain  suf- 
ficient traces  for  their  uses  to  be 
attributed  with  confidence.  N.  Na- 
alio,  a  laj^  swimming-bath,  flanked 
y  a  suite  of  rooms  on  each  side, 
which  served  as  undressing-rooms 
apo^terid),  and  chambers  for  the 
aves  {capsara\  who  took  charge  of 
he  clothes  while  their  owneis  were 
athlng  :  the  infeiiority  of  fittings 
and  decoration  in  these  rooms  indi- 
cate that  they  were  intended  for  me- 
ials.  o.  The  addarhtni,  with  four 
baths  (l,  2,  3,  4)  for  warm  water  \al- 
o)  ineachofitsatigles,  TxiA&labrum 
S,  6)  on  each  flank.  The  steps  still 
emain  which  conducted  into  the 
baths,  and  part  of  a  pipe  through 
which  the  water  was  introduced  into 
ne  of  them  ;  the  roof  over  the  cen- 
ral  part,  as  well  as  that  of  the.  prece- 
ding one  (n),  was  supported  upon 
igSt  immense  columns.  The  arart- 
ments  farther  on  beyond  these,  which 
are  too  much  dilapidated  to  be  re- 
stored with  any  degree  of  certainty, 
contained  the  laeoniaan,  at  vaponr- 
bath,  for  which  the  circular  room 
(p)  lias  every  appearance  of  having 
served.  QQ  are  ascertained,  from 
remaining  vestiges,  to  have  been 
cisterns  for  water  near  the  bath- 
rooms, and  filled  li-om  the  tanks  at 
the  farther  end  of  the  edifice.  The 
two  spadous  apartments  K  R,  within 
the  lateral  corridors  On  each  flank, 
were  covered  rooms  for  exerdse  in 
bad  weather ;  and  seem  well  adapted 
for  the  game  of  ball  {sfikizristeria),  to 
which  uie  Romans  were  much  ad- 
dicted. The  remaining  ones  on  the 
farther  side,  under  the  double  por- 
tico, s  s,  were  two  cold  plunging 
baths  [hapiistervi),  with  an  oiling- 
room  (dmithesmm,  t  t),  and  a  cold 


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66o         THER  MPFOLIL  If 


diamber  {friguitiniitii,  uu)  on  each 
side.  The  whole  exterior  occupies 
one  mile  in  circuit  ,  and  the  centtiil 
pile  had  an  uppei  storj,  traces  of 
which  remain,  where  the  libraries 
and  pictuie  giUenes  were  piobablj' 

THe'rMOPOOvIUM  (BwfipoTJi 
Kiav).  A  shop  in  vt  hict  warm  dnuka 
(calMa)  were  sold  (Plaut  Tnii  11 
3.  6.  Id.  Jtud.  ii.  6.  4,5.},  like  the 
cqf^  of  modern  Europe. 

THER'MUL^.  Diminutive  of 
Therm.*  ;  the  diminutive,  however, 
not  bearing  a  sense  of  inferiority  or 
disparagement,  but,  as  is  frequently 
the  case,  intended  to  convey  a  notion 
of  extreme  perfection.     Mart.  vi.  42. 

THOL'US  (e6\i>t).  A  cupola  or 
•fame  for  roofing  over  any  circular 
buUding  <Vitruv.  iv.  8.  7,  Ov.  Fast. 
vi.  aSa.);  applied  both  to  the  interior, 
or  ceiling  formed  within  it  (Ov.  J^ast. 
vL  296.  Virg.  ^1.  ix.  40S. ),  and  to 
the  exterior,  or  outside  roof,  (Mart, 
ii,    59.}    The     illustration,   from    a 


medal  of  Nero,  establishes  the  genu- 
ing  meaning  of  the  term  ;  for  it  re- 
presents the  great  market  for  ready- 
dressed  provisions  (matelitim  mag- 
num), which,  we  learn  from  Varro 
[of.  Nod.  p.  448. ),  was  covered  by  a 
cupola  {thtilum  macelli),aB  here  repre- 

THORACA'TUS  {BvpoKipopos). 
Wearing  a  thorax,  or  cuirass.  Plin. 
If.  M  xxsvii.  37- 

THO'RAX  (e>ipai).  Properly,  a 
Greek  word,  which  ecrresponds  with 
tlie  Latin  one  LORICA  ;  but  the 


THOSAJC. 

pposed  toeachothecin  apassage 
ofUvy  (xliL  61.),  loric/e  IHoraces^e, 
where  the  lorica  is  a  corselet  of  lea- 
tlier,  the  therax  a  cuirass  of  metal. 

2.  (irpDTOfii.)  A  portrait  in  mar- 
ble, bronze,  or  other  material,  repre- 
senting the  person  as  far  as  the  breast 
only,  which  we  call  a  bust.  (Tre- 
beU.  Claud.  Goth.  a.  Vitrav.  Com- 
peiid.  2. )    The  esample,  from  a  bas- 


relief  u   

of  modelling  a  thiira  x,  either  11 
01  clay,  as  testified  by  the  modelling 
stick  which  he  holds  in  his  left  hand, 
and  pro1:)ably  one  of  those  small  busts 
which  the  Romans  used  to  preserve 
in  their  houses  as  family  portraits, 
imder  the  title  of  ancestral  images 
{imagines  timjonan).  It  is  to  the 
above  custom,  tliat  the  first  design  of 
making  busts,  as  a  particular  style  in 
art,  is  to  be  referred,  the  encourage- 
ment subsequently  given  to  it  pro- 
ceeding from  the  advantage  it  af- 
forded lo  peisons  of  smi^  means, 
who  could  not  afford  the  expense  of 
a  full-length  statue.  This  will  ac- 
eouni  for  the  cucumstauce,  otherwise 
singular,  that  the  andent  name  for  a 
bust  is  only  met  with  in  late  writings ; 
for  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  £at 
the  early   works   of  Greek   irt,   so 

mm  my   lass  d   md     th   name  of 
bust  m      un      w  re  termed 

ff     uehy   th  ej  t  d  that 

th  y  n  t  1      t  1  ty,    but 

ly   h     1         th    t     1     Id  rs,    ■ 


d  1  i 


p    t,  th    p  destil 


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riiyss/GER. 


66 1 


they    are  now   seen    being    entirely 

THRAX,  THR^X,  or  THREX. 
A  Thrackn  gladiator  (Senec.  Q.  jV! 
iv.  I.);  so  termed  because  he  em- 
ployed the  same  aims  and  accoutre- 
ments as  the  natives  of  Thrace  ;  viz. 
a  knife  with  a  curved  blade  end 
sharp  point  (sica),  and  the  small 
Thracian  shield  (Festus  s.  zi.),  whicli 


was  squai  e  m  outline  hut  convex  m 
'Jurface,  as  eihibited  by  the  lUustra 
tion'J,  Ixith  fiom.  devices  on  teira- 
CottT.  lamps.  When  fightmg,  he 
often  receiied  his  opponent  in  a 
kneeling   postuie,   as 


here  sliown,  which  aptly  illustrates 
and  explains  the  allusion  of  Seneca 
(/.  f . ),  whodesignates  a  person  of  lowly 
stature  by  assimilating  him  to  the 
figure  of  a  Thtadan  Radiator  await- 
ing the  attaclc  Coraparejuv.  vi.  263. 
THRON'US  (Bpiyo!).  A  throne 
[Plin.  //  AK  XXXV.  36.  %  2.     Auct, 


Pa-vigil.  Vcn.  7.)  ;  only  an  adopted 
form  of  Ihe  Gieek  word,  for  ivhich 
the  pure  Latm  term  is  Solium. 

THY'AS  or  THYIAS  (eiai  or 
Suiii).  A  bacchante  (Ov.  Fasi.  vi, 
514.  CatulL  64.  392.  Virg.  j^n.  iv, 
302.)  ;  a  Greek  form  ajiopted  by  the 
poets ;  same  as  Baccha, 

THYIWELE  or  THYM'ELA 
{9iilxi\Ti).  Properly,  a  Greek  word, 
meaning  litei'ally  a  place  for  sacrifice, 
such  as  a  temple  or  an  altar ;  hut 
expressly  used  to  designa.te  ihe  altar 
of  Bacchns  m  a  Greek  theatre,  which 
■was  a  square  jjlatfoim,  with  steps  up 
to  it,  situated  in  the  centre  of  the  or- 
chestra (see  the  ground-plan  s.  The- 
ATRUM,  2.,  00  w^ch  it  is  marked  B. ). 
It  was  used  for  various  purposes  ;  to 
serve  as  an  altar,  to  represent  a  fune- 
i^eal  monument,  or  any  similar  object 
required  in  the  representation  of  Ihe 
piece  ;  to  conceal  the  prompter,  who 
was  placed  immediately  behind  it, 
while  the  pipe-player  [tibicen),  and 
occaaonally  the  leader  of  the 
chonis,  took  their  station  upon  it. 
In  a  Roman  theatre  there  was  no 
Ikyniele,  because  their  orcliestra  was 
entirely  appropriated  to  the  accom- 
modation of  spectators,  ILce  our  pit 

THYMEL'ICI  (ft-prti-iol)-  Tl>e 
chonis  of  a  Greek  tliealre,  or  the 
musicians  who  sung  and  played  upon 
and  around  the  dtar  of  Bacchns  (thy- 
me!!) in  the  orchestra  ;  as  opposed  to 
scenid  (trmji'iKoi),  the  regular  actors, 
who  performed  upon  the  stage.  Vi- 
Iruv.  V.  7.  2.  Isidor.  Otig.  xviii.  47. 

THVRO'MA  {eip«iM).  The 
Greek  name  for  an  entiance-door  or 
door-way.  (Vitniv.  iv.  6.  1.)  See 
JANUA- 

THYR'SIGER.  Carrying  the 
thyrsus;  an  epithet  descriptive  of  . 
Bacchus  and  lis  followers  (Senec 
Med.  110.  Id.  Hipp.  753.),  who  car- 
ried that  instrument  on  their  shoul- 
ders, when. engaged  in  celebrating 
the  Bacchanalian  ri'tes,  in  the  man- 
ner exhibited  by  the  figure  subjoined, 
which  is  copied  from  a  painting 
at  Pompeii,   representing   several   of 


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THVRSlTENEf^S. 


(Allthol, 

Lat.  i.  p.   II.  Bm-m.)     Same  as  the 
preceding. 

THYR'SUS  (Mpoos)-  Athyrjm; 
that  is,  a  long  pole,  with  an  orna- 
mental head,  formed  by  a  fir  cone,  oi: 
by  ivy,  or  viiie-leaves,  whicli  was 
CEUTied  by  Bacchus  and  his  votaries 
at  the  celebratiou  of  their  rites  (Hor. 
(M.  ii.  ig.  8.  Stat  TM.  ix.  614.). 
It  consisted  originally  of  a  spear, 
with  its  point  coQcealed  1^  the  above 
device.  (Macrob.  Sai.  i.  19.  Sen. 
Jfeir  Fur  904.)  The  illustration 
shows  the  three  ways  of  decoratmg 
the  head  of  a  thyrsus  just  described 


with  ivy  leaves  on  the  left,  vme-Ieave: 
on  the  light,  and  by  a  fir  cone  in  thi 
■  centie,  all  6:001  Pompeian  pamtinga 
but  the  complete  instrument,  with  it: 
shaft,  is  exhibited  "by  the  preceding 

TIA'r'a.  or  -AS  (Titipi.  or  , 
The  tiara;  a  cap  or  fez,  which 
formed  the  national  head-covering  of 

the  Partliians,  Armenians,  Pei'sians, 
and     inhabitants     generally    of    the 


heal    as  e^hlb  t  d  by  th  d 

example,  representing  Tigranes,  king 
of  Armenia,  from  a  Syrian  medal. 
In  the  Persian  language,  it  was  called 


mstead  of   mi 
tra,    to   desig 
nate  the    long 
flexible  car 
Phrygian  1 - 

it,    which  Has  // 

tied  under  the 

chin  by  lappets  {r^imiciile)  Ci 

the  side  of  the  cheeks  (Juv    ' 


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1-e  presenting  Pa- 
'hrygiaii  shepherd. 
Tl'BIA  (BvA<l!).  The  name  given 
to  several  different  wind-iiisCraments 
iQ  very  commou  use  amongst  the  an- 
cients, made  of  reed,  cane,  box-wood, 
hom,  metal,  andthedbiaorshin-bone 
of  some  birds  and  animals,  whence  the 
name  originated ;  all,  however,  be- 
longing to  a  similar  class,  character- 
ized bj  having  holes  oi-  stops  for  tlie 
fingers,  and  being  somided  by  a 
mouth-piece    inserted    between    the 

1.  (fn(vnu\oi.)  One  of  the  earli- 
est and  simplest  forms  of  the  tiiia 
consisted  of 
a  small  box- 
wood    pipe, 

something  like  the  modem 
and  preosely  similar  to  the  msini- 
ment  still  used  by  the  shepherds,  or 
"pifferari,"  of  the  mountains  near 
Rome  i  as  shown  by  the  annexed 
example,  from  a  statue  repiesenting  a 
Faun.  In  this  form,  it  was  also  ex- 
pressly designated  by  the  Greek  name 
tnonaulos.     {Mart.  xiv.  64.) 

2.  Tiliia  ^ngrina  (-ylyyiiasj.  A 
very  small  and  simple  pipe,  made  out 
of  a  fine  quality  of  reed,  and  pro- 
ducing a  shrill  and  plaintive  note,  like 


that  of  our  fife,  which  was   much 
used  in  Phcenicia  and  Egypt.     (S 
Im.   5.    Festiis  s.  v.  Athen.    iv.    ^t 
Several  specimens  have  been  found 
the  tombs  of  E^ypt,  vaiying  in  length 
from  nine  to  eighteen  mches  ;  one  of 
which,  nine  inches  long,  is  shown  by 
the  annexed  wood-cut,  from   Salt's 
.   collection  in  the  British  Museum. 
3.   Tibia  obliqua  (irAoTiauAos).     A 
pipe  something  lite  our  bassoea,  with 
a  mouth-piece  inserted  on  the  side  of 
the  tube,  and  when  played,  held 
an  oblique  position,  so  that  the  top 
part  came  against  the  right  ear  (/»■ 
aHiqtaitii  caiamam  adimron  perrec^m 
dextram,  Apul.  Met.  xi.  p.   245.),  as 
exhibited  by  the  annexed   example. 


engaged  in  Bacchic  festiviti 
was  said  to  be  invented  by  Midas 
(Plin.  B.  N.  vii.  57.),  and  was  attri- 
buted to  the  satyrs  and  followers  of 
Bacchus.  Serv.  arf,  V!ig.  ^H.  xi.  737. 
4.  Tia/n  vasca.  Supposed  to  have 
been  a  pipe  of  similar  character  to 
the  last,  but  of  a  more  simple  and 
less  powerful  kind,  which  was  em- 
ployed for  beginners  to  practise  upon, 
theformofthemouth-piecefecilitaliog 
the  prodaction  and  modulation  of  the 
tones  ;  ivom  which  circumstance  it  is 
thought  thatthe  name  of  vasea,  meaning 
literiuly  light  or  inferior,  was  attributed 
to  it.  (Solin.  5.  Salmas.  ud  Vopisc. 
61  «  19  GlobS  Philox)  If  this  no- 
example  1   afforded 


by  the  annexed  figure,  representing  a 
terminal  statue  of  Fan  in  the  British 
Museum,  in  which  the  moulli-piece  is 
fixed  on  like  the  last  specimen,  but  the 
pipe  is  smaller,  and  consists  of  a  sim- 
ple reed  or  cane.    The  eight  arm  and 


,y  Google 


664  Ti. 

lower  portion  of  the  pipe  arc  modem 
vestorations. 

.  5.  TUna  ionga.  Tlie  long  pipe 
which  was  employed  in  religious  ce- 
vemonies,  in  tlie  temples,  and  at  the 
sacrifice,  to  emit  a  loud  and  solemn 
strain  during  libation.  (Marius  Vie- 
torin.  j.   247S.)    The  illustration  is 


t=IE=: 


=<!) 


from  a  bas-relief  published  by  Casali 
(Sfileiid.  Urb.  Ronu  JiL  i.),  t^iresent- 
ing  a  sacrifice,  in  which  four  figures 
are  introduced  with  the  same  instru- 
ments, all  of  which  are  nearly  as  long 
as  the  height  of  the  performers. 

6.  TViia  curiM  (JAu/ioi).  The 
Phrygian  pipe  (Athen.  iv.  79.) ;  espe- 
cially employed  in  the  ceremonials  of 
Cjbele.  (Pollux,  iv.  74.)  The 
tube  was  made  of  box-wood,  with  a 
bent  end,  like  a  horn,  aiiixed  to  its 
farther  extremity  (Pollux,  /.  f.),  as 
shown  by  the  annexed  example,  irom 


..=3 


a  Roman  bas-relief;  whence  it  is 
termed  mnia  (Vit^.  jEn.  xi.  737. 
TibuU.  Ji.  1 .  86. ),  or  tibia  aduaco  cor- 
nu  (Ov.  MO.  ui.  533.).  But  it 
was  often  made  with  a  double  branch 
proceeding  from  the  same  stem,  as 
exhibited  by  the  annexed  figure,  also 


from  a  bas-relief;  and  the  str^n 
emitted  by  it  is,  in'  consequence,  de- 
scribed by  the  epithet  b^ris  (Virg. 
jSn.  ix.  618.  Mfarem  dattiinacaniam; 
Stat.    TXai.  iv.  668.  bifnnm.  tum-ul- 

7.  Tibis  pares  {C^iyn).  A  pair  of 
pipes,  of  equal  length  and  bore,  both 
of  which  produced  the  same  tone,  viz. 
both  base  or  both  treble ;  inflated 
also  together  by  one  musician,  though 
each  pipe  was  a  separate 


and  not,  like  the  last  example, 
branching  from  a  common  stem. 
The  specimen  introduced  is  from  a 
marble  bas-relief  of  the  Villa  Mattei, 


in  which  they  are  held  by  a  muse. 
The  Hecyra  of  Terence  was  accom- 
panied by  pipes  of  this  description, 
as  we  leain  fcom  the  notice  prefixed 
to  the  play ;  —  modus  fecit  Flaccas 
Claudi,  ti&iis  paribus. 


.  rof  un- 
ed  by  a  single  per- 
of  which  hai  a  dif- 
Mviduced  a  different 
base  and  the  other 
result   from  ! 


,  Ttbi^ 
equal  pipes 
former,  but  1 
ferent  pitch, 
sound,  the  c 
treble,   believed 

equaUly  in  the  relative  length  of  each 
pipe,,  and  of  the  intervals  between 
the  stops,  as  the  figures  in  the  an- 
nexed wood-cut,  also  from  a  bas-re- 
lief, seem  to  indicate.  Tlie  Phormio 
of  Terence  was  accompanied  by  pipes. 


of  this  kind,  as  mentioned  by  the  no- 
tice prefixed  to  the  play  ; — modes 
ficit  Flaccus  Claudi,  tibiis  imparibus. 
-     Tibia  dextra    {itiKb!   ariitiiZas). 


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Herculanenm.  It  was  made  from 
the  upper  part  of  the  reed  or  cane 
(Theophrast.  H.  P.  iv.  12.  Plin. 
H.  N.  xvi.  66.),  and  produced  the 
deeper  A7jf  notes  tsi-iTCTfcwpo,  Apn!. 
Flor.  I.  3.  2.),  whence  it  is  termed 
tlie  "mamy  pipe"  by  Herodotus  |i. 
17.)  The  Eunuch  of  Terence  was 
accompanied  by  a  pair  of  base  pipes 
— tiiiis  duaius  dexlris;  the  Andria 
by  a  double  set  of  pipes,  one  pair  of 
which  were  both  base,  the  other  both 
treble— ii5/jr  paribus  dexiris  tt  siitis- 

10.  Tibia  sinistra  or  lieva  (nSAii! 
Tupourfiros),  That  one  of  a  pair  of 
pipes  which  was  held  in  the  left  hand, 
as  shown  by  the  last  illustration.  It 
was  made  of  the  lower  part  of  the 
reed  or  cane  near  the  toots  (Theo- 
phrast.  If.  P.  iv.  iz.  Plin.  JI.Mxvl 
66.),  and  produced  tlie  shaip  or  ireile 
notes  (fl«BiJ  Hnnitu,  Apul.  Flor.  i.  3. 
2.);  whence  it  is  termed  the  "wo- 
manly pipe"  by  Herodotus  (L  17.). 

11,  Tibia  incentiva.  The  leading, 
or  base  pipe  ;  another  name  for  tibia 
dextra  (Varro,  R.  R.  i  a.  15.),  be- 
cause the  ri^t-hand  pipe   was  the 

■   one  which  commenced  the  ------ 


,    TSiia 


These 


or  treble  pipe ;  another 
tibia  dmstra  (Varro,  R.  E.  L  2.  15.), 
because  the  strain,  just  commenced 
by  the  base,  was  taken  up  and  fol- 
lowed by  the  treble,  or  left-hand 
pipe. 

13.  Tibis  Sarrani^.  A  pair  of 
pipes,  of  equal  length  and  bore,  like 
the  tibia  fares,  so  that  both  of  them 
were  attuned  to  the  same  pitch. 
(Serv.  .i^Vii^.  Mn.  isi  618.)  The 
Addphi  of  Terence  was  accompanied 
by  this  instrument,  which  is  supposed 
to  have  recdved  its  designation  from 
Sana,  the  ancient  name  for  Tyre  ; 
but  nothing  really  authentic  is  known 
respecting  the  origin  of  the  name,  nor 
of  the  characteristic  properties  of  the 


14.  Tibis  milvins.  Pipes  which 
emitted  a  peculiarly  sharp  and  shrill 
tone  (Soiin.  5.  Festus  j.  p.^the  form 


TJBICEN.  665 

and  distinctive  characteristics  of  which 
are  not  otherwise  ascertained. 

TIBIA'LE  (x6piKm»i(i)  _  A  2^Hff 
or  long  gaitsr,  which  went'  round  the 
shin  {tibia)  from  "'  " 
knee  to  the  ankle  ; 
commonly  worn  by  the 
Romans,  but  occasion- 
ally adopted  under  the 
Empire  by  persons  of 
delicate  constitution  like 
Augustus  (Snet.  Aug. 
8z.) ;  or  by  those  whose  • 
employ menls  rendered  such  a  protec- 
tion advantageous,  such  as.  soldiers 
(Paul.  Big.  49.  16.  14.) ;  or  by  hunts- 
men, for  which  usage  the  illustration 
affords  an  authority,  being  worn  1™ 
a  horseman  in  a  Roman  bas-relief, 
at  a  hunt  of  wild  beasts. 

TIBl'CEN  {aiKTrriis).  A  musician 
who  plays  on  the  pipes  (tibiis).  The 
pipers  formed  a  corporation  at  Rome 
(Inscript.  b/>.  Grut,  175.  la  Val. 
Max.  li.  5.  4.),  where  they  were 
held  in  estimation  (Ov.  Fast.  vi.  6. 
57-),   and   extensively   employed    in 


reli^ous  festivals  and  solemnities 
[Ov.l.c.  Cic^g:^.  ii.34.  Plm.jSA^ 
xxviii.  3.),  at  funerals  (Id.  x.  60.), 
and  on  the  stage.  (Hor.  ^. /*.  215.) 
The  illustration,  from  a  pamting  at 
Pompeii,  represents  a  piper  at  the 
theatre,  sitting  upon  the  raised  altar 
{thyintl^  in  the  orchestra,  beating 
time  with  his  left  foot,  and  draped  in 
the  long  vest,  as  described  by  Horace 


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TJ- 


SULUf 


sented  by  the  annexed  figure  from 
a  painting  of  Hecculaneum.  {Mart. 
jLiv.  64. )  These  were  generallj;  girls 
who  went  about  playing  for  hire  at 
dinner  parties  and  festive  entertdii- 
ments.  Kaut.  Aul.  ii.  4.  2.  Most  iv. 
3.  2.  Stkh.  ii.  3.  56. 

TIGILLUM.      Diminutive  of 

TiGNUM. 

TIGNA'RIUS  sc.  >&r.  A 
timber  woilier  ;  meaning  strictly  one 
who  hews  and  puts  td^ether  the 
timbers  and  beams  (tigi'a)  of  a  roof 
(Cic  Brul.  73.J;  this  constituted  a 
trade  by  itself  amongst  the  Romans, 
whose  members  were  associated  in  a 
distinct  corporafion.  (Inscript.  ap. 
Grut.  360.  2.)  But  in  the  language 
of  the  law  books  the  term  was  applied 
in  a  more  general  signification,  hke 
oar  builder,  and  included  all  those 
who  were  engaged  in  any  descripfion 
of  building  operations.  Cajus.  Dig. 
50.  16.  235. 

TIGNUM.  Generally,  a  beam  oi- 
timber  for  building ;  but  the  term  is 
more  specially  used  to  designate  the 
tiebeami  in  the  timber  work  of  a  roof 
(Vitrav.  iv.  2.  I.);  which  are  placed 
across  the  architrave  or  main  beam 
[irabi) ;  as  shown  by  the  plan  J. 
Materiatio,  on  which  they  are 
marked  ddddd.  These  form  the 
principal  beams  of  the  soffit  in  the 
jnterior  of  a  building;  and  in  stone 
edifices  of  die  Doric  order,  their  ex- 
tremitiei  are  represented  externally 
by  tlie  lrii;ly]3]is  ;   but  in  Ionic  and 


<"  mth  in  eki  itioi  they  aif  not 
acujuuted  for  externally  berag  en 
tirely  concealed  by  the  slab  of  the 
conlmuons   fneze    (noplioms)    which 

TINA  A  vessel  m  which  wme 
» 15  brought  into  the  eating  room  in 
early  times.  {Varro,  ap.  Non.  j.  v. 
P-  544' )  Nothing  is  known  respect- 
ing its  peculiar  properties  ;  but  we 
may  infer  that  it  was  of  considerable 
size,  since  Varro  speaks  of  it  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  the  skm  [sita-) ;  and  No- 
nius associates  it  with  the  cask  [cupa). 
The  modem  Italians  retain  the  woid 
in  nearly  its  old  form,  il  lino,  and  use 
it  to  designate  tbe  vat  in  which 
grapes  are  trod  out  at  the  vintage. 

TINTINNABULA'TUS.  CaiTy- 
ing  a  bell,  especially  with  reference 
to  animals  (Sidon.  Ep  iL  2  ),  round 
whose  necks  they  were  attached 
foi   the  sime 


puipoacS  as  amongst  ouLsel^es,  The 
e:iample  is  from  a  small  bronze  cast. 
TINTINNA-BULUM  («iiB«»t.  A 
W/ (Plant.  Trin.  iv.  2.  162.);  made 
in  similar  shapes,  and  used  for  much  , 


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NTINNACl 


'.US. 


at  the  sacrifice  (Plaut.  Pseiid.  i.  3. 
112.);  iuid  for  fastening  round  the 
necks  of  animals,  both  as  an  object  of 
ornament  and  use.  The  illustration 
represents  five  bells  of  different  foims 
from  ancient  originals ;  the  two  on 
the  left  side  at  the  top  are  common 
shop-bells ;  the  two  below  them, 
attached  to  a  flat  band,  were  used  for 
a  horse's  breast-belt ;  the  other  two 
are  hand.beUs  of  a  lai^r  description. 

TINTINNA'CULUS.  One  who 
maltes  another's  ears  Hn^  (Plaat. 
True.  iv.  3.  8. ) ;  a  nickname  riven  to 
theLoRARlus,  in  allusion  to  the  effect 
produced  by  the  blows  dealt  upon  the 
slave  whom  he  punished. 

TITULUS.  A  placard  or  board 
attached  to  a  long  pole,  and  carried 
by  the  soldiery 
in  triumphal  pro- 


cord  the  num- 
ber rS  prisoners, 
amoiuit  of  booty, 
and  names  of  the 


TOGA.  667 

comprised  in  the  words  EsT  Lo- 
CANDA,  which  is  cormnonly  retained 
*t  the  prese  t  d  '  m  d  m  Rome. 
4,  An  ep  ph  (Phn.  Ep  vi.  vx 
„.) ;    and      ny   kmd     f      acciption 


tries     captured ; 

ijl  wliich  details  ly^-^jfi  -, 

were      inscribed  «fc''^' W\ 

upon  it  la  lige  F%:'l  ^^ 

characters,  for 
the  information  of  the  populace.  (Ov. 
Trist.  jv.  2.  20.)  The  illustration 
represents  one  of  the  boards  carried 
at  the  triumph  of  the  Emperor  Titns, 
after  the  conquest  of  Jerusalem,  from 
the  arch  erected  in  commemoration 
of  that  event. 

2.  The  tMe  or  lettering-puce  of  a 
book  (Plin.  Ep.  v.  13.  3.  Senec. 
Tranq.  g.}  Sarae  as  Index,  under 
which  terra  the  object  is  explamed 
and  illustrated. 

3.  A  notice  or  Mil  put  up  against  a 
house  to  annoimce  tlmt  it  was  to  be 
let  or  sold  (Plin.  Ep.  vii.  27.  7.) ; 
hence  the  expression  miitere  lares  sui 
tiMe  (Ov.  Kern.  302.  Compare  Ti- 
bull.  ii.  4.  54.)  means  to  advertise  s 
house  for  sale.  The  notice  of  sale 
declared  the  price  and  paiticul: 
(Plin.  /,  f,);  the  form  ior  letting  tt 


Idngs, 


TOCA  (  ^,8  )  A  ga ;  the 
principal  girm         f   he  Ro- 

mans, wh  h  f  rm  d  h  distinctive 
national  cost  m  f  h  pe  pie,  as 
the  pallium  did  of  the  Greeks.  It 
was  usually  made  of  white  wool,  ex- 
cepting ui  cases  of  private  mourning, 
or  amongst  the  very  poorest  classes, 
who  coiild  not  afford  tlie  expense  of 
frequent  cleaning ;  in  both  which 
cases  dark  wool  of  the  natural  colour 
was  employed. 

As  the  size  and  manner  of  adjust- 
ing this  gaiTuent  was  not  always  the 
same,  but  partook  of  several  modi- 
fications at  different  epochs,  much 
doubt  and  difficulty  has  been  ex- 
perienced by  scholare  and  antiquarians 
in  determining  the  precise  form  and 
measure  of  the  drapery  which  com- 

Eosed  it ;  for  although  a  great  num- 
er  of  figures  clothed  in  the  toga  still 
remain,  both  in   bas-reliefs   and  as 
statues,  yet  they  belong,  almost. 


witho 


■>  the   ] 


period,  and  only  represent  the  Is 
and  most  ostentatious  fashion  in 
which  it  was  adjusted.  It  is,  conse- 
quently, to  the  works  of  Etmscan  art, 
from  which  nation,  either  directly  or 
indirectly,  the  toga  descended  to  tiie 
Romans,  that  we  must  look  for  the 
earliest  specimens  of  its  style ;  and  in 
them  we  find  demonstrative  evidence 
that  it  vras  made  of  a  luuated  or 
semicircular  piece  of  cloth,  as  Diony- 
sius  States  (iii.  61.),  and  that  it  was 
of  moderate  dimensions,  so  as  not 
to  form  any  bend  or  sinus  across  tlie 
chest,  agreeably  to  the  account  of 
Quintaian  (xi.  3.  137.)  The  first  of 
these  properties  is  exemplified  by  the 
figiu'e  in  the  next  page,  from  a  small 
Etruscan  bronze,  in  which  the  cres- 
cent-like shape  of  the  cloth  is  mani- 
festly indicated  by  Ih - 


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mllel  iblds  at 
iluced  by  drawing  the 
IiolJow  edge  inlo  a 
str3,ight  line,  or  tight 
across  the  back,  which 
constitutes  the  first 
process  ill  adjusting 
the  drapery  to  the 
person,  as  exhihited 
by  the  figure.  After 
liie  centre  of  the  small  - 
est  or  upper  curve 
had  been  raised  against 
the  back  of  the  neck, 
both  ends  were  drawn  over  the 
shoulders,  so  as  to  hang  down  per. 
pendicularly  in  front,  like  the  Greek 
■pailium  (see  wood-cut  s.  Pallhim, 
r. ),  but  without  any  brooch  under  the 
chin ;  the  right  one  was  then  taken 
up  and  drawn  tight  under  the  diin, 
so  as  not  to  produce  any  «hwj,  and 
then  cast  over  the  left  shoulder,  so 
that  the  extremity  fell  like  a  lappet 
down  the  back,  in  which  case  both 
the  arms  would  be 
completely  covered 
by  the  drapery,  as 
shown  by  the  annexed 
example  from  an  en- 
grave! gem,  also  of 
Etruscan  workman- 
ship; or,  if  the 
wished  to  leave 
right  arm  free  for 
tion,  instead  of  dci 
iiig  the  light  side 
shoulder,  he 


pit  (see  the  first  figure),  and  then 
threw  it  over  the  opposite  shoulder, 
in  the  manner  exhibited  by  the 
third  example  fi^m  an  Etruscan 
statue  of  bronze.  Moreover,  in  all 
these  instances  the  restricted  size  of 
the  drapery,  as  compared  with  the 
later  styles  of  the  same  garment, 
satisfactorily  explains  why  a  toga  of 
this  kind  is  termed  toga  restricta. 
Snet.  Aug.  n- 

The  first  alteration  introduced,  as 
it  is  reasonable  to  conclude,  under 
the  repubUc,  consisted  in  increasing 
the  size  of  the  drapery,  without  alter- 
ing the  character  of  its  outline,  which 
still  retained  the  lunated  form,  when 
spread  out,  but  consisted  of  a  lai^er 
segment  than  the  original  semidrcQe, 
and  thus  produced  a  garment  of  in- 
termediate size,  between  the  fast  and 
early  style  just  explained,  and  the 
last  fashicm  described  in  the  next 
paragraph ;  such  as  was  usually  worn 
by  Augustus,  and  is  distingui^ed  by 
the  expression,  ntpie  rsslrkla,  nlpit 
fusa  (Suet  Aug.  73),  that  is,  neither 
scanty  nor  profiise.  But  these  en- 
larged dimensions  made  it  necessary 
to  adopt  some  alteration  in  the  manner 
of  adjusting  it  upon  the  person,  and 
led  to  the  formation  of  a  very  short 
sinas  (perquata  breois.  Quint.  xL 
3.  137.),  which  first  came  into  use 
during  the  age  which  succeeded  to 
the  primitive  one  (Quint,  i.  <:.\-,  its 
object  being  to  carry  off  the  additional 
length  given  to  the  drapery,  by  de- 
pressing a  certain  1 
tion  of  it  in  front  of 
person,  in  order  that  the 
end  cast  over  the  sh 
der  might  not  hang 
low  behind.  The 
rangement  is  distinctly 
exhibited  on  theaimexed 
figure,  from  a  statue  in 
tfe  library  of  St.  Mark, 
at  Venice;  in  which  it 
will  be  perceived,  upon 
a  comparison  with  the 
preceding  examples,  tliat  « 
the  right  side,  cros; '    " 


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the  chest,  instead  of  being  drawn 
close  under  the  chin,  or  tight  under 
the  acm-pit,  is  depressed  a  little  in 
front,  so  as  to  form  the  short  sinus 
alMive  mentioned,  and  thus  create  a 
bed  for  the  arm  to  rest  in,  which  is 
itself  completely  covered,  leaving 
nothing  bat  the  hand  and  a  small 
part  of  the  chest  exposed.  This  is 
the  attitude  intended  by  the  expres- 
aon  bmchmnt  vests  amtincre  (Quint. 
/.  c.};  and  was  the  one  commonly 
adopted  by  the  onUors  of  the  republic, 
who  in  this  respect  imitated  the  style 
of  the  Greeks.  (Quint,  tc.)  Indeed, 
all  the  examples  hitherto  produced 
present  a  very  close  resemblance  to 
the  figures  draped  in  the  Gi'celc 
pallium  (see  the  wood-cuts  s.v.y,  the 
principal  difference  consisting  in  the 
greater,  number  and  amplitude  of  the 
folds  exhibited  on  the  to^,  and  which 
naturaJly  resalt  from  the  curved  out- 
line of  the  drapeiy,  whereas  those  of 
Ihe pallium  are  fewer  and  more  scanty, 
'    't  closer  to  the  body,  as  would 


be  a 


tural  c 


:  fron 


the 


ectangulai  form  of  the  cloth  which 
composed  it.  The  distinction  here 
pointed  out  has  not  been  lost  sight  of 
in  the  wood-cuts ;  for  it  [s  suffidently 
indicated  by  the  different  character 
of  the  markings  upon  them,  as  will 
appear  by  compEiring  them  together, 
Mid  observing  them  narrowly ;  but  it 
would  be  at  once  self-evident  if  they 
could  have  been  executed  upon  a 
larger  scale,  to  give  room  for  more 
perfect  and  minute  details,  or  to  those 
who  may  have  an  opportunity  of  in- 
specting the  originals. 

The  ample  toga,  toga  fusa  (Suet. 
^"S-  ITr  Compare  Hor.  Epod.  4.  8. 
Ov.  Rem.  Am.  6S0.},  or  last  styb, 
which  prevailed  in  the  age  of  Augustus 
and  the  succeeding  emperors,  though 
presenting  a  very  different  appearance 
to  the  eye,  was  only  produced  by  still 
fiirther  enlarging  the  size  of  the  dra- 
pery, until  its  outer  circumference 
would  form  a  complete  circle  {ro- 
tunda. Quint,  xi,  3.  139.)  when 
spread   out   upon  the   ground,   like 


•A.  66q 

an  Italian  or  Spanish  doali ;  the  inner 
edge  being  likewise  hollowed  out,  like 
the  preceding  instani^s,  but  in  such  a 
maimer  as  would  produce  a  greater 
breadth  of  fold  when  wound  round 
the  person,  which  Qiiintilian  indi- 
cated by  the  expression  "well  cut" 
{a^te  cam,  I.  c).  This  mcrease  of 
dimension,  like  the  last  one,  produced 
a  new  fashion  of  adjust nfent,  in  which 
all  resemblance  to  the  Greek  pallium 
is  lost,  and  the  drapery  itself  appears 
an  entirely  distinct  dress.  It  was 
first  put  on  to  the  left  shoulder,  in 
such  a  manner  tliat  about  one-third 
of  its  entire  length  covered  the  left 
side,  and  fell  down  in  front  of  Sie 
wearer  to  the  ground  between  the 
feet,  as  shown  by  the  part§  marked  I. 
in  both  the  front  and  back  views  of 
the  annexed  examples.  The  rest  was 
passed  behind  the  back,  and  ander 
the  right  arm ;  then  turned  down  or 
doubled  tc^ether  at  about  the  middle 


of  its  breadth,  carried  across  the  front 
of  the  body,  and  thrown  over  the  left 
shoulder,  so  that  it  hung  down  to  the 
heels,  as  shown  by  the  i>ack  view  in 
the  illustration.  The  portion  thus 
folded  down  prtidiiees  a  double  sinus, 
as  mentioned  by  Quintihan  {I.e.  103.}; 
one  formed  by  the  outer  edge  of  the 
drapery  folded  over,  which  in  the 
present  'example  falls  to  the  level  of 
the  knees  (2.^  in  other  statues  reaches 
still  lower,  so  as  to  set  a  little  above 
the  under  edge  of  the  drapery  {ioia 
l^S"'  3-  )i  which  Quintilian  considers 


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670 


TOGA. 


the  most  becoming  {deccntissiraus)  ; 
tlie  otiiei-  produced  by  the  double 
part  of  the  told  (4,},  and  procceeding, 
as  above  mentioned,  from  uiider  the 
right  arm  to  the  top  of  the  lefl 
shoulder,  so  as  to  present  the  appear- 
ance of  a  shoulder-belt  (ia/feai.  Qaint. 
I.e.);  but  which,  it  is  directed,  dioald 
lie,  as  it  here  does,  easily  across  the 
breast,  and  not  to  be  drawn  so  straight 
and  tight  as  in  the  earliest  manner, 
exemplified  by  the  third  illustration 
to  this  article,  nor  yet  so ,  loose  as  the 
Greek  style,  exhibited  by  the  fourth 
figure — nee  strangulet,  nee  float. 
(Quint.  /.  IT.)  Lastly,  as  the  end  of 
that  side  which  was  first  put  over  the 
leil  shoulder  would  have  trailed  upon 
the  ground  and  impeded  the  motion 
of  the  wearer  (Suet.  Citl.  35.),  in  con- 
sequence of  the  great  length  of  the 
entire  piece  of  drapery,  a  part  of  it 
was  drawn  up  from,  imdemeath  this 
belt  or  upper  smus  {4.),  and  turned 
over  it  in  a  sm^l  round  fold  (5.), 
termed  anibo  (Tertull.  de  Pall.  5.), 
which  thus  kept  it  at  a  proper  level. 
The  illustration,  presenting  a  front 
view,  is  from  a  statue  of  the  Villa 
Pamfili ;  the  other,  with  the  back 
turned,  from  a  statue  of  the  Villa 
Medici 

Another  method  of  adjusting  the 
toga,  termed  CinctusGabikus,  isex- 
pi^dned  and  illustrated  under  thatterm. 

2.   Tega  iridexta.     A  toga  orna- 
mented with  a  broad  border  of  pur- 
ple,    originally     derived     from     the 
Etruscans,  and  worn  with  the  bulla 
by  freebom  children  of  both  sexes, 
as  well  as  the  chief  magistrates,  dic- 
tators, consuls,  prsetors,  and  sediles, 
the  kings,  and  some  priests,  both  at 
Rome  and  in  the  colonies,      (Prop, 
iv.   I.    131.  Liv.  xxxiv.    7.      Festus 
S.V.    Cic.FAil.il  43.    Plin.jK^.  ix. 
63.     Eutrop.  i.   17.)     It  differed  in 
no  other  respect  than  Che  addition  of 
the  border  (which  would  not  be 
presented  by  sculptors}  from  the 
araples  above  introduced,  as  is  t( 
lied  by  numerous  statues  still  exisi 
of  yoimg  persons  wearing  the  t 


TOGATA. 

«4th  the  iulla  round  their  necks 
(Bartoli,  Sep.  27,  Mus.  Borb.  vii.,49. 
Mus.  Pio-Clem.  iii-  24-  Villa  Bor- 
ghese  V.  3.  and  4.) ;  in  all  which,  and 
many  other  iiistances,  ihspr/etsxta  is 
adjusted  in  the  same  manner  as  ex- 
'  'bited  by  the  two  last  figures 

3  Togafura,Oiia'ilis  The  com- 
on  toga  usually  worn  by  men,  made 
of  white  wool,  without  ornament  or 
colour  Cic  AU  v  20  Id  Fhil  n  iS 
4.  Toga  fictn  A  toga  ornamented 
with  embioidery  (ara  picta) ,  origi- 
nally worn  tc^ether  with  the  h 
palmala  by  the 


late  penod, 

is  copied,  representmg  the  con--iil  in 
his  ch-iracter  of  president  of  the 
games,  holding  up  a  handlceichief 
(mafpa)  as  a  sigml  for  the  races  to 
commence.  Liv.  x.  7. '  Lamprid.  Alex. 

5.  Toga  falmata.  Sometimes  used 
in  the  same  sense  as  loga  picta  (Mart 
vii.  2.  Serv.  drfViig.  jSn.  xi.  334.) ; 
hut  the  epithet /n/jBai'a  is  more  com- 
monly given  to  the  tunic  worn  under 

6.  A  UTapper  for  books.  Mart. 
X.  93.     Same  as  Membrana,  2. 

TOGATA.  Literally,  a  woman 
clothed  with  the  toga ;  for  in  early 
times  the  Roman  females  wore  the 
toga  as  well  as  the  men  (Varro,  de 
Vit.  P.  K.  ap.  Nod.  s.  v.  p.  541.),  as 
those  of  Greece  also  wore  the  paUizan. 
But  when  the  stola  had  been  adopted 
as  the  distingnishing  dress  of  the 
Roman  matrons,  the  use  of  the  toga 
amongst   females   was    confined    (o 


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■women  of  pleasure  (iitsrelrices),  or  to 
■wives  ■who  had  been  divorced  on  the 
ground  of  adnltecy  (Mart.  ii.  39.  Juv. 
11.  70. )  i  whence  the  term  togaia  came 
to  have  the  more  usual  sij^uification 
(A&prosHbite  (Hor.  Sat.  i.  2.  63.),  or 
an  i^»/i^£U' (Mart.  vL  64.). 

2.  To^aftibula.  A  playin-which 
the  incidents  and  characters  ■were 
selected  from  Roman  life,  and  con- 
sequently represented  by  actors  in  the 
toga  or  national  costume.  C  S  t 
55.  Sen.  Ep.  8. 

TOGATA'RIUS.     An  ae 

Slay  representing  events   of  R 
fe,  who  consequently  wore  f 
or  national  costume.     Suet.  A 

TOGATULUS.      Diminu 
TOQATUS  ;  and  indicative  of  ry 

poor  or  humble  person,  who 
coarse,  shabby,  or  scanty  \<y% 
Id).     Mart.  n.  74. 

TOGA'TUS.     In  a  genera        se 
wearing  the  ioga  as   describe     an 
illustrated  under  that  word ; 
that  article  of  attire  formed         dis 
tinguishiiig  portion  of  the  al 

costume,  the  word  is  often  cd  m 
the  special  sense  of  a  Roman,  as 
opposed  to  palliatus,  a  Greek,  whose 
nationd  costume  was  the  pallium. 
(Vii^.  Mn.  i.  286.  Cic.  Mosc.  Am. 
46.  Id./'M.  V.  5.  Suet.  Clmd.  15.) 
And  as  the  t<^  ■was  a  civic  costume, 
for  which  the  sagum  or  the  fialuda- 
mentum  was  sulretituted  in  tunes  of 
war,  or  during  active  service  in  the 
army,  the  term  is  often  applied 
speraally,  to  designate  a  cwilian,  as 
contradistinguished  from  a  military 
man.  (Cic  SuU.  30.  Id.  Or.  L  24.) 
Also,  as  the  tc^a  completed  what  we 
should  call  Uie  full-dress  costume  of 
the  people,  whidi  the  lower  classes 
only  put  on  upon  holidays,  but  laid 
aside  wlien  engaged  in  working,  the 
term  iogatus  is  opposed  to  tunualKS, 
and  implies  that  the  person  so  de- 
scribed does  not  belong  to  the  work- 
ing classes  (Jnv.  iii.  127.  i.  96.  viL 
142.),  which  constitutes  the  biting 
Sativo  in  the  passages  just  cited. 

TOG'ULA.    Dminutive  of  Toga  ; 


denoting 

fineness  of  texture,  and  consequently 
increased  value,  as  in  Cicero  {Att.  \. 
18.},  where  it  is  applied  to  the  toga 
^icta ;  at  others,  iiueriority  of  size  or 
material,  as  in  Cic  Pis.  23.  .  MarL 
ijT.  loi.,  and  consequently  conveying 
a  sentiment  of  depreciation. 

TOLLE'NO  (aliAaip,  .^yiiay).     A 
s^ipe ;   a  very  simple  machine  for 
from  a  well,  still  com- 


manentstructwremadeforthe  purpose. 
(Festusj.  V.    Plant.  Fragm.  ap.  Fest.  s. 
Reciprocare.     Plin.  N.N.-ax.  2a.) 
The  illustration  is  from  a  Pompeian 
painting,  which  represents  an  Egy 
tian  landscape.     It  shows  the  we 
■with  the  bucket  (sUula)  suspended  o^ 
it ;  the  beam  is  worked  by  two  me 
and  has  precisely  the  l>ent  form  de- 
scribedbyMartial.ix.  I9.<ini/ifl.-    - 

3.  A  machine  of  amilar  cor 
tion,  ■used  in  military  and  naval  ope- 
rations for  raising  up  a  body  of  men 
level  with  the  enemy's  ramparts. 


Sc     Liv.  3 


■■  34>  > 


i-5- 


Mil.  iv. 

TOMA'CINA  {Ttfidxtoy).  (Var- 
ro,  S.  Ji.  ii.  4.  10.)    Same  as 

TOMA'CULUM.  A  minced 
meat  pudding,  or  sort  of  sausage, 
made  of  the  internal  parts  of  a  pig 
(Ju^v.  X.  355.),  or  other  animals,  the 
braiiis,  liver,  &c.,  dressed  upon  the 
gridiron,  and  eaten  hot  (Pet.  Sat.  31. 


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672  TOMENTUM. 

II.);  on  v/hich  account  it  was  cairied. 
about  the  streets  for  sale  in  small  tin 
ovens.      (Mart.  i.  42.  9.). 

TOMEN'TUM  (k^Wxop).  A 
tlock  of  wool  torn  off  in  fulling  cloth, 
and  employed  as  wadding  for  stufting 
cushions,  bolsters,  mattresses,  &c. ; 
whence  the  word  came  to  designate 
the  stuffing  itself,  even  without  refer- 
ence to  the  materials  of  which  it  was 
composed,  whether  wool,  feathers, 
straw,  chopped  sedge,  or  tow,  all  of 
which  were  employed,  for  the  purpose. 
Plin.  B.  N.  viii.  73.  Mart.  xiv.  159, 
160, 161,  162.  Senec.  V.B.  25.  Snet, 
Tib.  54. 

TO'MIX  or  THO'MIX  {6S,y.^^). 
A  rope  made  of  tow,  rush,  or  the 
fibrous  parts  of  the  Spanish  broom. 
Vitruv.  vii.  3.  2.  Columeil.  xii.  32. 

TONS  A.  Anoar;a  term  em- 
ployed  by  the  poets,  and  mostly  in 
the  plural  number.  Ennius  af:  Fest. 
s.  V.  Virg.  Lucan.  Sil.  ItaL 

TONSILLA.  A  boat-pkk;  a 
wooden  pole  sharpened  at  the  end 
and  shod  with  iron,  which  was  stuck 
into  the  ground  in  order  to  fasten  the 
boat  to  the  shore,  or  to  bring  it  up  in 
shallow  water.  Vervius,  Pacnvius,  and 
Acciiis  ap.  Feat,  s.  v. 

TON'SOR  (™up.is).  A  bari^: 
whose  occupation  amongst  the  Ro- 
mans as  well  as  Greeks  consisted  in 
cutting  and  dressing  the  hair,  shaving 
the  beard,  paring  the  nails,  and  pull- 
ing out  stray  hairs  with  the  tweezers 
\,vohdlie.  Mart,  viii,  47.  Plant.  Aul.  ii. 
4-  33-  Juv.  vi.  25.  TheophrasL  Char. 
xKvi,  Alciphr.  Ep.  iii.  66).    Wealthy 

Eersons  kept  a  barber  in  their  own 
ouses  amongst  their  slaves ;  but  the 
people  at  i^e  had  recourse  to  the 
barber  s  shop  {toitslrina) ;  for  the  Ro- 
man arely  shaved  himself,  at  least 
after  the  year  B.C.  454,  when  the  fiist 
ba  1  er  was  introduced  from  Sicily  ; 
and  J.  Pviously  to  that  period  the  hair 
aid  beard  were  worn  long.  Phn. 
UN       .59. 

TONSTRI'CULA.      Cic.     Tmc. 
V.  20.     Diminutive  of  Tonstrix. 
TONSTRI'NAfmi-p.roi'}.    A 


fcrfe/j    siap    (PHn.    /T   N    x-ixvi 
47.);  a  favourite  place  of  reiOit  both    , 
amongst   the   Greeks  and   Romans, 
where  the  customers  congregated  to 

fossip  over  the  news  of  the  day 
laiit.  Ep.  ii.  2. 16.  Id  As  11  2  7b 
Polyb.  iiL  2a  5. 

TONSTRIX  (Koupfirpio).  A 
female  who  practised  the  trade  of  a 
barber ;  which  appears  from  numerous 
inscriptions  and  other  passages,  not 
to  have  been  an  nncommon  employ- 
ment for  women  amongst  the  ancients. 
Plant.  TVuc.  ii.  4.  54.  iv.  2.  63.  iv.  4. 
3.  Mart.  ii.  17.  fiiscriptt.  ap.  Gtut 
ap.  Fabretti. 

TONSUS  (Koilpvujs).  Cropped  or 
clipped,  with  reference  to  the  hair  of  the 
head  or  beard  (MarL  vi.  64.  xi.  39.  | ; 
and  indicating  that  the  natural  growth 
was  merely  shortened  by  cutting 
with  the  scissois  \,forfix\  as  contradis- 
tinguished ftom  rasus,  which  n 
shaved  close  vrith  a 
razor(Brawca;o).  The 
Gieeks  wore  their 
h^r  cut  close  in 
grief  and  mourning, 

presented  by  the 
annened  figure  of 
Electra  from  a  fle- 
as exemplified  by  the  , 
figure  of  Agamem- 
non introduced  J-. 
CaTAGbiapha;  but  the  Romans  let 
their  hair  and  beard  grow  under  simi- 
lar circumstances,  until  the  danger  or 
distress  had  passed,  when  they  had 
the  superfluous  lengUi  cut  off ;  whence 
the  expression  tonsus  rats  (Mart.  iL 
74.),  applied  to  a  criminal,  is  equiva- 
lent to  asguitted.  In  other  respects, 
the  free  Roman  of  the  republican 
■and  unperial  period,  wore  his  hair  oi 
a  moderate  length,  not  close  cut,  with 
the  exception  of  the  rural  population 
(Mart.  X.  98.),  which  is  obliged  to 
study  convenience  more  than  appear- 
ance ;  hence  the  term  tonsus  often 
means  rustic,  or  countrified,  especially 
when  applied  to  the  slaves  who  waited 


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■t  table  [Mart.   xi.    i: 
sua!  for  people 


,),  because  i 


have  their  waiters  extremely  well 
dressed,  and  set  off  with  long  flowing 
hair  (wood-cuts  J.  Acersecomes  and 
Pincerna),  though  some  conceited 
or  effeminate  youths,  and  women  of 
easy  virtue,  also  affected  to  wear  a 
crop.  Suet  j^u^.  45.  JViro,  44. 
Cic.  Pit.  8. 

T  0  P  'I  A.  Landscape  paiidings  ; 
introduced  in  later  times  as  a  decora- 
tion for  flie  walls  of  a  dwelling-room, 
and  consisting  of  imaginary  views  <rf 
country  scenery,  ports,  temples,  &c., 
&c.  (Vifruv.  vii.  5.  2.)  Many  of 
these  iopia  have  been  found  in  the 
houses  at  Pompeii,  agreeing  perfectly 
with  the   description  of  Vitruvius ; 


bemg  for  the  mo'it  part  fanciful  oom^ 
positions,  with  httle  of  nature  in  them, 
but  tree  in  the  handling,  and  not 
unpleasu^  to  the  eye.  A  specimen 
is  uitroduced  in  order  to  aflbrd  an 
idea  of  the  usual  style  exhibited  in 
this  branch  of  art  amongst  the  ati- 

TOFIA'RIUS  A /amy  gardener; 
a  slave  whose  particular  province  it 
was  to  attend  to  the  cptis  tapiarium 
(C[C  Q  Fi  ni-i  2,  PHn.  H.N.  xv. 
39  ),  whiUi  comprised  the  culture  and 
trammg  of  bees  and  shrubs,  the  de- 
coration of  aiboniB  and  bowers,  and 
the  forming  of  evergreens  by  pruning 
and  clipping  into  a  variety  of  incon- 
gruous and  fanciful  shapes,  represent- 
ing birds,  beasts,  &c.,  like  those  so 
prevalent  m  the  Dutch  gardens  of  the 
last  century  Cic  Far.  v.  3.  Plin. 
Ep  111    in   ^ 

TOR  AL  and  TORA'LE.   A 


TORCULAR.  673 

valance,  attached  in  front  to  the  lower 
part  of  a  dining  couch,  between  the 
mattress  (ftmu)  and  the  floor  (Varro, 
L.L.  vi.  167.  Pet.  Sai.  40.  i.  Hor. 
Bp.  i.  S-  32.),  as  in  Ihe  annexed  ex- 
ample from  a  painting  discovered  at 
Resina  -,  thus  contradistinguished  from 
the  stragulum  and  teristroma,  which 
were  laid,  like  a  sheet,  entirely  over 
the  mattress,  for  the  occupant  to  re- 
pose npon,  as  shown  by  the  illustra- 
tion to  the  last  of  those  words.  It  was 
usually  composed  of  white  drapery,  or 
at  least  of  some  washing  material  for 
the  sake  of  cleaiJiness  (Hor.  Sat.  ii.  4. 
84.)  i  but  gold  tissue  or  embroidery  is 


lance,  with  a  hunting  scene  em- 
broidered upon  it,  brought  in  and 
fastened  under  the  mattresses,  upon 
wMdi  guests  were  actually  reposing 
at  dinner,  just  before  a  wild-boar  was 
served  up.     Pet  /.  c. 

TOR'CULAR  and  -UM  (Mj^rfj)- 
A  press  employed  in  the  manufacture 
of  oil  and  wine  (Vitruv.  vi.  6.  3. 
Plin.  H.  N.  xviii.  74.  Varro,  ap.  Non. 
s.  V.  p.  47.) ;  the  object  of  which  was 
to  extract  t^  violent  pressure  all  the 
juice  remaining '  in  the  skins  and 
stalks  of  the  grapes  {pes  vmaceorum) 
after  they  had  been  trodden  out  by 
the  feet,  or  the  oil  from  the  olive 
pulps  (joHiio)  after  they  had  been 
bruised  in  the  mill  {trapetum,  mala). 

The  earliest  contrivance  employed 
for  this  purpose  was  of  a  very  simple 


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TORCULAR. 


the  aid  of  a  lever  beam,  under 
block  the  bunches  of  grapes  enc 
in  a  basket  {fiscina,   Columell. 
39.  3.),  or  between  laths  {regain 


as  represented  by  the  anne^d  illus- 
tration, fiom  a  Greek  bas-rehef  of 
the  Neapohtan  Museum.  The  two 
fig;ures  on  the  lell  steady  the  stone, 
mulst  the  three  at  the  opposite  ex- 
tremity of  the  lever  are  occupied  in 
raising  it  up  to  giie  loom  for  placing 
the  basket  of  grapes  underneath  it. 


It  is   probable,  tha    af        h 
had  been  lowered  on       h    fru  t,    h 
lever  was  removed  h       p 

and  made  to  perform  h  d  ties  f 
press-beam  (p-eiuni  by  fixi  g 
end  in  a  socket,  so  that  the  pressmen 
at  the  opposite  end  could  increase  the 
natural  weight  of  the  stone  by  forcing 
the  beam  upon  it. 

The  next  change  produced  a  regular 
machine,  described  in  detail  by  Cato 
{R.  R.  18.),  mhicli  operated  by  the 
pressure  of  a  beam  .{freluai),  drawn 
down  upon  the  object  to  be  squeezed 
by  means  of  ropes  attached  to  one 
end  of  the  beam,  and  worked  by  a 
capstan  {siicula,  Plm.  H.  N.  xviii, 
74.).     Very  considerable  vestiges  of 


Gragnano  (formerly  ^taik 
which  the  annexed  diagrai 
signed,  with  the  object  al  e^laining 
the  character  of  me  machine,  the 
parts  of  which  it  was  composed,  and 
the  nomenclature  attached  ti  ' 
r,  I.  Two  strong  uprights. o 
[arbores),  firmly  planted  and  wedged 


-Cut,J.ToE.CULARlUH,No.4.(.), 

which  served  to  hold  down  the 
ongue  (Ungvla,  2.)  of  the  press-beam 
prslum,  3!),  and  form  a  point  of  re- 
istance  when  it  was  in  operation. 


As  the  e 


El 


;  stress  consequent  upon 
ction  of  the  press-beam 
came  against  this  part  of  the  appara- 
tus, when  its  opposite  extremity  was 
forced  down,  Cato  recommends  that 
two  trunks  should  be  used,  as  being 
more  solid,  and  less  Hkely  to  be 
forced  out  of  their  sockets  than  a 
single  one  would  be  ;  consequently, 
two  are  represented  in  the  plan ;  but 
in  the  example  at  Gragnano,  only 
one  was  employed,  and  that  had  an 


m)  c 


1  It,  t 


the  tongue  of  the  beam.  4,  4.  Two 
posts  (stipites),  also  planted  in  sockets 
of  a  amilar  kind  under  the  fiboimg 
(see  the  wood-cut,  s.  Torcui-arium, 
No.  3.,  g,  h\  which  held  the  ends 


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of  the  capstan  \sucuh,  5,  5)  that 
worked  down  the  beam.  The  heads 
of  these  posts  were  tied  ti^ether  by  a 
cross-beam  at  the  top,  on  which  was 
fixed  a  pull^,  with  a  cord  ninning 
through  it  from  the  end  of  the 
press-beam ;  by  means  of  which  the 
beam  was  raised,  to  malte  room  for 
the  baslteth  ot  fruit  or   pulp,   when 

fiaced  underneath  it,  upon  the  bed 
6  }      h       th  d 

im  W  £r  ps 


strengthened  by 

the  top,  and  an- 
other at  the  bot- 
tom which  served 
which  the  basltet  of  fruit  was  placed. 
Over  this  there  are  a  number  of  soUd 
Ijoards  [tympana,  Plin.  ff.  N.  xviiL 
74.),  which  perform  the  office  of  a 
press-beam,  having  their  heads  fitted 
into  perpendicular  channels  niiming 
down  each  side  of  the  uprights,  and 
being  forced  down  upon  the  mass  of 
grapes  by  means  of  large  blocks, 
driven  in  as  wedges  between  them 
by  blows  of  a  mallet. 


Presses  like  the  two  described  con- 
tinued in  common  use  amongst  the 
Romans,  rmtil  witlun  a  century  of  the 
age  of  Pliny,  when  a  simple  improve- 
ment was  mst  introduced,  of  working 
the  beam  down  by  means  of  a  screw 
(cochlea)  instead  of  the  capstan  or 
wedges  (Plin.  B.  N.  xviii.  74.); 
but  this  eventually  led  to  a  great 
change  during  his  lifetime,  which 
very  mateiially  altered  the  form  and 
chiuacter  of  the  otiginal  machine. 
The  great  length  of  a  leter  press- 
beam  was  very  inconvenient,  as  it 
required  so  large  a  building  for  the 
room  where  it  was  worked,  and  the 
last  machine  is  hut  a  clumsy  con- 
trivance. But  a  remedy  was  found  by 
the  invention  of  the  , 

screw-press,   with   arf^' — — — ^i 
mast  (w<7/«j)  for  the  | 
male    screw    placed    [ 

shown  by  the 
lexed  illustration,  | 
from  a  panting  1 
Pompeii ;  in  whidi 
solid  boards  (tympana),  instead  of 
the  long  beam,  are  placed  over  the 
mass,  and  screwed  down  upon  it ;  so 
that  the  machine  is  much  smaller, 
thougli  equally  powerful,  and  re- 
quh-es  less  room.  (Plin.  /.  c.)  The 
illustratioi^  in  reality,  is  intended  for 
a  cloths-press  (Jiressgrkim) ;  but  as 
the  constmctive  principle  is  the  same, 
it  will  equally  serve  to  illustrate  the 
present  subject. 

2.  (\7,<,h.)  (Phil.  II.  N.  xviii. 
62.  ColuraelL  xi.  2.  71.)  In  these 
passages,  which  speak  of  washing  and 
cleaning  the  torcutum,  the  word  is 
generaUy  taken  to  mean  a  vat  in 
which  the  grapes  were  crushed  by 
the  feet ;  but  there  is  no  substantiM 
reason  for  the  distinction,  since  the 
old  lever-press  was  composed  of 
several  pieces,  which  were  put  toge- 
ther, or  set  up,  at  the  time  of  uie 
vintage  and  oil-making,  and  after- 
wards taken  down  and  stowed  out  of 
the  way,  to  leave  the  room  they  occu- 
pied ai   liberty  for  other   purposes 


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676 

(Varro,  ap.  Non.  j.  v.  vinsis  uii 
amplaalla  torculumrepenant).  Pliny 
and  Columella  only  enjoin  the  neces- 
sity of  cleaning  and  washing  these 
parts  before  they  were  put  by. 

3.  (Vitmv.  vi.  6,  2.)  The  press- 
room, or  building  in  which  the  tarm- 
lar  was  worked.     Same  as 

TORCULA'RIUM  IM^^M-  A 
fress-rootn ;  which  comprises  the 
whole  fabric  wl  ere  o  1  is  made  and 
m  wh  ch  the  mill  presses,  reserve  r? 
and  veo  el»  used  m  the  pro  ess  were 
set  p  or  conta  i  (Cato  J?  R 
XI    X      XV       Colu    ell  83) 

s  also  gjven  t    ■ 


TORCULARWM. 


the  building  in  which  the  wine-press 
was  placed,  though  that  is  otherwise 
designated  by  a  special  term  of  its 


I   {vh 


structed  upon  the  same  genera!  plan, 
and  contained  similar  machinery  and 
conveniences  to  those  employed  in 
the  manufacture  of  oil,  differing  only 
in  some  minor  details,  adapted  forthe 
different  nature  of  the  article  to  be 
produced  This  may  be  collected  in 
part  from  the  passages  of  Cato  and 
Coin  ella  whe  e  u  h  structuies  are 
des     bed     b  t    t    s  fully  co  firmed 


I  a    e     ralp         pie    lo  el)  c  ire  pond 
e  al  d  ff  ren   p  c      |   n^  o  e   it]  tl  e    the       The  ill    tia 
n    son  e  t      vuie  a   1    thers  for    tion  annexed   e  1  b  t     tl  p    g  ou  d 
1   ail  of  vl  ch  w  e  e  arra  ged  upon  |  pla  1  of  one  of  these  bull  1  ngs,  used 


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TORCULARIUM. 

for  malfing  oil,  with  a  section  of 
its  undeiground  appurtenances,  the 
whole  agreeing  in  most  of  the  essen- 
tia] features  with  the  particulars  de- 
scribed by  Cato ;  and  thus,  whilst  it 
materially  assists  a  correct  under- 
standing of  that  author,  will  convey  a 
complete  idea  of  the  method  and  pro- 
cess adopte'd  by  the  Romans  in  die 
manufaclnre  of  this  important  article 
of  their  agricultui'al  produce.  No.  i. 
represents  the  ground-floor  of  the 
room,  which  has  an  open  gangway 
completely  through  it,  and  con 
one  mill  for  bruisir^  the  fruit 
pair  of  presses,  one  mill  bemg  amply 
sufficient  for  supplying  Iwo  presses, 
as  the  process  of  bruising  is  effected 
with  much  greater  celerity  than  that 
of  squeezing.  No.  2.  is  a  section  i " 
the  same,  on  the  line  a  b.  No.  3. 
secrion  of  one  side,  on  the  line  c  I 
No.  4.  a  section  of  the  same  side,  0 
the  hne  E  F.  The  same  letters  refer 
to  flie  same  objects  on  all  tlie  four. 
G  is  the  bruising  machine  {Irafietitm), 
a  full  description  and  Tiew  of  which 
is  given  under  that  word.  H,  H.  Each 
a  lai^e  basin  (possibly  termed  forum, 
vjroA^ciOf),  constructed  in  the  fabric, 
and  enclosed  on  the  side  where  there 
is  no  wall  by  a  raised  margin  (a,  a). 
The  floors  of  these  basins  incline 
towards  the  points  b,b,  at  each  of 
which  there  is  a  leaden  conduit  open- 
ing respectively  into  two  large  earth- 
enware jars  {cc),  partly  sank  below 
the  level  of  the  floor  (No.  2.),  and 
partly  raised  above  it  (No.  3.).  By 
the  aide  of  each  jar  there  is  a  low 
pedestal  (//>,  raised  as  high  as  the 
lip  of  the  jar,  but  inclined  towards  it, 
and  covered  at  the  top  with  a  tile 
formed  with  raised  edges.  On  the 
opposite  side  of  the  room  are  a  double 
set  of  three  square  holes  (g,  h,  i),  smik 
in  the  fabric  to  a  considerable  depth 
below  the  level  of  the  floor  (Nos.  3. 
and  4.),  which  were  intended  as 
sockets  for  receiving  the  masts  and 
uprights  of  the  press  (itora/a!-)  ;  the 
one  at  i  for  the  trunk  {arbor),  in 
which  the  tongue   {Ungu/a)   of  the 


TOREUMA. 


677 


press-beam  ijn-itlnin)  was  fixed ;  the 
other  two  {g,  k)  for  the  posts  {stipites) 
of  the  capstan  (siiaila),  bywhichthe 
beam  was  worked  down,  as  explained, 
by  the  text  and  wood-cut  at  p.  674. 
As  the  whole  stress  of  the  machinery 
fell  upon  these  Crunks  and  posts, 
which  rendered  them  liable  to  be 
forced  out  of  their  sockets,  when  the 
beam  was  pressed  down,  they  were 
made  fast  under  the  flooring  by  cross- 
pieces  or  foot-bolts  {pedicini,  Cato, 
R.R.  xviii.  3.),  for  the  reception  of 
which  a  small  chamber  {kk,  Nos.  3, 
and  4. )  is  formed  ander  them,  with  a 
staircase  (/,/,/,  Nos.  i.  and  4.),  for 
the  workmen  to  descend  into  it.  The 
mode  of  operating,  and  the  use  of  the 
different  parts,  may  now  be  easily 
conceived.  The  wide  gangway  in 
centre  was  intended  for  the  beasts  and 
laboitfcrs  to  bring  in  the  olives,  which 
were  placed  in  the  trapetum  (g),  and 
bruised.  TTie  pulp  was  then  put  into 
baskets,  and  transferred  to  the  presses 
{i,g,K),  which  squeezed  out  the  juice 
into  the  basins  (hh),  from  which  it 
flowed^ongthe  sloping  pavement,  and 
through  the  leaden  condnit,  into  the 
large  jars  (c,  f),  wheiu^e  it  was  ladled 
out  by  the  capulator,  and  finally  re- 
moved into  the  storehouse  or  cellar 
{cdla  olearid).  The  small  pedestal, 
with  its  indmed  tile  at  top  (/  No.  3.), 
by  the  side  of  the  Jaj|;e  jar  (c),  was 
intended  to  rest  another  vessel  upon, 
whilst  it  was  lieing  filled  out  of  the 
larger  one;  and  the  raised  edges,  as 
w^  as  the  inclination  given  to  the 
tile,  was  to  prevent  waste,  as  all  the 
spillings  or  dripping  would  thus  flow 
back  into  the  Urge  jar. 

TORCULA'RIUS,  as  an  adjec- 
tive, is  applied  generally  to  any  one 
of  the  instruments,  vessels,  &c,  em- 
ployed in  or  about  a  wine  or  oil  press 
and  press-room  (Varro,  R.  R.  i.  za. 
Columell.  i.  6.)  ;  but,  absolutely,  tlie 
tarcularii  ate  the  labourers  who 
worked  the  press  (Coiumell.  xii.  52. 
3.),  as  seen  in  the  first  illustration  j, 

TORCITLAB. 

TOREU'MA(T^p£i;fiii).  Probably, 


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678  TORMENTUM. 

an  kiery  carving,  exef^ted.  bj-  a  sharp- 
pointed  instrument  {cml-um,  iornnsj, 
woiked  by  s.  lathe  or  wheel ;  though 
it  must  tie  confessed,  that  much  dif- 
ference exists  respecting  the  accurate 
meaning  of  the  word.  It  is  derived, 
without  doubt,  fiom  the  Greelc  t«- 
pfia,  to  bore  ;  which,  is  often  applied 
in  the  same  sense  as  ro/Hifia,  to  turn, 
or  work  with  a  lathe ;  and  as  both 
tlie  Greek  and  Lafc  languages  supply 
distinct  terms  for  the  various  pro- 
cesses of  carvmg,  casting,  chasing, 
engraving  in  intaglio,  inlaying,  beat- 
ing out,  and  into  moulds,  as  well  as 
every  otlier  style  now  known  or 
p  a  tised  except  that  of  working  by 
the  p  nt  and  wheel,  which  operates 
upo  the  principle  of  boring,  it  does 
eem  asonable  to  believe  that  the 
t  rm  wa  employed  to  designate  a 
1  f  'orks  executed  in  the  man- 
n  d  cr  bed,  whether  in  ivory,  very 
haid  t  le,  or  silver.  One  thing 
qu  t  ertain  is,  that  the  toreaina  was 
ega  ded  as  a  highly  choice  and 
jJuable  production  (Cic.  Pis.  27. 
Sail  C  t  21.) ;  and  that  it  is  gene- 
ally  ef  rred  to  small  objects,  mostly 
a  t  les  f  use,  employed  as  drinliing 
essels  {Suet.  "jal.  47.  Cic,  Verr.  ii, 
4.  18  )  and  ornamented  with  figures 
o  otl  devices  in  relief.  (Mart.  x. 
87  )  The  same  term  is  also  given  to 
a  drinldng-cup  of  fictile  manufacture 
(luteum  rots  toremna.  Mart.  iv.  46, 
Compare  idv.  loa. );  where  the  name 
laranna  can  only  acquire  its  meaning 
from  the  turtiing  of  a  potter's  wheel, 

TORMEN'TUM.  A  geneml 
term  for  any  kind  of  military  engine 
which  discharged  misales  (Cic.  Cses. 
Liv.)  by  an  impetus  produced  through 
the  means  of  any  elastic  and  twisted 
substance  (from /iffyKtwfl'i');  inclnding, 
CherefoK:,  the  specific  denominations 
Ballista,  Catajmlta,  Scorpio, 
others    enumeiated    m   the  C!a 


ral 


erm  for  an  instrument  1 
(Plin.   H.  N.  xxxiv.    rg.    %  32, 
vi,  II, };no  doubt,  because  the 


e  of  the  commonest  and 


3,  {6ir(ff«no).  A  strong  cable  girt 
round  the  hull  of  a  ship  from  stem  to 
stem,  for  the  purpose  of  strengthen- 
ing her  timbers  in  heavy  weather 
gsidor.  Orig,  xix,  4.  4. )  i  to  which 
orace  certainly  seems  to  allude,  and 
not  to  the  cable  of  an  anchor,  when 
he  says  sine/unikis  Vix  ditrare  cariius 


Possunl  imperial 


[Car. 


14,  6,).  A  number  of  these  w 
kept  in  the  arsenal,  taken  on  board 
when  a  vessel  was  ordered  out  to 
sea,  and  put  on  as  occasion  required, 

TORNUS  (Tiiprai),  A  lathe,  or 
turner's  wheel  (Virg.  Georg.  ii.  449, 
Plin.  IT.  N.  vii.  57) ;  also,  a  sharp- 
pointed  carving  or  graving-tool, 
turned  by  a  lathe.     Virg.  Ed.  lii.  38. 

TORQUA'TUS  {iiTpiirTB<^6pos). 
Wearing  a  ti  ed  colla  (  'q!iis\ 
round  uie  neck  as  was  ustomary 
wi  h  he  G  u  5  (see  th  vooi  cut  s. 
Cot,  ATU  he  P  ans  ind  other 
races,  in  the  nan  ho  n  by  the 
annexed  ligu  e 


ttie  Persian  soldiers  in  the  famous 
mosaic  of  Pompeii.  Hence,  miles 
torquatus  amongst  the  Romans  is  a 
soldier  who  had.  been  presented  with 
an  ornament  of  this  description  as  a 
reward  of  valour  (V^.  Mil.  ii.  7. 
Compare  Plin.  H.N.  xxxiii.  10,); 
which  he  did  not  wear  round  his 
neck,  like  the  Orientals,  but  affixed 
to  his  breast  in  the  same  manner  as  a 
modern  decoration.  This  is  clearly 
demonstrated  by  tlve  following  exam- 


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pic,  wliiclj  exhibits  the  portrait  of  a 
centurion  on  a  sepulchral  bas-relief, 
who  wears  the  following  decorations  ; 
— a  lemniscus  streaming  from  the  back 


of  the  head,  two  iorgues  on  his  breast. 

and  a  fhaiera  showing  under  them. 

TORQUISinrtTORQUE&(irTpe 

mis)       A  cncular  ornament,  made 


with  a  number  of  gold 
twisted  spirally  tt^ethei,  and  wi 
as  a  colHr  or  necl^  chain  by  the 
Gauls,  Persians,  and  other  races  of 
the  north  and  east  (Isidor  Orig 
xin  31  II  CiC.  Og  ui  21  )  The 
lUustratioii  IS  from  an  original,  and 
festens  itself  by  two  bent  ends,  which 
dasp  into  one  another,  the  lorpii' 
unca  of  Propert  iv   10  44. 

2.    Torptis  bradiialis.      (Vopisc. 
Aztrd.   7.)     An  ornament  made  of 


TORULUS,  (l-l<) 

ast  example,  but  forming  many 
I  coils  instead  of  a  single  circle, 
xOTo.  round  the  lower  part  of  the 

{brachiunij,  between   the  wrist 

and  elbow,  instead  of  on  the  neck. 
The  illustration  is  from  an  original. 

A   coupling    collar,    made    of 


twisted  rope,  passed  round  the  necks 
of  a  pair  of  oxen  (Viig.  Cforg.  iii 
168.),  when  they  were  not  attached 
by  a  yoke  (Jvgum),  as  in  the  annexed 
example,  from  a,  marble  bas-relief. 

4,  Poeiicsily,  for  a  wreath  of 
flpwers  twined  round  an  altar.  Virg. 
Georg.  iv.  276. 

TORTOR  {Saismurris).  One 
who  inflicts  the  torture.  Cic.  Phil. 
xi.  3.   Sen.  Ep.  14. 

TOR'ULUS.  Dtminutiye  of 
Torus  ;  but  specially  used  to  desig- 
nate a  sort  of  fillet  twined  round  the 
head  (iw-aii  cafili  drcumflexo,  Am- 
mian.  xix.  I.  31.),  and  presenting 
full  or  swelling  contours,  lilte  those 


produced  by  the  stuffing  in  a, 
(Varro,  Z.i.v.  167.  Torus,  ».);or 
the  strands  of  a  rope  (ToKUS,  I-)  ; 
or  the  protuberances  of  .1  festoon  or 
chaplet  between  its  ties  (Torus,  4.); 
as  represented  by  the  annexed  ex- 
ample from  a  Pompeian  painting.    It 

and   in   the    Ampkilryo    of   Plautus, 
Jupiter  is  furnished  with  a  lonUus  of 


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68o  TOKUS. 

gold  twist  {Amfh.  Prol.  144,),  ivhich 
he  wore  under  his  hat  (peiasus),  in 
order  that  he  might  be  distinguidied 
from  Amphitryon  when  he  uncovered 
his  head. 

TOR'US.  Any  fiiU  and  swelling 
protuberance,  like  the  convexity  of  a 
mns  ic.  Tusc.  li.  a.),  of  an  over- 

haiged  vein  (Cels.  -m.  iS,) ;  or  the 
a  rope  (Cato,  R.  R.  13S.  4. 
11   xi.  3.  6. ) ;  whence  the  fol- 
w!  g  more  special  applications  ac- 

mattress  or  stuffed  bed  for 

m        d  sleeping  upon  (Plin.  M.  N. 

VI  Ov.  Fast.  it.  795.) ;  so  termed 

ft  ni  swelling  undulations  pro- 

d      d    n   it  by  the  stitches  of  the 


quilting,  as  represented  by  the  ex- 
ample, which  is  copied  from  a  marble 
bas-relief. 

3.  InarcIiitecture.asweUingmould- 
ing,  similar  in  form  to  the  astragal, 
but  of  lai^er  dimensions,  which  was 
employed  in  the  bases  of  columns, 
where  it  presents  the  appearance  of  a 


swollen  vein,  or  of  a  round  cushion 
swelUng  out  from  the  superincumbent 
weight.  When  more  than  one  toras 
was  applied,  as  in  the  annexed  ex- 
ample of  an  Attic  base,  a  hollow 
moidding  or  scotia  was  placed  between 
them,  the  upper  and  lower  one  being 
distinguished  from  each  other  by  the 

sxAinfiriiir.  Vitruv.  iv.  7.  3,  iii.  5.  2. 
4.  A  swelling  protuberance  in  the 


circle  of  a  festoon  {seyium)  or  of  a 
chaplet  {corona),  produced  byribands 
tied  round  it  at  mlervals,  which  bredc 
np  the  even  outline  into  a  number  of 


separate  and  undulating  parts, 
shown  by  the  aimexed  example  from 
a  marble  bas-relief.  Hence  Cicero 
applies  the  term  figuratively  to  cer- 
tain oratorical  ornaments  in  speaking 
which  interrupt  ^id  diversify  the  even 
tenor  of  a  discourse.      Cic.  Or.  6. 

TRAB'EA.  A  t<^a,  either  en- 
tirely of  purple,  or  ornamented  with 
one  or  more  horizontal  stripes  of  that 
colour  ;  the  former  forming  the  Sacred 
drapery  of  a  deity,  the  latter  a  royid 
robe,  adopted  by  Romulus  and  the 
early  kings,  from  whom  it  descended 
to  the  consuls,  who  wore  it  upon  cer- 
tam  public  solemnities,  and  to  the 
muiiis  or  knights,  who  wore  it  at 
their  review  brfore  the  Censor.  (Serv. 
ai^Vii^.  ^n.  vi.  6iz.  PUo.  ff.  N. 
viiL  74.  VaL  Max.  ii.  2.  g.)  The 
method  of  adjusting  it  was  the  same 
as  that  described  under  the  article 
Toga  ;  more  especially  as  regards 
the  earliest  styles,  when  the  drapery 
was  less  proiiise  in  its  folds  and  dimen- 
=  '"■^-"""itisdistinguishedbythe 


1  the 

fy-adea.  Val.  Max.  ii.  z,  9.  Ov.  Fast. 
i-37- 

TRABEC'ULA.  (Cato,  R.  R. 
viii,  5.)     Diminutive  of 

TRABS  {rpdwnO.  Generally,  any 
laige  wooden  beam,  such  as  the  rib 
of  a  shipi  the  beam  of  a  battering- 
ram,  &c. ;  whence,  in  a  more  special 
sense,  by  architects,  a  ivooi/ett  archi- 
trave,  or  large  beam  laid  horizontally 
on  a  row  of  columns  in  order  to  form 


w1^en< 


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TSAMA. 


68i 


a  continuous  bed  for  the  other  limbers 
of  tie  roof  to  rest  upon  (Vltruv.  iv. 
a.  I.),  like  that  marked,  a  in  the  an- 
nexed plan.    In  the  Etruscan  temples 


and  other  edifices  where  the  space 
between  column  and  column  exceeded 
the  width  of  three  and  a  half  diame- 
lers,  the  architrave  was  always  of 
timber,  even  though  the  rest  of  the 
building  was  constructed  in  masonry, 
because  stone  or  marble  would  not 
support  a  superincumbent  weight 
over  a  void  of  such  extent  j  bat 
when  the  intercoltunniation  .was  not 
so  great,  the  architrave  was  made  of 
the  same  materials  as  the  other  parts 
of  the  structure,  and  is  then  more 
usually  styled  epiitylmm,  forming  the 
lowest  of  the  three  principal  members 
into  which  the  entablature  of  an  order 
is  divided  on  its  exterior. 

TRACTATOR.  A  skamfioaeri  a 
slave  whose  business  it  was  to  mani- 
pulate the  body  and  supple  the  joints 
after  the  bath,  as  still  commonly 
practised  in  the  East.     Sen.  Ep.  66. 

TRACT'ATRIX.  A  female  slave, 
who  performed  the  same  office  as  the 
Iractatoi:     Mart.  ilL  82. 

TRACTUM  and  TRACTA 
{i[(tTOT/iH).  A  flock  of  wool  drawn 
out  by  the  process  of  combing  or 
carding.  Varro  ap.  Non.  s.  v.  p.  228. 
Tibull.  !,  6.  80. 

2.  {^iyavov.)  A  flake  of  dough 
pulled  out  like  a  flock  of  wool  in  the 
process  of  kneading.  Cato,  R.  R,  76. 
I.  Plin.  IT.  M.  xviii.  z?.  Athen. 
xiv.  57. 

TRA'GULA.  A  sort  of  missile 
discharged  by  machinery,  but  of 
which  the  distmctive  peculiarities  are 
not  ascertained.  Varro,  Z.  Z.  v.  115. 
Festus  s.  V.  Ludl.  Liv.  Cses.  Sail. 

2.   A   drag    net,    or   troUing-net, 


furnished  with  corks  ti 
edge.      Plin.  N.  N.  yi 
3.   {Varro,  L.  L.  y.  139.)     Same 

TRAg'uLA'RII.  a  class  of 
soldiers  whose  duty  it  was  to  place 
and  level  the  missiles,  termed  ira- 
gula,  to  be  disdbai^ed  from  a  military 
engine.     Veg.  MiL  ii.  15. 

TRAHA.  or  TRAHEA.  A  drag 
without   wheels,    employed  by   the 


drawn  behind  the  tri- 
hila,  to  complete  wliat  bad  been 
lefi  imperfectly  threshed.  (Columell. 
a.  21.  4.  Virg.  Gem-g.  I.  164.)  The 
example  is  from  an'Egyptian  tomb 

TRATilA.  Origmafly  and  accu- 
rately,  this  word  seems  to  have  mdi 
eated  the  threads  of  a  «arp  when 
opened  mto  a  shed,  or  decussated  by 


and  thus  opposed  to  stamen,  which 
signifies  the  warp  before  the  leashes 
are  put  on,  and  while  all  its  yarns 
hung  strmght  and  close  upon  the 
loom,  as  represented  by  the  wood-cut 
under  that  word  (Sen.  Ep.  90. 
Schneider.  Jndex.  R.  R.  Script,  s.  TE- 
LA. )  Hence  it  is  applied  to  the  open 
work  of  a  spider's  web  (Plin.  M.  N. 
xi.  28.),  and  to  a  very  lean  person. 
(Pers.  vi.  73.),  as  if  to  imply  that  one 
might  see  through  his  skin  and  bones, 
as  through  the  shed  of  a  warp.     But 


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682  THAMES. 

latterly,  or  at  least  in  the  language  of 
the  common  people,  the  terra  Irama 
was  confounded  with,  subtei/un  {Serv. 
arfVirg.  Mn.  iiL  43,  Isidor.  Orig. 
xIk.  39.  7.),  in  which  sense  it  is  re- 
tained to  this  day  by  the  weavers  of 
Italy,  who  call  the  woof  "la  irataa." 

TRA'MES.  A  ^rojj/o^,  forming 
a  byeway  or  short  cut,  hy  which  per- 
sons can.  move  from  one  place  to 
another  without  beuig  exposed  to 
public  observation.  Varro,  2.  L.  vii. 
62.   Cic.  PM.  xiii.  9.   Sail.  Cat.  59. 

TRANSEN'NA.  A  tfa^  for 
snaring  bivds,  constraded  upon  a 
pruiciple  very  similai  to  that  of  our 
"  man  trap."  It  was  formed  of  net- 
work stniDcd 
upon  a  frame 


tached  to  a  common  axis,  extended 
between  them.  When  the  tnp  was 
set,  the  two  flaps  lay  flat  out  upon  the 
giound  ,  but  she  moment  the  bird 
ahghted  upon  the  bait,  which  was 
plated  upon  the  cross-bar  in  the 
centre,  its  weight  slipped  the  spring, 
ind  the  two  sides  closed  ti^ether 
and  secured  the  bird.  (Plant.  Sacck. 
IV  5  32  Had.  iv.  7.  10.  and  13. 
Compare  also  /"ers.  iv.  3.  13.)  The 
illustration  represents  an  ^yptian 
trap  of  the  kind  described  from  ptunt- 
ings  at  Beni-Hassan ;  on  the  left  side, 
open,  and  set;  on  the  right  after  it 
has  closed  with  the  bii-d  caught  in  it ; 
the  network  only  has  been  restored 
to  the  right  figure,  from  which  it  had 
faded  in  the  original. 

2.  A  lattice  of  cross-bars  before  a 
window,  or  other  aperture,  as  in  the 
illustration  i.  Prothyritm  ;  hence, 
jTaaii  ^  traitstnnam  adspicers  (Cic. 
Orat  I.  35.),  "to  look  in  a  cursory 
or  imperfect  maimer,  as  if  through 
lattice  ■■ 

3  A  rope  eittended  acro<is  an, 
place  or  openmg  from  side  to  side 
(Serv  .i^Vi^  An  v  488  Isidor 
Oris  XIX  II  24  Sail  afi  Non  s  v 
p   180  ),  such,  for  example,  as  was 


TRAPETUM. 

Stretched  across  the  race-course  for 
the  purpose  of  compellmg  all  fc 
horses  to  start  together  (LlNBA,  4,}; 
whence  the  expression  *■  transtnna 
(Ammian.  xxv.'  6.  14.},  "all  lea- 
ther." 

TEANSTILLUM.  (Vitmv.  v. 
iz.}    Diminutive  of 

TRANSTEUM.  In  a  general 
sense,  any  beam  or  plank  l^d  hori- 
lOntally  over  a  void  from  wall  to 
wall,  to  support  a  weight  above,  sus- 
pend other  objects  from,  or  as  a  tie- 
beam  for  Btrength'ening  the  side 
raliers  of  a  timber  roo^  when  the 
space  covered  by  it  is  of  large  dimen- 
sions. Festus  J.  &.  Plin.  H..  N. 
xxxiv.  33.    Vitruv.  iv.  2.  I. 

3.  Transtra,  plural  (ri  irl\iiMTa). 
The  ctoss-benches  upon  which  the 
rowers  sat  in  large  vessels  where 
more  than  one  man  was  employed  at 
the  same  oar,  stretchmg  from  the. 
ribs  of  the  vessel  to  another  support 
within  her  wsust,  so  that  the  reqmsite 
number  could  be  accommodated  on 
the  same  beach ;  but  their  length, 
position,  and  exact  ariangement  can- 
not be  ascertained, with  any  pretence 
to  authority,  for  no  sufficient  testi- 
mony remains,  either  of  authors  or 
artists,  to  illustrate  the  infernal  con- 
struction of  the  ancient  ships.  Festus 
J.  n.  Vag.  .^n.  iv.  573. 

TRAPETUM,  TRAPETUS,  or 
TRAP'ES.  An  olive  mill ;  or  ma- 
chine for  bruising  the  fleshy  part  of 
the  olive,  and  separating  it  from  the 
stone  (Viig.  Geo'-g.  ii.  519.  Varro, 
L.  L.  V.  138.),  before  it  was  submit- 
ted to  the  action  of  the  press  {torca- 
lar).  A  machine  of  this  kind  is  de- 
scribed at  length  by  Cato  (R.  R.  ix. 
— xxii.  and  cxxxv,),  and  an  ancient 
original  has  been  discovered  at  Gra- 
gnano  (formerly  Slabits),  so  closely 
resembling  that  description  as  to 
leave  no  question  respecting  its  name 
and  use.  A  drawing  of  this  is  inserted 
in  the  next  page,  both  in  elevation  and 
section,  with  the  different  members 
properly  put  together,  which  were 
found  partly  in  fragments,  and  partly 


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TRAFETUM. 

entire,  upon  the  spot,  The  names 
ascribed  to  each  are  in  accordance 
witli  the  nomenclature  of  Cato,  and 
the  same  references  apply  to  the 
similar  parts  in  the  elevation  and  the 


683 


seclion.  The  lower  member  forms  a 
circular  basin  {fiiortarium,  1),  of  hard 
volcanic  stone,  the  aides  of  which 
were  termed  labra.  (Cato,  cxxxv. 
6,  7.)  From  the  centre  of  the  basui 
there  rises  a  tluck  short  column 
{miliarium,  2),  serving  fo  support  the' 
axles  of  the  bruising-wheels  (orhis, 
3,  3),  which  are  ilat  on  the  inside, 
and  convex  without  On  the  top  of 
the  colnmn  is  placed  an  oblong  square 
wooden  box  or  nave  (ta^n,  5),  which 
received  at  each  end  one  of  the  two 
poles  (6,  6),  passing  through  the 
wheels  as  a,n  axle,  and  afibrding  a 
handle  to  turn  them  by,  while  at  the 
same  time  it  kept  the  Inner  sui&ces 
of  the  wheels  at  a  fixed  distance 
from  the  sides  of  the  miliarium,  so  as 
to  prevent  them  from  nibbing  against 
it,  when  in  action.  The  nave  is 
fixed  on  to  the  top  of  the  column  by 
a  strong  iron  pivot  (celumdla  firrea, 
4),  round  which  it  turned  with,  the 
wheels,  having  a  pin  {fotula  firrea) 
run  through  its  head,  to  prevent  the 
■whole  apparatus  from  bemg  forced 
upwards,  if  the  wheels  shomd  meet 
with  any  serious  obstruction  under- 
neath. Upon  the  poles,  just  outside 
the  wheels,  is  fixed  a  cap  {amulla,  8, 
8),  riveted  by  a  nail  [clavus)  run 
through  it,  the  object  of  whidi  was 
to  prevent  the  wheels  from  swaying 
onder  the  infloence  of  ai\y  lateriu 
obstruction,  which  might  cause  them 
to  grind  ag^nst  the  labra,  or  cot 
sides  of  the  basin.  The  under  part  of 
the  nave  was  also  covered  with  "~ 


1  which  the 


iron  pkle  {laidla  fin- 
friction.  The  manner 
machine  acted  may  1 
understood.  Two  men,  one  at  eacli 
end  of  the  long  poles  (5,  6)  on  which 
a  wheel  is  fixe^  pushed  the  pair  simul- 
taneously round  the  sides  of  the  basin, 
previously  supplied  with  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  olive-berries.  Whilst 
thus  dnven  ia  a  circuit,  the  resist- 
ance produced  by  the  fruit  compelled 
the  wheels  at  the  same  time  to  re- 
volve upon  the  poles  by  whidi  they 
were  driven,  as  upon  their  own 
axles.  This  action  had  the  effect  of 
bruising  the  skins  and  flesli  without 
crushing  the  stones;  for  it  will  not 
feil  to  be  observed  tliat  the  wheels 
are  suspended  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  work  entirely  clear-  of  the  basm, 
without  touching  any  part  of  it,  both, 
on  their  fiat  sides  agamst  the  central 
column  {2),  and  on  their  convex  sor- 
feces  towards  the  lips  of  the  basin,  as 
well  as  at  their  circumferences.  It 
was,  in  fact,  to  procure  this  gentle, 
equable,  and  regular  action,  that  so 
much  cave  and  attention  was  required 
in  constructing  and  puttiag  together 
the  machine,  and  all  the  individual 
parts  are  designed  for  (he  sole  pur- 
pose of  keeping  the  wheels  exactly 
set  at  a  proper  distance  from  the 
surfcces  of  the  basin ;  for  if  the 
stones  were  cnished  with  the  skins, 
the  flavour  and  quality  of  the  oil 
wotdd   be  deteriorated.       Columell. 

lii.  S2,  6. 

It  might  be  inferred  that  the  tra- 
petum  was  originally  employed  for 
crushing  grapes,  as  the  term  seems 
to  be  derived  from  the  Greek  TpajrAo, 
"to  tread  grapes,"  whence  come 
TpBiDjTiij  and  TponJiT^s.  But  there  is 
no  passage  extant  whicli  speaks  of  its 
use  at  the  vintage  ;  so  that  it  would, 
perhaps,  be  more  correctly  referred 
to  the  Ionic  form,  Tp&va  for  rp^jraj. 
"to  torn  round,"  whence  comes  the 
verbal  adjective  TpnirjjT^oc 

TRAPEZl'TA  (TptorsflTU!).  A 
money  changer  (Plaut.  Capt.  i.  2, 
84.);    merely    a    Greek  word  Latin- 


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684       TRAPEZOPHORVM. 

\%zA,    for  which    the    Roman; 
Mensariue. 

TRAPEZOPH'ORUM  (rpt 
^ipoii).  A  leg  or  support  for  the 
slab  of  a  table,  or  a  sideboard.  (Cic. 
Fam.  vii.  23.  Paul.  Dig.  33.  la.  3.) 
These  were  frequently  designed  by 
good  artists,  and  sold  by  themselves 
to  private  individuals,  who  could 
have  a  top  fitted  to  them,  which  ac- 
counts for  so  many  objects  of  this 
nature  having  been  found  in  various 
excavations.  They  are  sometimes 
composed  of  a  sii^Ie  figure,  amongst 
which  the  Sphynx  frequently  occurs  ; 
or  of  a  bracket  leg,  composed  from 
the  head  and  legs  of  different  birds 
and  animals,  as  in  the  present 


ample,  from  the  device  on  a  terra- 
cotta lamp,  intended  to  be  used  foi 
•ade-boaids,  and  slabs  placed  ag^ 


w  call  c 


sole  tables. 

TRECHEDIFNUM.  A  word 
coined  or  adopted  from  the  Greek 
(Ju  ■■■  67  )  th  meanii^  of  which 
yd  btf  L  Some  suppose  it  to 
d  a<Ti  t  th  b  ts  (i^SpoMfSfs)  worn 
by  th  t  rs  t  the  Gredan  games  ; 
th  rs  P       li       sort  of  costume 

n  by  th  G  ek  parasites,  by 
rt  f  h  h  they  gained  ready 
imis  n  t  th  houses  where  their 
omp  y  was  oght  or  tolerated ; 
b  t  11  tt  pi  t  arriie  at  a  defini 
t  t  rp    t  t  lie   purely   con 

J     t       1 

TRIAJJII  A  body  of  heav3. 
armed  infanlrj  soldiers,  who  formed 
the  third  division  of  a  Roman  legion 
They  were   originally  distmguibhed  | 


by  the  name  of  Ptlam  from  fe 
heavy  javelin  (ptlum)  with  which 
they  weie  eqmpped  ,  but  when  that 
weapon  was  also  distnbnted  £0  the 
other  tw  0  divisions,  compnsmg  the 
Hastah  and  the  Fnnci^,  the  old 
name  was  changed  for  that  of  Trutra, 
either  on  account  of  the  position  they 
occupied  in  the  order  of  battle,  viz. 
the  tka-d  line,  which  is  the  reason 
ass^ed  by  Livy,  or  because  their 
corps  consisted  of  picked  men  se- 
lected from  each  of  the  three  heavy- 
armed  classes,  which  is  the  reason 
assigned  by  Niebuhr.  Their  armour 
consisted  Oi  a  bronze  helmet,  with  a 
high  crest,  a  cuirass,  large  shield, 
a  short  and  pointed  sword,  and  the 
heavy  javelin  w  pilian;  but  no  au- 
thentic monument  lepresentm^  these 
detdls  with  sufficient  precision  is 
known  to  exist.  (Varro,  L.  L.  v, 
89.  Liv.  viii.  8.)  Towards  the  latter 
end  of  the  republic,  the  original  dis- 
tinction between  the  men  styled  re- 
spectively   Hustati,    PrindpeSy    and 


qiience  of  the  new  system  adopted  of 
drawing  up  the   army  by   lines    in 

TRIB'ON  (TplPwy).  A  Greek 
word,  signifying  literally  ao  old  gar- 
ment worn  threadbare ;  whence  the 
term  was  given  more  specially  to  a 
very  coarse,  common,  and  scanty 
kind  of  cloak  (/o/Saws),  worn  by  the 
people  of  Sparta,  and  adopted  by  other 


persons,  who  affected  to  ape  bpartan 
manners ;  more  espeeially  by  the 
Cynics,  as  an  outward  sign  of  poverty. 


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TRIBULUM. 

austerity,  and  simplicity,  (Auson.,^. 
53.  Demostli.  Contra  Conon.  2.  p. 
306.  ScliEeffer.  Aristoph.  Flut.  882.) 
The  illustration,  from  a  statue  of  the 
Villa  Boi^hese,  represents  a  Greek 
philosopher  exactly  as  the  Cpic  is 
de^icrihed  by  Alciphroii  (Efi.  iii.  40), 
Ifoa         in  I.      In   the 

rL,  tin        of  the  gar- 

ar     dis  ma  ked  hy  the 

m  ual  folds ;   but 

h       bara  eh      t  altogether 

g         g    IS  rendered 

f  decision  in 

consequent. 


the  drawing, 
degree,  upon 
wmch  it  has  been  reduced. 

TRI'BULUM  and  TRI'BULA 
(tA  Tpl^Xa).  A  machine  employed 
in  threshing  com ;  consisting  of  a 
wooden  platform,  having  its  under 
surface  studded  with  sharp  pieces  of 
flint  or  iron  teeth.  It  was  drawn 
over  the  gram  hv  ^n  animal  attached 


t   ind  ofli-n  w  eightcd  by  ohiccts 

Csd  on  the  top,  or  hy  the  dnier 
self  standing  upon  it  (Varro, 
.ff  ^  1  52  I  Phn  JI  N  xviu  72. 
Vu^  Georg  1  164.)  The  prachce 
13  retained  in  the  East,  where  the 
machine  exhibited  by  the  illustration 
still  continues  in  use. 

TRIB'ULUS  {jfi&B\os).  A  cal- 
trop: that  is,  a  contrivance  consisting 
of.  four  strong  iron  spikes  projecting 
from  the  sides  of  a  ball  of  tlie  same 
metal,  and  arranged  in  such  a  man- 


ler,    that  wlien    thrown    upon    the 


TSIBUNUS.  685 

ground,  one  of  them  would  always 
stand  upright,  as  in  the  annexed 
example,  from  an  original.  It  was 
employed  in  ancient  warfare  for  the 
purpose  of  impeding  a  charge  ol 
cavalry,  being  thrown  on  the  grouod 
to  wound   the    horses'  feet.      Veg. 

t'rIBU'NAL  (SiKMT^pwi').  The 
tribunal !  a  raised  platform  at  one 
extremity  of  a  law  court,  upon  which 
the  cunile  seats  of  the  judges  and 
other  persons  of  distinction  who 
wished  to  attend  the  proceedings  were 
placed.  (Cic.  Vm-r.  ii.  2.  38.  Id. 
Orat.  i.  37.      Suet.  Tii.  33.)      It  was 


sometimes  of  a  square  form,  and 
constructed  within  the  external  walls 
of  the  building,  as  shown  by  the 
abutment  on  Sie  right  side  of  the 
annexed  engraving,  which  represents 
the  ground-plan  of  the  Basilica  at 
Pompeii ;  at  others,  it  consisted  of  a 
semicircular  absis  or  alcove  (Jiimiiy- 
clium,  Vitruy.  v.  I.  8.),  projecting 
beyond  the  external  wall  of  the  edi- 
fice, as  in  the  Basilica  at  Verona,  of 
which  a  restoration  is  exhibited  at 
p.  8.. 

z.  In  a  camp,  the  tribunal  was  an 
elevated  platform  upon  which  the 
general  sat  to  administer  justice 
(Tac  Hist.  iv.  25.  Jb.  iii.  10.) ;  siml- 
lar  to  the  suggesium  on  p.  632. 

3.  In  a  Roman  theatre,  the  tribwHal 
was  an  elevated  seat  in  the  pit  (af- 
chestra.  Suet.  Claud.  21.),  generally 
appropriated  to  the  use  of  the  pnetor 
(Id.  ^«i'.44-)- 

TRIBU'NUS.  A  tribune;  a  title 
originally  signifying  an  officer  be- 
longing to  a  tribe,  either  elected  as 
its  president.  Or  to  perform  certain 
duties  in  its  behalf;  whence  the 
name  was  subsequently  transferred 
to  several  different  kinds  of  officers 


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686  TR I  BUN  us. 

appointed  foe  the  performance  of 
various  other  duties.  Of  these  the 
most  important  are  the  following  — 

1.  Triiimui  Celerum.  The  tri- 
bcme  who  commanded  the  royal  body 
guard  of  calvary  under  the  kings. 
Liv.  i.  59-  Pomp.  Dig.  i.  2.  2. 
Celekbs. 

2.  Tribuni  mUiluni  consiilari  fiolei- 
tate.  Tribunes  of  military  rank 
with  coiaular  power.  They  were 
supreme  magistrates  possessing  the 
same  rank  and  power  as  the  consuls, 
hut  varying  in  number  from  three  to 
sii,  and  were  first  elected  in  the 
year  u  c.  310  instead  of  consuls  as 
a  sort  of  compromise  between  the 
patnci'uis  and  plebeians  in  order  to 
avoid  the  necessity  of  appomtmg 
members  of  the  latter  class  fo  the 
consulahip  Their  costume  and  in 
Sigma  of  office  were  the  same  as 
those  of  the   consuls.      Liv    iv    6 

3  Tribunt  mdUarcs  or  mdilani 
[xOda.yx'")  Mihtary  tribunes,  offi 
cers  m  the  Roman  army  who  held  a 
rank  below  that  of  the  legali  but 
supenur  to  that  of  the  i-eiiSaiiDii^ 
(Varro  i  X  V  81     Cii,   Cliieiii  36  ) 


numbers  tf   thes>e  officers  ip 
d      1    eai-h    legion   varied    at 
n    periods    as   the  number  of 
1       n  posmg  its  strength  wis  va 
d      hut  they  enjoyed  an  im 
a         ommand    and    high   rank 
ig       en  represented  on  the  co- 
is  and  arches  m  the  immediate 
f        the  imperils/     and  wearing 
an     accoutrements  with  himaelf 


and  the  legaius,  as  exhibited  by  the 
annexed  group,  from  the  Column  of 
Trajan,  which  shows  the  emperor  in 
tront,  a  iegalas  iramediately  behind 
him,  and  the  tribune  in  the  rear. 

4.  Tribuni  Jileisi  or  /WJr  {^^lap^ 
XO').  Tribunes  of  the  people  ;  ma- 
gtstratea  elected  by  the  plebeians 
from  amongst  their  own  order,  to 
defend  the  rights  and  interests  of  the 
poorer  and  weaker  classes  against  the 
power  of  the  patrician  aristocracy. 
Their  numbers  varied  from  two  at 
first  to  ten  finally  ;  but  they  enjoyed 
immense  power,  and  were  attended 
by  runners  (;  laiores)  instead  of  lie 
tors,  whence  theemblems  attributed  to 
them  on  coins  are  the  long  bench  {sui 
sellium)  and  a  wand  (vitga)  thon^ 
as  mere  civihans,  they  hive  no  distm 
guidung  costume  but  weir  the  national 
toga,     Liv  n   32      Cic  Le<^  ui   7 

TEICH'ILA  TRICHILUM 
TRICO-A  and  TRICLIA  A 
bower  or  a  summer  house  con 
slructed  m  the  pleasure  gioundh  of  a 
villa,  or  other  locahty  to  -liford  a 
shady  retreat  for  dining  m  during 
genial    weather       (Virg     Cupa     8 


Inscriptt  ap  Orelh  4517  4456 
C:es  B  C  111  96  Compaie  Prop 
IV  8  35  seqq  )  It  was  fiequently 
formed  of  wood  and  trellis  nork 
over  which  vines,  gourds,  and  other 


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TRICHOR  UM. 

parasitical  plants  were  trained  (Co- 
lumell.  X.  378.);  but  sometimes  as  a 
permanent  building,  decorated  with 
columns  and  other  objects  of  art  (In- 
sciipt.  ca.  Orelli,  2909,),  like  our 
summer-houses ;  as  sliown  by  the 
illustration,  which  exiiibits  a  view  of 
one  of  these  retreats,  with  its  dining- 
table,  bases  of  masonry  intended  for 
receiving  the  mattresses  of  three  tri- 
cliniary  couches,  and  fountain  in 
&ont,  all  as  they  exist  in  a  perfect 
state  of  preservation  in  the  house  of 
ActEeon  at  Pompeii. 

TRICHO'RUM  (Tplx^po^),  A 
term    em.ployed   to  deagnate   some 

J  articular  kind  of  apartment  in 
ouses  or  other  buildings  (Stat.  Sylv. 
i,  3.  58.  Spart.  Fesc.  12.  Inscript.  ap. 
Orelli,  1395.  ap,  Fabietli,  p.  74a  n. 
505. ) ;  supposed  to  mean  a  room 
divided  into  three  compartments,  or 
perhaps  aisles,  by  rows  of  columns. 

TRICLINIAE'CHES.  A  chief 
servant,  to  whose  care  the  arrange- 
ments of  flte  dinner-table  and  dmmg- 
room  [trii:litiium)  were  confided,  and 
fhe  direction  of  the  waiters  and  sub- 
ordinate servants  committed.  Pet. 
Sat.  22.  6.  Inscript.  ap.  Orelli,  794- 
TRICLINIA'RIS.  Characterizes 
any  artide,  utensil,  or  object  con- 
nected with  the  service  and  furniture 
of  a  dimier-table  and  dining-room 
[tricHmum) ;  as,  leclus  tricTiniaris 
(Plin.  ff.  JV.  DKvi.  6.),  the  dinmg- 
conch  (Lectus,  4.);  sradui  triclirti- 
ari!  (Varro,  L.  L.  viii.  32.),  thesteps 
by  which  the  couch .  vfas  ascended 
(Gradtis,  1.);  mafp^iricUniaris 
(Varro,  L.  L.  ix.  47.),  a%ble  napkin 
(Mappa,  1.);  and,  absolutely,  in  the 
plural,  tricHniaria  (Plin.  H.  N.  viii. 
74. ),  the  coverlets  and  hangings  used 
upon  and  about  tJie  coudi  (Peri- 
STKOMA,  Steagulum,  Torale)  ;  or 
the  dining-rooms  themselves  (Varro, 
R.  R.  i.  13.  7.     Triclinium,  2.). 

TRICLirtJIUM  (rpfsAi^ov).  Does 
not  imply  a  single  tricluiiary  conch 
{ham  tricUnisris),  but  the  conjunc- 
tion of  tkres  dining  couches  arranged 
together  (Varro,   L.   L.   ix.  9.      Id. 


TRICLINIUM.  687 

R.  R.  iii.  13,  2.  Macrob.  Sal.  ii.  9.), 
so  as  to  form  three  sides  of  a  square, 
leaving  a  vacant  space  in  the  centre 
for  the  dining-table,  and  the  fourth 
side  open  for  the  servants  to  enter  and 
place  the  trays  npon  it.    A  trulinium 


thus  constituted  was  in  general  in- 

tended for  the  reception  of  nine  per- 
sons, three  on  each  couch;  but  (hat 

precise  number  was  not  rigorously 

enjoined,   for   sometimes  the  places 

were  not  all  filled  :   at  othei-s,  the 

couches  were  only  adapted  to  receive 
a  single  person  (see  the  wood  cut  s 

A       B    UM)         h      h   p        w     d 

n      h        ^am         h        mb          d 

h  ugh    h      w       d                     d 

Th  ntmial  bas 
tl  ustratj  IS  tak  n 
at  Padua  (formerly /"oilnMa 
deal  corroded,  but  still  retaining  suffi- 
cient details  to  afford  an  accurate 
notion  of  the  exact  manner  in 
which  the  three  couches  of  a  tricli- 
mum  were  disposed  with  the  company 
upon  them;  though  in  this  instance 
they  are  not  absolutely  conches 
{lecti),  but  permanent  bases  of  ma- 
sonry, of  the  same  character  as  those 
shown  in  the  preceding  illustration, 
upon  each  of  which  a  mattress 
was  l£ud,  as  seen  under  the  bodies 
of  the  recumbent  figures.  If  a 
table  like  Jhat  of  the  last  cut  were 
placed  in  the  centre  the  whole  scene 
would  be  complete.  The  figures  on 
the  left  side  are  still  reclining  as  at 
dinner;  those  on  the  right,  ^ready 
replete,  have  turned  on  their  baclts  to 


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flkp  1 


.{Juy.  i.  56.      Ov.  y 


13  ),  while  the 
at  the  farther  end  of  the  triclinium, 
are  enjopng  their  cups.  The  scene 
may  possibly  represent  a  funeral  feast 
('dusnaum);  or,  more  probably,  a 
dnnkmg  party  after  a  feaSt  {comis- 
salto,  symposium),  to  which  it  was 
customary  to  invite  other  companions 
besides  the  dinner  guests ;  atid  thus 
the  extra  nwnbeis  crowded  upon  the 
farthest  mattress  would  be  accounted 
for. 

2.  A  rf«;m^-Mi^B;,in  whichthe/ri- 
c/imum  was  laid  out.  (Cic.  Or.  ii. 
65.  Phsedr.  iv.  34.  Pet.  Sat.  22.  3. 
Vitniv.  vi.  6.  7.  3.  7.  4.}  Several 
apartments  of  this  kind  have  been 
exposed  to  view  in  the  houses  of 
Pompeii,  mostly  small,  and  with 
fi  d  basements,  instead  of  movable 
hes  for  the  occupants  to  rechne 
up  a.  shown,  by  the  two  preceding 
w  od  us;  but  it  will  be  understood 
th.  her  dining-rooms,  ori^ally 
1i  ed  h  regular  couches,  have  lost 
1  e  haracteiistic  features  by  the 
n  1  or  decay  of  the  furnitnre  be- 
1  ngng  othem. 

TRID'ENS    {Tp:6dov!,    rpiaiv^). 
L         ly  furnished  with  three  teeth, 
;   whence  applied  abso- 


1.  FusciKA,  2  I ,  the 
trident  ai  Neptune, 
appropriately  attri 
tilted  by  poets   and 

u:tists  to  the  sei  god  ^ 

in  lieu  of  a  ■sceptre      Vug   Gco^g  1 

13.     Id.  JEtt  11  610 

TRIDEN'TIFERand  TRIDEN' 
TIGER,  Beino„  the  triduit  0 
sceptre  of  the  aei;.     in  epjlh 


emblem  especially  characteristic  of 
the  god  Neptune,  who  is  thus  repre- 
sented in  the  last  illustration,  (rom  a 
miniature  in  the  Vatican  Virgil.  Ov. 
Mel.  viii.  595.     Id.  xi.  202. 

TRIENS.  A  copper  coin,  equal 
in  value  to  one-tliird  of  an  As.  and 
weigliing  four  o 
(Plin.  H.  N.  ^ 
13.)  It  has  four  balls  ( 
stamped  upon  it  to  de- 
note the  value,  as  in- 
the  annexed  example 
from  an  original  drawn  01 
two-thirds  the  actual  size. 

TRIERAR'CHUS  tTpi^popX"!). 
Propeiiy,  the  commander  of  a  Greek 
trireme,  whence  tlie  title  was  trans- 
ferred into  the  Roman  navy.  Tac. 
Ann.  xiv.  8.     Id.  Hist.  ii.  16. 

TRIE'RIS  (Tpi^mji).  A  Greek 
word,  for  which  the  Romans  more 
commonly  use  Triremis. 

TRl'FAX.  A  missile  of  foiir  and 
a  half  cubits  long,  which  was  dis- 
charged from  the  catapults    (Festos 


s.  V.  Ennius  0/.  Fest.  /.  c.  Aul,  Gel], 
X.  25.  I.);  probably  a  sort  of  spear, 
so  denominated  from  having  three 
barbs,  as  in.  the  example,  which  is 
copied  from  the  column  of  Trajan. 

TRIGA.     A  three-horsed  car,  and 
ateamcfthiee  hoise=i  jokeJ  -ibreast 


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TRIGARIUM. 

21.  I.  38.);  two  of  which  drew  from 
the  pole,  the  third  being  attached  as 
an  outrider  by  a  brace  {Hm^lici  vin- 
culo.  Isidor.  Orig.  xviiL  35.)  to  its 
neighbour,  or  possibly  to  ropes  such 
as  are  seen  to  pass  on  each  side  of 
the  middle  horse  round  the  forepart 
of  the  cat,  in  the  annexed  example, 
engraved  by  Gtnirot  from  an  Etrus- 
can vase  in  the  Museum  at  Viemia. 

TRIGA'RIUM,  A  place  or  en- 
closure for  the  exercise  of  Mgs,  or 
of  horses  and  cars  in  generaL  (Piin. 
H.  N.  ixxvii.  77.)  There  were  seve- 
ral driving  courses  of  this  description 
in  the  city  of  Rome,  which  are  enu- 
merated by  P.  Victor. 

TRIGA'RIUS.  One  who  drives 
a  team  of  three  horses  yoked  to  a  car 
(triga).    Plin.  H.  N.  xxviii.  42. 

TRI'GLYPHUS  {T^tw^oi).  A 
tri^yph;  a  member  of  the  frieze  in  a 
Doric  entablature,  consisting  of  three 
parallel  channels  with  drops  {gull/^) 
underneath,  arranged  at  regular  in- 
tervids  throughout  the  frieze,  and 
intended  to  represent  on  the  external 
face  of  the  building  the  ends  of  the 


IS  {tigna)  as  they  are  ranged 
above  the  architrave,  (Vitruv.  iv.  a. ) 
"liie  literal  meanmg  of  the  word  is 
thrice  slit  or  grooved  ;  and  it  is  sup- 
posed that  the  ends  of  the  tie-heams  in 
the  old  wooden  buildings  were  ac- 
iuallycut  into  three  paraJlel  channels, 
either  for  the  purpose  of  conducting 
the  rain-water  from  the  cornice  above 
them,  or  to  prevent  the  beams  from 


TRIGONUM.  689 

splitting.  Others  are  of  opinion  that 
these  grooves  were  not  positively  cut 
out  on  the  beam  heads,  but  naturally 
produced  by  the  gradual  effects  of 
the  rain-water  trickling  over  them ; 
but  in  either  case  the  sculptured  slab 
or  triglyph  would  represent  correctly  a 
real  or  artificial  feature  in  the  origjnal 
timber  roof.  The  illustration  shows 
a  part  of  die  frieze  now  remainii^ 
on  tlie  theatre  of  Marceilus  at  Rome. 

TRIGON.  A  small  ball,  bard 
stuffed,  and  covered  with  leather,  for 
playing  a  gamedesignated 

by  the  same  name.  (Mart.    \^ 

iv.  19.  xii.  83.)  Tbe^, 
example  is  from  an  Etras-  [f™- 
can  bronze ;  the  stitching  t 
of  the  leather  is  plainly 
indicated,  and  the  size  of  the  ball 
may  be  imagined  from  the  size  of  the 
hand,  tliat  of  a  child,  which  holds  it. 

2.  Tlie  game  played  with  a  ball  or 
ballsof  the  kind  just  described.  (Hor. 
Sal.  i.  6,  126.)  It  is  supposed  that 
three  persons  were  required  to  make 
out  the  game,  who  stood  in  the  rela- 
tive positions  occupied  by  the  three 
points  of  a  triangle,  so  that  each 
wonld  have  an  opponent  in  front  of 
bim,  on  his  right  and  left ;  and  as 
CKpertness  in  the  use  of  the  left  hand 
is  mentioned  as  essential  to  a  good 
player  (Mart  xiv.  46.),  it  is  further 
inferred  that  each  one  was  furnished- 
with  two  balls,  which  he  had  to  de- 
liver right  and  left,  and  catch  in  the 
same  manner.  But  this  account  de- 
pends more  upon  conjecture  than 
positive  evidence,  as  no  representation 
of  the  game,  srfficiently  decisive  to 
establish  the  fact,  has  yet  been  dis- 

TRIGO'NUM  [Tpij^vov],  A  tri- 
angular piece  of  marble,  tile,  ur  some 


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6<)0  TRILIX. 

of  the  class  termed  sutih  (Vitruv. 
vii.  1.4.  Pavimentum,  2.),  as  shown 
by  the  border  round  the  four  sides  of 
the  illustration,  which  represents  a 
piece  of  pavement  on  the  threshold  of 
the  principal  entrance  to  one  of  the 
houses  at  Pompeii. 

2.  A  musical  instrument  of  trian- 
gular form,  with  all  its  strings  of  the 
same  thickness,  but  of  imequal  lengths 
(Plat.  Rep.  399.  c.  Soph.  Frugal. 
361  Atheii  iv  77  lb  80 ),  ajid 
whii,h,  It  IS  to  be  inferred  from  the 
hgiue  on  the  left  side  of  the  illustia- 
tion,  copied  from  a  Pompeian  paint- 
ing,  was  carried  on  the  shouldei 
when  played  The  word  does  not 
"1  the  present  sense  in  any  of 


made  use  of  the  same  term  to  desig 
Bate  our  tna  gls  vh  ch  seem  pro 
table  s  nee  that  n  trume  t  v-is  not 
unkno  vn  to  them  as  p  oved  by 
He  figu  e  on  the  right  a de  of  tl e 
engraving  top  ed  fioni  a  marble 
has  rehef  foro  e  ly  belo  g  g  to  the 
G  ustmiaji  fan  J}  at  Ro  e,  upon 
which  a  pa  ty  of  several  females 
are  represen  ed  playing  upon  differ 
ent  n  us  cal  mstn  ne  ts  tt  e  triangle 
here  n  reduced  the  rattle  termed  a 
SaluTii,  the  tympanum,  or  tamboiirme, 
and  the  doable  pipes,  or  Ubis  pares. 

TRIL'IX  (T-pijun-oi).  TmiUed  of 
three  threads  thick ;  that  is,  in  which 
each  thread  of  the  weft  (mbtemin)  ' 


1  thew 


then  under  three  threads  of  the  warp 
{slamen),  which  requires  three  sets  of 
leashes  (AWu),  and  produces  a  ribbed 
pattern.     Mart.  xiv.  143. 

TRfLO'RIS.     A    hybrid    word. 


TRIP  US. 

half  Greek  and  half  Latin,  which 
means,  literally,  furnished  with  three 
thongs  ;  but  it  is  used  to  designate  a 
garment  brocaded  with  a  triple  set  of 
ornamental  stripes  or  other  pattern, 
tenaedparaguiiii^,  as  explained  under 
that  word.     Aurel.  Vopisc.  46. 

TRIMODIA  and  -UM.  A  basket 
or  other  vessel  containing  the  measure 
of  three  Roman  pecks  {modU).  Colu- 
mell.  iL  99.   Plant.  Men.  I^d.  44. 

TRIOB'OLUS  (Tpii^oAos).  A 
silver  coin  of  the  Greek  currency 
(Plant.  Bacck.  ii.  3.  26.) ;  contomii^ 
three  oboli,  or  hidf  a  drachma.  It 
was  coined,  however,  of  two  stan- 
dards ;  the  Attic,  worth  about  i^d.  of 
our  money,  and  the  ./Iteinetan,  which 
was  nearly  equal  to  6|ir. 

TRIPET1A.  A  term  used  in  the 
patois  of  the  Gauls,  signifying  a  thrie- 
legged  stool,     fiulp.  Sever.  Dial.  ii. 

TRIPUD'IUM.  A  term  used  in 
divination  to  indicate  that  the  food 
was  so  greedily  eaten  by  the  sacred 
chickens,  that  part  of  it  fell  from 
their  beaks  and  struck  the  ground, 
which  was  regarded  as  a  sign  of  good 
omen.     Cic,  Dis.  ii.  34 

TRIP'US  (rpfcouj).  Generally, 
any  thing  supported  on  three  feet  or 
legs ;  whence  the  following  ciiarac- 
terisfic  senses  :— 

1.  A  cauldron  or  vessel  for  boiling 
eatables  of  any 
lescription,  which 
stood  upon  three 
legs  over  the  lire, 
as  exhibited  by 
the  annexed  illus- 
tration from  a 
picture  repi'esent. 

market-place 
Herculanetmi, 
dor.  Orig.  xx 
5.  Horn.//. 

702.       TjlflTDU!    ^(1- 

2.  A  common  three-k„ 
such  as  poor  people  used  tc 
Isidor.   Or^.  xx   11,  r2,    Sulp.  ^ 
Dial.  I- 


,y  Google 


3.  Tlie  tripod,  or  stool  of  the 
Pythian  priestess,  upon  which  she 
sat  to  deliver  her 
responses  at  Delphi 
jCio.  Viig.  Ov.); 
of  which  the  an- 
ijeKed  figure  is 
given  in  the 
plates  of  Miiller's 

■  Handhuch '  der  Ar- 
chaelogie  dir  Kanst, 
as  an  accurately- 
dettuled  represen- 
tation ;  and  a  ficlile  J] 
vase  of  Sir  W.  —'^^- 
Hamiltou's  collection  eshihits  a  tripod 
of  very  similar  charactei',  with  Apollo 
sitting  upon  it. 

4.  An   article   made    of   hionze, 
marble,  or  precious  metals, 
tlon  of  the  sacred 
tripod,    either  for 


often  dedicated  as 
an  offering  in  the 
tenaples,  or  given 
as  an  honorary 
prize  and  reward 
of   valour    (Virg. 


jSn.  ■> 


10.);  ■ 


used  as  an  altar  for  sacrifice,  hke  the 
anneKed  example  from  the  arch  erected 
by  the  Rom'in  goldsmiths  in  honour 
rrf  faeptmnus  Severus 

TRIRE  MIS  (tp  ,fm!)  A  inieme 
or  war  galley  furn  shed  with  three 
balks  (fl  i/ia)  of  oirstn  e'jch  lie 
deposed     1  agonally   one    over    tht 


other  (Plm  JI  JV  va  57    Virg  ^» 


IRITURA.  691 

V.  119.  Ascon.  ;'h  Verr.'a.  I.  20.)i  sSi 
eshibited  by  the  annexed  figure,  from 
an  ancient  fresco-painting,  represent- 
ing the  ilight  of  JParis  and  Helen,  dis- 
covered in  the  early  part  of  the  past 
century  amongst  some  ruins  in  the  Far- 
nese  gardens  at  Rome,  bat  which  is  . 
no  longer  in  existence,  as  the  colours 
evaporated  shortly  after  It  was  ex- 
posed. ^\i.Ti^\^,  Treatise  en  Andeid 
Painting,  &c.  foL  1740.)  A  similar 
arrangement  of  the  three  banks  of 
oaES  is  also  indicated  in  some  of  the 
sculptures  oa  Trajan's  column.  In  a 
trireme  each  rower  plied  a  single  oar, 
and  sat  upon  a  separate  seat  {sedile), 
fixed  agamst  (he  sides  of  the  yessd 
in  the  dffections  indicated  by  the  oar- 
ports,  and  not  upon  a  long  thwart 
(traiistrum),  as  was  the  case  when 
several  worked  upon  the  same  oar. 
Those  on  the  top  bank  had  the  longest 
■    labour,   and  conse- 


quently i. 
termed  ft 


by  the  Greeks,  the 
they  used  Kiiirij  fljmi'fnjs,  and  the 
Ihowl  on  which  it  rested  ckoKiUs  flpa- 
vltris.  Those  on  the  lowest  rank  had 
the  shortest  oars,  least  work,  and 
lowest  pay  :  they  were  termed  BoKa- 
hItoi.  Thosewhooccupiedthemiddle 
bank  were  termed  fsuyfraj,  and  tad 
their  oars  of  a  medium  length,  and 
their  pay  regulated  accordingly. 

TRISPASTOS  (TpioTraffTDj).     A 
mechanical  contrivance  employed  for 
the  purpose  of  raising  heavy 
weights,  consisting  of  three    y^ 
pullies  iprbiciili)  set  in  a  sin-   i-WT 
gle  frame  or   case   (trochlea)    '    W 
in  the  manner  exhibited  by  (  M 
the  annexed  figm'e,  wliich  re-      ff 
presents   a  similar   machine  ( "J 


still  V. 


t  the 


present  day.     Vitruv.  x.  2 

TRITU-RA  (iXiJijo-ij).  The  act 
of  threshing  out  corn,  which  was 
done  in  three  several  ways ;  by  beat- 
ing out  the  grain  with  a  rod  or  a  flail 
(^e^ca,/iistis) ;  byrubbing  it  out  with 
a  machine  drawnoverit  by  cattle  (fi-ibu- 
lum,  and  wood- cut  I.  v.);  or  by  tread- 
ing it  out  with  oxen  or  horses  driven 


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TRIUMPH  ALIA. 


graving  from  an  Egyptian  paintina 
a  piuctice  which,  is  still  customtuy  m 
many  pavts  of  Italy  and  the  East. 
Varro,  L.  L.  v.  21.  Id.  R.  R.  i.  52. 
3.  ColumelL  ii.  20.  4.  Id.  L  6.  23. 
TRIUMPHA'LIA.  The  orna- 
ments and  insignia  conferred  upon  a 
general  at  his  triumph  ;  consistn^  of 
.n  embroidered  ti^a  and  tunic  (Toga, 


ts  top  (ScBPTRUM,  4.),  a  chaplet 
of  laurel  leaves  and  a  crown  of  gold 
(CoROMA,  I.),  and  a  car  decorated 
with  ivoiy  carving  (CoKRUS,  4.). 
Tac.  Mist.  iv.  4-  Liv.  x,  7, 

TRIUM'PHUS{flp((wa«).  A 
triumph,  or  grand  military  procession, 
in  which  a  victorious  genaul  and  his 
troops  entered  the  city  after  the  suc- 
cessful termination  of  an.  important 
war,  commencing  at  the  ^orta  trium- 
f  halts,  then  passing  through  the  Vda- 
bmm  and  Ca-cus  Maxitma,  along  the 
Via  Sacra  and  Forum  np  to  the  temple 
of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  on  the  Capi- 
toline  hilL  It  was  headed  by  uie 
entire  body  of  the  senate,  who  went 
out  to  meet  the  troops  and  conduct 
them  into  the  city.  Next  followed 
the  brass  band,  playing  upon  trumpets 
and  horns  (wood-cuts  i.  COKniCen 
and  Tubicen)  ;  they  preceded  a  file 
of  carriages  laden  with  the  spoils  taken 
from  the  enemy,  intermixed  with 
portable  stages,  on  which  articles 
most  remarltable  for  value  or  beauty 
of  workmanship  were  prominently  dis- 


TRIUMPHUS. 

played  (wood-cut  s.  Fekculttm,  2.), 
to  attract  the  observation  of  the 
public,  whilst  the  quantity  and  value 
of  the  booty  and  the  names  of  the 
conquered  provinces  were  placarded 
upon  boards  affixed  to  tall  poles 
(wood-cut  J.  TiTULUS,  I.),  and  car- 
ried by  the  side  of  the  objects  de- 
scribed upon  them.  Then  came  a 
band  of  pipers  (TiBlciNES)  in  advance 
of  the  victim  intended  for  sacrifice — 
a  white  boll  decorated  with  fillets  of 
wool  round  the  head  (wood-cut  s. 
Infulatus),  and  a  broad  band  of 
richly-dyed  cloth  across  its  back 
(wood-cut  J.  Dohsualia).  Behind  the 
victim  walked  a  body  (^  priests  and 
their  attendants  with  the  sacrifidal 
implements.  After  them  the  arms, 
standards,  and  other  insignia  of  the 
conquered  nations  were  displayed, 
immediately  in  advance  of  die  princes, 
leaders,  and  their  kindred  taken  cap- 
tives in  the  war,  followed  by  the 
entire  number  of  ordinary  prisoners 
in  fetters.  Next  came  the  hctors  of 
the  general,  in  their  dvic  costume,  the 
tc^a,  and  with  their  brows  and/aKEF 
wreathed  with  laurel(wood-cutsj.  Lie- 
TOR  and  Fasces,  4. ) ;  they  formed  a 
body  immediately  in  advance  of  the 
triumphant  general,  who  was  dressed 
in  his  triumphalia,  and  standing  in  a 
circular  cardrawnby  four  horses  (wood- 
cut s.  CtTREDs,  4. ).  On  his  brow  he 
wore  a  wreath  of  laurel,  and  behind 
him  in  the  car  stood  a  puhUc  servant, 
who  held  over  his  head  a  massive 
crown  of  gold  studded  with  jewels 
{wood-cut  I.  Corona,  1.).  His 
youngest  children  were  placed  in  the 
car  with  hira ;  whilst  those  who  had 
attained  to  manhood  rode  on  horse- 
back beside  the  car,  or  upon  the 
horses  which  drew  it  Behind  the 
general  marched  the  superior  ofScers, 
the  L^ti,  Tribuni,  and  the  EquUes, 
all  on  horseback ;  and  the  procession  ■ 
was  finally  closed  by  the  entire  body 
of  the  legions,  carrying  branches  of  lau- 
rel in  their  hands,  and  having  chaplets 
of  the  same  siirub  round  their  heads, 
alternately  singing  songs  in  praise  of 


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TROPMUM. 


693 


fhdr  general,  and  cutting  jokes  at  his 
expeose.  During  the  course  of  (he 
route  ttie  procession  passed  under  a 
tempoi'ary  arch  designed  for  the  pur- 
pose and  erected  across  the  street, 
■which  in  early  times  was  taken  down 
after  the  fgte  ;  but  latterly  it  was  re- 
placed by  a  permanent  structure  of 
marble  or  stone  (wood-cut  s.  An- 
ens,  5.). 

2,  Tfiitnipiit!  nivalis.  A  public 
procesaou  in  celebration  of  a  great 
naval  victory,  the  arrangements  of 
which  are  not  represented  in  any 
works  of  art,  nor  detailed  in  writings. 

TR    V  Iu'm 


TROCH'LEA  {rpax^Ua).       A 

intrivance  for  the  multiphcation  of 

mechanical  power  in  raising  weighte, 

consisting  of  a  case  with  a  set  cf 

blocks  or  puUiea  (orbkuli)  fitted  into 

.t.    (Vitniv.  X.  a.  i.     Cato,  R.R.  iii. 

5.  Lucret.  iv.  903,)    See  the  illustra- 

'  >n  J.  Ts-ISPASTOS,  which  exhibits  a 

se  fomished  with  three  pulUes. 

TROCH'US    <Tpox<i!)-     A   boy's 

hoop;  made  of  iron  or  bronze,  and 

trundled  by  a  crooked-necked   key 

\flavis),  as  exhibited  by  the  annexed 

illustration,  from  an  engraved  gem. 


is  not  rigorously  observed ;  for  irwiatii 
is  often  used  iu.  both  senses,  of  a 
pnblic  and  much-frequented  highway, 
either  in  a  town  or  country  ;  whence 
the  latin  word  trivialis,  and  our  own 
"  trivial,"   acquire    their   secondary 


Igaroi 


n-plac 


I,  literally,  which  may  be 
with  in  any  public  and  thronged 
thoroughfare.  The  illustration  af- 
fords a  view  in  the  city  of  Pompeii, 
with  three  streets,  in  the  second  dis- 
tance, convei^ing  to  a  point 

TROCH'Il.US  (rpoxfAos).      Same 
as  Scotia.     Vitruv,  iii.  5.  2.  and  3. 


H       Od.  iii.  24.   57.  Id.  A.P.  S 

p       L   14.  6.)     It  frequently  had 

n      ber  of  small  rings  set  round  its 

•un    Mart,  xiv.   169.,  and  wood-cnt 

Akulos,  4.),   to  make  a  jingling 

as  it  rolled  on  ;  and  s( 

n  al   bells  (fintainahttld)    ! 


dofi 


mgs. 


n  the 


ipot  where  a  victory  had  been  o 
tained  ;  or,  in  the  case  of  naval  war- 
fare, upon  the  nearest  point  of  land 
to  where  the  action  had  taken  place. 
It  was  originally  formed  with  the 
trunk  of  a  tree,  upon  which  and  its 
branches  some  arms  belonging  to  the 
defeated  party  were  snspended,  as  in 
the  illustration,  from  an  Imperial 
coin ;  but  latterly  trophies  were  de- 
signed as  elaborate  works  of  art,  in 
marble  or  bronze,  and  erected  apart 
from  the  battle-field,    as    permanent 


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Imi.  li.  23.     Virg.  Mn.   xi.  5—11. 
Suet.  Cat.  45-  Claud.  I. 

TRUA  (ipHXa,  Topivi,).  A  lai^ 
flat  ladle  employed  foe  skimming  the 
surface  of  liquids,  for  stirring  and 
moving  vegetables  or  meats  wlien 
boiling  (Titin.  ap.  Non.  j.  v.  p.  ig. 
Festus,  s.  Antroare},  or  for  removing 
them  from  the  pot,  vrithout  taUuig  np 
With 


this  obiect,  it  was  peitoiated  by  a 
number  of  small  holes  at  the  bottom 
as  represented  by  the  annexed  e>. 
ample,  fiom  an  original  of  bronze 
found  at  Pompeii  ;  and  this  property 


s  well  as  the  11 


r  of  I 


s  fidlj;  for  the  Gi-eek  names 
it  received,  with  which  the  Latin  one 
is  connected,  viz.  Tplioi,  to  rub  or  stii 
and  TopEoi,  to  bore  ;  one  or  the  other 
of  which  notions  is  found  to  pei 
vade,  and  to  convey  a  characteri  tic 
meaning  to  the  other  special  senses 
of  the  word  trua,  as  well  as  its  dimi- 
nutive tndla. 

2.  A  perforated  cap  or  plate  cover- 
ing the  mouth  of  a  sink  in  a  kitchen, 
&c,,   in  order  to  pr  h         use 

from  choking  the  pipe  pe 

mits  the  liquid  to  dra  n    h    U£h    L 
Varro,  Z.  X,  v.  118 

TRULLA    (rpovA  Dm 

tive  of  Tkua.      a   ™  d 


ladle  of  the  same  use  and  character 
as  the  last  described.  Varro,  L.  L. 
V.  118.     Hero,  de  Spirit,  p.  loi. 

2.  [-rpi^Xav.)  Either  used  sepa- 
rately, or  with  the  epithet  mnaria, 
A  diinking-cup,  or  table  utensil  em- 
ployed for  taking  the  wine  out  of  a 
laiger  recipient,  which  contained  a 
quantity  mised  witli  snow.  It  was  a 
species  of  cyathas  of  an  improved 
character,  ijeing  iiimished  with  an 
inner  case  perforated  as  a  strainer, 
and  fitting  into  the  hollow  Irawl  of  the 
cup,  so  that  when  adjusted  tf^ether 
the  two  would  form  but  one  body, 
which  might  be  conveniently  dipped 
into  the  large  vessel,  and  filled ; 
then,  by  removmg  the  perforated 
case,  any  sediment  or  impurity  depo- 
sited by  the  snow  would  be  removed 
with  it  from  the  pure  hquid  left  in 
th6  bowL  [Cic.  Verr.  ii.  4.  27, 
Varro,  Z,  Z.  v.  u8.  Plin.  IT.  JV. 
xxxvil  7.  ScEev.  Big.  34.  2.  37.) 
The  illustration  represents  an  ori- 
ginal foun  1  at  Pompe  1  with  a  section 
of  the  perforated  case  in  its  bowl  o  1 


the  right  The  mitenal  is  Ironze 
but  the  same  utensil  was  also  mide 
n  common  earthenware  (Ho  ial 
11  3  144)  as  well  as  porcelaii 
(Plin  /  c)  and  fitetre  dure  (Cic 
/O 

J  TI  e  pan  of  a  1  ght  chair  (Juv 
ill  108  )  1  robibly  o  termed  when 
consisting  of  a  double  case,  con- 
structed upon  the  same  principle  as 
the  vessel  last  described. 

4.  A  fire -basket  made  of  iron 
(Liv.  xxxvii.  II.),  in  which  ignited 
matter  could  be  ti'ansfened  from 
place  to  place  ;  and  so  termed  from 
he  perforations  drilled  in  its  sides  to 
reate  a  draught  of  iur,  like  the  ex- 
mple  on  the  next  page,  representing 
n  earthenware  tndla,  discoveiedinan 


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found,  had  a  lamp  in^de  it 
.  ^  $.  A  traiud  used  by  bricklayers 
for  laying  tie  mortar  between  bricks 
(Isidor.  Orig,  xix.  l8.  3.),  and  by  plas- 
terers for  laying  on  and  smoothing 
the  stucco  npon  walls  (Pallad.  i.  15- 
lb.  13.  2.).  The  illustration  repre- 
sents an  original  found  amongst  other 
building  ii^Jements  in  a  house  at 
Poropeii.  This  sense  of  the  word 
&WZa  arises  from  the  Greek  -vflxo,  in 
alhision  to  the  manner  of  using  the 
instromeot ;  connected,  perhaps,  ■with 
its  resemblance  to  a  ladle  (TauA,  j) ; 
for  it  will  be  observed  that  the  an- 
cient trowel,  as  exhibited  by  the 
example,  has  a  form  very  different 
&oni  our  own,  having  a  flat  blade 
otherwise  shaped  like  a  spoon,  pre- 
cisely like  the  plasterer's  trowel  now 
used  at  Naples,  which  is  called  a 
plasterer's  spoon— vwfftow  da  fab- 
oHcatori. 

TRULL'EUM  or  TRULL'IUM. 
A  slop-pail ;  used  by  the  ancients  to 
receive  the  dirty  water  in  places 
where  several  persons  washed  their 
hands  at  the  same  time.  The  object 
is  repeatedly  mentioned  by  Cato,  and 
always  in  conjunction  with  other 
vessels  eniplOTed  in  w 
hand  and  toot-basins, 
doubtless  resembled  in 
principle  the  pails  commonly  used  in 
our  dressing-rooms,  wliich  have  a 
perforated  plate  at  the  top,  through 
which  the  dirty  water  is  poured  with- 
out splashing,  while  it  serves,  at  the 
same  time,  to  conceal  the  unsightly 


appeari 

118.  ld..de''Vit.P.R.4-'^^^^-"- 
p.  547.     Cato,  R.  R.Tuz.  xi.  2, 

TRULLISSA'TIO.  A  plastering 
of  cement  laid  on  with  the  trowel 
(Irsilla).  Vilruv.  vii.  3.  $.  Trulla,  5. 

TRUTTNA  (rpi/rdiTj).  A  general 
term  for  any  kind  of  balance  used 
for  weighing ;  sometimes  indicating 
the  sted-yarf.  (Vitruv.  x.  3,  4.  Sta- 
tera)  ;  at  others,  a  pair  of  scales 
(Juv.  vi.  437.  LlBItAl. 

TRYB'LIUM(tp&Mo»).  a  table 
utensil  (Varro,  L.  L.  v.  izo,  Plaut 
Stkk.  V.  4.  9. ),  the  precise  character 
of  which  is  not  ascertained. 

TUBiA  (o-rfAi-iTj),  A  wind  in- 
strament  made  of  bronze,  with  a  fun- 
nel or  bell-shaped  mouth,  and  straight 
tube  (Ov.   Md.  I.   98.  Juv.  ii.   11& 


Veg.  Mil.  iii.  5-),  like  our  trumfet, 
giving  out  very  loud,  and  interrupted 
notei  ( fracUii  sunitm,  Virg.  Georg.  iv. 
•J2.  ierrilMi  sombt  laratmitara  tHidt. 
Emiius  ap.  Rise.  viii.  84a.).  The 
example  is  from  -flie  arch  of  Titus. 

TUBTCEN  [tKArtrynrfis).  A 
trumpeter  ^\io  blows  the  inia  (Varro, 
L.  L.  V.  91.  Ov 
Met.  iiL  705.),  £ 
exhibited  by  the  ar 
nexed  figure,  from 
a  Ijas-relief  on  the 
arch  of  Constantine. 
Trumpeters  were  al- 
ways included  in 
the  brass  band  of 
the  army  (Liv,  ii. 
64.)  ;    amongst    the 

formed    at  religious 

L.  L.  V.  117.);  and  at  funeral  so- 
lemnities (Pers.  iiL  103.);  whence 
the  expression  ad  tuhidms  mUtets 
(Pet,  Sat.  129.  7.)  weans  to  prepare 
for  death. 


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696 

TUCE'TUM.  A  SEIVOU17  dish 
composed  of  beef,  or  pork,  and  lard 
potted  down.  Pers.  li.  42.  Schol, 
Vet  ad  I. 

TUD'ES  aiid  -IS.  An  antiquated 
name  for  a  mallet.  Festus  s.  v.  Se- 
ver, ^tn.  559.    Malleus. 

TUDIC'ULA.  Diminutive  of 
TuDES  i  a  macliine  for  braising 
olives,  and  separating  the  flesliy  part  of 
the  berries  from  their  stones,  previous 
to  placing  them  under  the  press  (tor 
cutar'),  by  which  the  o  1  was  squeezed 
out.  Its  action  was  similar  to  that  of 
a.  Tribuluu,  working  in  an  upright, 
instead  of  horizontal  dirertion  (Colu 
melL  xiL  52.  7. ) ;  but  the  machme  13 
objected  toby  ColnmeUa  as  liable  to 
get  out  of  order,  or  to  have  its  acUon 
impeded  by  very  ti  fl  to  circum 
stances  Eui.h  as  Chat  of  throwmg  m 
only  a  few  bemea  01  e  the  p  oper 
quantity  At  Mongres  in  F  ance 
oliies  are  ijnnsed  by  istniments 
called  battotrs  the  name  and  opera 
tion  of  which  are  behei  ed  to  exhibit 

fenume  traces  of  the  Roman  tudt  ^  la 
chneider  ad  Colun  ell  /  f  Id  di 
hap,'    Calc 


classes  of  the  rural  population  They 
were  made  of  w<x>d,  with  peaked 
roofe  of  tnrf,  the  baik  of  trees,  hui 
dies,  or  other  matenals  of  the  same 
common  description,  and  apparently 
without  windows  (Plin.  H.  JV.  xvi. 


14.  Vii^,  Ed.  i,  69.      Columell.  xn. 

15.  I.  FcstusJ.  v.),  as  exhibited  by 
the  illustration  from  one  of  the 
Pompeian  paintings. 

TULLIA'NTIM.  An  under- 
ground dungeon  belonging  to  the 
state-prisons  at  Rome ;  so  termed 
after  the  name  of  Servius  Tullius,  by 
whose  ordeia  U  was  made.  (Sail. 
Cat.  58.  Varro,  Z.  L.  v.  151.  Liv. 
xxix.  23,  xxxiv.  44.  Festus,  i.  v.) 
The  TuUianum  is  still  in  existence 
retainmg  all  the  featu  es  mmutely 
descr  bed  by  'iallust  and  s  exh  b  ted 
by  the  annexed  engravi^      It  con 


fe  J      „i 

I  ut  tlK  (  rigiinl  iicitht  maj  h  a  i,  Ictn 

greater    as  the  present  pivement  is 

modem      The  masonry  is  rude   but 

the  blocJ-s  ate  laige    and  the  roaS 

pOsscsse     a  slight  curve      The  Only 

entrance  to  it  is  through  a    quare 

opening   of   three   feet   tive    inches 

by  thiee  feet  four    formed    in  the 

r  tf   of   the    dungeon     whidi    also 

1 1  es  as  the  floonr^  to  Tjiothec  cell 

a  ediately  ovei  head  (see  the  wood 

t        Carceh    I  )     hence  the  ex 

J  <-    io\i  inTuiliaimm  iimiflas  (Sail 

Cj/  55  )  and  del(«are  (Liv.  ijoj..  22). 

TUMULATUS.     Buried  in  the 

soil,  with  a.  mound  of  earth  and  stones 

(hinmliu)  piled  over  the  grave.     Ov. 

J'ani  1   6  49.     Catull.  kiv.  193. 

TUM'UI.US  {rin^os.  KoX^H,).  A 
mound  of  earth  or  rough  massesof stones 
(Horn  12  xxiv.  798.)  piled  up  into  a 
pyramidal  form,  in  oraer  to  form  a 
sutm  or  barrow  over  the  grave.  (Cic. 
Arch.    10.)       On   its   summit    a    talJ 


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•  73—74 


(Hran  //  X 
371)  ,  as  o-li 
bited  by  the  an. 
nexed  illustration 
representing  the 
tumiiltis  of  Adonis, 
m  3,  pamtm?  at 
Pompeii.  Hence 
the  word  is  often 
used   in    a  geiierJ 


Albm.  El 

Ed.  V.  42    Ov   Tnst  m   3   72 

TUN'ICA  {x""")  A  tumc,  the 
principal  under  garment  of  the 
Greeks  and  Romans  of  both  &exes ; 
corresponiiing  very  nearly  in  its 
general  form,  use,  and  chacactet, 
with  the  shtrl,  the  chtntt^c,  ihsfi  eck, 
and  il/iuse  of  modem  times  It  was 
made,  howevei,  in  various  fashions, 
to  suit  the  sex  or  the  habits  of  dif 
fereiit  ages  and  clisses  of  the  popula 
tion ;  each  of  f-  hieh,  m  the  copious 
language  of  the  Greeks,  was  distm 
gnished  b)  a  sepante  name  or  epi 
Uiet  deacnptive  of  the  peculiar  form 
to  whith  it  was  refetied  But  all 
these  varieties,  which  are  severally 
enumerated  in  the  following  para 
graphs,  preserve  the  same  general 
characteristics  in  regard  to  the  use  of 
the  garment,  its  place  upon  the  per- 
son, and  the  manner  of  adjuatmg  it ; 
so  that  they  are  all  properly  classed 
under  the  common  name  of  tunics. 

I.  [xtrliipliiupi!iAitX'^''^<CBiobiiim.) 
The  ordinary  tu- 
nic of  the  male 
Greek  and  Ro- 
man consisted  of 
a  plain  woollen 
shirt,  girded 
rmind  the  loins, 
and    reached     to 

thereabout,  with 
two  short  sleeves, 
which  just  CO. 
vered  the  deltoid 


697 

imi.'icJe,  or  upper  portion  of  the  aims, 
as  far  as  the  arm-pit  iji,Bax&K-ii),  as 
exhibited  by  the  iirst  iJlustratioh, 
from  one  of  the  figures  on  Trajan's 
column.  (Jul.  Pollux,  vii.  47. 
Aristoph.  Eq.  88z.  Serv.  ad  Vii^. 
jSn.  ix.  616.)  The  industrious  part 
as  the  free  population,  whilst  engaged 
in  [heir  daily  pursuits,  wore  it,  in  tlie 
manner  there  represented,  without 
any  other  covering ;  but  the  upper 
ranks,  and  the  others  likewise  upon 
festivals  and  holidays,  when  they 
were  dressed  in  full  attire,  had  al- 
ways some  loose  outside  drapery  dis- 
posed over  the  tunic,  which  wonid 
of  course  conceal  the  greater  portion 
of  the  under  vest,  in  the  manner 
shown  by  the  annexed  figures,  repre- 


senting on  the  leit  side  the  statue  of 
Aristides,  with  the  pallkim  over  his 
tunic,  and  on  the  right,  a  Roman 
witli  Ills  toga  outside,  foam  a  bas- 
relief  of  the   imperial  age.      These 


mately  connected  with  each  other  as 
the  shirt  and  coat  of  modem  times. 

Z.  (KiTii'iTtpe^clo-Xtt^os.)  Atmiic 
made  with  only  one  short  sleeve 
covering  the   deltoid  muscle  of  the 


leftai 


s  far  a 


the  i 


n-pit,  m  the 
manner  represented  by  the  next 
figure,  from  a  small  marble  statUe  of 
the  Vina  Albani.  The  Latin  lan- 
guage   does  not    afford    any    distinct 


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3    (^  10  !  .)   A  tunic  which, 

only  covered  the  left  shoulder  (^/tos), 
Icavm^  the  iight 

posed,      m      the 

sented  by  the 
annexed  figure 
from  the  Vatican 
Viigil  It  IS 
there  fastened  by 


knot 


the 


top  of  the  shotd- 
der;  but  iheex- 
oinis  was  also  made  with  a  single 
sleeve,  when  it  was  termed  by  the 
Greeks  f\a^s  lTipo)iii(rx'A'>!  (Pollux, 
vii  47.)i  of  which  the  preceding  figure 
affords  an  example.  On  works  of 
art  it  is  often  made  of  fur,  and  is 
commonly  worn  on  the  stage,  by  the 
kbouring  population,  slaves,  artists, 
and  even  females  addicted  to  the 
chase  and  war;  by  Dredalus,  Diana, 
and  the  Amazons.  Aul.  Gell.  vii. 
13.  I.  Festus  J.  V.  Ariatoph.  Vap. 
444.     Schol.  Vet.  ail  I. 

4.  (ivanlf.)  A  tunic  worn  by  the 
females  of  Greece  (Jul.  Pollux,  vii. 
49.),  which  received  the  name  from 
being  fastened  with  brooches  on  the 


top  of  each  shoulder  at  the  point 
wiiere  it  joins  the  coikr-honc,  as  im- 
plied by  the  primary 
sense  of  the  Greek 
word,    and    shown  \ 

figure  of  Diana 
irom  a  statue  of  the 
Villa  Pamfili.  This 
is  the  old  tuni 
the  Doric  races, 
which  was  made 
of  woollen,  entirely 
without  sleeves, 
fastened  by  a  girdle 
worn  low  upon  the 
hips,  like  a  man's, 
never  reaching  be- 
low the  knees,  and  in  many  examples 
not  much  farther  than  midway  down 
the  thigh. 

S.  (ffx'^-isx"-'^'--)  ThejAVtunic; 
which  was  only  sewed  close  up  from 
the  bottom  on  the  left  side,  leaving  a 


the 


er  as  shown 


limbi,  and  through 
which  the  greater 
part  of  the  thyh 
would   be   "een  m 

■vl  as  usually  fast 
ened  by  brooches 
on  the  shoulderi 
(Jul  Pollux  Ml 
54— S5.),inthesamelr 
bythe  last  fignre ;  but  oneof  them  may 
be  supposed  to  have  come  undone  in 
the  present  example,  or  to  have  been 
studiously  omitted  by  tlie  Pompeian 
artist  who'  designed  it,  in  order  ta 
indicate  the  natural  restlessness  and 
carelessness  of  boyhood.  It  was  the 
characteristic  tunic  of  the  young 
Spartan  damsels  (Pollux.  /.  c);  hut 
in  works  of  art  it  is  frequently  given 
to  the  Amazons  and  children,  and  it 
is  also  worn  by  the  Dacians  on  the 
column  of  Trajan. 

6.   Tunica  ma-nKota  or  manaUata 
(xiTtif^  Xiip^uti'hs  or  kftp'ftotrii),      A 


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tunic  with  Jong  sleeves  reaching  down 
to  the  hands  or  wrists,  Eke  the  French 
blotise.      Itt  the 


worn  by  the 
male  population, 
eithec  tf  Greece 
or  Italy,  nor 
generally  by  fe- 
males; but  they 
were  afterwards 
adopted  as  a  lux- 
ury from  the 
foreigner,  and 
during  the  im- 
perial  ages  be- 

mon  amongst  both  sexes,  as  may  be 
seen  by  many  specimens  in  the  course 
of  these  pages.  The  present  example 
is  taken  from  one  of  the  figures  be- 
longing to  the  celebrated  group  of 
Niobe,  and  is  supposed  to  represent 
the  chQdren's  tutor  or  fittendant 
\pcedagogus) ;  consequently,  a  slave 
and  foreigner.  Cic  Cat,  ii.  la 
Plalit.  Psmd.  ii  4.  48.  Aul.  GelL  Tii. 
12,  I.     Vhrg.  Mn.  iK.  616. 

7.  Tunica  talaris  {xnliii'  jraB^pii!). 
A  tunic  with  long  skirts  reaching 
down  to  the  ankle  joints ;  commonly 
worn  in  early  times  by  both  sexes 
of    the    Ionian     races,    whence    it 


s  introduced  at  Athens,  where  it 
continued  in  use  until  the  age  of 
Pericles.  It  was  made  of  linen  and 
fastened  by  a  girdle,  and  always  liad 


sleeves,     sometim  y 

hanging   loose  th 

shown  by  the  fern  1    figu 
statue    of   Euterp  d 

reaching  down  to  '  "~  '" 
by  the  example 
senting  a  tragic  a 
of  Hercules,  &om 
The  Romans  est  m 
as  unmanly  in  Ch  xt 
adopted  it  as  part  f  h 
Cic  Vei 


gl 


marbl    1 


Cat.  ii 


Id 


A  v  r 


Tiinka  tmd  b 
tunic  (Aul.  Gell  v: 
rally   made   long 

tliose  worn  by  ro  n,  a  lasc  a  oy 
a  girdle  imm^iat  ly  d  tl  bosom 
instead  of  round  th  1  m  Th 
tunic  of  the  Donan  f  m  1  h   h 

forms  an  exception  to  the  usual  style, 
is  shown  by  the  figure  No.  4.  ;  that 
of  the  Ionian  women,  with  long 
sleeves,  by  the  left-hand  figure  in  the 
last  illustration ;  and  the  annexed 
example,  from  a  marble  bas-relief, 
exhibits  the  same  article  of  female 
attire,  with  a  half  sleeve,  reaching 
nearly  to  the  elbow,  and  having  a 
long  slit  on  the  outside,  the  edges  of 
which  are  connected  at  intervals  by  a 
set  of  studs  or  brooches,  so  as  to  leave 
a  series  of  open  loops  between  them. 
This    style   appears  from   1 


works  of  art  to 
those     most    genci 
females  of  the  bet 
Italy  and  Greece. 


dly  adopted  by 
^r  classes  both  in 
't  is  mentioned  by 


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yoo  TUNICA. 

.  ^liaii  {V.  H.  i.  i.%)  3^  one  of  great 
antiquity,  and  instanced  as  an  example 
of  female  eMravagance  in  dress.  ITie 
principal  tunic  of  the  Roman  matron 
and  lady  of  rank  is  exhibifed  under 
the  article  Stola,  by  which  name  it 
was  specially  designiied. 

9.  TsmicamlerieraoAiiiama.  The 
under  and  undermost  tunic.  Both 
sexes  were  in  the  habit  of  wearing 
two  tunics  (Aul.  Geli,  x.  15.  3.   Cal- 

Sum.  Ed.  iii.  29. ) ;  and  persons  of 
elicate  constitutions  would  sometimes 
put  on  as  many  as  four,  one  over  the 
other  (Suet.  Aiig.  82.),  in  wMch  case 
the  outer  one  is  ihe  tunic,  tumca,  and 
the  under  one  iunica  interior  or  in- 
tiiiia.  The  annexed  illustration  from 
a,  marble  bas-relief  exMbits  a  figure 


in  two  tunics,  very  distinctly  marked, 
the  under  one  with  long  sleeves,  and 
a  skirt  which  reaches  half-way  be- 
tween the  knee  and  ankle  ;  the  outer 
one  with  short  sleeves,  and  a  skirt 
which  terminates  at  tiie  middle  of  the 
thigh,  and  a  ^rdle  round  the  w^t 
which  compresses  both.  But  the  or- 
dinary kind  of  tunic  worn  next  the 
skin  by  women  was  made  with  short 
sleeves,  and  rather  loose  round  the 
neck,  very  much  like  a  modern  che- 


TUNICATUS. 

pie,  from  a  Roman  bas-relief,  which 
may  be  compared  with  the  figure  in- 
troduced s.  Indutus,  representing  a 
Greek  female  faking  off  her  chemise, 
firom  a  fictile  vase. 

10.  Tmdca  recta.     See  Recta. 

11.  Tumca  an^uslklavia.  See 
Clavus,  g. 

13.   Tunica  laticlmna.     See  Cla- 

13.  ThnicafiatagiaUi.     Sea  Pata- 

14.  Tunica  palmata.  A  flowered 
timic  worn  with  the  to^a  picia  (Liv. 
X.  7.  xxK.  15.);  supposed  to  have 
been  ornamented  wjth  embroidery 
representing  palm  branches,  as  it  was 
the  one  worn  by  a  geiioul  at  his 
triumph, 

15.  Tunicapicta.  An  embroidered 
tunic  worn  by  the  Salii.     Liv.  L  20. 

16.  Tunica  aseina.  A  plain  tunic 
without  any  ornament  upon  i(  (Lam- 
prid.  Alen.  Sev.  33.);  like  any  ot 
those  shown  from  Nos.  I.  to  10. ;  all 
the  rest,  from  11.  to  15.,  receiving 
their  designations  not  from  any  pecu- 
liarityof  form,  but  from  the  ornaments 
interwoven,   embroidered,   or  sewed 

TUNICA'TUS  (^d^dxItbp,  ehxl- 
TWJ').     In  a  eeneral  sense,  wearing  a 

monly  opposed  in  an  express  marmec 
to  togatus,  and  means  wearing  only 
the  tunic,  as  corresponding  with  our 
expression  "in  his  shirt,"  or  "with- 
out his  coat."  (Suet  Aug.  24.  lb, 
loa  Nero,  48.)  The  term,  when 
appliedto  persons  of  the  better  classes, 
sometimes  conveys  a  notion  of  being 
at  their  ease  in  the  country,  or  in 
dishabille,  as  tliey  were  in  tlie  habit 
of  taking  off  the  toga  when  at  home 
or  out  of  towi^  whaice  tutiicata  quiet 
(Mart.  X.  51.)  expresses  the  ease  and 
independence  of  home  or  the  country; 
but  It  is  more  frequently  applied  in  a 
sense  exactly  contrary  to  this,  mdi- 
cating  that  die  person  is  occupied  'in 
active  exercise  or  labour  (Cic  CM. 
5.),  because  it  was  necessary  to  lay 
aside  the  cumbrous  and  embarrassing 


,y  Google 


toga  upon  such  occasioos  ;  and  in  this 
sense  it  is  commonly  osed  to  charac- 
terize the  lower  or  labouring  classes 
(Hor.  £//  i,  7.  65.),  whose  daily 
occnpafions  compelled  them  to  wear 
a  tonic  only,  witlout  the  toga.  The 
illustrations  J.  TuNiCA,  I.  exhibit 
a  figure  in  the  tunic  alone  contrasted 
■wi£  another  in  the  tunic  and  to^ ; 
and  thus  distinctly  illustrate  the  diffe- 
rent images  called  to  the  mind  hy  the 
several  terms  tunicaius  and  togatus. 

TUNICOPALL'IUM.  Agament 
possessing  the  double  properties  of 
the  tunica  and  ^lliam,  not  a  written 
term  used  in  the  langu^e,  but  a  word 
invented  by  the  grammarians  as  a 
definition  of  the  peculiar  properties 
of  the  garment  termed  Palla.  Non. 
r.  Palla,    p.  537-      Serv.  ad  Virg. 


^IT(J- 


^n.  i. 

TUNIC'ULA  {x'Taviaxos, 
yuir).  Ill  a  general  sense  diminutive 
of  Tunica  ;  the  diminutive  some- 
tiroes  indicating  inferiority  of  quality 
(PlauL  Rmi.  u.  6.  53.  Varro  ap. 
Non.  s.  Tractus,  p.  228.) ;  some- 
times smallnessof  siae(Tuipil.  a/.  Non. 
J.  Stroshiom,  p.  53S.);batinaq>e- 
cial  sense,  an  undei-gatment  such  as 
we  should  call  a  shirt  or  a  chemise  ac- 
cording to  the  sex  by  which  it 


Itw 


i  by  1 


the  bosom  by  a  girdle 
(£/.  i.  39.)  a  Greek 
a  contest  between 
two  of  her  class  as 
to  which  of  them 
possessed  the  finest 
formed  back.  To 
dedde  the  question 
one  unties  her  gir 
die,  and,  lifting  up 
her  chemise  (x'tw 
pioi'),  turns  her  head 
back  to  examine 'Jnd 
admire  herself  he 
hind ;  the  other 
takes  off  her  che 
mise,       and       then 


TCJRlBULUlt. 


distinctly  exhibited  in 
the  illustration  from  a  statue  in  the  Mu- 
seum at  Naples,  which  without  donbt 
commemorates  the  first  of  these  two 
rivals  in  the  act  of  lifting  up  her  che- 
mise. The  Romans  applied  the  word 
tanieula  both  to  the  male  and  female 
Test ;  but  the  Greeks,  in  the  opinion 
of  some  scholars,  made  a  distinction, 
using  xeravloKOi  in  regard  to  men 
(Demwth. /«^fti.  p.  370.  Schfeffer), 
and  x'r^f  iw  with  rderence  to  women. 
(Lucian.  Lexifh.  25.  Eustath.  //. 
xviii.  416.)  But  this  rule,  if  true, 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  strictly 
observed.  In  the  above  passage  from 
Alciphron,  for  instance,  x"'^''""'  '^ 
applied  to  female  apparel,  but  to 
male  attire  by  the  Same  author  (iii. 
57.) ;  while  Athenjeus  (xiii,  59.)  uses 
Xinoflirttoi  for  females;  and  jlElian 
lie  same  word  for  both  (women, 
V.  H.  vii.  9.  ;men,  ih.  xiii.  36.). 
TURBO  {efwS'f.  liiliPos.Frp6ixBos). 


z.  The  TBherl  or  mMrl  of  a  spindle 


TUEIB'ULUM  or  THURIB'U- 
LUM  (SviiiarlipiBy).  A  censer,  or 
vessel  in  whith  incense  was  bnmt 
(Liv  sxi'^  14  I  as  contradislin- 
guishedlrom  offfja  the  box  in  which 
It  was   earned  to   the  temple,   and 


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702 


TURICREMUS. 


censer,  or  sprinkled  upon  the  Imming 
altar.  It  was  often  carried  in  the 
hand  by  a  ch^,  and  swung  to  and 
fro  for  the  purpose  of  diffusing  the 
odoriferous  vapour  along  the  streets 
(Cult.  viii.  9.)orthroagh  the  temples 
(Viig.  Ain.  xi.  481.),  in  the  same 
manner  as  still  practised  in  the  Roman 
CathoUc  churches.  The  illustration 
represents  an  original  of  bronze  found 
at  Pompeii.  One  of  the  three  ch^os 
by  which,  it  was  suspended  from  the 
hand  is  attached  to  the  top  of  the  lid, 
which  would  be  raised  a  httle,  and 
the  vapour  thus  permitted  to  escape, 
every  time  the  vessel  was  swung 
baclcwards  or  forwards. 

TURICREMUS  or  THURIC- 
EEMUS.  On  which  incense  is  burnt; 
as  ai-a  iuricrana  (Lucret.  iL  353. 
Vixg.  ^n.  It.  453-t>  an  altar  for 
burning  incense  {wood-cut  s.  Ara, 
6.)  i  foms  turUrmus  (Ov.  Her.  ii. 
18.),  a  braiier  for  the  same.  Wood- 
cut J.  Focus,  3. 

TURMA  {iKit).  A  troop  or  com- 
pany of  cavalry,  originally  consisting 
of  thirty  men  and  three  officers  {ds- 
curiona).     Varro,  L.  L.  v.  91.- 

TURRIC'ULA(Tup7rtioi.).  Dimi- 
nutive of  Turris.     Vitruv.  s.  13.6. 

3.  A  dice-boK,  formed  in  the  shape 
of  atowec  (MmL  idv.  16.);  whence 
it  is  also  termed  j^yj-^itr  (Sidon.  Ep. 
viii.  12,),  from  the  Greek  word, 
meaning  a  tower.  The  precise  differ- 
ence between  the  common  dice-box, 
friUHm,  and  the  iutriciiia,  is  not  suffi- 
ciently ascertained,  some  thuiking 
that  the  former  term  designated  only 
a  box  of  circular  form,  like  the  ex- 
ample introduced  at  p.  302.  ;  and  the 
latter  one  a  box  with  square  sides,  of 
which  an  example  occurs  in  an  old 
almanack  supposed  to  have  been  exe- 
cuted in  the  time  of  Constantine 
(Lmnbecc.  BibliBt&ee.  Get.  torn.  4. 
Col.  1665.),  where  it  is  represented 
standing  upon  a  table  with  a  couple 
of  dice  by  its  side.  But  as  the  an- 
cient towers  were  made  both  circular 
and  angular,  the  name  would  be 
equally   applicable   to,  either   form. 


TURRIS. 

Other  scholars  have  thence  concluded 
that  the  turricala,  though  probably 
similar  in  form,  was  an  entirely  dis- 
tinct instrument  from  die/rilUlus,  and 
employed  together  witli  it  as  an  addi- 
tional means  of  preventing  unfairness 
at  play.  According  to  them  it  was 
fixed  to  flie  board  {(aiiiln),  and  the 
dice,  instead  of  bemg  cast  directly 
from  the  Jritillas  on  to  the  board, 
were  thrown  from  it  into  the  tayriciila, 
through,  which  they  fell  on  to  the 
board,  after  acquiring  additional  rota- 
tion in  their  descent  down  its  gradu- 
ated sides.  But  this  opinion  is  to  be 
regarded  as  one  collected  from  infer- 
ential reasoning,  rather  than  proved 
by  positive  evidence. 

TURRIGER.  Bearing  towers. 
See  TuRRiTUS. 

TURRIS  (Tiipmt,  iripT")-  I^  a 
general  sense,  any  very  lofty  building 
or  pile  of  buildings ;  whence  tlie  term 
is  applied  indiscriminately  to  objects 
of  civil  or  mihtary  architecture,  a 
palatial  residence,  or  a  fortified  place. 
Liv.  xxxiii.  48.  Sail  yug.  103.  Suet 
NerB,  38.     Ov.  A.  Am.  iii.  416- 

a.  Ailwwroffortiiication,  disposed 
at  intervals  in  the  walls  of  a  city, 
stationary  camp,  or  any  other  fortified 
enclosure.  (Cic.  Czes.  Liv.  SiC.) 
built  both  round  and 
run  up  to  several  stories 
rrets  {pinna)  on  the  top, 
loop-holes  {fetustr^')  on  the  fiiee,  and 
frequently  a  sally-port  {fornix)  be- 
low,  an  1  in  |,eneral   ■ '"' '" 

at  shoiC  distances  from 


They  w. 
high,  w" 


a  another. 


.Google 


TURRIS. 

both  flanks  at  Ihe  same  moment. 
The  illustration  exhibits  three  towers, 
two  round  and  one  square,  now  stand- 
ing by  the  side  of  the  Farta  Asinaria, 
in  the  walls  of  Rome. 

3-  Tutris  mobilis,  or  ambulaloria. 
A  movable  tower  used  m  sieges, 
made  of  wood,  covered  with  iron, 
raw  hides,  or  stuffed  mattresses,  to 
brealt  the  force  of  the  blows  directed 
gainst  it,  and  placed  upon  wheels, 
by  means  of  which  it  could  be  driven 
close  up  to  the  enemy's  walls.  It 
was  divided  into  sevei'al  stories,  or 
platforms,  the  lower  one  con- 
taining the  battering-ram  (arits),  the 
upper  ones,  various  kinds  of  draw- 


bridges and  other 
tjiising  and  lowering  the  besiegers  on 
to  the  walls  {pons,  sainbusa,  tellsno), 
the  highest  of  all  being  filled 
with  hght  troops  who  cleared  the 
opposite  ramparts  of  their  defenders 
before  the  bndges  were  let  down  for 
the  assault  Liv  x\[  n  Vitruv  j. 
13    Veg  Mil  IV   17 

4.  A  tower  erected  upon  the  deck 
of  a  ship  of  tt  IT  int    v.  hi  h  the  troops 


ascended  to  annov  the  ciew  of  an 
enemy's  vessel  with  their  missiles, 
or  to  scale  a  fortress  from  the  sea 
board.  (Liv  xjuv  34.  Ainmian  i>.i 
i2  9—10  )  Tlie  illustration  is  taken 
from  a  marble  has  relief 

5   A  tower  lasteiied  on  the  back 


Ttrs.  703 

elephant,  in  which  armed  men 
stationed  on   the   battle-iicld. 
XKxvit  40.)     The  illustration 
is  copied  from  an  engraved  gem. 

'  A  particular  kind  of  battle- 
array,  in  which  the  army  was  dis- 
posed in  the  figure  of  an  oblong-square 
column.  Cato  af.  Fest.  s.  Sena 
prcehari.     Aul.  Gell.  x.  9. 

TURRITUS.  Furnished  with  a 
tower  at  towers;  of  dty  walls  (Ov. 
Am.  iii  S.  47.),  TuREis,  a.;  of  ships 
(Vicg,  j^n.  viii.  693),  TUKRIS,  4.; 
of  elephants  (Plin.  H.  N.  viii.  ?.  7.), 

TURRIS,  5. 

TURUN'DA.  A  fdlet.  made  of 
bran,  meal,  paste,  &c.,  for  fattening 
poultry.  Cato,  li.  A'.  89.  Varro, 
i?.  R.  iii.  9.  20. 

2,  A  sort  of  cake,  made  of  similar 
materials  to  the  la  t,  as  an  offering 
to  the  gods  VaiTO  ap  Non  s  z 
P   552 

3  A  strip  or  roll  uf  Imt  inserted 
mto  a  "A  ound      Catu  S  S  clvii   14 

TU&  or  THUb  {M&av^Tis 
Fiankincense  an  odoriferous  gum 
from  a  tree  of  Arabian  grjwth,  much 
employi-d  by  the  ancients  at  the 
sacrifice,  in  the  service  of  the  tem 
pies  and  other  ceremonials  It  was 
carried  to  the  altar  by  a  minister 
{camilliis),  in  a  small  square  case 
[oLena),  from  which  a  fen  giams 
were  taken  oat,  and  sprinlJed  ovet 
the  burmng  altar  {ara  tancraiia)  , 
ito  pastiles,  which 


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islururemus),  both  which 
■e     exemplified    by    the 


painting;  or,  finally,  it  was  kin- 
dled ill  a  censer  [iuribulum),  which 
was  carried  in  the  hand,  and  swung 
backwards  and  forwards  to  give  oat 
and  diffiise  its  vapour,  in  the  manner 
now  practised  at  the  ceremonies  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  Hor. 
Od.  iiL  8.  2.  Pers.  v.  120.  Ov,  Mel. 
vii.  589.     Id.  B>i>t.  ii.  1.  32. 

TUTE'LA.  The  tutdary  geniits 
of  a  ship,  under  whose  protection  the 
crew  and  vessel  were  supposed  to 
sail  (Ov.  Trisl.  i  10.  1.  Pet.  Sal. 
105.  4.),  as  the  vessels  of  Catholic 
countries  are  now  put  under  the 
guardianship  of  some  patron  saint. 
The  tutela,  or  image  of  the  protectmg 
genius,  was  plac^  in  the  after-part 
of  the  ship  (SiL  ItaL  xiv.  410.); 
whereas  the  ms^ne  was  the  figure- 
head upon  the  prow.  It  sometimes 
consisted  of  a  smalt  statne  on  the 
deck  (Pet.  Sat.  loS.  13.);  sometimes 
of  a  portrait,  either  carved  or  painted 
upon  the  quartet  (Sen,  Ep.  76.);  as 
in    the    innexed    examiile,    from    a 


marble  bas-relief,  m  which  it  appears 
on  a  small  square  projection  under  the 
(owev.  Thesubstractions of theisland 
in  the  Tiber,  designed  to  represent  the 
shipthat  brought  the  serpent  of  jEscu- 
lapiusfirom  Epidaurus  to  Rome,  afford 
another  instance  of  the  same  practice 
in  the  masonry  forming  the  qnarters 
ofthe  vessel,  on  which  a  bust  of  jEscn- 
lapius  is  carved  for  a  tutdaj  and  may 
be    seen,   when  the  waters   are  low, 


under  the  garden- wall  of  the  convent 
of  Saint  Bartholomew,  or  in  an  en- 
gravuig  of  Gamueci  (Anlichilh  di 
Roma,  p.  174.     Venei.  1588.). 

TUTULA'TUS.  In  a  general 
sense,  wearing  the  hair  dressed  in  a 
conical  form  (TuTULus,  i.|;  or  the 
priest's  cap  of  the  same  name  (Ttj- 
Ti;n;s,  2.)>  whence,  in  a  special 
sense,  a  priest  who  wore  it.  Varro, 
L.  L.  vii.  44.  Ennius  ap.  Varro,  /.  c. 

TUTaJLUS.  A  particular  style 
of  head-dress,  originally  confined  to 
the  Maminka,  < 
wife  of  the  Flamen 
Dialis  (Festus 
but  subsequently 
adopteti  by  other 
females.  (Ins 
M.  Grut.  579.  5.) 
It  was  formed  by 
pifing  up  the  hair  , 
with  the  aid  of  a 

ribbon,    to    : 


teight  ( 


_  considerable 
I  the  top  of  the  head,  so  as 
the  appearance  rA  a  goal 
(mila,  Varro,  L.  L.  vu.  44.  Festus 
s.  v.\  OS  in  the  illustration,  from 
a  paintmg  of  Herculaneum.  This 
fashion  is  also  alluded  to  in  the 
expressions,  saggsstum  coma  (Stat 
Syhi.  i,  3.  1 14. ) ;  and  tot  covifiagibus 
altmn  .Mdificai  csput{^\iv.  vi  502.). 
2.  A  high  cap,  made  of  wool,  in 
goal   {me/a. 


hood  (Ser 
nexed  example,  from  a  bronze  medal, 
representing  the  Genius  of  Augustus 
pmbrming  sacrifice. 

TVMPANISTA  [rvnirapiOTfis). 
A  man  who  plays  the  tynifamim, 
at  tambourine  (Apnl.  Dm  Socrat. 
p.  685. ),  as  exhibited  by  the  annexed 


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Ti  'MP A  NjE  TRTA , 


covered  at  Pompeii,  re- 
ccni^rt  by  four  mu- 
a  bov  witb  the  inoitaados,  a 
young  female  with  the  tiUs  pares, 
an  elder  one  with  the  cymbalo,  and 
the  present  figure. 

TYMPANISTRIA  (-rvuvcaiy. 
Tp«i).  A  female  who  plays  the  iyvi- 
panum,  or  tambourine  (Sidon.  Ep. 
i.  2.  Inscript.  ap.  Donat.  CI.  8. 
No.  r. ),  as  exhibited  by  the  annexed 


figure,  from  a  painting  of  Pompeii. 

TYMPAN'IUM  (T«^irii^i»t). 
Diminutive  of  Tvmpanum  ;  a  pearl 
with  one  surface  flat  and  the  other 
round  (PUn.  H.  N.  i-^  44-),  like  a 
kettle-drum,  from  which  resemblance 
it  is  believed  tliat  the  name  arose. 

TVMPANOT'RIBA  {T«i/.via,>,Tpi: 
flur).  (Plaut.  Tnic.  ii.  7.  60.)  Same 
as    TympANISTA  ;   Loth  words    con- 


TYMPANUM.  705 

;ying  a  notion  of  contempt  or  ridi- 
cule, ■  and  indicating  an  etFeminate 
man,  like  the  priests  of  Cybele,  who 
employed  the  tynipaitum  at  their  fes- 
tivals, though  an  instrument  other- 
wise more  appropriate  for  females. 

TYM'PANUM  (Til«Taj'of,  ait- 
\aixa  B  piri  0  A  ffi  u  Tie  on 
sis  a  w  oden  hoop    co  e  ed 

on  one  d  w  h  h  d  like  a  e  e 
(Id  0  g 
Eu  Bac  k  24  )  and 
se  ound  w  d  smaJl  bell 
or  nges  ike  the  a 
nex  d  examp  e  f  on  a 
engra  ed  gem  I  a 
sound  d  by  beating  h 
lb  hand  0  i<as 
324  Lu  e  6  8  Ca  u  o  26 
wood-cu  T  MPAN  STR  A  0  un 
ning  the  forefinger  round  the  edge 
(Suet.  Aug.  61.,  wood-cut  s.  Tympa- 

stick,  as  is  stated  by  Isidorus  (/.  c.\ 
and  may  lie  inferred  from  the  joke  of 
Phsedrus  (iii.  20.)  respecting  the 
poor  ass  who  suffered  as  much  cud- 
gelling after  death  as  during  life,  be- 
cause his  skin  was  used  to  cover  a 
tympanum.  This  instrument  is  dis- 
tinguished from  the  lare;er  and  more 
ponderous  kettle-drum  by  the  epithet 
leue  (Catull.  63.  6.)  or  inane  (Ov. 
Met.  lii.  533.)  ;  and  it  is  clear,  from 
its  frequent  occunence  in  tlie  works  of 
art  representing  the  ceremonials  of 
Bacchus  and  Cybele,  that  it,  and  not 
the  drum,  is  intended  when  the  terra 
is  used  witli  reference  to  the  wor- 
ship of  those  deities. 
2.  The  same  word 
have  likewise  designated  an  instru- 
ment like  our  ketUe'drufn,  with  one 
flat  surface  of  akin  strained  OTer  a 
metal  basing,  because  a  pearl,  with 
one  surfece  flat  and  the  other  round, 
was  designated  by  a  dirainntive  form 
of  the  same  word,  tympaniwm;  and 
Apollodorus  {Bibl.  i.  9.  7.)  describes 
a  contrivance  employed  by  Salmoneus 
to  produce  a  loud  noise,  like  thunder, 
which  closely  resembles  the  kettle- 
drum,  being   formed   by  a   copper 


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7o6 

kettle  (/te)  with  a  skin  strained 
over  It  nms.  If  such  a  notion  be 
correct,  it  is  probably  this  iwi  rument 
which  Justin  intends  to  particulanze 
(ill  2  )  as  employed  Iw  the  Par 
bans  to  give  the  signil  of  battle  for 
they  al  o  employed  the  long  drum 
ftt  i^&an  i)  upon  similar  occasions 
Plaut  Cr  I  23. 
3.  A  wheel    lade  of  sol  1  wotd 


TYMPANUM. 


y,  thout  Dokes  (rarf  )  sudi  as.  i  is 
used  for  wagons  {plaastia)  as  ex 
hib  ted  by  the  annexed  eiample 
from  a  Roman  bas  relief  Virg 
0.W  ^  iL  444 

4,   7\i  panu-m  dentaiui  1    A  wheel 
of    sohd.    wood      w  th    teeth     or 


5  A  tread  t  }ed  for  laising  heavy 
n  e  ghts,  w  orked  by  human  labour 
(Luc  et  IV  007  )  The  illuatrat  on 
3  from  a  marl  le  preserved  at  Capi  a, 
u  th  an  insciption  commemoiatmg 
the  bmlding  or  repairing  the  theatre 
of  the  ancient  city.  It  represents  the 
method  adopted  by  the  Roman  archi- 
tects for  raosing  a  column.  The  head 
of   the   shafl   is   encased   in   ropes, 


which  pass  through  a  block  sus- 
pended from  the  top  of  a  triangle  or 
shears  (vara,  Vitruv.  x.  13.  2,),  like 
those  employed  for  erectingmasts,  and 


hey  I'aise  the  pillar  by  twining  them- 
elves  round  the  wheel  as  it  revolves 
nder  the  weight  of  tlie  men  Hpon  it. 
The  capital  is  seen  oil  the  ground  ready 
to  be  put  into  its  place  when  the 
column  has  been  erected.  The  ex- 
ecution is  rough  and  imperfect  in 
details,  and  the  whpel  is  a  radiated 
one  {rotd\,  instead  of  a  solid  tympa- 
num, which  may  have  been  intention- 
ally designed  by  the  artist,  in  order 
to  exhibit  the  men  at  work ;  but  the 
valuable,  as  it  expliuns 
;char'""  ■■"''■ 

„  ..5 ^   .■vh-P 

understand  ;■ — 
mous  columns  of  one  solid  bloclc  of 
marble  could  be  raised,  when  they 
were  placed  at  close  intervals,  often 
not  more  than  ai  diameters  apart,  as 
m  the  portico  of  the  Pantheon,  for 
ipstance,  where  the  contiguity  to 
each  other  does  not  seem  to  afford 
space  for  the  requisite  macliinery. 

6.  A  solid  tread-wheel  for  raising 
water  from  ponds  or  stagnant  pools, 
where  there  is  no  current  to  move 
the  wheel.  Several  of  these  contriv- 
ances are  described  by  Vitruvius  x. 
4.  The  simplest  resembled  the  plan 
of  the  common  water-wheel,  de- 
scribed and  illustrated  s.  Rota,  4., 
except  that  the  wheel  itself  was  solid, 
and    h    m  ti       x>w     gi        b     h 

oanrrn      An  the        nnan 


d        e 


cumference  to  the  centre 
of  the  axle.  This  was  formed  out  of 
a  hollow  cylinder,  and  had  likewise 
a  number  of  cavities  {columbari^  in 
its  circumference,  through  which  the 
water  penetrated  the  cylinder,  and 
was  thence  discharged  from  its  ex- 


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TYROPA  TINA. 

tremity  into  the  receiving  trough 
(labrum  bp%ami)  and  the  channel  (ca- 
ttails) which  conducted  it  tiirough 
the  land.  Lastly,  when  the  H'ster 
to  be  raised  was  situated  at  a  great 
depth  from  the  surface  where  the 
ft'OT/onamwos  placed,  a  double  chain, 
furnished  with  buckei,  like  our  chain 
pumps,  M  as  attached  to  the  ajde,  so 
that  one  set  were  let  dowii  and  the 
other  drawn  up  by  the  revolutions  of 
the  machine,  each  bucket,  as  it  turned 
over  the  centre,  emptying  itself  into  a 
receiver  constructed  for  the  purpose. 

7.    A   Hat   and   naked   triangular 
face,  marked  a  in  the  annexed  ex- 


ample, included  within  the  convei^- 
ing  and  horizontal  cornices  which 
terminate  tl  g  ! !  d  f  bmlding 
(Vihiiv.  iii.  5  d      )         ermed 

from   its   rese   H  h     skin 

strained    0  mb      m     c 

drum-head. 

8.  The  pan  1  f  doo  (Vit 
iv.  6,  4..  and  5  )  rm  d  fro 
similar  res  mil  tl  1  t  r 
tioned.     S     Jan 

9.  A  laige  flat  salv  plat 
raised  margins,  like  n  bou 
Plin.  H.  N.  xxxiii.  52 

TVROPAT'INA.      A  1    g 
cake    made    of   cheese       d    h 
(Apic  vii.   n.);   a     1,       u     w 
from  the  Greek,  Tofi       1   es 
theLa(in/aj'!>iia. 

TYROTARI'CHUb  A 
composed  of  ■lalted  lish  (Greek  1 
Xo!(,  cheese  (Gieek  rupiJs),  and  hard 
eggs,  seasoned  with  peppei'  and 
hpice,  ^nd  !,te«ed  in  mne  and  oil 
Apic  i-i  2  eic  All  11  8,  !t3. 
fam   !>.    lb 


U'DO  (oiSoip).     A   kind  of   sock 
made  of  goat-skin  with   the    fur 


UMBILICUS. 


e  cha 


Um'bELLA  and  UMBRA'CU- 
LUM  (ff/c^euii.).  h  paraiol  \^aA. 
xiv.  28.);  and  an  uvibrdla  (Juv.  ix. 
5a),  made,  like  our  own,  to  open  and 
shut  (Aristoph.  Eq.  I34S.)  by  being 
strained  upon  a  number  of  convei^- 


ing  ribs  (m»^,  Ov.  A.  Am.  it  209.), 
and  usuajly  earned  by  a  female  slave 
over  her  mistress  (Mart.  xi.  73.),  In 
the  manner  shown  by  the  illustra- 
tion, from  a  iictile  vase. 

UMBILI'CUS  (hfi^<^is).  Lite- 
rally,  the  navel ;  whence  applied  to 
other  objects  which  have  some  ex- 
teriial  resemblance  to  the  appearance 
of  the  navel,  or  to  its  position  as  the 
centralpart  of  the  body  ;  as^ 

I.  The  extreme  end  of  the  cylin- 
der upon  which  on  ancient  book  was 
lied,   and  whi  h,  with     he   sheet 
f  1  ed   on  d       presents  cons  derahle 
esemblance    o   he  buma      ave    as 
i    by 


thng    o   y 

ten  IS      but   the  e 

fo   t  el  ev  ng  ha     hev  w 

ciiely  so      y\  hen        hee    v.  as  con. 

pie  e  y   filed   w   h  wn  mg     a  st    k 

wa   a  a  tied  o  the  end  of   he  shee 


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yoS  UMBO. 

round  which  the  entire  length  was 
roUed.  In  the  MSS,  found  at  Her- 
culaneum,  these  sticks  do  not  project 
beyond  the  edges  of  the  sheet  on 
either  side,  hut  have  their  extremities 
ia  the  same  plane  with  it,  as  repre- 
sented \>y  the  illustration.  In  ordi- 
nary libraries,  or  for  volumes  in- 
tended to  be  placed  in  a  capsa,  where 
any  addition  to  the  length  would 
have  been  inconvenient,  it  seems 
probable  that  the  roll  was  complete 
in  this  slate,  with  the  exception  of 
merely  having  the  end  of  die  slide 
pidnteil  (Mart.  iii.  2.  v.  6.),  which 
surest ed  the  resemblance  to  a  navel, 
and  accurately  received  the  name  of 
umiiiicia.  But  persons  who  were 
partlcnlar  about  the  ornamental  ap- 
pearance of  thdr  hooka,  added  bosses 
(ia//ffl)  to  the  ends  of  the  stick,  which 
projected  beyond  the  roll  on  each 
side,  like  the  bursting  horns  of  a 
heifer  ;  then  the  uBiiilicl  so  adorned 
would  receive  the  name  of  emtma. 
Thus  the  two  terms  may  be  con- 
sidered to  a  certain  extent,  or  in  some 
senses,  as  convertible  ones  ;  especially 
where  they  are  used  figuratively  to 
designate  the  end  of  a  book  (Hor. 
Epad.  xiv.  6.  Mart.  iv.  gi.  xi.  107.), 
where  the  cylinder,  whose  extremities 
they  formed,  was  affixed. 

a.  The  pin  or  indes  in  the  centre 
of  a  sun-dia!  (Plin.  H.  N.  vi.  39.) ; 
otherwise  termed  Gnomon,  whichsee. 

UMBO  {&ii.»»y).  In  a  general 
sense,  applied  to  anything  rising  or 
projecting  from  another  surface,  more 
especially  when  snch  projection  pos- 
sesses a  round  or  conical  figure  ;  whence 
the  following  distinctive  meanings  : 

I.  (ati{«\(ti.)  A  knob  or  boss 
projecting  from  the  centre  of  a  shield 
(Vim.^«.ii.544.), 
whidi  served  to 
turn  off  missiles  dis- 
charged from  a  d 

offensive  weapon  at 
close  quarters  (Liv. 
iv,    19. )  ;    but   the 


UMBR^. 

quently  used  by  a  figure  of  speech  for 
the  entire  shield  itself.  The  example 
is  from  the  Vatican  Viigi!. 

2.  A  prominent  bunch  of  folds  in 
front  of  the  chest,  produced  by  draw- 
ing up  a  portion  of  the  left  side  of  the 
toga  from  the  feet,   and  fixing  it  in 

iilace  by  turning  It  over  the  belt 
brmed  across  the  breast  by  the  upper 
sinus,  where  it  forms 
a  thicit  round  mass 
of  folds,  standing 
out  from  the  rest  of 
the  drapery  Hke  the 
boss  from  a  shield, 
as  exhibited  by  the  i 
part  marked  5.  in  A 
the   annexed   illus-  ^ 

of  the  Villa  Pamhh 
at  Rome.  Tertull 
Pall  5  Pers  v  33  , 
but  m  the  last 
passage  the  term  is 
applied  m  a  fi^iu-ative  s 
toga  itself 

3  The  kerb  stone  whii-h  forms  t 
raised  margin  to  the  trottoir  or  JdoI- 
pavement,  on  each  side  of  a  load  or 
street,  as  shown  by  the  annexed  iNus- 


Iration  representing  part  of  the  road- 
way near  the  entrance  to  Pompeii 
from  Herculaneum. 

UMBRA'CULUM.      Same    as 

UM  BELLA. 

UMBRjE.  The  shadit  or  spirits 
of  departed  beings  in  the  nether 
world.  The  ancients  believed  that 
the  spirit  of  the  human  body  de- 
scended into  subterranean  regions 
after  life  was  extinct,  and  there  re- 
tained the  same  figure  and  appearance 
it  had  possessed  during  life,  so  as  to 


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be  recogrn  aLle  1  y  il  c  relal  ■es  and 
fi:  tnds  who  followed  it  but  without 
any  real  corporeal  sibstance;  or,  in 
other  words,  that  it  was  Tiaible  but 
impalpalle  Those  who  had  passed 
a  life  of  virtue  were 
removed  to  Eljsium 
where  the}  eontmied. 
in  the  enjoyment  of 
pe  petual  jouth,  par 
taking  the  ntercourse 
of  such  fr  ends  and 
lelativei    as  1  ad    ob 


USfG  UENTA  R I  US. 


709 


I  the  s 


B    l)t 


those  on  the  contriry 
who  had  hved  in  vici 
wi=.!e  lem  ^ed  to  Tai 
tarus  wheelheyw)! 
out  a  1  existence  of  perpetual  punish- 
ment (Serv  adVitg  Mn  iv.  654- 
TibuU  111  2  9  Lucret  1  12a  Hor. 
Od  IV  7  14.)  Hence  the  poets  and 
art  sts  always  invest  the  shades  with 
a  corpoieil  form  and  with  the  same 
appearances  which  the  body  presented 
duringUfe.asis  exemplifiedby  the  illus- 
tration, which  represents  the  shade  of 
Deiphobiis,  in  the  Vatican  Virgil,  ma- 
tilated  as  he  was  by  the  Greeks  at  the 
takng   fT    5 

UN  CIA  (    7  f  ).     K-aounci;\h^ 
tw  Ifth  p   t    f  any  whole ;  hence  a 


f  A  (V  L.L.\.  171.)  Its 
1  was  d  ed  by  a  single  ball,  as 
in  the  annexed  example,  from  an  origi- 
nal, reduced  to  one-third  of  the  real  size. 
UN C TOE-  (Quint,  xi.  3.  26. 
Mart,  vii  32.}  Same  as  AliftES  ; 
whicli  see, 

UNCTO'RIUM.  A  chamber 
where  the  unguents  were  kept,  in  a 
set  of  baths,  and  in  which  the  lathers 
were  anointed.  (Plin.  Ep.  ii.  17 
but  the  reading  is  doubtful.)     See 

ELfiOTHESIUM. 

UNCUS  (S7K0i).  Literally,  a  bend 
or  curve ;  whence  applied  to  objects 
formed  in  that  figure ;  especially  a 
hook   with    which    the    executioner 


igged  up  the  corpse  of  a  malefactor 
from  the  subterranean  dungeon  (car- 
no)  in  which  he  was  put  to 
death,  on  to  the  Gemonian  stairs, 
■  to  the  "nber.  Cic  £.  Ferd.  5. 
Juv.  X.  66.  Ov.  Ibis.  166. 

2.  The  fiuke  of  an  anchor.  Val. 
Flacc.  ii.  428.  Akcora.  Dens,  1. 

3.  A  surgical  histrument  employed 
by  accoucheurs.     Cels.  vii.  29. 

UNGUENTA'EIUS  (^upoiriiAu!)- 
A  maker  and  vendor  of  scents  and 
unguents.  Cic.  0^.  i.  42.  Hor.  Sat. 
ii.  3.  228. 

2,  Vngtiintaria  taberna  (wupo- 
•siiKiav).  A  perfumer's  shop.  Varro, 
L.  L.  viii.  55.    Snet.  Aug.  4. 

3.  Ungumtarimn  sc.  vas.  (A^icuflin 
ftipupn,  Poll.  vL  105.  vii.  177.  Aris- 
toph.  -fr.  8.)  A  stent-boltU  ot  yam 
for  holding  fine  unguents  and  perfuines 
(Plin.  H.  N.  xixvi.  12.).  They  were 
small  narrow-necked  vessels  made 
of  alabaster,  Jiidre  dure,  baked  clay, 
and  glass,  of  which  latter  material 
several  apedmens  in  different  forms 
and  sizes  are  exhibited  by  the  illus- 
tralions,  all  from  originals  preserved 


Naples,  It  was 
bury  these  in  the  tombs 
with  the  dead,  and  for  that  purpose 
the  Greeks  fiequently  decorated  tliem 
with  some  illustrative  des^  (Aris- 
toph.  Eccl.  995,),  of  which  practice 
numerous  examples  have  been  dis- 
covered in  their  original  places  oi 
deposit.  It  may  also  be  mentioned 
that  vessels  of  this  kind  have  long 
been  erroneously  termed  "  lachryma- 
tories,"  or  tear  -  bottles,    a    fanciful 


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7lO  URCMOLUS. 

notion  which,  originated  with  some  of 
the  modern  ItaSaii  antiquaries,  but 
without  any  authority  to  support  it, 

Uii'CEOLUS.  (Juv.  iii.  203,} 
Diminutiye  of 

URCEUS.  A  vessel  %vith  handles 
(Mart.  xiv.  106.),  generaEy  made  of 
earthenware  (Hor.  A.  P.  zi.  Mart. 
/.  c),  and  chiefly  used  as  an  ewer  for 
filling  other  vessels  with,  watet;  (Varro 
ap.  Non.  s.  Trullbum,  .p.  547. 
Paul.  Dig.  33.  7.  18,)  It  is  probably 
allied  to  Epx"  and  Qrcka;  but  there 
are  no  sufficient  data  by  which  to  de- 
termine its  precise  form. 

URINA'TOR  (jtoAv/ieiT^!,  */i«i^ 
T^p).  A  diver^  trainedito  swim  under 
water,  for  the  purpose  of  recovering 
articles  lost  by  shipviTeck ;  sometimes 
taken  on  board  ships  to  assist  in  rais- 
ing the  anchor,  or  to  damage  the  bull 
of  an  enemy's  vessel  in  action.  IJv. 
xliv.  la  Callistrat.  Dig.  14.  2.  4- 
Compare  Manil.  V.  431 — 435.  Lucan. 
iii.  697—708, 

UR'NA  (tnJAmi).  An  vm;  a 
narrow-neclied,  full-bodied  pitcher,  in 

fetched  from  the 

Quv."  i.  164, 
Senec.  H.  F. 
757.),  whence 
usually  ascribed 
by  poets  and 
artists  as  an  ap- 
propr 


blem 


itheri 


gods.  (Virg.  ^a.  vii,  792.  Sil.  Ital. 
i.  407. )  It  was  made  of  earthenware 
or  metal,  and  carried  on  the  top  of 
the  head  (Ov.  Fasl.  iii  14.),  or  on 
the  shoulder  (Prop.  iv.  ll.  aS.),  in 
the  manner  still  commonly  practised 
by  the  women  of  Italy  and  J^pt ; 
for  which  purpose  it  was  furnished 
with  three  handles,  as  exhibited  by 
tile  annexed  engraving  from  an  ori- 
ginal of  earthenware, — two  at  the 
sides,  to  assist  in  raising  it,  and  one 
at  the  neck,  by  which  it  vras  held 
on  the  shoulder,  or  kept  steady  when 
tilted  for  pouring  out. 


URNABIUM. 

A  vessel  of  similar  form  and 
character,  employed  as  a  cinerary  urn, 
in  which  the  ashes  and 
dust  collected  from  the 
funeral  pile  were 
dosed,  when  deposited  I 
in  th  e  sepulchral  chamber. 
(Ov.  Tnst.  iii.  3.  65.  Id. 
Her.  xi.  124.  Suet.  Cai. 
15.  Wood-cut  J.  Sepul- 
CKiTM,  3.)  They  were  made  of  baited 
earth,  alabaster,  marble,  or  glass;  of 
which  last  material  the  annexed  ex- 
ample affords  a  specimen,  from  an 
original  discovered  at  Pompeii,  half 
filled  vrith  a  liquid  in  which  the  frag- 
ments of  bones  and  ashes  are  still 
perceivable. 

3.  A  vessel  of  similar  form  and 
character,,  employed  for  drawing  lots 
at  the  Comitia,  &c.  (Val.  Max,  vi.  3. 
4.  Qc.  Verr.  ii.  2.  17.),  used  for  col- 
lecting the  votes  or  sentence  pro- 
noun^d  by  the  judges  in  a  court  of 
law,  &c  (Cic.  Q.  Fr.  ii.  6.  Hor. 
Sal.  ii.  I.  47.  Ov.  Mil.  XV.  44.) 
The  lots  or  tablets  were  thrown  into 
the  vessel  filled  with  water,  and  then 
shaken  {uriia  vsrsatiir.  Hor,  Od.  ii. 
3.  26.  Compare  Virg.  jSn.  vi.  432. 
Stat.  Sylv.  ii.  l-ai9-),  and  as  the  neck 
of  the  urn  was  narrow, 
only  a  single  lot  could 
come  to  the  surface,  or  be 
drawn  out  at  a  time.  The 
illustration,  which,  it  will 
be  observed,  exhibits  the  same  cha- 
racteristic features  in  regard  to  form 
as  the  other  examples,  is  copied  from 
the  device  on  a  coin  of  the  Cassian 
&mily. 

4,  A  liqoid  measure  containing 
four  cangii  or  half  an  avip&ora;  also 
the  vessel  whicli  holds  that  quantity, 
probably  possessing  the  same  charac- 
teristic forms  as  those  described  above. 
Cato,  R.  H.  X.  and  xiii.   Juv.  xv.  25. 

URNA'RIUM.  A  square  slab  or 
table  in  a  Roman  kitchen  and  in  the 
baths,  on  which  the  water-cans  and 
pitchers  {la-me)  were  disposed.  (Vaf- 
ro,  L.  L.  V,  126,  Id.  ap.  Non.  s.  v. 
p.   544. )    In  some  parts  of  modern 


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URN  U LA. 

Italy,  a  similar  convenience  now  goes 
by  the  name  of  jEiv^Jiif /(I,  ftom  Jeff/»i!, 
a  water-pail,  and  is  usually  formed  of 
marble,  with  a  hole  through  which 
the  drippings  and  spilled  water  drain 
off,  doubtless  corresponding  with 
the  Roman  umarium,  and  our  kitchsn 

UR'NULA  (a&Kvmv).   Diminutive 
of  Urna.  Cic.  Par.  L  3.   Spart.  Sev.  24. 
URPEX.     See  Irpex. 
URVUMorUREUM.  The  curved 


part  of  a  plough,  the  plough-tail 
more  commonly  termed  BURA.  Var- 
ro,  X.  L.  V.  135.  Pompon.  Dig:  50. 
16.  239, 

'""^""   '  ioTTis).     One  of 

I,  whose  business 

a  corpse  upon  the 

t  (Mm.   10.   93.) ; 

IS  of  detrac- 


tion, with  such  epithet 
(CatuU.  59.  4.),  or  sordidus  (Li 
viii.  731.) ;  thus  indicating  that  the 
employment  was  looked  upon  as  mf — 
and  derogatory.  The  illustration 
presents  a  slave  arranging  the  legs  of 
a  corpse  upon  the  pyre,  before  setting 
light  to  it,  from  a  marble  bas-relief. 

USTRI'NAand-UM(Koi<rTpo).  A 
place  where  the  dead  body  was  burnt, 
apart  from  the  sepulchre  in  which  the 
ashes  were  to  be  deposited,  as  "  '  " 
distinguished  from  Bustum, 
was  coutdned  within  the  sepulchral 
enclosure.  (Fesfus  j.  BusTUM.  In- 
script.  afi.  Mur,  1345.  12.  afi.  OreUi. 
4384,  4385.)  Thus  it  would  appear 
that  the  ustrinum  was  a  public  burn- 
ing-ground,  to  which  the  bodies  of 


UTER.  711 

persons  not  sufficiently  wealthy  to 
acquire  a  piece  of  land  for  the  pur- 
pose contiguous  to  their  own  %e^- 
chres  were  carried  by  their  surviving 
relatives,  and  burnt,  their  ashes  being 
afterwards  transported  to  the  family 
tomb.  In  such  cases  a  convenience 
of  ibis  nature  was  absolutely  aeces- 
the  law  prohibited  the  light- 
ing of  a  pyre  withm  a  certain  distance 
of  another  man's  monument.  Con- 
siderable remains  are  stil!  extant  of  a 
grand  burning  place  on  the  Appian 
Way,  about  five  miles  from  Rome. 
It  was  surrounded  on  two  sides  by 
a  high  wall  of  masonry,  constnicled 
in  me  Etruscan  style  of  peperino 
stone,  and  flawed  with  the  same 
material,  which  possesses  particular 
powers  for  resisting  the  action  of  fire. 
One  wall  is  300  feet  in  length,  the 
other  33a  On  the  ade  towards  the 
street,  there  were  spacious  porticos 
for  the  shelter  of  spectators,  or  per- 
sons attending  the  fiineral procession;, 
and  at  the  back,  several  apartments 
for  those  who  had  the  custody  of  the 
place,  as  well  as  magazines  for  storing 
wood,  and  for  keeping  the  various 
instruments  and  utensUs  employed  at 
the  confl^ation. 

U'TER  (iffKif!).  Aiargehagmade 
of  goat-skin,  pig-skin,  or  OK-hide, 
sewed  np  at  one  side,  and  having  the 
sutures  carefully  stopped  with  a  coat- 
ing of  pitch,  so  as  to  adapt  it  for 
conttdning  liquids,  or  to  be  inflated 
with  tdr.  Plin.  H.  N.  xxviii.  73.  Ov. 
Am.  iii.  12.  29,  Cscs,  S.  C.  i.  48. 
2.   Wff-  vini.     Ajwme-sMn  (Plant. 


.)  ;  mostly  employed  for 


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;  1 2  VTSASII. 

transporting  wine  in  body  from  place 
to  pkce,  but  in  very  early  times  the 
wine  was  actually  brou^t  into  the 
iliiiiiig-room  in  a  skin  (Varro  ap. 
Jjon.  J.  Cupa,  p.  544-),  and  the  cups 
were  filled  out  of  it,  in  the  manner 
shown  by  the  illustration,  from  a 
painting  at  Pompeii,  which  represents 
a  femafe  pouting  wine  out  of  a  skin 
into  a  cantharus  held  by  Silenus. 

3-  Utei- utictKS.  A  ^oat -skin,  greased 
on  Ihe  outside  and  inflated  with  air, 
which  the  rural  population  of  Attica 
used  to  dance  or  jump  upon,  for  a 


rustic  qiort,  on  Ihe  second  day  of  (he 
festival  of  Bacchus,  termed  Asiolia 
fAiTKiSXia),  as  represented  by  the 
annesed  illustration  from  an  engraved 
gem.     Virg.  Gsorg.  ii.  384. 

UTRA'RII.  Water  carriers,  who 
supplied  an  army  on  its  match  with 
water,  which  they  carried  in  skins 
(Utres).     Liv.  xliv.  33. 

UTRICULA'RIUS  (iiTKcuiAn!). 
(Suet.  iWf-o,  54,)  A  dag-piper.  Sams 
s  AscAULES,  under  which  term  an 


illusi 


n  15  give 


VACERRA.  A  post  for  fastening 
horses  to  (Festus  j.  v.) ;  whence,  in 
the  plural,  a  strong  fence  made  of  up- 
rights and  cross-bars  to  confine  cattle; 
an  ax/ence.  Columell.  vL  19.  2.  ix. 
i.  3.  Ix,  I.  9. 

VAGI'NA  (J.*oH"1.  «»A*.ft).  The 
scabbard  ai  m-ntfiA  [piC.  Virg.  Hor. 
Ov. );  usually  made  oCdifietent  kinds 


of  wood,  box,  elm,  oalt,  ash,  &c.,  and 
times,  perhaps,  of  leather,  as  the 
Greek    name    KPAtii    (Latin   culius) 


mi 


seems  to  unply.  The  illustration  ex- 
hibits an  original  sword  found  at 
Pompeii,  in  its  scabbard,  which  con- 
sists of  a  wooden  case,  covered  with 
a  thin  plate  of  metal,  studded  with 
knobs  of  bronze. 

VALLATUS.  Protected  by  a 
vallum.     Hirt.  B.  Alex.  27. 

VALLUM  (xiV*""M-  A  pali- 
sade, made  by  the  stocks  of  yonng 
trees  with  their  lateral  branches  short- 
ened and  sharpened  at  the  point,  so 
as  to  form  a  sort  of  ekevcatx  defrise  ; 
usually  planted  by  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  on  the  outer  edge  of  the 
mound  of  earth  {ag^er)  thrown  up  as 
a  rampart  round  their  camps  (Liv. 
xxxiiL  5.  PoJyb.  xvii.  I.  1.) ;  whence 
the  term  is  frequently  used  to  desig- 
nate collectively  the  mound  of  earUi 
with  the  pahsade  upon  it  In  the 
illustration  at  p.  16.,  from  Trajan's 
column,  the  Valium  is  formed  by  mere 
str^ht  poles  sharpened  at  the  top, 
whidi  must  he  regarded  as  a  caprice 
of  the  artist,  or  else  the  ancient  prac- 
tice had  been  departed  from  at  the 
period  when  those  sculptures  were 
designed. 

VALLUS  (xiipof,  kiSho^).  a  single 
stake  »ith  short-pointed  branches  Mt 
on  its  stock,  employed  as  a  prop  ;  but 
more  especially  for  formingthe?«//a»i, 
or  chevaux  de prise,  ui>on  the  mound  of 
a  camp,  several  of  which,  ready  pre- 
pared, were  carried  by  every  Roman 
soldier  in  the  field.  Cic.  Tusc.  ii.  17. 
Liv.  Ivii.  Epit. 

2.  Same  as  Vallum,  Qes.  B.  C. 
iii.  63. 

3.  A  lai^e  wooden  fork  in  the 
shape  of  the  letter  V,  set  with  teeth, 
and  attached  to  the  front  of  a  truck 
{veAicularH),  which  was  employed  as 
a  reaping-machine  by  the  people  of 
Gaul.     It  was  driven  into  the  stand- 


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ing  com  by  a  single  ox,  harnessed  to 
a  pair  of  sliafts  (aniiles)  at  the  back, 
so  that  it  nicked  off  the  ears  between 
the  forks,  and  collected  them  in  the 
truck  as  it  advanced.  Plin.  If.  N. 
xviii.  72.    Compare  Pallad.  vii.  3.  3. 

4.  The  tooth  of  a  comb.  Ov.  Am: 
i.  14,  15.  Pecten. 

5.  {\uai^\ov.'\  In  the  feminine 
.  gender,   diminutive  of   Vannus  ;  a 

small  winno wing-basket.  Varro,J.'ff. 
i.  23.  5.   Jb.  52.  2. 

VALV«  Kiipm  8iifirpi<rroi).  A 
door  or  window-shutter  which  folds 
up  (Cic.  Dw.  i.  34.  Juv.  iv.  63.  Plin. 
Ep.  il.  17.  5.);  that  is,  when  made 
in  several  leaves  and  joints,  so  that 
when   opened  they  fold   back   one 


-VLS 


7^3 


behind  the  other,  like  a  screen,  or  the 
shutters  of  a  modern  window,  as 
shown  by  the  annexed  example,  from 
a  painting  of  Pompeii,  in  which  the 
door  is  formed  of  four  pieces  two  for 
each  leaf.  (Varro  af  Serv  irfVitg 
^fiji.  i.  449  alijix  qua  re^mlvantur, 
et  le  vdant  Isidor  Orig  xv  7  4.} 
In  one  of  the  honses  at  Pompe  1  a 
door  of  the  same  description,  in  four 
parts,  was  placed  between  theAtrium 
and  Peristshum  as  has  been  ascer 
tained  from  the  marks  left  by  it  on 
the  threshdd  Mus  Borh  vii  Tan/ 
A.  B.  Scati  p  7 

VALVATUS  Havmg  doors  or 
window-shi  tiers  Lomprised  in  several 
pieces,  which  fold  up  behind  each 
other  in  the  manner  e>.plained  and 
illustrated  by  the  last  example  Vi 
truv.  iv.  6   5      Id  VI  3  la     Varro 

'VANGA.  (Pallad.  i.  43,  3.)  A 
spade    with  a  cross-bar   above  the 


blade  to  lest  tie  fo  t  upjn  m  rdcr 
that  it  might  be  driven  deep  into  the 
ground  still  used  in  Italy  and  re 
tammg  the  same  name  la  van^a 
It  was  also  termed  BlPALlOM  under 
which  an  illustration  is  given. 

VANNUS  {AtK™!-)  K^m<nmn^ 
van  (Columell  11  21  5  Serv  ao^Vii^ 
Geor^  L  166  )  a  large  and  shallow 
wielter  basket  employed  for  winnow 
ing  com  in  still  weather  for  the 
operatitm  could  not  be  conducted 
with  the/ialii  lignai  or  the  jf  itilxbrum 
whei  there  was  no  wind  bloving 
It   IS  exhib  ted  by   the  annexed  ex 


When  the  basket  has  been  filled  with 
grajn  from  the  threshmg-fioor,  the 
winnower,  who  holds  it  by  the  two 
handles,  with  one  end  against  his 
belly,  throws  up  the  contents  into  the 
air  by  means  of  a  jerk  of  his  arms, 
and  catches  them  again  as  fhey  de- 
scend in  the  van,  some  of  the  looser 
and  lighter  partides  of  husk  and  re- 
fuse falling  off  at  every  toss,  which 
process  is  continued  with  rapidity 
until  the  whole  is  perfectly  cleansed 
Still  weather  is  required,  m  order  that 
the  gr^ns  may  return  info  the  basket, 
and  not  be  Mown  over  it  with  the 
cliafF. 

2.  Vannui  tn^siiea  The  mystic 
.n  of  Bacchus  ,  3.  basket  of  similar 
description  to  the 
last,  in  which  the 
sacrificial  utensils 
and  first-fmit  ofTei 
ings  were  carriei 
upon  the  head  c 
shoulder  in  the  ct 
remonials  of  Ba< 
chus,  as  shown  by 
the  annexed  figure 
from  a  bas-relief  in 
terra- cotta  (Soph.  Fragm.  'J2^    Virg, 


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714 

Georg-  i.  166. ).  In.  the  poetical 
and  dignified  diction  of  Virgil,  the 
expression  is  used  Co  de^guate  the 
agricnltural  winnowing-van  last  de- 
scribed, whidi  indicates  that  both 
objects  were  of  similar  character  and 
materials. 

3.  The  Greek  term  also  signiiies  a 
cradle,  made  out  of  a  winnowing-van, 
in  which  the  ancients  i;sed  to  deposit 
their  inlants,  as  an  omen  of  future 
wealth  and  prosperity  C^ichol  Vet 
ad  Callim  ^to  4S  )  Jupiter  and 
Merciuy  aie  said  to  ha(  e  been  thus 
cralkrl  (Horn   Merc   150  254     Lai 


lim.  I.  c.) ;  and  the  annexed  illustra- 
tion from  a  bas-relief  in  terra-cotta, 
represents  the  infant  Bacchus  in  a  cra- 
dle of  this  same  character,  which  in  the 
original  composition  is  borne  between 
a  Faun  and  a  Bacchante. 

VAPORA'KIUM.  A  stove  or 
fiimace  for  heating  apartments  by 
flues  (Cic.  Q.  Fr.  iii.  I.  I.);  same  as 
Hypocausis,  under  which  an  ex- 
planation and  illustration  are  given. 

VAPPA.  Wme  which  has  lost 
its  flavour  and  become  quite  insipid, 
from  having  undei^one  excessive  fer- 
mentation and  subsequent  exposure 
totheair(Plin.  H.  N.  xiv.  25.  Hor. 
Sat.  ii  3.  144.) ;  whence  the  terra  is 
likewise  used  to  des^ate  a  spend- 
Uirift,  who  wastes  his  means  in  folly. 
Hor,  Sal.  I.  I.  104.  Piui.  /.  c. 

VA'RA  (arOKis).  A  stake  with  a 
fork  or  crutch  at  the  top,  employed 
by  huntsmen  to  set  their  nets  upon, 
when  they  had  to  enclose  a  tract  of 
country,  in  the  man. 


by   the   annexed  engraving  from    i 


marbie  bas-relief.     Lucan.  iv.  439. 

2.  (KiWiifio!.}  A  horse  fit  trestle; 
formed  by  two  or  more  uprights  con- 
verging from  below  to  a  point  at  the 
top,  so  far  as  to  form  a  frame  within 
which  any  thing  might  be  suspended 
(Vitruv.  X.  13.  2.);  or  to  make  a 
stand  upon  which  a  cross-piece  (vibia) 
might  be  supported  (Columell.  v.  9. 
2.),  such  as  used  by  painters,  plas- 
terers, paper-hangers,  and  carpenters 
for  a  sowing-jack  which  is  represented 


J. ,   wliich  the 

logs  of  wood  are  laid  for  a  wood  fire, 
or  a  spit  [vsru)  supported  for  roasting 
meat.  (Riddle's  English-Latin  Dic- 
tionary.) There  is  no. actual  autho- 
rity extant  for  this  usage  of  the  word, 
but  the  annexed  example,  from  an 
original  of  iron,  discovered  in  a  tomb 


=>> 


at  Psesturn,  proves  that  the  ancients 
made  use  of  andirons  m  the  same 
manner  as  the  moderns,  while  the 
form  and  Use  of  the  article  corre- 
spond minutely  with  the  other  objects 
comprised  under  Che  same  name. 
Two  smaller  specimens,  believed  to 
have  been  used  for  supporting  a  spit, 
have  been    excavated   at   Pompeii : 


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VASCUS. 

they  are  made  of  bronze,  and  more 
ornamental  in  character,  ha,ving  the 
head  of  an  animal  as  a  termination 
to  the  extremity.    Mus.  Eorb.  k.  64. 

VASCUS.     See  Tibia,  4. 

VECTIA'RIUS.  The  labourer 
who  works  the  capstan  {siicula)  hy 
means  of  a  capstan-bar  {vectis), 
which  forces  down  the  press.beam 
{prelum)  in  a  wine  or  oil-press  (ior- 
m/ar).     Vitruv.  vi.  6.  3. 

VECTIS"(^^ox^l^!).  A  strong  and 
heavy  pole  or  bar  of  wood  or  iron, 
employed  for  various  purposes,  as ; 

1.  A.le!/erotiaiul'^ke,{qrp\3cuig 
under  machines,  or  objects  of  very 
great  weight,  to  as^t  in  moving  and 
turning  them.     Cies.  S,  C.  ii.  II. 

a.  A  ci-ow-iar,  for  forcing  open  or 
beating  down.  Hor.  Od.  iii,  26.  7. 
Cic.  jW.  ii.  4.  43. 

3.  A  iar  for  fastening  a  door. 
Vii^.  ^Sn.  vii.  609. 

4.  A  pole  for  carrying  burdens. 
Claud,  iv.  Cans.  Honor.  573.  Wood- 
cut J.  Ferculum,  3. 

5.  A  capslan-iar,  by  which  the 
cylinder  is  tnmed.     Vitrav.  vL  6.  3. 

VEHA  or  VEA.  A  rustic  or 
provincial  pronunciation,  of  Via.  Ca- 
to,  S.  R.  1.  2.  14, 

VEHET-A.  Said  to  be  another 
form  of  Vsha,  an  Oscan  word  for 
Plaustkum.  Festus,  s.  v.  Capitol. 
Maxim.  13. 

VEH'ES  orVEHIS.  Kcart-load 
of  anything,  as  of  dung  (Columell. 
xi.  2.  13.) ;  hay  (Plin.  H.  N.  xxicvi. 
24.  §  3.);  wood  (Cato  af.  Chads, 
P-  55-)- 

VEHIC'ULUM  (Bxi;"'}.  A  ve- 
hicle ,-  as  a  genera!  term,  for  any  sort 
of  contrivance  by  whidi  thii^  are 
transported  by  land  (Suet.  Aug.  49. 
Cic  Fii.  a5.)orbywa1er(Id.  Ait.  x. 
10.);  but  this  last  reading  is  doubt- 
fiiL 

2.  Vekkttlum  mambus  actum.  A 
go-cart,  or  imialid's  chair,  drawn  on 
or  pudied  forward  by  the  hands  of 
a  dave.  (Aircel.  Med.  L  5.  ii.  I.) 
Also  termed  Chieamaxium. 

3.  A  threshing-truck  used  in  Gaul. 


Pallad.  vi.  2.  2.  See  Vallitm,  3., 
where  the  machine  is  described. 

VELA'MEN.  A  general  term 
for  any  loose  covering  or  clothing, 
whicli,  as  it  were,  veils  the  person. 
Virg.  Ov.  Tac.  &c 

VELAMEN'TUM.  Same  as  Ve- 
LAMEN.      Senec.    Cons,    ad  Marc. 

z.  Velamenta  (kfT^ipio).  Objects 
borne  in  the  hands  by  suppliants  as 
a  symbol  of  their  condition  ;  amongst 
which  are  included  the  ollve-branSi, 
caduceus,  andwoollenfillets,&c.  Liv. 
xuv.  30.  Tac.  Hist.  \.  66.  Ov.  Ma. 
xi,  278. 

VELA'RIUM.  An  am j«'«^ spread 
over  the  uncovered  part  of  a  theatre 
or  amphitheatre  (Juv.  iv.  124- ),  where 
the  spectators  sat,  and  which  was 
otherwise  open  to  the  sky.  It  was 
made  to  diaw  by  means  of  ropes  and 
pullies  fixed  lo  a  number  of  masts 
(wood-cut  J.  Mahjs,  2.),  planted 
lonnd  the  outside  wail ;  and  it  was 
not  always  drawn,  but  only  on  certain 
occasions,  annoimced  by  an  ailiclie 
or  notice  {fllbian)  chalked  up  in  pro- 
minent parts  of  the  town.  InscripL 
s.  Sparbio, 

VELATUS.  Veiled  {Cic.  M  D. 
ii.  3.  Sen.  Octets.  702. ) ;  that  is,  wear- 
ingthe  loose  outerdrapery,  ocaniirfaj, 
arranged  over  theheadlikeaveil,  in  the 
mannerexhibitedbythetwo  figurestere 
subjoined;  the  left  one  froma  bas-relief, 
the  other  froma  painting  of  Pompeii. 
It  was  usual  for  both  se  "  " ' " 


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?r6 


VELITBS. 


more    especially   at   religious    cere- 
monies and  when  in  mourning. 

2.  Clothed  or  drafed,  in  our  sense 
of  dressed ;  and  applied  indiscrimi- 
nately to  both  sexes  and  So  every 
kind  of  dress,  whether  in  the  nature 
of  an  amiiha  oc  an  indumetilum  ;  as 
totheii^ii  (Liv.  iii  26.),  the  tunica 
(Ov.  Fast.  iii.  645.),  the  stola  (Hor. 
Sat.  i.  2.  71.). 

3.  Encircled  round  the  brows  with 
a  chaplet  (Ov.  FaiU.  iv.  14-  55-  Coro- 
na), riband  (Id.  Met.  v.  no.  Vitta), 
woollenfillet(Liv.i.32.  Infula),&c. 

4.  Hung  with  diapery  {veta)  or 
festoons  {ssi-ia],  as  applied  to  streets, 
houses,  temples,  &c.,  which  were 
thus  decorated  upon  days  of  solemn 
festivity  along  the  line  of  streets 
where  a  procession  passed.  Ov.  Am. 
iii.  13,  13. 

5.  Bearing  symbols  of  supplication 
[velamcnta)  in  the  hands ;  sueh  as 
branches  of  olive,  woollen  bands,  &c. 
Plant.  Amih.  1.  1.  104.  Virg.  ^n. 
xi.  foi.     hervius  III/ /. 

6.  Velati,  in  the  army,  supernume- 
raries who  accompanied  the  troops  in 
order  to  fill  up  vacancies  in  the  ranks 
occasioned    by    death    or   wounds. 

gst  these  were  comprised  the 
J,  Fetvntarii,  and  Sorarii,  who 
were  all  so  termed,  because  they 
were  mecelydraped  in  a  tunic  [vetalus, 
z.),  without  any  body  armour  or 
defensive  weapons  (Festus  s.  v.  Id. 
s.  Adscripticii),  as  exhibited  by  the 


annexed  figure  from  the  column  of 
Trajan. 
VE'LITES   [ypoiT'fatxdxo'.).      The 


VELUM. 

sMrtiiis/iers  or  light-armed  infantry  of 
the  Roman  armies,  who  did  not  form 
part  of  the  regular  legion,  nor  occupy 
a  fixed  position  in  the  battle  array, 
but  fought  in  scattered  parties  amongst 
the  cavalry  or  infantry,  wherever 
their  services  were 

auired.  They 
L  no  body  ar- 
mour beyond  a 
skoll-cap  ofleather 
without  a  ridge 
piece  {galea,  cudo\ 
but  were  provided 
with  a  rojmd  shield 
IjHtrma),  a  short 
Spanishsword(^/rt 
dots  Mispanien'u), 
and  several  speais 
with  light  shafts 
and  very  long  acu 
minated  blades  {hasla  i/ditarn),  in- 
tended to  be  used  as  missiles,  but  not 
fitted  for  stationary  combat  (Lw 
xxxviii.  21.  XXX.  33-  Polyb.  VL  22.) 
The  example,  from  the  arch  of  Sep- 
timius  Severus,  combines  ali  these 
peculiarities  with  the  exception  of 
the  missile,  an  object  frequently 
omitted  in  sculpture  on  account  of 
the  difficulty  it  presents  in  execution, 
and  its  unpicturesqce.  effect ;  but  the 
character  of  its  blade  may  be  Seen 
by    referring   to   the    illustration  s. 


The  St 


'  of  a 


but  especially  the  large  square  sail, 
or  mainsail  as  contradislmguislied 
from  the  foresail  {doloii^,  the  topsail 


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terra-cotta  lamp ;  whidi  (jierations 
were  lespectiBely  expressed  by  Ihe 
phmses  S^itlire  antennas  (Hirt.  B. 
Alex.  45. )i  to  lower  the  yard;  v^um 
aihdacere,  or  anlmnis  subnedere  (Hirt. 
/.  c.  Ox.  Met  xi.  483, ),  to  clew  up 
the  sail;  tielum  Ugere  (Vii^.  Gsorg.  i 
373-  )i  t"  shorten  sail.  Compare  Vi- 
tmv.  X.  3.  5.  and  6. 

3.  So,  when  the  sliip  put  out  to 
sea  with  fair  weather,  the  yard  was 
raised  vip  to  the  top  of  (he  mast,  the 
.  clew-lines  were  loosened  from  the 
yard,  and  the  comers  of  the  sail 
drawn  down  to  the  deck;  as  repre- 
sented in  actual  operation  by  the 
nest  wood-cut,  from  a  sepulchral 
bas-relief  at  Pompeii;  and  expressed 
by  such  phrases  as  the  following :  vda, 
picere  (Cic.  Thsc.  iv.  4. ),  to  make 
all  sail;  -iida  pandere  (lb.  iv.  5.),  to 
q)read  the  saus;  ■vela  solvere  and  de- 
ducere  (Virg.  jEn.  iv.  574.  Ov.  Md. 


663.),  to  unclew  and  let  down  the 


sail  from  the  yard 

{ended  befoie  the  stieet  door  of  a 
ouse,  to  close  the  entrance  when 
the  door  itself  stood  open  (Suet. 
Claud  10  Juv  VI  228 ) ,  in  the 
mteiior  of  t  houie  mstead  of  a  door, 
or  tor  the  purpose  of  making  a  par- 
tition between  diffe 

of  dividmg  one  lat^e  ^ 

parts  of  smaller  di 
menMons  (Phn  Efi 
IV    19    3  )      before 
the  image  of  a  deity   J 
in  the  temples,  which  I 
was    only   removed  I 

solemnity,  a 
the  practice 
man  Catholic  churches  (Apul.  Met. 
xi.  pp.  251.  257.);  and  as  a  ■aiiHdffm- 
cwtain  to  be  drawn,  like  our  own, 
over  the  shutters  {foriculm),  to  ex- 
clude the  light  more  effectually  (Juv. 
ix.  104.  Mart.  i.  35.).  They  were 
either  made  in  one  piece,  to  be  drawn 
up  from  the  ground,  which  is  implied 
by  the  expression  alleuare  -uelum  (Sen. 


0-),  I 


e  the  c 


two  breadths,  to  be  opened  in  the 
centre,  like  the  example,  rmresentuig 
the  entrance  to  Dido's  palace  in  the 
Vatican  Virgil,  whiph  was  expressed 
by  tlie  phrase  vela  rediicei-e  (ApnL  ■ 
II.  cc. ),  to  draw  back  the  curtains. 

5.  The  drop-siene  of   a   theatre. 
Ov.  A.  Am.  i,  103.    Prop.  iv.  I.  15. 

6.  The  canvas  awjiing   stretched 


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7l8  VENABULUM. 

over  head  in  a  theatre  or  amphi- 
Iheatre  as  a  protection  agiunst  the 
sun  and  weather.  Plin.  H.  N,  xix.  6. 
Lucret.  iv.  73.     Veiariwm- 

7.  Like  Velamen,  a  general  term 
for  any  Icind  of  covering  or  drapery, 
whether  appUed  to  persons  (Cic. 
Cat.  ii.  10.)  ot  things.     Id.  Verr.  ii. 

'  VENA'BULUM.  A  hinttiug-spear 
(Cic.  Fam.  vii.  I.);  a  powerfiil 
weapon,  with  a  long  and  broad  iron 
head  {Mart,  xiv.  31.  Vh^.  ^n.  iv. 
131.),  generally  (rf  a  lozenge  shape, 
and  sometimes  fiu'nished  wiui  a  cross- 
tree  (wwo)  to  prevent  the  point  from 
penetrating  too  far  (Grat.  Cyneg, 
108—110.)  The  object  itself  is  ^own 
by  the  annexed  wood-cut,  from  a 
fresco  painting  in  the  sepulchre  of  the 
Nasonian  family  on  the  Flaminian 
way,  near  Rome.  It  also  exhibits 
a  singular  method  adopted  by  the 
ancient  huntsmen  for  entrapping  wild 


beasts  by  means  of  a  mirror  set  up 
over  the  front  of  a  cage  ;  hut  the  or- 
dinary manner  of  using  the  hunting- 


spear,  which  was  rarely  or  never  em- 
ployed as  a  missile,  is  also  shown 
by  the  subsequent  illustration. 


VENATIO  (flijpa)  A  hwit,  or 
hunting  of  vMd  beasts.  (Cic  Sen.  16.) 
The  illustration,  from  a  painting  ex- 
cavated in  1673  at  Ihe  foot  of  the 
Crelian  hill  (Bellori  Sep.  Nason. 
No.  29.),  shows  a  wild-hoar  hunt, 
which,  from  the  nnmerons  represent- 
ations left  of  similar  scenes,  appears 
to  have  been  a  very  fevourite  sport 
amongst  the  Romans.  It  likewise 
exhibits  all  the  objects  usually  men- 
tioned in  connexion  with  the  sport 


— the  hunting  speai  (j  LiimMuin),  Ihe 
bow  {arcus),  three  hounds  [copies 
venaiici),  one  of  which,  on  the  right 
side  of  the  picture,  is  held  back  by  a 
leash  or  a  sUp  (copala,  l&rum),  thehunt- 
et{equuinetuilor\,  and  seven  huntsmen 
(venalores),  including  the  attendants. 

2.  AJ^a  b/ iu3d  btasls  with  men 
(Cic  .^171.  viL  I.),  or  with  one  another 
(Suet.  Clemd.  21.);  both  of  which 
were  commonly  exhibited  as  a  game 
in  the  Roman  ■  amphitheatre  and  cir- 


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'A  TOR. 


ventilabru. 


719 


eas,  and  are  exhibited  by  the  illustra-  I  in  the  street  of  the  tombs  at  Pompeii ; 
tions  annexed ;  the  one  on  the  left  the  other,  a  contest  between  a  bear 
hand  representmg  a  combat  between  and  a  rhinoceros,  from  a  terra-cotta 
a  gladiator  and  wild  beast,  from  a  1  lamp  found  amongst  the  ruins  of 
sepulchral  bas-relief  on  a  monument  '  Labicnm. 


VENA'TOR  (fljjpBTJ)!,  KuHn-t'lJ)- 
A  huntnnan  who  follows  the  chase  or 
the  sport  of  killing  wild  animals,  such 
as  tigers,  bulls,  boars,  deer,  &c.,  with 
dogs  and  spears,  on  foot  or  on  horse- 
back (Cic  Tiuc.  ii.  17.  Hor.  Od.  3. 
I.  26.),  as  exhibited  by  the  illus- 
tration annexed,  from  a  painting 
at  Pompeii,  representing  a  hunts- 
man with  his  &.iyg,  and  a  boar  at 
bay,  wounded  in  the  back  by  one 
spear,  and  pierced  through  the  fore- 
head by  another  which  is  held  by  the 


huntsman  at  close  quarters. 

2.  (fliipio/ttixB'O  A  gladiator -vfho 
fought  in  the  amphitheatre  with  wild 
beasts  mstead  of  men  (Apal,  Met.  iv.. 
p.  72.  Cassiodor.  Var.  Ep.  v.  52.), 
as  shown  by  the  first  wood-cut  on. 
this  column ;  more  usually  termed 
Bbstiaeius. 

3,  Venator  equus.  A  hunter,  or 
horse  trained  for  the  chase.  Stat. 
Tkd.  ix.  685.     Venatio,  I. 


4.  VemjtoT  earns  A  hound  trained 
for  the  chase.  Vug  -£«  xu  751 
Venatio,  i     and  iSt  wood  cut 

VENA'TRIX  {Hxy^tTi^)  A 
huntress,  who  follows  the  chase  with 
the  bow  and  hounds  (Virg,  j^n.  i. 
319.);  more  especially  used  to  de- 


signate Diana,  the  goddess  of  the 
chase  (Ov.jM^;.  ii.  454.  Juv.  xiii.So.), 
who  is  represented  in  fliat  character 
by  the  annexed  figure,  from  a  lerra- 

VENTILA'BRUM  [epiva^).  A 
winnowing  fork  ■  employed  for  sepa- 
rating the  gra  ns  f  m  beans,  and 
other  legummo  ;s  p  an  f  m  the 
straw  and   ta  k    w  op  was 

threshed  on  i^  h  w  h  liera ; 
and,  consequen  y  ad  b  n  reaped 
in  the  comm  n  m  nn  ha  sickle 

(faix),  ins  ad  h  vu  g  h  ears  or 
pods  only  n  It  d  ff  n  h  standing 
plant  by  a  comb  {peci^i),  or  a  hand- 
fork  {mer^a),  as  was  a  frequent  piac- 


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,   (Colu- 


72C 


tice  wLfh  the  ancient  farmerf 
inell.  ii.  lo.  14,  Compare 
— 5.)  The  instrument  was  a  fork 
with  three  or  four  prongs,  with  which 
the  labourer  raked  out  the  straw,  and 
'  tossed  it  up  to  a  considerable  distance 
from  him  through  the  air,  so  that  the 
lireeze,  which  for  the  operation  was 
required  to  be  tolerably  strong,  would 
cariy  off  the  cbaff  and  straw,  while 
the  heavier  grain  fell  back  upon  the 
ground  and  could  be  finally  cleansed 
by  a  wooden  shovel  {fala  lignea)  or  a 
wiiinowing-van  {vanniis).  The  prac- 
tice lb,  still  pursued  in  Spdn,  where 
the  1  istmment  employed  is  designated 
by  a  similar  name,  aveniaiiar,  which, 
like  the  Latin  one,  refers  to  the  action 
of  the  .tind,  so  necessary  for  its  effi- 
aent  use  Townsend's  Itinerary,  vol. 
3   P   314- 

VENTILA'TOR.  One  who  win- 
now  s  w  th  the  vintilabram,  as  es- 
pla  ned  111  the  last  article.  Cohimell. 
11   10   15- 

■'    A-  Msgi^,  who  tosses  his  bails 


com       Qmnt.  x.  7.  11. 

\ENTRA'LE  (f«i.Ani!i 
belly  land,    formed    by    a 

cloth  tied  round 
the  loms,  and 
over  tl  e  abdomen, 
1=  evhibited  by 
the  annexed  figure, 


that  It  w 


over  the 
but  Its  usu:j 
place  was  next  the  skin,  either  under- 
neath the  tunic,  or  upon  the  body, 
when  m  other  respects  entirely 
naked,  as  seen  upon  the  statue  of  a 
fisherman  (Visconti,  Mits.  Pio-Clem. 
.,  6, ) ;  which  also  proves 
■  not  the  same  as  the  sub- 
am  worn  for  the  sake 
of  decency,  for  it  there  leaves  the 
persoi  completely  exposed,  as  indeed 


a.  H.  N.  y 
z8.);  and  as  a  convei 
ryii^  money  or  other  small  articles 
about  the  person  (UIp.  Dig.  48.  20. 
6.)i  when  otherwise  divested  of 
clotliing,  and  in  the  water  {Lncil. 
Sat.  yi.  I.  cum  hilga  lavat).  Hence 
it  is  frequently  seen  on  statues  of 
fishermen,  as  in  the  one  already 
quoted,  and  another  of  the  Vatican 
{Mus.  Pio-Clem.  iii.  32.),  erroiieously 
restored  for  Seneca,  but  having  the 
central  part  of  the  ventrale  filled  in 
with  plaster  of  Paris,  in  a  manner 
which  entirely  alters  the  genuine 
character  of  flie  object. 

VEN'US  I'AippoSiTi,).  The  Venus, 
or  best  throw  of  the  dice  \iessers\  oc 
dibs  {tali) ;  so  called  when  all  the 
numbers  came  up  different.  Prop, 
iv.  8,  45.  Suet.  Asig.  71.  compared 
with  Mart.  xiv.  14. 

VERBER.  The  ffwng  of  a  whip 
for  scourging  slaves  (Terent.  Amir. 
i.2.28.  TibuU.  i.  9.22.  FLAOELI,tIM, 
1.)  ;  of  a  driving-whip  (Vu-g.  Geerg. 
iii.  106.  Ov,  Mel.  xiv.  821.  Fuvgel- 
LUM,  2.)  ;  of  a  sling  (Vii^.  Georg. 
I.  309.  FtxNDA,  I.J;  of  a  machine 
by  which  large  stones  or  other  mis- 
sues  are  forcibly  projected  (Lucret. 
iiL  469)- 

VEREDA'RIUS.  A  government 
messenger,  who  carried  the  public 
dispatches  in  a  light  cart  drawn  by 
swift  horses  [yeredi),  which  were 
stationed  for  relays  along  the  public 
roads  (Sidon.  E^.  v.  7,  Festus  j. 
Veredus.  Suet.  Aug.  49.),  believed  to 


be    represented  by  th 


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VBRUTUM. 


12- 


ample,  from  a  bas-relief  on  the  monu- 
ment at  Igel. 

VERE'DUS,  A  horse  of  fast 
paces  ;  emplojed  as  a  hujitsf  (Mail, 
xii.  14,  xiv.  86. ),  and  a  pest-lmrse 
(Festus  s.  V.  Imp.  Jul.  Cod.  12.  Jl. 
4.1,     Compare  Vekedarius. 

VERMICULA'TUS.     See  Pavi. 


VERRIC'ULUM.  (VaL  Max.  iv. 
LExt."].)   Same  as  EvERElcoLtTM. 

VERRU'CULA.  The  inart  or 
wattle  which  grows  on  either  ade  of 


troduced  into  their  representations  of 
Fauns,  to  indicate  their  goatish  pro- 
pensities, as  exhibited  by  the  annexed 
esample,  from  a  marble  statue. 

VERSIPELL'IS.  Literally,  one 
who  changes  his  skin  ;  thence,  one 
who  transifonns  himself,  or  is  trans- 
formed into  another  peraon's  figure,  as 
of  Jupiter  into  Amphitryon  (Plaut. 
Amph.  izi.  Prol.);  and  so  a  wily, 
dissembling  fellow,  who  can  assume 
any  character.  ^&.Sacch.  iv.  4.  12.) 
But  the  term  designates  more  espe- 
cially a  man  transformed  into  a  wolf, 
pursuant  to  an  ancient  legend  of 
Arcadia,  tliat  every  member  of  a  cer- 
tain family  was  changed  into  a  wolf 
for  nine  years,  and  after  that  period 
resumed  his  original  shape.  Plin. 
H  N  vin   22      Pet  Sat  02 

VERTICILL'US 
(iTiIiWuXos)  The 

whorl  or  whirl  of  i 
spmdie  (Phn  H  A' 
xxxvn  II  SO, 
which  consisted  of  a 
small  circular  wheel 
or  plate  ot  «ood, 
stone,ormetai,throngh  i 
which  the  lowei 


Hvist  the  thread  tight.  It  is  seen  on 
the  bottom  part  of  the  annexed  wood- 
cuts, representing  an  original  f^ytian 
spindle,  on  one  side  enveloped  in  the 
spun  thread,  and  amply  by  itseif  on 

VER'V  (ifie\6!).  A  j/jV  for  roast- 
ing meat  (Varro,  X.  Z.  v.  127.); 
often  made  of  wood  (Plin.  H.  N. 
sxx.  37.  Virg.  Giorg.  ii.  396-  Ov. 
Fast.  iL  363.),  sharpened  at  the 
point,  so  as  to  be  driven  through  the 
meat  (Sen.  Tkyesf.  1063.  Vire.  ^n. 
i.  212.),  and  placed  over  the  fire  (Id. 
jSb.  v.  103. ),  and  probably  turned 
by  the  hand  upon  dogs  or  andirons 
{var^).     Compare  Verucuwim. 

2.  {aaii'iiii'.)  A  missile  weapon 
(Vu-g.  .£■«.  viL  665,  Tlbull.  i.  6. 
49. ),  adopted  from  the  Samnites  by 
the    light    infantry    of  the    Romans 


(Festus,  j.  Samnites),  which  had  a 
sharp  round  iron  point,  like  the  spit 
after  which  it  was  named,  as  em- 
bited  by  the  annexed  example,  from 
an  original  found  in  Westphal^  and 
published  by Alstorpfi^XfojA  p.  192.). 

VERUCULA'TUS.   SeeFALX,!. 

VERU'CULUM  or  VERIC'U- 
LUM  {lB!}dBKo%).  Diminutive  of 
Veru  ;  the  name  given  to  the  small- 
est of  the  two  javelins  carried  by  ' 
the  regular  Roman  infantry, 
which  had  a  triangular-shaped 
head  of  iron,  live  indies  long, 
and  a  wooden  shaft  of  three  J 
feet  and  a  half.  (Veg.  Mil. 
iL  15.)  The  annexed  1 
ample,  from  an  ancient  monu- 
ment published  by  Alstorp,  coincides 
exactly  with  the  above  description ; 
and  Edso  indica.tes  that  the  ancient 
spit  {vera),  after  which  the  weapon 
was  named,  had  sometimes  a  flat  tri- 
angular head,  like  the  modem  ones, 
instead  of  a  plain  long  point 

VERUI'NA.  Same  as  Verutum. 
Fulgent.  33.    Plaut.  Bciech.  iv.  7.  46. 

VERU'TDM  (miimp).  (Virg. 
Gearg.  ii.  168.  SiL  HaL  iii.  363.) 
SameasVEEij  2. 


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2.  In  the  tiino  of  Vegetius,  this 
name  was  given  to  the  weapon  de- 
scribed s.  Veruculdm.     Veg.  Mil. 

VESI'CA  («^TTis).  A  iladd^ 
(Ov.  Met.  V.  304.);  employed  for 
a  purse  (Varro,  J?,  j?.  iii.  17.  2. 
Marsupium)  ,  for  a  lantern  (Mart. 
MV  62  Laterna)  ,  and  as  i  cap 
(Mart  Mil  33 ), 
with  which  femiles 
were  ai,cuitomed 
to  coier  the  whole 
held    f)r   the  put 

the  hau-,  and  keep 
ing    it      clean    and 
compact  when  not  regularly  dressed, 
of  which  the  annexed  wood  cut  af- 
fords an  example,  from  1  fictile  vase. 

VEiPILLO'NES.  Undertakers' 
men,  who  carried  out  the  cor|)ses  of 
poor  people  at  night-time,  or  in  the 
dusk  (from  vesper),  because  they 
could  not  afford  ihe  expense  of  a 
funeral  procession.  Festus  s.  v. 
Suet.  Dom.  17. 

VESTA'LES.  Vestal  mrglns;  the 
members  of  a  sisterhood  who  dedi- 
cated themselves,  under  a  vow  of 
chastity,  to  the  service  of  the  goddess 
Vesta,  in  whose  temple  they  minis- 
tered as  priestesses,  and  watched  by 
day  and  night  the  sacred  fire  kept 
burning  upon  her  altar.  Their  cos- 
tume consisted  ot  the  stola  (Plin.  Ef. 


VESTIBUL  UM. 

^  ^ed  at  the  sacrifice,  with  the 
addition  of  an  amklus,  formed  by  an 
oblong-square  sheet  of  white  cloth 
bordered  round  the  edge,  and  termed 
sttffibulam,  because  it  was  put  on  the 
head,  and  fastened  by  a  brooch  under 
the  throat  (Festus,  s.  Sufiihiilum). 
Beneath  this  the  h^r  was  confined 
closely  to  the  head  \sy  a  fillet  of  white 
■wool  (ityidd),  tied  by  a  riband 
(vitta).  Most  of  these  particulars  are 
observable  in  the  figures  introduced. 
The  right-hand  one  is  from  an  en- 
graved gem,  representing  the  Vestal 
Tuccia  carrying  water  in  a  sieve 
from  the  Tiber  to  the  temple,  as  3 
fest  of  her  chastity  (Val.  Max.  viii.  1. 
5.).  It  exhibits  the  stola,  the  car- 
basus  or  Imen  vest  reaching  to  the 
knee,  and  the  suffibuium  carried  In 
the  left  hand,  and  partially  depending 
from  the  ri^t  shoulder  ;  the  naked- 
ness of  the  other  being  referable 
solely  to  artistic  treatment.  The  left- 
hand  figure,  from  a  terra-cotta  lamp, 
shows  3ie  Vesta!  as  she  appeared  at 
the  sacrifice,  with  the  suffibalum.  put 
on.  The  brooch  at  the  throat  is 
omitted,  but  its  position  and  use  .will 
be  readily  conceived,  while  the  form 
of  the  drapery  and  border  round  it 
are  distinctly  appEirent. 

VESTIA'RltlM.  A  wardrabe; 
as  a  general  term,  ineludii^  any  kind 
of  object  employed  for  the  purpose, 
whether  a  closet,  chest,  box,  or  ti'unk. 
Plin.  ff.  N.  XV.  S.  compared  with 
Calo,    R.  R.    98.      Arca,    Arma- 


38.  I.  45- 


iv  II  9)  with  a  short  linen  vest 
{eaibasus  \i\  Max.  I.  I.  7.  Prop, 
IV.  1 1.  54. ),  put  on  as  an  indumentum 
over  it  (Dionj-s,  ii,  6S.) ;  and,  when 


VESTIB'ULUM  {irpiSapoi-).  Not 
our  vestibule  ;  but  an  entrance-court, 
or  ayurt-yard  before  a  house  (Aul. 
Cell,  xvi.  5.  Vitruv.  vL  7.  5.  Plant. 
Mail.  iii.  2.  133.),  or  a  temple  (Cic. 
Verr.  ii.  2.  66,),  orasetof  baths  (Id. 
Csl.  26.),  or  any  other  edifice,  inune- 
diately  in  front  of  the  main  entrance 
(Cic,  Cieciii.  iz.),  and  produced  by 
running  out  the  side-walls  beyond 
the  facade  of  tlie  building,  as  repre- 


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VESTIFLICA. 

sented  by  Ihe  illustration  from  an  an- 
cient Roman  fresco  painting.  It  was 
not  loofed  in,  but  formed  an  area  be- 
tween the  street  and  mansion,  open  in 
front,  and  closed  at  the  sides  by  a  wall. 


aWin 


i  coa  1  houses  1  u  1  er 
;s  for  the  household.  (Vi 
truv  11  5.  Jiiv.  vii,  126.)  The  open 
courts  in  front  of  some  of  the  great 
houses  m  London — tlie  old  British 
Museum,  for  instance,  or  Burlington 
house,  before  they  were  puUed  down 
— would  have  afforded  a  complete  ex- 
ample of  the  Roman  ■vestibitium, 
which  was  only  an  adjunct  to  grand 
buildings  (Vitruv.  /.  c.\  and  conse- 
quently IS  not  once  met  with  in  the 
smtU  provincial  town  of  PompeiL 


e  of  h 


A  female  slave, 
to  fild  lif  and 
nistress's  dothes. 


Quint.  Diil.  363. 

VESTISTICA.  A  female  slave, 
whose  duty  consisted  in  looking  ova- 
and  keeping  in  repair  her  mistress's 
clothes.      Plant.  Trin.  ii,  1.  29. 

VETERINA'RIUS.  A  caitle- 
doctor ;  including  all  classes  of  the 
profession — the  iiorse-doctot,  cow- 
leech,  &c,  Columell.  vi.  8.  I.  Id. 
vii.  5.  14, 

VEXILLA'RIUS.  The  soldier 
who  carried  the  irexiUian,  or  colours 
irf  his  regiment  (Liv.  viii.  %.  Tac. 
Silt.  I.  41.);  more  especially,  though 
not  exclusively  descriptive  of  the 
cavalry  troops,  who  used  no  other 
ensign.  The  illustration  is  copied 
from  the  Column  of  Antoninus. 

2.  Under  the  Empire,  the  name  of 
VexUlara   was   given  to  a  distinct 


VEXILLUM.  723 

,   supposed  to  have 


released  from  the  military  oaHi  and 
regular  service,  but  kept  embodied 
under  a  separate  iiag  (iwiJ//Km),  to 
render  assistance  to  the  army  if  re- 
quired, guard  the  fcontiers,  and  gar- 
tistm  receniiy-coiiquered  provinces; 
a  cert^  number  of  these  supernu- 
meraries being  attached  to  each 
l^on.  Tac.  Hist.  ii.  83.  /*.  loa 
Compare  Ann.  i.  36. 

VEXILLA'TIO.  A  body  of 
troops  united  Under  one  flag  i^exil- 
lui?C\ ;  applied  to  the  allies.  Suet. 
Galb.  20. 

VEXILLUM.  KJiag;  consistmg 
of  a  square  piece  of^cloth  fixed  on  a 
frame  or  cross-tree  (Tertull.  Apol. 
16.);  as  contradistingaished  from  the 
standard  [,signum\,  iSiich  was  simply 
a  pole,  with  tlie  image  of  an  eagle, 
horse,  or  some  other  device,  on  the 
top  of  it.  The  flag  was  always  the 
proper  and  only  ensign  of  the  Roman 
cavaky.  In  very  early  times  it  was 
also  used  hy  the  infantry  (Liv.  viiL 
S.) ;  but  it  was  afterwards  employed 
for  a  distinctive  banner  of  the  allied 
troops,  as  the  standard  was  for  the 
l^ons ;  whence  the  two  are  fre- 
quently enumerated  together  when  it 
is  intended  to  comprise  the  Roman 
legions  and  the  allies.  (Liv.  xxxix. 
2a  SuetTtoB,  13.  Vitell.  II.)  The 
illustration  represents  the  cross-tree 
upon  which  the  flag  was  extended. 


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dor.  Oi-ig.  XV.  i6.  6.),  for  horses, 
carriages,  and  foot-passengers  (Vacro, 
Z.Z.V.  35.),  both  in  town  and  coun- 
tty ;  but  more  especially  such  as 
formed  the  miun  channel  of  commu- 
nication or  higk--iaay  between  one 
district  and  another,  as  opposed  to  a 
back-street  or  bye-lane.  (Mart.  Tii. 
6i.  Qc.  Phil.  -A.  9.  Hot.  Sat.  i.  g. 
I.)  The  Roman  roads  were  con- 
structed with  the  greatest  regard  to 
convenience  and  durability ;  consist- 
ing of  a  carriage-way  (a^sr)  in  the 
centre,  payed  with  large  polygonid 
blocks  of  tiasaltic  kva  {Mex),  im- 
bedded  in  a  substratum  formed  by 
three  layers  of  different  materials 
one  under  the  other,  the  lowest  of 
small  stones  or  gravel,  the  next  of 
rubble-work,  i.  e.  broken  stones  and 
lime;  the  upper  one  a  bed  of  six 
inches  deep,  composed  of  fragments  of 
brick  and  pottery,  mixed  with  cement ; 
and  a  raised  foot-way  (crepido)  on 
each  side,  flanked  by  a  series  of  kerb- 
stones (amb^nes),  which  in  some  cases 
were  interspersed  at  intervals  by 
lai^e  wedge-shaped  trasses  {gomphi). 


sents  a  view  of  the  mim  roid  frojn 
Herculaneum  to  Pompeu  at  the  en 
Irince  into  the  latter  citj  showing 
the  carnage  way  and  foot  pa*hs  with 
their  kerb  stones  on  each  side.  A 
section,  exhibiting  the  method  of 
setting  the  pol^onal  bloclts,  is  pven 
J.  Agger,  4,  and  illustrations  of  the 
other  parts  in  detail  under  their  re- 
spective terms  bracketed  above. 

VIATO'RES.  R«nners,  or  offi- 
cers attached  to  the  service  of  the 
Roman  magistrates,  and  employed  as 
messengers  £0  summon  the  senators 
from  the  country,  the  people  to  the 
comitia,  or  individuals  to  the  presence 
of  a  ma^trate.  They  were  especi. 
ally  assigned  to  those  magistrates 
who  had  no  lictors,  the  tribunes  of 
the  people  and  censors ;  but  in  early 
times,  the  consuls,  dictator,  and  prse- 
tors  had  their  runners  as  well  as 
lictors.  Cic.  Sen.  i5,  Vatro  ap. 
GeE  siii.  12.    Liv.  vL  15.    xxii.  11. 


B'lA.     The  c 


the  forked  uprights  ( 
which  foim  a  jack  or  trestie  for 
mechanics  to  stand  or  work  upon; 
whence  the  adage,  VSna  varam  u- 
gtdtur  (Auson.  Idyll.  12.),  the  plank 
falls  with  its  props,  is  interpreted  to 
mean  "One  error  follows  another." 

VICA'RIUS.  LitecaUy,  a  substi- 
tute or  deputy;  and,  specially,  a 
slave  kept  by  a  fellow-slave  as  his 
fag  (Hor.  Sat.  ii.  7.  79.  Mart.  ai. 
I  si);  for  the  upper  classes  of  these 
servants,  called  ordmarii,  kept  slaves 


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e  purchased  by 
').      Strictly,   a 


VICTIM  A. 

of  their  own,  who 
themselves. 

VICTIMA  (Iff 
victim  sacrificed  t 
offering  of  thanks,  in  return  for  be- 
nefits received;  as  contradistin- 
guished from  hosiia,  s,  peace-offering 
to  avert  or  appease  their  anger :  but 
the  distinaion  is  not  rigidly  ob- 
served. 

VICTIMA'EII.  Servants  or 
ministers  employed  at  the  sacrifice, 
whose  duty  it  was  to  kindle  the  fire, 
prepare  the  requisite  articles  and 
implements,  and  hold  the  victim 
whilst   it  received  the  knock-down 


blow  from  the  Fopa,  as  exhibited  by 
the  aimexed  engraving,  from  a  Ro- 
man bas-reHef.  Liv.  xL  29.  Val. 
Max.  i.  I.  12.  Inscript.  ap.  Fabcetti. 
p.  4-5a  n.  13. 

VICTORIA'TUS,  SC.  nummus. 
A  Roman  silver  com,  in  value  half  a 
denarms  so  termed  because  it  had  an 
image  ot  Victory  ou  the  reverse,  la 
shown  111  the  annc    d  e  implc,  from 


an  original.   Varro,  i  i  x.  41     Cic 
Font  5      Plm  H  N  itxxni.  13 

VI'CUS  (tai/til)  In  the  primary 
notion,  a  habitation,  taken  in  a  col- 
lective sense,  as  a  number  of  houses 


VIGILES.  735 

contigaous  to  each  other ;  thence,  a 
street  with  houses  on  each  side,  both 
in  a  country  village  or  a  city ;  and 
so  a  division  or  quarter  of  a  town, 
consisting  of  a  certain  number  of 
streets  and  houses.  Hor.  Efist.  ii. 
I.   269.      Ov.   Fast.   vi.  609.      Cic. 

VI'DULUS.  A  laige  wicker- 
basket  covered  with  leather,  and 
employed  for  holding  a  number  of 
minor  articles  within  itself— «BW/a»2 
IB  vidaio  (PlauL  Rud.  iv.  4.  Sa), 
marsupmm  cum  viatko  in  iiidulo 
(Id.  Men.  v.  7.  49.);  and  as  a  fish- 
basltet  (Id.  Rud.  iv.  3.  54—72.), 
which  pass^e  testifies  that  it  was 
covered  with  leather.     . 

VIE'TOR  (from  vko,  to  plat}.  A 
maker  of  wjdcer-baskets  ;  the  name 
given  by  Plautus  (Rud.  iv.  3.  62.) 
to  one  who  makes  a  vidulus. 

VIGILES.  Sentinels,  who  per- 
form  the   nigit  watch   of  an   army 


(Virg.  jtSk.  ix.  159.);  as  shown  by 
the  illustration,  from  the  Vatican 
Virgil,  which  represents  a  bivouac 
of  soldiers  outside  the  walls  of  a  for- ' 
tress;  the  tune  of  night  being  indi- 
cated by  the  blaring  fire  in  the  fore- 
ground, and  the  moon  and  stars  above. 
2.  Walchmen;  of  whom  there 
were  seven  cohorts  in  the  city  of 
Rome,  under  the  command  of  a  prae- 
fect  {■aycto.'Cralegus),  and  whose  duty 
it  was  to  preserve  the  peace  at  night, 
and  protect  tlie  citizens  and  their 
property  from  murder,   plunder,   or 


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726 


VIGILIARIUM. 


fire,  Pkut.  Ampk.  i.  i.  igS.  Cic 
V^r.  iL  4.  43- 

VIGILIA'RIUM.  A  watch- 
tower,  in  which  watch  is  kept  at 
night.     Senec.  Ep.  57' 

VILUICUS.  A  fann-bmliff:  a 
slave  who  had  the  superintendence 
in  chief  of  all  the  stock  and  busmess 
of  a  farm,  the  surveillance  of  the 
labouring  slaves,  the  management  and 
direction  of  the  farming  operations, 
the  duh"  of  attending  the  markets 
and  sellmg  the  produce  of  the  estate, 
as  well  as  the  custody  of  all  the  fijced 
and  movable  capital  upon  it.  Varro, 
R.  R.  V,  2.  14.  Cato,  R.  R.  5.  and 
142.     Columell.  xi.  I.  7. 

VINA'RIUM.  The  press-room 
or  building  containing  Uie  presses 
{l/ircularia)  and  other  necessaries  for 
making  wine.  (Columell  xii  18 
3.)  See  the  article  Torcularium, 
under  which  a  similar  contnvance 
for   making   oil    is    illustrated    and 

VIN'CULUM  (Ssn-^os)  Any 
thmg  which  binds ;  as — ■ 

1.  A  string  or  riband  tii.d  lound 
a  letter,  and  over  which  the  seal  was 
affixed.  Nep.  I'auy.  4.  Ov.  Ti-isl. 
iv,  7,  7. 

2.  A  string  by  which  the  bung 
of  a  wjnc-jar  (caaVu)  or  other  vessel 
was  tied  down,  previous  to  being 
sealed.  TibuU.  iL  I.  21.,  wood-cut 
s.  Pelliculatus. 

3.  A  fillet  and  a  chaplet  for  the 
head.  Sen.  TAj/srl.  544.  Id.  Afai. 
70.    ViTTA.  Corona. 

4.  A  collar,  and  a  leash  for  dogs. 
TibulL  iv.  3.  15.  Ov.  Mef.  viii.  332. 
Coll  ARE,  2.  Copula,  i. 

5.  The  thong  by  which  a  yoke 
was  fastened  under  the  animal's  neck. 
Tibull.  ii.  1.  7.  JuGUM. 

6.  The  thong  by  which  boxing- 
gauntlets  were  fastened  round  the 
wi'ist  and  arm.     Virg.  ^11.  v.  408. 

C«STUS. 

7.  The  strap  or  lace  by  which 
some  kinds  of  shoes  were  fastened 
raund  the  feet  and  ankles.  TibuU.  i.  5. 
66.     Ov,  Md.iu.  168,     Amentum. 


I^/I^BICTA. 

8.  A  manacle  for  the  wrists.  Sen. 
Msd.  463.     Manica,  4. 

9.  A  cluun  for  tiie  neck.  Ov. 
Met.  X.  381.     COLLAEE,  I. 

ro.  A  fetter,  for  the  feet.  Tibull. 
i.  6.  31.  COMPES. 

VINDE'MIA(Tpi-)TiToO-  Strictly, 
a  gathering  of  grapes  at  vintage 
(Varro,  L.  L.  v.  37.),  but  also  ap- 
plied to  other  produce ;  as,  olives 
fPlin.  If.  N.  XV.  2.),  fiankinceiise 
(Id.  xii.  32.),  and  hon^  (Columell. 
ii.  15.  1.).  The  gathermg  of  olives 
by  means  of  ladders  raised  agjunst 
the  trees  is  shown  by  the  annexed 
illustration,  from  an  engraved  gem  ; 


covered  at  Rome.  Pkt.  Crypt,  tav.  24. 

VINDEMIATOR  (rpeynT^p).  A 
vinlagsr,  who  gathers  the  grapes 
(Varro,  L.  Z.  v.  94.);  and  who 
dresses  the  vines  (Hor.  Sat.  i.  8.  30.). 

VINDIC'TA.  A  rod  with  which 
the  prsetor,  or  the  prstor's  lictor, 
tapped  the  head  of  a  slave  as  a  sign 
that  he  was  thus  made  free  (Liv.  ii. 
5.  Cic.  Top.  z.  Pers,  v.  88.) ;  in  tlie 
same  manner  as  penitents  used  to  be 
seen  in  St.  Peter's  at  Rome,  kneeling 
down  in  front  of  the  confessional  and 
receiving  the  t^  of  a  wand  on  their 
heads  as  a  token  of  absolution, — • 
a  custom  which  probably  owed  its 
origin  to  the  above  practice  of  the 
ancient  Romans. 


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VI'NEA.  A  shed  employed  by 
the  Roman  soldiers  to  protect  them- 
selves from  the  missiles  of  the  enemy, 
whilst  occupied  in  undermining  or 
breaching  the  walls  of  a  fortress.  It 
had  a  sloping  roof  of  planks  and 
wicker-work  supported  upon  up- 
rights, and  was  closed  on  three  of 
its  sides  by  ^uiilar  materials,  the 
whole  ftame  being  covered  outside 
with  raw  hides,  or  horse-hair  cloth, 
to  prevent  its  being  set  on  fire. 
Each  vinea,  by  itself  was  about  eight 
feet  high  ajid  sixteen  in  length  ;  but 
a  sufficient  number  of  them  were 
joined  tc^ether  ii^  a  line,  and  run  up 
close  to  the  walls,  so  ^aC  the  lam 
and  other  engines  could  be  securely 
plied  agtdnst  the  foundations  under- 
neath them.  Cies.  B.  C.  ii.  X  Liv. 
xxxvii.  26.     Veg.  Mil.  jv.  15. 

VI'NITOR  ili,nite\oBpy6s).  A 
vine-dresser.  Cic.  Mit.  v.  14.  Cato, 
£.  J{.  iii.  3.  8. 
VINITO'RIUS.  See  Falx,  5. 
VIOLA'RIUS.  One  who  dyes 
cloth  of  a  vielei  colour.  Plant.  Aid, 
m.  S-  36. 

VIRGA  (JciBBos).  Literally,  a 
green  bough  (Vairo,  S.  Ji.  i.  594->  ; 
whence  applied  to  various  objects, 
which  are  made  from  a  long  sti^ht 
branch  cut  off  from  the  tree,  coi 
responding  with  our  terms  a  ■aiam 
rod,  ymitch,  amongst  which  the  moJ 
characteristic  are  as  follows  r— 

I.  A  iwi6:h  for  riding  (Mart,  h 
23.)  or  driving  (Juv.  iii.  y^.),  thi 
and  tapering,  without  any  thong,  as  i 
the  annexed  example,  from  a  fictile 


amongst  fashionable  and  well-dresied 


men,  in  Greece  at  least,  was  regarded 
as  a  necessary  accompaniment  when 
they  went  abroad  (Athen.  xii.  26.). 
It  was  often  richly  decomted,  and  per- 
haps more  elegantly  made  than  the 
common  walkiug-stick  of  which  an  ex- 
ample is  exhibited  above,  from  a  Pom- 
peian  painting  representing  Ulysses. 

3.  A  stick  which  the  lictor  carried 
in  his  right  hand  for  the  purpose  of 


ine  for  pmiishing 
boysat  sdiooi  (Juv.  yii.  zio.);  or  for 
carrying  in  the  hand  as  a  walking- 
oane   (Ov.     Fast.    ii.     706.),     which 


clearing  the  way  before  the  magis- 
trate on  whom  he  attended,  and  of 
Imoclcing  at  the  doors  of  the  houses 
where  the  magistrate  visited.  (Liv. 
vi.  34.  Compare  Mart.  viii.  66.} 
The  example  is  from  a  sepulchral 
bas-relief. 

4.  A  wand,  carried  as  a  mark  of 
dbtinction  by  persons  of  consequence, 
such  as  poets  or  the  principal  actors 
in  a  play  ;  or  by  those  in  authority, 
such  as  the  master  o]'  overseer  of  a 


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band  of  workmen,  who  in  works  of 
art  is  always  distinguished  from  his 
men  by  this  badge  ;  ai   ' 


VITICQMUS. 

umbrella  or  paiasol  is  extended. 
Ov.  A.  All.  ii.  209.     Umbella. 

VIRGA'TUS 
(^tuSSBTifs)  Strtpid, 
like  a  tiger  (Sil  Ital 
V,  148  ) ,  hence,  of 
drapery  ornamented 
with  long  stiipes  (i  !)- 
ga\  of  gold  or  *  anous 
coloiirs  woven  uito 
the  pattern,  as  exhi 
bited  on  the  tunic  of 
tile  aniic-sed  figuie, 
representing  Pciim 
in  the  Vitii-an  Vired 
Vug  Mil 


a  band  of  gladiators,  idways  distin- 
guished by  the  same  emblem,  and 
one  of  whom  is  represented  by  the 
annexed    figure,    from     a     Roman 


5.  A   iimgii:  izmnd,   snch  s 


attribiTted  to  Mercury  (Hor,  Od.  \. 
10.  18.)  and  to  Circe  (Vii^.  Mn. 
iv.  242. 1,  with  which  she  transformed 
the  companions  of  Ulysses  into  swine, 
as  represented  by  the  ulustration,  from 
a  maj'ble  bas-relief. 

6.  ri-sffi  (off  48801),  in  the  plural; 
the  rods  of  birch  or  elm  which  formed 
a  lictor's  fasces,  and  with  which  a 
criminal  was  beaten.  Plin.^.  M.  Jtvi. 
30,  Cic.  Verr.  ii.  5.  62.  Fascis,  2. 

7.  Plural     The  ribs  upon  which 


1  Ita!  1 


155 


3'9- 

V  I  R'  G  U  L  A.  Dimmutu 
ViRGA;  a  small  branch  (Nepos. 
TSnjj.  4.)  ;  s.  magic  wand  (Cv:.  Off. 
i.  44.  ViRGA,  5.);  a  mttal  red,  form- 
ing the  rattle  of  a  sistrum  (ApuL 
jiJ(.  xi.  p.  240.  Sistrum);  a  rfsj^OT- 
s&k.  (isidor.  Orig.  iiL  21.  14. 
Symphonia,  2.) 

VI'RIA.  An  old  name  for  Ar- 
MILLA.  Isidor.  Orig.  xix,  31.  16. 
Tertnll.  Pall.  4. 

VIRIA'TUS.      Same  as  Akmil- 
;  applied  to  Hannibal.   Lucil. 


Sat.  x 


L  24. 


VIRIC'ULUM.  Plin.  H.  N.  x 
41.     Same  as  Cestrum. 

VIRIDA'RIUM  or  VIRIDIA'- 
RIUM.  A  pleasure-garden;  or,  pro- 
bably, the  shrubbery  in  a  garden. 
Suet  Tib.  60.     Cic.  Att.  ii.  3. 

VIRIDA'RIUS.  A  pleasure- 
gardener.  (Inscript.  ap.  GruL  602. 
2.)  There  does  not  appear  to  be 
any  positive  distinction  between  the 
occupation  of  the  viridarms  and  the 
topiaritis. 


VITIC'OMUS.  Wearing  a  chaplet 
of  vine-leaves,  especially  applied  as 
an  epithet  of  Bacchus.  Avien.  j'k 
Arat.  70.     Compare  Corymbus,  i. 


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VI'TIS  (HKvii'')-  Literany,  a 
vine;  thence,  the  brancli  of  a  vioe, 
cut  into  3,  stick  or  baton,  which 
the  Roman  centurions 
employed  for  punish- 
ing any  of  the  men 
who  had  neglected 
thdr  military  duties. 
jPlin.  If.  ^V.  xW. 
3.  Ov.  A.  Am.  ii;, 
527.  Juv.  viii.  247. 
Plut.  Galb.  26.) 
The  illustration  re- 
presents a  centurion 
with  the  -uUis  in  his 
right  hand,  from  a 
bas-relief.     Compaie  the  wood-cut  s. 

EVOCATI. 

2.  Same  as  Vinea.  LueiL  Sat. 
p.  89.  69.  ed,  Getiach.  ex  Fest.,  nth 
vilem  frmliarii. 

VITREA'RIUS  (SaAotipyrf!)-  A 
glass-worker.     Sen.  Ep.  90. 

VIT'EEUS  (MAiwj).  Made  of 
glass;  whence  Viirea  absolutely  in 
the  jjural,  glass  vsssels  (Mart.  L  42. 
Stat  Syhi.  1.  6.  74.) ;  in  the  manu- 
facture of  which  the  aitdents  were 
exceedingly  skilful,  making  excellent 
imitations  of  predous  stones,  mixing 
tc^efher  a  variety  of  colours,  and 
working  the  material  with  an  esqui- 
^te  finish  after  it  had  been  blown. 
The  Portland  vase  in  the  British 
Museum,  which  is  made  of  glass, 
affords  an  unrivalled  specimen  of  this 
branch  of  ancient  art. 

3.  Hla-mtrea.    See  PlLA,  3. 

3,  {6oAo«ia^!.)  Like  glass,  trans- 
parent; as  toga  vitrea,  a  toga  made 
of  very  ibie  texture,  so  that  ffie  tunic 
could  be  seen  through  iL  Vanva  ap. 
.  Non.  s.  Vitreum,  p.  448, 

VITTA.  A  riband,  or  band,  com- 
monly worn  round  the  forehead  and 
head  by  free-born  ladies  .^^^wi 
both  before  and  after  t^^^^^ 
marriage  (Vitg.  jSh.  ii.  "  4,  ^^^ 
168.  Prop.  iv.  3.  16.),  %^r 
to  confine  the  hior  in  a  J|  :^^!i 
neat  and  modest  ^    ''' 


VITTA.  729 

to  distinguish  them  from  women  of 
easy  virtue  (Id.  Rem.  386.),  who 
dressed  so  as  to  attract  observa- 
tion by  their  meretricious  appearance. 
The  illustration  represents  Lepida, 
the  wife  of  the  Emperor  Galba,  on  a 
Roman  medal. 

3.  The  sacred  villa,  strictly  speak- 
ing, is  the  long  riband  which  fastened 
t<^ether  the  flocks  of 
wool  forming  an  in- 
hila,  the  two  entls 
of  which,  with  their 
fringed  extremities 
{bsnin^),  hung  down 
at  the  bad.  of  the 
neck  (Viig  Gemg  / 
iu.  487.  Id.  ^n  X  I 
538.  Isidor  Oiig 
xix.  30.  4, ) ,  whence 
the  term  is  frequently  used,  in  a  col- 
lecrive  sense,  for  Uie  fillet  itself, 
formed  of  these  three  parts,  and 
which  was  worn  by  both  sexes  of  the 
priesthood  (Virg.  jS«.  ii.  221.  /*. 
vii.  418.  Juv.  iv.  9.),  and  especially 
by  those  attached  to  the  service  of 
Vesta  (Ov.  las/,  iii.  30.),  as  exhi- 
bited by  the  illustration,  which  repre- 
sents a  Vestal  Virgin  on  a  medal, 
bearing  the  inscription  BellicIj^ 
MODESTffi,  V.  V. 

3.  A  rii^d  of  the  same  description 
fastened  round  the  i^tfida,  with  which 
the  head  of  a  victim  was  dressed  at 
the  sacrifice  (Serv.  ad  Virg.  Mn.  ii. 
133.  Ov.  Font.  iii.  2.  75.);  or  round 
the  festoons  {serta')  with  which  altars, 
temples,  and  houses  were  decorated 
upon  solemn  occasions  (Virg.  Eel. 
viii.  64.  jEn.  iii.  64.  -Prop.  iv.  9. 
27.     Tac.  Hist.  iv.   53.),  as  m  the 


(Ov.  Met.  ii,  413. 


Id,  A.  A-^: 


■  31' 


I  aiuiexed  example  from  a  bas-relief 


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73°  VITTATUS. 

upon  an  all ar.  In  this  sense  the  tenn 
is  likewise  applied  collectively  to  the 
whole  oroamenE  as  well  as  the  ligature 
which  bound  it. 

VITTA'TUS.  Decorated  with  a 
iiiita,  as  described  and  exemplified  by 
the  preceding  article  and  illustrations  ; 
of  women  (Ov.  Am.  i.  7.  17.).  vestals 
i-  S97-).  cattle  at  the  sacrifice 


(Ov.  Mst.  n 


151.). 


VIVA'RIUM  (Wip^'^ov)      A  very 

feneral  tenu  fur  any  place  m  which 
easts,  fowls,  fish,  or  any  kmd  of 
animals  were  kept  alive,  eithei  for 
the  purposes  of  gain  or  pleasure  ,  a 

Sark  for  game,  a  warren,  fish  pond, 
ecoy,  preser\  e  for  ojstert,  &c  Aul 
Gell  11  20  Phn  H  N  vm  50  lb 
78   Id   K  81 

VOL'GIOLUS  An  implement 
used  m  husbandry  and  horticulture 
for  makii^  beds  smooth  and  level 
Phn  H  N  xvii   14. 

VOLSELL-V  ind  VULSELLA 
(Tpixo\o)3;s).      A  pah-  of  haiesers,  for 


pullms  hairs  out  by  the  ivaots.    (Mart. 
IX    28 )    Tlie    example  is  from 
ongmal  found  in  an  excavation  11 

2    A  pMr  of  small  pincers  employed 
by  dentists  for  removing  any  decayed 


or  broken  fragments  of  a  tooth  which 
might  be  left  behind  when  tlie  tooth 
was  extracted.  (Celsus,  vi.  12.  i.) 
The  example  is  from  an  original  found 
amongst  several  other  suigica!  instru- 
ments at  PompeiL 

3.  A  surgical  instrument  for  taking 
up  the  proud  flesh  or  edge  of  a  wound 
to  ficihtate  the  operation  of  cutting 
away  any  portions  which  require  re 
moral      Celsus  vl  18  3 

4    A  Eurgicil  instntment  used  for 
replac  ig     ir  Icen      anl      prttuding 
b^ne      mide  like  1  smiths  forcep 
LeliUb   \  I   (O   7 


VOLVTA. 

VOLU'MEN.  A  to/ 
which  was  written  upoi 
sheet,  made  out  of 

iber  of  strips 

Lpyrus  glued 
tt^ether,  and  when 
completed,  rolled 
round  a  cylinder,  so 
that  the  reader  un- 
rolled it  as  he  read  ; 
whence  the  expression  eioljere  volu 
insn  means  "  to  read  a  book  (Cic 
4tt.  X.  la  Hor.  Tiboll  Propett 
Mart.)  The  illustration  represents 
five  rolls  tied  up  together  from  origi 
nals  as  they  were  discovered  in  a 
house  at  Herculanemn. 

2.  A  volume,  in  our  sense  of  the 
term,  that  is,  a  certain  portion  of  a 
work  contained  in  one  roll ;  for  when 
the  MSS.  ran  to  any  length,  it  was 
caslomary  to  divide  it  into  separate 
parts  or  boolcs,  each  of  which  was 
rolled  upon  a  separate  stick.  Ov. 
Trisi.  iii.  14.  19.  Plin.  £^.  iii.  5.5. 
Plin.  Jf.N.vlZA. 

VOLUTA  {«(Jax5j.  Hesych.  and, 
Inscript.),  A  voliite;  the  spiral 
scroll    which     con-    ^..^^^^^^ 

curhng  down  under  each  angle  of  the 
abacus,  and  which  is  said  by  Vifru- 
vius  to  have  been  designed  in  imi- 
tation of  a  bunch  of  curls  on  each 
side  of  the  female  face ;  but  the  Greek 
name,  whidi  literally  means  the  murex 
or  limpet,  indicates  that  the  idea  was 
su^ested  bythesmralsofafish'ssheU 
Vitruv.  iv.  I   7    Id   in.  5   ■; 

3.  (foi^)    The  volute  ^^hich  curls 
down  under  eich  of  the  four  c 
of  the  abacus  1         ^ 
Corinthian    capital,    ^ 
and    which  imitate 
the  stalks  of  a  pam 
sitical     plant     bent 
down   by  a   super 
incnmbent  obstacle 
The  two  small  ones 
which  meet  under  the  rosette  {^os) 


1  theo 


e  of  each  ftice  are  distin- 


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guished  by  the  term,  kdius  minoris. 

VO'MER'and  VOTMIS  (Brnj  or 
ti.(r).  Kplimghshare  {Varto,  L.  L.  v. 
135.  Virg.  Georg.  i.  45.  Cic.  FM.  ii. 
3p.),  formed  of  a  metal  plate  (c), 
affixed  to  the  share-beam  {dentalJ), 
as  in  the  atmexed  enample  from  a 
bas-reiief,  which  exhibits  a  spedmen 
of  the  share  termed  ■vomer  resupinus. 
(Plin.  //  N.  xvih.  48.]     Other  ex- 


amples of  simpler  kinds,  employed  in 
light  soils  (PliH.  /.  c. ),  are  represented 
by  the  wood-cuts  J.  Dens,  4.,  and 
DentALE  ;  and  a.  share  furnished 
with  a  coulter,  also  described  by 
Pliny  (/.  c.),  is  given  under  the  word 
CuLTEK,  7. 

VOMITOHIA.     In  theatres  and 
amphitheatres,  the  vomitories,  or  doors 
of  entrance  from  the  internal  lobbi 
which  gave  immediate  admission 
the  tiere  of  seats  occupied  by  the 
spectators.      (Macrob.   Sat.    vi.    4  ' 
The  illustration  represents  a  porti< 
irf  the  cituBi  in  the  great  theatre  at 
Pompeii,  compiiang  fora-  vomitories, 
shown  by  the  four  small  doorways  at 
the  top,  two  \n  ea,i^  pr/etifislio ;  but 
others  were  disposed  at  relative  dis- 
tances   round    both    circular   belts, 
opening  upon  the  head  of  every  flight 
of   stfdrs    (scala),   down  which  the 
^ctators  descended  tUl  they  came  ta 
the  step  or  circle    (j^kSw,   salile), 
where  every  one's  seat  was  marked 
out  and  numbered  (wood-cut  s. 
NEA,  7.).     Each  of  these  vomit 
corresponded  hhewise  with  on 
more  staircases  formed  in  the  sliell  of 
the  building  and  communicating 
the  extet  or  (see  the  wood  cut  and 
description  t  Amphitheatri  m 
39. ),   so    that   the    whole  compa 
could  retire   almost  at  once,  wiuw 
the  least  crowd  ng  o    mcun^  e  lie  1 
It    is  calculated    that    the    Tlw 


tainmg  m 


)ie  than  90,000  spectators, 

.  .._   furnished  with  vomitories 

and  staircases  sutfident  for  the  whole 
concourse  to  disperse  in  less  than  five 
minutes. 

VULGA'RES.  A  class  of  slaves 
next  in  point  of  household  rank  to 
the  ordimirii.  The  title  includes  all 
who  had  a  sped5c  occupation  as  in- 
door or  ont-door  servants,  as  well  as 
the  entire  body  of  those  who  prac- 
tised any  handicraft,  art,  or  scientific 
pursuit,  in  the  service  of  their  mas- 
ters ;  for  instance,  the  house-porter 
{os&a-his),  the  groom  of  the  chambers 
[cuOcularais),  the  valets  and  ladies' 
maids  (cosmets,  omairices),  the  palan- 
quin-bearers (leclicarii),  the  cook 
(oK/usis),  confectioner  {Julciarius), 
barber  [toraor),  &c.,  &c  Ulp,  Dig, 
47.  lo.  15.     Cic.  Rose:  Am.  46. 

VULTUTilUS.  A  term  given  to 
one  of  the  throws  of  the  dice.  (Plaut. 
Cure.  ii.  3.  77. )  It  is  not  ascertained 
what  particular  nnmljers  came  up  to 
make  a  "vulture  ;"  but  it  was  not  a 
good  throw,  though  not  so  bad  as  the 
"  dog"  (canis),  which  was  the  worst 
of  all. 

VULVA  {fiiiTfo).  A  fa,vourite 
dish  with  the  Romans  and  Greeks, 
consisting  of  the  womb  of  a  sow 
which  hid  miscarried  at  her  first 
farrow,  or  which  was  killed  irnme- 
diately  after  farrowing.  Plin.  H.  N. 
XI  84.  Hor.  Efi.  i.  15.  41.  Mart. 
\m   56    Alciphr.  Ep.  i.  20.    Athen. 


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X. 

XEN'IA  (Jevw).  Presents  which 
it  was  customary  amongst  the  Greeks 
and  Romans  for  a  host  to  give  or 
send  to  his  guests,  as  a  mark  of  hos- 
pitality and  friendship  (Plin.  £p.  yl 
31.  14.),  conasting,  for  the  most  part, 
of  delicacies  for  the  tahle  ;  as  may  be 
collected  from  the  thirteenth  book  of 
Martial,  which  is  inscibed  with  the 
title  JCeniui  and  relates  chiefly  to 
articles  of  consumption. 

2.  Pictures  of  liiil  lifi,  snch  as 
dead  game,  poultry,  fish,  fruit,  vege- 
tables, &c  (Vitruv.  vi.  7.  4.  PhiloB- 
trst.  Irnag.  i.  31.  iL  25.);  so  termed 


because  they  represented  such  objects 
as  a  host  sent  in  presents  to  his 
guesth  Many  pictuies  of  this  kmd 
have  been  found  amongst  the  pamt 
mgs  of  Pompeii,  one  of  which  is 
inserted  as  a  speamen  of  the  style 
It  contains  a  fowl  trussed  in  the 
moiem  manner,  a  bundle  of  aspara- 
gus a  loaf  of  bread,  two  oysters,  and 
several  kinds  of  fish. 

X^faTAR'CHA  or  -ES  (JiwriJp- 
jCTi)  An  officer  who  superintended 
the  exercised  of  the  xjistus  ;  the  same 
as,  or  very  similar  to,  the  Gymnasi- 
ARCHlis.     Ammian.  xxi.  f. 

X  Y  S  'T I  C  U  S  (JwrriKJO-  An 
athlete  who  practised  his  exercise  in 
a  covered  conidor  or  xystus.  Sliet, 
Aug.  45.   Galb.  15. 


XYSTUS  or  -UM  (Ji/crrcJj  or  -iv). 
Amongst  the  Greeks,  a  coveted  cor- 
ridor in  the  gymnasium  (see  the  plan 
p.  324.  Tt)  where  the  athletes  ex- 


■  7-S- 


Id.  A 

the  Romans,  an  open 
walk  or  terrace  in  a  garden,  amidst 
flower-beds  edged  wifli  box.  PIm. 
Ep.  iL  17.  17.  Id.  V.  6.  19.  Suet. 
Aug.  72.     Phiedr.  ii.  5. 


ZANCHA  or  ZANGA.  A  high 
and  close  boot,  made  of  soil  blaclt 
leather  (Schol.  Acron.  ad  Hor.  Sat. 
i.  6.  27.),  worn  by  the  Oriental  races 
under  their  trowsers  (brois).  Imp. 
Gall.  ap.  Treb.  Claud.  17.  Impp. 
Arcad.  et  Honor.     Cod.  Thmdos.  14. 

ZEM'A  (Z'l"i).  A  saucepan  for 
boiling.     Apic.  vjii.  i. 

ZO'DIACUS  sc.,TO-«//«r(ftuSi«£j! 
nbKXos).  The  sodiac.  Aul-  Gell.  xiii. 
9.  3.    See  CiEcums,  4. 

ZO'NA  (ftS^ij).  The  loni;  a  flat 
and  broadish  girdle  worn  by  young 
unmarried  women  round  their  hips 
(Horn.  Od.  V.  231.  Ov.  Fast.  ii.  231.); 
whereas  the  common  girdle  («Vi^/a»/) 
was  placed  immediately  under  the 
bosom,  as  exemplified  by  the  wood- 
cuts annexed,  which  afford  an  example 
of  the  two  objects  placed  in  juxta- 
position. The  left-hand  one  exhibits 
a  zone  by  itself,  from  a  fictile  vase. 


and    its    place   npon    the    person, 


.Google 


ZOTHBCA. 


733 


from  a  group  representing  Electra 
and  Orestes ;  while  the  light-haad. 
figure,  which  is  copied  from  a  marble 
Satue,  wears  a  diigulam  fastened 
round  the  waist  or  imdef  the  bceasL 
The  zone  was  not  laid  aside  until  after 
the  wedding,  when  the  bridegroom 
had  unfastened  it  with  his  own  hands ; 
whence  the  expression  zonam  solvsre 
(CatuIL  ii,  13.  Compare  Ov.  Ma: 
ii.  115.)  me^ms  "Co  enter  the  married 

2.  A  broad  belt  worn  by  men  round 
their  loins  (Horn.  //.  si.  234.  Plant. 
Mei-€.  V.  3.  84- ),  and  made  doable  or 
hollow  like  our  shot-beits,  foe  the 
purpose  of  carrying  money  deposited 
in  It  about  the  person  (C  Gracch. 
ap.  Cell.  XV.  12.  Suet.  Vit.  16.); 
whence  the  expression  zonam  perden 
(Hot,  Ep.  ii.  3.  40.)  means  "  to  lose 
one's  mon^." 

3.  The  Greek  writers  also  use  the 
term  for  a  soldier's  belt,  worn  round 
the  loins,  to  cover  the  juncture  of  the 
cuirass  and  the  Itilt  of  leather  straps 


(jTTSfiiiyf  j)  attached  to  its  rim  {Ilom. 
//.  V.  539.  [,  as  shown  by  the  annexed 
example,  representinga  Greek  warrior 
on  a  fictile  vase  ;  but  in  this  sense  the 
Romans  adopt  the  word  cingulian. 

ZONA'RIUS  (foi««rAii™!)-  One 
who  maUes  some.     Cic  Flaci;.  7. 

ZO'NULA  (C'ic'oi').  Dimmutive 
of  Zona,  i.  (Catull.  bL  53.) ;  of 
Zona,  2.     (Lamprid.  Akx.  &i.  52.) 

ZO'PHORUS  iCaopipos).  The 
friese ;  a  member  sitnaled  between 
the  architrave  and  cornice  in  the  en- 


tablature of  an  order.  (Vitruv.  iii. 
5.  10.)  It  covers  externally  the 
space  occupied  by  the  tiebeams  (tigna) 
which  form  the  timber-work  of  the 
roof(see  thewood-cut  s.  Matbeiatio, 
ddddd),  and  which  in  the  Doric 
order  are  represented  entemally  by 
omamei^  termed  friglyphs  carved 
upon  the  face  of  the  frieze  itself. 
In  the  Ionic  order  it  consists  mostly, 
thongh  not  always,  of  a  plain  marble 
smface,  as  in  the  annexed  ex- 
ample from  a  temple  of  Bacchus  at 


Teos;  but  in  the  Connthnn  it  is 
more  frequently  enriched  with  sculp- 
ture, leptesendng  sacrificial  imple- 
ments, war  trophies,  festoons  of  fruit 
and  flowers,  or  altars  and  candelabra 
intermixed  with  fabulous  animals, 
espedally  griffins,  as  shown  by  Uie 
annexed  wood-cut  from  a  slab  on  the 
frieze  of  the  temple  of  Antoninus  and 


Faustina  at  Rome  ,  and  this  praclicc 
of  decorating  the  friete  with  anunals 
carved  in  relief  is  supposed  to  have 
su^ested  Its  ancient  name,  which 
means  Iitenjly,  bearing  immals,  or 

ZOTHE'CA.  A  small  private 
chamber  or  cahnit  adjommg  a 
larger  one,  and  affording  pnvacy 
for  busmebs  or  study      Urn  Ep  n. 


,y  Google 


734  ZOTHECA. 


2.  A  niche,  for  a  siatiie 
object  (InscripL  ap.  Orelli. 
Murat.  690.  2.),  like  the  central 
recess  in  the  annexed  engraving 
which  represents  one  side  of  a  sepul- 
chral chamber,  discovered  by  an  exca- 
vation in  the  neighbonrhcod  of  Rome. 


ZyTHUM. 

ZOTHE'CULA.  Dimbutlve  of 
ZoTHECA,  I.     Phn.  £p.  V.  6.  38. 

ZY'THUM  (CMoi)-  A  strong  and 
intoxicating  beverage  made  from 
barley  and  other  grain  ;  a  sort  of  ale 
or  bier.  Columell.  x.  Ii5.  Phn. 
If.  jV:  xxiL  82.     Ulp.  IHg.  33.  6.  9. 


m 


i^j 


ms 


.Google 


GEEEE  AM)  LATIN  IBDEX, 

CONTAIBmO 

A  LIST  OF  GREEK  WORBS.  WITH  THEIR  LATIN 

SYNONYMES,  UNDEK, 

WHICH  THE  GREEK  TERMS  ARE  EXPLAINED. 

A. 

iltdj/lj.  COS. 

&liV:  hama. 

dPoKia-Koi,  abaculus. 

(wpoTiiTfiH,  lentaculum. 

anis,  matula. 

iiSaJ.  abacus. 

&KpaToy.  merum. 

&KpaTo^!)6pos,  acratopho- 

&^Kyi6s,  mulctra. 

&fl-^Aovpy6s.  vinitor. 

a«po5ar,KJ,^W«^.scan- 

a^TuJ,  frontale. 

soriamadiina. 

k^^t&X'q.rrpw,  funda,  2. 

iyKolya,  anquina. 

i«p,iiroA«,  ara. 

a^iws,  <lr*^.  ansa. 

4v«iA^,  knsa,  3- 

inrt;,  radius,  2.  3. 

oyiiuXijTfc,  ansatum  te- 

iKdatuTTpas,  alabaster. 

ofiijpi^oAA.Di',  amphimal- 

Inm. 

i?ieiimis,  aliptes. 

leyniKiov,  andle. 

liMterp-xsmTpSpos,      h.- 

K/tftinrot,  desultor. 

iyKaXaris,  ansatus. 

nista  avium. 

OjUfljwpriffTi.Aoi,    ampM- 

diT«,ip<z,  ancota. 

oMefis,  piscator. 

prostylos. 

47ff(i|iai   aiiniioi',  aiico- 

iWan-oiriSA;?!,     botula- 

rale,  2. 

S/i^Sof,  ambiviiim. 

AtkiSb,  ancon. 

o\Ji.Si,  botulus. 

iuADpeii!,  amphora. 

iyopii,  forum,  2.  3. 

oK^iB  Tij,  salgama. 

fiYWi-oSeTU!,  agonotlieta. 

tipa0clTi|!,  admissarius. 

SSiwttJ',  adytum. 

aAciinrit,  tritura. 

S^airros,  disdnctus. 

oAoirflyiof,  salinte. 

iyaffahfis,  stcator. 

&0Ai,Tal,  athletse. 

oAomjTi)!,  salinator. 

(imySaX^,  paffium,  2. 

ifTifi,  aliT6s,  aqdla,  2. 

tW-T^pe!,  lialtei-es. 

dtdTAuiTTH,  anaglypta. 

.     Itirana,  aquila,  2. 

(UiwfSpTOj,  catenatus. 

&P!iyrtiiTrjis,  anagnostes. 

of'yEAiETiis,  capraiius. 

iAiwrfSioi-,  catella. 

Bjyii,  a^ 

nAiwit,  catena. 

oiWAot,  capraiius. 

oJiiii7,  area,  4- 

nj'BKAij^flpioi',  anadinte- 

.  SgS'.^£,„. 

'A^ittfoii',  AmaioH. 

kviXTtm^  substructio. 

fisasTO,  acapna. 

d^a,  plaustoum. 

itolupfSEi,  bracie,  I. 

ixAriov,  acatium. 

,  currus,  5. 

hvi^ofov,  jiigum,  2. 

Void's,  plaustrarius,  2. 
Si/xaiis,  plostellum. 

ivSpids,  statua. 

dvSpiii',  andrun. 

aK™^U!"s^nalor'. 

VnfoiijyJi.pkuEtrarius, 

ij/Bparrr.!,  andronitis. 

I. 

AvtUv,  insubuluro. 

tucimpia,  sarcinatrix. 

a^i^6»oits,  acbusculse. 

nBT.cnpttiDyos.legatus,  I, 

&KifdKV!,  adnaces. 

fi^le.i,  obba. 

a*TAl«,  antlla. 

fi/iiSa.j',  umbo. 

Si'tAoe,  sentiuEL 

ij«lADu0«i,  comes. 

a/iitSovrfs,  eanterii. 

ajluj,  bipennis ;  dolabTa. 

.Google 


736                          G^ 

EEK  AND    LATIN  INDEX. 

&lm    ax=. 

aa-rs6.-/a\QS,  talus. 

^oAfs,  catipirates 

iiroSadpu  pon5,  5. 

''At\oi^<!,  Telamones. 

SoTana,iis  runcatio 

Biroifniiis,  fasciE^  3, 

BwKiKos,  bubuls.us. 

,  mamiltie. 

aifl^ijf,  authepsa. 

j8ii(>iu(J0t-,  bulyrum. 

diroBuT^pioi',       apodyte- 

It Ja  ilia,  aulsea. 

BpaBi'to-,  brabeum 

«eA«,tWpa,janua, 

Ppagivris,  biabeuta. 

oiro9ea.ir  i,     apotheosis ; 

at?iA,  aula. 

gpeipoTpoipilav,    brcplio- 

oiAjir^s,  tibiceii. 

trophcum 

ojToSijKij  apotheca. 

aS\jjTpIs,  tibicina. 

Sp^xot.  Hqueus 

■      liorreum,  3. 

a^Adt,  tibia. 

BvK^vq,  bucuia 

oTTDKpiJTTifto,  crepitus. 

a^Absiti'Sp^ilo!,  tibia  deic- 

Buuavvris,  bucuiator 

o™o-J.pa7,Of.a,          apo- 

B<^KoKoiria  occatio 

srlingisma. 

ahKhs    •yv™«3iio5,    tibia 

Bai\oK6was,  OLCitui 

iSiu/iif!,  ara 

npniooTuAQ!,  ariTOslyiO). 

auA^jBds,  aulceduK. 

op^uAij   pero. 

au\w»it,  galea,  7. 

ip3ioB)7pa,  forceps,  4. 

oirJTrufiot  autopyrus. 

fi<JpEffi!,  sx  under  Hippo- 

aptfU!  cassis. 

dromuE,  and  Stadium. 

ydfio!,  nuptiie. 

aji/ta  cumis,  2. 

a^S,  haplie.. 

jdpov,  garum. 

apu^iu^a  harmamajta. 

SJ^XaoTot  aplistre 

TOuAoi,  gauius    a 

a^paK  0,     aphractun 

— -cupa   r 

yauriinis   gaus-ipi 

apQT-np    vator. 

■AflipBB-n,  V«n 

yfiaa-oy,  prcjetfun 

apiriyn  harpago. 

78^^01',  getT« 

yiptipa,  pons 

apjiom-iii    liarpastum. 

yf(fivparoi6s  pontifex. 

ipirq  falj. ;  liarpe. 

BaiT-np  0     ba    Hun 

yirrW^os   giuglymns. 

tV    ap^            fl* 

^.i             b    ul 

I77        tibia  gingnna. 

B            B 

(U.  1/    CEBlum. 

ip 

6               S 

a,')X»TT(r,ligda 

a,    .    ' 

. S«T             b 

$      gompbus 
lia     gnomon 

^                        P 

3               bain 

groma 

a                    rumna 

ll 

0                    U    an 

a, 

S               g  m 

B    6         barb 

^v,  scriH 

B 

^             ^       rt 

h     S             ci  us 

U-^i" 

ftu    o<f.V       ta-el 

H     m 

linea,  4- 

a            cui 

B    B 

3.^      ictura. 

0 

aa        'P  p           \ 

g  a  ,p    p  im, 

yp  *     ,  graphium. 

ka    S        clpecl  m 

B  SAiofl^K jj,  bibliotheca. 

7pafl>is,  stilus. 

S  S>^<ov,  libellus,  I. 

^pmo!,  7pr$o!,  griptius. 

0  SKiowiiXyi!,  bibliopola. 

,8  HKos,  liber. 

7pi(d-^i:,  hasta  velitaris. 

tes. 

ypH,  gfyps. 

mr             Di,  astragalus. 

BiavAos,  bubile. 

yunAoeifpal,  lorica,  I. 

.Google 


GREEK  AND   LATIN  INDEX.                                737 

yiaXof,  pe  to  lie 

a  «„™s,  biremis,  i. 

IsTra-os,  cctypua. 

tiris,  buia 

5  ;idxi".  dimaclib. 

iMuDedamv,       elKofhe- 

B  mtxaipiHi  dimachieri. 

archus. 

B  ^f  TdJTD!,  bifcons. 

iAoTlip,  davis  trochl. 

S  jUiTor,  bilix. 

iAfVoA-i,  lielepo]is. 

SI»ni£os,  bilychnis. 

«\ij,  dncinnus. 

TucttiiteiDi'  gyn^ceum 

,  heUx. 

ywaixaip'tT  s    gynieco  u 

B  mrrpa,  dioptra. 

,  voluta,  a. 

tis. 

SIttAoJ,  StirAoti,  diplois. 

■twpvTis,  miyim 

B(jrJ(io^n,  diploma. 

iw6$iov,  inauris. 

B  irpujiot,  biptorus. 

^AAiX"""-.  dlychnium. 

5i7iT*pos,  dipleros. 

I\i>fu<,  dentals. 

BiiTTtxa,  diplycha. 

fcuno!,  tibia  curva. 

SrfSoiixot,  (iaduclius. 

SiffKo^iiAo!,  discobolus. 

ift0KTtiM,  emblema. 

dai/tinov,  d^moiiium. 

SloKos,  discus. 

ll^PoXot,  rostrum,  2. 

8aW.  dsemon. 

,  Bup^fides,  2. 

(lifioKoi,  rostrum. 

Sati,  t^da. 

Bi^fl^po,  membrana,  2. 

SoKTuA^epo,  digitals. 

B.^plfTKos,  sedecula. 

BoicTuAise^itK,   dactylic- 

Slopes,  seUa, 

^^TrfAiB,  impilia 

theca. 

Bl^ptt!  iyKuAciiriwt,  sella 

f^wAeKToi',  emplecton 

BaitTiiMos,  anulus. 

iiai6pwi',  emporium 

Sapd,  acapna,  coctUia. 

Bffpos  kot(1dt(7os,  sella 

r^Topos,  emporus 

fetieBop,  pavimentum. 

gestatocia. 

Saptucis,  daricus. 

BfxoAw.  dichalcon. 

(I'Bu/io,  indutus. 

ittmnni,  ccena. 

8i^T(,  diota. 

^i-ET^,  fibula 

StK^in]s,  decemremis. 
ScfiDrrcipos,    »]»    under 

BdAu.^,  doloa 

^WJAiiToi,  sponda 

SVoi/,  ccena. 

iv6Sioi',  plaga. 

FnnaJis  equus. 

yoTTTpov,  speculum 

Bedr/tis,  vinculum. 

Us. 

iyd,T^v,  miins 

B^fiapxosi       demarcbas, 

SopufJpos,  doryphonis. 
Spiytta,  manipulus. 
Bp«xf4  drachma. 

^J«po,  exedia. 

tribumis  plebis. 
i,i&aflpov,  diabathram. 

i|.ip7,s,  he^ris 

SiopVls.  cirdnus. 

ilafiis,  exoravs,   tomca, 

SpEiraMj^ripos,  felcatUS. 

3- 

Birifoj/10,  dnetus,  i. 

Sp6f^v,  dromon. 

^J<i.rTpo,  etostia. 

;  sS^um. 

3fiii*o«T0<',  cancelli. 

iTi^iBpa,  pons,  "J 

BB/«iTioK,  dorraitorium. 

ini^ai,  dasaiani 

— L-pilatT. 

li,ip\y,p.a,  amictus 

BfaiTO,  dijela,  1. 

,  pallium,  I 

8i(tira(r^o,  diapasma. 

iyyveiiH'v,  incitega. 

BittirTKAju,  diastylos. 

^aapTo,  encarpa. 

iwih^aniis  epidipnii 

.  BHirwai,  diatoni. 

^7™i«rT.«^,encaustica. 

i^lSpo^Bs,  epidromu- 

Bu^TpTiTa,  diatreta. 

iyKerrpis,  calcar. 

fnBaKdnioi'        epithak 

BlBBO-KBAfiOV,  ludTlS, 

iyX^,plS,„p,  pugio. 

iwWtna    AuxJ-ou,    huper 

B«<.poj,  biforis. 

lyX"',  hasta. 

fides    2 

BiKmrrApioi-,  tribunal 

iBiiJjor,  pavimentum. 

TplnoSos,  eortina, 

e(«>.\a,bidens. 

cSpo,  sedes. 

2. 

eitnjAarTTi/rrij',       iselasti- 

BCKpDTO!,  bireniis,  3. 

BiicriBioi',  reticulum,  1. 

i^ro^TcipX'JS,  cenlurio. 

ii^iKpouaf   epicio(,um 

BkTVsK.  r«e. 

iHHayehv,  mantele.    . 

ijrkamns  epicopus 
P.  A 

.Google 


guse^  and  latin  index. 


C„l 

(II 

,11  „ 

BTOAJJ, 

"'r 

4 

4pyoX.i0o      «1 

ipeTfx6s,  r 
■Epfia?,  H  rma 


iiBu\ot,  heroiobolus. 
oKia,  hemiolia. 
ev-ityis,  mulio,  2. 
ai,  habena,  I. 


riga. 


dcUojiuu,  thalamus, 
SnAnffirfTiit,  thalassites. 
BToiroiiJ!,  psesCigia- 


iei-yii,  tiliife  pares, 
fiyios      IiTjroi,      jugalis 

J^(u7iTai,  jcf  under  Tri- 


(  wf     Tn 

f-&      t        ph 

J        til  brum 

\  (      lly  III.    m 
i    6         thyas 

1     if p       timbulu  n 
1  \jj  thym  1 
I  A     (  thym  1 


,  ostiaiivlS. 

eiaavot,  fimbriEe. 
fluiTtti'ieTJs,  iimbriatus, 

S^Tjj!,  popa. 

■,«ioi',  lorieula. 

— — ,  pluteus,  1. 

,  caichesium,  2, 

BwpoKBpipo!,  thoracatus, 
96pa^,  lorica, 

— AeiciB«Tds,  lorica^ 

^oAiBiiTds,  loi'ica, 

— —  iAumBaiT^iilorica, 


orpaKftTmi^,  iatralipta. 


.Google 


REE                                          I 

X.                       739 

K.U.                            C 

aaTnuxlvoiuu,  accubo. 

sh 

KoriKhiTis,  accubilio. 

""b           het 

o.^^      d 

(rf    ^      cah            fi 

KaTOBtKriKOt,  catapnlta- 

pep    di 

«oTa^^«T^5,  rataracfa. 

^iv                   b 

j8             b 

KOTiiiTKoiroE,  caiascopvls. 

^                sa 

th 

KoTiioTpM^o,  constratum 

a| 

bA           calam 

navis. 

KaTaippdicms,  cataphrac- 

ta. 
KaTii^paKTjj!,  cataphrac- 

peEum. 

'^     ce 

Ki-ro'ntpov,  speculum. 

p:e 

Kaii5pu£.j,  hnmatio. 

In    re, 

s 

KOToxf^Si  pessnlus. 

l^                    san 

oAB         e 

Ha.To,ii.i(a,  catomidio. 
navAiJ!,  scapus,  5. 

Kttvala,  cauMa. 

||(i/T'^!.  aiiceps. 

„a^™T^p,  imbrex. 

KaKiwrpa,  calyptra. 

.'&!  x'''"'"S,  ierugo. 

«LtX;(5j,  volula,  I. 

KOUT^p       ^p              a 

,Wis,  kterna. 

,  furnus. 

podroiniis,  p.  337. 

hirayayol,  hippagogi. 

«d^=,iudens. 

KEJpio,  fascia  6 

imrfij,  eques,  I. 

KoAflWTpiSiJioj,  restiarius. 

K.«pi*aA      e    u  un 

tmrfaTpot,  equaiius  me- 

«(fpoJ,  hasta  graminea. 

ireXtviTfm,         u      a. 

diais. 

,  -vallns. 

«.X.«,rT^     h      a 

iTnrSSpoiios,       hippodro- 

Koi^iipa,  camara. 

Kf'Aiji,  eel 

nius,a. 

«<™t4'»                no  a 

ImTOKd/aros,    hippocam- 

,  fornas. 

pMum. 

ptis.^ 

KBtHTT^p,  mela,  I. 

Kivraopos       n  au 

iiriroKtvToupol,  hippocen- 

KtvTpor,  stimulus. 

HsvTpuv,  cento. 

ImuKiiio!,  agaso. 

Kiii/flopos,  cantharus. 

Kfpaiif is,  figulus. 

IirirojrSpB,  hippopera. 
iiririiirTaifir,  equiJe. 

Kotfl^Aia,  ciitellEE. 

Kepdiiiop,  tesLa. 
KipanQy,  ficliie. 

JmroToJdTjjs,  hippotoxo- 

Knuii',  rfgula. 

n/pofuis,  tegda. 

«<nnj\6iop,  caupona,  2. 

«^p«,  cormi. 

Ko«Ti\lr,  caupona,  3. 

K^pHS  'A/ioAflsIns:,  coriiu 

iorlop,  velum. 

Kapfid'Tii'iu,  carbatinse. 

copiK. 

WoJJafili.  temo,  2. 

KopSiiKfiAai,  peclorale. 

KfpaTBiiAjj!,  comicen. 

«ip.ap..,c^cer. 
Kof  xturoj,  carbasiis. 

Kdpffipas,  Cerberus. 

,'tek. 

KipK^s,  radius,  5. 

foTiir.  icxtrina. 

KapT-fB'"**".  manica,  5. 

,  cunens,  3. 

I'xeuoTpo^.Ewi',  piscina. 

KopuiiiiSts,  Caryatides. 

Kepicovpos,  cercurus. 

iXPOTpo^id,      idmogra- 

Kappuiidrwi',  merga. 

Ktpoivot,  ceruclii. 
REST^  (sc.  Ws),  cestus. 

pliia. 

Kapxn"'""'!  carchcsium. 

Kdaaoiia,  fulmenta. 

KfTTipoaipfvUini,  cestro- 

K. 

K&rayna,  tractum,  I. 

ii^T6^p<^'pa,  eatagraplia. 

Ki-yKaea,  coctilia. 

Kcranvi,  cndo. 

Fc^TLaii-,  luj'fioi',  tollcno. 

«ri3o.,  cad.... 

KaT6xti^n.i,  accubo. 

KTit^i!,  na^sa. 

.Google 


-  AND  LATIN  INDEX. 

7^ 

AidSecTMoj,  ventrale. 

Kpd^oTos,  gi-abatus. 

liririisimv,        ccemete- 

Npdpos,  galea. 
Kpariip,  crater. 

fiStay,  ctenobium. 

KptiiTpa,  ereagra. 

T?,,  eubile. 

KpcoupTtf!,  lanius 

XoiTT^P,  sciilprum. 

KpiiSfiinav,  cilantica. 

XX^Bo^,  collybus. 

Kpnird,  crepida. 

caiK 

WllpB,  collyra, 
AAupfa,  collyris. 
KK&fiov,  collyriuin. 

— -,  crepido 
npiSs,  anes 

KpclKU,  subtemen 

\iPtov,  »)1obium. 

Of                      ta. 

XasivBn,  ciicurbital. 

\B<ra6s,  colossus. 

KpoTimt,  fimhn^ 

Of            th.  ted 

\iroi.  sinus. 

KfoTdhiQi/,  erotalium. 

Wpa-ilTfis.  uriiiator. 

Kp6Tahov,  ciotalum 

mJ«!,  tumulus. 

upoiirtCai,  sculponCEe 

epovviCia,  scabellum.  3 

:ed 

^ijT7(!,  comatus. 

Ws^o,  albarium  opus. 

Kpvimi,  crypta. 

ns 

iiiarSi,  dealbatus. 

Kp&fivKo^,  CJObylus 

w6s,  ctmxm. 

KTtptirrijs,  hbitinanu'; 

KTTji'iaTpos,     mulomedi- 

Ji-wor,  ptlmn,  I. 

cus. 

ti^Sos,  cyathus 

ojTT^,  copta. 

KvBio-TV'ip.  cernuuE 

iTToirAtKoCs,  coptopla- 

Ki^u  tessera. 
KiKiiSpov,  rudicula 

,  rudis 

pB[^,  cordax. 

rukAiJi,  cyclai 

(ij),  pupa. 

•^ 

fiiH^os,  coryiiibus. 

siKXafix        ^uP<i6toi/oii 

— — ,  elava,  4. 

(n/t^Tijs,  claviger,  i. 

KiiAirSpot  cybodrus 

puj,  cassis  ;  galea. 

KiiAi|,  cahx. 

p.S..,a.sa.2. 
pw^is,  corona. 

nvXiXfn  culgna 
svfidTiai   cymatura 

HKiyav,  cribrum. 

a^tirii!,  cosmeta. 

ir^^Tp.a,  cosmettia. 

Ki^lB'^^oP  C5     balun 
ifVS'!.  cymba 

■na^os,  cottabus. 

Ki/^ioi/,  c  mb    n 

Tfau,  cotyla. 

Kui-Hi,  galeru 

vi,             us 

Bp,-:o..  tonstrma. 

(cumv^iji  venato     I 

vp<is,  tonsor. 

KBinryf''-  s  vcnatn. 

od 

pcirpta,  tcaistfix. 

Kamici<pa/,BS  cynocepha 

k.-oBbi',  mora,  I. 

Ins. 

Kii^XI.  concha. 

kA^isos,  cophinus. 

H6pr„,  na.  5a 

KoxA'(£pioi',  cochlear. 

Kox\ias,  cochlea. 

KtiSuv,  t  nt       abulum 

.Google 


GJ!££J^  AND  LATIN  INDEX.                                 74X 

Ki/iilP,  portus. 

^(Sijui'o!,  medimiius. 

K^^-n,  vicus. 

A<™«V''i.-lmteariu3. 

(ifAarfixu,  atramentari. 

Airai-,  linom. 

AtTuoj-,  lituus,  2. 

KavigTcediv,  conopeum. 

AoTtTw,  pulpitum,  2. 

u&oSoi'i  subiusium. 

K^Ttri,  capulus,  I. 

A^TX"'  spiculvim,  !. 

».,rV.A».,ansaU-,mte- 

,  cupa,  2. 

,  lajicea. 

lum. 

Aovx'ff  "("*■  laaeearius. 
AoifT-pOi',  lavacrum. 

^eiravAoi,  mesaulos. 

Ku^Xi-ms,  remex. 

/leffoffTiiAioi',  iiilercolum- 

AAjios,  crista. 

Ilium. 

AiiB/iui.,  ludio. 

A. 

Mhos,  lupus. 

^^TaAAot,  fodina. 

Xiipi),  lyia. 

/ifT((irj|,  metopa. 

Aiifl4  ansa,  I. 

hupiirrlis,  lyristes. 

UtTpJirfis,  metreta. 

KaRifivSas,  labyiintlius. 

A.^^""*.  '"ccrna. 

Matj,  specillum. 
wis,  femur. 

Aii^a™^,  tractum,  2. 

Adynpos,  kgena. 

AuxPoSxoi,          caiidela- 

/i^Tpo,  vulva. 

AoYoTpo^fiuc,      lepora- 

bnrni,  i  and  2. 

/i1X<"^>  machiiia. 

oKpo^HTiKli.scan-, 

Xi.ya06M,P,  pedum. 

AuToSuujs,  balnearis. 

soriamachina. 

AiJKnoi,  Isicus,  4- 

^(roy,  llcium. 

\aiiiai,  lamiie. 

^frpo.  mit™. 

Ao^jTils,  larapas. 

,  cingulnro,  4. 

KaiiwHip,    candelabrum, 
3- 

M, 

/fiTpfa^,  mitella. 

ABpBoi,  eonditorium,  2. 

^tt7«fws,  coquus. 

p>^^.^_     Imonuuien- 

lUafopo/isro)-,       maiono- 

Karofila,  lautiunia. 

'P!iX^,  molrhina. 

Aorpij,  iatro. 

^aiaySpos,  maan 

^DAu,6Sfi,  glans. 

hi^s,  lebes. 

fufpttuAos,  monaulos. 

AsKiW.  patina. 

/liKiMa,  ligo. 

lABvipris,  moneiis. 

A^KTpop.  lectus. 

lo^/!yp.^^s,          mono. 

Ailifios,  lembus. 

grammes. 

AsiaiTT^,  lepesta. 

HoAAii  oflAijToO,   dmis. 

fcocidtpoTos,  moneris. 

Z. 

/loj'dAiSoi,  monolithos. 

Xfixieiui,  album. 

(icStBoAoj,  pessulus 

povoii.6,x<it,  gladiatores. 
(«Fo*ioxoTpO(JJOi,  lanista. 

A^KuSaj,  ampulla. 

liavlpa,  mandra. 

Aii«<tf 0  s  f^aiTip^  ampulla 

,  pala,  3. 

^lofdJuAos,  monoxylus. 

^™s,  monile. 

liBv6vrepos,  monoptetos. 

AijfiflrTKo:,  leimu5Ci:is. 

liopoxlrav,  tunicatus. 

fUKTTi-yo^ifpoi,    mastigo- 

Ivoroxp^ftaTo,         mono- 

MjcoPcEnjs,  cakator. 

chramata. 

kV^s,  torcular. 

(iitiTi£,  flagellum. 

/lepnoAvKf'io!',  larva,  2. 

-  Al^BTOT^r,  tus. 

aoTpa-yoAoiT^,  fla- 

MovfftiDP,  Museum, 

A.P<«.<.Tpt!,  acetca. 

Ai^upvb,  libuma. 

HaT-ria,  mattya. 

fiox^its.  vectis. 

M8a04\av,  balUsta. 

fi(ij:aiptt,  mach^ra. 

fivKT^p,  myxa. 

AifoJJos,  lapidarius. 

,  culler. 

,.,iA^,moU. 

AiflrfoTpuToj',     lithosKo. 

BiiAS,  forfex. 

^«Arij/,  pistriiiuin. 

turn. 

^ttxa'p""'!  machieriiun. 

t^iia,  myxa. 

j;:z*ssrr 

,  cultellus. 

liipiaik,  c;estits. 

fiaxa'p6<l>opas,  machiero- 

fiwpojT^Aijs,      unguenta- 

AiTc^p.',  yaiiuuE. 

phonis. 

rius. 

.Google 


GREEK  AND  'LATIN  INDEX. 


/iioTij!,  mysta. 
niirrpov,  raystrum. 
pvi-^i  calcar. 


"^.'•'^    ImbHa   and 
™jj^"'^     (     naulia, 

vaiH^iMi,  jeditutis. 
vap9ii\,  ferula. 
yapBiiKiov,  narthechun. 
paiapxos,  aavarchus. 
FBUKAilpoi,  nanclenis. 
vavKov,  uaulum. 
pavnax^"'  naumacliia. 


^uAoKDitfa,  fustuaclum. 
{u\oireBT/,  nervus,  4- 
iupiii',  novacula. 
luoTdpxj)!,  xystarcha. 
fuffTiKds,  xysticus. 
|uot(s,  palla. 
lua-Tili/,  Ivastile. 


'eupiitnniirToi',  neurospa- 


bol 

JSopT^TPB,  d 

pium. 
SBous,  de 
Bfos,  nod       7 


oMjAci  rijs,  agitator,  i . 
jivos,  catillus,  2, 
i(ls,  acetabulum, 
if  uBa^oj',  acetjibulmii. 
ojiispaToi',  posca. 

Wo(,  columbarium,  5. 

nrfas,  siibula. 

•  1  p 

i      96yp  (pas,    opistho- 


ganuin. 
pe  yp  iffn,       qrthogra- 


piKi]T'hptot,  nicefetium. 


olvoipSpo     tt 
oii'o^^o     ce 


PX1  ™^  OS,  orchest 

ipX  I  Itatio. 

BpXI  'h      altator. 

PK  ft    rchestra. 

pxh  P"^    altatrix. 


•oxplPas,c.    t 


piculum,  3, 
iiier  Cudo, 


.Google 


GRBF"    '""    '■<-"'    '"'"■''•                                  743 

11. 

ttIat^  pel  a 

IT  TTiiKioy,  pittaciuni. 

ir^  TaflA  y  qu    querUum 

vT^ayydiv,  planguticula. 

jrayxpdTia<;  pancratium. 

^^PTis^«^«,  penlaspa 

s-AayiauAos,   tibia   obli- 

iriiyoj,  pagus. 
iriuSajoiyi!,  psedagogus. 

B-HTSrTI/p  770!          COlum 

qua. 

irAntOBS,  placenta. 

iTiUoiir^n,  lucla. 

bar 

irAaJ,  tabula. 

irahaiHTpiicis,     palieatti- 

wEfiiJC  I   qu    queramis 

BAdoDji,  plastes. 

9iv\op  teil  m 

,  fictor. 

palla 

irAotTTiyJ,  knx,  3. 

■raAmTrplrii!,  pal^trita. 

::Sr„]p.»  -.3 

^AaT«a,  platea. 

mai^,,,  palma,  i. 

ttA  ifTpuWjplectram. 

ToAiuT^s,  illix  avis. 

irept$o\o!,  sacellum. 

irAunm.  modiolus,  I. 

irfaij,  lucta. 

nepiPpax'iyi'X',     bradii- 

wAli'e.yoijlateridus. 

jTiAtyititirKXei,  institor. 

ale. 

irAJpeot,  plinthua. 

xaXffiifijiTOs,   palimpse- 

stus. 

irAWos  aiTT^,  later  coc- 

■jr«A\i«fl,  pellem. 

viplCaiia,   cinctus;   do- 

eul<im,S. 
TTipiiryvHis,  mystagogns. 

tus. 

aiM,  later  crudus. 

■K>^7ov,  navigivun. 
™i^(i:T^p,ratis,2. 

irrip,tii^ioPi  pajicratiui]!- 
■xaviaxtiov,  caupona,  1. 

■Kio'Sovfa,  pajiduia- 

— -  o^.Ta7«7  V,    cor- 

TTOOTii/HjUoi.prLiitoininnis. 

jTspHcnjuIi,  tibiale. 

*Dpi(/ciJt,    navis 

Tapcryroels,  bucculaJ 

rapaiiimov,  porazonium. 

itviytvs,  pnigeus. 

vt^airiraatia,  velum,  4. 

irtpiiiai^ipiov,    labium. 

ttoH-fpa,  pedica  dentata. 
voSavnn^p,  pdluvium. 

itoBeIoc,  fascia,  5. 

■»api<rT«3.j,anKe.' 

iripHTTtpt^iv,  columbari- 

TToHpiis,  talaris. 

irafXHTTiii,  parastas. 

iroSoBTpiWl,  pedica  den- 

,  postis. 

jrapaTihrpms,  alipiliis. 

r.p„rrto..;.,peristyliniu. 

ToAmfpSpiof,        polyaa- 

jTBp^cpo!,  funalis  equus. 
iripfn,  parma. 

■w>p,<r^ipi«y,  araiilla,  2. 

«pii«j,acu3, 3;  fibula. 

sroAiimTDi,  polymitus. 

i-iipoxo!,  parochus. 

vtairis,  pila,  2. 

7roAll|Uu|os,  lucerna,  3. 
iroAiimixo,  polyptycha. 

iroprnj-fi,  paropsis. 

■napvpii,  iimbus. 

jTsToupHrr^i,  petaurista. 

JToAvtrmMTTOP,    po]ySi:)a3- 

.,  clavus,  7. 

ir^oupop,petauram. 

TD7^,  pegma. 

irJiroi'or,  popanum. 

itdirunAo!,  paliis. 

iri)8iiAiap,gubemaculum. 

jTii/isTj,  fibula. 

,  paxiilus. 

ir^^a,  pera. 

TTOT^p,  -^piop,  poculiun. 

itamo^dpo^,      pastopho- 

wiSauAjji:,  piUiaula. 

ffifoj,  dolium. 

■npiKrepis,  coaetores.       - 

■    iroTccycrw,  patagium. 

iriA)jTi![,  coactilis. 

jrpia$fuTis,  legatus,  2. 

^a,,,  pedica. 

iriAWiOK,  pileolus. 

irpufwof,  serrula. 

iriwimop,  tabella. 

spurr^ip,  prists. 

ir^S^a,  taJaria. 

Tf AtKiras,  securicula,  2. 

wpoyi  uo-T^s.prEegustator. 

irtAsKui,  secflris. 

,  superfides,  2. 

jrpSdvpBv,  vestibulum. 

StoTonoi,  bipen- 

iricaKofl^K?!  piiiacotheca. 

iriVnJ,  tabula. 

Tf'Aii,  pelvis. 

' ,  lanx  quadrata. 

rponfraxiSiap,  fronfale,  3. 

i-eATOOT^s,  pelfasta. 

'""""'""■ 

irpipoos,  prunaus. 

.Google 


744                                 GSEErc  AND   LATIN  IND 

EX. 

npitrKaaaa,  proplasma. 

MSSo,,  fasces. 

n-w/t,  tab-ala. 

^po^;-,V.ro.,prLe'rurnium. 

fidfiS'is,  radius,  r. 

irpoBT-rafliBii.,',  focale. 

,  virga. 

t<paa«i^i\moii,  cervical 

oapdBa^Aci,  saraballa- 

TtpasKhwiv,  proscenium. 

Tdpams,  sarapis. 

■<!paaKi>yn'"%  adoratio. 

fid$Sw<ris,  striatum. 
paBS,^i,,  sttiatus. 

irdpiaira,  sarissa. 
uopmao^  dpo  i.sarissopho- 

&     uo        rostypum. 

pd                    -eloi;,  per- 

jSoH-^.  &lx!^  " 

ia&iraTpav,  see  tinder  As- 

adpaSpai',  scopse. 

M^'^Xtor 

oBT^iinji,  aatrapa. 

ifiinr            typum. 

irafoioi',  vecu,  2. 

gTi  umium. 

^r^Tf".  forceps,  2. 

oBupuT^p,  spiculum,  3. 

is. 

fe 

pi¥-n.  lima. 

•riTarpw,  sistram. 

^TTis,  flabdlum. 

ifeAxaoTpiJOit,    sellistei- 

irrepB,  aures.    See  under 

Si,r«o,,  riscus. 

Aratnim,  2. 

fVSoi,  rhombus. 

iriAfLiera,  iiJ,traiistcuro,  2 , 

VTif6v,  piima. 

,  turbo,  I, 

m;Ki!r,  cella,  7. 

TTreiMt  irons,  alipes. 
mipnyfs,     see       under 

fio^^a,  rbomphiea. 

oV"f««,  sequipondmm. 

hS-rnXeo,  clava. 

Lorlea,  2. 

iSi,rTp»r,  ausa,  2. 

wripvi,  mora,  I. 

$vpaojrayh,  sym- 

07K  lipas,  an  eorale. 

Trripana,  pteroma. 

pbonia,  2. 

(Ttefoij,  sibyna. 

irrtparis,  pterotus. 
rrion,  pala,  2. 

pvyx"!,  rostrum. 

ff«imoT^i,  sidmiisla. 

faiti.i'v,  runcina. 

ffiKila,  cucutbila. 

TTTejxoi'j  mendiciis. 

pSlta,  remulcus. 

a-iAiVi/,8os,  index,  1. 

iriiy^ittX^".  pugilatio. 

fiujiis,  temo,  I. 

ffffiSAot,  aWeare. 

iTBsAis,  funda.  4. 

fivTmpaypilios,  rhyparona . 

trti'Sii;',  sindon. 

-,  palH,  3 

•rljiaiav,  sapa. 

jruerio  coagulum 

^vrayoiytis,  habena,  2. 

TTUMdo-TujLO!.      pjCDOSty- 

p«7ls,  ri^a. 

OlOT/plf^O/M!,  pellitus. 

lui 

Put6^,  rliytium. 

TT^imii,  pngil 

<r.To#uAfl([£?ot',    horreum 

■siKT,,  porta 

2. 

publicum. 

iruMs,  portviU 

clii^f,  sipho. 

buJmh',  buxum    4 

iriiBHT'o;',  sabanum. 

o-«ra^(!,  saiculum. 

iri,|(!,  py\is 

o-HT^j'ij,  sagena. 

<rxa\it6s,  scalmus. 

,  modiolus,  4. 

ffciy^o,  sagma. 

aadfi/io,  scamma. 

x^^os,  buxwn. 

oA/os,  sagum. 

tTKajros,  scapus. 

in,pa,pjta 

.™-c!p.  saeculus. 

OKiiflijj.  scapha. 

aaxKOTiipa,  sacapenum. 

,  cnnabula. 

Kvpiypa,  forceps. 

•XHdtjiioi',  scaphium. 

irupo^is,  pyramis. 

2«Afo.,'Salii. 

aKMrttpi.ifM,  ascio. 

Tdp^t,  turris. 

ffaJiTTiYKT^s,  tubicen. 

mipiaiT^pioj',  lacomcum. 

oikiriyfe  tuba. 

iTHsiJij,  T(i,  impedimenta. 

■^ttppixn,  pyrrhicha. 
iruyajpioj,  barbatus. 

aTpoyyiX.'^,  cor- 

D-ifTIF^,  seeiia, 
,  tentorium. 

iri^a,,  operculum. 

ja/i0uKv(,  sambuca. 

,  diieta,  2. 

wo^jSuKi  orpin,    sambuCl- 

SKTimypa'pia,     scenc^a- 

P. 

o-opBoAiop,  sandalium 

phia._ 

cffli.fSio^',  tibella. 

trifTiTrTovxot,  sceptuchus. 

pagSioi',  penicilluDi. 

on^irTpOi',  seeplrum. 

.Google 


GREEK  AND   LATIN  INDEX.                                 745 

umbella. 

iTi^avos,  corona. 

ot^Ajj,  cippus. 

V,  scnnpodium. 

CTiviMBioi-,  columella,  2. 

a-^aipoiT^p,  eorrigia. 

eipio. 

BrDiit«r,  stamen. 

o-^mpwTiis,  pr^ilatus,  I. 

pecula. 

atTJpiy^,  -.y^a,  furca,  4. 

aipfySoirr),  fmida,  I  and  4. 

otIiiui,  stigma. 

,  pala,  3  ;    <^'i 

^T°'  , 

aTiyfiaiias,  stigmatias. 

s,e  umUr  Stadium. 

OTAeTyis,  strigilis,  I, 

s Cytale. 

^^^r.cuueus. 

aroKii,  stola,  2. 

fipiyKtip,  spinther. 

o-ToAiSf s,  tabula,  9. 

ctpSi-SvKos,  vertieillus. 

O-Td^IOI-  5t,liDlKT^i',   lupa- 

^•Pp^yh,  aniilus. 

cyphua. 

<r<pSpa,  malleus. 

BTpani-feiov,  pratDrium, 

D-XfSia,  ratis,  1. 

OTp^^is        fifln^A£«l-S, 

oxlSo-i.  scandula. 

ualpnim. 

pr^tor,  1. 

ffXl5fl>  sclieda. 

M 

calpellum 

OTfi^Kaj-hpiov,  tormen- 

rr^oii'toi'  sirf-j-siop,  retina- 

nrt| 

idef^ 

culum. 

^ 

irTpeirri!,  torquis. 

ffXoii'ofliJTjji,    funambO' 

1/  siatlialum 

OTptifTo^rijios,  torquatus. 

lus. 

«e 

all' 

a-rp6iifios,  turbo,  i. 

crxoA4  schola. 

J    =   S 

CfTpO*.t^I,  I             . 

ouAAft  fistula,  I. 

.    repuUn 

ffTpd^,7|,|  '^^°- 

'  CanaUs. 

<!Tp6^iy(,  scapus  cardi- 

,  inibrej:. 

naiipdus  3 

nalis. 

OK 

uo-K  iro!       ex 

ffTpif^iop,  strophium. 
HTfajxa,  stiagulum,  r. 
•npojiuiii,  culcita. 

■ 

splenium 

ataXis,  coluuiella. 

oir 

^j,  spondaules 

OTuXofiiTHi,  stylobata. 

,fMcia,9. 

,sportelk,spor 

mvhos,  colnmna. 

ffTimoi,  stipes. 

TdKayTiiv,  libra. 

■oSpiiuos  curso 

a^vpa%,  spiculmn,  3. 

,laiiK,3. 

I ,  stadndromus 

o-u^Tjji,  porcanus. 

otSSio 

stidmm 

BvyKirnTiis,  capceolus,  Z. 

td\apBs,  qualus. 

irrdBf^V 

linea  3 

attixQahov,  tessera  hospi- 

Ttiirijt,  tapes. 

orae^o 

talis. 

TopixojrdA))!,  salsamen- 

<,raep6 

rviiiroaUpxos,   magister. 

earius. 

pondus. 

4- 

rappioy.  craticula. 

libra. 

iTii}aimav,      comissatio, 

Topoiij,  crates. 

postis. 

symposium. 

—— — ,  palmula. 

<!Ta\h 

vara,  I. 

fru^iTT^Tjit,  comissator. 

T<i^0!,  fiinus. 

„Tiya.^ 

Tfioy,  segeslre. 

TMuityop,  couyivium. 

ard-i^, 

coQStratum  iiavis. 

irdi-flcirii,  synthesis. 

TfBiepaKUT/ityo!,     lorica- 

oTifina,  stemma. 

oonepU,  biga. 

Telx^s,  murus. 

\a,  fraces. 

(r^iyj,  fistula,  2 ;  syriux. 
aipi^a,  syrma. 

TdKTay,  faber. 

TiXaiuiv,  balteus. 

(TTCIpaV 

■DTiKiKos,  corona- 

ouo-kkbIo,  contubemium. 

Te\!ivTi!,  publicanus. 

tinixiov.  tomaculum. 

j;i)jijpos,eoroiiatus. 

ouo-TttTO!,  cajiterii^ 

Tfperpoii,  tetebra. 

BTi^a,' 

OTiiiiKiis,    cocona- 

oio-ToAor,  systylos. 

TSTpriBpaxnoi,         tetra- 

o-^JoFpa,  pila, 

drachmum. 

.Google 


746                         CE 

S5^^™z^™/^z>^x 

T^TpdSapos,  tctradoiu 

ipoxris.rota. 

ii!6yci<ii',  hypogeum. 

TirpiWopos,  qndrifons 

{nroypait.eis,  amanuensis. 

Terpa6diai'  quadnvmn 

rpi0Mo^\m\^  2 

iiriSjtIM  itOL\oi',  calceus. 

TfTpdaru\a!,  tetiastylos 
TETp^pjjs,  quaxirin.iJi  s 

trybiium 

ieoSni'dTiw,  calceolns. 

TpnyTiTTip    V  n  le  riiat  c 
TpiTvjToi  unlein 

imC^liara  rpiipav,  nii- 

rtiyavoy,  saiCago 

Tpu^Ao  tnii 

tva,  3. 

^lt^la,  inccrniculuni 

Siraiianoc,  succmgulum. 

ebra,o 

ebia   4 

iwT?                  columba- 

dirimvirts,  hypocausis. 

Ti^TjT^i,  censor. 

W      "^ 

iiriSicavOToi',      hypocaus- 

To-ixos,  paries. 

ToA^i,,  glomus. 

djtoKpiTiis,  hypocrita. 

tJpoi,  inslita,  3- 

T 

iTifwfioj,  cloaca. 

TjfEu/M,  sagitta. 

Tu/iBni/Aijt,  siticen. 

,  cunicnlus. 

Tolfiiffl,  sagitto. 

Ti/t^as,  tumnlns. 

itrarSliov,  scabellum,  2. 

WJw,  arcus,  I,  2,  3. 

,  bustura. 

ATroTpaxh^^oi',    hypotra- 

ripiviAB,  toreuma. 

Tvpravi  (TT^s,  ty  mpaiiista. 

chelium. 

inovpis,  postilena. 

nopvri  trua. 

Bpxo,  orca. 

E(7nMi4,  see  under  Hip. 

Tpa7ref(T)7S,  mensarius. 

TB;.iroi'0TpI)3)ji,     t/mpa- 

podromus,  p.  337- 

itrais,  pilum,  2. 

Tf.airefo*idpov,      trapezo- 

tUbs,  forma. 

*^,rf..,i;textor. 

phonim. 

i^ifai-os.  alticinctus. 

ipdmii,  tmbs. 

TipoH,  tunis. 

TplaiPB,  fiiscina,  tridens. 

TplSo\a,  rd,  tribulum. 

*. 

-rplRaWs,  tribulug  ;  and 

T. 

see  under  Lupatum. 

ipcuadaioi'  phjecasium 

TpiSav,  tribon. 

id^^yot,  vitreus.  i. 

dMiifiKiis  ptenuli. 

TpiyKvfos,  ttiglyplius. 

iaAo«5^s,  vitreus,  3. 

fl,£t«6Aoj  fascs 

•pdKafi,  pi  alanga 

di^Uopm  phalaise 

TpigMvoi',  tridimum. 

MpoX^ijj,  hydraletes. 

fi\os,see«>uieiixaiea,S 

TpilHTOI,  trilix. 
rplaSas,  trivium. 

6SpB«X*i,  hydraula. 

^Kiriti,  fax 

,  laterna 

itpla,  hydria. 

■pap^Tpa  pharetra 

TpUoos,  Iripus. 
TpivTJip,  orbis  olearius. 

63po*iipo!,  aqimrius. 

(fappaKonaiMi!  phaima 

copoh 

TpUrTtaOTos,  trispastos. 

inaryKiiPuii',  cubital. 

*ap„..  palbum 
*4"'.  pharo. 

TpiTT^  suovetautilia. 

TpixoAtt^li,  volsella. 

aTapxoJ,  !4atas,  I. 

•fwiffiiAos   fisclus 

TpSwmop,  tropteum. 

Siraros,  consul. 

^iiFKaAoJ  or    uAot  pi" 

Tp^ji,  carina. 

iiraux^i"oi'.  cervical. 

ceolus 

Tponrfi,  -BT^p,  stnippUS. 

uir^poi,  opiferse. 

^liT^j,  latena 

TpouAAioji,  trulla,  I. 
Tpoxi^«a,  trochilea- 

InrfpBupai',  liyperthyrum. 
impoi;  pistillura. 

^BT^tiuo  lacunar    I 

pewis,  cortex 

Tpox'TTos,  pastillus. 

ijnii^Tiis,  barbalus. 

fl>tpeTpDi    feretrum 

Tpoxot^'Sij,  sufflamen. 

*4Titi\(c!  fetiales 

TpoxiSf,  trochus. 

batulus. 

f  iiiAT),  1  itero. 

.Google 


ijiDpTiiyd!,  tajulus. 
ippiap,  puteus. 
^piyamy,  cremiuo 
pvnos,  funis. 
*Dcr«,  follis,  4. 
ipiavTi,  botulus. 
^BPBiTKtfs,  phoiias 


Xafi 

x4^ 


d,  ahemim,  2. 
y,       Chalcidi- 


Charistia. 
hiliema. 


x4ppiS      1  brum  4 
Xt^-li    h  1 


hi  myd 


X^an        1 1  my 
X^Sii      rm  11 
Xv6v  m  d   1 
X^npo    f  rmi, 

XopavA         1 
X"pff       h 
Xopew         alt  t 


■^V.  747 

xopiiyop,  choragium. 
XapiT^s,  choragus,  2. 
Xopi'i  (Jioms. 
XiipTDi,  chors. 
Xpuff^ySero,  chrysendeta. 
Xiiipn,  chytra. 
XVTp/nram,  chytl'opus. 
XS^B,  a^^r, 
Xiii'1,  infundibulum. 


ifioXls,  forfex. 
ijioAT^pioj',  psalterium. 
!^6XTpia,  psaltria. 
ii4K\iop,  armiUa. 
i|/si^iirii30|UDi',   pseudiso- 

domnm. 
■^loiotlwTtpos,     pseud 

tiiti&aSupoe,    pseudothy- 

ij(  euSoirfpi7rTS(W  !,  pseudo  - 
peripteros. 

Tijs,  s^  u?!der  Aceta- 
bulum, 2, 
ili^diD!,  calculus. 


ifiiT^KiBapurT  ^s, 

dtharista. 
'jiiKa6poy,  psilollii 


^Sf'iOB,  odeum. 
apt'oy,  horreum. 
ipo^iyiof,  horolc^um. 
arfyx^i}''  Strigllis,  !i. 
dToy\v'j>ls,  autiscalpium. 


.Google 


CLASSED    INDEX, 


subject,  of  all  th!  terms 


uallysj 


The  Attire. 

Outward  Apparel.     Amictus,  pal- 
linm,  toga,  sinus  I,  umbos,  Iicini;    " 
contabuUitio,   raga,   t(^atus,   dm 
Gabinus,  chlamys,  chlamydatus, 
gum,    sagochlamys,    alicula,    paludi- 
mentum,   atlolla,    tribon,   exomis  z, 
endromis  I,  lacerna,  cai:acalla,  nebris, 
reno,  pellitus,  casu^  z,  cucuUus,  bai^- 
docueuUus,   bimis,   t^^lum,    pallr 
tunicopallium,  pqilum,  diplois,  cycla  , 
Coa  YBStis,  £ammeum.,  CEiliptm,  rica, 
ridnium,  suffibulura,  anabounm,  Ci  ' 
dista,  cento,  centunculus,  synflit 
trechedipnum. — Ufider-Clothing.  Tu' 
nica,     tntucatus,     nudus,     tutiicula, 
colobium,  chiridota,  exomis  i,  expa- 
pillatus,  indusiatus,  dalmaticatus,  p^- 
nuk,  sarapis,   stol^   recta,  iiiterula, 
subucula,    indusium,   intusium,    — 
pararn     2,      dngillum.  —  Decorattiie 
Parts.    Clavns  latus,  davus  angustits, 
patagium,  limbus,  instita,  paraganda, 
plumie  Z,  Ecutula  4,  segmentum, 
gatus,   plagula  3. — Cinciures. 
tula,     encomboma,     linius,     liniger, 

yeiiti:ale,  subligaculum,  subligatuc 
dngiulum,  suct^gulum,  zona,  cestu; 
noi~nis  2,  balteus  I,  ductus,  sucdnc 
tus,  altidnctus,  disdnctus,  indnd;ns, 
cinctutus. — Cmierings  for  the  Head. 
Petasus,  pileum,  pileatus,  pileolus, 
causia,  obbatus,  atbogalerus,  apex,  of- 
fendix,  tutulus  2,  galerus  i,  2,  cidaris, 
tiara,  mitra,  redmiiculum,  miteUa, 
caliendrura,  calantica,  ceticnluin  2, 
vesica,  theristrum. — Head'iands.  Co- 
rona, corolla,  corouartus,  lemniscus, 
diadema,  infula,  tzenia,  ^tta,  nimbus 
3,  spira  z,  torulns,  frontale  2.  —  The 
Throat.     Focale, — Arms  and  Hands. 


Manlca  4,  digitale.  —  The  Bust. 
Fascia  pectoralis,  trenia  4,  mamil- 
lare,  strophium,  capitimn. — Legs. 
Brac%,  saraballa,  ieminalja,  lasda  4, 5, 
tibiale,  udo,  impilia. — Feet.  Calceus, 
calceolus,  crepida,  solea,  soleatus, 
soccus,  sandalium,  baia,  sculpone^ 
gallicie,  diabathram,  phzecasium,  ta- 
laria,  carbatinse,  cothurnus,  en- 
dromis 3,  mulleus,  pero,  peronatus, 
zancha,  amentum  2,  obstragulum,  ob- 
strigillum,  corrigia,  ansa  3,  ansula, 
iuna,  davns  c^igaris,  davatus  2, 
liguia  4,  fulmenta, — The  Hair  and 
Beard.  Coma,  c^esaiies,  capillus,crini$. 


antiee,  caprona:,  cmannua,  cirrus,  no- 
dus 3,  cocymbus,  crobyhis,  tiitolus  i, 
auBlos  5,  capillaineiitnm,  galerus  3, 
gausapa  2,  barbatus,  barbatidus,  ton- 
Eor,  tonstnx.— Ornameiits  for  th^  Per- 
inn.  Amilus,  s^um  2,  fiinda  4, 
condalium,  fibula,  inauris,  fenestra  4, 
crotalium,  elenditis,  stalagmium,  ar- 
milla,  dentrale,  dextrocherium,  tor- 
qviis  bracbiaiis,  spintlier,  spathalium, 
periscelis,  monile,  toi'quis,  bulla  3,  4, 
buUatus,  buUula,  caiena  2,  catella, 
phalerse,  corona  longa. — SHeis  and 
Wands.  BacJllum,  baculus,  sceptrmn, 
sdpio,  radius  I ,  vii^a,  vitis,  vindtcta, 
lituus  2,  pedum. 

The  Toilet,  and  Utensils  of 
Females. 
Speculum  I,  fucus,  sapo,  calamister, 
ciinale,  pecCen  I,  discern! culum,  acus 
comatoria,  ToIseUa,  dentifricium,  den- 
tiscalpiom,  dadyliotlieca,  pyxis,  ala- 
baster, unguentarium,  diapasnia,  epi- 
limma,  flabdlum,  umbella,  acus, 
axicia,  forfex,  oolus,  fusus,  calathus, 
quasiUus. 


.Google 


CLASSED  INDEX. 


The  Ndbsery,  and  Sports  of  i 
Children. 
Conabula,  vanniis  3,  cunaria, 
fascia  I,  serperastnim,  cfepundia, 
pupa,  pkguncuk,  neurospaston,  ma- 
nia, ocellata,  tuibo,  trochus,  tabula  4, 
osoEatio,  ludus  litet^iius. 
The  Meais. 
Jentaculum,  merenda,  prandimn, 
ccena,  mensa  prima,  mensa  secunda, 
promulsis,  gustatio,  epidipnis,  accubo, 
accumbo,  diacubiCus,  leclus  tridini- 
aris,  triclinium,  biclmJum,  accubitum, 
he^iclinon,  sigiua,  stibadium,  ciiliba, 
cilibaBtnm,  mantels,  mappa  I,  suda- 
rium,  fercidum  1,  repositorium,  gus- 
tatoriuni,  promulsiiiare,  focus  4, 
comissatio,  comissatoi,  sjrniposinm, 
convivium,  repotia,  magister  4,  scurra, 
guttnmium,  lebes  I,  poUubtum. — 
T<JiU  Ulendh.  Acetabulum,  echi- 
nus I,  salinum,  indtega,  cochlear, 
l^iula  2,  fuscinulk. — Plates  and  Dishes. 
Catinura  I,  circulus  3,  mazonomum  2, 
lanx  I,  l^nx  quadrata,  patopsis,  patina, 
patella,  calix  2,  alveus  4,  discus  3, 
rabatarium,  boleCar,  pultatius,  scutella, 
scntra. — WimVsssels.  Acratophorum, 
galeola,  lepesta,  crater,  mistaiius,  co- 
Eam  nivanum,  saccus  nivaiins,  gillo, 
capis,  epichysis,  sinnm,  uter,  cupa,tiiia. 
— Drinking  Cups.  Poculum,  calix, 
cyatbns,  patera,  scaphium,  tmlla  2, 
calathus  3,  caceheaum  I,  cantharas, 
Bcyphus,  cymbium,  comu  4,  rhytium, 
obba,  cissybium,  batiola. —  Viands. 
Sumen,  vulva,  coagulum,  epityrum, 
garum,  salgama,  succidia,  tucetum, 
tyrotaricbus,  botulus,  ferdmen,  in- 
sida,  tomacidum,  artolaganus,  collyra, 
copta,  coptoplacenta,  placenta,  cms- 
■  tulum,  crustum,  libum,  scriblita,  tyro- 
patina,  saYillnm,  copadia,  cnpeoia, 
dulcia,  butyram.  — Aftatdanfs.  Tri- 
cliniardies,  lectistemiator,  prsegus- 
tator,  structor,  scissor,  carptor,  pin- 
cema,  podUator.— TSs  Kitckm  and 
Coakiitg  Utmsils.  Culina,  camar — 
clibanus,  authepsa,  ahenum  I, 
tina  I,  tripns,  lebes  2,  cacabus,  chytra, 
chytropus,  cucuma,  formella,  apaiare, 
craticuk,  veru,  var*  3,  sartf^o,  hir- 


nea,  infundibulum,  olia  r,  trua,  rudi- 
cula,  orca,  pila,  moriarium,  pilum, 
pisCilltun. 

The  Houses. 
Domus,  vesdbulum,  prothymm, 
atriom,  s^riolum,  cavzedium,  implu- 
vium,  compluvium,  ala  a,  tablinum, 
faux,  perislylium,  Iricliniuni  2,  cecus, 
etenaculum,  cubiculum,  dormitorium, 
conclave,  thalamus,  exedra,  pinaco- 
theca,  trichorum,  difeta  i,  hibema. 
cula  1,  lararium,  sacrarium  2,  culina, 
latrina,  eolarium  3,  mieuianum  I, 
perguk,  hypogeum,  cdla  4,  ceilatio, 
fornix  3,  CTypta,  cryptoporticus,  por- 
ticus,  cbalddicum,  ciiors,  hemicy. 
dium,  scalie  3,  zotheca  2,  pseudo- 
'>aua,  casa,  casula  I,  tuguriom, 
igalia,  attegia,  andronitis,  androii, 
gyn^ceum,  mesaulos,  aula  I,  2. 
Ctilings.'~Cai\v.io,  camara  r,  2,  con- 
cameratio,  hemisphEeriura  2,  testu- 
do  2,  lacunar  I,  laquear,  lacos  S. — 
Moorings.  Pavimentum,  lithostro- 
turn,  tessellatum,  vermicnlatum, 
scalpturatum,  sectile,  abaculus,  favns, 
scutula  3,  trigonum  I,  spica  testacea, 

ii_      testaceum,    opto- 

lum  opus,  SUE — 
Tanna,  ostimn,  1 
biforis,  qiaadritoris,  valvs,  swper- 
dlium,  limen,  postis,  antop^meittum, 
corsEe,  replum,  tympauura  8,  iropages, 
scapus  3,  4,  cardo,  ginglymus,  ansa 
ostU)  velum  4,  hypEetrum,  hyperthy- 
rum,  pseudotliyrum,  cochlea  3.  — 
Locks  and  Faslenings.  Claustrum, 
sera,  davis,  dostellitm,  pessulus, 
repagola,  obeit. — Windoiris.  Fenestra, 
fenestella,  luminar,  clatiui. — Internal 
Fittings.  Abacus  S,  intestinum  opus, 
pluteus  5,  podinm  l.— Lights  and 
Lighting.  Fax,  t^eda,  candela,  cereios, 
funale,  lampas,  Incema,  aous  4,  ellych- 
nium,  canddabrum,  scapus  J,  super- 
fides  2,  lychnus,  lychnudius. — Fires 
and  Fuel.  Focus  I,  caminus  3,  4, 
fiimarium,  hypocausis,  vaporarium, 
focnlus  2,  acapna,  coctilia,  cremium, 
vara  3,  foUis  4,  5,  paima  3,  nitabulum, 
batillum,  trulla  4. — Ovens  and  Kilns. 
Fumus,    fomax,    fomacnla,     fortax. 


.Google 


CLASSED  INDEX. 


gestatio,  hippodramus  I,  xystus  2, 
pulvinus  4,  specularia,  casa  3,  per- 
gula  6,  trichifa,  topiarius,  Tiridarms, 

liortulanus,  olitor. 

Domestic  Fuknititre  and 
Utensii^. 
rs.    Cathedra,  solium,  thronus, 
4,   biaellium,   sdmpodium.- 


CMt 


Stools  and  Settles.  Sella,  sellaria, 
sedecula,  tripos  2,  3,  seliquastnim. 
— Forms  ami  Beiiclies.  Subsellium, 
scamnum  3,  sedile,  anabatliicim, 
Jranstta,  suggestum.  —  I^iiol-stools. 
Scahellum  2,  scamnum  2,  suppeda- 
neum.  —  Tables.  Mensa,  monopo- 
dium,  cilibantmu,  cilllba,  delphica, 
caitibulum,  abacus  4,  urnarium, 
anclabris,  trapezophonim,  vara  2, 
vibia.  —  Closets.  Armarium,  fedi- 
cula,  muscarinm,  pegma  2,  foculiis, 
loculajnentum.  —  Chests  and  Boxes. 
Theca,  area  i,  capsa,  capsella,  capsula, 
scniiimu,  riscus,  pyxis,  arcula  I, 
lociilus,  4,  alveiis  I. — Beds  and 
Couches.  Lectus,  3ponda,pliiteits3, 4, 
anaclInteriuiQ,  instita  3,  fasda  6,  cli- 
iiopus,  pulviuar  2,  lectulus,  grabatus, 
lectus  tricliniaris,  tricliniam,  bicli- 
niiim,  accubitum,  algma,  stibadium, 
hexadinon,  culcita,  torolus  2,  pulvi- 
nar  i,  jralrinus  i,  cervicsd,  cubital, 
follis  2,  insttagulam,  toral,  iodix,  ac- 
cubitalia,  aul^a  2,  peristroma,  stra- 
gulum  I,  stroma,  tapes,  conopeum, 
gradus  t,  scamnum  r,  scabellum  I. — 
Scales  and  Weights.  Trutina,  libra, 
Etatera,  jugum  3,  scapiis  6,  librile, 
punctum  3,  examen,  agina,  ansa  4, 
lanK  3,  lancnia,  sequipondiuro,  pon- 
dus  I,  orbiculus  "i.— Baskets.  Cala- 
Ihus,  qualus,  quaallus,  canistnun,  ca- 
num,  sporta,  spoitella,  sportula,  cista, 
corbis.  cophiuus,  fiscina,  fiscella,  fis- 
cus,  scirpea,  sdipicula,  nassa,  vatmus, 
vidulus,  panatmm,  ■ —  Miscellanesus. 
Malluvia,  matula,  pelluvia,  pelvis, 
ampulla,  arundo  8,  muscarium  I,  pe- 
niculus  2,  Ecopje,  scopula,  cavea  2, 
crates,  mulctra,  bama,  cos,  cumera, 
alveare,  —  Dials   and    Ttme-Fieces. 


Horologium,  homcium,  solarium  I,  2, 
sciothericon,  clepsydra,  hemicyclium. 
2,  heinispbEerinm,  scaphium  2,  dis- 
cus 3,  arachne,  lacunar  2,  plinthiura, 
pelecinon,  conus  2,  pharetra  2,  gno- 
mon, linea  6. 

Inns  and  Public -Ho  uses. 

Hospitiitm,  Btabuliim,  tabema  3, 
caupoiia,  popina,  thermopolium,  teno- 
polium,  ganea,  lupanar,  deversorium, 
mattsiones,  mutationes. 

The  Water  Service. 

Aqueducts.  AquEeductus,  castel- 
Inm  3,  4,  5,  diyidiculum,  piscina  li- 
maria,  coUuviarium,  specus,  putens  3, 
forma  6,  circitores  r,  libratotes  i,  me- 
titores,  listnla  I,  plumbum  I,  epi- 
stomiuni,  assis  2,  calix  •>,.^Fumpand 
Water-wheels.  Antiia,  gii^llus,  tol- 
leno,  cochlea  3,  rota  aquaria,  haos- 
tium,  modiolus  2,  pimia  3,  tympa- 
num 6,  Ctesibica,  machina,  siplio  3, 
embolus,  fondulns,  modiolus  4.  — 
Wdls,  Cishms,  mid  Ponntains.     Po- 

pus,  lacus  2,  saliens. — Water-caiirses. 


Roads  and  Streets, 
Via,  compitum,  bivium,  triviuro, 
quadrivium,  semita,  platea,  trames, 
angiportus,  fiindula,  viais,  pagus,  ag- 
ger viiE,  crepido,  umbo  3,  gomphus, 
area  i,  inilliarium. 

EiDiNG,  Driving,  AND  Transport. 
The  Horse.  Eqnus,  caproii^  2, 
cimis  3,  4,  adiiiissarius,  cauterius  i, 
desultorius,  celes,  asturco,  veredus, 
venator  3,  sellaris,  agminalis,  dossiia- 
rius,  clitellarius,  sa^narms,  sarcinalis, 
tintiimabulatus,  diaracter.  —  The 
Rider.  Eques  i,  desnltor,  infrenatus, 
calcar.  —  Saddles  and  Trappings. 
Ephippium,  sella  equestris,  sralfe  4, 
stapes,  sella  bajulatoria,  dngula,  anti- 
lena,p03tilena,sagma,clitel&,  centos, 
sagnms,  scordiscum,  stragulum,  tapes. 


.Google 


tegumentum,  doisualia.— 5i&,  Bridle, 
.  Seiizs,  and  Hantess.  Oreas,  lupatum, 
mutex  2,  postomia,  frenum,  habeiia  I, 
z,  retinacnlum  3,  capiatrum  I,  jugum 

1,  cohum,  Btatera  3,  copula  2,  torquis 
3,  ftinalis  equus,  jugalis  equus,  aolea 
spartea,  solea  ferrea.  —  Ornametiis. 
Ftontale  l,  monile  3,  balteus  4,  pha- 
Iers,plialeratus, — The  Stable.  Equi- 
le,  patena,  loculus  3. — Grooms  and 
Orhia-s.  Agaso,  equiso,  agitator,  au- 
riga,  mulio.  —  Carriages.  Birotus, 
curms,  biga,  quadriga,  decemjugis, 
dsium,  esseda,  carpentum,  pilentum, 
tensa,  arcera,  benna,  carruca,  petori- 
tum,  Aeda,  harmamaiia,  covinus, 
chiramaxinm.  —  Carts.  Plausfrum, 
veliela,  plostellum^  sanacum,  aicuma, 
carrus,  epjirhedium,  plaustrum  majus, 
clabulare,  chamulcus,  vebes,  vehicu- 
lum.  —  Coinponait  Parts.  Capsus, 
ploxemum,  axis  I,  aibusculie,  temo, 
furca  4,  araites  I,  rota,  tympanum  3, 
canthus,  modiolus  i,  radius  3,  suffla- 
men. — Palanquins  and  Sedans.  Lec- 
tica,  plafiula  2,  sella  gestatoria,  octo- 
phoron,  lecticarii,  asset  I,  stnippua  2, 
succollatus,  bastema.  —  Whip  and 
Goads.  Scutica,  flagellum  2,  verber, 
virga  I,  ferula,  stimulus,  agolura. 

The  Race-course  and  Races. 

Circns,  oppidum,  career  2,  liuea 
alba,  calx,  meta  1,  intermelium,  spina, 
delphinorum,  columnse,  ovum,  auriga 

2,  prasinus,  prasiniani,  nissatus,  alta- 
tus,  fasda  4,  curriculum,  bigs,  quad- 
riga, quadrigarius,  mappa  z,  bm- 
beum,  palma  3,  desultor,  celes,  cdeti- 
zontes,  tensa,  porta  porap^,  pulvinar 

3,  fala  2,  hippodromus  2. 

The  Baths. 
Ealnefe,  balnemn,  apodyterium, 
baptisterium,  natatio,  piscina  3,  tepi- 
daiiimi,  frigidarium,  caldarium,  suda- 
tio,  alveus  6,  solium '  6,  lavacrum, 
laconicum,  clipeus  5,  labrum  I,  scho- 
la  2,  eella  5,  hypoeausis,  suspensura, 
pTEefiimimn,  propnigeum,  shenum, 
miliarium,  elseothesium,  ucctoriuiu, 
layatio,  strigilis,  ampnll^  olearia,  gut- 
tus,  aliptes  2,   ms   [hermarum,  sella 


iialnearis,  foniacarius,  capsarius  2, 
balneator,  balneatrix,  theniiEe. 
The  Gymnasium  and  Palestra. 
Gyninasium,  ephebeum,  coiiiste- 
rium,  corycieum,  spliseiisterium,  xys- 
tuE,  athletse,  qiiioquertium,  discobolus, 
discus  I,  pugil,  c£5tus,  lucta,luctator 
scamma,  pancratimn,  pancratias,  cit- 
rus 2,  coliphium,  cecoma,  haphe,  hal- 
teres,  endromis  i,  gymnasiarchus, 
pai^strita,  pakestricus,  palaestra,  sta- 
dium, stadiodromus. 

The  Amphitheatre. 

72e  Building  and  its  Compnient 
Parts.  Amphitheatrum,  arena,  ca- 
vea  3,  podium  2,  msenianum  2,  ptK- 
cincCio,  balteus  8,  vomiCoria,  cuneus 
3,  gradus  3,  linea  7,  porticus  2. — 
Gladiators.  Gladiatotes,  lanista,  n 
tiarius,  fuscina  2,  jaculum  3,  laques. 
tores,  secutores,  mirmillon.es,  samnites, 
thrax,  parmuiarius,  parma  threidda, 
hoplomachus,  eques  10,  cruppellariu.", 
bestiarins,  aranarius  I,  provocatotes, 
catervajii,  ordinarii  2,  dimacli^ri,  mt 
ridionarii,  postulaticii,  snppostitii,  at 
dabat^  pegmares,  rudiarius,  rodis  2, 
gladiaConum,  muiierarius,  spoliai 
venatio  2,  velarium,  malus  2,  spar- 

Thb  Theatre, 


gradus  3,  ptsecinctio,  vomitoria,  or- 
chestra, '  ihjmele,  tribunal,  tesseta 
theatralis,  designatot  I,  locarius. — 
J7ie  Stage  and  Scenes.  Scena,  aula 
regia,  aul^a  3,  siparium,  pulpitum, 
proscenium,  postscenium,  pegma  I, 
exostra. — T/te  Chorus .  Chorus  3, 
chotaules,  cbocagus,  choragiam.  — 
Actors,  Mimics,  Dancers,  and  Dancing. 
Histrio,  hypocrita,  cothumatus,  ex. 
ealceatus,  mimus,  pantomimus,  chi- 
ronomos,  chitonomia,  persona,  per- 
sonatus,  superficies  l,  manducUus, 
planipes,  sannio,  ludius,  India,  embo- 
liaria,  saltatio,  pyn^^^  chorea, 
cordax,  sicinnium,  s^^^^,  saiiator, 
saltatrix,  ciusedus, '  ^^^Bnvis,  or- 
diestopolarius. 


.Google 


CLASSED    /iVZ 


Music, 
Slringed  Instruments. — Fides,  ci- 
thata,  testudo  I,  ehelys,  lyra,  cornu 
7,  stamen  3,  plectrum,  pecten  6,  pul- 
sabulum,  barbitos,  psalterium,  trigo- 
niun  3,  harpa,  sambuca,  tetiachordon, 
nablia,  pandura. —  Wind  Instruments. 
Bacioa,  concha  2,  tnba,  lituus  i,  cor- 
nu 6,  tibia,  liguls,  i,  monaulos,  fistula, 
calamus,  arundo,  syrinx,  hydraulus. 
— Insiiiimenis  ■aihick  are  das&ed  a- 
ieaiea.  Cymbalum,  crotalum,  crus- 
mata,  scabellum  3,  crepitaculum,  sis- 
tium,  tintiimabulum,  tympanum  I,  2, 
^mphonia.  —  Musieia?ts.  Fidicen, 
fidicina,  citliaiista,  citharistria,  p^lo- 
citharista,  citharceda,  lyriste^  psaltria, 
sambudna,  bncinator,  cornicen,  liti- 
cen,  tubicen,  siticen,  Eeneator,  classic! 
2,  tibicen,  capistrum  5,  tibicina,  fistu- 
lator,  cicuticen,  spondauies,  ascaules, 
utricidaiins,  cymbalista,  cymbalistria, 
crotalistrk,  sistrittuE,  tympanista,  tym- 
panistria,  tympanotriba,  choraiOes, 
pifhaula,  corocitliariEta,  mesochoms, 
prsecentor,  phonascus,  synipboniaci, 
aulcE<3us,  ambubai^,  sabulo,  cano, 
odeum. 

Games  and  Sports, 

Of  Chance.  Talus,  tessera,  fritillus, 
turricula,  abacus  2,  alveus  lusorius, 
tabula  2,  3,  mandra,  latro  2,  calculus, 
jaetus,  eanis,  venus,  basilicua,  vultu- 
rius,  seniones,  punctom,  astragali- 
zontea,  tabnla  4,  micatio,  navia  aut 
Capita,  cottabus.  — (^  Sail.  Follis 
I,  harpastum,  paganica,  pila,  trigon, 
piliccepus,  datatim  ludere,  dator, 
factor,  spliEeromachia.  —  Feats  of 
Strength  or  Dex^rity.  Cemuus,  cir- 
culator, pilariiis,  funambulus,  neuro- 
bata,  grallie,  grallator,  desultor,  pne- 
sdgiator,  acetabulum  2,  mansuetarius, 
osoHatio,  liter  iinctus,  contomonobo- 
lon,  monobolon,  petaiuTim,  pefauris- 
ta.— Hunting.  Venatio  I,  senator, 
venatrix,  copula  i,  lorum  2,  millus, 
melinn),  pedica  dentata,  venabulum, 
pedum,  piaa|uete,  cassis,  epidromus, 
vara  i-~-^^^B-  Auceps,  amites3, 
amndo  4'|^^^Vi  il''^;  formido,  in- 
dago,    pedHKransenna,  —  Fishing. 


Hamiola,  aiiindo  3,  linea  I,  hamus, 
piscator,  funda,  jaciilum,  everriculum, 
SBgena,  limbns  4,  Bassa,  cortex. 

Marriage.- 

Matrimonimn,  nuptise,  confarreatio, 
coemptio,  sponsa,  nupta,  pronuba, 
flammeum,  mustaceum,  cumerum, 
epithalamium,  lectus  genialis,  lectus 
adversus,  concubina,  pellex. 

Funeral  Rites  anb  Burial. 

ExsequiiB,  fuaus,  decuisio,  conse- 
cratio,  apotheosis,  sepultura,  humatio, 
tumulatus,  capulus  3,  feretrum  I,  area 
3,  sandapila,  pyra,  rc^s,  ara  sepulcti, 
bustum,  ustrinum,  area  3,  forum  1, 
sillcemium,  libitinarius,  pollinctor, 
designator  2,  prfeiicEe,  vespillones, 
ustor,  bustuarii. ^^idckres.  Tu- 
mulus, sepulcrum,  monumentnia  2, 
mausoleum,  cooditorium  i,  hypo- 
geum,  herown,  sul^Trundarium,  pyra- 
mis,  polyandritui,  cepotaphium,  ceno- 
taphiura,  puticuli,  cippus  2,  stele, 
mensa  14,  cinerarium,  ollariuro,  co- 
lumbaria 3,  oUa  ossuaria,  urna  ossu- 
aria,  ossuarittm,  area  2,  3,  arcula  2, 
loculus  r,  conditorium  2,  sarcophagus, 


soliui 


The  Prison,  and  Instruments  of 
Punishment. 
Career,  camifidna,  robur,  etjiasfu- 
luin,  lautumia,  camifex,  ei^astiuarius, 
catena,  catenatus,  alligatns,  compedi- 
tus,  catulus,  collare  I,  boite,  manica  5, 
stigma,  literatus  2,  cruciarius,  cruci- 
fixus,  patibulatus,  cruit,  equuleus, 
fiirca  5,  6,  columbar,  patibulum,  ner- 
vus  4,  numella,  cratis  3,  catasla  3, 
laqueus,  lonim  6,  lorarius,  flagellum, 
flagnim,  plorabnm  3,  fascea,  securis  3, 
uncus  I,  fiistuariuro. 


Trades   i 


Industrial  Occu- 


Tabema,  officina,  fabrica,  taberna- 
rins,  institor,  sellularii,  cerdo,  faber, 
fabrilia. — Carpentry  and  Tools  for 
working  in  Wood.  Materiarius,  intes- 
tinarius,  infeatinum  opus,  vara  a, 
martiolus,  maDeus  i,  scalpnun  I,  cla- 
Tus,  serra,  serrula,  prista,  serrarius. 


.Google 


—Biack- 


asda  1,  ascio  l,  dolatua,  edolatus, 
scQbina,  cundna,  terebra  i,  perforscu- 
lum,  ftirftiracnlum,  ni 
gula,  linea  3,  libella, 
sBBths.  Feharius,  cammus  i,  nu-ua, 
malleus  3,  marcus,  marculus,  lima, 
forceps  I,  nitabulum,  lacus  6,  follis 
faWiXa.—Stone-masoits  and  Builders. 
Lapicida,  iapidarius,  acisculus,  ascia 
%,  3,  seouris  5,  perpendiculum,  norma, 
regaia,  Hnea  3,  libella,  amnssis,  scal- 
prum  I,  drcinus,  fistuca,  pavicnla, 
albarium  opns,  albarius,  trallissatio, 
dealbatus,  tralla  5, .  iA^ia.— Pottery 
and  BricknmMng.  Fictile,  figalus, 
rota  figolaris,  fornax  I,  lateraria,  later, 
lalercuiiis,  tegula,  imbrex.  —  Shoe- 
iiioJiers  akd  Leather-workers.  Sutor, 
cfliceolarius,  caligarius,  crepidarius, 
soleariua,  diaba.liiiaTius,  fomia  5,  ten- 
tipellium,  subula,  scalprum  2,  fistula 
5,  coriarius,  ampuUarius.  -  Prevision 
Deaiers.  Pordnariua,  lanius,  mnJleus 
2,  culter  I,  2,  mensa  9,  10,  cariiarium, 
furca  a,  macellarius,  macellum,  cupe- 
dinarius,  setarii,  cybiarias,  cybiosac- 
tes,  salinator,  salsaraentarius,  salsa- 
mentum,  salgama,  salgamarius,  botu- 
larius, — Bakers  and  Bread-making. 
CoquuE,  pistor,  ftimarius,  inola  manu- 
aria,  mola  asinaria,  mola  aquaria,  mo- 
lile,  pistrinum,  fumos,  clibanus,  ar- 
lopta,  fistula  farraritj,  cribrum,  incemi- 
cuIyiui,  panis,  artoptidus,  elibanicius, 
fnmaceus,  testuaceum,  autopyros, 
mamphuk,  bucellatum. — Paslrycooks 
and  ConJecHeners.  Dulciarius,  lactu- 
carius,  ccustularius,  scriblitarius. 
Manufacture  of  Oil  and  Wine. 
Vindemia,  linter  2,  trapetum,  cupa 
2,  miliarinm  2,  mortarium,  orbis  2,  3, 
fectorimn,  tudicula,  torcular,  prelum, 
'  torcularium,  vinarium,  ealcatorinm, 
cottiiiale,  lacus  3,  4,  lacuaculus,  fis- 
cina,  regula  2,  saccus  vinarius,  cal- 
cator,  yectkrius,  capulator,  labrura  3, 
colum  I,  apotheca  2,  cella  I,  2,  3, 
ioneum  2,  culeus,  luia,  uter,  cupa, 
gemellar,  dolimo,  calpar,  amphora, 
diota,  cados,  lagena,  seria,  pittadv™ 
circumddaneus,  pe 
turn,  defrutuvn,  ca 


INDEX.  753 

Spinning, Weaving,  Fulling,  and 
Dealees  in  Cloth. 
Spinning.  Neo,  colus,  fusus,  verti- 
cillus,  l^^us  2,  stamen,  calalliiis, 
qualus,  glomus.  —  Weaving.  Lanifica, 
lanipendla,  quasillariEe,  linteo,  textor, 
textrix,  tela,  jugum  4,  inale,  insu- 
bulum,  scapus  8,  stamen  2,  subtemen, 
trama,  pondus  2,  arundo  7,  lidum, 
lidamenttim,  liciatorium,  alveolus,  ra- 
dius 5,  spalha  I,  pecten  2,  3,  panncel- 
lium,  lanipendium,  textrinum,  pen- 
Fulling.  FullonicB,  fullo,  fiil- 
cavea  5,  pressoriuro.— Cfoii- 
TBorkers  and  Clothiers.  Ceiitonarii, 
linteaiius,  saicinator,  sardnatrix,  & 


._r,  sartiix,  pjenulari  , 
manulearius,  limbularius,  patagiarius, 
plumarius,  ^t^ia.—lJmerent  Fa- 
brics. Sindon,  gausapa,  &na,  roolo- 
cliina,  dlidum,  ampiimallum,  amphi- 
tapus,  lodut,  biliu,  trilin,  multicius, 
polymitus,  coactilis. 
Books  and  Writing  Materials. 
Bibliopola,  libellio,  volumen,  frons, 
scapus  7,  umbilicus  I,  corau  10,  index 
I,  membranula,  liber,  libellus,  pagina, 
philjra,  scheda,  pJagula  4,  nianuale, 
membrana  2,  glutinator,  librarii,  ama- 
' -;nostes,  bibliotheca,  a- 


randum.  Books,  &'c.  Adversaria,  ci 
dex  2,  codidllus,  epliemeris,  fasti, 
calendapuni.— /"a^  and  Writing 
Materials.  Charta,  macrocolum,  mem- 
brana I,  opisthc^rapliiiE,  palimpsestus, 
atramentarjum,  calamanus,  Enmdo  5, 
fistula  3,  calamus  5,  fissipes,  penna  2, 
plumbum  4,  scalprum  \.  —  TahIets. 
Cera  2,  dip^cha,  polyptjcha,  pugil- 
lares,  tabella  r,  tabula  S,  stilus  I, 
graphium,  epistola. 

Medicine  and  Surgerv. 
Medicus,  clinicus,  aliptes,  iatra- 
liptes,  mulomedicus,  veterinarius,  ocu- 
Jarius,  tractator,  tractatrix,  medica- 
mentarii,  sepJasiatius.— ■S'Hi^fn/  Im- 
flements,  &n.  Auriscalpium,  catheter, 
cauter  i,  clyster,  forceps  2,  3,  4,  vol- 
sella  2,  3,  4,  terebra  4,  modiolus  3, 
denlarpaga,     dentiductim,    cmvus    2, 


.Google 


.Google