The adventures of Henry Hudson

CHILDREN S BOOK
COLLECTION

LIBRARY OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

A LIBRARY

FOR

MY YOUNG COUNTRYMEN.

EDITED BY
THE AUTHOR OF "UNCLE PHILIP'S CONVERSATIONS.1

VOLUME I.

ADVENTURES OF HENRY HUDSON.

ADVENTURES

HENRY HUDSON.

THE AUTHOR OF "UNCLE PHILIP'S CONVERSATIONS.'

m

NEW YORK:

D. APPLETON & COMPANY,

200 Broadway.

MDCCCXLII.

ENTERED, according to Act of Coup-ess, in the year 1842,
By D. APPLETON & COMPANY,

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for
the Southern District of New York.

PREFACE TO PARENTS.

IN presenting to his young Countrymen, the
first of a series of books with the foregoing title,
the Editor begs leave to state, briefly and sim-
ply, the plan of the series, and the reason which
has prompted him to the undertaking. Indeed,
he can hardly expect the patronage and support
of those who sustain the interesting and respon-
sible relationship of parents, without such a
statement.

The design is to present to his young fellow-
citizens books of a higher value than those usu-
ally afforded them. Instead of tales and stories,
written for the young, the series will embrace
volumes of Biography, History, Travels, &c.
As it is designed especially for American youth,
the subjects will not unfrequently be American.
The intelligent man or child, however, will be
glad to gather profitable and interesting lessons

6 PREFACE TO PARENTS.

wherever he may find them, and subjects afford-
ing such lessons, will not be excluded from the
series, from whatever quarter they may be de-
rived.

It has grown into the familiarity of an adage,
that " early impressions are the strongest," and
this is the principal reason which has prompted
the enterprise. It is known to parents, and per-
haps to children themselves, that the young in this
day enjoy peculiar advantages. The time was,
when books written for children, were far beyond
the comprehension of a child ; now they are writ-
ten plainly and simply, so that an intelligent boy
or girl may readily appreciate and understand
them. This alone has begotten, perhaps, in chil-
dren of the present day, a greater fondness for read-
ing. Of the style of these books the Editor does
not complain, but he thinks that the subjects are
not unfrequently bad. Tales and romances are
written for the young, giving them frequently dis-
torted pictures of human life, and calling forth
in them an early taste for trifling and unprofit-
able reading. He would not here be under-
stood as finding fault with those beautiful stories,
sometimes inculcating the most beautiful lessons
of morality and religion ; but, on the contrary,
would express his thanks to the men of genius

PREFACE TO PARENTS. 7

who have prepared them. Books of such value,
however, in this class are exceedingly rare.

In presenting to the young volumes of Biogra-
phy, upon well-selected subjects, he hopes he
is giving to his young Countrymen, the best
practical examples for calling them up to a lofty
energy. History is itself " stranger than fiction,"
and opens a wide and unlimited field of ever vary-
ing incident ; and through books of Travels they
learn to sit at home like the sweet poet Cowper,
(as most of them, perhaps, will be forced to do,)
and see various pictures of the world. The
men, manners, and things of real life thus be-
come familiar to them. It is to be hoped,
and humbly expected, that a taste for such read-
ing, early acquired, will serve to make them, in
after life, more profitable and interesting mem-
bers of society.

His young Countrymen having been pleased
to receive his former trifles, written for their
benefit, with approbation and kindness, he feels
that he can make them no more grateful return
than by an honest endeavor to do them a higher
service. He will have his reward, if they are
pleased and instructed.

In conclusion, the Editor feels that he will
have failed in the statement most essential for

8 PREFACE TO PARENTS.

securing confidence in a teacher for the young,
if he did not declare himself to be an humble
member of the Church Militant, living upon the
hope of being one day a member of the Church
Triumphant. He considers that all education,
to be good, must be based upon Christian prin-
ciple: the heart must be cultivated as well as
the understanding; and .whatever is placed in
this series, will be found to be on the side of
Christianity.

May 1st, 1842.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

The Pleasure and Profit of reading Biography — The Birth-
place of Henry Hudson — Circumstances which brought
him forward — His preparation for embarking to find a
Passage to the East Indies by the North Pole, in 1607 —
Sails on the voyage, and after many trials, returns at the
end of four months and a half, having been farther North
than any other navigator, and having opened the Whale
Fishery to his countrymen. . . . Page 13

CHAPTER II.

Henry Hudson makes his second voyage, in search of a
North-eastern passage to India — Reaches the north side
of Nova Zembla, and is stopped by the ice — Hopes to
make his Passage on the south side by the Vaygatz
Straits — Finding a large River or Sound in Nova Zembla,
is induced to try that for his passage — Sails up this —
Resolves to return — Searches for Willoughby's Land —
Arrives in England after an absence of four months and
four days. . . . ^ ' '.*J • .» . 35

10 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER HI.

Henry Hudson's employers disappointed — He now passes
over to Holland, and seeks employment from the Dutch
East India Company — Leaves Amsterdam on his third
voyage, in the ship Half Moon, in the spring of 1609 —
Fails in making his passage through the Vaygatz — Sails
westward, reaches the coast of America — Enters Penob-
scot Bay — His intercourse with the Indians — Passes
Cape Cod, and sails south beyond Chesapeake Bay^—
Turns north again — Discovers Delaware Bay ; and
passing on, drops anchor within Sandy Hook — After a
•week spent in exploring below, passes the Narrows and
anchors in New York Bay. . . . Page 45

CHAPTER IV.

The Indian tradition of the first landing of white men in
the State of New York, as given by the Indians them-
selves, to the Rev. Mr. Heckewelder, a Moravian Mis-
sionary among the Indians of Pennsylvania. . 61

CHAPTER V.

Hudson explores the river since called by his name — Es-
cape of the two Indians — Strange experiment of Hudson
to learn the treachery of the natives — The Half Moon
reaches as far as the present site of Albany — The boat
ascends to Waterford — Hudson returns down the river
— Battle with the natives at the head of Manhattan Isl-
and— Sails from the bay, and reaches England, after an
absence of seven months from Europe. . . 71

11

CHAPTER VI.

Hudson starts on his fourth voyage, having command of
the ship Discovery, in the service once more of the Lon-
don Company — His aim is to find a North- West Passage
to India — Reaches Iceland, and witnesses an eruption
of Mount Hecla — Disturbance among his crew — Steers
westward, encountering great quantities of ice — Discov-
ers and explores Hudson's Bay, and resolves to winter
there Page 90

CHAPTER VII.

The dreary prospect of the winter — Disturbances among
the crew — Unexpected supply of wild fowl and fish —
Distress from hunger — Hudson sails from his winter
quarters — Green, Juet, and Wilson stir the crew up to
mutiny — Hudson is seized, bound, and thrown into the
shallop, with others — the shallop set adrift — Fate of the
mutineers — The ship arrives in England. . 105

CHAPTER VIH.

Claim of John and Sebastian Cabot, as having seen what
is now New York in 1497 ; together with the claim of
John de Verrazzano, to having entered New York Har-
bor in 1524 129

APPENDIX.

To the most Christian King of France, Francis the First
— The Relation of John de Verrazzano, a Florentine,
of the land by him discouered in the name of his Maies-
tie. Written in Diepe, the eight of July, 1524. 137

ADVENTURES OF HENRY HUDSON.

CHAPTER I.

The Pleasure and Profit of reading Biograpny —
The Birth-place of Henry Hudson — Circum-
stances which brought him forward — His Pre-
paration for embarking to find a Passage to
the East Indies by the North Pole, in 1607 —
Sails on the voyage, and after many trials,
returns at the end of four months and a half,
having been farther North than any other navi-
gator, and having opened the Whale Fishery to
his Countrymen.

IT has been my lot to spend some years of my
life in the large and flourishing city of New York.
I have walked its crowded streets, looked upon
its beautiful churches, (these are the first build-
ings that I notice in every city,) its fine public
buildings, and its elegant private residences. I
have in my possession an old picture shewing
the appearance of Manhattan Island, upon which
2

14 HENRY HUDSON.

the city stands, in the year 1635 — twenty-six
years after its discovery by Henry Hudson. It
is not a great while since, that I was showing
this picture to one of my little friends, and call-
ing his attention to the wonderful change that
had passed over the island since the day when
Henry Hudson first rested his eyes upon it. It
was then a poor island, inhabited by savages, if
inhabited at all, with Indian canoes floating in
the waters around it. Now it is the largest city
in our land, and ships from all quarters of the
world rest upon its waters, almost encircling it
with a forest of masts. I shall never forget the
look of surprise and honest inquiry, in the simple-
hearted little boy, as he turned to me with the
question, " And who, sir, was Henry Hudson ?"
He was young, and his ignorance was pardona-
ble; the more so because he confessed it, and
at once asked for information. I have thought
that many older than himself were perhaps, as
ignorant as he was, and therefore have prepared
for my young countrymen the story of the life
and adventures of Henry Hudson.

Before I begin I must make two remarks to
my }Toung friends. First, I know few things
more profitable than the study of the lives of our
fellow-men. If they were men eminent for good

HENRY HUDSON. 15

qualities, and men devoting themselves to the
improvement of mankind, we feel an ambition
kindled in our own bosoms to imitate such men
— " to go and do likewise" — they are glorious
examples for us to follow. If, on the contrary,
they have been remarkably bad men, by marking
their follies and their sins, we may perhaps, learn
to despise their wickedness and shun their ex-
amples. And if the individuals have been men
who have lived among ourselves, or trod the
same ground upon which we ourselves are walk-
ing, the example becomes tenfold more forcible.
Then, too, I know few things more pleasant.
Some readers, in their desire for pleasure, are
eager to seize each new novel or tale of fiction
as it falls from the press — while the stories of
real life are crowded with scenes of the wildest
romance and most daring adventure. So beau-
tiful indeed are these stories, that many writers
of fiction seize upon them, and make them the
basis of their own tales of romance. They are
like painters who are not original in their pic-
tures : they are only coloring up and varnishing
old pictures, and not unfrequently they spoil the
paintings, leaving them only miserable daubs for
the people to look at. For my own part, I like
the stories of real life in themselves, without any

16 HENRY HUDSON.

of their aid. They are in themselves full of ad-
venture ; they are certainly more natural, and
above all, they are true. I hope, therefore, that
we shall find the study of biography both profita-
ble and pleasant, and most of all perhaps, the
study of American Biography.

It is said that in old times many cities had a
contest, each claiming to be the birth-place of
the great poet Homer. Some ignorant persons
have supposed, that there was a dispute between
two nations, as to the birth-place of Henry Hud-
son. The Dutch speak of him and write of him
as Hendrick Hutson, and this, I suppose, is the
foundation of their mistake. The truth is, that
all Dutch historians whose opinions are valuable,
and who speak of him at any time, know that
he was no countryman of theirs, and call him
Hendrick Hutson, the bold English navigator.

It would be pleasant to know something of
Henry Hudson when he was a boy, that we
might trace his career, step by step, till we find
him standing a great man before us. It is said
that,

« The Child is father of the Man,"

and if so, we might hope to find him in his
school-boy days, a bold and fearless little fellow :

HENRY HUDSON. 17

but of his parentage, connexions, or education,
I am sorry to say, very little is known. He was
born in England, and had his home in the city
of London. His most cherished and intimate
companion was Captain John Smith, the founder
of the colony of Virginia. They were much
alike in temper and disposition, and it is not
wonderful that there was a strong friendship be-
tween them. Henry Hudson was also a married
man, but we do not know who the woman was
who shared his joys and his sorrows. He had
one son, for the boy was with his father in all
his voyages, of which we know anything, and
they at last perished together.

The fact that so little is known of the early
days of Hudson, has always induced me to sup-
pose that he was what the world calls a self-
made man. The times in which he lived were
filled with the daring adventures of hardy navi-
gators, the ocean was the. pathway to distinc-
tion, and his young heart was probably fired
with these stories, and his genius possibly, thus
thrown in that direction. I have fancied him
born to poverty — an obscure and humble boy,
struggling against a hard fortune, battling diffi-
culty after difficulty with undying perseverance,
until at last he forces his way before the world,
2*

18 HENRY HUDSON.

the maker of his own fortunes. I love these
self-elevated men. It seems as though they were
nature's noblemen : the men whom God design-
ed should be great and useful to their species, in
spite of all the difficulties, which the world pre-
sented before them. And I never think of one
of them without remembering the multitudes of
my young countrymen who are humbly born,
and lowly bred. Such men are glorious exam-
ples for them, telling them not to be frightened
by difficulties, or turned aside by disappointments,
but to press right onward in the way of useful-
ness, and honorable fame.

Before Hudson comes fully before us, it is well
that you should understand the peculiar circum-
stances which brought him forward. After the
nations of Europe discovered that there were
rich treasures in that region of country, now
known as the East Indies, the commerce of that
region was brought to them partly over land,
and then floated through the Mediterranean Sea.
This was a slow and laborious route for trade ;
and in a little time, those nations farthest remov-
ed from the advantages of that trade, (such as
Spain, Portugal, and England,) became restless,
and desirous of finding a new and shorter pas«
sage to the East Indies. After many hard and

HENRY HUDSON. 19

unsuccessful efforts, at length, in 1499, Vasco de
Gama, a celebrated Portuguese navigator, doub-
led the Cape of Good Hope, and passing on, ap-
peared upon the coast of Hindostan. Thus a
new track was found, but still it was looked
upon as belonging particularly to the Portu-
guese, and moreover, it was still a long and
dangerous passage. The nations of Europe were
not yet satisfied. Still thirsting for a shorter
highway to the wealth of the East, they began
to think that they might find it by sailing through
the Arctic Ocean, and passing north-westwardly
around the coasts of North America, or north-
eastwardly around the shores of Asia, or possibly
by moving in a course directly north. You
would be wearied, if I should tell you of the many
long and perilous voyages undertaken, to find
this northern passage. Time and time again,
voyager after voyager departed, and all returned
unsuccessful.

The best of all books tells us that " the love
of money is the root of all evil." And yet this
very desire after the riches of the East, was over-
ruled by a wise Providence for good purposes.
No northern passage was found, and yet these
northern voyages have aided the cause of sci-
ence, have discovered new fields of commerce to

20 HENRY HUDSON.

Arctic fishermen, opened to the adventurous na-
tions of the old world new and fertile regions,
and trained up for them, a noble, bold, and har-
dy race of men. I say a hardy race of men :
for nowhere is there a more fearful meeting
with the elements of heaven (those elements
which man can never control) than in the Arctic
Seas. Wind and storm, and famine and disease,
are for ever around the voyager, and to this day
there is no harder undertaking than the voyag-
ing and wintering among the icebergs of the
Polar Seas. He who undertakes it even now
must have courage, patience, and fortitude under
all manner of sufferings. Henry Hudson was a
voyager amid these fearful things.

Notwithstanding all these failures about a
northern passage, a number of rich men, living
in the city of London, still hoped that the pas-
sage might be found : and in the year 1607,
joined themselves together as a London Compa-
ny, and furnished the funds necessary for making
three voyages. They were determined once
more to search for the passage by the three old
routes, north, north-east, and north-west. Know-
ing that everything depended upon the skill of
their commander, they chose for their man Hen-
ry Hudson.

HENRY HUDSON. 21

Hudson readily accepted the command, and
on the 19th of April, he, with his crew, consist-
ing of eleven besides himself,* among whom was
his son John Hudson, went to the church of
Saint Ethelburge in Bishopsgate-street, and there
received the sacrament of the Lord's supper.
This was one part of their preparation for going
to sea. It was the pious and beautiful custom
of those days, for sailors to do this. I am sorry
that it has grown out of fashion : it was but say-
ing to the whole congregation, that they were
about embarking upon the sea to meet unknown
perils, and that their trust was in God, " who
alone spreadeth out the heavens and ruleth the
raging of the sea."

The object of this voyage was to find a pas-
sage directly across the Pole, or, as Hudson
himself says in his journal, it was " for to dis-
cover a passage by the North Pole to Japan and
China," — and you will bear in mind, that this
was the first effort ever made, to seek a passage
directly across the Pole.

On the 1st day of May, 1607, they weighed

* The names of the crew, as given in the Journal of this voy-
age of 1607, were as follows: "Henry Hudson, master — Wil-
liam Coltnes, mate — James Young, John Colman, John Cooke,
James Beubery, James Skrutton, John Pleyce, Thomas Bax-
ter, Richard Day, James Knight, and John Hudson."

22 HENRY HUDSON.

anchor at Gravesend, and taking a northerly
course, in twenty-six days reached the Shetland
Isles. Here Hudson found that the needle had
no variation: but on the 30th of May, (four
days after,) he " found the needle to incline
seventy-nine degrees under the horizon/' On
the 4th of June he found a " variation of five
degrees westerly." From the Shetland Isles,
Hudson stood northwest, his object being, as it
would seem, to strike the coast of Greenland.
Indeed, he supposed Greenland to be an island,
and thought that by keeping a northeast course,
he might possibly pass around it. In a week's
time, though he had not found land, he made a
profitable discovery, for he tells us that on the
1 1th of June, he saw six or seven whales near
his ship. Thus you will mark one benefit of
this voyage at once ; for afterward, the whale
fishery in these Northern seas became a business
of immense profit, to his countrymen. Two days
after this, at 2 o'clock in the morning, land was
seen ahead, and some ice ; there being a thick
fog at the time, he steered away northerly, and
the wind coming on to blow hard, he stood away
south and by east six or eight leagues. The
weather was now so cold, that the sails and
shrouds of his ship were covered with ice. In a

HENRY HUDSON. 23

little time it cleared tip, and Hudson was able to
take a fair view of the land. He could now see
it stretching in a northeasterly direction nine
leagues before him. " The land," he says, " was
very high, mostly covered with snow. At the
top it looked reddish, and underneath a blackish
clay, with much ice lying about it." I suppose
this reddish appearance was what is sometimes
called red snow. In those countries where the
snow is almost perpetual, there is a small plant
of a reddish hue which grows upon the snow,
and rapidly spreads itself all over it.* In those
northern regions,the snow-capped hills often have
this covering of red, and it is said, it is sometimes
seen even upon the Alps and the Appenines. He
noticed too, great quantities of fowl upon the
coast, and was near enough to see a whale close
by the shore. There was a man of the crew
named James Young, and I presume he must
have been the first to have observed the land, as
Hudson called the head-land before them
" Young's Cape." Near this cape he saw " a
high mountain like a round castle," and to this
he gave the name of the " Mount of God's mer-
cy" These were on the coast of Greenland.

* This plant is known as the Protococcus Nivalis.

24 HENRY HUDSON.

Harassed by thick fogs, storms of rain and
snow, driven sometimes before a gale of wind,
and at other times becalmed, Hudson still held
on in a northeasterly course. He was unwilling
to be driven from it, being anxious to know
whether the land that he had seen was an island
or a part of Greenland : and hoping, above all
other things, that he might find Greenland to be
an island, and pass easily around it. The fog,
however, continued so thick and heavy, day after
day, that he could not see the land, until at last,
discouraged in this direction, he resolved to steer
more easterly, hoping to fall in with an island
which he calls Newland, the same island that is
marked upon our maps and charts as Spitzber-
gen.

Having sailed some sixteen leagues on this new
course, land was again seen on the left hand, (or
larboard side of the ship, as sailors say,) stretch-
ing southwest and northeast. Hudson thought
that he was within four leagues of the land.
He observed birds flying over it, but different
from those he had seen before. These had
" black backs and white bellies, in form much
like a duck." Many floating pieces of ice, too,
were in the neighborhood of his ship : so that he
had to move carefully. To increase his anxiety,

HENRY HUDSON. 25

the fog again came on, and he began to fear that
his ship would be fastened amid these blocks of
ice. Still keeping a lookout as well as he could
through the darkness, for the point where the
land ended eastwardly, he steered northeast
five or six leagues, and then turned to the south.
Again he was unwilling to turn asid« from his
purpose. As soon therefore, as the weather
cleared up, he stood again northeast, and in a
little time land wras again seen, as he supposed,
twelve leagues distant from him. He then took
an observation, and found this land to be in 72
degrees 38 minutes north latitude. This land,
too, wras very different from that which he had
seen at Young's Cape : it was a high land, not
at all covered with snow, and the southern part
rolled away into very high mountains, but no
snow rested upon these. To his surprise, he
found the weather here not so severe, but on the
contrary, temperate and pleasant. He did
not, however, explore this land farther. " The
many fogs and calms, with contrary winds, and
much ice near the shore, held us," (as he says,)
" from farther discovery of it." As he knew no
name, however, as yet given to the land, (for
his charts did not point it out,) he called it the
land of Hold with Hope.
3

26 HENRY HUDSON.

Hudson's employers had desired him to find
the passage directly across the Pole, and he seems
to have feared that his time might be thought
wasted, in some degree, upon the coast of
Greenland. In his journal, therefore, he gives
the reason for this delay. "The chief cause"
(says he) " that moved us thereunto, was our de-
sire to see that part of Greenland which (for aught
that we knew) was to any Christian unknown :
and we thought it might as well have been open
sea as land, and by that means our passage
should have been the larger to the Pole : and the
hope of having a westerly wind, which would be
to us a landerly wind if we found land. And,
considering we found land contrary to that which
our cards make mention of, we accounted our la-
bor so much the more worth. And for aught
that we could see, it is like to be a good land,
and worth the seeing."

He now held his course northeastward toward
Newland or Spitzbergen. In two or three days,
one of the crew again saw high land to the lar-
board, which fell away to the west the farther
they moved north. This was the last view they
had of Greenland.

Still pressing on, Hudson had continued strug-
gles against hard winds and heavy fogs, until at

HENRY HUDSON. 27

last he reached a latitude so high, that the
sun was above the horizon the whole twenty-
four hours. Here, then, the fogs could not annoy
him so much. On the night of the 25th, he
again saw birds like those he had seen upon the
coast of Greenland, and supposed that land must
be near, but it was too dark for him to discover
it. On the morning of the 26th, he again saw
birds of many kinds flying about his ship, and
strained his eyes to catch a glimpse of land, but
the heavy fog prevented. The next morning
the fog rolled away from the sea, and he saw
before him the coast of Spitzbergen. He could
not see it very plainly, however, or approach it
very closely, for " the land was covered with
fog : the ice lying very thick all along the shore
for fifteen or sixteen leagues." He coasted along
the shore through the day, catching occasional
glimpses of the land, and was able to make an
observation, by which he found himself to be in
the 78th degree of latitude. He was not certain,
but supposed that he was -now near a point on
the western coast of Spitzbergen known by the
name of Vogel Hooke or Vogelhoek. He was
again surprised to find this region mild and
temperate compared with that about Young's
Cape.

28 HENRY HUDSON.

His effort was now to make his passage by
the north side of the island, and he kept his course,
as well as he could, almost due north. I say as
well as he could, for he met here, perhaps, great-
er difficulties than in any former part of the voy-
age. He was surrounded by ice, fearing almost
every moment that his ship would be dashed to
pieces against the floating masses — head winds
prevailed against him, forcing him almost daily
to change his course, and storms were his con-
stant companions for more than a fortnight. Still,
in spite of all these trials, he worked his course
northward, noticing, in his way, large num-
bers of morses, seals, and sometimes bears, until
he began to fear that the ice would not allow
him to make the passage on this side of the isl-
and. It would seem that some of his men found
time to attack the bears, for several of them, he
tells us, were made sick by eating bears' flesh.
During this fortnight, he observed one thing
which was curious : the sea was at times blue,
green, and black, and the green sea he found to
be freest from ice, while the blue sea was almost
always crowded with it.

On the morning of the 14th, it was calm with
fog. Yet they were able to see a bay open
toward the west, enclosed by high and ragged

HENRY HUDSON. 29

land. The northerly point of this land, which
was very high and bleak, was first seen by Wil-
liam Collins, the boatswain, and they instantly
gave it the name of Collins Cape. On the south
side of the bay, they discovered three or four
small islands or rocks. Great numbers of whales
were sporting in the bay, and while. one of the
men was amusing himself with a hook and line
overboard to try for fish, one of these whales
passed under the keel of the ship, and " made
her held." They were greatly alarmed, and very
grateful when the danger was over. " By God's
mercy," (says Hudson,) " we had no harm but
the loss of the hook and three parts of the line."
They found the weather hot, though the swamps
and valleys near the shore were filled with snow.
John Colman, the mate, and Collins, the boat-
swain, went ashore here with two others, and
found a pair of morse's teeth in the jawr, quanti-
ties of whale's bones, and some dozen or more
deer's horns. They saw too, the tracks of ani-
mals on the shore. The weather Avas so hot
that they were glad to find two or three streams
of fresh water rolling into the bay, where they
quenched their thirst. The men returned, and
the wind being in their favor, they again steered
north-east.

3*

30 HENRY HUDSON.

On the 16th the weather was clear, the wintf
north, and Hudson found himself surrounded by
ice in every direction. He could see the land
and ice extending north-east far into the S2d
degree of latitude, and seemingly much farther,
and he was now convinced that he could not
make his way through the ice on the north side
of the island. The wind, too, was fair just at
the moment, and he determined now to sail
round the" southern point of the island, and press
his course north-east, hoping to make the passage
on that side. He continued his couise south for
more than a week, coasting along the shores of
Spitzbergen, when, on the 25th, he saw the land
bearing north. But then he was discouraged'
from turning the point, and moving toward the
north-east — for "by this time he had observed the
genera] prevalence of the wrinds on the coast,
and found that it would be impossible. This
plan, therefore, he was forced to abandon, and
now he resolved once more " to prove his for-
tunes" by the w*est. His aim was nothing less
than to pass round the north of Greenland, (sup-
posing it to be an island,) and return by Davis'
Straits to England. With a heart full of hope,
he now shaped his course westward.

Two days after this, while nearly becalmed,

HENRY HUDSON. 31

they were suddenly startled by a tremendous
noise, made by the ice and the sea. Immense
mountains of floating ice surrounded them, and
the waves, rolling high, were heaving the ship
continually westward toward them. In their
fright, they lowered their boat, in the hope of
turning the ship away from the ice; but in this
they failed, the waves rolling so high that the
boat, more than once, came near being swamped.
" In this extremity," (says Hudson,) " it pleased
God to give us a small gale, at north-west ; and
by west. We steered away south-east four
leagues, till noon. Here we had finished oui
discovery, if the wind had continued that brought
us hither, or if it had continued calm ; but it
pleased God to make this north-west and by
west wind the means of our deliverance ; which
wind, we had not found common in this voyage.
God give us thankful hearts for so great deliver-
ance."

The weather cleared up at noon, and they
saw the ice reflected by the sky, bearing from
south-west to north-east. As they approached
still nearer to Greenland, the sky reflected the
ice still farther and farther, until Hudson was
satisfied that he could find no passage around
the north of Greenland. A westerly wind spring-

32 HENRY HUDSON.

ing up, therefore, he altered his course, and
steered south-east. He now began to think of
making his way back to England. The thick
fogs still annoyed him ; his ship stores were be-
ginning to fail ; the season, too, was far advanc-
ed, and it was well-nigh certain that he could
not make the passage this year. Keeping a
southerly course, he again passed the southern
coast of Spitzbergen — the land being, as he says,
" not ragged, as all the rest we had seen this
voyage" — came in sight of Cheries Island, for
which he was keeping a lookout, and saw the
land covered with cragged rocks, " like hay-
cocks." Still pressing south, on the 15th of
August, he put into what he calls " the Isles of
Farre," (meaning, I suppose, the Faroe Islands,)
and on the 15th of September, he arrived at
Tilbury Hope on the Thames.*

Thus you will perceive, that after a hard voy-
age of four months and a half, Hudson returned
without success. Yet his employers were suffi-
ciently pleased, as we shall soon see, to trust
him with their second adventure. And though
he failed in the main enterprise, his voyage was
far from being useless.

* The journal of this voyage, made in 1607, will be found in
" Purchas his Pilgrims," written partly by Henry Hudson,
and partly by John Pleyce, one of his men.

HENRY HUDSON. 33

He advanced farther north than any naviga-
tor had been known to proceed before : his voy-
age opened the commerce of the whale fishery
to his countrymen ; and some have said that he
was the discoverer of Spitzbergen.* This last
supposition, however, is a mistake. While we
are anxious to give full credit to Hudson for
whatever he may have done, we should be un-
willing to detract from the fair fame of another
man. That island was first discovered in the
year 1596, by William Barentz, a Dutch navi-
gator. It received from him the name of Spitz-
bergen, from its mountainous appearance, and
the quantities of ice and snow that lay around it.
The remarkable headland which had been seen
by Hudson, Barentz had called Vogelhoek, from
the number of birds that he saw there. After
this, the island was sometimes, by the Hollanders,
called Newland. It is strange that any one
should have thought Hudson the discoverer of
Spitzbergen, since he himself, in his journal,
speaks of the island as Newland, evidently know-
ing where it was, and also of the promontory
Vogelhoek, which I presume was laid down in
his charts.

* Forster's Voyages ; Yatesand Moulton's History of New
York 5 Belknap's American Biography ; Rev. Dr. Miller, in a
discourse before the New York Historifcal Society in 1809.

34 HENRY HUDSON.

The most that can be said is, that Hudson
rediscovered Spitzbergen, and this has been
said ;* but it is scarcely true. Hudson's speak-
ing so plainly of the island, contradicts this state-
ment also.

All that we claim for him, therefore, in this
voyage is, that with unwavering fortitude, amid
constant trials, he pressed his way farther north
than any other navigator had been before, and
opened a new and extensive field of commerce
to the English people.

* Scoresby, in his account of the Arctic Regions.

CHAPTER n.

Henry Hudson makes his second voyage, in
search of a North-eastern Passage to India —
Reaches the north side of Nova Zembla, and is
stopped by the Ice — Hopes to make his passage
on the south side by the Vaygatz Straits — Find-
ing a large River or Sound in Nova Zembla, is
induced to try that for his passage — Sails up
this — Resolves to return — Searches for Wil-
loughbtfs Land — Jlrrives in England after an
absence of four months and four days.

As soon as the spring was fairly opened the
next year, Hudson commenced making his pre-
parations for a second voyage. This time he
•was to seek his passage for the East Indies in
the north-east, by passing between Spitzbergen
and Nova Zembla.

With a crew consisting, in all, of fifteen per

36 HENRY HUDSON.

sons,* (among whom again was his son John
Hudson,) he set sail from London on the 22d of
April. The wind was fair, and so continued day
after day ; but as he sailed north, heavy fogs
again met him, so that it was the 24th of May
before he found himself off the coast of Norway.
The weather now cleared up, and the cold, which
had been increasing for some days, became so
severe that several of the men were taken sick.
Philip Stacie, the carpenter, seems to have suf-
fered most. Improving this clear weather, he
pressed north-east as rapidly as he could. On
the 29th he had reached a latitude so high that
" the sun was on the meridian above the horizon
five degrees," and he was able to take an obser-
vation at midnight. In two days more his fine
weather passed away; for, on the 1st of June,
he had a hard north-easterly gale with snow.
For two days he struggled against the storm,
and on the morning of the 3d he saw the North
Cape, about eight leagues distant, as he suppos-

*The names of these persons, as given in the Journal of this
voyage of 1608, were as follows: "Henry Hudson, master
and pilot ; Robert Juet, mate ; Ludlow Arnall, John Cooke,
boatswain ; Philip Stacie, carpenter ; John Barns, Johu
Braunch, cook ; John Adrey, James Strutton, Michael
Feirce, Thomas Hilles, Richard Tomson, Robert Raynor,
Humfrey Gilby, and John Hudson."

HENRY HUDSON. 37

ed, and discovered several Norway fishermen in
sight. Keeping his course north-east, on the 9th
of June, in the latitude of 75 degrees, he fell in
with ice, the first he had seen on the voyage.
Hoping to pass through, he stood into it, loos-
ening some of it, and bearing away from the
larger masses until he had passed into it four or
five leagues. Here he found the ice so thick and
firm ahead, that he began to fear he had pro-
ceeded too far, and might be fastened. This
forced him to return by the same way he went
in, fortunately suffering no damage (as he says)
except " a few rubs of the ship against the ice."
For more than a fortnight he still pressed east-
ward, struggling with the ice, but failed to reach
a higher latitude. At one time he would meet
large quantities of drift-wood driving by the ship,
then he would see large numbers of whales and
porpoises, and the sea seemed almost cover-
ed with birds floating over it. Then again he
would see numbers of seals lying upon the ice,
and hear the bears roaring. It was during this
fortnight, that two of his men declared they saw
something stranger than all this. Thomas Hilles
and Robert Raynor positively asserted, that
on the morning of the 15th they saw a mermaid
close by the ship's side, looking earnestly at
4

do HENRY HUDSON.

them. A sea soon came and overturned her ;
but they saw her distinctly. Her body was as
large as a man's, her back and breast \vere like
a woman's, her skin very white, and she had long
black hair hanging down behind. As she went
down they saw her tail, which was like the tail
of a porpoise, and speckled like a mackerel.

On the 25th, being still hemmed in with ice,
while head winds were still prevailing, he found
that, in spite of every effort, he was drifting to-
ward the south. He was now convinced that
he could not proceed farther on the north side of
Nova Zembla, and resolved to seek his passage
on the south side of the island, by the straits
known as " the Vaygatz ; to pass by the mouth
of the River Ob, and to double that way the
North Cape of Tartaria." These straits are be-
tween the southernmost parts of Nova Zembla,
and the northern coast of Russia. He now shaped
his course south, and the next day, at the dis-
tance of four or five leagues, saw that part of
Nova Zembla, known by the Hollanders as
Swart Cliffe. Being only two miles from the
land, he sent six of his men ashore to take a
survey of the country, and fill the casks with
water. They found the shore covered with
s ; the land was marshy, and several streams,

HENRY HUDSON. 39

made by the melting snow, were rolling through
it. In looking around, they saw the tracks of
bears, deers, and foxes ; and after picking up
some whales' fins and deer's horns, they returned
to the ship. The sea was calm as they came
back, and they saw two or three herds of morses
swimming near the ship. Hudson now sent
seven other men ashore to the place where he
thought the morses might come in; but they
failed in taking one of them. These men found
a cross standing on the shore, quantities of drift-
wood, and signs of fires that had been recently
kindled there. Gathering some moss, and such
flowers as grew in that cold latitude, and taking
two pieces of the cross, they also returned to
the ship.

On the 29th, they again saw large numbers
of morses in the water ; and in the hope of fol-
lowing them, and finding where they would land,
they hoisted sail, and got out the boat to tow
the ship along. The chase proved fruitless : but
it brought them to the mouth of a broad river or
sound, where they anchored near a small island.
The ice was running rapidly down the stream,'
and they were forced to weigh anchor twice in
the night, and stand out to free themselves from
danger. In the morning he again came to his

40 HENRY HUDSON.

old anchorage near the island. On a small rock
near by, he saw forty or fifty morses lying asleep.
He sent all his crew after them, except his son
John ; but they succeeded in killing only one of
them, the rest plunging rapidly in the water.
Before they came aboard, however, they landed
on the island, where they killed some fowls and
found some eggs.

The thought now struck Hudson, that instead
of trying his passage by the Vaygatz Straits, he
would attempt to make his way through this
broad stream before him. He hoped that in
this way he might reach the east side of Nova
Zembla. Then, too, the morses invited him, for
he hoped by taking them to pay the expenses
of the voyage. " Being here," (he says,) " and
hoping, by the plenty of morses we saw here, to
defray the charge of our voyage ; and also that
this sound might, for some reasons, be a better
passage to the east of Nova Zembla than the
Vaygatz, if it held, according to my hope, con-
ceived by the likeness it gave : for whereas we
had a flood come from the northward, yet this
sound or river did run so strong, that ice with
the stream of this river was carried away, or any-
thing else against the flood : so that both in flood
and ebb, the stream doth hold a strong course :

HENRY HUDSON. 41

and it floweth from the north three hours and
ebbeth nine."

He now sent the mate, with several of the men,
to explore the mouth of this river. The next
day they came back, having their boat laden
with drift-wood, and bringing with them a large
deer's horn, a lock of white hair, and great
quantities of fowl. They had a very good story
to tell. They had seen a herd of ten white deer,
much drift-wood lying on the shore, many good
bays, and one fine river on the north shore, which
looked like a good place for morses — though
they saw none there. They saw signs that the
morses had been in the bay. As for the particu-
lar river which they were to explore, they had
found it two or three leagues broad, and no
ground at twenty fathoms — the water was of the
color of the sea, very salt, and the stream set
strongly out of it.

This report was so encouraging that Hudson
soon hoisted sail, and steered up the river. In a
little time he passed a reef, where he found only
five or six fathoms' depth, and was then in thirty-
four fathoms water. He continued his course for
nine leagues, still finding the water deep, until
the wind coming out ahead, and the stream run-
ning too strongly against him, he was forced to
4*

42 HENRY HUDSON.

cast anchor. He now rigged up the boat with
a sail, and furnishing Juet the mate, and five of
the crew, with provisions and weapons, sent
them up the river to take soundings. They were
to continue their course, provided the water con-
tinued deep, until they found the stream bending
to the east or southward. The ship was to fol-
low them as soon as a favorable wind offered.
About the middle of the next day the men re-
turned very tired, bringing a very unfavorable
report. They had been up the river six or seven
leagues, sounding it all the way, until at last
they found only four feet of water. They knew
that the ship could not pass this point : so they
did not explore farther, but after landing, gather-
ing some flowers, and seeing great numbers of
deer, they returned to the ship.

All that remained for him now was to return.
Setting sail, therefore, he passed down the river
much disappointed, or, as he himself says in the
Journal, " with sorrow that our labor was in
vain ; for, had this sound held as it did make
show of, for breadth, depth, safeness of harbor,
and good anchor-ground, it might have yielded
an excellent passage to a more easterly sea." It
was here, too, that he seems to have been par-
ticularly pleased with the appearance of Nova

HENRY HUDSON. 43

Zembla, under its arctic midsummer ; for he says,
" it was to a man's eye a pleasant land ; much
main high land, with no snow on it, looking in
some places green, and deer feeding thereon."
In the evening he sent five of his men ashore,
hoping again that they might find morses ; hut
they found none, though they saw many good land-
ing places for them. They discovered signs of a
fire that had been made on shore, and returned,
bringing with them a hundred fowls, called
« Wellocks."

It was now the 6th of July, and Hudson knew
it was too late to attempt his passage by the
Vaygatz. He therefore shaped his course west-
ward, hoping to visit by the way Willoughby's
Land* that he might see if it was correctly laid
down in his chart. Still intent upon defraying,
if possible, the expenses of his voyage, he thought
if he should find this land he would discover
there abundance of morses, driven down by the
ice from Nova Zembla. But, unfortunately, he
did not come in sight of that land. He was yet
in the region of the ice, and discovered, as in the
last voyage, that in the green sea he was most
free from it, while in the blue sea he was almost

* Some have supposed that Willoughby's Land is the same
as Spitzbergen, but this is a mistake.

44 HENRY HUDSON.

sure to be troubled with it. Keeping his west-
erly course, in ten days he saw the promontory
of Wardhuys off the coast of Lapland, and in a
little time passed the North Cape. Being now
off the coast of Norway, the nights had again
become so dark that he was forced to use a can-
dle in the binacle, which thing he had not before
found necessary since the 19th of May.

Hudson's heart still leaned toward the experi-
ment of sailing north of Greenland, and he would
willingly have moved in that direction, but the
season was now too far advanced ; and he thought
it his duty " to save victual!, wages, and tackle,
and not by foolish rashness, the time being wast-
ed, to lay more charge upon the action than
necessity should compel." He kept his course,
therefore, for England, and arrived at Gravesend
on the 26th of August, having been absent, this
time, four months and four days.*

* The Journal of this voyage, made in 1608, written by Hen-
ry Hudson himself, will also be found in " Purchas his Pil-
grims."

CHAPTER III.

Henry Hudson's employers disappointed — He
now passes over to Holland, and seeks employ-
ment from the Dutch East India Company —
Leaves Amsterdam on his third voyage, in the
ship Half Moon, in the spring of 1609 — Fails
in making his passage through the Vaygatz —
Sails westward, reaches the coast of America —
Enters Penobscot Bay — His intercourse with
the Indians — Passes Cape Cod, and sails south
beyond Chesapeake Bay — Turns north again
— Discovers Delaware Bay / and, passing on,
drops anchor within Sandy Hook — Jlfter a
week spent in exploring below, passes the Nar-
rows and anchors in New York Bay.

UPON Hudson's return, the company that had
employed him were greatly disappointed, and
unwilling at present to make any farther effort.
But Hudson's heart was still bent upon the great
purpose for which he had been laboring. Un-
willing therefore to wait, he passed over to Hol-
land to offer his services to the Dutch East India

46 HENRY HUDSON.

Company. His fame had gone there before him ;
they all knew him as " the bold Englishman,
the expert pilot, and the famous navigator."
There was one man of this company, Balthazor
Moucheron, who had made large and unsuccess-
ful adventures in Arctic voyages, and was there-
fore opposed to another effort, even under Henry
Hudson. But the company, without overcoming
his objections, still met the views of Hudson ;
accordingly the small ship (or as some say the
yacht) Half Moon was soon equipped, and the
command intrusted to him. With a crew con-
sisting of twenty Englishmen and Dutchmen, or,
as some say, only sixteen,* among whom was
Robert Juet, who had served as mate in his last
voyage, he was now ready to brave again the
ice and storms of the Arctic seas.

His object was now to try his passage once
more by the north side of Nova Zembla, or on
the south through the Vaygatz Straits. He de-
parted from Amsterdam on the 25th of March,
and on the 27th, left the Texel. In little more
than a month he doubled the North Cape, and
pressing on, was ere long upon the coast of No-
va Zembla. Head winds, ice, and fog here met
him again, and after more than a fortnight's
* Lambrechtsen says, 16 men, Englishmen and Hollanders.

HENRY HUDSON. 47

struggle against them, he gave up the hope of
reaching India by the Vaygatz, or indeed by
any north-eastern route. In this time of disap-
pointment, he was not discouraged, but seems
to have had many plans. He had heard of
America and the vast discoveries made there ;
and he thought, by sailing westerly, that he
too might make some discovery which would
repay his employers for his failure. Moreover,
he had with him some maps which had been
given to him by his old friend, Captain John
Smith, on which a strait was marked south of
Virginia, offering a passage to the Pacific Ocean
or great South Sea, as it was then called — and
by this passage he might hope to reach the East
Indies. Then too, he thought of his former plan ;
a passage by the north-west, through Davis's
Straits. He now proposed to his crew, either to
seek a passage south through the strait laid down
by Smith, or to sail for the north-west. Many
of his men had been trained in the East India ser-
vice, were accustomed to sailing in warm tropical
climates, and chose therefore, to sail south rather
than meet the severities of the northern seas.
Now then, he steered his course westerly, soon
doubled the North Cape again, and by the last
of May, reached one of the Faroe Ishnds.

48 HENRY HUDSON.

He remained here twenty-four hours, and had
his casks filled with fresh water. They then
hoisted sail and steered south-west, hoping to
reach Buss Island, which had been discovered in
1578, by Martin Frolisher. The island was in-
correctly laid down in his chart, and he did not
find it. He next shaped his course for New-
foundland. For more than three weeks he
now encountered storms and constant gales of
wind, until at last his foremast was carried
away. He rigged up what sailors call a jury-
mast, but the gales continuing, his foresail was
split. Notwithstanding the tempests, he man-
aged to run down as far as the forty-fifth degree
of latitude. Here he met a heavy gale from the
south-east, but still kept on his course. Three
days after this he saw a sail standing to the east,
and hoping " to speak her," he turned from his
course and gave chase ; but finding, as night came
on, that he could not overtake her, he again
turned westerly. Early in July, he found him-
self off the coast of Newfoundland, and saw a
great fleet of Frenchmen fishing on the banks.
Finding himself here becalmed several days, he
sent his crew to the banks to try their luck at
fishing. In this they proved very successful —
taking in one day one hundred and thirty cod-

HENRY HUDSON. 49

fish. The wind again springing up, they sailed
westerly. On the 9th, they spoke a Frenchman
who lay fishing at Sable Island bank. They
soon cleared the banks, passed the shore of Nova
Scotia, and on the morning of the 12th, saw the
coast of North America before them. The fog
was now so thick that for several days they were
afraid to approach the land ; but on the morn-
ing of the 18th, the weather cleared up, and
they ran into a " good harbor" at the mouth of
a large river, in the latitude of forty-four degrees.
This was Penobscot Bay, on the coast of Maine.*
Hudson had already seen some of the inhabi-
tants of this new country ; for on the morning
of the 19th, while they were standing off, unable
to enter the harbor, two boats came off to him,
with six of the natives of the country, who
" seemed very glad at his coming." He gave
them some trifling presents, and they ate and
drank with him. They told him that there were
gold, silver, and copper mines near by, and that
the French people were in the habit of trading
with them. One of them he found could speak
a little French.

* Rev. Dr. Miller, in his lecture delivered before the New
York Historical Society, in 1809, thinks the place of their ar-
rival was at or near Portland, in the State of Maine.

50 HENRY HUDSON.

He now made his observation of the harbor.
He describes it as lying north and south a mile;
he could see the river a great way up, and found
that he was in four fathoms of water. The first
thing to be done, was to rig up a new foremast,
and mend the sails. Some went to work at the
sails, and others went ashore to cut the mast.
They needed a fresh supply of water also, and
some went in search of that, while others amused
themselves in catching lobsters. In the mean time,
the people of the country came aboard in great
numbers. They were very friendly, and seem
not to have been at all afraid of Hudson's men,
while the men were afraid of them, all the time
saying " they could not be trusted." Two French
shallops came to the ship, filled with Indians
bringing beaver-skins and fine furs, which they
wished, like Indians, to trade for articles of dress,
knives, hatchets, kettles, trinkets, beads, and
other trifles.

Hudson's men could not overcome their fool-
ish distrust of these Indians. They were so very
suspicious, that every night they kept a strict
watch from the ship, to see where their shallops
were laid. At last, their mast being ready and
their sails mended, the day before they started,
they manned " the scute" with six men and four

HENRY HUDSON. 51

muskets, took one of the shallops, and brought
it on board. This was base enough ; but they
now proceeded to a more disgraceful action.
They " manned their boat and 'scute' with twelve
men and muskets, and two stone pieces or mur-
derers, and drove the savages from their houses,
and took the spoil of them." It seems that the
poor natives had never done them the least harm ;
their only excuse for this cowardly meanness,
being that they supposed they wished to do
them harm — a supposition without any founda-
tion, proceeding only from their own idle fears.
It is to the disgrace of Hudson, that this thing
was permitted ; and the only excuse that can be
offered for him is, that he probably had under
his command a wild and ungovernable set of
men. It is said that they had many quarrels
with the natives, and perhaps, in the exaspera-
tion of their feelings, Hudson found it impossible
to control them. Even this, however, is a poor
excuse for him; for he was a man in the habit of
ruling his men rather than being ruled by them.
It is to be hoped that he did not willingly allow
this cruelty to proceed.

On the next morning (July 26) he set sail,
steering southward along the coast of America.
In a little time he came within sight of Cape

52 HENRY HUDSON.

Cod. Anxious to double this headland, and
afraid to approach a coast of which he was ig-
norant, he sent five men in the boat to sound
along shore. They found the water " five fathoms
deep within bow -shot of the shore ;" went on the
land and discovered " goodly grapes and rose-
trees," which they brought on board the ship.
He now moved toward the shore, and anchored
near the north end of the headland. Here he
heard the voices of men calling to him from the
shore ; and, thinking they might be the cries of some
poor sailors who had been left there, he immediate-
ly sent a part of the crew in the boat to the land.
Upon landing, they found that the voices were
those of the Indians, who were greatly rejoiced to
see them. They returned, bringing one of these
Indians aboard with them. After giving him some-
thing to eat, and making him a present of a few
glass buttons, Hudson sent him ashore again in
the boat. When he reached the land, he gave
every sign of joy, dancing, and leaping, and
throwing up his hands. These Indians were
great smokers : they had abundance of green
tobacco and pipes, " the bowls of which were
made of earth, and the stems of red copper."

After striving to pass west of this headland,
and move into the bay, which the wine! prevent-

HENRY HUDSON. 53

ed — he steered south-east, and the next day fell
in with the southern point of Cape Cod. He
knew this to be the headland which Bartholomew
Gosnold had discovered in the year 1602, seven
years before. He passed Nantucket and Mar-
tha's Vineyard, and kept his course still south,
until the 18th of August, when he found himself
at the entrance of Chesapeake Bay. Here he
was near the mouth of " the King's River* in Vir-
ginia," upon which many of his countrymen
were settled ; and among these countrymen was
his early friend Captain John Smith.

Two years before this, the first English settle-
ment had been made in America. In the year
1607, two ships and a bark under the command
of Christopher Newport, bringing one hundred
and five persons, had passed up the James River.
Among these men were John Smith, Gosnold,
Wingfield, and Ratcliffe, the leaders of the new
enterprise; and after hard sufferings and some
hair-breadth escapes, they had succeeded in set-
tling a colony at Jamestown. It would have
been delightful to Hudson to have passed up
that river, and seen his countrymen, and particu-
larly an old friend in the wild forests of America.

* The James River, named in honor of King James, is here
alluded to.

5*

64 HENRY HUDSON.

He would have heard from that friend many a
story of matchless adventure, how he had lived
through the treachery of the Indian King Powha-
tan, and been saved by the noble friendship of
the Princess Pocahontas. But the wind was
blowing a gale ; and besides this, he felt himself
bound to serve the main purpose of his employ-
ers, and consequently passed on.

He proceeded south still, until he reached the
thirty-fifth degree of latitude, and then changed
his course to the north. We are not told in the
Journal of this voyage, what induced Hudson to
change his course, but we can readily understand
the cause. He had gone far enough south to
learn that his friend Smith was mistaken about
his passage into the South Pacific Ocean ; and
his desire was now to waste no more time in this
fruitless search, but to make some discovery
which might prove profitable to his employers.

Retracing his course, he found himself occa-
sionally in shallow water as he passed the shores
of Maryland, and on the 28th, discovered the
great bay, since known as Delaware Bay. He
examined here the soundings, currents, and the
appearance of the land, but did riot go ashore.
For nearly a week he now coasted northward,
" passing along a low marshy coast, skirted with

HENRY HUDSON. 55

broken islands," when on the 2d of September,
he spied the highlands of Neversink. The sight
pleased him greatly, for he says, " it is a very
good land to fall in with, 'and a pleasant land to
see." On the morning of the 3d, the weather
proved dark and misty, but Hudson, ha\ing pas-
sed Long Branch, sent his boat up to sound.
The men returning with a favorable report, in
the afternoon he brought the Half Moon within
Sandy Hook, and cast anchor in five fathoms of
water. The next morning, seeing that there
was " good anchorage and a safe harbor," he
passed farther up and anchored within Sandy
Hook Bay, at the distance of two cable lengths
from the shore.

Having marked great quantities of fish (" sal-
mon, mullet, and rays") in the water, he now
sent his men ashore with a net. It is said that
they first landed on Coney Island, (now a part
of Kings County in this State.) They found the
soil to be mostly white sand, and on the island
were plum-trees loaded with fruit, and embower-
ed with grape-vines; while snipes and other
birds were floating over the shore. The fishing
too, proved good, for they took " ten mullets a
foot and a half long apiece, and a ray as great
as four men could haul into the ship "

56 HENRY HUDSON.

While the ship lay at anchor, Indians from
the Jersey shore came on board, and seemed
greatly delighted to see their new visiters. They
were dressed in deerskins, well cured, which
hung loosely over their shoulders, and had
copper ornaments and pipes. They seemed to
have an abundance of food, for their land yield-
ed a fine harvest of maize, or Indian corn, from
which they made good bread ; but they had
come, bringing green tobacco, which they wished
to exchange for beads, knives, and other trinkets.

In the course of the night a gale sprang up,
and the ship was driven ashore. Fortunately,
she was not injured, " the bottom being soft sand
and oozy," and when the flood tide returned in
the morning, she was easily got off. The boat
was now lowered, and the men were sent to sound
the bay. The shores were lined with men, wo-
men, and children, attracted by curiosity, and
the boat's men immediately went to the land, where
they were treated with great kindness. It was the
Jersey shore which they now reached, and the
kindness of the natives was such, that they went
unmolested far back into the woods of what is
now known as Monmouth County. In this ram-
ble, they weie particularly pleased with the
beautiful oaks of the country. The natives fol-

HENEY HUDSON. 57

lowed them with their kindness, giving them pre-
sents of green tobacco and dried currants. They
observed that some of these natives were dressed
more richly than those seen before. These had
ornaments of copper around the neck, and wore
mantles made of fine furs or feathers. Notwith-
standing all the kindness of these Indians, like
the poor natives at Penobscot, they were still
" suspected, though friendly."

Hudson, in making his observations, had dis-
covered, as he thought, that the bay in which he
lay, seemed to be the entrance to a large river,
four leagues distant ; and the boat having re-
turned, he now sent five men in her to make
soundings in that direction. What he saw was
probably the strait between Long and Staten
Islands, now known as the Narrows. They pas-
sed through the Narrows, sounding as they went,
and discovered the hills between Staten Island
and Bergen Neck. They found the land as they
passed, covered with trees, grass, and flowers, the
fragrance of which was delightful ; and after
going six miles into the bay of New York, turn-
ed back. On their return to the ship, when it
was nearly dark, they were attacked by two
canoes, containing twenty-six Indians. It was
raining hard, and their match was extinguished,

58 HENRY HUDSON.

so that they could only trust to their oars to
make their escape. Unfortunately, one of the
men (John Colraan, who had been with Hudson
in his first hard voyage) was killed by an arrow
that struck him in the neck, and two others were
slightly wounded. It wTas now very dark, and
they lost their way, wandering to and fro all
night, unable to find the ship. It is said that but
for the darkness, they would all have been mur-
dered, but this I can hardly believe. Notwith-
standing this attack, I do not think the Indians
had any wicked intentions toward these men ;
for it is strange, if they had, that they did not
pursue them, and at least take the wounded men
in the boat. It is probable, that in the darkness,
the Indians were themselves surprised and fright-
ened at meeting the boat ; shot at her, and moved
away as fast as possible. The next day the
boat returned, bringing the dead body of Col-
man. Hudson ordered it to be taken ashore and
buried at Sandy Hook, and in memory of the
poor fellow who had met so sad a fate, called
the place Colman's Point.

When the men returned from this sad duty,
the boat was hoisted in, and they immediately
commenced erecting bulwarks on the sides of
the ship ; and when night came on, they kept a

HENRY HUDSON. 59

strict lookout, expecting an attack from the na-
tives. But their preparations were idle. The
natives seem not even to have thought of attack-
ing them ; for the next day, some of them again
came on board in the most friendly manner,
bringing Indian corn and tobacco, to trade with
the sailors. They did not even seem to know
that any thing had happened.

The next day after, however, matters did look
a little serious, when two large canoes came off
to the ship, the one filled with men armed with
bows and arrows, the other under the pretence
of trading with them. Hudson now would only
allow two of them to come on board ; these he
kept, and dressed them up in red coats. All the
rest returned to the shore, when presently an-
other canoe approached, bringing only two men.
He thought now it was best to take every pre-
caution ; so he took one of these men, intending,
probably, to keep him with the others as hostages
for the good behavior of their countrymen. He
had scarcely taken this last one, however, wrhen
he jumped up, leaped overboard, and swam to
the shore. Hudson now weighed anchor, and
moved off into the channel of the Narrows for
the night. In the morning, he went over " to-
wards the east sand-bank, found it shallow, and

60 HENRY HUDSON.

again anchored." The day after, (it being the
llth of September,) having spent a week in
exploring south of the Narrows, he passed
through them into the Bay of New York, and
finding it " an excellent harbor for all winds,"
once more cast anchor. Here he remained until
the next day: the people of the country (as he
says) again coming to see him, " making great
show of love, giving tobacco and Indian wheat,
but we could not trust them."

CHAPTER IV.

The Indian tradition of the first landing of white
men in the State of New York, as given by the
Indians themselves, to the Rev. Mr. Heckewel-
der, a Moravian Missionary among the Indians
of P ennsylvania.

IT was the 12th of September, and Hudson
was ready to move up the great river which
opened before him. Before we follow him in his
course, however, there is an Indian tradition as
regards " his first landing," which I wish to lay
before you. Some say his first landing was upon
Coney Island, others at Sandy Hook, others on
the Jersey shore, while some declare it was on
Manhattan Island, and others again say at Alba-
ny. It is impossible perhaps, to say where it
was, and as far as the story is concerned it mat-
ters but little, for the tradition is the same, let the
landing have been where it may.

This tradition is well authenticated, having
6

62 HENRY HUDSON.

been originally given by the Indians themselves
to the Rev. John Heckewelder, for many years a
Moravian missionary to the Indians in Pennsyl-
vania. It runs as follows : —

" A long time ago, when there was no such
thing known to the Indians as people with a
white skin, some Indians who had been out a
fishing, and where the sea widens, espied at a
great distance, something remarkably large, swim-
ming or floating on the water, and such as they
had never seen before. They immediately re-
turning to the shore, told their countrymen of
what they had seen, and pressed them to go out
with them, and discern what it might be. These
together hurried out, and saw to their great sur-
prise the phenomenon, but could not agree what
it might be, some concluding it to be an uncom-
monly large fish or other animal, while others
were of opinion it must be some very large
house. It was at length agreed among them,
that as this phenomenon moved toward the land,
whether it was an animal or not, it would be
well to inform all the Indians of what they had
seen, and put them on their guard. Accordingly
they sent runners to carry the news to their scat-
tered chiefs, that they might send off in every
direction for the warriors to come in. These

HENRY HUDSON. 63

now came in numbers, and seeing the strange
appearance, and that it was actually moving
forward, concluded that it was a large canoe
or house, in which the Great Manitto* himself
was, and that he probably was coming to visit
them. By this time the chiefs of the different
tribes were assembled on York Island, and were
counselling as to the manner in which they
should receive the Manitto on his arrival. They
now provided plenty of meat for a sacrifice ; the
women were required to prepare the best of
victuals ; their idols or images were examined
and put in order ; and a grand dance was sup-
posed not only to be an agreeable entertainment
for the Manitto, but might, with the addition of
a sacrifice, contribute toward appeasing him in
case he was angry. The conjurers were also
set to work to determine what the meaning of
this phenomenon was, and what the result would
be. To these, and to the chiefs and wise men of
the nation, men, women, and children were look-
ing up for advice and protection. Being at a
loss what to do, between hope and fear, and in
confusion, a dance commenced. In the mean
time, fresh runners arrived, declaring it to be a

* Their name for the Supreme Being.

64 HENRY HUDSON.

great house of various colors that was coming,
and filled with living creatures. It now appeared
certain that it was their Manitto coming, bringing
probably some new kind of game. But other
runners now came in, declaring that it was a
house of various colors and filled with people,
but that the people were of a different color from
themselves ; that they were also dressed in a dif-
ferent manner from them, and that one in partic-
ular appeared altogether red. This they thought
must be the Manitto himself. They were now
lost in admiration. Presently they were hailed
from the vessel, but in a language they could
not understand, and were able to answer only by
a yell. Many were now for running into the
woods, while others pressed them to stay, in or-
der not to offend their visiters, who could find
them out and might easily destroy them. The
house (or large canoe) stopped, and a smaller ca-
noe now came ashore, bringing the red man and
some others in it. Some stayed by this canoe to
guard it. The chiefs and wise men formed a
circle, into which the red clothed man and two
others approached. He saluted them with a
friendly countenance, and they returned the sa-
lute after their manner. They were amazed at
the color of their skin and their dress, particu-

HENRY HUDSON. 65

larly at the red man, whose clothes glittered*
with something they could not account for.
He must be the great Manitto, they thought, but
then why should he have a white skin ? A large
elegant Hockhack^ was brought forward by
one of the Manitto's servants, and something
poured from it into a small cup or glass, and
handed to the Manitto. He drank it, had the
cup refilled, and had it handed to the chief next
to him for him to drink. The chief took it,
smelt it, and passed it to the next, who did the
same. The cup passed in this way round the
circle, untasted, and was about to be returned to
the red clothed man, when one of their number,
a spirited man and a great warrior, jumped up,
and harangued the multitude on the impropriety
of returning the cup unemptied. ' It was handed
to them/ he said, ' by the Manitto to drink out
of as he had done ; that to follow his example
would please him, but to return what he had
given them might provoke him and cause him
to destroy them. And that since he believed it to
be for the good of the nation that the contents
offered them should be drunk, if no one else was
willing to drink, he would try it, let the conse-

* This was probably the lace and buttons,
f Meaning gourd, or bottle.

66 HENRY HUDSON.

quence be what it would, for it was better for
one man to die, than that a whole nation should
be destroyed. He then took the glass, smelt it,
addressed them again, and bidding them all fare-
well, drank it. All eyes were now fixed upon
him, to see what effect this would have upon him.
He soon began to stagger, and the women cried,
supposing that he had fits. Presently he rolled
on the ground, and they all began to bemoan
him, supposing him to be dying. Then he fell
asleep, and they thought now that he was dead,
but presently they saw that he was still breath-
ing. In a little time he awoke, jumped up, and
declared that he never felt himself before so hap-
py, as after he had drunk the cup. He asked
for more, which was given to him, and the whole
assembly soon joined him, and all became intox-
icated.'

" While the intoxication lasted, the white men
kept themselves in their vessel, and when it was
over, the man with the red clothes again return-
ed to them, bringing them presents of beads,
axes, hoes, and stockings. They soon now be-
came familiar, and talked by making signs. The
whites made them understand that they should
now return home, but the next year they should
visit them again with presents, and stay with

HENRY HUDSON. 67

them a while. But as they could not live with-
out eating, they should then want a little land
to sow seeds, in order to raise herbs to put into
their broth. Accordingly a vessel arrived the
next season,* when they were much rejoiced to
see each other — but the white men laughed
at them when they saw the axes and hoes hang-
ing to their breasts as ornaments, and the stock-
ings used for tobacco pouches. The whites now
put handles or helves in the former, and cut down
trees and dug the ground before their eyes, and
showed them the use of the stockings. Then all
the Indians laughed, to think that they had been
ignorant of the use of these things so long, and
had carried these heavy articles hung around
their necks. They took every white man they
saw for a Manitto, yet inferior to the Supreme
Manitto ; to wit, to the one who wore the shin-
ing red clothes. They now became more famil-
iar, and the whites now reminded them that they
wanted some land ; and asked if they might have
as much land as the hide of a bullock spread
before them would cover (or encompass.) Their
request was readily granted. The white men

* It will be remembered that another ship was sent out
by the Dutch the next year, after the discovery of Henry
Hudson.

68 HENRY HUDSON.

then took a knife, and beginning at one place on
the hide, cut it up into a rope not thicker than
the finger of a little child, so that by the time
this hide was cut up, there was a great heap.
They then took the rope and drew it gently along
(to keep it from breaking) in a circular form,
and took in a large piece of ground. The In-
dians were surprised at the superior wit of the
whites, but did not wish to contend with them
about a little land, as they had enough. They
lived contentedly together for a long time : Jhe
whites from time to time asking for more land,
which was readily granted to them. And thus
they gradually went higher and higher up the
Mahicannituck River? until they began to be-
lieve they would soon want all their country,
which proved at last to be the case."f

This tradition is remarkably confirmed by a
Dutch historian,J who wrote his history only
forty-three years after the discovery of Henry
Hudson. He says, " that the Indians or natives

* One of the Indian names for the Hudson.

t This tradition will be found in Yates and Moulton's His-
tory of New York — in the first volume of Hist, and Lit. Trans-
actions of the American Philosophical Society— and again in
the New York Historical Collection, vol.i., New Series.

t Adrian Van der Donck, in his description of the New
Netherlands.

HENRY HUDSON. 69

of the land, many of whom are still living, and
with whom I have conversed, declare freely that
before the arrival of the Lowland ship, the Half
Moon, in the year 1609, they, the natives, did
not know that there were any other people in
the world, than those who were like themselves,
much less, any people who differed so much in
appearance from them as we did. When some
of them first saw our ship approaching at a dis-
tance, they did not know what to think about
her, but stood in deep and solemn amazement,
wondering whether it were a ghost or apparition,
coming down from heaven, or from hell. Others
of them supposed her to be a strange fish or sea
monster. When they discovered men on board,
they supposed them to be more like devils than
human beings. Thus they differed about the
ship and men. A strange report was spread
about the country concerning the ship and visit,
which created great astonishment and surprise
among the Indians."

There is another story told to the same pur-
pose in a history of these times written only
forty-one years after Hudson's discovery. " In
1609, (as the story reads,) the privileged East
India Company, by the ship the Half Moon, the
Captain whereof was Heririck Hutson, discover-

70 HENRY HUDSON.

ed first the country which our people call New
Netherlands: insomuch that even now inhabi-
tants of the country remember it, and witness,
that when the Dutch ships came hither first and
were seen by them, they did not know whether
they came from heaven or were devils. Others
thought them to be sea monsters or fishes.* They
knew before nothing of other sort of men : a
strange tale thereof run through their country
now."f

It is said that the tribe of Delaware Indians,
even to this day, call New York Mannahatta-
nink, meaning thereby, the Island or place of
general intoxication^

* It is remarked by Yates and Moulton in their history, that
the same fright seized the minds of the Indians bordering on
Detroit river, at the time the Lake Erie steamboat " Walk-in
the- Water" made her first appearance in that river, advancing
against wind and tide, and sending forth volumes of flame
and smoke.

f MS. in the New York Historical Society, cited in Yates
and Moulton's History of New York, Part I. page 257.
' J " The Mahicanni or Mohicans call it by the same name
as the Delawares, but think the name was given in consequence
of a kind of wood which grew there, of which the Indians
used to make their bows and arrows.

" The name the Monseys have for New York is Laapha-
tvachking, meaning the place of stringing wampum leads.
They say this name was given in consequence of the distribu-
tion of beads among them by Europeans, and that after the
European vessel returned, wherever one looked, the Indians
vere seen stringing the beads and wampum that the whites
gave them." — Yates and Moulton.

CHAPTER V.

Hudson explores the river since called by his
name — Escape of the two Indians — Strange
experiment of Hudson to learn the treachery
of the natives — The Half Moon reaches as far as
the present site of JJ.lbany — The boat ascends
to Waterford — Hudson returns down the river
— Battle with the natives at the head of Man-
hattan Island — Sails from the bay, and
reaches England, after an absence of seven
months from Europe.

WE left Hudson in his little ship the Half
Moon, resting quietly upon the waters of New
York Bay, and we will now trace him in his
course up the beautiful stream which since bears
his name. What must have been the feelings of
the great navigator as he looked upon the waters
of that stream as they came rolling to the sea ! It
was certain that he had discovered a new and

72 HENKY HUDSON.

unknown region which might in some degree
repay his employers ; and then, who could
tell but that the river before him, coming far
from the north, might prove the long desired
passage to the gems and spices of the East
Indies.

On the morning of the 12th, while he was
still at his anchorage, twenty-eight canoes, filled
with men, women, and children, came off to see
him, bringing oysters and clams to trade for tri-
fles. These Indians had " great tobacco pipes of
yellow copper, and pots of earth to dress their
meat in." Hudson's men seem, as usual, to have
been suspicious of them, and though they traded
with them, none of them were allowed to come
on board.

About noon, with a heart full of hope, he
weighed anchor, and moved into the river. The
wind was not fair ; so that he made only two
leagues, and again anchored for the night. The
place off which he lay is supposed to have been
what is now Manhattanville. The next day, the
wind being ahead, he managed, by the help of
the flood tide, to pass up only eleven miles high-
er. This brought him to what is now known as
Yonkers, and again he cast anchor. In the course
of this day, he was again visited by Indians,

HENRY HUDSON. 73

bringing provisions, and they seemed very friend-
ly ; but his crew suspected these also, and none
of them came on board the ship.

The day following the weather was fair, and
a fine breeze springing up from the south-east,
he passed up through Tappan and Haverstraw
bays, " the river" (as the journal says) " being
a mile wide, and anchored at night about thir-
ty-six miles higher, in a region where the land
was very high and mountainous." He was now
evidently in the neighborhood of " the High-
lands," and his anchorage wras probably near
West Point.

Hudson and his men seem to have been struck
with the wild and beautiful appearance of the
country : and strange must have been his feel-
ings, when in his little " yacht," moored beneath
the Highlands, the shadows of night fell over
him. He had braved the tempests of the north,
and seen the monsters of the ocean, but all now
was a new world around him. A wild and beau-
tiful wilderness hung over him. Perhaps in
the distance he might see the camp fires of
straggling Indians : then he might hear the
screechings of the owls, and the scream of pan-
thers in the wilderness above him, or perhaps
7

74 HENRY HUDSON.

be startled by the strange and tremendous roar
of the " Naked Bear" of the Indians.*

* " Tagesho, or Naked Bear." — In a note to Yates and Moul-
ton's History of New York, there is a singular Indian tradition
of a remarkable animal that lived in the northern parts of
New York about two centuries ago. The note cites the man-
uscript of Mr. Heckewelder for the truth of it. The story, as
given in the note, is the following: —

"The Yagesho was an animal much superior to the largest
bear, remarkably long bodied, broad down by its shoulders,
but thin or narrow just at its hind legs, (or where the body ter-
minated.) It had a large head and fearful look. Its legs
were short and thick. Its paws (to the toes of which were
nails or claws, nearly as long as an Indian's finger) spread
very wide. It was almost bare of hair, except the head and
on the hinder parts of its legs, in which places, the hair
was very long. For this reason the Indians gave it the name of
1 Naked Bear:

" Several of these animals had been destroyed by the In-
dians, but the one of which the following account is given had
escaped them, and for years had from time to time destroyed
many Indians, particularly women and children, when they
were out in the woods gathering nuts, digging roots, or at
work in the field. Hunters, when overtaken by this animal,
had no way of escaping, except when a river or lake was at
hand, by plunging into the stream and swimming out or down
the stream to a great distance. When this was the case, and
the beast was not able to pursue farther, then he would set up
such a roaring noise, that every Indian hearing it would trem-
ble. The animal preyed on every beast it could lay hold of.
It would catch and kill the largest bears and devour them.
While bears were plenty, the Indians had not so much to dread
from him, but when this was not the case, it would run
about the woods, searching for the track or scent of hunters,
and follow them up. The women were so afraid of going out

HENRY HUDSON. 75

The next morning a mist hung over the riv-
er and mountains until sunrise, when it cleared
up with a fair wind. Just as he was weighing
anchor, a circumstance happened, which after-
ward gave him trouble. The two Indians whom
he held as hostages made their escape through

to work, that the men assembled to consider on some plan for
killing him. At or near a lake where the water flowed two
ways, or has two different outlets, one on the northerly and
the other on the southerly end, this beast had his residence, of
which the Indians were well informed. A resolute party, well
provided with bows, arrows, and spears, made toward the lake.
On a high perpendicular rock they stationed themselves,
climbing up this rock by means of Indian ladders, and then
drawing these after them. After being well fixed, and having
taken up a number of stones, they began to imitate the voices
and cries of the various beasts of the wood, and even that of
children, in order to decoy him thither. Having spent some
days without success, a party took a stroll to some distance
from the rock. Before they had reached the rock again, this
beast had got the scent of them, and was in full pursuit of
them, yet they reached the rock before he arrived. When he
came to the rock he was in great anger, sprang against it with
his mouth wide open, grinning and seizing the rock as if he
would tear it to pieces. He had several times sprung nearly
up. During all this time, numbers of arrows and stones were
discharged at him, and at last he dropped down and expired-
His head being cut off, it was carried in triumph to their vil-
lage or settlement on the North River, and there set up on a
pole for view: and the report spreading among the neighbor-
ing tribes, numbers came to view the same, and to exalt the
victorious for this warlike deed. The Mahicanni claim the
honor of this act."

76 HENRY HUDSON.

the port-holes of the ship and swam to the shore,
and as soon as the ship was under way, they
were seen standing on the shore making loud and
angry cries, and looking at them " with scornful
looks." They now moved up the river, " passing
by the high mountains," until, having sailed fifty
miles, they came at night in sight of " other
mountains which lie from the river side." Here
they found (as the journal says) " very loving
people and very old men," who treated them very
kindly. Having cast anchor here, (which was
probably near what is now Catskill Landing,)
Hudson sent the boat off, and the men caught
large quantities of fine fish.

It was here, perhaps, that the pleasant inter-
view happened (of which we read in an old his-
tory of the times*) between Hudson and an old
chief of the Indians. The story is, that he went
on shore in one of their canoes with an old man,
who was the chief of forty men and seventeen
women. These he saw in a large circular house
made of oak bark. In the house, he discovered
a large quantity of maize or Indian corn, and
beans of the last year's growth, and near the
house, for the purpose of drying, there lay enough
to load their ship, besides what was growing

* De Laet's New World.

HENRY HUDSON. 77

in the fields. Upon his entering the house, two
mats were immediately spread out to sit upon,
and food was brought forward in large red bowls
made of wood. In the mean time, two men
were despatched with bows and arrows in search
of game. Soon after, they returned with a pair
of pigeons; then they killed a fat dog, and
skinned it in great haste for their guest, with
shells which they had got out of the water.
After the feast, they supposed that Hudson would
remain all night with them. But upon his shew-
ing signs of departure, the hospitable old man
became very uneasy — and his people, supposing
that the guest might be leaving because he was
afraid of them, took all their arrows, and break-
ing them in pieces, cast them into the fire.

The quantities of fish taken the evening before,,
now induced Hudson (the next morning being
warm and fair) to send some of the men out
upon another fishing party. This time, however,
they were not sp successful ; for the natives had
been there all night in their canoes. In the
mean time, the Indians flocked on board the ship,
bringing Indian corn, pumpkins, and tobacco.
The whole day was consumed in trading with
these friendly people, and filling the water casks
with fresh water. Towards night, he again set
7*

78 HENRY HUDSON.

sail, and passing some six miles higher up, found
the water shoal and cast anchor. He was now
probably near the spot where the city bearing
his name has since grown up. The weather was
warm, and Hudson determined to take advantage
of the cool hours of the morning. At dawn,
therefore, the next day he weighed anchor, and
ran up the river " six leagues higher" — but find-
ing shoals and small islands in the middle of the
river, he once more stopped. As night came on,
the vessel drifted near the shore and grounded ;
but they " layed out there small anchor and
heaved her off again." In a little time, she was
aground again in the channel ; but when the
flood-tide rose she floated off, and then they an-
chored for the night. This anchorage, it is
thought, was somewhere near Castleton.

The next day was fair, and he " rode still" all
day. In the afternoon, he went ashore with
" an old savage, a governor of the country, who
carried him to his house, and made him good
cheer."* With the flood tide, about noon on
the following day, he ran up " two leagues above
the shoals," and cast anchor again in eight
fathoms of water. The natives now came on

* Possibly it was here that the scene described by De Laet
occurred.

HEIS'RY HUDSON. 79

board in crowds, bringing grapes, pumpkins,
beaver and other skins, for which the sailors
readily gave them beads, knives, and hatchets.

Here Hudson seems to have had some misgiv-
ings as to the depth of the river above him. He
had now been seven or eight days in reaching
this point, and his ship had been aground, and
his soundings shallow, more than once in the
last three days. The next day, therefore, (the
morning of the 20th,) he sent the mate with four
men in the boat to explore the river and take
soundings. They were gone nearly the whole
day, and returned with the report that "the
channel was very narrow ;" that two leagues
above, they found only two fathoms' water,
though in some places there was a better depth.
The next morning they were about starting
again, to explore the depth and breadth of the
stream, (for the wind was fair, and Hudson was
anxious to move up with the ship,) but were
prevented by the great crowds of Indians that
came flocking on board. They seem again to
have been afraid of these men, and unwilling to
leave the ship while they were there. Finding
that he was not likely to make any progress on
that day, Hudson sent the carpenter ashore to
make a new foreyard for the ship, and determin-

OU HENRY HUDSON.

ed with his men, in the mean time, to make an
experiment with some of these Indians, that he
might learn if they were treacherous.

This experiment was a strange one ; it was
neither more nor less than intoxicating some of
the Indian chiefs, and thereby throwing them
" off their guard." He therefore took several of
them down into the cabin, and gave them plenty
of wine and brandy, until they were all merry.
The poor women looked innocently on, for we
are told particularly of the wife of one of these
merry chiefs, who " sate in the cabin as modest-
ly as any of our countrywomen would do in a
strange place." The men drank plentifully, and
presently one of them became so drunk that he
fell asleep. The rest were now frightened, sup-
posing him to be poisoned, and immediately took
to their canoes and pushed for the shore. They
did not, however, forget the poor man on board-;
for some of them soon returned, bringing long
strings of beads, which they hoped the whites
would accept, and release their poor country-
man.

The poor Indian slept soundly all night, and
the next day, when his countrymen came to see
him, they were rejoiced to find him well. They
returned to the shore, and about three o'clock

HENRY HUDSON. 81

came again, bringing beads and tobacco, which
they gave to Hudson. One of them made a long
oration, and shewed him all the country round
about. Anxious still farther to shew him their
gratitude, they now sent one of their number
ashore, who presenly returned with a large plat-
ter of venison, dressed in their own style, and
placed it before Hudson, that he might eat with
them. After this, they all " made him reverence"
and departed.

In the morning before all this scene took place,
Hudson had again started the mate with the four
men to sound the river. At ten o'clock at night
he came back in a hard shower of rain, bringing
a bad report once more. He had ascended the
river eight or nine leagues, and found only seven
feet water and very irregular soundings.

Disappointed in not finding this the passage to
the East, Hudson was cheered by the reflection
that he had passed up this noble stream nearly
one hundred and fifty miles, and discovered a
beautiful and fertile region, for the future enter-
prise of his employers. He now prepared for
his return.*

* How far did Hudson ascend the river ? The Rev. Dr. Mil
ler (in his lecture before the New York Historical Society in
1809) thinks that the ship Half Moon reached a little above
where the city of Hudson now stands, while the boat which

8-2 HENRY HUDSON.

About mid-day on the 23d, he commenced re-
tracing his way, and went down the river only
six miles, the wind being ahead. On the 24th,
he ran down twenty-four miles farther and
anchored, (it is supposed between Athens and
Hudson.) Here he was detained four days by
head winds, but the time was spent pleasantly
and profitably in surveying the country. Some
of the men went on shore gathering chestnuts,
and others strolled along the bank making their
observations. They found " good ground for
corn and other garden herbs, with good store of
goodly oaks and walnut-trees and chestnut-trees,
yew-trees and trees of sweet wood, in great abun-
dance, and great store of slate for houses and
other good stones." While they lay at this an-
chorage, they had a visit from one who consid-
ered himself at least an old friend. On the
morning of the 26th, two canoes came up from
the place where they met " the loving people,"

was sent to explore and take soundings, went as far as the
site of the city of Albany. Other writers, however, disagree
with him. After examining carefully the journal of this voy-
age, calculating the distances run, with other circumstances,
and especially bearing in mind that the small yacht, the Half
Moon, was probably not so large as many of the sloops now
sailing on the North River, they seem fairly to conclude that
the Half Moon went nearly as high as the spot where Albany
now stands, while the boat passed up as far as Waterford.

HENRY HUDSON. 83

(Catskill Landing,) and in one of them was the
old chief who had been made drunk above, and
given so much alarm to his countrymen. The
friendship of this old man must have been strong,
for he seems to have followed them even to
the Catskill mountains. He brought now anoth-
er old chief with him, who presented strings of
beads to Hudson, and " showed him all the
country thereabout, as though it were at his
command." The old man's wife was along,
with three other Indian women. Hudson was very
kind to them, invited them all to dine with him,
after dinner gave them presents, and they de-
parted begging that he would visit them as
he passed by, for the place where they lived
was only two leagues off.

The wind being north on the morning of the
27th, they set sail and moved onward. As they
passed the old man's home, (Catskill Landing,)
he came off again, hoping they would cast anchor,
and go ashore and eat with him. The wind was
too fair and inviting for them to listen to his in-
vitation, and he left them, " being very sorrowful
for their departure." Toward night they reach-
ed the neighborhood of what is known as Red
Hook Landing, and there had fine fishing. For
the two next days his progress was very slow,

84 HENRY HUDSON.

for on the morning of the 30th, we are told, his
ship was anchored off " the northernmost of the
mountains," meaning, I suppose, the head of the
highlands. Here again, the natives came on board
in a friendly manner. Detained for a day by head
winds, he observed the country closely. The
description of the land near them is very minute,
and the town of Newburgh has arisen, perhaps,
upon the very spot of which the journal speaks.
" This" (says the journal) " is a very pleasant
place to build a town on. The road is very near,
and very good for all winds, save an east-north-
east wind." Here, too, they were struck with
the strange appearance of some of the mountains.
" The mountains look as if some metal or min-
eral were in them. For the trees that grow on
them were all blasted, and some of them barren,
with few or no trees on them. The people brought
a stone aboard like to emery, (a stone used by
glaziers to cut glass ;) it would cut iron or steele,
yet being bruised small and water put to it, it
made a color like black lead, glistering. It is
also good for painters' colors." On the 1st of
October, with a fair wind he sailed through the
highlands, and reached as far as the neighbor-
hood of Stony Point, when being becalmed he
cast anchor.

HENRY HUDSON. 85

No sooner had they anchored, than the natives
were crowding aboard, astonished at, and ad-
miring everything they saw. They came trading
with skins, but these could not procure all that
they desired. One poor fellow, therefore, was
prompted to steal. He swept his canoe lightly
under the stern, crawled up the rudder into the
cabin window, and stole a pillow with some
articles of clothing. The mate saw him as he
moved off with his canoe, shot at him and killed
him. The rest now fled in terror, some taking
to their canoes, and some plunging into the
stream. The ship's boat was manned at once,
and sent to secure the stolen articles. These were
easily obtained ; but as the boat came back, one
of the Indians who was swimming in the water .
took hold of her, endeavoring to overturn her.
The cook now drew a sword, and with one
blow cut off his hand. The poor creature sank
to the bottom — never to rise again. They now
returned to the ship, got under way immediate-
ly, and passing down six miles farther, anchored,
near dark, off the mouth of Croton river, near
the entrance into Tappan Sea.

The next day, with a fair wind, they sailed
twenty-one miles, which must have brought
them somewhere near the head of Manhattan

86 HENRY HUDSON.

Island. Here they soon found themselves in
trouble. The two Indians who had escaped from
the ship on their way up, angry and indignant
at their captivity, had roused a number of their
countrymen along the shores of the river, and
they were now assembled near this point to
attack Hudson on his return. A canoe ap-
peared, in which was one of those who had
escaped, and many others armed with bows and
arrows. Hudson suspected something from their
appearance, and none of them were allowed to
come on board. Presently, two canoes filled
with armed men dropped under the stern, and
the attack was commenced with their bows and
arrows — six muskets were fired from the ship,
and three Indians fell dead. The Indians on the
land, marking what was done, were now exas-
perated the more : they moved down to the
shore in a solid body, (" about one hundred of
them,") and made ready with their bows as the
ship passed slowly on. A cannon was now fired
from the ship upon them, and two more Indians
fell. The rest fled for the woods, with the excep-
tion of nine or ten desperate men, who were
resolved upon revenge. These jumped into a
canoe, and advanced to meet the ship. The
cannon was again discharged, the canoe " shot

HENRY HUDSON. 87

through," and another man killed — at the same
time the men fired again with their muskets and
killed three or four men. Thus the fight ended with
the loss of nine Indians. The ship now moved
on her way, and at the distance of " two leagues"
dropped anchor under the shores of what is now
known as Hoboken. The next day was stormy ;
but the morning of the 4th dawned upon them
with a fair wind. Hudson again weighed an-
chor, passed through the bay, and with all sails
set, put out to sea once more.*

It is said, that Hudson's crew had more than
once been dissatisfied at the length of this voy-
age, and at one time even threatened an open
mutiny. He thought it best, therefore, to learn
of them now what they desired to do ; whether
to return to Holland, or steer north again. One
man (the mate) was in favor of wintering in
Newfoundland, and seeking a passage to the
East by Davis' Straits. But Hudson, perceiving
the mutinous spirit of the men, opposed this, giv-
ing as his reason, the privations and sorrows of
a northern winter in a strange land. He kept
his course, therefore, homeward, and on the 7th

* The author has followed Hudson very minutely in his
voyage on the River, because he supposed this part of his
career had more than an ordinary interest for his young coun«
trymen, and especially those of the State of New York.

88 HENRY HUDSON.

of November, after an absence of little more
than seven months from Amsterdam, he arrived
safely at Dartmouth in England. The crew,
you will remember, was composed partly of
English, partly of Dutch sailors; and when off
the coast of England, the English (it is said)
mutinied, and forced him to put into an English
harbor.*

The Dutch historians declare that Hudson
was not allowed to go over to Holland, the
English king being jealous of their bold mari-
time enterprises. Be this as it may, certain it is,
that he remembered his duty to his employers.
He sent them at once the journal and chart of
his discoveries, pointing them with pride to what
he called " the Great River of the Mountains"^
and the next year the Dutch were reaping the
fruits of his arduous enterprise.

The journal of this voyage { would seem to
cast two stains upon the fair character of Henry
Hudson : first, that of cruelty toward the Indians,

* Lainbrechtsen.

f The Indian names for the river were Cahohatatea,
Mahackaneghtue, and sometimes Sfiatemuck. It was early
called by the Dutch the North River, to distinguish it from
the Delaware or South River.

£ The journal of this voyage in 1609, written by Robert
Juet, will be found in PurcJias his Pilgrims.

HENRY HUDSON. 89

and secondly, that of want of principle in caus-
ing the general intoxication on the river.

As regards the first, it should be borne in mind
that Hudson had under his command a mutinous
body of men, and he may have found it impossi-
ble to control their refractory and ungovernable
tempers. He seems not even to have thought of
revenging the death of poor Colman, at Sandy
Hook : the mate was the man who shot the poor
Indian for the comparatively small crime of
stealing the pillow and clothing, and the death
of the nine Indians killed at the head of Man-
hattan Island, may be said to have been caused
in a war of self-defence.

In reference to the second, it can only be ac-
counted for, by supposing that Hudson was, like
his men, suspicious and alarmed, and therefore
determined to learn the honesty or treachery
of the Indians by any means whatsoever.
8*

CHAPTER VI.

Hudson starts on his fourth voyage, having
command of the ship Discovery, in the service
once more of the London Company — His aim
is to find a North-West Passage to India —
Reaches Iceland, and witnesses an eruption of
Mount Hecla — Disturbance among his crew —
Steers westward, encountering great quantities
of ice — Discovers and explores Hudson1 s Say,
and resolves to winter there.

IT is said that Hudson made new proposals for
a farther voyage to the Dutch East India Com-
pany, and that these proposals were declined.*
His plan was to set sail (with a crew of twenty
men) from Dartmouth, on the first of March,
" spend the month of April and half of May in
killing whales and other creatures near the Isl-
and of Panar : after that, sail to the north-west
and stay there till the middle of September, and
at last return to Holland by the north-east of
Scotland."

* Forster's Northern Voyages.

HENRY HUDSON. 91

Whether this story be true or false, certain it
is that he was not long seeking employment.
Another voyage had given him a greater name,
and the story of his discoveries roused once more
the spirit of the London Company. His old
employers (who had sent him out in 1607 and
J8) now called him again into their own service.
They determined to make an effort for a north-
west passage by examining the inlets of the
American continent — and more especially Davis'
Straits, through which it was supposed a channel
might be found into the " Great South Sea."
Early in the spring of 1610, therefore, the ship
Discovery, of fifty-five tons, was equipped, manned
with twenty-three men, and the command given
to Henry Hudson.'

One of these twenty-three was Robert Juet,
who had sailed with Hudson before, another, his
son John Hudson, and another, Henry Green,
whose history I \yill briefly relate to you, as he
is to act a conspicuous part in this voyage.

Henry Green was a young Englishman, born
of respectable parents, and had respectable con-
nexions—but by his extravagant and wicked
habits he had forced them to cast him off, and
was now almost a beggar. In this condition,
Hudson fell in with him ; and having pity for his

92 HENRY HUDSON.

youth, and a desire to reclaim him from hus worth-
less ways, he clothed and fed him, hoping to gain
the young man's love and gratitude. The thought
now struck him that he would take Green out
on this voyage. His name was not entered as
one of the crew : he was only the companion
of the master. Yet to rouse his ambition and
prompt him to that which was good, Hudson
promised him wages : and to awaken his pride
the more, encouraged him to hope that he should
be made upon his return one of the " Prince's
Guards." Through Hudson's persuasion, a friend
went to the mother of Green, and asked for enough
money to purchase some clothes for the voyage.
Yet she knew the madness and profligacy of her son
so well, that she hesitated long before she would
advance even five pounds, and then it was bestow-
ed on the express condition that it should not be
given to the young man, but expended for him.
On the 17th of April, 1610, the Discovery
dropped down the Thames. It seems that the
London Company had insisted upon placing
aboard an experienced seaman by the name of
Coleburne to make this voyage with Hudson.
Whether he supposed that this cast a reflection
upon his own skill, or from some other cause,
Hudson was displeased with it j and ere the ship

HENRY HUDSON. 93

left the river, he put this man aboard another
vessel bound up to London and sent him back.
It is strange that we do not know his motives for
this, since he sent by the man a letter to his em-
ployers containing the reasons for his conduct.

He now kept on his voyage. On the 6th of
May, he passed the north of Scotland and the
Orkneys, which he says he found to be " not so
northerly as is commonly set down." On the
8th, he saw the Faroe Islands, and on the llth
was upon the eastern shores of Iceland. Coast-
ing along its southern shore, he beheld in the dis-
tance Mount Hecla casting forth its flames of fire :
and after struggling for more than a fortnight
against head winds and icebergs, at length, on the
30th, made a harbor in the western part of the
island. The natives of this island were poor
and miserable, but they treated him very kindly.
He found upon going ashore a hot spring, (Iceland
abounds in these springs,) so hot that " it would
scald a fowl" — yet we are told the men bathed
in the water freely. Here Hudson began to discov-
er that he unfortunately had about him some dis-
satisfied men. It was rumored that Juet the mate
had been speaking lightly of the enterprise, dis-
couraging the men, and trying to destroy their
confidence in Hudson, calling up their fears by

94 HENRY HUDSON,

telling them of the hazards of the voyage : that
he had even urged two of the men " to keep their
muskets charged and swords ready in their cabins,
for there would be blood shed before the voyage
ended," and had talked boldly about turning the
head of the ship homeward. While the ship lay
here at anchor, a circumstance occurred, which
gave Juet the chance of making new mischief.
The surgeon and Henry Green got into a quarrel,
and Juet took part in it. The whole story is told
by Habakkuk Pricket, one of the sailors and an
eye-witness, in the following words : " At Ice-
land, the surgeon and he (Henry Green) fell out
in Dutch, and he beat him ashore in English,
which set all the company in a rage, so that we
had much ado to get the surgeon aboard. I
told the master of it, but he bade me let it alone :
for, said he, the surgeon had a tongue that would
wrong the best friend he had. But Robert Juet,
the master's mate, would needs burn his finger in
the embers, and told the carpenter a long tale
when he was drunk, that our master had brought
in Green to crack his credit that should displease
him : which word was earned to the master's ears,
who when he understood it, would have gone
back to Iceland, when he was forty leagues from
thence, to have sent home his mate Robert Juet

HENRY HUDSON. 95

in a fisherman. But being otherwise persuaded,
all was well. So Henry Green stood upright
and very inward with the master, and was a ser-
viceable man every way for manhood : but for
religion he would say, he was clean paper where-
on he might write what he would."*

On the 1st of June, Hudson sailed from Ice-
land. Deceived by a fog-bank, he fancied that
he saw land in the west, but it was not till the
4th, that he beheld the coast of Greenland " rising
very mountainous, and full of round hills like to
sugar loaves covered with snow." The ice
lay so thick along the shore, that Hudson did
not attempt to make a landing, but stood imme-
diately for the south of Greenland. In his voy-
age now he met great numbers of whales. Some
came close alongside, and one passed directly
under the ship, but fortunately no harm was
done, for which they were very thankful. Doub-
ling the southern point of Greenland, he passed
in sight of Desolation Island, near which he saw
a " great island or mountain of ice," and kept
his course north-wrest, for the American conti-
nent. As he passed on, across Davis' Straits, he
continually met these floating ice mountains, al-

* It seems from this, that when Hudson left Iceland he was
ignorant of the extent of Juet's insolence.

96 HENRY HUDSON.

ways endangering and sometimes obstructing his
progress. One of these overturned once near
the ship, and taught him to keep farther from
them : but while struggling to avoid one, he
would meet another, and the farther he went they
seemed to him to grow more " numerous and ter-
rifying." Still, by perseverance and skill, he
managed to reach a bay, (supposed to be near
the great strait which now bears his name,) when
a storm overtook him. The ice was now driving
so rapidly against the ship, that Hudson was
forced as his only chance for escape, to run her
into the thickest of it, and there leave her. Some
of the men were now dismayed and sick, or, as
the journal says, " some of our men fell sick : I
will not say it was of fear, although I saw small
sign of other grief." When the storm ceased they
went to work to extricate themselves. It was
a sad prospect, for as far as the eye could see,
the waters were covered with the huge masses
of floating ice. They stood now for one clear
sea, and then for another, but were still hemmed
in by the ice in every direction. After trying to
make their way through north, north-west, west,
and south-west, they at last laid the ship's course
to the south. Yet the more they labored, the
worse their situation became, until at last they

HENRY HUDSON. 97

could proceed no farther. Hudson's heart now
sickened, for as he cast his eyes again and again
upon the desolate scene, there seemed no possi-
bility of escape. Yet his courage failed not, al-
though he afterwards confessed to one of the
men that he feared he should never escape, but
was doomed to perish there in the ice. His
crew, however, saw no sign of fear in him, for
he carried a cheerful countenance, while they
were dismayed and broken spirited.

He now brought out his chart, and calling all
the men around him, shewed them that they had
passed three hundred miles farther than any
Englishman had been before, and gave them
their choice, whether they would proceed or turn
back. The men could corne to no decision :
some were for proceeding, some for returning.
One man said that "if he had one hundred
pounds, he would give four score and ten to be
at home ;" — while the carpenter, who had some
courage, said " that if he had a hundred
he would not give ten upon any such condition :
but. would think it to be as good money as any
he ever had, and to bring it as well home by the
leave of God." The great majority of them did
not care where they went, provided they were
only clear of the ice, and some spoke angry
9

HENTIY HUDSON.

words against the master. This was precisely
what Hudson expected. He knew that he had
a mutinous set of men, and that they themselves
scarcely knew what they desired. Yet this was
no time to resent their words and punish them.
His object was to pacify them. He therefore
reasoned with them, trying to allay their fears,
rouse their hopes, and inspire them with courage,
until at length, they all again set resolutely at work
to bring the ship from the ice, and save them-
selves. After much labor they succeeded in
turning her round. They now worked their
way by little and little, until at length they found
themselves in a clear sea, and kept on their
course north-west.

There is no scene in the life of Hudson shew-
ing greater firmness and presence of mind than
this. With his little ship hemmed in by moun-
tains of ice, and a murmuring and desperate
crew on board, he might naturally have exhibit-
ed some symptoms of fear, both as to the dan-
gers without, and the danger within the ship.
There can be few situations more perilous, yet
he is calm. His mind rises with the occasion .
he brings around him these desperate sailors,
calms their fears, and inspires them with new
courage. Overcoming these, he now overcomes
the storm without, and presses on his voyage.

HENRY HUDSON. 99

On the 8th of July, he again saw the land
bearing south-west, but it was all covered with
snow, and he gave it the name of Desire Pro-
voked. Having now entered the straits which
bear his name, he kept his course west, and
spent nearly the whole month of July in passing
through them. This was a new world around
them, and as he passed on, he gave names to the
new bays, capes, and islands, which fell under
his observation. The main land he called
" Magnet Britannia" To some rocky islands
near which he anchored as a shelter from a
storm, he gave the name of the " Isles of God's
Mercies" and to a high point of land which he
passed, the name of " Hold with Hope." To
other places he gave the names of Prince Hen-
ry's Cape, King James's Cape} and Queen Ann's
Cape. They were still occasionally in the neigh-
borhood of ice, but the men seem now to have
become familiar with this sort of danger, and
even from time to time to have amused them-
selves by chasing bears that were seen upon the
floating pieces. The last point of land which
he seems to have marked upon this course, was
a bold headland upon the northern shore, to
which he gave the name of Salisbury's Fore-
land. From this point, he stood south-west, and

100 HENRY HUDSON.

running about fourteen leagues, entered a strait
about two leagues broad. In honor of two of
the company that had employed him, he named
the cape on the south side of the strait, Cape
Worsenholme, and that on the north, Cape
Digges. This strait, you willfind, was but the
passage way to the great bay, which now bears
his name.

Full of hope, now that the long-sought pas-
sage to the East was clear before him, he sent
a number of the men on shore at Cape Digges,
that they might climb the hills, and see the great
ocean beyond the straits. As the men wander-
ed on the land, which was covered with grass,
(among which was much sorrel and scurvy
grass,) they saw herds of deer : at one time as
many as sixteen in a herd, and abundance of
fowls flying over their heads. Still pressing to-
ward the hills, which seemed to grow farther as
they advanced, they met with strange piles of
stones. These they thought must be the work
of some civilized people, but on coming near
and lifting up one of the stones, they found the
piles were hollow, and filled inside with fowls
hung by the neck. A thunder storm now came
on, and prevented their exploring farther. With
some difficulty they reached the ship, for a fog

HENRY HUDSON. 101

had risen upon the water, and Hudson found
it necessary to fire two guns, that they might
know where he was. They told of what sup-
plies they had found, and when the storm was
over, tried to persuade the master to remain here
a day or two, while they went ashore again, and
provisioned the ship. But Hudson would listen
to no such request. He could suffer no delay,
for he felt almost certain that his way was clear
before him, and he burned to press onward. He
weighed anchor immediately, and keeping the
main land on the left, touched the rocks among
the Sleepers, encountered a storm, and passing
south-east, soon discovered two points of land
before him. He now sent some of the men
ashore again, to notice if they could see the ocean
beyond. They returned, reporting that the sea
was open to the south. Pressing immediately
between these points he entered the sea, and
continuing his course south, (stopping only once
to take in ballast and water,) was ere long at the
southern extremity of it. It proved to be only
a part of the great inland sea (Hudson's Bay)
upon which he was voyaging ; and disappointed
that he could proceed no farther in this direction,
with a sad heart he prepared to retrace his
course northward. Here he began to hear once
9*

102 HENRY HUDSON.

more, the murmurings of his mutinous crew. He
had borne with their complaints patiently be-
fore, but now he would endure them no longer.
Robert Juet the mate, and Francis Clement the
boatswain, were suspected of making the trouble,
and Juet, like most guilty men, endeavored to
make a show of innocence by demanding that the
charges against him should be investigated. A
court of inquiry was therefore appointed to try
him. It was proved that before they reached
Iceland, Juet had tried to dishearten the men
and shake their confidence in the commander :
his insolence as regards the quarrel between
Green and the surgeon, and his wicked advice
to some of the men to keep their arms loaded by
them, were also sworn to : and there were wit-
nesses to shew that ever since the ship left Cape
Digges, he had been endeavoring to plot mis-
chief. Hudson decided, therefore, that he should
no longer be the mate, and Robert Bylot was
appointed in his place. The boatswain was
found guilty of conduct almost as bad, and his
place was given to William Wilson. Hudson
seems to have felt sorry that he found these acts
necessary, for he admonished both Juet and
Clement kindly, and promised that if they
would behave well for the future he would not

HENRY HUDSON. 103

only forget past injuries, but be the means of
doing them good.

It was now the 10th of September, and Hud-
son, moving north again, spent the whole of this
and the next month in exploring the great bay,
still longing for his eastern passage. From time
to time tempests would strike the ship, and he
would make a harbor where he could. During
one storm they were forced to cut their cable,
and thereby lost their anchor. At another time
the ship ran upon rocks, and stuck fast for
twelve hours, but fortunately got off without
much injury. At length, the end of October was
at hand ; " the nights long and cold, the land
covered with snow" wherever it was seen, and
it was evident that the season for navigation was
well nigh past. Hudson now ran the ship into
a small bay, and sent Habakkuk Pricket, one
of the sailors, and Philip Staffe, the carpenter,
off in the boat, to search for a proper place
where they might shelter themselves for the win-
ter. In a little time they found what they
thought a suitable position, the ship was brought
there, and hauled aground. It was now the first
day of November ; and by the tenth they found
themselves shut up for the season : hard freezing
weather had set in, and the ship was completely
fastened in the ice.

104 HENKY HUDSON.

Some have found fault with this attempt of
the commander to winter in this northern bay.
It is said " that Hudson, on finding, instead of the
India passage, that he was embayed, became
distracted, and committed many errors, especially
in resolving to winter in that desolate region."*
It is easy to find fault with a man, when we do
not understand the difficulties of his position,
and especially when he proves in the end unfor-
tunate, lie had enough to distract him : but we
can hardly call him distracted, who bore him-
self again and again so firmly and calmly against
his mutinous crew, and met so resolutely tempest
after tempest in that great bay, which the jour-
nal speaks of as " a labyrinth without end."

* Purchas.

CHAPTER VII.

The dreary prospect of the winter — Disturbances
among the crew — Unexpected supply of wild
fowl and fish — Distress from hunger — Hud-
son sails from his winter quarters — Green,
Juef, and Wilson stir the crew up to mutiny
— Hudson is seized, bound, and thrown into
the shallop, with others — the shallop set adrift
— Fate of the mutineers — The ship arrives in
England.

A LONG and dreary winter was now set in.
Two harsdhips were distinctly before them, the
rigors of a northern winter, and a scanty supply
of provisions; for the ship had been victualled
only for six months. Their only hope, therefore,
was to take care of what they had, to get what
they could in the neighborhood, and have patience
till the spring, when they might reach Cape Dig-
ges, and then probably obtain supplies.

Hudson prudently commenced at once putting
the men on an allowance, and then, to encourage

106 HENRY HUDSON.

them to industry in procuring other provisions,
offered a reward to every man who should kill a
" Beast, Fish, or Fowl." In about a fortnight,
one of their number (John Williams, the gunner)
died :* and in addition to the sorrow of losing a
companion, another difficulty attended this mis-
fortune.

It seems it was customary, when a man died at
sea, after his burial, to bring his clothes to the
main-mast, and there sell them to the highest
bidder among the sailors. The poor gunner had,
among other garments, left an old gray cloth
gown, which Henry Green desired, and begged
the commander that he would favor him and al-
low him to have it. Upon his agreeing to pay
as much as any other man would, Hudson impru-
dently promised it should be his. This dissatis-
fied the crew, for it evidently showed that Green
was a favorite.

Finding his winter quarters not so comforta-
ble as they might be, he now ordered the car-
penter to go ashore and build a house, for the
better accommodation of the crew. The car-
penter refused to obey, saying, that the frost and

* Hudson is said to have treated this man cruelly, but no
word or action of his is brought forward to support this
charge.

HENRY HUDSON. 107

snow were such, that he could not do it, and
moreover that it was no work of his, for he was
only the ship carpenter. Hudson now became
angry, and driving him out of the cabin, followed
him with abusive words, and even threatened to
hang him. The carpenter, still insolent, replied,
" that he knew what belonged to his place better
than Hudson, and that lie was no ho.use carpen-
ter." The carpenter, though insolent, it would
seem, was right enough in one particular : it was
late to build the house now ; it should have been
attended to when they were first frozen in, and
he had then spoken to Hudson about it, but at
that time he refused to have it done. In this
quarrel, Henry Green sided with the carpenter,
and this displeased Hudson the more. The diffi-
culty being ended* the carpenter had time for
reflection, and* thinking that obedience was best,
not only built the house, (which, however, prov-
ed of little advantage,) but was ever after one
of the warmest friends that Hudson had in the
ship.

The day after this, the carpenter went ashore
with his gun, taking Green along with him.
Green left contrary to orders, and the master was
again displeased with him. He now took the
cloth gown of the gunner that had been prom-

08 HENRY HUDSON.

ised to Green, and gave it to Robert Bylot, the
mate. Upon Green's return, he was angry, and
reminded the master of his promise. Hudson
upon this spoke harshly to Green, telling him
" that all his friends would not trust him with
twenty shillings, and therefore why should he 1
As for his wages he had none, nor should have,
if he did not please him well." These words
were never forgotten by Green, but sank deeply
in his heart. He seems to have forgotten all
former kindness in the remembrance of them.

As the season now advanced, they suffered se-
verely from the cold : most of the men, from time
to time, having their feet frozen, and being ren-
dered thereby lame. But in the way of provis-
ions, they fared for a while much better than they
had even expected. For three months, they found
abundance of white partridges around them, and
killed of these more than one hundred dozen.
Other birds too, were sometimes shot. These
afforded supplies through " the extreme cold
weather," and when spring came, they were vis-
ited by other fowl, such as swan, geese, and
ducks. These, however, were taken with diffi-
culty. Hudson hoped, when they first made
their appearance, that they came to this region to
breed, and might be taken easily, but he found

HENRY HUDSON. 109

they went farther north for that purpose. Before
the ice broke up, these too began to fail, and
starvation, now drove them to sad extremities.
They went climbing over the hills, and wandering
through the valleys, in search of anything that
might satisfy hunger. They ate the moss on
the ground, and every frog that could be found.
It was a great comfort to them when Thomas
Woodhouse, one of their company, discovered
in his wanderings a tree bearing certain buds, full
of " turpentine substance." They now, from
time to time, wrould gather these, boil them, and
make a palatable drink. These buds, too,
answered another purpose. When steeped hot,
and applied by the surgeon to their aching limbs,,
they gave great relief to the sick.*

About the time that the ice began to break up,
they were visited by a savage, (the only one
they had seen through the winter,) and they were
greatly cheered by his arrival. Hudson treated
him with great kindness, made him a present of
a knife, looking-glass, and some buttons, and
the man made signs that he would return again.
He was true to his promise this time, for he came
back before a great while, drawing his sled, load-

* This tree is supposed by Doctor Belknap to be the "Pop
ulus Balsamifera."

10

110 HENRY HUDSON.

ed with deer and beaver-skins. He was receiv-
ed again very kindly, and when he strangely
returned the presents he had received, Hudson
immediately restored them to him again. He
then traded with him for one of his deer-skins,
and the savage, as he left them now, made
" many signs of people to the north and to the
south," and promised that after so many sleeps,
he would come again. Whether (as has been
said) Hudson's hard bargain for the deer-skin
displeased him, or whether some other cause
actuated him, certain it is that he came no more,
and now all hopes of obtaining provision through
him were at an end.

Fortunately, now the ice was so far broken
up, that they were enabled to make up a fishing
party, to try their skill with the net. On the first
day they were very successful : they took five
hundred fish. They now began to think their
sorrows at an end, so far as food was concerned,
but they were doomed to disappointment, for on
no day after did they take " a quarter of that
number." At this time, two of the men (Hen-
ry Green and William Wilson) were so dissat-
isfied, that they plotted to steal the boat, push off,
and shift for themselves. But Hudson now called
for the boat himself, and their plot proved idle

HENRY HUDSON. Ill

He had perceived the woods on fire at the south
for some time, and fancied that if he could reach
them, he might find some of the people and ob-
tain provisions. Accordingly he made ready the
boat, took in eight or nine days provisions, and
leaving orders that the crew should take in wood,
water, and ballast, and have everything in
readiness by his return, he departed. His voy-
age too, proved profitless — ere long he came
back disappointed and tired, for though he could
come near enough to see the people setting the
woods on fire, he could never reach them.*

The men had obeyed his orders during his ab-
sence, and were now prepared to depart from
their cold winter quarters. Before he weighed
anchor, Hudson, with a sad heart, " distributed
among the crew the remnant of provisions,"

* Hudson is said to have acted foolishly in leaving the men,
and not prosecuting the fishing. But this is evidently incor-
rect, for he took the boat when they were failing in this effort,
and went off with the earnest desire of doing good to them
all.

Purchas (in his pilgrimage) says, " at the opening of the
year there came to the ship's side abundance of fish of all
sorts, that they might therewith have fraught themselves for
their return, if Hudson had not too desperately pursued the
voyage, neglecting this opportunity of storing themselves
with fish, which he committed to the care of certain careless,
dissolute villains, which in his absence conspired against
him — in a few days the fish all forsook them."

112 HENRY HUDSON.

about a pound of bread to each man, " and
knowing their wretched condition, and the un-
certainty of what might befall them, he also gave
to every man a bill of return, which might be
showed at home, if it pleased God that they
came home, and he wept when he gave it to
them."

It was about the middle of June, when they
hoisted sail. Unfortunately, in three or four
days, they found themselves surrounded by ice,
and were forced to cast anchor. Here it was
discovered, that some of the men had already
ravenously ate up all their bread ; and now some
cheese was found, and divided among them,
" about three pounds and a half to each person."
Some of the more prudent part of the crew re-
monstrated against this, saying, " that if all the
cheese was given out, some of the men would de-
vour their share at once, as they had their bread-,"
and they, therefore, advised that a part should be
kept back. But as some of the cheese was bad,
Hudson determined to make an equal division
of all at once, and thereby prevent, as he hoped,
all complaints.

They were now detained at their anchorage
amid the ice for nearly a week, and it was dur-
ing this time that signs of open mutiny began to

HENRY HUDSON. 113

appear among the crew. Hudson, it seems, said
to one of the men, (Nicholas Simmes,) that there
would be a breaking up of chests, and a search
for bread, and told him if he had any to bring
it to him. The man obeyed, and immediately
brought forward a bag, containing thirty cakes.
Others of the crew now became greatly exasper-
ated, and at once commenced their plot for the
destruction of their commander.

Green and Wilson now went at midnight to
Pricket, who was lame in his berth, and opened
the plan. This Pricket had been a servant of
Sir Dudley Digges,(one of the company who had
fitted out the ship,) and the mutineers hoped to
secure him as a friend, that he might intercede
for pardon in their behalf with his old master
when they should reach England. These men
complained to Pricket, that there was only four-
teen days provision in the ship, that the master
was irresolute, not knowing what to do, that
they had eaten nothing for three days, and
" therefore, were determined either to mend or
end, and what they had begun they would go
through with it, or die." Declaring that they be-
lieved their only hope was in taking command
of the ship themselves, they expressed themselves
fully resolved to do so at all hazards. Their
10*

114 HENRY HUDSON.

plan was, to take the master and all the sick,
place them in the shallop, set it adrift, and then
shift for themselves.

In vain did Pricket plead with them of the
blackness of this intended crime. He reminded
them also, of their wives, their children, and their
country, from which they would cut themselves
off for ever 'by the deed, but all to no purpose ;
they were fully bent upon it. Green told him
" to hold his peace, for he knew the worst, which
was, to be hanged when he came home, and
therefore, of the two, he would rather be hanged
at home than starved abroad." He then com-
menced cursing, and threatened to have Pricket
put in the shallop with the rest. Finding his
efforts useless, Pricket now begged that they
would delay the crime, but here again he was
unsuccessful, they declaring that, if they waited,
the plot would be discovered, and sorrow would
fall upon themselves. He begged for a delay
of three days, of two days, of even twelve
hours, but all without effect. He now upbraided
them, telling them that it was not their own
safety they sought, but blood, and that they were
actuated by feelings of revenge. Upon this,
Green seized a Bible before him, and swore
" he would do harm to no man, and what he did

HENRY HUDSON. 115

was for the good of the voyage, and nothing
else." Wilson then took the same oath, after-
wards Juet, Thomas, Perce, Moter, and Bennet
came in and swore to the same purpose. The
precise words of their oath were as follows :
" You shall swear truth to God, your Prince, and
Country ; you shall do nothing but to the glory
of God, and the good of the action in hand, and
harm to no man" Pricket seems to have brought
them to this positive oath, as the only means left
for restraining them. How heartless they prov-
ed, and how utterly they forgot the oath, we
shall presently see.

Their plan was now arranged, to be executed
at day-light, and in the mean time, the wretch
Green hung around the master with pretended
love. Besides Hudson and the sick, they had
resolved to put into the shallop the carpenter
and Henry King. They pretended to be dissat-
isfied with these, because of some injustice
done about the provisions ; but the true cause
of their dislike of the carpenter was, that Hud-
son loved him, and after leaving their winter
quarters, had made him the mate in place of
Robert Bylot. Pricket, however, urged that
they could not do without the carpenter, and
they consented that he should remain. It hap-

116 HENRY HUDSON.

pened that King and the carpenter slept upon
deck that night, and at day-break, King was ob-
served to go down " into the hold," as Bennet,
the cook, was going down for water. Some of
the mutineers now ran and closed down the
hatches on him, while others held the carpenter
in a talk, so that he did not notice what was
going on. Hudson now came up from his cabin,
and was immediately seized by Thomas and
Bennet, who held him fast, while Wilson bound
his arms behind him. " He asked them what
they meant? they told him he should know
when he was in the shallop." In the mean
time, Juet went into the hold to attack King.
Here there was a sharp conflict, for King had
got a sword, and not only kept him at bay, but
would have killed him, had not others who heard
the noise ran down to Juet's assistance. Hud-
son now called to the carpenter, telling him that
he was bound, but he could give him no help.
Lodlo and Bute reproached their shipmates,
telling them " their knavery would show itself."
The boat was now hastily hauled alongside, and
the sick and lame wrere called up from their
berths, to get into the shallop. Hudson now
called to Pricket to come to the hatch-way to
speak with him. Pricket crawled up, and on

HENRY HUDSON. 117

his knees " besought them, for the love of God,
to remember themselves, and do as they would
be done unto." Their only answer was, to or-
der him back to his berth, and they would not
allow him one word with the commander. He
went back, Hudson still calling to him at " the
horn which gave light into his cabin, and telling
him that Juet would overthrow them all."
"Nay," replied Pricket, "it is that villain,
Henry Green."

Hudson, thus bound, was put into the shal-
lop, and his son John thrown in alongside of
him. Then came the sick and the lame, Arnold
Lodlo, Sidrack Faner, Thomas Wydhouse, Adam
Moore, Henry King, and Michael Bute. Two
others were to have been put in — Francis Clem-
ents, and the cooper ; but John Thomas was a
friend to Clements, and Bennet to the cooper, and
while Henry Green swore they should go, they
swore they should not, and at last they were al-
lowed to remain. The carpenter was now free,
and they desired him to remain, but he declared
that he would not desert his commander, or stay
with such villains. He asked for his chest of
tools, and they placed it in the shallop. Before
leaving, he went below to talk with Pricket, who
begged him to remain and use his influence to

118 HENRY HUDSON.

have the others taken back. But the carpenter
refused, saying, that they would all be in the
ship again, for there was no one on board who
knew enough to carry her home. He thought
the boat would be kept in tow only for a time ;
but begged Pricket, if they should be parted,
that if it was his lot first to reach Cape Digges,
he would leave some token there, by which he
might know it. Promising in return that he
would do the same thing, if he had the good for-
tune to be first there, " with tears in their eyes,"
they parted. The carpenter, now taking a gun,
some powder and shot, an iron pot, a small quan-
tity of meal, and some other provisions, leaped
into the shallop.* The anchor was now weigh-
ed, the sails hoisted, and with a fair wind
they stood eastward, dragging the shallop at the

* " But see what sincerity can do in the most desperate trials.
Philip Staffe, an Ipswich man, who, according to his name, had
been a principal staffe and stay to the weaker and more un-
settled courage of his companions in the whole action, light-
ening and enlightening their drooping, darkened spirits, with
sparks from his own resolution ; their best purveyor with his
piece on shore, and both a skilful carpenter and lusty mari-
ner on board, when he could by no persuasions, seasoned with
tears, divert them from their devilish designs, notwithstanding
they entreated him to stay with them, yet chose rather to
commit himself to God's mercy in the forlorn shallop, than
with such villains to accept of likelier hopes." — Purchas his
Pilgrims.

HENRY HUDSON. 119

stern. When they had nearly cleared the ice,
they cut the rope, and the boat was adrift.

Now they hoisted their topsails, and stood
away into a clear sea. In a little time they low-
ered their topsails, righted helm, and commenced
the work of ransacking the ship. Chests and
lockers were broken open, and every place was
pillaged. In the cabin they found some biscuit
and a but of beer ; and a few pieces of pork,
some meal, and a small quantity of peas were
found in the hold. While they were busy at
this work, some one cried out, that the shallop
was in sight. Pricket now besought them to
take their poor comrades on board again. But
this they refused to do. Although they had now
obtained all the provisions to themselves, and
might at least have taken the boat in tow as far
as Cape Digges, where Hudson and his compan-
ions might have found some relief, and perhaps
once more reached Europe — they positively re-
fused to aid them in any way. The truth is,
these mutineers did not desire that they should
live : so they again hoisted sail, and stood away
from the boat " as from an enemy."

A more outrageous and heartless crime than
this, committed by the mutineers, can hardly be
thought of. It wap «ot only murder, but murder

120 HENRY HUDSON.

under the very worst circumstances. Green, the
ringleader in it, had been taken by Hudson,
when he was a castaway from his own mother,
and treated as his own son. He repaid the
love of his benefactor, by this act of base in-
gratitude ; and his conduct serves to show how
early profligacy and sin will deaden the feelings
of the heart, and steel it against all that is good.
Juet, another conspirator, had sailed with the
commander on former voyages, and shared all
his glories and his perils. Wilson, another of
the set, had been selected by Hudson as a good
man, and appointed the boatswain. This was
the man who, more than any other, refused to
hearken to the entreaty of Pricket, that the men
might be taken aboard — and these were the
three principal men who had plotted this mis-
chief.

To make the crime worse, with cold-blooded
cruelty, they took the sick and the lame, and
gave these suffering men to the rough winds and
cold waters of the Northern Sea, with scarcely
a morsel to subsist upon. It would have been
mercy, indeed, to have killed them all at once,
but their cruelty preferred leaving them to a long,
lingering, and horrible death. And this horrible
death, even the young son of Hudson was to

HENRY HUDSON. 121

share, though his tender years might have pleaded
in his behalf.

The mutineers now kept on their way under
Henry Green, who was appointed their com-
mander. Their aim was to reach Cape Digges,
but it was more than a month before this was
accomplished. Green was utterly ignorant and
unfit to command ; Robert Juet thought he was
wiser, and offered his counsels: but the truth
is, Robert Bylot was the most serviceable man
among them, and but for him, they would probably
have never reached the Capes at any time. Du-
ring this month, the ship seems to have been
tossed about at the mercy of the winds, and their
lives were more than once endangered. At one
time they were for a fortnight embayed with ice,
which stretched for miles around them, and feared
they should never escape. Thrice did the ship
run upon rocks, and on one occasion remained
so for hours, until the flood tide floated her off.
Provisions, too, were scanty ; but they were able
to make landings sometimes, and catch a few
fish, shoot a few fowl, and gather the cockle-
grass which spread itself along the shores.
Guilt will make a coward of any man, and so
these men were all cowards : while they feared
the perils which surrounded them, they also
11

122 HENRY HUDSON.

feared even the success of reaching England.
Cursing and swearing, they were continually
declaring that England was " no safe place for
them;" and Green swore that the ship should
keep the sea until he had the king's hand and
seal for his pardon.

At length, to their great comfort, they came
in sight of the Capes, where they hoped for sup-
plies. The boat was immediately sent ashore to
obtain provisions. As it approached, it was met
by seven canoes filled with the natives. The
savages were at first alarmed, and drew back ;
but presently they became familiar, and hostages
were exchanged between the parties. After-
wards they all went ashore, and met in the tents
of the natives. There was great joy among
them. The savages danced, leaped, stroked
their breasts, and offered them many things, so
that the men returned to the ship greatly pleased,
thinking they had found a kind and hospitable
people. Some few of the mutineers were sus-
picious of these savages; but most of them, with
Henry Green at their head, had all confidence
in their kindness.

Accordingly, the next day, Green ordered
the boat to be made ready, and with Wilson,
Thomas, Perse, Moter, and Pricket, started for

HENRY HUDSON. 123

the shore : the boat was laden with such articles
as they thought of trafficking, and Pricket, being
lame, was to remain in the boat, and guard the
articles while the others landed. Green foolishly
went unarmed, though some of his companions
advised him to the contrary. As they came
near, they saw the savages upon the hills, dancing
and leaping. The boat touched and was fast-
ened ; and while Green, Wilson, and Thomas
met the savages on the beach, who came down
displaying their articles of traffic, Perse and
Moter went up on the hills to pick sorrel ; Prick-
et, in the mean time, remained in the stern of
the boat. While matters were going on thus,
one of the savages stepped into the boat j but
Pricket, being suspicious, ordered him out. In
the mean time, another stole behind Pricket, un-
observed, and stabbed him twice before he could
reach his own dagger and despatch him. Now
there was a general conflict on shore. Green,
Perse, Wilson, and Thomas came tumbling into
the boat, badly wounded. Moter, seeing the
fight from the hill, leaped from the rocks, plunged
into the sea, and held fast to the stem ; Perse
helped him in, seized a hatchet, laid one of the
savages dead, and pushed off the boat. They
were followed by clouds of arrows : Green was

124 HENRY HUDSON.

instantly killed, and Perse and Pricket again
wounded ; still, Perse with Moter rowed rapidly
to\vards the ship, until Perse fainted, and Moter
was left to manage the boat alone. Fortunately,
the savages did not follow" them with their boats.
Moter now made signals to the ship, (for he
could not reach her,) and she came to his relief.
The body of Green was thrown into the sea ;
Wilson and Thomas died the same day, cursing
and raving in the most awful manner ; and Perse
died two days afterward.

The wretched crew still needed supplies, and
it was necessary, even at the peril of their lives,
to obtain them. A party was therefore formed,
who went along the shore and managed to kill
a quantity of fowrl ; and now they hoisted sail
again, glad enough to depart from this inhos-
pitable region. By the time they reached the
inlet of Hudson's Straits, their provisions again
ran so low that they were obliged to live on
short allowances, and devour even the skins of
the fowls. Now they pressed toward the Deso-
lations, as well as they could. Robert Juet urged
them to steer for Newfoundland, stating that
there they would find relief from some of their
countrymen, or, if they failed in that, would at
least discover some supplies left behind by them.

HENRY HUDSON. 125

Accordingly they altered their course ; but, for-
tunately for them, as it turned out, the wind
changed, and they now determined to shape
their course for Ireland. It is hardly possible to
give any idea of the sufferings of these miserable
men, as they were tossed about upon the ocean.
Ignorant, discontented, and sad, they lived on,
with their sorrows increasing from day to day.
All their meat being gone, they were forced to
take salt broth for dinner, and half a fowl for
supper ; then, as provisions became more scanty,
they took the bones of the fowls, fried them in
tallow, and ate them gladly. Even the vinegar
and candles were now divided among them —
about a pound of candles to each man. Yet
they were far from Ireland. Exhausted and
weakened, they became unable to stand at the
helm, but sat and steered the ship. Juet died in
agony, of starvation, and the rest were now
in despair : they had lost all hope of reaching
Ireland ; they cared not which way the vessel
went. The poor wretches " would sit and see
the foresail or mainsail fly up to the tops, the
sheets being either flown or broken, and would not
help it themselves, nor call to others for help."
At length it pleased God to bring them in sight
of land. They raised a joyful cry, and now
11*

126 HENRY HUDSON.

strived to reach the coast. This they could not
do, but now, by God's mercy, a still more joyful
cry was heard — " A sail ! a sail!" A fishing
bark on the coast had marked their distress, came
off to them, and took them safely into a harbor
in Ireland. Their wants were now supplied,
and through the kindness of the commander of
the bark, and the sympathy of a stranger, they
were enabled to reach Plymouth ; thence they
proceeded to Gravesend, and ere long were in
London.

Great was the astonishment of Sir Thomas
Smith (one of the company who had fitted out
this ship) when these men appeared before him.
He had not heard of the ship for nearly eighteen
months, and supposed, of course, that she was
lost. Great, too, was his sorrow and the sor-
row of all England, when the sad story of their
sufferings and sins was made known ; for Hud-
son had ever reflected honor upon his country,
and his countrymen loved him and grieved over
him.

Such was their love, that the London Com-
pany was not satisfied till it had made an effort
to save him. The next year, hoping that they
might learn something of the fate of Hudson,
and possibly relieve him, two ships (the Disco-

HENRY HUDSON. 127

very, in which Hudson had last sailed, and the
Resolution) were sent out, under the command
of Captain Thomas Button. Pricket was taken
along as a sort of guide ; and as the flood tide
near Cape Digges was represented by him as
coming from the west, a faint hope was enter-
tained that they might also find the Northwest
passage.

The ships returned the next year, having
failed in both objects. No tidings of Henry
Hudson were ever more received. Whether he
persevered until he reached Cape Digges, and
was there murdered by the savages ; whether he
perished in the ice, or died by famine, or was
swallowed by the waves, no man can tell. All
that is known is, that Hudson and his compan-
ions wrere never more heard of.

Whatever was his fate, however, he has left
behind him a bright and honorable name. His
reputation is this ; that with matchless fortitude
he lived amid the perils of the seas, still giving
names to strange and unknown regions. In
England they mourned for him, for he was their
countryman, and they felt his loss. Yet, though
he was no native of our land, his discoveries
make him ours. His daring adventures were
performed in this New World where we dwell •

128 HENRY HUDSON.

and therefore our country has not been un-
mindful of perpetuating his memory. She has
seized his name as something which belongs to
her ; written it upon one of her fairest streams ;
and graven it for ever upon the palisades and
the hills of the Hudson. His best monument is
indeed in this western world ; for here it is, upon
the continent of North America, that a bay, a
strait, a city, and a river, all bear the name of
Hudson.*

* The story of this last voyage is gathered from Hudson's
own journal, the journal of Habakkuk Pricket, and a note
discovered in the desk of Thomas Wydhouse, all of which
may be seen in " Purchas his Pilgrims."

The names of the crew, as far as they can be gathered,
were as follows: Henry Hudson, John Hudson, Robert Juet,
Henry Green, Habakkuk Pricket, Robert Bylot, William Wil-
son, John Thomas, Bennet the cook, Andrew Moter, Michael
Perse, Philip Staffe, Arnold Lodlo, Francis Clements, Michael
Bute, Thomas Wydhouse, Sidrack Faner, Adrian Moore, John
King, Nicholas Simmes, John Williams, Matthews, and the
cooper,— 23.

CHAPTER Vin.

Claim of John and Sebastian Cabot, as having
seen what is now New York in 14-97 3 together
with the claim of John de Verrazzano, to having
entered New York Harbor in 1524.

WE have now followed Henry Hudson in his
last adventure. The whole of his career is in-
teresting, but the story of his third voyage par-
ticularly so to the citizens of the State of New
York — as it sets him forth as the discoverer of
this portion of the New World ; the first Euro-
pean who trod upon our own soil. I am anxious,
however, to do him no more than justice, and
while I believe that he was thus the discoverer
of what is now New York, it is right that I
should tell you, that some have supposed that
the land which we tread was possibly seen,
and the harbor of New York probably entered,
before the days of Henry Hudson. When I
shall have told you by whom it is thought this
was done, then I shall have fairly finished.

130 HENRY HUDSON.

The names of John and Sebastian Cabot are,
I dare say, well known to many of you. If not,
you will remember now that they were experien-
ced navigators — natives of Venice, who lived in
England. In the year 1497, these men, under the
patronage of King Henry the Seventh, sailed
from England in search of a North-West passage
to India. It is said, they passed along the coast of
North America, from the 67th to the 26th degree
of north latitude. In this run, they must have
passed what is now known as the State of New
York, and it is supposed that they must have seen
the land. But if they did, certain it is, that they
did nothing more than see it, and even this is un-
certain. It is very remarkable, that these men
seem not even to have noticed the coasts along
which they passed. At least, upon their return to
England, they had no satisfactory knowledge to
give farther than this, that there was a western
continent. Intent, probably, upon the main ob-
ject of their voyage, (a passage to the East,) and
not finding it, they lost sight of other things. But
at best, it is only claimed that they saw the land ; it
is not pretended that they landed on any part of it

A stronger claim is set up in behalf of a Flor-
entine, John de Verrazzano,who was engaged in
the service of Francis First, king of France. It

HENRY HUDSON. 131

seems that Verrazzano had been trusted by his
master, for some time, with the command of four
ships, to cruise against the Spaniards. These
ships being at one time overtaken by a storm
and separated, Verrazzano resolved now to keep
on his way alone, and undertake a voyage in
search of new regions. The world was then fill-
ed with the stories of maritime adventures and
new discoveries, and he seems to have thought
an effort this way more pleasant, and perhaps
more profitable, than chasing the Spaniards. It
was on the 7th day of January, in the year 1524,
that with these feelings, he set sail from the des-
olate rocks to the east of Madeira, (known by
the English as " the Deserters,") and kept his
course westerly. Nearly two months passed
away, before he came near the American coast.
He then reached it in the latitude of 34 degrees
north, and was of course ofT the coast of North
Carolina. He now sailed south until he came
(it is said) to the region of Palm-trees* From
this point he turned and sailed north, as far as
about the latitude of 41 degrees north, where he

* Rev. Dr. Miller, in his lecture before the New York Histor-
ical Society in 1809, thinks this must have been as far as the
southern part of the State of Georgia, as the Palm-tree is
net found north of that.

132 HENRY HUDSON.

entered a spacious harbor. Some suppose that
this was the harbor of New York. They reach
this conclusion, as they think, by noticing Ver-
razzano's description of the harbor which he en-
tered, together with some other circumstances.
His description is in the following words : " This
land is situated in the parallel of Rome, in for-
ty-one degrees and .two terces; but somewhat
more cold by accidental causes. The mouth of
the haven lieth open to the south, half a league
broad, and being entered within it, between the
east and the north, it stretcheth twelve leagues,
where it weareth broader and broader, and
maketh a gulf about twenty leagues in compass,
wherein are five small islands, very fruitful and
pleasant, full of high and broad trees, among
the which islands, any great navy may ride safe,
without any fear of tempest or other danger."*
This has been thought a tolerably fair descrip-
tion of New York harbor by some ; while one
celebrated historianf has concluded that it " must
be that of New York.'' Others again have fan-
cied, that it agreed better with the harbor of

* Verrazzano's letter to Francis Frst, in Hakluyt's Collection
of Voyages. The letter will be given entire at the close of
this volume.

t Dr. Belknap.

HENRY HUDSON. 133

Newport, in Rhode Island. I believe, however,
that by looking closely to the description, it will
be found by most people, difficult to apply it to
either of those harbors.*

Verrazzano remained in this harbor about fif-
teen days. He with many of his men was
frequently on shore, trading with the natives, and
he describes both the country and natives fully.
Here again, his descriptions of the persons, dress,
and customs of the savages, are supposed to bring
before us the same people that were seen nearly
a century afterward by Hudson. It must be
confessed that he had time for observation, and
while his descriptions of the natives may be com-
plete, it is well known that they will apply to
the savages on other parts of the American con-
tinent, as well as to those found upon the soil of
what is now the State of New York. All that
can therefore be fairly claimed for Verrazzano
is the possibility, perhaps probability, of his hav-
ing been in New York harbor.

Verrazzano left this harbor (whatever harbor
it was) on the fifth of May, and keeping a north-
easterly course, was ere long as high as the 56th
degree of north latitude — and probably some-

* This is the opinion of Rev. Dr. Miller

12

134 HENRY HUDSON.

where off the coast of Labrador. From this
point he sailed directly toward France, which he
reached in the month of July. A few days after
his arrival at the port of Dieppe, he wrote his
letter to the French King, giving the story of his
voyage. The story, it seems, caused no excite-
ment at home, nor did it serve as a guide to any
future navigator. Nearly a century passed
away before we hear anything farther of this
part of the American continent, and then we hear
of it through the voyage and discovery of Hen-
ry Hudson. Ignorant of the discovery of this
portion of the new world by any preceding nav-
igator, he sailed from England, and has left
among us the certain memorial of his adven-
tures.*

It may prove uninteresting to you now, but

* It is stated by Charlevoix, that Verrazzano, a short time
after his arrival in France, fitted out another expedition, with
the design of establishing a colony in America ; and that all
that is known of this enterprise is, that having embarked,
he was never seen more, and that it never has been ascertained
what became of him.

It is stated, however, by Ramusio, that when Verrazzano
landed, he and the people who went ashore with him
were cut to pieces and devoured by the savages, in the sight
of the rest of the crew, who had remained on board the ship,
and were unable to help them. This last story is believed
both by Dr. Forster and Dr. Belknap.

HENIIY HUDSON. 135

possibly interesting to older readers, and to your-
selves hereafter — and I therefore give, in an ap-
pendix, the entire letter of John de Verrazzano
to the King of France, that every one may judge
fairly for himself, who was the discoverer of what
is now the State of New York. The style and
spelling of the letter are quaint and old fashioned,
but I prefer publishing it precisely as it is written.

APPENDIX.

TO THE MOST CHRISTIAN KING OF FRANCE,
FRANCIS THE FIRST.

THE RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO, A FLOREN-
TINE, OF THE LAND BY HIM DISCOUERED IN THE
NAME OF HIS MAIESTIE. WRITTEN IN DIEPE, THE
EIGHT OF JULY, 1524.*

I WROTE not to your Maiesty, most Christian
King, since the time we suffered the Tempest in
the North partes, of the successe of the foure
shippes, which your Maiestie sent forth to dis-
couer new lands by the Ocean, thinking your
Maiestie had bene already duely enformed
thereof. Now by these presents I will give your
Maiestie to understand, how by the violence of
the Windes we were forced with the two shippes,
the Norman and the Dolphin, (in such euill case
as they were,) to land in Britaine. Where after

* Taken from Hakluyt's Voyages.

12*

138 APPENDIX.

wee had repayred them in all poynts as -was
needefull. and armed them very well, we took
our course along by the coast of Spaine, which
your Maiestie shall understand by the profite
that we receiued thereby. Afterwards with the
Dolphin alone we determined to make discouerie
of new Countries, to prosecute the Nauigation
we had already begun, which I purpose at this
present to recount unto your Maiestie, to make
manifest the whole proceeding of the matter.

The 17 of January, the yeere 1524, by the
Grace of God, we departed from the dishabited
rocke by the isle of Madeira, apperteining to the
King of Portugal, with 50 men, with victuals,
weapons, and other ship-munition very well pro-
uided and furnished for eight months ; and sail-
ing Westward with a faire Easterly winde, in
25 dayes we ran 500 leagues, and the 20 of
Februarie, we were ouertaken with as sharpe
and terrible a tempest as euer any saylers suf-
fered, whereof with the diuine helpe and merci-
full assistance of Almighty God, and the good-
nesse of our shippe, accompanied with the good
happe of her fortunate name, we were deliuered,
and with a prosperous winde followed our course
West and by North. And in other 25 dayes
we made aboue 400 leagues more, where we

RELATION OF JOHN DE YERRAZZANO. 139

discouered a new land, neuer before scene of any
man either ancient or moderne, and at the first
sight it seemed somewhat low, but being within
a quarter of a league of it, we perceiued by the
great fires that we saw by the sea-coast, that it
was inhabited ; and saw that the lande stretched
to the southwards. In seeking some conuenient
harborough, wherein to anchor and to have
knowledge of the place, we sayled fiftie leagues
in vaine, and seeing the lande to runne still to
the southwards, we resolved to returne backe
againe towards the north, where wee found our
selves troubled with the like difficultie. At
length, being in despaire to find any porte, wee
cast anchor upon the coast and sent our boate
to shore, where we saw great store of people
which came to the seaside ; and seeing us ap-
proch, they fled away, and sometimes would
stand still and looke backe, beholding us with
great admiration; but, afterwards, being animated
and assured with signes that we made them,
some of them came hard to the seaside, seeming
to reioyce very much at the sight of us, and
marvelling greatly at our apparel, shape and
whitenesse, shewed us by sundry signes, where
we might most commodiously come aland with
our boate, offering us also of their victuals to

140 APPENDIX.

eat. Now I will briefly declare to your Maies-
tie their life and maners, as farre as we could
have notice thereof: These people goe alto-
gether naked, except only that they couer their
loines with certain skins of beastes, like unto
marterns, which they fasten unto a narrow gir-
dle made of grasse very artificially wrought,
hanged about with tayles of divers other beastes,
which, round about their bodies, hang dangling
down to their knees. Some of them weare gar-
lands of byrdes feathers. The people are of
colour russet, and not much unlike the Saracens ;
their hayre blacke, thicke, and not very long,
which they tye together in a knot behind, and
weare it like a little taile. They are well fea-
tured in their limbes, of meane stature, and com-
monly somewhat bigger than wee, broad breast-
ed, strong armed, their legs and other parts of
their bodies well fashioned, and they are dis-
figured in nothing, sauing that they haue some-
what broade visages, and yet not all of them,
for we saw many of them wel favoured, hailing
blacke and great eyes, with a cheerefull and
steady looke, not strong of body, yet sharpe wit-
ted, nimble and exceeding great runners, as farre
as we could learne by experience, and in those
two last qualities they are like to the people of

RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 141

the east partes of the world, and especially to
them of the uttermost parts of China. We
could not learne of this people their manner of
liuing, nor their particular customs, by reason of
the short abode we made on the shore, our com-
pany being but small, and our ship ryding farre
off in the sea. And not farre from these we
found another people, whose liuing wee think
to be like unto theirs (as hereafter I will declare
unto your Maiestie) shewing at this present the
situation and nature of the foresayd land. The
shoare is all couered with small sand, and so
ascendeth upwards for the space of 15 foote,
rising in form of little hils, about 50 paces
broad. And sayling forwards, we found cer-
taine small rivers and armes of the sea, that fall
downe by certaine creeks, washing the shoare on
both sides as the coast lyeth. And beyond this
we saw the open country rising in height above
the sandy shoare, with many faire fields and
plaines, full of mightie great woods, some very
thicke, and some thinne, replenished with diuers
sorts of trees as pleasant and delectable to be-
hold, as is possible to imagine. And your Ma-
iestie may not thinke that these are like the
woods of Hercynia or the wilde deserts of Tar-
tary, and the northerne coasts, full of fruitlesse

142 APPENDIX.

trees; but they are full of palme trees, bay
trees, and high cypresse trees, and many other
sorts of trees unknowen in Europe, which yeeld
most sweete sauours farre from the shoare, the
propertie whereof we could not learn for the
cause aforesaid, and not for any difficulty to passe
through the woods, seeing they are not so thicke
but that a man may passe through them, neither
doe we thinke that they partaking of the east
world round about them, are altogether voyd of
drugs or spicery, and other riches of golde, see-
ing the colour of the land doth so much argue
it. And the land is full of many beastes, as
stags, deere and hares, and likewise of lakes and
pooles of fresh water, with great plentie of
fowles, convenient for all kinde of pleasant
game. This land is in latitude 34 degrees, with
good and wholesome ayre, temperate, betweene
hot and colde ; no vehement windes doe bio we
in those regions, and those that doe commonly
reigne in those coasts, are the north west and
west windes in the summer season, (in the be-
ginning whereof we were there) the skie cleere
and faire with very little raine ; and if at any
time the ayre be cloudie and mistie with the
southerne winde, immediately it is dissolued and
wareth cleere and fayre againe. The sea is

RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 143

calme, not boysterous, the waues gentle, and
although all the shoare be somewhat sholde and
without harborough, yet it is not dangerous to
the saylers, being free from rocks and deepe, so
that within 4 or 5 foote of the shoare there is 20
foote deepe of water without ebbe or flood, the
depth still increasing in such uniform proportion.
There is very good ryding at sea, for any ship
being shaken in a tempest, can neuer perish there
by breaking of her cables, which we have
proved by experience. Tor in the beginning of
March (as it is usual in all regions) being in the
sea oppressed with northerne windes, and ryding
there, we found our anchor broken before the
earth fayled or moved at all. We departed from
this place, still running along the coast, which
we found to trend toward the east, and we saw
every where very great fires, by reason of the
multitude of the inhabitants. While we rode
on that coast, partly because it had no harbo-
rough, and for that we wanted water, we sent
our boat ashoare with 25 men j where, by rea-
son of great and continual waues that beat
against the shoare, being an open coast, without
succour, none of our men could possibly goe
ashoare without loosing our boate. We saw
there many people which came unto the shoare,

144 APPENDIX.

making diuers signes of friendship, and shewing
that they were content we should come aland,
and by trial we found them to be very corteous
and gentle, as your Maiestie shall understand by
the successe. To the intent we might send them
of our things, which the Indians commonly de-
sire and esteeme, as sheetes of paper, glasses,
bels^ and such like trifles, we sent a young man
one of our mariners ashoare, who swimming
towards them, and being within 3 or 4 yards of
the shoare, not trusting them, cast the things
upon the shoare ; but seeking afterwards to re-
turne, he was with such violence of the wraues
beaten upon the shoare, that he was so bruised
that he lay there almost dead ; which the In-
dians perceiuing, ranne to catch him, and draw-
ing him out, they caried him a litle way off
from the sea. The young man perceiuing they
caried him, being at the first dismaied, began
then greatly to feare, and cried out piteously ;
likewise did the Indians which did accompany
him, going about to cheere him and to giue him
courage, and then setting him on the ground at
the foote of a litle hil against the sunne, they
began to behold him with great admiration,
marueiling at the whitenesse of his flesh ; and
putting off his clothes, they made him warme at

RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 145

a great fire, not without our great feare which
remained in the boate, that they would have
rosted him at that fire, and have eaten him.
The young man hauing recovered his strength,
and hauing stayed a while with them, shewed
them by signes that he was desirous to returne
to the ship, and they with great loue clapping
him fast about, with many embracings, accom-
panying him unto the sea, and to put him in
more assurance, leaving him alone, went unto
a high ground, and stood there, beholding him
untill he was entred into the boate. This young
man obserued, as we did also, that these are of
colour inclining to blacke as the other were, with
their flesh very shining, of meane stature, hand-
some visage, and delicate limnes, and of very
little strength, but of prompt wit, farther we
observed not.

Departing from hence, following the shore
which trended somewhat toward the north, in 50
leagues space we came to another land which
shewed much more faire and ful of woods, being
very great, where we rode at anker ; and that
we might have some knowledge thereof, we sent
20 men aland, which entred into the country
about 2 leagues, and they found that the people
were fled to the woods for feare. They saw
13

146 APPENDIX.

only one old woman, with a young maid of 18
or 20 yeeres old, which seeing our company, hid
themselves in the grasse for feare ; the olde
woman caried two infants on her shoulders, and
behind her necke a child of 8 yeeres olde. The
young woman was laden likewise with as many,
but when our men came unto them, the women
cried out, the olde woman made signes that the
men were fledde unto the woods. As soone as
they saw us to quiet them and to win their fa-
vour, our men gave them such victuals as they
had with them, to eate, which the olde woman
received thankfully, but the young woman dis-
dained them all, and threw them disdainfully on
the ground. They tooke a child from the olde
woman to bring into France, and going about
to take the young woman which wras very beau-
tiful and of tall stature, they could not possibly
for the great outcries that she made bring her to
the sea ; and especially having great woods to
passe thorow, and being farre from the ship, we
purposed to leaue her behind, beareing away the
child onely; we found those folkes to be more
white than those that we found before, being clad
with certaine leaues that hang on boughs of
trees, which they sew together with threds of
wilde hempe ; their heads were trussed up after

RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 147

the same maner as the former were, their ordi-
nary foode is of pulse, whereof they haue great
store, differing in colour and taste from ours ; of
good and pleasant taste. Moreover they live
by fishing and fowling, which they take with
ginnies, and bowes made of hard wood, the ar-
rowes of canes, being headed with the bones of
fish and other beastes. The beastes in these
partes are much wilder then in our Europe, by
reason they are continually chased and hunted.
We saw many of their boates, made of one tree
20 foote long and 4 foote broad, which are not
made with yron or stone, or any other kind of
metall (because that in all this country for the
space of 200 leagues which we ranne, we neuer
saw one stone of any sort :) they help them-
selues with fire, burning so much of the tree as
is sufficient for the hollownesse of the boate.
The like they doe in making the sterne and the
foreparte, until it be fit to saile upon the sea.
The land is in situation, goodness and fairnesse
like the other; it hath woods like the other,
thinne and full of diuers sorts of trees, but not
so sweete, because the country is more northerly
and colde.

We saw in this country many vines growing
naturally, which growing up, took holde of the

148 APPENDIX.

trees as they doe in Lombardie, which, if by
husbandmen they were dressed in good order,
without all doubt they would yeeld excellent
wines; for hauing oftentimes scene the fruit
thereof dryed, which was sweete and pleasant,
and not differing from ours, we thinke that they
doe esteeme the same, because that in euery
place where they growe, they take away the un-
der branches growing round about, that the fruit
thereof may ripen the better. We found also
roses, violets, lilies, and many sortes of herbes,
and sweete and odoriferous flowers different from
ours. We knewe not their dwellings, because
they were farre up in the land, and we iudge by
many signes that we saw, that they are of wood
and of trees framed together. We doe belieue
also by many conjectures and signes, that many
of them sleeping in the fields, have no other
couert then the open sky. Farther knowledge
haue we not of them ; we think that all the rest
whose countreys we passed, Hue all after one
maner. Hauing made our aboade three days in
this country, and ryding on the coast for want of
harboroughs, we concluded to depart from thence
trending along the shore betweene the north
and the east, sayeling onely in the day time, and
ryding at anker by night. In the space of 100

RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 149

leagues sayling we found a very pleasant place
situated among certaine little steape hils ; from
amidst the which hils there ranne downe into
the sea an exceeding great streme of water,
which within the mouth was very deepe, and
from the sea to the mouth of the same with the
tide which we found to rise 8 foote, any great
ship laden may passe up. But because we rode
at anker in a place well fenced from the wind
we would not venture ourselues without know-
ledge of the place, and we passed up with our
boate onely into the sayd river, and saw the
countrey very well peopled. The people are
almost like unto the others, and are clade with
the feathers of fowles of diuers colours ; they
came towards us very cheerefully, making great
showts of admiration, shewing us where we
might come to land most safely with our boate.
We entered up the said riuer into the land about
halfe a league, where it made a most pleasant
lake aboute 3 leagues in compasse, on the which
they rowed from the one side to the other, to
the number of 30 of their small boats, wherein
were many people which passed from one shore
to the other to come and see us. And, behold,
upon a sudden (as it is woont to fall out in sayl-
ing) a contrary flaw of winde comming from the
13*

350 APPENDIX.

sea, we were inforced to returne to our ship,
leauing this land to our great discontentment, for
the great commodity and pleasantnesse thereof,
which we suppose is not without some riches,
all the hils shewing mineral matters in them.
We weyed anker and sayled toward the east,
for so the coast trended, and so alwayes for 50
leagues being in the sight thereof, we discouered
an island in forme of a triangle, distant from
the main land 10 leagues about the bignesse of
the island of the Rhodes; it was full of hils
covered with trees, well peopled, for we saw
fires all along the coast ; we gave it the name
of your Maiesties mother,* not staying there by
reason of the weather being contrary.

And we came to another land being 15 leagues
distant from the island, where we found a pass-
ing good hauen, wherein being entred, we found
about 20 small boats of the people, which with
diuers cries and wondrings came about our ship,
comming no neerer than 50 paces towards us ;
they stayed and beheld the artificialnesse of
our ship, our shape and apparel, they then all
made a loud showt together, declaring that they
reioyced. When we had something animated

• Claudian Island. Claudia was the mother of King
Francis.

RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 151

them, using their gestures they came so neere us,
that we cast them certaine bels and glasses, and
many toyes, which when they had received, they
looked on them with laughing, and came with-
out feare a board our ship. There were amongst
these people 2 kings of so goodly stature and
shape as is possible to declare, the eldest was
about 40 yeeres of age, the seconde was a yong
man of 20 yeeres olde, their apparell was on
this manner, the elder had upon his naked body
a harts skin wrought artificially with diuers
branches like damaske, his head was bayre writh
the hayre tyed up behind with diuers knots;
about his necke he had a large chaine, garnish-
ed with diuers stones of sundry colours, the
young man was almost apparelled after the same
maner. This is the goodliest people, and of
the fairest conditions that we have found in this
our voyage. They exceed us in bigness, they
are of the colour of brasse, some of them incline
more to whitenesse, others are of yellow colour^
of comely visage, with long and black hair,
which they are very careful to trim and decke
up; they are black and quick eyed, and of sweete
and pleasant countenance, imitating much the
old fashion. I write not to your Maiestie of the
other parts of their body, hauing al such propor-

152 APPENDIX.

tion as apperteeneth to any handsome man. The
women are of the like conformitie and beautie,
very handsome and wel favoured, of pleasant
countenance, and comely to behold ; they are as
wel manered and continent as any women, and
of good education, they are all naked saue their
loines, which they couer with a deeres skin
branched or embrodered as the men use, there
are also of them which weare on their armes
uery rich skins of Luzernes, they adorne their
heads with diuers ornaments made of their owne
hair, which hang downe before on both sides
their brestes, others use other kind of dressing
themselues like unto the women of Egypt and
Syria, these are of the elder sort ; and when
they are maried, they wear diuers toyes, accord-
ing to the usage of the people of the east, as
well men as women.

Among whom we saw many peices of wrought
copper, which they esteeme more than goolde,
which for the colour they make no account, for
that among all other it is counted the basest ;
they make most account of azure and red. The
things that they esteeme most of all those which
we gaue them, were bels, christal of azure colour,
and other toyes to hang at their eares or about
their necke. They did not desire clothe of silke

RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 153

or of golde, much lesse of any other sort, nei-
ther cared they for thyngs made of steele and
yron, which we often shewed them in our armour
which they made no wonder at ; and in behold-
ing them they onely asked the arte of making
them ; the like they did at our glasses, which,
when they beheld, they suddenly laught, and
gave them us againe. They are very liberal,
for they give that which they haue j we became
great friends with these, and one day we entred
into the haven with our ship, whereas before we
rode a league off at sea, by reason of the contrary
weather. They came in great companies of their
small boats unto the ship with their faces all
bepainted with diuers colours, shewing us that
it was a signe of ioy, bringing us of their vic-
tuals, they made signes unto us where we might
safest ride in the hauen for the safeguard of our
ship keeping still our company, and after we
were come to an anker, we bestowed 15 dayes in
prouiding ourselues many necessary things,
whither euery day the people repaired to see our
ship, bringing their wiues with them, whereof
they were very ielous ; and they themselves en-
tring a board the ship and staying there a good
space caused their wiues to stay in their boats,
and for all the entreatie we could make, offring

154 APPENDIX.

to giue them diuers things, we could neuer ob-
taine that they would suffer them to comeaborde
our ship. And oftentimes one of the two kings
comming with his queene, and many gentlemen
for their pleasure to see us, they all stayed on the
shore 200 paces from us, sending us a small boat
to giue us intelligence of their comming, saying
they would come and see our ship ; this they did
in token of safety, and as soone as they had an-
swere from us, they came immediately, and hau-
ing staied a while to behold it, they wondred at
hearing the cries and noyses of the Mariners.
The Queene and her maids staied in a very light
boat, at an Hand a quarter of a league off, while
the King abode a long space in our ship uttering
diuers conceits with gestures, viewing with great
admiration all the furniture of the Shippe, de-
manding the property of euery thing particularly.
He tooke likewise great pleasure in beholding
our apparell, and in tasting our meats, and so
courteously taking his leave departed. And
sometimes our men staying 2 or 3 daies on a little
Hand neere the Shippe for diuers necessaries,
(as it is the use of seamen,) he returned with 7
or 8 of his gentlemen to see what we did, and
asked of us oftentimes if we meant to make any
long abode there, offering us of their prouision ;

RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 155

then the King drawing his bow and running up
and down with his gentlemen, made much sport
to gratifie our men : we were oftentimes within
the land five or six leagues, which we found as
pleasant as is possible to declare, very apt for
any kind of husbandry, of Corne, Wine and Oyle :
for that there are plaines twentie-five or thirtie
leagues broad, open and without any impediment,
of trees of such fruitfulnesse, that any seed being
sowen therein, wil bring forth most excellent
fruit. We entered afterwards into the woods,
which we found so great and thicke, that any
army were it neuer so great might have hid it
selfe therein, the trees whereof are okes, cipresse
trees, and other sortes unknowen in Europe.
We found Pome appil, damson trees, and nut
trees, and many other sortes of fruit differing
from ours ; there are beasts in great abundance,
as harts, deere, luzernes, and other kinds which
they take with their nets and bowes which are
their chief weapons, the arrowes which they use
are made of great cunning, and instead of yron,
they head them with flint, with jasper stone and
hard marble, and other sharp stones which they
use instead of yron to cut trees, and to make
their boates of one whole piece of wood making
it hollow with great and wonderful art, wherein

156 APPENDIX.

10 or 12 men may sit commodiously, their oares
are short and broad at the end, and they use
them in the sea without any danger, and by
maine force of armes, with as great speediness
as they lift themselves. We saw their Houses
made in circular or round forme 10 or 12 paces
in compasse, made with halfe circles of Timber,
separate one from another without any order of
building, couered with mattes of Straw wrought
cunningly together, which saue them from the
winde and raine; and if they had the Order of
building and perfect skill of workmanship as we
have, there were no doubt but that they would
also make eftsoons great and stately buildings.
For all the sea coastes are ful of clear and glis-
tering stones and alabaster, and therefore it is
ful of good hauens and harboroughs for Shippes.
They moove the foresaid Houses from one place
to another, according to the commodity of the place
and season wherein they wil make their abode ;
and only taking off the mattes they haue other
Houses builded incontinent. The Father and
the whole Family dwell together in one house
in great number, in some of them we saw 25 or
30 persons. They feede as the other doe afore-
said, of pulse which grow in that Country, with
better order of husbandry than in the others.

RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 157

They observe in their sowing the course of the
Moone and the rising of certaine Starres, and
divers other customs spoken of by antiquity.
Moreover they liue by hunting and fishing. They
live long and are seldom sicke, and if they
chance to fall sicke at any time, they heal
themselves with fire without any phisician, and
they say that they die for very age. They
are very pitifull and charitable towards their
neighbours, they make great lamentations in
their adversitie, and in their miserie, the kin-
red reckon up all their felicitie. At their de-
parture out of life, they use mourning mixt with
singing, which continueth for a long space.
This is as much as we could learne of them. This
Land is situate in the Paralele of Rome in 41
degrees and 2 terces, but somewhat more cold
by accidentall causes and not of nature, (as I
will declare unto your highnesse elsewhere,) de-
scribing at this present the situation of the fore-
said country, which lieth east and west. I say
that the mouth of the haven lieth open to the
south halfe a league broad, and being entred
within it betweene the east and the north it
stretcheth twelve leagues, where it wareth broad-
er and broader, and maketh a gulfe about 20
leagues in compasse, wherein are five small
14

158 APPENDIX.

islands very fruitful and pleasant, full of hie and
broad trees among the which islandes any great
nauie may ride safe without any feare of tempest
or other danger. Afterwards turning towards
the south in the entring into the hauen, on both
sides there are most pleasant hils, with many
riuers of most cleare water falling into the sea.
In the middest of this entrance there is a rocke
of free stone, growing by nature, apt to build any
castle or fortresse there for the keeping of the
haven. The fift of May being furnished with
all things necessarie, we departed from the said
coaste, keeping along in the sight thereof, and wee
sailed 150 leagues, finding it alwayes after one
maner, but the land somewhat higher with cer-
taine mountaines, all which beare a shew of
minerall matter, wee sought not to land there in
any place, because the weather serued our turne
for sailing ; but wee suppose that it was like
the former, the coaste ranne eastward for the
space of fiftie leagues. And trending afterwards
to the north, wee found another land high full
of thicke woods, the trees whereof were firres,
cipresses, and such like as are wont to grow in
cold countreys. The people differ much from
the other, and looke howe much the former seem-
ed to be couiteous and gentle, so much were

RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 159

these full of rudenesse and ill maners, and so
barbarous that by no signes that euer we could
make, we could have any kind of traffic with
them. They clothe themselues with beares
skinnes and luzernes, and scales and other
beastes skinnes. Their foode, as farre as we
could perceiue, repairing often unto their dwell-
ings, we suppose to be by hunting and fishing,
and of certaine fruits, which are a kind of roots
which the earth yeeldeth of her own accord.
They haue no graine, neither saw we any kind
of signe of tillage, neither is the land for the bar-
rennesse thereof, apt to beare fruit or seed. If
at any time we desired by exchange to haue
any of their commodities, they used to come to
the sea shore upon certaine craggy rocks, and
we standing in our boats, they let downe with
a rope what it pleased them to give us, crying
continually that we should not approch to the
land, demanding immediately the exchange, tak-
ing nothing but kniues, fish-hooks, and tooles to
cut withall, neyther did they make any account
of our courtesie. And when we had nothing
left to exchange with them, when we departed
from them, the people shewed all signes of dis-
courtesie and disdaine, as were possible for any
creature to inuent. We were in despight of

160 APPENDIX.

them 2 or 3 leagues within the land, being in
number twenty-five armed men of us: And
when we went on shore they shot at us with
their bowes, making great outcries, and after-
wards fled into the woods. We found not in
this land any thing notable or of importance,
sauing very great wood and certaine hills, they
may haue some mineral matter in them, because
wee saw many of them haue beadstones of copper
hanging at their eares. We departed from
thence, keeping our course north east along the
coaste, which we found more pleasant champion
and without woods, with high mountains within
the land ; continuing directly along the coast for
the space of fiftie leagues, we discouered 32
islands, lying al neere the land, being small and
pleasant to the view, high, and having many
turnings and windings between them, making
many fair harboroughs and chanels as they doe
in the gulf of Venice, in Sclauonia and Dal-
mafia, we had no knowledge or acquaintance
with the people : we suppose they are of the
same maners and nature as the others are. Sayl-
ing north east for the space of 150 leagues, we
approched the land that was in times past dis-
couered by the Britons, which is in fiftie de-
grees. Hailing now spent all our prouision and

RELATION OF JOHN DE VERRAZZANO. 161

victuals, and hauing discouered about 700 leagues
and more of new countreys, and being furnished
with water and wood, we concluded to returne
into France. Touching the religion of this peo-
ple which we have found, for want of their lan-
guage we could not understand, neither by signes
nor gestures, that they had any religion or laws
at all, or that they did acknowledge any first
cause or mouer, neither that they worship the
heauen or starres, the sunne or moone, or other
planets, and much lesse whether they be idola-
ters, neither could we learne whether that they
used any kind of sacrifices or other adorations,
neither in their villages haue they any temples
or houses of prayer ; we suppose that they haue
no religion at all, and that they Hue at their
owne libertie. And, that all this proceedeth of
ignorance, for that they are very easie to be per-
suaded ; and all that they see us Christians doe
in our diuine service, they did the same with the
like imitation as they saw us to doe it.

THE END.

14*

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THE LIFE A1NTD OPINIONS OF DR. MILNE,

MISSIONARY TO CHINA.

Illustrated by Biographical Annals of Asiatic Missions from Primitive to
Protestant Times, intendect as a Guide to Missionary Spirit. By Robert
Philip. 1vol. 12mo.

THE LIFE AND TIMES OF JOHN BUNYAN,

Author of the Pilgrim's Progress. By Robert Philip. With a fine poi>

trait. 1 vol. 12mo.

LADY'S CLOSET LIBRARY,

AS FOLLOWS :

THE MARYS;
Or, Beauty of Female Holiness. By Robert Philip. J vol. 18nw

6 Works Published by D. Appleton 4- Co.

THE MARTHAS j

Or, Varieties of Female Piety. By Robert Philip. 1 Tol. 18mo.

THE LYDIAS;

Or, Development of Female Character. By Robert Philip. 1 TO!. 18m*

DEVOTIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL GUIDES.

By Robert Philip. With an Introductory Essay by RCT. Albert Baines

2 vols. 12mo. Containing
Guide to the Perplexed.
Do. do. Devotional.
Do. do. Thoughtful.
Do. do. Doubting.
Do. do. Conscientious.
Do. do. Redemption.

YOUNG MAN'S CLOSET LIBRARY.

By Robert Philip. With an Introductory Essay by Rev. Albert Barne*
1 yol. 12mo.

LOVE OF THE SPIRIT,

: a Companion to the Experi
Robert Philip. 1 vol. 18mo.

WORKS BY THE REV. J. A. JAMES.

Traced in his Work: a Companion to the Experimental Guides. By
ert Philip.

PASTORAL ADDRESSES:

By Rev. John Angell James. With an Introduction by the Rev. Win.

Adams. 1 vol. 18mo.

Content*.— The increased Holines* of the Churcn. Spirituality of Mind. Heavenly
Mindednew. Assurance of Hope. Practical Religion wisest in every thing. How to ipend
aprofitable Sabbath. Christian Obligations Life of Faith. Iniluence of Older Chri«tiani.
The Spirit of Prayer. Private Prayer. Self-ExamtnaUon.

THE YOUNG MAN FROM HOME.

In a series of Letters, especially directed for the Moral Advancement oi
Youth. By the Rev. John Angell James. Fifth edition. 1 vol. 18nm

THE ANXIOUS ENQUIRER AFTER SALVATION

Directed and Encouraged. By Rev. John Angell James. I vol. 18m»

THE CHRISTAN PROFESSOR,

Addressed in a series of Counsels and Cautions to the Members of Chra
tian Churches. By Rev John Angell James. 1 vol. 18mo.

WORKS PUBLISHED BY D. APPLETON AND CO. 7

Happiness, its Nature and Sources
By Rev. John Angell James.

THE WIDOW DIRECTED

To the Widow's God. By Rev. John Angell Jamea.
WORKS BY THE REV. DR. SPRAGUE.

True and False Religion.

Lectures illustrating the Contrast between True Christianity and
various other systems. By William B. Sprague, D. D. 1 vol
12mo.

Lectures on Revivals

In Religion. By W. B. Sprague, D. D. With an Introductory Efr
say by Leonard Woods, D. D. 1 vol. 12mo.

letters to a Daughter,

On Practical Subjects. By W. B. Sprague, D. D. Fourth edition
revised and enlarged. 1 vol. \-2n\o.

Lectures to Young People.
By W. B. Sprague, D. D. With an Introductory Address by Sam-
uel Miller, D. D. Fourth edition. 1 vol. 12mo.

The Metropolitan Pulpit ;

Or Sketches of the most Popular Preachers in London. By the au-
thor of Random Recollections, The Great Metropolis, etc. etc. 1
TO!. I2nio.

WILLIAMS;S MISSIONARY ENTERPRISES.

A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises and Triumphs in the South
Seas, with Remarks upon the Natural History of the Islands, Ori-
gin, Language, Tradition and Usages of the Inhabitants. By the
Rev. John Williams, of the London Missionary Society. Numer-
ous plates. 1 vol. large 12mo.

TOUR THROUGH TURKEY AND PERSIA.

Narrative of a Tour through Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia, and Me-
sopotamia, with an Introduction and Occasional Observations
upon the Condition of Mohammedanism and Christianity in those
countries. By the Rev. Hora io Pouthgate, Missionary of the
American Episcopal Church. 2 vols. l&no. plates.

Magee on Atonement and Sacrifice.

Discourses and Dissertations on the Scriptural Doctrines of Atone-
ment and Sacrifice, and on the Principal Arguments advanced,
and the Mode of Reasoning employed by the Opponents of those
Doctrines, as hold by the Established Church. By the late Moat
Rev. William Magee, D. D., Archbishop of Dublin. 2 vola roya]
8vo., beautifully printed.

8 WORKS PUBLISHED EY D. APPLETON AND CO.

SOUTHEY S POETICAL WORKS.

The complete collected edition of the Poetical Works cf Robert
Southey, Esq., LL. D. edited by himself. Printed verbatim from
the ten volume London edition. Illustrated with a fine portrait
and vignette. 1 voL i oyal Svo.

"The beauties of Mr. Southey's Poetry are such that this col-
lected edition can hardly fail to find a place in the Library of every
person fond of elegant literature " — Eclectic Review.

"Southey's principal Poems have been long before the world,
extensively read, and highly appreciated. Their appearing in a
uniformedition, with the author's final corrections, will afford un-
feigned pi asure to those who are married to immortal verse." —
Literary Gazette.

"This edition of the works of Southey is a credit to the press of
our country." — N. A. Review.

GUIZOT'S HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION,

General History of Civilization in Europe, from the Fall of the Ro-
man Empire to the French Revolution. Translated from the
French of M. Guizol, Professor of History to la Faculte des Let-
ties of Paris, and Minister of Public Instruction. 3d American,
from the last London edition. 1 vol. l&uo.

BIGKERSTETH'S COMPLETE WORKS .

The Works of the Rev. Edward Bickersteth. Rector of Man ton
Hertfordshire, containing Scripture, Help, Treatise on Prayer,
the Christian Hearer, the Chief concerns of Man, for Time and
Eternity, Treatise on the Lord's Supper, and the Christian Stu-
dent. 1 vol. Bvo.

SPIRITUAL CHRISTIANITY.

Lectures on Spiritual Christianity, by Isaac Taylor, author of Spi-
ritual Despotism, etc etc. 1 vol. I2mo.

Physical Theory of Another Life

By Isaac Taylor, author of Natural History of Enthusiasm. Thir
edition. 1 voL 12mo.

By Isaac Taylor, author cf Natural History of Enthusiasm, etc. e
Second edition. 1 voL 12mo.

utatraAvraaa ©a snraiAS aasssasiaaaas*

BJFrancis Wayland, D. D. Second edition. 1 vol. 13mo.

WORKS PUBLISHED BY D. APFLETON AND CO. 9

THE FLAG" SHIP:

OR A VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD,

In the United States Frigate Columbia, attended by her contort, the
Sloop 01 War John Adams, and bearing the oroad pennant of
Commodore George C. Read. By Fitch W. Taylor, Chaplain to
the Squadron. 2. vols. I2rno. plates.

ELLA V ;

Or the July Tour. By one of the Party. 1 vol. 12mo.
"He can form a moral on a glass of champagne." — Le Roy.

MISSIONARY'S FAREWELL.

By the Rev. John Williams, author of Missionary Enterprises, etc-
1 vol. I8mo.

A Collection of Church Music. Edited by George Kingsley, au-

thor of Social Choir, etc.

"This collection is pronounced by the most eminent professors
,o be superior to any published in the country."

MY SON'S MANUAL.

Comprising a Summary View of the Studies, Accomplishments,
and Principles of Conduct, best suited for Prom<'t.iug Respecta-
bility and Success in Life. Elegantly engraved frontispiece. 1
vol. ISuio.

My Daughter's Manual.

Comprising a Summary View of Female Studies, Accomplishments
and Principles ol "Conduct. Beautiful frontispiece. 1 vol. ISuio.

GRIFFIN'S REMAINS.

Remains of the Rev. Edmund D. Griffin Compiled by Francis
Griffin. With a Memoir by Rev. Dr. Me Vicar. 2 vols. 8vo.

PALMER'S TREATISE ON THE CHURCH.

A TREATISE ON THE CHURCH OF CHRIST,
Designed chiefly for the use of Students in Theology. By the Rev.
William Palmer, M. A., of Worcester College, Oxford. Edited,
with Notes, by the Right Rev W. R. Whittingham, D. D.. Bishop
of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the diocese of Maryland.
2 vols. 8vo., handsomely printed on fine paper.

10
WORKS PUBLISHED IN

APPLETON'S
DEVOTIONAL LIBRARY.

The greatest care is taken in selecting the works of which tht
collection is composed. Each volume is printed on the finest pa-
per, elegantly ornamented, and bound in a superior manner, and
uniform in size. Bishop I)oane says of this collection, " 1 write to
express my thanks to you for reprints of the Oxford Books; first,
for such books, and secondly, in such a style. I sincerely hope
>ou may be encouraged to go on, and give them all to us. You
will dignify the art of printing, and you will do great eervice to th«
best interest of the country." In a letter received fro-,n Bishop
Whittingham, he says, "I had forgotten to express my very great
satisfaction at ytmr commencement of a series of Devotional
Works, lately republished in Oxford." The publishers beg to state
while in so short a time this library has increased to so many vol-
unvs, they are encouraged to make yet larger additions, and ear-
nestly hope it may receive all the encouragement it deserves.

MEDITATIONS ON THE SACRAMENT.

Godly Meditations upon the most Holy Sacrament of the Lord's
Supper. By Ch istopher Sutton, D. D , late Prebend of West-
minster. 1 vol. royal 16mo., elegantly ornamented.

" This very handsome volume forms one and a highly favourable specimen

this city have favoured the public. Of the work itself it is difficult to speak to*
highly, and of the publishers' part, it is only necessary to ray that it is got np
\n the same fine style that characterizes, almost without exception, every publi-
cation that comes from their hands.'1— N. Y. Courier and Enquirer.

'•We announced in our last number the repnblication in this country, or
Satton'i1 Meditations on the Lord's Supper,' and having since read the work
ire prepared to recommend it warmly and without qualification to me perueai (t
ear readers. It is purely practical : the doctrine of the Eucharist being touched
upon only in to far as was necessary to guard against error. Tti standard of
piety is very high, and the helps which it affords to a devout participation of
the holy sacrament of which it treats, should make it the inseparable companion
of every communicant. We know indeed of no work on the subject that can in all
respects be compared with it; arvl for it* agency in promoting that advancement in
holiness after which every Christian should strive, have no hesitation in classing it with
the Treatise on ' Holy Living and Dying,' of Bi?hop Taylor, and the ' Sacra Privata,'
of Bishop Wilson. The period at which the book was written will account for, and
excuse what in the present age would be regarded as defects of style ; but these are
fewer than might have been expected, and aie soon lost sight of in the contemplation
of the many and great excellencies with which it abounds. The publishers have don«
good service to the country in the publication of this work, which is a beautiful reprint
of the Oxford edition, and we are glad to learn Ihnt it will be speedily followed by lit*
•Disce Vivere ' «nd ' Disce MorP of the same author. "-Bonntr of the Crot*.

SACRA PRIVATA:

THE

Private meditations, Devotions, and Prayer*

Of the Right Rev. T. Wilson, D. D., Lo d Bishop of Soder and Man
First complete edition. 1 vol. royal 16mo., elegantly ornamented.

"The Messrs. Appletcn have brought out. in elegant style, Wilson's' Sacra
Private' entire The reprint is an honour to the American press. The work itseW
it, perhaps, 02 the whole, the best devotional treatise ia the language, and it uev

APPLETON'S DEVOTIONAL LIBRARY.

.s neve; before in tl

Snblic good, to go to Ayple'o'.'s aid buy the book-
oubtful, and burn the bad."— AVto-Yont Churchman.

HEART'S EASE,

OR A REMEDY AGAINST ALL TROUBLES,

WITH A CONSOLATORY DISCOURSE,

Particularly addressed to those who have lost their friends arid dear
relations. By Symon Patrick, D. D , sometime Lord Bishop ol
Ely. 1 vol. royal Itimo., elegantly ornamented.

A DISCOURSE CONCERNING- PP.AYER

And the Frequenting Daily Public Prayers. By Symon Patrick,
D. D , sometime Lord Bishop of Ely. Edited by Francis E. Pa-
get, M. A Chaplain to the Lord Bishop of Oxford. 1 vol. royal
16mo., elegantly ornamented
•1 would Miratt, whether there eM be a more useful present than a goo*

»ook 7 And to thuse who thh.k wi'h me in this mailer. I would recommend two

«o:. tents They are both by the s.l nc anih -r. Bishop IVtrick, the one ' On Pray-
er,' and the o her entitled 'Heart's E:ise ; or a Remc iy against nil Troubles.' It
was obiervd by the dis'inguish.-d ecil. thai he had a helf in Ids biok case upon
which he was accustomed to place ' tried authors ;' that is, authors whose opi-

; and if Hi s

of such a character ; and if Hi s article sh.vll lie lead liy one « ho is willing to give
fiis fronds some u-eful insTuolion wild reg-.ird to the nature duty, and ydvantaS' »
of prayer, in all Us bra: c\\>$, he ui,l fi.i:f it in the first named volume ; or if the

v-'arTiv pkl-inein lr«1l^O«/ th^™frf«uAt^T^me\lltfrW 'IrTlllm

Neu-York Ameiican.

IsJE.IIlJY TO DIE.

Disce Mori, Learn to Die, a Religions Discourse, moving eveiy
Christian man to <niier into a serious rein- mbrance of his end.
By Christopher Sntten. D D sometime Prebend of Westmin-
ster I'voi. I6mo, elegantly priuteU.

THOUGHTS IN PAST YEARS.

A beautiful collection of Poetry, chiefly Devotional. By the author
of "The Cathedral." 1 vol. royal itiaio., elegantly pi inted.

THE EARLY ENGLISH CHURCH ;

Or Christian Hisiorv of Knftland in early British, Saxon, and Norman
Times. By the Rev. Edward Churlon, M. A. - Printed uni-
form in size and binding with this library.

HARE'S PAROCHIAL SERMONS-

Sermons to a Country Congregation By Augustus William Hare
A. M., la'e Fellow of New College and Rector of Alton Barnes. 1
vol. royal 8vo.
" Any one who ein > e pleased with delicacy of thouah' expressed in the mo»t

ei'"iue*l da.u"enforce''iyhv"npNi An^w'ted' UluVtrTlLns-wiTbe^dll^hted wHh *hU
vo'uinc. which present us with the workings of a rnniu and highly gitted mibd."
-Quarterly Rev**.

VALUABLE WORKS
FOR THE TOVHTG:

PUBLISHED BY

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.

03?" Parents may with entire safety place in the
hands of their Children any of these cheap, yet
elegant Publications.

TALES FOR THE PEOPLE AND THEIR CHILDREN.

E? The greatest care is taken in selecting the works of this popu-
lar series. Each volume is illustrated with an elegant frontis-
piece, and bound in superior style.

The following are now ready — to be had separately, or in uniform
sets:

THE POPLAR GROVE ; or, Little Harry and his

Uncle Benjamin. By Mrs. Copley.
EARLY FRIENDSHIPS ; by Mrs. Copley.
THE PEASANT AND THE PRINCE; by Har-

net Martineau.
NORWAY AND THE NpR WEGIANS ; or, Feats

of the Fiord. By Harriet Martineau.
MASTERMAN READY; or, the Wreck of the

Pacific. Written for Young People, by Captain

ManyaL

TALUABLE WORKS FOR THE YOUNG. J3

THE LOOKING-GLASS FOR THE MIND; or,

Intellectual Mirror. An elegant collection of

Delightful Stories and Tales : many plates.
HOPE ON, HOPE EVER ; or, the Boyhood of Fe-

lix Law. By Mary Howitt.
STRIVE AND THRIVE; a Tale. By Mary

Howitt.
SOWING AND REAPING ; or, What will Come

of It ? By Mary Howitt.
WHO SHALL BE GREATEST ? a Tale. By

Mary Howitt.
WHICH IS THE WISER? or, People Abroad.

By Mary Howitt.
THE DANGERS OF DINING OUT ; or, Hints to

those who would make Home Happy. To which

is added the Confessions of a Maniac. By Mrs.

Ellis.
SOMERVILLE HALL ; .or, Hints to those who

would make Home Happy. To which is added

the Rising Tide. By Mrs. Ellis.
THE TWIN SISTERS : a Tale. By Mrs. Sandham.
THE TWO DEFAULTERS : a Tale. By Mrs.

Griffith, of New York.

Several other popular works are in preparation.

SPRING AND SUMMER.

The Juvenile Naturalist, or Walks in the Country. By the Rev.
B. H. Draper. A beautiful volume, with fifty plates. 1 vol.
square, handsomely bound.

AUTUMN AND WINTER.

rhe Juvenile Naturalist, or Walks in the Country. By the Rev.
B. H. Draper. A beautiful volume, with many plates, uniform
with " Spring and Summer."

14 VALUABLE WORKS FOR THE YOUNG.

PICTORIAL LIFE OF NAPOLEON.

History of Napoleon Bonaparte, translated from the French of M
Laurent de L'Ardeche, with five hundred spirited illustrations
after designs by Horace Vernet, and twenty original Portraits
engraved in the best style Complete in two handsome volumes,
octavo, about five hundred pages each.

PICTORIAL ROBINSON CRUSOE.

Fhe Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. By Daniel De Foe
With a Memoir of the Author, and an Essay on his Writings, il-
lustrated with nearly five hundred spirited Engravings by the
celebrated French artist, Grandville, forming one elegant volum«
octavo, of 500 pages.

PICTORIAL VICAR OF WAKEFIELD.

The Vicar of Wakefield. By Oliver Goldsmith. Elegantly illus-
trated with nearly two hundred Engravings, making a beautiful
volume octavo, of about 300 pages.

THE STORY OF JOAN OF ARC ;

By R M. Evans. One elegant volume, with many plates. A truly
interesting Historical Juvenile.

EVENINGS WITH THE CHRONICLERS ;

OR, UNCLE RUPERT'S TALES OF CHIVALRY.
By R. M. Evans. Many Illustrations, uniform with Joan of Arc-

GEMS FROM TRAVELLERS;

Illustrative of various passages in Holy Scripture, with nearly one
hundred Engravings. Among the authorities quoted will be
found the following distinguished names : Harmer, Laborde,
Lane, Madden, Clarke, Pooooke, Chandler, Malcolm, Hartley,
Russell, Jowitt, Carne, Shawe, Morier, Niebuhr, Bruce, Calmet,
H. Blunt, Belzoni. Lord Lindsay, &c. 1 vol. 12mo.

MY SON'S MANUAL ;

Comprising a Summary View of the Studies, Accomplishments,
and Principles of Conduct best suited for promoting Respecta-
bility and Success in Life. Elegantly engraved Frontispiece.
1 vol. ISrao.

MY DAUGHTER'S MANUAL ;

Comprising a Summary View of Female Studies, Accomplish
ments, and Principles of Conduct. Beautiful Frontispiece. 1

VALUABLE WORKS FOR THE TOTING. 15

A GIFT FROM FAIRY LAND;

Bjr the late Secretary of the Navy. Illustrated by 100 uniqn*
original plates, by Chapman, elegantly bound. 1 vol. 12mo.

THE YOUNG MAN FROM HOME;

In a ieries of Letters, especially directed for the moral advance-
ment of Youth. By the Rev. John Angell James. Fifth edi-
tion. 1 vol. 18mo.

MINIATURE CLASSICAL LIBRARY.

Great pains has been bestowed in the selection of this unique Li-
brary. It will comprise the best works of oar venerated au-
thors ; published in an elegant form, with a beautiful frontis-
piece , tastefully ornamented. The following are now ready :
GOLDSMITH — Essay. By OLIVE* GOLDSMITH.
GOLDSMITH.— The Vicar of Wakefield. By OLIVE*

GOLDSMITH.
JOHNSON. — The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia,

a Tale. By SAMUEL JOHNSON, LL. D.
OOTTLN. — Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia. By Madame
COTTIN. The extensive popularity of this little Tale is
well known.
ST. PIERRE. — Fanl and Virginia; From the French of J

B. H. De ST. PIERRE.

PURE GOLD from the Hirers of Wisdom — A collection
of short extracts on religious subjects from the older writers-
Bishop Hall, Sherlock, Barrow, Paley, Jeremy Taylor, Ac.

TOKEN OF REMEMBRANCE.
TOKEN OF AFFECTION. TOKEN OF

FRIENDSHIP.

Bach volute consists of appropriate Poetical extracts from th»
principal writers of the day.

16 Works PuUisfiea by D. Apptelon df Co.

A LIBRARY FOR MY YOUNG COUNTRYMEN,

A series of instructive works adapted to the youthful mind, o
a character associated with the annals of our country, has lon$
been wanted. This Library is intended to comprise sketcne.
of the Lives, Adventures and Discoveries of the early founders
of America ; also the lives of distinguished men connected
with American history of more modern date : it is likewise
intended to include some approved works of English authors,
re-edited with additions and explanatory notes. The whole
charge of the Library is confided to the hands of the popular
author of " Uncle Philip's" " Whale Fishery," " Lost Green-
land," <SfC cj-c.

The following commence the Series :

THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OP HENRY HUDSON

By the author of " Uncle Philip's," " Virginia," <kc.

ADVENTURES OF CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH ;

Founder of Virginia. By the author of " Henry Hudson," ice

DAWNINGS'OF GENIUS;

By Anne Pratt, author of " Flowers and their Associations," &c

LIFE AND ADVENTURE? OF HERMAN CORTES;

By the author of the •' Adventures of Captain John Smith," &c

THE CROFTON BOYS j

A TALE FOR YODTH. By Harriet Martineau, author of " The Peasant

and the Prince," " Norway and the Norwegians," &c.
This truly interesting and instructive work forms the sixteenth vo-
lume of tlie popular series of " Tales for the People and theii
Children."

THE OLD OAK TREE;

A most interesting little volume of practical instruction for youth ;
illustrated with nearly fifty plates.

44 This Yolume comprises a series of twelve familiar discourses or conversations
which took place on as many .Sabbath afternoons, a pious old blind man being the chief
speaker. It is by the author of ' John Hardy,' ' The Footman,' &c.. and is published
under the direction of the Society for the promotion of Christian Knowledge. Th«
precepts conveyed are altogether unexceptionable, and the whole volume ia well cak*
kted to prove attractive with children."— Sa. Cfironiclt.