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Aerial

Wire-Rope Tramways

TLbciv Coitdtruction mt> /iDanadcment

A. J. WALLIS-TAYLER, C.E.

Assoc. Memo. Inst. C.E.

AUTHOR OF "refrigerating AND ICE-MAKING MACHINERY,"

"sugar machinery," "motor cars OR POWER CARRIAGES FOR COMMON ROADS,'

"modern CYCLES," "BEARINGS AND LUBRICATION," ETC. ETC.

TKHftb 81 ailudtratfons

6p^1lXs

LONDON

CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON

7 STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL, E.C,

J 898

/ ■■ '•

PREFACE

THE utility of aerial or wire-rope tramways for
the transport of ore and sundry other
materials is now fully recognised, and it is
admitted that their adoption allows of the profitable
working of mining and other properties which would
otherwise have to be left undeveloped and unpro-
ductive.

Not only can advantageous applications of this
method of transporting goods and materials be made
in numerous industries, but it is available also for
passenger traffic in situations where the gradients or
spans make the use of a tramway or a railway im-
practicable, or where the expense of either of the
latter would be prohibitive.

As instances of some cases in which wire tramways
can be profitably employed, mention may be made
of quarries, cement works, artificial fuel works, gas
works, artificial manure works, saw mills, bfeweries,
distilleries, flour mills, gunpowder factories, textile
factories, coaling stations and depots, stores, wharfs,

IV PREFACE.

jetties, railway stations, fortifications, as well as sugar
estates, farms, tea gardens and other plantations,
brickfields, &c. &c.

With so wide a field of application, no question
can be raised as to the utility of a treatise on the
Construction and Working of Aerial or Wire-Rope
Tramways ; and in the following pages — although the
limited space at command in a small volume of
moderate cost has rendered it necessary in many
instances to curtail the descriptive matter — the author
trusts that he has been enabled to produce a book
which will (in a measure, at least) fill a want he
believes to exist, and which may prove useful to the
numerous class interested in the subject

A. J. WALLIS-TAYLER.

323 High Holborn, London, W.C.
June 1898.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

Introductory— DiFFKRENT Systems of Aekial or
Wire -Rope Tramways -The Runnino or
Endless Rope System— The Fixed Carryinc;
Rope System— Special Arran(;ements . . i

CHAPTER II.

Details OF Construction: Posts or Standards
—Wire Ropes or Links for Running Rope
System— Carrier Boxes or Saddles-Wire
Ropes or Lines for Fixed Carrying Rope
System— Carrier Trucks, Runners, or Sad-
dles—Friction Grips or Couplings -Knots
OR Carrier Collars— Pawl Locking Grips
OR Couplings— Claw Lockinc; Grips or Coup-
lings—Carrier Receptacles or Vehicles-
Motive Power . . . . .18

CHAPTER III.

Electrically Driven Wire - Rope Tramways-
Telpherage ...... 67

CHAPTER IV.

Examples of Installations of Wire-Rope Tram-
ways ON THE Running or Endless Rope
System ...... 98

vi CONTENtii.

CHAPTER V.

PAGE

Examples of Installations of Wire-Rope Tram-
ways ON THE Fixed Carrying Rope System . 130

CHAPTER VI.

Splicing and Securing Wire Ropes— Ordinary
Rope Attachments— Preserving Wire Ropes
— Miscellaneous Information . . .181

INDEX . . .201

ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG.

1-2.

3.
4.
5.

7.
8.

9.
10-13.

14.
15.

i6.

17.
18 20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.
26.

27.
28.

29-37.

38.
39-

Single Wooden Posts or Standards for Wire- Rope Tram

MraVS . • • . . .

Double Iron Post or Standard for Wire- Rope Tramway

Wire Rope, Albert Lay : Appearance when new

Wire Rope, Albert Lay : Appearance after use on Wire
Rope Tramway ....

Carrier Box or Saddle for Running or Endless Wire-Rop<
Tramway .....

Wire-Rope Tramway End or Terminal .

Carrier Truck or Runner for Fixed Wire-Rope Tramway

Disc Friction Grip or Coupling .

Knots or Carrier Collars ....

Locking Pawl Grip or Coupling .

Automatic Disconnecting Arrangement for Grips or
Couplings .....

Claw Locking Grip or Coupling .

Claw Locking Grip or Coupling for Sleep Gradients

Mineral Carrier Receptacles

Produce Carrier Receptacle

Cradle Sack Carrier ....

Sling Sack Carrier ....

Textile Goods Carrier Receptacle

Sling Cask Carrier ....

Gunpowder Cask Carrier ....

Cradle Sugar-Cane Carrier

Method of Driving Wire-Rope Tramway

Methods of Automatically Regulating the Minimum Dis
tance between Electrically Driven Vehicles or Trains
on Wire- Rope Tramway>

Method of Mounting Block Wires on Telpher Line

Contact Maker or Circuit Closer for Telpher Line

PAGB

19
21

27
33
37
41

45-48

51
54
55
57,58
59
59

59
60

74-84

85
86

via ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE

40-43. Governing Arrangements for Telpher Line . . 88-95

44. Insulator for use on Telpher Line . . .96

45. Installation of Wire- Rope Tramway in Algeria : Terminal loi

46. Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway in Algeria : Angle

and Portion of Line . . . facing page loi

47. Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway in Ceylon y&aM^/rt^^: 102

48. Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway in Mexico . . 103

49. Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at the Cape de

Verde Islands . . . . .109

50-51. Installations of Wire-Rope Tramways arranged as Piers . 114

52. Installation of Wire- Rope Tramway at Madras . .116

53. Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at Jundiahy, Brazil . 118

54. Installation of Wire- Rope Tramway in Cumberland , 118

55. Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at a Print Works . 120

56. Installation of Wire- Rope Tramway at an Artificial

Manure Works . . . . .120

57. Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at a Chemical Works 122

58. Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at a Mill . .122

59. Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at a Linoleum Works 122

60-62. Installations of Wire- Rope Tramway at Sugar-Cane

Plantations ..... 126-128

63-64. Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway in Spain : Angle and

Power Stations . . . . 132, 133

65. Installation of Wire- Rope Tramway in Spain : View of

Portion of Line . . . . .136

66. Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at St Girons, Pyre-

nees: Details of Construction . . .158

67. Installation of Wire- Rope Tramway at Gasworks . 164

68. Installation of Wire- Rope Tramway at Monte Penna,

Italy ....... 168

69. Installation of Wire- Rope Tramwny in Italian Alps :

Lower Terminal - . . facing page 171

70. Installation of Wire- Rope Tramway in the Italian Alps :

Post or Standard . . . . .172

71-72. Installation of Wire- Rope Tramway at Gibraltar 173,174

73-74. Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at Cape Town . 175

75. Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway in South Africa Frontispiece

76. Installation of Wire- Rope Tramway at Hong-Kong . 177

77. Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway in Japan . . 178

78. Splicing Wire Rope : First Operation

79. Splicing Wire Rope : Second Operation

80. Splicing Wire Rope : Third Operation

81. Wire- Rope Attachments ,

182
184
184
J 88

AERIAL OR WIRE-ROPE TRAMWAYS

-•-♦

CHAPTER I.

Introductory — Different Systems of Aerial or Wire-
Rope Tramways — The Running or Endless Rope
System — The Fixed Carrying Rope System —
Special Arrangements.

Introductory.

THE advantages possessed by aerial ropeways or
cableways, or as they are more commonly called
in this country, wire ropeways or tramways, for certain
services, are becoming daily more widely recognised,
and in consequence the number of installations at work
for the transportation of goods and materials, both at
home and abroad, is becoming very numerous, and the
system is likewise, though to a lesser extent, employed
for passenger traffic.

Amongst these advantages the following may be
cited : —

The unavoidable heavy outlay in a hilly country
that would be entailed by the necessity of making
tunnels, cuttings, and embankments for a line of rail-

2 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

way is avoided ; and an aerial or wire-rope tramway
line can be constructed and worked on hilly ground
at a cost not greatly exceeding that which would be
called for on a level country. Rivers and ravines can
be spanned without the aid of bridges. Gradients
quite impracticable to ordinary railroads can be worked
with ease. The lines do not occupy any material
quantity of ground, a post or standard at wide intervals
being sufficient to carry them, and the intervening
land being left free for cultivation or other use. The
cost of a line is in all cases in strict accordance with
its working capacity. The occurrence of floods or
heavy snows does not interfere with their working.
A line can be moved from one place to another with
comparative facility. And finally, power can be taken
off at any point along the line and utilised for driving
machinery.

The principal applications of wire-rope tramways
have been already mentioned in the preface, and of
these, that to the working of mines is undoubtedly the
most important, and in this connection the advantages
derived from the use of a wire-rope tramway arranged
to both hoist and convey, for open pit mining, cannot
be over-estimated.* The superiority of open pit
mining is so well known as to need but little notice
here, but it may be mentioned that it saves the great
outlay otherwise required for timbering, shaft sinking,
pumping, ore breaking, and the extra cost of blasting.
With an aerial tramway, moreover, the opening can
usually be spanned, and the waste carried back to
a hollow, thus admitting of the over-burden being

* See pages 13-15, 148-154.

INTRODUCTORY. 3

delivered directly to its dumping ground. Where the
pit is not deep some method of working with incline
railways is frequently used, but no matter how the
latter may be laid down, a certain amount of ore will
be covered, and, moreover, the tracks will have to be
constantly cleared of material thrown on them by
blasting operations. The cost of loading the railway
waggons is besides far higher than that of the shallow
skips or carrier buckets.

In placer mining, the greatest difficulty experienced
is the handling of the earth deposits in the river beds
and streams, so as to work them to such a depth as to
get at the richest deposits, which lie near the bed rock.
This has been successfully performed by means of an
arrangement of aerial or wire-rope tramway on the
hoisting and conveying principle, working with special
forms of self-filling grab buckets, or of drag buckets.

Aerial or wire-rope tramways have been also advan-
tageously used for stripping coal mines.

Another use to which wire-rope tramways can be
very profitably applied is the carriage or removal
of produce from land. The most desirable of these
applications are perhaps those to sugar plantations
for the delivery of the canes to the crushing mills,
and to farms for the carriage of beetroot to the sugar
factories, especially the former, where the low prices,
due to the competition of beet sugar, renders the
adoption of every possible labour-saving contrivance
an absolute necessity.

An important feature connected with the use of
aerial or wire-rope tramways for the above purpose, is
that the crops can be removed from the land by their
means without in any way injuring the latter. In the

4 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

case of sugar plantations, moreover, the uneven nature
of the ground is frequently such as to render the lay-
ing down of lines of railway from the cane pieces to
the works a matter of great difficulty, if not a total
impossibility, and such lines in any case demand the
erection of a greater or lesser number of bridges, are
expensive both in first outlay and in maintenance, and
take up and waste a considerable amount of land. On
the other hand, where no railway or tramway is laid
down, the saving effected by the use of an aerial or
wire -rope tramway as compared with cartage by
mules, horses, and oxen, and the roads and traces and
consequent waste of land, and cost of maintenance,
would be even more marked. In such cases, indeed,
the value of a wire -rope tramway cannot be over-
estimated, and that this fact is becoming recognised
by owners of large estates is evidenced by their use
becoming gradually extended, and the many installa-
tions now to be found, not only in Demerara, where
they have been in successful operation for a number
of years past, but also in Jamaica, where many have
inclines as steep as i in 3, Mauritius, Martinique, St
Kitts, Guatemala, and elsewhere.*

In almost every description of factory a short rope-
way or cableway could be used with advantage, and
installations of wire-rope tramways are now in use in
numerous places for connecting the different depart-
ments of factories which are situated at too wide a
distance apart to allow of being spanned by a bridge,
or where the intermediate space is occupied by build-
ings, water, roadways, &c., which have to be passed

* See pages 125-128.

INTRODUCTORY. 5

over. Such cases admit of a considerable saving of
expense being effected by the use of wire-rope tram-
ways, which latter do away with the necessity of
lowering goods from the upper stories of works to
the ground, and the subsequent removal of these
goods by a circuitous route to, and elevation to a
higher level at, their destination.

In factory lines the ropes can be frequently sup-
ported at many points from the walls of adjacent
buildings, thus effecting a saving of the posts or
standards that would otherwise be required, and the
necessary driving power, moreover, can usually be
obtained from the shafting of the works.

At the present time short cableways or wire-rope
tramways are in operation at most of the up-to-date
print works, and similar factories, in Lancashire,* also
in dye works, manure works, chemical works, linoleum
works, brick works, mills, and other factories too
numerous to mention.

Wire -rope tramways provide both cheap and
advantageous means of forming piers for loading and
discharging minerals, and other materials, from ships
and lighters, which in certain situations are forced by
the shallowness of the water to lie at some distance
from the shore. In the case of a cableway or wire-
rope tramway, instead of the long row of piles that
would otherwise be necessary, all that will be required
to connect the shore with a point at deep water to
which the goods can be brought by barges or ships,
are a few posts or standards fixed in the bottom and
rising to a height of about 1 2 feet above the water,

* See pages 119-12$.

6 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

and which posts may be placed at wide intervals (i8o
feet or more) apart, a small group being provided at the
above deep-water point to which the terminal can be
fixed. The motion of the wire rope can also be used
for driving cranes at the terminal points, as well as
for carrying loads to or from the shore, thus admitting
of the engine being located in a secure position on the
shore where it may be protected from damage through
storms, and, moreover, permitting of the cranes being
run at so high a speed as to enable barges to be
safely discharged when rising and falling from the
effects of a heavy sea.

Numerous installations of this description are in
successful operation, such an arrangement being used
at the end of the wire-rope tramway at the Cape de
Verde Islands, at Russel, Bay of Islands, New Zealand,
&c., which installations will, in a succeeding chapter,
be found briefly described and illustrated.*

Diflterent Systems of Aerial or Wire-Rope

Tramways.

Wire-rope tramways may be conveniently divided
into two main or principal classes, viz., first, that
wherein a running or travelling endless rope sup-
porting and moving the carriers, is employed ; and,
secondly, that wherein a fixed carrying rope and a
light running or travelling hauling rope attached to
the carriers by couplings or grips is used. In the
latter case two fixed carrying ropes are sometimes
used.

These two main classes are further subdivided by

* See pages 108-115.

DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF AERIAL TRAMWAYS. 7

W. T. H. Carrington, C.E., M.I.C.E., a well-known
authority upon the subject, in his practice into five
different systems or arrangements, viz. : — The endless
running rope with the carriers detachably connected
to the rope by means of saddles ; the endless running
rope with the carriers rigidly fixed in position upon
the rope ; the double fixed rope type with carriers
mounted on trucks or runners and detachably secured
at predetermined intervals to an endless hauling rope ;
the single fixed rope type with one carrier drawn from
one terminus to the other and vice versd by means
of an endless hauling rope ; and finally, two fixed
carrying ropes with an endless hauling rope by which
one carrier is drawn in one direction upon one carrying
rope, whilst another carrier is drawn in the opposite
direction upon the other carrying rope.

When erecting a wire-rope tramway it is imperative
to carefully select such an arrangement as will be best
suited to the requirements of the situation. The
failures sometimes recorded are generally due to
makers insisting upon an universal application of one
particular type.

The Running or Endless Rope System.

This system, which is by far the most simple, was
invented by C. Hodgson about the year 1868. It
is capable of advantageous application wherever the
amount of material to be carried does not surpass 500
tons per working day of ten hours, and the individual
loads 6 cwts. The inclines, moreover, should not be
steeper than i in 3, and the section of the ground
should not necessitate a longer span than 600 feet.

8 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

The endless running-rope type of tramway consists
shortly of an endless wire rope, supported upon a
series of pulleys mounted upon strong posts or stan-
dards located some 200 feet apart, but with occasional
spans of three times that distance, the rope passing
at one end of the line round an arrangement of driving
gear comprising a 6 or 10 feet diameter drum rotated
by steam or other power at a speed of about three \
miles per hour, and at the other end round a similar /
wheel or drum provided with tightening gear. The
loads are carried in boxes or receptacles hung on the
rope (by means of V-shaped saddles) at the loading
end, the arrangement being such as to maintain the
receptacles and their contents in a state of perfect
equilibrium, whilst at the same time admitting of their
passing the supporting pulleys.

But one endless running rope is employed, which,
it will be seen, forms both the carrying and hauling
rope for the buckets. This system has been improved
from time to time, both by its original inventor and
also by Hallidie, Carrington, and others; but although
apparently so simple, and decidedly the cheapest plan,
its successful working is a matter in many instances
of so much difficulty that it is being to a great extent
superseded by the fixed rope system. It is still, how-
ever, pretty extensively used in Northern Spain and
America.

The modified arrangement of the running or endless --^
rope system previously mentioned admits of steeper' ,':
inclines being worked, indeed it may be said that no
limit exists to the gradient that can be successfully
negotiated. This type of line is specially suitable
where sudden and continual changes of level occur.

DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF AERIAL TRAMWAYS. 9

guard or depressing pulleys being easily placed where
requisite without interfering with the passage of the
carriers, so that the vertical angle of the line can be
altered at each support or standard. The driving and
tightening gear and endless rope are arranged practi-
cally as before, but instead of the carrier saddles riding
on the rope and being retained in place by friction,
they are rigidly secured by a steel band or clip, or
other arrangement so that they are fixed in position
and must follow the rope, passing round the wheels
at the terminals, instead of running on to shunt rails
as in the former case. For this reason the driving
wheel is usually arranged in the form of a special
clip-drum, and the tightening wheel is so formed as
to allow the carriers to pass round it with ease. The
carrier receptacles are as a rule unloaded by striking
a catch so as to either cause the bottom to open or
the whole receptacle to capsize or tip up.

The average cost per ton per mile for transport on
the running or endless rope system, including renewals
of parts and labour but not fuel, varies from 3 pence
to 5 pence per ton.

The Fixed Carrying Rope System.

This system was also devised by Hodgson, and
improved by Bleichert, Otto, Carrington, and others.
It comprises one or two fixed ropes and a correspond-
ing number of light hauling ropes. This plan admits
of very wide spans being made without support, and
a valley, river, or ravine of 3,000 feet and upwards
can be negotiated with ease. Wherever a sufficient
fall occurs, and it is required to transport goods or
material from the higher to the lower ground, the

lO AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

power of gravity due to the loads can be utilised in
the case of a double fixed carrying rope line to raise
the empty receptacles, and the line worked practically
as a self-acting incline. When, on the contrary, the
loads are required to ascend, or the line is practically
level, or in the case of a single fixed carrying rope
line, motive power must be provided. A small amount
of this, however, will only be requisite for working a
line on this system, as the rolling load gives rise to
but little friction.

As above mentioned, aerial tramways of the fixed-
rope type are subdivisible into three classes. The
first, or that in which two parallel fixed ropes are
used, upon which carriers are arranged to run, and
are drawn along by means of a hauling rope, forms a
desirable arrangement in situations where over 500
tons of material are required to be transported per day,
and where the individual loads surpass 6 cwts. The
inclines may exceed i in 2, and the spans i,ochd feet.

It may be here mentioned, however, that the
capacity of transport by the former system may be
indefinitely increased by grouping the lines where
the situation admits of it, an arrangement which
obviously possesses the advantage of practically per-
fect immunity from complete stoppage from break-
down.

Briefly, this type of ropeway consists of two fixed
carrying ropes stretched parallel to each other about
7 feet apart, and supported by posts or standards
located about 300 feet apart, upon suitable saddle
castings. The carrying ropes are anchored at one
of the terminals, and are provided at the other with
some suitable form of tightening gear. The carrier-

DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF AERIAL TRAMWAYS. II

travellers or trucks, which are fitted with steel-grooved
wheels to fit the ropes, run upon the latter, the
receptacles being suspended from these travellers by
means of frames or hangers. The carriers are con-
nected by some suitable form of friction or of locking
grips or couplings to an endless hauling rope operated
by driving gear at one end, and provided with
tightening gear at the other end, the usual rate of
speed being from 4 to 6 miles per hour. On arrival
at a terminal, the grips or couplings are automatically
released, and the carrier-traveller runs upon a shunt
rail.

This type of wire-rope tramway is economical in
wear and tear, but somewhat expensive in first cost,
and is unsuitable where there are sudden changes in
the vertical angle of the line.

The second type of fixed-rope tramway, wherein a
single fixed rope and one carrier are used, is the best ^ .
suited for situations where only moderate quantities "^ ^
of materials have to be carried, the individual loads / /• ■
being heavy, and the spans long, and the inclines /. '
steep.

The arrangement consists of a single fixed carrying
rope upon which a single carrier is mounted through
its traveller or truck, and is drawn forward and back-
ward by means of an endless hauling rope operated
by suitable reversible driving gear at one end, and
having tightening gear at the other. The fixed
carrying rope is supported on posts or standards
placed at intervals of about 300 feet apart, the hauling ■
rope being carried on pulleys fitted with guide bars
located in the centre of the standard over which the
carrier passes, the standards being so constructed as

12 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

to admit of the carrier passing through them. The
return portion of the hauling rope is carried upon
outside pulleys mounted upon brackets or arms on
the standards. The attachment of the hauling rope
to the carrier head is made by a pendant so shaped
as to admit of its passing under the saddle-transom.

This type of wire-rope tramway is cheaper in both
first cost and maintenance than that just described,
and it is likewise simpler to erect and to work.

The third type of fixed-rope tramway, in which two
fixed carrying ropes and two carriers are employed,
the one moving upon one carrying rope whilst the
other moves down upon the other and vice versd, is
applicable where the spans are of extreme lengths,
and the individual loads very heavy.

The two fixed carrying ropes are stretched side by
side as in the other double fixed carrying rope type
of tramway, but only two carriers are used, and most
frequently these lines are arranged to operate as self-
acting inclines, the loaded carrier descending and
hauling up the empty carrier, or lighter loaded carrier,
which in turn is loaded and descends. When the
loaded carrier passes up, and the empty or light
carrier descends, power is used. The travelling speed
may be as high as 30 or 40 miles an hour. The
individual loads may be of 3 tons or more, and spans
of over 3,000 feet can be traversed. In one line in
the Pyrenees there is a span of 4,500 feet between the
supports.

This type of line is cheaper than the other arrange-
ment of two parallel fixed carrying ropes in first cost,
and also in maintenance, and fewer hands are required
to work it. The quantity of material it is capable of

DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF AERIAL TRAMWAYS. 1 3

transporting per day is of course less, and the speed
of running produces a rapid wear of the rope.

Special Arrangements.

There are many special arrangements of both these
systems, the principles remaining, however, always the
same, and the differences consisting mainly in the
various details of construction, many of which are
patented.

t As may readily be supposed, the special circum-
stances required to be met in a number of cases have
given rise to many other particular designs of wire-
rope tramways, on both the above-named systems, to
meet these wants.

For example, to remove earth from trenches during
excavation a wire-rope tramway has been designed
having separate branch ropes for the guide wheels,
and connected with a drum or draught rojy, what is
known as a Turk's head being employed to prevent
the buckets being hoisted too high. The rope is
prevented from sagging by a small swivelling
traveller.

The following is a brief description * of a special
form of wire-rope tramway in successful use in the
United States for both hoisting or raising and con-
veying loads.

The main carrying rope used has a diameter of
2j inches, with a span between the suspending towers
of I, GOG to 1,500 feet, and weights of from 4 to 8 tons
can be raised and dealt with. The main carrying

* For full account of this arrangement, see Transactions of
the American Society of Civil Engineers^ April 1894, p. 397.

14 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

rope passes over oak saddles on these towers, and is
anchored at each end to the earth.

The carrier runner or carriage consists of two flanged
wheels adapted to run upon the carrier rope, and the
axles of which are connected together by a frame ex-
tending below them. In this frame are mounted two
pulleys, over which the hoisting rope passes to the fall-
block. The runner or carriage is hauled by an endless
rope, attached level with the axles to both the front
and back wheels, and returning above the runner or
carriage, and passing between two guide pulleys,
working in the frame of the latter. At one end this
hauling rope passes over guide pulleys in the tower,
and is wrapped five or more times round the 54-inch
drum of a steam winch which gives it motion. The
hoisting drum works alongside the latter, and is of
the same size, so that by working the two drums in
opposite directions at the same rate, the weight is
kept at a constant height and at the same time
will be moved horizontally.

To support the hoisting rope a special device is
employed consisting of a horn on the back of the
main carrier runner or carriage that holds a number
of subsidiary carriers which are left as the carriage
moves along the main carrying rope or cable, at
suitable distances apart, to support the hoisting rope
from the latter. To effect this an auxiliary rope of
about f inch diameter is suspended above the main
cable and held at a constant distance from it at the
runner or carriage by passing under a pulley attached
to the runner frame. On this rope is a series of
buttons equally spaced, and increasing in diameter
with the distance from the tower at the working end.

DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF AERIAL TRAMWAYS. IS

Slots in the heads of the subsidiary carriers corre-
sponding to the diameter of the buttons, cause each
one, as the carriage passes along the cable, to be
stopped at its proper button.

It will be observed that the load can be hoisted or
lowered at any point under the line of the carrying
rope or cable, and that horizontal motion can be given
to the load at any height to which it may be raised.

This type of wire-rope tramway can be advan-
tageously employed in open pit mining operations,
and other excavations, and is said to be found very
efficient in constructing any works which can be
spanned by the main carrying rope or cable.

To transfer goods from a floating crane to a store
or warehouse, and vice versdy in one arrangement of
wire ropeway which has been designed, small plat-
forms are formed on the vertical frame of the crane,
each of which platforms is arranged to correspond
with one of the floors of the warehouse from which
the goods are carried by carrier receptacles or cages
attached to a wire rope. This latter is passed from
a drum on the top of the vertical frame round a
sheave to the warehouse, and back again to another
drum on the same shaft as the first, the rope being
wound upon the drums in opposite directions, and the
latter driven by means of friction clutches. The shaft
bearings are so mounted as to be free to slide in two
radial segments struck with a radius from the driving
pulley of the engine beneath, and connected by chains
to counterweights.

Another arrangement intended for conveying goods
between a vessel and a warehouse consists of a jib
crane combined with e^n inclined rope tramway. A

1 6 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

double jib is hinged to a foundation plate fixed on the
quay, and is supported by an inclined wire ropeway
passing over a sheave, and connected to a counter-
weight located within the building. This weight is so
adjusted as to be sufficient to raise the jib, which latter
is lowered by means of a crab or winch, and operating
blocks and tackle, connected to it and to the founda-
tion plate, the rope being clamped above the counter-
weight when the desired position is obtained. Upon
this ropeway is mounted a wheeled carrier, traveller, or
runner, having the lifting or hauling rope, which latter
is wound upon a drum within the warehouse, attached
to it, and this drum is capable of being revolved by a
loose belt connection to a rotating shaft, which loose
belt can be tightened when desired by a pressure
pulley normally kept out of action by a counterweight.
The lifting hook is attached to a frame suspended
from the lifting or hauling rope, and provided with
two arms sufficiently far apart to admit the carrier
traveller or runner passing between them. Another
pair of catches hinged to the jib hold the carrier
traveller or runner in position, whilst the load is being
lifted or lowered, by engaging with studs or projec-
tions on the carrier traveller or runner, and the above-
mentioned arms in rising are inclined by bevelled
surfaces coming in contact with these studs so as to
throw the hinged catches out of engagement, whilst
catches upon the arms engage therewith. The carrier
traveller or runner and load can then be drawn up
into the warehouse.

On the descent of the empty carrier, which takes
place by gravity, the catches on the arms of the lifting
hook are automatically disengaged, and the catches

DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF AERIAL TRAMWAYS. 1 7

on the jib re-engage with the studs, so as to hold the
carrier traveller or runner in position whilst the lifting
hook is lowered into the hold of the vessel.

A temporary ropeway for loading and unloading
ships consists of a wire rope stretched taut between
the deck of the vessel to be dealt with, and a crossbar,
upon which a pulley is raised and lowered by a winch.
This pulley is connected by a rope to a post, or other
convenient point of attachment, situated somewhat
beyond the place where it is desired to deposit the
load, or to pick up the latter.

The carrier receptacle is first loaded in the lower
position, when the cargo of the vessel is being dis-
charged, then that end of the rope is raised by means
of the winch, and the carrier runs by gravity down
the rope, is emptied, and the end of the rope being
lowered, again returns by gravity. When the vessel
is taking in cargo, and the load would be consequently
running in the opposite direction, this operation is
reversed.

To enable a steamer to be coaled from a collier
whilst under way, it has been proposed to use a wire-
rope tramway of the following description. The collier
is especially fitted for the purpose with a braced mast
having at the top a pulley, over which the rope passes
to a shackle on the mast of the steamer, and thence
to the deck, where it is secured. The vessels are
supposed to be maintained at a fixed distance apart,
during the operation, by a tow-rope.

There are numerous other more or less impracticable
patented arrangements which space does not admit
of even briefly describing, and which besides are of
little or no interest.

CHAPTER II.

Details of Construction : Posts or Standards — Wire
Ropes or Lines for Running -Rope System —
Carrier Boxes or Saddles — Wire Ropes or Lines
FOR the Fixed Carrying Rope System — Carrier
Trucks, Runners, or Saddles — Friction Grips
OR Couplings — Knots or Carrier Collars — Pawl
Locking Grips or Couplings — Claw Locking
Grips or Couplings — Carrier Receptacles or
Vehicles — Motive Power.

As in the case of railways or tramways, aerial rope-
ways or wire-rope tramways consist essentially of
three all-important parts, viz., the line or track, which
in this case takes the form of a running or travelling,
of one or more fixed, wire ropes or cables, in accord-
ance with the system in use ; the carriers, vehicles, or
cars for the goods or passengers ; and finally, of the
motive power for the line.

Posts or Standards.

Whether the line be constructed on the running or
travelling, or fixed carrying rope or cable system, the
rope or cable must be suitably supported at proper
intervals upon wooden or iron posts or standards.
These posts are usually placed at from lOO feet to

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION.

300 feet apart, the exact distance depending of course
upon the configuration of the ground to be passed
over, an accurate survey and section of which should
be always executed. When, however, a gorge, ravine,
narrow valley, or river has to be crossed over, the

Single Wooden Posts or Standards.

distance between the uprights or supports may be
very considerably increased, and, as has been already
mentioned, spans of 3,000 feet, or, in extreme cases,
even considerably more,* may be safely resorted to.

* See page 12.

20 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

The survey for a line of wire-rope tramway should
in all cases be carefully executed. And it is important
to bear in mind that wherever it is possible the line
should be in a straight line, as each angle will render
necessary the erection of a complete station, thus
increasing both the cost of construction and that of
working. At each point where a post or standard is
to be erected, the depth of solid ground should be
ascertained.

The posts or standards when constructed wholly or
mostly of wood may, in the simplest cases, consist of
common round poles or spars forming the legs, and
having top cross pieces of well-seasoned oak or equi-
valent timber. These legs are stayed near their
lower extremities, and should be let into the ground
for a sufficient distance to ensure the requisite rigidity.

Two simple forms of wooden standards or posts are
illustrated in Figs, i and 2.

Upon the upper ends of the posts are crosspieces
secured in position by iron brackets, and provided
with suitable shoes, saddles, or seats to receive the
carrying wire ropes, two of which are used in both
these instances to form double lines. Lower crossbars
braced to the posts, carry rollers which serve to
support the driving or hauling ropes at such times
as the latter are not engaged by passing carriers or
vehicles.

When iron is employed as a material for the sup-
ports, channel or I-beams, with angle-iron stiffeners, and
channel iron crosspieces, are usually employed. Where
the loads are heavy and the spans considerable, more-
over, the posts or standards should be constructed
with four legs.

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION.

The design of these supports, however, whether
constructed of timber or iron, will of course vary from
those of great simplicity, required for short lines
carried at no great height above the ground level, to

Fig. 3. — Iron Post or Standard.

structures of comparative complexity in the case of
the more important installations.

One pattern of iron post or standard is shown in

Fig. 3-

22 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

Another type consists of wrought-iron pipes con-
nected by ferrules, and which can readily be taken to
pieces, and adjusted as regards height by sliding the
one length of pipe within the other.

The standards or supports, of whatever form of
construction they may be, are, when above 45 or 50
feet in height, usually stayed with wire guy ropes as
an additional security. When intended for supporting
running ropes, the seats or saddles are replaced by J
sheaves or pulleys.

Descriptions and illustrations of a number of other
posts or standards will be found given later on in the
chapters devoted to the particulars of various installa-
tions that have been erected in different parts of the
world.

Wire Ropes or Lines for Bunning-Bope

System.

As regards the line or track itself, the characteristic
features of the wire ropes used for this purpose, in
both the above systems, will be found dealt with to
a certain extent in the above-mentioned descriptions
of the various installations on both plans. Inasmuch,
however, as such ropes form a very, if not the most,
important part of aerial or wire-rope tramways, being
both the chief wearing parts and those most costly to
renew, a few preliminary general observations upon the
classes of wire rope most suitable for the purpose in
question will be of interest. The methods employed
for the splicing and securing of the ropes, and for
their preservative treatment, will be found dealt with
in the last chapter of the book. Space will not admit
of even briefly touching upon the manufacture of wire,
a subject which is naturally intimately connected with

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION. 23

wire ropes, but those desirous of obtaining full informa-
tion upon this matter can do so by perusing a very
interesting work by J. Bucknall Smith, C.E.*

For a wire tramway of the main class first men-
tioned, where a running or travelling endless rope
carrying the buckets or carriers is used, this rope
should preferably be of what is known as the Albert
or Langt lay, that is, a rope in which the component
wires of the strands, and the strands themselves, are
laid in the same direction.

Figs, 4 and 5 are photographic reproductions
showing a wire rope of this description as it appeared
respectively when new, and after two years' use, on a

Rope, Albert Lay : Appearance when New.

wire ropeway on Carrington's system erected between
Badovalle and Ortuella in Spain. This rope was put
to work at the beginning of July 1893, and was kept 1
in continual use until 20th July 1895, at which time I
it had carried upwards of 165,000 tons of iron ore, the 1
cost for rope renewal being in this instance only about

• ''Wire : its Manufacture and Uses," by J. Bucknall Smith,
C.E., Offices ai Engineerinj^.

+ A so-called patent was acquired in this country in the year
1879 by ]■ Lang for a wire rope constructed on the principle
invented by Professor Albert of Clausthal about the year 1837,
and which at the time of Lang's patent had been in common
use in Germany for over forty years, and had been made public
in England for at least ten years.

24 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

\ penny per ton mile. It was, however, far from being
worn out when removed, as was proved by the fact
that the breaking strain was even then found to be
27J tons, against one of 29^^(y tons when new. This
was a very remarkable performance, and bore abun-
dant testimony to the quality of the material employed,
and the care and skill exerted in its manufacture by
the makers.* It also shows how desirable it is from
an economical point of view to use only ropes of
the very best quality obtainable, although they may
primarily entail a larger outlay.

Both the above and many other practical tests
very conclusively prove that the Albert or Lang lay

Fig. 5.— Wire Rope, Albert Lay : Appearance after Use on

Wire- Rope Tramway.

is decidedly the most suitable form of construction for
running ropes.

The endless running or travelling rope, which should
be made of special steel, usually passes at one end or
terminal round a suitably arranged driving gear pro-
vided with some convenient tightening device by means
of which the slack and extension of the rope can be
taken up as required, and at the other end or terminal
is carried by a plain cast-iron grooved wheel. The
tightening devices employed are usually similar to
those used on underground haulage installations.

* Messrs Bullivant & Co. Lt4.

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION. 25

Pulleys or sheaves rotatably mounted upon the posts
or standards serve to support the rope between the
terminals, and the carriers or vehicles are attached to
it at suitable intervals by gripping devices.

It is obvious that the above grooved supporting
sheaves or pulleys may consist of any ordinary and
well-known types mounted in the usual manner. A
number of specially constructed sheaves or pulleys
have, however, been designed.

In one form the supporting sheaves for the endless
travelling rope are constructed with deep flanges to
prevent the rope from being jerked off, and also with
raised or removable treads on which it bears. The
sheaves are so dished that the bearings will be located
beneath the line of the rope. At such points on the
line as are exposed to great pressure, such as the ends
of spans, it is recommended to mount two or more
sheaves on simple or compound balance, or compen-
sating levers, on springs, or on adjustable bearings, so
as to distribute the strains, allow for the varying posi-
tions of the load, and to admit of the rope conforming
to the contour of the ground. It is also suggested
that the sheaves be mounted in canted or inclined
positions at curves so as to allow of horizontal changes
in direction being made without shunting on to another
section.

It has been proposed to employ double pulleys or
sheaves with a clearance or space between them to
allow of the passage of the hangers. By this means
the advantage of being enabled to hang the loads
directly from the rope would be secured. In practice,
however, it is obvious that such an arrangement would
present many difficulties against successful working.

26 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

not the least of which would be to ensure the passage
of the hangers, which have a more or less tendency
to sway laterally, through the narrow clearance, the
amount of which would of course be governed by the
diameter of the rope.

Oanier Boxes or Saddles for Running-Rope

System.

The vehicles or receptacles for the conveyance of
goods or passengers, including the means employed
for suspending them from the ropeway, are usually
known by the name of carriers, and in the system of
wire tramways under consideration in which an end-
less travelling rope is employed, the method of sup-
porting them upon this endless travelling rope is such
that the carriers are attached to and will travel with
the rope, from which they are suspended by means
of suitable frames or hangers, and boxes or saddles,
several different methods being adopted for securing
the latter to the rope, and the slipping of these grip-
ping devices when inefficient forming one of the most
fruitful sources of wear of the wire rope. ,

In one pattern the box is fixed to the rope, which is
held therein by an abutment and strap, and to this
box is journalled an upper hanger. The lower hanger
carries the loads and is detachably connected to the
upper one, and its lower end enters a V-shaped notch
with a cross rib in the carrier receptacle or bucket
into which it is guided by a locking device consisting
of a swinging arm. The strap for securing the box or
saddle to the rope is tightened by a screw or by a jib
and cottar, and the box can be placed at any angle

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION.

to suit the disposition of the supporting pulleys or
sheaves.

An arrangement of saddle has also been designed
by Roe and Bedlington, containing clips which grasp
the sides of the rope, and are tightened by the weight
of the carrier and its contents acting through toggle
levers, wedges, and universal joints or rollers, running
on plane, inclined, or curved surfaces, the slight end-
wise motion of the saddle on gradients under the
action of the load causing a further tightening of the
jaws to take place. On passing a supporting sheave
or pulley the clip jaws pass through the sheave groove

Fig. 6. — Carrier Box, or Saddle, for Steep Gradients.

whilst the saddle passes above it, and a taper nose
attached to the saddle tends to bring the rope into the
centre of the sheave groove if at all displaced. The
saddle is also provided with two pulleys for supporting
it on shunt rails at the stations, and the jaws of the clip
are sometimes grooved to fit the cable or rope strands
and lined with some suitable material. To prevent
the saddle from tipping endways when ascending a
steep gradient, the rod, frame, or hanger carrying the
receptacle is pivoted to the saddle in the horizontal
plane of the centre line of the cable or rope.

28 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

Fig. 6 shows one of Carrington's pattern boxes or
saddles specially adapted for steep grades. The por-
tion of the saddle or box which rides upon and grips
the rope is fitted with a seating of some pliant material
such as indiarubber, or of an arrangement of wooden
or composition friction pieces or blocks, the latter
being held by some authorities to be the best, as the
indiarubber seatings are liable in some cases where
the gradients are very steep to slip in wet weather.
For additional security steel toggles are sometimes
placed at the extremities, but this practice is objection-
able by reason of the great wear and tear to which
they subject the ropes or cables. The external
arrangement and construction of the box or saddle
will be sufficiently apparent from the illustration
without much further description.

The frame carrying the friction blocks or pieces is
generally made of malleable cast-iron, with wings at
each end, which, when the carrier is passing a rope-
supporting pulley, embrace the pulley rim.

Small shunt wheels are mounted upon pins carried
in the frame, as shown, and serve to remove the carrier
from the rope at the terminals, and at the curves, where
shunt rails are fixed for that purpose.

Another form of saddle has a V-shaped groove, also
lined with indiarubber or other elastic material at each
end, which grooves ride on the rope, and the india-
rubber by engaging with the wires obviates any tendency
to slipping under ordinary conditions. At the central
portion which is clear of the rope a pair of jaws are
arranged to grip the wire-work freely on inclines. To
effect this the load is suspended from a horizontal
transverse shaft on the top of the saddle, and a verti-

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION. 29

cal stud is provided on the former having at its top a
horizontal shuttle-shaped piece placed in the direction
of the rope. The arms of the grip are forked fore and
aft, the prongs rising opposite the pointed end of the
shuttle, which, when the saddle assumes an inclined
position on a gradient, enters between the forked
arms and causes the jaws to grip the rope by reason
of the weight hanging in a vertical direction, and so
causing the shaft to rotate relatively to the saddle.

A type of box or saddle for steep grades is so con-
structed that it is capable, whilst riding on the rope,
of passing through an enlarged groove provided on
the supporting pulleys. The frictional connection to
the rope is in this case usually discarded in favour of
a mechanical device which grips the rope, or in some
cases of an arrangement of clip, consisting of a lug
cast on to the frame or to a movable portion of the
latter, and resting between the strands of the rope.*

The Hallidie clip is one which is rather extensively
used, and has been well spoken of It consists essen-
tially of two parts connected by a pin forming a
hinge joint opening upwards. On the extreme end
of the body or main part is a spiral web that enters
the rope. Two prongs on the other end of this body
are drilled to receive the pin, and the piece jointed to
the body by the latter has an arm which forms a
journal, a lip or projection preventing the joint from
working downwards. The spiral web on the body has
five concave corrugations or scores and one convex
corrugation, and is formed to suit the pitch of the
strands of the rope in which it is to be entered, and

* See description of running-rope system on this plan, pages
9, 104.

30 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

also the size of the latter, so that the rope will fit
accurately in the corrugations.

When in place in a six-strand rope the first corru-
gation will receive the heart or core, and the second
and third receive the two outside strands of the rope.
The third of the three bottom strands will lie beneath
the core which is in the first corrugation or score.
The sixth convex corrugation on the upper side of the
web will take the place of the upper half of the core,
and the fourth and fifth corrugations will take one
strand each, whilst the third will lie on the top of the
sixth corrugation. An almost perfectly round rope
is thus, it will be seen, secured at the point of
attachment.

On the inner end of the above-mentioned arm is
cast a solid collar, and a loose collar or washer placed
at the free or outer end and retained in place by a
split pin, forms the journal upon which can be
mounted the carrier or hanger frame.

In work, when passing a sheave or pulley the body
rides on the rim of the sheave, and is raised up as it
travels over it, gradually falling as it passes until the
joint takes its bearing, the shaft or journal remaining
during the movement in a horizontal, or approximately
horizontal, position.

The advantages claimed for this clip are : — Owing
to the clip being hinged and inserted into the rope
without the form of the latter being altered at the
point of insertion, no swelling is produced on the rope,
and the clip can pass over a sheave without jar to the
rope, or throwing the load out of its vertical position, thus
avoiding the detrimental swinging action which takes
place when rigid clips are used. This hinged arrange-

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION. 3 1

merit, besides, admits of very deep wide grooved sheaves
or pulleys being used, and the liability of the rope
being jerked out of place is thus reduced to a mini-
mum. With ordinary clips, on the contrary, the rims
of the sheaves have to be cut down so that the grooves
will not be deeper than half the diameter of the rope,
and consequently the danger of the latter leaving
them is considerable. The clip can also be very
readily attached to the rope, and can be easily ad-
vanced on the latter from time to time, so as to dis-
tribute the wear, and prolong the life of the rope. It
is cheap, and does not require, as is the case with
some forms of clips, to be bent round the rope whilst
hot, thereby affecting the temper of the latter and
frequently considerably reducing its tensile strength.

Wire Ropes or Lines for the Fixed Carrying

Rope System.

With respect to the second main class of wire tram-
ways mentioned, that is, those in which a strong fixed
carrying rope forms each of the lines, tracks, or ways,
and a light running or travelling rope is employed in
conjunction therewith for driving or haulage purposes,
the former should be of stout steel wire, and specially
designed to withstand the strains to which the line or
track will be subjected in working; and the latter
should preferably consist of fine steel wire, and be
made on the Albert lay, and with a hempen core so
as to ensure the maximum degree of flexibility.

The fixed rope forming the track or line is some-
times solidly anchored at each end, suitable means for
straining or taking up the slack being provided at a
point, or at points, along the line. In other cases it is

32 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

anchored at one end only, and strained at the other
end by heavy weights passing over pulleys, a weighted
anchor carriage, or by winding it on a drum, &c.

The posts or standards used in lines on this system
do not dififer materially from those employed for the
running or endless rope system, the wooden and iron
posts or standards shown in Figs, i, 2, and 3 being,
indeed, arranged to support fixed ropes, the method
adopted not being, however, shown very plainly owing
to the smallness of the scale.

The fixed carrying rope is as a rule supported at
the posts or standards in iron saddles, seatings, shoes,
or cradles so formed as to afford no obstruction to the
passage of the grooved wheels of the carrier travellers
or trucks running on the rope, whilst the light
travelling hauling or driving rope is held up simply
by its attachment at frequent intervals to the carrier
frames or hangers, except where such intervals or
spaces are of considerable extent, in which case the
rope is generally arranged to* rest upon rollers rotat-
ably mounted upon arms, brackets, or crosspieces fixed
to the posts or standards.

The method of supporting the carrying rope is of
considerable importance, as, by reason of variations
in temperature and in the positions of the loaded
carriers, the ropes have a considerable endwise
movement imparted to them, which, if they should
become fixed in their saddles, seatings, or shoes, would
tend to overturn the posts or standards, and in any
case is likely to give rise to a considerable amount
of wear. To overcome this objection the ropes are
sometimes carried on grooved sheaves or pulleys, but
the small amount of bearing surface afforded by these

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION. 33

also entails excessive wear. More successful methods
are those wherein the blocks or shoes are mounted
upon small rollers and arranged to run upon suitable
paths or races, or what is still better, secured, as in
the Obach and Beer systems, to the ends of pendulum
rods or swinging levers, arranged to move through
certain arcs, but supported against sideway movement
by quad rant- shaped guides.

The terminals and occasionally intermediate points
of divergence on the line, where the latter is con-
structed as is usual in straight sections, have to be

¥ia. 7. — Wire-Rope Tramway End or Termini

provided with switch rails to enable the carriers to be
transferred or shunted on to another line or track, or
on to the second rope or cable to perform the return
journey.

One end or terminal of a tramway on Bleichert's
system is illustrated in Fig. 7, from which it will be
seen that the hauling or driving rope passes round
the horizontal wheel or pulley, and the track is con-
nected to a rail supported by suitable brackets. The
carriers may be here passed round to the second or
opposite supporting or carrying rope or cable for the

34 AEKIAL TRAMWAYS.

return journey, or they may be shunted on to another
track by the switch rails.

When it is desired to erect portable temporary
junctions at some intermediate points on the line
where it is required to stop or to return the carriers
to the starting point, these junctions are constructed
with a connecting rail somewhat similar to that shown
in Fig. 7, but arranged to dip below the supporting
or carrying ropes or cables by means of temporary
pulleys, so that they may be out of the way of carriers
or vehicles crossing over.

At curves the arrangement is such that the carriers
leave the supporting track or carrying rope and run,
by reason of their momentum, on a connecting rail
in the same manner as at the end or terminus of the
tramway, having been released from the hauling or
driving rope, by which they are again picked up on
resuming their bearing on the line or track, that is,
the fixed carrying rope. Both the supporting or
carrying ropes, and hauling or driving rope, pass round
rollers.

Amongst the various other plans that have been
adopted or suggested for the arrangement of the rope-
way the following may be mentioned : — Connecting the
carrying rope by ties at fixed intervals to another rope
suspended from posts or supports consisting alter-
nately of one of considerably greater height, so as to
form, as it were, a flexible girder. In the case of
double lines stretchers or crossheads being provided
to maintain them parallel, and to enable loads to be
suspended when desired from both lines. The carrier
supports and carriers need not in this case differ from
those ordinarily employed.

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION. 35

Supporting the weight of the carriers by means of
several wires so arranged that the tension of the wires
will be independent of the load. These wires are
fixed at one end or terminus, and are passed over
grooved pulleys at the other end or terminus, and
connected to heavy weights. The driving, propelling,
or hauling ropes are arranged side by side with the
former, one end of each being attached to the carrier,
passed -around pulleys, and back to the other end of
the carrier, and there secured. The hauling or driving
rope is driven by a suitable pulley, which latter is
rotated by an engine located at the rear of the casing
carrying the supporting pulleys, and provided with
guides for the suspension tension weights. These
latter consist of two side plates carrying between them
at the top a loose pulley, and having supports for
removable bars forming the adjustable part of the
weight.

In another arrangement of ropeway suggested by
Hodgson, a rope was to be laid parallel to the bearing
or carrying rope, which second rope was to be capable
of taking a strain similar to that thrown by the loads
upon the bearing or carrying rope, and was to be
clamped by a clip formed with spiral grooves corre-
sponding to the lay of the rope, to the supports of the
bearing or carrying rope. The bearing or carrying
rope was to be first laid with a sag so as not to over-
strain it, and then the sustaining or carrying rope
strained whilst unloaded to its maximum strain.

Many plans have been proposed for enabling curves
to be rounded at angles instead of shunting the carrier
on to a rail, and thence to another ropeway or section,
diverging in a straight line from the first. In one

36 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

arrangement the bearing or carrying rope is replaced at
the curves by rails, and the traction or hauling rope is
guided by pulleys supported in a rail against which
bear wheels on the vehicle suspending or carrier
frame, and rope-gripping apparatus. The track is
supported by two crossed poles with inclined struts,
the poles being held where they cross by a bolt and a
double channel section. The traction or hauling rope
may be run at the terminal station round a horizontal
pulley with a flange, against which the above-men-
tioned wheels bear. The bearing or carrying rope and
traction or hauling rope pulleys, &c., are supported
on brackets on the crosspieces, which brackets, near
the terminals, are mounted on slides vertically adjust-
able by screws, or other means, so as to enable the
required incline to be obtained.

Carrier Trucks, Runners, or Saddles.

The carrier receptacles in this system are suspended
from trucks, travellers, runners, or saddles, the ordinary
form of which consists mainly of two grooved wheels
or rollers rotatably mounted in a suitable frame ; but
several special arrangements of which, however, are also
made, the best forms being those having the spindles or
axles of the grooved wheels supported in bearings at
both ends, instead of being arranged overhanging and
supported at one end only, as is sometimes the case.

The spindles or axles in some of the best types are
also formed hollow so as to provide reservoirs adapted
to contain a charge of lubricant, and they are perforated
with small radial holes to allow the escape of the
lubricant into the journal, by which means the trucks
or travellers are enabled to run for a lengthened

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION.

period without attention, and the spindles and bosses
of the grooved wheels caused to last for many years.
The oil or other lubricant can be inserted into the
hollow spindles by the removal of screw plugs.

In the ordinary form of overhanging spindles or
axles the wheels become skewed, atwist, or out of

Fig. 8. — Carrier Truck or Runner for Fixed Wire Ropeway.

line, and consequently the carriers do not hang verti-
cally. Considerable trouble, moreover, is generally
experienced in keeping them properly lubricated.

Fig. 8 illustrates in sectional plan and elevation a
truck or runner having a frame and spindles of the
above-mentioned improved description. The frame is

38 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

composed of two steel plates having a central cast-iron
distance piece through which the hanger or frame
spindle passes. The grooved wheel spindles or axles
are of phosphor bronze hollowed out or recessed to
contain oil or other lubricant, as shown, and also
arranged to form end distance pieces between the side
plates of the frame. The hanger spindle can be oiled
through a hole in the distance piece, and the .carrier
frame or hanger passes through the latter, the frame
being suspended from the centre, but on one side of
the truck or runner, and swinging on the spindle.

To admit of the loads being suspended directly
from the carrying rope a form of truck or runner
having double wheels or rollers with a space or clear-
ance between them has been proposed. Through
this clearance the connections by means of which the
rope is suspended or supported will pass, the amount
of the clearance obtainable being of course dependent
upon the diameter of the rope.

A truck or runner has been designed in which the
grooved wheels or pulleys are mounted in a frame
from which the receptacle is carried by a hanger and
rods, and on the other side of which is another pivoted
rod which takes on to a stud on a second rod, a third
pivoted rod taking on to a stud on the first rod. The
office of this latter rod is to prevent the truck or runner
accidentally leaving the rope, and to admit of its
passing the supports on the posts or standards, fixed
inclines being there provided to knock the rods out
of the way at these points.

Another truck or runner in which provision is made
for preventing its being jerked from, or otherwise
getting ofif the carrying rope, consists of a saddle

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION. 39

framing fitted with two or more rotalably mounted
grooved wheels or pulleys intended to run upon the
fixed carrying rope, and one or more similarly grooved
wheels or pulleys mounted in a like manner, and
adapted to engage with the under side of the rope,
so as to prevent the possibility of any accident
arising through the above-mentioned cause.

The frame of this saddle is also formed fender-
shaped at each end in order to remove any obstruc-
tions, such as branches, from the carrying rope.

In practice any such additional safety arrangements
for preventing the trucks or runners from leaving the
carrying rope are found to be unnecessary on lines
working under ordinary conditions.

A number of so-called safety suspension devices or
trucks have been likewise devised, the general idea in
all of them being to provide some form of clutch which
will act automatically to grip the ropeway should the
driving or hauling rope break.

In one form, upon the accidental breakage of the
driving or hauling rope, a bridle to which the latter is
attached will fall and release detents, thereby allowing
of springs coming into action by which gripping rods,
jointed in a manner practically similar to a parallel
ruler, are caused to grip the ropeway through links
and levers. A pusher piece is forced by a suitable
stop to shoot beneath a snug on the bridle, and pre-
vent its falling, and the clutch from coming into action
at the termination of the travel or journey.

Another type of carriage or truck, in addition to a
safety clutch device, has suitable mechanism by means
of which the carrier receptacle can be lowered atone of
the termini. This arrangement is intended especially

40 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

for hoisting and conveying coal and other materials
from mines, vessels, &c.

There are numerous other patterns of trucks or
runners which space does not admit of even briefly
describing here, but a few of which will be found
noticed and illustrated in the descriptions of various
installations that have been erected.

Friction Grips or Couplings.

To attach the carriers to the hauling rope some
kind of clip, coupling, or grip is required, and if regu-
larity and uniformity of working is to be attained,
this device must be both simple in construction, cer-
tain in its action, and calculated to produce as little
wear of the rope as possible. Indeed it has been the
experience of most engineers, with regard to wire-rope
tramways, that the slipping of the clips on the carry-
ing rope in the one system and on the hauling rope
in the other, is one of if not the chief cause of their
wear.

The couplings or grips in general use are either of
the friction or of the locking types.

Fig. 9 shows in elevation and in vertical section a
form of grip or coupling of the first-mentioned class,
which consists, as will be seen from the illustration, of
two smooth-faced discs, one firmly attached to the
crossbar of the carrier frame or hanger, and the other
rotatably mounted upon a spindle, and capable of
acting as a carrier or support for the driving or haul-
ing rope. The discs are normally retained apart by a
spring, and to bring them together and grip the rope,
the spindle is provided with a square screw thread at its
outer end, upon which the correspondingly internally

DETAir^ OF CONSTRUCTION. 41

screw-threaded boss of a lever is adapted to screw, so
that when the latter is raised the loose disc will be
moved towards the fixed one, and the rope be tightly
clamped or gripped between their adjacent faces, the
lever being retained in its raised position hy means of
a spring catch or trigger. This latter arrangement
admits of the grip or coupling being automatically
thrown out of action by a stop or wiper encountering

Fio. 9.

in Grip or Coupling.

the lever and catch, and the hauling or driving rope
released, on approaching a station, when the carrier
can be switched off the carrying rope on to a siding,
as has been already described.

This grip or coupling is said to be suitable for
gradients up to i in 6, and for loads weighing up to
9 cwts. nett. An advantage of no inconsiderable
value, possessed by this coupling, is the ease with which

42 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

it can be adapted to receive ropes of different dimen-
sions, and to allow for the wear of the rope.

Where steeper gradients have to be surmounted,
such as those up to say i in 3, a friction grip or
coupling with corrugated jaws, one of which is rigid,
and the other movable to and from the rope by means
of a lever and cam, should be used, or some other
more powerful form of grip than that fitted with the
smooth-faced discs, as above described and illustrated.

Two forms of clips, couplings, or grips have been
designed, which are constructed shortly as follows : —
In the first a right and left handed screw-threaded
spindle is employed. The thread engaging in the
outer or first movable jaw is of a fast pitch, and,
when rotated, rapidly advances the jaw against the
rope and then becomes disconnected, after which the
closing of the jaws is completed by the fine thread,
which engages with, and acts upon the second movable
jaw. A casing is provided for excluding dirt, and a
lever is attached to the screw- threaded spindle which
can be acted on by fixed inclines or stops at the stations
so as to automatically operate the coupling or grip.

The second arrangement consists of a toggle me-
chanism for operating the jaws, and the grip is held
closed by a pawl engaging a sector fixed on one of
the jaws, and is kept normally open by a spring
between the jaws.

Both of the above clips are provided with guide-
rollers intended to bear upon the hauling or driving
rope, and have their jaws fitted with liners to facilitate
repair when worn.

In a form of coupling or grip designed by the same
inventor, whose disc grip has been already briefly

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION. 43

described and illustrated, an eccentric quadrant is
caused to bear against the rope by a cam operated by
an arm controlled by suitable projections provided on
the line.

Another grip or clip invented by Roe and Bedlington
has the jaws so mounted that they will be closed by
a movement perpendicular to the direction of the cable
or rope, and will be then automatically tightened by
the pull of the latter. The above purpose is effected
by various arrangements, such as ball-jointed jaws
with eccentric faces, straight-faced jaws working on
eccentric bearings, one jaw jointed to a plain or
segmental toggle lever, and the other supported by
eccentric rollers, and by other dispositions of toggle
levers. Apparatus is also provided for entering the
cable or rope between the jaws, applying the initial
pressure, and locking the jaws.

It has been also proposed to use a rope clip or
grip in which the hanger is given a vertical movement
in the supporting trolley or saddle, which latter is
arranged to carry an upper gripping block, and to
actuate a lower gripping block pivoted on the trolley
through a link. A pulley running on a fixed rail
raises the hanger above the ordinary carrying rope at
the termini, so as to free the grip from the driving or
hauling rope.

Whatever the type of friction grip or coupling,
however, that may be employed, provided it be effi-
cient in action, certain specific advantages will be de-
rived from its use. Amongst these the most important
are that, owing to the carriers being attachable to the
rope at any point, the wear of the rope is rendered
more uniform throughout its entire length ; and,

44 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

furthermore, as the carriers can be, as above men-
tioned, attached to the hauling or driving rope at any
point, the carrying capacity of the line may be easily
increased or decreased at pleasure, by simply placing
the carriers closer together, or further apart, in accord-
ance with whether the former or latter alteration be
desired.

This is, indeed, a far more desirable way of effect-
ing the above object than that of varying the travelling
speed of the driving or hauling rope from that found
to be the most advantageous rate at which to work
any particular installation of wire -rope tramway, and
more particularly is this the case when the alteration
entails an increase of velocity.

As an example of the small amount of wear caused
to the rope by the use of the above-described disc
friction grip or coupling, it may be here mentioned
that on the Fernie wire ropeway at Giesen, where
such grips or couplings were in use, the hauling or
driving rope supplied when the line was erected in
1879 was stated to have still been in good condition
and in regular work in 189 1.

Knots or Carrier Collars for Locking Grips

or Couplings.

When a line of wire-rope tramway has gradients
steeper than i in 3, a lock grip or coupling of some
efficient description must be employed. There are
many patterns of this type of grip and of the neces-
sary knots, carrier collars, or swellings in the rope by
means of which the fastening is completed.

With respect to the latter, that known as the Star
knot is perhaps about the best. This device, which is

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION.

illustrated in Fig. lo in elevation, and in longitudinal
and cross sections, consists of a spirally grooved cylin-
der having a diameter slightly larger than that of the
driving or hauling rope to which it is to be fixed.
Into these spiral grooves the strands of the rope,
which must be untwisted for the purpose, are inserted
in the manner shown in the illustrations, so that the
ribs of the cylinder will project to a sufficient extent
to afford a hold for the grip pawls, or for the claws of
the coupling.

<T«p.tfHOT

C«0«tt.tC6J4Pai ON C 0<

lOftGITUOINAL-SCCTION ON « g.
C

Fig. io. — Star Knot or Carrier Collar for Use with Locking Grips

or Couplings.

To ensure additional security, a couple of yards of
the hemp core of the rope are besides removed, and a
steel wire strand is passed through the cylinder, and
fixed by wedges x, y, as shown in the longitudinal
section, the steel wire strand being then put in place
of the hemp core that has been removed, and the rope
twisted up again, when the knot and strand will be
found capable of resisting all the strains to which they
are likely to be subjected whilst in work.

A pattern of knot or carrier collar, which is also

AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

capable of withstanding heavy strains, is illustrated in
plan and in longitudinal and cross sections in Fig. ii.
It consists essentially of two pieces which are held
together by joints and bolts or pins, or by means of
ordinary hinge joints, and is of a cylindrical form
when closed. This construction enables the said
carrier collar to be attached at any part of the endless
rope after a suitable filling piece has been inserted
between the strands of the rope to form a swelling.

Fig. II. — Otto Knot or Carrier Collar for Use with Locking Grips

or Couplings.

This filling piece is made with radial projections, and
with spiral grooves, corresponding to the strands of
wire forming the rope, and is turned on the outside to
exactly fit the recess in the outer cylindrical casing of
the carrier collar.

The attachment of the carrier collar to the driving
or hauling rope is made by untwisting a sufficient
length of the rope and removing the hempen core or
interior for a length equal to the length of the filling

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION. 47

piece, which latter is then inserted. The two halves
of the carrier collar are then placed over the whole and
secured together by means of the joints and the bolts
or pins. The radial projections of the filling piece
bear against the inner surface of the carrier collar
and thus prevent it from being displaced. To ensure
greater security and to prevent any movement of the
filling piece in the rope, white metal or other suitable
alloy or composition may be run into the clearance
spaces. Elastic rings formed in halves may be placed
at the ends of the filling piece to cushion the force of
any violent impact, and ensure its being gently trans-
mitted to the rope, thereby preventing serious injury

Fig. 12. — Modified Form of Otto Knot or Carrier Collar.

being caused to the latter by the gripper striking
against any one of the carrier collars.

Fig. 12 shows in longitudinal and cross section a
slightly different arrangement of the above-described
carrier collar. In this case the carrier collar is formed
in two parts or halves, provided with male and female
screw threads, and holes for the reception of a bar or
lever by means of which they can be rotated so as
to admit of their being screwed together and thus
firmly united. A filling piece spirally grooved to take
the strands is also fitted inside the rope, so as to form
an even enlargement or swelling of the rope which
will be firmly gripped between the two parts of the

AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

collar, when the latter are screwed together. In this
manner the carrier collar can be secured to the rope
without the aid of any alloy, composition, or cement.
When, however, a very considerable amount of strain
has to be sustained by the collars owing to the work
demanded of them being of an exceptionally heavy
nature, or from other causes, such alloy, composition.

Fig. 13. — Bleichert Knot or Carrier Collar for Use with Locking Grips

or Couplings.

or cement may be employed as an additional safe-
guard as in the case of the previously described
carrier collar.

Bleichert forms the requisite knots or swellings
upon the driving rope by the use of a drum or thimble
such as that shown in Fig. 13, which is attached to the
rope by a lining of tin composition in the following

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION. 49

manner: — A portion of the rope is untwisted to a
certain extent, and after cutting away a certain
amount of the hemp centre or core this portion of the
rope is well tinned. The drum or thimble is then placed
in position upon the tinned part of the rope, as shown
in the drawing, and a taper pin is driven through
holes in the drum or thimble, and through the rope,
when, the ends having been closed by means of the
split packing rings shown, and the taper pin having
been withdrawn, tin composition or alloy is poured
through the holes, and the space left by the with-
drawal of the pin, &c., is filled up with the com-
position.

Pawl Locking Grips or Couplings.

An excellent and simple form of pawl grip or
coupling is shown in side elevation, plan, and vertical
section in Fig. 14. It will be seen from the drawing
that this grip consists essentially of two corresponding
and similarly mounted pawls, each movable in a
vertical plane, and having a forked end adapted to
engage on each side of the knot, the amount of fall
or drop, of which the pawls are capable, being limited
by a stop, and the hauling or driving rope resting on
a grooved roller located immediately below, and
centrally between the pawls. Pins or projections
upon arms on these pawls (see the plan view and
vertical section) engage with a guide rail fixed at
each of the stations, and serve to throw the pawls out
of gear, and disengage the driving or hauling rope.

The apparatus is attached to a crosspiece of the
suspension frame, as shown in the illustration (Fig.

so AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

14), and also in Figs. 15 and 20, and is equally
suitable for right or left handed wire-rope tramways.

The paw! grip which has just been described,
admits not only the connecting of, but also the dis-
connecting of, the driving or hauling rope to be
performed automatically. The arrangement for this

Fiiv. 14. — Pawl Locking Cri|) or Coupling.

purpose is shown in plan, side, and end elevation in
F'g- 1 Si from which it will be seen that releasing rails
are employed, which rails are fixed at the different
stations. These rails raise both pawls (which fit over
the rope like a fork) by coming into contact with
the rods, pins, or projections thereon, and they are

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION.

arranged in a similar manner for the arriving as for
the departing carriers. The rails are located on one
side of the apparatus and commence about a yard
before the point at which the switch rail is inclined or
tapered toward the carrying rope, and they are placed
parallel to the switch rail. The height of the releasing
rail corresponds with the position of the pawls when
out of gear with the driving or hauling rope, and they

Fig. 15. — Arrangement for Automatically Connecting and Disconnecting

Pawl Grip.

are preferably bent downwards at either end to ensure
their getting under the rods, pins, or projections, and
gradually lifting the pawls as one of the carriers
approaches. This releasing or disengaging action
takes place only when the approaching carrier has
arrived on the switch rail, by which means the pushing
of the carrier on to the latter by hand is dispensed

52 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

with. It Will be, however, necessary to push the
departing carriers off the switch rail on to the carrying
rope, but before the carrier approaches the driving or
hauling rope, the pawl will already have been lifted
by the releasing rail, and this rope, which is in motion,
can rest on the roller which is free to revolve, and
on pushing the carrier runner or trolley further on
the carrying rope, the pawls will drop. To more
certainly ensure the engagement of the pawls with the
driving or hauling rope, springs may in some cases be
employed.

In operation the carrier having been moved along
the switch rail to the carrying rope, and the pawls
having been thrown out of gear, as above described,
so as to allow of the driving or hauling rope being
guided and placed upon the grooved roller rotatably
mounted on the grip, the pins or projections are
released from the guide rails, and the pawls fall into
their operative positions. An approaching collar, knot,
or enlargement on the hauling rope moves along the
inclined surfaces on the pawls, and after raising and
passing the first pawl moves into the space between
the bolt and roller, and is gripped by the second
one, any further forward movement thereof being
thereby prevented. The first pawl then falls behind
the collar, and the carrier is moved forward and is
hauled to the following station, or the next releasing
rail.

An alarm or signal bell is usually arranged to
sound on the approach of one of the knots, so that
the operator may push off and give a certain amount
of impetus to the carrier, and thus prevent an exces-
sive shock from occurring between the approaching

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION. 53

knot and the grip. The uncoupling is effected by the
pins or projections engaging, as before mentioned,
with a guide rail, and raising the locking pawls out of
gear,, thus allowing the knot to escape, and releasing
the carrier, which moves off the carrying rope by reason
of its momentum, a tongued rail being usually pro-
vided for switching it into a siding.

Loads of more than a ton can, it is said, be carried
with safety upon mountain lines up gradients as steep
as I in I by means of these automatic pawl locking
couplings or grips.

An arrangement has also been used wherein the
hauling rope is held by the pressure resulting from
wedge pieces acting on inclined surfaces, which is said
to have given better results in the working of the
rope.

Claw Locking Grips or Couplings.

A claw locking grip designed by Bleichert is shown
in Fig. i6. The driving rope is supported upon a
grooved wheel or roller, and two forked bolts em-
brace the knot or carrying collar on the driving or
hauling rope, one from each side, that on the side from
which the rope moves or travels being normally held
in position by a spring, but having an inclined face
presented to an approaching knot, so that it will be
lifted by the latter, and will then instantly drop, and
thus confine the knot or collar between it and the
second fork, which latter is fixed. These forked bolts
are attached to a casting or block which slides verti-
cally in guides in the framing, and is held in position
by a suitable spring bolt. A projecting inclined face,
placed before the intended stopping point of the

AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

or carrier.

carrier, engages with the point of a hook piece, slightly
lifting it, and thereby depressing the spring bolt
through the medium of an arm and another bolt (as
shown in the drawing) ; on further lifting the hook
the block carrying the forked bolts will be raised, and
with it the said two forks, so as to release the knot
The spring bolt, which during this time is
between two projections, may
be disengaged by a piston, or
plunger, and the whole of the
sliding block or part be with-
drawn verticallyor again lowered.
Fig. 17 shows two sectional
views of a claw grip or coupling
which is also said to be very
advantageous for use on steep
gradients. To the crossbar of
each of the suspension frames or
hangers of the carriers, a suit-
I able casting or frame is firmly
attached, in which a roller rota-
tably mounted upon a spindle
is designed to act as a guide and
support for the hauling or driving
rope, when the bucket or other
receptacle is uncoupled there-
from. In this roller is a recess or chamber for
oil or other lubricant, which latter is retained in the
same by a screw plug, and passes on to the spindle as
required through a hole or oil-way ; another screw
plug, by removing which the oil-way can be cleaned
out when necessary, is also provided. A spring which
engages with ratchet teeth upon the head of the first-

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION.

mentioned screw plug prevents it from shaking loose
and leaving the recess. Above the roller is a cross-
head supported upon springs, so that it may be moved
vertically in guides formed on the frame, and having

LockinE Grip or Coupling for Steep Gradici

attached to its lower side a forked gripper and a
sleeve, which latter carries another gripper which is
constantly pressed by means of a spring against an
inwardly projecting rim or flange at the lower end of
the sleeve. An eccentric either attached to or form-

S6 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

ing part of a spindle carried in suitable bearings in the
casting or frame above the crosshead, and having a
projecting extremity upon which is fixed an arm or
lever, is also provided, and a stop upon a cover secured
to the said casting or frame, which stop serves to limit
the movement of the arm or lever.

To couple or connect a truck to the driving or
hauling rope (which is kept constantly in motion) the
rope must be first placed on the roller, and the cross-
head lowered by turning the eccentric by means of its
lever, so that the grippers will be caused to engage
with the rope, the springs being at the same time
compressed. Carrier collars or knots are fixed at
suitable intervals upon the driving or hauling rope,
and on one of these carrier collars or knots approach-
ing the gripping apparatus it presses against the in-
clined surface on the gripper carried by the sleeve, thus
lifting and passing the latter, and striking against the
other or second gripper. As soon as the carrier collar
or knot has passed the first gripper, the latter will be
forced down by its spring, and the coupling opera-
tion completed, the whole apparatus, together with the
suspension frame and carrier attached thereto, travel-
ling forward with the driving or hauling rope.

To stop the carrier at any desired point or part of
the line the grippers must be released, and this is
automatically effected, on arriving at the point at
which the stoppage is to take place, by means of a
fixed plate against which the eccentric lever strikes,
and by which it is forced back so as to turn the
eccentric and permit the springs to act and raise the
crosshead, and with it the grippers, sufficiently high
to allow the hauling or driving rope and the carrier

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION.

collar or knot to pass freely between the grippers and
the roller.

Carrier Receptacles or Vehicles.

The carrier receptacles, whether for goods or pas-
sengers, which are suspended from the trucks or
runners by means of frames or hangers, are of various
patterns. Those intended for materials and goods are
of course made in a number of different forms and

Fk;. 1 8. — Fixed Cylindrical
Receptacle or Bucket with
Hinged Opening Bottom.

P'iG. 19. — Tilting or Tipping
Cylindrical Receptacle or
Bucket.

sizes, being usually, indeed, specially designed to meet
the requirements of the material, or goods, to be
transported, and of the particular installation. Under
these circumstances it would be obviously impossible
to do more than briefly describe a small selection of
carrier receptacles of the descriptions most generally
employed.

To commence with carrier receptacles for minerals,
which are the materials, perhaps, the most largely

AEKIAl. TKAMWAVS.

transported on wire-rope tramways, Figs. i8, 19, and
20 illustrate three forms of receptacles, skips, or buckets

Fig. 20. —Sheei-ironTilIingorTippingReclangialarKecepta.de or Bucket,
employed for this purpose. Those shown in Figs. 18
and 19 are respectively a fixed cylindrical bucket with

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION.

hinged opening bottom, and a tilting or tipping cylin-
drical bucket, both of which types are, with certain
modifications of shape and size, very frequently em-
ployed. Fig. 20 illustrates a sheet-iron tilting or
tipping rectangular bucket, fitted with special tipping
arrangements as shown in the drawing.

Fig. 21 shows a produce carrier receptacle, which
consists simply of an ordinary basket, the shape and
dimensions of which may of course be varied to a
considerable extent according to circumstances. This
receptacle is suitable for the transportation of farm and
garden produce, manure, coke, &c.

Figs. 23 and 23 illustrate two arrangements for
carrying sacks of flour, coal, &c. That shown in Fig.
22, which is made in the form of a cradle, and is
adapted to support the sack in a vertical position, is
a pattern employed to a large extent at coal depots
for the purpose of supplying passing steamers with
fuel, in which cases it is usual to sell the coal by the
sack as a ready method of estimating the quantity
supplied. The carrier receptacle shown in Fig. 23 is
one of the ordinary sling type.

AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

Fig. 24 shows a carrier receptacle intended for the
conveyance of textile goods, and is a sample of a type
much used on aerial or wire-rope tramway installa-
tions erected at textile factories in the Manchester
district and elsewhere. The closed box-shaped re-
ceptacle illustrated admits of this class of goods being
carried from place to place without any danger of their
being injured by exposure to the weather.

Figs. 25 and 26 show two arrangements commonly
used for carrying casks. That shown in Fig. 25 is the

Textile Goods Carrier Sling Cask Carrier. Gunpowder Cask Carri
Receptacle.

form of sling usually employed for casks containing
cement, petroleum, wine, beer, &c. That shown in
side and end elevation in Fig. 26 is the type of
carrier employed at the gunpowder magazines belong-
ing to the British Government, where they are used
for transporting gunpowder casks on a wire-rope
tramway from the magazine to the examining house,
which latter is situated at a distance of about a quarter
of a mile from the former. These cask carriers are
either made of gun-metal or of galvanised iron.

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION.

Fig. 27 shows in side and front elevation a device
for transporting sugar cane. The cane stalks are
placed, as depicted in the front elevation, in a double
hook, forming a species of cradle, the capacity of
which will of course vary according to circumstances,
the loads ranging from I to 4 cwt. The cradles are
usually so constructed as to discharge their load upon
the striking of a catch.

Sometimes the space between the arms of the hooks
is filled up with wire netting so as to prevent any short
lengths of cane from falling through.

Fig. 27. — Sugar Cane Carrier.

Motive Power.

The motive power for use in connection with wire-
rope tramway lines may be derived in some cases,
where the working conditions permit of this arrange-
ment being used, from the force of gravity developed
by the descending loaded carriers. In other instances
water, steam, animal, or other power may be employed,
and in the case of lines on the fixed carrying rope
system more especially, electricity may in some cases
be advantageously utilised as a motive power, what
is known as telpherage being the arrangement that it
would be found preferable to adopt.

62 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

The most suitable type of motive power and the
best method of applying the power to drive the line
are naturally to a great extent governed by the special
features of each particular installation. Some plans
of driving that have been used will be found briefly
described in the accounts given in subsequent chapters
of the various typical installations that have been
erected at different parts of the world, and a descrip-
tion of the telpher system will be found in the next
chapter.

One arrangement for driving endless wire ropes
that has formed the subject-matter of a patent, consists
in an arrangement of two pulleys loosely mounted on
the driving shaft and driven by bevel or mitre gearing.
Two independent pulleys are also mounted on another
shaft, and a pulley on a tension carriage. The wire
rope is wound round the driving pulleys and the
independent guide pulleys alternately, after which it
passes round the pulley on the tension carriage and
to line.

In a special form of grooved driving drum, around
which the rope or cable is wound, the grooves are
formed in independently rotatable rings, which latter
are preferably made of wrought iron or steel. The
first ring is fixed to the flange of the drum by bolts,
and the others are kept thereon by a movable flange
or plate bolted to the rim of the drum. In another
modified arrangement of the above one or more
grooves are fixed, whilst the other grooves, and all
the grooves on the loose pulley, are carried in rings
capable of rotating on the drum independently of the
shaft.

Fig. 28 illustrates a method of driving devised some

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION.

ten years ago by Bleichert Loosely mounted upon
the same shaft as the driving wheel or pulley, is a
second or other wheel or pulley of the same diameter,
round which, and a horizontally mounted wheel or
pulley, the endless driving, running, or hauling rope is
passed. This horizontal wheel or pulley is so mounted,
as will be seen from the illustration, as to be capable
of sliding between guides, and a weight attached
through a chain to this wheel maintains the rope taut.

Fig. 28. — Bleich^rt's Arrangement for Driving Wire-Rope Tramway.

A windlass is also connected to the chain as shown,
which admits of the cable or rope being slackened,
and likewise prevents the fall of the above-mentioned
weight in the event of the rope breaking.

The cheapest method of working an aerial or wire-
rope tramway is of course the force of gravity, which
plan can be adopted on the endless rope system or on
the double fixed carrying rope system where the
gradients admit of the loaded carriers being run down
from the upper to the lower terminal of the line, whilst

64 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

at the same time the empty carriers, or the latter
loaded to a lesser degree with such materials or stores
as may be required at the upper terminal, are hauled
up. Such lines can be worked automatically where
the gradients do not exceed i in lo. Power has
occasionally to be applied to a line of this description
where the inclines are very steep in order to regulate
the speed wit^ which the loaded carriers travel down
the line by gravity. In ordinary cases, however, in
which the inclines are severe enough to call for control,
but are not excessive, the speed of the descending
carriers can be sufficiently governed by means of auto-
matic brakes.

Attempts have been made to design lines upon
which the loaded or empty carriers can be run in both
directions by the force of gravity. The limited capa-
bilities and consequent few possible advantageous
applications of any such arrangement are, however,
very obvious.

The following is a brief description of a line of this
kind. At each end or terminal a strong standard or
support is erected, to which is centrally pivoted a lever
provided with wheels or pulleys around which a con-
tinuous or endless wire rope is passed. This rope is
permanently attached at one place to one of the levers,
and the lower stretch of rope is provided with tighten-
ing devices. The carrier is suspended from a pulley
or grooved wheel running upon the upper stretch of
rope. This arrangement enables one of the levers to
be raised into a vertical position whilst the other is in
a horizontal position, so that the wire ropeway will
become inclined to the latter end, and the carrier run
thereto from the former end by gravity. The position

DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION. 65

of the levers may then be reversed by means of suit-
able gearing operated by hand or power, and the wire
ropeway becoming oppositely inclined, the carrier will
again return under the action of gravity to the start-
ing point, and so on ad infinitum. For carrying goods,
auxiliary line attachments passing over rollers at the
stations are preferably provided, and a vehicle for
workmen, it is said, might also be hauled by another
driving rope over the lower stretch of ropeway.

Another arrangement for attaining the end in
question, and that most commonly employed, is to
secure the rope or cable at one or both extremities to
a running block, frame, crosshead, traveller, or carriage,
capable of being moved vertically on the post or
support, by means of a hand-power windlass or crab,
steam winch, steam or hydraulic cylinder, &c.

The necessary difference in the elevation of the
rope or cable forming the line or track is also frequently
effected by means of ordinary derricks.

Next in point of economy to gravity comes water
power, but it is naturally comparatively seldom that
the location of the line is such as to admit of its use.
Wherever this is possible, however, it is invariably
employed with great success.

A somewhat curious form of motive power, which it
has been proposed to utilise, is the ascensive power of
a balloon. A truck or runner with grooved wheels to
engage with both the top and bottom of the carry-
ing rope is to be used, and to a link on the upper side
of this truck the balloon is to be secured, whilst the
carrier is to be suspended from its under side. On
rising ground the carrier would, it is averred by the
projector, be hauled up the incline by the balloon,

66 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

which would have a tendency to ascend. On level
ground he states that by leaving the rope slack, so
that the balloon might rise, it would in so doing haul
the carrier along the rope, after which it would have
to be drawn down, and a fresh start made.

The balloon would evidently have to be transferred
to another carrier, as also the load, at the termination
of each section of rope, and the use of the balloon in
high or contrary winds would be a matter of great
difficulty, if not totally impossible, an obstacle which
would be sufficient in itself, without mention of the
numerous other objections, to render the plan imprac-
ticable.

CHAPTER III.

Electrically Driven Wire-Rope Tramways —

Telpherage.

The advantages derived from the system of carrying
loads in the air on wire-rope tramways, or aerial rope-
ways, no matter how driven, have been already suffi-
ciently set forth, but the use of electricity for driving
affords in many cases some further advantages of
importance over other applications of motive power.

Telpherage, which is the method of applying
electricity to which it is purposed solely to confine
this chapter, has many specific advantages over other
electrical systems which will be detailed later on, not
the least of which being that a very effective and per-
fectly automatic block system is provided, the passing
carrier forming its own electrical connections, and no
carrier being able to get within a certain predeter-
mined distance of that in front of it.

An obvious advantage possessed by electrically
driven installations generally, especially in the case of
those of any considerable length, is the dispensation
of the running or travelling driving rope, only the
fixed carrying rope or ropes being required.

Unfortunately, however, wire-rope tramways are as
a rule unavoidably subjected to a good deal of hard

68 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

usage, a course of treatment which the delicate and
complicated arrangements of electrical devices are but
ill adapted to withstand, and consequently when in
the hands of rough and unskilled attendants, the
installations, although perhaps more or less perfect
theoretically, are apt to go wrong, and to give so much
trouble as to render their use almost impracticable.
Electrically driven wire-rope tramways are therefore
only advantageously applicable in certain special
cases where due care in working can be exercised,
and where skilled labour is readily available for keep-
ing them in proper working order.

Telpherage.

To Professor Fleeming Jenkin, M.I.C.E., a gentle-
man who died in 1885, is due the credit of both
inventing and perfecting an ingenious system appli-
cable for electrically driving aerial tramways to which
he gave the name of telpherage, and wherein the
transmission of the carriers or vehicles by electricity
to a distance is effected independently of any control
exercised from the carriers or vehicles themselves.

The special advantages inherent to the telpher
system of driving are as follows : — The conductor
being insulated and only connected with the rubbed
wire ropeway when a train or carriage is in the
vicinity, the section of the line behind the train will
consequently be incapable of leakage, owing to its
not being connected with the dynamo machine, and
only the particular section which the train happens
to be connected with will be capable of leakage.
Another important advantage due to this system of
insulation is that, as has been already mentioned, it

TELPHERAGE. 69

ensures an absolute block system, for say, if, by way
of example, a tramway line were supposed to be
divided into three sections, and a train be on the
second one, no electricity would be given to the first
section at all, the current being cut off by the first
train on the second section, and a second train on the
first section being by a simple electrical device pre-
vented from getting any electricity until the first
train should have left the second section, and in like
manner the second train being prevented from get-
ting any electricity on the second section until the
first train should have left the third section,, and so
on, a section being thus always interposed between
each of the trains, and the following train being pre-
vented from approaching within a specific distance of
the first or leading train.

This action takes place automatically, and no driver
is required to the separate trains, which are forced to
retain a certain order, and the stoppage of one train
will automatically arrest all the following trains at a
certain distance from each other, by both removing
the source of motive power therefrom, and also by
applying very powerful brakes.

Ori^nal System of Telpherage.

Briefly, the system as first introduced was as
follows : — Wheels were arranged to run along a
strained rope or cable through which passed a
current of electricity, and which formed the way or
road of transport, the loads or carriers being hung
below suspended from the axles of the wheels, and
the rope or cable supported at suitable intervals on
posts or standards. A uniform current of electricity

70 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

was supplied to the rope or cable from a station, so
that the electro-motors upon the trains should be
electrically connected in series through the conductor.
In one arrangement a break in the electrical con-
tinuity of the rope or cable was made at each post or
standard, and the sections were insulated from each
other and from the earth, but the sections were elec-
trically coupled together by movable coupling pieces.
Including the electro-motor and attached vehicles,
the length of a train extended to about that of a
section of the wire ropeway. By arranging a coup^
ling piece to be thrown out of action by a passing
train, the electric current could be caused to flow, by
a conductor on the train, through the electro-motor
by which the train was driven. The power generated
being calculated so as to be more than sufficient to
maintain the maximum speed required, the latter
could be regulated, through a balanced centrifugal
governor driven off one of the motor shafts, this
governor being provided with a slider which was
capable of engaging springs so that the electro-
motor should be cut out when a certain predeter-
mined rate of speed had been attained, whilst at a
still more accelerated velocity a brake would be
applied.

To prevent excessive sparking, a device consisting
of a double spring was used, one member of which
was arranged to form contact with one terminal,
before contact with the other one should be broken.
The same object, however, could also be attained by
throwing in excessive resistances.

In order to prevent a following train from approach-
ing too close to a preceding one, an electro-magnet

TELPHERAGE. 7 1

was mounted on the top of each post or support, which
electro-magnet had a lever armature, and a re-action
spring to act as a circuit closer. The wire which
excited the electro-magnet came from the contact
made by the before-mentioned switch lever that had
been pushed aside, or the coupling piece that had
been thrown out of action by the passing of the
electro-motor, and belonging to the preceding in-
sulator. At such time as the armature remained in
contact with the core of the electro-magnet, the pre-
ceding section of the wire ropeway would be in
electrical communication with that in use. This con-
nection would be maintained between the sections
for a certain distance behind the train, quite inde-
pendently, it might be, of the movable coupling
pieces, and the break in the electrical circuit between
the sections, which was absolutely necessary in order
to convey electric power to a following train, would
consequently not be in existence.

Another arrangement sometimes employed in place
of the above consisted of two conductors placed side
by side and divided into sections, so that the break in
one would be at the middle of the other. At such
time as no train was passing, the current crossed
backwards and forwards between the conductors by
movable coupling pieces. A passing train, however,
established connection through its electro-motor by
moving each switch lever in succession, and im-
mediately before each switch broke the cross con-
nection, it made contact with a supplementary wire
which worked the electro-magnet of the switch last
opened back into its normal position, and for an
instant cut out the electro-motor ; the line circuit

72 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

being never broken, no sparking could take place.
The same electro-magnets might be arranged to
form a blocking system, but a supplementary wire
and electro-magnet were preferably employed for this
purpose.

Improved System of Telpherage.

The system was subsequently improved by Professor
Jenkin, more particularly as regards the driving
mechanism, and that for regulating the speed of
motion, that is to say, for securing a constant rate of
motion, and a definite minimum interval.

To regulate automatic electrical transport it is
desirable, in the first place, to adjust the speed of
each vehicle or train to a given rate, so that the line
may be filled with vehicles all running as nearly as
may be at one rate, but inasmuch as it would be
obviously impossible to make this adjustment of
speed absolutely perfect, and since accidental delays
or stoppages may occur, it is necessary to check any
vehicle or train which may approach too near the
preceding train. The minimum distance behind the
preceding train at which the check would be applied
will in the following description be spoken of as the
minimum interval.

As regards the means for securing a definite mini-
mum interval. In effecting the transport of goods or
passengers along ropes by the aid of electricity, it is
desirable to regulate automatically the distance be-
tween successive trains or single vehicles, and this
distance may frequently be much smaller than would
be allowable in the case of trains or vehicles driven
by steam.

TELPHERAGE. 73

A number of methods have been proposed by which
the minimum distance would be determined by
automatic blocking, some form of key or electrical
switch being required to be fixed at frequent intervals
along the line, the mechanism of these electrical
switches or keys being worked partly by the direct
mechanical action of a passing train and partly by
electrical devices. The following are methods for
determining a minimum space interval between trains
or single vehicles which require no special keys,
switches, or other moving parts fixed on the line, and
are especially advantageous in cases where the interval
between the trains or vehicles is to be small, inasmuch
as they avoid the multiplication of the delicate and
complex pieces of apparatus requiring frequent
inspection.

These improvements are applied to the series
system, which has been previously mentioned, in
which system a single main conductor broken up into
sections of equal length is used, and the train is of
the same length, or nearly so, as each section.

The desired block or minimum interval is secured,
in this system, by fixing a series of detached insulated
wires or other conductors, called block wires, along-
side the main conductor. In the simplest arrange-
ment these wires arc each of the same length as the
sections into which the main conductor is divided,
and they begin and end at the breaks in the main
conductor. A rubber is provided at each end of the
train placing each block wire temporarily in connec-
tion with that part of the main conductor which is
alongside it. The connection at the leading end of
the train will be hereinafter designated the leading

74 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

cross connection, and the connection at the trailing end
of the train the trailing cross connection. The trailing
cross connection is a simple wire or other conductor.
The leading cross connection includes the coil of an
electro-magnet the armature of which is held down
when a current passes, and is released when no
current flows, and the movement of the armature when
a current passes is made to arrest the train. This
electro-magnet will be called the block electro-
magnet. This could be effected in various well-known
ways ; for instance, mechanically, by allowing a break
to act ; or electrically, as by cutting out the electro-
motor on the train, or by short circuiting this electro-
motor. These or any other desirable electrical or

^^^^m

Fig. 29. — Blocking Arrangement for a Telpher Li*e on the

Series System.

mechanical actions could be produced directly, or
they could be produced indirectly by the help of a
relay. So long as only one train be on a given
section the block electro-magnet remained inopera-
tive, but if the leading end of a train were to enter
on a section still occupied by the trailing end of a
preceding train, a derived current would flow through
the trailing cross connection of the preceding train,
the block wire, and the leading cross connection of
the following train, the electro- magnet of the follow-
ing train then acting to arrest that train until the
preceding train had cleared the block wire, and the
following train would then be driven as before. This
method of blocking is clearly shown in the diagram,

TELPHERAGE. 75

Fig- 29, wherein the numerals i, 2, 3, 4, indicate
sections of the main conductor to be connected and
disconnected by switches ; c^^ ^^ ^, ^, the block wires
each of the same length as the sections into which
the main conductor is divided ; A and B two trains ; L
and L^ the leading cross connections; and T and T^ the
trailing cross connections. The train B is blocked
by the action of a derived current flowing through L^,
«^, and T.

This simple form is especially applicable to telpher-
age where the line is intended to convey light vehicles
following each other in rapid succession. The block
wires will check any train which tends to gain on
those which precede, but, if by accident a train were
to stop so that its trailing wheel had only just entered
upon a new section, the following train might run into
it, for the second train experiences no check until it
enters on the section which is occupied by the trailing
wheel of the preceding train. In order, therefore, to
prevent this, and to make the block act with a
minimum interval equal to that of one section of the
main conductor, each block wire is extended or pro-
longed behind the section it is intended to protect,
and is made twice the length of one section of the
main conductor. To facilitate description the half of
each block wire at which the train first arrives will be
called the second half of the block wire, the other
half of the wire the first half

The leading cross connection rubber puts the main
conductor into connection with the second half of
one block wire. The rubber of the trailing cross
connection puts the next section of the main con-
ductor into connection with the second half of the

76 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

next block wire, and also with the first half of a third
block wire.

The leading cross connection comprises the block
electro-magnet, and when a following train overtakes
a preceding one, so far as to enter on the section next
to that occupied by the trailing wheel of the preceding
one, a derived current flows from the main conductor
through the leading cross connection of the second
train, a block wire, and the trailing cross connection
of the first train, back to the main conductor. This
current would continue to flow if the second train be
forced forward into the same section of the main
conductor as is occupied by the trailing wheel of the

*f ' ' a> ' oT— * ' ai *■

^^=;^

Fig. 30. — Blocking Arrangement for a Telpher Line with Minimum
Interval equal to one Section of the Main Conductor.

first train, but the block wire employed will have
changed.

In the arrangement shown in the diagram. Fig. 30,
the block is made to act with a minimum interval
equal to the length of one section of the main con-
ductor. As in the first diagram, i, 2, 3, 4 represent
sections of the main conductor, a^, a^, ^^, a\ a^y block
wires twice the length of one section of the main
conductor, and arranged by crossing, as shown in the
diagram, to make the connections with the leading
and trailing cross connections L and T. The train B is
in this case blocked by a derived current through T,
a\ and L^.

TELPHERAGE. JJ

This device may be likewise employed to make the
minimum interval twice, three times, or n times, the
length of each section of the main conductor, for which
purpose three, four, or « + 1 block wires will be required
respectively.

Should a polarised electro- magnet be used as the
block electro-magnet, the trailing cross connection
may be that which connects the conductor with only
one block wire, while the leading cross connection with
the polarised electro-magnet must then be in connec-
tion with n block wires. Thus, in the diagram Fig. 31,
an inversion of the block wires and cross connections is
shown, which is an obvious equivalent for the arrange-

^ \-T ^ ^^s^

Fig. 31. — Blocking Arrangement for a Telpher Line with Inverted
Block Wires and Cross Connections.

ment last explained. The loop in the leading cross
connection in this and some of the following diagrams
represents the block electro-magnet which would re-
quire to be polarised, that is to say, only to cut out
the motor when the current runs in one direction,
otherwise in the position shown in Fig. 31 both the
trains would be stopped.

Analogous cross connections, rubbers, 'and block
wires are used when the general system of transport is
on the parallel arc system, in which there are two main
conductors maintained at different potentials, and suc-
cessive trains or vehicles are driven by electro-motors
each of which establishes a connection between what

78 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

may be termed the positive and negative main con-
ductors, the wires of the successive electro -motors
being consequently all in parallel arc between the
main conductors.

To apply the arrangement in its simplest form to
the parallel arc system, the block wires must be a
series of equal insulated conductors, which may be of
any length, and each block wire overlaps that which
follows and that which precedes it to the extent of
half their length. The half of each block wire which
precedes the other looking in the direction in which
trains pass, will be designated as the first half, the
other portion as the second half.

The trains or vehicles which require to be protected
have each two rubbers insulated one from the other
and placed opposite each other at the same place in
the train or vehicle. One rubber is always connected
with the positive main conductor and the other with
the negative main conductor, the one called the lead-
ing rubber, although it does not precede the other,
putting one main conductor into connection with the
second half of a block wire alongside the main con-
ductor; the other rubber, called the trailing rubber,
putting the other main conductor in connection with
the first half of a block wire alongside the main con-
ductor. These two connections are called the leading
and trailing cross connections, and the leading cross
connection includes a block electro-magnet which acts
in a manner analogous to that required for the series
system. When the leading rubber of one train enters
on the second half of a block wire, the first half of
which is connected with the trailing rubber of a pre-
ceding train, the block electro-magnet will arrest the

TELPHERAGE. 79

following train, for a current will then flow from one
main conductor to the other, from the trailing rubber
of the preceding train, through the block wire and the
leading rubber of the following train, and when the
preceding train leaves the block wire the following
train will be freed.

An application of block wires to the ordinary parallel
arc system is shown in the diagram Fig. 32. P and N
here indicate two continuous conductors, the motor
which propels the train being driven by a current
passing from P to N by means of rubbers which con-
nect the motor with these rails or main conductors.

Fig. 32. — Blocking Arrangement for a Telpher Line on the

Parallel Arc System.

A and B represent two trains supposed to be driven in
this way in the direction shown by the arrow. ^^, c^^
a^y a^ indicate block wires which are arranged as
shown, and the length of which is not determinate,
but which block wires are habitually equal to one
another, the first part of one being necessarily equal
to the second part of that which precedes it. T, T^,
and L, L^ indicate the trailing and leading cross con-
nections, and it is obvious that the train B will be
blocked by a current flowing through T, a^, and L^ It
is usually necessary in each block wire to insert some
piece of material such as carbon to prevent the pas-
sage of an excessive current.

8o AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

When this simple method is applied to telpherage,
however, it does not form a perfect guard to the pre-
ceding train, for if the following train were to over-
shoot one -half of a block wire the block would be
removed and a collision might occur. Thus in the
diagram under consideration it will be seen that
should the train B, notwithstanding the block, move
on until L^ leaves c^ and touches a^, the block will be
removed ; the block is therefore in this plan only
operative for one-half of the block wire.

The above defect might be practically obviated by
making the block wires so long as to render this over-
running highly improbable, or the block could be

^ "^S||»

x=S

1, o

3cn

T a n — P"

■* — L_

ZTU-

Fig. 33. — Blocking Arrangement for a Telpher Line with a Third

Overlapping Block Wire.

rendered more efficient by increasing the number of
the block wires. For example, if there be three over-
lapping block wires instead of two, each block wire
will then consist of three parts, which may be denomi-
nated the first, second, and third part respectively.
The leading cross connection will then join one main
conductor, through a block electro-magnet, to the third
part of each successive block wire, and the trailing
rubber of the train will join the other main conductor
to the first part of one block wire, and the second part
of the next. A following train will then be blocked
by a preceding one, so long as the second train is
passing over two-thirds of the length of a block wire,

TELPHERAGE. 8 1

and will only be released when within one-third of
that length. An arrangement in which a third block
wire is used is shown in the diagram Fig. 33.

When four overlapping block wires are used the
block electro-magnet will act for a distance equal to
three-quarters of each block wire, and, by increasing
the number of the block wires, the fraction of the
length during which the block will operate can be
increased at will. A simple method of carrying out
this arrangement consists in placing the block wires
obliquely between the two parallel main conductors,
and letting the trail-
ing rubber be broad
enough to make con-
tact with all but one.

Both in the case of
the parallel arc and

Ml u ' • Fid. 34. — Arrangement of Block Electro-
block Will be quite Magnet for Preventing Train from
independent of the Backing into a Following One.

direction in which the

preceding train may have been moving, but if the pre-
ceding train has been moving back upon the following
train, although it will stop any following train, it will not
itself be stopped. In telpherage, however, this backing
is practically never required, and, moreover, a backing
train can be automatically prevented from running into
or colliding with a following one, by arranging the
mechianism so that when any train runs backwards,
a block electro-magnet will be automatically inserted
in what is properly the trailing cross connection.

A method of effecting this automatic insertion is
shown diagrammatically in Fig. 34, and consists in

82 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

having two frictionally geared wheels, A, B, lightly
pressed together, A being driven by the movement of
the train so that its motion will be reversed when the
train backs, and B having a contact piece by which
the block electro-magnet will be cut out, or put in.
The friction will lift this contact piece during forward
motion but will depress it should the movement of the
train be reversed.

To work the parallel arc system with a single rope
for up trains, and a single rope for down trains, the
single conductor which forms the circuit must be
crossed alternately from the up to the down line, so
that when the conductor charged positively is on the

"-^-^

' " TT-

Fig. 35. — Arrangement of Conductors for Admitting of a Line on the
Parallel Arc System being Worked with a Single Rope.

up side, the conductor charged negatively will be on
the down side, and vice versd. The up and down lines
are divided into sections of equal length, as in the
series system, and the train should be of the length of
one section or nearly so, the leading end of the train
being, say, on a positive section and the trailing end
on a negative section. Fig. 35 illustrates diagram-
matically a special arrangement of conductors by
which the parallel arc system may be worked with a
single rope for up trains, and a single rope for down
trains. N, P, are two continuous conductors insulated
from one another, and maintained at different poten-
tials by a dynamo, as in the arrangements shown in

TELPHERAGE. 83

Figs. 32 and 33. These conductors are divided into
equal lengths, as indicated at 1,2, 3, 4, and 5, 6, 7, 8,
so supported that i, 2, 3, 4, &c., will form a single road
along which a train having a row of single wheels can
run, and 5, 6, 7, 8, &c., will form a second similar road.
The electrical cross connections, i, 7, 3, 5, which cause
N to be a continuous conductor, and 8, 2, 6, 4, which
cause P to be a continuous conductor, are shown by
dotted lines. These conductors or ropes are supported
by brackets and insulators on each side of ports placed
at c^y ^, ^, c^y &c.

From the above it will be clearly seen that if trains,
similar to those first described for the series system,

arm

■^ — ' ' •^' '

Fig. 36. — Modified Arrangement of Block Wires where one Road or
Way with Alternate Positive and Negative Sections.

are placed on these roads or ways, they will be driven
by the currents flowing through the rubbers and move
from one section to the next, as from 4 to 3, or from
6 to 7, one rope being used as an up line, and the
other as a down line. A piece of solid insulated
material to carry the weight of the wheels is usually
placed at the gaps, so that the wheels in passing shall
not short circuit the conductors, or the same danger
may be provided against by insulating the wheels, and
lifting the rubbers by a cam at the moment of passing
the gaps. This plan of driving combines the ad-
vantage derived from the use of the single rope with
the advantage resulting from the absence of all
switches or keys.

84 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

Fig. 36 IS a diagram showing another method of
applying the block wires to this arrangement of driv-
ing, where only one line of road or way, with the
sections alternately positive and negative, is used. The
action by which the train B will be blocked in this
example will be obvious from previous descriptions.

In the plan shown in the diagram Fig. 37, the train
A will block the train B when the leading wheels of
B reach a section already occupied by the trailing
wheels of A. In this arrangement the leading and
trailing cross connections are both placed at the be-
ginning of the train, but the current through T does
not pass through L.

^ — I :* '^ r

^ ^Q ife

:r^=^Urx

£L

' Zp-T ■^*-'« =-f

Fig. 37. — Blocking Arrangement with the Leading and Trailing Cross
Connections placed at beginning of the Train.

The two latter arrangements may be combined, and
may be reduplicated so as to protect sections situated
further back.

By the term block electro -magnet is meant any
contrivance set in action by the passage of an electri-
cal current, and having for its object the checking or
arresting of the electro-motor with its train or single
vehicle. The simplest method of checking the train
is by cutting out the motor on the parallel arc system,
and by short circuiting it on the series system, or in
the latter system the motor may be cut out and the
circuit joined up without short circuiting the motor,
as shown in the diagrams, and the current may be
employed to start a subsidiary electro - motor which

TELPHERAGE.

puts on a brake which is released when the blocking
current ceases, the block being put in action by means
of block wires and trailing and leading connections,
and no switches, keys, or electro-magnets being used
on the permanent way.

In cases where the carriers or vehicles are arranged
for the conveyance of persons, the system of blocking
allows the guard to see when he is overtaking another

Fig. 38. — Method of Mounting Block Wires in Line on

Telpher System.

train or is being overtaken by it. This he can do by
observing whether a current is flowing through either
cross connection. The guard can also test the action
of his own mechanism by temporarily completing a
circuit through leading and trailing rubbers and block
wires. For instance in Fig. 32 if, by a supplementary
insulated metal rubber, the guard joins a and a^, his
train should instantly be checked by a current passing

AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

through the two main rubbers of the block system,
and the block electro -magnet. It is evident that this
mode of checking trains would form a convenient
brake as well as a mode of testing the apparatus.

A convenient method of mounting the block wires
is shown in side and end elevation, and in plan in
Fig. 38. Metal supports are fixed by the side of the

Fig. 39. — Contact Maker or Circuit Closer for Line on Telpher System.

line, on posts, or brackets, in any convenient position.
Each of these supports carries six vertical pins, and
on these pins pottery ware insulators are fixed. The
heads of these insulators are cylindrical, and they are
arranged to receive metal caps. To four of these
caps the block wires, which are strained between the
supports like ordinary telegraph wires, are securely
attached. As shown in the illustration, the wire is led

TELPHERAGE. 87

down over the curved head of the cap, and is twisted
and securely fixed around the body. A cross con-
nection couples two of the wires together, whilst the
other two terminate at the support. The contact
maker or circuit closer is provided with bearers to
lead it without concussion from wire to wire.

This circuit closer takes the form of a carriage, and
it is shown in side and end elevation and in plan in
FJg- 39- ^^ consists of metal frames connected by
crossbars, and provided with metal wheels which run
on the wires, and the carriage serves electrically to
connect the wires on which it stands. Side rollers are
also provided to prevent the carriage running off the
wires. A light rod not shown in the drawing forms
the connection between the carriage and the train
drawn by the electro-motor.

This device connects together the parallel wires on
which it stands, which is what is desired in one of the
connections. In the other connection, however, it is
required that contact should be made with the wires
on one side only, and for this purpose the carriage is
so made as to insulate its two sides, the crossbars not
being fixed directly to the metal side frames, but to
insulators like those shown in Fig. 38, which are
carried on vertical pins provided for them upon the
side frames.

To regulate the speed at which the train when
unchecked will be propelled, that is, to provide means
by which the speed may be maintained constant or
adjusted independently of variations in the resistance
to be overcome, or in the source from which the
electrical energy is derived, or in the circuit, or in the
number of trains to be driven by that circuit, without

AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

the use of a relay or an * electro-motor, the device
illustrated in Fig. 40 is employed. A, B, C are three
wheels so geared that A will drive B, and, if the axis
of B remains stationary, B will drive C. If, however,
the motion of C be resisted by a force exceeding a
given adjustable amount, C will remain at rest and
the axis of B will be displaced, an arrangement in fact
of differential gearing. C is connected with some
resistance such as that due to a fan, a centrifugal

brake, a pendulum, or the flow of
water through an orifice, so regulated
that the resistance will increase with
the speed at which the machine to be
governed happens to be running.

Another resistance is also opposed
which may be constant or nearly so
to the motion of the axis of B, and to
the latter is attached a make and
break piece or commutator, or other
means of controlling the electrical

-^mmimmwmmQ

Fig. 40.

Device for Regu-
lating the Un-
checked Speed of , !• J i. .u' J. • 1-

Trains on Tel- ^^^^^^^ supplied to the motor, in such
pher Line. a way that, SO long as the axis of

B remains at rest, the full driving
current will pass through the motor, but when,
with the increase of speed, the resistance to the
motion of C also increases, and the axis of B moves,
this motion will break the circuit, or reverse the con-
nections, or move the brakes, or short circuit the
motor, or throw in resistance, in fact the motion of B
is used to effect any desirable change in the electrical
connections.

Upon the speed decreasing so that the resistance to
the motion of C will have again fallen to the normal

TELPHERAGE. 89

amount, the axis of B will return to its former position
under the action of a spring or weight, by which its
motion is resisted, and the current will be supplied as
before.

Preferably the axis of B is arranged to move be-
tween two fixed stops placed at a considerable dis-
tance apart, in order to avoid continual interference
with the circuit when running at nearly the normal
speed, and the make and break piece attached to B is
so arranged as only to alter the circuit when near to
either of the two ends of its travel.

Referring to the illustration, A and C are the pitch
lines of two wheels externally and internally gearing
with the pinion B. A and C are concentric but not on
same shaft, or one of them is mounted loosely upon
the shaft. B is centred on the arm D which is pulled
against a stop by a spring S. A is driven by the
motor to be controlled. C is resisted by any resist-
ance which increases with the speed, as by a fan,
centrifugal arrangement, or water governor, so that at
a certain speed the arm D will begin to rotate round
the centre, and will work a make and break piece ;«,
or a commutator M, or any other electrical device.
The make and break piece in may have a slot in it, as
shown, so that the pin indicated only moves it to or
fro when the arm D is near the end of its travel.

As a rule it is desirable that the change of mechanical
resistance to the motion of C should change largely
with a small change of speed at the critical point, and
a simple plan for effecting this change is by making
C drive a brake governor m of the type devised by
Sir William Thomson, in which a revolving weight is
normally clear of an external rim, but at a given

AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

Speed overcomes the resistance of a spring so far as
to come in contact with this rim, and as it were put
on a brake by means of the friction it creates.

The effect produced by a governor of the above
description is iieutrah'sed when the speed of the
machine falls back to the normal desired speed or a
little below it. Cases arise, however, in which this is
undesirable, as some permanent change may occur in
the driving current, or in the mechanical resistance to

Fig. 41. — Governing Arrangement for Train on Telpher Systi

the driven electro-motor, as when the gradient of a
telpherage line changes, and this renders a permanent
readjustment of the electrical mechanism desirable.
The simple slot arrangement described above and
applied to any centrifugal governor will effect this
purpose, or it may be performed automatically and
with great accuracy by the governor shown in Fig. 41.
A, B, C form a train of wheels so arranged that A
drives B, and B drives c, or vice versd, c may drive B,

TELPHERAGE. 9I

and B will then drive A. Upon B being turned in one
direction it produces an electrical change tending to in-
crease the speed of the motor, and upon B being rotated
in the reverse direction this change will be undone.

A centrifugal governor is so arranged- that when
the speed falls below a certain point an arm presses
against a smooth pulley or surface connected with A,
and so drives B in one direction. When, on the other
hand, the speed rises above a certain point, the same,
or another arm, presses against a smooth pulley or
surface connected with C and drives B in the opposite
direction, but when the speed remains intermediate
between the two limits the arm, or arms, are clear of
A and C, and B is left at rest. B may thus be em-
ployed to shunt or cut out a motor, to throw in or out
an electrical resistance, or to adjust brushes, or to cause
an electric field to apply a mechanical or electrical
brake, or to produce any change, mechanical or elec-
trical, which regulates the speed, and in this manner
a permanent change may be effected which will not
be undone when the motor is brought back to the
desired speed. The change may if desired be effected
in the driving dynamo instead of in the receiving
motor, or in both.

The governor is preferably employed in the fol-
lowing manner. Connected mechanically with the
machine to be controlled is a regulating drum or disc
divided into two parts insulated from each other, and
a rubber pressing against this drum or disc alternately
makes one of two connections. When one connection
is made the motor will be driven by the current, but
when the other connection is made the current will be
diverted or interrupted so as not to drive the motor.

92 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

The driving and non-driving connection will be of
a length dependent on the position of the rubber
relatively to the drum, and this position is shifted in
the way above described by the wheels A, B, and C.

In the drawing the rubbing pieces D, D, of the
balanced centrifugal governor, bear against the smooth
surfaces c or a^ as the velocity happens to be above
or below that required. When the speed is exactly
right or normal, these rubbing pieces will run clear,
and in the latter case the wheels A, B, C will all be at
rest. If the speed becomes excessive, the wheel B
will be worked by C ; if, on the contrary, the speed be
insufficient, the wheel B will be driven by A. The
shaft of B has a screw by which a nut M is worked
backwards or forwards and is used to produce the
desired change. A desirable method of effecting this
required change is shown diagrammatically in Fig.
41. The insulated rubber or brush T actuated by M
rubs on the insulated pieces O and U of a cylinder, as
shown. O is insulated and U is connected by another
rubber with one terminal of a motor Q, the other
terminal of the motor being joined to a dynamo R,
the other pole of which is connected with the rubber
or brush T.

It will be seen that if, at one end of the cylinder,
the piece U goes all round, and at the other end the
piece O goes all round, and at intermediate points the
proportions between O and U gradually vary, the time
during which the current will be admitted to the
motor will depend on the position of the rubber or
brush T, which latter will be determined by the
governor. The connections for O and U can easily be
varied to suit other arrangements in which an absolute

TELPHERAGE. 93

break might not be desirable. In fact the well-known
system of cutting off the current for a fraction of each
revolution is employed, but in such a manner that the
cut off shall be undisturbed so long as the speed
remains constant, but may be permanently varied by
a temporary change of speed so as to be different at
different times although the speed may be the same.
With this arrangement, if the resistance to the motion
of the motor should decrease tenfold below the maxi-
mum which the motion could overcome, when the
current was on continually,
a slight increase of speed
would screw M along until
the current was cut off for
about nine-tenths of each
revolution. When the
speed had fallen to the
desired amount in conse-
quence of the withdrawal
of the current, the rubber _, ... . _ ^^'^^,\

Modified Form of Governing Ar-
or brush T would be left rangement for Train on Telpher

in its new position and the System.

machinery would run at

the old speed notwithstanding the great alteration

in the conditions.

Fig. 42 shows another arrangement of the governor
by which the desired permanent change can be
effected, in which a well-known mechanical equiva-
lent is substituted for the three wheels previously
used. In this arrangement the bevel wheels A and C
are connected by a sleeve, or form part of one piece
which is capable of a small motion along the shaft
under the influence of a balanced governor, and if

94 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

the speed becomes excessive the bevel wheel A will
drive the bevel wheel B in one direction, whilst should
the speed become deficient or decrease, the bevel
wheel C will drive B in the opposite direction. When,
however, a predetermined rate of speed is maintained,
both the bevel wheels A and C will remain clear, and
B will be at rest.

On attaining the limiting or extreme position, M
might be employed to put on a mechanical or elec-
trical brake, as by making contact with the stop /, and
the governor might in this way be employed to put a
brake on a train, if it continued to run too fast even
after the whole electric current had been cut off.
This effect would, however, be produced instantly, or
almost instantly, after the current had all been with-
drawn.

To afford additional security against the chance of
trains or vehicles being overtaken by those which
follow, any apparatus may be used by which a
mechanical or electrical brake will be set in operation
to arrest a train or vehicle whenever the time during
which the motor of this train or vehicle has been
deprived of the driving current, by any one of the
means which have been already described, exceeds a
definite length, and by which the brake will be at
once removed when the driving current begins to
circulate. The effect of this arrangement will be that
when the block or governor acts merely to control the
speed, no power will be wasted in unnecessarily re-
sisting the motion of the train or vehicle, but if this
train or vehicle runs past the block for more than
a definite number of seconds, so as to be in danger
of overtaking the preceding train or vehicle, or of

TELPHERAGE.

running too fast, then its motion will be checked not
only by the withdrawal of motive power, but also by
the action of a brake.

Fig. 43 illustrates in elevation and section one way
of carrying out the above arrangement The piece M
is in this case actuated by the governor so as to move
downwards when the velocity increases beyond the
normal ; when this motion has reached the limit at
which the speed can be controlled, as already de-
scribed, by entirely cutting off the current, a wedge
piece or stop Q will
actuate a catch N so as
to release the crosshead
O. This crosshead will
be then pulled down-
wards by springs S', S^
its motion beingresisted
by a dash pot p, or other
contrivance which will
delay or retard the
motion for the desired
time. After the lapse
of this time, the cross-
head O will fall down nearly to the stop Q, and will make
contact at T, so as to apply an electrical brake. The
time between the release of the catch and the arrival of
the crosshead o at its limiting position, may be for
instance 30 seconds, yet when the speed falls, the stop
QattachedtoM will, as soon as the latter begins to move
back again, break the contact at T, and so take off the
electrical brake. On M rising it will again set the
catch N. It is obvious that the contact at T may be
employed In many ways to arrest the train, indeed

96 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

the mere mechanical pressure of the springs S^, S^, on
a quick running wheel, instead of T, would in most
cases form a sufficiently powerful brake. The dash-
pot P should be so arranged as not to resist the up-
ward movement of the crosshead o, and were a fan
employed instead of the dash-pot, it should be driven
by the descent of the crosshead o, and not by its
ascent.

To enable wire ropes to be used as the insulated
conductor, a special form of insulator capable of re-

FiG. 44. — Insulator for Use on Telpher Line.

sisting a great strain, and also of allowing the ropes
to rock on the point of support and so relieve the
supports from inconvenient strain, is employed. This
insulating device wherein the ends of the wire ropes
are secured in bent wrought-iron pieces clipped to a
circular insulator free to rotate round a centre pin, is
clearly illustrated in side elevation, plan, and vertical
cross section in Fig. 44, in which the insulating parts
are indicated by cross-hatching.

Horns of metal having shallow grooves on their

TELPHERAGE. 97

upper sides intended to receive the wire rope, are bent
round the main insulating piece, and again bent back.
The rope passes between this metal horn and the
main insulating piece, and is also bent back and is
secured by being lashed to the horns. The horns are
bent as shown in plan when the post is to stand at an
angle, and the two horns are clipped together by
straps which are insulated from them by insulating
packing pieces. A piece of metal fixed in the main
insulator helps to bridge the gap between the ends of
the wire ropes.

A pin, which is supported by a fork, serves to carry
the main insulating piece, and the surface of the latter
near the pin is shielded from the wet by the outer
pieces shown in the vertical cross section, and by the
form of the main piece itself The rocking action on
the pin prevents any undue strain from coming on
the support.

By forming the insulator over the pin in the shape
shown, good insulation is ensured for the whole system
from the earth, and the resistance across the packing
pieces is rendered sufficient.

CHAPTER IV.

Examples of Installations of Wire-Rope Tramways
ON THE Running or Endless Rope System.

Installation of Wire-Rope Tramways at Works in

France.

The following are brief descriptions of several in-
stallations on the Gourjon * system of wire ropeway
erected in France. In this system but one endless
cable is used moving round two pulleys in the
same vertical plane, the full skips being .carried to
their destination by the lower portion upon which
they are suspended at equal distances apart, and the
empty -skips returning on the upper portion. Motion
is imparted according to circumstances, by force of
gravity, or by power, or partly by gravity and partly
by power in a regular and continuous manner.

One of the installations in question which was
erected at Teil, has a length in a horizontal direction
of 1,558 feet, and as the difference of level is only 81
feet 8 inches, a certain amount of help has in this case
to be given by power from the motor at the works, to
assist the action of gravity.

* A detailed description of the Gourjon system of wire-rope
tramway will be found in the Annates des Fonts et Chaussies^ vol.
xiv., 1887, p. 604.

INSTALLATIONS ON RUNNING ROPE SYSTEM. 99

The carrier buckets, or receptacles, which are of
sheet iron, are suspended from the cable at intervals
of 1 1 1.5 feet apart, weigh when full no lbs., and
travel at a speed of 5.75 feet per second, or at the rate
of about 3.92 miles per hour.

The installation cost ;£'ioo, and the traffic upon the
line is 70 tons a day, the cost of transport being 3. 11
pence per ton-mile.

An installation erected at St Imier, near Grenoble,
is considerably longer, following the windings of a
valley for 8,200 feet, or over ij mile. The two por-
tions in the intervals between the end pulleys are
supported at the same level by pulleys mounted on
posts or standards located about 500 feet apart.

The cable used is made of steel wire on what is
known as the excelsior system, and has a diameter of
0.67 inch ; whilst a cable made of a like number of
round wires, and of the same weight per fathom,
would have a diameter of 0.906 inch, or very nearly
I inch in the latter case against a little over | an inch
in the former case. The reason of this is owing to
the absence of interstices in the case of the excelsior
make.

The cost of this line was ;£^S20, the traffic is 50 tons
a day, and the cost of transport 3.75 pence per ton-
mile.

Another short installation was put up at Alzon, and
used for conveying blocks of stone for masonry work
connected with a railway. The line crossed a valley
1,579 feet wide, having a difference of level between
the termini of 474.5 feet.

In this case the excess power due to gravity could
be used for moving a second cable which had a span

lOO AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

of 88 feet, and a rise of 48 feet, by connecting it with
the upper pulley, so as to carry the stone from the
quarry to the pulley placed at the edge of the valley.

The uncoupling of the carriers was effected auto-
matically, but the coupling had to be done by hand,
which caused some delay ; 130 tons were transported
per day at a cost of 14.4 pence per ton, the cost of
cartage being double.

The cost of the line was much increased by a failure
to calculate the tension of the cables, and a careless-
ness in erection, which caused accidents to take place
on commencing work which otherwise might have
been avoided, and but for which the outlay would have
been only ;£^48o, and some £2,400 would have been
saved in the transport of 52,330 cubic yards of material.

At the date of the paper a line was being erected, of
which a description is also given. This installation
was to be briefly as follows : — The two portions were
to be on the same level, and passing over vertical
pulleys at the end of the track were to be directed at
an angle of from 20° to 25° to a winding drum, located
horizontally at a slightly lower level, thus greatly
facilitating the uncoupling and coupling of the carriers.

This line was designed for a distance of 2,214 f*sct,
with a fall of 242.75 feet; the cost was estimated to be
;£'440, and 72 tons of cement were to be carried down
daily at a slow rate of speed from the kilns to the works,
the cost of transport being estimated to be 2.1 pence
per ton, instead of 10 J pence per ton, which latter was
the price of cartage. The capacity of such a line could,
however, easily be raised to 100 tons daily by some-
what accelerating the speed, and the empty carriers
could be used for conveying up coal to the kilns.

7.— Installation of Wire-Kope Tramway at Plantations in Ceylon.

INSTALLATIONS ON RUNNING ROPE SYSTEM. lOS

or fastening, known as the Hallidie clip, a description
of which has been already given.*

The transport of this rope was a matter of very
serious difficulty. It was accomplished by dividing
the rope into ten lengths, each length made up into
seven coils, with an intermediate length of lo feet,
and each of the coils in each length was loaded upon
the back of a mule, the entire train being composed
of seventy mules, and three men being provided to
each seven mules, or thirty men altogether.

In transporting a wire rope in this manner the coils
should be made up as small as possible, say not over
24 inches, so as to enable them to be secured to the
pack saddles.

During the conveyance of the section of rope to the
upper terminal an accident occurred which was pro-
ductive of very considerable delay, and demonstrated
the difficulties attendant upon the operation. The
head mule, at a point where a rise immediately fol-
lowed a steep descent, started to take the rise with
a rush until checked by the rope, which threw him
backwards over the bank, he taking two other mules
with him, and had not the last of these caught on a
tree, the rest of the train would have followed. The
path being cut out of the mountain side, and so
narrow as not to admit of turning a mule, or even of
unloading its pack, the coils which had gone over the
bluff were fished up, uncoiled, and carried a quarter
of a mile by hand. The rope was, however, badly
kinked through the mishap.

This kinking of the rope is indeed one of the chief

* See pages 29-31.

I06 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

dangers to which this method of transport renders it
liable, the- parts thus damaged being usually the inter-
vening lengths between the mules. The result of a
bad kink in the rope is that the wires of the strands
on the concave side of it will shortly give out when
in use.

Screw-down brakes were employed upon this line
at first, but were found most inconvenient in use, and
were afterwards successfully replaced by lever ones.

The splices of the rope commenced to give way after
two years* work at points where the two metal strands
were tucked into the rope to take the place of the
hemp core or heart.

To climb up to the wire ropeway a rope ladder was
used, which was brought into position by passing it
over the line at the nearest support, and sliding it
along the rope or cable until in the proper position,
swinging it over any intervening carriers.

The reason why the rope wore out at the splices is
considered to be because in a rope of seven wire strands
there exists at the splice a spot of about i inch in
length at a point just above and below where two
steel strands are inserted into the core, and take the
place of the hemp core or heart, where the rope will
have seven instead of six strands at the circumference,
thus making the diameter greater. There being like-
wise a portion of about i| inch or 2 inches with no core
or heart at all, and the outside strands being there
unsupported centrally, they become crushed into the
cavity, thus exposing other strands to extra wear.

For lubricating purposes, Swedish tar mixed with
boiled linseed oil was first employed, applied on the
rope once a week in the usual manner. This was

INSTALLATIONS ON RUNNING ROPE SYSTEM. 107

found, however, both inefficient and expensive. It
did not penetrate the rope, but became hardened and
baked, by the heat of the sun, on the rim of the
sheaves or pulleys, giving no protection to either rope
or sheaves. Better results were obtained with the same
lubricating material by letting it drop continuously
over the rope at the rate of about one drop per minute,
by which means the rope and sheaves were enabled to
retain a slight coating. At the best, however, tar was
found to be but a poor lubricant under exposure to
the sun, the heat taking up what little lubricating
properties it possessed. The tar did not penetrate the
rope, and much wear from friction of the wires was
found to take place between the strands, owing to the
bending whilst passing over the pulleys or sheaves.

The substitution of black West Virginia oil, applied
by means of an automatic lubricator, was found to
give first-rate results, and after four months the rope
was found to be thoroughly saturated with the oil,
and after six months the Manilla hemp core was
found to have been preserved by the oil. After two
years* use of this lubricant the rope showed but little
signs of wear.

With the tar and linseed oil mixture applied weekly
the tops of the rims of the sheaves had to be cut
down at some points on the line every month ; when
applied by continuous drops they only required to be
turned down in four months ; whilst when black West
Virginia oil was applied, the rims only required to
be so treated every six or seven months. The grips
on the terminal sheaves also showed less wear in the
latter case.

The outlay on the work was as follows : —

I08 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

Cost of construction of upper terminal - £^^ lo o

„ „ lower „ - 44 lo o

„ „ intermediate terminal 300 o o

Sundries, stretching rope, &c. - - 52 o o

Total cost of construction - - £A2fi o o

Cost of ropeway material - - 3,168 o o

Opening roads, &c. . _ . - 373 o o

Total for ropeway in working order - £3^977 o o

As regards the cost of transport, this was found to
be reduced by about three-fourths by the use of the
ropeway; S,ioo cords of wood delivered to the mill
as fuel costing before the existence of the ropeway
;^i 2,670, whilst 5,900 cords delivered by the ropeway
only cost ;£^3,392 — a saving of ;^9,278,and an additional
supply of 800 cords of wood, being thus effected by
the use of the latter.

Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway as a Pier * in

the Cape de Verde Islands.

The following is a description of another installa-
tion on the running rope system, erected in the Cape
de Verde Islands, at Messrs Cory Brothers & Com-
pany's Coal Depot.f

The total length of this line, which is illustrated in
Fig. 49 in plan and elevations, is 1,200 feet, of which
length about 960 feet extend along the beach, and
about 240 feet at right angles to the longer section to

* For description and illustration of a wire-rope tramway on the
fixed carrying rope system arranged as a pier, see pages 176, 177.

t A full description of this installation, which was designed
by W. H. Carrington, M.I.C.E., will be found in the Minutes of
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers^ vol. Ixv., pp.
299-309.

INSTALLATIONS ON RUNNING ROPE SYSTEM. 109

the end of the pier, where the coal is received and
despatched.

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The ropeway was required to be able to carry 15
tons per hour in either direction, and the motion of

no AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

the rope was to be utilised in working cranes at each
terminal for raising or lowering coal.

The coal is brought to the pier in bulk in barges
from the colliers, and the buckets of the wire ropeway
are lowered into the barges by a crane, and when filled
are again raised, and sent off on the ropeway to the
depot at its further end, where a quantity of about
10,000 tons is usually stored.

To supply the steamers calling at the island, the
coal is filled at the store into bags holding 2 cwt. each,
which bags are raised by a crane to the level of the
wire ropeway, and are carried by it back to the barges
at the end of the pier.

The driving gear with its steam engine is placed at
the point where the two sections of the wire ropeway
meet at right angles. It consists of a massive wooden
frame, carrying an upright shaft fitted at its upper
end with two drums, each 8 feet in diameter, lying
one on the top of the other, the ropes of the sections
passing round these two drums, and being driven by
them. At the lower end of the vertical shaft bevel
gear is fixed by which the motion of the steam engine
is communicated to the drums. The steam engine by
which the requisite power is supplied is one of 16
horse-power nominal, having two cylinders and a
surface condenser. The boiler is of the horizontal
multitubular type, working at a pressure of 60 lbs. per
square inch. The usual shunt rails allow the loads to
pass round the angle thus formed at this point.

The terminal at the end of the shorter section on
the pier-head carries the horizontal drum round which
the tramway rope passes, and a long horseshoe-shaped
rail. On this frame is also mounted a crane, having

INSTALLATIONS ON RUNNING ROPE SYSTEM. Ill

a radius of 17 feet, and worked by shafting from the
engine. This crane is manipulated by a friction
clutch, actuated by a lever on the top of the frame, on
which the driver stands, and has thus a clear view of
the work going on below. Four carrier buckets or
receptacles, each holding 2| cwts., are lifted at a speed
of 80 feet per minute, and deposited on to a deck
alongside the terminal frame. These buckets or
receptacles are then pushed singly down an inclined
plane, the arrangement being such that they engage
themselves on the hangers, which, with their saddles,
carry them on the line rope. ' In a similar way the
empty buckets or receptacles arriving, or the sacks for
delivery, are detached and lowered into the barge.

The terminal at the end of the longer section at the
coal store is placed on a wooden platform, shown in
elevation at the top of the illustration, about 20 feet
above the ground, and 1 20 feet long. At the end of
this platform, situated the furthest from the driving
station, is placed a horizontal drum 8 feet in diameter,
carried on a strong wooden frame, round which drum
the line rope passes, and which can be drawn back
when required to take up any extension. The motion
of the rope actuates the drum, which by a pair of
bevel wheels turns a square shaft extending along the
centre of the platform for its whole length. A crane
of similar construction to that on the pier-head is
placed on this platform in front of the terminal, and
can be moved from end to end, deriving motion from
the line rope through the square shaft at any point.
The jib of this crane is long enough to enable loads
to be hoisted on either side of the platform, and to
be put down just behind the travelling shunt frame,

112 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

which stands about 1 5 feet in front of the crane, and
which is arranged to slide up and down the full length
of the platform in conjunction with it. Thus the
sacks of coal, having been raised from the ground, are
placed at the foot of the shunt stage, by which they
are, having been first hung on the hangers, pushed on
to the moving rope, and transported to the pier.

When coal is being brought to the store, it is tipped
into an inclined shoot out of the buckets while they
hang on the rail of the moving shunt.

It will be seen from the arrangements above de-
scribed that the coal can be hoisted out of the barge
at the pier-head, transported to the terminal depot,
and delivered into the store, where it is duly put into
sacks for re-delivery to steamers ; and when this is
required, the sacks of coal can be lifted up to the
ropeway, a height of 20 feet, transported to the pier-
head, and deposited into the barges.

The rope is supported on the longer section by
seven posts or standards, which are fixed on the
beach, and are of the usual construction, and about 1 5
feet high. These posts or standards carry bearing
pulleys 2 feet in diameter, grooved to fit the wire rope,
which latter is of crucible steel with a breaking strain
of 16 tons, and it is run at a speed of 3 J miles per
hour.

This ropeway had carried up to 1881 about 130,000
tons, and though it was only designed to lift and carry
15 tons per hour, it had on emergencies conveyed
more than 25 tons in an hour.

The cost of the maintenance of the rope has been
a halfpenny per ton carried, and that of the machinery
also a halfpenny per ton, the chief item in the latter

INSTALLATIONS ON RUNNING ROPE SYSTEM. II3

case being the breaking of the buckets or receptacles
by rough handling. The cost of labour has been
one penny per ton handled, including tipping the coal
into the store, and attending the engine. The cost of
working the crane and filling the buckets or receptacles
in the barge has been about five-eighths of a penny
per ton, the boiler for supplying steam to the engine
consuming 7 cwts. of coal per twelve hours.

The complete cost of the above installation erected
on the spot, but exclusive of freight and customs duty,
was about ;^2,soo, including the large staging at the
depot and the whole of the woodwork. The erection
on the site occupied three months.

Installations of Wire-Rope Tramways as Piers

in New Zealand, &c.

A pier wire-rope tramway, also designed and erected
by the same gentlemen, is working at Russel, Bay of
Islands, New Zealand, which line runs for about
3,600 feet out into the bay, the line from the pier to
the mines on the mainland being about i mile in
length. The terminal at the head of the pier is
erected upon an old hulk which is securely moored
in position.

The carrying capacity is about 50 tons of manganese
ore daily, with a motive power of 6-horse. The line
has been in operation for about four years.

Figs, so and 51 show two other arrangements of
wire-rope tramways on the running or endless rope
system arranged as piers, the constructive details of
which are practically similar to that already described,
modified where necessary, however, to meet the
different requirements of each particular case.

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INSTALLATIONS ON RUNNING ROPE SYSTEM. IIS

Amongst a number of other wire-rope tramways
on this system designed by the same gentleman * and
which are now in operation in various parts of the
world, the following may be taken as representative
examples showing applications for various purposes : —

Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at a Quarry

in India.

Fig. 52 shows in plan and section a wire ropeway
or cableway erected at a quarry in Madras, India, for
the carriage of concrete material. This wire -rope
tramway, which has a total length of 15,600 feet, or
nearly 3 miles, was supplied to the order of the
Indian Government, for the purpose of carrying about
100 to 150 tons of material per working day, for the
purpose of constructing a large concrete dam in a
very out-of-the-way situation in Madras.

This installation affords a good example of the
facih'ty with which a line on the endless rope system
can be made to pass angles of any degree, and admits
of surmounting certain constructive difficulties that
would prove very difficult to overcome, if not fatal
in the case of any other arrangement.

In the present example, as will be seen from the
plan, the line passes three angles varying from 1 57°
to 169'*, and, as will be seen from the section, over
inclines varying from i in 3 to i in 4.

The driving power is water, which was found
attainable at a point about half-way between the
terminals of the line.

* W. T. H. Carrington, M.I.C.E., and constructed by Bullivant
& Co. Ltd.

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INSTALLATIONS ON RUNNING ROPE SYSTEM. II7

The entire line was erected on the spot by native
workmen.

Installation of a Wire-Rope Tramway at a Cement

Works in Brazil.

Fig. 53 shows in section a wire-rope tramway in-
stallation put up in connection with a cement works
at Jundiahy, Brazil.

The extreme length of this line is 8,961 feet or
about 1.7 mile, and it is capable of transporting some
100 tons of cement in bags per working day of ten
hours.

The line passes over extremely rough ground, and
changes its direction in two places. At a number of
parts the incline is i in 3.5, and there are spans of
500 feet.

The bags of cement are carried in water-tight cases
made of galvanised iron, and so constructed as to
turn over on the release of a catch. The necessary
motive power to work the line is provided in this
instance by a 14 horse-power engine of the semi-
portable type.

This line has been at work continuously since the
date of its construction in 1882. It affords an excel-
lent example, as will be seen from an examination
of the section, of the maximum spans and severe
inclines which can be satisfactorily worked with wire
tramways on this system.

Installation of Wire-Bope Tramway at Barytes

Mine in Cumberland.

Fig. 54 is a sectional view illustrating a short wire-
rope tramway erected at a barytes mine in Cumber-

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INSTALLATIONS ON RUNNING ROPE SVSTEM. 1 10

land for the purpose of conveying the mineral from
the mine, which is located on the flank of a lofty
mountain, to the mill and dressing floors which are
situated at its foot, at which latter point water power
is available.

The total length of the line is 984 feet, and the
difference of level between the mill and the mine is
556 feet, the average incline being i in 5.

The water wheel at the mill which provides the
power for driving the latter, also serves for supplying
that necessary for working the ropeway, all the power,
however, that is required for the latter purpose being
a sufficient amount to act as a means of governing the
speed and controlling it, as the loaded carriers run
down by gravity. The situation of the line and the
character of the incline over which it is worked is
shown approximately in the illustration.

The carrying capacity of this wire tramway is 100
tons per day.

Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at a Print

Works in Lancashire.

Fig- S 5 is a sectional view showing an installation,
on Carrington^s system, at a print works in Lancashire.
The construction of the box carriers for the textile
goods, which usually hold about 120 lbs. each, has
been already shown in Fig. 24.*

Some of these classes of lines have been running
successfully for upwards of thirteen years.

Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at an Artifici€tl
Manure Works near London.

Fig. 56 is a diagrammatical view showing the

* See page 60.

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Installations on running rope system. 121

arrangement of a similar wire-rope tramway to the
preceding erected at an artificial manure works.

The illustrations in both the above cases are
sufficiently explanatory to admit of further descrip-
tion being dispensed with.

Installations of Wire-Rope Tramways at Brick
Works in Yorkshire and Glamorganshire.

A wire-rope tramway of this class was erected at a
brick works at Otley near Leeds, where it was in
operation to great advantage for about fourteen
months until the stoppage of the works.

The line was about 1,200 feet in length, and was
constructed to bring clay from a distant pit to the
brick works. It made during its course an angle of
about 1 50°, and passed over a portion of the North
Eastern Railway, also running close to the highroad
from Leeds to Otley without interfering in any way
with the traffic.

At the time of cessation of work this line of wire-
rope tramway had carried 11,000 tons without any
stoppage or appreciable wear and tear to the machinery,
the rope remaining in good condition.

Another installation of a similar nature has been
at work at the Llanishen brick works, Cardiff, for some
years.

Installation of Wire-Hope Tramway at a Chemical

Works in Northumberland.

Fig. 57 is a sectional diagram showing the disposi-
tion of a wire-rope tramway of the same description,
about 1,500 feet in length, erected some years back at
a chemical works in Newcastle-on-Tyne.

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INSTALLATIONS ON RUNNING ROPE SYSTEM. I23

This line, as will be seen from the illustration,
passes throughout its course over buildings, dwelling-
houses, and yards full of workmen. It starts from a
point near the centre of the works, close to the spot
at which the refuse or waste material is produced
which it is desired to remove by means of the rope-
way. The line first rises at an incline of about i in
10 over intervening sheds, passes close over the
buildings containing the cooper's workshops, and then
descends until it reaches the terminus on the bank
of the river Tyne, where a staging about 30 feet in
height is provided on the quay side, from which the
refuse material or waste product can be emptied into
barges lying in the river.

The engine for supplying the motive power is placed
upon the above-mentioned staging.

The carrier buckets or receptacles for the refuse or
waste product contain about 3^ cwts. each, and the
carrying capacity of the line is about 120 tons per
working day.

This wire-rope tramway was run, transporting the
above amount of material daily, for about eight years,
when the works were closed.

Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at Mills

in Yorkshire.

Fig. 58 is a similar view to the last, showing an
installation of an aerial or wire-rope tramway at a mill
belonging to Messrs Norton Brothers Limited, Hud-
dersfield.

This wire-rope tramway, which is about 900 feet in
length, is used for the purpose of transporting coal

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INSTALLATIONS ON RUNNING ROPE SYSTEM. 12/

stream direct on to the cane carriers, and in quantities
that are at no time large enough to demand redistri-
bution in feeding the mill, the small individual loads
of about 2 cwts. of canes each following one another
in rapid succession, so that the quantity delivered can
be easily regulated to a nicety by the man engaged in
discharging the carriers.

Further advantages derivable from the system
are : That canes can be
brought from different "^JII^'Z« T-i"
parts of an estate by one
or more tramways, there- jr\

by admitting of readily /\rW

mixing different lots of Y / J\ \

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JunclJiin of Three Lines.
any way beaten down as

is the case, through the treading of mules, horses, or
oxen, and the passage of carts, when carting is resorted
to, or even with the use of portable ground tramways,
and canes can be brought, moreover, from estates lying
on high ground which are inaccessible to ordinary
roads, thereby rendering valuable land which would
otherwise be practically useless. Cane can be carried
more cheaply than by carting, one man being sufficient
to discharge up to 150 tons of cane per ten hours, and

128

AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

C/3

besides those loading the canecarriers
or hangers one man only is required
at the despatching terminus.

In many cases it is found to be
convenient to employ a combination
of cartage with wire-rope transport,
the canes being brought to certain
points along the line by the carts, at
which points they are loaded and
forwarded to the mill on the wire-
rope tramway.

Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway

at the Custom House in

Mauritius.

A wire-rope tramway on the end-
less or running rope system of 3,000
feet in length, the longest span being
one of 600 feet, is at work at Port
Louis in the island of Mauritius for
the carriage of bags of sugar, and
puncheons of rum, to the Custom
House.

Loads up to 600 lbs. in weight are
transported on this line.

Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway
on a Beetroot Farm in Holland.

On large beetroot farms wire-rope
tramways are extensively used for
carrying off the crops and delivering
them to points from which they can
be despatched either by rail or ship
to the sugar factories.

INSTALLATIONS ON RUNNING ROPE SYSTEM. 12$

A good example of an installation of this descrip-
tion is to be found in one designed* some years ago
for the Netherlands Land Enclosure Company for
carrying the crops, and for the conveyance of other
materials on their estate at Fort Bath, which consists
of land that has been reclaimed from the sea.

This line is about i mile in length, and has a carry-
ing capacity of 50 tons daily, the produce being con-
veyed in baskets containing about 100 lbs. each. The
power is supplied by a 6 horse-power portable engine.

The line is so constructed that it can be taken
down and put up again in a fresh place in one day,
by the aid of twenty men, provided the distance to
cart the materials composing the tramway does not
exceed 5 miles.

* By W. T. H. Carrington, M.I.C.E.

CHAPTER V.

Examples of Installations of Wire-Rope Tramways
ON THE Fixed Carrying Rope System.

InstaJlation of Wire-Rope Tramway at Chalk Pits

in Prance.

A SIMPLE system of aerial transport by wire ropes
is described by A. Hauet,* which is said to have
been in use for about thirty years at the chalk pits
near Paris for conveying the chalk for short distances
of from 500 to 820 feet in length.

Two carrier wire ropes, f inch in diameter each, are
arranged parallel to each other, arid act as rails, the
one for the ascent, and the other for the descent
These ropes are suitably secured to any available
support at one terminus, and are placed under tension
at the other terminus by the aid of a large T-headed
bolt, passed through a block of timber held by an
anchor carriage, constructed of angle-iron and of
wrought-iron plate, and heavily loaded.

The load is suspended from each of the carrier
ropes or cables by means of a truck or traveller
having a frame of triangular form, in which are
mounted two 8-inch grooved pulleys adapted to run

* See Revue G^nirale des Chemins de fer^ October 1888,
p. 227, for further particulars.

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. 13I

upon the rope, a suspension hook being provided for
the attachment of the carrier receptacle.

An endless wire rope of | inch to ^ inch in dia-
meter, according to the load to be dealt with, and
running on grooved pulleys of- 4 feet diameter
mounted at the ends of the line, is connected to this
apparatus through a short length of chain. The
carrier receptacles or buckets provided for conveying
the materials have a capacity of from 3^ to 5 cubic
feet

The loaded carriers descend by gravitation, carrying
with them the endless rope which hauls up the empty
buckets. A friction wooden brake block, or when the
gradient exceeds 1 5 per cent, a steel brake, serves to
arrest the motion when the carriers arrive at their
destination.

Inclines of from 30 to 40 per cent, it is stated, are
easily successfully worked on this plan.

Installation of Wire-Bope Tramway at Mines

in Spain.

A rope or cable way erected between Garrucha and
Serena de Bedar in Almeria, south-east of Spain, on
the Bleichert-Otto system of fixed carrying rope is
about the most important installation of this par-
ticular description as yet in existence. This wire-
rope tramway is used for transporting iron ore from
the mines at Serena de Bedar to the Mediterranean
coast at Garrucha, and it has a total length of 9J
miles.

The line is divided into four sections, the first two
of which are 1.40 and 3.29 miles long respectively, and
are worked by means of an engine of 30 horse-power ;

AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

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Fig 63 —Installation of Wue Kui.c Triinway at Mines iti Spain
Power and Angle Station — Fian on Suction.

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. I33

the two second sections are 3.29 and 2.8 miles long
respectively, and are driven by an engine of 70 horse-
power.

The carrying ropes are firmly anchored at the

Fio. 64. — Installation of Wire-Rope Tmniway a1
I'Dwcr and Angle Station — Sections.

terminal stations to large blocks of masonry, and are
maintained taut by means of tenon weights provided at
the angle stations, as shown in Fig. 63, which repre-
sents the Puerto del CoroncI power and angle station

134 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

in plan and section. The arrangement of the shunt
rails of the above-named angle station, together with
the hauling engine, are shown in plan and section in
the above figure and in Fig. 64.

In operation on the arrival of the carrier buckets at
an angle station they are automatically disengaged
from the hauling or driving rope, switched on to the
shunt rails, and run round by hand to the carrying
rope on the next section of the line, where they are
again attached to the hauling or driving rope and
despatched in a new direction.

The driving is effected by belt gearing which
transmits the power to two large grooved pulleys
7 feet 3 inches in diameter, and lined with leather,
around which the hauling or driving rope is coiled
several times. Tension weights and pulleys similar
to those employed for the carrying ropes are used for
keeping the hauling or driving ropes taut.

The loading station is at Serena, which is situated
at an altitude of 905 feet above the sea-level, and after
leaving this station the line crosses a number of deep
valleys, one of which is over half a mile wide and 328
feet in depth, and it traverses mountain ridges, the
highest of which is 1,174 ^^^ above the sea-level, to
the village of Pendar de Bedar, where, at an elevation
of 951 feet above the sea-level, the first power station
is located.

From the latter place the line deflects to the right,
and again passes over several valleys and ridges, with
a gradual descent to an angle station 370 feet above
the sea-level. It then bears to the left, extending
over a more or less hilly country to the second power
station near Puerto del Coronel.

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. 1 35

From the second power station the line turns to the
right, and descends at an easy gradient to the unload-
ing station on the coast, which is located near the
town of Garrucha.

The longest span of the line is that near the Villa
Reforma, which is 918 feet in width, with a sag of the
rope of 65 feet, and on which six loaded and six empty
carriers are supported at a time. The next longest
spans of the line range from 328 to 750 feet ; the
average distance between the supports, however, is
only about 1 30 feet.

The steepest gradient, taking into account the sag
of the rope, is i in 2 J, and the tallest standard is 118
feet in height.

The carrying rope for the loaded side is ly^ inch
in diameter, and that for the unloaded side i inch in
diameter. The hauling or driving rope is f inch in
diameter, and is provided at proper intervals with
star knots* to engage with pawl grips.!

The posts or standards employed are of the types
illustrated in Figs, i and 3.J A perspective view of
a section of the ropeway showing the arrangement of
the line is shown in Fig. 65.

Storage bins of an aggregate capacity of 800 tons are
provided at the loading station, from which bins the
ore is spouted into the carrier buckets or receptacles.

The unloading station at the coast is 150 feet in
length, by 50 feet in width, and is elevated 32 feet

* For a description and illustration of these knots, see
page 45.

t For a description and illustration of these pawl grips, see
pages 49, 50.

\ See pages 19, 21.

136 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

above the ground level. It has a storage capacity of
from 18,000 to 20,000 tons, so that from four to six
vessels can be loaded at a time.

At the various stations sidings are arranged for
stocking empty carriers from the different sections of
the line.

The stations are all connected together by tele-
phone, and a system of electric signals are used. The

engme and boiler houses are solidly built, and are

large enough to be used as repairing shops.

The guaranteed capacity of this line is 400 tons per
working day of ten hours With a travelling rate of
300 feet per minute, or about 3 miles an hour, and
with two carriers having buckets of 7 cwts. capacity
each arriving per minute, or say 1,200 buckets per
day of ten hours, the actual quantity however, carried

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. 1 37

by this line in a working day of ten hours would be
420 tons, making its capacity 4,095 ton-miles. Owing
to the increased demand for Bedar ore, the line has
been worked since the commencement of 1890 in two
shifts of eight hours, and no less than 900 tons per
day have been transported to the coast.

The complete cost of the line is said to have been
£26,000, and it was surveyed, constructed, and ready for
work within ten months, the constructor of the line,
J. Pohlig, of Cologne, contracting to work and keep
the tramway in repair for a number of years at the
rate of i shilling and 2.5 pence per ton of material
carried, this price to cover all the costs of labour,
maintenance, and repairs.*

Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at Furnaces

in Belgium.

A very full description, with illustrations, of an
installation of the Beer arrangement of wire-rope
tramway on the fixed carrying rope principle, at the
Seraing furnaces of the Esp^rance-Longdoz Company,
is given in the Revue Universelle des Mines,\ from
which the following particulars are abridged.

The starting point of the line is situated 1 1 feet 6
inches above the ground level, and the point of delivery
is at a height of 160 feet above the starting point.

* E. H. Davies' "Machinery for Metalliferous Mines" (London :
Crosby Lockwood & Son), where (at p. 514) Mr Davies acknow-
ledges his indebtedness to Commans & Co. of London, the
English representatives of the makers, for some of the informa-
tion supplied. See also British Patent, Otto, No. 7,507, 1887.

t " On the Beer System of Wire Ropeways," by Charles Raoult,
Engineer to the Beer Engineering and Foundry Company,
Revue Universelle des Mines, 3rd series, vol. iii., 1888, p. 49.

138 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

The carrying rope for the loaded carriers is i J inch in
diameter, and is composed of nineteen wires, each wire
I inch in diameter, and arranged one in the centre, six
intermediate, and twelve on the exterior. The weight
of this rope is 2 if lbs. per fathom, and its theoretical
breaking strain 37 tons, the actual breaking strain
being, however, appreciably less. It is strained and
kept taut in use by a counterpoise of 5 tons 18 cwts.

The carrying rope for the empty carriers is i^^^ inch
in diameter, and is also composed of nineteen similarly
arranged wires to those of the above rope, but each
of which wires is only -^^ inch full in diameter. This
rope weighs but 12J lbs. per fathom, and its theoretical
breaking strain is 23 tons. The counterpoise for
straining the empty line is 3 tons 18 cwts.

The hauling or driving rope is |^ inch in diameter,
and is composed of a hemp core surrounded by six
strands each composed of twelve wires of j^^ inch in
diameter. It weighs 4 J lbs. per fathom, and has a
theoretical breaking strain of 14 tons 18 cwts. The
counterpoise for keeping the hauling or driving rope
taut weighs i ton 19 cwts.

The joints of the carrying ropes are made in two
ways. The one by inserting each end into a slightly
conical sleeve, somewhat separating the wires, and
brazing them to the sleeve with a special solder.
The larger or adjacent ends of each pair of these
sleeves are tapped with a right and left handed thread
respectively, and they are coupled together by means
of a right and left handed screw-threaded plug.

The other method consists of separating and wedg-
ing the wires into the sleeve instead of soldering.
This wedging is effected first by three curved wedges

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. 1 39

forming conjointly a feather-edged tube or ferrule
between the outer and intermediate layers of wires,
and next by a smaller solid conical ferrule between the
intermediate layer and the central wire, which last
wedge piece is screwed at the end and secured by a nut.

A series of tests to which this latter coupling was
subjected showed that, although a load of 30.1 tons
ruptured all the wires, none of them were drawn out
of the sleeve, but all were broken externally, and the
joints themselves remained uninjured.

The hauling or driving rope is endless, the two
extremities being spliced together, and, in the case of
lines where the gradients are slight, the carrier skips
or buckets may be attached to it at any point by a
simple friction clip easily engaged and disengaged.
In the installation under consideration, however,
where the gradients are of some severity, carrier
collars are fixed on the hauling or driving rope to
engage with locking grips on the carrier frames or
hangers, which grips are automatically released by
coming in contact with a fixed tripper bar or rail
at each end of their travel. The carrier collars em-
ployed are formed in halves dovetailed together so
that they can be slipped on anywhere on the hauling
or driving rope, and secured with a small rivet with
countersunk heads, by which it is claimed to avoid
the injurious effect of solder on the rope, and the
necessity of cutting and splicing the latter at each
point where a collar has to be fixed, as is necessary
when solid thimbles or carrier collars are used.
These carrier collars are i^ inch in external diameter,
and 1 1 inches in length, and they are fixed on the
rope at intervals of 228 feet apart, and when loaded

I40 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

with a weight of 2 tons, and tested by repeated blows
of a hammer, no sensible displacement of one of the
carrier collars was found to have been effected.

It has been found in practical working desirable to
change the position of the carrier collars from time to
time so as to equalise the wear on the rope.

The hauling or driving rope is driven by a 9 horse-
power vertical engine placed under the platform at the
loading or starting station. The crank shaft carries a
pinion 8 inches in diameter, and making 120 revolu-
tions per minute, which pinion meshes with a spur
wheel 7 feet 6 inches in diameter, keyed on the
driving drum shaft, and the driving drum or pulley
has two grooves lagged with wood. The rope is
passed twice round the driving drum or pulley, and
once round a single grooved idle pulley placed above
the latter in the same vertical plane, and it is then led
away horizontally over two guide pulleys. The return
pulley at the discharging station is movably mounted
and weighted to keep the rope taut, the counterbalance
being, as before mentioned, i ton 19 cwts.

At each station a fixed rail is provided on to which
the carriers can be shunted, so as to be passed, in the
one case, round the return pulley, and in the other
round the receiving hopper, for charging. Movable
switches are also provided at the starting station to
admit of the carriers being removed for repairs, &c.

The travelling speed of the carriers is about 2J
miles per hour.

A fact which has been specially noticed during the
working of this line is that the hauling rope constantly
revolves on its own axis, and always in the same
direction.

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. I4I

The discharging station consists of a platform 66 feet
high, carried on a light but very substantial framing
steadied by guy ropes.

Three intermediate supports or standards are pro-
vided, which consist of wrought-iron lattice posts
bolted to masonry foundations, the highest being 72
feet. Each standard is provided with two crossbars
for supporting the carrying and hauling or driving
ropes, which are placed one above the other in the
same vertical plane. The hauling or driving rope is
simply carried on grooved pulleys, but the plan
adopted for supporting the carrying ropes is a more
complicated arrangement, as by reason of the varia-
tions of temperature, and of changes in the positions
of the loaded carriers, they are found to have an end-
wise movement to and fro of 10 inches or more. If
the creeping movement of the two carrying ropes be
in the same direction, it is found to tend to overturn
the supporting posts or standards, and if in opposite
directions, to twist them.

When the carrying ropes are arranged to merely
slide on their supports, they soon become set fast, no
matter how well they may be kept greased ; if they
are carried on simple pulleys, they soon show signs
of wear from want of sufficiently extended bear-
ing surfaces ; if mounted on blocks or carriages
carried on small wheels, the blocks or carriages are
found to work themselves to the one or other end of
their track or path, and to stick there. To overcome
these objections the ropes are in the Beer system
carried on properly formed blocks mounted on pen-
dulum rods having free endwise motion, but prevented
from oscillating sideways by quadrant-shaped guides.

142 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

During work a quarter turn over is given to the
carrying ropes from time to time, so that all sides of
the ropes may be equally worn.

The working staff on this line consists of five
persons — an engine and machinery attendant, a filler,
and a hooker-on at the starting point, a boy to tip the
carrier buckets or skips, and a hooker-on at the
delivery point.

The capacity of the line is 130 tons of material
transported to a distance of 900 feet per working day
of ten hours.

The installation is stated to effect a saving of 66
per cent, as compared with the system previously
employed.

Installations of Wire-Rope Tramways duringr Tem-
porary Buildingr Operations in Germany.

As has been already mentioned, Bleichert was the
first to design a wire-rope tramway on the fixed carry-
ing rope principle, and his system is well exemplified
in three installations that were laid down to forts
under construction at Thorn, Ulm, and Masua*
respectively, to supply them with building materials.

In the first mentioned, the ropeway was provided
with two terminal stations, the difference in level
between which was 37.7 feet, and the length of the
line without counting the sidings was 5,019 feet, the
maximum gradient being i in 33.3.

The ropeway proper consisted of two wire ropes of

* For full description of these three installations see
Deutsche Bauzeitung^ 1883, pp. 257-269 ; also Proceedings of
the Institution of Civil Engineers^ vol. Ixxiii., pp. 404-406.

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. I43

I inch and 1.2 inch diameters, the larger being for the
loaded carriers, and the smaller for the empties. The
lines were each firmly anchored at the lower station,
and strained at the other by weights passing over
pulleys.

The standards consisted of wooden uprights with
cross-arms, supported by iron brackets, upon which
the ropes were carried at a height of 22 feet above the
ground.

The hauling or driving rope was an endless wire
rope of crucible steel, 0.58 inch in diameter, which was
carried on rollers, and driven by a stationary engine.
This rope was attached to the carriers -by couplings
or grips, each of which consisted essentially of an
eccentric pressing against the rope, and a device
placed directly in front of the stations automatically
lifted this eccentric and released the rope from the
coupling.

The carrier receptacles, which were designed for
transporting bricks, were made of wrought iron, of
special shape, lined with wood, and they were so
mounted that they could be readily turned about
their horizontal axes. Each carrier receptacle was
capable of holding a load of 5 cwts., and they followed
each other at intervals of 90 seconds, with a speed of
5 feet per second, or at the rate of about 3^ miles per
hour. Forty carriers containing 10 tons were thus
despatched per hour.

3^ horse-power was required to work the traffic.

The second of these wire-rope tramways, or that at
Ulm, although shorter in length than the preceding,
had to surmount a considerably greater elevation, and
accommodate a far larger traffic.

144 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

The length of this line was 2,808 feet, and its rise
was 204.3 fe^t' The starting gradient was i in 3.8,
after which the steepness of the incline constantly
decreased to the terminus, where the line was level.

The carriers were supported upon steel wire ropes,
0.9 and 1.2 inch in diameter, and the traction, hauling,
or driving rope was of crucible steel and 0.7 inch in
diameter, the former being anchored at the starting
point, and kept in tension by an automatic arrange-
ment at the terminal.

The ropeway was supported at intervals of 166 feet
upon stout wooden posts or standards securely strutted.

The carrier receptacles or buckets were of special
construction to suit the dimensions of the stones to
be transported ; they had iron frames with sheet-metal
walls lined with wooden stakes, which latter were
easily renewable.

The traction, hauling, or driving rope was driven at
a speed of 3.28 feet per second, or at the rate of 2.23
miles per hour, and owing to the steep inclines had to
be very securely attached to the carriers, the same
reason accounting for the slow speed. The average
load conveyed in the carrier receptacles was 6 cwts.,
and one hundred carriers containing 30 tons arrived
per hour at the terminus.

1 1 horse-power was required to work this wire-rope
tramway.

The installation at Masua only differed from both
the above in its greater proportions and accommoda-
tion.

It was 7,974 feet, or 1.5 1 mile, in length, with a
difference in level of 2,592 feet between the terminals.
There were three stations ; tfie longest span was one of

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. I45

1,650 feet, and other spans of 840 and 980 feet occurred.
Where the line crossed the Branch! valley it was
carried at a maximum height of 328 feet. The
greatest incline was i in 1.8. The trace described an
angle of 143** 46', into which a curve of tolerably large
radius was introduced.

The ropeway was firmly anchored at both ends, and
strained by suitable apparatus placed at four different
points along the line.

The carrier receptacles, which contained a load of
4 cwts. each, followed one another at intervals of 144
seconds, at a speed of 3.28 feet, or 2.23 miles per
hour. The line was capable of transporting 100 tons
per hour, and was worked by an engine of 17 horse-
power.

Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at Blast
Furnaces in Hungary.

An installation on the Obach system of wire rope-
way was constructed some years back in connection
with the blast furnaces at Vajdahiinyad, which is
known as the great Transylvanian wire ropeway,* and
was at the time of construction (1884) about the
largest example of this kind of traction in existence.

Obach uses two fixed carrying ropes, and an end-
less hauling or driving rope passing over horizontal
guide pulleys at each end, one of which serves as a
strainer, and the other of which is driven by a steam
or other motor.

* Oesterreichischen Zcitschrift fur Berg- und Hiittenwesens^
vol. xxxii., 1884, p. 723 ; Annales des Mines^ vol. ix., 1885,
p. 185 ; and Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
Engineers^ vol. Ixxx., pp. 380-382, and vol. Ixxxvi., pp. 415-417.

146 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

The total length of the line in question is icx),203.2i
feet, or nearly 19 miles, and the total fall 2,926.503
feet. The ropeway crosses sixty hill summits and
sixty-two valleys, twenty-eight of the spans varying
from 656.16 feet to 1,571.52 feet in width, the line
being in the latter case 810.36 feet above the bottom
of the valley. Gradients of i in ij exist in many
places. The line is divided into numerous sections.

The carrier receptacles for the charcoal are of a
capacity of about i/l cubic feet, each carrying a load
of 540 lbs., and they are coupled to the hauling or
driving rope so that they can be detached auto-
matically at a station, and run on rails to the next
section, and so on, the carrier receptacles being empty
on the return journey.

The carrier receptacles for the ore have a capacity
of 750 lbs. each, and are provided with tipping gear,
enabling them to be unloaded by one man ; when
empty they return continuously by the opposite line.
The number of loaded carriers transported is one
hundred per hour, two-thirds of which bring ore and
one-third charcoal.

In the lower section of the line the gradients are
with the load, so that this portion of the line is self-
acting when fully loaded, requiring even the use of
brakes ; when, however, the down load is insufficient,
or return freight has to be carried, supplementary
steam power has to be employed.

The highest standard used on the line is 88.8 feet
in height, and is located at a point where a crossing
of 2,145.12 feet is divided into two spans of 1,082.4
feet and 1,062.72 feet. It consists of a double frame
with a saddle for supporting the carrying rope to

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. I47

prevent injury from bending, and a system of rollers
for the hauling or driving rope to relieve the oblique
strain upon the carrier frame or hanger.

As a general rule the standards are constructed of
round timber, two types being employed, the one for
the heavier section of the ore line having double
posts with the line suspended from crosspieces above,
whilst the other for the lighter sections has single
posts with the line overhanging from a T-piece.
Wherever the standards exceed 49.21 feet in height,
they are provided with diagonal wind bracings.

The bearing or carrying ropes are supported upon
the standards in cast-iron shoes, having smooth
grooves where the pressure is light, and bearing
rollers where it is heavy. On slopes the latter are
placed on swinging bearings, so as to take the inclina-
tion of the line automatically.

The ropes used are of the best class of steel wire,
the carrying ropes being of U inch in diameter, and
the hauling or driving ropes of ^| inch in diameter,
on the charcoal line, and of i inch diameter and I

8
2 5

inch diameter respectively on the ore carrying line.

The apparatus for coupling the carriers to the
hauling or driving rope grips the stops on the latter
from above, closing by a self-acting motion which is
so contrived that it cannot be released during the
journey either by accident or design, and will pass
freely over the guide rollers, thus admitting of very
wide spans with rapid changes of slope being traversed
with only a minimum amount of constructive difficulty
in the way of standards.

The cost of transport on the above line is given as
approximately averaging about is. ifd. and is. 2id.

148 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

per ton per mile for ironstone and charcoal respec-
tively, including a sufficient allowance for depreciation
and interest on capital. The cost of the complete
installation was ;£'46,ooo.

Installations of Wire-Rope Tramways at
Mines, &c., in America.

At the Tilly Foster Mines, in the State of New
York, U.S., a wire-rope or aerial tramway,* arranged
to both hoist and convey loads, was employed for the
removal of some 300,000 cubic yards of rock, in order
to convert an old mine into an open pit, and uncover
about 600,000 tons of ore. The excavation was about
450 feet in length by 300 feet in width, and the skip
load of material had to be lifted up directly at the
place where it might be filled. When the line was
first erected in 1888, chain-connected fall-rope carriers
were used to support the hoisting rope between the
towers, and the carriage consisted of a series of blocks,
with 8 or 10 inch wheels to run on the main cable,
spaced about every 50 feet, connected with ^-inch
chains. These heavy and cumbersome fall-rope car-
riers were the source of much annoyance. The hoisting
rope only required to be supported every lOO feet, but
with chain-connected carriers the chains themselves
must be supported so as to be out of the way of
obstructions below ; in fact the chains must not hang
lower than the skips, say 15 feet, thus bringing the
carriers 20 to 30 feet apart. The weight of the chains

* A full description of this installation will be found in a
paper read by Spencer Miller, C.E., before the Canadian Mining
Institute, March 1898.

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. I49

and carriers was about i ton. The chains were found
to swing about and get entangled in the fall-block and
with each other, they limited the speed, gave rise to
an abnormal amount of wear in the cable, added to
the strain, and increased the power required in con-
veying the load fully 40 per cent. In spite of these
drawbacks, however, each of the cableways was found
capable of taking out 10 per cent, more loads per day
than a derrick, whilst reaching out 300 feet against
only 100 feet in the case of the latter.

Improved fall-rope carriers were subsequently intro-
duced. An auxiliary rope, about | inch in diameter,
suspended above the main rope or cable, was held in
a parallel position to the main cable by passing under
wheels in the cable carriage, and had secured upon it
a series of buttons, whose diameter increased with the
distance from the head tower. Slots in the head of
the carriers, corresponding to the diameter of the
buttons, allowed each of the carriers in passing down
the incline to be stopped at its proper button, the
carriers having small wheels to roll upon the auxiliary
or button rope. The heavy chains were thus dis-
pensed with, and the fall-rope carriers spaced by
buttons, and weighing in all about 100 lbs., took the
place of the chain-connected carriers which, with the
chain, weighed 2,000 lbs., and caused an increased
strain on the anchorage of about 5 tons.

In another installation the button stop-rope carrier
was applied to a horizontal line of wire-rope tramway
of 855 feet span, which necessitated the provision of
means for drawing the fall-rope carrier out with the
carriage,, as gravity could not be depended upon as
in the previous case. For this purpose a horn, pro-

150 AERIAL TRAxMWAYS.

vided upon the carriage, both lifted the carriers bodily
from the rope or cable so as to dispense with wheels
on which the carrier might run on the main rope
or cable, and also served to hold the carriers when
distributing them along the cable ; the carriers are
again picked up by the horn on its return journey
towards the engine or starting point. The buttons on
the button rope take the carriers from the horn and
leave them spaced along the main cable or rope at
proper intervals for supporting the hoisting rope, the
buttons increasing in size in a direction receding from
the head tower, as also do the corresponding slots in
the head of the top of the carrier.

The engine for driving has double cylinders fitted
with reversible link motion. The drums are of large
diameter and of the friction type, one carrying the
hoisting rope, and the other turned with a curved
surface carrying the endless rope, which latter is taken
round it five or more times so as to ensure sufficient
friction to secure immunity from slipping in the oppo-
site direction to that in which the drum is turning,
the ends of the rope are passed over the sheave wheels
on the towers, and made fast to the front and rear
wheels of the cable carriage. The hoisting drum is
independent of the other, and being of the same
diameter, winds at the same rate of speed, and keeps
the load at the same height if so desired ; it has also
a band brake by means of which the load can be
sustained. The reversing lever, and the friction and
brake levers, are all brought to a central position
so that the operator can work all of them without
moving. The load can be hoisted or lowered at any
point under the line of rope or cable.

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. 151

Further improvements that have been made in this
installation consist, first, in the employment of an aerial
dump, whereby the act of delivering the load from the
skip at any point is performed automatically by the
moving of a lever by the engineman, thus saving a
man for releasing the load, and also greatly reducing
the time required for dumping the load ; and secondly,
in making the entire plant movable, which latter im-
provement has practically transformed the cable-way
or aerial tramway into a long distance travelling crane.

An installation of wire-rope tramway at one of the
iron ore mines in the Lake Superior district is fitted
with a self-filling grab bucket, and two others are
used to excavate sand from the bed of a river and
deliver it to bins on dry land, where it is screened and
shipped to St Louis. One of these plants has made
from 30 to 40 trips per hour, or from 300 to 400 trips
per day, the bucket having a capacity of ij yards.
The amount of material actually delivered is 18 loads
per day, averaging 18 yards per load, and bringing
the total up to 324 cubic yards ; the labour required
to deliver this amount of material being one engine-,
man, one fireman, and one signalman.

An interesting type of wire-rope tramway for placer
mining has lately been erected at Alder Gulch, Mon-
tana, U.S. The objects of the installation were to
excavate large quantities of material at a low cost per
yard ; to deliver the material at a sufficient height so
that a gold-saving flume could be used of sufficient
length and grade to thoroughly extract all the finer
gold which escaped the original miners ; and finally,
to deliver the tailings at such an elevation that they
would dispose of themselves.

152 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

The installation comprises a centre tower containing
a hopper, the bottom of which is 40 feet above the
bed rock, and the dimensions of which are 27 by 16
by 8 feet, sloping from each side to a central channel
30 inches wide, which channel slopes back to the head
of the flume or the gold-saving sluice. The A-shaped
frame tail support, as originally constructed, being light
and portable, could be easily shifted about the hopper
as a centre ; subsequently, however, this tail tower has
been mounted on wheels.

To dig the placer, a peculiar form of drag bucket
is employed, which is carried over the point where the
material is located, and is then lowered to the ground,
where it automatically settles into a position favour-
able for digging, the carriage being then run forward,
leaving the bucket on the ground. When the direction
of the ropes leading from the carriage to the bucket
is favourable, the hoisting line is hauled in and the
bucket dragged along the ground, teeth provided upon
its edge ploughing into and cutting their way through
the gravel, and the bucket becoming completely filled,
after which it is hoisted, conveyed, and dumped auto-
matically into the hopper.

The hopper tower is built of 8 by 8 inch timber,
and at the top is placed an auxiliary tower, or bonnet,
which supports the main rope or cable, and revolves
to accommodate itself to the position of the latter.
This is effected without disturbing the ropes leading
from the head of the tower down between guiding
sheaves to the engine.

A special form of engine is employed, having 10 by
12 inch cylinders, and drums 33 inches in diameter,
the operating levers being arranged at the rear.

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. 1 53

The main rope or cable is 1 1 inch in diameter, and
of crucible steel.

This line has actually handled over 400 buckets in
ten hours, each bucket containing i^ yard of mate-
rial, and in spite of the heavy cost of fuel and labour,
the actual cost of the material handled does not
exceed 3 cents per cubic yard. The labour required
consists of a leverman, fireman, signalman, hopper-
man, and rigger. When a hydraulic giant is employed
to wash the material on either side into a trench dug
by the bucket, there are also required a pipeman and
two assistants to loosen heavy boulders, and move
them out of the way.

Boulders up to 600 lbs. weight could be easily
picked up by the bucket when loosened, but it is
found more desirable to keep them out of the hopper,
and confine the bucket work to the more gravelly
material which carries the gold. One man is also
employed in maintaining the dump and bed-rock
flumes.

A form of lifting and conveying wire-rope tram-
way, known as a " Blondin," has been in use in the
slate quarries of Pennsylvania, U.S., since the year
i860, having undergone but little alteration from
that date. It consists mainly of a rope or cable sus-
pended on an incline of about 25°. Upon this carry-
ing rope is mounted a cable carriage or traveller
having a rising and falling fall block, and a hoisting
rope which performs the double function of hoisting
the load to the carriage and conveying the latter up
the inclined ropeway.

At Keewatin, Ontario, Canada, the Ottawa Gold
Milling and Mining Company have an installation of

154 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

wire-rope tramway having a 450-foot span. The
lowest capacity of the line is of 200 tons per day, and
it is worked by belted drums from a line shaft in the
mill, the operator having a full view of the carrier at
all times.

At Danville, Quebec, Canada, the Asbestos and
Asbestic Company Limited employ seven aerial or
wire-rope tramways, with spans from 150 to 450 feet,
capable of conveying from 2 to 4 ton loads, and a
capacity averaging 200 tons each per day. The ropes
or cables are inclined all the way from 1° to 30°.
The horizontal ones employ an endless rope and
double drum engines, and fall-rope carriers are about
to be installed on the longer spans. A side hauling
rope is used which is secured to the hook of the fall
block out of line with the cable.

At the Thetford Mines, P.Q., Canada, Bells Asbes-
tos Company Limited have six aerial tramways of
200 to 400 feet spans inclined at about 45°. The
combined output of all these lines is, however, stated
to be only 500 tons a day, so that one installation
with modern improvements would apparently easily
perform the work of the whole six.

At Belle Island, Conception Bay, Newfoundland, a
double rope aerial tramway having a span of 300
feet is used for working a bed of iron ore averaging
8 feet in thickness, dipping at an angle of about 20\

During the construction of the water-power dam
on the Colorado River at Austin, Texas,* a wire
ropeway was in use which deserves some notice.
The cable was suspended on two towers, the one in

* Engineering NewSy New York, 1893.

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. 1 55

which the hoisting engine was situated being 70 feet
in height, and the other, on higher ground, being 30
feet in height. A carrying rope of 2.5 inches in
diameter, and 1,850 feet in length, was used, and the
length of the line between the points of support was
1,350 feet.

Installations of Wire-Rope Tramway at Cement

Works in France.

A wire-rope tramway used for transporting from
the top of Mount Jalla, which rises above the town of
Grenoble, the material for the manufacture of the
Porte dc France cements, affords another interesting
example of this mode of transport.*

The line consists of a single span of 1,970 feet in
length, and the vertical distance is 1,017 feet.

Two fixed steel wire ropes or cables are provided,
both having diameters of 1.77, or about ij inches.
One of these ropes is anchored in the rock at the
top, and kept stretched by being wound round a drum
at the bottom, and on this line a carrier adapted to
transport about a ton load of stone is run. The
second rope or cable supports another carrier which
is connected to the first carrier by an endless cable of
0.709 inch in diameter, passing round a brake pulley
at the summit, and round a second pulley at the
base, which latter is secured to a loaded frame running
on four wheels up and down an inclined plane, so as
to maintain the requisite tension of the cable constant,
and regulate the motion of the carriers. It will be

* For full description of this installation see Le GMie
Civile vol. vii., 1885, P- 3^9 ; and Annales des Fonts et Chausskes^
1877, p. 390-

156 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

seen that by reason of this arrangement the descent
of the loaded carriers is utilised to draw up the empty
carriers.

The ascent of a carrier occupies about i^- minute,
the whole operation, including loading and empty-
ing, being stated to be performed in the remark-
ably short time of three minutes, the travelling
speed being about 20 feet per second, or nearly 14
miles an hour. The carrier receptacles have a
capacity of about 32 cubic feet, the boxes being
slung below hangers or frames each carrying two
grooved pulleys running upon one of the fixed
cables.

This wire-rope tramway was erected in 1874 at a
cost of £620y and admits of a supply of 120 to 150
tons of stone per day of twelve hours being delivered
to the cement works.

A second line, erected in 1875, supplies stone to
the works from a lower quarry, the latter being, how-
ever, only 1,000 feet in length.

At the time of erection the single span of the
first rope or cable way, which it will be seen is one of
nearly 2,000 feet, was remarkable for its length, being
in fact supposed to have been the longest then in
existence, although at the present time ones of con-
siderably more than double that length can, as has
been already mentioned, be easily negotiated.

Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway for Temporary

Work in France.

The following is a brief abstract of a description of
a wire ropeway employed for the transport to the site
of the materials required for the construction of the

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. 1 57

fort of Tournoux, near Condamine, in the Department
of Hautes-Alpes.*

The difference of level between the two terminal
stations is given as 1,525 feet, the horizontal distance
as 2,307 feet, and the length of the ropes or cables as
2,766 feet, the load carried being 10 cwts., and ten
journeys being made in the hour.

The type of wire-rope tramway employed was that
wherein two fixed ropes or cables are used to carry
the loads, and an endless cable is provided to haul
them.

The diameter of the carrying ropes or cables was
1.2 inch each, and that of the hauling rope or cable
0.56 inch, a single span being employed. The hauling
or driving rope was made with a hemp core or centre,
and had six strands having six wires each. The
proper tension of the rope was maintained by passing
it round a sheave on a movable carriage at its upper
end. The driving machinery was located at the foot,
the drum being 6 feet 7 inches in diameter, and the
rope having only one half-turn on it. Motive power
was derived from a 1 5 horse-power steam engine.

The total cost of the whole installation was ;{^ 1,200,
the working expenses and maintenance being £},
8s. 2d. per day ; and if the sum of £2 per day be
added for the purpose of extinguishing the capital
outlay, the cost per ton conveyed would amount to
nearly is. 4jd. when 50 tons were transported per
day, whilst the cost of carrying by carts would have
been over 6s. 8^d. per ton.

* /^ G^nie Civile vol. xx., 1892, p. 340.

158

AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

Installation of Wire-Rope Trsmws7 at Lead Mines
in Prance.
A good example of an installation* on the double
fixed rope system is a line erected at the Sentein lead
mines near St Girons, in the Pyrenees, France, the
details of which are shown in Fig, 66.

The inclines in this ropeway are five in number, the
lower terminal of one incline Joining the upper terminal
of the next incline, and so on, suitable points for these

* See paper by William Thomas Henney Carrington,
M.I.C.E., Minnies of Proceedings of th4 Inslilule of Civil
Engineers, vol. kv., pp. 299-309.

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. 1 59

terminals being found at the ends or sides of
the spurs of the mountain near the line of the wire
ropeway.

The following are the lengths and inclinations of
the sections : — No. I, 813 feet in length, with a fall of
99 feet ; No. 2, 2,025 feet in length, with a fall of 690
feet ; No. 3, 1,230 feet in length, with a fall of 270
feet ; No. 4, 2,934 feet in length, with a fall of 1,290
feet; and No. 5, 1,530 feet in length, with a fall of
390 feet.

The No. I incline commences at the mouth of the
mine, and forms a junction with No. 2 incline at the
edge of a cliff about 300 feet high. No. 2 incline
crosses a span of 2,025 feet, and joins No. 3 incline at
an elevated point on the steep side of the mountain,
a small platform being cut out of the latter for that
purpose. No. 3 incline stretches across a deep ravine,
and effects a junction with No. 4 incline at the extreme
end of a spur of the mountain, a flat space being cut
off its pointed top, the sides shelving at an angle of
60'' with the horizon. No. 4 incline spans a valley
2,934 feet across, and about 1,500 feet deep, and joins
No. 5 incline on the side of the mountain. No. 5
incline stretches thence down into the bottom of the
valley, terminating close to the cart road to the works.
These inclines are identical in principle, differing only
in length and gradient.

The lines consist of two crucible-steel fixed carrying
ropes of 75 tons breaking strain, anchored at the upper
end, and stretched across the space between the ter-
minals, the lower end being held by a pair of blocks
fitted with flexible steel-wire rope, by which the fixed
ropes are tightened. At each end they pass over a

l6o AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

massive masonry saddle, as shown in the lower view
in the drawing (Fig. 66).

Fitting the tightening blocks with a long flexible
rope allows of their being slackened out enough to lie
on the ground for the purpose of repairs ; the strain
put on them is about 12 tons.

The carrier receptacles for the ore are made of steel
plates ; they measure about 2 feet 9 inches long by 2
feet wide and 2 feet deep, and are intended to carry
from 14 to 15 cwts. each ; they are each hung on the
fixed carrying ropes by means of a curved frame or
hanger, fitting into a pair of plates carrying between
them two deeply-grooved steel wheels 15 inches in
diameter on the treads, which fit the fixed carrying
rope. These plates also carry a small safety wheel
located under the rope, and which is placed so as nor-
mally not to touch it, but which will prevent the larger
grooved wheels being jerked off the carrying rope.

The carrier receptacles are arranged to empty by
the bottoms falling on the turning of a handle fixed
to their sides. A carrier is placed on each of the two
parallel fixed carrying ropes, and the two carriers are
connected by a light wire rope of 7 tons breaking
strain, of such a length that when one carrier is at the
upper end of one rope, the other will be at the lower
end of the second rope. For example, if one carrier
be charged with 14 cwts. of ore while standing on the
upper end of one of the fixed carrying ropes, it will
run down this rope by gravity, dragging up the empty
carrier on the second fixed carrying rope by means
of the light hauling or driving rope, the speed being
governed by a powerful brake located at the end of
the incline.

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. l6l

This brake gear, round which the hauling or driv-
ing rope is passed, consists of two vertical drums or
wheels, 5 feet in diameter, having grooved wooden
rims, placed 5 feet apart, each wheel being fitted with
a powerful brake. The hauling rope is passed over
the first of these vertical drums or wheels, next round
a wheel 5 feet in diameter, placed horizontally in front
at the feet of the two vertical wheels, and then round
the second vertical drum or wheel. This plan is said
to produce an adhesion to the two vertical brake
drums or wheels equal to rather more than that
derived from two half turns on these wheels. A
second hauling or driving rope of the same size con-
nects the carriers by passing round a horizontal
drum at the lower end of the incline, and the latter is
arranged to be drawn back by means of a screw,
to regulate the tension on both the hauling ropes.

Owing to the great elevation at which most of the
stations are situated, the work of erection was difficult
and expensive. The conveyance of the ropes up the
mountain was especially so ; the total weight was
about 30 tons, and they had to be divided into coils
weighing 20 cwts. each, as it was found impossible to
take up a heavier weight by cart, and even then in
conveying these 20 cwts. or i ton coils to the upper
parts of the line five horses were required to each, and
only one coil per day could be delivered.

The transport of the machinery, carriers, &c., was
equally, if not more, difficult and expensive.

In building the masonry saddles, owing to the
frequent occurrence of frost at night, even during the
earlier part of the autumn, it was found to be impos-
sible to place reliance on the mortar used, and these

1 62 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

masonry saddles were therefore strengthened with
massive timber trestles, fixed round the stonework,
which assisted them in taking part of the vertical
strain. By arranging the junctions of the adjoining
sections the strain of one was made to balance to a
considerable extent that of the other, and by the
anchorage of the fixed ropes of each of these sections
to the same foundation beam, which was placed under
the saddles, and also strongly bolted down to the rock,
the weight of the masonry is made to act to materially
increase their security.

The inclines joining one another at a horizontal
angle, and on very confined spaces of ground, render
it necessary to transfer the contents of the carrier
receptacles from one section to the next by means of
small tip waggons running on a short and slightly
inclined rail, between the point where the loaded
carrier stops to discharge, to that where the empty
carrier stands at the top of the adjoining section.
These waggons can easily be run with the assistance
of one man, who, when he has discharged the contents
into the empty carrier, pushes it back into its place,
ready to receive the contents of the next loaded one.
A similar arrangement is of course provided on both
sides of each station.

Had it been possible to obtain better and more
spacious sites for the stations, the usual arrangement
of placing the anchorages so that one carrier could
tip its contents direct into the empty carrier on the
adjoining section would have been adopted, and the
lower ends of the fixed carrying ropes could then have
been anchored by means of weights.

The carriers are allowed to run by gravity at thq

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. 163

comparatively high speed of about 25 miles per hour,
and when the brakesmen have become accustomed to
their duties, it is found that they can regulate this
speed to a nicety, and bring the carriers to a stand-
still at the proper points with perfect smoothness and
accuracy.

The quantity of ore which can be transported by
these inclines depends, of course, on what can be got
over the longest section ; and while, owing to the
exigencies of the route, it was necessary that the
sections should vary greatly in length, it was attempted
to equalise their carrying capabilities by making the
longer sections steeper than the shorter ones, thus
enabling the carriers to be run on the former at a
higher speed, a plan which is found to be to some
extent successful.

In putting up a series of inclines, such as those
described, it is most advisable to equalise, as far as
possible, the carrying powers of each section.

The amount of ore which has been regularly
brought down by this system has been from 70 to 80
tons per day, but if sufficient mineral were provided,
100 tons per day could be transported. A trial with
the 2,025 feet (No. 2) section, before the men had
become thoroughly acquainted with its working,
proved that 12 tons per hour could be taken down.

The cost of carriage is about 2s. per ton, exclusive
of maintenance, which may be taken at is. 2d. per
ton, or making a total cost of. 3s. 2d. per ton.

The maintenance charge on this installation is
exceptionally heavy, owing to the very exposed
situation, and to the fact that for two months of the
winter at least no work can be done, the plant mean-

AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

while being exposed to the full
(btcriorating action of the weather.
This wire-rope tramway admits
of the transport of mineral being
carried on without stoppage while
the roads arc buried in snow to a

1 depth of several feet Thus the
j works can be supplied with ore for
,s a much longer portion of the year
-i than would be possible by any
$ other means of transport.

2 Inatallation of Wlre-Bope Tram-
t. way at Gas Works in London.

I An example of a short line of

H single fixed wire-rope tramway is

S. shown in Fig. 67. This ropeway

*= was erected at the Nine I'-lms

I Works of the London Gaslight

■3 Company,* where it was used for

g the trnnsportiiticin of about 25

^ tons of coal per hour across a

I dock, a distance of 450 feet

7 between the supports.

S- The load was taken up a

i nominal incline of i in 19, and

"^ conveyed in a carrier receptacle

orbuckct which held about I7cwts.

The carrier was drawn along the

* This wire-rope tramway has been
subsequently removed to make room for
building opera I ions.

i;;;;^;'';! INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. 165

fixed carrying rope by an engine of 6 horse-power, at
a speed of 5 miles an hour, and the contents were
tipped into a hopper ; after which the carrier was
run back again at a speed of 10 miles an hour,
and brought under a hopper from which it was
loaded.

The single carrying rope used was one of crucible-
steel wire, of 40 tons breaking strain, which was
stretched across the dock. The upper end was fixed
to a timber framing, attached to the retort house at
about 45 feet from the ground, the attachment being
tied back by another wire rope, exactly on the same
line as that over the dock, the end of which was
anchored to the opposite wall of the house near the
ground. The lower end of the rope across the dock
was held by a weight of 4 tons acting on the double
purchase system, which thus exerted a strain of
about 8 tons, and the strain on the rope being thus
kept constant whether a loaded carrier was running
upon it or not.

The carrier receptacle was of iron and held 1 7 cwts.
of coal, and was suspended by means of a curved
hanger or frame fitting into a running head or
traveller which rested on the fixed carrying rope.
This running head or traveller was formed of two
strong iron plates carrying between them, one near
each end, two deeply-grooved cast-iron wheels, about
9 inches in diameter on the treads, and made to fit the
fixed carrying rope, and the edges of their rims being
turned true so as to also run on the rail under the
loading hopper. The wheels were mounted on steel
pins fitted between the wrought-iron plates, through
which latter, between the wheels, the curved hanger

1 66 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

or frame attached to the carrier receptacle also passed.
The bottom of the carrier receptacle could be let fall
by a simple arrangement of lever and catch.

At the lower or loading end the carrier ran off the
rope on to a rail, where it stood with the receptacle
under the door of a hopper. When loaded it was
drawn across to the discharging end, hanging on the
fixed rope by means of the running head or traveller,
at a speed of 5 miles per hour, and as already men-
tioned up a nominal incline of i in 19, but which
owing to the bend or sag in the rope was often in
reality as much as i in 10. The head or traveller
with its suspended receptacle was moved along the
fixed rope by a small crucible steel wire hauling or
driving rope of 4^ tons breaking strain, which was
passed round a horizontal drum mounted at the
upper end of the line in the wooden frame which
carried the attachment of the fixed carrying rope,
and put in motion by a simple arrangement of driv-
ing gear consisting of a horizontal wood-rimmed
drum driven by bevel gearing, so that it could be
moved at 5 miles per hour in the forward and at
10 miles per hour in the backward direction. This
driving drum had two parallel grooves, and by means
of a smaller drum placed at one side of it the hauling
rope was made to pass twice round certain portions
of its circumference, and thus increase its driving
power, as well as admitting of taking up any small
amount of stretch in the hauling or driving rope.
The driving gear was mounted on a substantial
wooden frame, and alongside it was located the
small engine of 6 horse-power which provided the
necessary motive force. It was found in practice

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. 167

that 30 lbs. of steam (8 horse-power actual) drove
the engine at the required speed.

The labour employed when working full capacity-
comprised one driver, one trimmer, and one man at
the discharging end.

The routine of working was conducted as follows : —
The carrier having arrived under the loading hopper,
the driver pulled up the door, and the receptacle or
bucket was filled, the trimmer levelling with a shovel
the coal as it fell. The driver then shutting the
hopper door, engaged the forward motion of the driv-
ing gear, and the loaded carrier was drawn across to
the discharging hopper. The driver then put on the
brake and stopped the motion of the carrier, and on
receiving the signal from the man at the other end
that he had emptied the carrier receptacle or bucket
and replaced the bottom, put the backward gear in
motion so as to draw the empty carrier back to the
loading hopper at a speed of 10 miles an hour. In
regular working the whole of the operations described
occupied two minutes, so that thirty runs were made
per hour. Including filling and emptying, however,
it is said to have been found practicable to make
thirty-five runs an hour, and even ten runs in fifteen
minutes.

The cost of labour was found to be 0.88 penny per
ton ; the renewal of ropes, wheels, and general main-
tenance 0.4 penny, of which the ropes absorbed 0.26
penny. In all, excepting fuel, the cost of loading,
transporting up 450 feet of an incline of i in 10 to i
in 19, and discharging, was 1.28 penny per ton. The
prime cost of the machinery, ropes, and steam engine
was ;^340.

AKUIAI. TRAMWAYS,

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. 169

Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at Saw-Mills

in Italy.

Fig. 6S illustrates a double fixed wire-rope tram-
way on Carrington's system erected in 1880 at Santa
Maria di Capua, Monte Penna, Caserta, Italy. This
line is about 2 miles in length, with an average
incline of about i in 5. It is used to carry timber
and charcoal from a forest to the saw- mills of the
company, and passes over a very mountainous country,
as will be seen from the sectional view.

The down or heavy load line is a steel wire rope
3 J inches in circumference, or about 1.2 inch in
diameter, with a breaking strain of 42 tons. The
up or light load line is a steel rope 3 inches in cir-
cumference, or about .96 inch in diameter, with a break-
ing strain of 25 tons, and the hauling or driving rope
is a plough steel rope 1 1 inch in circumference, or
about .48 inch in diameter, with a breaking strain of
from 8 to 9 tons.

The section of the line shown in the illustration is
8,562 feet in length, and in that distance the ropes are
supported at twelve points on posts or standards, the
unsupported spans varying in length from 93 feet to
2,229 fe^t. The posts or standards shown in side
and front elevation are 23 feet in height, a carrier
being also shown to illustrate the mode of support.

The fixed carrying ropes are kept at the required
tension, by box weights suspended at the upper ter-
minus (Carignone) to a strong wooden framework,
and at the lower terminus (Santa Maria) in wells or
pits especially excavated for the purpose.

The hauling or driving rope passes over a hori-

I70 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

zontal drum, with brake gear attached, at the upper
terminus, and round vertical driving and brake drum
gear, guide wheels, and a horizontal slide drum, &c.,
at the lower terminus. The horizontal slide drum
regulates the tension of the hauling or driving rope
to the required tractive force.

The line is driven at a speed of 4 miles per hour,
the motive power being derived from a turbine, and
it can be set in motion or stopped by the person in
charge in the station house of the Santa Maria ter-
minus, from which communication is carried on with
the Carignone terminus by an electric bell telegraph.

The loaded carriers are placed on the line 1,425
feet apart, at which distance rings are spliced into the
hauling or driving rope, through which rings shackles
are passed to connect them to ear-pieces on the carrier
heads. There are six carriers on the down line, and
six on the up line, one of which on each line is
arranged to arrive at the stations simultaneously.
On arrival the\' are disconnected, and the hauling or
driving rope is moved on until the rings are in posi-
tion to attach on the opposite side. Here another
carrier is connected, and the line is again set in
motion.

The carriers and slings for the timber weigh 5
cwts. each, and the loads vary from 6 cwts. to 25 cwts.,
according to the size of the logs of timber, &c., the
usual loads, however, being about 12 cwts. each, single
logs of 25 cwts. being only occasionally brought down.
All necessaries for the workmen in the forest are sent
up on the light load line in weights up to ij cwt.

This ropeway is constructed in a very substantial
manner, and most of the timber for the stations, posts,

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. 17I

&c., have been injected with a solution of sulphate of
copper to retard decay.

The total cost of the line was ;^4,ooo, including the
construction of a short inclined railway at the Santa
Maria terminus, telegraph, terminal arrangements, &c.
It is capable of conveying eight loads per hour, or
per day of ten hours as many as two hundred logs of
timber, 10 feet long by 15 inches in diameter, or 320
sacks holding 25 tons of charcoal.

The cost of working the line is about £4 a day,
nearly 50 per cent, of which sum is absorbed for wear
and tear of the ropes and machinery.

The following are figures showing two years' working
of this wire ropeway : —

Total number of loads carried

Number of logs carried

Number of sacks of charcoal
Wages of tramway staff per load . . ,
Stores, new ropes, repairs, &c.,

per load 0.30 —

Average number of loads per

working hour 8.6 5.0

No/e. — The 1887 working season, owing to bad weather, only
began in May and finished in November, a period of only six
months' duration.

Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway in the

Italian Alps.

Fig. 69 shows the lower terminal and the line ex-
tending away to the upper terminal in the far di.stancc
on the mountain-side ; and Fig. 70 illustrates very
clearly the construction of one of the intermediate

* Lira equals 9jd.

1887.

1880.

11,545

8,959

11,127

10,206

22,659

18,589

Lira* 0.70

Lira 1.38

FlO. 69.— Inslallalion of Wire-Rope Tram'

Lower Terminal and View of Line.

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROrE SYSTEM. .73

r„e ofthris descending one rope the other one w,ll
he ascendine the other rope, and Ki« virJi.

The *"vB illustrating this installation are repro-
ducLs from photograph, of the hne taken when a.

work.

,.„ ,,._I..ttll.lio..fWlr«-K«l« T..».~, .. K-.iS«li»n.,
Ciliraltar: Utneral View of Line.

Installation of Wire-Bops Tramway at

Portiflcations. Gibraltar.

Fie 71 is a general view, and Fig. 7^ 1= » ""'"•"■

showing an interesting example of wire 'oP<-->'J°'

both passengers and goods worl<,ng up a very steep

174

AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

incline, constructed at Gibraltar for the War Office.
The line, which is of a similar type to that which has
been just described, is used for the transport of stores
and goods of all kinds to various stations situated at
different levels on the rock, and also for the convey-
ance of workmen.

The length of the line on the incline is 2,200 feet,
on the level 1,880 feet, the vertical height is 1,240 feet,
the average incline is i in 1.6, and the longest span is
one of 1,100 feet.

P" :

1 •

-_. J. ... .

•
•

... J

TOTAL LENGTH J880it.

Fig. 72. — Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at Fortifications,

Gibraltar : Section.

The loads carried on this wire-rope tramway are of
10 cwts. or more, and the arrangement is such that one
load travels up the incline whilst the corresponding
load travels down.

Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at Water

Works, Gape Town.

Fig- 73 shows a section, and Fig. 74 the upper
terminal, of another installation, a portion of which

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. 175

is also on a very steep incline. Thi.s tramway is on
Carrington's single fixed rope system, in which a
single carrier mounted upon the latter is hauled to

TOTAU LENOTH SSSOft.

Fic. 73.— Inslallaliim of Wire-Rope Tramway at Water Works i
South Africa : Section.

and fro by means of an endless rope, a general
description of which arrangement has been already

Fii;. 74. — Inslallalion of Wirc-Ropc Tramway al Water Works,
South Africa : Upper Terminal Sl.ttion.

given in a previous chapter. It was constructed up
the Table Mountain near Cape Town, for the corpora-
tion of that city, and used for the purpose of carrying

176 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

the materials and machinery required for the con-
struction of their new reservoirs, which are situated
on the mountain at a level of 2,168 feet above the
city. The nature of the country to be passed over
opposed great difficulties to the successful erection of
this wire-rope tramway, which difficulties cannot be
fully realised from the section.

The line, as already mentioned, is on the single
fixed rope principle, and the single carrier is run on
it at a speed of about 8 miles an hour by the endless
hauling or driving rope which is attached to it and
passes round suitable gears at each terminal.

The motive power, which consists of a steam
engine, the driving gear, and a powerful brake arrange-
ment, are located at the lower terminal or starting
point. Tightening or straining gear is provided at
the upper terminal.

The length of the line on the level is 5,280 feet, or
exactly i mile, and the average incline is i in 2.5 ;
the two longest spans are one of 1,470 feet and one of
1,380 feet.

Loads of 15 cwts. and upwards can be transported
with safety on a line of this description.

Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway as a Pier*

in South Africa.

In Fig. 75 {Frontispiece) is illustrated the sea-staging,
with the rope and carrier in view, of an installation of
wire-rope tramway, also constructed on the same prin-
ciple as that at Cape Town, which has just been
described.

* For description and illustration of wire-rope tramways on the
running or endless rope system, arranged as piers, see pages
108-115.

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. 1 77

This aerial or wire-rope tramway line, as well as the
previous one, and several of the other installations
mentioned, were constructed and erected by Bullivant
& Company Limited. It is for the purpose of con-
veying materials from ships lying alongside the
staging, to the shore, in a locality in South Africa
where the surf is of such a character as not to admit
of vessels lying closer to land. The crane for lifting
the materials out of the vessels is worked by the
motion of the endless hauling or driving rope or cable.

The illustration is a reproduction of a photograph
showing the line in actual work.

TOTAL I-EN6TH 6500ft

Fig. 76. — Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at Sugar Factory in

Hong Kong : Section.

Installation of "Wire-Rope Tramway for Passengrer
Traffic at Factory in Hongr Kong.

Fig. y(> is a sectional view, showing a passenger
rope or cable way constructed at Hong Kong for
conveying the workmen of a large sugar usine or
factory to their quarters in the mountains. The
length of the line on the level is 6,300 feet, or about
1 5 mile, and the vertical height is 1,090 feet.

The carrier or vehicle is adapted to accommodate
six men, and when fully loaded has a gross weight of
about I ton.

This line has been in continuous work for six years
without failure or stoppage.

178

AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

1^^. TOTAL HtrCHT i^ifBOft.

INSTALLATIONS ON FIXED ROPE SYSTEM. 1 79

Installation of Wire-Rope Tramway at a Mine

in Japan.

Fig. yy shows another example of a fixed wire-rope
tramway working up a steep incline. The line in
question, which is located in Japan, serves to transport
minerals from a mine or quarry situated at a high eleva-
tion to a railway running along the foot of the mountain.

The length of the ropeway is 5,004 feet, the vertical
height is 2,490 feet, the average incline is i in 2, and
the steepest incline is one of i in 1.5.

By reason of the sudden change of the incline at
an intermediate point, the section presented special
obstacles to surmount, and this application represents
as difficult a one as could be well met with.

The carrier receptacles or buckets for conveying
the minerals contain about 4 cwts. each, and are all
fitted with automatic clips or grips which are arranged
to grip the hauling or driving rope at any point, and
release themselves automatically on striking against
a wiper or plate fixed in a suitable position at each
of the terminals.

A specially designed power absorber deals with
the greater proportion of the vast amount of power
developed by the descent of the comparatively large
loads on such a steep incline, thus rendering it practi-
cable to control the line by means of the ordinary
brakes with the utmost facility.

Installations of Electrically Driven Wire-Rope

Tramways in Engrland.

An installation of a wire ropeway on the fixed

carrying rope system, in which electricity is used as

the motive power, and the arrangement is what is

known as telpherage, was erected some ten years ago

l8o AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

at Weston, in Somersetshire, and about the same
time an overhead telpher line was also working at
Glynde, in Sussex.

A description of telpherage has been given in a
previous chapter, which has been entirely devoted to
the subject, so that we need not here enter into an
account of any of the constructive details.

With the first installation Professor Jenkin, M.I.C.E.,
experimented very fully for about four months, during
which time the fall and rise of insulation resistance
were found to be exceedingly sharp, ranging from
2 megohms to 3,000 ohms. The line, which was only
660 feet in length, was tested three times a day by Mr
Linefif for Professor Jenkin.

The line working at Glynde was completely in the
hands of labourers, who, it is stated, were found quite
competent to do the work, and during six months'
operation no accident happened except to the armature
of the fixed dynamo machine. This line was erected
in a brick works, and the materials were carried at a
low rate of speed in a continuous succession of carrier
receptacles or skips containing from 2 to 3 cwts. each.

It must, however, be observed both, that the above
brief run on a short and level line was hardly sufficient
to conclusively show the adaptability of the system
for use by unskilled attendants, and that the labourers
having presumably received a certain amount of pre-
liminary training or instruction, could not be compared
to completely unskilled and unsupervised men, or to
the native labour usually employed on such lines in
out-of-the-way locations abroad, where, moreover, as
a rule, skilled assistance is not easily available at any
time on the occurrence of an accident, as it is here.

CHAPTER VI.

Splicing and Securing Wire Ropes — Ordinary Rope
Attachments — Preserving Wire Ropes — Miscel-
laneous Information.

The splicing or otherwise securing together of the
ends of wire ropes, and the fastening of rope attach-
ments to the ends of such ropes, forms an important
feature in their use in wire-rope or aerial tramways.

Splicing Wire Ropes.

To commence with the operation of splicing, a six-
strand wire rope is that which allows of the most
perfect and neatest splice being made, inasmuch as
the strands are then the exact size of the core of the
rope, for which they can be readily substituted when
the latter has been removed to admit of the strands
taking its place.

A five-strand rope forms, however, a very strong
splice, because of the strands being somewhat larger
than the core of the rope, and consequently in
the finished splice the exterior strands gripping or
pressing very firmly upon the inserted strands, and
tending to prevent the splice from drawing. A draw-
back to this splice, however, is that the bending of

1 82 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

the rope round a pulley frequently causes the strands
to protrude.

When forming a splice every precaution should be
taken to see that no ends are left projecting, or no
thick parts formed in the rope.

The first thing to be done is to bring the two
extremities of the rope taut and overlapping some
20 feet by means of a block and fall. About 10
feet of each end must then have the strands opened
and the core or centre cut off closely, and the bunches
of strands brought opposite to each other as shown

dGf 12 5

o b a 4 6 6

Fig. 78. — Splicing Wire Ropes : First Operation.

in Fig. 78, so that the opposite strands may interlock
regularly with one another.

Next, unlay the strand marked a of one rope end,
and follow up with the strand marked i of the other
rope end, laying it tightly into the groove left open
by the unwinding or unlaying of the strand «, causing
the twist of the strand to correspond exactly with the
lay of the open groove, until the whole of strand i, up
to about 6 inches, has been laid in, and strand a has
become 20 feet long. Then cut strand a off within
6 inches of the rope leaving two short ends, as shown

SPLICING WIRE ROPES. 1 83

in Fig. 79, which ends should be temporarily secured
by tying.

Now unlay the strand marked 4 of the opposite
rope end, following it up with the strand marked f
laid into the open groove as above described, and
treat in an exactly similar manner ; following like-
wise the same procedure with the strands marked b
and 2, but stopping within 4 feet of the first set,
then with the strands marked e and S, c and 3, and d
and 6, when all the strands will be laid into each
other's places with their respective ends passing each
other at points 4 feet apart as shown in Fig. 80.

Lastly, to secure and dispose of the ends without
increasing the diameter of the rope, these ends should
be well straightened and lapped with fine hemp siez-
ing, a marlinspike should be inserted through the
centre of the rope, and 6 inches of the core or centre
cut out, the end of i being then placed under a and
tucked into the space previously occupied by the core,
and a 6-inch length of core being cut out on the other
side the end of a should be inserted into its place in
the same way. The other ends should then be dis-
posed of in a similar manner, taking an end alter-
nately from one side and then from the other.

Finish off the splice by well closing the rope, and
removing any unevenness or irregularity by hammer-
ing with a wooden mallet.

Additional strength may be ensured by passing the
end of No. i strand over strand «, and strand b over
strand No. i, by which a very tight grip is obtained,
and the splice rendered capable of withstanding very
severe strains.

" O

•O

(A
(U

a.
o

,^ to

'a.
:/3

(Oi

.^^

SECURING WIRE ROPES. 1 85

Securing Wire Ropes in Sockets, &c.

As regards methods for securing the ends of wire
ropes together by means of sockets, and of fastening
them to various attachments in common use, nume-
rous plans have been devised, some of which have
been briefly alluded to when describing certain par-
ticular installations, and the following are a few
amongst the many others.

R. S. Newall, as far back as 1840, provided for
securing the ends of wire ropes by passing each end
into and through a conical thimble, doubling back
the ends of the strands and pulling back the rope
until the doubled part fits the thimble, when by
pouring melted brass amongst the ends of the
strands they arc prevented from being drawn out
of the thimble. The two ends having been thus
secured in their respective thimbles, the latter are
screwed together by means of a right and left
handed screwed connecting piece, and are fixed or
locked in place by means of pins. A hook or an
eye may be fastened to the rope in a like manner.

A socket for wire ropes which is fairly satisfactory
consists of a taper or conical cap made of iron or
steel and fitted with a soft metal lining, which cap is
placed round the rope end. The rope end is then
brought into proper position and forcibly driven out-
wards against the lining within the socket, a taper
plug or wedge also made of soft metal similar to the
lining being inserted to hold the wire ends asunder.
A bolt is also fitted which is intended to carry the
load, or to connect another socket, and which passes
through a double eye. This device possesses the

a
o

" o

.«

(Oi

•^

SECURING WIRE ROPES. 1 87

side of the rope, are surrounded by a ring, within
which is placed a bridle with shoulders to bear against
the ring, the strain upon the bridle tightening the
wedges on the rope.

Passing the wires through a cone, turning them over,
winding round the parallel layers, and fastening the
ends to the rope. This cone is then placed in a
socket and a ring or hook screwed in, the end of the
cone being protected by a leather disc.

Clamping the rope ends between grooved plates by
screw bolts passed through the edges of the plates, or
by means of a single bolt longitudinally slotted to
receive the rope ends. In the first arrangement a
grooved tapering block is preferably inserted between
one of the plates and the ropes.

Baring the rope end for a short distance, and pass-
ing an internally tapered and externally screwed
ferrule over it. An expander being then driven into
the end of the rope, and a cap screwed on to the
ferrule.

Bleichert proposes to secure a shackle to the end of a
wire rope by fitting the end of the latter, previously
tinned, into a conical bush, distending the ends of the
wires forming the rope, and filling the space between
them with a composition of hard tin. The shackle is
screwed on to the exterior of the bush.

To connect together the ends of wire ropes, the
adjacent ends of the ropes are tinned and placed in
conical bushes, the ends of the wires are then bent
apart, the whole warmed in red-hot pincers, and the
ends cast out solid with a composition of hard tin,
after which the bushes are screwed to a central con-
necting piece.

i88

AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

This is practically the same method of securing the
end of a wire rope in a socket as that devised nearly
sixty years ago by Newall, which has been already
described.

Capel with Clamps.

Eye Spliced in.

Capel Wire Conductors without Rivets.

Capel with Rivets.

Oonical Socket without Rivets.
Fig. 8i. — Ordinary Forms of Wire-Rope Attachments.

Ordinary Rope Attachments.

A, 15, C, D, and E, Fig. 8i, illustrate the ordinary
forms of wire-rope attachments in most general use.

PRESERVING WIRE ROPES. 1 89

A shows an arrangement of clamps with capel. The
end of the rope, it will be seen, is merely bent round
a gimbal ring or eye, and then covered with the
clamps. B is a capel ; the eye is in this case spliced in
as shown, c is a socket with hoops or rings, which
latter are driven on hot to shrink and tighten when
cold. D is a riveted socket, and E is a conical socket.

In the case of the three latter arrangements the end
of the rope must be somewhat enlarged to a conical
shape, which can be conveniently effected by turning
back the wires layer by layer, and binding them
down with copper wire. As the first layers will be
the longest, and the others successively shorter, the
desired conical shape will be ensured.

In the conical socket E the rope is first passed
through the bore in the head, enlarged as above
described, and drawn back until the conical enlarge-
ment engages in the conical portion of the bore.

Preserving Wire Ropes.

An important point in connection with the working
of aerial or wire-rope tramways is the lubrication and
other means to be adopted for preventing premature
decay of the wire ropes.

As regards the preservative treatment most suitable
for running and other wire ropes it may be summed
up in a few words to consist essentially in a suffi-
ciently abundant lubrication with a suitable oil, grease,
or other medium, at frequent and regular intervals.

A great portion of the wear of the rope is due to
the cutting action of the wires against one another,
and this action can only be reduced by a judicious
application of an oil capable of permeating the rope.

I90 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

Tests have demonstrated that an oiled rope will
stand from two to five times more bends than the
same rope unoiled.

The best unguent to employ is a matter upon
which some difference of opinion exists. One autho-
rity states* that he has found from practical experience
on a wire ropeway, extending over a number of years,
the best lubricant to be black West Virginia oil fed
on to the rope by automatic lubricators, about 3
gallons per month being used in this case on a line
of about 2 miles in length. On first starting work-
ing the line in question Swedish tar mixed with
boiled linseed oil was tried with inferior results in
every way.

Linseed oil by itself is also recommended.

The following have also been employed or recom-
mended for the preservation or prevention of the
premature decay of wire ropes : —

The application of a coating of a mixture composed
of 6 parts of tar, 2 parts of linseed oil, and 2 parts
of tallow, melted and mixed together, and applied to
the rope whilst hot.

A coating of a solution of caoutchouc in caout-
choucine.

Passing the strands and the rope after closing
through receptacles containing mica grease, glissanto-
line, &c., to protect the core and the strands from
corrosion.

Winding a zinc wire between the steel wires to
prevent rusting of the latter.

Depositing on the rope a coating of cadmium by

* See pages 106, 107.

PRESERVING WIRE ROPES. IQI

electrolysis in a bath of ammonium sulphate, or of
the double salt of cyanide of cadmium, and cyanide
of potassium, the anodes being of rolled cadmium ;
a coating of zinc, &c., being sometimes first deposited
on the rope and afterwards a coating of cadmium, or
the operation reversed.

A number of machines have been devised for clean-
ing wire ropes and for lubricating them, and the use
of some efficient cleaning and lubricating machine in
connection with a running wire rope is very desirable,
as the practice of applying the fresh lubricant upon
the uncleaned rope, and over the previously applied
oil, is not only extremely wasteful, but, owing to the
possible defects in the rope being thus concealed from
view, is one fraught with much danger.

One type of apparatus designed for cleaning and
lubricating wire ropes comprises circular or cylin-
drical wire or hair brushes keyed on axles carried in
a vertical frame, and two plain rollers which have
spur or toothed wheels attached to them gearing with
other spur or toothed wheels secured to the wire or
hair brushes. The bearings are made movable to
allow of the introduction of the rope between the
brushes, and screws for regulating the pressure of the
brushes, and rollers engaging the rope are also pro-
vided ; the frictional contact of the rollers against the
rope imparts the necessary rotary motion to the cir-
cular brushes. As soon as the rope has been satisfac-
torily cleaned the wire brushes are removed, and are
replaced by hair brushes, or the latter are replaced by
barrels or drums covered with spongy material and
kept supplied with lubricant from an oil reservoir,
box, or hopper, or the brushing and lubricating opera-

I90

AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

■"S

Tests have demonstrated that an oiled rope will
stand from two to five times more bends than the
same rope unoiled.

Linseed oil by itself is also recommended.

The following have also been employed or recom-
mended for the preservation or prevention of the
premature decay of wire ropes : —

The application of a coating of a mixture composed
of 6 parts of tar, 2 parts of linseed oil, and 2 parts
of tallow, melted and mixed together, and applied to
the rope whilst hot.

A coating of a solution of caoutchouc in caout-
choucine.

Passing the strands and the rope after closing
through receptacles containing mica grease, glissanto-
line, &c., to protect the core and the strands from
corrosion.

Winding a zinc wire between the steel wires to
prevent rusting of the latter.

Depositing on the rope a coating of cadmium by

* See pages 106, 107.

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. I93

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.

*• ^m^ •*

To Remove a E^ink ftom a Wire Rope.

In transporting wire ropes in mountainous dis-
tricts, more especially when such transportation has
to be efifected upon the backs of mules,* they arc very
liable to get kinked.

To remove a short kink successfully it is recom-
mended to fasten two clamps to the rope, one on
either side of the kink, with just room to use a mallet
freely. Then by unbending the kink in the direction
in which it is formed, whilst at the same time twisting
the rope with the clamps into proper shape, and
setting down with a mallet, the worst kink can be
taken out so that it cannot be noticed. Trying to
pull or hammer out a kink will only make it worse, and
weaken the rope more than if it were left in.

Estimate for Wire-Rope Tramway.
The following particulars are recommended by
Mr Carrington to be sent when a definite estimate for
a wire-rope tramway is required : —

Length of line from end to end.
Does the line go straight from end to end ? If not,
state the number and degrees of angles.f

* See page 105.

+ It is recommended in all cases where possible that the
tramways should run in a straight line from end to end. See
page 20.

194 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

Approximate section of ground to be passed over?*

The quantity to be carried per hour, and the char-
acter of material to be transported ?

Is steam or water power available, and if so, state
amount?

Is timber available on the spot for the construction
of terminal frames and posts ? f

For the guidance of those getting out such parti-
culars, it may be stated that any divergence from the
straight line should be made in the form of an angle,
and not in a curve ; and where motive power is
available at the point where this divergence is made,
the angle can be constructed without additional cost.

Where possible it is preferred to place the driving
power at the delivering terminus of the tramway, but
this is not essential.

The most convenient apportionment of the loads is
as follows : —

For a 50 ton line 100 lbs. to 120 lbs. load.
„ 100 „ 120 „ 170 „
„ 200 „ 170 „ 250 „
„ 300 „ 400 „ 440 „

These loads are not absolutely necessary, but when
adopted will enable the cheapest form of tramway to
be used.

Approximate Price List for Wire-Rope Tramways
on the Endless Rope System (Carringrton).

The following list will enable the reader to form an
idea of the cost of any tramway he may contemplate

* If possible a detailed section should be sent, but in many
cases a simple pen and ink sketch giving the leading dimen-
sions is sufficient. See page 20.

t The above portions are recommended to be constructed
in timber, but where necessary can be supplied in iron or steel.

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.

195

erecting, but as the price varies greatly according to
the ground passed over and the material to be trans-
ported, it must be borne in mind that the amounts
given are purely approximate.

50 Ton

100 Ton

200 Ton

per Ten

Hours

Line.

I. Rope, pulleys, and rolling stock for

a length not exceeding i mile.

permile - - - . -

310

460

580

2. Driving and tightening gears with

shunt rails for a tramway, i mile

or less in length - - - -

130

170

3. Rope, pulleys, and rolling stock for

•

a length not exceeding 3 miles.

but over i mile, per mile -

340

490

620

4. Driving and tightening gears with

shunt rails for a tramway not

exceeding 3 miles in length, but

over I mile . - - -

120

250

300

5. Angles giving any degree of de-

viation, each - - - -

6. Packing, &c., about

20 to 30

30 to 40

40 to 50

To which must be added the cost of wood posts
and engine power. The former average about thirty
per mile, and on level ground are about 1 5 feet high,
costing from £4 to £$ each ; irregularities of level
will cause a corresponding variation in the heights of
the posts.

The amount of engine power necessary varies under
all circumstances. Reference to the descriptions of
lines at work will give a fair idea of the power required
for various services.

196 AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

It must be understood that the wood frames for
carrying the terminal gears and shunt rails are not
included in the above prices. But otherwise these
prices would usually be found to be rather in excess of
a final estimate made on receipt of full particulars.

Tramways for lengths under half a mile should be
specially estimated for.

To illustrate the proper method of estimating from
above prices, the following examples will be found
useful, viz. : —

1. Cost required for a tramway three-quarters of a
mile long to carry 50 tons per ten hours with one angle.

Rope, pulleys, and rolling stock as per No. i, ;^3io
per mile, or for three-quarters of a mile, ;£^232. los.,
and terminal gear, &c., as per No. 2, ;£^6o, and with
curve as per No. 5, £25, Total cost, £317. los.

2. Cost required of a tramway 2 miles long to
carry 100 tons per ten hours as per No. 3. Rope,
pulleys, and rolling stock will cost £gSOy and as per
No. 4, driving gear, &c., will cost ;£"2So. Total,
;^i,230.

Packing is only necessary for export.

The cost of several of the different installations
described in previous chapters has been also given,
which will assist in forming a rough estimate of the
probable outlay that would be required for the erec-
tion of a wire-rope tramway in various situations, and
to perform certain specific duties, and the working
expenses of the lines which have been likewise added,
in several instances, will enable an idea to be gained
of the possible saving, in the cost of the transportation
of materials, that could be effected by the use of an
aerial or wire-rope tramway.

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.

Flexible Steel Wire Ropes (Bullivant).

5i«dsl Exlm Fluibl

S.«l

Eltia Fluiblc

e.il.k Hl«l Wi« Rope.
Sirands. acb u Wires.

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Tons.
2i

InclT«.
6

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li

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lnchti.

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7 1

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9 6

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lo 9

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41
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'3 7

17 12

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4i
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133

61
7

136
150

61
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167

189

194

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306

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440

s calculated as lading a
h ; ropes made of wire
I ptoporlionately higher

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AERIAL TRAMWAYS.

w \ tf

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17,583

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2,447

3,672

2,007

3,011

1,668

2,530

1,393

2,091

1,130

1,694

893

1,339

734

1,099

590

884

461

691

349

523

284

424

223

334

170

256

128

188

130

106

INDEX.

ABSORBER power, 179
Advantageous applications of
the endless rope system, 7
Advantages and disadvantages of
electricity for driving aerial tram-
ways, 67, 68, 69
of Hallidie clip or saddle, 30, 31
of use of friction grip or coup-
ling* 43. 44
Advantages of wire-rope tram ways —
for coal mining, 3
for forming piers. 5, 6
for open-pit mining, 2, 3, 15
for placer mining, 2, 3
for removal of produce from

land, 3, 4, 127, 129
for unloading or loading ships,

15-17
general, i, 2
in factories, 4, 5
on beetroot farms, 3, 128, 129
on sugar-cane estates, 3, 4, 125-
128
Aerial or wire-rope tramways —
application of, 1-6
details of construction, 18-66
different systems of, 6-17
electrically driven, 67-97
examples of installations of, on
the running or endless rope
system, 98-129

Aerial or wire- rope tramways —
examples of installations of, on

the fixed carrying rope system,

130-180
miscellaneous information, 193-

200
preserving wire ropes of, 189-

192
splicing and securing wire ropes

for, 181-189
Africa, South, wire-rope tramways

in, 174-177
Albert lay of wire rope, 23, 24
Alder Gulch, wire-rope tramway at,

151-153
Algeria, wire-rope tramway in, loi,

102

Almeria, wire-rope tramway in, 131-

137
Alps, Italian, wire-rope tramway in,

171-177

Alzon, wire-rope tramway at, 99-

lOI

America, use of endless rope system
in, 8
wire-rope tramways in, 148-

155
A])plications of endless rope system,

advantageous, 7

of wire-rope tramways, princi-
pal, 2-6

202

INDEX.

Apportionment of loads, most con-
venient, 194

Approximate prices of wire-rope
tramways, 194-196
section of ground, 194

Arc parallel, blocking arrangements
for telpher line on, 77-87

Artificial manure works, wire-rope
tramway at, 119-121

Asbestos and Asbestic Company
Limited, wire-rope tramways of,

154
Ascensive power of balloon, working

aerial tramway by, 65, 66

Austin, wire-rope tramway at, 154,

155
Automatic lubricator, use of, on

wire-rope tramway, 107

BADOVALLE, wire rope in use
on aerial tramway at, 23, 24
Bags of sugar, wire-rope tramway

for transport of, 128
Balloon, working aerial tramway by

means of, 65, 66
Barytes mine, wire-rope tramway at,

117-119
Basket carrier receptacle, 59
Bedlington. See Roe & Bedlington
Beer system, method of supporting
ropes in, 33

system, installation of wire-rope
tramway on, 137-142
Beetroot farms, advantages of wire-
rope tramways on, 3, 128, 129
farms, wire-rope tramways on,
128, 129
Belgium, wire-rope tramways in,

137-142
Bell's Asbestos Company Limited,

wire-rope tramways of, 154

Belle Island, wire-rope tramway at,

154
Best types of carrier trucks, runners,

or saddles, 36-38
method of supporting carrying
ropes at standards, 141, 142
Bins, storage, 135

Black West Virginia oil for lubri-
cating wire-rope tramway, 107,
190
Blast furnaces, wire-rope tramways

at, 137-142, 145-148
IBleichert, arrangement of, for driv-
ing wire-rope tramway, 62, 63
claw-locking grip or coupling

of, 53. 54
improvements in wire - rope

tramways by, 9
knot or carrier collar of, 48, 49
Otto, wire-rope tramway of,

131-137, 142-145
securing wire rope to shackle,

method of, 187, 188
wire- rope tramway, terminal of,

32, 33
Block arrangements for telpher line,
70-87
electro- magnet for telpher line,

84, 85
wires, method of mounting, 86,

Blondin, wire-rope tramway known
as the, 153

Boiled linseed oil, use of, for lubri-
cating wire-rope tramway, 106,
107, 190

Boulders, removal of, in drag
buckets, 153

Boxes, carrier, for endless or running
rope system, 26-31

Brake, arrangements of, for telpher
line, 94-96

gear, 106, 160, 161, 170, 179

INDEX.

203

Brake, lever, preferable, 106

screw-down, disadvantages of,
106
Brazil, wire-rope tramway in, 117
Bricks, wire-rope tramway for trans-
port of, 142, 143
Brickworks, wire-rope tramways at,

121, 179, 180
British Government, gunpowder

cask carriers used by, 60
Buckets, self-filling grab, 151

drag, 152, 153
Building operations, temporary,wire-

rope tramway for, 142, 145
BuUivant & Company Limited, wire
rope for aerial tramways, 24
wire-rope tramways constructed

by, 101, 102, 171-173
wire-rope tables, 197-199

CADMIUM, use of, for preserv-
ing wire ropes, 190,191
California Wire Works, rope made

at, 104
Canada, wire-rope tramways in, 153-

155
Cane, sugar, carrier, 61

sugar, wire-rope tramways for

transport of, 125-128

Caoutchouc, use of, for preserving

wire ropes, 190

Caoutchoucine, use of, for preserving

wire ropes, 190

Capacity of transport on endless rope

system, 7, 10

of transport of fixed rope system,

Ca]x^ de Verde Islands, wire-rope

tramway at, 108-113

Town, wire-rope tramway at,

174-176

Capel. See Clamps

Cardiff, wire-rope tramway at, 121
Carignone terminus of Monte Penna

tramway, 169
Carrier boxes or saddles for running
or endless rope system, 26-31
collars or knots, 44*49, 139, 140
for fall ropes, 148-150
receptacles or vehicles, 57" 61
receptacles or vehicles. See
also Examples of Installa-
tions
to stop at any point on line, 56,

57
trucks, runners, or saddles, 36-40

Carrington, W. T. H. , classification
of wire-rope tramways by, 7
improvements in wire - rope

tramways by, 89
installations of wire-rope tram-
ways designed by, loi, 102,
108-129, 158-180
saddle for running rope system,
28
Carrying rope —

endless or running, examples of

system, 98-129
endless or running, methods of
supporting at standards, 8,
25, 26, 104
fixed, examples of system, 130-

180
fixed, methods of supporting at
standards, 10, 32, 33, 141,
142, 147
Cartage, combination of, with wire-
rope tramways, 128
Caserta, wire-rope tramway at, 169
Cask carriers, 60

Cement works, wire- rope tramways
at, 117, 155, 156

wire-rope tramway for trans-
porting, 117
Ceylon, wire-rope tramway in, lo?

204

INDEX.

Chalk pits, wire-rope tramways at,

130, 131

Charcoal, wire -rope tramways for
conveying, 145-148, 169- 171

Cheapest method of working wire-
rope tramways, 63, 65

Cheliff, wire-rope tramway at, loi,
102

Chemical works, wire-rope tramways
at, 121-123

Choice of system of wire-rope tram-
way, care required in, 7

Circuit closer for telpher line, 87

Clamps with capel, 189

Claw -locking gripor couplings, 53-57

Cleaning wire ropes, machines for,
191, 192

Cleansing wire ropes. See Cleaning
Wire Ropes

Climbing up to wire ropeway,
method of, 106

Clip or saddle, the Hallidie, 29.31

Coal depot, wire-rope tramway at,
108-113
mining, wire-rope tramway for, 3
mine, wire-rope tramway at,

123, 124
wire-rope tramways for trans-
port of, 108- 1 13, 123, 125,
164-167

Coaling steamer at sea, wire-roj^e
tramway for, 17

Coast of the Mediterranean, wire-
rope tramway at, 131- 137

of South Africa, wire - rope
tramway as pier on, 176, 177

Coating of zinc, depositing on wire
ropes, 191

Collier, wire-rope tramway for coal-
ing steamer from, 17

Cologne. See Pohlig, J.

Colorado River, wire-rope tramway
at, 154, 155

Combination of cartage with wire-
rope tramways, 128

Conception Bay, wire-rope tramway
at, 154

Condamine, wire-rope tramway in,

156, 157
Conical socket wire-rope attach-
ment, 189
Contact maker. See Circuit

Closer
Convenient apportionment of loads,

194
Conveying goods between vessels
and shore, wire-rojie tramway
for, 15-17
hoisting, and lowering, wire-
rope tramways for, 13-15, 39,
40, 148-155
Coronel, Puerto del, power and

angle station at, 133, 134
Corporation, Cape Town, wire-rope

tramway for, 174-176
Cory Brothers & Co., wire-rope

tramway of, 108- 1 13
Cost of transport per ton mile on
endless rope system, 9
of transport on fixed rope sys-
tem, 12
of wire-rope tramways, prime
and working, 9, 12, 99, lOO,
107, 108, 112, 113,137. I42i
147, 148, 156, 157, 163, 164,
167, 171, 194-196
Coupling or connecting truck to

driving rope, 56
Couplings or grips —
claw-locking, 53, 57
for steep gradients, 42, 43
friction, 40-44
ixiwl-locking, 49-53» '43
wedge-locking, 53
Cradle sack carrier, 59
sugar-cane carrier, ^i

INDEX.

205

Crane, floating, wire-rope tramway
to carry goods from, to shore, 15
worked by wire-rope tramway.
See Driving
Cranes, driving of, by wire-rope

tramways, 5, 6, iii, 112, 177
Cumberland, wire-rope tramway in,

117-119
Curves, arrangements for rounding,

3S»36
Custom-house, wire-rope tramway at

a, 128
Cyanide of potassium, preserving

wire ropes with, 191

DANGER of not cleaning wire
ropes before oiling, 191

Danville, wire-rope tramway at, 154

Decay of wire ropes, prevention of,
189-192

Definite estimate of wire-rope tram-
way, particulars required for, 193,
194

Demerara, wire-rope tramway in,
4, 125-128

Department of the Hautes-Alpes,
wire-rope tramway in, 156, 157

Desirability of cleansing wire ropes
before lubricating, 191

Details of construction, 18-66

Different systems of aerial or wire-
rope tramways, 6-17
systems of aerial or wire-rope
tramways, installations on,
98-180

Disadvantages of electricity as a
driving power, 68

Disc grip or coupling, 40-42

Disconnecting arrangement for pawl
grips, 50.53

Disengaging. Se4 Disconnecting

Divergences from straight line, how

they should be made, 194
Double-wheeled truck or runner, 38
Drag bucket for placer mining, 152,

153
Driving by electricity, 61, 67-97,

179, 180

by gravity, 61, 63-65, 98, 131,

146, 156, 162
by steam, 61-63, ioi» i^o» J13»

117, 123, 129, 131, 133,140,

143-146, 150, 152, 157, 164,

176
by water, 65, 115, 119, 125,

170, I73> 174, 179
by power of balloons, 65, 66

drums, 62, no, I33-I35» I40»
I50» 152, 157, 161, 166, 167,
169, 170

gear, 61-66, 67-97, no, 133-

I35» 140, 150, i52» I57i 161,
166, 167, 169, 170, 176, 179,
180
Drop lubrication for wire-rope tram-
way, 107
Drum, driving. See Driving Drums
Dye works, wire-rope tramways at, 5

EARTH, wire-rope tramways to
remove from trenches, 13-15
deposits in river beds, wire-rope
tramway for handling, 3, 151
Eccentric. See Pawl-locking Grips

or Couplings
Electrically-driven wire-rope tram-
ways, 179, 180
Electricity, use of, as a motive
power, on wire- rope tramways,
61, 67-97
Electrolysis, deposition on wire
ropes of preservative coating by,
190, 191

206

INDEX.

Endless or running rope system of
wire-roixj tramways, the, 7-9,
22-26, 98-129

examples of installations on,

98-129
method of supporting rope at

standards, 8, 25, 26, 104
the, 7-9

wire ropes for, 22-26, 98-129
End or terminal of wire-rojDe tram-
way, 33.34, III, 112
England, wire-rope tramways in,

1 17-125, 164-167, 179, 180
Erection of wire - rope tramways,

choice of proper system, 7
Esperance-Longdoz Co., wire-rope

tramway of, 137-142
Estates, sugar, wire-rope tramways

on, 125-129, 177
Estimate for wire-rope tramway —
particulars required for, 193, 194
to make approximate, 194-196
Examples of installations of wire-
rope tramways —

on the fixed carrying rope

system, 130-180
on the running or endless rope
system, 98-129
Expenses of wire -rope tramways.
See Cost

FACTORIES, wire-rope tram-
ways at, 5,6,119-125, 164-167

Fall ropes for wire-rope tramway
arranged for hoisting and convey-
ing, 39, 40, 148-150

Farm produce, wire-rope tramways
for removal of, 3, 4, 127-129

Fernie wire-rope tramway, wear of
rope through grips or couplings
on, 44

Finishing off splice, method of, 183

Five-strand wire rope, to splice, 181
Fi>^ed carrying rope system —

examples of installations on,

130-180
methods of supporting at stan-
dards, 10, 32, 33, 141, 142,

147
the, 9-13

wire ropes or lines for, 31-36,

130, I35» 138, 142, 143. 147.

149, 15s, 157, I59» 160, 165,

169
Flexible rope table, 197
Floating crane, wire-rope tramway
to convey goods from, to shore, 15
Fort Bath, wire-rope tram way at, 129
Fortifications, wire-rope tramway at,

173, 174
Forts, use of wire-rope tramways

during building of, 142-145
Foster. See Tilly Foster
France, wire-rope tramway on run-
ning rope system in, 98-101
wire-rope tramway on fixed
rope system in, 130, 131,
155-164
Friction grips or couplings, 40-44
grips or couplings for steep
gradients, 42, 43
Fuel, wood, wire-rope tramway for
transport of, 102-108

coal, wire-rope tramway for
transport of, 108-1 13, 123,124
Furnaces, wire-rope tramways at,
137-142, 145-148.

GARRUCHA, wire-rope tram-
way at, 131-137
Gaslight Co., wire-rope tramway of,
164-167
works, wire-rope tramways at,
164-167

INDEX.

207

General table of round wire ropes,

198, 199
Germany, wire-rope tramways in,
142-145
wire rope made from special
steel from, 104
Gibraltar, wire-rope tramway at,

I73» 174
Giesen, wire-rope tramway at, 44

Glamorganshire, wire-rope tramway
in, 121

Glissantoline, use of, for preserving
wire-ropes, 190

Glynde, telpher line of wire-rope
tramway at, 179, 180

Gold mining, use of wire-rope tram-
ways for, 151-153

Goods, wire-rope tramway to convey
between floating crane and shore,

wire-rope tramway to convey
between vessel and warehouse
15-17
textile, carrier, receptacle for,

60
wire-rope tramway at fortifica-
tions for transport of, 1 73, 1 74
Gourjon system of wire-rope tram-
ways, 98-101
Governing arrangements for telpher

line, 87-94
Grab buckets, self-filling, 151
Gravity, working wire-rope tramways

by power of, 10, 63-65
Great Transylvanian wire-rope tram-
way, the, 145-148
Grenoble, wire-rope tramways at,

99, 155, 156
Grips or couplings —
claw-locking, 53-57
friction, 40-44
friction, for steep gradients,

42, 43

Grips or couplings —

pawl-locking, 49-S3i I43
wedge-locking, 53

Grooved driving drum, 62

Guatemala, wire-rope tramways in,
4, 125-128

Gunpowder cask carrier, 60

HALLIDIE clip or saddle, 29-
31, 105
improvements by, in wire-rope

tramways, 8

llauet. A., system of wire-rope
tramway of, 130, 131

Hautes Alpes, wire-rope tramway
in, 156, 157

Hilly country, advantages of wire-
rope tramways in, 1-2

Hodgson, C., system of wire-rope
tramways of, 7

special arrangement of ropeway
of, 35

Hoisting and conveying loads, wire-
rope tramways for, 13-15, 39-40,
148-155

Holland, wire-rope tramway in,
128, 129

Hong Kong, wire-rope tramway at,

^77, 178
Hopper tower for placer mining, 152
Huddeisfield, wire-rope tramway at,

123, 124
Hungary, wire-rope tramway in,

145-148

IMPRACTICABLE patent ar-
rangements, 17
Improved system of telpherage, 72-97
Inclines, steepest practicable, for
endless rope system, 7
steepest practicable, for fixed
rope system, 10

208

INDEX.

India, wire-rope tramway in, 1 15- 1 17

Information, miscellaneous, I93-2C»

Installations of wire-rope tramway

on running rope system, 98-129

of wire-rope tramway on fixed

rope system, 1 30-1 So

Insulator for use on telpher line,

96,97
Introductory, 1-6

Iron ore mines, wire-rope tramways

at, 131-137, 151* 179
posts or standards, 21, 22
Italian Alps, wire-rope tramway in,

171-173
Italy, wire-rope tramways in, 1 69- 1 73

J ALL A, Mount, wire-rope tram-
way at, 155, 156
Jamaica, wire-rope tramways in, 4,

125, 128
Japan, wire-rope tramway in, 178,

179
Jenkin, Professor Fleeming, inven-
tion of the telpher system by, 68
experiments on telpher system
by, 180
Joints or splices of wire ropes, 138,

139, 181-189
Junction of three lines of wire-rope

tramways, 125
Junctions for wire-rope tramway,

temporary, 34
Jundiahy, wire-rope tramway at, 117

KEE WATIN, wire-rope tramway
at, 153, 154
Kink, short, to remove from a wire

rope, 193
Kinking of wire ropes during trans-
port, 105, 106
Knot, star, the, 44, 45
Knots or carrier collars, 44-49, 139,
140

LAKE Superior District, wire-
rope tramway in, 151
Lancashire, wire-rope tramways in,

5, 119, 120
Land, removal of produce from, by
means of wire-rope tramway, 3,
4, 125-129
Lang lay of wire rope, so called, 23,

24
Lead mines, wire-rope tramway at,

158-164
Leeds, wire-rope tramway near, 121
Lifting and conveying. See Hoisting

and Conveying
Lineff, experiments of, with telpher

line, 180
Lines for fixed carrying rope system,

31-36
for running or endless rope
system, 22-26
Linoleum works, wire-rope tramway
at, 124, 125

Manufacturing Company. See
above
Linseed oil, boiled, use of, on wire-
rope tramways, 106, 107, 190
Llanishen brickworks, wire-rope

tramway at, 121
Loading stations, 102, 134, 140
vessels, temporary wire-rope
tramway for, 17
Loads, convenient apportionment

of, 194
Locking grips or couplings —
claw, 53.57
knots or carrier collars for, 44-

49
pawl, 49-53

London, wire-rope tramway near,

119-121
wire-rope tramway in, 164-167
Lowering carrier receptacle, carriage

or truck for, 39, 40

1NDE>^.

209

Lubricating wire ropes, 106, 107,
189-192
wire ropes, machines for, 191-
192

ACHINES for cleaning and
lubricating wire ropes, 191-
192

Madras, wire-rope tramway in, 115-
117

Manure works, artificial, wire-rope

tramway at, 119-121
Martinique, wire-rope tramways in,

4, 125-128
Masua, wire-rope tramway at, 144,

145
Mauritius, wire-rope tramways in, 4,

125-128
Mediterranean coast, wire rope tram-
way to, 131-137
Method of supporting carrying rope
at standards, best, 141 -142
of supporting fixed carrying rope
at standards, 10, 32, 33, 141,
142, 147
of supporting running ropes at

standards, 8, 25, 26, 104
of working wire-rope tramway,
the cheapest, 63, 64
Mexico, wire-rope tramway in, 102-

108
Mica grease, use of, for preserving

wire ropes, 190
Middlesex, wire-rope tramway in,

124, 125
Mills, wire-rope tramways at, 102-

108, 123, 124, 125-128
Minerals, carrier receptacles for, 57-

59
Mines, wire-rope tramways at, 2, 3,
39, 40, 113-115, 117-I19, 131-
137, 148-155, 158-164, 178, 179

Minimum interval devices for secur-
ing on telpher lines, 70-87

Miscellaneous information, 193-200

Modified arrangement of endless
rope system, 8, 9

Montana, wire-rope tramway in,

151-153
Monte Penna, wire-rope tramway

at, 169- 171

Motive power for wire-rope tram-
ways, 6i-66, i33-i35> MO, i5o»
152, 157, 161, 166, 167, 169, 170,
176. See also Driving

Mount Jalla, wire-rope tramway up,

155, 156
Mountain, Table, wire-rope tram-
way up, 174, 176
Mountainous districts, transporting

wire ropes in, 105, 106, 161
Movable junction for wire-rope tram-
ways, 34

shunt for wire-rope tramways,
125

NETHERLANDS Land En-
closure Company, wire-rope
tramway of, 128, 129

New York, State of, wire-rope tram-
way in, 148-155

New Zealand, wire-rope tramways
in, 113-115

Newall, R. S., method of, for secur-
ing wire ropes in sockets, 185

Newcastle-on-Tyne, wire-rope tram-
way at, 121-123

Newfoundland, wire-rope tramway
in, 154

Nine Elms Works, wire-rope tram-
way at, 164-167

Norton Brothers Ltd., wire-rope
tramway of, 123, 124

Northumberland, wire-rope tram-
way in, 121-123

2IO

INDEX.

O BAG 1 1 system, method of
supporting roiHj in, 33
installations on, 145-148
Oil, Mack West Virginia, for lubri-
cating puri)oses, 107

boiled linseed, for lubricating
purposes, 106, 107
Ontario, wire-rope tramway in, 153,

154
Open-pit mining, wire-rope tramway

for, 2, 3, 148-153
Operations, temporary building,

wire-rope tramway for, 142-145
Ordinary form of saddle or runner,

37
Ore. See Iron Ore Mines, Mines,

&c.

Original system of telpherage, 69-

72
Ortuella, wire rope in use on wire-
rope tramway at, 23, 24
Otley, wire-ro])e tramway at, 121
Ottawa Gold Milling and Mining
Co., wire-rope tramway of, 153,

154
Otto knot or carrier collar, 45-48

improvements in wire-rope

tramways by, 9

See also Bleichert-Otto

Overburden, in open-pit mining,

wire-rope tramway for removal of,

2, 3, 148-154

PARALLEL arc system, block-
ing arrangements for telpher
line on, 77-87
Paris, wire-rope tramway near, 130,

131
Particulars required for estimate for

wire-rope tramway, 193, 194
Passengers, wire-rope tramway for,
177, 178

Patent arrangements, impracticable,

17
Pawl-locking grips or couplings, 49-

53, 143
Pendar de Bedar, power station at,

134
Pendulum arms for supporting fixed

carrying rope, 33

Pennsylvania, wire-rope tramway

in. 153
Photographs of installations, loi,

102, 173, 177

Piedmont, wire-rojK; tramway in,

171-173
Piers, advantages of wire-rope tram-
ways as, 5, 6
installations of wire -rope tram-
ways as, 108-115
Pinerolo, wire-rope tramway at, 17 1-

173
Placer digging, wire-rope tramways

for, 3, 151-153
mining. See above
Plantations, beetroot, wire-rope
tramways on, 3, 128, 129

sugar cane, wirc-roi>e tramways
at, 3, 102, 125-128
Plomosos, wire-rope tramway at,

102-108
Pohlig, J., wire-rope tramway con-
structed by, 1 31 -137
Portable installation of wire-rope
tramway, 129

temporary junctions, 34
Porte de France cement works, wire-
rope tramway at, 155, 156
Port Louis, wire-rope tramway at,

128
Posts or standards, 18-22

for fixed carrying rope, 18-22,

32, 33
for running or endless rope, 22,

25, 26

INDEX.

211

Posts or standards —

See also Installations on Various
Systems
Power and angle stations, no, 133-

I3S» 140
absorber, 179. See also Brakes
See also Driving
Premature decay of wire ropes, pre-
vention of, 189-192
Preserving wire ropes. See above
Price list of wire-rope tramways,

approximate, 194-196
Piime cost of wire-rope tramways.

See Cost, Price List, &c.
Principal applications of wire-rope

tramways, 2-6
Print works, wire-rope tramways at,

5, 119, 120
Produce carrier receptacle, 59

farm, removal of, by means of

wire-rope tramway, 3, 4, 128,

129

land, removal of produce from,

3, 4, 125-129

Proper system of wire-rope tramway,

choice of, 7
Puerto del Coronel, power and angle

station at, 133, 134
Pulley for driving endless wire roi">e,

62
Pulleys for supjiorting endless

running rope, 24-26
Puncheons, wire-roi^e tramway for

transport of, 128
Pyrenees, wire - rope tramway in,
158-164

QUARRIES, slate, wire-rope
tramways at, 153
stone, wire-rope tramways at,

iiS-"7, 143. 144, 179
Quebec, wire-rope tramway in, 154

RECEPTACLES or vehicles,
carrier, 57-61
See also Installations on Dif-
ferent Systems
Releasing pawl grip or coupling,

arrangement for, 5i"53
Removal of earth from trenches,
wire-rope tramway for, 13
of deposits from river beds,
wire-rope tramway for, 3i 151
of overburden in open-pit min-
ing, wire-rope tramways for,
2, 3, 148-154
Remove a kink from a wire-rope, to,

193
Revue Universelle des Mines^ de-
scription of wire -rope tramway

in, 137
River beds, handling deposits in, 3,

151
Roe & Bedlington, friction grip or

coupling of, 43

saddle for running rope system
of, 27
Rope attachments, ordinary, 188,
189
fixed, carrying system, the, 9-13
fixed, carrying system, installa-
tions on, 130-180
running, or endless system, the,

7-9
running, or endless system, in-
stallations on, 98-129
Ropes, wire, for fixed carrying rope
system, 31-36

wire, for running rope system,

22-26
wire, joints or splices of, 138,
139, 181-189
Ropeway, temporary, for loading
and unloading vessels, 17

temix)rary, for coaling steamer
at sea, 17

212

INDEX.

Round wire ropes, general table of,

198, 199
Rum puncheons, wire-rope tramway

for transport of, 128
Runners or saddles for fixed carrying

rope, 36-40
Running or endless rope system —
installations on, 98-129
method of supporting ropes, 8,

25, 26, 104
the, 7-9

wire ropes or lines for, 22-26
Ryland, table of breaking strains of
steel wire, 200

SACK carrier, 59
Saddles for running or endless

rope system, 26-31
or runners for fixed rope system,
38-40
Saddle with gripping jaws, 28, 29
Safety trucks or runners, 38-40
Sand, wire- rope tramway for digging

and conveying, 151
Santa Maria di Capua, wire-rope

tramway at, 169-171
Saw mills, wire-rope tramway at,

169- 17 1
Screw-down brakes, inconvenience

of, 106
Section of ground, necessity of

accurate, 20, 194
Securing wire ropes, 181 -189
Self- filling grab buckets, 151
Seraing furnaces, wire-rope tramway

at, 137-142
Serena de Bedar, wire-rope tramway

at, 131-137

Series system, blocking arrange-
ments for telpher line on, 73-77

Shackles. See Sockets, Securing
Wire Ropes in

Sheaves, cutting down rims of,
during working, 107

or pulleys for endless or running
rope, 24-26
Ships, conveying coal, &c., to
and from, 15-17, 39, 40, 176,

177
temporary ropeway for loading

and unloading, 17

wire-rope tramway f.»r coaling,

at sea, 17

Shunt, travelling, for use with wire-

roj^ tramways, 125

Signals used on wire-rope tramways,

136, 171

Sinaloa, wire-rope tramway in, 102-

108

Single fixed rope system with one

carrier, the, ii

Six-strand wire rope, to splice, 181-

184

Slate quarries, wire- rope tramwa3rs

at, 153

Sling cask carrier, 60
sack carrier, 59

Smith, J. Bucknall, on the manu-
facture of wire, 23

Sockets, securing wire ropes in, 185-
189

Somersetshire, wire -rope tramway
in, 179, 180

South Africa, wire-rope tramways

in, 174-177
Spain, use of endless or running
rope system in, 7
installation of wire-rope tram-
way in, 131-137
Spans, limit of, on endless rope
system, 7

limit of, on fixed carrying rope
system, 9
Sparking, to prevent excessive, on
telpher lines, 70

INDEX.

213

pecial arrangements of wire-rope
tramways, 13-17
arrangements of fixed carrying
ropes, 34-36
Speed of wire-rope tramways, 11, 12,

of wire-rope tramways, govern-
ing arrangements for, 106,
160, 161, 170, 179
of wire-rope tramways, govern-
ing arrangements on telpher
lines, 87-96
See also Installations on Dif-
ferent Systems
Splices, giving way of, in wire ropes,

106, 138, 139
Splicing wire ropes, method of, 181-

184
Staines, wire-rope tramway at, 124,

125
Standards or posts for wire-rope
tramways, 18-22, 25, 26, 32, 33
See also Installations on Dif-
ferent Systems
Star knot, 44, 45

State of New York, wire-rope tram-
way in, 148-155
Stations, power and angle, loi, 102,
I33» 134, 158-162, 193-196
terminal, 33, 34, 110-112, 133-
I35» 165, 194-196
Steam, driving by. See Driving
Steamer, wire - rope tramway for

coaling from collier, 17
Steel wire —

breaking strains of, 200
ropes or lines, 22-26, 31-36
ropes, flexible, table of, 197
ropes, round, general table of,
198, 199
Steep grades, saddles for, 28, 29
gradients, claw- locking grip or
coupling for, 54-56

Stone, wire-rope tramway for trans-
port of, 115-117, 143. 144, 179
See also Iron Ore Mines
Storage bins, 135

Stores, wire-rope tramway for trans-
port of, 173, 174
Strains of steel wire, breaking, 200
flexible steel wire roj^es, break-
ing, 197
general, of round wire ropes,
breaking, 198, 199
St Girons, wire-rope tramway at,

158-164
St Imier, wire-rope tramway at, 99
St Kitts, wire-rope tramways at, 5,

125-128
St Louis, despatch of sand to, 151
Sugar, beetroot, farms, wire-rope
tramways on, 3, 128, 129
cane carrier, 61

cane plantations, advant^es of

wire-rope tramways on, 3, 4

cane plantations, travelling

shunt for wire-rope tramway

on, 125

cane, wire- rope tramway for

transport of, 125-128
usine or factory, wire-rope
tramway for conveyance of
workmen to, 177, 178
Superior District, Lake, wire rope

tramway in, 151
Supporting endless or running rope
at standards, methods of, 8, 25.
26, 104

fixed carrying rope at standards,
methods of, 10, 32, 33, 141,
142, 147
sheaves or pulleys for endless
or running rope, 24-26, 30,
31, 107
sheaves or pulleys for rounding
curves, 25, 36

214

INDEX.

Survey for line of wire-rope tramway,

20, 194
Sussex, wire-rope tramway in, 179,

180
Swedish tar, use of, for lubricating
wire-rope tramway, 106, 107, 190
System, endless or running rope,
the, 7-9, 22-26, 98-129

fixed carrying rope, the, 9-13,

31-36, 130-180
telpher electrical, 61, 67-69
telpher original, 69-72
telpher improved, 72-97
Systems of wire-rope tramways,
different, 6-17

TABLE of breaking strains of
steel wire, 200
general, of round wire ropes,

198, 199
of flexible steel wire ropes, 197
Mountain, wire-rope tramway
up, 174-176
Tallow, use of, for lubricating wire

ropes, 190
Tar, Swedish, use of, for lubricating

wire ropes, 106, 107, 190
Telpher lines of wire-rope tramway,

179, 180
Telpherage, 61, 67-97, 179. 180
Temporary building operations,
wire-rope tramway for use at,
142-145
junctions for wire-rope tram-
ways, 34
work, wire-rope tramways for,
13-15, 156-158
Terminals for wire-rope tramways,
33, 34, 110-112, I33-I35» 165,
194-196
Texas, wire-rope tramway in, 154

Textile goods, carrier receptacle for,
60
goods, installation of wire-rope
tramway for carrying, 119
Thetford Mines, wire-rope tramway

at, 154
Thorn, wire -rope tramway at, 142,

143
Three lines of wire-rope tramways,

junction of, 125

Tiel, wire-rope tramway at, 98, 99

Tilly Foster Mines, wire-rope tram-
way at, 148, 155

Timl>er, wire-rope tramway for
transport of, 102-108, 169- 171

Tournoux, wire-rope tramway at,

156, 157
Train, telpher, method of controlling

distance between, 70-87
Tramways, aerial or wire-rope,
different systems of, 6-17
aerial or wire-rope, installations
of, 98-180
Transporting wire ropes inmountain-
ousdistricts, 105, 106, 161, 169-171
Transylvanian wire-rope tramway,

the great, 145-148
Travelling shunt for use with wire-
rope tramway, 125
Trenches, wire-rope tramway for

removing earth from, 13
Truck or runner —
best form of, 36
safety arrangements, 38-40
to couple to driving or hauling

rope, 40-56
with double wheels, 38
Trucks, runners, or saddles, 36-40
Two parallel fixed rope system,
arrangement of, with numerous
carriers, 10, 11

parallel fixed rope system, with
two carriers, 12, 13

INDEX.

215

Type of motive power for wire-rope
tramway, most suitable, 62

ULM, wire-rope tramway at,
I43» 144
Uncoupling pawl grip, arrangement

for> 51-53
Unguents, best types, for use on wire-
rope tramways, 106, 107, 190
United States, use of endless rope
system in, 8

wire-rope tramways in, 148- 1 55
Unloading stations, loi, 102, 135,
136, 140
stations. See also Terminals
vessels, temporary wire-rope
tramway for, 17
Uprights. See Posts or Standards
Usines. See Sugar Estates

VACUUM machine for cleansing
and lubricating wire ropes,
192
Vajdahiinyad, wire-rope tramway at,

145-148
Vehicles, carrier receptacles or, 57-
61

See also Installations on Dif-
ferent Systems
Vessel, wire-rope tramway for con-
veying goods between, and ware-
house, 15-17

wire -rope tramway for loading
and unloading, 39, 40, 176,

177
wire-rope tramway for permit-
ting, to be coaled at sea, 17
Villa Reforma, span of wire-rope

tramway at, 135
Virginia oil, black West, use of, for
lubricating wire-rope tramways,
107, 190

WAREHOUSE, wire-rope
tramway to convey goods
between, and floating crane, 1 5
wire-rope tramway to convey
goods between, and ship or
vessel, 15-17
War Office, wire-rope tramway con-
structed for, 173, 174
Wasteful application of lubricants

on wire-rope tramways, 191
Water power, working wire -rope
tramways by, 65, 115, 119, 125,

170, 173. 174, 179
works, wire-rope tramways at,
115, 116, 174-176
Wear of ropes on wire-rope tram-
ways, 23, '24, 40, 189
West Virginia oil, black, use of,
for lubricating wire-rope tramway,
107, 190
Weston, telpher line of wire-rope

tramway at, 179, 180
Winding zinc wire in wire rope,

190
Wire rope —

Albert lay, when new, 23
Albert lay, after use on wire-
rope tramway, 23, 24
Lang lay, so-called patent, 23
tramways, different systems of,

6-17
tramways, installations of, 98-
180
Wire ropes —

for fixed carrying rope system,

31-36
for running or endless rope

system, 22-26
ordinary attachments for, 188,

189
securing, in sockets, &c., 185-

188
splicing, 138, 139, 181-184

2l6

INDEX.

Wire ropes —

to remove a kink from, 193

to preserve, 189-192

table, general, of round, 198,

199
table, of flexible, 197
Wire, steel, breaking strains of, 200
Wood fuel, wire-rope tramway for
transport of, 102-108
See also Timber
Wooden posts or standards, 20, 21
Work, temporary, wire-rope tram-
way for, 156, 157
Working wire-rope tramway, cheap-
est method of, 63, 64
cost. See Cost

Workmen, number required on wire-
rope tramway. See Installations
of Wire- Rope Tramways

wire-rope tramways for con-
veyance of, 173, 174, 177,
178

YORKSHIRE, wire-rope tram-
ways in, 121, 123, 124

ZINC, coating of, to preserve
wire ropes, 191
wire winding in wire ropes, 190

Printed at The Darien Press, Edinburgh,

AD VERTISEMENTS,

BULLIVANT & CO., LIMITED,

(In which is Incorporated the WIRE TRAMWAY COMPANY, LIMITED, the
Original Constructors of Wire Ropeways under the Hodgson

and Carrlngton Patents).

Contractors for the Construction of

WIRE ROPEWAYS ON ALL SYSTEMS TO SUIT ALL

REQUIREMENTS.

I. EIDLESS RMni& ROPE ROPEWATS on
all Types.

II. DOIJBLE EIXEI) ROPE IICLINES.

III. SIN&LE PIXED ROPE ROPEWAYS.

IV. FIXED ROPE AID EIDLESS HATJIIUO

ROPE ROPEWAYS.

Single Loads can be carried of 4 tons.

Spans without support up to 2,000 yards, where
the section of ground is suitable.

Illustrations of the various systems will be
found in the present volume.

Examples at work in all parts of the world.

Consulting Engineer-W. T. H. CARRINGTOM, LlnstCE.

BOLLIVANT & CO, LIMITED,

72 MARK LANE, LONDON, E.G.

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trative Diagrams, strongly bound for workshop or pocket wear and tear . 6/0

" In its modernised form Hutton's ' Templeton ' should have a wide sale, for it contains much
valuable information which the mechanic will often find of use, and not a few tables and notes which
he might look for in vain in other works. This modernised edition will be appreciated by all who
have learned to value the original editions of ' Templeton.'" — English Mechanic.

" It has met with great success in the engineerinjg workshop, as we can testify ; and there are
a great many men who, in a great measure, owe their rise in life to this little book." — Building
News.

" This familiar text-book — well known to all mechanics and engineers — is of essential service
to the every-dav requirements of engineers, millwrights, and the various trades connected with
engineering ancf building. The new modernised edition is worth its weight in gold." — Building
News. (Second Notice.)

" This well-known and largely -used book contains information, brought up to date, of the
sort so useful to the foreman and draughtsman. So much fresh information lias been introduced as
to constitute it practically a new book. It will be largely used in the office and workshop."—
Mechanical World.

"The publishers wisely entrusted the task of revision of this popular, valuable, and useful
book to Mr. Hutton, than whom a more competent man they could not have found." — Iron.

ENGINEER'S AND MILLWRIGHT'S ASSISTANT.

A Collection of Useful Tables, Rules, and Data. By William Templeton.
Seventh Edition, with Additions. iSmo, cloth 2/6

"Occupies a foremost place among books of this kind. A more suitable present to an
apprentice to any of the mechanical trades could not possibly be made." — Building News.

" A deservedly popular work. It should be in the 'drawer' of every mechanic." — English
Mechanic.

A 2

CROSBY LOCK WOOD iS^ SON'S CATALOGUE.

THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S REFERENCE BOOK.

For Machine and Boiler Construction. In Two Parts. Part I. General
Engineering Data. Part II. Boiler Construction. With 51 Plates and
numerous Illustrations. By Nelson Foley, M.I.N.A. Secmd Edition,
Revised throughout and much Enlarged. Folio, half-bound, net . £3 8s>

PART I.— Measures.— Circumferences and areas, &c.. Squares, Cubes.
Fourth powers.— square and Cube roots.— Surface of Tubes.— Reciprocals.—
i.ogarithms. — Mensuration.— Specific Gravities and Weights.— work and
POWER. — heat.— Combustion.— Expansion and Contraction.— Expansion of
Gases.— Steam.— Static Forces.- Gravitation and Attraction.— Motion and
Computation of Resulting Forces.- Accumulated work.— Centre and radiits
of Gyration.- Moment of Inertia.— Centre of Oscillation.— Electricity.—
Strength of Materials.— elasticity.— test Sheets of metals.— Friction.—
Transmission of Power.— Flow of Liquids.— Flow of Gases.— Air Pumps, Surfacr
Condensers, &c.— Speed of Steamships.— Propellers.— Cutting tools.— Flanges.
—Copper Sheets and Tubes.— Screws. Nuts, Bolt Heads, Ac- Various Recipes
and Miscellaneous Matter.— with DIAGRAMS for Valve-Gear, Belting and
ropes, Discharge and Suction Pipes, Screw Propellers, and Copper Pipes.

PART II.— Treating of Power of Boilers.— Useful Ratios.— Notes on
Construction. — Cylindrical Boiler Sheli^. — Circular Furnaces. — Flat
plates.— Stays. — Girders.— Screws. — hydraulic Tests. — Riveting. — Boilbr
Setting, Chimneys, and mountings.— Fuels. &c.— Examples of Boilers and Speeds
of Steamships.— Nominal and Normal Horse Power.— With DIAGRAMS for all
Boiler Calculations and Drawings of many Varieties of Boilers.

"The book is one which every mechanical engineer may, with advantage to himsdf^ add to
liis library." — htthtstries.

" Mr. Foley Is well fitted to compile such a work. . . . The diagrams are a great feature
of the work. . . . Regarding the whole work, it may be very fairly stated that Mr. Foley has
produced a volume which will undoubtedly fulfil the desire of the author and become indispensable
to all mechanical engineers." — Marine Engineer.

" We have carefully examined this work, and pronounce it a most excellent reference book
for the use of marine engineers."— y(7«rwa/ o/Atnerican Society 0/ Naval Engineers.

COAL AND SPEED TABLES.

A Pocket Book for Engineers and Steam Users. By Nelson Foley, Author

of " The Mechanical Engineer's Reference Book." Pocket-size, cloth . 3/6

" These tables are designed to meet the requirements of every-day use ; they are of suflScient
scope for most practfeal purposes, and may be commended to engineers and users of steam." —
Irott.

TEXT-BOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE.

With a Supplement on Gas Engines, and Part II. on Heat Engines. By
T. M. GooDEVEjM.A., Barrister-at-Law, Professor of Mechanics at the Roval
College of Science, London ; Author of *' The Principles of Mechanics," " The
Elements of Mechanism, "&C. Fourteenth Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth . 6/0
" Professor Goodeve has given us a treatise on the steam engine which will bear comparison
with anything written by Huxlev or Maxwell, and we can award it no higher praise."— fi^ifAMrr.

" Mr. Goodeve's text-book is a work of which every young engineer should possess hiioaeliL'*
— Mining yournal.

ON QAS ENGINES.

With Appendix describing a Recent Engine with Tube Igniter. By T. M.
Goodeve, M.A. Crown 8vo, cloth 2/B

" Like all Mr. Goodeve's writings, the present is no exception in point of general excellence.
It is a valuable little volume." — Mechanical Iforld.

A TREATISE ON STEAM BOILERS.

Their Strength, Construction, and Economical Working. By R. Wilson, C.E.

Fifth Edition, ismo, cloth 6/0

" The best treatise that has ever been published on steam boilers. — Engineer.
" The author shows himself perfect master of his subject, and we heartily recommend aD
employing steam power to possess tJiemselves of the yrorV."—Ry land's Iron Trade Circular.

THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S COMPANION

of Areas, Circumferences, Decimal Equivalents, in inches and feet, millimetres,
s(iuares, cubes, roots, &c. ; Weights, Measures, and other Data. Also Prac-
tical Rules for Modem Engine Proportions. By R. Edwards, M.Inst.C.E.
Fcap. 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. 3/6

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, &>€,

A HANDBOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE.

With especial Reference to Small and Medium-sized Engines. For the Use of
Engine Makers, Mechanical Draughtsmen, Engineering Students, and users
of Steam Power. By^HERMAN Haeder, C.E. Translated from the German
Math considerable additions and alterations, by H. H. P. Powles, A.M.I.C.E.,
M.I.M.E. Second Edition, Revised. With nearly i,ioo Illustrations.
Crown 8vo, cloth 9/0

" A perfect encyclopaedia of the steam ennne and its details, and one which must take a per-
manent place in English arawing-offices and workshops." — j4 Foreman Pattern-maker.

" This is an excellent book, and should be in the hands of all who are interested in the con-
struction and design of medium-sized stationary engines. ... A careful study of its contents and
the arrangement of the sectidns leads to the conclusion that there- is probably no other book like it
in this country. The volume aims at showing the results of practical experience, and it certainly
may claim a complete achievement of this idea." — Nature.

" There can be no question as to its value. We cordially commend it to all concerned in the
design and construction of the steam engine." — Mechanical JVorld,

BOILER AND FACTORY CHIMNEYS.

Their Draught-Power and Stability. With a chapter on Lightning Conductors.
By Robert Wilson, A.I.C.E., Author of " A Treatise on Steam Boilers," &c.

Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6

" A valuable contribution to the literature of scientific building."— T'A^ Builder,

BOILER MAKER'S READY RECKONER & ASSISTANT.

With Examples of Practical Geometry and Templating, for the Use of Platers,
Smiths, and Riveters. By John Courtney, Edited by D. K. Clark,
M.I. C.E. Third Edition, 480 pp., with 140 Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo . 7/0
" No workman or apprentice should be without this book." — Iron Trade Circular.

REFRIQERATINQ & ICE-MAKINQ MACHINERY.

A Descriptive Treatise for the Use of Persons Employing Refrigerating
and Ice-Making Installations^ and others. By A. J. Wallis-Taylek,
A.-M. Inst. C.E. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With Illustrations.
Crown Svo, cloth. [Just Published. 7/6

" Practical, explicit, and profusely illustrated." — Glasgoto Herald,

" We recommend the book, which gives the cost of various systems and illustrations showing
details of.parts of machinery ^nd general arrpngenients.of complete-installations."— ^»t^r.

" May be recommended as a useful description of the machinery, the processes, and of the
facts, figures, and tabulated physics of refrigerating. It is one of the best compilations on the
subject. ' — Engineer.

HYDRAULIC MACHINERY.

A Practical Handbook on the Machinery Employed in the Concentration and
Transmission of Power. By G. Croydon Makks, A.M.I. C.E., A.M.I.M.E.
New Edition, Enlarged. Crown Svo. \ln the Press.

THE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT.

A Popular Treatise on the Gradual Improvements made in Railway Engines
between 1803 and 1806. By Clement E. Stretton, C.E. Fifth Edition,
Enlarged. With 120 Illustrations. Crown Svo, cloth. [Just Published, 3/6

" Students of railway history and all who are interested in the evolution of the modem loco-
motive will find much to attract and entertain in this volume." — The Times.

" The author of this work is well known to the railway world, and no one, probably, has a
better knowledge of the history and development of the locomotive. The volume before us should
be of value to aiu connected with the railway«ystem of this country." — Nature.

ENGINEERING ESTIMATES, COSTS, AND ACCOUNTS.

A Guide to Commercial Engineering. With numerous examples of Estimates
and Costs of Millwright Work, Miscellaneous Productions, Steam Engines and
Steam Boilers ; and a Section on the Preparation of Costs Accounts. B
A General Manager. Second Ekiition. Svo, cloth. [Just Published. 12/'

" This is an excellent and very useful book,.covering subject-matter in constant rec^uisition in
every factory and workshop. . . . The book is invaluable, not only to the young engineer,, but
also to the estimate department of every works." — Builder.

" We accord the work unqualified praise. The information is given in a plain, straightforward
manner, and bears throughout evidence of the intimate practical acquaintance of the author with
every phase of commercial engineering."— AflrcAantVa/ Irorld.

CROSBY LOCKWOOD &- SON'S CATALOGUE.

PLATING AND BOILER MAKING.

A Practical Handbook for Workshop Operations. By Joseph G. Hornbk,
A.M.I.M.E. 380 pp. with 338 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth.

[Just Published, 7/6

" The latest pro<Iuction from the i>cn of this writer is chamcteriscd by that evidence of cloce
acquaintance with workshop methods which will render the book exceedui|^y acceptable to tbo

K radical hand. We have no liesitation in commending; the work as a serviceable and practical
andbook on a subject which has not hitherto received much attention from those qualified to deal
«vith it in a tiatisfuctor>' manner." — Mechanical IVorld.

PATTERN MAKING.

A Practical Treatise, embracing the Main Types of Engineerine Constructioa,
and including Gearing, both Hand and Machine-made, Engine Work, Sheaves
and Pulleys, Pipes and Columns, Screws, Machine Parts, Pumps and Cocks,
the Moulding of Patterns in Loam and Greensand, &c., together with the
methods of estimating the weight of Castings; with an Appendix of Tables for
Workshop Reference. By Joseph G. Hornkr, A.M.I.M.E. Second Eklition,
Enlarged. With 450 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth .... 7/6

" A well-written technical guide, evidently written by a m<in who understands and has pxac>
tiscd what he has written al)out. . . . We cordially recommend it to engineering' students, younflr
journeymen, and others desirous of lieinjf initiated into the mj-steries of pattern-making."— ^irfWer.

" More than 400 illustrations help to explain the text, which Ls, however, always clear and ez-
]>licit, thus rendering the work an excellent zhicU nucion for the apprentice who desires to become
master of his trade.' — lingitsh Meclutnic.

MECHANICAL ENQINEERINQ TERMS

(Lock wood's Dictionary of). Embracing those current in the Drawing Office,
Pattern Shop, Foundry, Fitting, Turning, Smiths', and Boiler Shops, &c, &C.
Comprising upwards of 6,000 Definitions. Edited by Joseph G. Hornbr.
A. M. I. M. E. Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. Crown 8vo, cloth 7/o

"Just the sort of hanily dictionary required by the various trades en^ged in mechanical en-
gineering. Tlie practical engineering nupil will find the book of great value m his studies, and eveiy
foreman engineer and mecli.mic should have a copy."— Buildinji' jVra's.

" Not merely a dictionary, but, to a certain extent, also a most valu<ible guide. It strikes us
as a happy idea to combine with a clefmition of the phrase useful information on the subject of
which it treats." — Afac/tiucry Market.

TOOTHED GEARING.

A Practical Handbook for Offices and Work.shops. By Joseph Hornbr,

A.M.I.M.E. With 184 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . G/O

" We must give the book our unqualified i)raise for its thoroughness of treatment, and we.c«n
heartily recommend it to all interested :is the most practic<il Irook on the subject yet vnitten."—
Mechattical World.

F1RE5, FIRE-ENGINES, AND FIRE BRIGADES.

With a History of Fire-Engines^ their Construction, Use, and Manage^
ment ; Remarks on Fire-proof Buildings, and the Preservation of Life from
Fire ; Statistics of the Fire Appliances in Engli.sh Towns ; Foreign Fire
Systems ; Hints on Fire-Brigades, &c., &c. By Charles F. T. Young. CE.
With Illustrations, 544 pp. Demy 8vo, cloth £l 4s.

" To such of our readers as are interested in the subject of fires and fire apparatus, we cai^
most heartily conunend this book. It is really the only English work we now have upon the sub-
ject. " — linsineerin)^.

MOTOR CARS FOR COMMON ROADS.

By A. J. Wallis-Tayler, Assoc. Memb. Inst. C.E., Author of "Modem
Cycles," &c. Including Early and Recent Examples of Steam Road Carriages,
Internal Combustion or Explosive Engine Carriages, Electric Motor Carriages,
Miscellaneous Motor Cars, Auto-Car Bill, Rules and Regulations, &c. With
numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth. fy "«/ Published. ^/G

AERIAL OR WIRE-ROPE TRAMWAYS.

Their Construction and Management. ByA. J.Wallis-Taylek, A.M.Inst.C.E.
With 81 Ilhistr.-itions. Crown Bvo. cloth. \Jtist Publisfied. 7/6

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, S'C.

STONE- WORKING MACHINERY.

A Manual dealing with the Rapid and Economical Conversion of Stone. With

Hints on the Arrangement and Management of Stone Works. By M. Powis

Bale, M.I. M.E. Second Edition, enlarged. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo,

cloth. [Ji*st Published. 9/0

"The book should be in the hands of every mason or student of stonework."— Co/Zifry

■Guardian. , .. ,. , „

" A capital liandbook for all who manipulate stone for buildmg or ornamental purposes. —

Machiftery Market.

PUMPS AND PUMPING.

A Handbook for Pump Users. Being Notes on Selection, Construction, and

Management. By M. Powis Bale, M.I. M.E. Third Edition. Revised.

Crown 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. 2/6

" The matter is set forth as concisely as possible. In fact, condensation rather than diffuse-

ness has been the author's aim throughout ; yet he does not seem to have omitted anything likely to

be of \xse."—yoHrttal of Gas Lighting:

" Thoroughly practical and simply and clearly written."— Glasgow Herald.

MILLING MACHINES AND PROCESSES.

A Practical Treatise on Shaping Metals by Rotary Cutters. Including
Information on Making and Grinding the Cixtters. By Paul N. Hasluck,
Author of " Lathe- Work." 352 pp. With upwards of 300 Engravings. Large

crown 8vo, cloth • • - 1 2/6

" A new departure in engineering literature. . . . We can recommend this work to all in
<erested in milling machines ; it is what it professes to be— a practical treatise."— £«^«*^r.

" A capital and reliable book which will no doubt be of considerable service both to those
who are already acquainted with the process as well as to those who contemplate its adoption."—
Industries.

LATHE-WORK.

A Practical Treatise on the Tools, Appliances, and Processes employed in
the Art of Turning. By Paul N. Hasluck. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo,

cl<5th ■ 6/0

** Written by a man who knows not only how work ought to be done, but who also knows how
to do it, and how to convey his knowledge to others. To alTtumers this book would be valuable."—
Engineering.

" We can safely recommend the work to young engineers. To the amateur it will simply be
invaluable. To the student it will convey a great deal of useful information."— Engineer.

SCREW-THREADS,

And Methods of Producing Them. With numerous Tables and complete
Directions for using Screw-Cutting Lathes. By Paul N. Hasluck, Author
of " Lathe-Work," &c. With_ Seventy-four Illustrations. Fourth Edition,
Re-written and Enlarged. Waistcoat-pocket size 1/6

" Full of useful information, hints and practical criticism. Taps, dies, and screwing tools
generally are illustrated and their actions descnbed." — Mechanical IVorld.

" It is a complete compendium of all the details of the screw-cutting lathe ; in fact a tnultttm-
in-parvo on all the subjects it treats upon." — Carpenter and Builder,

TABLES AND MEMORANDA FOR ENGINEERS,

MECHANICS, ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, &c.

Selected and Arranged by Francis Smith. Sixth Edition, Revised, including
Electrical Tables, Formula, and Memoranda. Waistcoat-pocket size,
limp leather. \.]ust Publtshed. 1 /6

" It would, perhaps, be as difficult to make a small pocket-book selection of notes and formuUe
Co suit ALL engineers as it would be to make a universal medicine ; but Mr. Smith's waistcoat-
pocket collection may be looked upon as a successful attempt." — Engineer.

" The best example we have ever seen of 270 pages of useful matter packed into the dimen-
sions of a card-case." — Building News. " A veritable pocket treasury of knowledge." — Iron.

POCKET GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS.

English- French, French-English ; with Tables suitable for the Architectural,
Engineering, Manufacturing, and Nautical Professions. By John Tames
Fletcher, Engineer and Surveyor. Second Edition, Revised and Enlareed,
200 pp. Waistcoat -pocket size, limp leather I /6

" It is a very great advantage for readers and correspondents in France and Enjgrland to have
so large a number of the words relating to engineering and manufacturers collected in a lilliputian
volume. The little book will be useful both to students and travellers." — Architect.

" The glossary of terras is very complete, and many of the Tables arc new and well arranged.
We cordially commend the book." — Mechanical IVorld.

8 CROSBY LOCK WOOD <&• SON'S CATALOGUE.

THE ENGINEER'S YEAR BOOK FOR 1898.

Comprising Formulae, Rules, Tables, Data and Memoranda in Civil, Mechanical,
Electrical, Marine and Mine Engineering. By H. R. Kemps, A.M. Inst. C.E.,
M.I.E.E., Technical Officer of the Engineer-in-Chief's Oflnce, General Post
Office, London, Author of "A Handbook of Electrical Testing." "The
Electrical Engineer's Pocket-Book," &c. With about 850 Illustrations, specially
Engraved for the work. Crown 8vo, 700 pp., leather. [Just PvhlisMd, 8/0

" Represents an enormous quantity of work, and forms a desirable book of reference."— Tile
Ettiilineer.

"The volume is distinctly in advance of most similar publications in this countiy."—
Engineering.

" This valuable and well-designed book of reference meets the demands of all descriptioiis of
engineers." — Saturday Review.

" Teems with up-to-date information in every branch of engineering and constructkni.'*—
Bttilding News.

" The needs of the engineering profession could hardly be supplied in a more admirable,
complete and convenient form. To say that it more than sustains all comparisons is praise of the
highest sort, and that may justly be said of it." — Mining youmal,

" There is certainly room for the newcomer, which supplies explanations and dlrectioii& as
well as formulx and tables. It deserves to become one of the most successful of the tfchnical
annuals. " — ^ rchitect.

" Brings together with great skill all the technical information which an ena^neer has to use
day by day. It is in every way admirably equipped, and is sure to prove successfuX" — Scotsman,

" The up-to-dateness of Mr. Kempe's compilation is a quality that will not be k>st on the bosj
people for whom the work is intended." — Glasgow Herald.

THE PORTABLE ENGINE.

A Practical Manual on its Construction and Management. For the use
of Owners and Users of Steam Engines generally. By William Dyson
Wansbkough. CroMm Svo, cloth 3/0

" This is a work of value to those who use steam machinery. . . . Should be read by erefjr
one who has a steam engine, on a farm or elsewhere." — Mark Lane Express.

" We cordially commend this work to buyers and owners of steam-engines, and to those who
have to do with their construction or use." — Titnber Trades youmal.

" Such a general knowledge of the steam-engine as Mr. Wansbrough furnishes to the reader
should be acquired bj' all intelligent owners and others who use the steam'eDgiDe."—BttiidiMg- Nemtt.

" An excellent text-book of this useful form of engine. The * Hints to Purchasers' contaia a
good deal of common-sense and practical wisdom." — English Mechanic.

IRON AND STEEL.

A Work for the Forge, Foundry, Factory, and Office. Containing ready,
useful, and trustworthy Information for Ironmasters and their Stock-takers;
Managers of Bar, Rail, Plate, and Sheet Rolling Mills; Iron and Meta
Founders ; Iron Ship and Bridge Builders ; ^ Mechanical, Mining, and Con-
sulting Engineers ; Architects, Contractors, Builders, &c. By Charles Hoarb,
Author of^* The Slide Rule," &c Ninth Edition. 32mo, leather . 6/0

" For comprehensiveness the book has not its equaL" — Iron.
•* One of the best of the pocket books." — English Mechanic.

CONDENSED MECHANICS.

A Selection of Formulae, Rules, Tables, and Data for the Use of Engineering
Students, Science Classes, &c. In accordance with the Requirements of the
Science and Art Department. By W. G. Crawford Hughes, A.M.I.CE.

Crown Svo, cloth 2/6

" The book is well fitted for those who are cither confronted with practical problems ia
their work, or are preparing for examination and wish to refresh their knowledge by going through
their formulae again." — Maritu Engineer.

" It is wen arranged, and meets the wants of those for whom it is intended."— ^ai/woy Newt,

THE SAFE USE OF STEAM.

Containing Rules for Unprofessional Steam Users. By an Engineer. Seventh
Edition. Sewed 6d.

" If steam-users would but learn this little book by heart, boiler explosions would become
sensations by their rarity." — English Mechanic.

HEATING BY HOT WATER.

With Information and Suggestions on the best Methods of Heating Public,

Private and Horticultural Buildings. By Walter Jones. Second Edition.

With 96 Illustrations, crown Svo, cloth . . ... Net 2/6

" We confidently recommend all interested in heating by hot water to secure a copy of tills

valuable little treatise. —77r* Plumber and Decorator.

CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, S-c.

CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, &c.

LIGHT RAILWAYS FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM,

INDIA, AND TUB COLONIE5.

A Practical Handbook setting forth the Principles on which Light Railways
should be Constructed, Worked, and Financed ; and detailing the Cost of
Construction, Equipment, Revenue and Working Expenses of Local Railwajrs
already established in the above-mentioned countries, and in Belgium, France,
Switzerland, &c. By J. C. Mackay, F.G.S., A.M. Inst.C.E. Illustrated
Mrith Plates and Diagrams. Medium 8vo, cloth. [Jitst Published. 1 5/0

"Mr. Mackay's volume is clearly and concisely written, admirably arrangred, and freely
illustrated. The book is exactly what has been long wanted. We recommend it to all interested
in the subject. It is sure to have a wide sale." — Railway News.

" Those who desire to have within reach eeneral information concerning almost aU the light
railway systems in the world will do well to buy Mr. Mackay's book." — Engipuer.

" This work appears very opportunely, when the extension of the system on a large scale to
England is at last being mooted. In its pages we find all the information that the heart of man can
desire on the subject. . . . every det^ m its story, founded on the experience of other countries
and applied to the possibilities of England, is put before us." — Spectator.

PRACTICAL TUNNELLING.

Explaining in detail Setting-out the Works, Shaft-sinking, and Heading-driving,
Ranging the Lines and Levelling underground, Sub-Excavating, Timbering
and the Construction of the Brickwork of Tunnels, with the amount of Labour
required for, and the Cost of, the various portions of the work. By Fredrrick
W. SiMMS, M. Inst.C.E. Fourth Ediuon, Revised and Further Extended,
including tne most recent (1805) Examples of Sub-aqueous and other Timnels,
by D. KiNNEAR Clark, M. Inst. C.E. Imperial 8vo, with ^ Folding Plates
and other Illustrations. Cloth. [/M5^ Publtshed. £2 2s.

" The present (1896) edition has been brought right up to date, and is thus rendered a work to
which civil engineers generally should have ready access, and to which engineers who have con-
struction work can hardly afford to be without, but which to the younger members of the profession
is invaluable, as from its pages they can learn the state to which the science of tunnelling hfu
attained." — Railway News.

"The estimation in which Mr. Simms's book has been held for many years cannot be more
truly expressed than in the words of the late Prof. Rankine: ' The best source of information on
the subject of tunnels is Mr. F. W. Simms's work on Practical Tunnelling.' "—Architect.

THE WATER 5UPPLY OF TOWNS AND THE CON-
STRUCTION OP WATER-WORKS.

A Practical Treatise for the Use of Engineers and Students of Engineering.

By W. K. Burton, A.M. Inst. C.E., Professor of Sanitary Engineering in the

Imperial University, Tokyo, j£4>an, and Consulting Engineer to the Tokyo

Water-works. Second Edition, Revised and Extended. With numerous

Plates and Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo, buckram. [Just Published. 26/0

I, Introductory. — II. Different QuALrriES of water. — III. Quantity of
Water to be provided.— IV. on ascertaining whether a Proposed Source of

SUPPLY IS SUFFICIENT. — V. ON ESTIMATING THE STORAGE CAPACITY REQUIRBD
TO BE PROVIDED.— VI. CLASSIFICATION OF WATER-WORKS.— VII. IMPOUNDING KESBR-

voiRs.— vill. Earthwork Dams.— IX. masonry Dams.— X. The Purification of
WATER.— XI. Settling Reservoirs.— XI I. Sand Filtration.— XIII. Purification
OF Water by Action of Iron, Softening of Water by Action of Lime, Natural
Filtration.— XIV. Service or Clean Water Reservoirs— Water Towers— Stand
Pipes.— XV. The Connection of Settling Reservoirs, Filter Beds and Service
Reservoirs,— XVI. pumping Machinery.— XVI I. Flow of Water in Conduits-
Pipes AND OPEN Channels.— XVIII. distribution systems.— XIX. Special Pro-
visions for the extinction of Fire.— XX. Pipes for Water-works.— XXI. Pre-
vention of Waste of Water.— XXII. Various applications used in Connection

WITH WATHR-WORKS. .

appendix I. By Prof. JOHN MILNE, F.R.S.— Considerations concerning the
Probable Effects of Earthquakes on Water-works, and the Special Pre-
cautions TO BE taken in EARTHQUAKE COUNTRIES.

Appendix II. By JOHN DE RIJKE, C.E.— on Sand Dunes and Dune Sand as
A Source of Water Supply.

" The chapter upon filtration of water is very complete, and the details of construction well
illustrated. . . . The work should be specially valuable to civil engfineers engaged in work in
Japan, but the interest is by no means confined to that locality." — Engineer.

" We congratulate the author upon the practical cpnunonsense shown in the preparation of
this work. . . . The plates and aiagrams have evidently been prepared with great care, and
cannot fail to be of great assistance to the student." — Builder.

" The wiiole art of water-worksconstruction is dealt with in a clear and comprehensive fashioa
in this h<-mdsome volume. . . . Mr. Burton's practical treatise shows in all its sections the firuit
of independent study and individual experience. It is largely based upon his own practice in the
branch of engineering of which it treats." — Saturday Review.

lo CROSBY LOCKWOOD &- SON'S CATALOGUE.

THE WATER SUPPLY OF CITIE5 AND TOWN5.

IJy William Humbek, A. M. Inst. C.E., and M.Inst. M.E., Author of "Cast
and Wrought Iron Bridge CcMistruction," &.C., &c Illustrated with 50 Double
Plates. I Single Plate, Coloured Frontispiece, and upwards of 250 Woodcuts,
and containing 400 pp. of Text. Imp. 4to, elegantly and substantially
half-bound in morocco £6 6s.

List of Contents.

i. historical skf.tch of some of the means that have bee.n' adopted for
the supply of water to cities and to^-ns.— ii. water and the foreign matter
usually associated with it,— iii, rainfall and evaporation.— iv, springs and

THE WaTER-LEARING FORMATIONS OF VARHJUS DISTRICTS.— V. MEASUREMENT AND
ESTIMATION OF THE FLOW OF WATER.— VI. CtN THE SELECTION OF THE SOU RGB OF

Supply,— VII. wells.— Vlil, Reservoirs,— IX. The Purification of Water.—
X, PUMPS.— XI. pumping Machinery.— XII, Conduits.— XIII. Distribution of Water.
—XIV. meters. Service Pipes, and House Fittings,— XV. the Law of Economy of
Water-works.�� x\'l. consta.nt and Intermittent Sipply.— XN'II, Description of
Plates.— Appe.n'dices. givi.vg Tables of- Rates of Supply, Velocities. &c., Ac,
together with Specific.vtions of se\'eral Works illustr.vted, among mthich

will be found : AhKRDEKN, BiDEFORD, CANTERBURY, DUNDEE, HaLIFA.X, IJIMBETH.

Rotherham, Dublin, and others.

" The most syste;ii-'it'.c and %-.-iluab)e w-ork upon water supply hhherto produced in Englisli. or
in any other lan^^ia^. . . . Mr. Humber's work is characteriscil alinost throughout hy an
ezliaustivcness much more distinctive of French and German than of EnjfiisL technical trfeittses." —
Efijiifieer.

RURAL WATER SUPPLY.

A Practical Handbook on the Supply of Water and Construction of Water-
works for small Country Di.stricts. By Allan Greenwell, .^.M.I.CE.,
and W. T. Cukry, A.M.I.C.E., F.G.S. With Illustrations. Second Edition,
Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. SIO

" We conscientiously recommend it as a very useful book for those concerned in ohtatninf
water for small districts, K|^'i"K 3 great deal of )}ractical information in a small compass." — Buiider.

" The volume contains valuable information upon all matters connected with water supf^.
. . . It is full of details on points nhich are continu<-il]y before water-worlB engineets.'^
Nature.

HYDRAULIC TABLE5, CO-EFFICIENTS, & FORMULiC.

For Finding the Discharge of Water from Orifices, Notches, Weirs, Pipes, and
Rivers. With New Formuke, Tables, and General Information on Rsun-fall,
Catchmcnt-Hasins, Drainage, Sewerage, Water Supply for Towns and Mill
Power. Hy John Neville, Civil Engineer, M.R.I.A. Tliird Eklitioa,
revised, with additions. Numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth . 14/0

•• It is, of all Envflish books on the subject, the one nearest to completeness. . . . From
the goml arrangement of the matter, the clear explanations and al>undance of formulae, the carefiilly
calculated tibles, and, alx>\e all, the thorough acquaintance with both theory and co nstruc tion,
which is dispLiycd from first to last, the book itill be found to be an acquisition.' — Architect,

HYDRAULIC MANUAL.

Consi.sting of Working Tables and Expianator>' Text. Intended as a Guide in
Hydraulic Calculations and Field Operations. By Lowis D'A. Jackson,
Author of "Aid to Survey Practice," "Modern Metrology," &c. Fourth
Edition, Enlarged. Large crown 8vo, cloth 16/0

" The author has had a wide experience in hydraulic engineering and has been a carefiil
observer of the facts which h<ive come under his notice, and from the great mass of material at his
command he has constructed a manual which may be accepted as a trustwortliy guide to this
branch of the engineer's profession," — lin^neerittg.

" The most useful feature of this work is its freedoui from what is superannuated, and its
thorough adoption <>{ recent experiments ; the text is in fact in great part a sltort account of the
great modern exi>eriinents." — Nature.

WATER ENGINEERING.

A Practical Treatise on the Mea.surement, Storage, Conveyance, and Utilisa-
tion of Water for the Supply of Town.s, for Mill Power, and for other Purposes.
By C. Slagg, a. M. Inst. C.E. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth . YIS

As a small practical treatise on the water supply of towns, and on some applications of water-
power, the work is in many respticts excellent." — Engineerin}^.

" The author has collated the results deduced from the experiments of the most eminent
authorities, and has pr<»>ented tiicm in a compact and practical form, accompanied by rcry c^epr
and (letaile<l explanations. . . . I'hc application of water as a motive power is treated rety
carefully aiul exhaustively." — Builder,

CIVIL ENGINEERING. SURVEYING, S-c. ii

MA50NRY DAM5 FROM INCEPTION TO COMPLETION.

Including numerous Formulae, Forms of Specification and Tender, Pocket
Diagpram of Forces, &c. For the use of Civil and Mining En^neers. By
C. F. Courtney, M. Inst. C.E. 8vo, cloth. [Jtist Pubhshed. 9/0

RIVER BAR5.

The Causes of their Formation, and their Treatment by " Induced Tidal
Scour ; " with a Description of the Successful Reduction by this Method of
the Bar at Dublin. By 1. J. Mann, Assist. Eng. to the Dublin Port and Docks
Board. Royal 8vo, cloth 7/6

" We recommend all interested in harbour works — and, indeed, those concerned in the
improvements of rivers generally— to read Mr. Mann's interesting work on the treatment of river
bars. " — Engineer.

DRAINAGE OF LAND5, TOWNS AND BUILDINGS.

By G. D. Dempsey, C.E. Revised, with large Additions on Recent Prac-
tice hN Drainage Engineering, by D. Kinnear Clark, M. Inst. C.E.,
Authorof "Tramways: their Construction and Working." Cr.8vo, cloth . 4/6

" The new matter added to Mr. Demnsey's excellent work is characterised by the compre-
hensive grasp and accuracy of detail for which the name of Mr. D. K. Clark is a sufficient
voucher." — Athc7iceutn.

TRAMWAYS: THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING.

Embracing a Comprehensive History of the System; with an. ejchaustive
Analysis of the Various Modes of Traction, including Horse Power', Steam,
Cable Traction, Electric Traction, &c. ; a Description of the Varieties of
Rolling Stock ; and ample Details of Cost and Working Expenses. New
Edition, Thoroughl)^ Revised, and Including the Progress recently made. in
Tramway Construction, &c., &c. By D. Kinnear Clark, M. Inst. C.E.
With 400 Illustrations. 8vo, 780 pp., buckram. [/«s^ Published. 2iB/0

" Although described as a new edition, this book is really a new one, a large part of it, which
covers historical ground, having been re-written and amplified ; while the parts which relate to all
that has been done since 1882 appear in this edition only. It is sixteen years since the first edition
appeared, and twelve years since the supplementary volume to the first book was published.
After a lapse, then, of twelve years, it is obvious that the author has at his disposal a; vast
quantity of descriptive and statistical information, with which he may, and has, produc^ed a
volume of great value to all interested in tramway construction and workmg. The new volume is
one which will'rank, among tramway engineers and those Interestedin tramway Wdtkiog, with his
world-famed book on railway machinery." — T/u Engifteer, March S, 1895.

PRACTICAL SURVEYING.

A Text-Book for Students preparing for Examinations or for Survey-work in
the Colonies. By George W. Usill, A. M.I. C.E. With 4 Plates and up-
wards of 330 Illustrations. Fifth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Including
Tables 01 Natural Sines, Tangents, Secants, &c. Crown 8vo, cloth T/6 » or,
on Thin Paper, bound in limp leather, gilt edges, rouiided comers, for
pocket use .1 2/6

" The best forms of instruments are described as to their construction, uses and modes
of employment, and there are innumerable hints on work and equipment such as the author, in
his expenence as surveyor, draughtsman and teacher, has found necessary, and which the student
in his inexperience will find most serviceable."— /:"/«^'««r.

"The latest treatise in the English language on surveying, and we have no hesitation in. say-
ing that the student will find it a better guide than any of its predecessors. Deserves to be
recognised as the first book which should be put in the hands of a pupil of Civil Engineering." —
Architect.

AID TO SURVEY PRACTICE.

For Reference in Surveying, Levelling, and Setting-out ; Jind in Route Sur-
veys of Travellers by Land and Sea. With Tables, Illustrations, and Records.
By Lowis D'A. Jackson, A. M.I. C.E. Second Edition, Enlarged. Large
crown 8vo, cloth 1 2/6

" Mr. Jackson has produced a valuable vade-tnecum for the surveyor. We can recommend
this book as containing an admirable supplement to the teachuig of the accomplished surveyor." —
Athenaum.

" As a text-book we should advise all surveyors to place it in their libraries, and study well
the matured instructions afforded in its pages." — Colliery Guardian.

" The author brinf^ to his work a fortunate union of theory and practical experience which,
aided by a.clear and lucid style of writing, renders the book a very useful one." — Builder.

12 CROSBY LOCKWOOD &» SON'S CATALOGUE.

ENGINEER'S & MINING SURVEYOR'S FIELD BOOK.

Consisting of a Series of Tables, with Rules, Explanations of S3rBteins,^ and
use of Theodolite for Traverse Surveying and plotting the work with minute
accuracy by means of Straight Edge and Set Square only ; Levelling with the
Theodolite, Casting-out and Reducing Levels to Datum, and Plotting Sections
in the ordinary manner ; Setting-out Curves Mrith the Theodolite by Tangentiiil
Angles and Multiples with Right and Left-hand Readings of the Instmment ;
Setting-out Curves without Theodolite on the System of Tangential Angles l^
Sets of Tangents and Offsets ; and Earthwork Tables to 80 feet deep, adca-
lated for every 6 inches in depth. By W. Davis Haskoli^ CET. l^th
numerous Woodcuts. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth . i 2/0

" The book is very handy ; the separate tables of sines and tangents to evexy minute wOlmako
it useful for many other purposes, the genuine traverse tables existing all the same."— ^M^fumiM.

" Every person engaged in en^neering field operations will estimate the importance (rf* mck
a work and the amount of valuable tune which will be saved by reference to a set of reliable tables
prepared with the accuracy and fulness of those given in this volume." — Raihuay News.

LAND AND MARINE SURVEYING.

In Reference to the Preparation of Plans for Roads and Railways ; Canals,
Rivers, Towns' Water Supplies; Docks and Harbours. With Description
and Use of Surveying Instruments. By W. Davis Haskoll, C.E. Second
Edition, Revised, with Additions. Large crown 8vo, cloth . . . 9/0

" This book must prove of great value to the student. We have no hesitation in recom-
mending it. feeling assured that it will more than repay a careful study." — Mechanical World.

" A most useful book for the student. We strongly recommend it as a carefully-w ritt en
and valuable text-book. It enioys a well-deserved repute among surveyors."— ^M^/kfer.

" This volume cannot fail to prove of the utmost practical utility. It may be safdy recom-
mended to all students who aspire to become clean and expert surveyors." — Mintn^ yournal,

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF LEVELLING.

Showing its Application to Purposes of Railway and Civil Engineering in
the Construction of Reads ; with Mr. Telford's Rules for the same. By
Frederick W. Simms, F.G.S., M. Inst. C.E. Eighth Edition, with the
addition of Law's Practical Examples for Setting-out Railway Curves, and
Trautwine's Field Practice of Laying-out Circular Curves. With 7 Plates

and numerous Woodcuts, 8vo, cloth ^St

*^* Trautwine on Curves may be had separate 6/0

" The text-book on levelling in most of our engineering schools and colleges."— J?MWfM«r.
" The publishers have rendered a substantial service to the profession, especiuly to tiitt
younger memixirs, by bringing out the present edition of Mr. Simms's useful work." — Engineerttig.

AN OUTLINE OF THE METHOD OF CONDUCTING

A TRiaONOMBTRICAL SURVBY.

For the Formation of Geographical and Topo^aphical M^>s and Plans, Mili-
tary Reconnaissance, LEVELLING, &c., with Useful Problems, Fonnulae,
and Tables. By Lieut. -General Frome, R.E. Fourth Ekiition, Revised and
partly Re-written by Major-General Sir Charles Warren, G.C.M.G., R.E.
With 19 Plates and 115 Woodcuts, royal 8vo, cloth .... 16/0

" No words of praise from us can strengthen the position so well and so steadily mafaitadiied
by this work. Sir Charles Warren has revised the entire work, and made such additions as were
necessary to bring every portion of the contents up to the present date." — Broad Amm.

TABLES OF TANGENTIAL ANGLE5 AND MULTIPLES

FOR SETTINQ-OUT CURVES.

From 5 to 200 Radius. By A. Beazelev, M. Inst. C.E. 6th £diti<Mi,
Revised. With an Appendix on the use of the Tables for Measuring up
Curves. Printed on 50 Cards, and sold in a cloth box, waistcoat-pocket size.

[Just Publisiud. 3/6
lolite, leaves the hands tr

" Each table is printed on a card, which, placed on the theodolitet
to manipulate the instrument — no small advantage as regards the rapidity of work."— £»vi>Mirr.

" Very handy : a man may know, that all his day's work must fall on two of these cards, which
he puts into his own card-case, and leaves the rest \3Kmad.''—Athenaum,

HANDY GENERAL EARTH-WORK TABLES.

Giving the Contents in Cubic Yards of Centre and Slopes of Cuttings^ and
Embankments from 3 inches to 80 feet in Depth or Height, for use with eithor
66 feet Chain or 100 feet Chain. By J. H. Watson Buck, M. Inst. CE.
On a Sheet mounted in cloth case. \J^st Published, 3/8

CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, &>€. 13

EARTHWORK TABLE5.

Showing the Contents in Cubic Yards of Embankments, Cuttings, &c., of
Heights or Depths up to an average of 80 feet. By Joseph Broadbent, C.E.,
and Francis Campin, C.E. Crown 8vo, cloth ... . QjQ

" The way in which accuracy is attained, by a simple division of each cross section into three
•leraents, two in which are constant and one variable, is ingenious."— A ehenaum.

A MANUAL ON EARTHWORK.

By Alex. J. S. Graham, C.E. With numerous Diagrams. Second Edition.
i8mo, cloth 2/6

THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE TUNNEL SHAFTS.

A Practical and Theoretical Essay. By J. H. Watson Buck, M. Inst. C.E.,
Resident Engineer, L. and N. W. R. With Folding Plates, Svo, cloth 1 2/0

" Many of the methods given are of extreme practical value to the mason, and the observa-
tions on the form of arch, the rules for ordering the stone, and the construction of the templates,
will be found of considerable use. We commend the book to the engineering profession."—
Buildinz News.

" Will be regarded by civil engineers as of the utmost value, and calculated to save much
time and obviate many mistakes." — Colliery Guardian,

CAST & WROUGHT IRON BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION.

(A Complete and Practical Treatise on), including Iron Foundations. In
Three Parts. — Theoretical, Practical, and Descriptive. By William Humber,
A. M. Inst. C.E., and M. Inst. M.E. Third Edition, revised^ and much im-
proved, with 115 Double Plates (20 of which now first appear in this edition),
and numerous Additions to the Text. In 2 vols., imp. 4to, half-bound in

morocco £6 16s. 6d.

" A very valuable contribution to the standard literature of civil engineering. In addition to
elevations, plans, and sections, large scale details are given, which very much enhance the
instructive worth of those illustrations." — Civil En^^neer and Architecfs youmal,

"Mr. Humber's stately volumes, lately issued-^in which the most important bridges
erected during the last five years, under the direction of the late Mr. Brunei, Sir W. Cubitt,
Mr. Hawkshaw, Mr. Page, Mr. Fowler, Mr. Hemans, and others among our most eminent
engineers, are drawn and specified in great detail." — Engineer.

ESSAY ON OBLIQUE BRIDGES

(Practical and Theoretical). With 13 large Plates. By the late George
Watson Buck, M.I.C.E. ^ Fourth Edition, revised by his Son, J. H. Watson
Buck, M.I.C.E. ; and with the addition of Description to Dia^'ams for
Facilitating the Construction of Oblique Bridges, by W. H. Barlow, M.I.C.E.
Royal Svo, cloth 1 2/0

"The standard text-book for all engineers r^^arding skew arches is Mr. Buck's treatise,
and it would be impossible to consult a better." — Eneineer.

" Mr. Buck's treatise is recognised as a standard text-book, and his treatment has divested
the subject of many of the intricacies supposed to belong to it. As a guide to the engineer and
architect, on a confessedly difficult subject, Mr. Buck's work is xmsarpasse^."— Building News.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF OBLIQUE ARCHES

(A Practical Treatise on). By John Hart. Third Edition, with Plates.
Imperial Svo, cloth 8/0

GRAPHIC AND ANALYTIC STATICS.

In their Practical Application to the Treatment of Stresses in Roofs, Solid

Girders, Lattice, Bowstring, and Suspension Bridges, Braced Iron Arches and

Piers, and other Frameworks. By R. Hudson Graham, C.E. Containing

Diagn^ams and Plates to Scale. With numerous Examples, many taken from

existing^ Structures. Specially arranged for Class-work in Colleges and

Universities. Second Edition, Re^nsed and Enlarged. Svo, cloth . 1 6/0

" Mr. Graham's book will find a place wherever graphic and analytic statics are used or
studied. " — Engineer.

"The work is excellent from a practical point of view, and has evidently been prepared
with much care. The directions for working are simple, and are illustrated by an abundance of
well-selected examples. It is an excellent text-book for the practical draughtsman." — Athenaum.

WEIGHTS OF WROUGHT IRON & 5TEEL GIRDERS.

A Graphic Table for Facilitating the Computation of the Weights of Wrourfit
Iron and Steel Girders, &c., for Parliamentary and other Estimates. By
J. H. Watson Buck, M.Inst. C.E. On a Sheet 2/6

14 CROSBY LOCK WOOD S- SON'S CATALOGUE,

HANDY BOOK FOR THE CALCULATION OP STRAINS

In Girders and Similar Structures and their Strength. Consisting of Formulae
and Corresponding Diagrams, with numerous details for Practical Applica-
tion, &c. By William Humber, A. M. Inst. C.E., &c. Fifth Edition.
Crown 8vo, with nearly loo Woodcuts and 3 Plates, cloth . . . 7/6

" The formii!."e nre ncatlv cxjircssed, and the diaufmms jfood." — Athenteum.
" We heartily cointncnd this really handy book to our enjfinecr and arcliitect readers." —
F.nglisJi Medianic.

TRUSSES OF WOOD AND IRON.

Practical Applications of Science in Determining the^ Stresses, Breaking
Weights, Safe Jyoads, Scantlings, and Details of Construction. With Complete
Working Drawings. By William Griffiths, Surveyor, Assistant Master,
Tranmere School of Science and Art. Oblong 8vo, cloth . . . 4/6

"This handy little book enters so minutely into every detail connected with the con-
struction of roof trus>>es that no student need be ignorant of these matters." — Practical EngiMetr.

THE STRAINS ON STRUCTURES OF IRONWORK.

With Practical Remarks on Iron Construction. By F. W. Sheilds, M.I.C.E.
8vo, cloth 5/0

A TREATISE ON THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS.

With Rules for Application in Architecture, the Construction of Suspension
Bridges, Railways, he. By Peter Barlow, F.R.S. A new Edition, revised
by his Sons. P. W. Barlow, F.R.S., and W. H. Barlow, F.R.S. ; to which
are added, Experiments by Hodgkinson, Fairbairn, and Kirkaldy; and
Formulae for calculating Girders, &c. Arranged and Edited by Wm. Humber,
A. M. Inst. C.£. Demy 8vo, 400 pp., with 19 large Plates and ntuneroiis
Woodcuts, cloth 1 8/0

*' Valuable alike to the student, tyro, and the experienced practitioner, it will always rank
in future as it has hitherto done, as the standard treatise on tliat particuLir subject." — Engineer.

" As a scientific work of the first class, it deserves a foremost place on the bookshdves of
every civil engineer and practiciU mechanic."— /:w^'//jA Mechanic.

STRENGTH OF CAST IRON AND OTHER METALS.

By Thomas Tredgold, C.E. Fifth Edition, including Hodgkinson's Experi-
mental Researches. 8vo, cloth 1 2/0

SAFE RAILWAY WORKING.

A Treatise on Railway Accidents, their Cause and Prevention ; with a De-
scription of Modern Appliances and Systems. By Clement E. Stretton,
C.E., Vice-President and Consulting Engineer, Amalgamated^ Sodetjr of
Railway Servants. With Illustrations and Coloured Plates. Third Eldidoa,
Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6

"A book for the enj^eer, the directors, the m<in<-igers ; and, m short, all who wish for
information on railway matters will find a perfect encyclopaedia in ' Safe Railway Woridng.* " —
Raihvay Reviciv.

" We commend the remarks on railway si^allinff to all railway managers, especially where
a uniform code and practice is advocated." — Herefath's Railway youmal.

" The author may Ihj conjfratulated on havin>f collecte<t, in a very convenient form, much
valuable information on the principal questions affecting the safe working of railways."— J?a^/iimijr
Enginter.

EXPANSION OF STRUCTURES BY HEAT.

By John Keily, C.E., late of the Indian Public Works Department. Crown

8vo, cloth 3/6

" The aim the .luthor has set before him, viz., to show tlie effects of heat upon metallic and
other structures, Ls a laudable one, for this is a branch of ph>'sics upon which the engineer or
architect can find but little reliable and comprehensive data in \moV^''— Builder.

A TREATISE ON FIELD FORTIFICATION.

The Attack of Fortresses, Military Mining, and Reconnoitring. By Professor
Colonel I. S. Macaulay. Sixth EkJIition, crown 8vo, with separate Atlas of
12 Plates, cloth 1 2/0

CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, S^c. 15

RECORD OF THE PROGRESS OF MODERN

ENQINEBRINQ.

Complete in Four Volumes, imperial 410, half-morocco, price £1 2 1 2s^

Each volume sold separately, as follows : —
First Series, Comprising Civil, Mechanical, Marine, Hydraulic, Railway,.
Bridge, and other Engmeering Works, &c. By William Humber,
A. M. Inst. C.E.,&c. Imp. 410, with 36 Double Plates, drawn to a large scale.
Photographic Portrait of John Hawkshaw, C.E., F.R.S., &c., and copious
descriptive Letterpress, Specifications, &c. Half-morocco . . £3 3s.

List of the Plates and Diagrams.

Victoria Station and Roof, L. b. & S. c. R. (8 plates); Southport Pier
(2PiATES|; Victoria Station and Roof, L. C. & D. and G. W, R. (6 plates) ;. Roor
of Cremorne Music Hall; Bridge over G. N. Railway; Roof of Station,
Dutch Rhenish Rail. (2 plates); Bridge over the Thames, West London
Extension Railway (5 plates) ; Armour Plates : Suspension Bridge. Thames.
(4 plates) ; The Allen Engine ; Suspension Bridge, Avon (3 plates) ; Under-
ground Railway (3 plates).

HUMBER'S PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEERING.

Second Series. Imp. 4to, with 3 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of
Robert Stephenson, C.E., M.P., F.R.S., &c., and copious descriptive Letter-
press, Specifications, &c. Half-morocco £3 3s.

List of the Plates and Diagrams.

Birkenhead Docks, Low Water Basin (15 plates) ; Charing Cross Station
Roof, C. C. Railway ,'3 plates); Digswell Viaduct, Great Northern Railway;
Robbery Wood Viaduct, Great Northern Railway; Iron Permanent Way;
Clydach Viaduct, merthyr, Tredegar, and Abergavenny Railway ; Ebbw
Viaduct, Merthyr, Tredegar, and Abergavenny Railway; College Wood.
Viaduct, Cornwall Railway; Dublin Winter Palace Roof (3 plates); Bridge
over the Thames, L. C. & D. Railway (6 plates); Albert Harbour, Greenock
(4 plates).

HUMBER'S PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEERING.

Third Series. Imp. 4to, with 40 Double Plates, Photo^aphic Portrait of
J. R. M 'Clean, late Pres. Inst. C.E., and copious descriptive Letterpress,
Specifications, &c. Half-morocco £3 3$.

List of the Plates and Diagrams.

Main Drainage, Mb.tropol.is.— North Sid^.— Map showing Interception of
Sewers ; Middle Level Sewer (2 plates) ; Outfall Sewer, Bridge over River
Lea (3 plates); Outfall Sewer, Bridge over Marsh Lane, north Woolwich
Railway, and Bow and Barking Railway Junction ; Outfall Sewer, Bridge over
Bow and Barking Railway (3 plates) ; Outfall Sewer, Bridge over East London-
water-works' Feeder (2 plates) ; Outfall Sewer Reservoir (2 plates) ; Outfall
Sewer, tumbling Bay and Outlet; Outfall Sewer, Penstocks. South Side.—
Outfall Sewer, Bermondsey Branch (2 plates) ; Outfall Sewer. Reservoir and-

OUTLET (4 plates) ; OUTFALL SEWER, FILTH HOIST; SECTIONS OF SEWERS (NORTH AND

SOUTH Sides).

Thames Embankment.— Section of River Wall; Steamboat Pier, West-
minster (2 plates); Landing Stairs between Charing Cross and Waterloo-
bridges ; York Gate (2 plates) ; Overflow and Outlet at savoy Street Sewer
(3 plates); Steamboat Pier, Waterloo Bridge (3 plates) ; Junction of Sewers,
plans and Sections ; Gullies, Plans and Sections ; Rolling Stock ; Granite
and Iron Forts.

HUMBER'S PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEERING.

Fourth Series. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of'
John Fowler, late Pres. Inst. C.E., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Speci-
fications, &c. Half-morocco £3 3$.

List of the Plates and Diagrams.

Abbey Mills pumping Station, main Drainage, Metropolis (4 plates) ;
Barrow docks (5 plates); Manquis Viaduct, Santiago and Valparaiso Railway,
(2 PLATES) ; Adam's Locomotive, St. Helen's Canal Railway (2 plates) ; Cannon
STREET Station Roof, Charing Cross Railway (3 plates); Road Bridge over
THE River Moka (2 plates) ; telegraphic apparatus for Mesopotamia ; Viaduct
OVER THE River Wye, Midland Railway (3 plates) ; St. Germans Viaduct,
Cornwall Railway (2 plates); Wrought-Iron Cylinder for Diving Bell;,
Millwall Docks (6 plates); Milroy's Patent Excavator ; Metropolitan Dis--
TRicT Railway (6 plates) ; Harbours Ports, and Breakwaters (3 plates).

i6 CROSBY LOCK WOOD S- SON'S CATALOGUE,

THE POPULAR WORKS OF MICHAEL REYNOLDS.

LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE DRIVING.

A Practical Manual for Engineers in Charge of Locomotive Engines. By
Michael Reynolds, Member of the Society of Engineers, formerly Loco-
motive Inspector, L. B. & S. C. R. Ninth Edition. Including a Key to
THE Locomotive Engine. With Illustrations and Portrait of Authmr.
Crown 8vo, cloth 4/6

"Mr. Reynolds has supplied a want, and has supplied it well. We can confidently recom-
■lend the booic not only to the practical driver, but to everyone who takes an interest in the
performance of locomotive en^j^nes." — The Engituer.

" Mr. Reynolds has ojjened a new chapter in the literature of the day. This admirable
practical treatise, of the practical utility of which we have to speak in terms of warm commendadon."
— Athenautn.

" Evidently the work of one who knows his subject thoTOugbly."—Jtaifway SenHce Gtuiette,

" Were the cautions and rules given in the book to become .part of the every-day woridiig
of our engine-drivers, we might have fewer distressing accidents to deplore." — Scotsman.

STATIONARY ENGINE DRIVING.

A Practical Manual for Engineers in Charge of Stationary Engines. By
Michael Reynolds. Fifth Edition, Enlargeid. With Plates and Woodcuts.
Crown 8vo, cloth 4/6

" The author is thoroughly acquainted with his subjects, and his advice on the various poiats
treated is clear and practical. . . . He has produced a manual which is an exceedingly useflu
one for tiie class for whom it is specially intended." — Enzitteering^.

" Our author leaves no stone unturned. He is determined that his readers shall not only
know something about the stationary engine, but all about it." — Engineer.

"An engmeman who has mastered the contents of Mr. Reynolds's book wiU require bat
little actual experience with trailers and engines before he can be trusted to look after them."—
English Mechanic.

THE MODEL LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER,

Fireman, and Engine-Boy. Comprising a Historical Notice of the Pioneer
Locomotive Engines and their Inventors. By Michael Reynolds. Second
Edition, with Revised Appendix. With numerous Illustrations, and Portrait
of George Stephenson. Crown 8vo, cloth. [Jvst Published, 4>/0

" From the technical knowledge of the author, it will appeal to the railway man of to^lay
■tore forcibly than anything written by Dr. Smiles. . . . The volume contains mformation of a
technical kind, and facts that every dnver should be familiar with." — English Mechanic.

" We should be glad to see this book in the possession of everyone in the kingdom who has
«ver laid, or is to Liy, hands on a locomotive engine." — Iron.

CONTINUOUS RAILWAY BRAKES.

A Practical Treatise on the several Systems in Use in the United Kingdom :

their Construction and Performance. With copious Illustrations and numerous

Tables. By Michael Reynolds. Large crown 8vo, cloth . . . 9/0

" A popular explanation of the different brakes. It will be of great assistance in forminsf

public opimon, and will be studied writh benefit by those who take an interest in the brake." — Efiglish

Mechanic.

" Written with sufficient technical detail to enable the principal and relative connection of the
various parts of e.ich particular brake to be readily grasped.— Mechanical florid.

ENGINE-DRIVING LIFE.

Stirring Adventures and Incidents in the Lives of Locomotive Engine-
Drivers. By Michael Reynolds. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth . 1/3

" From first to last perfectly fascinating. Wilkic Collins's most thrilling conceptions are
thrown into the shade by true incidents, encuess in their variety, related in every page."— j\1?r/l%
British Mail.

"Anyone who wishes to get a real insight into railway life cannot do better than read
' Engine-Driving Life ' for himsel^ and if he once takes it up he will find that the author's enthu-
siasm and real love of the engine-driving profession will carry him on until he has read every page."
—Saturday Review.

THE ENGINEMAN'S POCKET COMPANION,

And Practical Educator for Enginemen, Boiler Attendants, and Mechanics.
By Michael Reynolds. With 45 Illustrations and numerous Diagrams.
Third Edition, Revised. Royal i8mo, strongly bound for pocket wear . 3/6

"This admirable work is well suited to accomplish its object, being the honest workmanship
•fa competent cn^ncer."— Glasgow Herald.

"A most meritorious work, giving in a succinct and practical form all the information an
«ngine-minder desirous of mastering the scientific principles of his daily calling would require."—
The Miller.

" A lx)on to those who are striving to become efficient mechanics."'— Z>a»/y Chronicle,

MARINE ENGINEERING. NAVIGATION, S-c. 17

MARINE ENGINEERING, SHIPBUILDING,

NAVIGATION, &c.

THE NAVAL ARCHITECT'S AND SHIPBUILDER'S

POCKET-BOOK of Formulae, Rules, and Tables, and Marine Engineer's and
Surveyor's Handy Book of Reference. By Clement Mackrow, M.I.N.A.
Sixth Edition, Revised, 700 pp., with 300 Illustrations. Fcap., leather. 1 2/6

Summary of Contents :— Signs and Symbols, Decimal Fractions.— Trigono-
metry.— Practical Geometry.— Mensuration.— Centres AND Momentsof Figures,
—moments of inertia and radii of gyration.— algebraical expressions for
Simpson's Rules.— Mechanical principles.— Centre of Gravity.— Laws of motion.
—Displacement, centre of Buoyancy.— Centre of Gravity of Ship's Hull.—
Stability Curves and Metacentres.— Sea and Shallow-water Waves.— Rolling
OF Ships.— Propulsion and Resistance of Vessels.— Speed Trials.— Sailing,
Centre of Effort,— Distances down Rivers, Coast Lines.— Steering and
Rudders of Vessels.— Launching Calculations and Velocities.— Weight of
Material and Gear,— Gun Particulars and Weight.— .Standard Gauges.—
Riveted Joints and Riveting.— .Strength and Tests of Materials.— Binding
and Shearing Stresses, &c. — Strength of Shafting, Pillars, wheels, &c,
—Hydraulic Data, &c. — Conic Sections, Catenarian Curves. — Mechanical
Powers, Work.— board of Trade Regulations for Boilers and Engines.— Board
OF Trade Regulations for Ships.— Lloyd's Rules for Boilers.— Lloyd's Weight
OF chains.— Lloyd's Scantlings for Ships.— Data of Engines and Vessels.—
Ships' Fittings and Tests.— Seasoning Preserving Timber.— Measurement of
Timber.— Alloys, Paints, Varnishes.— Data for Stowage.— Admiralty Trans-
port Regulations. — Rules for Horse-power, Screw Propellers, &c.— Per-
centages FOR BUTT straps, &C.— PARTICULARS OF YACHTS.— MASTING AND RIGGING

Vessels.— Distances of Foreign Ports.— Tonnage Tables.— Vocabulary of
French and English Terms. — English Weights and measures. — Foreign
Weights and measures.— Decimal Equivalents.— Foreign Money.— Discount
AND Wages Tables.— Useful Numbers and Ready reckoners.— Tables of
Circular Measures.— Tables of Areas of and Circumferences of Circles.—
Tables of Areas of Segments of Circles.— Tables of squares and Cubes and
Roots of Numbers.— Tables of Logarithms of Numbers.— Tables of Hyper-
bolic Logarithms.— Tables of Natural Sines, Tangents, &c.— Tables of
Logarithmic Sines, Tangents, &c.

" In these days of advanced knowledge a work like this is of the gfreatest value. It contains
a vast amount of information. We unhesitatingly say that it is the most valuable compilation for its
specific purix>se that has ever been printed. No naval architect, engineer, surveyor, or seaman,
wood or iron shipbuilder, can afford to be without this work." — Nautical Magazine.

"Should be used by all who are engaged in the construction or design of vesseK . . . Will
be found to contain the most useful tables and formulae required by shipbuilders, carefully collected
from the best authorities, and put together in a popular and simple form. The book is one of
exceptional merit." — Engineer.

" The professional shipbuilder has now, in a convenient and accessible form, reliable data for
solving many of the numerous problems that present themselves in the course of his work."— /ro^i.

"There is no doubt that a pocket-booic of this description must be a necessity in the ship-
building trade. . . . The volume contains a mass of useful information clearly expressed and
presented in a handy form." — Marine Engineer,

WANNAN'5 MARINE ENQINEER'5 GUIDE

To Board of Trade Examinations for Certificates of Competency. Containing
all Latest Questions to Date, with Simple, Clear, and Correct Solutions ;
Elementary and Verbal Questions and Answers ; complete Set of Drawings
with Statements completed. By A. C. Wannan, C.E., and E. W. I. Wannan,
M.I.M.E. Illustrated with numerous Engravings. Crown 8vo, 370 pages,
cloth. [Just Published. 8/6

WANNAN'S MARINE ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK.

Containing the Latest Board of Trade Rules and Data for Marine Engineers.
By A. C. Wannan. Second Edition, carefully Revised. Souare i8mo, with
thumb Index, leather. [Jt^t Published. 5/0

MARINE ENGINES AND STEAM VESSELS.

A Treatise on. By Robert Murray, C.E. Eighth Edition, thoroughly

Revised, with considerable Additions by the Author and by George

Carlisle, C.E., Senior Surveyor to the Board of Trade, xamo, cloth . 4/6

" Well adapted to give the young steamship engineer or marine engine and boiler maker a

general introduction into his practical work."— Mechanical IVorld.

" We feel sure that this thoroughly revised edition will continue to be as popular m the future
as it has been in the past, as, for its size, it contains more useful information than any similar
t realise. "—Industries,

1^ B

i8 CROSBY LOCKWOOD 6- SON'S CATALOGUE,

5EA TERM5, PHRA5ES, AND W0RD5

(Technical Dictionary of) used in the English and French Languages
(English-French, French-English). For the Use of Seamen, Encnneers, Pilots.
Shipbuilders, Shipowners, and Ship-brokers. Compiled by W. Pirrib, late of
the African Steamship Company. Fcap. 8vo, cloth limp. . . . S/O
This volume will be hieiily appreciated by seamen, ennneers, pilots, shipbuilders and shlp-
iderfully accurate and complete.' —Jctf/J^naM.

owners. It will be found wonderfully
" A very useful dictionary, whic
masters, officers and others."— SAi^/t/fg' /A'or/<

" A very useful dictionary, which has loi^ been wanted by French and English ei^iineers,

~ " la.

ELECTRIC SHIP LIGHTING.

A Handbook on the Practical Fitting and Running of Ships' Electrical Pbuit,
for the Use of Shipowners and Builders, Marine Electricians and Sea-gcnng
Engineers in Charge. By J. W. Urquhart, Author of "Electric Li^t,
" Dynamo Construction," &c. Crown 8vo, cloth T/0

MARINE ENQINEER'5 POCKET-BOOK.

Consisting of useful Tables and Formulae. By Frank Proctor, A.I.N.A.

Third Edition. Royal 32mo, leather, gilt edges, with strap . . . 4/0

" We recommend it to our readers as goings far to supply a long-felt •waxiX.."—N€tval Science,
" A most useful companion to all marine eng}nocrs."—[/Hited Sfrz'ice Gaxette.

ELEMENTARY ENGINEERING.

A Manual for Young Marine Engineers and Apprentices. ^ In the Form of
Questions and Answers on Metals, Alloys, Strength of Materials, Construction
and Management of Marine Engines and Boilers, Geometry, &c.. &c With
an Appendix of Useful Tables. By J. S. Brewer. Crown 8vo, cloth , I/O

"Contains much valuable information for the class for whom it is intended, especial^ in tke
hapters on the management of l)oilcrs and engines." — Nautical Magazine.

PRACTICAL NAVIGATION.

Consisting of The Sailor's Sea-Book, by James Greenwood and W. H,
RossER ; together with the exquisite Mathematical and Nautical Tables for
the Working of the Problems, by Henry Law, C.E., and Professor J. R.
Young. Illustrated. i2mo, strongly half-bound 7/0

MARINE ENQINEER'5 DRAWING-BOOK.

Adapted to the Rec^uirements of the Board of Trade Examinations. By John
J.ocKiE, C.E. With 22 Plates, Drawn to Scale. Royal 8vo, cloth . 3/8

THE ART AND SCIENCE OF 5AILMAKING.

By Samuel B. Sadler, Practical Sailmaker, late in the employment of

Messrs. Ratsey and Lapthome, of Cowes and Gosport. With Plates and

other Illustrations. Smsul 4to, cloth 12/6

" This extremely practical work gives a complete education in all the branches of the iuanu>
facture, ciittint; out, roumg, seamint;, and goring. It is copiously illustrated, and will form a iist-
rate text-lwok and ^\^t."— Portsmouth Times.

CHAIN CABLES AND CHAINS.

Comprising Sizes and Curves of Links, Studs, &c.. Iron for Cables and Chains,
Chain Cable and Chain Making, Forming and Weldine Links>^ Strensth of
Cables and Chains, Certificates for Cables, Markine Cables, I^ces of Chain
Cables and Chains, Historical Notes, Acts of Parliament, Statutoiy Tests,
Charges for Testing, List of Manufacturers of Cables, &c, &c By
Thomas W. Traill, F.E.R.N., M.Inst.C.E., Engineer-Survej^or-in-Chief,
Board of Trade, Inspector of Chain Cable and Anchor Proving Establidiments,
and General Superintendent Lloyd's Committee on Proving Establishments.
With numerous Tables, Illustrations, and Lithographic Drawings. FdUo,

cloth, bevelled boards £2 2s.

" It contains a vast amount of valuable infoniiation. Notliing seems to be wanting to make tt
complete and standard work of reference on the subject,"— A'a/rrtVa/ Magaisine,

MINING AND METALLURGY. 19

MINING AND METALLURGY.

COLLIERY WORKING AND MANAGEMENT.

Comprising the Duties of a Colliery Manager, the Oversight and Arrange-
ment of Labour and Wages, and the difi^rent Systems of Working Coal
Seams. By H. F. Bulman and R. A. S. Redmayne. 350 pp., with
28 Plates and other Illustrations, including Underground Photographs.
Medium Svo, cloth. [Just Published. 1 6/0

" This is, indeed, an admirable Handbook for Colliery Managers, in fact it is an indispensable
adjunct to a Colliery Manager's education, as well as being a most useful and interestmg work
on the subject for all who in any way have to do with coal mining. The underground photographs
are an attractive feature of the work, being very lifelike and necessarily true representations of the
scenes they depict." — Colliery Guardian.

" Mr. Bulman and Nfr. Redmayne, who are both experienced Colliery Managers of great
literary ability, are to be congratulated on having supplied an authoritative work dealing with a side
of the subject of coal mtmng which has hitherto received but scant treatment. The authors
elucidate their text by no woodcuts and 38 plates, most of the latter being admirable reproductions
of photographs taken underground with the aid of the magnesium flash-light. These illustrations
are excellent." — Nahtrt.

INFLAMMABLE GAS AND VAPOUR IN THE AIR

(The Detection and Measurement of). By Frank Clowes, D.Sc, Lond.,
F.I.C., Prof, of Chemistry in the University College, Nottingham. With a
Chapter on The Detection and Measurement of Petroleum Vapour
by Boverton Redwood, F.R.S.E., Consulting Adviser to the Corporation
of London under the Petroleum Acts. Crown Svo, cloth.

ijust Published. Net. 6/0

"Professor Clowes has given us a volume on a subject of much industrial importance . . .
Those Interested in these matters may be recommended to study this book, which is easy of compre-
hension and contains many good thuigs." — The Engineer.

" A convenient summary of the work on which Professor Clowes has been engaged for some
considerable time. . . . It is hardly necessary to say that any work on these subjects with these
names on the title-page must be a valuable one, and one that no mining engineer — certainly no coal
miner— can afford to ignore or to leave unread." — Minin/f youmal.

MACHINERY FOR METALLIFEROUS MINE5.

A Practical Treatise for Mining Engineers, Metallurgists, and Managers of
Mines. By E. Henry Davies, M.E., F.G.S. Crown 8vo. 580 pp., with
upwards of 300 Illustrations, cloth. [/ms^ Puhltshed. 1 2/6

" Mr. Davies, in this handsome volume, has done the advanced student and the manager of
mines good service. Almost every kind of machinery in actual use is carefully described, and the
woodcuts and plates are good." — Athenaum.

" From cover to cover the work exhibits all the same characteristics which excite the confi-
dence and attract the attention of the student as he peruses the first page. The work may safely
be recommended. By its publication the literature connected with the industry will be enriched
and the reputation of its author enhanced."— J/(m^/i^ youmal.

METALLIFEROUS MINERALS AND MINING.

Bv D. C. Davies, F.G.S., Mining Engineer, &c.. Author of "A Treatise on
Slate and Slate Quarryihg." Fifth Edition, thoroughly Revised and much
Enlarged by his Son, E. Henry Davies, M.E., F.G.S. With about 150
Illustrations. Crown Svo, cloth 1 2/6

" Neither the practical miner nor the general reader, interested in mines, can have a better
book for his companion and his guide." — Mxning youmal.

" We are doing our readers a service in calling their attention to this valuable work."—
Atining World.

''As a history of the present state of mining throughout the world this book has a real value
and It supplies an actual '<ttm\.." ^Athenaum.

EARTHY AND OTHER MINERALS AND MINING.

By D. C. Davies, F.G.S., Author of " Metalliferous Minerals," &c. Third
Edition, Revised and Enlarged by his Son, E. Henry Davies, M.E., F.G.S.
With about 100 Illustrations. Crown Svo, cloth 1 2/6

" We do not remember to have met with any English work on mining matters that contains
the same amount of information [>acked in equally convenient form." — Aca3emy.

" We should be inclined to rank it as among the very best of the handy technical and trades
manuals which have recently appeared."— .ffnWM Quorteriy Review,

B 2

20 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &* SON'S CATALOGUE.

BRITISH MINING.

A Treatise on the History, Discovery, Practical Development, and Future

Prospects of Metalliferous Mines in the United Kingdom. By Robert

Hunt, F.R.S., late Keeper of Mining Records. Upwards of 950 op^ with

230 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised. Super>royal 8vo, doth jj^C Ss.

" Tlic book is a treasure-house of statistical information on mininj? subjects, and wtt know of

no other work embodying^ so i^^at a mass of matter of this kind. Were this the only merit of

Mr. Hunt's volume it would be suflicicnt to render it indispensable in the library of every one

interested in the development of the mhiint; and metallurgical industries of tnis countxy.**—

" A mass of information not elsewhere available, and of the greatest value to those who may
be interested in our great mineral industries." — Itnipineer.

MINE DRAINAGE.

A Complete and Practical Treatise on Direct-Acting Underground Steam
Pumping Machinery, with a Description of a large number of the best known
Engines, their General Utility and the Spiecial Sphere of their Action, the
M(^e of their Application, and their merits compared with other forms of
Pumping Machinery. By Stephen Michell." 8vo, cloth . . 1fi/0

" Will be highly esteemed by coUiciy owners and lessees, mining engineers, and students
generally who require to I>e acquainted with the best means of securing the drainage of mines.
It is a most valuable work, and stands almost alone in the literature of steam pumping machlneiy.**
— Colliery Guardian.

" Much valuable infonnation is given, so that the book is thoroughly worthy of an extendve
circulation amongst practical men and purchasers of machinery." — Minings yournal.

THE PROSPECTOR'S HANDBOOK.

A Guide for the Prospector and Traveller in search of Metal-Bearing or other
Valuable Minerals. By J. W. Anderson, M.A. (Camb.), F.R.G.S., Author
of " Fiji and New Caledonia." Seventh Edition, thoroughly Revised and
much Enlarged. Small crown 8vo, cloth, 3/6 ! or, leather, pocket-book form,
with tuck. [Just Published, 4/6.

" Will supply a much-felt want, especially among Colonists, in whose way are so often thrown
many mincralogical specimens the value of which it is difficult to determine." — Engineer. ■ ■ • - '

" How to find conmiercial minerals, and how to identify them when they are found, are the
leading points to which attention is directed. The author has managed to pack as much practical
detail into his pages as would supply material for a book three times Its s,\zi&.— Mining' you^neU,

NOTES AND FORMUL/E FOR MINING STUDENTS.

Hy ToHN Herman Merivale, M.A., Late Professor of Mining in the Dtirham
College of Science, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Fourth Edition, Revised and
Enlarged. By H. F. Bulman, A.M.Inst.C.E. Small crown 8vo, cloth.

[Just Published. 2/6

" The author has done his work in a creditable manner, and has produced a book that will
be of service to students and those who arc practically engaged in uiinit^ nprintlnnTi " rujtJnMi .

THE MINER'S HANDBOOK.

A Handy Book of Reference on the subjects of Mineral Deposits, MimoK
Operations, Ore Dressing, &c. For the Use of Students and others interesteS
in Mining Matters. By John Milne, F.R.S., Professor of Mining in the
Imperial University of Japan. Revised Edition. Fcap. 8vo, leather . T/6
" Professor Milne's handbook is sure to be received with favour by all connected with
mining, and will be extremely popular among students."— y^/A^^urMm.

POCKET-BOOK FOR MINERS AND METALLUROISTS.

Comprising Rules, Formulae, Tables, and Notes for Use in Field and Office

Work. By F. Danvers Power, F.G.S., M.E. Fcap. 8vo, leather . Q/Q

"This excellent l)ook is an admirable example of its kind, and ought to find a huge sale
amongst liiiglish-speaking prospectors and mining enpneers."—Engitteerifig:

MINERAL SURVEYOR AND VALUER'S GUIDE.

Comprising a Treatise on Improved Mining Surveying and the Valuation of
Mining Properties, Mrith New Traverse Tables. By Wm. T,intkrn. Fourth
Edition, Enlarged. x2mo, cloth ,.,,,.,, 3/O

MINING AND METALLURGY, 21

THE COLLIERY MANAGER'S HANDBOOK.

A Comprehensive Treatise on the Laying-out and Working of Collieries,
Designed as a Book of Reference for Colliery Managers, and for the Use of Coal
Mining Students preparing for First-class Certificates. By Caleb Pamely,
Mining Engineer and Surveyor ; Member of the North of England Institute of
Mining and Mechanical Engineers ; and Member of the South Wales Institute
of Mining Engineers. With 700 Plans, Diagrams, and other Illustrations.
Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged, medium 8vo, over 900 pp.
Strongly bound £1 Gs.

Summary of Contents:— Geology.— Search for Coal.— Mineral Leases
and other holdings.— shaft sinking.— fitting up the shaft and surface
Arrangements,— STEAM boilers and their Fittings.— Timbering and walling.—
Narrow Work and Methods of working. — Underground conveyance. —
Drainage.— The Gases met with in Mines ; Ventilation.— On the Friction of
Air in Mines.— The Priestman Oil Engine; Petroleum and Natural Gas.—
Surveying and Planning.— Safety Lamps and Firedamp Detectors.— Sundry
and lncidental operations and appliances.— colliery explosions.— miscel-
LANEOUS Questions and K^swrks.— Appendix : Summary of report of H.M.
Commissioners on accidents in Mines.

" Mr. Pamely has not only ^ven us a comprehensive reference book of a very high order,
suitable to the recjuirements of mming en^neers and colliery managers, but has also provided
mming- students with a class-book that is as mteresting as it is instructive."- Co/Ztfry Manager.

" Mr. Pamely's work is eminently suited to the purpose for which it is intended, being clear,
interesting, exhaustive, rich in detail, and up to date, giving descriptions of the latest machines in
every department. A mining engineer could scarcely go wrong who followed this work." — Colliery
Guardian.

"This is the most complete 'all-round' work on coal-mining published in the English
language. ... No library of coal-mining books is complete without it." — Colliery Engituer
(Scranton, Pa., U.S.A.).

COAL & IRON INDUSTRIES of the UNITED KINGDOM.

Comprising a Description of the Coal Fields, and of the Principal Seams of
Coal, with Returns of their Produce and its Distribution, and Analyses of
Special Varieties. Also, an Account of the Occurrence of Iron Ores in Veins or
Seams ; Analyses of each Variety ; and a History of the Rise and Progress of
Pig Iron Manufacture. By Richard Meade. 8vo, cloth . . £1 Ss.

"Of this book we may unreservedly say that it is the best of its class which we have ever
met. ... A book of reference which no one engaged in the iron or coal trades should omit from
his library."— /ro« and Coal Trades Review.

COAL AND COAL MINING.

Bv the late Sir Warington W. Smyth, M.A., F.R.S., &c.. Chief Inspector
of the Mines of the Crown. Seventh Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With
numerous Illustrations, i2mo, cloth 3/6

" As an outline is given of every known coal-field in this and other countries, as well as of the
principal methods of working, the book will doubtless interest a very large number of readers."—
Mining yottrnal.

ASBESTOS AND ASBESTIC.

Their Properties, Occurrence, and Use. By Robert H. Jones, F.S.A.,
Mineralogist, Hon. Mem. Asbestos Club, Black Lake, Canada. With Ten
Collotype Plates and other Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth. \.]ust Published. 1 6/0
" An interesting and invaluable work." — Colliery Guardian.

SUBTERRANEOUS SURVEYING

(Elementary and Practical Treatise on), with and without the Magnetic Needle.
By Thomas Fenwick, Surveyor of Mines, and Thomas Baker, C.E. Illus-
trated. i2mo, cloth 2/6

GRANITES AND OUR GRANITE INDUSTRIES.

By George F. Harris, F.G.S., Membre de la Soci^t^ Beige de G^ologie,
Lecturer on Economic Geology at the Birkbeck Institution, &c. With Illus-
trations. CroMoi 8vo, cloth 2/6

"A clearly and weU-written manual for persons engaged or interested in the granite Industry."
—Sgotsman.

22 CROSBY LOCKWOOD &* SON'S CATALOGUE,

THE METALLURGY OF GOLD.

A Practical Treatise on the Metallurgical Treatment of Gold-bearing Ores.
Including the Processes of Concentration, Chlorination, and EIxtractioQ by
Cyanide, and (he Assaying, Melting, and Refining of Gold. By M. Eisslbr,
Nlining Engineer and Metallurgical Chemist, formerly Assistant Assayer of tbe
U.S. Mint, San Francisco. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. With about 950 Illus-
trations and numerous Folding Plates and Working Dravrings. Large crown
8vo, cloth. [Just Published. 16/0

" This book thoroughly deserves its title of a ' Practical Treatise.' The whole process of eold
nulling, from the breaking of the quartz to the assay of the bullion, is described in dear and oroMly
narrative and with much, but not too much, fulness of detail."— 5a/Mr(/ay Review.

" The work is a storehouse of information and valuable data, and we strongly recommend It
to all professional men engaged in the gold-mining industry." — Mining youmal.

THE CYANIDE PROCESS OF GOLD EXTRACTION.

Including its Practical Application on the Witwatersrand Gold Fields in South
Africa. By M. Eissler, M.E., Author of "The Metallum of Gold," &c
With Diagrams and Working Dravrings. Second Eklition, Revised and En-
larged. 8vo, cloth. [Just Pubiished. 7/B

"This lK>ok is just what was needed to acquaint mining men with the actual wo rki ng of a
process which is not only the most popular, but is, as a general rule, the most successfiil Ibr the
extraction of gold from tailing." — Mining' journal.

" The work will prove m valuable to all interested in gold mining, whether metaUuiglrts or n
investors." — Chentical News.

THE METALLURGY OF SILVER.

A Practical Treatise on the Amalgamation, Roasting, and Lixiviation of Silver
Ores. Including the Assaying, Melting, and Refinmg of Silver Bullion. By
M. Eissler, Author of ''The Metallurgy of Gold," &c. Third Edition.
Crown 8vo, cloth lQ/6

"A practical treatise, and a technical work which we are convinced will supply a kmg4Ut
want amongst practical men, and at the same time be of value to students and ouieis indirectly
connected with the industries." — Mining yonmal.

" From first to last the book is thoroughly sound and reliable." — Colliery Guardian.

" For chemists, practical miners, assayers, and investors alike we do not know of any woffk
on the subject so handy and yet so comprehensive." — Glasgow Herald.

THE METALLURGY OF ARGENTIFEROUS LEAD.

A Practical Treatise on the Smelting of Silver-Lead Ores and tbe Refining of
Lead Bullion. Including Reports on various Smelting Establishments vaA
Descriptions of Modem Smelting Furnaces and Plants in Europe and America.
By M. Eissler, M.E., Author of " The Metallurgy of Gold," &c Crown %wo,
400 pp., with 183 Illustrations, cloth 12/0

" The numerous metallurgical processes, which are fully and extensively treated of. ««••»«»«
all the stages experienced in the passage of the lead from the various natural states to Its tSKM fton
the refinery as an article of commerce. — Practical Engineer.

" The present volume fully maintains the reputation of the author. Those who wish to obtain
a thorough insight into the present state of this industry cannot do better than read this Tohune, and
all mining engineers cannot fail to find many useful hints and suggestions in W^InduslrU*.

METALLURGY OF IRON.

By H. Bauerman, F.G.S., A.R.S.M. Sixth Edition, Revised and Enlaised.
i2mo, cloth 0/0

THE IRON ORES of GREAT BRITAIN and IRELAND.

Their Mode of Occurrence, Age and Origin, and the Methods of Searching for
and Working Them. With a Notice of some of the Iron Ores of Spain. Br
J. D. Kendall, F.G.S., Mining Engineer. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 1B^

" The author has a thorough practical knowledge of his subject, and has su pp temantad a
careful study of the available literature by unpublished information derived from his own ofasana*
tions The result is a very useful volume, which cannot fail to be of value to aH interestsd in tkia
iron industry of the country. "^Industries.

ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, S^c. 23

ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING, &c.

SUBMARINE TELEGRAPHS.

Their History, Construction, and Working. Founded in part on WOnschen*
dorff's " Traits de Telegraphic Sous — Marine," and Compiled from Authorita-
tive and Exclusive Sources. By Charles Bright, F.R.S.E. Super-royal
8vo, about 780 pp., fully Illustrated, including Maps and Folding Plates.

\Just Published. Net. £3 Ss.

" There are few, if any, persons more fitted to write a treatise on submarine telegfraphy than

Mr. Charles Brij^ht. The author has done his work admirably, and has written in a way which will

appeal as much to the layman as to the engineer. This admirable volume must, for many years to

come, hold the position of the English classic on submarine telegraphy." — Engineer,

" This book is full of information. It makes a book of reference which should be in every
engineer's \\hr&ry "—Nature.

" Mr. Bright's interestingly written and admirably illustrated book will meet with a welcome
reception from cable men." — klectrician.

" The author deals with his subject from all points of view — political and strategical as well as
scientific. The work will be of interest, not only to men of science, but to the general public. We
can strongly recommend it." — Atheneeum.

" The work contains a great store of technical information concerning the making and work-
ing of submarine telegraphs. In bringing together the most valuable results relating to the evolu-
tion of the telegraph, the author has rendered a service that will be very widely appreciated." —
Morning Post.

THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK.

Consisting of Modem Rules, Formulae, Tables, and Data. By H. R. Kempe,
M.Inst.E.E., A.M.Inst.C.E., Technical Officer Postal Telegraphs, Author of
"A Handbook of Electrical Testing," " The Engineer'.s Year-Book," &c.
Second Edition, thoroughly Revised, with Additions. With numerous Illus*
trations. Royal 32mo, oblong, leather 5/0

" It is the best book of its kind." — Electrical Engineer.

" The Electrical Engineer's Pocket-Book is a good one."— Electrician.

" Strongly recommended to those engaged in the electrical iadixstries."— Electrical Review.

ELECTRIC LIGHT FITTING.

A Handbook for Working Electrical Engineers, embodying Practical Notes on
Installation Management. By J. W. Urquhart, Electrician, Author of
*' Electric Light," &c. With numerous Illustrations. Third Edition,
Revised, with Additions. Crown 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. 5/O

" This volume deals with what may be termed the mechanics of electric lighting, and Is
addressed to men who are already engaged in the work, or are training for it. The work traverses
a great deal of ground, and may be read as a sequel to the same author's useful work on 'Electric
Light. • "—Electrician.

" Eminently practical and useful . . . Ought to be in the hands of every one in charge of an
electric light plant. —Electrical Engineer.

ELECTRIC LIGHT.

Its Production and Use, Embodying Plain Directions for the Treatment of
DynamO'Electric Machines, Batteries, Accumulators, and Electric Lamps.
By J. W. Urquhart, C.E. Sixth Edition, Revised, with Additions and 145
Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. 7/©

"The whole ground of electric lighting is more or less covered and explained in a very clear
and concise manner." — Electrical Review.

" A vade-mecum of the salient facts connected with the science of electric lighting."-^
Electrician.

"You cannot for your purpose have a better book than 'Electric Light' by Urquhart."— •
Engituer.

DYNAMO CONSTRUCTION.

A Practical Handbook for the Use of Engineer-Constructors and Electricians-
in-Charge. Embracing Framework Building, Field Magnet and Armature
Winding and Grouping, Compounding, &c. With Examples of leading
English, American, and Continental Dynamos and Motors. By J. W.
Urquhart. Author of " Electric Light," &c. Second Edition, Enlarged.

With 114 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 7/6

"Mr. Urquhart's book is the first one which deals with these matters in such a way that the
engineering student can understand them. The book is very readable, and the author leads his
readers up to difficult subjects by reasonably simple tests."— Engineering Review.
" A book for which a demand has long existed."— Mechanical JVorU.

^4 CkOSBY LOCK WOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE,
THE MANAGEMENT OF DYNAMOS.

A Handy Book of Theoiy and Practice for the Use of Mechanics, Engineers,
Students, and others in Charge of Dynamos. By G. W. Lummis Patbrson.
With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth 8/0

" An example which deserves to be taken as a model by other authors. The subject is tteated
in a manner which any inteUit^nt man who is fit to bo entrusted with char^ of an engine should
be able to understand. It is a useful book to all who make, tend, or employ dectric machhiwy."
— Architect.

THE STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.

A Popular Encyclopeedia of Words and Terms Used in the Practice of Electrical
Engineering. By T. O'Conor Sloane, A.M., Ph.D. Second Edition,
with Appendix to date. Crown 8vo, 680 pp., 390 Illustrations, cloth.

[Just Publishtd, 7/6

" The work has many attractive features in it, and is, beyond doubt, a well put togetiier and
useful publication. The amount of }^ound covered may be gathered firom the fact that In the iadax
al>out 5,600 references will be fountL" — Eiectrical Review.

ELECTRIC SHIP-LIQHTINQ.

A Handbook on the Practical Fitting^ and Running of Ships' Electrical Plant.

For the Use of Shipowners and Builders, Marine Electricians, and Seaaotni;

Engincers-in-Charge. By J. W. Ukquhakt, C.E. With 88 Illustratioiu,

Crown 8vo, cloth 7/0

" The subject of ship electric lif^hting is one of vast importance, and Mr. Urquhart is to Im
ln};li]y complimented for placing such a vamablc work at the service of marine electndans."— 7'Jlw
Steautship.

ELECTRIC LIGHT FOR COUNTRY HOUSES.

A Practical Handbook on the Erection and Running of Small Installations,

with Particulars of the Cost of Plant and Working. By J. H. Knight.

Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, wrapper. [/««^ Published, 1 /Q

" The book contains excellent advice and many practical hints for the help of those «^ wish
to llifht their own houses." — Buildin/r j^^cws.

ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC LIGHTING.

By Alan A. Campbell Swinton, A.ssociate I.E.E. Third Edition, Enlaived

and Revised. With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth .... i/S

" Any one who desires a short and thoroufhlv clear exposition of the elementary principles of
electric lighting cannot do better than read this nttfe -worVJ'— Bradford Observer.

DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM.

By Philip Atkinson, A.M., Ph.D.j Author of "Elements 61 Static
Electricity," &c. Crown 8vo, 417 pp., with 120 Illustrations, cloth . 10/O

THE ELECTRIC TRANSFORMATION OF POWER.

With its Application hy the Electric Motor, including Electric Railway
Construction. By P. Atki.vson, A.M., Ph.D. With 96 Illustratioiu.
Crown 8vo, cloth T/0

HOW TO MAKE A DYNAMO.

A Practical Treatise for Amateurs. Cont^ning numerous Illustrations and
Detailed Instructions for Constructing a Small ^ Dynamo to Prodaoe tha
Electric Light. By Alfred Crofts. Fifth Eklition, Revised and Enlaived.
Crown 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. 2/0

" The instructions fnven in this unpretentious little book are sufficiently clear and ezpHdt to

enable any amateur meclianic possessed of average skill and the usual tools to be founa in an

amateur's workshop to build a ]>ractical dynamo machine." — Jifectrician.

THE STUDENT'S TEXT-BOOK OF ELECTRICITY,

By H. M. NoAD, F.R.S. Cheaper Edition. 650 pp., with 470 Illustratioiis.
Crown 8vo, cloth 9/0

ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, S-c. 25

ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, &c.

PRACTICAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.

A Handbook for Students Preparing for Examinations, and a Book of
Reference for Persons Engaged in Building. By John Parnell Allen,
Surveyor, Lecturer on Building Construction at tne Diu-ham Collie of
Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Second ^ Edition, Revised and Enlarged.
Medium 8vo, 450 pp., with 1,000 Illustrations, cloth. \Just Published. ilS

" The most complete exposition of building construction we have seen. It contains all that is
necessary to prepare students for the various examinations in building construction." — BuiUiMg'
News,

" The author depends nearly as much on his diagrams as on his type. The pams suggest
the hand of a man of experience in building operations — and the volume must be a Diessing to
many teachers as well as to students."— 3n*« Architect.

" The work is sure to prove a formidable rival to great and small competitors alike, and
bids fair to take a permanent place as a favourite student's text-book. The large number of illus-
trations deserve particular mention for the great merit they possess for purposes of reference in
exactly corresponding to convenient scales."— yotimaloy the Royal Institute of British Architeds.

PRACTICAL MASONRY.

A Guide to the Art of Stone Cutting. Comprising the Construction, Setting
Out, and Working of Stairs, Circular Work, Arches, Niches, Domes, Penden-
tives. Vaults, Tracery Windows, &c., &c. For the Use of Students, Masons,
and other Workmen. By William R. Purchase, Building Inspector to the
Borough of Hove. Second Edition, with Glossary of Terms. Royal 8vOj 142 pp. ,
with 52 Lithographic Plates, comprising nearly 400 separate Diagrams,

cloth 7/6

"Mr. Purchase's ' Practical Masonry ' will undoubtedly be found useful to all interested in
this important subject, whether theoretically or practically. Most of the examples given are firom
actual work carried out, the diagrams being carefully drawn. The book is a practical treatise on
the subject, the author himself having commenced as an operative mason, and afterwards acted as
foreman mason on many large and imoortant building prior to the attainment of his present
position. It should be found of general utility to architectural students and others, as well as to
those to whom it is specially addressed."— ^''^uma/ <{/'/*« Royal Institute of British Architects.

" The author has evidently devoted much time and conscientious labour in the production of
his book, which will be found very serviceable to students, masons, and other workmen, while its
value is much enhanced by the capital illustrations, consisting of fifty lithographic plates, com-
prising about 400 dia^Ams.— Illustrated Carpenter and Builder,

CONCRETE: ITS NATURE AND U5E5.

A Book for Architects, Builders, Contractors, and Clerks of Works. By
George L. Sutcliffe, A.R.I. B.A. 350 pp., with numerous Illustrations.
Crown 8vo, cloth Y/S

" The author treats a diflScult subject in a lucid manner. The manual fiQs a long-felt gap.
It is careful and exhaustive ; equally useful as a student's guide and an architect^ book of
xeiexvace."—JoumtUofthe Royal Institute of British Architects.

" There is room for this new book, which will probably be for some time the standard work
on the subject for a builder's purpose"— Glasg-ow Herald^

THE MECHANICS OF ARCHITECTURE.

A Treatise on Applied Mechanics, especially Adapted to the Use of Architects.
By E. W. Tarn, M.A.. Author of '^ The Science of Building," &c. Second
Edition, Enlarged. Illustrated with 135 Diagrams. Crown 8vo, cloth 7/6

" The book is a very useful and helpful manual of architectural mechanics, and really contains
sufficient to enable a careful and painstaking student to grasp the principles bearing upon the
majority of building problems. . . . Mr. Tarn has added, by this volume, to Hie debt of
gratitude which is owing to him by architectural students for the many valuable works which he has
produced for their visit. —The Builder.

" The mechanics in the volume are really mechanics, and are harmoniously wrought in with
the distinctive professional matter proper to the subject. The diagrams and type are commendably
c\car."— The Schoolmaster.

LOCKWOOD'5 BUILDER'S PRICE BOOK for 1898.

A Comprehensive Handbook of the Latest Prices and Data for Builders.
Architects, Engineers, and Contractors. Re-constructed, Re-written, and
Greatly Enlarged. By Francis T. W. Miller. 800 closely-printed pages,
crown 8vo, cloth 4/0

" This book is a very useful one, and should find a place in every English oflke connected
with the building and engineering pro{essions."—Ind$4Stries.

" An exccSBent book k^ rtXereace."— Architect.

" In its new and revised form this Price Book is what a work of this kind shouM !)•— corapre-
hen^ve, reliable, well arranged, l^ble, and well bound."— frMrA Architect.

26 CROSBY LOCK WOOD 6* SON'S CATALOGUE,
THE LONDON BUILDING ACT, 1894*

With the By-I^ws and Regulations of the London County Coundl, and
Introduction, Notes. Cases, and Index. By Alex. J. David, B.A., LL.IL, of
the Inner Temple, l3arrister-at-Law. Crown 8vo, cloth .... 8/0

" To all architects and district surveyors and builders Mr. David's manual iiWL be wd com e.^
— Building^ Netus.

" The volume will doubtless be eagerly consulted by the buUcUng fraternity."— //ftu^JraiArf
Carpenter and Builder.

THE DECORATIVE PART OF CIVIL ARCHITECTURE.

By Sir William Chambers, F.R.S. With Portrait, Illustrations, Notes, and
an Examination of Grecian Architecture, by Joseph Gwilt, F.S.A.
Revised and Edited by W. H. Leeds. 66 Plates, 4to, cloth . . 21/0

A HANDY BOOK OF VILLA ARCHITECTURE.

Being a Series of Designs for Villa Residences in various Styles. IWlth

Outline Specifications and Estimates. By C. Wickbs, Architect, Author of

"The Spires and Towers of England," &c. 61 Plates, 4to, half-morocco, rilt

edges £1 11a. o»«

" The whole of the designs benr evidence of their being the work of an artistic architect, and
they vt-ill prove very valuable and suggestive." — Bui/diM£^ News.

THE ARCHITECT'S GUIDE.

Being a Text-book of Useful Information for Architects, Engineers, Surveyors,

Contractors, Clerks of Works, &c., &c. By Frederick Rogers, Architect.

Third Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth . ' . . . . 3/0

"As a text-book of useful information for architects, engineers, surveyors, &c., it would be

hard to find a handier or more complete little volume." — Standard.

ARCHITECTURAL PERSPECTIVE.

The whole Course and Operations of the Draughtsman in Drawing a I'UBe
House in Linear Perspective. Illustrated by 43 Folding Plates. By F. O.
Ferguson. Second Edition, Enlarged. 8vo, boards .... 8/0

" It is the most intelligible of the treatises on this ill-treated subject that I have met wiO."—
li. Ingress Bell, Esq., mthe R.I.B.A. youmai.

PRACTICAL RULES ON DRAWING.

For the Operative Builder and Young Student in Architecture. By GxoRGB
PvNE. 14 Plates, 4to, boards T/O

MEASURING AND VALUING ARTIFICER'S WORK

(The Student's Guide to the Practice oQ. Containing Directicois for taking
Dimensions, Abstracting the same, and bringing the Quantities into BQl, with
Tables of Constants for Valuation of Labour, and for the Calculation of Areas
and Solidities. Originally edited by E. Dobson, Architect. Wiih Additiom
by E. W. Tarn, M.A. Sixth Edition. With 8 Plates and 63 Woodcats.

Crown 8vo, cloth T/O

" This edition wil be found the most complete treatise on the principles of measuiliii^ and
valuing artificer's work that has yet been pxxhWsh^A." —Building' News.

TECHNICAL GUIDE, MEASURER, AND ESTIMATOR.

For Builders and Surveyors. Containing Technical Directi(Mis for Measuring
Work in all the Building Trades, Complete Specifications for Houses, Roads,
and Drains, and an Easy Method of Estimating the parts of a Bui]d|iiig
collectively. By A. C. Beaton. Eighth Edition. Waistcoat-pocket siae.

gilt edges 1/0

"No builder, architect, surveyor, or valuer should be without his 'Beatoit'"— >0MMto|r

CONSTRUCTIONAL IRON AND STEEL WORK.

As Applied to Public, Private, and Domestic Buildings. A Practical Treatise
for Architects, Students, and Builders. By F. Campin. Crown Bvo, doth.

[Just Published, a/6
" Any one who wants a book on ironwork, as employed in buildings for stanc h ioMi
and beams, iidll find the present volume to be suitable. The author has had kjog a
experience in designing this class of work. The illustrations have the character of
drawings. This practical book may be counted a most valuable work."— British ArekitKt,

ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, &c. 27

SPECIFICATIONS FOR PRACTICAL ARCHITECTURE.

A Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder. With an Essay
on the Structure and Science of Modem Buildings. Upon the Basis of the
Work by Alfred Bartholomew, thoroughly Revised, Corrected, and greatly
added to by Frederick Rogers, Architect. Third Edition, Revised. 8vo,
cloth 16/0

" The work is too well known to need any recommendation from us. It is one of the books
with which every young architect must be equipped."— ^rfAifor^.

THE SCIENCE OF BUILDING.

An Elementary Treatise on the Principles of Construction. By E. Wvndham
Tarn, M.A., Architect. Fourth Edition, with 59 Engravings. Fcap. 8vo,

cloth 3/6

" A very valuable book, which we strongly recommend to all students."— ^MiVdErr.

THE HOUSE-OWNER'S ESTIMATOR.

Or, What will it Cost to Build. Alter, or Repair ? A Price Book for Un-
professional People as well as the Architectural Surveyor and Builder. By
J. D. Simon. Edited by F. T. W. Miller, A.R.I.B.A. Fourth Edition.
Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6

" In two years it will repay its cost a hundred times over." — Field.

A BOOK ON BUILDING.

Civil and Ecclesiastical, including Church Restoration ; with the Theory of
Domes and the Great Pyramid, &c. By Sir Edmund Beckett, Bart., LL.D.,

F.R.A.S. Second Edit. Fcap. 8vo, cloth 4/6

•' A book which is always amusing and nearly alwa3rs instructive." — The Times.

SANITARY ARRANGEMENT OF DWELLING-HOUSES.

A Handbook for Householders and Owners of Houses. By A. J. Wallis-

Tavler, A. M.Inst. C.E. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth . 2/6

"This book will be largely read; it will be of considerable service to the public. It is well
arranged, easily read, and for the most part devoid of technical terms."— Lancet.

VENTILATION.

A Text-book to the Practice of the Art of Ventilating Buildings. By W. P.

BucHAN, R.P. i2mo, cloth 3/6

" Contains a great amount of useful practical information as thoroughly interesting as it is
technicaUy reliable."— j?r^/tjA Architect.

PLUMBING.

A Text-book to the Practice of the Art or Craft of the Plumber. By W. P.
BucHAN, R.P. Seventh Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 3/6
" A text-book which may be safely put in the hands of every young plumber."— ^Mf'/rf^r.

PRACTICAL GEOMETRY.

For the Architect, Engineer, and Mechanic. ^ Giving Rules for the Delineation
and Application of various Geometrical Lines, Figures, and Curves. By
E. W. Tarn, M.A., Architect. 8vo, cloth 9/0

" No book with the same objects in view has ever been published in which the clearness of
the rules laid down and the illustrative diagrams have been so satisfactory."— 5ieo/;rman.

THE GEOMETRY OF COMPASSES.

Or, Problems Resolved by the mere Description of Circles and the Use of
Coloured Diagrams and Symbols. By Oliver Byrne. Coloured Plates.
Crown 8vo, cloth ... 8/6

28 CROSBY LOCK WOOD S* SON'S CATALOGUE.

CARPENTRY, TIMBER, &c.
THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CARPENTRY.

A Treatise on the Pressure and Bkjuilibrium of Timber Framing^e ReasUmoe
of Timber, and the Construction of Floors, Arches, Bridges, Koo^ Unidng.
Iron and Stone with Timber, &c. To which is added an Essav on the Nature
and Properties of Timber, &c., with Descriptions of the kinds of Wood used
in Building ; also numerous Tables of the Scantlinjgs of Timber for <tifferent
purposes, the Specific Gravities of Materials, &c. By Thomas Trbdgold, C.S.
With an Appendix of Specimens of Various Roofs of Iron and Stone, Illtis-
trated. Seventh Edition, thoroughly Revised and considerably Enlarged by
E. WvNDHAM Tarn, M.A., Author of "The Science of Building," &c.
With 6i Plates, Portrait of the Author, and several Woodcuts. In One larse
Vol., 4to, cloth 20^

•* Ought to 1)6 in every architect's and every builder's lihnTy."—Bui/der.

"A work whose monumental exceUence must commend it wherever ddlfiil carpentiy is
concerned. The author's principles arc rather confirmed than impaired by time. The adtStkmal
pLites are of great intrinsic value."— Bui/dinjp News.

WOODWORKING MACHINERY.

Its Rise, Progress, and Construction. With Hints on the Mana£[ement of Saw
Mills and the Economical Conversion of Timber. Illustrated with Sbcamples
of Recent Designs by leading English, French, and American Engineers. By
M. Powis Bale, A.M.Inst.C.E., M.I.M.E. Second Edition, Rense^
with large Additions, large crown 8vo, 440 pp., cloth .... 9/0

" Mr. Bale is evidently an expert on the subject, and he has collected so much infbnnatloii
that his book is all-sufficient for builders and othen> engaged in the conversion of timber." — ArckUeA

"The most comprehensive compendium of wood-working machinery we have aeon. The
author is a thorough master of his subject."— ^«t/(ifi>i;g' News.

SAW MILLS.

Their Arrangement and Management, and the Economical Converaon of
Timber. By M. Powis Bale, A.M.Inst.C.E. Second, Edition, ReviMd.
Crown 8vo, cloth. [Just' Published, IQ/O

" The administreUioH of a large sawing establishment is discussed, and the subiect ezamiaad
from a financial standpoint. Hence the size, shape, order, and disposition of saw milB and the Vkm
are gone into in detail, and the course of the timber is traced from its reception to its ddivety in its
converted state. We could not desire a more complete or practical ttea.^sit,"—BitiUtr,

THE CARPENTER'S NEW GUIDE.

Or, Book of Lines for Carpenters ; comprising all the Elementary Principles
essential for acquiring a knowledge of Carpentry. Founded on the late Pbtkr
Nicholson's standard work. A New Edition, Revised by Arthur Ashpitbl,
F.S.A. Together with Practical Rules on Drawing, by George Pvmr.
With 74 Plates, 4to, cloth £1 1 «.

A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HANDRAILINQ.

Showing New and Simple Methods for Finding the Pitch of the Plank, Drawing
the Moulds, Bevelling, Jointing-up, and Squaring the Wreath.^ By Gbobgs
Coi.LiNGS. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged^ to which is added
A Treatise on Stair-building. With Plates and Diagrams . . S/Q

" Will be found of practical utility in the execution of this cUfficult branch of joinery."— /
" Almost every difficult phase of this somewhat intricate branch of joinery is docidated hf
the aid of plates and cxplanatoiy \eKicx\>Tcs&."—Fumititre Gazette.

CIRCULAR WORK IN CARPENTRY AND JOINERY.

A Practical Treatise on Circular Work of Single and Double Curvature. By
George Collings. With Diagrams. Second Edition, lamo, cloth . S/^

" An excellent example of what a book of this kind should be. Cheap in price, dear in
definition, and practical in the examples ^ectedJ'— Builder.

CARPENTRY, TIMBER, &'C. 29

HANDRAILINQ COMPLETE IN EIGHT LESSONS.

On the Square-Cut System. By J. S. Goldthorp, Head of Building
Department, Halifax Technical School. With Eight Plates and over 150
Practical Exercises. 4to, cloth 3/6

" Likely to be of considerable value to joiners and others who take a pride in good work.
The arrangement of the book is excellent. We heartily commend it to teachers and students."—
Timber Trades youmal.

TIMBER MERCHANT'S and BUILDER'S COMPANION.

Containing New and Copious Tables of the Reduced Weight and Measure-
ment of Deals and Battens, of all sizes, from^ One to a Thousand Pieces, and
the relative Price that each size bears per Lineal Foot to any given Price per
Petersburgh Standard Hundred ; the Price per Cube Foot of Square Timber
to any given Price per Load of 50 Feet, &c., &c. By William Dowsing.
Fourth Edition, Revised and Corrected. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . 3/0

"We are glad to see a fourth edition of these admirable tables, which for correctness and
simplicity of arrangement leave nothing to be desired."— TVm^rr Trades youmal.

THE PRACTICAL TIMBER MERCHANT.

A Guide for the Use of Building Contractors, Surveyors, Builders, &c.,

comprising useful Tables for all purposes connected with the Timber Trade,

Marks of Wood, Essay on the Strength of Timber, Remarks on the Growth of

Timber, &c. By W. Richardson. Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo, cloth . 3/6

" This handy manual contains much valuable information for the use of timber merchants,
builders, foresters, and all others connected with the growth, sale, and manufacture of timber."—
youmal 0/ Forestry.

PACKINQ-CASB TABLES.

Showing the number of Superficial Feet in Boxes or Packing-Cases, from six
inches squkre and upwards. By W. Richardson, Timber Broker. Third

Edition. Oblong 4to, cloth 3/6

" Invaluable labour-saving XAh\e.s."— Ironmonger.

GUIDE TO SUPERFICIAL MEASUREMENT.

Tables calculated from i to 200 inches in length by i to 108 inches in breadth.

For the use of Architects, Surveyors, Engineers, Timber Merchants,

Builders, &c. By James Hawkings. Fourth Edition. Fcap., cloth. 3/6

"A useful collection of tables to facilitate rapid calculation of surfaces. The exact area of

any surface of which the limits have been ascertained can be instantly determined. The book will

be found of the greatest utility to aU engaged in building operations. —JSr^Armaw.

PRACTICAL FORESTRY.

Its Bearing on the Improvement of Estates. By Charles E. Curtis, F.S.L,
F.S.S. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. QjQ

THE ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY.

Designed to afford Information concerning the Planting and Care of Forest
Trees for Ornament or Profit, with suggestions upon the Creation and Care of
Woodlands. By F. B. Hough. Large crown 8vo, cloth ... 1 0/O

THE TIMBER IMPORTER'S, TIMBER MERCHANT'S,

AND BUILDBR'S STANDARD QUIDB.

By Richard E. Grandv. Comprising :— An Analvsis of Deal Standards,
Home and Foreign, with Comparative Values and Tabular Arrangements for
fixing Net Landed Cost on Baltic and North American Deals, including all
intermediate Exi>enses, Freight, Insurance, &c. ; together with copious Informa-
tion for the Retailer and Builder. Third Eklition. lamo, cloth . . 2/0
" Everything it pretends to be : built up gradually, it leads one from a forest to a treenai

and throws in as a makeweight a host of material concerning bricks, columns, cisterns, &c."—

English Mechanic,

.-^

30 CROSBY LOCK WOOD S* SON'S CATALOGUE.

DECORATIVE ARTS, &c.

SCHOOL OF PAINTING FOR THE IMITATION OP

WOODS AND MARBLBS.

As Taught and Practised by A. R. Van der^ Burg and P. Van dbr Burg,
Directors of the Rotterdam Painting Institution. Royal folio, 18} by za^ in..
Illustrated with 24 full-size Coloured Plates ; also 12 plain Plates, compmsing
154 Figures. Second and Cheaper Edition .... £1 lis. 60.
List of Plates :— i. Various Tools Required for Wood Painting.— a, 3. Walnut ;

PRELIMINARY STAGES OF GRAINING AND I'INISHED SPECIMEN.-n*. TOOLS USED FOR
MARBLE PAINTING AND METHOD OF MANIPULATION.— S, 6. ST. REMI MARBLB ;
KARLIER OPERATIONS AND FINISHED SPECIMEN. — 7. METHODS OF SKETCHING
DIFFERENT GRAINS, KNOTS, &C.— 8, 9. ASH : PRELIMINARY STAGES AND FINISHED
SPECIMEN.— 10. METHODS OF SKETCHING MARBLE GRAINS.— II, 12. BRECHE MARBLE;
PRELIMINARY STAGES OF WORKING AND FINISHED SPECIMEN.— 13. MAPLE ; METHODS
OF PRODl'CING THE DIFFERENT GRAINS.— 14, 15. BIRD'S-EYE NIAPLE; PRELIMIHA&Y

.Stac.es and Finished Specimen.— 16. Methods of Sketching the Different
SPECIES OF White marble.— 17, 18. White Marble ; preliminary Stages of
Process and Finished Specimen.— 19. Mahogany; Specimens of Various Grains
and methods of Manipulation.— ao, ai. Mahogany; f.arlibr Stages and
Finished Specimen.— «, 23, 34. Sienna Marble ; Varieties of Grain, Preliminary
stages and finished specimen.— 25, a6, 27. juniper wood; methods of pro-
ducing grain, &c. ; preliminary stages and finished specimen.— 98, ao, 3a vert
de mer marble; varieties of grain and methods of working, unfinished
AND Finished specimens.— 31, 33, 33. Oak ; Varieties of Grain, Tools Employbd

AND METHODS OF MANIPULATION," PRELIMINARY STAGES AND FINISHED SPECIMEN.—
34> 35. 36- WAUI.SORT MARBLE; VARIETIES OF GRAIN, UNFINISHED AND FINISHED
SPECIMENS.

" Those wko desire to attain skill in the art of painting: woods and marbles will find advanta£s
in consulting this book. . . . Some of the Working Men's Clubs should give their young men
the opportunity to study k."—Bui/der.

" A comprehensive guide to the nrt. The explanations of the processes, the nianfptihtdoa
and management of the colours, and the beautifully executed plates will not be the least vafiiable to
the student who aims at making his work a faithful transcript of nature." — Building^ News.

" Students and novices are fortunate who are able to become the possessors of so noUe a
work."— 7'A^ Archittct.

ELEMENTARY DECORATION.

A Guide to the Simpler Forms of Everyday Art. Together with PRACTICAL
HOUSE DECORATION. By James W. Facey. With numerous Illus-
trations. In One Vol., strongly hadf-bound 6/0

HOUSE PAINTING, QRAININQ, MARBLINQ, AND

SIGN WRITING.

A Practical Manual of. By Ellis A. Davidson. Seventh Edition. With
Coloured Plates and Wood Engravings. i2mo, cloth boards . . . Q/O

" A mass of information of use to the amateur and of value to the practical man."— f x^fiAEfA
A f echo flic.

THE DECORATOR'5 ASSISTANT.

A Modern Guide for Decorative Artists and Amateurs, Painters, Writers,
(jilders, &c. Containing upwards of 600 Receipts, Rules, and Instructicms ;
with a variety of Information for General Work connected Avith every Class of
Interior and Exterior Decorations, &c. Sixth Eklition. 152 pp., or. 8vo . I/O

" FuU of receipts of value to decorators, painters, gilders, &c. The book contains the g^ of
larger treatises on colour and technical processes. It would be difficult to meet with a work so ftiU
of varied infonnation on the painter's art." — Buiiding News.

MARBLE DECORATION

And the Terminology of British and Foreign Marbles. A Handbook for
Students. By George H. Blagrove, Author of " Shoring and its Applica-
tion," &c. . With 28 Illustrations. Crown Bvo, cloth .... 8/8

" This most useful and much wanted handbook should be in the hands of every architect and
\i\i\\det."—Buildinfr IVorld.

" A carefully and usefully written trei^tise ; the work is essentially practical"— 5^(Vi<:nyM*l>

DECORATIVE ARTS, S-c. 31

DELAMOTTE'S WORKS ON ALPHABETS AND

ILLUMINATION.

ORNAMENTAL ALPHABETS, ANCIENT & MEDI/EVAL.

From the Eighth Century, with Numerals; including Gothic, Church-Text,
large and small, German, Italian, Arabesque, Initials for Illuimnation,
Monograms, Crosses, &c., &c., for the use of Architectural and Engineering
Drau^tsmen, Missal Painters, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithographers,
Engravers, Carvers, &c., &c. Collected and Engraved by F. Delamotte, and
printed in Colours. New and Cheaper Edition. Royal 8vo, oblong,
ornamental boards 2/6

" For those who insert enamelled sentences round gilded chalices, who blazon shop legends
over shop-doors, who letter church walls with pithy sentences from the E>ecalogue, this book will be
useful. "—AthefutiifH.

MODERN ALPHABETS, PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL.

Including German, Old English, Saxon, Italic, Perspective, Greek, Hebrew,
Court Hand, Engrossing, Tuscan, Riband, Gothic, Rustic, and Arabesque ;
with several Original Designs, and an Analysis of the Roman and Old English
Alphabets, large and small, and Numerals, for the use of Draughtsmen,
Surveyors, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithographers. Engravers, Carvers,
&c. Collected and Engraved by F. Delamotte, and printed in Colours.
New and Cheaper Edition. Royal 8vo, oblong, ornamental boards . 2/6

" There is comprised in it every possible shape into which the letters of the alphabet and
numerals can be formed, and the talent which has been expended in the conceptiom of the various
plaki and ornamental letters is wonderful." — Standard.

MEDI/EVAL ALPHABETS AND INITIALS FOR

ILLUMINATORS.

By F. G. Delamotte. Containing 21 Plates and Illuminated Title, printed
in Gold and Colours. With an Introduction by J. Willis Brooks. Fourth
and Cheaper Edition. Small 4to, ornamental boards .... 4/0

"A volume in which the letters of the alphabet come forth gflorified in gfildinf and all the
colours of the prism interwoven and intertwined and intermingled." — Sun.

A PRIMER OF THE ART OF ILLUMINATION.

For the Use of Beginners ; with a Rudimentary Treatise on the Art, Practical

Directions for its Exercise, and Examples taken from Illuminated MSS.,

printed in Gold and Colours. By F. Delamotte. New and Cheaper

Edition. Small 4to, ornamental boards 6/0

" The examples of ancient MSS. recommended to the student, which, with much good sense,
the author chooses from collections accessible to all, are selected with Judgment and knowledge as
weU as tast6."-~Athenaunt.

THE EMBROIDERER'S BOOK OF DESIGN.

Containing; Initials^ Emblems, Cyphers, Monograms, Ornamental Borders,
Ecclesiastical Devices, Mediaeval and Modern Alphabets, and National
Emblems. Collected by F. Delamotte, and printed in Colours. Oblong
royal 8vo, ornamental wrapper 1/6

" The book will be of great assistance to ladies and young children who are endowed with
the art of plying the needle in this most ornamental and useful pretty v/ork."'— East Ang-/ian Times.

INSTRUCTIONS IN WOOD-CARVINQ FOR AMATEURS.

\yith Hints on Design. By A Lady. With 10 Plates. New and Cheaper

Edition. Crown 8vo, in emblematic wrapper 2/0

" The handicraft of the wood-carver, so weU as a book can impart it, may be learnt from ' A
Lady's ' publication."— ^/A^M<rMm.

PAINTING POPULARLY EXPLAINED.

By Thomas John Gullick, Painter, and John Timbs, F.S.A. Including
Fresco, Oil, Mosaic, Water-Colour, Water-Glass, Tempera, Encaustic,
Miniature, Painting on Ivory, Vellum, Pottery, Enamel, Glass, &c. Fifth
Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth . 6/0

*^* Adopted as a Prise Book at South Kensington.

" Much may be learned, even by those yibo £ancy they do not require to be taught, from tl^e
careful perusal of this unpretendmg bi|t comprehensive treatise."— /fr/ ^ffurmf/.

32 CROSBY LOCK WOOD 6- SON'S CATALOGUE.

NATURAL SCIENCE, &c.
THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE.

Chapters on the Origin and Construction of the Heavens. By J. E. Gokb,
F. K. A. S. , Author of"' Star Groups, " &c. I llustrated by 6 Stellar Photographs
and 12 Plates. Demy 8vo, cloth "% Q/O

" A valuable and lucid summary of recent astronomical theory, rendered more vaiuable and
attractive by a series of stellar photographs and other illustrations."— TA^ Times.

"In presenting a clear and concise account of the present state of our knoiHedCB Mr. Govo
has made a valuable addition to the literature of the subject."— A^a/>«rr.

"Mr. Gore's ' Visible Universe ' is one of the finest works on astronomical sdenoe that hava
recently appeared in our language. In spirit and in method it is scientific from cover to cover, but
ihe st^lc is so clear and attractive that it will be as acceptable and as readable to thoae who malM
no scientific pretensions as to those who devote themselves specially to matters astrooondcaL"—
/,eeds Afercury,

STAR GROUPS.

A Student's Guide to the Constellations. By J. Ellard Gorb, F.R.A.S.,

M.R.I.A., &c., Author of "The Visible Universe," "The Sceiiery of the

Heavens," &c. With 30 Maps. Small 410, cloth 8/0

" The volume contains thirty maps showing stars of the sixth magnitude — the usual naked^jre
limit— and each is accompanied by a brief conunentary adapted to fecilttate recognition and ^~' —

to notice objects of special interest. For the purpose of a preliminary survey of tlie ' midnight
pomp ' of the heavens nothing could be better than a set of delineations averaging scarcely t w euiy
square inches in area and including nothing that cannot at once be identified."— <5a/Mneb(y Xevtemr,

AN ASTRONOMICAL GLOSSARY.

Or, Dictionary of Terms used in Astronomy. With Tables of Data and Lists
of Remarkable and Interesting Celestial Objects. By J. Ellard Cork
F.R.A.S., Author of " The Visible Universe," &c. Small crown 8vo, cloth.

2/6
"A very useful little work for beginners in astronomy, and not to be desj^Lsed by mora

advanced students. "—TA^ Titnfs.

" A very handy book . . . the utility of which is much increased by it vahaable tables of

astronomical data." — Athenaum.

THE MICROSCOPE.

Its Construction and Management. Including Technique, Photo-micrography,
and the Past and Future of the Microscope. By Dr. Henri van Hburck.
Re-Edited and Augmented from the Fourth French Edition, and Translated
by Wynne E. Baxter, F.G.S. 400 pp., with upwards of 250 Woodcuta.
imp. 8vo, cloth 18/0

" A transLition of a well-known work, at once popular and comprehensive." — Titms,

" The translation is as felicitous as it is accurate.' —Nature.

PHOTO-MICROGRAPHY.

By Dr. H. van Heurck. Extracted from the above Work. Royal 8vo, with
Illustrations, sewed I/O

ASTRONOMY.

By the late Rev. Robert Main, M.A., F.R.S. Third Edition, Revised by
William Thynne Lynn, B.A., F.R.A.S., formerly of the Royal Observatory,
Greenwich. i2mo, cloth 2/0

" A sound and simple treatise, very carefully edited, and a capital book for baginiiefab'*'—
Knowledge.

"Accurately brought down to the requirements of the present time by Mr. Lyim.**—
Edtuational Titnts.

A MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSC A.

A Treatise on Recent and Fossil Shells. By S. P. Woodward, A.L.S.,
F.G.S. With an Appendix on Recent and Fossil Conchologicai.
Discoveries, by Ralph Tate, A.L.S., F.G.S. With 23 Plates and
upwards of 300 Woodcuts. Reprint of Fourth Edition (1880). Crown 8vo,

cloth 7/g

" A most valuable storehouse of conchologicai and geological information.**— sSMnwv Gms^,

THE TWIN RECORDS OF CREATION.

Or, Geology and Genesis, their Perfect Harmony and Wonderful Conoord.

By G. W. V. LE Vaux. Bvo, cloth 5/0

" A valuable contribution to the evidences of Revelation, and disposes very concludvdy of
the arguments of those who would set God's Works against God's Word. No real dUkulty ta
Tihirked, and no sophistry Ls left unex])osed."— T^e Rock.

NATURAL SCIENCE, &>€. 33

HANDBOOK OF MECHANICS.

By Dr. Lardner. Enlarged and re-written by Benjamin Loewy, F.R.A.S.
378 Illustrations. Post 8vo, cloth 6/0

•* The perspicuity of the orignnal has been retained, and chapters which had become obsolete
have been replaced by others of more modem character. The explanations throujfhout are
studiously popular, and care has been taken to show the application of the various branches of
physics to the industrial arts, and to the practical business of life."— ^twiM^ yournaL

HANDBOOK OF HYDROSTATICS AND PNEUMATICS.

By Dr. Lardner. New Edition, Revised and Enlarged by Benjamin Loewy,

F.R.A.S. With 236 Illustrations. Post Bvo, cloth .... 6/0

" For those ' who desire to attain an accurate knowledge of physical science without the
profound methods of mathematical investigation/ this work is well adapted." — Ckemicnl News.

HANDBOOK OF HEAT.

By Dr. Lardner. Edited and re-written by Benjamin Loewy, F.R. A.S., &c.

117 Illustrations. Post Bvo, cloth . - 6/0

" The stvle is alwavs clear and precise, and conveys instruction without leaving any cloudiness
or lurking doubts behlncl." — Engineering.

HANDBOOK OF OPTICS.

By Dr. Lardner.^ New Edition. Edited by T. Olver Harding, B.A. Lond.
With 298 Illustrations. Small 8vo, 448 pp., cloth S/Q

" Written by one of the ablest English scientific writers, beautifully and elaborately illustrated."
■^Mechanics' Magazine.

ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM, AND ACOUSTICS.

By Dr. Lardner. Edited by Geo. Carey Foster, B.A», F.C.S. With

400 Illustrations. Small 8vo, cloth . . . . . . « • 6IO

" The book could not have been entrusted to any one better calculated to preserve the terse
and lucid style of Lardner, While correcting his errors and bringing up his work to the presetlt
state of scientific knowledge."— /'^j^u/ar Science Review.

HANDBOOK OF ASTRONOMY.

By Dr. Lardner. Fourth Edition. Revised and Edited by Edwin Dunkin,
F.R.A.S., Royal Observatory, Greenwich. With 38 Plates and upwards of
100 Woodcuts. 8vo, cloth 9/6

" Probably no other book contains the same amount of information in so compendious and
well arranged a form — certainly none at the price at which this is offered to the public." — Atheneeutn.

" We can do no other than pronounce this work a most valuable manual of astronomy, and
we strongly recommend it to all who wish to acquire a general— but at the same time correct-
acquaintance with this sublime science." — Quarterly journal 0/ Science.

MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART.

Edited by Dr. Lardner. With upwards of 1,200 Engravings on Wood. In
Six Double Volumes, £1 1 s. in a new and elegant cloth binding ; or hand-
somely bound in half-morocco £1 lis. 6d.

" A cheap and interesting publication, alike informing and attractive. The papers combine
bjects of importance and great scientific knowledge, considei
style of treatment."— S/^cto/or.

subjects of importance and great scientific knowledge, considerable inductive p>owers, andap>opular

Separate books formed from the above.

Common Things Explained. 55.
The Microscope. 2s. cloth.
Popular Geology, as. 6d. cloth.
Popular Physics, as. 6d. cloth.

Steam and its Uses. 2s. cloth.
Popular Astronomy. 4s. 6d. cloth.
The Bee and White Ants. 2s. cloth.
The Electric Telegraph, is. 6d.

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY FOR SCHOOLS.

By Dr. Lardner. Fcap. 8vo 3/6

•• A very convenient class book for Junior students in private schools."— 5r»WjA Quarter/
Review.

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOR SCHOOLS.

By Dr. Lardner. Fcap. 8vo 3/6

" Clearly written, well arranged, and excellently illustrated."— Car<fe«*rV Ckrotticle.

THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH.

By Dr. Lardner. Revised hy £. B. Bright, F.R.A.S. Fcap. 8vo. 2/6
" One of the most readable books extant on the Electric Telegraph."— ifM^/tr A Mechanic.

L. C

34 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &■ SON'S CATALOGUE.

CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES,
CHEMISTRY, &c.

THE aA5 ENQINEER'S POCKET-BOOK.

Comprising Tables, Notes and Memoranda relating to the ManufiictUTe,
Distribution and Use of Coal Gas and the Construction of Gas Works. By
H. O'Connor, A.M. Inst. C.E., 450 pp., crown 8vo, fully lUtistrated, leather.

{Just PublWted. 10/6

LIQHTING BY ACETYLENE

(Generators, Burners, and Electric Furnaces. By William £. GlBBS| M.K.
With 66 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth. [Just Piihiuhed, " 7/6

WATER AND ITS PURIFICATION.

A Handbook for the Use of Local Authorities, Sanitary Officers, and others
interested in Water Supply. By S. Rideal, D.Sc. Lond., F.I.C With
numerous Illustrations and Tables. Crown 8vo, cloth. [Just Pubiuhtd, 7/0

"Dr. Rideal's book is both intcrcstinijf and accurate, and contains a most useflil rinumd ci
the latest knowledge upon the subject of which it treats. It ought to be of great service to all who
are connected with the supply of water for domestic or manufacturing purposes."—?^ Biuiiutr.

" Dealing as clearly as it does with the various ramifications of such an important subject as
water and its purification it may be warmly recommended. Ix>cal authorities and all engwed in
sanitary affairs, and others interested in water supply, will read its pages with profit."— ZiM«£

ENQINEERINQ CHEMISTRY.

A Practical Treatise for the Use of Analytical Chemists, Ennneers, Irao
Masters, Iron Founders, Students and others. Comprising Methods oltAaakywu
and Valuation of the Principal Materials used in Engineerinflf Work, with
Analyses, Examjples and Suggestions. By H. J. Phillips, F.I.C, F.C3.
Second Edition, Enlarged. Crown Svo, 400 pp., with Illustrations, doth IQ/O

" In this work the author has rendered no small service to a numerous body of pfc tlca l
men. . . . The analytical methods may be pronounced most satisfactory, being as accufate as tlw
despatch required of engineering chemists permits." — Chetnical News.

" TuU of good things. As a handbook of technical analysis. It is very wekome.**— jIMlAfo*.

" The analytical methods given are. as a whole, such as are likely to g[ive rapid and tmat*
worthy results in experienced hands. . . . There is much excellent descriptive matter in the thMtlCf
the chapter on ' Oils and Lubrication ' being specially noticeable in this tes'pect.'*—EMgiMetr.

NITRO-EXPLOSIVES.

A Practical Treatise concerning the Properties, Manufacture, and Analyw
of Nitrated Substances, including the Fulminates, Smokeless Powders^ and
Celluloid. By P. G. Sanford, F.I.C, Consulting Chemist to the Cotton Powder
Company, &c. With Illustrations. Crown Svo, cloth. [Just Publish$d. 9/0

"Any one having the requisite apparatus and materials could make nitro-glycerine or gun-
Cotton, to say nothing of other explosives, by the aid of the instructions in this Tolume. Tms Is
one of the very few text-books in which can be found just what is wanted. Mr. Sanford goes
through the whole list of explosives commonly used, names any given explosive, and ti^ US of what
it is composed and how it is manufactured. The book is excellent throughout. — Etigifuer.

A HANDBOOK ON MODERN EXPLOSIVES.

A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Use of Dynamite, Gtm-Cotton,

Nitro-Glycerine and other Explosive Compounds, including Collodion-Cottonu

With Chapters on Explosives in Practical Application. By M. Eisslbr,

Mining Engineer and Metallurgical Chemist. Second Eklition, Enlamtd.

With 150 Illustrations. Crown Svo, cloth. [Just Published. . 12/0

" Useful not only to the miner, but also to officers of both services to whom M«TH"g and the
use of explosives generally may at any time become a necessary auxiliary."— A'o/Mrr.

DANGEROUS GOODS.

Their Sources and Properties, Modes of Storage and Transport. With Notes
and Comments on Accidents arising therefirom, together witn the Govemment
and Railway Classifications, Acts of Parliament, &c. A Guide for the Use of
Government and Railway Officials, Steamship Owners, Insurance Companies
and Manufacturers, ancl Users of Explosives and Dangerous Goods. "By
H. Joshua Phillips, F.I.C, F.C.S. Crown Svo, 374 pp., doth . . 9/0
" Merits a wide circulation, and an intelligent, appreciative study. —ChemicBl News,

CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES, CHEMISTRY, S-c. 35

A MANUAL OF THE ALKALI TRADE.

Including the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, Sulphate of Soda, and Bleaching
Powder. By John Lomas, Alkali Manufacturer, Newcastle-upon-Tyne and
London. 390 pp. of Text. With 232 Illustrations and Working Drawings.
Second Edition, with Additions. Super-royal 8vo, cloth . . £1 1 0s.

" This book is written by a manufacturer for manufacturers. The working' details of the most
approved forms of apparatus are given, and these are accompanied by no less than 233 wood
engravings, all of which may be used for the purposes of construction. Every step in the manu*
facture is very fully described in this manual, and each improvement explained. — Athenautn.

" We nnd not merely a sound and luminous explanation of the chemical principles f the
trade, but a notice of numerous matters which have a most important bearing on the successful
conduct of alkali works, but which are generally overlooked by even experienced technological
at.vit\iOTs"— Chemical Review.

THE BLOWPIPE IN CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, AND

QBOLOQY.

Containing all known Methods of Anhydrous Analysis, many Working
Examples, and Instructions for Making Apparatus. By Lieut. -Colonel W. A.
Ross, R.A., F.G.S. With 120 Illustrations. Second Edition, Enlarged.
Crown 8vo, cloth 6/0

" The student who goes conscientiously through the course of experimentation here laid down
will gain a better insight into inorganic chemistry and mineralogy than if he had 'got up ' any of the
best text-books of the day, and passed any number of examinations in their contents. ' — Chemical
News.

COMMERCIAL HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

Or, Practical Instructions for the Determination of the Intrinsic or Commercial
Value of Substances used in Manufactures, in Trades, and in the Arts. By
A. Normandy. New Edition by H. M. Noad, Ph.D., F.R.S. Crown 8vo,

cloth 12/6

" We strongly recommend this book to our readers as a guide, alike indispensable to tha
housewife as to the pharmaceutical practitioner."— Affrftca/ Times.

THE MANUAL OF COLOURS AND DYE-WARES.

Their Properties, Applications, Valuations, Impiu-ities and Sophistications.

For the Use of Dyers, Printers, Drysalters, Brokers, &c. By J. W. Slatbr.

Second Edition, Revised and greatly Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth . 7/6

" A complete encyclopaedia of the materia tinctoria. The information jriven respecting each

article is full and precise, and the methods of detennining the value of articles such as these, so

liable to sophistication, af e given with clearness, and are practical as well as valuable. "—Chemist

attd Drxiggist.

" There is no other work which covers precisely the same ground. To students preparing
for examinations in dyeing and printing it will prove exceedingly vai&tvX."— Chemical News.

A HANDY BOOK FOR BREWERS.

Being a Practical Guide to the Art of Brewing and Malting. Embracing, the

Conclusions of Modern Research which bear upon the Practice of Brewing.

By Herbert Edwards Wright, M.A. Second Edition, Enlarged. Crown

8vo, 530 pp., cloth. [/«s^ Published. 1 2/6

•• May be consulted with advantage by the student who is preparing himself for examinational

tests, while the scientific brewer will find in it a r/sum/ of all the most important discoveries of

modem times. The work is written throughout in a clear and concise manner, and the author

takes great care to discriminate between vague theories and well-established lacts."—Breiifers'

yonmal. ...

•• We have great pleasure in recommending this handy book, and have no hesitation m saying
that it is one of the best— if not the best— which has yet been written on the subject of beer-brewing
in this country ; it should have a place on the shelves of every brewer's library."— j9r«it/^r J
Guardian. ,, ,,

" Although the requirements of the student are primarily considered, an acquamtance of half-
an-hour's duration cannot fail to impress the practical brewer with the sense of having found a
trustworthy guide and practical counsellor in brewery matters."— CA«»»*a»/ Trade youmat.

FUELS: SOLID, LIQUID, AND GASEOUS.

Their Analysis and Valuation. For the Use of Chemists and Engineers. By

H. J. Phillips. F.C.S., formerly Analytical and Consulting Chemist to the

G.E. Rlwy. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth 2/0

" Ought to have its place in the laboratory of every metallurgical establishment and wherever

fuel is used on a large scdit."— Chemical News.

C a

36 CROSBY LOCK WOOD 6- SON'S CATALOGUS.

THE ARTI5T5' MANUAL OP PIGMENTS.

Showing their Composition, Conditions of Permanency, Non^Permaneiicjr^ and-.
Adulterations ; Efiects in Combination with Elach Odier and with V^icles ;:
and the most Reliable Tests of Purity. By H. C. Standagb. Thixd Edition..

crown 8vo, cloth Slt/0<

"This work is indeed ntultitm-in-parvo, and we can, with good conscience, recoimnend tt tO<
all who come in contact with pigments, whether as makers, dealers, or vsKt%.'*—Chemiemi RtvUm,

A POCKETi-BOOK OP MENSURATION AND QAUQINQ.

Containing Tables, Rules, and Memoranda for Revenue Officers, Brewers,,
Spirit Merchants, &c. By J. B. Mant, Inland Revenue. Seoood Edition..

Revised. i8mo, leather 4/Cp

" This handy and useful book is adapted to the requirements of the Inland RevemM Depazt*.
ment, and will be a favourite book of reference. The riuige of subjects is comprehensbv, ana tbci
arrangement simple and clear." — Civilian.

" Should be in the hands of every practical brewer."— ^rf««rf' ymtmal.

INDUSTRIAL ARTS, TRADES, AND

MANUFACTURES.

MODERN CYCLES."

A Practical Handbook on their Construction and Repair. By A. J. WALLftf'

Tavler, a. M. Inst. C. E. Author of " Refrigerating Machineiy,''^&c Witb

upwards of 300 Illustrations. Crown 8 vo, cloth. [Just Pubnsked, 10/O

" The laige trade that is done in the component parts of bicycles has placed in tlw #■* of

men mechanicafly inclined extraordinarv facilities for builmng bicycles for their own use. . . , TlHP

book will prove a valuable guide for all those who aspire to the manufacture or repair of IImv owil

machines. —7"A* FieUl-

" A most comprehensive and up-to-date treatise."— The Cycle.

" A very useful book, which is quite entitled to rank as a standard woik for students ofcytim
construction.' —HlteeliHg.

TEA PLANTING AND MANUFACTURE

(A Text Book oT). Comprising Chapters on the History and Developmefit o^
the Industry, the Cultivation of the Plant, the Preparation of the Leaf for tlMi
Market, the Botany and Chemistry of Tea, &c. With some Account d llw
Laws anecting Lauour in Tea Gardens in Assam and elsewhere. By Davio
Crole, late of the Jokai Tea Company, &c. With Plates and other Illu8Ura>
tions. Medium 8vo, cloth. [Just PiMishtd. 16/0

" The author writes as an expert, and gives the result of his personal experiences. The woik
can hardly fail to be of practical mterest to tea growers and tea manufacturers."— ^fiACrA TVmfe
^ourttal.

COTTON MANUFACTURE.

A Manual of Practical Instruction of the Processes of Opening, Carding,
Combing, Drawing, Doubling and Spinning of Cotton, the Methods of
Dyeing, &c. For the Use of Operatives, Overlookers, and Manufocturers.
By John Lister, Technical Instructor, Pendleton. 8vo, cloth . . T/O

" This invaluable volume is a distinct advance in the literature of cotton monuftctuie.**— >
Machinery.

" It is thoroughly reliable, fulfilling nearly all the requirements de^red."— -GAmfw Htrmm,

FLOUR MANUFACTURE.

A Treatise on Milling Science and Practice. By Friedrich Kick, Imperial^
Regierungsrath, Professor of Mechanical Technology in the Imperial German
Polytechnic Institute, Prague. Translated from tne Second Enlarged am}
Revised Edition with Supplement. By H. H. P. Powles, Assoc. MofUW
Institution of Civil Engineers. Nearly 400 pp. Illustrated with 38 Fdlduig

Plates, and 167 Woodcuts. Royal 8vo, cloth ^"i Sa.

" This valuable work is, and will remain, the standard authority on the scienQt o#n|Biiig. . .
The miller who has read and digested this work will have laid the foundatioiv sqi to q>ealc, of ■
successful career ; he will have acquired a number of general principles which he can proceed to
apply. In this handsome volume we at last have the accepted text-book of modem miUing In gocd,
sound Ens^h, which has little, if any, trace of the German \6xaia."—Th« Miller.

" The appearance of this celebrated work in English is very opportune, and British mUkiT^
will, we are sure, no be slow in availing themselves ef its pages,"— Mi/iers' Gaxette.

INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 37

CEMENT5, PASTES, QLUES, AND QUM5.

A Practical Guide to the Manufacture and Application of the various Aggluti-
nants required in the Building, Metal- Working, Wood-Working, and Leather-
Working Trades, and for Workshop, Laboratory or Office Use. With upwards
of 900 Recipes and Formulae. By H. C. Standage, Chemist. Third Edition.
Crown 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. 2/0

"Wc have pleasure in speaking^ favourably of this volume. So far as we have had
experience, which is not inconsiderable, this manual is trustworthy." — Athenaitm.

" As a revelation of what ate considered trade secrets, this book will arouse an amount of
curiosity among the large number of industries it touches."— ZJai/y Chronicle.

THE ART OF 50AP-MAK1NQ.

A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet
Soaps, &c. Including many New Processes, and a Chapter on the Recovery of
Glycerine from Waste Leys. By Alx. Watt. Fifth Edition, Revised, with
an Appendix on Modern Candlemaking. Crown 8vo, cloth . . . 7/6

"The work wiU prove very useful, not merely to the technological student, but to the
practical soap boiler who wishes to understand the theory of his art." — Chemical News.

" A thoroughly practical treatise on an art which has almost no literature in our language.
We congratulate the author on the success of his endeavour to fill a void in English technical
literature. "'—Nature.

PRACTICAL PAPER-MAKINQ.

A Manual for Paper-Makers and Owners and Managers of Paper-Mills. With
Tables, Calculations, &c. By G. Clapperton, Paper-Maker. With Illus-
trations of Fibres from Micro- Photographs. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 5/0

" The author caters for the requirements of responsible mill hands, apprentices, &c., whilst
his manual will be found ofgreat service to students of technology, as well as to veteran paper-
makers and mill owners. The illustrations form an excellent feature." — The f4''orld's Paper Trade
Review.

" We recommend everybody interested in the trade to get a copy of this thoroughly practical
book."— Paper Making.

THE ART OF PAPER-MAKINQ.

A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Paper from Rags, Esparto,
Straw, and other Fibrous Materials. Including the Manufacture of Pulp from
Wood Fibre, with a Description of the Machinery and Appliances u.sed. To
which are added Details of Processes for Recovering Soda from Waste Liquors.
By Alexander Watt. Author of " The Art of Soap-Making." With Illus-
trations. Crown Svo, cloth "7/6

"It may be regarded as the standard work on the subject. The book is full of valuable
information. The ' Art of Paper-Making ' is in every respect a model of a text-book, either for a
technical class, or for the private student. —/Vi/^r and Printing Trades yonrnal.

A TREATISE ON PAPER

For Printers and Stationers. With an Outline of Paper Manufacture ; Complete
Tables of Sizes, and Specimens of Different Kinds of Paper. By Richard
Parkinson, late of the Manchester Technical School. Demy Svo, cloth.

[Just Published. 3/6

THE ART OF LEATHER MANUFACTURE.

Being a Practical Handbook, in which the Operations of Tanning, Currying,
and Leather Dressing are fully Described, and the Principles of Tanning
Explained, and many Recent Processes Introduced ; as also Methods for the
Estimation of Tannm, and a Description of the Arts of Glue Boiling, Gut
Dressing, &c. By Alexander Watt, Author of " Soap-Making," &c.

Fourth Edition. Crown Svo, cloth 9/0

" A sound, comprehensive treatise on tanning and its accessories The book is an eminently

valuable production, which redounds to the credit of both author and publishers."— CAemtax/

Review.

THE ART OF BOOT AND SHOE MAKING.

A Practical Handbook, including Mesisurement, Last- Fitting, Cutting-Out,
Closing and Making, with a Description of the most approved Machinery
Employed. By John B. Leno, late Editor of St. Crispin^ and The Boot and
^hoe^aker. i2mo, cloth , , , . ^/Q

38 CROSBY LOCKWOOD *• SON'S CATALOGUE.

WOOD ENQRAVING.

A Practical and Easy Introduction to the Study of the Art. By W. N. Browh.
i2mo, cloth "f /0

" The book is clear and complete, and wiU be useful to any one wanting to niutenttand tha
first elements of the beautiful art of woo<l engtw'm^."— Graphic.

MODERN HOROLOGY, IN THEORY AND PRACTiCB.

Translated from the French of Claudius Saunier, ex-Director of the School

of Horology at Macon, by Julien Tripplin, F.R.A.S^ Besanoon Watch

Manufacturer, and Edward Rigg, M.A., Assayer in the Royal Mint. With

Seventy-eight Woodcuts and Twenty-two Coloured Copper Plates. SeoDod

Edition. Super-royal 8vo, cloth, £2 Ss. ; half-calf . . £2 lOa.

" There is no horologrical work in the English language at all to be comuared to thfa Modnc-

tion of M. Saunter's for clearness and completeness. It is idike good as a i^iae for tiia student and

as a reference for the experienced horologist and skilled workman." — HorolcgictU yoHrnmL

" The latest, the most complete, and the most reliable of those literary productions to iriilch
continental watclmiakers are indebted for the mechanical superiority over thdr Enefidi bwthwu
—in fact, the Book of Books, is M. Saunier's ' Treatise.'"— IfiatcAmaJ^r, yeiveUer, ami SUve nmU h,

THE WATCH ADJUSTER'S MANUAL.

A Practical Guide for the Watch and Chronometer Adjuster in Maldng,
Springing, Timing and Adjusting for Isochronism, Positions and Tempentiires.
By C. E. Fritts. 370 pp., with Illustrations, 8vo, cloth . . . 1Q/0

THE WATCHMAKER'S HANDBOOK.

Intended as a Workshop Companion for those engaged in Watchmaking and
the Allied Mechanical Arts. Translated from the French of Claudius
Saunier, and enlarged by Julien Tripplin, F.R.A.S., and Edwakd
Rigg, M.A., Assayer m the Royal Mint. Third Edition. 8vo, doth. 9/0

" Itach part is truly a treatise in itself. The arran(^ment is good and the language b clear
and concise. It is an aclinirable guide for the young watchmaker."— f^^MMn'MSf.

" It is impossible to speak too highly of its excellence. It fiil^ every lemdmaent In a
handbook intended for the use of a workman. Should be found in every woricshop. —IfwkA mmd
Clock»taker.

A HISTORY OF WATCHES & OTHER TIMEKEEPERS,

By James F. Kendal, M.B.H. Inst. Boards, 1/6; or cloth, gilt . 2/0

" The Iwst which h.is yet appeared on this subject in the English language."— /mftuMer.
" Open the book where you may, there is interesting matter in it concemfng the Ingwdont
devices of the ancient or modem \\.oxo\o%ex."— Saturday Revieiv.

ELECTRO-DEPOSITION.

A Practical Treatise on the Electrolysis of Gold, Silver, Copper^ Nickel, and
other Metals and Alloys. With Descriptions of Voltaic Battenes, BCagneto
and Dynamo-Electric Machines, Thermopiles, and of the Materials ond
Processes used in every Department of the Art, and several Chapiters on
Electro-Metallurgy. B^ Alexander Watt, Author of "£]ectro-
Metallurgy," &c. Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth . . 9/0

" Eminently a book for the practical worker in electro-depodtion. It contaiBS ptac tl c i l
descriptions of methods, processes and materials, as actually pursued and used in the woinhop."-.>
Hnsineer.

ELECTRO-METALLURGY.

Practically Treated. By Alexander Watt. Tenth Edition, indudinflf the

most recent Processes. i2mo, cloth S/O

" From this l)ook both amateur and artisan may learn everything necessary for the succearfb
prosecution of electroplating."— /r<7«.

JEWELLER'S ASSISTANT IN WORKING IN GOLD.

A Practical Treatise for Masters and Workmen, Compiled from the Experience
of Thirty Years' Workshop Practice. By George E. Gek, Author c« " TTie
Goldsmith's Handbook," &c. Crown 8vo, cloth T/O

" This manual of technical education is apparently destined to be a valuable aindHaiy to a
handicraft which is certainly capable of great improvement."— TTtf Times.

INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS, 39

ELECTROPLATINQ.

A Practical Handbook on the Deposition of Copper, Silver, Nickel, Gold,

Aluminium, Brass, Platinum, &c., &c. By J. W. Urquhart, C.E. Third

Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth S/0

" An excellent practical manuaL"— £'«^'««n'«^.

" An excellent work, giving the newest information."— ^oro/o^Vw/ yoitmal.

ELECTROTYPINQ.

The Reproduction and Multiplication of Printing Surfaces and Works of Art
by the Electro-Deposition of Metals. By J. W. Urquhart, C.E. Crown 8vo,
cloth 6/0

" The book is thoroughly practical ; the reader is, therefore, conducted through the leading
laws of electricity, then through the metals used by electrotypers, the apparatus, and the depositing
processes, up to the final preparation of the work. — Art jOHrnaU

GOLDSMITH'S HANDBOOK.

By George E. Gee, Jeweller, &c. Fifth Eidition. lamo, cloth . . 3/0

"A good, sound educator, and will be generally accepted sis an authority." — Horological
yournal.

SILVERSMITH'S HANDBOOK.

By George E. Gee, Jeweller, &c. Third Edition, with numerous Illustra-

tions. i2mo, cloth 3/0

"The chief merit of the work is its practical character. . . . The workers in the trade will
speedily discover its merits when they sit down to study it." — English Mechanic.

♦*♦ The above two works together^ strongly half'bound, price 7s.

SHEET METAL WORKER'S INSTRUCTOR.

Comprising a Selection of Geometrical Problems and Practical Rules for
Describing the Various Patterns Required by Zinc, Sheet-Iron, Copper, and
Tin-Plate Workers. By Reuben Henry Warn. New Edition, Revised and
greatly Enlarged by Joseph G. Horner, A.M.I. M.E. Crown 8vo, 254 pp.,
with 430 Illustrations, cloth. [Just Published. 7/6

BREAD & BISCUIT BAKER'S & SUQAR-BOILER'S

AASI5TANT.

Including a large variety of Modern Recipes. With Remarks on the Art of

Bread-mzdcing. By Robert Wells. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth . 2/0

" A large number of wrinkles for the ordinary cook, as well as the haker."— Saturday Revieiv,

PASTRYCOOK &. CONFECTIONER'S GUIDE.

For Hotels, Restaurants, and the Trade in general, adapted also for Family
Use. By R. Wells, Author of " The Bread and Biscuit Baker." Crown 8vo,

cloth 2/0

*• We cannot speak too highly of this really excellent work. In these days of keen competition
our readers cannot do better than purchase this hook."— Bakers' Times.

ORNAMENTAL CONFECTIONERY.

A Guide for Bakers, Confectioners and Pastrycooks ; including a variety of
Modem Recipes, and Remarks on Decorative and Coloured Work. With 129
Original Designs. By Robert Wells. Second Edition. Crown 8vo . 6/0

" A valuable work, practical, and should be in the hands of every baker and confectioner.
The illustrative designs are alone worth treble the amount charged for the whole ^orV."— Bakers'
Times..

THE MODERN FLOUR CONFECTIONER, WHOLESALE

AND RBTAIL.

Containing a large Collection of Recipes for Cheap Cakes, Biscuits, &c. With

remarks on the Ingredients Used in their Manufacture. By Robert Wells,

Author of "The Bread and Biscuit Baker," &c. Crown 8vo, cloth . 2/0

" The work is of a decidedly practical character, and In every recipe regard is had to economical
ytOTklns"— North British Daily Mail.

RUBBER HAND STAMPS

And the Manipulation of Rubber. A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of
Indiarubher Hand Stamps, Small Articles of Indiarubber, The Hektograph,
.Special Inks, Cements, and Allied Subjects. By T. O'Conor Sloane, A.M.,
Ph.D. With numerous Illustrations. Square 8vo, cloth . . . • 5/0

40 CROSBY LOCKWOOD 6- SON'S CATALOGUE.

HANDYBOOKS FOR HANDICRAFTS. .

BY PAUL N. HASLUCK.

Kditor of " Work " (New Series), Author of " Lathe Work," " MilUng Machinea," &c.

Crown 8vo, 144 pp., cloth, price is. each.

These Handybooks have bfen written to supply information for Woiik¥BN,
Students, and Amateurs in the several Handicrafts, on the actual Practicb of
the Workshop, and are intended to convey in plain languag$ T«chnical Know*
I.EDGB of the several Crafts. In describing the processes employed, and th€ numipu*
lation of material, workshop terms are used ; workshop practice isfuUy explained ;
ami the text is freely illustrated with drawings of modem tools, applianceSf and
processes.

THE METAL TURNER'S HANDYBOOK.

A Practical Manual for Workers at the Foot-Lathe. With over xoo IHui*

trations. \fO

" The book will be of service alike to the amateur and the artisan turner. It dlspliqrs
thorough knowledge of the subject." — Scotsman.

THE WOOD TURNER'S HANDYBOOK.

A Practical Manual for Workers at the Lathe. With over xoo Ilhutrationt

1/0

" We recommend the book to young turners and amateurs. A multitude of workmen have
hitherto sought in vain for a manual of this speci.1l industry." — Mechanical trorld,

THE WATCH JOBBER'5 HANDYBOOK.

A Practical Manual on Cleaning, Repairing, and Adjusting. With upwards of

100 Illustrations 1/Q

" We strongly advise all young persons connected with the watch trade to acquire and stu^
is inexpensive work." — CUrkemvell Chronicle.

THE PATTERN MAKER'S HANDYBOOK.

A Practical Manual on the Construction of Patterns for Fouqders. \l^th

upwards of 100 Illustrations 1/0

" A most valuable, if not indispensable manual for the pattern maker." — Knvwltdi[t.

THE MECHANICS WORKSHOP HANDYBOOK.

A Practical Manual on Mechanical Manipulation, embracing Informatioii
on various Handicraft Processes. With Useful Notes and Misoellaneaas

Memoranda. Comprising about 200 Subjects I/O

"A very clever and useful book, which should be found in every workshop; and it shotud
certainly find a place in <iU technical schools." — Saturday Review.

THE MODEL ENGINEER'S HANDYBOOK.

A Practical Manual on the Construction of Model Steam Engines. With

upwards of 100 Illustrations '1/0

" Nir. Hasluck has produced a very good little \yoo)ii."-~Builder.

THE CLOCK JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK.

A Practical Manual on Cleaning, Repairing, and Adjusting. With upwards of

100 Illustrations I/O

" It is of inestimable service to those commencing the trade."— C^zvM/ry Standard.

THE CABINET MAKER'S HANDYBOOK.

A Practical Manual on the Tools, Materials, Appliances, and Processes

employed in Cabinet Work. With upwards of 100 Illustrations -I/O

"Mr. Hasluck's thorough-going little Handybook is amongst the most practkal guides we
have seen for beginners in cabinet-work."— 5a/wni!ay Reinew.

THE WOODWORKER'S HANDYBOOK OF MANUAL

INSTRUCTION.

Embracing Information on the Tools, Materials, Appliances and Processes

Employed in Woodworking. With 104 Illustrations I/O

Opinions of the Press.
" Written by a man who knows, not only how work ought to be done, but how to do it, and '
how to convey his knowledge to others."— /:"«^«^*n«p'.

" Mr. Hasluck writes admirably, and gives complete \DsXTMx:fiaiD&."— Engineer.
" Mr. Hasluck combines the experience of a practical teacher whh the manipulative ridll and
scientific knowledge of processes of the trained mechanician, and the manuals are marvels of «iiac
can be produced at a popular urire."—5cA00/maf/^r.

*• Helpful to workmen of all ages and degrees of experience."— Ari/>' Chronicle.
" Practical, sensible, and remarkably c\\caLp."—youmal 0/ Education.
*' Concise, clear and practical."— 5a/»ntoj' Reviev,

COMMERCE, COUNTING-HOUSE WORK, TABLES, &-c. 41

COMMERCE, COUNTING-HOUSE WORK,

TABLES, &c.

LE550NS IN COMMERCE.

By Professor R. Gambaro, of the Royal High Commercial School at Genoa.
Edited and Revised by James Gault, Professor of Commerce and Commercial
Law in King's College, London. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo . 3/6

" The publishers of this work have rendered considerable service to the cause of commercial
education bj the opportune production of this volume. . . . The work is peculiarly acceptable to
Eng^lish readers and an admirable addition to existing- class books. In a phrase, we think the work
attams its object in furnishing a brief account of those laws and customs of British trade with which
the commercial man interested therein should be familiar." — Chamber 0/" Commerce journal.

" An invaluable guide in the hands of those who are preparing for a commercial career, and,
in fact, the information it contains on matters of business should be impressed on every one."^
CoufUing^ House.

THE FOREIGN COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENT.

Being Aids to Commercial Corresi>ondence in Five Languages — English,
French, German, Italian, and Spanish. By Conrad E. Baker. Second
Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth 3/6

" Whoever wishes to correspKind in all the languagfes mentioned by Mr. Baker cannot do
better than study this work, the materials of which are excellent and conveniently arranged. They
consist not of entire specimen letters, but— what are far more useful— short passages, sentences, or
phrases expressing the same general idea in various (oTxx»&."—Ath€rugutH.

" A careful examination has convinced us that it is unusually complete, well arranged and
reliable. The book is a thoroughly good one." — Schoolmaster.

A NEW BOOK OP COMMERCIAL PRENCH.

Grammar — Vocabulary — Correspondence — Commercial Documents — Geo-
graphy — Arithmetic — Lexicon. By P. Carrou^, Professor in the City High
School J. — B. Say (Paris). Crown 8vo, cloth 4/6

" M. Carrou^'s book is a vade tnecum of commercial French, and would be distinctly in its
place in every merchant's office. Nothing better could be desired," — Educational Times,

PACTORY ACCOUNTS: their PRINCIPLES & PRACTICE.

A Handbook for Accountants and Manufacturers, with Appendices on the
Nomenclature of Machine Details; the Income Tax Acts; the Rating of
Factories ; Fire and Boiler Insurance ; the Factory and Workshop Acts, &c.,
including also a Glossary of Terms and a large number of Specimen Rulings,
By Emile Garcke and J. M. Feli^. Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged,
Demy 8vo, 250 pp., strongly bound 6/0

_" A very interesting description of the requirements of Factory Accounts. . . . The principle
of assimilating the Factory Accounts to the general commercial books is one which we thoroughly
agree •<»i'Cti."'^Aca>untants' youmal.

" Characterised by extreme thoroughness. There are few owners of factories who would not
derive great benefit from the perusal of this most admirable work."— 'Local Gozfimment ChrotticU.

MODERN METROLOGY.

A Manual of the Metrical Units and Systems of the present Century. With

an Appendix containing a proposed English System. By Lowis D. A,

Jackson, A. M. Inst. C, E., Autnor of " Aid to Survey Practice," &c. Large

crown 8vo, cloth 1 2/6

"We recommend the work to all interested in the practical reform of our weights and
measures."— .A'a/Mrf.

A SERIES OF METRIC TABLES.

In which the British Standard Measures and Weights are compared with those

of the Metric System at present in Use on the Continent. By C. H, Dow).ikq,

C.E. 8 vo, strongly bound 10/6

" Mr. Dowlins^'s Tables are well put together as a ready reckoner for the conversion of on*
system into the o\.hcT,"—-Athenautn.

THE IRON AND METAL TRADES' COMPANION.

For Expeditiously Ascertaining the Value of any Goods bought or sold by
Weight, from i5. per cwt. to 112s. per cwt., and from one farthing per pound to
one shilling per pound. By Thomas Downie. 396 pp., leather . . 9/0

" A most useful set of tables, nothing: like them before existed."— BuildiHir News.

" Although specially adapted to the iron and metal trades, the tables wiD be found useful
every other business in which merchandise is bought and sold by ytexf^ht."— Railway Nrvs,

42 CROSBY LOCKWOOD 6* SON'S CATALOGUE.

NUMBER, WEIGHT, AND FRACTIONAL CALCULATOR.

Containing upwards of 250,000 Separate Calculations, showing at a Glance the
Value at 422 Different Rates, ranging from y^jth of a Penny to aos. each, or per
cwt., and £20 per ton, of any number of articles consecutively, from z to 4701.
Any number of cwts., ars., and lbs., from x cwt. to 470 cwts. Any number of
tons, cwts., qrs., and lbs., from x to x,ooo tons. By William Chadwick.
Public Accountant. Third Edition, Revised. 8vo, strongly bound . 1 8/0

" It is as easy of reference for any answer or anv number of answers as a dictionvy. For
makine up accounts or estimates the book must prove invaluable to all who have any consdetabltt
quant% of calculations involving price and measure in any combination to do."—EngiMeer,

" The most perfect work of the kind yet prepared." — Glasgow HereUd.

THE WEIGHT CALCULATOR.

Being a Series of Tables upon a New and Comprehensive Plan, exhibiting at
one Reference the exact Value of any Weight from x lb. to X5 tons, at 300
Progressive Rates, from \d. to 1685. per cwt., and containing x86,ooo Direct
Answers, which, with their Combinations, . consisting of a single addition
mostly to be performed at sight), will afford an aggr^ate <n 10,366,000
Answers ; the whole being calculated and designed to uisure correctness and
prcwnote despatch. By Henry Harben, Accountant. Fifth Editicm, careflally
Corrected. Royal Svo, strongly half-bound JS1 0s.

<•

A practical and useful work of reference for men of business generally."— /rvMifSM^frr.
Of priceless value to business men. It is a necessary book in all i

priceless value to business men. It is a necessary book in all mercantOe oiBces.'*'-
Sheffield Independent.

THE DISCOUNT GUIDE.

Comprising several Series of Tables for the Use of Merchants, ManufiK:tturer>,
Ironmongers, and Others, by which may be ascertained the Exact Profit arisine
from anv mode of using Discounts, either in the Purchase or Sale of Goods, and
the method of either Altering a Rate of Discount, or Advancing a Price, so ai
to produce, by one operation, a sum that will realise any required Profit after
allowing one or more Discounts : to which are added Tables of Profit or
Advance from x); to 90 per cent., Tables of Discount from xS; to 98} per cenL,
and Tables of Commission, &c., from § to 10 per cent. By Henry Harben,
Accountant. New Edition, Corrected. Demy Svo, half-bound . JGd 0a.
" A book such as this can only be appreciated by business men, to whom the savinfjr of tfane

means saving of money. The work must prove of great value to merchants, manu&cturers, and

general UdAers."— British Trade youmal.

TABLES OF WAGES.

At 54, 52, 50 and ^8 Hours per Week. Showing the Amoimts of Wage$ from
One quarter of an nour to Sixty-four hours, in each case at Rates of Wages
advancing by One Shilling from 4s. to 55s. per week. By Thos. Garbutt.
Accountant. Square crown Svo, half-bound 8/0

IRON-PLATE WEIGHT TABLES.

For Iron Shipbuilders, Engineers, and Iron Merchants. Containing the
Calculated Weights of upwards of 150,000 different sizes of Iron Plates from
I foot by 6 in. by | in. to xo feet by 5 feet by x in. ^ Worked out on the Basis of
40 lbs. to the square foot of Iron of i inch in thickness. By H. BuRLlNSON
and W. H. Simpson. 4to, half-bound £1 0«.

MATHEMATICAL TABLES (ACTUARIAL).

Comprising Commutation and Conversion Tables, Logarithms, Cologarithms.
Antilogarithms and Reciprocals. By J. W. Gordon. Royal 8vo. mounted
on canvas, in cloth case. [Just PublisMd. 0/O

AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, *c. 43

AGRICULTURE, FARMING,
GARDENING, Ac.

THE COMPLETE QRAZIER AND FARMER'S AND

CATTLE BRBBDBR'S ASSISTANT.

A Conipendiuin cf Husbandly. Orieinally V

Thiri«nlh Edition, enlirtlyRe-wriHen.conat. , _ ,

up to the Presenl R«uirenients of Agricultural Piactiw, by Will..

t^EAH, LL.D., SunnLectuKi in ihe Univeiskv of Edinburgh, Aulhoc

"Tbt El. ~ ^ . .

FARM LIVE STOCK OF GREAT BRITAIN.

Bv Robert Wallace, F.LS., F.R.S.E., Sc, Piofessoi of Agriculture and
°'— ' Economy in the Universily of Edinburgh. Third Edition, thoroughly

.J __ > -'aBbly Enlarged. With over no Phototypes of ftize

..__ -:..-- 01-.-.^ and Maps, cloth. . . 12/8

NOTE-BOOK OF AGRICULTURAL FACTS & FIGURES

FOR PARmeRS AND FA RIW STUDENTS.

V of the Highland and Agiiculiural

44 CROSBY LOCKWOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE,
BRITISH DAIRYING.

A Handy Volume on the Work of the Dairy- Farm. For the Use of Technical

Instruction Classes, Students in Agricultural Colleges and the Working Dury«

Farmer. By Prof. J. P. Shbldon. With Illustrations. Second Edition.

Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth. [ Just Publishid, S/O

'< Confidently recommended as a useful text-book on dairy fanning."— v#,fTin«AWn«/ (TduirtM*,

" Probably the best half-crown manual on dairy work that has yet been produced«"— Ai^TAl

liritish Agriculturist,

" It IS the soundest little work we have yet seen on the sul^ect."— 7*V Tfmn.

MILK, CHEESE, AND BUTTER.

A Practical Handbook on their Properties and the Processes of their Produc-
tion. Including a Chapter on Cream and the Methods of its Separation firom
Milk. By John Oliver, late Principal of the Western Dairy InstitutOi
Berkeley. With Coloured Plates and 200 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, clotbt

7/6

" An exhaustive and masterlv production. It may be cordially recommended to all students
and practitioners of dairy science, —^ar/,^ British Agricult^trist.

" We recommend this very comprehensive ana carefully-written book to dairy-formers and
students of dairying. It is a distinct acquisition to the library of the a^cu\twfist."-'A£yifHUnfVi
Gazette,

SYSTEMATIC SMALL FARMING.

Or, The Lessons of My Farm. Being an Introduction to Modem Farm

Practice for Small Farmers. By R. Scott Burn, Author of " Outlines of

Modem Farming," &c. Crown 8vo, cloth. , 6/0

" This is the completest book of its class we have seen, and one which every amateur former
will read with pleasure, and accept as a guide."— Ft^/(/.

OUTLINES OF MODERN FARMING.

By R. Scott Burn. Soils, Manures, and Crops — Farming and Farming
Economy — Cattle^ Sheep, and Horses — Management of Dauy^ Pigs, ana
Poultry— Utilisation of Town-Sewage, Irrigation, &c. Sixth Edition. In On«
Vol., 1,250 pp., half-bound, profusely Illustrated 12/0

FARM ENQINEERINQ, The COMPLETE TEXT-BOOK of.

Comprising Draining and Embanking j Irrigation and Water Supplv ; Farm
Roads, Fences and Gates ; Farm Buildings ; Barn Implements and Machines;
Field Implements and Machines ; Agricultural Surveying, &c. By Professor
John Scott. In One Vol., 1,150 pp., half-botmd, with over 600 Illustrations.

12/0

" Written with e;reat care, as well as with knowledge and ability. The author has done hU
work well ; we have found him a very trustworthy guide wherever we have tested his statements*
The volume will be of great value to agricultural students."— Afarifc Lane Express. ■ ■

THE FIELDS OF GREAT BRITAIN.

A Text-Book of Agriculture. Adapted to the Syllabus of the Science and
Art Department. For Elementary and Advanced Students. By Hugh
Clements (Board of Trade). Second Edition, Revised, with Additions..

i8mo, cloth 2/ft

" It is a long time since we have seen a book which has pleased us more, or which contidna
such a vast and useful fund of knowledge."— >£'(/iM»/V<)na/ Times.

TABLES and MEMORANDA for FARMERS, QRAZIER5,,

AGRICULTURAL 5TUDENT5, 5URVBY0R5, LAND AQBNT5,.
AUCTI0NBBR5, &c.

With a New System of Farm Book-keeping. By Sidney Francis. Third!

Edition, Revised. 272 pp., waistcoat-pocket size, limp leather . .1/6*
" Wekfhing less than z oz., and occupvhigno more space than a match-box, it contains amass-
of factsand calculations which has never before, in such handy form, been obtainable. Every
operation on the farm is dealt with. The work may be taken as thoroughly accurate, the whole of'
the tables having been revised by Dr. Fream. We cordially recommend 'iC'—BelTs H^eeJtfy
Afessenger.

THE ROTHAMSTED EXPERIMENTS AND THEIR

PRACTICAL LB5<SON5 FOR PARMBR5.

Part I. Stock. Part II. Crops. By C. J. R. Tipper. Crown 8vo, cloth.

[Just Published. 3/6
" We have no doubt that the book w|ll be wekoroed by a large class of farmers and otfaen
interested in agriculture."— S/a/^iiarrt/,

AX^RICULTURE, FARMING, GARD^l4lNG, &c. 45
FERTIi-I5ER5 AND FEEDING 5TUFFS.

A Handbook for the Practical Farmer. By Bernard Dyer, DiSci (Lond.)>
With the Text of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act of 1891. &Gi Thu-d
Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, cloth. [Just Published. 1 /O

'^Ttaislittie book is precisely what it professes to be— 'A Handbook for the Practical
Fanner/ Dr. Dyer has done fanners srood service in placing at their disposal so much usefUl
information in so intelU^ble a form."— T'Ae Times.

BEE5 FOR PLEASURE AND PROFIT.

A Guide to the Manipulation of Bees, the Production of Honey, and the
General Management of the Apiarv. By G. Gordon Samson. With
numerous Illustrations. Crown Svo, cloth 1/0

BOOK-KEEPING for FARMERS and ESTATE OWNERS.

A Practical Treatise, presenting, in Three Plans, a System adapted for all
Classes of Farms. By Johnson M. Woodman, Chartered Accountant.
Second Edition, Revised. Crown Svo, cloth boards, 3/6 ; or, cloth limp, 2/6
" The volume is a capital study of a most important subject"-- Agricuitural Ganette.

WOODMAN'S YEARLY FARM ACCOUNT BOOK.

Giving Weekly Labour Account and Diary, and showing the Income and

Expenditure under each Department of Crops, Live Stock, Dairy, &c., &c.

With Valuation, Profit and Loss Account, and Balance Sheet at the End of the

Year. By Johnson M. Woodman, Chartered Accountant. Second Edition.

Folio, half-bound 7/6 Net.

" Contains every requisite form for keeping farm accounts readily and accurately."—
Agriculture.

THE FORCING GARDEN.

Or, ^ How to Grow Early Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables. With Plans and
Estimates for Building Glasshouses, Pits and Frames. With Illustrations.

By Samuel Wood. Crown Svo, cloth 3/6

" A good book, containing a great deal of valuable teaching."— Gart^tmerx' Magaxine.

A PLAIN GUIDE TO GOOD GARDENING.

Or, How to Grow Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers. By S. Wood. Fourth
Edition, with considerable Additions, and numerous Illustrations. Crown

Svo, cloth 3/6

" A very good book, and one to be highly recommended as a practical guide. The practical
directions are excellent."— ^/A««<?«w.

MULTUM-IN-PARVO GARDENING.

Or, How to Make One Acre of Land produce jitoo a year, by the Cultivation
of Fruits and Vegetables ; also, How to Grow Flowers in Three Glass Houses,
so as to realise A176 per annum clear Profit. By Samuel Wood, Author of
" Good Gardening, &c. Fifth and Cheaper Edition, Revised, with Additions.

Crown 8vo, sewed I/O

"We are bound to recommend it as not only suited to the case of the amateur and gentle-
» luan's gardener, but to the market grower."— Carrilwi^rx' Mageudne.

THE LADIES' MULTUM-IN-PARVO FLOWER GARDEN.

And Amateur's Complete Guide. By S. Wood. Crown Svo, cloth . 3/6
^ Full of shrewd hints and useful instructions, based on a lifetime of experience.*— 5co/x;/ta«.

. POTATOES: HOW TO GROW AND SHOW THEM.

A Practical Guide to the Cultivation and General Treatment of the Potato.
By J. Pink. Crown Svo 2/0

: MARKET AND KITCHEN GARDENING.

By C. W. Shaw, late Editor of Gardening: Illustrated. Cloth . 3/6

The most valuable compendium of kitchen and market-garden work publislied. "—/armrr.

46 CROSBY LOCKWOOD 6* SON'S CATALOGUE,

AUCTIONEERING, VALUING, LAND
SURVEYING, ESTATE AGENCY, &c.

THE APPRAISER, AUCTIONEER, BROKER, H0U5E

AND BSTATB AOBNT AND VALUBR*5 POCKBT ASSISTANT.

For the Valuation for Purchase, Sale, or Renewal of Leases, Annuities, and
Reversions, and of Property generally ; Mrith Prices for Inventories, &c. By
John Wheeler, Valuer, &c. Sixth Edition, Re-written and greatly Extended
by C. NoRRis, Surveyor, Valuer, &c. Royal 32mo, cloth . . . 0/O

" A neat and concise book of reference, containing' an admirable and deariy-amnffed Ust of
prices for inventories, and a very practical (ftiidc to determine the value of furniture, &c. "-^Standmrd,

" Contains a large quantity of varied and useful information as to the valuation for purchase,
sale, or renewal of leases, annuities and reversions, and of property generally, with' prioei tat
inventories, and a guide to determine the value of interior fittings and other effects."— ^mUirr.

AUCTIONEERS: THEIR DUTIES AND LIABILITIES.

A Manual of Instruction and Counsel for the Young Auctioneer. By Robert
Squi BBS, Auctioneer. Second Eklition, Revised and partly Re-Mrritten. Demy

8vo, cloth 1 2/6

" The standard text-book on the topics of which it treats." — Athefueutn.
"The work is one of general excellent character, and gives much information in a com-
pendious and satisfactory ioxm."— Builder.

" May be recommended as giving a great deal of information on the law rdattng to
auctioneecs, in a very readable form. — Law youmal.

" Auctioneers may be congratulated on having so pleasing a writer to minister to their special
needs." — Solicitors' Jottrnal.

TABLES FOR THE PURCHASING OF ESTATES:

PRBBHOLD, COPYHOLD, OR LBASBHOLD; ANNUITIB8,
ADV0W50NS, &c

And for the ReneMring of Leases held under Cathedral Churches, Colleges, or
other Corporate bodies, for Terms of Years certain, and for Lives ; auo for
Valuing Reversionary Estates, Deferred Annuities, Next Presentations, &c. ;
together with Smart's Five Tables of Compound Interest, and an Extension
of the same to Lower and Intermediate Rates. Bv W. Inwood. 24th Ekliti<m,
with considerable Additions, and new and valuable Tables of Logarithms for
the moie difficult Computations of the Interest of Money, Discount, Aiumities.
&c., by M. Fedor Thoman. Crown 8vo, cloth 8/0

" Those interested in the purchase and sale of estates, and in the adjustment of compensation
cases, as well as in transactions in annuities, life insurances, &c., will nnd the present editioii of
emuient service." — Engifuerittp.

'"Inwood's Tables' still maintain a most enviaUe reputation. The new issue has been
enriched by large additional contributions by M. F^dor Thoman, whose carefully arranged Tables
cannot fail to be of the utmost utility." — Mining Journal.

THE AGRICULTURAL VALUER'S ASSISTANT.

A Practical Handbook on the Valuation of Landed Estates ; including Rules
and Data for Measuring and Estimating the Contents, Weights and Values of
Agricultural Produce and Timber, and the Values of Feeding Stufik, Manures,
and Labour ; with Forms of Tenant-Right Valuations, Lists of Local Agricul-
tural Customs, Scales of Compensation under the Agricultural ^ Holdings Act,
&c., &c. By Tom Bright, Agricultural Surveyor. Second Edition, Emaxsed.
Crown 8vo, cloth 6/0

" Full of tables and examples in connection with the valuation of tenant-ri^t, estatea* labour,
contents and weights of timber, and farm produce of all kinds." — AgrriculturalGmJHtte,

" An eminently practical handbook, full of practical tables and data of undoubted Interest and
value to surveyors cma auctioneers in preparing valuations of all kinds." — Farmer,

POLE PLANTATIONS AND UNDERWOODS.

A Practical Handbook on Estimating the Cost of Forming, Renovatins,
Improving, and Grubbing Plantations and Underwoods, their Valootioa fOT
Purposes of Transfer, Rental, Sale or Assessment. By Tom Bright. Crown
8vo, cloth 3/8

"To valuers, foresters and a{;ents it will be a welcome sx^."— North British AgriatllHrtit.
" Well calculated to assist the valuer in the dischargee of his duties, and of undoubted in tenM t
and use both to surveyors and auctioneers in preparing valuations of all kinds."— AfiM/ Htrald,

AUCTIONEERING, VALUING, LAND SURVEYING, &c. 47

THE LAND VALUER'S BEST ASSISTANT.

Being Tables on a very much Improved Plan^ for Calculating the Value of
Estates. With Tables for reducing Scotch, Irish, and Provincial Customary
Acres to Statute Measure. &c. By R. Hudson, C.E. New Edition.

P.oyal 32mo, leather, elastic band 4/0

"Of incalculable value to the country gentleman and professional man."— Fartturs' yournal.

THE LAND IMPROVER'S POCKET-BOOK.

Comprising Formulae, Tables, and Memoranda required in any Computation
relatmg to the Permanent Improvement of Landed Property. By JohnEwart,
Surveyor. Second Edition, Revised. Royal 32mo, oblong, leather . 4/0
" A compendious and handy little \o\\xrat."— Spectator.

THE LAND VALUER'S COMPLETE POCKET-BOOK.

Being the above Two Works bound together. Leather .... 7/6

HANDBOOK OF HOUSE PROPERTY.

A Popular and Practical Guide to the Purchase, Mortgase^ Tenancy, and
Compulsory Sale of Houses and Land, including the Law of I>ilapidations and
Fixtures : with Examples of all kinds of Valuations, Useful Information on
Building and Suggestive Elucidations of Fine Art. By E. L. Tarbuck,
Architect and Surveyor. Sixth Edition. x2mo, cloth .... Q/O

LAW AND MISCELLANEOUS.

MODERN JOURNALISM.

A Handbook of Instruction and Counsel for the Young Journalist. By John

B. Mackie, Fellow of the Institute of Journalists. Crown 8vo, cloth . 2/0

" This invaluable guide to journalism is a work which all aspirants to a journalistic career will
read with advantage."— yoMryta/ir/.

HANDBOOK FOR SOLICITORS AND ENGINEERS

Engaged in Promoting Private Acts of Parliament and Provisional Orders for
the Authorisation of Railways, Tramways^ Gas and Water Works, &c.
By L. Livingstone Macassev, of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law,
M. Inst. C.E. 8vo, cloth iSI 5t.

PATENTS for INVENTIONS, HOW to PROCURE THEM.

Compiled for the Use of Inventors, Patentees and others. By G. G. M.
Hardingham, Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E., &c. Demy 8vo, cloth . '1/6

CONCILIATION Si ARBITRATION in LABOUR DISPUTES.

A Historical Sketch and Brief Statement of the Present Position of the
Question at Home and Abroad. By J. S. Jeans, Author ot " England's
Suinremacy," &c Crown 8vo, 200 pp., cloth 2/6

THE HEALTH OFRCER'S POCKET-BOOK.

A Guide to Sanitary Practice and Law. For Medical Officers of Health,
Sanitary Inspectors, Members of Sanitary Authorities, &c. By Edward
F. WiLLOOGHBY, M.D. (Lond.), &c. Fcap. Bvo, cloth .... 7/6

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which it treats. The matter seems to have oeen carefully compiled and arraoij^ for facility of
reference, and it b wdl illustrated by diaspranis and woodcuts. The different subjects are
succinctly but fiiUy and scientifically dealt with."— TA^ Lancet.

" Oufliit to be welcome to those for whose use it is desired, since it practically boils down a
reference library into a pocket volume. ... It combines, with an uncommon degree o
efficiency, the qualities of accuracy, condseness and comprehensiveness."— 5a>/lrma».

48 CROSBY LOCKWOOD 6* SON'S CATALOGUE.

EVERY MAN'S OWN LAWYER.

A^ Handy-Book of the Principles of Law and Equity. With a CodcIm
Dictionary of Legal Terms. By A Barrister. Hiirty-fifUi Edition, care*
fully Revised, and including New Acts of Parliament of 1897. CoAipriaing
the IVorktnens Compensation Act^ iScy^ ; Voluntary Schools Acts. iSgiJ i
Preferential Payments in Bankruptcy AhteHdment Act^ tSiyj ; JVe^yUs mnd
Measures (Metric System) Act, i8q^ ; Infant Life Protection Act, iSp;
Dangerous Petformahces {of Children) Act, tStyj ; LaHti Trtmsfer Act, ta^*
6fc., df^c. Jildicial Decisions during the yetMr have also been duh moUtL
Crown 8vo, f 50 pp. Price 6/8 (saved at every consultation IX stronjny bottod
in cloth. U^tPmbUdketL

The Book will be found tx> comprist (amongst other maUtr)—

The RiGHts AND Wrongs of individuals— Landlord and Tenant— VbndoRs
AND Purchasers— Lhases and mortgages— principal and Agent— PartnersiIiI*
AND Companies— MASTERS, servants and Workmen-^^ontractb and Agrbbmbnts
—Borrowers, Lenders and Sureties— Sale and Purchase of Goods— Chbqubs.
Bills and Notes— Bills of Sale— Bankruptcy— Railway and Shipping Caw—
Life, Fire, and Marine Insurance— Accident and Fidelity Insurancb— Crimimal
Law— Parliamentary Elections— County Councils— District Councils— Parish
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Nuisances— Copyright, Patents, trade Marks— Husband and Wifb— Divorcb—
Infancy— CUSTODY of children— trustees and executors--Clbrgy, Church*
wardens, &c.— Game Laws and Sportino-innkeepers— Horses and Docs^Taxbb
AND Death Duties— Forms of Agreements, Wills, codicils, Notices, Ac

fflF Tfu abject of this work is to enable those who consult it to help tfutnselves to the
law ; and thereby to dispense, as far as possible, with professional assistance and advice. Tkert
are many wrongs and grievances which persons submit to from time to time tkrougrh Mtt
knowing ho7u or where to apply for redress ; and many persons have as great a drtadqfm
lawyers office as of a lion's den. With this book at hand it is believed that many a SlX'AND*
Eightpence mav be saved : many a wrong redressed ; tnany a right reclaimed ; many m Uem
suit avoided : and tnany an eznl abated. J he work has established itself OJ ^^ standard Iqpmi
adviser of all classes, and has also made a reputation for itself ats a usefitl book <if rtifitrtnctj^
lawyers residing at a distance frotn law libraries, who are glad to have at hand a work
embodying recent decisions and enacttnents.

Opinions of the Press.

" It is a complete code of English Law written in plain language, which all can undentand.

. . . Should be in the hands of every business man, and all who wish to abolish lawyers' bins."—
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" A complete digest of the most useful facts which constitute English law."— G/vAf.
"This excellent handl)ook. . . . Admirably done, admirably arranged, and admirably
cheap." — Leeds Mercury.

" A concise, cheap, and complete epitome of the English law. So plainly written that he who
runs may read, and he who reads may understand. " — Figaro.

" A dictionary of legal facts well put together. The book is a very useful one,"-~SpeciiU»r,

THE PAWNBROKER'S, FACTOR'S, AND MERCHANT'S

OUIDB TO THB LAW OP L0AN5 AND PLBIKIB5.

With the Statutes and a Digest of Cases. ])y H. C. Folkard, Barrister-at>
Law. Cloth 8/6

LABOUR CONTRACTS.

A Popular Handbook on the Law of Contracts for Works and Services. By
David Gibbons. Fourth Edition, with Appendix of Statutes by T. F. Uttley,
Solicitor. Fcap. 8vo, cloth • • 8/Cp

SUMMARY OF THE FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACT5

(1878- 1 891). For the Use of Manufacturers and Managers. By Emilb
Garcke and J. M. Feli^s. (Reprinted from "Factory Accounts.")
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BK.VUBURV, AGNEW, & Lu. LU., PRINTERS, LONDON AND TONBRIDUR.

WEALE'S SERIES

SCIENTIFIC A«B TECHNICAL

WORKS.

"It is not too much to say that no books have ever proved more
popular with or more useful to young engineers and others than the
excellent treatises comprised in Weale's Series." — Engineer.

3l H^to CIas5tM list:

pAac
CIVIL ENQINEERINQ AND SURVEYING 2

MINING AND METALLURGY . . .8

MECHANICAL ENQINEERINQ .... 4

NAVIGATION, SHIPBUILDINa ETC. . 5

PAOC

ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDINQ . . 6

INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS . . 8

AGRICULTURE, GARDENING, ETC. . 10

MATHEMATICS, ARITHMETIC, ETC. . 12

BOOKS OF REFERENCE AND MISCELLANEOUS VOLUMES . . 14

0)io^]^i

CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON,

7, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LONDON, E.G.

1898.

Utiti^tJ^mmm,at^m

2 WE ale's scientific and technical series.

CIVIL ENGINEERING & SURVEYING.
Civil Engineering.

By Hbnry Law, M. Inst. C.K Includine a Treatise on Hydraulic
Engineering by G. R. Burnbll, M.I.C.E. Seventh Edition, revised,
with Large Additions by D. K. Clark, M.I.CEL . . . 6/6

Pioneer Engineering :

a Treatise on the Engineering Operations connected with the Settlement c€
Waste Lands in New Countries. By Edward Dobson, ALCE. With
numerous Plates. Second Edition 4/6

Iron Bridges of Moderate Span:

Their Construction and Erection. By Hamilton W. Pbndrbd. With 40
Illustrations 2/0

Iron (Application of) to the Construction of Bridges,
Rocfs, and other ISTorks.

By Francis Campin, C.E. Fourth Edition 2/6

Constructional Iron and Steel ISTork,

as applied to Public, Private, and Domestic Buildings. By Francis
Campin, C.E 3/6

Tubular and other Iron Girder Bridges.

Describing the Britannia and Conway Tubular Bridges. By G. Drysdalb
Dempsey, C.E. Fourth Edition 2/0

Materials and Construction :

A Theoretical and Practical Treatise on the Strains, Designing, and £rec
tion of Works of Construction. By Francis Campin, C.E. . 3/O

Sanitary ISTork in the Smaller Towns and in Yillages.

By Charles Slagg, Assoc. M. Inst. C.E. Second Edition . . 3/0

Roads and Streets (The Construction of).

In Two Parts : I. The Art of Constructing Common Roads, by H.
Law, C.E., Revised by D. K. Clark, C.E. ; II. Recent Practicb : In-
cluding Pavements of Wood, Asphalte, etc. By D. K. Clark, CE. 4/6

Gas ISTorks (The Construction of),

And the Manufacture and Distribution of Coal Gas. By S. Hdghbs, C.E.
Re-written by William Richards, CE. Eighth Edition . . 6/6

Water Works

For the Supply of Cities and Towns. With a Description of the Princimd
Geological Formations of England as influencing Supplies of Water, or
Samuel Hughes, F.G.S., C.E. Enlarged Edition .... 4/0

The Power of Water,

As applied to drive Flour Mills, and to give motion to Turbines and other
Hydrostatic Engines. By Joseph Glynn, F.R.S. New Edition . 2/0

Weils and Well-Sinkintf.

By John Geo. Swindell, A.R.I. B.A., and G. R. Burnell, CE. Revised
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The Drainage of Liands, Towns, and Buildings.

By G. D. Dempsey, C.E. Revised, with large Additions on Recent
Practice, by D. K. Clark, M.I.CE. Second Eition, corrected . 476

Embanking Liands from the Sea.

With Particulars of actual Embankments, &c. By John Wiggins . 2/0

The Blasting and Quarrying of Stone,

For Building and other Purposes. With Remarks on the Blowing up of
Bridges. By Gen. Sir J. Burgovne, K.C.B. . . • • 1/6

Foundations and Concrete W^orks.

With Practical Remarks on Footings, Planking, Sand, Concrete, B^ton,
Pile-drivingj Caissons, and Cofferdams. By E. Dobson, M.R.I.B.A.
Seventh Edition ... | /Q

WEALE S SOIJENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. 3
Pneumatics,

Including Acoustics and the Phenomena of Wind Currents, for the Use of
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Land and Engineering Surveying.

For Students and Practical Use. By T. Bakbr, C.E. Fifteenth Edition,
revised and corrected by J. R, Young, formerly Professor of Mathematics,
Belfast College. Illustrated with Plates and Diagrams . . . 2/0

Mensuration and Measuring.

For Students and Practical Use. With the Mensuration and Levelling of
Land for the purposes of Modem Engineering. By T. Bakbr, C.E. New
Edition by E. Nugent, C.E. . . . . . . .1/6

MINING AND METALLURGY
Mineralogy,

Rudiments of. By A. Ramsay, F.G.S. Third Edition, revised and
enlarged. Woodcuts and Plates 3/6

Goal and Goal Mining,

A Rudimentary Treatise on. By the late Sir Warington W, Smyth,
F.R.S. Seventh Eklition, revised and enlarged 3/6

Metallur^ of Iron.

Containing Methods of Assay, Analyses of Iron Ores, Processes of Manu*
facture of iron and Steel, &c. By H. Bauerman, F.6.S. With numerous
Illustrations. Sixth Eklition, revised and enlarged .... 6/0

The Mineral Surveyor and Yaluer's Gomplete Guide.

By W. Lintern. Third Edition, with an Appendix on Magnetic and
Angular Surveying 3/6

Slate and Slate Quarrying:

Scientific, Practical, and Commercial. By D. C. Davies, F.G.S. With
numerous Illustrations and Folding Plates. Third Edition . . 3/0

A First Book of Mining and Quarrying,

with the Sciences connected therewith, for Primary Schools and Self In-
struction. By J. H. Collins, F.G.S. Second Edition . . 1/6

Subterraneous Surveying,

with and without the Magnetic Needle. By T. Fenwick and T. Baker,
C.H:. Illustrated 2/6

Mining Tools.

Manual of. By William Morgans, Lecturer on Practical Mining at the
Bristol School of Mines 2/6

Mining Tools, Atlas

of Engravings to Illustrate the above, containing 235 Illustrations of Mining
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Physical Geology,

Partly based on Major-General Portlock's "Rudiments of Geology.'
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Electro-Metallurgy,

Practically Treated. By Alexander Watt. Ninth Edition, enlarged
and revbed, including the most Recent Processes .... 3/6

4 WEAJ.ES SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
The IflTorkman's Manual of Engineering Drawing.

By John Maxton, Instructor in Engineering Drawing, Royal Naval
College, Greenwich. Seventh Edition. 300 Plates and Diagrams . 3/6

Fuels: Solid, Liiquid, and Gaseous.

Their Analysis and Valuation. For the Use of Chemists and Engineers.
By H. J. Phillips, F.C.S., formerly A ralytical and Consulting Chemist
to the Great Eastern Railway. Second Edition, Revised . . . 2/0

Fuel, Its Combustion and Economy.

Consisting of an Abridgment of "A Treatise on the Combustion of Coal and
the Prevention of Smoke." By C. W. Williams, A.I.C.E. With Exten-
sive Additions by D. K. Clark, M. Inst. C.E. Third Edition . 3/©

The Boilermaker's Assistant

in Drawing, Templating, and Calculating Boiler Work, &c. By J. Court-
ney, Practical Boilermaker. Edited by D. K. Clark, CE. . 2/0

The Boiler-Maker's Ready Reckoner,

with Examples of Practical Geometry and Templating for the Use or
Platers, Smiths, and Riveters. By John Courtney. Edited by D. K.
Clark, M.I. C.E. Second Edition, revised, with Additions . . 4/0

\» TAf last two Works in One Volume, half-bound, entitled " The Boilbx.
maker's Ready-Reckoner and Assistant." By J. Courtney and
D. K. Clark. Price 7s.

Steam Boilers :

Their Construction and Management. By R. Armstrong, CE. Illustrated

1/6
Steam and Machinery Management.

A Guide to the Arrangement and Economical Management of Machinery.
By M. Powis Bale, M. Inst. M. E 2/6

Steam and the Steam Engine,

Stationary and Portable. Being an Extension of the Treatise on the Steam
Engine of Mr. J. Sewell. By D. K. Clark, C.E. Third Edition 3/6

The Steam Engine,

A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of, with Rules and Examples for
Practical Men. By T. Baker, CE 1/6

The Steam Engine.

By Dr. Lardner. Illustrated . 1/6

Liooomotiire Engines,

By G. D. Dempsey, C.E. With large Additions treating of the Modem
Locomotive, by D. K. Clark, M. Inst. C.E 3/0

Lfocomotive Engine-Driving.

A Practical Manual for Engineers in charge of Locomotive Engines. By
Michael Reynolds. Eighth Edition. 3^. 6d. limp ; cloth boards 4/o

Stationary Engine-Driving.

A Practical Manual for Engineers in charge of Stationary Engines. By
Michael Reynolds. Fourth Edition. 3^. 6^. limp ; cloth boards . 4/6

The Smithy and Forge.

Including the Farrier's Art and Coach Smithing. By W. J. E. Crank.
Second Edition, revised 2/6

Modern ISTorkshop Practice,

As applied to Marine, Land, and Locomotive Engines, Floating Docks,
Dredgmg Machines, Bridges, Ship-building, &c. By J. G. Winton.
Fourth Edition, Illustrated 3/6

Mechanical Engineering.

Comprising Metallurgy, Moulding, Casting, Forging, Tools, Workshop
Machinery, Mechanical Manipulation, Manufacture of the Steam Engine,
&c By Francis Campin, C.E. Third Edition .... 2/6

Details of Machinery.

Comprising Instructions for the Execution of various Works in Iron in the
Fitting-Shop, Foundry, and Boiler- Yard. By Francis C ampin, C.E. 3/0

WEALE*S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. 6
Elementary Bn^ineering:

A Manual for Young Marine Engineers and Apprentices. In the Form of
Questions and Answers on Metals, Alloys, Strength of Materials, &c.
Hy J. S. Brewer. Second Edition ... ... 2/0

Poiver in Motion :

Horse-power Motion, Toothed-Wheel Gearing, Long and Short Driving
Hands, Angular Forces, &c. By James Armour, C.E. Third Edition 2/0

Iron and Heat,

Exhibiting the Principles concerned in the Construction of Iron Beams,
Pillars, and Girders. By J. Armour, C.E. , . , . 2/6

Practical Mechanism,

And Machine Tools. By T. Baker, C.E. With Remarks on Tools and
Machinery, by J. Nasmyth, C.E. ... ... 2/6

Mechanics :

Being a concise Exposition of the General Principles of Mechanical Science,
and their Applications. By Charles Tomlinson, F.R.S. . .1/6

Cranes (The Construction of),

And other Machinery for Raising Heavy Bodies for the Erection of Build*
ings, &c. By Joseph Glynn, F.R.S 1/6

NAVIGATION, SHIPBUILDING, ETC.
The Sailor's Sea Book:

A Rudimentary Treatise on Navigation. By Jambs Greenwood, B.A.
With numerous Woodcuts and Coloured Plates. New and enlarged
Edition. By W. H. Rosser 2/6

Practical Navigation.

Consisting of The Sailor's Sea-Book, by James Greenwood and W. H.
Rosser ; together with Mathematical and Nautical Tables for the Workine
of the Problems, by Henry Law, C.E. , and Prof. J. R. Young , 7/0

Navigation and Nautical Astronomy,

In Theory and Practice. By Prof. J. R. Young. New Edition. 2/6

Mathematical Tables,

For Trigonometrical, Astronomical, and Nautical Calculations ; to which is
prefixed a Treatise on Logarithms. By H. Law, C.E. Together with a
Series of Tables for Navigation and Nautical Astronomy. By Professor J.
R. Young. New Edition 4/0

Masting, Mast-Making, and Rigging of Ships.

Also Tables of Spars, Rigging, Blocks ; Chain, Wire, and Hemp Ropes,
&c., relative to every class of vessels. By Robert Kipping, N.A. . 2/0

Sails and Sail -Making.

With Draughting, and the Centre of Effort of the Sails. By Robert
Kipping, N.A 2/6

Marine Engines and Steam Yessels.

By R. Murray, C.E. Eighth Edition, thoroughly Revised, with Addi-
tions by the Author and by George Carlisle, C.E. . . . 4i/Q

Iron Ship-Building.

With Practical Examples. By John Grantham. Fifth Edition . 4/0

Naval Architecture :

An Exposition of Elementary Principles. By Jambs Peaks . . 3/6

Ships for Ocean and River Service,

Principles of the Construction of. By Hakon A. Sommerpbldt . \ /Q

Atlas of Engravings

To Illustrate the above. Twelve large folding Plates. Royal 410, doth 7/6

The Forms of Ships and Boats.

By W. Bland. Seventh Edition, revised, with numerous Illustrations and
Models 1/6

6 WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES.

ARCHITECTURE AND THE

BUILDING ARTS:

Construotional Iron and Steel Work,

as applied to Public, Private, and Domestic Buildings. By Fkancis
Campin, C.E 3/6

Building Estates:

A Treatise on the Development, Sale, Purchase, and Management of Build-
ing Land. By F. Maitland. Second Edition, r: vised . . . 2/0

The Soienoe of Buildintf :

An Elementary Treatise on the Principles of Construction. By E. Wtnd-
HAM Tarn, M.A. Lond. Third Edition, revised and enlarged . 3/6

The Art of BuUding:

General Principles of Construction, Strength, and Use of Materiab, Worki]^
I^wings, Specifications, &c. By Edward Dobson, M.R.I.B.A. . 2/0

A Book on Building,

Civil and Ecclesiastic^. By Sir Edmund Bbckbtt, Q.C (Lord Grim-
thorps). Second Edition 47G

Dwelling-HouBes (The Erection of),

Illustrated by a Perspective View, Plans, and Sections of a Pair of Villas, with
Specification, Quantities, and Estimates. By S. H. Brooks, Architect 2/S

Oottatfe Building.

By C. Bruce Allsn. Eleventh Edition, with Chapter on "Ecoaxuidc Cot-
tages for Allotments, by E. E. Allen, C.E 2/0

AoousticB in Relation to Architecture and Building:

The Laws of Sound as applied to the Arrangement of Buildings. By Pro-
fessor T. Roger Smith, F.R.I. B. A. New Edition, Revised . . 1/6

The Rudinients of Practical Bricklaying.

General .
Pointing

General Pririciples of Bricklaying ; Arch Drawing, Cutting, and Siting ;
; Paving, Tiling, &c. By Adam Hammond. Witli 68 Woodcnts

1/6
The Art of Practical Brick Gutting and Setting.

By Adam Hammond. With 90 Engravings 1/6

Brickwork :

A Practical Treatise, embodying the General^ and Higher Principles d
Bricklaying, Cuttine and Setting ; with the Application ofGeometry to Roof
Tiling, d(c. By F. Walker • ■ 1 /6

Bricks and Tiles,

Rudimentary Treatise on the Manufacture of; containing an Outline of the
Principles of Brickmaking. By E. Dobson, M.R.I.B.A. Additions by
C. ToMLiNSON, F.R.S. Illustrated .... . . 3/0

The Practical Brick and Tile Book.

Comprising: Brick and Tile Making, by E. Dobson, A.I.CE. ; Pkmc-
tical Bricklaying, by A. Hammond ; BrickworKi by F. Walkbii.
550 pp. with 270 Illustrations, strongly half-bound .... 6/0

Oarpentry and Joinery —

The Elementary Principles op Carpentry. Chiefly composed fiom the
Standard Work of Thomas Tredgold, C. E With Additions, and Treatise
on Joinery, by E. W. Tarn, M.A. Fifth Edition, Revised . . 3/6

Oarpentry and Joinery—Atlas

Of 35 Plates to accompany and illustrate the foregoing book. WlOk
Descriptive Letterpress. 4to. 6/0

WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. 7
A Practical Treatise on Handrailing;

Showing New and Simple Methods. By Geo. Collings. Second Edition.
Revised, including a Treatise on Stairbuilding. With Plates . 2/6

Circular Work in Carpentry and Joinery.

A Practical Treatise on Circular Work of Single and Double Curvature.
By George Collings. Second Edition 2/6

Roof Carpentry:

Practical Lessons in the Framing of Wood Rools. For the Use of Working
Carpenters. By Geo. Collings 2/0

The Construotion of Roofs of Wood and Iron;

Deduced chiefly from the Works of Robison, Tredgold, and Humber. By
E. WvNDHAM Tarn, M. A., Architect Second Edition, revised , 1 /6

The Joints Made and Used by Builders.

By Wyvill J. Christy, Architect. With i6o Woodcuts . 3/0

Shoring

And Its Application : A Handbook for the Use of Students. By Gborgb
H. Blagrovk. With 31 Illustrations 1/6

The Timber Importer's, Timber Merchant's, and
Builder's Standard Guide.

By R. E. Grandy 2/0

Plumbing :

A Text-Book to the Practice of the Art or Craft of the Plumber. Wth
Chapters upon House Drainage and Ventilation. By Wm. Paton Buchan.
Sixth Edition, revised and enlarged, with 380 Illustrations . . 3/6

Ventilation :

A Text Book to the Practice of the Art of Ventilating Buildings. By W. P.
Buchan, R.P., Author of " Plumbing," &c. With 170 Illustrations 3/6

The Practical Plasterer:

A Compendium of Plkin and Ornamental Plaster Work. By W. Kemp 2/0

House Painting, Graining, Marbling, & Sign Writing.

With a Course of Elementary Drawing, and a Collection of Useful Receipts.
By Ellis A. Davidson. Sixth Edition. Coloured Plates . . 6/0
*it* The abovey in cloth boards, strongly bound, 6s.

A Grammar of Colouring,

Applied to Decorative Painting and the Arts. By George Field. New
Edition, enlarged, by Ellis A. Davidson. With Coloured Plates . 3/0

ESlementary Decoration

As applied to Dwelling Houses, &c. By James W. Facey. Illustrated 2/0

Practical House Decoration.

A Guide to the Art of Ornamental Painting, the Arrangement of Colours in
Apartments, and the Principles of Decorative Design. By Jambs W. Facey.

2/6
%• The last two Works in One handsome Vol., half-bound, entitled " House
Decoration, Elementary and Practical/' price sr.

Warming and Ventilation

Of Domestic and Public Buildings, Mines, Lighthouses, Ships, &c. By
Charles Tomlinson, F.R.S.« 3/0

Portland Gement for Users.

By Henry Faija, A.M. Inst. C.E. Third Edition, Corrected . 2/0

Limes, Gements, Mortars, Concretes, Mastics, Plas-
tering, &c.

By G. R. BuRNELL, CE. Thirteenth Edition . . . .1/6

8 weale's scientific and technical series.

Masonry and Stone-Guttini^.

The Principles of Masonic Projection and their application to Construction.
By Edward Dobson, M.R.I.B.A 2/G

Arches, Piers, Buttresses, &o. :

Experimental Essays on the Principles of Construction. By W. Bland.

1/6
Quantities and Measurements,

In Bricklayers', Masons', Plasterers', Plumbers', Painters', Paperiiangers',
Gilders', Smiths', Carpenters' and Joiners' Work. By A. C. Beaton 1 /6

The Gomplete Measurer:

Setting forth the Measurement of Boards, Glass, Timber and Stone. By R.
' HoRTON. Fifth Edition 4/0

*^* The above ^ strongly bound in leather ^ price s*.

Light :

An Introduction to the Science of Optics. Designed for the Use of Students
of Architecture, Engineering, and other Applied Sciences. By E. Wynd-
HAM Tarn, M.A., Author of " The Science of Building," &c. . • 1 /6

Hints to Young Architects.

By George Wightwick, Architect. Fifth Edition, revised and enlarged
by G. HusKissON Guillaume, Architect 3/6

Architecture — Orders :

The Orders and their iEsthetic Principles. By W. H. Lbbds. Illu.strated.

1/6
Architecture — Styles :

The History and Description of the Styles of Architecture of Various
Countries, from the Earliest to the Present Period. By T. Talbot Bi'RV,
F.R.I.B.A. Illustrated . 2/0

*»* Orders and Styles of Architecture, in One Vol.f y. 6d.

Architecture — Design :

The Principles of Design in Architecture, as deducible from Nature and
exemplified in the Works of the Greek and Gothic Architects. By Kdw.
Lacy Garbett, Architect. Illustrated 2^

T/ie three preceding Works in One handsome Vol., half bounds entitled
Modern Architecture," /nV^ 6*.

* «
»

Adapted to Young Students and Amateurs in Architecture, Painting, &c.
" Gi

Perspeotive for Beginners.

Adapted to Young Students and . . _,

By George Pyne ' . ."2/0

Architectural Modelling in Paper.

liy '1'. A. Richardson. With Illustrations, engraved by O. Jewitt \ /6

Glass Staining, and the Art of Painting on Glass.

From the German of Dr. Gessert and Emanuel Otto Fkombbrg. With
an Appendix on The Art of Enamelling ..... 2/6

Vitruvius— The Architecture of.

In Ten Books. Translated from the Latin by Joseph Gwii.t, F.S.A.,
F.R.A.S. With 23 Plates 5/0

N.B.—This is the only Edition tf/ViTRWVius f>rocurabie at a tnoderate price,

Grecian Architecture,

An Inquiry into the Principles of Beauty in. With an Historical View of the
Rise and Progress of the Art in Greece. By the Earl op Aberdeen \ /Q

\* The two Preceding Works in One hatidsome Vol.j half bounds entitled
"Ancient Architecture," price 6s.

weale's scientific and technical series.

INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS.
Gements, Pastes, Glues, and Gums.

A Practical Guide to the Manufacture and Application of the various
Agglutinants required for Workshop, Laboratory, or Office Use. With
upwards ofooo Recipes and Formula. By H. C. Standagb . . 2/0

Glooks and Watones, and Bells,

A Rudimentary Treatise on. By Sir Edmund Beckett, Q.C. (Lord
Grimthorpb). Seventh Edition 4/6

The Goldsmith's Handbook.

Containing full Instructions in the Art of Alloying, Melting, Reducing,
Colouring, Collecting and Refining, Recovery of Waste, Solders, Enamels,
&c., &c. By George £. Gee. Third Edition, enlarged . . . 3/0

The Silversmith's Handbook,

On the same plan as the Goldsmith's Handbook. By George E. Gee.

Second Edition, Revised 3/0

*<j* The last two IVorks^ in One handsome VoL^ hal/'bound^ "js.

The Hall-Marking of Jewellery.

Comprising an account of all the different Assay Towns of the United
Kingdom ; with the Stamps and Laws relating to the Standards and Hall-
Marks at the various Assay Offices. By Georob E. Gee . . 3/0

Practical Organ Building.

By W. E. Dickson, M.A. Second Edition, Revised, with Additions 2/6

Goach-Building :

A Practical Treatise. By James W. Burgess. With 57 Illustrations 2/6

The Brass Founder*s Manual:

Instructions for Modelling, Pattern Making, Moulding, Turning, &c. By
W. Graham 2/0

The Sheet-Metal Worker's Guide.

A Practical Handbook for Tinsmiths, Coppersmiths, Zinc workers, &c., with
46 Diagrams. By W. J. E. Crane. Second Edition, revised . 1 /6

Sewing Machinery:

Its Construction, History, &c. With full Technical Directions for Adjust-
ing, &c. By J. W. Urquhart, C.E. . .... 2/0

Gas Fitting:

A Practical Handbook. By John Black. Second Edition, Enlarged.
With 150 Illustrations 2/6

Construction of Door Locks.

From the Papers of A. C. Hobbs. Edited by Charles Tomlinson, F.R.S.
With a Note upon Iron Safes bv Robert Mallet. Illustrated . 2/6

The Model Liocomotive Bngineer, Fireman, and
Bngine-Boy.

Comprising an Historical Notice of the Pioneer Locomotive Engines and
their Inventors. By Michael Reynolds. Second Edition. With
numerous Illustrations, and Portrait of George Stephenson . . 3/6

The Art of Letter Painting made Basy.

My J. G. Bauenoch. With 12 full-page Engravings of Examples . 1/6

The Art of Boot and Shoemaking.

Including Measurement, Last-fitting, Cutting-out, Closing and Making. Bv
John Bkdford Leno. With numerou'. Illustrations. Third Edition 2/0

Mechanical Dentistry:

A Practical Treatise on tiie Construction of the Various Kinds of Artificial
Dentures. By Chari.es Hunter. Third Edition, revised . . 3/0

Wood Engraving :

A Practical and Easy Introduction to the Art. By W. N. Brown . 1 /6

Laundry Management.

A Handbook for Use in Private and Public laundries. Including Accounts
of Modern Machinery' and Appliances. By the Editor of " The Laundry
Journal." With numerous Illustiations. Second Edition . . 2/0

10 WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES.

AGRICULTURE, GARDENING, ETC.
Draining and ESmbanking:

A Practical Treatise. By Prof. John Scott. With 68 Illustratioiu 1 /Q

Irrigation and Water Supply:

A Practical Treatise on Water Meadows, Sewage Irrigation, Warping, &&;
on the Construction of Wells, Ponds, Reservoirs, &c. By Prof. John
Scott. With 34 Illustrations ) /Q

Farm Roads, Fences, and Gates:

A Practical Treatise on the Roads, Tramways, and Waterways of the
Farm ; the Principles of Enclosures ; and the different kinds of Fenceft,
Gates, and Stiles. By Prof. John Scott. With 75 Illustrations . 1 /6

Farm Buildings :

A Practical Treatise on the Buildings necessary for various kinds of Fanns.
their Arrangement and Construction, with Plans and Estimates. By ProT
John Scott. With 105 Illustrations 2/0

Bam Implements and Machines :

Treating of the Application of Power and Machines used in the Threshing-
bam, Stockyard, Dairy, &c. By Prof. J. Scott. With 123 Illustrations.

2/0

Field Implements and Machines:

With Principles and Details of Construction and Points of Excellence, their
Management, &c. By Prof. John Scott. With 138 Illustrations 2/0

Agricultural Surveying:

A Treatise on Land Surveying, Levelling, and Setting-out ; with Directions
for Valuing Estates. By Prof. J. Scott. With 62 Illustrations . 1 /6

Farm Bngineering.

By Professor John Scott. Comprising the above Seven Volumes in One,
1,150 pages, and over 600 Illustrations. Half-bound . . . 12/0

Outlines of Farm Management.

Treating of the General Work of the Farm; Stock; Contract WcNrkj
Labour, &c. By R. Scott Burn 2/6

Outlines of Landed Estates Management.

Treating of the Varieties of Lands, Methods of Farming, Setting-out of
Farms, Roads, Fences, Gates, Drainage, &c. By R. Scott Burn . 2/G
%* TA^ above Two Vols, in One^ handsomely half-bound^ price 6'*

Soils, Manures, and Crops.

(Vol. I. Outlines op Modern Farming.) By R. Scott Burn . 2/0

Farming and Farming Economy.

(Vol. II. Outlines op Modern Farming.) By R. Scott Burn 3/0

Stock: Cattle, Sheep, and Horses.

(Vol. III. Outlines of Modern Farming.) By R. Scott Burn 2/0

Dairy, Pigs, and Poultry.

(Vol. IV. Outlines of Modern Farming.) By R. Scott Burn 2/0

Utilization of Sewage, Irrigation, and Beclamation
of Waste Land.

(Vol. V. Outlines of Modern Farming.) By R. Scott Burn . 2/0

Outlines of Modern Farming.

By R. Scott Burn. Consisting of the above Five Volumes in One,
1,250 pp., profusely Illustrated, half-bound f 2/0

WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. 11
Book-keeping for Fapmers and B state Owners.

A Practical Treatise, presenting, in Three Plans, a System adapted for all
classes of Farms. By J. M. Woodman. Third Edition, revised . 2/6

Ready Reckoner for the Admeasurement of Land.

By A. Arm AN. Third Edition, revised and extended by C. Norris 2/0

Miller*s, Corn Merohant's, and Farmer's Ready
Reckoner.

Second Edition, revised, with a Price List of Modern Flour Mill Machinery
by W. S. HuTTON, C.E .... 2/0

The Hay and Strais Measurer.

New Tables for the Use of Auctioneers, Valuers, Farmers, Hay and Straw
Dealers, &c. By John Steele . 2/0

Meat Production.

A Manual for Producers, Distributors, and Consumers of Butchers' Meat.
By John Ewart 2/6

Sheep :

The History, Structure, Economy, and Diseases of. By W. C. Spoonbr,
M.R.V.S. Fifth Edition, with fine Engravings 3/6

Market and Kitchen Gardening.

By C. W. Shaw, late Editor of " Gardening Illustrated " . . . 3/0

Kitchen Gardening Made Easy.

Showing the best means of Cultivating every known Vegetable and Herb,
ftc, with directions for management all the year round. By George M. F.
Glenny. Illustrated 1/6

Gottage Gardening:

Or Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables for Small Gardens. By E. Hobday.

1/6
Garden Receipts.

Edited by Charles W. Quin • . \/Q

Fruit Trees,

The Scientific and Profitable Culture of. From the French of M. Du
Brbuil. Fourth Edition, carefulty Revised by George Glenny. With
187 Woodcuts 3/6

The Tree Planter and Plant Propagator:

With numerous Illustrations of Grafting, Layering, Budding, Implements,
Houses, Pits, &c. By Samuel Wood 2/0

The Tree Pruner:

A Practical Manual on the Pruning of Fruit Trees, Shrubs, Climbers, and
Flowering Plants. With numerous Illustrations. By Samuel Wood ^ /Q

*^* The above Two Vols, in One, handsofnely half'bound^ price 3'* 6^*

The Art of Grafting and Budding.

By Charles Baltbt. With Illustrations 2/6

12 weale's scientific and technical series.

MATHEMATICS, ARITHMETIC, ETC,
Desoriptive Geometry,

An Elementary Treatise on ; with a Theory of Shadows and of Perspective,
extracted from the French of G. Monge. To which is added a Description
of the Principles and Practice of Isometrical Projection. By J. F. Heather,
M.A. With 14 Plates . ... . . 2/0

Practical Plane Geometry:

Giving the Simplest Modes of Constructing Figures contained in one Plane
and Geometrical Construction of the Ground. By J. F. Heather, M.A.
With 215 Woodcuts 2/0

Analytical Geometry and Conic Sections,

A Rudimentary Treatise on. By James Hann. A New Edition, re-
written and enlarged by Professor J. R. Young .... 2/0

Euclid (The Elements of).

With many Additional Propositions and Explanatory Notes ; to which is
prefixed an Introductory Essay on Logic. By Henry Law, C.£. . 2/6

*^^* Sold also separately ^ viz : —
Euclid. The First Three Books. By Henrv Law, C.E. . . .1/6
Euclid. Books 4, 5, 6, II, 12. By Henry Law, C.E. . . .1/6

Plane Trigonometry,

The Elements of. By James Hann . . . •1/6

Spherical Trigonometry,

Tlie Elements of. By Jambs Hann. Revised by Charles H. Dow-
ling, C£. ............I /O

*#* Or with " The Elements of Plane Trigonometry" in Otie Volume^ 2*. 6rf.

Differential Calculus,

Elements of the. By W. S. B. WooLHOUSE, F.R.A.S., &c. . .1/6

Integral Calculus.

By Homersham Cox, B.A. . 1/0

Algebra,

The Elements of. By James Haddon, M.A. With Appendix, contain-
ing Miscellaneous Investigations, and a collection of Problems . . 2/0

A Key and Companion to the Above.

An extensive repository of Solved Examples and Problems in Algebra.
By J. R. Young 1/6

Commercial Book-keeping.

With Commercial Phrases and Forms in English, French, Italian, and
German. By James Haddon, M.A. . . . . . . .1/6

Arithmetic,

A Rudimentary Treatise on. With full Explanations of its Theoretical
Principles, and numerous Examples for Practice. For the Use of Schools
and for Self-Instruction. By J. R. Young, late Professor of Mathematics
in Belfai»t College. Eleventh Edition 1/6

A Key to the Above.

By J. R. Young -1/6

ESquational Arithmetic,

Applied to Questions of Interest, Annuities, Life Assurance, and Genera
C onimerce ; with various Tables by which all Calculations may be greatly
facilitated. By W. Hipslev 2/0

Arithmetic,

Rudimentary, for the Use of Schools and Self-Instruction. By Jambs
Haudon, M.A. Revised by Abraham Arm AN . . . .1/6

A Key to the Above.

y A. Arman ... . • 1/6

weale's scientific and technical series. 13

Mathematical Instruments:

Their Construction, Adjustment, Testing, and Use concisely explained.
By J. F. Heather, M.A., of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.
Fourteenth Edition, Revised, with Additions, by A. T. Walmisley,
M.I.C.E. Original Edition, in I vol., Illustrated .... 2/0

*^^* In ordering the above^ be careful to say ^^JDriginal Edition" or Hve the
number in the Seties (32)^ to distinguish it from the Enlarged Edition in
3 vols. {Nos. 168-9-70).

Draisring and Measuring Instruments.

Including — I. Instruments employed in Geometrical and Mechanical Draw*
ing, and in the Construction, Copying, and Measurement of Maps and
Plans. II. Instruments used for the purposes of Accurate Measurement,
and for Arithmetical Computations. By J. F. Heather, M.A. . ) /Q

Optical Instruments.

Including (more especially) Telescopes, Microscopes, and Apparatus for
producing copies of Maps and Plans by Photography. By J. F. Heather
M.A. Illustrated ^ /g

Surveying and Astronomical Instruments.

Including — I. Instruments used for Determining the Geometrical Features
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