Advanced Australia; a short account of Australia on the eve of federation

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ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

A SHORT ACCOUNT OF AUSTRALIA
ON THE EVE OF FEDERATION

>Y

WILLIAM JOHNSON GALLOWAY, M.P.

MBTHUEN & CO.

36 S88EX STREET, W.C.

LONDON

1899

PREFACE

BEFORE giving to the publishers these notes of my
journeyings during the early part of this year in
Australia and New Zealand, the greater part of which
appeared, during the months of March and April, in the
hospitable columns of the Manchester Courier^ I have
taken some trouble in revising and correcting them, to
the best of my ability, from the latest available official
returns. I am therefore indebted for many of my facts,
and for most of my figures, to a class of documents avail-
able to all, but probably, in this country, perused by few
— the publications of the several Colonial Governments.
But, in putting together, as it were, the leaves of my note-
book, I have not intended to write either a work of
reference or a volume of travels ; and my book makes
as little claim to literary merit as to statistical complete-
ness. To deal with the agriculture, as yet only in its
early stages, of Bunbury and the Mallee, of Gippsland
and the Darling Downs, of Colac and Tasmania, would
require all the knowledge of another Arthur Young ;
while who should treat fully, as well as intelligibly to
the general, of the mining industries of Ballarat and
New Zealand, Mount Morgan, " the Towers," Broken Hill,
Mount Lyall, Kalgoorlie, and Chillagoe, must have the
silver tongue of a mining expert, as well as the treasures of
his wisdom. The provincial peculiarities of " Tassies "
and cornstalks, gum-suckers, crow-eaters, sand-gropers,
and " wait-a-whiles," might furnish many jests to your
globe-trotting philosopher, or to a witty reporter. But as

1423721

vi PREFACE

I am neither a journalist nor a philosopher, I have
attempted no more than to convey to the reader how
Australia, on the eve of Federation, impressed a chance
traveller ; as an exporter, especially, of raw produce, as a
possible home and outlet for our surplus population, as
a field for the observation of political experiments, and
as a member, generally, of the Imperial body-politic. Much
may be learnt from Colonial legislation : if we only learn,
sometimes, what to avoid. Local option, old-age pensions,
payment of members, the referendum, all the panaceas of
the demagogue, are in full operation in one or another
of these practically republican (but very English) States.
One and a half millions they spend by the year on
education, as against our ten millions in England. Yet
the output of their State schools, as we shall see, is not
a whit more satisfactory than that of our Board schools,
perhaps in some ways even less. Pensions ranging as
high as 26s. 3d. weekly are proposed in at least one
colony for persons over 5 5 , to be provided by a tax on
bread. (See Appendix E : Old-age Pensions, N.S.W.)
On the whole, Australia offers, perhaps intentionally,
but small encouragement to our emigrants now. Of
the fourteen thousand visitors who arrive annually from
Europe, barely the lesser half remain as settlers. Yet
Queensland and New Zealand have reverted of late to
assisted immigration ; and there are openings everywhere
and at all times for the suitable newcomer — lawyer, farmer
doctor, artizan, or domestic servant. But it must be
remembered that all trades profess themselves over-
manned ; that the producer has the only real certainty ;
that production in a new country is a very rough business ;
and that unskilled energy can only command a success
which is likely to be moderate, at the price of unmitigated
hardship. The best craftsman, in agriculture as in other

PREFACE vii

trades, has particular advantages in a community where
the level of technical knowledge is low. But the best
craftsman, in any trade, will probably not wish (unless it
be for reasons unconnected with business) to leave
England. Few of our middle-class families are guilty,
nowadays, of the cruel folly of sending their youngsters
off to Australia as. " jackeroos" or " remittance-men," to
find their level in an environment which gives them no
fair chance. We prefer to send them to South Africa
instead. But there are still always men and women in
every social rank to whom Australasia appeals as offering
an opening, which they fail to see at home, for the free exer-
cise of their faculties. And if, in my attempt, however
obscurely, to estimate these colonies from this point of
view, I have sometimes been guilty of more frankness,
perhaps, than would be altogether discreet if it were my
fortune to be domiciled there myself, it will surely be
allowed in my excuse that to do otherwise were to
darken counsel.

For the rest, I enjoyed great hospitality throughout the
colonies : and I shall always feel towards them, as a result
of my tour, the increased amity which, amongst men
of the same blood, is the natural result of a better under-
standing. To Mr Kingston, the Premier of South
Australia, Sir George Turner, the Premier of Victoria,
Mr Reid, the late Premier of New South Wales, and
Mr Seddon, the Premier of New Zealand, as well as to
a host of other leaders of political and social thought, I
have to express my most heartfelt thanks for the untiring
courtesy with which they assisted my natural desire for
information.

The Friendly Societies spared themselves no expense
nor trouble to make my visit both pleasant and instruc-
tive.

viii PREFACE

Nor can I forget the kindness with which the several
Governors received me ; a reception partly due in some
cases to a previous personal friendship, but in all mainly,
as I could perceive, to my humble connection with the
Imperial Parliament,

Finally, I have laid particular, but not, I think, un-
necessary emphasis, in the last chapter of the book, on
a point which I regard as of vital importance to the
future of the Empire ; the necessity, I mean, under the
coming Federal Constitution of Australia, of maintaining
unimpaired the judicial prerogative of Her Majesty the
Queen, and the right of every subject, whether at home
or in the colonies, to appeal, in the last resort, to the
Privy Council of the realm. This is a question less
striking, indeed, but perhaps, ultimately, of not less con-
stitutional importance, than that which is now jfinding its
solution in South Africa.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I PACE

Western Australia ...... i

The Long Trail — The Australian Atmosphere — Albany — Perth —
Hunt's Dams — The rush to Bayley's Find — The noble army of pro-
spectors— The City shark — Output and dividends — Timber — History —
Politics — Federation improbable.

CHAPTER II
South Australia ...... 24

The Bight — The City of Churches — Democratic experiments —
Orange v. Green — The pabinet — Wakefield — Wheat — Wine — Copper
— Prospects.

CHAPTER III

Victoria ........ 39

Free passes — The Miuray snag — Ballarat — Breeding gondolas — Dim-
damnboolah — Melbourne — Cable trams — The Yan Yean — Lord Brassey
— Politics— Protection — Factories Act — The first flock — Bendigo —
Mining — Agriculture — Education.

CHAPTER IV
Tasmania ........ 63

The Garden Island — Potatoes, contentment, and jam — Unmarried
females — Sleepy Hollow — Land-settlement — Land-values — Economic
Federation.

CHAPTER V

New South Wales ...... 70

The Harbour — The Queen City of the Pacific — Steam trams — Colonial
shirt-sleeves — Art — Journalism — Architecture — The pastoral industry —
The troubles of Job— Land-settlement — Mining — Australian gems —
Light railways — Politics — Future.

CHAPTER VI
Queensland ....... 88

Owls to Athens — The Darling Downs — An Australian Manitoba — A
hill of gold — A home industry— Chilled meat — Artesian bores — Sugar-
bounties — Liberian coffee — Population — Land-settlement — Agrarian
outrages — Free emigration — The reverse of the medal — Finance.

ix

X CONTENTS

CHAPTER VII PAGB

New Zealand . . . .107

The economical Anglo-Saxon— Wellington — Auckland — Past and Pre-
sent— The Vogelian policy — The Fjords — Sulphur baths — The Governor
and the Cabinet — The Land-system — Frozen meat — Mining — Revenue
— The Labour Laws— Divorce — Local Option as a fact — The Native-
born — Assisted Emigration — The Maories, the Normans of the Pacific
— Gold-dredging on the jugular.

CHAPTER VIII
Old Age Pensions in Practice . . , .134

The Act of 1891 — ^An income of ;^i8 — Infamia — 13,000 Pensioners —

No alien need apply.

CHAPTER IX
The New Commonwealth . . . . .146

Inducements to federate — Service's Council — Parke's Convention —
The awakening of the Native- Born — Reid's Conference — ^The Convention
of 1897-8— The reference to the people — The check— Amendments —
Success at last— Western Australia stands out — Imperial Federation —
Colonial contingents — The Privy Council.

CHAPTER X
A Point in the Commonwealth Bill . . '175

The silken bonds — Hegemony and the Royal prerogative — Canadian
loyalty— Australian difficulties— The Colonial Kingdoms— Democracy
and the old Kings— The subordination of the Bench— A saving clause
required.

Appendix (Appendices A to J) . . . .181

r

ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

Chapter I
WESTERN AUSTRALIA

MOST voyages are not travelling, now-a-days ; but
merely existence on a mail steamer. Again, more
than one hundred and fifty globe-trotters pass through the
Suez Canal every week on their way to Australia ; and
though the number is not in itself overwhelming, imagina-
tion boggles at what would happen if every globe-trotter
committed his voyage to print, as most of them do to
paper. Yet, on the other hand, not to keep a stylograph
in your board-ship coat-pocket were the merest profligacy.
For, east of Suez, a man sometimes raises, not only
a thirst for " pegs," but a hunger for information ; because,
though the world is undoubtedly shrinking, and the (till
'95) inaccessible desert places of (for example) Kalgoorlie
are now graced by an excellent club, which is within
an easy thirty days of London, yet there are such
things, even now, as local atmospheres. And an out-
ward Australian liner carries about with her somehow,
stowed away in her inner consciousness, a local atmos-
phere of the Bush which she dons with her suit of awnings
somewhere about the Red Sea. You have left Charing
Cross behind you at the starting-end of the long trail,
and the talk henceforward, under the patronage of the

2 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

twin Australian heroes, Mr Lansell and the late Mr
Tyson, is all of squatting and gold-mining, "the Gulf"
and "the Block," and a hundred other stimulating
technicalities, with their resultant yarns, in half an hour.
Ten days of this sort of thing after leaving Colombo,
and you are in Western Australia : " W.A," as its inhabi-
tants and neighbours usually call it ; or, as it is dubbed
by journalists, "the Golden West." Western Australia,
in effect, is a colony which has been brought very pro-
minently under the notice of the English public during
the past four or five years, on account of the remarkable
gold discoveries which have taken place there. But no
traveller, who is not also an explorer and is prepared
to devote years to the task, can hope to take anything
but a hasty glance here and there in passing at this
great area, which comprises nearly one-third of the
whole Australian continent, and is equal to one-fourth of
Europe, with Great Britain and Ireland included.

The first point at which the mail steamers touch, after
crossing the Indian Ocean, is King George's Sound.
Albany, on the north side of Princess Royal Harbour,
within the Sound, is a pretty little town of about 4000
inhabitants, some 340 miles from Perth. It has a rising
timber trade, and is by way of being a sanatorium ;
though perhaps its chief support is drawn from the two
or three hotels on the harbour front, and the shillings
spent there by passengers. As a coaling-station, it is
of great strategic importance, and is garrisoned by a
battery of permanent artillery, maintained at the joint
expense of the colonies. An enemy's fleet which should
set out to attack Australia would find its coal supplies
exhausted by the time it reached the southern portion
of the continent, and would be practically helpless ; hence
the fortifications, by which in time of war the coal stored

WESTERN AUSTRALIA 3

here would be preserved for the use of the British ships.
Albany lives in continual fear of being superseded, as
a port of call for the mail steamer, by Fremantle ; and
indeed it cannot be looked on, at present, as offering
a favourable field for the investor in corner allotments.

To reach Perth, the capital city of the colony, a railway
journey of some thirty hours in a north-westerly direction
is necessary. This line was constructed by the West
Australian Land Company, and was opened in 1889.
The company received from the Government a grant of
12,000 acres of land for every mile constructed, to be
selected within a distance of 40 miles on either side of
the line, with half the frontage to the railway reserved to
the Government. The line has recently been taken over
by the Government for ;^ 1,1 00,000. There are other
private, or land-grant lines in the colony, chief amongst
which is the Midland Railway, running back north to
Geraldton. But the system has in most cases given
dissatisfaction to all parties concerned — Government,
investors, settlers, and the travelling public.

Whilst Sir John Forrest is in power, it will be utterly
useless for the most philanthropic of concessionaires to
propose to build railways for the colony. The colony
has undertaken the work itself, through contractors, and
has achieved an astonishing record for cheapness and
celerity of construction. The gauge is 3 ft. 6 in. in all
cases, and the line was open in March 1898 as far as
Menzies, a mining town to the north of Kalgoorlie, 450
miles away in the interior of the Eastern Desert. Warned
by the extravagance which some of the other colonies
have displayed in regard to the cost of their earlier
railways, and assisted, no doubt, by the absence of all
physical difficulties except the scarcity of water, the
Government has so contrived that its railways are run

4 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

at a profit of 4^%, the best result in Australia. One
of the projects of the future, the distant future no doubt,
is to connect the Kalgoorlie line with the most westerly
extension of the lines in the colony of South Australia.
When that is done, the traveller landing at Perth will be
able to travel by rail right through the continent from
west to east. The capitals of all the other colonies —
Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, and Brisbane — are already
connected by rail.

The city of Perth, which a few years ago contained
a population of only 9,000, has since the gold dis-
coveries sprung up to 40,000 souls. It is situated
on the Swan River, about twelve miles inland from
Fremantle, and under the shelter of a bold hill. Mount
Eliza, which is crowned by the public park. The view
from the summit, looking across the river, which widens
opposite the city into the two lakes of Perth and Melville
Waters, divided by the long flat promontory of Mill
Point and fed by the broad and winding stream of the
Canning, is picturesque enough : but otherwise the city
generally is squalid and dirty ; and it cannot be said
to have anything especially attractive in its sandy sur-
roundings. It possesses, however, some handsome build-
ings, and some fine streets. St George's Terrace, where
the Western Australian Bank and public offices are
situated, is a fine avenue. Government House, where
Sir Gerard Smith, the Governor, lives, is a handsome
and commodious residence. The Town Hall is also a
fine building, standing on a slight eminence. An electric
tram service is in process of completion.

The first subject to which I naturally directed inquiry
in this land of gold was the subject of gold-getting and
gold output ; the present position of the industry and its
prospects. The eyes of gold miners in all parts of

WESTERN AUSTRALIA 5

Australia have for many years been turned to the
great inland territories of Western Australia as a
region possessing great possibilities of mineral wealth.
Sir Roderick Murchison's name is on its map. So far
back as 1865, a capable young surveyor named Hunt
penetrated with horses and a waggon to the country
east and south of what is now Kalgoorlie, and reported
country "probably auriferous." He had happened on
a wet season ; but his achievement was still most re-
markable, and his track, and even one of the dams he
constructed, were of much use when the country was
opened up more than thirty years afterwards. He found
the valuable district of the Hampton Plains, and seems
even to have reached, with a flying party, the still very
remote region of Kurnalpi. Hargreaves, the celebrated
prospector from N.S. Wales, was given ;^500, about this
time, to inspect and report on the colonies' mineral re-
sources. But he was only shown the coastal districts,
and his report was discouraging, though some quartz
which must have come from near Coolgardie was taken
to Sydney in 1866. In 1869, again, another young
surveyor, John Forrest (now the Right Hon. Sir John
Forrest, the Premier), discovered and named Mounts
Malcolm, Margaret, and Leonora ; each of them now
the centre of rich mining districts to the north of Kal-
goorlie; and in 1871, Alexander Forrest, his brother,
the present Mayor of Perth, camped for a time at a
^namma-ho\e which must have been close to Bayley's
find and the Tom Tiddler's ground of Fly Flat.

The word " rush " is used in Australia to describe the
great rush of miners from one goldfield to another when
news of rich finds is published. Western Australia has
had several " rushes," and the bleached bones of many
of the pioneers lie all over the continent. Kimberley,

6 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

in the far north, had its rush in 1896; but fever and
the difficulties of transport crushed its prosperity, though
mining is still carried on there by a few persistent ad-
venturers who live on, as is usual with such haunters of
derelict goldfields, in the hope of good times to come.
It was not till July, 1892, that Bayley and Ford, two
prospectors whose headquarters were at Southern Cross,
a struggling camp then on the remotest fringe of civilisa-
tion, pushed out along Hunt's old track to Coolgardie, and
discovered a very rich reef, which was afterwards known
as Bay ley's Reward Claim. In one year half a ton of
gold was obtained from this mine by the most primitive
processes. The fame of the yields spread, and then one
of the greatest " rushes " ever known in Australia occurred.
The whole mining, or migratory and prospecting popula-
tion of Australasia set out in hot haste for the fields, and
was followed by all the wastrels and failures who had
been left " on their uppers " by the bursting of the
Melbourne land-boom. The tract which ran eastward
through the primeval bush was a curious sight in those
days. Heavy waggons, laden with flour, chaff, and
whisky, lumbered axle-deep through the mud, drawn
each by its team of a dozen great horses in single file
— for 1893 was a wet season — and each accompanied
by its string of " swampers " who paid perhaps almost
their last 30s. for the privilege of walking alongside for
ten days and having their swags of a hundredweight
carried on the top of the load. Big Broken Hill men,
and ruined speculators from all the colonies, went up
with their own buggies or teams ; alluvial men walked
up with little more than their water-bags ; " Kimberley
wheel-barrows," or one-wheeled cart nondescripts drawn
by a human team, were a fashionable, if not a very
efficient, means of transport ; and one man, a German,

WESTERN AUSTRALIA 7

actually packed a flour barrel with stores, pierced the
whole concern with an axle, and rolled or dragged it
the whole painful way to Coolgardie. Men walked
blindly into the unmapped desert in search of an utterly
imaginary Golconda of the moment known as Mount
Youle, and found Kalgoorlie, and then did not know
what they had found. Every one who could afford it
carried his own condenser, because the only permanent
water " out back " was salt. The extraordinary reports
that came down to the coast were but half believed for
some time in Perth itself. Miss Flora Shaw, who was
investigating Australia for the Times, was not allowed
even to visit Western Australia, and the London papers
ignored the rush as long as they could. But a few of
the better informed, chiefly from Piccadilly, of all places,
found their way out, and met with their reward. They
were followed by " mining experts," newspaper corres-
pondents, " agents of the Rothschilds," and the rest. Every-
thing that could be sold or floated was floated or sold,
in Adelaide, or locally ; in London, or to the French.
Prospectors on foot and on horseback, with camels and
on bicycles, spread themselves all over the interior ; living
and looking for gold where a few years before well-
equipped expeditions of experienced and scientific ex-
plorers had found it difficult to penetrate. Boilers and
machinery were dragged through the silence and desola-
tion of the bush to far outlying mines, which in some
cases have been left once again to desolation and silence.
For before long the boom subsided. The excitement of
the market had passed. That strange community of the
prospectors of Australasia, the best gold-finders of the
world, whose coming to any country is always followed
by discoveries which without them might have remained
for ever overlooked, and who had reserved, as it were,

8 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

this greatest of antipodean " rushes " for their most
striking and perhaps for their final manifestation, scattered
themselves to the four quarters of the earth. They may
be found at Klondyke, in New Guinea, in Siam, in China,
or in South Africa ; but they have left the Western
Australian goldfields, as yet only half exploited ; and
without them new discoveries will be made but slowly.
They have left behind them, however, a large population
of wages-men and others on the fields, who are steadily
developing the mines for the European capitalist. Cool-
gardie, which is situated about 240 miles east of Perth,
has had to give place to Kalgoorlie, its neighbour 25
miles to the east again, as a gold producer and the prin-
cipal centre of the goldfields. The fame of the large
telluride lodes of the Boulder group has spread to London
and Paris, and the immigration of thousands of new
citizens (chiefly from the sister colonies) to the gold-
fields has been followed by the investment of millions
of European capital in the purchase of mining shares.

I do not propose to write a history of gold mining in
Western Australia, but will in preference devote some
attention to the results up to the present. There can be
no doubt that many of the mines which were floated as
companies were utterly worthless. This always happens
in Australian mining, and is in some measure due to the
fact that all mining is of necessity an uncertain and
peculiar business. A scientific prospector, with all tfie
learning of the geological schools at his finger ends, may
err widely, whilst an ignoramus blunders on to a rich lead
or a highly payable reef. No man can see beyond the
end of his nose. " Where it is, there it is," runs a Cornish
mining proverb. Position, too, is often worth gambling
upon, though it is as often misleading. Whenever a
really good mine is found, there are sure to be scores of

WESTERN AUSTRALIA 9

others floated in its vicinity. Alluring prospectuses are
drawn up, and neat plans are published, showing on paper
that the reef runs directly through the property offered to
the public. The Great Boulder line was caricatured, in
the Sydney Bulletin^ as an octopus. An amusing story
is current in Western Australia, which shows what the
residents there thought of the way in which the British
public were, in their opinion, " got at " by the mining
company promoter and his London confederates. A very
rich patch or " blow " of quartz was found by a prospector
near the surface. Off went a promoter who had obtained
a share to London to float a company, taking the quartz
with him, which was thickly studded with gold. The
shares were eagerly subscribed for, and a board of directors
appointed, which sent out orders to work the mine at
once, and get out a crushing. Months elapsed, and there
was no return from the rich property ; and then a per-
emptory telegram was despatched : " Crush at once and
wire result ; surprised at unexplained delay." This
elicited a prompt response at once as follows : " Cannot
crush till you send back the reef." The only quartz
which the mine yielded was that which had been taken
to London to float the company.

The story is a parable : but it must be remembered, in
fairness to the colonial vendor, that " wild-cat " properties
are usually handled and floated in the City by shady pro-
fessional promoters, who for the most part are looking
for wild-cats, and whose misdeeds are not to be visited
on the colony. And, moreover, the ignorance, or im-
patience, of London Boards of Directors who do not know
the difference between a developed mine and a prospecting
shew ; who sometimes, apparently, suppose themselves to
be buying the one at the price of the other ; and who
often allow their English consulting engineers, quite un-

10 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

acquainted, perhaps, with the nature of the ore to be
crushed, to saddle them with expensive mining-plants before
the reef is opened up, is likely to be at least as ruinous to
the prospector, who has parted with his lease, possibly, for
valueless shares, as to the London investor who is loudest
in his abuse. The only safety, for all parties concerned,
lies in the combination of a Board which knows some-
thing of business with efficient local supervision. Mining,
altogether, is an extraordinary industry. But almost more
extraordinary than the ignorance of London Boards, and
the recklessness of British investors, is the haphazard way
in which engineers and managers are selected. And one's
ordinary calculations as to human motives and conduct are
sometimes quite upset by the unscrupulous calm with
which an incapable, inexperienced, careless, drunken, or
dishonest manager will sacrifice the hundreds of thousands
(may-be) of his company's capital to his own petty advan-
tage, or to secure another quarter's payment, perhaps, of
his salary of ;£^5oo a year. It is far easier, and often
more immediately profitable, to mutilate than to make a
mine. On the other hand, it is not, perhaps, so generally
understood as it might be, that under the conditions of
mining in Western Australia, ;^3 0,000 for developing, or
;^50>ooo for equipping, a mine, is by no means too large
an allowance of working capital.

But, if there have been many failures in mining ven-
tures in Western Australia, there have also been extra-
ordinary successes. During my stay in Australia a com-
pany was wound-up by voluntary liquidation ; or, to
speak more accurately, the winding-up was completed,
for the assets were so huge that it had taken more than a
year to conduct the operation. Its history reads like a
version of the *' Arabian Nights Entertainments," and is a
justification of the sanguine hopes that the deserts of West

WESTERN AUSTRALIA 11

Australia would turn out an El Dorado. The original
capital was only ;^I50, subscribed by a syndicate of ten
speculators in Adelaide, the capital city of the colony of
South Australia, who each risked the price of a second-
hand bicycle to send a prospecting party to Coolgardie, in
June 1893. A little more than four years afterwards,
when the liquidation commenced, the assets consisted of
25,000 Associated shares, 10,000 Lake View Extended,
100 Lake View South, 200 Royal Mint shares, and
;^ I 5 1 3 in cash, and there were no liabilities. The value
of its holdings were a couple of months since : — In
the Great Boulder, ;Ci ,66 2, 5 00 ; Lake View Consols,
;^2,8i2,5oo; Associated Mines, ;^2,47 5,000 ; Ivanhoe,
;^ 1, 8 7 5, 000 ; Kalgoorlie Mint, ;^ 100,000; Lake View
South, .^220,000 ; Lake View Extended, ;^65,75o ;
Great Boulder, No. i, ;^65,ooo — total ;^9,275,75o. There
have also been distributed to the shareholders ;^3,42 1,000
in shares and ;^950,ooo in dividends, making a gross
return of ;^ 13,646,7 50. That these are not mere paper
values — such fairy coinage as that which makes millionaires
in a month in what is known as a land boom and, before
it can be realised, turns into insolvency schedules —
is shown by the fact that the above mines have already
produced 17 tons of gold, to the value of ;^2, 2 50,000
sterling. The process by which one man's investment of
;^I5 is in five years turned into ;^i, 364,675 has, as I
have said, its other side, and many wasted millions
are to be placed to the debit of the account. But the
thousands who lose their small stake can generally afford
to do so, or, at any rate, suffer so little that they prefer
holding their tongues to admitting that they have been
the dupes of a glowing prospectus and the victims of a
glib promoter. So the game goes merrily along, and
there is always money forthcoming for the schemes that

12 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

can point to such results as those given above, and tickle
the public ear with the suggestion that there is a chance
— if it be only a five million to one chance — that a new
investment may in like manner multiply twenty-thousand-
fold annually. It is rather a grim comment upon the fate
of the pioneer miner that the chairman of this syndicate, at
the meeting which adopted the final report, in accepting a
vote of thanks, moved to express gratitude to the discoverer
of this enormous wealth. He would forward the motion,
he said, by letter ; " as he understood that Mr Pearce, the
original prospector, was now at Klondike trying his luck."
This Pearce it was who " pegged out " the Great Boulder,
the Lake View, and the Ivanhoe ; and thus founded the
present Boulder City. Paddy Hannan, who found the
alluvial at Kalgoorlie, was lately rescued from indigence
by the mayor of the town which once bore his name, who
secured two allotments for him as a sort of endowment.
And Bayley, who started Coolgardie, is dead. But the
average man is blind to the reverse of the picture,
and, tempted by such glittering bait as that contained
in the above statement of accounts, will risk health,
life, and savings on the chance of drawing a dazzling
prize.

The output of gold from Western Australia has been
disappointing to many eager investors ; but this is ac-
counted for to some extent by the very difficult nature of
the country, especially in respect to water supply, and it
has taken a long time to manufacture and erect the
adequate machinery for extracting and treating the ore.
But for the year 1898 the returns have shown a remark-
able increase. The output of gold for October in Western
Australia was 116,824 ounces, value ;^444,ooo. This,
compared with the largest previous monthly output,
93>39S ounces, showed an increase of 23,429 ounces.

WESTERN AUSTRALIA 13

The export of gold from Western Australia for the last
ten months of 1898, the latest date at which the figures
were available, when I left the colony, amounted to
841,625 ounces. The importance of that statement will
be made apparent when I say that for the whole year of
1896 the total output was only 281,265 ounces. There-
fore, in two years they have increased the output no less
than 560,300 ounces. It was estimated by the Premier
of the colony. Sir John Forrest, that the output for the
whole year of 1898 would exceed one million ounces.^
Sir Gerard Smith, the Governor, went further than that, and
said that the output for the year 1899 would reach one
and a half million ounces of gold. Should Sir Gerard
Smith's estimate be realised, and I do not think there is
any reason to suspect that it is an extravagant one, then
the value of gold produced next year will be close upon
^6,000,000.2

Kalgoorlie gold is particularly pure, and has more than
once fetched £4, 4s. 4d. per ounce. Speaking roughly,
the annual dividend forthcoming from Western Australian
mines may now, perhaps, be computed at about one and a
half millions sterling, or rather over ;^i to the ounce of reef
gold recorded ; a figure which should be much exceeded
in the future, but which, as it stands, is a very handsome
return on the amount of British capital actually expended
in the colony. The amount absorbed in the way of
margin or commission by London promoters and the like
is quite another story. But of the nominal capital of

^ I have since ascertained that the output for the whole of 1898 was one
million and fifty thousand ounces, valued at close on ;^4,ooo,ooo sterling. But
see Appendix I.

'^ The official returns for January — June 1899 give 692,875 ounces: value,
;^2,632,927 (compare ;^i, 788,636 for corresponding period of last year).
August returns give 145,000 ounces, or ;^552,000 ; the second largest monthly
export on record.

14 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

twenty millions, not all was paid up, and comparatively
little reached Western Australia.

The greater part of the area of Western Australia is
dry, sandy, desert country, which would seem to be the
natural home of sandal-wood and quandongs, and where
most of the gum-trees are " piped." And yet so vast are
the resources of the colony that there is an area of forest
country in its south-western portion which is equal in size
to the whole of Great Britain, and which contains a mass
of marketable timber which is, perhaps, only equalled in
the famous red-wood districts of North California. The
classic description of Australian forest scenery was written
by Marcus Clarke, the author of the most widely-read
Australian novel, " For the Term of His Natural Life."
He says : " The dominant note of Australian scenery is
a weird melancholy. The Australian mountain forests
are funereal, secret, stern ; their solitude is desolation.
They seem to stifle in their black gorges a story of
sullen despair. No tender sentiment is nourished in
their shade. In other lands the dying year is mourned.
The dying leaves drop lightly on his bier. In the
Australian forests no leaves fall. From the melancholy
gums strips of white bark hang and rustle." Perhaps, as
is averred by later writers, this description partakes too
much of the gloom of the writer's own imaginings, but
the traveller is not likely to dispute the truth of what
has been so poetically expressed. The forests of Aus-
tralia are, to a large extent, wanting in the umbrageous
wealth which is the glory of the sylvan recesses of other
lands. The trees, those, that is, which have a value for
timber, run up in narrow tapering stems to a height of
from 70 feet to 100 feet without a limb ; and then there
is a small head, with thin, long leaves widely scattered,
and affording little 'shade. But many of these forest

WESTERN AUSTRALIA 15

giants are impressive from their very size. The giant
tree of Western Australia is the Karri. The bark is
smooth, yellow-white in appearance, and peels off every
year, giving the stem a clean appearance. On an average
these trees grow to 200 feet in height, 4 feet in diameter,
3 feet to 4 feet from the ground, and about 120 feet to
150 feet to the first branch.

Trees of the size indicated are what one usually meets
with in the Karri forests, but much larger specimens are,
of course, run against now and again. For instance, on
the Warren River, it is not unusual to meet with trees
which go 300 feet in extreme height, over 180 feet in
height to the first limb, and from 20 feet to 30 feet in
circumference at the base. It is certainly a matter of
local record that some years ago a resident on the
Warren River lived and partially raised a small family
in the hollow of one of these fallen monarchs. It
appears that the tree was hollow and fell, and was
afterwards further worked out and lined by the enter-
prising settler as a dwelling for his family, until such
time as he was in a position to build the modern edifice
which now stands not far from the site or remains of the
primitive habitation. The old tree was destroyed and
effaced from the place by a recent bush fire. This speci-
men was said to be over 300 feet in length, and some 12
feet in diameter at the base. Whilst on this subject, I
may mention that the tallest trees in Australia, and, as it
is stated, in the world, grow in the colony of Victoria.
There were local traditions of the existence of trees in
Gippsland 500 feet high, which would have quite eclipsed
the giant Wellingtonias of the Yosemite ; but these were
based on mere guesses. Officers of the Survey Department
made a search some years ago, and careful measurements
of the tallest trees to be found, and the greatest height of a

16 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

living tree was found to be 330 feet. A prostrate tree
nearly 350 feet in length was discovered. The Jarrah
tree of Western Australia, which is by far the most valu-
able for commercial purposes, and of which immense
forests exist, is not nearly so picturesque in appearance
as the Karri. The trees are rugged in appearance, and
the general effect, taken in mass, is sombre. In the best
forests the trees run from 50 feet to 60 feet in height to
the first branch. There is a large and growing export of
this timber to Europe, and the industry promises to be
one of the most successful that has been established.

At Jarrahdale, which is about thirty miles from Perth,
on the South-Western Railway, one company has five
sawmills working night and day to execute the orders
from England and elsewhere. Recent flotations of these
Jarrah and Karri companies have been to some extent
over-capitalised. But amalgamation and other measures
are in a fair way to put this matter right ; and it certainly
seems to be the case that the chief difficulty in connection
with the trade is to secure enough vessels to ship the
timber in. Jarrah is unrivalled for piles, etc., in water or
wet ground, and for wood paving. The French, for some
reason best known to themselves, prefer karri for this latter
purpose, but it is not highly esteemed in Western Australia,
and on the deck of Port Melbourne pier, which is partly
laid with it, it did not seem to me to have worn well.
Jarrah resists the attacks of white ants, for which reason
it is much used, especially in the goldfields country, for
railway sleepers.

With the inrush of population caused by the gold dis-
coveries agriculture has advanced rapidly. The mines have
been developed principally by new arrivals from the other
colonies and from Europe, but the local population has
reaped a harvest in the increased demand for vegetable

WESTERN AUSTRALIA 17

and cereal products. Fruit-growing has been undertaken
on a considerable scale, and with every prospect of success.
The pearl fishing industry in the north is an important
source of employment This great colony stretches from
temperate to tropical latitudes. It was in the north of
Western Australia that Grien, otherwise " De Rougemont,"
laid the scene of his romantic adventures. I can vouch for
it that no credence was given in the colonies to his stories ;
and as the cable messages came from London announcing
one marvellous fabrication after another the whole conti-
nent laughed in derision. As soon as the man's portrait
was published he was recognised at once.

It was only in 1890 that constitutional government
was granted to Western Australia. The history of the
colony before 1 890 has yet to be written, and will indeed,
recent as most of it is, take some writing. From the
mutinies, wrecks and maroonings of the early Dutch navi-
gators on the Abrolhos and the like, to the rescue of
Fenian prisoners from Fremantle by the American ship
Catalpa in 1876, and even to the doings of the late Mr
Deeming at Southern Cross, it is full of startling episodes,
though they are mostly tinged with that sordidness which
is somehow a characteristic of Australia — the Whitechapel
of the colonies. Originally considered a dependency of
the Dutch East India Company, and, like New Zealand,
nearly annexed by the French in the early decades of this
century, the colony was planted, at the instance of Captain
Stirling of New South Wales, and Mr Peel, an adventurous
capitalist related to the statesman, in 1829. The plan
of their syndicate was to settle 10,000 emigrants in the
country, who were to grow beef and pork for the Royal
Navy, horses for the Honourable East India Company,
and cotton and tobacco for the world at large, each
on his two hundred acres of land. In return the

18 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

syndicate was to have a proportionate grant of two
million acres for itself. The plan miscarried ; the colony
languished ; even to this day bacon, beef and horses are
imported, and cotton and tobacco are unknown crops ;
and in 1840 a fresh start was attempted, in strict con-
formity this time with the principles of the unspeakable
Wakefield. The failure of the settlement of Australind,
settled on his kid-glove-colony system, is an even better
proof than the Adelaide fiasco of the folly of transplanting
ready-made polities, and of believing that supply will find
its own demand. It is an example, also, of how London
Boards of Directors can wreck their colonial properties by
listening to irresponsible advisers who have " been there."
In 1849 the despairing colonists fell back, for twenty
years or so, on convict labour; and whfgi, in 1870,
Responsible Government, of a sort, was granted. Lord
Carnarvon demurred to making it Representative, on the
ground that, of 8000 adult males in the settlement, 5000
or 6000 had been transported. However, from this time
the colony began to progress. Throughout the 'seventies,
the Forrests and others were adding vast stretches of back
country to its available assets. The picturesque figure of
Sir John Forrest will be well remembered in this country,
where he was a distinguished visitor on the occasion of the
Queen's Jubilee. Sir John is a man of simple and
straightforward speech, of fine physique, and of great
courage. He first became known throughout Australia
as a daring explorer of the great central unknown land,
when, in 1870, he and his brother, Mr Alexander Forrest,
journeyed from Perth to Adelaide, occupying about eight
months in the expedition, travelling through a great deal
of unexplored territory, and examining the whole country
between Esperance Bay and the South Australian border.
The party was accompanied by two aboriginals, one

WESTERN AUSTRALIA 19

of whom claimed, on his return, that he, and not his
white leader, should have been the central figure of the
public reception at Adelaide. " Me take 'em through," he
said. However, Sir John was rewarded by the Government
with jCyS) 3-iid "Billy" had to rest content with a mere
;^I2, I OS. od.

Four years afterwards, the explorer led another, and a
remarkably successful, expedition into the central parts of
the colony, penetrating that immense tract of country
from which flow the Murchison, Gascoyne, Ashburton,
De Grey, Fitzroy, and other rivers falling into the sea on
the western and northern shores of the continent. He
had the disadvantage of travelling with horses instead of
camels ; but he persevered, in spite of immense difficulties,
in a waterless country. He discovered a large area of
rich grazing lands, and gave a full and most valuable
report of the country traversed. The hardships and
dangers still to be encountered in this work of interior ex-
ploration are shown by the fact that two years ago one
branch of an expedition, which made a diversion from the
main body, perished in the desert ; and it was only after
months of search that the bodies were found.

Sir John Forrest was the first Premier of the colony, and
he still holds the position, though, for various reasons,
every one of his colleagues has been changed. He has
been most energetic in pushing forward railways into the
interior of the country, so as to serve the gold fields ;
Menzies, as we have seen, having been reached last year,
and great extensions, to Leonora on the north, and to
Norseman on the south, being on the Government pro-
gramme for this session. One of the prime necessities of
the goldfields is an efficient water supply. When this is
provided, hundreds of mines that are now idle, owing to
the ores being of too low a grade to pay the heavy

20 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

expenses of treatment, will prove to be able to work
at an excellent profit, A great scheme, for which an
expenditure of ;^2, 5 00,000 has been authorised, has
been devised by the engineer-in-chief, Mr O'Connor, and
approved by other engineers of high standing. This
scheme includes the construction of a reservoir to impound
the waters of the Helena River; and its pumping to a height
in the Coolgardie district, and distribution thence by
gravitation. The preliminary works are being carried
out ; but, as faults have been found in the strata where
the reservoir has been started, and as it is no easy matter,
even with the aid of the most powerful pumps, to make
twenty-five million gallons of water daily flow uphill for
several hundred miles, more than two and a half millions
sterling will, probably, be required in the end.

In the period, then, of less than nine years since
Representative Government — a period the latter part of
which has seen the rise of the population from forty to
one hundred and seventy thousand, more than half of
the manhood of which is settled in the desert of the
lately unknown interior, where great mining plants, tele-
phones, electric lights, and palace hotels have replaced
the mia-mias of a few wandering blacks ; and which has
seen the expansion of the revenue from ;^400,ooo to
nearly ;^3,ooo,ooo (;^2,478,ooo for the present financial
year; being ;^2 7 5,9 3 5 less than in the preceding year),
and of trade from ;^2,ooo,ooo to over ;^ 10,000,000 ;
the energies of the Government have been chiefly occu-
pied in pressing matters of administration, in providing
for the necessities of the new-comers, for means of transit
to their homes, and for water for their mines ; in a policy
of works, that is, which has been denounced by those who
have benefited from it as a policy of sop. Hence Western
Australia has not yet had time to devote itself to those

WESTERN AUSTRALIA 21

experiments in democratic goverment which I shall have
occasion to notice in my references to the other colonies.
Considerable opposition was offered in the Imperial Parlia-
ment to granting the demand of the colony for self-
government, and a long agitation was required ^before
that boon was granted. An objection, which seemed
natural on the face of it, was taken to handing over, to
what was practically a mere handful of people, a million
square miles of Territory. But territory is of little value
without population to develop it ; and, under the direct
government of the Crown, Western Australia was making
little if any advance. Wisely, the power of self-goverment
was granted. Nominally, the executive power is vested
in the Governor, who acts upon the advice of a Cabinet
composed of six responsible Ministers. The constitutional
rule, throughout Australia, as in England, is that the
Crown does not act without the advice of the Cabinet ;
and it does not change the Cabinet unless the representa-
tives of the people express a want of confidence in it.

Sir Gerard Smith, K.C.M.G., the present Governor,
was appointed in 1895, and has proved himself to be a
fairly popular representative of her Majesty. He is a
courteous and kindly gentleman ; and a pleasantly fluent
speaker. The social duties of an Australian Governor
are most arduous and exacting ; though not, in ordinary
times, obviously important. He is expected to preside at
all functions, and to visit nearly all the provincial towns on
the occasions of the holding of annual agricultural shows
or races ; which things involve a great deal of travelling,
and a great deal of public speaking. When Lord Hope-
toun was Governor of Victoria, he complained that the
one crumpled rose leaf of his life in that colony was the
fact that he was expected, on all occasions, to " turn on
the tap," meaning the oratorical tap. Sir Gerard Smith

22 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

performs this part of his functions very agreeably and ac-
ceptably ; and if he has had to learn that it is not within
the scope of his commission (as he supposed before he
went out), to attend to the drainage of Coolgardie, he is
probably, on consideration, all the better pleased. At the
same time, it was fortunate for the colony, and particularly
fortunate for its Premier, who had his trade to pick up, that
the difficult period of transition, after self-government was
granted, fell under the administration 'bf the late Sir
William Robinson, who was possibly the best and certainly
the most able of our old school of colonial Governors.

Western Australia, despite its rapid growth, is suffering,
locally, from a severe depression, the reaction from the
recent boom. From a variety of other circumstances, it
is scarcely the place at present for the new settler. It
only remains, therefore, to repeat that the output of gold
has increased from 207,000 ounces, or less than ;^8oo,ooo,
in 1894, to 1,050,183 ounces, or ;^3,990,697, in 1898;
and £2,6^2,g2y for the first six months of 1899; that
most of the dividends come to England (wherefore the
colonists will probably try in the future, like Victoria and
Queensland, to keep their good things to themselves) ;
and to add that, if some mines have been mutilated or
mismanaged, that is perhaps largely because, while in
Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and South
Australia, the consumption />er head />er annuin of liquor
is the equivalent, in proof alcohol, of just about 2 gallons,
and in Tasmania of i J, in Western Australia it amounts
to over 3.

It seems unlikely, on the whole, that this colony, whose
history is entirely different from that of the other side of
Australia, and whose population and economic conditions
are so different, will join the Federal Commonwealth at once,
or without holding out at least for some pledge in regard
to the completion of the Trans-Continental Railway. It is

I

WESTERN AUSTRALIA 23

the object of the great harbour works at Fremantle, and
the settled desire of Sir John Forrest, his Ministers, and
everyone interested in Perth, to make Fremantle the first
and last port of call for the European mail steamers.
The construction of this railway would be a reversion to
the earlier policy of the colony, expressed by a Select
Committee of the Western Australian Parliament in 1884,
and revived by Dr Boyd in 1886 ; from which the
construction of Anthony Hordern's Albany line was a
departure. It is not likely to be attained for a long time
under the Commonwealth, unless a distinct arrangement
is made before federation is concluded, as Adelaide would
probably object ; and by the proposed constitution her
objection would be fatal. Again, it is the desire of the
Minister of Agriculture and the older settlers not to take
any definite step till the local agriculturists have tightened
their hold on the local market, which would mean a delay
of four or five years. Sir John Forrest, on the other
hand, is pledged to refer the question to the people ; and
though it appears that every effort will be made, even by
enfranchising the women of the coastal districts for the
occasion, to counterbalance the preponderant adult male
vote of the goldfields, yet it seems possible that in a
Referendum the voice of the Outlanders, who cannot be
expected as yet to be over-jealous of the special advance-
ment of this colony in particular, will carry the day. But
I will recur to this question in a subsequent chapter. The
draft Commonwealth Bill has been submitted to the criti-
cism of a Select Committee of the local Parliament, and
will go to the people with the Committee's amendments,
if at all. In Western Australia, alone of the Australian
colonies, politicians are unpaid. They are therefore un-
usually independent of their constituents. And the Govern-
ment as a whole, in spite of Sir John Forrest's pledges, is
clearly hostile to Federation,

Chapter II
SOUTH AUSTRALIA

LEAVING Albany by the mail steamer, three days are
occupied in crossing that portion of the Southern
Ocean which is known as the Great Australian Bight ;
three days, usually, of bright sun, leaping porpoises, and
stiff breezes. The Leeuwin, just behind us, is known to
old travellers as one of the most unpleasant corners in
the world. The landing in South Australia is effected at
Largs Bay, whence a run of half an hour by rail brings
one to Adelaide, the capital city of the colony, known
sometimes as the city of churches. I may say at once
that the name South Australia is not at all an appropriate
one, for the colony does not occupy the southernmost
portion of the continent, and its territory stretches right
away to the Gulf of Carpentaria on the north. This
nomenclature is very misleading to residents in Great
Britain, and the most ludicrous mistakes are made in the
addresses of letters intended for the various colonies. Thus,
letters come to Australia addressed, " Melbourne, Victoria,
near Sydney, South Australia," which is just about as
correct as would be the address, " London, England, near
Paris, Ireland."

The frontage, so to speak, of Adelaide to the sea is
distinctly sandy and torrid ; and would be even more
desolate in appearance, if that were possible, than the
coasts of Western Australia. But the city proper is
situated on the Torrens River, about seven miles inland.

SOUTH AUSTRALIA 25

It is in the midst of a broad fertile plain, from which a
few miles northward a range of hills rises abruptly ; these
are ascended by the intercolonial railway. The popula-
tion of the city proper is about 40,000, and including the
suburbs within a ten mile radius it amounts to 130,000.
The colony was founded on the lines of an ideal polity,
the invention, as usual, of Mr Wakefield : and was sub-
sequently reconstructed by circumstances. The capital
was laid out in the year 1837, and named Adelaide by
the special request of King William the Fourth, after his
consort. It is built nearly in the form of a square, and
by the foresight of its surveyor was almost surrounded by
what are termed " park lands " half a mile in width.
There are also five fine squares for ornamental purposes.
The river Torrens, originally a dingy stream, divides the
city into North and South Adelaide, which are connected
by five massive iron bridges. An embankment across the
stream has turned it for a mile or two into a beautiful
sheet of water. The cleanliness of the city is a very
pleasing feature. This effect is heightened by the fact
that a light-coloured stone, of excellent quality for road-
making, is found in abundance in the neighbouring hills. In
hot weather the white appearance of the streets is perhaps
somewhat trying to the eyes, but it strikes the stranger
very agreeably. There is also a perfect system of under-
ground sewage. The streets are straight and broad, and
run at right angles to each other. King William Street
is two chains in width ; and in it the principal buildings
are situated, such as the Town Hall and the Post and
Telegraph Offices. On North Terrace, which overlooks
the river, the Parliament Houses are situated. The fagade
is of white marble, quarried at Kapunda, in the colony.
Here also is situated the Adelaide University and the
Exhibition building ; the latter, a fine structure, erected

26 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

at a cost of ;^5 0,000, to commemorate the jubilee of the
colony in 1887. In the building there is now an interest-
ing museum, and a spacious, well-lighted art gallery, in
which is housed a well-selected collection of valuable pic-
tures. The residence of the Governor also fronts North
Terrace, and stands in spacious grounds. The beautiful
Botanic and Zoological Gardens are close to the city. To
this charming retreat I was attracted early, and fre-
quently returned. The area is about 130 acres ; and
it has been very tastefully laid out, local and tropical
plants being grown in profusion. It is a very popular
resort for the inhabitants, and I need not say is highly
appreciated in summer. For nine months in the year
the climate of Adelaide is very pleasant, but in summer
there is no blinking the fact that it is decidedly hot. The
temperature ranges up to 1 1 o degrees in the shade, and
on rare occasions runs several degrees higher. The air is,
however, very dry, so that this great heat is not oppres-
sive as might be expected. There is an excellent and
abundant water supply, obtained from the Mount Lofty
ranges before mentioned. These latter also form an
agreeable summer retreat, and many of the well-to-do
citizens have residences there.

Passing to political topics, the traveller finds in South
Australia one of the most democratic constitutions in the
world. The colony boasts that it leads the way in
Australia in radical legislation, and runs a dead heat, in
most matters, with New Zealand itself. The boast is
probably justified. Politics, at all events, with church-
going, seem to be the principal recreation of the Adelaide
man, as gambling in Kalgoorlie mining shares is his
business. There are two Houses of Parliament, known
respectively as the Legislative Council and the Legislative
Assembly. For the latter, which is the popular chamber,

SOUTH AUSTRALIA 27

no property qualification whatever is required of either
candidates or electors. The qualifications of a member of
the Council are that he must be thirty years of age, and a
natural-born or naturalised subject of the Queen, and that
he must have been a resident of the district which he
represents at least three years. Electors must have a
freehold of ;^50 value, or a leasehold of ;^20 annual value.
The Council has not the weight nor influence of the unpaid
Upper House of Western Australia, nor of that of Victoria.

For the Assembly no man has more than one vote,
and every man twenty-one years of age who has been for
six months on the roll is allowed the privilege. Three
years ago the franchise was granted to women, and they
now stand on exactly the same footing as men with
regard to voting for members of either House. Not over-
looking the fact that with regard to the exercise of poli-
tical functions married women are at times placed under
a disability, the Act with great and tender foresight pro-
vided another method of recording the votes of those who
are from physical causes unable to go to the poll. The
high hopes entertained by some as to the purifying effect
upon politics of the women's vote, and the fears enter-
tained by others as to evils attendant on its exercise,
have in neither case been realised. Women have voted at
one election, and the result was that no change at all could
be attributed to the effect of their vote. They went to
the poll in large numbers, attracted no doubt by the
novelty of the privilege, but the result was such as would
have been anticipated had men alone voted.

The members, in Adelaide as in the neighbouring
colonies, do a great deal of talking for their ;^300, or
thereabouts, a year ; though there has not been, so far,
fortunately, very much for them to talk about. However,
each community has made courageous efforts to tackle

28 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

the social problem, and many useful lessons may be
picked up by the globe-trotting politician.

The Australian colonies are in the future sure to become
more and more the scene of experimental legislation.
Their government has practically been handed over to the
labouring classes and small shopkeepers, who form the
mass of the community. What is called the Radical
section are almost everywhere in a majority. One colony
is not prepared to learn from another, nor to allow an
experiment to be made elsewhere, and accept or reject it
according to its results after a reasonable trial. So far,
there have been practically no foreign complications to
interfere with free internal evolution, or to distract
attention from the purely economic struggle. Everywhere
the working man has full power, and a very hearty dis-
position, to try all conceivable or suggested means to
better himself. The fact that there are Radical laws on
the statute-book of one colony is the means of raising
a clamour for the adoption of similar measures elsewhere.
Only an extended trial can disclose what the result of any
measure will be, but whatever legislation can do for the im-
provement of the position of the working classes in Australia
will be done. In all the colonies there is a demand for rapid
extension of the functions of the State. The railways are
nearly everywhere the property of the State, and it is now
claimed that the mines should be. The State is expected
to find work for the unemployed, and to dictate a minimum
wage to all its contractors. In all the colonies there is a
demand for the provision of pensions for the aged poor.
In New Zealand such a system has been adopted, and in
some of the other colonies legislation is promised. In
South Australia, as well as in New Zealand, there is a law
by which the State intervenes in labour disputes, hears
evidence, and makes an award. If the award be against the

SOUTH AUSTRALIA 29

employer it may be enforced, unless he chooses to surrender
his business. But it cannot be enforced against the men ; for,
as has been remarked, " you cannot imprison a nation."

Great attention has been given in all the colonies to
the subject of education. Up to a certain age it is given
free by the State ; and children, within certain age-limits,
who are not privately educated, are required to be sent to
the State schools by their parents under pain of increasing
fines for neglect. At the last census there were, in South
Australia, in round numbers, 80,000 children of school-
going age — five to fifteen years : and of these 47,000
were attending State schools and 13,000 private schools.
The system is secular, and four and a half hours a day
are devoted to instruction. Before and after those hours
Bible reading may be given if the parents desire it. When
the education system was established it was decided that
the secular principle was the complement of the com-
pulsory one, for, as children of all sects and of no sect
are compelled to attend school, it was thought that they
should not be forced to receive religious instruction which
would be repugnant to the beliefs of their parents. It
may be mentioned here that the Roman Catholic and the
Orange element is strong in all the colonies. It might
have been thought that this old-world element of discord
would have been left behind or forgotten, but it is not so.
The Roman Catholic vote is a thing to be reckoned with
in all elections, whether they be of committees of charitable
institutions, of municipal councillors, or of legislators.
The orange and green elements are manifested in divisions
in the police force, and in dissensions in the lower ranks
of the public service. It was hoped that if the children
of Roman Catholic and Protestant parents could be mixed
together in the same schools, a mutual feeling of respect
and goodwill would grow up, and the divisions would be

30 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

gradually obliterated. This hope has been largely frus-
trated by the opposition of the Roman Catholics to the
State schools. They assert it as a principle of faith that
religion and education must go together ; and, except in
the remote country districts, they have maintained, at
great cost to themselves, separate schools. They com-
plain bitterly of the injustice of a system by which they
are compelled to pay their share as taxpayers to the
support of schools they cannot take advantage of. There
are constant demands on their part for a separate grant
for their own schools ; demands which have been, so far, in
South Australia at all events, without effect, Thus one
result of a system which, it was hoped, would bring
Roman Catholics and Protestants nearer together has been
to embitter the feeling between them. Though religious
teaching is forbidden, the school books abound in lessons
of a high moral character ; truth, honesty, kindness, in-
dustry', manliness being enjoined on almost every page,
while selections from the best poems of our language are
frequent. Yet, in the net result, it may perhaps be ad-
mitted that the national character, as the native-born
generations, educated on this system, grow up, is showing
signs of a leaning towards the purely materialistic. The
Roman Catholics reap the reward of their devotion, not
in politics nor billet-hunting alone. Protestantism, indeed,
seems rather moribund as a religious force in Australia ;
has in many ways almost become a mere convention of
res*pectability. And the Australian face, which is gener-
ally fairly typified amongst the semi-professional cricketers
who visit England, is perhaps more intelligent than culti-
vated ; as, indeed, is natural in a community where
everything tends to be levelled to a conformity to the
ideals of what, in England would be the lower middle-
class.

SOUTH AUSTRALIA 31

The Right Honourable C. C. Kingston is the Premier
of the Colony, and has occupied that position for nearly
five years. He is a barrister by profession, and has long
been a leading man in South Australian politics. He is
a man of powerful physique, and is considered a forcible
debater. His style is very incisive, and at times his
attacks upon his opponents are so severe that he has
become involved in many bitter personal quarrels. He
is a Radical of a somewhat extreme type in politics, and
has hitherto managed to keep the support of that section
in Parliament which directly represents the labour in-
terests. I also met Mr F. W. Holder, the treasurer, who
is a gentleman of striking personality. He possesses
very wide information, and very considerable powers of
expression. An ardent and powerful supporter of federa-
tion, he has a great belief in the future of Australia, and
has the power of kindling in others his own enthusiasm.
Mr Symon, Q.C., who is not a member of Parliament,
but was elected a member of the recent Federal Con-
vention, is one of the leading figures in the intellectual
life of the Colony. He is a man who would make a
mark anywhere in his profession ; and, though unac-
customed to parliamentary forms, he stepped at once
into a leading position in the deliberations of the
Convention. His Excellency, Lord Tennyson, the son
of the poet, is Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the
Colony, having lately succeeded Sir Thomas Fowell
Buxton. I may mention that the appointment of
Governor carries also that of Commander-in-Chief of
the forces. But the position is practically a nominal
one. The Governor does not directly interfere in the
management of the forces. In this matter, as in all
others relating to the internal affairs of the Colony, he
acts solely upon the advice of his Ministers for the time

32 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

being. The Governor was absent during my visit ; and
Chief Justice Way was acting as Lieutenant-Governor.
It is a position he has often held before : and it is said
that if, under the Federal Commonwealth, the provincial
governors are chosen from amongst Australian notables (a
change which would, in my opinion, be, for many reasons,
highly inadvisable), the Right Hon. Sir S. J. Way, with
Sir John Forrest in West Australia, and Chief Justice
Maddon in Victoria, will be about the first to be offered
the position. Which is perhaps the reason why a clause
has been inserted in the constitution specially incapaci-
tating judges from holding it.

Of course Adelaide is not South Australia, and one
who has a desire to become acquainted with the
resources and the people of the colony must not confine
himself to its metropolis.

When the colony was established in 1836 it com-
prised only about one-third of its present territory, viz.,
the portion lying between the Southern Ocean and the
26th degree of south latitude. But in 1863, the Govern-
ment of the colony having undertaken to found a new
habitation in the northern territory, all that portion of the
colony lying due north of the original grant was added to
the area, which now comprises upwards of 900,000 square
miles. The Northern Territory has never been self-sup-
porting : and in recent times has been rather a hunting-
ground for European concessionaires, who looked forward
to developing it, if at all, with coloured labour. This pro-
cess will probably be put a stop to under the Common-
wealth. The Australian working-man would rather that
his tropical possessions stayed empty for ever, than that
they should support an Asiatic population. The original
settlement in the South, as has been said, was established
on principles eloquently expounded by Mr Edward Gibbon

SOUTH AUSTRALIA 33

Wakefield, who was esteemed a high authority in such
matters. His main idea was to allow Crown lands to be
sold only in limited quantities, and to the favoured few.
The mass of the population was to be kept strictly in the
employ of the members of this artificial landed class, who, by
settlement and high farming, were to be able (how, and by
close recourse to what market, Mr Wakefield never troubled
to explain) not only to pay good wages, but to keep them-
selves in civilised comforts. Nothing was so foreign to
the ideas of this philosopher as to allow every man who
landed in an unpeopled, untamed, and almost unlimited
waste to make the best he could of its vast, though
attenuated, resources. This, however, is precisely what
the new settlers at once attempted, though they set
about it in the least practical of ways, by trying, in
effect, to make a living by taking in each other's washing.
Neglecting to cultivate the soil, about the first thing they
did was to start what is known by a term which is, like
the thing itself, of American origin ; namely a land boom.
Here, said the colonists to themselves, is an enormous
territory. We, the fortunate first-comers, have got posses-
sion of sites which must become extremely valuable when
the colony becomes populated, which will speedily happen.
So they set to work trafficking in allotments of land, which
went up to fancy prices. Large fortunes were made, on
paper ; and all went swimmingly, until before long these
wealthy owners of desirable building-sites found them-
selves on the brink of starvation. No one was producing
anything. Had it not been for the timely arrival of a
shipload of stores, the enterprise would have ended in a
^ terrible disaster. But the danger brought the people to
Ip their senses, and they set to work in earnest. South
Australia is now a great agricultural community, where
it pays to harvest a crop of wheat of no more than
c

34 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

five bushels to the acre ; but where the average produc-
tion is considerably more than that, for the colony com-
prises a very large area of splendid wheat-growing land.
The cheap system of cultivation and harvesting which is
carried on enables the farmer to make good profits from
light crops. The land is more fertile than, and as easily
tilled as, the prairies of Western America, while a cheaper
system of harvesting is adopted. The peculiar dryness of
the air enables the stripper, which is a combined reaping
and threshing machine ; to be used, while on the Ameri-
can prairies the grain has to be reaped, bound, stooked,
carted and threshed. There is no winter such as is known
in Europe ; but May to September are practically
the spring, and October, November and December the
summer or harvest months. The drawback to produc-
tion is the deficient or uncertain rainfall. A great deal
of the northern territory is sterile, uninviting desert, which
will possibly never be of any service ; but there are also
great breadths of pastoral and agricultural land ; and the
tapping in recent years of vast stores of artesian water in
the northern parts of Queensland and South Australia
gives hopes that, in a not distant future, the periodical
Australian droughts will be deprived of their terrors,
for the farmers will be able to keep their cattle and
sheep alive. Already in Queensland there are bores
sunk which give a total flow of artesian water of
upwards of 200,000,000 gallons per day, and authorities
speak of the supply as being practically inexhaustible.
Great rivers sink almost away in the interior plains ; for
instance, it is said that the Darling River carries into the
Murray only one-sixteenth of the water which it receives
in its course. In the discovery and use of these sub-
terranean resources lies one of the greatest hopes for the
future development of the vast central area of Australia.

SOUTH AUSTRALIA 35

There is no great chain of mountain ranges to gather the
surplus moisture in the form of snow, and send it down to
the parched plains just at the time it is required for irriga-
tion and pastoral purposes. But there are vast elevated
table lands, composed of porous material, which receive
the semi-tropical downpour of rain that finds its way in
great subterranean channels across the continent to the
southern sea. And it is these stores which are now being
tapped with so much advantage.

All the colonies have passed through a most disastrous
period of drought during the last four years, and con-
sequently the pastoral and agricultural interests have
suffered severely. About one and a half million acres
are put under wheat every year in South Australia ; and
in ordinary seasons a yield of eight to ten bushels per acre
may be anticipated. This, of course, returns a handsome
profit to the farmer ; but during recent years, for the
reason stated, the average yield has sunk below the
remunerative point, viz., to a little over four bushels to
the acre. The wheat, on account of the heat and dry-
ness of the climate, makes a very high quality of flour ;
and, therefore, it realises the best price in the world's
markets, fetching in the London market, like the Victorian
article, considerably more than English, Indian, American,
or New Zealand produce.

The soil and climate are exceedingly well suited for
the growth of the vine, the fig, and the olive. The wine
industry has already attained considerable proportions.
The soil is nearly everywhere a rich red alluvium, over-
lying limestone, and upon this latter the vine flourishes
luxuriantly. There are about 18,000 acres of vines in
full bearing, mostly in the warmer districts, which produce
a rich full-bodied wine. But in the cooler portions of
the colony, towards the south, and in some of the hilly

36 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

districts, the more delicate clarets and hocks are pro-
duced. If a thoroughly profitable export trade can be
established, there will be an almost illimitable field
for its development, for almost all over the colony
vines grow freely. Already these wines are becoming
known in the English market, about 300,000 gallons
being exported annually. The orange also grows well ;
and within a few miles of the city luxuriant groves may
be reached, where the rich yellow fruit is seen shining in
abundance through the dark glossy leaves. Olive oil of
good quality is manufactured, and the dull sage-green
foliage is to be seen on every hand, for the tree is largely
cultivated. Once started, it seems to grow without
further trouble. Of course, the local demand is limited ;
and up to the present the oil has not been manufactured
to such an extent as to enable it to compete outside the
colony with the product of the south of Europe, or rather
with that cotton-seed oil which is commonly sold as Italian
to the undiscriminating Briton. What can be done with
olive oil in Australia has been shown in the neighbouring
colony, at Perth, where the Roman Catholic Bishop lately
sold and shipped a limited quantity, for flavouring pur-
poses, to Italy itself; a method of sending "coals to
Newcastle" which is not without its parallel elsewhere
in Australia, as we shall presently see. But, in indus-
tries such as these, cheap labour is the great essential :
and it is a satisfactory thing, after all, that labour can-
not be obtained at the same rate here as in European
countries.

The mineral wealth of South Australia is not so
important a factor in the community's wealth as in some
of the other colonies ; but in the early days some of the
richest copper mines of the world were discovered and
worked here. The famous Burra Burra mine yielded

SOUTH AUSTRALIA 37

10,000 tons of pure copper in three years, and even
better results were obtained from the Wallaroo and
Moonta mines. For some time, the price of copper
having fallen, the industry was practically non-existent, but
the recent sharp revival has brought about a very different
state of things. The two last-named properties are again
working to a profit, and many old mines have been
revived, and new ones opened in the Far North.
Smelting is carried on very economically and profit-
ably near the coast : and large quantities of refrac-
tory gold ores from Kalgoorlie have been sent here
in preference to Cardiff, though, once on shipboard,
their additional freight to Wales would have been of
small moment.

There is a public debt of ;^2 3,000,000, which is at the
rate of £^2 per head of the population, and the annual
interest-charge is ;^940,ooo. About ;^ 12,000,000 has
been expended in railways and tramways, and there has
also been large expenditure in harbour improvements and
other public works. The colony bears its heavy burden
manfully. There lies before it the hope of a steady and
prosperous future ; for, with its enormous areas of rich
soil, it may expect to support a very large population in
comfort, if not in affluence. The present population is
about 320,000, but there would be no difficulty in
feeding ten times as many in this fertile land. Yet there
is no prospect, at present, of assisted immigration. This
is a " means of betterment " which fails to appeal just
now to the mind of the South Australian working-man.
He sees in it, indeed, chiefly a means of increasing com-
petition in his labour market. And upon the whole, the
young adventurer, the capitalist, and the farmer who
insists on changing his sky, will perhaps be wise if they
give South Australia the go-by ; not because it is not a

38 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

possible, though democratic, paradise, but because they
can do better elsewhere.

The trade of South Australia, in common with that of
the rest of the colonies, is now showing strong signs of
recovery. During 1897-98 imports decreased in com-
parison with the previous year to the extent of ;^93S,ooo,
and exports by ;^79 1,000, giving a total shrinkage of
trade of ;^ 1,7 3 6,000. During the last twelve months
imports have increased by ;^2 8,000 and exports by
;!{^684,ooo, an advance, in all, of ;^7 12,000.

Chapter III
VICTORIA

THE journey from Adelaide to Melbourne, the capital
city of the Colony of Victoria, or the Cabbage
Garden, as I heard a candid, but, I fear, jealous, Sydney
man name it, can be made either by train or steamer ; and,
as time was an object to me, I chose the former method.
The train leaves Adelaide about seven o'clock in the
evening, and arrives in Melbourne shortly before noon the
next day; the length of the journey being 483 miles,
196 of which are in South Australian territory, and the
remainder in Victoria. Sleeping berths were provided,
and the trip was most comfortably made. Our colonies
are famous for their hospitality, and do not belie their
reputation. On my arrival I was presented with a free
pass over all the railways, and in many other ways during
my visit I had proof of the proverb that a prophet hath
least honour in his own country. These free passes,
however, are taken quite as a matter of course by Colonial
politicians ; every sitting member in each of the provincial
Parliaments wearing a gold token on his watch-chain,
which entitles him to free transit not only over the
Government lines of his own colony, but (by courtesy)
over those of the whole continent. The privilege was
considerably abused at one time, and was even extended
to the wives and other connections of the members.
During the first few miles of the journey the scenery is
very picturesque, for the line climbs the Mount Lofty

89

40 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

range by a circuitous route. Deep ravines are crossed
on lofty iron bridges, and the shoulders of the hills are
tunnelled through frequently ; so that the scene is con-
stantly changing, and one passes from an extended view
of the great plain on which Adelaide is situated, with the
city in the middle distance and the Southern Ocean
beyond, into total darkness, to emerge a minute later
and catch a passing glimpse of a long winding mountain
gorge.

Sixty miles from Adelaide the river Murray is crossed.
It is a slowly flowing river of about one-third of a mile
in breadth, and of about 1,700 miles total length. It
is navtgable for steamers for the greater part of its course,
considerable sums of money having been spent by the
three colonies of South Australia, Victoria, and New
South Wales, through the respective borders of which it
flows, in " snagging " ; that is to say, in clearing from its
bed the huge red gum trees which have fallen into its
waters. The red gum is a valuable species of eucalyptus,
very tough and durable, from which the felloes of wheels
are made. It is also one of the most lasting timbers
known for pier building. These trees grow close to the
banks of the river, and, being gradually undermined as
the earth is washed from their roots, they fall in and
become what is known as a " snag." The word has been
given a wider meaning, and a politician, for instance, who
has been baulked in some efibrt is said to have run
against a snag. Too many snags spoil the politician.
The control of the Murray River and its tributaries
formed one of the great inducements to (as well as
one of the difficulties in the way of) federation ; the
apportionment of the respective rights of New South
Wales, Victoria, and South Australia to draw off water
for irrigating and other purposes having given rise

VICTORIA 41

to bitter disputes. New South Wales is said to have
threatened to cut off the stream at the head, and
Victoria claimed some credit for not intercepting the
whole supply before it reached Adelaide. But of these
things I shall have to speak in dealing with Federation
as a whole.

The principal town through which the train passes on
the way to Melbourne is Ballarat, where I broke my
journey ; famous in the gold-digging days, and contesting
with the equally well-known Bendigo the honour of being
the chief provincial centre of Victoria. It has a popula-
tion of about 40,000. This place was in 1 8 5 i and the
years immediately following one of the richest alluvial
goldfields in Australia. It was here that the diggers
took up arms to resist what they considered an unjust tax
imposed upon them. The famous Eureka stockade was
formed, which was carried by storm by the police and
troops and forty or fifty miners were killed. The whole
dispute really took its rise in the unnecessarily rough
treatment meted out to the diggers by the police. All
over the Anglo-Saxon world both police and wardens
have learned to understand diggers better since then ;
and it is probable that the Ballarat riot, if handled
properly, would have been no more serious than the
manifestation which occurred at Kalgoorlie some two
years ago. Peter Lalor, an Irishman, the leader of the
insurgents, lost an arm in the fight. A price was put
on his head, but he evaded arrest, and lived to become
Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. A statue of him
now stands in the main street of Ballarat. Ballarat has
been a great gold producer from its discovery to the
present time, and has produced, from first to last, over
seventy-two millions sterling in gold. Its deep leads, or
buried auriferous river-beds, are examples of cheap

42 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

mining ; twenty of the leading properties having returned
amongst them ;^6,ooo,ooo, and having paid two and a
half millions in dividends, while making calls of only half
a million. The chief mining here, however, is in quartz.
So heavily impregnated with gold is the water in the
deep levels of these Victorian mines that the old hands
working in them have a superstition that, when exhausted,
a level has only to be left unpumped for a few years to
be worth working again ; and some barrels of water taken
from below, hermetically sealed and shipped to Paris, are
recorded, when opened after a storage of some years, to
have been found to have precipitated several nuggets.
Ballarat, which is a most unusually clean and pleasant
place for a mining town, is remarkable chiefly for its
wide, tree-planted streets and for the municipal lake of
Wendouree. An economical town-councillor, criticising a
proposal to beautify this lake by procuring some gondolas
to float on its waters, is said innocently to have proposed
to " get a pair of them and trust to Nature." As the
centre of a large and very flourishing agricultural and
pastoral district, Ballarat is not dependent on mining
alone, but has as its near neighbours the farmers of the
forest of Bungaree, as well as being within an (Australian)
day's drive of the famous and hospitable squatters of
Colac. It was the former whom the present Mayor of
one of the municipalities into which, according to
Australian custom, the place is divided, immortalised,
when he thundered at an excited meeting, during a
Parliamentary election, as " Men of Ballarat, and savages
of Bungaree ! " And it was not so very far from here
that a weary sundov.'ner, disgustedly conscious of the
failure of his most lurid adjectives to convey the full
tedium of his dusty tramp from the one town to the
other, started a new vogue in colonial swearing by sand-

VICTORIA 43

wiching his oaths. He had walked all the (bloomin')
way, he said, from Dim - (dam) - boola to Warrackna-
(bloomin')-beal. The Botanical Gardens are decorated
with marble statuary, bequeathed to the city, for the
most part, by mining speculators. One group, the Flight
from Pompeii, by Benzoni, cost over ;^4000.

A journey of about sixty miles further lands one in
Melbourne, one of the two principal cities south of the
Equator. It was named after Lord Melbourne, who was
Prime Minister of England at the time it was founded,
in the year 1836. It had then only a handful of enter-
prising settlers, and its remarkable growth has been one
of the wonders of the century ; for in fifty years it has
developed into a city of nearly half a million inhabitants,
with property of the net annual value of ;^i 5,000,000.
The latest estimate, for 1897, gives the population of
Melbourne and suburbs at 458,610 (as against Sydney's
417,250). During the boom period of a few years ago
it rose to 470,000. But the burst of the land boom
was followed by the reconstruction of the Banks : and it
will be long before rents, even near the centre of the
city, recover themselves, for the simple reason that its
suburbs are full of empty houses and shops.

One of the first things that struck me in Melbourne
was the splendid means of communication, throughout the
whole place, in its .system of tramways, the best, and
the most costly, in the world ; far superior to anything
we can show in England, and only paralleled by the
similar system in San Francisco. We are not likely
to see anything like it in England, in any case. For
this was an extravagant luxury of the boom times ; and
both Sydney and Perth, in choosing their new tram
systems, have bowed to the demonstrated fact that
electricity, while nearly as good, is much cheaper than

44 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

the cable system to instal. The cars run through all the
principal streets, communicating with the various suburbs,
and they take you, apparently, anywhere for threepence.
(A threepenny bit used to be the smallest coin in cir-
culation in Melbourne.) There is a double line of rails,
and I ascertained that there are now 54 miles of this
double track in operation. The cars are neat structures,
and are fitted with perforated wooden seats. One car
is enclosed and one open ; they start and stop without
a jerk ; they glide into almost instant motion at the
highest speed compatible with safety ; they are cool, and
clean ; and they are in every way suitable to the climate,
and have proved very popular since running was com-
menced twelve years ago. The motive power is an
underground cable, worked by large stationary engines
about midway along each journey. I visited some of
the engine-houses, and saw the splendid machinery, the
enormous wheels round which the cable revolves, and
the great engines doing their work almost silently. One
objection to the cable system of cars is that if there
is an accident to the machinery, or if a cable breaks, the
whole of the cars on the line are stopped till the repairs
are effected. When first the lines were opened, there
were occasionally such stoppages, causing inconvenience
to travellers, who, depending on them to reach a railway
terminus to take perhaps a long journey, were disap-
pointed. But now, I am informed, owing to the greater
experience of the drivers (or "gripmen," as they are
called), stoppages are unknown, and the ordinary citizen
relies on his tramcar with as much confidence as, and
perhaps more than, on his train. The company has in
use over 90 miles of wire rope, costing about ;^40 per
ton. The total amount expended on tramway construc-
tion was ;^ 1, 600,000. The company obtained running

VICTORIA 45

[powers over the streets from Parliament for thirty years.
At the end of the lease the lines become the property
of the various municipalities, without any charge, excepting
that the tram stables have to be taken over at a valuation.
Twelve years of the lease have now expired, so that in
eighteen years this magnificent revenue-producing property
will pass to the municipalities. As the income from
traffic receipts amounts to over ;^3 30,000 a year, and the
working expenses to less than ;^2 00,000, the wisdom of
the policy which dictated these terms in favour of the
municipalities will be at once apparent. The company
sets apart a certain amount of its revenue for a sinking
fund, so that at the end of its term its debt will be
liquidated.

The streets of Melbourne are broad and straight, and
hence they are well suited to the tram traffic. The main
streets are 99 ft. in width, and between each two of
those broad thoroughfares runs a narrow one, which bears
the name of the principal street, with the prefix " little "
added — as Collins Street, " Little Collins Street " ; Bourke
Street, " Little Bourke Street " ; and the like. Until a few
years ago, many of the relics of the very early days could
be seen in the streets, small and dilapidated weatherboard
shops holding their place in the midst of more pretentious
structures. But within the last twelve years a great por-
tion of the city has been rebuilt, and only a few of these
antiquities can now be discovered. The other extreme
has, indeed, been reached, for there are no by-laws of the
city regulating the height of buildings, and therefore there
was no restraint upon the builders, who, during the boom
period, ran up structures from 90 ft. to 100 ft. high, and
of ten to twelve stories. These stand up like towers here
and there, and are a disfigurement to the architecture
of the city, which, as a general rule, is very handsome

46 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

and stately. There are many fine buildings, both for
business and public purposes. The Town Hall is a
large edifice, occupying a central position : and the city
appears to be thoroughly well governed ; — to be proud of
and contented with the dignified and efficient traditions
of its mayor and councillors, who, while occasionally, per-
haps, using municipal politics as a stepping-stone to public
life, have never allowed their desire for popularity to over-
ride their duty to the ratepayers. No scandals as to
corruption of municipal officers or councillors have oc-
curred. The streets are well kept and well lighted.
Electric lighting companies commenced the work ; but
recently the city established a plant of its own, and it
has now made arrangements to buy out the private com-
panies, and to supply electricity not only for street lighting
but for private use.

Melbourne has an abundant water supply ; a matter of
the very first concern in a warm climate. It was carried
out by the Government at a cost of about three and a half
millions, and was a splendidly paying concern. So lavish
is the use of water that it was stated that, during one very
hot day of my stay, the consumption rose to 1 20 gallons
per head of the population, without exhausting the supply.
A great work now in progress is the sewage of the city.
This is being carried out by a specially constituted au-
thority named the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of
Works, upon which all the municipalities are represented.
The Melbourne water supply was handed over to it, Yan
Yean reservoir and all, together with the responsibility for
;^2,400,ooo borrowed by the Government for the con-
struction of additional works. At the time this was handed
over, it was thought that there would be sufficient surplus
revenue from the water to enable the sewerage to be effected
without any additional rate ; but this has proved to be too

VICTORIA 47

sanguine a view, and an additional rate of one shilling in
the pound will be required on all the sewered portions of
the city. The works are now well advanced, and parts of
the city are already connected with the sewers.

It is a curious fact that several of the suburbs of Mel-
bourne, being anxious, in the boom times, to borrow money
(as, being separate municipalities they were entitled to do),
changed their names, apparently for the benefit or convic-
tion of the British investor — as, for example, from Sand-
ridge and Emerald Hill to Port Melbourne and South
Melbourne. It might almost be hoped that they will
now, having achieved their end, go back, like Sandhurst,
which is now once more Bendigo, to their older titles.

Lord Brassey is Governor of Victoria, and he resides in
a large mansion near the city, in the midst of well laid-out
grounds. Government House is quite a landmark, for it
is situated on an eminence, from whence it can be seen for
miles. Lord Brassey still indulges his taste for the sea.
He performed a noteworthy feat of seamanship in sailing
out to take up his duties in his fine yacht, the Sunbeam.
He also owns a smaller boat, and is president of the
principal sailing club. He is noted for his many and
weighty speeches on a wide range of topics. As the leader
of society in Victoria, Lady Brassey is very popular.

There are, as is usual in the colonies, two Houses of
Parliament ; the Legislative Assembly being the popular
chamber, and the Legislative Council the representative of
property and stability. It is in fact the ratepayers' house,
as only owners of property to the extent of ;^io annual
value, and lessees of £2$ annual value, have votes. For
the Assembly every ratepayer has a vote, and also every
male person of the age of twenty-one years, who has been
resident for one year, and takes out an elector's right.
The members of the Assembly are paid ;^300 a year each

48 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

for their services, and this payment of members is universal
throughout the colonies, except, as has been said, in
Western Australia. The absence of a leisured class has
made the practice almost a necessity. Yet it is worthy of
remark that the "amateur," or unpaid, politicians of
Western Australia are almost a by-word, at the moment,
amongst their fellows, for what is held to be their excessive
astuteness and tenacity in safeguarding the interests of
their own colony. The amount of the payment varies in
the different colonies ; and it will, we may hope, be
readjusted, or abolished, after Federation. Members of
the Federal Parliament will be paid ;^400.

The Right Honourable Sir George Turner, who is
Premier, has held office for over four years. It is a matter
worthy of note that existing Ministries in all the colonies
have been in possession of power for an unusually long
time ; almost all for over four years, some for over five. The
average duration of Ministries in the past has been much
shorter than this. In South Australia it was about ten
months only ; in Victoria about eighteen months. Whilst
I was in Melbourne a Ministerial crisis arose, chiefly
because the Premier lost his temper ; but within twenty-
four hours all was arranged, and peace reigned supreme
once more. These longer-lived Ministries have been
coincident with the period of depression, except in the
case of Western Australia, where Sir John Forrest's
extraordinary tenure of power, which he has held ever
since the colony obtained self-government, is perhaps
chiefly due to the fact that no one has come forward to
replace him. Elsewhere, political differences have been for
the time laid aside, in order that Ministries which have in-
stituted a steady course of retrenchment should have a
fair opportunity to carry out their reforms. A policy of
retrenchment is, however, one of which democracies soon

I

VICTORIA 49

tire ; and already what is termed a bold progressive policy
has been forced upon the Victorian Government. A loan
of two and a half millions has been authorised, one million
of which is for expenditure in railway construction and
other public works, and the remainder for the conversion
of a loan of one and a half millions, falling due in 1899.
Sir George Turner is of a retiring disposition, hating all
the public appearances necessary in connection with his
position. He is a very hard worker, a great master
of detail, and a plain, straightforward, lucid speaker,
making no pretentions to the name of orator. In politics,
like Mr Reid, the late Sir Henry Parkes, or, for that
matter, most successful Australian Premiers, he may be
termed an opportunist, having no definite or far-reaching
views, but being quick to discern and follow the move-
ments of public opinion. Many of his friends have stated
that, if he followed his own judgment, he would not
advocate a return to a free expenditure upon public
works ; and, indeed, most of his past utterances belie his
present action. But if he had not proposed such a policy,
some one else would have done so ; and he bows to the
public will. When I ventured to remark to a Victorian
politician that possibly it would have been more honest
had the Government had the courage of their opinions,
I was told, and I am bound to admit, with some justi-
fication, that people who lived in glass houses should not
throw stones. It seems likely, in view of the eclipse
of Mr Reid, that Sir George Turner will be the first
Premier of the Commonwealth.

In Victoria the policy of Protection has been carried to
as great an extreme as it has reached in any part of the
world. Sir Graham Berry, formerly Premier for several
years, more recently Agent-General in England, and after-
wards Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, built his

D

60 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

reputation upon the advocacy of Protection. So far was
this policy carried that "ad valorem" duties of from 50
to 60 per cent were placed upon many articles, whilst the
fixed duties often reached as high as 150 to 200 per
cent. This created a reaction, and some of the duties
have been modified in recent years ; but still they are
higher than in any Australian colony. The promises held
out when the policy was introduced have not been carried
out, and the bright hopes entertained have not been ful-
filled. Victoria is a colony of such great natural resources
that it was bound to progress in spite of its Protectionist
tariff rather than because of it. Sir Graham Berry pro-
mised thirty years ago that he would make the colony
a paradise for the working man. If it is so, then the
working man does not realise his privileges, for nowhere
in Australia is there greater discontent ; whilst the problem
of what to do with the unemployed is always present
It is a theme of constant discussion in Parliament, and
the renewal of a borrowing policy is mainly justified
on the plea that work must be found for the workless.
There is an Anti-Sweating League in Melbourne, which
is mainly composed of members of the Protectionist
Association, and the deliverances of the same men in
their different capacities are strikingly inconsistent. On
the one hand they claim that Victoria owes almost
everything it possesses to the Protectionist policy, which
has been a brilliant success. On the other hand they
present reports of misery and destitution amongst factory
workers, of unconscionably long hours and wretchedly
poor pay, which could not be exceeded in heart-rending
detail in the thickly populated lands of Europe.

Victoria has one of the most severe Factories Acts
which have ever been enacted. Boards are appointed to
fix rates of remuneration in various trades, such as furni-

k

VICTORIA 51

ure, boot and shoe-making, clothing, and white work. No
one is permitted to work outside a factory without receiv-
ing a permit from the chief inspector. The competition of
the alien races is most severely restrained. One Chinaman
working at the furniture trade is by law a factory, and is
treated, and inspected, as such. The effect of all this legis-
lation has been to make the condition of the slow, the aged,
or the unhealthy workman worse than ever, the tendency
being to drive all factories to employ only the best hands.
It does not pay them to find room for the slow at piece-
work, and factories are not allowed to give the work out
except under stringent conditions. When a minimum
weekly or daily wage is fixed, as it is in some cases, only
those who are well worth that wage are employed, and
inferior or slow workmen have been driven out of work
altogether, in spite of their piteous appeals to be allowed
to earn what they can, and in spite of the reluctance of
humane employers to refuse work to such cases. So great
was the cruelty in many instances that the Chief Secretary
has been obliged to break his own law, or to wink at its
evasions. But the cry is for still more legislation, and
just before the last session closed a Bill was introduced
which provided that, where the door of any shop was
found to be open after the closing hours fixed by law,
the occupier should be deemed to be selling after hours,
and be required to prove a negative to avoid a fine. At
this proposal the Assembly revolted, and it was struck
out ; for it was pointed out that in hundreds of cases in
the metropolis the front door of the shops is the only safe
entry, after nightfall, to the dwelling attached. The
dominion of the petty inspector is rapidly extending and
becoming more burdensome. Whenever he finds a diffi-
culty in obtaining a conviction, he asks for an amendment
of the law ; but fortunately there is a point at which the

52 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

common sense of the community revolts, as in the in-
stance given.

The reason Protection has obtained such sway in
Victoria is that it secured the adherence of the work-
ing classes, being at the outset advocated by Liberal
politicians : thus it came to be regarded as the Liberal
policy. In New South Wales the reverse happened.
And there the working men are clamorous in their de-
fence of their favourite doctrine of Free-trade. Nothing
is more surprising, to the traveller, than to hear the
working men of Melbourne " boo-hoo " whenever Free-
trade is mentioned, and to hear the same class of men
in Sydney cheer it lustily. The truth is that in Australia
the question has never become one of principle, but has
been considered rather, as, after all, perhaps, it ought to
be, as a matter, for the balance of local and immediate
expediencies. Both parties are gratified by the arrange-
ment come to for the Federal Commonwealth : which
provides for Protection against the outside world, and for
Inter-Colonial Free-trade.

A law which has been found to work well in Victoria
is that which enables the Government credit to be made
use of to provide money at a cheap rate for settlers who
have security to offer. Commissioners are appointed to
administer the Act ; they make advances up to two-thirds
of the value of freeholds at 3 per cent, with a small
amount for a sinking fund added, the repayments being
spread over a long series of years. The system has been
in operation for several years, and hundreds of thousands
of pounds have been thus advanced ; whilst the default has
been so small as not to be worth mentioning, though the
colony has been passing through a period of prolonged
drought. The working of the Act is strictly guarded
from political interference.

VICTORIA 53

Large areas of the best lands of the colony were
bought up in the early days and formed into great
grazing stations. Natural causes are gradually operating
to break up these large estates. Fathers die, and, as
there is no entail, the land is divided amongst their sons ;
while some owners are tempted into disastrous speculations
in great sheep stations in the far north of the continent,
and are obliged to sell to meet their engagements. It
is thought, however, that the process of disintegration is
too slow, and provision has been made in a Land Bill
just passed to allow the Government to make pur-
chases of land where the owner is willing, and then to
lease or sell it on long terms in small farms to persons
who will put it to a profitable use. A similar practice
obtains, as we shall see, in New Zealand, Queensland, and
elsewhere. It was proposed to give the power of com-
pulsory purchase, but this was fiercely combatted in the
Lower House, and rejected by an overwhelming majority
in the Council. The Legislative Council of Victoria is
probably the most powerful institution in the Australian
colonies. The weight and local influence of its members
makes it impregnable to the assaults of the demagogue :
and not on this occasion only has it been able to save
private rights from unnecessary spoliation. At the same
time, there is no doubt that the future, in Victoria, is
with the small holding. The real founder of Victoria,
Mr Henty, was also its first agriculturist : whose plough
is preserved in Melbourne as a sacred relic to this day.
But the pastoralist, naturally, had the first innings ; and
the day of mining and its attendant commerce followed.
Agriculture has been progressing less and less slowly
during the last quarter of a century : but it may be said
to be still only in its initial stage ; a fact which no one
appreciates more clearly than Mr Taverner, the energetic

54 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

Minister of Agriculture, Measuring about 420 miles
from east to west, by 250 from north to south, with an
area, roughly, of 88,000 sq. miles, Victoria is the smallest
colony on the continent, its area being about equal to that
of Great Britain. One thirty-fourth part of Australia, it
contains one-third of her inhabitants ; and has a density of
population equal to thirteen and a half souls to the sq. mile
as against four and a quarter in New South Wales, and one
in the colonies as a whole. Of a total of 1,170,000 souls,
(65 per cent, of whom are native-born Australians, a mere
215,000 being British, and 85,000 Irish), 458,000 are set-
tled in Greater Melbourne : leaving for the country districts
but little more than 700,000, of whom half are females.
350,000 males, then, had, in 1898, 3,240,000 acres
under cultivation of some sort, as cultivation is under-
stood in Australia, out of a total territory of 88,000 sq.
miles ; turning out in agricultural produce the equivalent
of five millions sterling, and in pastoral (to leave mining
for the present out of the account) seven and a half
millions. It will be profitable to turn aside for a moment
to consider the history of the Hen ties. In Horsefield's
History of Sussex^ it is written : — " In the year 1 796,
Thomas Henty, Esq., purchased the demesne lands in
this parish (West Tarring), consisting of 281 acres. . . .
The breed of merino sheep has been brought by Mr
Henty to great perfection, and from his flock many have
been sent to New South Wales." Mr Henty, we have
it on good authority, took first prize wherever he ex-
hibited his sheep in England, till at last he became an
exhibitor merely for honour, being barred from taking
prizes, on account of the immense superiority of his
sheep over those of any other flock in Great Britain.
His flock, which was formed with pure merinoes from
that kept by H.M. George III., was sent out in part to

I

VICTORIA 55

Western Australia ; where James Henty took up a loca-
tion of 1500 acres in 1829, But the early months of
settlement on the Swan were full of wet, misery, and
blundering ; scab, and discouragement. The merinoes,
which were in charge of Mr Henty 's sons, did not thrive
on the salt-bush of Fremantle. They were shipped to
Tasmania in the Cornwallis, where they were joined by
Mr Henty himself with the rest of the flock. Dissatisfied
with Western Australia; finding both Colonies full of scab;
and unable, again, to obtain certain lands he had been
promised in Tasmania, Mr Henty sailed in 1834 for
Portland Bay, on the Australian main, in what was then
an unknown land, where he was free from neighbours,
disease, and Government interference. And this was
the real foundation of Victoria ; though Batman sailed
also from Tasmania next year in the schooner Rebecca^
ascended and named the Yarra, and tried to buy the
site of Melbourne for thirty tomahawks, some trousers,
and 100 lbs, of flour. It was Henty's merinoes, bred
on the pastures of the Western District, that stamped
Port Phillip wool, as the most valuable wool in the world,
with a primacy which it still retains ; though MacArthur's
sheep from the Cape, connected, by the way, with that
same flock of George HI.'s, had reached New South
Wales in 1797. The great flats and rolling downs of
Colac and Camperdown were marked out and occupied
by the Robertsons and other allied families, mostly of
Tasmanian extraction ; and Victoria was a land of flocks
and herds for many a day to come. Henty, indeed,
tried agriculture, as his plough is there to testify : but
the Henties tried everything, — many things which are
now forgotten included, — such as whaling, which they
carried on with success from Portland as well as in
Western Australia. Even the gold rush, which gave

56 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

a market to the graziers, rather discouraged agriculture,
until the decay of mining, in the period of transition
from alluvial to reefing, before the value of the deep
levels was established, threw some of the miners back
upon the cultivation of the soil. The separation of
the colony from New South Wales was obtained by
great efforts. It was held that, being a remote dis-
trict, it was neglected. So keen did the feeling become
that the electors of Port Phillip District, as Victoria was
then called, refused to send an actual representative to the
Sydney Parliament, and elected Earl Grey, who was then
Secretary of State for the Colonies, as their member.
This drew pointed attention to the grievances of the
settlers, and the Privy Council decreed the separation of
the present colony from the parent stem, the river Murray
becoming the boundary. It is alleged that it was owing to
a mistake of a clerk in the office of the Secretary of State
for the Colonies in writing " Murray " instead of " Mur-
rumbidgee " — (perhaps he found the former easier to spell)
— that the Murrumbidgee was not made the boundary,
that being the original intention. This would have given
Victoria a large additional extent of fertile land ; and she
was left with a hankering for extensions even so lately as
the 'eighties, when there was still talk of the Debateable
Land on the South Australian boundary, and a vague
notion of annexing the Riverina was a constant source
of alarm to New South Wales. However, at the time,
so delighted were the colonists with their success, that
Separation Day was proclaimed a public holiday : and
it was continually observed as such until a few years ago,
when it seemed so inconsistent with the desire for federa-
tion to be still celebrating separation that the day was
taken out of the list of public holidays.

It was the discovery of gold in 1851 which sent the

VICTORIA 57

colony forward by leaps and bounds, attracting population
from all parts of the world. I cannot retell that old story,
but let it be stated that from that time to the present over
63,000,000 ounces of gold have been produced in the
colony, of the value of ^250,000,000, and gold produc-
tion is still going on at the rate of 800,000 ounces a year.
Bendigo is the main gold-producing centre, after Ballarat ;
having a record of some fifty odd millions sterling. It
has been frequently alleged that Lord Salisbury was once
a digger on the Bendigo goldfield, and it is undoubtedly
a fact that he visited the colony in the height of the gold
fever. Some few years ago a colonist wrote to the Prime
Minister on the subject, and received a reply stating that
Lord Robert Cecil certainly visited the colony, and that
he journeyed to the goldfield, and stayed there as a guest
of a Government officer. But his residence, unfortunately
for the tradition, was for a few days only ; and he could
have seen little of the practical side of mining. Bendigo
is a most important provincial centre, having a population,
as we have seen, of about 40,000. The deepest gold mine
in the world is in this district ; Mr Lansell, a wealthy
and public-spirited mine owner, having sunk a shaft to a
depth of 3350 feet, practically two-thirds of a mile, and
at that great depth the mine is still auriferous. There are
eleven other mines in Bendigo which have been sunk over
2400 feet — five of them are down to the 3000 feet level
and over ; and mining will probably be possible at 4000
feet, so far as the heat of the rock is concerned. There
are many other private mine owners in Victoria, though
Mr Lansell is by far the most successful and best known.
The industry, so far, has been carried on, fortunately for
the colony, as is the case with Queensland mining, almost
entirely with locally-provided capital. The Victorian
bred manager is perhaps rather given to the rule-of-thumb,

58 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

and has been supplemented or superseded, in the great
mines of Western Australia, by engineers of American
experience and training, and by mining chemists from
Germany. But, both for prospecting for reefs, and for
" following the gold " in the earlier stages of a mine's
development, it is probable that Victoria is the true
home of mining knowledge in the English-speaking
world. Cornish and Welsh labour, for reasons which
are notorious amongst practical men, requires careful
supervision.

Nearly one-third of the world's annual production
of gold is raised in the Australasian colonies, and
amongst these Victoria is not yet tired of claiming
the premier position. The real fact is that Western
Australia is easily first, and must remain so, in all
human likelihood, for many years to come ; while,
though the Victorian yield for 1897 was 812,000
ounces (say ;^3, 2 50,000) as against Queensland's
807,000, the Queensland figures for 1898 overpassed
that limit by 100,000 ounces, and left Victoria hope-
lessly behind. The enthusiasm for gold dredging, which
the speculators of Melbourne have caught from New
Zealand, is not likely appreciably to swell the gold
returns, as many of the claims pegged out are dis-
tinctly wild-cat.

It must not be supposed from anything I have said
that Victoria has not established manufactures. On the
contrary, she has only lately recovered from a craze
which was leading her to sacrifice everything to the
attempt to acclimatise them. There are in the colony
50,000 people engaged in manufactures : though it is
true that New South Wales, the Free-trade Colony, has
just about the same number, and that there is a larger
proportion of females working in factories in Victoria

VICTORIA 59

I

^V than in New South Wales. Woollen mills, tanneries,
W potteries, agricultural implement works, coach factories,

■ and many more works are very successful in their pro-

■ ductions.

i The point is, however, that it is not to its manufactures

f but to its productions that Victoria must look for its
I future prosperity. There are 300,000 workers in the
I natural industries, which, from the nature of the case,
cannot be protected, for they depend for their success now,
or must ultimately do so, on ability to compete in the
markets of the world. Wheat, wool and gold are the
staple productions at present. The dairying industry has
been very profitably developed. Its great rise is due to
the system of co-operative production. Factories are
established in which the dairymen are shareholders, and
butter of first-class quality is produced at an economical
rate. A few years ago there was no export of this pro-
duct to England, Now they are sending over ;^ 1,000,000
worth a year. The visit of the delegates of the Man-
chester Co-operative Association a year or two ago was
very highly appreciated in the colonies. What the
practical results of it have been I am unable to say ; but
the spirit of Englishmen who evinced a desire to trade
with their own kinsmen was warmly recognised, and
personally the delegates were very popular. The butter
produced from the sunny fields and sweet herbage of
Australia should be superior to that of stall-fed cattle. At
any rate, this industry is rapidly growing, and it has been
very useful in showing how a large population may be
settled on some of the great areas previously given over
to sheep and cattle.

Fruit can be grown in abundance all over Victoria.
There are 40,000 acres of orchards in the colony, and
the export of apples to England is a large and growing

60 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

one. Great care is now being taken to ascertain the
best varieties for export, and to grow them. There are
apple orchards in Victoria of 200 acres in extent. Pack-
ing, which is the chief difficulty to the British fruit-
grower, seems to give trouble also in Australia. We are
not so neat-handed as the Americans. 27,000 acres are
down in vines, and about 23,000 acres are bearing, the
produce being over 2,000,000 gallons per annum. A great
deal is being done in this trade, also, by co-operation,
through wineries, or wine factories. But the future all
over Australia lies, probably, for perfection, with light
wines, and, for those who prefer rough methods of produc-
tion, with grape brandy. Growers should remember the
history of Marsala, and of the Cape wines. A per-
manent wine trade in England is only to be secured
from the top. The famous, or notorious, settlement of
Mildura, on the Murray, carried out at first on too
expensive a scale, has, so far as production is concerned,
shown wonderful results. But, placed too far from a
market, and requiring a large original outlay from the
settlers, it has proved a disappointment to many. The
Government has come to the assistance of the settlers,
and advanced ;^40,ooo for the purpose of putting the
irrigation works in order. A railway to the settlement
has also been authorised by Parliament, and will be con-
structed within a year or two. One of the greatest
obstacles to progress will then be overcome, for, depend-
ing on river communicatipn as they do now, the orchards
are shut out from their markets for four months in the
year, just when their produce is ready ; for the Murray is
not navigable all the year round.

The colony is fifty-six million acres in extent. Twenty-
three million acres have been alienated to private owners ;
and of the 30,000,000 acres available for settlement.

VICTORIA 61

11,500,000 are in the mallee scrub. The wheat of
Victoria, like that of South Australia, is the best in
the world ; and it is very cheaply harvested. But
the available Crown lands are mainly taken up, and
the only means now of obtaining the fee-simple of
Government land is by taking up a 1000 acre agri-
cultural and grazing block, and selecting 320 acres
for freehold out of it. This is only possible to the
successful applicant to whom a land board awards the
right of leasing these blocks, the applicants on every
occasion being many more than there is land to go round
for. The rise in the price of land which may be expected
to follow in Victoria on the alienation of the last available
blocks will probably hasten the rush for the soil in the
other colonies. Western Australia, owing to her peculiar
conditions of settlement and to the patchy nature of her
lands, is already, for practical purposes, almost in the
same stage as Victoria in this respect. The latter
colony has been a large exporter of wheat to the United
Kingdom this season, having shipped over 2,000,000 bags
during the first thirty-one weeks of the year. The average
yield, for nearly a decade, has not exceeded 8 bushels ; but
agricultural authorities have advised the farmers to adopt
better mechanical means, a more rational syster
manure, and a more careful selection of seed, assi
them that if they only increase their yield by 2 bushels
to the acre they will increase the wealth of the colony by
;^400,ooo a year.

What I have said as to education in South Australia
applies also to Victoria, where the system is similarly free,
secular, and compulsory. The masses are well educated
in their way, and there are no illiterates to speak of.
On the other hand, sound learning is scarcely indigenous.
The University of Melbourne is a fine institution, and its

62 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

degrees high rank in the teaching world. It is perhaps,
however, only natural that the more likely students,
who have ideas of scholarship rather above the pass,
or professional, standard, should come home to breathe
the atmosphere of Europe.

Chapter IV
TASMANIA

TASMANIA, the Garden Island, is as large as Scot-
land : and considerably more sleepy than the Channel
Islands. Like the rest of Australia, it was at one time a
sort of dependency of Java, having been discovered, and
named Van Diemen's Land, by Tasman in 1642. It was
taken possession of as a British colony in the first years of
this century, shortly after Dr Bass had discovered that it
had ceased (since the tertiary period, approximately speak-
ing) to form a part of Continental Australia. It is still
marked in the old charts, specimens of which, printed on
pottery ware, are still to be bought in the china shops of
Kensington, as the southern extremity of the mainland ;
though the error has been corrected, probably, in maps of
more recent issue. This mistake, however, together with
the fact, already referred to, that the north shore of South
Australia faces New Guinea, is possibly responsible for the
extraordinarily confused state of the British mind in respect
of Australian geography. The name of the colony was
subsequently changed to Tasmania, in order to encourage a
discreet oblivion of a chapter of history about which, even
now, the less said the better, except that it is fully set forth in
Marcus Clarke's "For the Term of His Natural Life." And
since that time Tasmania has settled down to the produc-
tion of potatoes, contentment, and jam. The guide-books
call the island the Sanatorium of the South. That, of
course, is the alliterative sort of thing guide-books usually

64 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

give way to ; but Tasmania really has a most delightful
climate, which Sir Edward Braddon very justly describes,
after dinner, as balmy, and which is as much its charac-
teristic boast as is his Harbour to the Sydney man. The
island is about twelve hours by steamer from Victoria :
and for many years it has been known to jaded
Melbourne folk as a holiday resort ; to Federal Conven-
tions (in the days when politicians did not take Federation
very seriously) as a place for a picnic ; and to Her Majesty's
Australian squadron, which commonly passes the summer
at anchor in the Derwent, as possessing one of the
pleasantest capitals in Australia. Babies never die in
Tasmania, or nine out of ten of them survive the first
year of life. Yet 21 per cent, of the total deaths are
of infants under one year, and 34 per cent, of old men :
— nearly 1 1 per cent, indeed, of the deaths are of persons
between 80 and 100 years of age. The young men,
perhaps, have rather a tendency to drift away to a more
stirring environment, though even here, as universally
throughout Australia, there are more men than women.
There are, it is true, on the other hand, more widows than
widowers, and more unmarried females than married ;
which perhaps only makes it the more extraordinary that
there should be, according to the Registrar- General,
22,000 married men, to a beggarly 21,000 of married
women. But statistics will prove anything. It is more
important to observe that, though there are, no doubt,
openings for domestic servants, Tasmania is scarcely the
place for the immigrant. There is, to begin with, no
nominated assisted immigration. There is very little
Crown land at once available for profitable settlement.
The population is only about 146,000, of whom a bare
73,000 are over 21 ; and includes only 40,000 males
over 21. This handful owns a heritage of 26,000 square

TASMANIA 65

miles, out of the Australian total of three millions; whereof
they have alienated some four and three-quarters million
acres, and still hold twelve million acres in reserve. In
1897 they had under cultivation 500,000 acres, and they
broke up new land in that year to the extent of 9000
acres. Yet the bush is so luxuriant, markets so small, and
communications so difficult, that the newcomer will usually
find it better, on reflection, to buy an existing farm, of
which there are plenty for sale, rather than to tackle the
virgin forest. The real inwardness of Tasmanian life is
clear from a few figures. There are upwards of 60,000
breadwinners in the colony, of whom some 5500 are
employers of labour : and in the whole community there
are a bare 28,000 habitations, of which near two thousand
are slab, bark, or mud huts, tents, or dwellings with can-
vas roofs, 8000 are of brick or stone, and the balance
are either wood, corrugated iron, or lath and plaster
shanties. The colony owns 30,000 horses, 157,000
cattle, one and a half million sheep, and 43,000 pigs.
Its exports are nearly ;^3 00,000 of pastoral produce,
nearly ;^400,ooo of agricultural produce, and nearly a
million sterling of mineral produce, or an average of
about ;^io per head, as against imports of ;^8 ; figures
which compare favourably enough, in Australian finance,
with a taxation of £2^ i8s., and a public debt of £>Af^
per head. And of the sum of inhabitants, 115,000 are
Australian born (107,000 of them born in the colony), as
against 21,000 British, 5000 Irish, and 1000 Asiatics.
All of which simply means that Tasmania is an old and
quiet settlement, colonised many years ago, and troubled
with no recent influx of people ; where mining, however,
is prosperous and advancing ; where wages are rather
lower, at times, than in the other colonies ; where plenty
of cleared agricultural land may be rented at from 8s. to

66 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

15 s. per acre ; and from whence potatoes, plums, and red
currants are sent to Victoria, apples to Covent Garden,
and fruit pulp all over the world.

It has been, perhaps, unfortunate for the little island
that Victoria is so near. Her most busy times, and
periods of expanding trade, have twice been associated
with an actual depletion of both capital and population ;
once in the years after 1835, when the first settlement of
Victoria by colonists from Tasmania took place (for not
only was Melbourne planted by Batman and Fawkner, but
Portland, the first town in Victoria, was founded, as we
have seen, by Henty, and the best stations of the Western
District were taken up by Tasmanian squatters), and
secondly in 1853, when another emigration to Port
Phillip was stimulated by the gold discoveries. The last
expansion of trade, in 1885, unlike the two former, is
marked by a growth, still continuing, in capital and
population, due to the increasing output of copper, gold,
silver, and tin ; all of which, in the order named, are
contributing to the colony's prosperity. But there has
been no rush. Few enough Tasmanians were on " the
long trail" when Coolgardie broke out in 1893 and 1894 :
and few of the migratory crowd which made Ccolgardie
have, now that their day is over, been able' to reconcile
themselves to the calm atmosphere of Tasmania. You
may find them in the Transvaal, in Pekin, or at Singa-
pore, but not at Zeehan or Mount Lyall. Which, perhaps,
may be all the better for Tasmania ; whose progress, for
the rest, though sure, is likely to be less slow in the future,
especially after Federation. The opening of the great
markets of Melbourne and Sydney to her fruit and
vegetables will make a great deal of difference to the
island colony. Under the Crown Lands Act of 1890
first-class agricultural waste lands of the Crown may be

TASMANIA 67

selected, in blocks of not less than 1 5 nor more than
320 acres, at ;^i per acre cash, or 26s. 8d. spread over
fourteen years. By an Amendment Act of 1893, the
smaller settlers (on i 5 to 5 o acres), if actual occupants, pay
nothing for the first three years ; and by another Act, of
1894, provision is made, as in Queensland and other
colonies, for co-operative settlement. The long period of
purchase under these Acts is intended to help the indus-
trious individual who has little or no capital to secure
himself a home on the land. But the newcomer from
England, either with or without capital, will find it
necessary to acquire his colonial experience before com-
mitting himself to the expenditure of either work or
money in any particular locality ; and, in the course of so
acquiring it, will probably come across more immediately
remunerative means of employing his energy than in a
struggle with the primitive bush. At the same time, it
should not be forgotten that the methods of clearing
heavy scrub have very much altered since fifty years ago.
The pioneer insisted on expending from £6 to £\^ per
acre, and an infinity of trouble and time, in grubbing and
clearing his land for the plough during the first year.
Not only are there now stump-jumping ploughs, and the
" devil," the American machine which draws trees from
the ground like teeth ; but experience has proved that the
best methods are the cheaper ones of ring-barking the
large trees and burning off the scrub, while first crops of
fodder, or even of potatoes or grain, are taken off the
land years before it is completely cleared. The average
return for a crop of potatoes may vary from ;^5 to ;^20
per acre, and the first cost of scrubbing the land out from
8 s. to 25 s. per acre.

The following samples of properties advertised for sale
in a recent issue of a local property register will serve

68 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

to show the range of values, and to illustrate what h£is
been said : —

Franklin. — Twenty acres, all cleared, and two acres
planted with apple trees. Cottage of five rooms,
etc. £ss-

FORCETT. — Farm of seventy-five acres, twenty-one acres
under cultivation. Cottage of two rooms. Price,
;^I40.

Hastings. — Fifty-one acres, one-and-a-half acres in
orchard, two acres cleared for planting, ten acres
cleared and fit for running cattle. W.B. Cottage,
four rooms, cowshed, etc. Price, ;^i 30.

Dromedary. — Farm of fifty acres, about twelve acres
under cultivation, one acre in orchard, house of five
rooms, and outbuildings, etc. Plenty of water.
Price, ;^ I 5 o. Terms.

Gould's Country, East Coast. — Farm of eighty-one
acres, about seventy acres cleared and in grass,
cottage of six rooms, barn, stable, and cowsheds,
etc., orchard of three acres. Price, ;^200.

Claremont. — Sixty-three acres, twenty-one acres have
been under cultivation. W.B. cottage of four rooms
and kitchen, barns, piggeries, cowshed, stable, and
stock-yard ; orchard of one acre just coming into
full bearing, an excellent stream of fresh water.
Farm implements, furniture, carpenters' tools, carts,
drays, harness, etc. Price, £32 S-

Huon Road, 6| miles from town. — Fifteen acres, six
acres cleared and partly grassed, raspberry and
currant beds, potato paddock, etc. New cottage of
four rooms, stable, hut, etc. Price, ^^370.

West Davenport. — Good cottage of four rooms, and
usual outhouses, fowlhouse, piggeries etc. Fruit and

TASMANIA 69

vegetable garden in full bearing. The whole com-
prises ten acres of good chocolate soil. Price, £$2^-
[Spring Bay, East Coast of Tasmania. — " Louisville
Estate " : comprises eight hundred and forty-two acres
of good land, part in small vineyard, fine orchard
and flower garden. The house contains eight large
rooms, servants' rooms, etc., stables, coach-house,
cow-shed, and a splendid supply of water. A jetty
also belongs to the property, at which local vessels
can berth, and the Swansea and Hobart coach passes
the gate. Price, ;^3000. And so on.

New South Wales has her unrivalled back country,
her outlook on the Pacific, and the rather doubtful benefit
of the Federal Territory, which is to be within her border-
line. Queensland has her herds and flocks, her Mount
Morgans and her frozen meat : Melbourne her Bendigo
and Ballarat ; the land-boom, and the bank-smashes, to
look back upon ; the butter-factories and wineries which
are retrieving the past ; and the wealth of the Western
District, where the sons of the squatters play polo, and
draw rents, when they can get them, from their onion-
farms. South Australia sits content with her wheat and
wine, her piety, politics, and gambling share-brokers.
Even Western Australia has at least Kalgoorlie and the
jarrah trade. Tasmania has been looked on mainly as a
health resort, with her quays often covered with a glut of
fruit, and with no more exciting question to debate than
whether her capital should be called Hobart, Hobart
Town, or Hobarton. But all this may be changed by
the growth of the mineral output, and by the stimulus of
the Federal markets : and it is highly probable that more
than nine thousand acres of new land may be broken up
annually for many years to come. Federation has been,
all along, mainly a commercial question for Tasmania.

Chapter V
NEW SOUTH WALES

IT has been said with some point that the tourist should
only approach the capital of New South Wales by
sea ; the entrance, through a narrow gateway, flanked on
either side by towering cliffs, on one of which stands the
lighthouse, visible at night thirty miles away, being very
striking. The inner headlands are crowned with batteries
planned in the days when artillery had a less effective
range than now ; and, as a consequence, the defect in the
defences (a defect common to those of several of the
New Zealand cities) is that a battleship with heavy guns,
lying outside the entrance, could pitch shells into the city
without any risk of a return fire. This is not the case
with the rival city, Melbourne, whose main defences are
many miles distant from the capital.

Sydney harbour opens out in all its beauty as the
steamer comes through the " Heads " ; and though in other
parts of Australia the phrase " our harbour," as applied
to Sydney, has become a joke, it is, indeed, a most
wonderful sight, with its labyrinth of bays and channels.
One might live in Sydney a lifetime, and then not quite
know every arm and nook of Port Jackson. Everywhere
the red cliffs rise straight from the water, and even in mid-
winter these headlands are decked with white and red
heaths, dwarfed banksias, hakeas, and other shrubs with
rich waxen flowers. In steaming up an arm of the
harbour in one of the fast excursion launches — which

NEW SOUTH WALES 71

look like miniature Mississippi steamers — it often seems

I as though one were rushing directly into a cliff, when
suddenly a little opening is seen to one side, and another
inlet opens out for miles. Each of these inlets is in a
way a reproduction of the main harbour ; and for boating,
or fishing, the waters of Hacking River, George's River,
Botany Bay, Narrabeen Lake, Hawkesbury River, and
Lake Macquarie, offer further and unlimited facilities. It
is easy to see why the professional scullers of New South
Wales are ahead of our Britons. A great sculler is a
natural product, as it were, of a large expanse of suitable
water. Hanlon, the founder of modern sculling, lived in
his father's hotel on a small island at Toronto. Beach
and Searle never " trudged unwillingly to school." They
flashed down the Parramatta in wager-boats.

As the mail steamer glided to the inner anchorage known
as Circular Quay, I got a glimpse of a group of men-of-
war — the largest of them the Royal Arthur^ the flagship
of the Australian station — lying in Farm Cove, with
the lovely Botanical Gardens, in the ponds of which bloom
the pink and purple water-lilies of the tropics, partly en-
circling them between two headlands of mown lawns — a
crescent of green turf Sydney is the headquarters of our
strength in the South Pacific. And besides being the
capital of the greatest of the colonies, she is the true
metropolis and rendezvous of those pathless seas ; the
Queen city of that strange half-squalid, half-romantic
Empire of the Islands. In her purlieus you may find,
beside the lean squatter of the Riverina, the rustic selector
from Twofold Bay, or the stunted cockney-looking larrikin
of Wooloomooloo, a curious element from the corners and
forgotten by-ways of a half-known world ; — traders, biche-
de-mer fishers, pearlers, blackbirders, whalers, beachcombers,
missionaries, savants, and the heterogeneous rascaldom of

72 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

the Pacific. Viewed in comparison with the other pro-
vincial centres, she is at once more rudimentally national
and less obtrusively Australian ; the inevitable capital,
wherever the Federal centre may be, of the continent.

It is a 567 mile run from Melbourne to Sydney by sea,
and about the same distance by rail. The boundary of
the two colonies, crossed at Albury, is the Murray, which
we crossed also on the journey from Adelaide. It is the
only river of importance in Australia, and, except in very
dry seasons, is navigable for about 1,200 miles of its length.
In the busy season the scene on the river is interesting.
The wool clip of stations in the far interior has been
brought down the Darling, the Murrumbidgee, and other
tributaries of the Murray in huge shallow barges. These
are towed by steamers up the river to Echuca ; a great
part of the New South Wales clip thus finding an outlet
through the rival city, Melbourne.

The war of hostile railway tariffs between the two
colonies has resulted in New South Wales pushing her
railways into the far west to divert this traffic ; a legitimate
move as between rival communities, but one of the de-
velopments of inter-colonial competition which must end
with the federation of the colonies.

Riverina, the largest province of New South Wales, is
geographically part of Victoria ; which colony, having
failed to include them in her boundaries, apparently finds
it the next best thing to repel her profitable neighbours
and their trade as much as possible by taxing their cattle
at the border.

There is a break of gauge where the railway systems of
the two colonies meet at Albury, which not only converts
the ordinary traveller into a keen Federationist, by vexing
him with a superfluous change of trains in the middle
of his journey, but would be a source of trouble and

NEW SOUTH WALES 73

dangerous delay in the movement of troops in case of
an invasion.

Returning, however, to Sydney ; the first view from the
sea front shows a city built largely in red and yellow
sandstone, upon rolling coastal ridges, with little level
ground anywhere. Some of the older buildings almost
overhang the sea, as one often notices in some of the
Mediterranean towns ; though, apart from Sydney, this is not
a characteristic of Australian ports. The city itself is some-
thing of an old-world jumble, dug out of its own cellars ;
the streets being narrow and irregular, unlike those of
Melbourne, which the pioneer surveyors (who came from
Sydney and profited by its mistakes) planned broad,
stately, and in chess-board fashion, at the start. Sydney
is said to have been laid out on the lines of the cattle-
tracks made by the first imported cows, who wandered
about the infant settlement. In leading thoroughfares,
such as George and Pitt Streets, the crush of hansom cabs
and omnibuses is exceptional, for an Australian city. The
heart of the city is not cut up with tram lines, however,
as in Melbourne ; for the steam-motor cars pass along a
single route, and almost at the limits of the city branch off
to the different suburbs. The tram system, controlled by
the Government, is really a railway system in miniature ;
and though it gives the advantage of fast travelling to the
outer suburbs of Sydney, it has nothing else in its favour,
being unsightly and dirty. It is soon, I hear, to be
superseded in favour of an over-head electric system. For
some years after the introduction of the motor trams,
the number of accidents in the city streets was alarming ;
but either the drivers have become more clever or the
population more cautious, for of late years accidents have
been rare.

In one respect, — in an attempt, at all events, to live

74 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

rationally and to adapt themselves to the climate, the
Sydney folk set an example to the rest of Australia,
where the conservative tendencies of the Anglo-Saxon
race are in many things amusingly manifest. In Mel-
bourne, particularly, men seem to have given up all attempt
to follow the abrupt changes of their climate ; and top-
hats and heavy frock-coats are common in Collins' Street
in weather when " whites " and solar topees should be
the only wear. But, speaking generally, the majority of
Australians follow English customs in dress and methods
of living, totally oblivious of the fact that our customs
developed, through many ages, in a comparatively cold
country. Beef, mutton, bottled beer, and boiled potatoes,
with whisky between meals, cannot be the ideal diet for a
hot country ; and the blazing plum-pudding is as much a
Christmas institution in Australia as in England, though
very few of their days, at that season, are favoured with
a temperature of less than i oo degrees in the shade.

All the conditions tempt to outdoor life, and in Sydney
a great many of the residents, especially young men, estab-
lish camps round the picturesque bays of the harbour and
live there in tents through the summer. This period in
Sydney has the moist and clammy peculiarities of the
tropics, but is not subject to the same remarkable changes
as in Melbourne, where during my visit there was, on
one occasion, within less than forty-eight hours a drop in
temperature of over 60 degrees. This is why the Mel-
bourne man despairingly adheres to the traditional stove-
pipe hat ; while in Sydney there is more of an effort to
make the habiliments suit the clime.

One cannot look upon Sydney to-day, then, without feel-
ing quite sure that in trade and social importance she has
become the capital of Australia, a position once unques-
tionably held by its great rival, Melbourne. In the earlier

I

NEW SOUTH WALES 75

days the inflow of outside capital for Australian develop-
ment was mainly through Melbourne, then the headquarters
of all the great wool firms and pastoral agencies. But
when Victoria built a protective wall about itself, much
of its outside capital was diverted to Sydney, which has
grown steadily at the expense of the sister city, and be-
come infected with that American bustle which was once
the characteristic of Melbourne only.

But even now, in New South Wales, there is something
left still of the true colonial simplicity, which you will
scarcely find near Melbourne. In Tasmania, for example,
when the girls are of a fair age, the mistress of a house
will often do without a servant, and, with her daughters,
take the household duties on her own shoulders. One
may be engaged, again, in manual labour, and yet not
cut off from society. It is possible to meet in the morn-
ing a man dressed like a navvy, working on his farm or
in his orchard, and to see him again in the evening in
his dress clothes, and not concerned for his roughened
hands. I have seen, in one of the colonies, a lady whose
husband occupies the highest position in local politics,
and is largely indebted to her tact and popularity for his
long lease of power, doing some of the family washing
on her back verandah, while her guests of the afternoon
drank tea with her, thirsty and unashamed. That was
due to a mistake as to her " at-home " day, and the
washing was mainly lace and such matters ; but she did
not put the tub away. The Private Secretary to a
Governor, in another colony, has been known to spend
his affable summer three miles out of town in a small
tent on the banks of the river, riding in to his work on
a bicycle. Perhaps it is partly, in some way, a result of
her sympathy with this sort of colonial realism, that not
only in business, but in art and literature also, Sydney

76 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

has gone completely ahead of her rival : though it is
singular that, while the latter city has become the home
of budding art and literature in Australia, Melbourne
has retained her prominence in music. Thus both Melba
and Ada Crossley are Victorian born. And when Miss
Amy Castles, the young Victorian soprano, whose singing
has created a furore in Australia, sailed for England, in
September last, to complete her musical education be-
fore appearing regularly in public, her admirers enthusi-
astically responded to the appeal to provide her with
funds for this purpose, and the concerts she gave realized
between ;^3000 and ;^4000. But Sydney is unquestion-
ably the centre of Australian intellectual life, and during
the last few years has enriched the prose and poetry of
Australia by a succession of notable volumes, though
there is yet, perhaps, a tendency to dwell upon station
life and customs as giving the only typical Australian
colour, overlooking much that is characteristic, and will
yield matter for treatment in the literature of the future.
Sydney artists establish camps by the water side, and
study all the fleeting impressions of the sunlit harbour ;
so that it is not surprising to find them, almost to a
man, disciples of the French and Impressionist schools
in art. Not even a single volume of verse published in
Sydney, however, dwells upon the beauties of the harbour
beside which the poets live. As an illustration of the
difference in the intellectual calibre of the two cities, it
is worth noting that while Ethel Turner and Louise
Mack — two charming young Sydney writers, who have
made child life a special study — are known to every one
in their own city, and much honoured, scarcely any one
in Melbourne is aware that Ada Cambridge, a lady
with an established reputation in fiction, has been for
years resident there. And it is most remarkable to

I^p obsc

NEW SOUTH WALES 11

observe the difference between the two capitals in respect
of their press. Although the Argus has a respectable
past, and Victoria is governed, in a sense, by Mr Syme
and the Age^ yet the Sydney Bulletin is the only
Australian paper with anything of a national outlook,
and with an inter-colonial circulation. It is the only
paper, moreover, which tolerates original work ; for the
Melbourne press, though often vulgar, is consistently
philistine, and never has a deeper respect for the conven-
tionalities than when it is outraging them. Now the
Australian artist, in his original work, has a tendency to
become very strong meat. And the Bulletin is in thorough
sympathy on this point, and on others, with the Australian
artist. Hence, though a blatently disloyal rag, of blas-
phemous tendencies and American antecedents (and a
prey, moreover, to many absurdly incompatible radical
fads), the Bulletin, which produced, by the way, Phil May
and Louis Becke, is read and passed on in the remotest
camps of the Bush ; gives a perceptible tinge to the mind
of the average Australian ; and has had a great deal to
do, through its influence in New South Wales, with the
success of Federation.

Architecturally, the city of Sydney has not many
striking features ; though it is well equipped with busi-
ness buildings and oflfices. In its public buildings
it falls considerably behind Melbourne. Its Houses of
Parliament are a block of ruins, and until the site of the
federal capital is definitely fixed it is unlikely that they
will be rebuilt. For years there has been an agitation
for new buildings, and a too ambitious scheme for the
expenditure of half a million. An alternative, and later,
scheme, to spend half that sum, has also been rejected
by the Committee of Public Works, the authority of
which has to be secured before any expenditure can

78 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

take place on public works in New South Wales. The
truth is that most of the Australian colonies have spent
far too much on ' talking-shops ' and public buildings
generally : a fact which they will begin to appreciate
when all their leading statesmen, and the main part of
their revenues, have gone to the Federal city — whatever
its name is to be.

Government House, where Lord Hampden, son of the
late Speaker of the House of Commons, has recently been
succeeded by Lord Beauchamp, is a picturesque Eliza-
bethan building, with a magnificent outlook, and beautiful
grounds, stretching down to the water side. When, on a
summer night, the gardens are lit up for some vice-regal
fete, and one sees beneath, on the one hand, the illuminated
hulls of the near ships in Farm Cove, and on the other
the scores of little passenger launches rushing away from
Circular Quay to the marine suburbs, the spectacle is
satisfactorily brilliant, and has something of Venetian
colour in it. The best of the public buildings in Sydney
is the Chief Secretary's office, the exterior of which is
decorated with statuary. The Town Hall is not merely
the finest in Australia, but one of the largest in the
world. It has a magnificent vestibule, and includes
amongst its equipments one of the largest organs ever
built. The Corporation of Sydney, though fortunate
in its home, is not otherwise quite a happy family,
and its affairs of late years have become so entangled
that there is some talk of an inquiry by a Royal
Commission.

The General Post-ofifice is a very fine building, once
disfigured by grotesque carvings, which were the laughing-
stock of Australia. They were an attempt, in the style
of Mr Kruger's stone " topper," to apply up-to-date art
to the representation of every-day Post-office business.

I

NEW SOUTH WALES 79

But the sculptor overlooked the fact that fashion in dress
changes amazingly fast, and the well-dressed people of
to-day become caricatures a few years hence. The Walt
Whitman of democratic statuary, the would-be revolu-
tionist of brown-stone art, had the mortification of seeing his
egregious figures removed. It is perhaps a pity that some
old-world statues cannot follow them. Sydney University
is a fine building in the Gothic style. In one respect,
at least, this is the progressive city of Australia. The
National Art Gallery, the Public Library, and the
museums are open on Sunday afternoons ; and are then
largely visited, notably by visitors from other parts of
Australia, who may have their working days fully occupied
with business.

The pastoral interest is the support of New South
Wales to a greater extent even than of the other colonies.
But the drought of the last few years, coming upon the
heels of a strike of shearers and other bush- workers, has
given the wool-grower a severe shaking. The flocks
of the colony have shrunk from 66,000,000 to about
46,000,000, representing a loss of about 20,000,000
sheep. If to this is added the loss of natural increase, the
shrinkage amounts to 50,000,000 ; enough, that is, to
equip a considerable colony. In addition there has been
a loss of nearly 300,000 horses and 150,000 cattle.
That the colony has been able to survive these terrific
blows is a striking proof of energy and resource. The
entire substance of Job, it will be remembered, amounted
to no more than 1 2,000 beasts, sheep, cattle, camels, and
she-asses included ; which were increased at his latter end,
after his bad times, to 25,000. And yet this man was the
greatest of all the sons of the east. Translated into money,
the Colony has suffered a loss, due to mere inadequate
rainfall, of from ;^i 2,000,000 to ;C20,000,000 sterling.

80 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

One of the results of these four years of drought was that
Mr Reid, the late Premier, who had for several years past
claimed a surplus, admitted, in November last, a deficiency
in the revenue of ^248,000. In the face of the heavy
losses by drought, the colony can claim to have done
very little in water conservation or irrigation as compared
with Victoria, where, however, the money devoted to
irrigation projects has, in many cases, been shamefully
squandered.

In the western, and more arid, portion of New South
Wales the stock carrying capacity of the country has, in
many districts, been increased by the fine flow of water
from artesian bores, which, as in Queensland, have changed
the whole face of nature, and literally caused the wilder-
ness to blossom as the rose ; but, owing to the fact that
in summer time even the largest rivers of the interior are
nothing more than a chain of water holes, it is probably
impossible to carry out large irrigation schemes in New
South Wales, as the cost of storage would be too great ;
and, moreover, the loss by evaporation from Australian
tanks sometimes amounts to more than six feet a year.

Following upon a period of falsely inflated land-values
in Australia, we notice everywhere a tendency to pro-
mote legitimate land settlement. In New South Wales
this is being effected by throwing open for settlement
land formerly held under lease by squatters. In the
southern districts there has been a great rush for this
land, and in a few years settlement will, in consequence,
have become much denser throughout the province of
the Riverina. This movement, which is strictly parallel
to and co-incident with the settlement of the Darling
Downs in Queensland, and the operation of the Land
for Settlement Act in New Zealand, may be compared
also with the settlement of the mallee in Victoria. It has

NEW SOUTH WALES 81

not led, so far, to any perceptible immigration from Great
Britain.

Another interesting development in land cultivation,
which is perhaps more common on the Riverina than in
Victoria, is the growing of wheat and other produce on
the shares principle — the squatter providing the land and
seed and the agriculturalist the plant and labour. This
approximation to the metayer system has very great
possibilities, being capable of extensive application in
many parts of Australia, from the rich potato and onion
soils of Colac to the sugar lands of tropical Queensland.

The system of co-operation is to be carried still further
in the shipping of wheat to London. These developments,
together with the increase of the export trade in frozen
meat and other products, are giving the variety which the
farmer requires, and he no longer has all his eggs in the one
basket. The best will never be got from the frozen meat
trade, however, until a higher standard is sought for in
the quality. It is estimated that during the year 1897,
for example, quite forty-five per cent, of the bulk shipped
was defective in quality. Irregularity of supply is another
source of weakness, and several efforts to secure united action,
and so found a better system of supply, have failed. A few
figures as to the pastoral and agricultural industries of
New South Wales may be of interest. The area of land
under wheat is extending rapidly; for whereas in 1895-6
there were 596,684 acres under wheat, this year there are
1,000,000 acres, though the crops, owing to dry weather,
will be lighter than usual. As the land policy — under
leasehold — is exceptionally liberal to the State tenants,
the area of land under occupation should increase largely
year by year. The latest agricultural returns for the
colony show that 1,820,209 acres were under crop in
1898, giving the remarkable increase (on the 798,966

82 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

acres of 1889) of over a million acres in nine years;
while nearly 1 00,000 people are engaged in farm work, and
over 30,000 in pastoral pursuits. The last wheat harvest
in New South Wales yielded ten and a half million bushels,
averaging ten and a half bushels to the acre ; and before
the expiry of many years the colony will be a large
exporter of wheat. Along the rich flats of the northern
rivers maize is largely grown, about 2 1 2,000 acres of the
best land of the colony being devoted to it. Although
the wines of New South Wales had a reputation many
years ago, they have failed to keep progress with those of
Victoria. In New South Wales a larger area of land is
given up to oranges than to vines, and the orange groves
of the Parramatta are, in the season, one of the interesting
sights to a visitor. About 40,000 acres are under
orchards ; but here, too, recent developments in New South
Wales have not at all equalled those of Victoria and
South Australia. Sugar growing is one of the great
industries of Northern New South Wales, where there
are over 30,000 acres under cane, beet being at present
only an experimental crop. The sugar growers have of
late figured largely in the politics of New South Wales,
and have even had their influence upon Federation. It
was necessary to their existence that a duty should be
placed upon imported sugar ; but when, in furtherance
of his Free-trade policy, Mr Reid, the Premier, swept
away duties to the extent of ;^ 1,000,000, the sugar
growers of Richmond, Tweed, and Clarence Rivers seemed
likely to suffer, in common with other producers. Mr
Reid, however, yielding to judiciously applied pressure,
decided to retain the duty at ^^3 per ton ; and he
received his reward. For when, some time subsequently,
his position was endangered by a vote of censure moved
by the Federal party under Mr Barton, the sugar members.

NEW SOUTH WALES 83

to a man, voted with, and for the moment saved, the
Ministry. A few years back the sugar growers of New
South Wales declared that, unlike their Queensland com-
petitors in the business, they could make the industry a
success without the help of coloured labour ; but that
principle is being slowly abandoned, and black labour is
largely employed. It is a question, however, by no means
settled in the minds of the planters themselves whether,
with expensive machinery to maintain, white labour is not
in the long run the cheaper. Under the Commonwealth
it is very probable that, both in New South Wales and in
Queensland, they will either have to settle the question in
the affirmative or — abandon the industry.

New South Wales is the colony of wide acres ; the
total area of land alienated up to the end of 1896 being
nearly 46,000,000 acres, while 126,000,000 acres are
under lease, and about 25,000,000 remain in possession
of the State ; the total area of the colony being nearly
200,000,000 acres. The returns as to live stock graz-
ing on New South Wales pastures are interesting — viz.,
490,000 horses, 2,050,000 cattle, and about 50,000,000
sheep ; though the recent drought, as we have seen, has
affected these figures to an extent which it is hard
to estimate with exactness. The total wool clip of
1896, the latest for which official figures are obtain-
able, was 255,000,000 lbs. — an increase of about
16,000,000 lbs. on the previous year. Amongst wool-
growers there has for some time past been a keen con-
troversy as to the merits of the Vermont or American
types of sheep, crossed with the Australian merino, as
against the old Australian type ; and the flock owners of
New South Wales have taken the lead in advocacy of the
American cross. The co-operative methods of dairying
which proved so successful in Victoria have been largely

84 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

adopted also in New South Wales, especially in those
districts where the rainfall is sufficient to give heavy
crops of lucerne and maize as green fodder.

The first discoveries of gold in Australia were made by
Hargreaves in New South Wales. But Victoria, Queens-
land, and Western Australia, each in their turn, have left
her behind in the development of gold mining, and the
golden fleece is still the colony's best friend. Of late,
however, many Southern miners have found their way into
New South Wales fields. In 1898 the total yield of gold
was 341,700 ounces, valued at ;^ 1,2 50,000. The August
gold returns for 1899 show that the output of New South
Wales for the month amounted to 46,300 ounces, being an
increase of 30,700 ounces as compared with August 1898.
The output during the preceding eight months amounted
to 295,700 ounces, being an increase of 98,200 ounces as
compared with the corresponding period of last year. The
silver output was worth about ;^ 1,800,000. The famous
Broken Hill silver mines contribute the bulk of this, but,
though territorially they belong to New South Wales,
the whole of their business is done with Adelaide and
Melbourne. About 7000 square miles of New South
Wales give indications of copper, the biggest yield being
from the Great Cobar Mine, viz., 2650 tons, valued at
over ;^ 1 00,000. The copper output for the colony
showed an increase in 1896 of about ;^6o,ooo worth as
compared with the previous year, and still more recently
great progress has accompanied the rise in the price of
the metal. The great coal mines of Australia are those
of the Newc-astle, Wollongong, and Bulli coastal districts,
within easy reach of Sydney. They supply not only the
whole of Australia, but, to some extent, California and
Eastern Asia. During the year 1 896 the coal output was
3,909,517 tons, valued at ;^i, 125,280. An important

I

NEW SOUTH WALES 85

coal seam was struck in boring under Sydney Harbour,
and a project (not yet brought to completion) is to drive
beneath the harbour ; when the ships could be loaded, it
is contended, from the dump. There have also been
important discoveries of. diamonds and opals, the former
being chiefly found on the concession of a lucky British
company, which has so far shown no desire to come into
collision with the De Beers ring ; while the latter, like the
Queensland opals, though mined in great quantities, and
sometimes surpassing in fire and colour the opals of
Hungary itself, do not appear to find much favour with
the trade. The case of Australian sapphires and emeralds
is much the same. But it is whispered that some con-
signments of antipodean stones, otherwise unsaleable,
have been shipped home by astute dealers vid Rangoon
or elsewhere ; and have then been accepted in Bond Street
without question, on their supposed Asiatic merits.

To close finally with figures, the population of New
South Wales at the last census of 1891 was 1,132,234.
But it has gained largely since then, its manhood not
having been drained to the same extent as that of the
other two colonies by the gold discoveries in West
Australia. Its population is now estimated to be
1,323,460.

The colony has a large and ever increasing system of
State-owned railways. About 2700 miles are in existence,
the total capital cost of which is 40 millions. The rail-
ways are under the management of Commissioners, who
are able to pay working expenses and interest and show
a small profit ; which is the ideal condition for State-
owned railways. A system of cheap pioneer lines, com-
municating with the remote pastoral districts of the
colony, has been commenced, but it has yet to be ascer-
tained whether these light lines will not eventually

86 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

swallow up more in repairs than it would have cost to
construct a substantial road in the first instance.

The politics of New South Wales are at present
slightly confused, owing to the introduction of the Federal
question, which has obliterated the line (formerly clearly
drawn) between the Free-trade and the Protectionist
camps. During the Federal fight the Free-trade party
suffered slightly ; and the Labour party are now gener-
ally masters of the situation, holding the balance of power.
Formerly, Mr Reid, as leader of the Free-traders, had
little difficulty in carrying the Labour party with him ;
but for some little time before his recent fall from power
they not infrequently carried him with them. They have
practically determined that the fiscal policy of the colony
for the time being shall neither be one of absolute Pro-
tection nor one of Free-trade ; but that revenue shall be
drawn to the utmost extent possible from property,
leaving the working classes free from taxation, except on
such items as tobacco and alcohol.

With all its advantages of area, varied climate, and
extensive resources, there can be little doubt but that
New South Wales has a future second to that of no other
colony of the Australian group ; and the position her
public men have been able to take in connection with
Federation is simply an assertion of the fact that she
knows and feels her future greatness. In addition to her
vast grazing areas, the productiveness of which in wool
and meat is being yearly increased by the establishment
of artificial pastures and the improvement in water sup-
plies, she has on her southern coast the same rich pastures
and temperate climate which have done so much for the
dairying industries in Victoria. In her northern pro-
vinces, in addition to magnificent forests of both hard
and soft woods, there are tropical conditions of climate

I

NEW SOUTH WALES 87

and soil which give further variety to the vegetable pro-
ducts of the colony, and allow free play, under the most
favourable conditions, to the various new cultures which
are every year being introduced with success.

While avoiding the unprofitable extremes of climate,
therefore. New South Wales has all the intermediate
zones — and in them all those conditions which are the
elements of future greatness. No other colony of the
group has, to my mind, so fine an outlook.

Chapter VI
QUEENSLAND

FROM Sydney to Brisbane is a short run of a little
over 700 miles. The mail train leaves Sydney at
6. 1 5 P.M., and in the course of the evening reaches New-
castle, the great coal centre of the Southern Hemisphere,
whence, by-the-by, a cargo of coals (for smelting pur-
poses) was actually sent to Newcastle, England, in
1883 : a case of yXaux' tig ' A&fimg which has not affected
the proverb. We crossed the border at about noon next
day, and for several hours steamed steadily through one of
the finest stretches of agricultural land in the world — the
Darling Downs — arriving at Brisbane, after mounting the
hills of the Main Range, east of Toowoomba, at 10.45, P-^.
The Darling Downs are only as yet known to the outside
world as the home of the squatter. Discovered in 1827,
by Allan Cunningham, the explorer and botanist, who
penetrated inland from the poorer granite country of the
coast to the head waters of the Condamine, it was settled
by the early pastoralists in 1840 and the succeeding years.
They took possession, under a liberal tenure, of the
entire Downs country from Warwick to Toowoomba ; an
expanse, measuring about 70 miles by 30, of beautifully
undulating and well-watered plain, surrounded by moun-
tainous country, the detrition from which has filled it with
a strong black alluvial deposit, compared by Americans
who have seen it to the characteristic black soil of their
own prairies. The district as a whole comprises about

88

QUEENSLAND 89

four million acres of magnificent agricultural country, or
a territory equal to Illinois and Missouri ; and will be the
home, as an enthusiastic Yankee professor of agriculture,
imported to take charge of the Agricultural College at
Gatton, lately wrote to his friend at Chicago, " of millions
of people, and that, too, in the near future." For the
present it is the great cattle and sheep ranch of the
colony, carrying in 1897 about 3,000,000 sheep and
200,000 cattle. But the Acts of 1884 and 1886, which
covered the redemption of great portions of the lands occu-
pied by the squatters as their leases expired, were followed
by the Agricultural Lands Purchase Act of 1894, under
which many of their freehold estates in the neighbourhood,
ranging from 10,000 to 150,000 acres, have been acquired
by the Government for re-sale. The operation of this
Act is fast transforming the territory into a great wheat,
maize, and lucerne country, which is also of growing im-
portance in dairying and fruit-culture ; and, as the colony
advances, will become a centre of mixed farming, in which
large quantities of wheat, oats, potatoes, and malting
barley will be produced, as well as butter, cheese, bacon,
and fruit for exportation. Nothing could be more pros-
perous or more fertile than the countryside as seen from
the train ; and the Darling Downs, when emigration to
Queensland re-commences, should repeat the history of
Manitoba. Brisbane is a prosperous city of about 1 00,000
souls, and in some ways one of the most attractive settle-
ments in Australia. The public buildings are, as usual,
handsome ; the hotels are perhaps better managed than is
common further south ; and the standard of comfort
generally, as of the commissariat in particular, is distinctly
high. There is an open air restaurant or kiosk in the
public gardens, where a better lunch or breakfast is served
on tables set out on the grass, in the shade of the trees

90 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

overlooking the water, than it would be easy to obtain
elsewhere in the colonies. The city is about 12 miles
from the sea, facing an abrupt curve in the river, and is
subject to most disastrous floods, one of which, some
years ago, 'piled up' a gun-boat of Her Majesty's Navy
in the Botanical Gardens, high and dry in a secure posi-
tion, from which it was only rescued by the opportune
though unprecedented arrival of a second flood. Brisbane
has two theatres, an opera-house, an excellent service of
electric tramways, and not so many mosquitoes as Perth.
The colony as a whole, with an area of 668,000 square
miles, stretching over 18 degrees of latitude, from New
South Wales to within 1 1 degrees of the equator, had,
at the last census, less than half-a-million of people. Her
exports for 1898 amounted to ^22 per head of population
(as against £ig for 1897), one of the highest averages
known [see Appendix F] ; the altogether exceptional case of
Western Australia being of course left out of account. The
raw produce of her flocks and herds — wool, tallow, hides,
and meat — came to ;^5, 770,000 — five and three-quarter
millions sterling straight from the grass, leaving agricul-
ture and mining out of the question. No wonder
Sir Henry Norman, the late Governor, said the other
day, " Humanly speaking, very little seems to be
wanting for the progress of Queensland but good
Government, and enterprise and industry on the part of
the people." The country is divided into three sections
by three lines of railway which stretch inland westward
from the coast ; so that, though it is possible to go north
to Rockhampton by train, it is more convenient to avoid
changing and go by boat. After Rockhampton there is no
alternative, for Queensland has not attempted to centre
her whole resources by converging lines of traffic upon
her capital, but has rested content with a long series of

QUEENSLAND 91

flourishing ports up the coast. [See Return, Appendix,
R] Each Hne serves its own back-country, with
vast pastoral and other resources, and each has its sub-
sidiary system of goldfields besides. On the 27th
parallel the railway runs from Brisbane in towards
South Australia and the country of the Barcoo and
Cooper's Creek, with Gympie and Maryborough on
the way to the north. On the 23 rd parallel we
have the central line, running west from Rockhamp-
ton to Longreach and the Barcaldine district, with
Mount Morgan near the coast. And on the 20th
parallel the Northern Railway (also east to west) con-
nects Townsville with Hughenden, and serves Charters
Towers. Beyond these, again to the north, come the
ports of Cairns and Cooktown, with their back-country
stretching across to the Gulf; and the scattered and
neglected mineral wealth of the Palmer and the Hodg-
kinson Fields, as well as Chillagoe. And what these
things mean it is worth while to consider. Mount
Morgan, for example, a few years ago, was one of
several low hills included in the selection of a farmer
named Gordon, who had found it easier to secure the free-
hold of his property than to make it return him a
profitable living. Two wandering prospectors, named
Morgan, who were his guests for a night, examined the
Mount, which he suspected might contain copper, at his
request ; found indications of gold ; and acquired his farm
at the price of ;^i an acre, which he thought himself
lucky to get. The Morgans sold a half interest in the
mine for ;^2000, to secure machinery ; and almost at once
became millionaires. With a nominal capital of one
million, the mine has distributed, from its handsome
block of offices on the river-front at Rockhampton,
nearly five million pounds in dividends, and continues

92 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

to return over ;^3 00,000 per annum (;^3 0,000 a month
in 1898). The output from June 1898 to May 1899
was 166,078 ounces from 204,502 tons, and the divi-
dend for the six months ending May 1899, j^ 17 5,000.
A thousand miners find steady employment, and a town
flourishes at the foot of the Mount. It was a hill of gold,
and apparently only needs quarrying. The accepted
theory is that it was a geyser, or thermal spring, of
the Tertiary period ; though the bed of mundic which
is now being worked is said, by practical men who
know Kalgoorlie, to bear many points of resemblance
to the great decomposed formations of Western Aus-
tralia, which may yet turn out to have their overlooked
parallels in many parts of the world. Charters Towers,
the premier field of the colony, was prospected in 1872.
Stubley, a blacksmith, one of its pioneers, became member
for his district ; returned, after losing one fortune, to look
for another, and died a pauper by the wayside. There
are 20,000 inhabitants at Charters Towers; ;^ 13,000
weekly is distributed in wages to the miners, and fourteen
millions sterling have been won since 1872. The figures
for Gympie give eight millions since 1867. The once
famous Palmer goldfield, during the first four and a half
years of its working, gave the phenomenal yield of
839,000 ounces of gold. The field has since been
almost deserted, but there are still many rich reefs
which only require capital for their development. The
Hodgkinson has been half tested, and deserted. " Had
it stayed undiscovered until now," says Mr Jack, the
Government geologist, " there would have been no half-
hearted working of the mines. The agents of capitalists
are running all over the world looking for mines such as
have been abandoned on the Hodgkinson by the score."
The treasures of Chillagoe, in copper, silver, lead, lime,

I

QUEENSLAND 93

and iron, have been but feebly guessed at as yet. In
Rhodesia a four foot reef averaging lo dwts. of gold per
ton is, according to Mr Knight of the Times^ a marvellous
claim. There are sixty-eight proclaimed goldfields in
Queensland, 95 per cent, of the output from which is
from reefs. And reefing returns, according to the official
statistics of the colony, about ;^300 per head for each
miner actually engaged in obtaining the metal. The
nominal capital of the gold mining industry of Australasia
is about ninety-seven millions, of which at least seventy-
six millions is British money. The nominal capital of
Queensland gold mines is about six millions, of which at
least three-fifths is held by Queenslanders ; and which,
with a bare million sterling invested in machinery, yielded
dividends amounting to half a million in 1898. Queens-
land gold mining is a home industry, maintained by local
money, which is the reason of its slow development (for
local capital is not unlimited, and local men have their
hands full), and the reason, also, of its good management
and small waste of money ; while the fact that the best
mine in the Malay countries, a well-known property near
Singapore, is owned in Brisbane, is one of those excep-
tions which sustain the rule. The gold yield for 1897
was 807,926 ounces; for 1898, 918,106; an increase of
1 10,180 ounces, or, say, ;^440,ooo.

The most conspicuous industry of the colony, to the
traveller along the coast, is the export trade in chilled
meat ; and it is curious to notice that on the map
attached to the handbook of the Australasian United
Steam Navigation Company, apart from the names of
towns, and routes of railways and steamers, nothing is
marked but the sites of freezing works, boiling-down
works, preserving works, and chilled meat stores. The
annual cast, from about twenty million sheep and six

94 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

million cattle, is about 700,000 cattle and three million
sheep. The export of live cattle has been tried, and
found expensive and risky ; but, between freezing and
tinning, and allowing for the demand from other colonies,
as from New South Wales after the late drought, it is not,
on reflection, strange, though the figures are large, if the
number of cattle utilised has sometimes exceeded the
available cast, and the export of sheep has left the colony
with no great surplusage. A demand is springing up from
countries so far apart as Austria, Natal and the Philip-
pines. Receiving stores are being erected at Singapore
and Colombo ; the Japanese are acquiring a taste for
meat ; South Africa is thinking of Australian supplies
to make up for the deficiency due to the rinderpest ;
and the American troops in Manilla are supplied with
fresh Queensland beef in preference to the malarious
flesh of the water-buffalo.

The vast territory of this colony, extending as it does
for I 300 miles from north to south and 900 miles from
east to west, with a coast line of 2,500 miles, of necessity
includes great varieties of soil and climate. Upon the
whole, especially towards the south, its physical features
correspond roughly to those of New South Wales ; the
dividing range which separates the eastern from the
western waters following the coast at a distance of from
100 to 300 miles inland. Although large herds of cattle
are depastured on the eastward side of the range, the
great stations of Queensland, both for cattle and sheep,
lie on the cretaceous formation of the broad and slightly
elevated inland plateau. The cattle from inland are
easily distinguished at the meat works by their larger
carcases ; and vast flocks of sheep graze on the saline
pastures of the interior, the squatter not infrequently
numbering his sheep by the hundred thousand, while

QUEENSLAND 95

the grazing farmer, pursuing the same industry on a
smaller scale, contents himself with a flock of ten or
twenty thousand. Apart from tick, the only enemy
has been drought ; and this has been overcome by the
discovery, denounced as a physical impossibility by all
the geologists until it became an accomplished fact, that
the whole of these uplands, occupying the bed of an
old sea which joined the Gulf of Carpentaria to the
Australian Bight and separated the continent into two
islands, form a great artesian area, whose inexhaustible
subterranean reservoirs are supplied from sources as yet
unknown, but which are held by many to be the great
mountain heights of New Guinea. Over three hundred
successful bores have been put down to tap these stores,
five of which were down two years ago below the 4000
ft. level, and one below 5000 ft. ; four or five of which
have an output of 4,000,000 gallons a piece daily ; and
the total flow from which is approximately 200,000,000
gallons in the twenty-four hours ; so that country which
a few years since it was dangerous to occupy, is now
traversed for miles by the lines of rushes which follow
the overflowing waters as they meander for miles over
the downs, led in channels formed by huge ploughs
made for the purpose. The water issues from the
bores under great pressure, and usually at a temperature
of from 100 to 140 degrees. The last season when
disaster from drought overtook the stockmasters was in
the year 1883-4, when many wealthy squatters were
ruined. The sugar industry, which was originally opened
up, many years ago, by Melbourne enterprise and capital,
has had its vicissitudes, connected with the Kanaka, or
" black-birding " trade, upon which it chiefly depends
for labour. At present about ;£^ 5, 000,000 is invested
in the business, which has been found extremely pro-

96 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

fitable to the small cane - growers as well as to the
big companies ; but its future will depend to some
extent on the attitude adopted towards it by the Federal
Commonwealth, as well as on the abolition of bounties
by the nations of the European continent. The proposal
that the United Kingdom should take off the duties on
tea, coffee, and cocoa, and levy a like amount on beet
sugar, has not unnaturally found support in Queensland.
And it has been pointed out that, when sugar was put on
the free list, it was produced entirely by British colonists,
while tea was the product of a foreign country : exactly
the reverse of present conditions. Coffee planting has not
yet become a staple industry, though it has been found
that in the scrub lands of northern Queensland an in-
vestment of .^looo on 20 acres will give a return of
.^400 per annum after the fourth year. The world's
demand exceeds 500,000 tons, worth ;^40,ooo,ooo
sterling ; but Liberian coffee, which is the variety mostly
grown in Queensland and the Pacific, as well as in the
Malay Peninsula and Borneo, has not yet recommended
itself to the British or American palate, or at least has
not overcome the prejudices of the middleman. A project
is afoot at Singapore, amongst the planters of the Far
East, to take some common action, as was done by the
Ceylon tea-planters, to bring their wares before the
consumer. Java or Malay coffee has merits of its own ;
and certainly an enforcement of the Adulteration Act
should result in a great falling off in the sale of alleged
coffee extracts, and would vastly alter the quality of
the brew sold at our coffee stalls. The United States
have not the same objections as ourselves to adultera-
tion ; yet even there the burnt beans which are served
out to troops and civilians alike might be abandoned
in favour of the real article. After all, the first coffee

QUEENSLAND 97

drunk in Europe came from Java. And, while real
coffee is originally as cheap as its substitutes, there is
surely no reason why the working man or even the
ordinary householder should be forced to drink nameless
and pernicious abominations. In this matter, as in
many others, the interests of tropical Queensland, if
not altogether sacrificed to the prejudices, or principles, of
the Labour Party in the new Commonwealth, will be
found coincident with those of her northern neighbours in
the British Empire. Upon the whole, it is not surprising
that Queensland Government statisticians, in computing
the wealth of the community, should take credit for their
crown lands at 7s. 6d. per acre. The wealth per head
of the United Kingdom is given by Mulhall at £20^7,
and of the United States at £2 1 o. That of Queens-
land works out at ;^2 8i : or, if the Crown assets, in-
cluding land, and deducting the public debt, be distributed
zs, per capita wealth, at the extraordinary figure of £6\^,
A few more data may be excused, as throwing some
light on the prospects of possible emigrants from the old
country. The population of Queensland was 472,000 at
the last census, of whom 264,000 were males, and 86,000
children under i 5 . The regular defence force numbered
2000, giving a total, with volunteers and rifle clubs, of
4500, or, with all reserves, of 129,000 men liable to
military service under such conditions as would obtain in
England if the Ballot Act were enforced. The actual
expenditure in these matters, taking into account the gun-
boat on the river, the contribution to the Federal squadron,
and that towards the Federal battery on Thursday Island,
amounts to 3s. per head. The population is as to about
52 per cent, native-born Australian (45 per cent, native-
born Queenslander), 2 5 per cent. British, 1 1 per cent.
Irish, and 5 per cent. Asiatic and Kanaka. Over

G

98 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

200,000 State-aided emigrants landed between 1861 and
1896. The revival in British farming, which dates from
the last named year, has been followed by a decline in
the departures from the old country for the United
States ; but those for Canada and Australia have remained
stationary, while those for South Africa, owing to matters
of recent history, have gone up 40 per cent. Queensland,
though she doubled her population in the five years pre-
ceding 1886, has increased much more slowly since then.
But she has been the first of the Australian colonies to
recur to the system of encouraging immigration, setting
an example which has quite recently been followed by
New Zealand : and assistance towards the cost of passages,
second and third class, may now be granted, through the
Agent-General, to the families of small capitalists, farmers,
market-gardeners, dairymen, etc. The policy of " burst-
ing up the big estates," urged by the Radicals of Victoria
in the 'eighties, has been followed by Queensland after a
more peaceable fashion in the Acts of 1884, 1886, and
1894, already referred to. Grazing farms of 20,000
acres and under are granted on the resumed lands upon
leases of 30 years. Practically, the only outlay required
for " improvements " is for a 6-wire fence, costing, say,
;^30 per mile. Good young ewes may fetch from 6s. to
9s. " off shears," i.e. without wool. But the cautious flock-
master will probably, at the start, purchase 5000 aged
ewes at about 2s. 6d., taking the chances, in good seasons,
of getting a couple of lambings off them. The resump-
tions also include lands which are open to the new-comer
in farms of 1280 acres or less, on a 50 years' lease, but
which are easily converted into freehold at about £\ per
acre. To one of these he is allowed to add a grazing
homestead of not over 2560 acres, on lease, at fd. per
acre, and a homestead selection, freehold, of 160 acres, on

QUEENSLAND 99

easy terms of residence and improvement. Further, co-
operative settlements are arranged, witli freeholds of i6o
acres, where special facilities are given for State schools,
etc. : and these are particularly suited to families, as
each member can have his holding, and yet some can re-
main free from time to time, during the early period of
struggle, to contribute to the common stock by wages
earned elsewhere. To come back to the Darling Downs,
— which, it will be remembered, were discovered in
1827, and leased by squatters in 1840, — the squatters'
country, which had become freehold, was opened up by
the railway constructed by Messrs Peto & Brassey in
1867. The land became of agricultural value, as was
proved by the small holdings acquired here and there by
selectors. But private owners could not afford to extend
the terms of payment for the land sold over 20 years.
Parliament therefore sanctioned repurchase ; for resale on
20 years' terms, or £>'j, 12s. lod. per annum for each
;^ioo ; being £^ interest and £2, 12s. lod. for redemption,
or £lS2y 1 6s. 8d. in the end, unless the purchaser shall
elect to clear off the debt sooner. The payments, of
course, with the exception of the first instalment, come
out of the land itself; which, besides, keeps its owner and
his family in comfort during the process. A typical case
of a farm of 323 acres, thus secured in 1896, gave nearly
200 acres under cultivation by the end of 1897 — 100
of them under wheat, and the remainder in oats, potatoes,
onions, peas, beans, pumpkins, and maize. All this was
done with a double-furrow plough, while fencing, wells,
dwelling-house, dairy, milking-shed, and yards were in
course of construction. The cottage stands in an orchard
of three acres ; and, with twenty cows and a score or so of
pigs, there is very little difficulty in meeting the Govern-
ment instalments. Close by is the steading of a farmer

100 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

of another sort, who came to Queensland from Essex forty
years ago, to work on a station at 1 5s. a week. He con-
trived to take up a selection, which has grown into his
present fine property ; some of which has been cropped for
thirty-four years continuously with wheat, without manure,
and some of which again, under lucerne, is valued at ;^5o
the acre.

There are drawbacks, of course, to unmitigated agri-
culture ; faults inherent, apparently, to a population of
small farmers, unrelieved by the civilising, or supervising,
influence of a landlord or larger landed class. It is often
remarked by Australians that, while their upper classes
of pasturalists or commercial men, and successful men
generally, are largely Scotch, the colonial Irish, when not
policemen, publicans, or professional politicians, are gener-
ally small and rather thriftless and disorderly selectors.

In Queensland, as we have seen, there is a large element
of Irishmen (11 per cent, as against some 3 per cent, in
Tasmania), who have shown a certain tendency to congre-
gate in particular country sides, to which their inherited
ideas in some measure give the prevailing tone. The
Gatton murders, for example — perhaps the most horrid
crime of this century — struck terror, in the early part of
this year, into the rural population of the northern end of
the Darling Downs district, not so very far from Brisbane
itself. And in their investigation of the Gatton murders
the police were baffled by a conspiracy of half-cowed and
half-sympathetic country-folk, which almost seems to have
imposed itself on the very relatives of the unfortunate
victims. The state of society near Gatton has points in
common with that obtaining in the purely agricultural
parts of Gippsland, in Victoria ; a district where the
squatter has been improved out of existence, and where,
consequently, the young bloods among the selectors, who

I

QUEENSLAND 101

find time heavy on their hands and seek to kill it by
indulgence in petty agricultural crime, are insufficiently
checked by a magistracy drawn from the storekeepers
with whom they deal. The Gatton tragedy, again, drew
attention, by some of its attendant circumstances, to
another danger affecting the isolated homesteads of the
bush — the prevalence of crimes against the female person.
This is a matter seldom spoken of in the colonies, though
it is at the bottom of the universal prejudice against
Indian and Syrian hawkers. It finds its natural parallel
in the putting away — seldom discovered and still more
seldom brought home to the murderer — of the solitary
" hatter," or of the prospector by his mate.

The leaflet published by the Agent-General for Queens-
land is interesting, and shows, in the very incoherency of
its punctuation and grammar, a strong desire to attract
immigrants.

" More People Wanted for Queensland," it is
headed ; " Free Passages for Farm Labourers and Single
Women (Domestic Servants). Assistance towards actual
Money Cost of Passage is now granted by the Agent-
General of this British Colony to Farmers, Dairymen,
Market Gardeners, Orchardists, etc., and their Families,
where {sic) they may obtain Freehold Homes in a
Sunny Land !

" The Queensland Government is now granting free
passages to farm labourers. Single men must be between
the ages of 17 and 35 — married men under 45. Must
be ploughmen, shepherds, and generally competent farm
labourers or servants. Single women (domestic servants)
must be between the ages of 1 7 and 3 5 and of good char-
acter. An application form must be filled up and signed.
" Each applicant must be approved by the Agent-
General, and when approved for a passage will be re-

102 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

quired to pay ;^i for a ship kit. This becomes the
property of the passenger. Persons obtaining one of
these free passages will be sent to the Colony by splendid
mail steamships as ordinary 3rd class passengers. Nothing
to pay back at any time. The great demand for farm
and female labour being the cause of this absolute gift
by the colonists of Queensland to a few hard-working
British people.

" The demand is kept up by the Farm Labourers of
to-day becoming the Fanners of to-morrow, and in their
turn wanting to hire men. And in the case of Single
Women through a large proportion leaving their situations
to get married.

" Wages are high, land cheap, provisions abundant.
Life is better and brighter and more hopeful for the
wage-earner than in England.

" The chance has come to some of these by this offer of
a free passage !

" Cheap land under Queensland Government Land
Act : —

" Agricultural Homesteads : — The area to be selected
varies with the quality of the land, from 160, 320, to 640
acres, at 2s. 6d. per acre, payment extending over 10 years.

" Agricultural Farms : — Areas up to 1280 acres at los.
per acre upward, payment extending over 20 years.

" Grazing Selections : — Farms and homesteads, in areas
up 20,000 acres, on 14, 21, and 28 years' lease, at annual
rent of ^d. per acre upward.

" Plough your own acres ! Own your own farm !

" There are upwards of 400,000,000 (four hundred
million) acres of unsold land in Queensland. Hundreds
of thousands of acres are open to selection and purchase
at 2s. 6d. per acre, in all parts of the colony.

" Capital necessary ? Yes, if you have it ; come and

QUEENSLAND 103

buy Government Land and improve it ; or buy with care
improved farms in the market. Queensland has more
railways in proportion to population than England. More
constantly being made, and with the rapid development
and progress taking place, every acre bought now will
increase in value year by year.

"If you have no capital, do not hesitate, but come where
hard work and perseverance will soon create it !

" A settler in Queensland, after a year or two's experi-
ence, can work for wages on adjoining farms or planta-
tions to his own, and take contracts for supplying timber
or cartage. It will thus be seen that a working farm man
in Queensland actually requires no capital to start on a
small Government selection. The first 12 months may
be safely passed in a tent (the climate is so mild), while
at odd times a house is being built.

" In 1 897, the total quantity of land under cultivation
was only 386,259 acres, of this area —

59,875 acres of Wheat yielded 1,009,293 Bushels, equal
to 1 6*86 Bushels to the acre.

65,432 acres of Sugar yielded 97,917 Tons, equal to
1*50 Tons to the acre.

2077 acres of Barley yielded 49,840 Bushels, equal to
24*00 Bushels to the acre.

1834 acres of Oats yielded 31,496 Bushels, equal to
1 7" 1 7 Bushels to the acre.

109,721 acres of Maize yielded 2,803,172 Bushels, equal
to 25*25 Bushels to the acre.

8 1 97 acres of English Potatoes yielded 1 8,520 Tons, equal

to 2*26 Tons to the acre.
391 acres of Arrowroot yielded 2888 Tons, equal to 7*31

Tons to the acre.

104 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

311 acres of Coffee yielded 81,614 lbs., equal to 262*42
lbs. to the acre.

2196 acres of Oranges yielded 1,628,167 dozen, equal to
741*43 dozen to the acre.

" But more farmers are wanted to grow crops, especially
wheat and barley, for which there is a market on the
spot, Queensland not producing half enough for own
consumption !

" Population, Total, 500,000 people, about half as many
as in Liverpool — one English town. The people are
mainly British. English character, English laws, customs,
money, weights and measures. 160 acres freehold can
be purchased at 2s. 6d. an acre payable in yearly in-
stalments of 6d. an acre each year for five years. Single
farm servants get £^^ to £50, married couples up to £y$
a year and all found ; female domestic servants from ;^20
to £y^ a year with board and lodging. Nothing to pay
back. Persons obtaining a Free Passage are entirely free
on arrival. Nothing to work out. Free to work at what
they please, where they please, and for whom they please ;
twelve month's trial, and of (sic) residence in Queensland
being the only condition. Government Homes at all
ports of landing on the other side until hired, board and
lodging in them being free of any expense. Free passes
up the railways to New Arrivals. Cheapest Australian
Colony to Reach. A full paid 3rd class passage by
Mail Steamer can be obtained for £13, 13s. (including
ship kit). Only vessels of the very highest class are en-
gaged by the Government to carry their passengers. It
is the safest and pleasantest voyage in the world."

Truly an energetic pamphlet ! — which is, quite seri-
ously, worth reading throughout. The charms of the
voyage would be hard to exaggerate, since the route is

QUEENSLAND 105

through the sheltered seas of Java and New Guinea, and
southwards within the Great Barrier Reef. But it is
unkind of Mr Tavemer, the Victorian Minister of Agricul-
ture, to remark, in a book on his colony (which does not
go in for free or for assisted immigration) that " Free land
is generally worthless, and is only obtainable in inac-
cessible or badly-governed countries, where it can be of
little value to the settler." There are distant portions of
some of the Australian colonies, he remarks, where land is
nominally much cheaper than in Victoria ; but, when its
inaccessibility and distance from market are taken into
account, it is really dearer. Purchase money is paid once
for all, but distance from market means paying annually a
heavy tax in the shape of carriage, which would represent
the annual interest upon an immense sum of money.
The intending emigrant would be wise always to ask
for a candid opinion of the country he meditates going to
from the representative of a rival community. When
agents-general fall out, the honest emigrant comes by some
sidelights on the situation. After all, few men who are
moderately successful in England will wish, or should
be encouraged, to leave the comforts of civilization for the
chances of the Bush. A woman who is not sure of
getting a husband at home is perhaps in a different
case.

As to the public finance, the latest Treasury returns
show that the revenue of the colony, during the three
months ending September 30, 1899, amounted to
;^i,2 53,ooo, as compared with ;^i,i2i,ooo during the
same period of last year. The expenditure was ^£^653,000
as compared with ;^565,ooo.

Chapter VII
NEW ZEALAND

ONE'S first impressions of New Zealand, or Maori-land,
are distinctly favourable. Seen from the coast, it
is a more pleasant land than Australia ; though, even
after passing through Australia, the traveller from the old
country, still measuring all things in his heart by our
ancient and time-stained buildings, and by the bright
verdure of our country districts, will find something
strange, almost menacing, as of a transitory civilisation
still struggling with unconquered nature, in the
numerous wooden buildings and the darker green of the
Bush. But, after all. New Zealand being subject to
occasional shocks of earthquake, wooden buildings are
perhaps safer than those of brick and stone. Besides
which, quarries are few and far between. Enfin, it is
not the fashion yet to build great houses before the land is
tamed. It is much the same with the landowners as with
the miners of the country, one of whom lately voiced his
contempt for a Russian gold dredger he had seen, fitted
with carpeted saloons, cosy cabins, and the electric light.
" In this country," he said, " we spend our surpluses, not
on carpets, but in the construction of more dredges." It
is the true spirit of the Anglo-Saxon : especially when (as
in the Australasian colonies) he is not possessed of much
capital. However, most of the principal places of business
and warehouses in the chief towns are now being erected

106

I

NEW ZEALAND 107

in brick, and on entering the port of Wellington one sees
a goodly array of warehouses and public buildings.

Wellington is rapidly becoming the distributing centre
of the whole of the colony of New Zealand, of which
it became the seat of government in 1865. Here
Parliament holds its sittings ; to Wellington, also, most of
the principal banks and places of business are transferring
their headquarters ; and the numerous lines of steamers
which make it their chief port of call testify to its being
regarded as the capital of New Zealand. Situated on
a narrow strip of land, lying at the base of a range of
high hills, it may easily be imagined that it is not an ideal
site for a city. But its geographical position in Cook
Strait, which traverses the centre of the colony and is
provided with a magnificent harbour, demanded that here
the capital should be ; and, with the disregard of personal
convenience which is such a characteristic of colonial life,
here it has been built. To make up for the want of flat
land, large areas of the harbour have been reclaimed ; and
even comparatively young colonists can remember when
the waters of Port Nicholson washed over what are now
the principal streets in the business portion of the city.

Auckland, the former capital, " The Queen of the
North," far surpasses Wellington in beauty, and some-
what in size, while her harbour is a yachtman's para-
dise. The climate, however, is warmer and more humid
than that of Wellington ; and her geographical^ position,
isolated from the other centres, is also against her. Auck-
land is the port of arrival and departure for the San
Francisco mail boats ; though Wellington, where the wharf
appliances are of a very high order of excellence, is the
port of arrival and departure of the Canadian, or All-
British line. Christchurch, on the east coast of the
Middle Island, the capital of Canterbury Province, was

108 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

originally a Church of England settlement, and presents
more of the characteristics of an English town than any
other place in the colony. The district is wholly flat,
and is liable to be swept by fierce north-west winds.
Further south is Dunedin, the capital of Otago, originally a
Scotch settlement, but rendered cosmopolitan at the time
of the gold discoveries. Dunedin is essentially hilly and
picturesque. The business part is situated on level land
near the harbour, and the residences occupy the sloping
hills which rise on the west side of the city.

New Zealand is first a pastoral, secondly an agricul-
tural, and thirdly a mining country. Ten million acres
are laid down with sown grasses, and in the Middle
Island a large area is covered with native grasses, all useful
for grazing purposes. This great extent of pasture has
made the colony a leading producer of wool and meat ;
democratic agrarian legislation is encouraging agriculture
(though New Zealand, like West Australia, still imports
wheat) ; and the yield of gold has been over fifty-four
millions sterling in value to the present time. The first
authenticated visitor to the islands was that doughty
navigator Tasman, who sailed from Java in a cock-boat
in August 1642 ; visited Mauritius ; discovered and named
Van Diemen's Land ; and sighted New Zealand (which
was apparently already marked on the Dutch charts) in
December. Captain Cook, not having access to the Dutch
charts, any more than Columbus had known of the Viking
charts in the Vatican, was obliged to rediscover New
Zealand for us, one hundred and twenty-seven years after
Tasman ; and he was followed by the French, as usual two
months too late. The missionaries landed in 1 8 1 4 ; colon-
isation companies followed ; an expedition, under Colonel
Wakefield (there is always a Wakefield), was despatched
from London in 1839 ; and annexation by the Crown

1

I

NEW ZEALAND 109

followed in 1840. The Middle Island is the size of
England and Wales ; the North Island is half as big
again as Scotland ; and for practical purposes there is no
South Island at all.

" Nearly all the public works of New Zealand," says
the official guide, " are in the hands of the Govern-
ment of the colony, and in the early days they simply
kept pace with the spread of settlement. In 1870, how-
ever, a great impetus was given to the progress of the
whole country by the inauguration of the ' Public Works
and Immigration Policy,' which provided for carrying out
works in advance of settlement. Railways, roads, and
water-races were constructed, and immigration was con-
ducted on a large scale. As a consequence, the popula-
tion increased from 267,000 in 1871 to 501,000 in
1 88 1." This is the discreet (or official) way of saying
that Sir Julius Vogel adopted, as Sir John Forrest has
adopted in Western Australia, a bold policy of borrowing
British money, with the difference that Vogel was pro-
vident enough to help to meet the interest, by introducing
population to lighten (by sharing) the burden. However,
the policy was pushed too far ; and the country suffered
from a terrible reaction, from which it has only lately
recovered. The inhabitants of the colony now number
nearly 750,000. But they seldom mention the name of
the man who doubled their resources, and their popula-
tion, in ten years : preferring to point to the steady
perseverance (for which they are undoubtedly entitled to
admiration) with which they set themselves to work, as
did the Victorians after their disasters, to redeem their
credit by increasing their output.

To the newcomer, in the summer time, the climate
appears to be warmer than in England, especially as
you go north. The air is not relaxing, and hot winds,

110 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

such as are so often met with in Austrah'a, are infrequent.
In winter, snow and frost are met with in the higher
country, and in the southern portion of the Middle
Island. In the North Island, except on the ranges, snow
is seldom seen, and the frosts are of a very mild nature
compared with those of even the warmer parts of England.
Their place is taken by cold southerly winds, generally
accompanied by heavy falls of rain and sleet. As to the
scenery, it is equal to that found in any part of the world.
For grandeur and majesty it would be difficult to surpass
the Southern Alps, or the West Coast Sounds and the
lake districts in the Middle Island, which are very pro-
perly called by the guide-books " a scenic wonderland."
In the North Island is the Wanganui river, similarly
called the New Zealand Rhine. This is traversed for the
greater part of its length by well-appointed, flat-bottomed
paddle steamers, starting at frequent intervals from the
thriving and beautifully laid-out town of Wanganui, which
is within about eight hours train journey from Wellington.
A journey up this river is simply delightful, fresh pictures
meeting you at every turn, while the glimpses one gets of
the Maori in his native home give an added charm to the
trip. But the real wonderland of New Zealand is Roturua
and the adjoining district. Forests of extraordinary
luxuriance and beauty clothe the mountains and border
the extensive plateaux, and hot lakes, boiling geysers,
and thermal springs are met with everywhere ; in fact,
hundreds of hot springs exist within the district, besides
numerous mud volcanoes, fumaroles, and solfataras. The
mineral waters and baths are highly esteemed in the
treatment of various diseases, and at Roturua the Govern-
ment has established a well-equipped sanatorium, which
is in charge of a highly-qualified medical man. The
famous Pink and White Terraces, and the Lake of Roto-

I

NEW ZEALAND 111

mahana, were blown up in 1886 ; but the district, whose
natural facilities for cooking are applied by the Maories to
their potatoes as well as by the invalid to his lumbago,
has been proclaimed a National Park.

Society, of course, radiates from Government House,
Wellington, where resides his Excellency the Governor,
the Earl of Ranfurly, K.C.M.G. New Zealand has of late
years been particularly fortunate in its Governors. Lord
Glasgow, who preceded the Earl of Ranfurly, was esteemed
by all classes of society for his kindly and unassuming
manner, and his genial yet dignified bearing. It was no
easy task to follow such an one in the Governorship
of the colony. But the Earl of Ranfurly is already
displaying qualities which cannot fail to make him
popular ; and his hospitality is of the most generous
description.

Next in importance to the Governor is the Premier, the
Right Hon. R. J. Seddon, LL.D,, P.C. (to give him his
full title ; " Digger Dick " he used to be called in his
gold-mining days on the West Coast) : a man who forced
his way to the front rank of New Zealand politics by
sheer strength of brain and will, and has for years retained
his position by the exercise of the same valuable qualities.
Tall, upright, of portly habit, with a commanding presence,
Mr Seddon knows exactly what he wants, and generally
manages to get it. (It is a thing worth observing, that
most successful colonial statesmen are portly, and most of
them are also bluff.) As a politician, he stands head and
shoulders above all his Ministers, while his tactics are the
dismay of the Opposition. " Unscrupulous " his political
enemies call him ; but for all that they admire his strength
of will and ability as a party leader, and the untiring
energy he displays in the prosecution of his plans. Next
to him comes the Minister of Lands, the Hon. John

112 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

M'Kenzie, a big, and (also) bluff, outspoken, hot-headed
Scotchman, fierce in the political battle, and always ready
for the fray ; but having the reputation of straightforward-
ness and honesty in his endeavour to settle the people on
the land. He is not so strong physically as a Minister
requires to be in New Zealand, and there is some talk of
his retiring early in the New Year. The Hon. A. J.
Cadman is Minister of Mines and Railways — an arduous
billet in a country where nearly all the railways are owned
by the Government, and where the Minister is expected
to show a surplus of revenue over expenditure at the
end of every year. Mr Cadman is quiet, self-contained,
and methodical, but a good departmental man, and an
indefatigable worker. The Minister for Public Works is
the Hon. W. Hall-Jones. He was a builder and con-
tractor before he was chosen a member of the Ministry
some three or four year ago, and hails from Kent,
England. He devotes himself assiduously to running
his department, and also to supervising matters relating
to the Customs and Marine, in all of which he succeeds
remarkably well. The Minister of Defence and Justice
is the Hon. T. Thompson. He has charge of the
Police Department, among others ; and there is some
talk of his being forced to resign, in consequence of
the inquiries of a Royal Commission into the state of
the police force of the colony, which is under direct
Government control. The Hon. W. C. Walker is the
Minister of Education, with a seat in the Upper House.
Last of all comes the Hon. James Carroll, member of the
Executive as representing the native race. " Jima Kara,"
as he is called by the Maoris, is a half-caste — a well
educated, genial, good-tempered sort of being, on whom
care sits lightly, and who goes through life as if ministerial
responsibility was a thing of naught. He is excellent

I

NEW ZEALAND 113

company — can sing a good song or tell a good " yarn "
in the most approved style, and is much in request at
social functions. When his natural indolence is for the
time overcome, he can speak with telling effect : in fact,
he is one of the orators of the House of Representatives :
and there are few empty benches when " Jimmy " is
opening the floodgates of his eloquence. The Opposition
in Parliament is led by Captain Russell, a wealthy
squatter from Hawke's Bay, one of the richest districts
in the colony. Tall, and still retaining a decided military
bearing, he is courteous and kindly in his demeanour.
There are seventy-four members of the popular Chamber,
the House of Representatives, four of them being Maoris.
Each of the white members represents about 10,000
constituents : and all but one of the natives require the
assistance of an interpreter when addressing the House.
As a rule they only speak on matters directly affecting
the native race. The nominated Chamber is known as
the Legislative Council. Unlike members of the power-
ful Upper Houses of Victoria and Western Australia, who
are elected on a wide property basis, Members of the
Legislative Council here hold their seats, as in Queensland,
under writ of summons from the Governor, and are very
cavalierly treated, on occasion, by the Representative
Assembly. Two members of the Council are aboriginal
native chiefs. Formerly members were appointed by the
Government of the day for life: the term now is seven years,
though Councillors may be re-appointed. Female suffrage,
as in South Australia, has made but little difference in
politics. Of the 319,000 adults of both sexes in the
colony, the extraordinary proportion of 96 per cent, are
on the rolls, of whom ^6 per cent, voted at the last
general election. It is a remarkable fact that 197,000
men, almost the full number of adult males in the colony,

H

114 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

are on the electoral rolls. New Zealand is the most
perfect and in some ways the most prosperous democracy
in the world.

For a young country, New Zealand is fairly well
supplied with railways, although an agitation is on foot
to raise a large loan for the purpose of completing, more
expeditiously than can be done otherwise, the main trunk
lines through the centre of the two islands. Travelling by
rail is somewhat more expensive than in England, and
the trains run at a lesser speed, especially in some parts
of the North Island, where the gradients are steep and
the curves sharp. The country, however, is well served by
its railways, which, with three unimportant exceptions, are
owned by the Government and under the control of a
Department, at the head of which is the Minister of
Railways, who is beset with numberless applications for
new lines in all parts of the country. Coastal communi-
cation is chiefly maintained by the Union Shipping Com-
pany of New Zealand, which also provides a fine fleet of
fast steamers for communication with the Australian
Colonies. But there are few good harbours in the North
Island, and navigation has been shown by a series of
wrecks, comparable only to the successive disasters which
spoiled the route by the north of Queensland to Europe
for the saloon passenger traffic, to be highly dangerous.

In a colony like New Zealand, chiefly devoted to
pasture and agriculture, the system under which the lands
of the colony are administered is a matter of supreme
importance. The distinguishing feature of the present
land system of the colony is State-ownership of the soil
with a perpetual tenancy for the occupier — in fact, a con-
siderable portion of the Crown lands is disposed of for
terms of 999 years. Settlers may, however, take up land
for cash, or on lease with a purchasing clause, or on lease

NEW ZEALAND 115

in perpetuity, at a rental of 4 per cent, on the capital
value. A system that is daily growing in favour is
known as the " Improved Farm Settlements " plan,
which may be briefly explained as follows : — In order to
find work for the unemployed, considerable areas of bush-
covered Crown lands have been set aside, and small
contracts, for clearing, burning the bush, and sowing it
with grass, have been let. The land is then sub-divided
into small farms, and let on lease in perpetuity, at a figure
sufficient to cover the cost of clearing, etc., together with
a fair rental of the land. The size of holdings averages
100 acres. By the Land for Settlement Act, too, the
Government has the power to compel owners of large
blocks of land to sell them to the Crown ; and these pro-
perties are, when acquired, sub-divided into small farms
not more than 320 acres in extent. The Government
is also yearly purchasing large areas of native reserves ;
and it will thus be seen that there is no lack of land on
which persons, even with small means, may settle and
make a home for themselves. Further, by an Act passed
in 1894, the Government was empowered to borrow
money for the purpose of lending it to farmers on the
security of a first mortgage on their land, the amount
being payable by instalments ; and there are not wanting
signs that the operation of the Act has resulted in a great
deal of relief being afforded to struggling settlers. Most
of this agrarian legislation, it will be seen, has its parallels
in Queensland, Victoria, and New South Wales, though
these colonies, for the most part, have been able to im-
prove upon New Zealand precedents. Western Australia,
characteristically, contented itself with starting a State
Agricultural Bank, which appears to have used up its
available capital mostly in loans to wealthy absentees.
Closely associated with the colony's land system is the

116 ADV^ANCED AUSTRALIA

dairy industry, which has made marvellous strides within
the last few years, and has developed into one of the
settled industries of the colony. It is under the special
care of the Minister for Lands, himself a farmer, and
during his term of office the Government have been at
great pains to assist in its development. Dairy experts
have been introduced to the colony, their business being
to instruct the farmers and factory owners in all the
most approved methods of butter and cheese manufac-
ture ; and graders are employed examining all butter and
cheese for export, and branding each packet with its
proper quality. The export of butter and cheese from
the colony for the year 1898 amounted to nearly
;(^5 40,000, as against ;^2 11,801 for 1889 — a big stride
to make in ten years.

The frozen meat industry is also a very large factor in
the prosperity of the colony, and the freezing works are in
full work during the greater part of the year in almost
every part of the country. The protracted drought in
Australia has reduced the number of sheep depastured by
many millions. New Zealand escaped with a loss of only
a few hundreds of thousands, and still has 19,210,702
to her credit. The prodigious advance which the frozen
meat export trade of this colony has made since its estab-
lishment seventeen years ago may be gauged by the fact
that whereas in 1882 1,707,328 lbs. were exported, in 1898
there were 1 59,223,720 lbs., and during the first half of this
year 106,008,848 lbs. The value of all the exports in 1 898
was ;^ 1 0,5 00,000 ; the value of New Zealand produce
exported, ;^ 10,3 2 5,000, being at the rate of ;^I3, 17s.
9d. per head of population, as against £is, 6s. for the
previous year.

Gold to the value of ;£^5 3,372,634 had been obtained
in New Zealand prior to December 31st, 1897, and the

I

NEW ZEALAND 117

value of the gold obtained during 1897 was ;^98o,204 ;
during 1898, ;^i,o8o,69i, an increase of ;^ 100, 5 00.
There are extensive coal mines, but little has been done
towards working the other minerals in the colony. The
wool clip for 1898 was 154,000,000 lbs., worth about
;^4,700,ooo, showing an increase of 65 per cent, in
eleven years. There were 19,500,000 sheep in the
colony in 1898, as against 15,000,000 in 1888, the
growth being chiefly in the small flocks, which number
12,886 of under 500 as against 6,579 '^^ 1888, while
those of 20,000 and upwards have decreased. This is
because the small owners are better able to cope with
the rabbit difficulty than the large runholders.

The total declared value of the imports in 1898
amounted to ;^8, 2 3 0,600, as compared with ;^8,o5 5,223
in 1897, and ;^7, 137,3 20 ""^ 1896. The excess of
exports over imports, excluding specie, was nearly
^2,250,000.

The cost of living in the colony is estimated at about
;^35, 6s. id. per head of the population. But the
average rate of wages is distinctly higher than in Great
Britain, and the average income of the New Zealander
is ;^37, as against ;^29 for the Briton and ;^32 in the
United States. Bread is ijd. per lb., beef 3fd., mutton
3d.; while agricultural labourers get about 15s. weekly,
with board, and artizans about i os. daily, without. There
is ;^I9 per head deposited in the banks, and the estimated
private wealth of ;^20 1,000,000 works out at ;^27i to
the individual, in 1898: to which must be added the
public wealth, of about ;^4 5, 000,000.

Manufactories and works show a satisfactory increase
over the previous years.

Generally speaking, the Revenue duties are not pro-
tective. Clothing and boots are, however, subject to a

118 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

heavy tax, as both the clothing and boot-making in-
dustries are being developed. An agitation is now on
foot to take the duties off the necessaries of life. Under
the Assessment Act of 1891, there is an ordinary land
tax on the actual value of land, an owner being allowed
to deduct any amount owing by him secured by a
registered mortgage. The value of all improvements
is exempted : besides which, an exemption of ;^500 is
allowed when the balance, after making the above deduc-
tions, does not exceed ;^ 1,5 00. Above that a smaller
exemption is made, which ceases when the balance amounts
to £2,SOO. Mortgages are subject to the land tax.
There is also a graduated land tax, which commences
when the unimproved value is ;^5,ooo, the present value
of all improvements, but not mortgages, being deducted.
Twenty per cent, additional tax is levied in the case of
persons who have been absent from the colony for three
years or more. Income-tax is levied on all incomes
above ;^300 ; and a deduction of ;^300 is made from
taxable incomes. Companies are not allowed the ;^300
exemption, and pay a higher tax than individuals.
Seventy-five per cent, of the colony's revenue is raised
by the Customs and Excise duties.

A noteworthy feature of the Government which now
holds, and has held for eight years, the reins of power in
New Zealand is the several Acts passed for the benefit of
the working classes. The whole body of legislation known
in New Zealand as the " Labour Laws " has been collected
and published by the Department of Labour, in a pamphlet
which contains in its preface the following passage : —

" The labour laws have been passed in the effort to
regulate certain conditions affecting employer and em-
ployed. Their scope embraces many difficult positions
into which the exigencies of modern industrial life have

I

NEW ZEALAND 119

forced those engaged in trades and handicrafts. The
general tendency of these laws is to ameliorate the position
of the worker by preventing social oppression through
undue influences, or through unsatisfactory conditions of
sanitation. It will undoubtedly be found that, with the
advance of time, these laws are capable of improvement
and amendment ; but they have already done much to
make the lives of operatives of fuller and more healthy
growth, and their aim is to prevent the installation of
abuses before such abuses attain formidable dimensions."

The laws referred to comprise the appended statutes
and regulations made under various Acts : —

" The Conspiracy Law Amendment Act, 1 894."

"The Contractors' and Workmen's Lien Act, 1892."

"The Employers' Liability Act, 1882," with amend-
ments of 1 89 1 and 1892.

"The Factories Act, 1894," and Amendment Act, 1896.

"The Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act,
1894," with amendments, 1895, 1896, and 1898.

Labour in Coal-mines : Extract from " The Coal-
mines Act, 1 89 1."

Labour in Coal-mines : Regulations for the manage-
ment and administration of funds and moneys under
section 69 of "The Coal-mines Act, 1891."

"The Master and Apprentice Act, 1865." Master and
Apprentice : Extract from " The Criminal Code Act,
1893," sections 150 and 213.

"The Mining Act, 1898."

"The Servants' Registry Offices Act, 1895."

"The Shearer's Accommodation Act, 1898."

"The Shipping and Seamen's Act, 1877," with Amend-
ment Acts of 1885, 1890, 1894, 1895, and 1896.

" The Shops and Shop-assistants Act, 1 894," with
Amendment Acts of 1895 and 1896.

120 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

"The Sunday Labour in Mines Prevention Act, 1897."

"The Trade Union Act, 1878," and Amendment Act,
1896.

"The Truck Act, 1891."

"The Wages Attachment Act, 1895."

"The Workmen's Wages Act, 1893."

Chief among these is the Conciliation and Arbitration
Act, which provides for the settlement of all trade dis-
putes before Boards of Conciliation in the first place, and
Courts of Arbitration, whose awards can be enforced in
the same manner as an award of the Supreme Court.

Societies consisting of five or more employers, or of
seven or more workers, may be registered and become
subject to the jurisdiction of the Board and Court ap-
pointed by the Act. Any such society may bring a
disputed case before the Board of Conciliation appointed
for the district, and, if the Board fails to effect a settle-
ment, the dispute may be referred to the Court of
Arbitration. The amount, however, for which such an
award may be enforced against an association is limited
to £soo.

The manner in which the Act has operated may gener-
ally be regarded as satisfactory ; and, although its exis-
tence has undoubtedly tended to bring into prominence
a number of disputes about small matters which would
otherwise probably never have been mentioned, on the
other hand, it must be admitted that it has succeeded in
finding a settlement for more than one cause of disagree-
ment between employers and employed which, but for
it, would have resulted in strikes and lock-outs. Some
difficulty has lately arisen in regard to the Conciliation
Board at Wellington. One of the members was away
from the colony, another laid aside by illness, and yet
another absent on business. The consequent difficulty

NEW ZEALAND 121

of getting a quorum to sit or adjudicate on certain trade
disputes was rapidly coming to be felt as a grievance by
the workmen concerned, when the unexpected arrival of
the two absentees solved the problem. It is probable,
however, that the Government will next session move to
amend the law so as to provide for such contingencies.

" The Factories Act " is a consolidation of previous
legislation, with some important additions. New Zealand
has been divided into factory districts under the charge of
a chief inspector and 163 local inspectors. As a " factory "
or " work-room " includes any place in which two or more
persons are engaged in working for hire or reward in any
handicraft, there are few operatives who do not come
within the scope of the Act. Children under fourteen
years of age are not allowed to be employed, and the
hours of labour, holidays, etc., of women and youths under
sixteen are strictly regulated. Good ventilation, sanitary
accommodation, and general cleanliness of buildings are
points dwelt upon ; while machinery has to be properly
guarded, fire-escapes provided, and dangerous occupations
especially classified. In order to assist the system of free
general education which prevails in the colony, young
persons are not allowed to work in factories till they
have passed the fourth standard of the State schools,
or an equivalent examination. To prevent the intro-
duction of " sweating," articles made, or partly made, in
private dwellings, or unregistered workshops, have
to be labelled when offered for sale, so that goods so
manufactured (often in unsanitary premises) may not be
placed in the market in competition with work done
in properly inspected factories. Any person remov-
ing such labels is liable to a heavy fine. The Factory
Inspectors also exercise supervision over the sleeping
accommodation provided for shearers in country districts.

122 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

As the sheep-runs and farms are widely scattered, some-
times in the rough and remote back-country, this part of
the work of inspection is no easy task. A woman
Inspector of Factories also gives her assistance to the
duties of the department, travelling from place to place,
and particularly looking into the condition of the operative
women and girls.

The duration of the hours of business in shops is limited
by " The Shops and Shop- Assistants Act," and " The Shops
and Shop-Assistants Act Amendment Act." These provide
for the closing of all shops in towns and boroughs for one
afternoon half-holiday in each week. A few shops, such
as those of chemists, fruiterers, eating-house keepers, etc.,
are exempted from the general closing, on account of their
convenience to the public ; but assistants in such establish-
ments, in the bars of hotels, and in country stores, must
have a half-holiday on some day of the week. Small
shops carried on by Europeans without paid assistants are
also exempt from closing on the general half-holiday, but
must close on one afternoon in each week. The hours of
work for women and young persons are defined ; sitting
accommodation must be provided, and precautions as to
the necessary time for meals, sanitary accommodation,
etc., are enforced. The Act also enumerates the working-
hours, holidays, etc., of clerks employed in banks, mercan-
tile offices, etc.

" The Employers' Liability Act," added to and amended
in 1 89 1 and 1892, is designed to protect workmen from
negligence on the part of employers, by defining under
what circumstances compensation for injury or death may
be recoverable. The Act covers all employments except
that of domestic servants, and does not allow of any
" contracting out " by agreement on the part of employer
and employed. Another Act of this character has regard

\

NEW ZEALAND 123

to the payment of workmen's wages, providing that if
a workman shall demand payment of wages twenty-four
hours or more after they are due, and the contractor does
not pay such wages, the workman may legally attach all
moneys due to the contractor from the employer until he
is paid, " The Servants' Registry Office Act " regulates
registry offices for domestic or farm servants, preventing
friendless or uneducated people from becoming the prey of
unscrupulous persons who formerly made a living out of
fees by duping applicants for situations. The registry
office keepers pay a licensing fee to the Government ; must
produce a certificate of good character when applying for
a license ; must keep books open to inspection ; and are
not allowed to keep lodging-houses for servants.

Combinations or associations of persons for regulating
the relations between masters and masters, or masters
and workmen, or workmen and workmen, are directed
by the " Trade Union Act." The " Conspiracy Law
Amendment Act " permits any combination of persons
in furtherance of a trade dispute, provided that any act
performed by such combination or society would not
be unlawful if done by one person. " Such action,"
naively adds the Secretary to the Department of Labour,
" must not include riot, sedition, or crime against the
State " ; a remark which somehow suggests that it may
include riots or crimes against the employer. " The
Wages Attachment Act " prevents wages below £2 a
week being attached for debt ; though it does not pre-
vent any workman being sued for debt in the ordinary
course.

The New Zealand democracy really, though no Aus-
tralian would admit it, leads Australia ; as will be ac-
knowledged by any one who, after acquainting himself
with the above body of law, will examine recent legisla-

124 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

tion in the other colonies. And it will be seen that
the antipodean wages-man and his wife, given a free
hand, lose no time in securing, through the action of
their paid Parliamentary delegates, their economic posi-
tion ; while, with equal decision, they agree to leave
the burden of taxation on the employer.

Last year the Legislature of New Zealand passed a
statute entituled "The Divorce Act, 1898," which was
assented to by Her Majesty in April 1899. The new
Act places persons of either sex practically on an equality
as regards petitions for dissolution of marriage ; the same
grounds, in substance, for a decree of divorce applying
to man or woman.

Besides this important alteration of the law, the
grounds for divorce are extended as under : —

1. Adultery, on either side.

2. Wilful desertion continuously during five years or

more.

3. Habitual drunkenness on the part of husband, along

with failing to support wife ; or drunkenness and
neglect, with unfitness to discharge household
duties on the part of the wife.

4. Conviction, with sentence of imprisonment or penal

servitude for seven years or upwards, for attempt-
ing to take life of petitioner.

An Act of similar tenor was passed in New South
Wales several years ago, and one is now, or was lately,
before the Legislature of Western Australia.

Finally, it will be interesting to consider the operation
of a Local Option Poll.

Under " The Alcoholic Liquors Sale Control Act,
1893," each electoral district constituted for the election
of a member of Parliament is a licensing district, and

NEW ZEALAND 125

Parliamentary electors are also electors under the Licens-
ing Acts.

The licensing poll is taken at every General Election.
The questions for the decision of the voters are —

1. Whether the number of licenses existing in the

district shall continue ?

2. Whether the number shall be reduced?

3. Whether any licenses whatever shall be granted?

The voter may vote for one or two of these proposals,
but no more.

The method of determining the result of the poll in
each district is as follows : —

(i.) If the number of votes recorded in favour of the
continuance of existing licenses is an absolute majority
of all the voters whose votes were recorded, the proposal
is carried, and the licenses continue until the next
poll.

(2.) If the number of votes recorded in favour of a
reduction of licenses is an absolute majority of the voters
whose votes were recorded, the proposal is carried ; and
the Licensing Committee then reduces publicans' licenses
by not less than 5 per cent, or more than 25 per cent, of
the total number.

(3.) If the number of votes recorded in favour of the
proposal that no license shall be granted is not less than
three-fifths of the voters whose votes were recorded, the
proposal is carried ; and no licenses can be granted.

(4.) If none of the proposals respecting licenses are
carried by the prescribed majority, the licenses continue
as they are until next poll.

The result of a poll taken in December 1896, in sixty-
two licensing districts, was that nearly 1 40,000 votes were
cast in favour of proposal (i), the continuance of existing

126 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

licenses; 94,500 for (2) reduction \ and 98,300 for (3)
no license. In fifty-two districts the majority was for
continuance ; in four a majority, but not the necessary
three-fifths majority, voted for prohibition ; and in the
remaining six no proposal was carried. In this poll,
it must be remembered, half the electors were women.

Education in New Zealand, as in the other colonies, is
free (that is to say, it is provided for by annual vote by
Parliament out of the Consolidated Fund) ; secular ; and
compulsory. The system is administered by a Govern-
ment Department, through Education Boards, which in
turn are served by school committees in charge of the
sub-divisions of the various school districts. Technical
education is yet comparatively in its infancy ; but the
urgent necessity for some proper and complete system of
technical education is generally recognised, and there is
every probability that the disadvantage under which New
Zealand is labouring in this respect will be removed in
the course of a very few years. There is a University of
New Zealand ; affiliated colleges being situated at Auck-
land, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin. There are
also schools for the instruction of native children, and the
usual industrial schools under Government control.

The people of New Zealand may be generally regarded
as sober and law-abiding. Serious crimes are rare, while
drunkenness, which used to be so frequent among the
old-time hands, in the days ot the gold rushes, when
money was plentiful, is becoming every day less frequent,
especially among the younger members of the community.

While the New-Zealand-born formed at the last census
63 per cent, of the whole population of the colony, they
contribute not more that 25 per cent, of the prisoners
received in gaol. Of the New-Zealand-born population,
however, a large number are under 1 5 years of age, a

•I'

I

NEW ZEALAND 127

period of life at which there are very few prisoners ;
another comparison, therefore, is necessary. It is found,
then, that the New-Zealand-born over 1 5 years formed
44 per cent of the total population ; but, as before stated,
New-Zealanders constitute less than 25 per cent, of the
total in their gaols.

The cities and the large towns are well kept, and usually
up-to-date, although many of the small settlements in
newly opened-up districts are still in a very primitive con-
dition. The people are sociable and hospitable, fond of
pleasure and all kinds of out-door sports, horse-racing
being the form of amusement to which the greater num-
ber are addicted. Every little country settlement, as is
the prevalent custom all over Australasia, has one or more
race meetings every year, while meetings at which con-
siderable money prizes are given are held several times a
year at the principal centres of the colony. In cricket,
New Zealand has yet much to learn ; but at football her
representatives have achieved a very large measure of
success whenever they have travelled outside their own
borders.

In regard to assisted emigration, it is now announced
that the Agent-General is prepared to receive applications
from intending settlers for passages at reduced fares, by
the Shaw, Savill, and Albion Company's and the New
Zealand Shipping Company's steamers.

Application forms and all particulars can be obtained
from the Agent-General for New Zealand, 13 Victoria
Street, London, S.W., and also from the agents in the
United Kingom of the above companies.

It would be impossible to conclude without some refer-
ence to the Maoris, who held the country when it was
first discovered, and who, unlike most savages to whom we
have taken the blessings of civilisation, remain in posses-

128 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

sion of a very fair proportion of their inheritance to-day.
They are said, by those amusing gentlemen who theorise
about races, to be the remote descendants of the early
inhabitants of India, who, driven from that peninsula by
the Aryans, learned navigation in Java and Borneo, and,
driven again from there by the Malays, sailed all over the
Pacific, and very likely to Mexico and Peru. In any
case, a section, either of these Polynesians or of some other
persons of the same name, amalgamated with the indi-
genes of Fiji, and their progeny, becoming a species of
Normans of the Pacific, conquered Samoa, Tahiti, the
Sandwich Islands, and finally New Zealand, where they
arrived in a fleet of canoes about the year 1350. These
are the folk, now called Maories, whom Mr S. Percy
Smith, F.R.G.S., an authority on the subject, describes as
" daring voyagers, in comparison with whom the most
noted European navigators of the Middle Ages were mere
coasters. The Polynesian chronicles relate voyages extend-
ing from Fiji to Easter Island, from New Zealand to the
Hawaii group, and even to the Antarctic regions. They were
never equalled as voyagers until the sixteenth century,
which saw such an extension of nautical enterprise, origin-
ating in Europe." When the colony was first occupied
by Europeans, the Maoris were found to be a brave and
warlike nation, fighting for the love of conflict, and prac-
tising cannibalism for want of butchers' meat. Real
swine being introduced to their notice, they readily gave
up " long pig ; " and when the wars between the British
and Maoris took place at a later date, they acquitted
themselves like men, making a gallant stand, often-times
with success, against their better armed and better equipped
adversaries. Now, " Nous avons changi tout cela" The
Maori and the white man have, so to speak, coalesced,
and live together in peace and amity. Gradually their

11

NEW ZEALAND 129

numbers are being thinned by disease, and, though slowly,
they appear to be experiencing the inevitable fate of a
weaker race coming into contact with a stronger one.
Generally, the tribes hold land in common, on which they
subsist ; others hold large areas of land, and are compara-
tively wealthy ; while others again, having sold their land,
find it difficult to procure enough to live on. However,
as they still have left them some 10,000,000 acres,
valued at ;^3, 000,000 ; and as they only number 40,000
souls (exclusive of 5000 half-castes of all sorts), it
will be seen they are not without resources. And their
representatives in the Legislature hold a record for
stone-walling. For the rest, strong and active in body,
and of undoubted ability, they make excellent farm
hands ; but their natural indolence is a decided disad-
vantage. They are good horsemen, are fond of racing,
and dearly love to talk, some of their " huis " or meetings
extending over several days. Generally law-abiding, they
easily succumb to diseases brought on by intemperance
and the insanitary conditions under which they live. Steps
are being taken to provide them, where possible, with
medical aid, and to instil in their minds some understand-
ing of the laws of hygiene ; and if this is done, there is
every reason to hope that the decadence of the Maori may
be arrested for very many years. But to anyone desirous
of obtaining information about them, let me recommend a
charming book, entitled " Old New Zealand, by a Pakeha
Maori." It is most delightful reading, and full of details
of Maori life.

It has for some time past been generally admitted by
the leading technical journals that New Zealand leads the
world in one department of mining — that of gold-dredg-
ing : a special and cryptic branch of the art, indeed, which
is all but unknown, as yet, elsewhere.

130 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

" It will be observed from the returns published monthly
in the New Zealand Mines Record^' says that journal under
date of May 1 899, "that gold-dredging is one of the colony's
most stable industries. It has gone on steadily increasing
for many years past ; and engineers, owners, and masters
of dredges have been quietly perfecting their appliances
to such an extent that it is generally acknowledged that
in no other part of the world is this branch of mining so
economically and scientifically carried on as it is in New
Zealand. This has all been accomplished without boom-
ing, and shareholders have received substantial profits.
There is danger just now of a solid industry being made
a catspaw of by some of the company promoters, whose
chief aim is the flotation of scrip, and those who are
asked to go in for new enterprises should make full
inquiry as to the probabilities of obtaining something
like an adequate return on the capital they are asked
to invest." " The consequences of booming," the editor
goes on to remark, " are . . . fatal to those who get in
too late." But how much temptation there is locally to
boom may be, perhaps, vaguely gathered by the uninitiated
from the annexed fragments, culled from the up-country
press, which are informative enough in their way : —

" A report has been published in several papers that
the Ranfurly dredge (Electric Company) last week ob-
tained 1008 ounces. We are authoritatively informed
that, although the dredge in question is getting very
good returns, nothing has yet been obtained nearly as
large as that quoted above. We are informed (on the
best authority) that the record weekly yield for the
Electric dredges stands at 647 ounces, which yield was
obtained by the Electric No. i dredge nearly two years
ago. This constitutes, we also imagine, the record for
the river — in New Zealand, for that matter. It is ad-

^

NEW ZEALAND 131

mitted, however, that the Ranfurly dredge is very
familiar with three-figures returns, and, when she reaches
some proved ground a Httle ahead of where she is now
working, it is expected that she will easily beat the
above-mentioned record." — Alexandra Herald.

" Some of those individuals who were enterprising
enough to peg out river claims on the Mataura recently
have received offers from Dunedin and elsewhere oi £^o
and £^0 for a quarter share in single claims. Faith in
the Mataura for dredging purposes is not, evidently, con-
fined to Gore alone. So intense has been the craze all
over the district for pegging out claims that one local
timber firm disposed of forty pounds' worth of pegs
during this month. This sum represents about four
thousand pegs. A little above Gore, on the north side,
it is estimated that within a radius of a mile there are
pegs on private property and river-banks sufficient to
close-board a 200-acre paddock." — Mataura Ensign.

" What the return of 400 ounces 1 7 dwt. by the
Magnetic really means may be understood from the
following calculation : — Allowing 10 ounces 17 dwt.
for the payment of expenses, which is ample, it means
a clear profit of 390 ounces, or ;^i5ii, 5s., for one
week's operations. On a capital of ;6^7ooo this gives a
profit of 21^ per cent, per week, or 11 08 per cent, per
annum. A dividend of 2s. per share was declared about
ten days ago. The next monthly dividend, with returns
like last week's, should be nearly equal to the paid-up
capital of the company. This dredge has only been
working about five months, has paid off nearly ;^3000
of debt, declared a 2s. dividend, and is still on the
jugular." — Cromwell Argus.

What ' on the jugular ' may mean it is hard for a
home-keeping Briton to say. What should they know

132 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

of English who only England know? But it is clear
that a number of small local syndicates have been making
good money, and most of us would understand looo
per cent. That it is understood locally is clear. It was
reported in September that since the beginning of the
year seventy-four companies, with capital aggregating
;{^6oo,ooo, have been formed. In Victoria, as we have
seen, the craze has caught on. The river banks are being
pegged there also, and dredges are being set to eat their
way through them into the worked-out alluvial flats, as
well as to tear up the river beds themselves. The
knowing mining " crowd " of Ballarat and Bendigo are
not ashamed to admit that for once they must learn
of another colony. They get their managers and (to
begin with) their machinery from New Zealand. And
that others besides Victorians are not above taking a
hint may be seen from the following, also taken from a
Maori-land paper of recent date. " Orders for three
dredges have been placed with (Messrs So and So) of
Dunedin, for Siberia. These dredges, which are to be

built from the designs of Mr ( ), consulting engineer,

are to be of the type of the dredge near Cromwell, and
are to be delivered f.o.b. at Dunedin on the ist August
next. The engines are to be made in England, and
the hulls are to be constructed of Siberian timber, which
grows plentifully in the vicinity of the river where the
dredges are to be placed. Mr Heine, a Russian gentle-
man, who lately made a tour of Central Otago with a
companion, and placed the order in this colony for
the dredges, stated to an interviewer that his claim ex-
tends a hundred miles along the course of the river in
Siberia, and that there are several dredges already at
work in that region, but of a very different type to those
in Central Otago, which require only two men at each

NEW ZEALAND 133

shift, while on the Siberian dredges there are about a
dozen men on each shift." " Mr Heine, a Russian gentle-
man," is obviously a man of intelligence. But is there
not, in the British Empire also, and as far, may be, from
New Zealand as from Russia, " timber which grows plenti-
fully in the vicinity of rivers " on which dredges might
be placed ? Have we not streams of our own, in Africa
or in Canada, better than all the waters of Siberia ? And
have our concessionaires in China taken counsel of New
Zealand managers?

¥

\

I-

Chapter VIII
OLD AGE PENSIONS IN PRACTICE

NEW Zealand has made the first practical effort to
solve the problem of " Old Age Pensions," and
the Act passed last session has become operative. As
the principle of this notable law has been admitted in
England, and most of its provisions are being adopted
in the Bills which are under consideration in other Aus-
tralian colonies, it deserves lengthy consideration. The
preamble may be quoted.

" An Act to provide for Old- Age Pensions.

I st November 1 8 9 1 .

" WHEREAS it is equitable that deserving persons
who during the prime of life have helped to bear the
public burdens of the colony by payment of taxes, and
to open up its resources by their labour and skill, should
receive from the colony a pension in their old age :

"Be it therefore enacted by the General As-
sembly of New Zealand in Parliament assembled, and by '
the authority of the same, as follows : — "

What follows is mainly contained in the 7th clause,
that, " subject to the provisions of this Act," every person
of the full age of sixty-five years and upwards, being of
our own blood and not guilty of any offence " dishonour-
ing him in the public estimation " (a phrase, by the way,
we seem to have heard, somewhere, before !), shall be
entitled to a pension of ;^i8 a year. The maximum

OLD AGE PENSIONS IN PRACTICE 135

amount of the pension is thus ;^ 1 8 : but for every com-
plete ;^i of income above £^4 the pensioner has his
pension reduced by £1, and a similar amount will be de-
ducted for every complete £1$ of the net capital value
of all his accumulated property above ;^ 50. In making
the calculation as to whether a person is entitled to a
pension, and also as to the amount of the pension for the
first year, the claimant's income for the past year is to be
deemed his yearly income, and the same system of com-
putation will be employed in fixing the rate of the pension
in succeeding years. Further, in computing the income,
deduction will be made of all income derived or received
from accumulated property ; but the value of board and
lodging received, up to £26 a year, will be included in
the computation of the income. In the case of husband
and wife, each will be credited with half the total of the
income, but the rule will not apply when they are living
apart pursuant to a decree, order, or deed of separation.
During the passing of the measure through Parliament
considerable discussion took place as to how the term
" income " should be defined. Finally, the following
definition was agreed upon, viz. : Any moneys, valuable
consideration, or profits derived by any person for his
own use or benefit in any year by any means or from any
source. Personal earnings will be included, but not
pensions paid under the Act, nor sick allowance, nor
financial benefit from any registered friendly society. By
accumulated property is meant all real and personal
property owned by any person, to the extent of his
beneficial estate or interest therein. From the capital
value of such property will be deducted ;^5o, and also
all charges and encumbrances lawfully existing thereon,
and the residue then remaining will be the net capital
value of all his accumulated property.

136 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

To obtain the pension a good many conditions have to
be fulfilled. First, a person must be sixty-five years of
age or upwards. He must be residing in the colony
when he establishes his claim, and must be able to show
a continuous residence in the colony of twenty-five years
immediately preceding the date on which he establishes
his claim. Occasional absence will not be considered as
interrupting the continual residence, providing that the
terms of absence do not total two years. Some difficulty
was experienced in making it possible for seamen to come
in under the Act, as it was felt that, if special provision
was not made in regard to them, they would, by the
very nature of their occupation, be debarred from obtain-
ing a pension. It was eventually enacted that the
absence of seamen from the colony would not be con-
sidered (providing that they were serving at the time of
their absence on board a vessel registered in and trading
to the colony) if the claimant proved that during his ab-
sence his family or home was in the colony.

But that is not all. No pension is awarded to any
person who, during the twelve years immediately prior
to sending in his claim, has been imprisoned for four
months, or on four occasions, for any offence punishable
by imprisonment for twelve months or upwards, and
" dishonouring him in the public estimation." No satis-
factory explanation was given, in Wellington, of the
meaning of the phrase "dishonouring him in the public
estimation," except that it was said to be in the
Danish Act. The Premier (Mr Seddon) was chaffed
about it a good deal during the passing of the Bill ;
but he seemed to think it of great importance that it
should be retained (like the old lady's blessed word
" Mesopotamia ") ; and so it was retained. It is really,
of course, as used by Mr Secretary Leyds as well as

OLD AGE PENSIONS IN PRACTICE 137

by Dr Seddon, a revival of the old Roman idea of
" infamia."

Further, no one can get a pension who during the past
twenty-five years has been imprisoned for a term of five
years with or without hard labour for any offence " dis-
honouring him in the public estimation " ; or (if a husband)
has for a period of six months deserted his wife ; or
without just cause neglected to provide her with adequate
means of maintenance ; or neglected to maintain such of
his children as were under fourteen years of age. If the
applicant is a woman and a wife, she cannot succeed in
her application if she has deserted her husband, or those
of her children under fourteen years of age.

Applicants must also be of good moral character, and
have been leading a sober and reputable life for the past
five years ; while their net yearly income must be less
than £S2, and the net capital value of their accumulated
property must be not more than £2^0. Anyone directly
or indirectly depriving himself of property or income with
the object of entitling him to a pension will by that act
be debarred from obtaining one.

Anyone desirous of obtaining a pension is required to
fill in a pension claim, the truth of the contents of which
he must affirm by statutory declaration. This claim will
be forwarded to the deputy-registrar, and will eventu-
ally be investigated by the stipendiary magistrate. If
necessary the claimant is required to attend to support
his claim ; but if the magistrate is satisfied that the
documentary evidence in support of the claim is sufficient
to establish it, or that the applicant's physical condition
renders it inconvenient for him to attend, the applicant's
personal attendance may be dispensed with.

Evidence given before the magistrate for or against the
claim is on oath, and corroboration of the evidence of the

138 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

claimant is required on all material points. In regard to
the question of age, however, the magistrate is not obliged
to require corroborative evidence if he is personally satis-
fied that the claimant is of the required age. Having
heard the evidence, the magistrate may admit the pension
claim as originally made ; or he may modify it in ac-
cordance with the evidence called ; or he may postpone
it for further evidence, or reject it altogether. But, in
rejecting it, he is required to specify in writing all the
material points which he finds to be proved or disproved.
The strict rules of evidence need not be observed in the
inquiry, the magistrate being empowered to investigate
and determine the matter by such means and in such
manner as in equity and good conscience he thinks fit.
The magistrate's decision will be held to be final and
conclusive in respect of what he finds to be disproved in
regard to the claim, but the claimant may at any other
time produce fresh evidence on the points which have
been found to be " simply unproved " or not sufficiently
proved. So that the mere fact of a person failing
sufficiently to prove certain points on the first occasion
does not necessarily destroy for ever his chances of
getting a pension. It is also provided that a claim may
be sent in and investigated not more than two years
before the date on which it is alleged it will be due, so
that everything will be in readiness for the claimant to
get his pension, if the claim is established, on the due
date.

When the claim is established and the rate of pension
fixed, the Stipendiary Magistrate will certify accordingly
to the Deputy-Registrar, who will issue a pension certifi-
cate to the claimant ; and a fresh pension certificate will
be issued to him every year thereafter. The pension will
be paid, in monthly instalments, at the money order office

OLD AGE PENSIONS IN PRACTICE 139

in the district in which the pensioner resides. The
pensioner must personally apply for his pension, and
produce his certificate, otherwise he will be unable to
obtain the instalment and it will be forfeited ; provision,
of course, being made for cases in which the pensioner is
physically incapable of making a personal appearance.

In cases where the pensioner is maintained in or
relieved by any charitable institution, the reasonable cost
of such maintenance or relief is payable out of the pension
to the governing body of such institution ; and any
surplus remaining after defraying such cost is paid to
the pensioner himself

Instalments which fall due while the pensioner is in
prison or an inmate of a lunatic asylum, or while he is
absent from the colony, are absolutely forfeited.

A maximum penalty of six months is provided for any
person who obtains, or attempts to obtain, a pension
certificate to which he is not justly entitled, or a pension
of a larger amount than he can legally claim, by means
of any false statement or representation ; or if he by any
means obtains, or attempts to obtain, payment of any for-
feited instalment of his pension, or aids or abets any person
to so infringe the law. If a person is convicted of any
such offence, the Court is empowered to cancel any pension
certificate which is proved to have been wrongfully ob-
tained, or to reduce to its proper amount any pension that
has been proved to be too high, or to impose a penalty not
exceeding twice the amount of any instalment, the pay-
ment of which has been wrongfully obtained. If the
defendant in the case is a pensioner, the Court may direct
the forfeiture of future instalments of his pension equal
in amount to such penalty.

To satisfy the demands of the Prohibition party in the
House of Representatives, it is provided that if any pen-

140 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

sioner is convicted of drunkenness, or of any oflfence punish-
able by imprisonment for not less than one month, " and
dishonouring him in the public estimation," then, in addition
to any other penalty imposed, the Court has the discretion
of forfeiting one or more of the pensioner's instalments
falling due after the date of the conviction. Further, if
the Court is of opinion that any pensioner mis-spends,
wastes, or lessens his estate, or greatly injures his health,
or endangers or interrupts the peace and happiness of his
family, it may direct that the instalment may be paid to
any clergyman, justice of the peace, or other reputable
person for the pensioner's benefit. It may even go so far
as to cancel the pension certificate. And it is bound
to cancel the certificate if the pensioner is proved to
be a habitual drunkard within the meaning of the Act
The certificate must also be cancelled if the pensioner is
sentenced to imprisonment for twelve months or upwards
for any offence " dishonouring him in the public estimation."

The pension is absolutely inalienable, whether by way
of assignment, charge, execution, bankruptcy, or otherwise.
The Act does not apply to aboriginal natives who are in
receipt of aid from the Civil List, nor to aliens, nor to
Chinese, nor other Asiatics, whether naturalised or not,
and only to naturalised persons of other countries who
have been naturalised for five years.

The Act, which applies, of course, to persons of both
sexes, is admitted by the Premier to be merely a tentative
measure, and appearances, before it was passed, pointed to
the fact that considerable difficulty seemed likely to be ex-
perienced in putting it into active operation ; that is, if
any reasonable amount of care was to be exercised by
those conducting inquiries into claims for pensions. A
cursory glance at the qualifications necessary for a pension
is sufficient to show that a considerable amount of extra

OLD AGE PENSIONS IN PRACTICE 141

work will devolve upon stipendiary magistrates ; who, in the
more populous districts at any rate, have their hands so
full that in more than one instance representations have
been made as to the necessity of providing them with as-
sistance. Would-be pensioners, too, must be put to a
good deal of trouble to prove their claims, and in many
cases will have to call evidence in support of their declara-
tions from places far distant from those in which they at
present reside. As to the question of age, the investigat-
ing magistrate is allowed to exercise his own power of
observation ; but it will be by no means an easy or brief
task for him to discover from applicants what amount of
truth attaches to their statements that they are of sober
and reputable habits, of good moral character, or that
their income or the amount of their property is sufficiently
small to entitle them to receive a pension. Naturally, the
police will be called upon to speak as to their knowledge
of the applicants, and in view of that contingency it is
perhaps just as well that Parliament last session voted
money for an increase in the numbers of the police force.
In short, to prove what is required to be proved, each ap-
plicant is attended by a small army of witnesses, whose
evidence needs to be carefully checked by the police
authorities, and probably by those who are or have been
concerned in the distribution of charitable aid. The official
view of the matter appears to be that applicants, generally
speaking, are not inclined to depart overmuch from the
truth in the statements they make in support of their
claims. The majority of the public, however, are inclined
to be less charitable in their opinions.

Under the supplementary Regulations, the Deputy-
Registrar is required to file all claims sent in, and to
forward them to the stipendiary magistrate presiding at
the court held at the place nearest to the residencejof the

142 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

claimant, who will be notified of the time and place at
which he may attend to support his claim, forms for which
are provided. The pension claim, bearing a minute of
the magistrate's decision, is filed in the court, and a copy
of the minute forwarded to the Deputy-Registrar, who is
to enter its purport in the pension claim register. If the
magistrate certifies that the pension is rightly claimed, an
entry of the amount of the pension to be paid is entered
in the register, and a pension certificate will at once be
issued.

In order to facilitate the magistrate's investigation of
pension claims, he is allowed to authorise the Deputy-
Registrar, " or any other fit person," to inquire into the
accuracy or otherwise of the matters of fact set forth
in the claim ; and for that purpose the person so ap-
pointed is allowed to have free access to the register of
the Lands Transfer and Deeds Registration Office (for the
purpose of searching title to land), the records of the
Supreme Court (for the purpose of searching mortgages,
etc.), and the District Valuation Roll (for the purpose
of ascertaining the particulars and valuation of landed
property), besides the property real and personal of the
claimant, and all books, vouchers, etc., relating to his
property or income. These inquiries are, where practic-
able, to be completed before the magistrate makes his
investigation, and are to be reported to him either in
writing or by way of evidence at the investigation. Dis-
cretion is given to the magistrate as to whether he will
accept or reject such testimony ; and he is also em-
powered to receive or accept or reject a statutory declara-
tion made by any clergyman, justice of the peace, post-
master, " or other reputable person," on the subject of the
claim. The magistrate, in fact, is given a very free hand ;
he is not bound by the strict rules of evidence, and may

OLD AGE PENSIONS IN PRACTICE 143

be guided by his own personal observation, or docu-
mentary evidence other than that already mentioned, or
the sworn spoken evidence of any reputable person who
deposes to what, from inquiries made by him, he believes
to be true. Government officers and the police are in-
structed to assist claimants in the preparation and investi-
gation of their pension claims.

In all this there is abundant evidence that several new
offices will have to be created if the Act is to be adminis-
tered with any degree of care ; while, on the other hand,
it is equally certain that if every care is not exercised in
the investigation of claims many undeserving people will
be awarded pensions. At the same time, it must be
remembered that, once a pension has been granted, any
departure from the paths of virtue on the part of the
recipient will probably be quickly noted, and the pen-
sioner will be penalised to the extent of the whole or
some part of his pension, according to the magnitude of
his offence.

In introducing the measure to the House of Repre-
sentatives, the Premier urged that it would result in a
considerable saving in the cost of charitable aid. This
was at the time disputed by the opponents of the scheme,
but appears to be borne out by later developments. In
the Benevolent Home at Wellington at the present time,
there are no less than thirty-six inmates who are entitled
to the full amount of the pension ; and the trustees of the
Home deduct from the pension the reasonable cost of
their maintenance. No figures have yet come to hand
regarding similar institutions in other parts of the colony,
but it may be safely assumed (and the assumption is
borne out by people who are in a position to know)
that the case of the Wellington Home is not an isolated
one ; and the Charitable Aid Vote should show a con-

144 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

siderable decrease next session. Altogether, it is com-
puted that about 1 0,000 people in the colony may perhaps
ultimately be found to be entitled to the pension, con-
sidering that it is granted to males and females alike.
But it is not a matter to be settled in a day, and, judging
by the results so far, 10,000 seems likely to be an over-
estimate.^

As to the effect of the Act on the Friendly Societies,
it is expected to be very small. The majority of mem-
bers of these societies over sixty-five years of age receive
sufficient to preclude them from obtaining the pension.

A determined attempt was made during the passage of
the measure through the Lower House to put the pension
on a contributory basis, its opponents arguing that in the
form in which it eventually passed it was neither more
nor less than an extension of the present system of
charitable aid. That, of course, would have prevented
any immediate benefit being derived from the measure,
and the proposed amendment was successfully resisted.
Then considerable difficulty was experienced in coming
to an agreement as to how the money should be pro-
vided. All sorts of suggestions were made. Some
wanted the land tax increased, others proposed a tax
on amusements ; but all these were rejected as im-
practicable. The money, it was decided, should come
out of the Consolidated Fund, that being considered
the simplest way of dealing with the matter, more
especially as of late years there has been a consider-
able surplus of revenue over expenditure, and there
appears to be every probability that that surplus will
be sufficient to provide the amount required without
increasing the burden of taxation. The best account
so far published of the way in which the experiment

^ Actually 7500. See Appendix D.

OLD AGE PENSIONS IN PRACTICE 145

is working was given some months ago in the Aus-
tralian edition of the Review of Reviews. So far, 90 1 5
claims had been registered, and only 2875 granted ; and
it is clear that the colony will easily bear the cost of the
pension scheme out of its ordinary revenue, especially as
Mr Seddon — always lucky in his finance — expects this
year to have a surplus of ;^5 00,000. The task of
deciding on applications for pensions greatly adds to
the labours of the stipendiary magistrates of the colony,
and not seldom tries their sensibilities. A procession of
white-headed, semi-blind, tottering men and women passes
before them — made up of applicants for a pension of ;^i8
per year, or for some fraction of it. The magistrate has
to inquire sternly into the moral character of the appli-
cants ; to ask some saintly old woman if she has ever
been in gaol ; to demand of some decent white-haired
veteran how often he has been drunk, and whether he
ever deserted his wife. The process of securing a pen-
sion, in brief, is a sort of secular and human version of
the Day of Judgment. In some parts of New Zealand
the daily papers draw a veil of kindly silence over the
proceedings, and do not report the names of the appli-
cants. The effect of the Bill, however, has been to bring
to the surface all the poverty-smitten old age of the
colony ; all the human wrecks — friendless and penniless
— who find themselves in need of charity. The feelings
of compassion kindled by the spectacle certainly tell in
favour of the scheme, and Mr Seddon, it is said, when
the general election comes, will probably reap a political
harvest from the Bill.

Note. — See Appendix D ; and compare New South Wales proposals,
Appendix £.

Chapter IX

THE NEW COMMONWEALTH

THE question of most interest to the English visitor to
Australia at present is that of the proposed federa-
tion of the colonies. Founded at different times and under
different circumstances, the colonies have no political bond
of union other than the common one which binds them to
the Motherland. When I was passing through the colonies
there seemed to be every probability that the great work
of bringing them together in a federal union was nearing com-
pletion. An inquiry into the origin of the movement ; the
difficulties that have beset and delayed it ; and the means
by which those difficulties have so far been overcome, and
the hopes of the promoters of the movement raised, is one
that I, who take an interest, like the rest of us, in political
topics and in the development of the great British Empire,
most naturally made. An epitome of the result of my
inquiries will, I hope, prove of interest.

There are so many things which favour a federation of
the Australian colonies that one wonders it was not accom-
plished long ago. The difficulties which have encumbered
similar movements in other parts of the world are many of
them quite absent from the Australian problem. The
people to be united are of the same race and tongue.
They are sprung from the same source, and enjoy the
same free institutions. Geographically, they are all united,
and the political lines which divide them are still merely
abstractions set out on a map. They are all, with the

THE NEW COMMONWEALTH 147

exception of Tasmania and New Zealand, on the one
continent ; and they possess (more by good luck than
good management) the whole of that continent, and are,
therefore, not troubled by the presence of any foreign
element.

The inducements to federation, again, are of course very
great One of the primary advantages to be derived is a
common system of defence. At present each colony has
its separate forces, and no force may act outside its own
dominions ; so that the troops could not be massed at any
one point of danger under a single commander. Then
there is the important consideration that an Australian
Commonwealth will speak to the world with far greater
weight than the whole of the colonies acting separ-
ately. It is also strongly felt by the colonists that
the merely political divisions which exist might tend to
grow more marked as time goes on ; and that disputes
between states of the same race are, like disputes in
families, often embittered by the actual nearness of the
parties to each other. There are some questions, such as
the control of the few important rivers of Australia, which
might in time lead to bloodshed, failing any other method
of settlement. If one colony, for instance, absorbed so
much of the waters of the rivers which flow through it as
to interfere with the navigability of the lower portions, it
might inflict great loss on its neighbours ; a thing to which
they could scarcely be expected tamely to submit. Then,
again, there is a strong desire on the part of many to
do away with the inter-colonial Customs duties, by which
the products of one colony are heavily taxed on entering
another.

For all these and other reasons Australian federation
has been a matter of discussion in the colonies for many
years past. It must be credited to Lord Grey that he had

148 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

the foresight in 1850 to endeavour to pass an Australian
Constitution Act through the British Parh'ament, empower-
ing a voluntary union of any two or more colonies in a
General Assembly, which should have power to legislate
upon certain specified subjects, notably Customs taxation.
But his proposal received so little support that it was
withdrawn. Various steps were taken by the colonies
themselves to draw closer together and pave the way for
federation. One of the most practical of these was the
holding of occasional conferences between leading members
of the various Governments in order to discuss matters of
common interest, and arrive at some uniform proposals to
be submitted to the different Legislatures. Five or six
such conferences were held ; but, though the object was
good, and they were carried out in perfect good faith, they
accomplished little. It was found that very few of the
arrangements ever got the force of law. Changes of
Government were so frequent that there could be no
continuous policy upon any subject ; as the incoming
Government was generally averse to the proposals of its
predecessors. It was felt that something more was needed:
and in 1883, spurred on by the claims of the French in the
New Hebrides, which were then attracting a great deal of
attention, a scheme for the creation of a Federal Council
for Australasia was adopted at a conference in which all
the colonies were represented ; and the Imperial Parliament
passed a measure permitting the formation of the Council.
The prime mover in this scheme was Mr James Service,
the Premier of Victoria, a man of broad and statesmanlike
views; to whose efforts it is mainly due that the New
Hebrides are not now a French possession. Mr Service
strenuously advocated the formation of the Federal Council,
on the ground that it would lead the way to the establish-
ment of a closer union, as its powers could be added to from

THE NEW COMMONWEALTH 149

time to time as the necessity arose. Mr Service is still
living in Melbourne, but he has reached a very advanced
age, and is in feeble health. During my stay in Victoria
he resigned his position as a member of the Legislative
Council, the only political office which he still held. What-
ever ground there might have been for his hope that the
Federal Council would grow into federation, it never had
a chance of fulfilment; for the Premier of New South
Wales, Sir Henry Parkes, after actually proposing the
resolutions upon which the Council was founded, came to
the conclusion that the body proposed to be created was
too weak to be of any practical value, and he did not
submit the Bill to his Parliament. With New South Wales
standing out, any scheme for federating the Australian
Colonies would be a failure. That Colony never was
represented on the Federal Council, and, though the
Council is in existence to-day, and has held eight sessions
(in 1886, '88, '89, '91, '93, '95, '97, and '99) successively,
at which matters of intercolonial import have been dis-
cussed, it certainly has held out no promise of supplying
the place of a more complete federation. New South
Wales, New Zealand, and South Australia at first declined
to join. The last-named colony sent delegates to the
session of '89. But the Federal Council is, and would in
any case have remained, a purely deliberative body, without
any funds at its disposal, or any power to put its resolu-
tions into force. It can only recommend certain proposals
for the adoption of the various Parliaments. At times,
however, its united representations to the Home Govern-
ment have had great weight, and have effected good in
matters of Australasian interest.

Sir Henry Parkes, one of the most prominent and
picturesque figures in Australian history, was the pro-
moter of the next important movement towards federa-

150 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

tion. It was chiefly due to him that a National Austra-
lasian Convention, to which delegates were appointed by
the Parliaments of each of the colonies, including New
Zealand, met at Sydney in 1891. Sir Henry Parkes was
appointed president, and on his motion resolutions were
adopted affirming the following principles : —

" The powers and rights of existing colonies to remain
intact, except as regards such powers as it might be neces-
sary to hand over to the Federal Government."

" No alteration to be made in State boundaries without
the consent of the Legislature of such State, as well as the
Federal Parliament."

" Trade between the federated Colonies to be absolutely
free."

" Power to impose Customs and Excise duties to rest
with the Federal Government and Parliament."

" Military and naval forces to be under one command."
" The Federal Constitution to make provision to enable
each State to make amendments in its Constitution, if
necessary, for the purpose of federation."

"The Federal Parliament to consist of a Senate and a
House of Representatives, the latter to possess the sole
power of originating money Bills."

" A Federal Court of Appeal to be established ; and an
Executive, to consist of a Governor-General and such
persons as might be appointed his advisers."

A draft Constitution Bill embodying these and other
principles was adopted by the Convention. It was hoped
by many that federation would almost immediately result.
New Zealand, which is separated by four or five days' sail
from Sydney, sent three delegates to the Convention, in
place of the seven allotted to each Colony, and intimated
that its immediate adhesion to any scheme of federation
need not be expected, on account of its being cut off by

THE NEW COMMONWEALTH 151

such a waste of ocean from the other Colonies. But, apart
from this, it was believed that federation of all the other
colonies was now in sight. These hopes were doomed
to disappointment. The Bill drafted with such formality-
was virtually still-born. By several of the Parliaments it
was never considered at all. In Victoria it was passed,
with considerable modifications, but met with much
hostility.

The drawback to all the movements for federation up to
this point was that they had no force of public opinion
behind them, and they awakened no enthusiasm in the
mass of the people. It was, in effect, necessary to wait
for a few years, till the native-born Australians had, in
two senses, attained their majority. During the 'eighties,
this element of the population first perceptibly began to
assert itself. The emigrants from the old country, the
colonists, began to be outnumbered by their own progeny,
the true colonials. And as these latter came to feel their
strength (which they soon began to show, if only by an
express preference for native-born politicians), the earlier
provincial bitternesses, the result, in reality, of the rivalry
amongst the pioneers of the infant settlements, seemed
to them strangely unbusinesslike and out-of-date. The
apathy of the public had been due to the natural inability
of the Englishman or Scotsman who had settled in Mel-
bourne or Adelaide (for example), to feel or think as an
Australian. And it is largely due to the efforts of the
Australian Natives' Association of Victoria that this apathy
has, to some extent at least, been overcome. The Associa-
tion, formed originally for mutual benefit purposes, and
admitting Australian natives only to membership, was for
some years looked at rather askance by the grey-beards.
But it succeeded by sheer pertinacity, and by the force of
the rising tide. It took up the cause of federation warmly,

152 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

and advocated it with constancy and determination. It
sent delegates to the other colonies, established branches,
and worked up in the minds of the youth a desire that
their native land should rise to the dignity of a nation.
In its early years the association was viewed, as I have
said, with some suspicion, on account of its supposed
leanings towards a policy of separation from the mother-
land. It has now, however, removed all taint of such a
suspicion from itself; for it is ultra-loyal, and has always
laid it down that federation must be accomplished under
the Crown. It was at a conference convened by the
Australian Natives' Association, held at Corowa, a small
town on the Murray, that the principle was first advocated
on which the more recent effort for federation has been
conducted. This was that the people must be directly
interested in the movement, by themselves electing dele-
gates to a convention, apart from the Parliaments.

It is at this point that Mr G. H. Reid, the then Premier
of New South Wales, becomes a prominent figure in the
federation movement : which, indeed, it will easily be seen,
has throughout (until the uprising of the national sentiment
to which I referred) been a favourite means of self-advertise-
ment, or play-ground for the personal ambitions, of one
politician after another. Mr Reid is the most astute of
them all ; and is, indeed, the one man with whom the
Home Government will have to reckon in case of trouble
over the proposed abolition of the appeal to the Privy
Council. He was not a member of the Convention of 1891,
and posed as a strong opponent of the measure drafted by
that Convention. But it is a curious feature of Australian
politics that everyone is in favour of federation — even its
most determined opponents. It is always only to the
particular form, time, or conditions of federation that
ostensible objection is taken, Mr Reid's position, then,

THE NEW COMMONWEALTH 153

was simply that the movement was premature. He thought
there was no occasion to hasten towards federation, and
he thought also, at the moment, maybe, that New South
Wales had more to lose than to gain by it. He is an ardent
free-trader, as free-traders go in Australia ; and he saw
that a federation accomplished between six or seven
colonies, only one of which had adopted a free-trade policy,
must almost inevitably be based on protectionist lines, so
far at least as the outside world is concerned. However,
he overcame his objections in this respect; and in 1895,
on his suggestion, a conference of Premiers was held at
Hobart, Tasmania. At this conference all the Australian
colonies, with New Zealand as well as Tasmania, were
represented. An enabling Bill was drafted for submission
to the Parliaments, permitting the election (by the electors
of each colony) of ten persons to a Convention to draw up
a scheme of federation. This Bill was passed in all the
colonies named except New Zealand and Queensland. It
was not expected that New Zealand would come in ; but
the defection of Queensland was a severe blow to the
movement. The Parliament of that colony failed, after
several attempts, to agree as to the basis of the representa-
tion of the colony.

Mr Reid made a special journey to Queensland to try
to induce the colony to join, for New South Wales expected
the support of its northern neighbour on some of the crucial
matters to be decided by the Convention. There was a
fear that Victoria might obtain the support of the Southern
and Western colonies in a combination against New South
Wales, and the mother-colony was reluctant to enter into
a Convention without Queensland. As a matter of fact, it
may be said that such fears were groundless. The delegates
to the Convention found a natural cleavage according to
their political convictions, but there was no attempt to

154 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

combine colony against colony, or one group of colonies
against another.

The delegates were elected by each colony, voting as
one constituency. This plan enabled the predominant
party in each colony to secure the whole of the representa-
tion, if the election were conducted upon party lines.
Victoria was the only colony where this occurred, and all
her delegates were elected by the Radical party. The
relative strength of that party, as opposed to the Constitu-
tional or Conservative party, was as six to four ; but the
minority got no representation at all. Such acknowledged
political leaders as Sir Frederick Sargood, Sir Henry
Wrixon, Mr Gillies, and Mr Murray Smith, were excluded
in favour of much inferior men of the other political colour,
and this weakened the Victorian delegation as compared
with the other colonies. In the other colonies a fair repre-
sentation of all parties was secured ; Western Australia,
however, as usual, taking her own line, and sending delegates
appointed, not by the people, but by Sir John Forrest. In
New South Wales strong feeling was roused against the
candidature of Cardinal Moran, the Roman Catholic
Primate of Australia. This incautious, though (to those
best acquainted with Australia) highly significant step
provoked a counter-combination, amongst the Protestants,
which included the leading men of both political parties :
and His Eminency was defeated.

The Convention met at Adelaide in March 1897, and
Mr C. C. Kingston, the Premier of that colony, was elected
president. An initial mistake was made in administering
a snub to Mr Reid, and appointing Mr Edmund Barton, a
delegate from the same colony, as leader of the Convention,
to act as a Premier does in arranging and submitting busi-
ness. Such an appointment was necessary, for there must
be some recognised leader if confusion and endless debates

THE NEW COMMONWEALTH 155

upon points of procedure are to be avoided, but it would
have been much more tactful to appoint Mr Reid. There
was, on the part of a number of the delegates, a certain
jealousy of him. He is a masterful man, and they feared
that he might assert himself too prominently. Moreover,
Mr Barton is a Protectionist, and this had some weight in
an assembly largely Protectionist. The arrangement was
privately come to before the Convention met, the osten-
sible reason being that Mr Barton was elected head of the
poll in New South Wales, and that therefore a compliment
was paid to the mother colony in selecting him. Mr Reid
showed no resentment, but seconded, in graceful terms,
the proposal that Mr Barton should be the leader. In
other respects the appointment was an excellent one, for
Mr Barton is a man of great ability and tact, and he led
the Convention in a masterly manner. Still this matter,
small as it may seem, is of importance to anyone who
wishes to get a grasp of the federal movement. It was un-
doubtedly a slight to Mr Reid, the originator of the Con-
vention, to pass him by and select a delegate from the
colony he represented — and a man not at that time con-
nected with politics — in his place. Such petty intercolonial
and personal jealousies have had marked effect on the move-
ment at various stages. The effect of this action was, as
many think, to transform Mr Reid, the most powerful man
in the most important colony of the group, from an ardent
leader to a watchful critic. He took a leading part in the
Convention, it is true; but the subsequent failure or,
rather, delay of the movement may have had a direct
relation to this primary mistake. In a word, Australia
has paid for an affront to Mr Reid by waiting another
year or so for the Commonwealth.

I have mentioned the inducements to federation and the
facilities for its accomplishment, and I must now set out a

156 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

few of the most important difficulties to be overcome, and
show how they were met. The first of these is the ques-
tion of State rights. The colonies differ widely in popula-
tion, from New South Wales with her 1,346,240 inhabitants,
and Victoria with 1,175,490, to Tasmania with 177,341, and
Western Australia with 168,129. Yet Tasmania is as much
a political entity as New South Wales, and had no in-
tention of entering into a federation unless its position as
a State was strictly conserved. Otherwise it would simply
be absorbed, and become a province, and a minor province,
of the larger States. On the other hand, how were the two
large colonies. New South Wales and Victoria, to be con-
vinced that Tasmania should have equal power in the
federation as a State with either of them ? Again, it was
conceded on all hands that responsible government, the
form of government to which British people are accus-
tomed, must be continued. This means that the executive
must be responsible to one House alone, and that House
must hold the power of the purse. How this can be ac-
complished and yet the States House — the Senate — can
remain a strong institution, capable of conserving the rights
of the several communities as States ; — this was the really
great difficulty in the way of the Convention. There were
some who boldly asserted that responsible government was
quite inconsistent with federation ; that federation would
kill responsible government, or responsible government
would kill federation. On this question the Convention
almost came to a deadlock. The representatives of the
smaller States contended that if the Senate was to be a
real protector of State rights it must have the power of
amending as well as rejecting money Bills ; and that its
functions were entirely different from those of an ordinary
Upper Chamber, which is merely a House of review, the
representative of stability and deliberation, whose opposition

THE NEW COMMONWEALTH 157

is always to be set aside when the will of the people, clearly
and unmistakably ascertained, is against it. What guaran-
tee of the maintenance of State rights could there be if the
Senate was thus to be always set aside, simply because a
majority of the people of the Federation desired it ? Ulti-
mately a compromise was arrived at ; several of the repre-
sentatives of the smaller States giving way, against their
own judgments — as they said — merely to save federation.
The arrangement is that each colony shall be equally re-
presented in the Senate ; and that each House shall have
equal power of originating Bills, with the exception of Bills
appropriating revenue or imposing taxation, the right of
originating which is reserved to the House of Representa-
tives, the popular Chamber. The Senate will not have the
power of amending these appropriation or taxation Bills,
but it may return them to the House of Representatives,
with a message suggesting the omission or amendment
of any of their provisions ; and the House of Representa-
tives may deal as it pleases with such suggestions. This
is the practice which obtains between the South Australian
Houses, and it has been found to work well. There was
bitter opposition to its adoption in the Commonwealth's
Senate, on the part of both the smaller and larger States ;
so that it is probably the best practice possible. Some
representatives of the latter contended that the power of
suggestion is virtually the power of amendment. Some
representatives of the smaller States maintained, on the
contrary, that it gives away everything, for the House of
Representatives may toss the suggestions aside and act as
it pleases. However, as I have said, it was adopted as a
compromise.

Allied to this difficulty was that of securing finality in
regard to any legislation on which the two Houses may be
opposed. It was contended by some delegates that under

158 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

the Commonwealth Bill a permanent disagreement could
not occur. The provisions of the suffrage were such that
the people could not disagree permanently with themselves ;
for it had previously been provided that both Houses are
to be elected on the suffrage that prevails in each colony
for the election of the representatives of the popular Chamber
— that is, practically on the basis of manhood suffrage,
(or universal suffrage in the colonies which have adopted
it) with no property qualification for either electors or
representatives ; every State to have six representatives
in the Senate or States House, and to be represented
according to population in the House of Representatives.
How then, it was asked, could the people of the Federation,
voting as States for the Senate, disagree with the people
of the Federation voting as different constituencies for the
election of their representatives in the Lower House?
However this might be, it was determined to insert some
provisions for the prevention of what are known as *' dead-
locks" between the two Houses. Here again there was
great difficulty, and danger of final disagreement. It was
proposed that the question in dispute should be decided
by the electors at a referendum. But this was strenuously
opposed by the representatives of the smaller States, as
tending simply to swamp them by force of numbers, and
give all power to the two large States. This, it was said,
was not federation, but amalgamation and absorption.
Finally, the following elaborate provision was arrived at.
In the case of Bills, other than appropriation or taxation
Bills, which have been twice passed by the House of Repre-
sentatives, and twice rejected or shelved by the Senate,
the two Houses are to be simultaneously dissolved ; and if,
after the election, they should still disagree, the members
of the two Houses will meet at a joint sitting, and the Bill
will become law if three-fifths of the members present, and

THE NEW COIMMON WEALTH 159

voting at the joint sitting, vote for it. If less than that
proportion vote for it, it will be rejected. In accordance
with this arrangement, it is provided that the number of
senators shall always be as nearly as possible half the
number of representatives.

It had often been proclaimed by the political wiseacres
that the protective system was the lion in the path of
federation, for that no colony would consent to give up the
Customs duties levied upon the goods of other colonies.
There appeared, however, before the Convention met, a
universal consensus of opinion amongst the people, guided
still by the Australian Natives, that a federation must
provide for the inter-colonial free-trade. And this point
was conceded without dispute; the only question raised
being as to how the colonies were to be compensated in
their revenues for the loss of duties thus abolished. It was
provided that within two years of the establishment of the
Commonwealth a uniform Customs and Excise tariff shall
be enacted ; and that then trade between the colonies shall
be absolutely free.

There was considerable difficulty over the question of
the control of the rivers ; for on this matter New South
Wales, Victoria, and South Australia stood in a position
of antagonism. The principal river system of Australia
has its rise in New South Wales ; and the Murrumbidgee
joins the Murray, which is the northern boundary of
Victoria, and which flows, in the latter part of its course,
through South Australia. The last-named colony wished
to provide that the navigability of the rivers should be the
first consideration in the federation, fearing that New
South Wales might in the future adopt some extensive
system of irrigation, which would deprive the rivers of a
considerable portion of their waters, and interfere with
the navigation of the Murray. After a long discussion

160 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

it was decided that the right to a "reasonable" use of
the waters of a river for the purpose of irrigation or con-
servation shall be preserved to the people of the colony
through which it flows. The interpretation of the word
"reasonable" is left to the High Court of the Common-
wealth, in case of dispute.

Another question, the importance attached to which
people in England will find, at first, some difficulty in
understanding, was the site of the federal capital. I
have before alluded to the rivalries and jealousies exist-
ing between different colonies. Nowhere has this rivalry
been so manifest as between Sydney and Melbourne. So
strong is it, even now, on the part of Sydney residents
more especially, that if the Convention had decided that
the federal capital was to be fixed in Melbourne, New
South Wales would not have consented to enter into the
federation. On the other hand, Melbourne residents
would be very reluctant to see Sydney chosen, as it is
considered that great importance would be given to the
rival city if the residence of the Governor-General was
fixed in that capital, and the Houses of Parliament held
their sitting there.

It was resolved to leave this matter to the Federal
.Parliament to settle; but a proviso was added, on the
motion of Sir George Turner, the Premier of Victoria,
that the site of the federal city must be federal territory.
This was designed to prevent either Melbourne or Sydney
becoming the capital, for neither place, of course,
could afford to excise a large proportion of valuable city
property from its possessions, and hand it over to the
Commonwealth.

The taking over of the public debts and the railways
was strongly advocated by some, but there were so many
difficulties in the way that it was felt that federation

THE NEW COMMONWEALTH 161

would be unduly postponed if it was not accomplished
till these matters could be adjusted. Power was, how-
ever, given to the Federation to take these over, with the
consent of the States.

The financial problems involved in federation proved
to be most intricate, and no satisfactory solution was
arrived at. It was provided that, immediately on the
establishment of the Commonwealth, the Federal Govern-
ment shall assume the administration of the departments
of Customs and Excise ; and at subsequent dates to be
arranged it shall take over from the States posts and
telegraphs, naval and military defence, lighthouses, light-
ships, beacons, buoys, and quarantine. Other matters
of government may be given over, but only on federal
legislation. The transfer of these services would leave
the States with a large deficiency in their revenues, and
it was therefore provided that for the first five years all
the surplus raised by the Commonwealth, after paying
for federal services, shall be returned to the States in
the proportion contributed by them. In the meantime
accounts are to be kept, with the help of which the
Federal Parliament may arrive at an equitable method
of distribution at the end of that term. Special con-
cessions were made to Western Australia, which derives
nearly all its revenue from Custom duties, most of which
are levied on goods coming from the other colonies. If
these duties were to be abolished without any com-
pensatory arrangement. Western Australian finances would
be hopelessly disarranged. It will be allowed, therefore,
gradually to diminish its Customs tariff during a period
of five years. Just at the close of the Convention, a
provision was added, on the motion of Sir Edward
Braddon, the Premier of Tasmania, that three-fourths
of the revenue derived by the Commonwealth from

162 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

Customs duties must be returned to the States. This
clause, which, it will be perceived, might make it
necessary, in order to secure enough revenue for Federal
purposes, to impose a crushing weight of taxation on the
States, was quickly assailed by the Bulletin as the
" Braddon blot"

These were the most important points of difficulty,
and the arrangements arrived at in respect to them.
But it is necessary to mention one or two other matters
in order that a clear understanding of the present position
may be gained. The judicial power of the Common-
wealth is to be vested in a High Court of Australia, which
is to hear appeals from the Supreme Courts of the States,
and from the inter-States Commission. This interfer-
ence with the common-law right of all British subjects
to appeal to the Privy Council, i.e. to their Sovereign,
would be by way of depriving the Australian of his
citizenship in the Empire. It was bitterly opposed by a
large section of the community, especially amongst those
lawyers whose opinion should carry most weight ; a peti-
tion against it was presented to the Convention by the
Australian National League ; and it will probably be
disallowed by the Imperial Parliament. It is a pity
that a source of possible friction was not avoided by a
hint, which might easily have been given by the Colonial
Office, to Mr Reid and the other Premiers. But I
have dealt more fully with this matter in a subsequent
chapter.

The inter-States Commission is a body to be appointed
for the proper administration of the federal laws relating
to trade and commerce between the States of the
Commonwealth. It will have jurisdiction, for instance,
over the question of railway rates. There has been
great rivalry on the borders between the different rail-

THE NEW COMMONWEALTH 163

way systems, specially low rates being charged to attract
trade from one colony to another. This has proved to
be a most difficult matter to settle. I need only mention
further that the Commonwealth has no powers except
those specially delegated to it, all other matters resting
in the control of the States ; that the name " Common-
wealth " was chosen, after much discussion, as being
preferable to " Federation " ; and that the members of
each House are to be paid ;^400 a year each for their
services.

The Federal Constitution can only be amended by an
absolute majority of the members of each House of the
Federal Parliament. The amendment is then to be sub-
mitted to the people by means of the referendum, and
has to be accepted by a majority of the people of the
Commonwealth, as well as by a majority of the States,
before it becomes law. These precautions are held to be
necessary, in the interests of the smaller States more
especially. For if the Constitution were subject to any
ready method of amendment, any provisions they might
make at the outset for their preservation as States might
be swept away by subsequent legislation.

The results that I have summarised were arrived at after
three meetings of the Convention. Between the first and
the second meeting the draft Bill was submitted to the
various Parliaments, and many amendments were made.
These were taken into consideration at a meeting in
Sydney, which adjourned to Melbourne before it could
finish its sittings. I have given the final results, at-
tained after the Convention, all adjournments included,
had sat for about a year, from March 1897 to March 17,
1898.

The next step was the submission of the Constitution
Bill to the people, as provided in the Enabling Acts.

164 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

Popular interest in the subject was kept alive by the press
(which is a potent factor in political matters in Australia),
and by public discussion. The advocate of the Bill worked
hard, but there was in each colony a strong party of
opposition. A tax of 30s. per head is levied on all cattle
coming into the colony of Victoria, and it was gravely
contended, on behalf of the grazing interest, that the
abolition of this stock tax would reduce the value of land
in Victoria by no less than ;^3 7, 500,000. In New South
Wales Mr Barton and a large party made splendid efforts
to induce the people to accept the Bill, but Mr Reid's
attitude was peculiar. For a long time he refrained from
expressing his opinion. Then he made a speech in the
Sydney Town Hall, so carefully balanced in praise and
blame, that till the last sentence no one knew what course
he proposed to recommend. He finally said that though
he would vote for the Bill himself, he could not recommend
others to do so, but would leave them to the exercise of
their own judgment. He had, however, previously declared
that if the Bill was accepted as it stood, he thought the
federal capital would be certainly fixed in Melbourne, and
had raised other strong objections.

The draft of the Enabling Bill, agreed to by the Premiers
at Hobart, provided that in New South Wales the Common-
wealth Bill should not pass unless 60,000 electors voted
for it, in Victoria 50,000, and in the other Colonies in pro-
portion. The Bill was at first passed in that shape in
New South Wales, but subsequently, with the consent of
Mr Reid, the minimum for New South Wales was raised
to 80,000.

On June 3, 1898, a vote was taken in Victoria, New
South Wales, South Australia, and Tasmania, on the Draft
Commonwealth Bill, as passed by the Federal Convention
in March, 1898. The voting was as follows :

THE NEW COMMONWEALTH 165

Victoria . 96,600 for Federation

New South Wales 71,472 „

South Australia 35,317 „

Tasmania . 10,709 „

21,

200

against

it

65

954

»

17

173

»

2

532

»

Total . 214,038 „ . 106,859 „

Majority for the Bill 107,179. The Bill was carried in
Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania ; but was lost in
New South Wales, as the statutory number in favour
(80,000) was not reached.

The Bill was not submitted to the people in Western
Australia, as the Enabling Act of that Colony provided
that Western Australia should only join a federation of
which New South Wales formed a part. The three other
Colonies, which had affirmed the Bill, might have proceeded
to form a federation ; but this was never even proposed,
so general was the conviction that the Commonwealth was
inevitable, and that, weary as everyone was by this time
of the prolonged discussion, the matter must now be seen
through once and for all.

The constituencies of New South Wales now became
the battle-ground of federation, for a general election took
place not long after the federal poll was taken. Mr Barton
entered the lists in favour of the Bill, and opposed the
Premier in his own constituency. No candidate declared
against federation itself, but only against the particular
form proposed. Mr Reid proposed in vague terms certain
amendments, and invited the Premiers of the other Colonies
to meet him to consider them. Sir George Turner replied
by asking what amendments were proposed; but the
Premiers of South Australia and Tasmania declined to
go behind the vote of the people, and discuss amend-
ments in a Bill which they had sanctioned by large
majorities. Mr Barton was defeated, after a close con-

166 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

test, by the Premier, but the result of the elections as
a whole was that Mr Reid's majority was reduced from
one of over twenty members to four only. A considerable
majority of the electors voted for those candidates who
supported the Bill. Mr Barton was subsequently elected
for another constituency.

After the election, Mr Reid submitted and passed
through the Assembly of New South Wales the following
amendments to the Bill : —

1. "That if equal representation of the Colonies in the
Senate be insisted on, the provision for a three-fifths
majority at the joint sitting of both Houses be removed,
and a simple majority decide, or that the provision for
a joint sitting be replaced by a provision for a national
referendum." Mr Reid contended before the electors that
the three-fifths majority provision would enable a minority
to defy the majority.

2. "That what is known as the Braddon clause (three-
quarters of the revenue from Customs to be given back
to the States) be removed.

3. " That provision be made in the Bill for the establish-
ment of the federal capital in such place within the
boundaries of New South Wales as the Federal Parliament
may determine.

4. "That better provision should be made against the
alteration of the boundaries of a State without its own
consent.

5. " That the use of inland rivers for the purpose of water
conservation and irrigation should be more clearly safe-
guarded.

6. "That there should be a uniform practice in respect
to money Bills, and that all money Bills should be treated
as Taxation Bills.

7. " That the mode of appeal from the Supreme Courts

THE NEW COMMONWEALTH 167

of the State should be made uniform, namely, that the
appeal should be either to the Privy Council or to the
High Court, but not indiscriminately to either." And,
lastly, a demand was made for a more thorough considera-
tion of the financial clauses ; the evil to be avoided, if
possible, being " excessive burdens of taxation, a prolonged
system of book-keeping, uncertainty as to the amount of
the surplus to be divided, and uncertainty as to the
method of distributing it among the States."

The other Premiers, after some difficulty, were induced
to meet Mr Reid, and to take his proposals into considera-
tion. And a final compromise was arrived at, the chief
points in which were that deadlocks should be dealt with
by a simple majority of both Houses at a joint sitting ; that
the operation of the Braddon clause should be limited to
ten years ; that the appeal to the Privy Council should be
disallowed, in all matters affecting Federal or State rights,
and, in private matters, should be restricted, if necessary,
by Federal Legislation ; and that the Federal Capital
should be in New South Wales, at some point not less than
100 miles distant from Sydney. The Governor-General
and the Parliament of the Commonwealth will use Mel-
bourne as the temporary capital pending the selection
(and construction) of the place of their banishment. And
it is generally hoped in Australia that the land-values of
this antipodean Washington (the name of which, by the
way, remains to be invented) will go a long way towards
lightening the burthen of taxation.

The amended Bill was again submitted to the popular
vote in June and July of this year (1899), with the result
that Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania have re-
affirmed, with additional emphasis, their former decision.
New South Wales this time accepted it with a sufficient
majority : thus leaving only two colonies (for New Zealand

168 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

is definitely outside the Commonwealth) to be consulted.
Queensland came in early in September, after a lively
campaign, which was carried on throughout the colony :
in which the anti-Federalists of Sydney and the whole of
Australia showed themselves anxious to spare neither
pains nor money over their last stand. Every use was
made of the Queensland Separation movement, which had
smouldered, with a gradually increasing intensity, for the
last thirty years, or, indeed, since the foundation of the
colony in 1859, The Separatists desired the sub-division
of Queensland into three autonomous States ; believing
that their vast stretch of coast cannot be administered fairly
from Brisbane, which is in the extreme south-east corner of
the colony. Now, clause 123 of the Commonwealth Bill
forbids the Federal Parliament to sub-divide a State with-
out the consent of the State's Parliament ; and moreover,
Federation would abolish the right of appeal in such
matters (expressly reserved, as it happens, in the exist-
ing constitutions of both Queensland and Western Aus-
tralia) to the Imperial Government. Again, the Southern
Colonies would in any case have objected to Queensland
being represented in the Federal Senate as three States,
with eighteen Senators instead of six. While, therefore,
many of the farmers and manufacturers of the south were
opposed to federation because it involves inter-colonial
free-trade ; and the planters were of course against it by
reason of their fear of the Australian working-man and his
inevitable Asiatic Exclusion Bill ; the Northern and Central
voters objected to it because it would make their dream of
separation for ever impossible ; and, finally, the whole South,
as such, professed itself resolute to resist any attempt to
meddle with Clause 123. The Asiatic question was, and
is, particularly serious. Some form of coloured labour is
probably essential to the prosperity of the far North. Yet

THE NEW COMMONWEALTH 169

the Australian democracy, and more especially the native-
born Australians, who are, as has been seen, the very soul
of the federal movement, are resolute not to allow any
part of Australia to be over-run, as it easily might be, by
swarms of such Chinese, Japanese, Cingalese, Javanese,
Malays, and Kanakas, as have already secured a foot-hold
in Queensland. The danger is far from being imaginary.
Japanese women fill the brothels of the colony ; Japanese
men employ white labour in the pearl fisheries and on
sugar plantations ; white unfortunates are used as pro-
stitutes by the Kanakas ; Thursday Island is Asiatic ; and
the existence of a " secret protocol " between the Brisbane
Government and that of the Mikado is apparently not
denied. There were, it must be confessed, all the materials
for a very pretty quarrel over these matters, taken as a
whole. And yet, as seems to have been all along the
expectation of those who know Australia most intimately,
the one dominant desire for union carried the day, though,
it is true, by a very bare majority; and even these final
and most serious obstacles were somehow adjusted.

The case of Western Australia has been left to the last,
because her case is singular. She is, in the first place, not
essential, at all events at present, to the formation of the
Commonwealth ; and, in the second place, after having
obviously waited to see if the recusancy of Queensland,
or some other accident, might not give her a much desired
excuse for not entering the Union, she is now showing
her heartfelt reluctance (or rather that of her governing
class) to pass under the central control. The history ot
this colony, as we have seen, has been entirely separate
from that of the rest of Australia. Her population — the
older section of it — has lived apart ; and she is in a diff"er-
ent stage of political and economic development Her
agriculturalists are anxious to keep their home market,

170 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

which the producers of the rest of the continent are equally
anxious to exploit'; and her statesmen wish her to have
time peaceably to assimilate her new-comers, and (probably)
to attempt new loans. She fears neglect and mismanage-
ment ; though no mismanagement of the gold-fields, it is
true, could be worse than that which has allowed the whole
of the dividend-paying mines to drift into European owner-
ship, while the wage-earning population are left mostly
without homes, and must remit half their incomes to
their families on "the other side." Finally, under the
Commonwealth, South Australia could refuse to permit
a trans-continental railway, which it has now become
Western Australia's chief ambition to construct. British
Columbia, under similar circumstances, made the Canadian
Pacific Railway the price of her adhesion to the Dominion.
The Government, and the party of the old settlers, with
the exception of their leader. Sir John Forrest, who is
bound by his pledges to the Convention, are undisguisedly
hostile to federation, and here is a rough statement of its
" advantages " by a Radical and Outlander member of the
Legislative Assembly ; —

" The advantages of Federation : — New South Wales
gets the federal capital, the biggest political power, the
control of all the inland navigation of Australia, and the
abolition of all border duties for her sheep and cattle.
Victoria gets the temporary capital, the second political
pull, and a free market for all her over-glutted manu-
factures. South Australia gets the sole right of building a
trans-continental railway, or of refusing the same right to
any other State. Queensland keeps her black labour, and
has a huge protected market for her sugar, bananas, coffee,
and other tropical produce. Tasmania gets the free run
of Australasia for her fruits and jams. Western Australia
gets the right to extra-tax herself for five years, and to

THE NEW COMMONWEALTH 171

lose ;^3 30,000 a year. No wonder George Reid reckons it
a good bargain ! " {Cf. Appendix C.)

The odds seem, on the face of it, to be against federation
in Western Australia. Yet here, again, after all, opposition
may melt away. The Premier is not in a hurry to go to
the referendum. Mr Reid, shortly before his fall, thought
it worth while to send him a rather blustering telegram,
reminding him of his pledges, and threatening him and his
with every penalty which can be visited on the back-
slider. (Somehow telegrams do not make altogether for
diplomacy.) But the Bill, which has suffered drastic
amendment from the Select Committee of the two Houses
in Perth, must be submitted, in the end, to the people.
And then, it is to be remembered that, whatever may be
the course taken by the older population, the majority of
the adult males of the colony are new-comers from " the
other side " ; who care little for the agriculture of their latest
home, but a great deal for a cheap breakfast-table ; who
owe it to the management of Perth that they have mostly,
till this referendum, been without a vote, and are likely to
use their new power against their late masters ; finally,
who will refuse to be influenced by fiscal considerations,
because the Australian working-man, in the plenitude of
his power, as we have seen, always refuses to tax himself.

The obstacles to a perfectly complete federation of
Australia are thus worst, perhaps, in the final lap. But in
Western Australia, as was the case in Queensland, the
conflict of local animosities and interests is so confused
that men are as likely as not at any moment to turn, in
sheer weariness and bewilderment, to the simple panacea of
the Commonwealth. For Australia as a whole, federation,
in the end, is now not only inevitable, but desirable, as the
only hope of permanent security against the foreigner, and
the very beginning of a national life. And the Empire

172 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

has nothing to lose, but everything to gain by it. No cut-
and-dried scheme of Imperial Federation will be brought
forward by the discreet statesman who remembers how
near we seemed to it in the years before the revolt of our
American colonies, and how perilous a matter, among
Anglo-Saxons, is taxation without representation. But
Australia is our depot and main strength on that side of
the world, whither the battle of world-interests is now shift-
ing. Too much stress must not be laid by the enthusiast
on the offers, which are for the moment fashionable,
of colonial contingents for our ever-recurring wars. They
are sometimes merely symptoms of a desire to combine a
sort of authorised filibustering with the benefits of a camp
of instruction ; the outcome as well of the natural desire
of officers and men for adventure and experience, as of a
willingness of the colonial authorities to wash the spears
of the young men of their embryonic armies at the expense,
in the main, of the British tax-payer. Australia cannot
afford to go seriously to war until she is obliged ; though
it is far from impossible that the stress of war, when it does
come, may be productive of good, in the shape of renewed
moral earnestness and the heightening of the national
ideals. Yet in the meanwhile, on the other hand, it
would be base, as well as unwise, to under-estimate the
friendhness, the confidence, the racial loyalty, of which
such spontaneous offers must necessarily be the outcome.
And it is as well to remember that, even as things are, the
forces locally raised by our colonial possessions generally
almost equal our own Militia, which may yet again some
day become our more specially British Army, when, if ever,
the Imperial Army, as such, is re-organised to serve the
requirements of an organised Empire : while, to look only
to the immediate future, the Australian Commonwealth,
in particular, which will take over the fortifications of

THE NEW COMMONWEALTH 173

Thursday Island and King George's Sound, must fortify-
also Hobart and Port Darwin ; will organise its forces to
protect its provincial capitals from the raids, with which
they have repeatedly been threatened, of marauding
European powers ; and will probably maintain a field
army capable of dealing with an invasion, for instance,
of Mongolian sepoys. [See Appendix A.] The existing
Federal Squadron, of five third class cruisers and two gun-
boats, will probably be increased ; the formation of a
Federal Naval Reserve is being considered ; in a word, the
newest nation in the Greater English Commonwealth is not
to be, even at the outset, without its complement of national
armed strength : which is always so much the better for us.
The whole process is one of inevitable, because organic,
growth : the formation of true political organisms. The
Canadian Dominion and the Australian Commonwealth
will be followed, as Lord Grey hoped to have seen, by a
South African Union, and after that — But that is as far,
perhaps, as we shall look (if we are wise) for the present.
In the meantime, the Commonwealth Bill will be submitted
to the British Parliament before long, and it will be for
us to see that our colonial fellow-subjects are not legislated
out of their Imperial citizenship. The constitutional link
between the nation and the colonies is through the person
of the Queen in Council. The Privy Council, which
administered our first plantations, and which, so recently as
Earl Grey's time, was held to be the proper authority to
settle the then proposed constitutions of Australia and the
Cape, is, for many reasons, more likely than Parliament
itself to become the centre round which the ultimate
organisation of the Imperial Commonwealth may crystallise.
The judicial prerogative of Her Majesty is, as Mills puts
it (apart from our control over the foreign relations of the
colonies), the one yet unquestioned element of our Imperial

174 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

power. And it is, for that matter, in a very experimental
democracy, a great safeguard and convenience, as the
Legislative Council of New South Wales and others have
discovered, to the propertied Australian. But this is a
matter which demands separate treatment.

Chapter X
A POINT IN THE COMMONWEALTH BILL

THERE are only three bonds by which our present
Empire is held together ; (i) our hegemony in
matters of foreign policy ; (2) the legislative veto ; and
(3) the judicial prerogative of the Crown.

The first is a vague power, depending on abundant good
management as well as goodwill from all parties concerned.
How valueless it is bound to become in cases where the
spontaneous friendliness born of racial solidarity is lacking,
may be seen in the cases of the Transvaal and the Orange
Free State ; both of which (not to enter upon any discussion
about that precious word suzerainty) we claim to hold
under our hegemony ; a claim which they as frankly re-
pudiate. Canada has accepted the necessary drawbacks of
her position as a secondary state with a loyalty past all
praise. The sagacity and statesmanship of her leaders
has led them to postpone the interests of the Dominion to
those of the Empire, as freely as though the organic union
of our world-state were an accomplished fact, instead of an
ideal which they have done much towards realising. And
their lofty subordination, their politic unselfishness, has
won them an established and honoured place in the councils
of the Empire. But it will be seen that the position needs
regularising. Colonies are not all, nor always, so wisely
administered as Canada. Australia, in the past, has often
shown a quite pardonable restlessness, in face of the irritat-
ing, though comparatively unimportant, foreign complica-

176

176 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

tions which have been forced on her attention. New
Caledonia, the New Hebrides, New Guinea, have each in
turn been used by the bolder sort of colonial politician as
an excuse to force the hand of a supposedly neglectful
Colonial Office. Armed vessels have been sent from New
Zealand on missions which the Imperial Government has
been forced to disavow. The Chinese and Japanese
questions are, perhaps naturally, considered in our colonies
with sole reference to local predilections and convenience,
and with no regard to the exigencies of British diplomacy.
The arbitrary exclusion by Natal, for example, and Western
Australia, of the Queen-Empress's Indian subjects, some of
them wearing'war-medals on their breasts ; or by New Zea-
land of Austrian immigrants ; are not, perhaps, great matters
at present. But there are coming questions in the Pacific
which, when the Australian Dominion makes her voice
heard, will not be small matters at all. Meanwhile, the
position, in regard to our half-veiled, half-acknowledged,
ascendency is that it is asserted from time to time, as
occasion demands and as circumstances may permit, by the
Colonial Office, through the Governors ; and is generally,
perhaps, understood to be based upon a latent claim of the
British Parliament, as such, to supremacy ; a claim which
is unconstitutional in itself, and the only historical basis of
which derives from the days of the great Whig encroach-
ment. Government without representation is foreign to
the spirit of the constitution. The less Parliament interferes
with India and the Colonies, the better it will be for the
Colonies, for India, and for the Empire. The Crown
conducts our foreign policy through its advisers of the
Privy Council, who possess the confidence of Parliament.
Sir John Macdonald understood the theoretical position
when, in shaping a Canadian Privy Council, he foreshadowed
a Kingdom of Canada ; for in the three great secondary

A POINT IN THE FEDERAL BILL 177

dominions of Canada, Australia, and South Africa, each
with its legislature, and each with its Council advisory of
the King-Emperor, while the original or British Privy
Council (supplemented, as it has already begun to be,
from the colonies) " animates the whole," we see the real
future constitution of self-governing Anglo-Saxondom,
the real British Empire to which India and the other de-
pendencies should be attached.

The second bond of union, the legislative veto, is useful
as securing, amongst other things, some degree of legisla-
tive uniformity within the Empire. This power is not
threatened by the new Commonwealth Bill, which pro-
poses, on the contrary, substantially to strengthen it. But
it is purely negative, both in its nature and influence, and
can of course form no foundation of empire.

The third, the judicial prerogative of the Crown, is the
very central of those crimson threads of which a recent
school of Imperial Federation Leaguers was so fond of
talking. Tod calls it one of the most stable safeguards,
as well as one of the most beneficial acts, of the sovereign
power. The appellate jurisdiction of the Queen in Council
is retained primarily for the good of the colonies, and not
for that of the mother country. Nothing is more necessary,
particularly in the Australian colonies, than to secure the
rights and property of the individual citizen, in a young,
hasty, and democratic community, against the bureaucratic
enthusiasms of departmental tyranny. It is not infrequently
useful, for reasons more generally understood at home, to
change the venue. The standard of legal training, again,
is not always at its highest in the most remote parts of the
Empire, and the field from which judges are picked is neces-
sarily less extensive than at home. But more serious
is the tendency of colonial executives, in communities
where the authority of the common law, and the dignity

M

178 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

and independence of the Bench, have not yet had much
time to become established in the public mind, to try to
subordinate the judiciary to themselves. What the legisla-
ture has established as the law, it is argued, the legislature
can interpret. The legislature is supreme, as the represen-
tative of the people ; and the legislature, which, for the
purpose, means the Government, knows the intention with
which particular laws were passed. Hence a quite frequent
(though, to the English mind, all but incredible) recourse
to retrospective legislation ; and, especially in the smaller
colonies, a parallel and growing tendency to obstruct or
prevent Petitions of Right. Nor is this subordination of
the Courts to the Executive confined to the more corrupt
communities, though its most flagrant and most complete
manifestation has been in the most corrupt of all, the
Transvaal. It is quite compatible with the purest and
most disinterested zeal for democracy or for the immedi-
ate public good ; and may be the fruit, at times, of nothing
worse nor more uncommon than narrow views and an
ignorance of law. The Commonwealth Bill provides for
the establishment of a Federal High Court of Australia,
to hear and determine (i) all cases of dispute between the
Federated States, or all cases in which State rights are
concerned ; and (2) private cases, except such as the sub-
sequent legislation of the Federal Parliament shall permit to
be taken to the Privy Council. In Canada, the Act of
1875, which was drafted by Sir John Macdonald in 1869,
gave the Supreme Court final and conclusive jurisdiction,
"saving any right which Her Majesty may be pleased to
exert by virtue of her royal prerogative" These last words,
it has since been held, leave untouched the prerogative to
allow an appeal, and the correlative right of every subject
of the realm to make one. Consequently appeals from
Canada, as from all other parts of the Empire, to the Privy

A POINT IN THE FEDERAL BILL 179

Council are of frequent occurrence, and of the utmost
convenience. Three new judges, from Canada, the Cape,
and Australia respectively, have been added to the Judicial
Committee of the Privy Council within the last three years,
and sit regularly for the hearing of colonial cases. And
the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is empowered
(again to quote Tod) to consider " any matters whatsoever
the Crown shall think fit to refer to it."

As to opinion at the Antipodes, there is good reason to
suppose that the majority of Australians themselves are
opposed to the serious encroachment on the royal preroga-
tive threatened by the Bill. Not only has it been a common-
place of the large, and in some colonies influential, anti-
Federal party to denounce the whole institution of the new
High Court as a source of oppression and expense — an
argument which is still freely employed in Western
Australia — but the more intelligent property-holding classes
are perhaps generally opposed to it, or at all events to its
substitution for the Privy Council as a final Court of
Appeal. The Legislative Council of New South Wales,
as we have seen, has already expressed itself strongly on
this point ; and has been followed in its course of protest
by various other representative bodies. The insertion, by
Parliament, of some such clause in the Bill as that which
preserved the constitutional position in the case of Canada
is, therefore, it would seem, likely to be at least not un-
popular in Australia ; while, having regard to Imperial
interests, it is vitally essential.

APPENDIX A

DEFENCE

The Australian Squadron, maintained by Australasia,
FOR Protection of Floating Trade in Australasian
Waters.

[N.B. — Exclusive of H.M. Ships of the British Navy on the
Australian Station.^

Boomerang, twin screw torpedo gunboat, first class, 2 guns, 735
tons, i.h,p. 2,500 n.d. (in reserve).

Karrakatta, twin screw torpedo gunboat, first class, 2 guns,
735 tons, i.h.p. 2,500 n.d. Lieut, and Commander, Richard
M. Harbord.

Katoomba, twin screw cruiser, third class, 8 guns, 2,575 tons,
i.h.p. 4,000 n.d. Captain, Herbert W. S. Gibson.

Mildura, twin screw cruiser, third class, 8 guns, 2,575 tons,
i.h.p. 4,000 n.d. Captain, Henry Leah.

Eingarooma, twin screw cruiser, third class, guns, 2,575 tons,
i.h.p. 4,000 n.d. (in reserve).

Tauranga, twin screw cruiser, third class, 8 guns, 2,575 tons,
i.h.p. 4,000 n.d. Captain, W. L. H. Browne.

Wallaroo, twin screw cruiser, third class, 8 guns, 2,575 tons,
i.h.p. 4,000 n.d. Captain, George N. A. Pollard.

Memorandum of Agreement between Great Britain and
Australian Colonies.

I. There shall be a force of sea-going ships of war to be
provided, equipped, manned, and maintained at joint cost. 2.
Officers and men to be changed triennially. 3, The vessels to be

181

182 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

under the control of the Commander-in-Chief on the Australian
Station, and are not to be taken from Australian waters without
the consent of the Colonies. 4. By reason of the new agreement,
no reduction is to take place in the Imperial Squadron on the Station.
5. The vessels shall consist of five fast cruisers and two torpedo
gunboats ; of these, three cruisers and one gunboat are to be
always kept in commission, and the remainder in reserve. 6. (a)
The first cost of vessels is to be paid out of Imperial Funds, {b)
The Colonies are to pay the Imperial Government interest at 5
per cent, on the prime cost, such interest not to exceed ;^35,ooo.
{c) The annual charge for maintenance is to be borne by the
Colonies, but this is not to exceed ;^9 1,000. 7. Imperial Govern-
ment to replace any vessels lost. 8. Agreement to last for ten
years. 9. In time of peace two vessels of the Squadron to be in
New Zealand waters.

Note. — This agreement was extended by the Premiers in Conference at
Melbourne early this year (1899) until after Federation, when the matter will
of course be dealt with by the Commonwealth. ^

COLONIAL SHIPS OF WAR FOR HARBOUR
DEFENCE, ETC.

Victoria.

Cerberus, double screw, iron armour-plated turret ship, 4 18-
ton M.L. guns, 4 Nordenfeldts, 3,480 tons, 1,660 h.p.

Nelson, training ship, 22 guns, i Gatling, 2,730 tons, 500 h.p.
Commander, R. M. Collins.

Albert, steel gunboat, 4 guns, 2 Nordenfeldts, 350 tons,
400 h.p.

Also, 3 armed steamers, carrying 6 guns, 2 Catlings, and 4
Nordenfeldts ; 3 torpedo boats, and 3 torpedo launches, carrying
14 Whitehead torpedoes, 2 Hotchkiss guns, i Nordenfeldt, and
fitted with spar torpedoes.

South Australia.
Protector, cruiser, 6 guns, 920 tons, 1,641 h.p.

APPENDIX 183

Queensland.

Gayundah, double screw steel ship, 2 guns, 360 tons, 400 h.p.

Otter, steel gunboat, i gun, 220 tons, 460 h.p.

FaiumUy double screw iron ship, 2 guns, 450 tons, 400 h.p.

New South Wales.
Two small torpedo boats.

Tasmania.
One torpedo boat.

New Zealand.
Eight torpedo boats.

Total Marine Forces of Australasia.
2437 men (of whom 1004 New Zealand).

MILITARY FORCES

1,484 paid.
1 0,984 partly paid.
13,043 unpaid.

Total, 25,51 1 men. Of whom 4,000 are artillery, 700 engineers,
1,000 cavalry, 2,800 mounted rifles (the real national arm), and
nearly 16,000 infantry. Twenty thousand men could be mobilised
in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, or South Australia.
There were 700,000 men of the soldier's age (20-40) in Austral-
asia in 1 89 1.

The 6 colonies expend altogether about half a million annually
(say 2s. 9d. a head of the population) on defence, and have sunk
a total of about 2^ millions sterling in defence works.

184 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

APPENDIX B

GAUGES OF AUSTRALIAN RAILWAYS

Victoria, 5ft. 3in. ; South Australia, 5ft. 3in. and 3ft. 6in. ; New
South Wales, 4ft. 8^in,, except Moama to Deniliquin (connecting
with Victorian line), 5ft. 3in. ; Queensland, 3ft. 6in. ; Western
Australia, 3ft. 6in. ; Tasmania, 3ft. 6in. ; New Zealand, 4ft. 8^in.
and 3ft. 6in. In England and Scotland the gauge is 4ft. Sjin. ;
in Ireland, 5ft. sin.; in India, 5ft. 6in.

APPENDIX C

AUSTRALIAN FEDERATION '

On the occasion of the presentation of the address by both
Houses of Parliament of Victoria to the Queen, praying that the
draft Bill to constitute a Commonwealth of Australia be passed
into law by the Imperial Parliament, Lord Brassey spoke as
follows : " Departing from formal precedent, I shall venture on
this historic occasion to say a few words not officially inspired,
but which will, perhaps, the better give utterance to the feelings
of the hour. The address which you ask me in your name to
transmit, marks a turning point in your national history. It
closes an era in which great things have been done. In no other
country, not in the most advanced of the communities of the old
world, are law and order more assured, public tranquillity less
disturbed, the standard of living for the whole people higher,
provision for education more liberal ; in none is self-government,
the distinctive gift of our race, more admirably illustrated. States-
manship, eloquence, sound common sense, lofty patriotism, have
never been wanting even in the smallest of the Australian Parlia-
ments ; and now, looking forward to the future, and remembering
all you have done in the past under difficult circumstances and the

APPENDIX 185

rivalry of separation, who shall measure the achievements which
may be accomplished by your united efforts ? You will be greatly
strengthened for defence, your trade will grow by leaps and
bounds, common credit will sensibly lighten the public charge, all
petty jealousies will disappear. Time would fail me were I to
attempt to enumerate the advantages certain to accrue in the near
future from federation. I rejoice that the closing stage of my
public life has been associated with a movement which, as far as
in me lay, I have earnestly strived to help forward. It has had
from Lady Brassey and myself the heartiest good wishes. Unless
it had been so, I should have been no fitting representative of the
Queen and her people in the United Kingdom. All your hopes
for the future are fully shared in your old Motherland, and as in
coming years you become in an increasing degree a powerful and
prosperous State, the possession of a happy and contented people,
supreme in these Southern Seas, there will be no envious feeUngs.
Your own greatness will reflect glory on the home of your fathers,
and there, as here, it will be said now and for all time and with a
full heart, ' Advance Australia ! ' "

Compare with the above the following, extracted from a typical
anti-federal lecture, delivered at Perth, Western Australia, June 29,
1899. The speaker, a man of the would-be professional politician
class from New South Wales, and probably an agent of the
anti-federal party there, alleged that "the strings of the move-
ment were being pulled by Imperial Statesmen. It was easier to
govern these colonies by one Governor and one Premier than
through many Governors and Premiers. One head of all the
defence forces would make insurrection or revolution more difficult,
and independence, with a republican flag, practically impossible,
and it would find another billet for a British aristocrat. Lord
Brassey was of opinion that we should get a specimen of the royal
blood imported, and he mentioned the Marquis of Lome and the
Duke of Fife, who have the good fortune to be married to British
princesses, as likely for the post. This might add a glare of
splendour to the Commonwealth capital, but would it especially
benefit the people ? One thing was certain, such a Government
would render reforms in the direction of land nationalisation,

186 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

socialism, the equality of women as voters with men, and the
establishment of an independent nation under its own flag in-
finitely more remote and difficult than under existing conditions.
It would be far more arduous to move the Federation Parliament,
with its senate of rich Conservatives, than to stir the local Parlia-
ments in the direction of progress." The last sentence, and
indeed the whole utterance, is encouraging ; to all except political
experimentalists.

On July 7, the same speaker ridiculed the statement of Mr G. H.
Reid, the Premier of New South Wales, that the other States as a
Commonwealth would defend Western Australia from foreign in-
vasion with their last shilling and their last man. It was the
British Empire, he said, upon which they would have to rely in
such circumstances. These are the methods of the paid agitator.

APPENDIX D

OLD-AGE PENSIONS IN PRACTICE IN NEW ZEALAND

From a Report presented in the Statement for the Year ended
^ist March 1899.

The Registrar, Old-age Pensions, to the
Hon. the Colonial Treasurer.

Old-age Pensions Office,
Wellington, 19M Jum 1899.

"I have the honour to make the following report for your
information.

"The Act came into force on the first day of November 1898.
In the same month a Registrar was appointed, and in December
old-age pension districts were constituted, deputy registrars were
appointed, and notices were issued throughout the colony that
forms of claim were obtainable at all post-offices.

"The number of pensions granted during January 1899, in
respect of which payments were made up to the 31st day of

APPENDIX 187

March 1899, inclusive, was 2,133, and the amount paid in
respect thereof was ;!£"3,i24, is. 8d. The amount paid in re-
spect of other than pensions up to the 31st day of March 1899,
inclusive, was ;^5io, 8s. id.

"The total number of pensions granted up to the 31st day of
March 1899, inclusive, was 7,487, representing a yearly payment
of ;^i28,o82 ; the average pension being about ;£iT, 2s.

"The amount of absolutely forfeited instalments up to the 31st
day of March 1899, inclusive, was;^i2, 5s.

"The number of pensioners who died before the 31st day of
March 1899, inclusive, was thirty-eight, and the number of
pensions cancelled up to that date was six, representing altogether
a yearly payment of ^^763.

"The number of pension certificates transferred from one old-age
pension district to another, up to the 31st day of March 1899,
inclusive, was twenty-three.

" It is scarcely to be expected that the administration of a new
measure will be altogether smooth at first. It is, therefore, a
matter for congratulation that few difficulties have presented them-
selves, and that an entirely new experience had been generally
anticipated in the detailed provisions of the Act and regulations.

" Under the existing Act no provision is made for any payment
to the representatives of a deceased pensioner. It seems reason-
able that the portion of an instalment accrued up to the date of
the pensioner's death should be paid to the person who has
defrayed the expenses of burial. It seems desirable also that
near relatives from whom a pensioner may legally claim main-
tenance should not be relieved by the Old-age Pensions Act of
such responsibility. I recommend also that the Colonial Treasurer
should be empowered to pay an instalment of pension which
has been forfeited through non-delivery of the pension certificate
or other cause, not being the fault or neglect of the pensioner.

"Sub-section (3) of section 13, relating to the method of calcu-
lating the joint income of husband and wife, has not been
uniformly interpreted. It might be well to remove all doubt
as to the intention of this provision.

" The claims of some persons, who are otherwise qualified, have

188 ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

been rejected on the ground that they have not been naturalised
subjects for five years, as prescribed by section 64 of the Act.
I suggest some modification of this disability," etc. {The re-
mainder is unimportant, except follo^ving.)

Return showing Cost of Administration of " The Old-age
Pensions Act, 1898," for the Financial Year ended
31ST March 1899.

£ s. d.

140 4 II

Salaries —

£

s.

d.

Registrar

TOO

I

I

Deputy Registrars .

40

3

10

Other Expenses —

Advertising and printing

16

6

0

Clerical assistance .

247

18

0

Interpreting

7

9

3

Shorthand-writer

19

0

0

Travelling allowance and expenses

76

2

2

Sundries

3

7

9

370 3 2
Total . . ;^5io 8 I

The Treasury, ly^d June 1899.

APPENDIX E

OLD AGE PENSIONS IN NEW SOUTH WALES

In the Report on Old-age Pensions, etc., in England and on the
Continent of Europe [by Lieut. -Col. J. C. Neild, New South
Wales Commissioner: By Authority, Sydney, 1898J Col. Neild
recommends the payment of a minimum pension of 7s. 6d.
weekly (in case oi ^^ unmerited misfortune," iis. 3d.) to persons

APPENDIX 189

over fifty-five; "necessity to be a condition precedent to pension."
The Report is a large 8vo of 450 pages, and is worth perusal.

§ 786 is particularly interesting, giving a range of examples
from (i) ''^Individuals with no personal income ^ or personal income
not exceeding los. per week, weekly pension 7s. 6d."; to (30)
" Married couples, having two children, with weekly personal in-
come of 30s., weekly pension 2s. 6d." ; and (yet further) to the
maximum pension payable to the victims of "unmerited mis-
fortune " — " Married couples, with two children, per week,
36s. 3d."

"It will be seen," says the Report, § 788, "that these proposals
offer considerable inducement towards thrift"; how, is not over
clear.

" The source from which the pensions are to be provided " is
admitted to be " of paramount importance."

A tax on tea is recommended as likely to be sufficient (§ 795).

But, if the Federal Government takes the tea tax, "probably
an impost upon flour would be an alternative." (§ 796).

§ 797. "It is quite possible that this suggestion will be made
the subject of thodghtless objection, as a tax of any kind on
bread is necessarily unpopular, but I submit that there is an
immense, and an essential, distinction between a tax on bread
for ordinary purposes of Government, and a tax on bread to
provide bread for the aged, the helpless, and the indigent."

"Such an objection, too, would be sentimental rather than
practical, for wharfage dues upon breadstuffs are universal . . .
while lands occupied with wheat are largely the subject of
taxation."

A royalty upon mining profits is further recommended (§ 800),
on the ground, apparently, that it would be paid chiefly by
London companies.

190

ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

APPENDIX F

RETURNS OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS,

QUEENSLAND, 1899

Shewing the Rate per Head of the Population.

1897. 1898.

Population on December 31st . 478,440 492,602

Imports ;^S,429,i9i £(^,007,266

Imports per head of population ;^ii, 6s. 11 ^d. ;^i2, 3s. iid.

Exports.

Classification of Articles, &c.

1897.

Gold, in Dust and Bars

Specie (Coin)

Silver Lead Bullion and Silver Gold

Bullion, and Silver Precipitates
Silver Ore and Gold Ore Slag
Copper — Ore, Regulus, Smelted and

Matte

Tin — Ore, Slag, and Smelted
Drapery, Apparel, Silks, &c. .
Shell Fish (Oysters) and Beche-de-mer

Fruit — Green

Grain, Pulse, &c

Hides and Skins

Live Stock by Sea ....
Live Stock Overland (Horses, Cattle

and Sheep)

Pearl Shell and Tortoise Shell
Preserved Meat (Salt Meat, &c.) .

Frozen Meat

Rum (Colonial)

Sugar (Colonial)

Tallow

Timber

Wool

Another

Totals

Exports per head of Population

£
2,568,702
60,254

55,785
10,863

21,388
36,670

14,835
24,265

87,450

17,887

438,211

7,980

821,526
130,053
365,045
662,994

1,900
681,038
272,528

7,791

2,509,342

295,050

;^9,o9i,557

£ s. d.
19 o oj

2,855,781
218,547

41,951
23,037

6,430
31,871
12,006
16,069

96,313

5,222

466,265

16,487

798,949

111,975

482,676

676,698

2,081

1,329,876

328,531

8,254

3,018,098

309,010

;^io,856,i27

i 5. d.
22 o 9

APPENDIX

191

Return showing the Total Value of Imports into and
Exports from the various Ports of Queensland, also
borderwise, during the year ended 31st december 1 898.

Ports.

Imports.

Exports.

Total Trade.

Estimated Mean Population, 492,602

I

I

I

Brisbane ....

3,333,740

2,490,001

5,823,741

Ipswich .

69,725

—

69,725

Maryborough .

1 164,194

98,200

262,394

Bundaberg

93,754

466,123

559,877

Gladstone

10,737

127,365

138,102

Rockhampton .

622,061

2,434,287

3,056,348

St Lawrence .

740

28,791

29,531

Mackay .

107,533

382,878

490,411

Bowen

24,091

230,906

254,997

Townsville

875,175

2,616,511

3,491,686

Dungeness

21,004

171,757

192,761

Geraldton

11,429

119,019

130,448

Cairns

9i»333

193,210

284,543

Port Douglas .

7,597

35,423

43,020

Cookton .

531648

85,534

139,182

Thursday Island

60,342

128,047

188,389

Norman ton

38,244

154,566

192,810

Burketown

3,205

17,518

20,723

Total Seaward .

5,588,552

9,780,136

15,368,688

Across .the Border (in-

cluding Live Stock)

i 418,714

1,075,991

1,494,705

;^6,oo7,266

^10,856,127

;^ 1 6,863,393

Imports, Exports, and Total

Imports. Exports. Total.

Trade per head . • ;^i2, 3s. iid. ;^22, os. 9d. ^34, 4s. 8d.
J. C. KENT,_/2?r Collector of Customs.

Customs, Brisbane,
^yd May 1899.

192

ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

APPENDIX G
NEW ZEALAND GOLD OUTPUT 1899

ozs. Value.

Value.

January .

33,049

•^130,207

April

• 33>343

•^130,509

February

21,729

. 81,984

May

• 25,962

. 100,161

March .

36,843

. 143,821

June

• 41,547

. 161,924

APPENDIX H

POPULATION OF AUSTRALASIA

The Australasian Colonies as a whole contained a population
on the 31st December 1898 estimated at 4,476,985 persons,
with an average total annual increase of merely i^ per cent.

Australasian Colonies.

Colony.

Population
on 31st December 1898.

Rate of Increase during 1898.

Males.

Females.

Total.

Males.

Females.

Total.

No.

No.

No.

per cent.

per cent.

per cent.

New South Wales

721,335

624,905

1,346,240

1-69

176

172

Victoria

593,446

582,04411,175,490

—0-33

0-2I

— o*o6

Queensland .

279,670

218,853

498,523

3-06

2-59

2-85

South Australia (in-

cluding Northern

Territory) .

191,745

176,055

367,800

i-8i

077

1-31

Western Australia

112,054

56,075

168,129

1-54

875

3-«3

Tasmania

95,632

81,709

177,341

4-39

1-99

3-27

New Zealand (ex-

clusive of 39,854

Maoris)
Australasia .

392,124

351,339

743,463

1-93

2 '03

1-98

2,386,006

2,090,980

4,476,986

1-48

1-55

1-52

Emigration from United Kingdom to Australasia.

1893
1894

11,412
11,151

1895

10,809

1896
1897

I o, 7 1 o
12,396

A statement is added giving the arrivals and departures for
each of the Australasian Colonies during the year 1898. The

APPENDIX

193

figures are Mr Coghlan's, and the result is shown to be a net gain
of 7,670 persons : —

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APPENDIX

195

APPENDIX J

TRADE PER HEAD OF THE POPULATION IN 1897

Colony.

Mean Popula-
tion.

Imports.

Exports.

Total Trade.

I

£ s. d.

£ s. d.

£ s. d.

Queensland .

1 478,440

II 6 11

19 0 I

30 7 0

New South Wales

; 1,310,550

16 11 10

18 2 6

34 14 4

Victoria .

1 1,172,790

13 3 7

14 5 6

27 9 1

South Australia

' 353,518

20 3 2

19 11 11

39 15 I

Western Australia

i 155,749

41 4 2

25 5 II

66 10 I

Tasmania

1 168,916

8 1 II

10 6 6 1 18 8 5

New Zealand (ex

1
1

elusive of Maoris^

) ; 721,609

"33

13 7 8 25 on

But the values of the exports of the Australian Colonies, more
especially New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia, are
largely increased by the inclusion of articles the produce or manu-
facture of other colonies and countries.

The value of home productions or manufactures exported from
each colony in 1897, and the rate per head of mean population,

were as follows : —

Home Produce

exported.
;^8,83 1,450

17,057,543
12,829,394

2,484,140

3,218,569

1,721,959

9,596,267

The next table sets forth the amount of the trade of each of
the above-named colonies with the United Kingdom in 1897 : —

Colony.

Queensland
New South Wales
Victoria .
South Australia .
Western Australia
Tasmania
New Zealand

Per Head of
Population.

£i% 9 2

13 o
10 18

7
20
10
13

4

9
6

4
II

o

1 Imports from
Colony. the United
Kingdom.

Exports

to the United

Kingdom.

Total Trade

with
the United
Kingdom.

Queensland .
New South Wales
Victoria .
South Australia
Western Australia
Tasmania
New Zealand .

1 £

! 2,501,952
■ 7,557,069
6,004,798
2,057,567
2,624,086
397,510
5,392,738

£
3,322,703

8,728,828

9,559,249
2,182,946
1,736,205

274,497
8,168,123

£

5,824,655

16,285,897

15,564,047

4,240,513

4,360,291

672,007

13,560,861

196

ADVANCED AUSTRALIA

The statement appended shows the relative importance of the
Australasian Colonies as a market for the productions of the
United Kingdom : —

Exports of Home Productions from the United Kingdom
IN 1896, TO —

British India and Ceylon . . 31,103,596

Germany
Australasia
U.S.A. .
France .
South Africa
Holland
Belgium

22,244,405
21,888,292
20,424,225
14,151,512
13.821,357

8,333.935
7,816,152

Other countries — less than ;^7oo,ooo in each case.

The Australasian Colonies, with a population of 4J millions,
thus take third place as consumers of our produce, the exports
thereto being more that two-thirds the value of those to British
India, with 290 million inhabitants.

TOKMBULL AND SPEARS, PRINTERS, EDINBURGH.

I

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Messrs. Methuen's Announcements 9

THE METRIC SYSTEM. ByLEON Delbos. CrownZvo. 2S.

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A GREEK ANTHOLOGY. Selected by E. C. Marchant,
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CICERO DE OFFICIIS. Translated by G. B. Gardiner,
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Hbe Dovels of Cbarles Dtckettd

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Messrs. Methuen have in preparation an edition of those novels of Charles
Dickens which have now passed out of copyright. Mr. George Gissing,
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THE PICKWICK PAPERS. With Illustrations by E. H. New.
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NICHOLAS NICKLEBY. With Illustrations by R. J. Williams.
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BLEAK HOUSE. With Illustrations by Beatrice Alcock. Two
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OLIVER TWIST. With lUustraaons by E. H. New. Two Volumes.

A 2

lo Messrs. Methuen's Announcements
XLbc Xittle Xibcarg

PoU Svo. Each Volume, cloth \s. 6d, net. j leather zs. 6 J. net.

Messrs. Methuen intend to produce a series of small books under the
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The books will be edited with the most sympathetic and scholarly care.
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The Little Library will ultimately contain complete sets of the novels
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Each book will have a portrait or frontispiece in photogravure, and the
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A LITTLE BOOK OF ENGLISH LYRICS. With Notes.

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE. By jANE Austen. With an
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VANITY FAIR. By W. M. Thackeray. With an Introduction
by S. GwryNN. Three Volumes.

PENDENNIS. By W. M. THACKERAY. With an Introduction
by S. GwYNN. Three volumes.

EOTHEN. By A. W. KiNGLAKE. With an Introduction and

Notes.

CRANFORD, By Mrs. Gaskell. With an Introduction and
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THE INFERNO OF DANTE. Translated by H. F. Gary.

With an Introduction and Notes by Paget Toynbek.

JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN. By MRS. Craik. With
an Introduction by Annie Matheson. Two volumes.

THE EARLY POEMS OF ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON.
Edited by J. C. Collins, M.A.

THE PRINCESS. By Alfred, Lord Tennyson. Edited by
Elizabeth Wordsworth.

Messrs. Methuen's Announcements ii

MAUD, AND OTHER POEMS. By ALFRED, LORD Tenny-
son. Edited by Elizabeth Wordsworth.

IN MEMORIAM. By Alfred, LoKD Tennyson. Edited by
H. C. Beeching, M.A.

A LITTLE BOOK OF SCOTTISH LYRICS. Arranged and
Edited by T. F. Henderson.

Fiction

THE KING'S MIRROR. By Anthony Hope. CrownZvo. 6s.

THE CROWN OF LIFE. By George Gissing, Author of

* Demos,' * The Town Traveller,' etc. Crown %vo. 6$.

A NEW VOLUME OF WAR STORIES. By Stephen
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THE STRONG ARM. By Robert Barr. Crown Zvo. ds.

TO LONDON TOWN. By Arthur Morrison, Author of
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ONE HOUR AND THE NEXT. By The Duchess of
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SIREN CITY. By Benjamin Swift, Author of * Nancy Noon.'
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VENGEANCE IS MINE. By Andrew Balfour, Author of
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PRINCE RUPERT THE BUCCANEER. By C. J. Cutcliffe

Hyne, Author of 'Captain Kettle,' etc. Crown Svo. 6s.

PABO THE PRIEST. By S. Baring Gould, Author of
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GILES I NG I LB Y. By W. E. NORRIS. Illustrated. CroianSvo.
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THE HUMAN BOY. By Eden Philpotts, Author of ' Chil-
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A series of English schoolboy stories, the result of keen observation, and of a most
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THE HUMAN INTEREST. By Violet Hunt, Author of

• A Hard Woman,' etc. Crown Svo. 6s.

12 Messrs. Methuen's Announcements

AN ENGLISHMAN. By Mary L. Pendered. Crown %vo.
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A GENTLEMAN PLAYER. By R. N. Stephens, Author of
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DANIEL WHYTE. By A. J. Dawson, Author of 'Bismillah.'
Crown 8vo. 6s.

% mew lE&ition of tbe "ftovcls of Hsnvie Corelli

This New Edition is in a more convenient form than the Library Edition, and
is issued in a new and specially designed cover.

I/i Crown 8vo, Cloth, 6s. Leather, 6s. net.

A ROMANCE OF TWO WORLDS.
VENDETTA.
THELMA.

ARDATH : THE STORY OF A
DEAD SELF.

THE SOUL OF LILITH.

WORMWOOD.

BARABBAS : A DREAM OF THE

WORLD'S TRAGEDY.
THE SORROWS OF SATAN.

XTbe IFlovelist

Messrs. Methuen are making an interesting experiment which con-
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general title a Monthly Series of New Fiction by popular authors at
the price of Sixpence. Each Number is as long as the average
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follows : —

I. DEAD MEN TELL NO TALES.
II. JENNIE BAXTER, JOURNALIST.

III. THE INCA'S TREASURE.

IV. A SON OF THE STATE.
V. FURZE BLOOM.

VI. BUNTER'S CRUISE.
VII. THE GAY DECEIVERS.
VIII. A NEW NOVEL.

E. W. HORNUNG.

[JJeady.

Robert Barr.

[Jieady.

Ernest Glanville.

[Hemfy.

W. Pett Ridge. .

[/leafy.

S. Baring Gould.

[/Heai/y.

C. Gleig.

[/Neatly.
Arthur Moore.

[Noveviier.

Mrs. Meade.

[December.

A CATALOGUE OF

Messrs. Methuen's

PUBLICATIONS

Poetry

Rudyaxd Kipling. BARRACK-ROOM
BALLADS. By Rudyard Kipling.
both Thousand. Crown 8vo. 6s.
' Mr. Kipling's verse il strong, vivid, full
of character. . . . Unmistakeable genius
rings in every line.' — Times.
' The ballads teem with imagination, they
palpitate with emotion. We read them
with laughter and tears ; the metres throb
in our pulses, the cunningly ordered
words tingle with life ; and if this be not
poetry, what is ? '—Pail Mail Gazette.

Rudyard Kipling. THE SEVEN
SEAS. By Rudyard Kipling.
50//4 Thousand. Cr. Zvo. Buckram,
gilt top. ds,

' The new poems of Mr. Rudyard Kipling
have all the spirit and swing of their pre-
decessors. Patriotism is thesolid concrete
foundation on which Mr. Kipling has
built the whole of his work.' — Times.
' The Empire has found a singer ; it is no
depreciation of the songs to say that
statesmen may have, one way or other,
to take account of them.' — Manchester
Guardian.
'Animated through and through with in-
dubitable genius.' — Daily Telegraph.

••a" POEMS AND BALLADS. By

"Q." Crown Zvo. 35. 6(/.
' This work has just the faint, ineffable touch
and glow that make poetry.' — Speaker.

"Q." GREEN BAYS: Verses and
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Crown 8vo, y. 6d.

E. Mackay. A SONG OF THE SEA.
By Eric Mackay. Second Edition.
Fcap. 8vo. 5J.

' Everywhere Mr. Mackay displays himself
the master of a style marked by all the
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Globe.

H, Ibsen. BRAND. A Drama by

Henrik Ibsen. Translated by

William Wilson. Third Edition.
Crown 8vo. 35. 6d.

' The greatest world-poem of the nineteenth
century next to ''Faust." It is in the
same set with " Agamemnon," with
" Lear," with the literature that we now
instinctively regard as high and holy.' —
Daily Chronicle.

"A.G." VERSES TO ORDER. By
"A. G." Crown 8vo. 2S. 6d. net.

' A capital specimen of light academic
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James Williams. VENTURES IN
VERSE. By JAMES Williams,
Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford.
Crown 8vo. y. 6d.

' In matter and manner the book is admir-
able.'— Glas£^07u Herald.

J. G. Cordery. THE ODYSSEY OF
HOMER. A Translation by J. G.
CORDEHIY. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

' A spirited, accurate, and scholarly piece
of work.' — Glasg-o^v Herald.

14

Messrs. Methuen's Catalogue

Belles Lettres, Anthologies, etc.

R. L. Stevenson, VAILIMA LET-
TERS. By Robert Louis Steven-
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Crown 8vo. Buckram, 6j.

•A fascinating \)Oo\i.' —Standard.

' Full of charm and brightness." — Spectator.

'A gift almost priceless.' — Speaker.

' Unique in Literature.' — Daily Chronicle.

G.Wyndham. THE POEMS OF WIL-
LIAM SHAKESPEARE. Edited
with an Introduction and Notes by
George Wyndham, M.P. Demy
8vo. Buckram, gilt top. los. 6d.

This edition contains the ' Venus,' ' Lucrece,'
and Sonnets, and is prefaced with an
elaborate introduction of over 140 pp.

'One of the most serious contributions to
Shakespearian criticism that have been
published for some time.' — Times.

' We have no hesitation in describing Mr.
George Wyndham's introduction as a
masterly piece of criticism, and all who
love our Elizabethan literature will find a
very garden of delight in it. ' — Spectator.

' Mr. Wyndham's notes are admirable, even
i ndispensable. ' — IVestminster Gazette.

W. E. Henley. ENGLISH LYRICS.
Selected and Edited by W. E.
Henley. Crown 8vo. Buckram,
gilt top. 6s.

' It is a body of choice and lovely poetry. —
Birmingham Gazette.

Henley and Whibley. A BOOK OF
ENGLISH PROSE. Collected by
W. E. Henley and Charles
Whibley. Crofwn 8vo. Buckram,
gilt top. 6s.

•Quite delightful. A greater treat for those
not well acquainted with pre-Restora-
tion prose could not be imagined.' —
A thenteum.

H. C. Beechlng. LYRA SACRA : An
Anthology of Sacred Verse. Edited
by H, C. Beeching, M.A, Crcnvn
8vo. Buckram. 6s.

' A charming selection, which maintains a
lofty standard of excellence.'— 7'/w«.

" Q." THE GOLDEN POMP. A Pro-
cession of English Lyrics. Arranged
by A. T. Quiller Couch. Crown
8vo. Buckram. 6s.
' A delightful volume : a really golden
"Pomp." ' — Spectator.

W. B. Yeats. AN ANTHOLOGY OF
IRISH VERSE. Edited by W. B.
Yeats. Crown 8vo. y, 6d.
' An attractive and cathobc selection. —
Times.

O. W. Steevens. MONOLOGUES OF
THE DEAD, By G. W. STEEVENS.

Foolscap 8vo. y. 6d.
'The effect is sometimes splendid, some-
times bizarre, but always amazingly
clever.'— Pall Mall Gazette.

W, M, Dixon. A PRIMER OF
TENNYSON. • By W. M, Dixon,
M.A. Cr. 8vo. zs. 6d.
' Much sound and well-expres<!ed criticism.
The bibliography is a boon.' — Speaker.

W. A- Craigie, A PRIMER OF
BURNS. By W. A, Craigie.
Crown 8vo. zs. 6d.
' A valuable addition to the literature of the
poet.' — Times.

L. Magnus. A PRIMER OF WORDS-
WORTH. By Laurie Magnus.
Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d.
' A valuable contribution to Wordsworthian
literature.' — Literature.

Steme, THE LIFE AND OPINIONS
OF TRISTRAM SHANDY. By
Lawrence Sterne. With an In-
troduction by Charles Whibley,
and a Portrait, 2 vols. js.
' Very dainty volumes are these : the paper,
type, and light-green binding are all very
agreeable to the eye.' — Globe.

Congreve, THE COMEDIES OF
WILLIAM CONGREVE. With an
Introduction by G. S. Street, and
a Portrait. 2 vols. js.

Morier. THE ADVENTURES OF
H.^JJI BABA OF ISPAHAN. By
James Morier. With an Introduc-
tion by E. G. Browne, M.A., and a
Portrait. 2 vols, js.

Messrs. Methuen's Catalogue

15

Walton. THE LIVES OF DONNE.
WOTTON. HOOKER, HERBERT
AND SANDERSON. By Izaak
Walton. With an Introduction by
Vernon Blackburn, and a Por-
trait y. 6d.

Johnson. THE LIVES OF THE
ENGLISH POETS. By Samuel
Johnson, LL.D. With an Intro-
duction by J. H. Millar, and a Por-
trait. 3 vols. iQs. 6d.

Bums. THE POEMS OF ROBERT
BURNS. Edited by Andrew Lang
and W. A. Craigie. With Portrait.
Second Edition. Demy Zvo, gilt top.

This edition contains a carefully collated

Text, numerous Notes, critical and text-
ual, a critical and biographical Introduc-
tion, and a Glossary.
'Among editions in one volume, this will
take the place of authority.' — Times.

P. Langbridge. BALLADS OF THE
BRAVE ; Poems of Chivalry, Enter-
prise, Courage, and Constancy.
Edited by Rev. F. Langbridge.
Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. y. 6d.
School Edition, zs. 6d.
'A very happy conception happily carried
out. _ These "Ballads of the Brave"
are Intended to suit the real tastes of
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S. Baring Gould. HISTORIC
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Messrs. Methuen's Catalogue

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28

Messrs. Methuen's Catalogue

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32

Messrs. Methuen's Catalogue

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Messrs. Methuen's Catalogue

33

J. S. Fletcher. THE BUILDERS.
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MISS ERIN. By M. E. Francis.
ANANIAS. By the Hon. Mrs. Alan

Brodrick.
CORRAGEEN IN '98. By Mrs.

Orpen.
THE PLUNDER PIT. By J. Keigh-

LEY SNOWDEN.

CROSS TRAILS. By Victor Waite.
SUCCESSORS TO THE TITLE.

By Mrs, Walford.
KIRKHAM'S FIND. By Mary

Gaunt.
DEADMAN'S. By Mary Gaunt.
CAPTAIN TACOBUS : AROMANCE

OFTHEROAD. By L. Cope CORN-

FORD.

SONS OF ADVERSITY. By L. Cope

CORNFORD.
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Laura Daintrey.
THE DAUGHTER OF ALOUETTE.

By Mary A. Owen.
CHILDREN OF THIS WORLD.

By Ellen F. Pinsent.
AN ELECTRIC SPARK, By G.

Manville Fenn,
UNDER SHADOW OF THE

MISSION. By L. S. McChesney.

THE SPECULATORS. By J. F.

Brewer.
THE SPIRIT OF STORM. By

Ronald Ross.

34

Messrs. Methuen's Catalogue

THE QUEENSBERRY CUP. By

Clive p. Wolley.
A HOME IN INVERESK. By T.

L. Paton.
MISS ARMSTRONG'S AND

OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES. By

John Davidson.
DR. CONGALTON'S LEGACY. By

Henry Johnston.
TIME AND THE WOMAN. By

Richard Pryce.
THIS MAN'S DOMINION. By the

Author of ' A High Little World.'
DIOGENES OF LONDON. By H.

B. Marriott Watson.
THE STONE DRAGON. By

Murray Gilchrist.
A VICAR'S WIFE. By Evelyn

Dickinson.

ELSA. By E. M 'Queen Gray.

THE SINGER OF MARLY. By I.

Hooper.
THE FALL OF THE SPARROW.

By M. C. Balfour.

A SERIOUS COMEDY. By Herbert

MORRAH.
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IN THE GREAT DEEP. By J. A.

Barry.
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THE GODS GIVE MY DONKEY
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VILLE FENN.

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R Pryce
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W. E. NORRIS.
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IDlCKKR

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A HANDFUL OF EXOTICS. By
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TALES OF NORTHUMBRIA. By
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Clark Russell.

By

By G. Man-
By G. Man-

By W.

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JACK'S FATHER. By W. E.

NORRIS.

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36

Messrs. Methuen's Catalogue

University Extension Series

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THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF
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A HISTORY OF ENGLISH POLITI-
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PROBLEMS OF POVERTY : An
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VICTORIAN POETS. By A. Sharp.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. By
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PSYCHOLOGY. By F. S. Granger,
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THE EVOLUTION OF PLANT
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A TEXT-BOOK OF AGRICUL-
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INSECT LIFE. By F. W. Theo-
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ENGLISH POETRY FROM BLAKE
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ENGLISH LOCAL GOVERN-
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THE GREEK VIEW OF LIFE. By
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37

Social Questions of To-day

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TRADE UNIONISM— NEW AND
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Frome Wilkinson, M.A.

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