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THE 



AFRICAN REPOSITORY, 



AND 



COLONIAL JOURNAL. 



voi.. "iff' 1647.'* 



PUBLISHED MONTHLY, 



TBB AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY, AT $1 60 PAR TEAR, Iff 
AETAN6E, WHXN SENT BY MAIL, OR $2 IF NOT PA1* TIM. 
AFTER THI EXPIRATION OF SIX MONTHS, Oft 
WHEN DELIVERED TO SVBSCRIRERS 
IN CITIB8. 




iBtfgshfngton: 

C. ALEXANDER, PRINTER, 

JTEAR WAS AND NAVY DEPARTMENTS. 

1847. 



if 



INDEX. 



D. I 

PAGE. 

Davis, Rev. Chas. A., letter from the. . . 14 

Death of Rev. James Eden 319 

Death of Rev. Caleb J. Tenney,D.D. .341 
Despatches from Liberia. .26, 181, 220, 312 ,j 
Donations, interesting, from the chil- |l 

dren of the Rev. Rufus Pomeroy 12 

Drowning; of six hundred slaves, the. . .371 
Dunn, Hon. Geo. H. speech of, at An- 
niversary meeting of Ind'aCol. Soc.117 
Durbin, Rev. Dr. letter from — plan for 
the removal of slavery 300 



E. 



Eden, Rev. James, death of 319 

Eddy, Rev. A. D., resolution and re- 
marks 91 

Ellis, Harrison W 46 i 

Ellis, G. R., letter from . 176 

Emigration, means of promoting 240 

Election of officers of Am. Col. Soc. . . .94 
Emigrants by Liberia Packet, located 

at Bexley .320 

Emigration from the coast of Africa to 

the West Indies 353 

England and Liberia 54 

Executive Committee, Corresponding 
Secretaiy, and Treasurer, appointed. .98 j 

Expedition from New Orleans 309 \ 

Extracts of a letter from Rev. A. F. 
Russell 315 



F. 



Facts in relation to the principles and 
plans of colonisation 348 

Financial Report 96 

Flournoy, J. J., letter from 143, 224 

l^Free negroes in Virginia and Ohio 45 

Free people of color* in the free States, 
condition of the. . .' 304 

Gold rings , 13 

H. 

Hotham, Com. Charles, letter to Alex- 
ander Murray, Esq 318 

How a Slaver escaped a British man- 
of-war 377 

I. 

Illinois Con. of M. E. Church, on Col. 344 

Independence of Liberia 15, 383 

Independence of Liberia, action of le- 
gislature thereon, and vote of the ci- 
tizens, &c 80 

Indiana Col. Soc, 12th anniversary of. 110 

, 12th Ann. Rept. of. 112 

Intelligence from Liberia. ... 124, 187, 291 

Interesting donations 12 

Inunda.ion at "XUsadiviUe," Liberia. . .IS7 [ 



I. 

PAGE. 

Items from the Liberia Herald 22 

Items of intelligence from Liberia.. 59, 160, 

167, 202 
J. 

Judge Bullock's address, delivered at 

Anniversary of Ky. Col. Soc 99 

John Seys, schooner, sold 321 

L. 

Letter from Rev. Rufus Pomeroy, with 

donations from his children 12 

Letter, anonymous 13 

from Gov. Roberts, Liberia. 53, 131 

1S4, 135, 137, i38, 220, 22J 

from a Georgian 143, 224 

from G. R. Ellis 170 

, Gov. Pinney, in answer to cer- 

tatn questions •. 177 

Letter, G. K. Ellis McDonogh 2:*2 

r from a Liberian 216, 22* 

from Bassa Cove 27i) 

from Com. liothain to Alex. 

Murray, Esq 318 

Letter writing in Washington city 352 

Legislation in Liberia 153 

Lewis, Gen. J. N., extracts from a let- 
ter 53, 222 

Liberal and judicious bequest of John 

Woodward, E«q if) 

Liberia, Independence of. 15, 3S:$ 

, despatches from 26, 131 

Packet, sailing of the 27, 67 

, next vessel for 27 

, by a Liberian 48 

, letter Jrom Gov. Roberts 53 

— ■ , first and second view of— sail- 
ing of the Liberia Packet C7 

Liberia, State of, fiom Gov. Roberts' 

message 75 

Liberia, receipts of Colonial Treasury, 
relations of Liberia with surrounding 

tribes, fccc 76 

Liberia, Independence of — action of 
legislature thereon, and vote of the 

citizens 80 

Liberia Herald, with regard to the in- 
dependence of Liberia 81 

Liberia, colonists generally in favor of 

declaring their independence 82 

Liberia, the weakness of the Colony 
a guaranty of its safety — Dr. Alex- 
ander's opinion. . , 83 

Liberia, anticipations of bright career for.84 

, concluding remarks— Annual 

meeting of Am. Col. Soc 85 

Liberia, present condition of 88 

, intelligence from 124, 160 

and the British Government. . .125 

Packet . . . , 125 

, by a Liberian 17f> 

— Conference \9ii 

Liberian, letter from a 216, 223 

Liberia, anuiver»ar) oration 26(5 



INDEX 



TO TBS 



TWJKBTV -THIRD VOLUME OF THE AFRICAN KEPOSLTGRY. 



FACE. 

A Colonic *s eflorlf in Connecticut to 
get hi* kindred to go with biai. Ice. .69 

A Colored CoJiniza'fofti?* . .974 

A Conjurer ami Cooj'iralioo .20 

AoVire** of Judge Bullock, delivered at 

A orii verify of Ky. Col. Society 99 

A (rican Colonization 23, 185, 1*9 

Africa, South of the Pq*iator 1 

— — , redemption of 163 

f W*«tern 192 

, claim* of, on the Christian 

world to fend her the gospel 323 

A friean Mi*»ion«, survey of. 200 

• Mioftion. the 237 

- Christian*, native 244 

Agriculture in A frica 185 

Agent of Penn. Col. Society 189 

Alexander, Rev. Dr., on Colonization. . 144 
An act to regulate the carriage of pas- 
sengers in Merchant ships 156 

A n African Repository stopped .350 

Anniversary of New Yoik State Col; 

Society 195 

Annual Meeting of Mas*. Col. Society. 2*27 

Meeting of Am. Col. Soc. 28, 59, 85 

■ -— - Report of Am. Col. Society. . . .03 

A nony mou« Letters 13 

Appeal of Mass. Col. Society for funds. 353 
Appointment of Executive Committee, 

Corresponding Sec'y, and Treasurer. .98 
Attack bv Natives, Town and factories 

burneif by the English 313 

A voice from the North to Southern 
Colonizationist* 309 



B. 



Baltimore Conference on Colonization. 144 

Barque Chancellor, captured 223 

Barque Chatham — Relief of the Pons' 

recapti ves 66 

Barque Rothschild with emigrants from 

Ohio, Ky M and Tenn.. for Liberia ...65 

Basin Cove, letters from 279 

Bequest of late John Woodward, Esq. . . 19 

British opinions ttbout Liberia .355 

. South Africa 356 

Natal & West. Africa.359 



C. 

FAGK. 

Cape Palroas. Western Africa 67 

Chicago d»*cu«sioa of the plant and 

measures of the Am. Col. Society. . .346 
Claims of Africa on Christian world to 

send her the gospel 323 

Colonization 55 

, A Irican 33, 172 

, importance of — Liberia 

packet built, and influence of. 73 

Colonization, opinions in favor of — 

Newspapers ........75 

Colonization, its bearing on American 

commerce 86 

Colonization, origin of, fee 93 

, missionary influence of. .241 

, letter from a minister of 

the gospel in Tenn., on 242 

Colonization, home 242 

. thoughts on, by Ber. J. 

N. Danforth 248 

Colonization, to the friends of, in Va. .812 

and Slavery 191 

, as viewed in connection 

with Divine Providence 237 

Colonists generally in favor of declar- 
ing their independence 82 

Colonists in America 89 

, prospective improvement of. .90 

Colonial correspondence.... 134, 135, 137, 

138, 139 
Colored people will goon he crowded 

out of employment.-Dr. Alexander's 

opinion, &c 72 

Colored people in Canada, situation of, 

&c 92 

Colored people of Charleston, S. C....190 

people, religious instruction of. 351 

Colonizatiohist, A 374 

Condition of the free people of color in 

the free States 304 

Conference Seminary 820 

Conjurer and Conjuration, A 20 

Cornelius, Rev. Saml., resignation of. .308 
Corresponding Secretary & Treasurer 

appointed 98 

Communication on African Colonization 172; 

"Chancellor," barque, captured .223 

Cultivation of the soil 293 






if 



INDEX. 



D. 

PAGE. 

Davis, Rev. Chas. A., letter from the*. • . 14 

Death of Rev. James Eden 819 

Death of Rev. Caleb J. Tenney, D.D. .341 
Despatches from Liberia. .26, 131, 220, 312 
Donations, interesting, from the chil- 
dren of the Rev. Rufus Poineroy 12 

Drowning of six hundred slaves, the. . .371 
Dunn, Hon. Geo. H. speech of, at An- 
niversary meeting of Ind'a Col. Soc. .117 
Durbin, ljUv. Dr. letter from — plan for 
the removal of slavery 300 



E. 



Eden, Rev. James, death of 319 

Eddy, Rev. A. D., resolution and re- 
marks 91 

Ellis, Harrison W 46 

Ellis, G. R., letter irom 176 

Emigration, means of promoting 240 

Election of officers of Am. Col. Soc. . . .94 
Emigrants by Liberia Packet* located 

at Bexley 820 

Emigration from the coast of Africa to 

the West Indies 353 

England and Liberia 54 

Executive Committee, Corresponding 
Sec re tat y, and Treasurer, appointed.. 98 

Expedition from New Orleans 309 

Extracts of a letter from Rev. A. F. 
Russell 315 



F. 



Facts in relation to the principles and 

plans of colonisation 348 

Financial Report 96 

Flournoy, J. J., letter from 143, 224 

Free negroes in Virginia and Ohio 45 

Free people of color 1 in the Iree States, 
condition of the 304 



G. 



Gold rings 13 



II 



Hotham, Com. Charles, letter to Alex- I 

ander Murray, Esq 318 

How a Slaver escaped a British man- 
of-war 377 



I. 



Illinois Con. of M. E. Church, on Col. 344 

Independence of Liberia 15, 3S3 

Independence of Liberia, action of le- 
gislature thereon, and vote of the ci- 
tizens, &x 80 

Indiana Col. Soc, 12th anniversary of. 110 
, 12th Ann. Kept. of. 112 



Intelligence from Liberia. . . . 124, 187, 291 

Interesting donations ,12 , . „ 

InumU.iou at "RcjuLville/* Liberia. . .137 |j Liberia, tuaivefair) oralion 



PAGE. 

Items from the Liberia Herald 22 

Items of intelligence from Liberia.. 59, 160, 

157, 202 
J. 

Judge Bullock's address, delivered at 

Anniversary of Ky. Col. Soc 99 

John Seys, schooner, sold 321 



L. 



Letter from Rev. Rufus Pomeroy, with 

donations from his children 12 

Letter, anonymous 13 

from Gov. lvob<*rts, Liberia. 53, 131 

1S4, 135, 137, i3S, 220, 223 

from a Georgian 143, 224 

fromG. K. Ellis 17* 

,Gov. Pinney, in answer to cer- 
tain questions •. 177 

Letter, G. K.Ellis McDonogh 232 

from a Liberian 216, 22« 

from liassa Cove 279 

from Com. Hothain to Alex. 

Murray, Esq 318 

Letter writing in Washington city 352 

Legislation in Liberia 153 

Lewis, Gen. J. N., extracts from a let- 
ter 53, 222 

Libeial and judicious bequest of John 

Woodward, fcsq if) 

Liberia, Independence of. 13, 3m : $ 

, despatches from 26. 131 

Packet, sailing of the 27, 67 

— - — , next vessel for.. 27 

, by a Liberian 4S 

, letter Irom Gov. Roberts 5i 

, first and second view of— sail- 

i ng of the Liberia Packet C7 

Liberia, State of, horn Gov. Roberts' 
metsa^e % 7; 

Liberia, receipts of Colonial Treasury, 
relations of Liberia with sunounding 
tribes, fctc ; 7tf 

Liberia, Independence of — action of 
legislature thereon, and vote of the 
citizens 1 

Liberia Herald, with regard to the in- 
dependence of Liberia 8 

Libeiia, colonists generally in favor of 
declaring their independence f 

Libeiia, the weakness of the Colony 
a guaranty of its safely— Dr. Alex- 
ander's opinion 

Liberia, anticipations of bright career fo 

, concluding remarks— Annual 

meeting of Am. Col. Soc 

Liberia, present condition of 

, intelligence from 124, 

and the British Government.. 

Packet . . . % , 

, by a Liberian 

Conference , 

Liberian, letter from a 2' 



INDEX 



*• 



TO THB 



TWENTY-THIRD VOLUME OF THE AFRICAN REPOSITORY. 



A. 

PAGE. 

A Colonist's efforts in Connecticut to 
get his kindred to go with him, &c. .69 

A Colored Colonizationist 374 

A Conjurer and Conjuration 20 

Address of Judge Bullock, delivered at 

Anniversary of Ky. Col. Society 99 

African Colonization 33, 186, 189 

Africa, South of the Kquator 1 

, redemption of 163 

, Western . 192 

— , claims of, on th« Christian 

world to send her the gospel 323 

A frican Mission*, survey of 200 

Mission, the 237 

— —- Christians, native 244 

Agriculture in Africa 185 

Agent of Penn. Col. Society 189 

Alexander, Rev. Dr., on Colonization. . 144 
An act to regulate the carriage of pas- 
sengers in Merchant ships 156 

A n African Repository stopped 350 

Anniversary of New Voik State Col: 

Society 195 

Annual Meeting of Mass. Col. Society .2^7 
Meeting of Am. Col. Soc. 28, 59. 83 



« — Report of Am. Col. Society. . . .63 

A nonymou* Letters 13 

Appeal of Mass. Col. Society for funds. 353 
Appointment of Executive Committee, 

Corresponding Sec'y, and Treasurer. .98 
Attack bv Natives, Town and factories 

burnedf by the English .313 

A voice from the North to Southern 

Colonizationists 309 



B. 



Baltimore Conference on Colonization. 144 

Barque Chancellor, captured 223 

Barque Chatham— Relief of the Pons' 

recaptives 66 

Barque Rothschild with emigrants from 

Ohio, Ky., and Tenn.. for Liberia ...65 

Bassa Cove, letters from, 279 

Bequest of late John Woodward, Esq. . . 19 

British opinions about Liberia '.355 

. South Africa 356 

— Natal & West. Africa. 35 » 



C. 

PACK. 

Cape Palroas. Western Africa. .' 67 

Chicago discussion of the plans and 

measures of the Am. Col. Society. . .346 
Claims of Africa on Christian world to 

send her the gospel 323 

Colonization 55 

, African 33, 172 

r- , importance of — Liberia 

packet built, and influence of 73 

Colonization, opinions in favor of— 

Newspapers .....75 

Colonization, its bearing on American 

commerce 86 

Colonization, origin of, be 93 

, missionary influence of. .241 

, letter from a minister of 

the gospel in Tenn., on 242 

Colonization, home 242 

. thoughts on, by Rev. J. 

N. Danforth 248 

Colonization, to the friends of, in Va..8l2 

and Slavery 191 

, as viewed in connection 

with Divine Providence 237 

Colonists generally in favor of declar- 
ing their i litispendence 82 

Colonists in Ameiica 89 

, prospective improvement of. .90 

Colonial correspondence. . . . 134, 135, 137, 

138, 139 
Colored people will soon be crowded 

out of employment. -Dr. Alexander's 

opinion, &c 72 

Colored people in Canada, situation of, 

&c 92 

Colored people of Charleston, S. C. . . . 190 
— —- people, religious instruction of. 35 1 

Colonizatiohist, A 874 

Condition of the free people of color in 

the free States 304 

Conference Seminary 820 

Conjurer and Conjuration, A 20 

Cornelius, Rev. Satnl., resignation of. .308 
Corresponding Secretary & Treasurer 

appointed 98 

Communication on African Colonization 179? 

"Chancellor," barque, captured 223 

Cultivation of the soil 298 



«*>r^' w *?r^r>r\ 



if 



INDEX. 



d. i i. 

PAGE.! PAGE. 

Davis, Rev. Chas. A., letter from the*. . . 14 j Items from the Liberia Herald 22 

Death of Rev. James Eden 319 • Items of intelligence, from Liberia.. 59, 160, 

Death of Rev. Caleb J. Tenney, D.D. .341 1 * 167, 202 

Despatches from Liberia. .26, 131, 220, 312 i J. 

Donations, interesting, from the chil- \\ 

dren of the Rev. Rufus Pomeroy 12 , Judge Bullock's address, delivered at 

Drowning of six hundred slaves, the. . .371 !j Anniversary of Ky. Col. Soc 99 

Dunn, Hon. Geo. H. speech of, at An- i, John Seys, schooner, sold 321 

niversary meeting of Ind'a Col. Soc. .117 j 
Durbin, Rev. Dr. letter from — plan for <j It. 

the removal of slavery 300 • 

, Letter from Rev. Rufus Pomeroy, with 

donations from his children 12 

Letter, anonymous 13 

from Gov. Roberts, Liberia. 53, 131 

134, 135, 137, i38, 220, 22J 

from a Georgian 143, 224 

from G. R. Ellis 17<J 

-, Gov. Pinney, in answer to cer- 



E. 



Eden, Rev. James, death of 319 

Eddy, Rev. A. D., resolution and re- 
marks 91 

Ellis, Harrison W 46 

Ellis, G. R., letter from 176 (i 

Emigration, means of promoting 240 



tatn questions » 177 

Election of officers of Am. Col. Soc 94 j! Letter, G. K. Ellis McDonogh 2:*2 



Emigrants by Liberia Packet, located 

at Bexley .320 

Emigration from the coast of Africa to 

the West Indies 353 

England and Liberia 54 

Executive Committee, Corresponding 

Secretary, and Treasurer, appointed. .98 ; 

Expedition from New Orleans 309 ' 

Extracts of a letter from Rev. A. F. | 

Russell 315 i 



F. 



Facts in relation to the principles and 
plans of colonisation 348 

Financial Report 96 

Flournoy, J. J., letter from 143, 224 

l^Eree negroes in Virginia and Ohio 43 

Free people of color* in the tree States, 
condition of the... 304 

G. 

Gold rings 13 

II. 

Hotham, Com. Charles, letter to Alex- 
ander Murray, Esq 318 

How a Slaver escaped a British man- 
of-war 377 

I. 

Illinois Con. of M. E. Church, on Col. 844 

Independence of Liberia 15, 383 

Independence of Liberia, action of le- 
gislature thereon, and vote of the ci- 
tizens, &c SO 

Indiana Col. Soc, 12fh anniversary of. 110 

, 12th Ann. Rept. of. 112 

Intelligence from Liberia 124, 187, 291 

Interesting donations ,12 

Inunda.iou at "Rcadiville," Liberia. . «IS7 



from a Liberian 216, 223 

from tiassa Cove 27i> 

from Com. Hotham to Alex. 

Murray, Esq Sl8 

Letter writing in Washington city 352 

Legislation in Liberia 133 

Lewis, Gen. J. N., extracts from a let- 
ter 53, 222 

Libeial and judicious bequest of John 

Woodward, K«q 19 

Liberia, Independence of. 15, 3$;{ 

, despatches from 26. 131 

Packet, sailing of the 27, 67 

, next vessel for 27 

, by a Liberian 43 

, letter Irom Gov. Roberts 53 

— ■ , first and second view of — sail- 
ing of the Liberia Packet 67 

Liberia, State of, liom Gov. Roberts' 

metsage -. 73 

Liberia, receipts of Colonial Treasury, 
relations of Liberia with surrounding 

tribes, tec 76 

Liberia, Independence of — action of 
legislature thereon, and vote of the 

citizens qq 

Liberia Herald, with regard to the in- 
dependence of Liberia g\ 

Libeiia, colonists generally in favor of 

declaring their independence 82 

Liberia, the weakness of the Colony 
a guaranty of its safety — Dr. Alex- 
ander's opinion 83 

Liberia, anticipations of bright career for.8 4 

, concluding remarks— Annual 

meeting of Am. Col. Soc 85 

Liberia, present condition of 88 

, intelligence from 124, 160 

and the British Government. . .125 

Packet . . . % 125 

, by a Liberian 17:1 

— Conference 190 

Liberian, letter from a 216, 223 

Liberia, aii:iiver«ar^ oralioa 2G(J 



INDEX. 



PAGE. 

fciberia Packet, second voyage of the. .807 

, third voyage of. .308, 873 

Louisiana Plariters*Teasoning re? pect- 
in^ religious instruction of slaves. . .183 
Lugenbeel, Dr. J. W., letter from. 139, 221, 

293, 376 
Lumpkin, Hon. J. II., letter from: .... 158 

M. 

McDonogh's people, John, letter from. 175 

, No. 1 260 

, letter from. 283 

McDonoijh, G. R. Ellis, letter from.. . .223 

jMap of South Africa 11 

Ma-s. C»l. Soc, annual meeting of 227 

, Geueral Association of, resolu- 
tions adopted by the 239 

Mass. Col. Soc, appeal for fundi* 353 

Means of promoting emigration 240 

Meeting of Board of Directors, A.C. S..94 

Mrs>age of Gov. Roberts 146 

Mis.sions, survey of African 2u0 

Missionary influence on Colonization. .241 

Missionary Intelligence 282 

Missouri Col. Society ItiO 

Mote funds n< eded 384 

Munay, Cupt. Alex. J. letter 135 



JV. 



Natal, Africa 859 

Native African Christians 244 

Natives of Alrica 813 

Next vessel for Liberia 27 

New Voik State Col. Society, anniver- 
sary of. 195 

Notice to clergy of all denominations. . 159 
Notice of Libtria Packet in an Eng- 
lish paper 352 



O. 



Officers of the Am. Col. Soc. elected... 94 
Opinions in favor of Coloni/alion — 

i\<*vv8pappis 75 

Origin of Colonization, he 93 

Our Autumnal Expedition 350 

Our Spi i/>£ Expedition 156 



P. 



Paiker. Rev. Joel, D. D., remarks of, 

on Colonization 87 j 

Pennsylvania Colonization Society — I 

Rev. C. Willberger, agent 189 j 

Pir.ney, Gov. John 13., letter to Rev. B. I 

T. Ravauauch 177 1 

Plan of Dr. Duibin for the removal of 

Siuveiy 306 

Pomerov. Rev. Rufus, loiter from, with 

donations 12 

P^pe, Comd'r John, letter 133, 13.9 

Pioceedings of the Board of Directors 

of tL# Am. Col. Soc 94 



P. 

PAOJB. 

Proclamation for day of Public Thanks- 

giving 817 

Prospective improvement of Colonists. ..90 
Purchase of Territory— about &0 mile*. .79 

R. ' 

" Randolph Negroes" and Mercy co., 
Ohio, resolutions, Sec 70 

Read, Com. George C, letter of, 137 

Reasoning of a Louisiana Planter re- 
specting the, religious instruction of 
slaves 183 

Receipts of the Am. Col. Soc. for 1846. .74 

Receipts of the Colonial Treasury of 
Liberia 70 

Redemption of Africa 163 

Regeneration of Africa .284 

Religious instruction of the colored 
people 351 

Report of the American Colonization • 
Society, annual 65 

Report on the finances of the A in. Col. 
Soc 96 

Report of Select Committee on the re- 
lations of the Am. Col. Soc. with 
contemplated Independent Govern- 
ment of Liberia 97 

Resolutions of the Virginia Conference, 
M. E. Church 14 

Resolution and remarks by Rev. A.D. 
Eddy 91 

Resolution concerning the Slaver Pons. .95 

Resolutions adopted by the General 
Association of Massachusetts 289 

Resignation of the Rev. Samu* 1 Cor- 
nelius 808 

Republic of Liberia, the .879 

Roberts, Gov. J. J., letter from, 58, 131, 

134, 135, 137, 188, 220 

Roberts, Gov. Message of. 146 

Russell, Rev. A. F., extracts of a let- 
ter train 815 

Receipts of the Am. Col. Soc. fiom the 
20th Nov. tu • he 31st Dec, 1*46 .28 

Receipts of the Am. Col. Soc. fiom the 
1st to the 20th Jan. 1847 61 

Receipts of the Am. Coi. Soc. from the 
20th Jan. to the 25th Mar. 1*47 125 

Receipts of the Am. Co). Soc. from the 
20th Mar. to the 20th Apr. 1847 160 

Receipts of the Ain.Col. Soc. from the 
20th Apr. to the 20th May, 1847 193 

Receipts of the Am. Col. Soc. from the 
20th of May to the 20 1 h of June, 1847.225 

Receipts of the Am. Col. Soc. from the 
20th June to the 20th July, 1847 256 

Receipts of the Am. Col. Soc. fiom the 
20th of July to the 20th Aug. 1847.. .289 

Receipts of the Am. Col. Soc. from the 
20th Aug. to the 20th Sept. 1847 821 

Receipts of the Am. Col. Soc. from the 
20th of Sept. to the 20th Oct. 1847.. 853 

Receipts of the Am. Col. Soc. from the 
20th of Oct. to the 20th Nov. 1847.. .884 



INDEX. 



9. 

PAGE. 

Saftins of the Liberia Packet 27 

Schools at Miilsburg 814 

Schooner '< John Seys" sold 321 

Second voyage of the Liberia Packet. .807 
Secretary and Treasurer of the Am. 

Cdk Soc. appointed 98 

Situation of colored people in Canada,&c.92 
SUver «« Pons/' resolution concerning 

the 95 

Slavery and Colonization 191 

Slavery, plan for the removal of, letter 

from Rev. Dr. Ourbin. ...» 800 

South Afiica 366 

Southern Colonizalionists, a voice from 

the North to 309 

Speech of Hon. Geo. H. Dunn, deliv- 
ered at the anniversary meeting of 
the Indiana Colonization Society. . . .117 
Spencer, Rev. Levi, directing his Re- 
pository to be stopped 360 

State of Liberia, from Gov. Roberts' 

message ; 75 

Survey of African Missions 200 

T. 

Thankfgiving— Proclamation for a day 

of 817 

Territory, purchase of, about 80 miles. .79 

Territory Purchased 334 

The Africans, by the Pons 188 

The Associate Reformed Synod 21 

The Baltimore* Conference on Coloni- 
zation 144 

The first and second view of Liberia — 

sailing of the Liberia Packet 67 

The «• Pons" people, character of — 

trouble — expense, &c 77 

The "Pons" People— the law of 1819, 
and the imposition of landing them 
destitute, leaving the colonists to 

support them » 78 

The a Randolph negroes" and Mercer 
county resolutions— abolitionists, &C.70 



PACT. 

The Slave Trade 160 

These things ought to convince color- 
ed people. Sentimentfrom the North 

American Review .71 

Third Voyage of Liberia Packet. .308, 373 
Thoughts on Colonization, by Rev. J. 

N. Danforth 248 

The drowning or six hundred slave3.. .371 
Treasurer and Secretary of Am. Col. 

Society, appointed 98 

Tutwiler, Prof. Henry, letter from 312 

Twelfth Ann. of Indiana Col. Soc 110 

Annual Report of the Indiana 

Col. Soc 112 



U. 



j " Union is Strength." 295 

V. 

Virginia Conference, M. E. Church, 
resolutions of the 14 

Vessel from New Orleans— disappoint- 
ed in the number of emigrants ...... .(& 

Walker, R. J., Sec. of Treasury, Cir- 
cular to Officers of Customs 156 

Western Africa ,. 192, 359 

Work for the Gospel 18ft 

West Africa, Mr. Wilson's survey of 

the Mission ~ 361 

West Africa, introductory remarks. . . .361 

, conversion, preaching, 

schools 365- 

, printing, the French, po- 
pery, mortality 366 

— - — — , the Batanga people 368 

— — Y Healthiness of Western 

ATwca 369- 

, affinity of languages, plan 

of operations. 3TO 



*9 

v 






I 



THE AFRICAN REPOSITORY, 



AND 



COLONIAL JOURNAL. 



Vol. XXIII.] 



WASHINGTON, JANUARY, 1847. 



[No. 1. 



Africa, &outb 
The fifteenth volume of the Jour- 

4 

nal of the Royal Geographical So- 
ciety of London contains an article 
entitled, "The Geography ofN'yas- 
si, or the Great Lake of Southern 
Africa, investigated ; with an account 
of the overland route from the Quan- 
za in Angola to the Zambezi in the 
Government of Mozambique. By 
William Desborough Cooley." The 
president of that society, in his annu- 
al address in May, 1845, speaks of 
Mr. Cooley as a man "known to 
geographers as a most conscientious 
and correct elucidator of any subject 
he takes in hand," and as "one of 
the first authorities on African Geog- 
raphy ;" and the article itself bears 
witness of his accurate and extensive 
research, and of his power of dis- 
criminating between fact, fiction and 
mistake. From this article and some 
other sources, a general view of 
Southern Africa is obtained, which 
may interest the readers of the Re- 
pository. To illustrate this general 
view, we give a reduced copy of Mr. 
Cooley 's map of the region to which 
1 



of t\)t Equator. 

' his article relates, to which we have 
added an outline of the more south- 
ern part of the continent. 

Mr. Cooly first examines the con- 
fused and inaccurate accounts of 
writers of the sixteenth century. 
Rejecting evident blunders, exaggera- 
tions and fables, he finds evidence re- 
maining, that there is a great lake in 
the interior of Africa, on the route be- 
tween Angola and Monotnotapa, apd 
somewhere to the North of Tete ; 
that it is very long, containing many 
islands, with a numerous population ; 
that it has some connexion, at least 
by name, with the Zambezi ; that a 
people named Ambios or Irnbies 
(M'Biza, called since by the Portu- 
guese, Movisa,) inhabited its south- 
ern shores ; while on its eastern side 
was the great kingdom of Monemugi. 

The errors which he exposes during 
this process, are numerous, and some 
of them amusing. According to Fer- 
nandez de Enciso, in 1518, and De 
Barros afterwards, this great lake 
was the source of the Zaire, and of 
the Nile. TJiey probably placed it 



JifrietL, Somlh of the Equator. [Jannaiy, 

far to the west of its true position J 1 The great lake has often been called 
as it appears en sotasj old maps, with the lake of Marari ; and a town of 
both those men flowing from it. j that name has been placed near its 
De Barros, or his printer, by mistake. ■ southern extremity. I (appears, how- 
pot Zambere for Zambeze ; which [ ew. that Marari is a title applied 
subsequent corrop lions changed to to the chiefs, or petty kings, or some 
Zambre or Zembre, and applied as of them, of the mountainous region 
the name of the lake. In 1-591, ' extending from the Zambezi to the 
Pigafetta, in editing the ma no scripts head waters of the Livuma. Whe- 
of Odcardo, (Do arte Lopez,) and ther it is simply a title, or a family 
endeavoring to reconcile his accounts name, or what it means, we know 
with those of Ptolemy and others, not. We only know that there is no 
transforms the great lake into two such country, and no such nation ; 
lakes ; one near its true position, and that many of the kings in that 
which he represents as the true source ' region are Maravis. 
of the Nile, and the other 400 miles ' Similar is the fate of the Giagas 
further North. The latter, he sars. of whom some account, derived from 

w « 

is called a $ea; and the Auziki,' old writers, may be found in the 
near Congo, report that the people; Repository for March, 1845, pages 
on its shores build great ships, and 71 and 72. Mr. Cooley shows that 



houses of stone and lime, hare weights 
and measures, and can write. Dap- 
per, in his description of Africa, states 
on the authority of "the blacks of 



the term Giaga, or Jaga, was not the 
name of a mighty nation, ravaging 
the southern half of the continent, but 
: a designation of certain leaders of dis- 



Pombo," that the lake is 60 days'! tinction, and sometimes petty tribes, 
journey East and somewhat to the 1 by whom those ravages were corn- 
South from the Auziki. The dis- 1 mitted. It seems that similar irrup- 
tance and direction are not far from lions upon each other, though not 
the truth; but u Pombo" means the] always attended with the same hor- 
route ; so that 44 the blacks of Pom-' rid excess of cannibalism, have con- 
bo" are the blacks on that route; so: tinned, even to the present century, 
there is an end of one of the nume-! The widely extended use of the 
rous inland nations on our maps of! term Giaga, is accounted for by the 



Africa. 

In like manner, Mr. Cooley anni- 



fact, that those who used it were all 
kindred tribes. Mr. Cooley states 



hilates u Borro," or " Bororo," which i that " from the confines of the Hotr 



means the North ; the Macabires, 
that is, shtpherds; the Mizimbui, 
whirh means torrents; the Varoon- 
das, or Mountaineers, and other na- 
tions without number. Among others, 



ten tots in the South to the Equator 
on the eastern coast, and to the Cam- 
eroons on the western, there is bat 
one family of languages. Notwith- 
standing the variety of dialects, each 



the Maravis disappear as a nation. I tribe can understand its neighbors. 



1847.] 



Africa, South of the Equator. 



There is little reason to doubt that a 
native of Angola would soon be able 
to make himself understood in Zan- 
zibar." There is at least one reason 
to suppose that the Zingian languages 
were still more widely diffused. The 
Jagas, or Giagas, of Anziko are in- 
cluded among the Zingians ; but the 
evidence seems complete, that they 
came from the region back of Sierra 
Leone and Liberia. The region 
from which they emigrated, is called, 
on most maps, 3/anoo, and by several 
old writers, Mendi-manoo, which is 
said N to mean, governing people. 
This name is evidently Zingian. Mr. 
Cooley says that Monomoezi, the 
name usually given to a people East 
of the great lake, commonly written 
Monemugi, and more correctly 
M'wana— M'wezi, is a political appel- 
lation, M'wani implying sovereignty. 
"From Congo across to Zanzibar, 
this word takes the various forms of 
Mani, Muene, Muana, and Buana, 
which last signifies master in Sawa- 
hile." Still farther South, it appears 
in the name Monomotapa. It would 
seem, therefore, that, from time im- 
memorial, there has been a Zingian 
tribe in Western Africa, as far North 
as latitude 7 or S. This northern 
tribe seems to have claimed and ex- 
ercised an ascendencv over their 
neighbors, much greater than their 
comparative numbers could give them. 
They exacted tribute from tribes on 
and near the coast, more numerous 
than themselves, and to whom they 
appear to have been both physically 
and intellectually superior. 

In the opposite direction, the Zin-[ 



gians must certainly include the Caf- 
fres of southeastern Africa. This 
is shown, not only by the substan- 
tial identity of many of their words 
with those of more northern nations, 
but more conclusively by the struc- 
ture of their languages. In all of 
them the use of M before a conso- 
nant as an initial is common. The 
people on the Gaboon river speak 
the Mpongwe language. Mparane 
is a town among the Caffres. An- 
other peculiarity, common to them 
all, is, that nouns are inflected, to 
express number and case, at the be- 
ginning, and not at the end ; or at 
least, not always at the end. Butua, 
which some have written Abutua, 
and supposed to be the name of a 
kingdom, is the plural of motu, a 
man. Muca-biri, a shepherd, in 
Angolan, has its plural, Aca biri 
Among the Zulu Caffres, a certain 
village magistrate is called Induna, 
plural, Zinduna. 

We may not suppose, however, 
that the Zingian blood, or language, 
or character, has everywhere been 
kept pure from intermixture with fo- 
reigners. In the south, we know 
that the C a fires have mingled with 
the Hottentots, and to such an ex- 
tent that the Hottenlot click is occa- 
sionally heard in the language of 
some of the tribes. Doubtless there 
has also been an intermixture with 
the inhabitants of Madagascar, whom 
some suppose to be of Malay origin. 
Farther north, there is more or less 
of the Arab blood, especially on the 
coast; as was inevitable, from the 
commercial relations which Arabia 



Africa, South of the Equator. 



[January, 



has sustained with that coast for 
unknown ages. Sofala is thought 
by some to have been the Ophir of 
the Hebrews; and the Imaum of 
Muscat, near the Persian Gulf, is 
sovereign of the Zanzibar coast, and 
holds his court at Zanzibar for seve- 
ral months every year. In the 
northwest the Zingians have inter-> 
mingled with the negroes of Guinea, 
who, in their turn, have penetrated 
southward, as far as Angola and 
Benguela ; though, wherever the two 
races co-ex ist, the Zingians seem 
generally, if not always, to have the 
mastery. 

The Hottentots, usually esteemed 
the most degraded race in Africa, 
Are not Zingians. They are con- 
fined to the southwestern part of the 
continent. In the latitude of Orange 
river, as we know from the accounts 
of missionaries, they extend, with 
various modifications, more than 
half way across the continent. To 
this general class belong the Nama- 
quas, on the coast, on both sides of 
the Orange river, and the Damara 
tribes, further north. Their extent 
in this direction is unknown. Capt. 
J. E. Alexander, whose account of 
his explorations among them in 1836 
is given in the eighth volume of the 
Journal of the Geographical Society, 
speaks of them as extending to lat. 
21° south. He found them around 
the head waters of the rivers which, 
in the rainy season, flow into 
Walwich bay ; and he learned that 
they extended some distance further 
to the north and east. The most 
striking peculiarity of their language 



is the " click," a sound heard in no 
other. A manuscript journal of a 
voyage along the coast describes it, 
as heard at Walwich bay, by saying t 
"Their language is so poor, that 
they are obliged to express even the 
scanty ideas they have, by smacking 
their tongues against the roofs of 
their mouths." Whether the few 
Hottentots around Walwich bay are 
Damaras, or of some other family, 
we are not informed. 

Of the tribes north of the Da- 
maras to Benguela, who occasion- 
ally visit the barren coast for the 
purpose of fishing, almost nothing' 
is known. It appears, however, 
from the manuscript journal just 
quoted, that intercourse may be had 
with them, if they can be found and 
induced to receive communications, 
by means of interpreters obtained 
at Benguela; but those interpreters 
become utterly useless on arriving at 
Walwich bay. It may also be in- 
ferred from the same journal, that 
their language is free from the 
•• click." It would seem, therefore, 
that they are not Hottentots, and 
therefore, according to Mr. Cooley, 
must be Zingians *, but, if so, they are 
probably inferior to most of their race. 
How far the CafTres extend north- 
ward, is unknown. Old Portuguese 
writers apply that name to the tribes 
on the Zambezi, and still further 
north. As the word is Arabic, and 
signifies an infidel, it was not im- 
probably applied to them first, by 
their Muhammedan neighbors on 
the coast, and afterwards extended 
to their more southern kindred. It 



1847.] 



AJrica, South of the Equator. 



is. now, however, the well-establish- 
ed appellative of most of the eastern 
tribes south of Delagoa bay ; and 
probably, some further north ought 
to be classed with them. But from 
somewhere about Inhambane or Cape 
Corrientes, northward, at least to the 
latitude of Zanzibar, the Mucaranga 
tribes either occupy the inland re- 
gions, or are mixed with others, 
among whom they are predominant. 
For a more particular account of the 
country and people between the Zan- 
zibar coast and Angola, we must 
refer to modern explorers, quoted by 
Mr. Cooley, 

In 1796, Manoel Caetano Pereira, 
a Creole, whose father had established 
himself at Marengue, three days 
north of Tete, and by means of the 
Muzimbazos, or native itinerant tra- 
ders, had carried on a lucrative com- 
merce with the Moviza, an indus- 
trious trading people, and through 
them with the Cazembe, started on 
a trading and exploring expedition 
to the northward. On crossing the 
river Aruangoa, the most northern 
branch of the Zambezi on our map, 
lie passed from the territory of the 
Maravi chiefs into that of the Movi- 
za, who are tributary to the Cazem- 
be. Their northern boundary is the 
Zambezi, flowing to the right, and 
therefore not the Zambezi on which 
Tete is situated, but another, flowing 
into the great lake. Keeping on to 
the northwest, he arrived at the capi- 
tal of the Cazembe, which is called 
Lucenda, and is situated just south 
of the principal river entering the 
lake from the west. On Pereira's 



authority, Lacerda, governor of Sena, 
represented the state of civilization 
in the dominions of the Cazembe as 
about equal to that of the Mexicans 
and Peruvians when first discovered. 
Pereira heard of the great lake, 
which he reported as a river, called 
Murusura, so wide that the natives 
were three days in crossing it, rest- 
ing on the islands at night. But 
murusura is not a proper name, but 
a common noun, an oblique case of 
risuro, which signifies water. This 
expedition carries us into the neigh- 
borhood of the lake, on its south- 
eastern side. 

In 1835, Khamis bin Othman, a 
Muli am me (I an native of the Zanzibar 
coast, who had travelled extensively, 
visited London, attended by his 
Miyao slave Nasib. From them 
much information was obtained. 

lao, the country of the Miyao, or 
Mujao of the Portuguese, is on the 
eastern slope of the mountains east 
of the southern part of the lake, 
and well watered by the southern 
branches of the Livuma. The Miyao 
are much esteemed in the slave mar- 
ket of Zanzibar, where 7,000 or 8,000 
of them are annually sold ; many of 
whom^ however, go voluntarily into 
slavery, •* seeking their fortunes." 
The country does not seem large 
enough to endure so great a drain 
upon its population. Probably, Na- 
sib has placed the number too high ; 
or the Miyao are great slave-traders, 
and his estimate includes those whom 
they buy further inland, and sell at 
Zanzibar. On the northern branches 
of the Livuma are the Mabungo, 



"■^w^^" 1 *^ 



6 



Africa* South of the Equator. 



[January, 



who are described as " white peo- 
ple. 1 ' Mabungo women sell as high 
as the handsomest Abyssinians — 
sometimes at $3,000 each. The 
men are seldom seen in servitude. 
Their prowess in war is the chief 
protection of their allies, the Miyao, 
against the slave-hunting incursions 
of the people towards the coast, who 
are furnished with fire-arms from 
Mozambique. From the mountains 
of the Miyao, the N'yassi, or great 
lake, may be seen, with its nume- 
rous islands, but not its western, 
coast. Its waters are quite fresh, 
an I it abounds in fish. It is navi- 
gated by bark canoes, large enough 
lo carry twenty persons. Its breadth 
is a voyage of three days, paddling 
six or eight hours a day, and resting 
on islands at night. Its length is a 
voyage of two months, at the same 
rate, towards the setting sun ; but 
Nasib thought that an English ship 
might sail the whole distance in a 
month. He described the Mono- 
moezi and another nation of Muca- 
rangas, as tall and handsome, of a 
brown complexion, and distinguished 
by their industry, commercial acti- 
vity, and comparative civilization. 

These accounts seem to fix, near- 
ly, the position of the southern part 
of the lake. They also indicate that 
its more northern part is farther to 
the west ; a fact of which there is 
other proof. 

Khamis bin Oihman, Nasib's mas- 
ter, had several times penetrated to 
the shores of the lake by the valley 
of the Lufiji. His account of the 



tribes and towns that he passed, and 
of the number of days spent in pass- 
ing them, shows very nearly the dis- 
tance of that part of the lake from 
Zanzibar. 

The same volume contains an ac- 
count, by Mr. Maequeen, the cele- 
brated African geographer, of the 
journey of Lief ben Saeid, as he 
spells the name, from Zanzibar to 
the lake, where he had been twice, 
for the purpose of bartering for 
ivory. , It agrees in all important 
particulars with the statements of 
Khamis bin Othman. He describes 
ihe country of the Monomoezi as 
comparatively level. The people 
are very honest, and civil to stran- 
gers. They are under four inde- 
pendent sovereigns ; though he after- 
wards speaks of a "great sultan,'' 
who seems to be superior to the 
others. The extent of the country 
is about two months from north to 
south, and a month and a half from 
east to west. This, compared with 
some of his other statements, would 
indicate a country of some 200 
miles by nearly 300; but according 
to other native explorers, it must be 
as much as 500 miles in length. 
From the eastern shore of the great 
lake the western shore can be seen, 
as the main land is seen from 
Zanzibar, a distance of twenty-four 
miles. The people near the lake 
are fairer than those near the coast. 
They are pagans. Both sexes go 
nearly naked. Their houses are 
made of wood, and thatched wit 7 
grass, without upper stories or chir 



1847.] 



Africa, South of the Equator. 



neys. They have no horses or ca- 
mels, but plenty of asses, and a few 
elephants. Some of their boats are 
six fathoms long, very narrow, and 
without sails. Across the lake there 
is a great trade in ivory, oil of a red 
color, and slaves like those of Nubia. 
The Yoah tribe, on the west of the 
lake, are circumcised, and call them- 
selves Muhammedans. 

Two centuries and a half ago, 
Europeans heard of the great empire 
of Monomoezi, or, as usually called, 
Monermigi — supposed to occupy the 
vast space between Monornotapa and 
Abyssinia ; but the knowledge of it 
has been nearly lost, and is now 
very indefinite. Their country ap- 
pears to be an elevated plain, or table 
land, of great extent. The people 
annually descend in large numbers to 
Zanzibar; their journey both ways 
and their delay at Zanzibar occupy- 
ing nine or ten months. On these 
journeys they are decently clothed, 
with cotton -of their own manufac- 
ture, and convey their merchandise 
on asses of a fine breed. The use 
of beasts of burden shows their su- 
periority to their native neighbors. 
From Zanganyika, a town on the 
opposite side of the lake, they obtain 
copper, ivory, and oil. 

All the Mucaranga tribes are dis- 
tinguished by certain marks on their 
temples; and these marks are seen 
as far south as Inhambane and Cape 
Corrientes, and even at Delagoa bay. 
They are every where described as 
snore civilized and better disposed 
than any of their neighbors. The 



degree of their civilization has doubt- 
less been overrated, and is evidently 
different in different tribes. That of 
the Monomoezi, who appear to be 
the most advanced, may be estimated 
by the facts already stated, with re- 
spect to their dress, their houses, 
their boats, their commerce, and their 
beasts of burden. 

Northeast of the Monomoezi. 
about lat. 3° south, long. 36° east, 
are the Meremongao, who are per- 
haps still farther advanced in civili- 
zation. They are said . to be the 
great smiths and cutlers of Eastern 
Africa. Their iron is said to be of 
the best possible quality. "As a 
considerable quantity of it is sent in 
bars to the Persian Gulf, it is not im- 
probable that the. fine temper of the 
Damascus blades may be due in 
a great measure to its excellence. 
The Meremongao themselves make 
swords on the model of those of the 
Knights Templars." They are in 
the habit of wearing brass wire* 
tightly twisted round their arms. 
These two nations nearly or quite 
border on each other ; but whether 
they are of the same race, we are 
not informed. According to Mr. 
Cooley's general remark, before 
quoted, the Meremongao must be 
Zingians ; but he seems not to reck- 
on them as Mucaranga. 

Let us now turn to the regions 
west of the great lake. 

In 1802, Da Costa, superintend- 
ent of the Portuguese factory in 
Cassangi, sent two pombeiros, or 
native travelling merchants, on an 







^^^0*^#*^^^^^^ 



.mi — ■ _ a i — 1 1 i — n_^ — ii _iii~e_*~*ii~iiji~ii_i~h j<~i_rf~ _ 



' 8 



Jlfrica, Sputh oftheUquator. 



[January, 



exploring tour across the continent 
to the Portuguese possessions on the 
Zambezi. They were instructed to 
visit the Muata Yanvo, king of Mo- 
ropua, or the Milua, and also the Ca- 
zembe, on their way to Tete and 
Sena; and to represent themselves 
as envoys of the Mueneputo, or king 
of Portugal, sent in search of his 
brother, who had travelled in that 
direction some years since, and had 
not since been heard of. One of the 
pombeiros, at least, was able to 
write, and kept a journal. They 
took with them some $2,500 worth 
of goods, for presents, and to meet, 
their travelling expenses. At One 
place, they were detained two years 
as captives. At others, their pro- 
gress was hindered by wars. They 
weic obliged to wait fbr permission 
to enter this territory, and that; and 
again for permission to leave it. The 
result was, that they accomplished 
their journey, and returned in 1814, 
with letters from the governor of 
Sena. Their route may be nearly 
traced on the map. 

They started from Mucari, in Cas- 
sangi, in November, 1802. They 
were obliged to go round Cassangi 
on the south, because the chief of 
that country allows no intercourse 
between the Portuguese and Moro- 
pua through his country. All the 
commerce in slaves, wax and ivory, 
must pass through his hands. After 
crossing many of the southern tri- 
butaries of the Zaire, and the inter- 
vening mountains, they arrived at 
the capital of the Muata Yanvo. 



Here theyvemained till May, 1806. 
They give very little information 
concerning the country or people. 

Leaving the Muata Yanvo, they 
travelled with the rising sun on their 
left hand, and consequently towards 
the south ; and having crossed 116 
streams, some of them large, and 
all confluents of the Zaire, arrived 
at the central ridge of the continent, 
beyond which all the waters flow 
eastwardly. The country* generally, 
seems to be sparsely peopled, and 
not very productive ; but as it is well 
watered, might doubtless be improved 
by cultivation.. Just before leaving 
the waters of .the Zaire, the travellers 
found a salt marsh, which would 
seem to be extensive, as it is a chief 
means of support for the people. 
" In order to make the salt, the grass 
or other herbage of the marsh is 
burnt ; the ashes are then collected, 
and water poured on them, which, 
being drained off, yields salt by 
evaporation.* 1 Hither the people re- 
sort from great distances, to barter 
the necessaries of life for salt. For 
more than half their journey from 
the town of the Muata Yanvo, the 
travellers had encountered natives 
engaged in this commerce. It would 
seem, however, that Quigila — for so 
the place is called — does not owe all 
its reputation to salt made in this 
way; as the fact comes out inci- 
dentally, that they have also rock 
sail, and therefore salt mines. Not 
far to the north, and still on the 
western slope, are mines of copper, 
which are wrought. The lord of 



#• 



1847.] 



Africa, South of the Equator. 



9 



.the copper mines pays a tribute, in 
bars of copper, to the lord of the 
salt marsh, who transmits it to the 
Muata Yanvo. Both these lords are 
subject to the Cazembe \ but as the 
Gazembe himself is in some sense sub- 
ordinate to the Muata Yanvo, their 
tribute is allowed to go directly to the 
lord paramount, which saves a long 
and laborious transportation. Pro- 
ceeding eastward, along the valley 
of the principal stream that enters 
the great lake from the west, after 
crossing forty-seven streams, they 
at length arrived at the Cazembe's 
capital, Lucenda. After a long de- 
tention here by various intrigues and 
wars and rumors of wars, they were 
safely conducted to the Portuguese 
settlement at Tete. 

They describe the Cazembe as a 
robust negro, of the darkest com- 
plexion, with a good beard and reel, 
eyes. He received them in state, 
surrounded by his grandees, and 
clothed with silk and velvet, with 
various kinds of beads on his arms 
and legs. The soil of Quichinga, 
the province immediately around his 
capital, yields fruit and grain in great 
plenty ; but he has no cattle but 
what are paid in tribute or bought of 
the Movisa, no sheep, and only a 
few pigs, obtained from abroad. The 
principal articles of commerce are 
slaves, ivory, green stones, and cop- 
per ; which are sold to the Movisa, 
or to the Muzimbazos of Sena, and 
ultimately to the Portuguese. The 
green stones are probably copper ore. 
The Cazembe obtains salt, as a tri* 



bute, from Quigila, and from several 
places near the shore of tht N'yassi. 
Some of his slaves are bought from 
other nations. " The price of a slave 
at Lucenda, in 1807, was five squares 
of India piece goods ; while that of 
a tusk of ivory was six or seven 
squares, or even more." 

This country seems to have been 
formerly occupied by the Movisa; 
but the lords of the saltpans, vassals 
of the Muata Yanvo at Quigila, by 
their master's orders, gradually ex- 
tended their conquests eastward to 
the N'yassi, drove the Movisa before 
them, and made them tributary. For 
a time the Cazembe went annually 
to do homage to his lord paramount ; 
but for a long time past, he has been 
allowed to omit that ceremony, lest 
his people should revolt in his ab- 
sence. Or rather, such is the pre- 
tence ; while the fact is, that he is 
too powerful to be controlled, and is 
allowed a virtual independence, on 
condition of acknowledging a theo- 
retic subordination. 

Thus we have approached the 
great lake, the N'yassi, that is, the 
sea, from the east, south, and west. 
We have secured a general view of 
its position, which cannot be far 
from the truth. Yet we know almost 
nothing of its extent, except that it 
must be great, of its form, or of its 
outlet. As salt is found near its 
western shore, it would of necessity 
be salt, if it had no outlet ; but Nasib 
the Miayo, expressly testifies that it 
is fresh. Leif ben Said says that 
the Monomoezi know well that it is 



10 



Africa, South of the Equator. 



[January, 



the origin of "the river that goes 
through Egypt j" and one very cu- 
rious circumstance seems to favor the 
supposition. The Nile has been 
said, from time immemorial, to have 
its source in the Mountains of the 
Moon, in Abyssinia. Late researches, 
however, indicate that there are no 
such mountains there. But geo- 
graphers of the seventeenth century 
state that "the empire of Moner- 
nugi," that is, of the Monomoezi, 
" lies immediately round the Moun- 
tains of the Moon.*' And what is 
more, the Mucaranga word moezi 
signifies the moon. The Mountains 
of the Moon, therefore, are -the moun- 
tains of the Monomoezi. Yet it 
seems impossible that the N'yassi 
should disembogue by the Nile. Its 
position cannot be sufficiently ele- 
vated above the ocean to furnish the 
necessary descent. The Nile, in 
Abyssinia, is nearly 3,000 feet higher 
. than the ocean, and therefore, proba- 
bly, higher than the lake. The de- 
scription of the routes to the lake by 
the Zambezi, the Livuma, and the 
Lufiji, all imply a comparatively mo- 
derate ascent ; and no snow ever 
falls on the highest mountains. Lief 
ben Said also states that it discharges 
its waters by the river Magrazie, by 
which he must mean the Lufiji. Kha- 
mis ben Oth man asserts that he has 
seen the place where the Lufiji issues 
from the lake. Yet the nature of 
the country, as described by both 
these witnesses, seems to prove the 
contrary. On the whole, we can 
only presume that it finds an outlet, 
either by the Lufiji, the Zambezi, or 



some yei unexplored stream between 
them. 

Notwithstanding the length of this 
article, we must add two brief re- 
marks : 

1. The slave trade is not a busi- 
ness affecting the sea-coast of Africa 
merely, but is a principal branch of 
the commerce of extensive kingdoms 
of the interior, where it would con- 
tinue to exert its baleful influence} 
even if the exportation of slaves to 
other continents were wholly sup- 
pressed. The Christian civilization 
of Africa is the only effectual reme- 
dy for the evil. 

2. For the prosecution of this 
work in Africa, south of the equator, 
the prevalence of the Zingian race 
affords peculiar facilities. It reduces, 
immensely, the amount of labor ne- 
cessary to be expended in acquiring 
barbarous languages and reducing 
them to writing; for the investi- 
gation of each language will fa- 
cilitate that of the others. New 
ideas, too, will spread more easily 
among kindred nations, than among 
those which are not related to each 
other. 

This work is already commenced 
at its two extremes, the southeast and 
northwest. Among the Caffres a 
good beginning has been made by 
the American missionaries near Port 
Natal, the French Protestant mission*- 
aries around the head waters of the 
Orange river, and still more by Eng- 
lish missionaries in the same region. 
and fart er *outh. These missions 
are all under the shadow of British 
power, and therefore, generally safe.; 



1847.] 



Africa, South of the Equator. 



11 



and the climate is such as admits 
the labors of while men. In the 

opposite quarter a beginning has 
been made by the American mission- 
aries at the Gaboon river, which 
promised veil, till disturbed by 
French interference, and which, as 



there is some prospect that the cli- 
mate will kill off the French dis- 
turbers, may yet be successful. Eng- 
lish missionaries are also attempting 
an establishment on the Camaroons, 
and seeking a place for one near 
Zanzibar. 




12 



Interesting Donations. 



[January, 



ZnttttitxtiQ #o nation*. 



It has seldom been our privilege to 
acknowledge any donations which 
gave us more pleasure than those re- 
ferred to in the following letter. 
Would that hundreds of our youth 
were imbued with the same spirit 
which actuated these two interesting 
donors : 

To the Treasurer of the American Col. Soc. 

Dear Sir: — A long-neglected duty 
1 attempt to perform. During my 
ministry as pastor of a church for a 
course of years, I took up a collec- 
tion of my people near the 4th of 
July to aid the object of your So- 
ciety,and in return received the Afri- 
can Repository. It was a -welcome 
messenger in bur family ; and our 
two youngest children prized it more 
than any other periodical publication. 
Since my pastoral relation with a 
church ceased, both of them have 
died. The oldest, a daughter, named 
Sarah Aim S., aged 22, who took a 
deep interest in the cause of African 
Colonization, and often expressed 
herself as desirous of doing more 
for this than any other object of be- 
ne volenee. Since her death we find 
she had a little change, and knowing 
her feelings, if she had disposed of 
it, she would doubtless have given it 
to aid this good and benevolent cause, 
I forward it as her last donation to 
your Society. 

Our youngest son, Theodore H., 
died in less than nine months after 
our daughter. He died in his 19th 
year. Though but a youth, he pos- 
sessed a sound and well-cultivated 
mind, with a matured judgment, un- 
usual for one of his years. Correct 
in his principles, rooted and grounded 
in the truth, he was upright in de- 
portment, ready to advocate and de- 
fend any good cause, but especially 
he had long taken a deep interest in 



behalf of the American Coloniza- 
tion Society, and benighted Africa. 
Had life been, spared, and health 
given him r his influence and life and 
property, if God had given it him, 
would probably -have been devoted 
to the great cause which the .Ameri- 
can Colonization Society is engaged 
to promote. 

Since his death, we found, wrap- 
ped round some pocket change, a 
note, written with a pencil, proba- 
bly a short time before his death, 
directed to the American Coloniza- 
tion Society — " The enclosed is for 
the American Colonization Society. 
I would that each cent were as many 
dollars, but I am unable to contribute 
more. Please accept it, as a token 
of my sincere love for the cause of 

African Colonization. Theodore 

H. Pomeroy." 

In conformity with his wishes 
here expressed, I send you the pock- 
et change, as found in his possession 
since his death, fully believing that 
if he had possessed thousands, be 
would have consecrated them all to 
the benevolent object of your Socie- 
ty. His all, was all that he could 
bestow, and may the blessing of Al- 
mighty God attend it for great good 
to benighted Africans. 

These two warm-hearted friends 
of the cause of African Coloniza- 
tion, we hope were prepared, through 
grace, for the employments of that 
woild where angels rejoice at the 
repentance of one sinner. If so, 
they will join in the joys which will 
attend the conversion of benighted 
Africans, whose good in life they so 
ardently desired. 

Permit me to say to you, sir, and 
through you to the American Colo- 
nization Society, be not disheartened, 
and let not your hands be slack, for 
God only knows how many youth 
are now growing up in our land, un- 



1847.] 



Interesting Donations. 



13 



der the direction of the Almighty, 
with full hearts, who will, at some 
fuiure day, take hold of this object 
of benevolence, with warm hearts, 
and strong hands, and tire not, till 
Africa is redeemed, and the world 
shall know that infinite and unerring 
wisdom have guided your operations 
for the unspeakable good of the op- 
pressed, and the salvation of degra- 
ded Africa. 

Tours in the bonds of the Gospel, 
HUFUS POMEROY. 

Otis, Mats., Aug. 18, 1846. 

Or* examining the two parcels of 
money described in the above letter, 
we found them composed chiefly of 
unusual coins, such as are not in 
general circulation, but are rarely to 
be met with. Prom this circumstance, 
we infer that they had probably been 
received and retained as keepsakes. 
This fact enhances very much the 
interest which they possess in our 
estimation. 

Anonymous Letters. — It is usu- 
ally considered not a pleasant thing 
to receive anonymous letters. We, 
however, frequently find it otherwise, 
and as specimens of the kind, we give 
the following two lately received by 
regular mail. To their unknown au- 
thors we tender our thanks. 

Among our receipts will also be 
found an item of still more unknown 
origin. The letter containing it, had 
no name, no date, no place, and to 
add still mors to the mystery, though 
it came through the post office, it had 
on it no post mark, as a clue to find 
out from what part of the country it 
sprang. But it was none the less 
welcome, being "part of the price 
of a hay stack, just sold." 

Abbeville District, S.C., 
November 1 , 1846. 

Rev. and Dear Sir : — I send yon 
the enclosed bill, (three dollars,) as 
a contribution to the cause of African 
Colonization. I regret that circum- 



stances do not allow me to send you 
I a larger amount; for there is scarcely 
"an enterprise of benevolence in which 
| I feel so great an interest. The Co- 
lonization Society is destined to be 
an efficient instrumentality in intro- 
ducing civilization and Christianity 
into the continent of Africa. Liberia 

■ is a moral lighthouse, which will illu- 
mine the surrounding regions of 

|. darkness and heathenism. 

'I Is the hope chimerical, that a few 

|l revolving years will present to the 

I world the animating spectacle of a 
great and Christian republic on the 
coast of Africa? What lustre and 

■ glory will encircle the scheme of 
African Colonization in the eyes of 
coming generations < This inagii ili- 

I I cent scheme of benevolence origi- 
nated in the bosom of the purest* 

, philanthropy, and is pregnant with 
the mightiest results bearing on the 
interests of humanity. Be encou- 
I raged, my dear sir, to persevere in 
|| the good work you have begun. 

A Friend of Colonization. 

Louisville, Miss., 

October 29, 1846. 
Dear Sir : — Enclosed I send yott 
$10, for Colonization purposes, to 
be applied as you may think best. I 
feel much interested in the cause, and 
i think it one of the most benevolent 
enterprises of the day. 
Yours, truly, 

A FRIEND. 
Rev. W. McLain. 

Gold Rings. — Our Agent in the 
Stale of Va.has reported to us several 
gold rings, as part of the fruits of his 
labors in his important field. They 
have the appearance of having been 

! long worn by their former owners, and 
were doubtless drawn from their fin- 
gers by the attractive strains of our 

| Agent's eloquence. May it be our pri- 

' vilege to receive many more such to- 
kens of attachment to this cause, and 

U of desire to aid in carrying it forward. 



14 



Letter from Rev. C. A. Davis. 



[January, 



jfttttr from V<*. . C, 3L. JUavt*. 



Washington City, D. C, 

December 1, 1846. 
Dear Sir: — Enclosed you have 
my returns for the month ending the 
27th ult. You will perceive that 
the amount collected is small. This 
was owing, partly, to the fact that I 
was prevented by repeated and heavy 
rains, from reaching several appoint- 
ments where my collections would 
have been very good. I very much 
regret the failure, but have done 
the best I could,' under the circum- 
stances. 

At Fredericksburg 1 had an inter* 
view with the ladies who have charge 
of the Auxiliary Society of that 
place. They had not completed their 
collections, but informed me that 
they would, next week, forward you 
what they have in hand, amounting 
to fifty or sixty dollars. 

1 spent ten day's- in the county of 
King George. Here I delivered se- 
veral addresses, and succeeded, J 
think, in removing strong prejudices, 
which had lately been engendered by 
misrepresentations in. relation to the 
condition of the colony, and the emi- 
grants. I have the assurance of libe- 
ral contributions hereafter, fn this 
county, in the family of James Que- 
senberry, Esq., I saw a letter, re- 
ceived very recently, from a colored 
boy, who went out with the Rev. 
Mr. Payne, about five years *ince. 
The letter was addressed by the boy 
to his mother, and was very different 
in its tone to some other letters 
which had reached that county. 
When this boy left King George, he 
did not know a single letter of the 
alphabet. He now reads and writes 
well. His letter would do no discre- 
dit io hundreds and thousands who 
have spent the last five year* in the 
schools .of our own country. One 
incident connected with this letter is 



worthy of remark. When the boy- 
took leave of his mother, she gave 
to him a small piece of calico, with 
the request that if he should live, and 
ever be able to write to her,that he 
should enclose this identical piece of 
calico. And when the letter reached 
the mother, (the first letter written 
by his own hand,) all doubt and un- 
certainty was immediately removed 
from her mind by finding this little 
relic enclosed. She, treasures up the 
letter and its enclosure with all a 
mother's- feeling ; and is satisfied 
that no imposition has been practised, 
that her child lives, and is contented 
and happy. 

I could not reach the seat of the 
Virginia Conference of the Method 
ist Episcopal church, in consequence 
of outstanding appointments. I took 
the precaution, however, to write to 
my esteemed friend, Rev. L. M. Lee, 
editor of the Richmond Christian 
Advocate, by whose kindness the 
subject was brought before that large 
and respectable body of Christian mi- 
nisters. You will find enclosed the 
resolutions adopted on the subject. I 
will ask the favor of their publication 
in the next number of the Repository. 
This action of the Conference must 
be regarded as highly important, and 
will exert a most favorable influence 
on the cause of Colonization. 

With great respect, your obedient 
servant, 

C. A. DAVIS, 
Agent of A. C, S. for the State of Fa- 
Rev. W. McLain, 

Sec'y Am. Col. Society. 

The committee to whom was re- 
ferred the communication of the Rev. 
Charles A. Davis, on the subject of 
Colonization, having had that subject 
under consideration, beg leave to 
submit the following resolutions, as 



1847.] 



Independence of Liberia. 



15 



^^^v^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



comprehensive of all they deem it 
necessary or important to say : 

1. Resolved, That the object of 
the American Colonization Society, 
to colonize the free people of color 
of these United States, with their 
own consent, on the coast of Africa, 
is worthy of our highest approval, 
and eminently deserving of our con- 
fidence and co-operation. 

2. Resolved, That we cordially 
approve of the appointment of the 
Rev. C. A. Davis, as Agent of the So- 



ciety for the State of Virginia, and 
cheerfully commend him and his 
cause to the Christian attention and 
active assistance of our friends and 
brethren. 

3. Resolved, That 'for the promo- 
tion of the great and good objects 
contemplated by the American Colo- 
nization Society, we recommend that 
collections be taken up in ils behalf, 
on or about the 4th of July in each 
year. 

L. M. Lee, Chairman. 



£nb tp tnfrtnet of Liberia. 



In the following article there are 
two misapprehensions, or miscon- 
ceptions of the facts in the case. 
The first regards the nature of the 
proposition made to the common- 
wealth of Liberia by the Society. 
The article says the proposition was 
unaccompanied by a single word of 
explanation or stipulation; while 
the fact is, and whoever reads the 
article of the Board of Directors at 
their last meeting, will perceive it, 
the Board offered to Liberia the pri- 
vilege of assuming the entire control 
of its affairs, and the Legislature of 
Liberia was requested to appoint a 
commissioner or commissioners to 
confer and make definite arrange- 
ments with the Executive Commit- 
tee touching all the matters connect- 
ed with the future condition and re- 
lations of Liberia with the Society. 

We are therefore much astonished 
that any person of as much shrewd- 
ness as the editor of the Liberia 
Herald, should have blundered as 
much as he has in the following ar- 
ticle on this point. 



The other point of misconception 
ift contained in the last sentence of 
the article, where the impression is 
made that the Society acted first, 
and thus threw on the people of Li- 
beria the necessity of acting ; while 
the truth is that the subject was 
brought before the Board of Direct- 
ors at their last meeting, by the ac- 
tion of the Colonial Legislature at 
their meeting the year preceding. It 
is therefore rather late for them to 
pretend that they have been crowded 
into the consideration of this sub- 
ject. They stirred the matter first, 
and it then being as it were, a great 
way off, excited little fear for the 
consequences. But now the respon- 
sibility is on them, and they would 
fain throw it off. But they cannot, 
and they need not. All will be 
right, we doubt not. 

COLONIAL LEGISLATURE. 

The extra session of the Legisla- 
ture closed its deliberations on the 
evening of the 15th ult. It Was con- 
vened for the purpose of receiving 
the despatches' sent out by the Ameri- 
can Colonization Society. These 



16 



Independence of Liberia. 



[January, 



despatches contain resolutions an- 
nouncing a most important move- 
ment on the part of the Society — a 
movement involving nothing less than 
a total severance of the Society from 
all political connexion with the colo- 
ny and an entire withdrawal of con- \: 
trol from all its affairs, both internal j 
and external. 

A movement so solemn — an act so 
pregnant in its consequences with 
weal or woe to the people— opening 
up before them, as it does, scenes 
never discovered before — launching 
them upon an ocean never before ex- 
plored — calling them to the exercise 
of functions and to the discharge of 
duties they had scarcely ever con- 
templated, and committing to their 
unpractised hands that destiny which 
hitherto they had suffered to lodge 
elsewhere, may be well supposed to 
have created throughout the colony 
the most intense sensation. And ac- 
cordingly we have never witnessed 
a session of the legislature where the 
members seemed mote firmly fixed 
in the position which they had 1; 
marked out for themselves — never 
one in which there was more uncom- 
promising argument, more inflexi- 
bility of opinion, nor one in whose i 
deliberations the inhabitants appeared 
to take so deep an interest. 

Numerous circumstances concur 
to create and to sustain this sensation, jj 
The mass of the people have been ; 
accustomed to regard the society as 
not only the parent and nurse of their j 

political existence not only the jj 

source of their power and authority, |! 
but also a shield, which, thrown (l 
around them, has warded off blows ]! 
which but for this defence would long j! 
since have laid their little political j: 
fabric in the dust. There can be | 
no questioning that the society, in- 
cluding as it does in the number of 
its members men who are not only 
high in the confidence and influential 



H 



in the councils of the American peo- 
ple : men the fame of whose wisdom 
and talent and varied accomplishment 
has circled the globe — there can be 
no questioning that the society thus 
composed has exerted a salutary in* 
fluence on behalf of the colony, that, 
if it has not attracted toward it the 
kind and sympathetic regard of fo- 
reigners, it has in some instances 
withheld the blow which would ^avB 
fallen with fatal energy upon its head. 
This is most freely admitted. But 
while this is admitted, the peculiar cir- 
cumstances which gave birth to this 
influence and which imparted to it 
force, should be kept steadily in yiew. 
Two of these circumstances, and the 
two most efficient, at once present 
themselves — misconception in re- 
spect of the political alliance of the 
colony, and its non-interference with 
the interests and pursuits of others. 
The first of these no longer has place 
— the character and position of the 
colony having been accurately stated 
and defined, and the second (if we 
may so speak) is rapidly following the 
fate of the first— the growth of the 
colony and its necessary territorial 
extention bringing it into collision 
with the supposed or at least claim- 
ed rights and interests of others. 
This being the case, it were idle to 
suppose that the colony will not 
henceforth attract attention and 
awaken feelings altogether different in 
kind from those with which it was 
wont to be regarded. The great 
bulk of our people, however, un- 
mindful of these great and important 
changes, still look up to the society 
as to a guardian angel, a tutelary 
genius — still regard it as able to bear 
them up on its wings of power, and 
as strong to deliver them safely and 
triumphantly out of every difficulty. 
We say that this opinion, the fallacy 
of which wc shall not here combat, 
exerts a powerful influence on the 



1847.] 



Independence of Liberia. 



17 



minds of many of the people and 
agitates them with painful apprehen- 
sions. But ether considerations de- 
termine others to halt in their course 
and lo withhold from any action at 
the present time. It should not be 
concealed that there is entertained on 
the part of some the opinion, that 
the time has not yet arrived for the 
colony to take so important a step- 
that matters and things connected 
with the colony are not yet ripe for 
a change so vast and radical as must 
be effected by a dissolving of the 
bonds which have hitherto united us 
to the society.. This opinion, how- 
ever, although entertained with all 
the seriousness and conscientious- 
ness of conviction, will not be suf- 
fered to arrest action and concur- 
rence in the resolutions, any longer 
than the moment arrives when those 
who hold this opinion shall receive 
that information to which they hold 
themselves entitled. The informa- 
tion received from the society is in 
the foim of bare, naked resolutions ; 
setting forth the expediency of de- 
claring Liberia independent, but un- 
accompanied by a single syllable of 
explanation or a single word of stipu- 
lation. In the opinion of this class — 
and the whole people met on this 
common ground — some other relin- 
quishment on the part of the society 
besides that of mere political authori- 
ty is absolutely — yea, indispensably 
necessary; and they hold that this 
other relinquishment should be a pre- 
liminary, or at least an accompani- 
ment of the relinquishment of politi- 
cal authority : and they hold further, 
that without such relinquishment a 
declaration of independence would be 
altogether inconsistent, an empty 
sound, a mere mirage, a baseless, un- 
substantial fabric. 

We are not allowed to suppose for 
a moment that the society contemp- 
lates a cessation of its operations 
here. The continued deportation of 
2 



colored people to this colony is a cher- 
ished and avowed purpose ; and we 
have no doubt that this people will 
stand with open arms to receive 
them and to greet them with a hearty 
welcome to their father-land as fast 
as circumstances render it prudent 
for them to come. The question then 
presents itself, under what circum- 
stances will they come ? to whose 
authority will they be subjected? 
what authority will determine their 
location ? To whom will they look 
for land ? From whom will they 
derive a title to it? The question 
which covers the whole ground is, 
to whom, in the event of a declara- 
tion of independence, will the terri- 
tory belong which is now styled Li- 
beria? Will the American Coloni- 
zation Society continue to hold an 
exclusive claim upon the land so as 
to parcel it out or transfer it when, 
how, and to whom it pleases? or 
will such a transfer be made to the 
people as will give them an exclusive, 
independent and irresponsible right 
to it? Or will the society retain 
only such a claim upon it as will ena- 
ble them to secure to those whom 
they may hereafter deport from 
America a title allotments indepen- 
dently of the concurrence of the go- 
vernment, and should opposition at 
any time be manifested in the face of 
its . wishes ? These are questions 
which were eagerly asked, in the 
house and out of the house} but no 
one was prepared by documentary 
information from the society to give 
a satisfactory answer. 

Although these considerations pre- 
sented themselves to the mind, with- 
out perhaps an exception of a single 
man in the colony: although they 
are regarded by all of a very grave 
character, and necessary to be defini- 
tively settled and understood, yet it 
should be mentioned for the satisfac- 
tion of the society, and for .all who 
have recommended the measure, that 



18 



Independence of Liberia. 



[January, 



there are those in the colony, both 
m the legislature and out of it, whose 
confidence in the wisdom and integ- 
rity of the members of the society, 
in their wisdom to perceive and their 
integrity to do all that is proper to he 
done, to effect fully and completely 
the object in view, as leaves them 
free and untrammeled to move for- 
ward with unfaltering step in the 
course marked out by the resolu- 
tions. 

Perhaps we would not be very 
wide of the mark should we conjec- 
ture, that considerations not very 
dissimilar from those we have men- 
tioned as embarrnssing the people, 
pressed with no light weight upon 
the mind of the society whilst con- 
templating a separation from the co- 
lony. Il were not unnatural for the 
members to ask themselves what as- 
surance have we, that the people of 
Liberia will not, when sovereign 
power be lodged in their own hand, 
seek some other alliance as a means 
of strength anrf of security against 
insult and aggression. And when it 
is recollected how much American 
philanthropy has done for the colony, 
how great sacrifices colonizationists 
have made of time, of ease, of money 
and of life, to conduct it to its present 
condition ; how highly they prize it 
as a practical illustration of the re- 
cuperative energy of Ametican be- 
nevolence, and with what intense 
interest they cannot but regard it as 
an extension to the eastern hemis- 
phere of those principles of republi- 
can liberty and popular institutions, 
which, among the moderns their fa- 
thers were the first who had the 
sagacity to discover, the indepen- 
dence to proclaim and the courage to 
defend — when these circumstances 
are present to the mind, not only 
does the question not appear un- 
uatural, but rather one which would 
arise with prompt and ready spon- 
taneity ; and thus arising become 
the subject of deep and anxious 



thought. This, however, is one of 
those cases, which in the progress of 
human affairs are continually arising, 
and against which no infallible pro- 
vision can be made. The mind* is as 
fruitful in ingenious devices as the 
heart is strong in its unnumbered 
desires. In this respect they are 
linked in an indissoluble co-partner- 
ship, and working into each other's 
hands, each detivesand imparts sup- 
port and countenance. We cannot 
be at a loss for instances in which 
the most solemn compacts have been 
shamelessly violated : and guaran- 
tees the most solemnly pledged have 
often failed to bind the hand and the 
heart of faithlessness and perfidy. But 
what wretch has yet proclaimed his 
treachery ; and what usurper has not 
sought to justify his usurpation. 
But we think we do but speak the 
fixed sentiment of the whole people 
of these colonies, without the excep- 
tion of a single individual capable of 
thought, when we say, the great ob- 
ject which at first brought us to Af- 
rica is still kindly and tenderly cher- 
ished. That great object which 
loomed in alt its grandeur of outline 
before our eye — which dazzled in 
our imagination, and roused lofty' 
aspirations, and lured us on from 
home, and kindred and social endear- 
ments — which induced us with pa- 
tience to suffer, and with fortitude to* 
endure — which gathered motive from 
danger and strength from defeat : that 
grand object, to plant a nation of co- 
lored people on the soil of Africa, 
adorned and dignified with the attrib- 
utes of a civilized andChristian com- 
munity, is still the object dearer tharx 
all others to every Liberian. Indeed, 
so throughly are we penetrated with 
the conviction of the necessity, that 
in order to the consummationoftbis 
purpose we should stand alone and 
unembarrassed with any foreign al- 
legiance, we should regard the docu- 
ment which conveyed away our in- 
dependence nothing less than the 



1847.] 



Liberal and Judicious Bequest. 



19 



record of an abject fate to last through 
all coming time. Better, far better 
will it be for us that a century find us 
still a weak and "feeble folk" than to 
bend an ignoble neck to the Anglo- 
Saxon yoke — of whose unclenching 
tenacity, when once it has grappled, 
the whole history of the modern world 
affords most melancholy examples. 

On this score the society need en- 
tertain no apprehension. Here mo- 
tives the most powerful — fear and 
hope and burning desire, all concur to 
forbid treachery and to sustain honor 
and integrity. 

Having said the above, it is not 
necessary we should add, there were 
very opposite views entertained by 

[From the Maryland 

£\btv at an* Jufc 
The Journal of Commerce has 
been shown the will of the late John 
Woodward, Esq., late of New York, 
formeily Consul General of the Re- 
public of Texas, by which \( appeals 
that the entire estate of this gentle- 
man is left in trust to the Mavor for 
the time being of this city, to be ap- 
plied ( xclusively to the education of 
free persons of color. Mr, Woodward 
expresses his preference that they 
should be educated in Africa. At the 
time of his decease, Mr. Woodward 
held ti:ies to vastbodies of land (some 
2,500,000 acres) in Tejeas, and the 
value of the estate will depend upon 
the vr.li lity of these claims, which 
doubtless the executors will endeavor 
to turn to the best advantage. 

How strong Mr. Woodward's ex- 
pression of preference for their edu- 
cation in Africa may be, we are not 
informed, but we do hope it is of such 
a character as to make it binding on 
his executors to attempt it, at least. 
The income of an estate like that 
which Mr. Woodward is reported to 
have possessed, judiciously managed 
and economically disbursed in educa- 
ting natives and colonists in Liberia 
anjj its vicinity, would absolutely 



the counsellors as to the course 
proper to be pursued. And although 
the members in favor of immediate 
action formed the majority of the 
council, yet as immediate action did 
not appear to be demanded by an 
imperative necessity, the earnest re- 
monstrance of the minority against 
what they called precipitancy united 
with the considerations above allud- 
ed to, determined the legislature to 
the course mentioned by one of our 
co-adjutors in oar last number. And 
thus for the present the matter rests. 
But the die is cast, the Rubicon is 
passed. The society has acted, nor 
will the people be long in following 
their example. 

Colonization Journal.] 

\c\o us jDtqurfft. 

guarantee the complete regeneration 
of Western Africa. It would pro- 
duce results before which theGirard 
Colleges and Smithsonian Institutes 
would sink into pigmy insignificance. 
But expended in this country, in the 
vain attempt to elevate a class of peo- 
ple which all circumstances tend to 
depress, the result would be worse 
than questionable- The whole pub- 
lic Jeejing must be changed, and the 
reign of universal brotherhood es- 
tablished, or every attempt, (ther&oge 
successful the worse,) to enlighten 
the free colored people in this coun- 
try will only tend to render them 
more feelingly alive to the ills they 
suffer, without the power of remedy 
or redress. Failure and abortion 
must attend every attempt to change 
the character and position of the peo- 
ple of color in the United States, un- 
less the hearts and feelings of the 
whites, who now have sway, become 
softened and changed, or the skins of 
the other become whitened, their hair 
straight and features sharpened. 'Tis 
not that the colored man \spoot\ deba- 
sed, or ignorant, all of which educa- 
tion could remedy, but that he is a ep- 
ic red man, which cannot be remedied. 



20 



A Conjurer and Conjuration. 



{January, 



£l Csnjurtr ant Con jura Jtsn. 



A few days ago a deputation of 
mentally diseased individuals leading 
a physically diseased individual, be- 
sieged Governor Roberts, humbly 
beseeching him to help them. They 
were all from New Georgia. The 
boy, for that is the sex of him who 
was impotent, had been sick a long 
time, " sick too much." At length 
disease reached a crisis, and "every 
body been think he go die one time." 
His friends were in paroxysms of 
grief. Just then a Congo, one of 
Captain Bell's proteges, came along. 
Prompted by benevolence, *' no cry 
mamma," he said, " your child be 
witch : pose you pay me I go make 
da witch come up." He commenced 
operations, and the result was an ex- 
traction from the boy's belly of a 
leopard's claw, and a hand full of 
itrange and odious larva?. These 
were all carefully preserved, and 
brought down to the Governor. He, 
however, was skeptical, and endea- 
vored to bring them over to his be- 
lief that it was all a delusion. All 
argument, however, was lost upon 
them, and they returned home, either 
mortified tit his stolidity or chagrined 
at his obstinacy, in resisting the con- 
clusive evidence of the claw and the 
grubs, which they had presented to 
him. 

The affair was not to stop here. 
Truth cannot be suppressed. It was 
soon ascertained that another boy 
was similarly affected. The " dot- 
tor" was sent for, who at once de- 
clared that " witch ketch em." A 
fine opportunity was now presented 
to convince the incredulous Gover- 
nor, or to expose his stupidity, At 
once he who was witchgd, his friend, 
and the dottor, presented themselves 
at Government House, and solicited 
audience. " Nother boy," said they, 
" be witch, all same na turrer one, 
and we fetch em and the dottor for 
1st you tee him take dera ting him 



belly." A crowd assembles, and 
ourself in the number. The pos- 
sessed, with a most wo-begone and 
witched aspect of countenance, was 
placed in a sartarious posture upon the 
floor, directly in front of whom and 
almost in contact, the '•• dottor" plant- 
ed himself in a similar posture. Assu- 
ming a look of imperturbable gravity 
and importance, he prepared, to ope- 
rate. First, he produced from a 
satchel a medley of herbs and roots, 
part of them he placed in a shell, 
the others he chafed in his hand. 
This done, he produced a razor. 
He then fixed his eyes with a stern 
and intense gaze on those of the 
boy, the " dot tor's" hands at the 
same time moving alternately in a 
vibratory and rotatory motion. Soon 
he commenced his exorcisms, using. 
some cabalistic phrases, which no 
one understood but himself. Soon 
" he look da devil," and his hand, 
now stationary, pointed directly at 
that part of the boy's body where 
Diabolus had taken. Although found, 
the devil was not yet captured ; a 
more powerful charm was necessary 
to dislodge him. Having scarified 
a small space directly over the mid- 
rif, he applied his mouth thereto, and 
exerted his utmost power of suction* 
Whatever or whoever else could 
stand this charm, it was soon evi- 
dent the devil could not. That the 
conflict between the exorcist and the 
devil was fierce and severe, was 
soon announced by a quivering of 
his muscles and an apparent invo- 
luntary movement of his arms. Vie* 
tory, however, decided in favor of 
the " dottor,'' who, looking around 
upon the spectators with an air of 
satisfaction and triumph, held th# 
devil firmly in more than " duranee 
vile" between his teeth. The be* 
lievers in the operation signified their. 
satisfaction by furtive glances at the 
unbelievers, and by half suppressed 



1847.] 



The Associate Reformed Synod. 



21 



smiles ; \jhich brought strongly to 
our mind Gay's fable of the jug- 
glers : 

" But when from thence the hem he draws 
Amazed spectators hum applause." 

We, however, were not to be thu9 
discomfited, but determined to sub- 
mit this devil to a close and search- 
ing scrutiny. For this purpose we 
brought his satanic majesty under 
the focus of a powerful microscope, 
and found him to be no more nor 
less than a piece of blue cloth, wrap- 
ped with the fine fibres of the palm 
leaf, in the form and size of an or- 



dinary larva. This, which the fel- 
low had, before he commenced 
operations, concealed either in his 
mouth, nose, or throat, was coated 
with clotted or coagulated blood, and 
to the naked eye very closely resem- 
bled a grub. Nothing abashed by 
this exposure, he renewed his mani- 
pulation in order to extract another 
devil ; but, disgusted with the mum- 
mery, and vexed at our want of au- 
thority to administer to the exorcist 
the moral and mental sanative 
prescribed by Moses, we left the 
scene. Liberia Herald. 



Crtract from tlje JBinutt* of tjie JUaociatc Vtfornttb £pnoo. 



Extract from the Minutes of the 
Associate Reformed Synod, at 
their last meeting, 18th Septem- 
ber, in South Carolina. 
Being ready for the subject of the 
African Mission, it was resolved, be- 
fore entering into discussion, that E. 
E. Pressly address the Throne of 
Grace. 

Payer having been offered, Mr. 
Hemphill submitted the following 
Report: 

u In the dispensations of Divine 
providence, the American Coloniza- 
tion Society has opened up a wide 
and effectual door on the western 
coast of Africa, for the introduction 
and spread of the Gospel on that 
continent. And when we cast the 
eye over the moral desolations of 
that land, we see at once that the 
renovating, redeeming influences of 
the Gospel, are greatly needed there. 
And when we turn and view the cir- 
cumstances by which we are sur- 
rounded at home — that we have the 
Gospel at hand — that we possess the 
means of disseminating it, and that 
we have the persons in our families 
who are capable of enduring the Af- 
rican climate, to carry this blessed 
Gospel to the land of their fathers, 
and when various individuals are of- 
fering to the Synod the choice of 



their servants, to engage in amission 
to Africa, we are led to the conclusion 
that there is a manifest call in Provi- 
dence to embark in such a mission. 

Some months ago* an appeal was 
made, through the Magazine, to the 
members of the church, to furnish 
the Synod with a servant or servants, 
to be educated and sent on a mission 
to Africa. The appeal has been an- 
swered by several individuals. We 
have the gratifying assurance, that a 
number of persons can be had to go 
on this mission, without cost to the 
Synod, save that which will arise 
from their education and outfit. 
With these facts before us, your v 
committee are of opinion, that steps 
should be Uken to educate and pre- 
pare one or more of those that are 
offered for the mission field. Proba- 
bly an " African College," or a man- 
ual labor school, could be established 
in Ky., or somewhere in the bounds 
of Synod, at which those intended 
for the African field could be trained, 
both in literature and theology. 

Could such a college be established 
and sustained by the different Chris- 
tian denominations of the South, or 
by our own denomination, (and the 
idea is by no means chimerical,) the 
world would begin to see the design 
of Providence in permitting the Af- 



22 



Items from the Liberia Herald. 



[January* 



rican to be brought to this country. 
But as such a scheme of education 
cannot be carried into effect imme- 
diately, your committee recommend 
that two from those who have been 
offered to the Synod, be selected for 
the African field, and placed under 
the care of the Kentucky Presbytery, 
and by that Presbytery educated, 
with a view to that field. 

In the mean time, your committee 
recommend the establishment of a 
mission school in u Kentucky in Af- 
rica," to be under the supervision of 
Thomas Ware, a colored man, now 
in Africa. In the opinion of Dr. 
Claybough, of Oxford, Ohio, Thos. 
Ware would be a suitable co-worker 
in a mission to Africa. He is intelli- 
gent, and is believed to be pious, 
and is firmly established in the prin- 



ciples of the Associate Reformed 
Cliurch. 

This report was disposed of by 
the adoption of the following resolu- 
tions : 

1. That Rev. Gilbert Gordon, Rev. 
N. M. Gordon, and Mr. Shannon 
Reid, of Kentucky, be appointed a 
committee to ascertain the character 
of Thos. Ware, his suitableness as a 
mission teacher, a suitable location 
for a school, expenses of such school, 
and report to next meeting of Synod. 

2. That Messrs. Watt Gricr, J. 
M. Young and D. Pressly, be a com- 
mittee to select some two of the co- 
lored persons who have been offered 
to the service of Synod, to be sent to 
Kentucky, to be educated for the Af- 
rican Mission. 



3tem* from ttjr iTtbcrta ^rrrtU. 



It is rumored that the British go- 
vernment have sent out instructions 
to their naval commanders, to take 
immediate possession of Grand Cape 
Mount, and that troops are now 
being embarked at Sierra Leone, or 
at some other British port, for that 
purpose. The reason assigned for 
this determination of Her Majesty's 
Government is, that the chiefs of 
Cape Mount, in violation of their 
treaty stipulations, permit the slave- 
trade still to be carried on in their 
dominions. 

Although wc are as anxious as 
any people can possibly be for the 
abolition of the accursed traffic in 
slaves ; and would willingly tax 
ourselves to assist in putting it down ; 
nevertheless, we cannot give our 
hearty concurrence to the plan now 
contemplated for its suppression at 
that place. If the British Govern- 
ment take possession there, we need 
no longer hope to have it form a 
part of the territory of Liberia. We 
have been sanguine that at no dis- 
tant day, we would be enabled, by 



fair negotiation with the chiefs of the 
country, to have it under the author- 
ity of our laws : and the fact is too 
well known, that at whatever place 
we have the right to exercise our 
authority, the traffic in slaves cannot 
exist. The acquisition of the terri- 
tory of Cape Mount to the British 
crown, cannot, in our opinion, be an 
object of much importance to that 
power, as the resources of the coun- 
try are the same as those of any of 
the countries lying between Sierra 
Leone and Liberia. But the adop- 
tion of any plan,that will place this 
territory beyond our reach, will ma- 
terially cripple our operations, and 
confine the limits of Liberia to a 
space too limited in extent, for the 
exercise of that salutary influence 
which we fondly hoped to introduce 
among the tribes surrounding us. If 
the British Government have the 
right to take possession of Cape 
Mount, or any other country adjoin- 
ing to Liberia, for a violation of trea- 
ty stipulations in regard to the slave 
trade. n n <tt that Government, if 



1847.] 



Ilem8from the Liberia Herald. 



23 



the Government of Liberia pledges 
itself that the slave trade shall no 
longer be continued in sucli place 
or places, act with that benevolence 
and magnanimity which ought al- 
ways to characterize a great and 
powerful nation, make the violators 
of the treaties accountable to the 
Government of Liberia, instead of 
taking forcible possession of their 
countries, at the hazard of shedding 
blood? We are supposing, that the 
main object of the British Govern- 
ment is to destroy the slave trade, 
and not for the acquisition of terri- 
tory; antl we further sqppose, that 
the violation of the treaties gives 
the complaining party a right to the 
territories of those who refuse to 
comply with their treaty bbliga- 
tions* 

We are opposed to the Africans 
being deprived of their lands without 
a fair equivalent is paid to them 1 for 
it; and in no instance, after pur- 
chasing their lands, have we ordered 
them to remove from them; on the 
contrary, they have invariably been 
urged to remain, and adopt civilized 
customs. 

We are particularly interested 
about the territory of Grand Cape 
Mount, Twenty years ago we sent 
missionaries there to instruct the na- 
tives in the truths of the Cospel. 
They were well received, and hos- 
pitably entertained; a piece of land 
was granted to them, a friendly in- 
tercourse was kept up between them 
and the colonists, and many of their 
children are now living in the colony 
understanding and following our cus- 
toms. For more than ten years 
scores of our enterprising citizens 
lived among them, and carried on 
an extensive commerce, which bene- 
fited both parties ; and but for the 
savage war that has raged there for 
more than ten years, and which has 
nearly depopulated the country, large 
numbers of our citizens would now 
lie residing there, - 



Affairs of the Commonwealth 
of Liberia. — The crisis is at hand 
for the people of these colonies to 
meet together to consult about the 
affairs of the Commonwealth. The 
subject of the Independence of Li- 
beria is now the mam topic of discus- 
sion. Everyone has -something to 
say about it. Free interchange of 
views ought to be sought for and ob- 
tained. All party feelings, if any 
there are, ought to be thrown aside 
to make room for its dispassionate 
consideration. It is not strange, that 
a difference in opinion, should exist 
as to the action necessary to be taken 
| in the premises, and though others 
j may hold ideas on the subject at va- 
riance with ours, it would be im- 
proper for us to treat them with in- 
difference — nor would it be decorus 
in others, to attribute tousunwoithy 
| motives, because we difler from them. 
I Whatever may be the result of this 
i important movement, it is supposed 
! that, all will be affected alike in its 
| operations. 

I The extra session which closed iti 
I deliberations on Wednesday night, 
; had this subject before it, and it was 
idiscussed with i\ve most perfect free- 
dojii and animation. The council 
I room throughout the session, which 
lasted three days, was well filled 
with spectators, who listened with 
the deepest attention to all that was 
said for and against the measure. 
Of course that body, could not make 
any final disposition of the subject 
It is the people's business ; and the 
Governor is directed to convoke theta 
for the purpose of bringing the subject 
before them, for their determination. 
We ate not prepared to say when 
the convention of the people will 
! take plaee. It is presumed, that the 
executive will order it, when the 
state of the weather and other at- 
tending circumstances will permit 
them to assemble without much in- 
convenience to themselves or embar- 
rassment Xo their affairs* 



24 



Items from the Liberia Herald. 



[January, 



We owe it to ourselves, to our 
children and to those who may come 
after us, to consider and ponder well, 
before we enter upon a new and un- 
tried state of things. To engage in 
this work, with a hope of a success- 
ful termination, it is all important 
that a spirit of unanimity should pre- 
vail among the people. Let a con- 
ciliatory feeling pervade every breast. 

We hope the time is not far dis- 
tant when the people of Liberia, will 
cease to spend, as they have hitherto 
done, the best part of their earnings 
for foreign provisions. Our soil is 
as good as any in the world, and ca- 
pable of yielding, with little labor, a 
variety of wholesome and nutrtcious 
productions, and* if we prepare pas- 
tures, and take other necessary pre- 
cautions, we can raise more meat 
kind than we can possibly consume, 
and the thousands of dollars which 
are annually sent from the colony, 
for the overplus provisions of other 
countries, would remain with us, 
and add greatly to our commercial 
capital, and to the wealth of the peo- 
ple. The time is at hand for us to 
act, — and act we must, with a deter- 
mination to raise ourselves in the 
opinion of the civilized world. We 
are on the eve of proclaiming the 
sovereignty of Liberia, and of solicit- 
ing its acknowledgement from fo- 
reign powers, — would it not raise us 
higher in the scale of respectability, 
if, before- we ask for this acknow- 
ledgment, we were producing a suf- 
ficiency from our soil, for our own 
consumption ? All will admit this, 
and yet be content with raising only 
a 8 mall portion of the quantity ne- 
cessary for their consumption. We 
must not, if we are anxious to rise to 
importance, continue to lead a sloth- 
ful existence — our sluggishness must 
be shaken off, and new energy, un- 
fettered and determinate, must take 
its place. 

There can be no doubt, if the re- 



sources now within oar reach, are 
properly cared for, and industry and 
economy go hand in hand, but that Li- 
beria at no very distant day, will 
claim her stand among the proud na- 
tions of the world. This consumma- 
tion so anxiously desired, cannot be 
accomplished in a month or a year- 
time and perseverance must bring it 
forth — we must marshall our whole 
strength for its attainment, our chil- 
dren must be educated, and the re- 
sources of our beautiful and prolific 
country must be developed. 

The Election. — Our annual elec- 
tion took place on Tuesday last- 
There was not as much excitement 
as we had anticipated. Considerable 
anxiety was, however, manifested, 
as to the qualifications of some of 
those who were in nomination; as 
it is supposed by many, that the 
duty of preparing the constitution 
will devolve on the Legislature* We 
are not of this opinion; we feel 
quite confident that the people will, 
by their votes on the 27th instant, 
determine for a convention. 

Two young gentlemen of our 
town, of respectable attainments, for 
the first time entered the field as 
candidates for the Legislature. Their 
friends used every exertion to elect 
them, but the older heads thought 
it advisable that they should not be. 
They must not be discouraged. If 
their aim is to be of service to their 
country, they will continue tc pre- 
pare themselves for the service. 

Monrovia, Aug. 17, 1846. 

Messrs. Editors : — According to 
your request, 1 give you a detail of 
the wreck of the piratical slave brig- 
antine, prize to H. B. M. sloop 
Waterwitch, which took place on 
the night of the 15th instant, about 
eight miles to the southward of Cape 
Mesurado. I left Trade Town in 
the morning (having received provi- 
| sions from H. B. M. sloop Star) for 



1847.] 



Items from the Liberia Herald. 



25 



Sierra Leone, with a light wind from 
S. S. W., and a strong current to the 
northwestward. At sunset I was off 
Junk river, six or seven miles ; at 9 
o'clock it was nearly a calm, and I 
found the current was setting on the 
shore rapidly. Having no cable, I 
could not anchor. At about half 
past 10 o'clock she took the ground, 
the rigging was cut, and the masts 
fell towards the shore, by which 
means we succeeded in getting on 
shore, and remained on the beach 
the remainder of the night and part 
of the following day, when Col. 
Yates and several other gentlemen 
came from Monrovia to our assist- 
ance. And on my arrival in town, 
the Governor (Mr. Roberts) pro- 
cured lodgings, and did every thing 
in his power to make us comfortable, 
for which I return him my sincere 
thanks. I was lodged in the house 
of Col. Hicks, and treated with great 
kindness by him and his amiable 
wife 

JOHN McCLUNE. 

The vessel above alluded to was 
captured off Loango. She had no 
colors, no papers, nor name, that has 
as yet transpired. She, however, 
had in certain articles in the shape 
of water-casks, farina, &c, &c, 
which clearly indicated one branch 
of her intended operations. We 
have called her a vessel, and so. she 
was in shape and apparition; but 
like some other apparitions, she was 
little more than an appearance— the 
merest apology for a vessel. She 
was perfectly rotten, and crumbled 
like mellow cheese at the first thump 
on the beach. 

The Africans by the Pons. — 
A number of these people are living 
wild in the woods, and at night come 
in town and carry off cattle, &c. With- 
in the last fortnight 6 milch cows and 
a number of sheep, hogs and goats, 
have been carried off by these ma- 



rauders. Unless a speedy stop is 
put the ravages of these thieving 
scoundrels, we will very soon be as 
poor as "Job's Turkeys." . We have 
considerable sympathy for these peo- 
ple, and the community in general 
would willingly assist in taking care of 
them ; — but such is the disposyion 
of some of them that they prefer,' Dot- 
withstanding you may lavish upon 
them much care and expense, to live 
a wild life in the woods, exposed to 
the inclemency of the weather, rather 
than live with the colonists where 
warm and comfortable quarters can 
be obtained. 

Within the last two months there 
have been issued from the colonial 
warehouse -for the benefit of these 
people, in provisions, dry goods, to- 
bacco, Sic, &c, nearly two thou- 
sand dollars. 

We hope, very soon, to hear of 
auother supply being received for 
the like purpose. 

Those Congoes. — A few days 
ago, as three natives of the Bassa 
tribe were travelling to this place, 
by way of the beach, a horde of these 
fugitive savages fell upon them, beat 
them unmercifully, and after robbing 
them of their little property, took to 
their lurking places in 4he forest 

A petition, signed by 24 Monrovi- 
ans, praying for the abolition of the 
law imposing a tax of 8500, on 
grog shops, was before the legisla- 
ture. The petition was received and 
ordered to lay over till the annual 
session. Judging from the way it was 
received, we are quite sure that the 
prayer of the petitioners will avail 
nothing. 

Drowned. — Mr. Nathaniel Har- 
ris, of Edina, in attempting to cross 
the river from Bassa Cove to Edina, 
was drowned by the upsetting of the 
canoe. The melancholy catastrophe 



26 



Despatches from Liberia. 



[January, 



occurred on the 17th instant. We 
are so far from feeling surprised at 
such occurrences, that we are aston- 
ished they are so few. We have often 
trembled when we have seen from 
four to six persons crowded into a 
little hog-trough of a canoe going up 
or coming down the river, whilst the 
edges of the kooner are scarcely 
above the surface of the water. A 
few days ago we saw a little death- 
daiing fellow paddling with might 
and main in a piece of hollowed 
timber, truncated at both ends, and 



1 which at best would in dimensions 
have hardly sufficed for a coffin, if 
he had found the fate which he ap- 
peared to be seeking. Many of our 
people manifest a recklessness and 
temerity in this respect truly aston- 
ishing. 

Natal. — September 19th — sailed 
for Port Pray a, the United States 
Frigate " United States, " Captain 
Joseph Smoot, bearing the broad 
pennant of Commodore George C. 
Read. All well. 



jDt*patfbf0 from i'xbtvxa. 



Below will be found some ex- 
tracts from the letter of Governor 
Roberts, received Justin time for in- 
sertion in this number. 

In another column we also give 
extracts from Liberia papers. 

From all we can learn of the state 
of feeling among the citizens of Li- 
beria, we think it probable that on 
the 27th October, they decided by 
their votes to accept the overtures 
of the Board of Directors in regard 
to their independence. ' 

It is probable that before the Board 
of Directors meets on the 19th inst., 
we shall hear again from Liberia, 
and that the subject will then come 
definitely before the Board for con- 
sideration. 

Government House, 

Monrovia, Oct. 19/A, 1846. 

Sir : — As intimated in my last let- 
ter to you, by the barque "Chatham," 
the legislature assembled in this town 
on the 13th of July, to consider the 
resolutions adopted by the Board of 
Directors at their annual meeting, 



respecting the independence of Li- 
beria. 

You will perceive by the proceed- 
ings of the legislature, herewith trans- 
mitted, that the preamble and resolu- 
tions have been submitted to the 
consideration of the people, who will 
determine by a solemn vote, what 
disposition shall be made of them, and 
should anew organization be deter- 
mined upon, to fix upon the course 
proper to be adopted for carrying in- 
to effect the suggestions of the 
Board, contained in said resolutions. 

By proclamation, Tuesday 27th 
inst., is fixed as the day on which 
the people, throughout the common- 
wealth will assemble in the various 
towns and villages to vote on the 
question. I think it more than prob- 
able, notwithstanding the question 
of independence is strenuously con- 
troverted, that a change will be re- 
solved upon. * * * * * * — 

I am credibly informed that a fo- 
reign trader is now tampering with 
the natives at Settra Croo, actually 
landing, and offering to the natives 
large amounts of goods, on condition 
that they will decline selling their 
territory to the Americans, and grant 
him the exclusive privilege of (he 



1S47.3 



Sailing of the Liberia Packet. 



27 



trade. As yet they have declined 
his offer. It is, nevertheless, im- 
portant that we close with them as 
soon as possible, and with other 
tribes that have agreed to cede their 
territory to tne society. * * * 
/ It is rumored on the authority of 
/a French officer, stationed near Grand 
// Cape Mount, that the English have 
// determined to possess themselves of 
/ that country, and have actually open- 
/ ed negotiations with Mr. Caifot on 
, thd subject. This I tjiint very 
doubtful. Something, however, is in 
anticipation, and unless a powerful 
effort be made by us, I fear Cape 
Mount will be lost to Liberia forever, 
which would indeed, be a great ca- 
lamity. * * * • • * * * 



\ 



Nothing worth communicating has 
transpired in or about the colony 
since my last — perfect tranquillity 
exists throughout the commonwealth, 
nor has any thing occurred to disturb 
our friendly relations with the sur- 
rounding tribes. The health of the 
colony is pretty good. * *. *►. 

This goes by the American schoon- 
er Boston for the United States, via 
Sierra Leone, and perhaps the Gam- 
bia, and may not reach you for some 
time. 

I am, sir, respectfully, 
Your obedient servant, 
J. J. ROBERTS. 
To Rev. Wm. McLain, 
Sec'y and Tr. of the A. C. S. 
Washington City, TT. S. 



/i 



Catling of i|M £\btx\a Packet. 



The. " Liberia Packet " sailed from Bal- 
timore on the 3d ult., with emigrants sent 
out" by the American and the Maryland 
Colonization Societies, and a full car- 
go of trade goods. Before the sailing an 
appropriate address was delivered by J. 
H. B. Latrobe, Esq., and a fervent prayer 
was offered by the Rev. Dr. Hamner. A 
very large concourse of people were pres- 
ent to witness the ceremony, and to bid 
"God speed " to the enterprise. Dr. Lu- 
genbeel, Colonial physician, two colored 
missionaries, and one white one, were on 
board. 

We were greatly disappointed in the[ 
number of emigrants who were ready to go 
out in the Packet. We had been applied 
to for a passage for one hundred and thirty 
persons, of this number only twenty-seven 
actually sailed. Some of the others could 



not, as they said, get ready in time, others 
were detained by causes over which we 
had no control. 

One great advantage of the Packet to 
the society is manifest in this expedition. 
If we had chartered a vessel, as we usually 
have done, two or three weeks before the 
day of sailing, we should have taken a ves- 
sel of capacity to carry one hundred and 
thirty emigrants and put up berths and 
bought provisions accordingly, before we 
knew how many would fail to be ready ; of 
course the expense of sending out the few 
who were on the spot, would have been 
very great. But in the Packet, we paid 
only for each one what we should have 
paid had the whole number gone. 

We sent out a large amount of goods for 
the purchase of territory and for carrying 
on improvements in Liberia. 



tlert Vc33ti 

TiIe Liberia Packet will sail on her 
second voyage for Liberia about the 1st of 
May, from Norfolk, Va. She will be able 
to furnish first rate accommodations for as 



fat £\btt\a. 

many emigrants as may desire to go at 
that time. We hope our friends will 
take due notice of this, and make all ne- 
cessary preparations in season. 



28 



Receipts. 



[Jasjaary, 



Annual iHeetitt0 of tfce Jlmtrican Golsttijatton Jfracittf. 



The Thirtieth annual meeting of the A. 
C. S. will be held in this city on the 3d Tues- 
day of this month, being the 19th day. The 
Board of Directors will meet the same day. 

Auxiliary Societies, entitled to a* repre- 
sentation in the Board, are requested to ap- 
point their delegates, and give us notice 
accordingly. 



II 



The various Life Directors are requested 
to be present, as business of unusual im- 
portance will doubtless claim their consid- 
eration. 

It is expected that several distinguished 
gentlemen will deliver addresses at the 
anniversary meeting. 



Ytrttptfl of tfct Jlmtrttan Colonisation ^octets, 
From the 20th November, to the 31st December, 1846. 



NEW "HAMPSHIRE. 

ByDea. Samuel Tracy;— 

Cbucord— From Ladies of the Li- 
beria n Association, by Mrs. L. 
Morrill, treasurer, $2, A. Wal- 
ker, $1 3 00 

Bedford—Be*. SamM McQueston, 3 50 

Francistown— Thos. B. Bradford, 
#2, Wm. Parker, $1, Wm. Bix- 
by, $10, Hon. Titus Brown, #3, 
Daniel Fuller, #1, Mrs. Anna 
Fuller, $1, Mark Morse, #2, 
J. Follensbee, $1, Dr Eaton, 
#1, P. C, Butterfield, $2, Cash, 
#5, Col. Daniel Fuller, jr., #2, 
Mrs. West, 50 cts., Miss Mary 
Starret, 50 cts 82 00 

Mount Vernon— Rev. B. Smith, 
#1 50, F. O. Kittredge, 50 cts., 
Dr. J. K. Smith, 50 cts., John 
Carlton, 50 cts 8 00 

dmherst— S. B. Melendy,#l, Hon. 

C. H. Atherton, #5 6 00 

Nathua— Rev. S. G. Bulfinch. ... 2 00 

Pelham— Dea. Tyler, $2, Gen. 
Richardson, $2, Mrs. Tenny, 
50 cts 4 50 

HoUU— Charles Whiting, #3 50, 
Noah Farley, $2, Mrs. E. Jew- 
ett, $1, E. Emerson, $1, Rev. 
Mr. Jewett, Dan. Farley, ea.#l. 9 50 

New Ipswich — Cant. E. Brown, 
#1 50, George Barrett, $1, E. 
M. Isaacs, $1, Mrs. D. Everett, 
Mrs.W. Ainsworth, each #1 60. 6 50 

Lyndeboro* — S. Manning, 25 cts.. 
Rev. C. B. Clagget, 01, Dea. 
Jones, $1, J. P. French, 60 cts., 
Daniel Woodward, 50 cts., I). 
Holt, 25 cts 8 50 

Keen*— George Tilden 50 

Pelerboro'—H. F. Cogswell 1 50 



VERMONT. 
By Dea. Samuel Tracy : — 
Siowe—Di, Daniel Washburn, to- 



75 50 



wards his life membership of 

A.C.S 10 00 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Otis— Mass. Col. Soc., per Rev. J. 
Tracy, 9585 85. Donation left 
by the late Theo. H. Pomerby, ' 
found after his death, and en- 
dorsed for the A. C. Soc, $8 18. 
Also, donation of Sarah Ann Po- 
meroy, sister of the above, and 
left in the same way, and for- 
warded by their father, Rev. Ru- 
- fus Pomeroy, of Otis, Mass. y 

$151— #464 690 48 

RHODE ISLAND. 

By Rev. Dr. Tenney:— 

Providence— Hon. Thos. M. Bur- 
gess, 810, Thomas Harkness, 
#10, Cash, $5, R. H. Ives, $20, 
M. P. Ives, #20, Mrs. C. R. 
Goddard, #10, Rev. Dr. Way- 
land, #10, J. H. Mason, #5, 
Joseph Carpenter, #2 92 00 

Slatersville—kev. T. A. Taylor, 
#1, Amos D. Lockwood, #10. . 11 00 

108 00 

NEW YORK. 
New York City— A. G. Phelps, 
Esq., being his subscription to 
the fund for the purchase of ter- 
ritory 1,000 00 

NEW JERSEY. 
Paterson— Roswell L. Colt, Esq., 
being bis subscription to the 
fund for purchase of territory, 1,000 00 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
By Rev. J. B. Pinney :— 
Pittsburg— Moses Atwood, Mr. 

Poindexter, each #5 10 00 

Cannonsburg— Mr. Homer 1 



11 °? 

VIRGINIA. T 

By Rev. C. A. Davis :— 
White Post— Rev. Thomas Ken- 
nedy... , 10 00 



1847.1 



Falmouth— Basil Gordon, $10, W. 
P. Conway, $5, J; B. JKicklin, 
$5, Murray Forbes, $5 

Fredericksburg — L. J. Huffman, 
$5, £. Conway, $5, J. H. Mad- 
dox, $3, Cash, $2, W. Y. At- 
kins, $1, R. T. Thorn, $1, J. 
G. Gallaher, $1, F. I.Wyatt, $1, 
R. B. Sample, #1, C. B. White, 
31, M. W. Bailey, 50 c(s 

Port Royal— A. & R. G. R. Catlelt, 
$5, Dr. U rquhart, $5, Mrs. Eli- 
zabeth Quesenberry, $5, Miss 
Mary £. Catlett, $3, Miss W. 

A. Catlett, $2, Mrs. Faranholt, 
91, Cash, $1 10 

Oak Grove— Dv. P. C. Robb, $5, 
H. T. Garnett, $5, Mrs. Dr. 
Ditty, $3. Dr. Wheelwright, #2, 
Miss Lendrum, $1,F u. Red- 
man, 50 cts., G. W. Lewis, 50 
cts., J. H. Payne, 50 cts., Miss 
Lewis, 50 cts., Sundry persons, 
92 05 . 

King Geoige Co. — Wm. S.Payne, 
$10, James S. Quesenberry, $J>, 
Mrs. B. T. Hoomes, a gold ring 
and $5, John Baker, $2, G. A. 
Baker, $1, G.C. McKinney, $1, 
Dr. Ninde, $1, J. W. Stuart, 
$1, £. Edwards, $1, S. J. S. 
Brom, $1, Miss Zimmerman, 
#1, C. G. Jones, #1, Dr. Payne, 
50 cts., G. P. McKinney, 50 
cts,, Miss Elizabeth B.Jones, 
50 cts., P. P. Johnson, 50 
cts., J. N. Jones, 50 cts., W. 

B. Ball, $1, Mrs. C. Rollins, 
$1, Jas. Jones, W. Jones, S. 
At well, W. Rose, Miss Atwell, 
Y. D. Baker, Miss E. A. Ba- 
ker, Miss S. C. H. Baker, Miss 
H. A. V. Baker, Miss L. W. 
Baker, and J. Cleft, each 25 cts. 

By Rev. John P. Pinney: — , 
Wheeling— Morgan* Nelson, Rev. 
Dr. Weed, John McLuYe, James 
Paul, Rev. Alfred Paul, Joseph 
L. Fry, J. N. Mitchell, C. W. 
Russell, J. B. Bayhtss, Daniel 
Lamb, Fleming & Hunter, S. 
Nee), Thomas Hughes, James 
McKee, JohnM. Gill, W. W. 
Jemmison, B. F. Sanboine, A. 
N. Johnston, S. Bready, Jacob 
Hornbrook, Creingle & Dalzell, 
each 95, T. G. Culbertson, $2, 
Cash, $2, Mr. Brown, $2, A. 
A. Horrell, $2, Mr. Heiskell, 

S2, Alex.T. Laidiey, 82. T. B. 
ornbrook, $3, Mr. Johnston, 
02, Dr. S. S. Hullehen. $8, Mr. 
Quarrier, $1, Wm. Wilson, $1, 
Mr. Nichols, $1, Rev William 
Armstrong, $1, H. D. Brown, 



Receipts. 



29 



■>«»»^" 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



25 00 



21 50 



22 10 



20 05 



87 25 






$1, John S. Brown, $1, M.P. 
Atkinson, $1, Cash, $1, Mr. 
McCulloggh, $1, Cash, $1, 
Cash, 91, Cash, $1, Cash, $1, 
Cash, $1, Cash, $1, Cash, $1, 
S. C, $1, Cash, 50 cts., Cash, 
40 pts., Cash, 50 cts 142 90 

Nelson County — Nelson Parish, 
per £ev. Horace Stringfellow. . 8 00 

Shepherdstoum — Dr. Magruder, to- 
wards defraying the expenses 
to Liberia ot a woman liberated * t 
by him, and sent to Liberia in 
the Liberia Packet 20 00 

Warrenton— Rev. Mr. Atkinson, 
for outfit of a young man libe- 
rated by hira, and sent to Libe- 
ria in the Liberia Packet 19 68 

Amrtia County— Rev. Ben}. .M. 
Hobson, per Capt. Geo. Barker, , 1 00 

326 48 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 
LewisvUle— Wm. Moffatt, Efcq. . . 20 00 

KENTUCKY. 

By Rev. Alex. M. Cowan : — 

Fayette County— Isaac P. Shelby, 
to constitute himself a life mem- 
ber, $30, Rev. B. H. Mc Cowan r 
Gen. W. C. Prewett, each $5, 
Richard Martin, a horse valued 
at $20 60 00 

Clark Co. — Alpheus Lewis, Ro- 
bert S. Taylor, each $10 20 00 

Montgomery Co. — L. S. Mason, E. 

B. Bishop, each $5, Dr. J. S. 
Wallace, $3, W. B. Miller, M. 
Martier, J. Kamsey, each $1. . 16 00 

Bath Co.— Rev. R. F. Caldwell, * 
by Ladies of Springfield church, 
to constitute him a life member, 30 00 

Bourbon Co.— W. M. O. Smith, 
$10, W. T. Allen, D. P. Lewis, 
S. D. Talbot, Rev. J. F. Green, 
each $5, J. R. Thornton, $5 40, 
Collection in Rev. E.P. Pratt's 
Church, $4 60 40 00 

Nicholas Co.— John Carter 20 00 

Mason Co. — David Lindsey, John 
A. McClung, each $10 20 00 

Louisville— Mrs. Garvin, $15, se- 
veral Ladies, $17, Rev. W. W. 
Hill, $5, Peters & Robinson, in 
medicine, $15, Lithgow & Wal- 
lace, in tin ware, &c, $14 85. . 66 85 

Shelby Co.— Dr. H. Harden, $12, 
Woodford Hall. $10, D. R. B. 
Winlock. Rev. D. T. Stewart, 

C. E. White, W. W. Burton, 
each $5, W. S. Harbison. Mrs, 
E. Walters, each $3, QuinMol- 
ton, Alex. H, Log*n, each $4, 
Dr. J. Lowery, $2, Rev. J. 
Watts, $1, Provisions, by indi- 
viduals, $243 75, W. M. Nolan, 



Receipt*. 



in tobacco, §10, H. Clay, in cot. 
Ion yuri:. S3, W. Athcrton, in 
stuti-s, STl 32 

AwiMm -,.-W M.ToJd Rev. 

J Jiullu k, each So 10 00 

HW/i.W Ik-Mr,. M. Alexan- 
der, " Si el, each gO, Wm. Al- 
len, S2. Collection in I'isgnh 
Church. £9, Mis Price, $4.".. 23 00 

Boy.e Co.— J. S lolb.lt, C.Gore, 
each #10. A. Sneed, J. L. Gia- 
haui, cicli $5 30 00 

Mercer Co.— G. C. Thompson, W. 
Thompson, each gin. Collection 
in Prefbylerian Church, Har- 
ludlbur* £23 43 00 i 

Logan <V-J,,li,i ii llibb, Mn. 
J. 1). Bibb, <-»ch 010 2 

Keiion Cv. — Collection in Big 
Spring Church 8 00 I 

Estill Vu.~ Josil A. Jackson and 

A loMirll, Jit'j.-tiiigs. valued at 50 00! 

fly Rev .J. B. P.Wv:- 

GnrttUnnt—Jchm MeCaw 1 

CM>«*M-('. .11- •'(,«>. alieralec- 
EM ... Ii-- -Mr. B^WPlO- 
byttrijo Church 26 86 

618 46 



By He 



OHIO. 
. J. B. Pinncy ; — 



each $IU— $249 15. First 
Prcfbyti-riiin Chinch— collected 
by Miss Belle Graham, $15 25, 
K. W Keys to couslilulo him* 
self HA member of the Am. 
Col. Society, »3i>. Alex. Guy, 

bcr of the Am Col. Society, 
-•:.;:!. Qanii-1 Aloes, Mr* Mar- 
Mr* Vdiiljorne, each ftO, Mrs 
Brown, Mrs. FerRuson, Wm. 
Skillinger, each al — ^33 25. 
J. W son Johnslon .las. John- 
ston, Dr. John P Harrison each 
SW, John 13 Cohb. Ka. In- 
itio, Geo. C Miller each t}3, 
Mrs. Jane I'iinlK-y, «10, Haui'l 
Brill, H, Baker, A. McAlpin. 
each $9, J C. CulbrrUon sl«. 
Mrs. ,md Mis. Ow-iker, W 
W. Cooper, Dr. Charles L. 
Avery, each $30, A. W. Tay- 
lor, Dr. W. Judkin, John W. 
Ita-to-ll, Cwh. ...- i £5, Cuh, 
(Juab, tHk $1, C. Stetson, »|0. 
. Mr. Tay- 
lor, SI. Cnb. 63. E H. Xeat- 
jiuii, J tt. He-diey, Midi, 
J. W. Men- 



;k, »S.. 



3, 312 62, Sam'IAdami, 
in V.Eaton, SB, M. Nu- 



collec 



.n, $1.. 



Ju^.-'V.Sl 






net Wigain*. -1" - '■■ We 
Icy Chi.fK-1, .1 K. V-cci 

E. N — collections, #»:! 
Soule Cli.ip.l,M.E.8.— coll 
tiona, ajSIJ Bl.CIurta WcMa 
ken, «M_#M U. Cent 


tions, $lu,J 

Sc.iru.,,.,,,- 


.11. Cor 
, IV. V 


am. W. \ 
Barr, ea 


810— s-m. 




:.'":;i 



lUv. Wm, Wilson, a Hfcjitato- 
ber ol" Ihtj Am. Col Society 
83(1. Second Presby, Church— 



J.Shillito, Thoinu G.Gaylord, 



lit Lecture, -jiia annual sub- 
nci.ut.un., 816, Mrs. Small, jfl. 
lavlm-flobprtW Steele. Bobt. 
C. Schenck, J. D. Phillips, 11. 
P. Brown, If. Slod.Urd, each 
SI". Thos. J. S. Smith, £2. Da- 
vid G.bbs, #1, Thos. Purrott, 
Wm. Parrott, each |1U. Wil- 
liam fcakeu, (cn.Sl, J. He- 
Daniel, 82, W. J. McKiney, 
SI 30, George Jewell. Mb E. 
M. Burr, SI, Mrs. Steele, 03, 
Peler Delhi., $5, Wm. Ray- 
mond, &1, E. M. Davies, S3, 
Wm. King, frail, Joseph L. 
Heed, $5, L. Kimball, J. It. 
Wagoner, W. W. Amett, S. 
Craighead, each $1, C. G. 
Swaim, 95, WiloG. Williams, 
82, F. llineer, 81, A. Darai, 
Go els., J. M. Stevenson, 91, 
David Osborne, Mr. Davison, 
each 35, Cash, (1 25, G. B. 
Uoll,$5 > Mra.Fterce,|>3, Henry 



%* 



1847.] 



Receipts. 



31 



Kime, Alex. Grimes, each $5, 
Jacob Haines, Col. J. Greer, 
each #l,Cash, 50cts., E.Reeves, 
60 els., Mr. Farrer, $2, S. B. 
Brown, $10, Dr. John Steele, 
#3, H. Fowler, Smith Davison, 
W. F. Comly, A. M. Bolton, , , 
each $1, Samuel McPherson, 
#5, J. D. Looinis, J. YV. Van 
Cleve, W. G. Brainer, each $1, 
Thos. Wilkinson, Charles Ells, 
each $2, J. Van Arsdal, J. 
Milts, D. Waymire, J. W. Gris- 
wold, each $1, V. Winters, #2, 

B. F. Ells, $3, John Ells, *1, L. 
F. Claflen,$2.J.G.Low,Tho3. 
Brown, each $5, Mr. Payne, $2, 
H. Conover, $1, F. C. Easta- 
brook, $2, Joseph Clegs, W. 
Jackson, W. S. Phelps, each $1, 
Cash, $1 257 

Springfield— Samuel Barnett. #i, 
J. \V. Warder. $3, Rev. W. B. 
Simmons, $2, Win. Speircer, #2, 
Rev. J. F. Sawyer, #1, Mrs. S. 
A. Sawyer, #1, Ira Pag*\ #1, 
J. M. Hanson, $i, J. W. Harris, 
$1, Cash, 50 cts., Cash, 50cts., 

C. S. Barrett, #1, J. B. Halsey, 
50 cts., B. H. Warder, $1, Isaac 
Warder, $1, J. T. Warder, $1, 
R. S. Foster, $1, J. G. Hays, 
SI, Cash, 50 cts., Hon. Samson 
Mason, $1, Mr. Buckingham, 

SI, Collection, $4 25 30 

Columbus — Collection in M. E. 
Church, £14 17, Collection in 
Presbyterian Church, #6 17, A. 
H. Pinney, .«5. N. L. Lamson, 
S5, J. N. Whiting, #5, R. W. 
McCoy, #5, L. Goodale, $5, J. 
Rid<rway, #5, Jos. Sullivan, £3, 
William Sullivan, $2, D. W. 
Deshler, $3, S. Clark, $3, C. S. 
Sill, #2, C. Humphrey, £2, F. 
C. Session, #1, H. W. Cham- 
berlain, £1, W. Armstrong, $1, 
W. B. Thrall, $1, W. Amos, 
01, J. S. Abbott, $1, H. F. Hun- 
tingdon, 41. John Miller, Ai, 
W. B. Hubbard. $1, A. G. Cald- 
well. $1, Wm.Bl^ynn, $1 78 

Cirtleville — Collections and dona- 
tions 4 

Cftt/icoMe—Wm. B. Franklin, W. 
Creighton, J. S. Atwood, each 
45, Mr. James, John Madeira, 
each 44, Rev. R. G. Wilson, 
Joseph Sill, Rev. Wm. T. Fin- 
ley, C. H. Comwcll, Oliver T. 
Reeves. J. Woodbridge, each 
$2, Thoma3 Orr, $3, H. S. 
Lewis, J. W. Elly, Jno. L. Tay- 
lor, Thomas Ghormley, R. W. 
Dennig, A. & D. Baker, Mr. 



25 



25 



34 
94 



Foulke, Rev. Mr. Britton, P. 
Lone:, Mrs. A. S. Findley, Mrs. 
James. Mrs. Rev. S. B. Britton, 
Eliza B. Allen, Ellen J. Scott, 
Catherine Franklin. Mrs. That- 
cher, Mrs. E. L. Franklin, each 
#1, Collection alter a lecture, 
#12 5i2, 42 counterfeit— #10 82. 65 82 

Zanesville — Collection after a pub- 
lic lecture, #14 50, Mrs. Dow- 
ner, $1, Cash per Mr. James, 
25 cents, Mr. Converse, A. Fil- 
more, each #1, Mrs. A. Abbott, 
#2, Rev. G, Culbertson, #5, 
Win. Winter, #3, Rev. H. S. 
Brown, £'2, Mrs. G. A. Hall, 
Mrs. Hampson, each Si, Misses 
Matthews, #2, H. Safford, $1, 
L. P. Bailey, $1, A poor widow, 
50 cents 36 25 

Steubenville— Hans Wilson, Esq., 
to constitute the Rev. W. Cox 
a life member of the Am. Col. 
Society, $30, H. H. Leavitt, $5, 
John Andrews, #5, Jas. Mean9, 
Wra. McLaughlin, each #10, 
Mrs. Rev. Chas. Beatty, Chris- 
topher C. Wolcott, John Mc- 
Meehan, W. Kilgore, Miss G, 
M. Brown, each £5, S. M. Dun- 
lap, M. Roberts, each #2, Rev. 
E. A. Morse, Rev. H. G Cum- 
mings, Judge Dike, Thomas 
Means, jr., A. L. Mager, J. Mc- 
Donald, D. G. Davidson, James 
Johnson, J. G. Morris, D. Mc- 

Gowan, J. S. Dike, Jas. S , 

each #1 101 00 

Lancaster — Collections from sun- 
dry persons, #3 68, Rev. W. 
Cox, #2 5 68 



1,727 57 
TENNESSEE. 
Murfreesboroueh — Bequest left the 
Am. Col. Society, by the late 
W. D. Baird, Esq., per his son 
L. M. Baird, executor 100 00 

Part of proceeds of the sale of a 
hay stack by some one unknown, 5 00 

Total Contributions $5,788 50 



FOR REPOSITORY. 

Maine.— >2fo/A--Zina Hyde, Esq., 
for 1846, $1 50, Gen. J. Mc- 
Lellan, to 13th June, 1647, 
#1 50 

New Hampshire. — By Deacon 
Samuel Tracy — Boscawan — 
Col. Moses Gerrish, subscrip- 
tion, to Oct.. '47, $1 50, Rev. 
Edward Buxton, to June, '48, 
$2; Swicoofr— Herman A. Os- 



3 00 



32 



food, (o July, '47, £1 50 t Ira 
I. Osgood, to July, '47, #1 60. 
Bedford — Willard Parker, to 
Dec, '47, #1 50, Dea. Samnel 
McQueston, to May, '47, $1 50. 
Merrimack — Robert McGaw, to 
Oct., '47, #1 50. Francistown 
— Mark Moses, to Jan., '47, $3, 
M. W. Eaton, to Jan., '47, #1 
50. Mount Vernon — Dea. J. A. 
Starret, to Nov., '47. #2, Timo- 
thy Kittridge, to Maich, '48, 
$2. JrnJiersl—DT. M. Spauld- 
ing, to Jan., '47, #1 50. Nashua 
— ltev. S. G. Bulfinch, to Oct , 
'47, $\ 50, Dr. M. Eldridge, to 
Jan., '47, #1 50, John Crombie, 
to May, '47, #2, T. W. Gillie, 
to Jan., '47, $1 50, Stephen 
Kendrick, to Jan., '47, #1 50. 
Mollis — Charles Whiting, to 
Jan., '47, $1 50. New Iptwich 
— Capt. E. Brown, to Jan., '47, 
$1 50, Mrs. D. Everett, to Dec, 
'47, #1 50, Mrs.VYm.Ains worth, 
to Jan., '47, #1 50. Rindge— 
Sam. L. Wilder, Esq., to March, 
'47, $1 50. XymJWo'— David 
Stiles, Esq., to Dec, '47, $1 60, 
Josiah Wheeler, io Dec, '47, 
$1 50. Peterboro % — Rev. C. 
Gutter, to Jan., '47, $1 60, H. 
F. Cogswell, to Jan., '47, $1 60, 
Rev. Abiel Abbot, to Nov., 
'4(i, $2, Hon. John H. Steele, 
for '46 and '47, $3, Reuben 
Washburn, to September, '47, 

$1 50 

VitBMONT.-ByDea. Sam'l Tracy- 
Brandon — Dea. Davenport, lor 
subscription to 1 Jan., '47, 75 
cents. IVardtboro' — Rev. S.G. 
Tenney, subscription to Jan., 
'47, $8 

Massachusetts- Wetlford-Rev. 
Ephraiin Abbot, for '47 and '48, 
#3. Jndover— By Rev. C. J. 
Tenney— Hon. Sam'l Fletcher, 
for '40, #1 50, Samuel Farrar, 
Esq , to July, '47, £2, Mark 
Newman, for '46, $1 60, Na- 
thaniel Swift, for '47, $1 60, Al- 
bert Abbott, for '45, '46, and '47, 
94 50J /fot>*rAt/M)avid Marsh, 
for '46 and '47, $3, Mrs. M. E. 
Kittridge, for '47, $1 60, Sam'l 
Whittier, for '47, $\ 60. Mrs. 
M. W. Duncan, for '47, $ 1 60, 
Rev. Arthur S. Train, for '47, 
$1 50. Manchester— Mrs. A. 8. 
H. Trask, on account of Capt 
Richd. Trask, deceased, to Nov. 
'47, $2, L.Woodbury and Price, 
to May, '48, $2, Dea. J. R. Gott, 
to July, '47, $1 60, Wm. Whip- 



Receipt*. 



[January, 1847.] 



Vll^^Na^' 



49 00 



8 75 



pie, for '47, $1 50, Dr. Benjamin 
Haskell, to March, '47, $1. 
Beverly — Capt. Jas. Bryant, to 
April, '45, #1 50, Edw. Burley, 
to July, '47, tfl 50, Capt. Henry 
Larcom, to April, '47, $3, Dea. 
John Safford, to July,'47, $1 50, 
Albert Thorndike,Esq.,to April, 
'46, $1 50. Salem— Mis. L. 
Saltonstall, to '47, $1 50. North 
BrookJUld—Tho*.Sne\\, to July, 
'47, by Rev. Jos. Tracy, #1 50. 43 00 

Rhode Island. — By Rev. Dr. 
Tenney — Providence— Shubael 
Hutchms, for '46, $1 50, Re- 
solved Waterman, for '47, $1 00, 
Wm. Whittaker, for '47, #1 50, 
Thomas Burgess, to Sept., '47, 
#1 50, Rev. Dr.Croker, to Sept., 
'47, $1 50, A. Duncan, to Dec, 
'47, $1 50, Chas. Dyer, for "46, 
$150 10 50 

New York. — By Captain George 
Barker — New York city — Auson 
G. Phelps, to Aug., '47, R. W. 
Martin, to Aug., '47, Rev. H. 
W. Bellows, to Sept., '47, Jos. 
W. Alsop, to Sept., '47, Wm. 
Bard, to Nov., '47, Beni. Flan- 
ders, to Sept., '47, J. L. Brower, 
to Sept., '47, R. Jones, to Sept, 
'47, Thos. I. Jeremiah, to Nov., 
'47, each 02, from sundry per* 
sons, #49 , 67 00 

Virginia— By Rev. Charles A. 
Davis — Fredericksburg— J. L. 
Marye, Esq., to January 1, '47, 
$1 50. Alexandria— John Ro- 
berts, to Dec, '46, $3. Amelia 
county — Rev. Benj. N. Hobson, 
lor Repository from Jan., '46, to 
to Sept., '48, $4, by Capt. Geo. 

Barker. Wheeling Morgan 

Nelson, for '48, #1 50, by Rev. 
J. B. Pinney. Warrenton-ChM. 
Kemper, for 1847, $1 50 11 00 

Otuo^By Rev. Jno. B. Pinney— 
Cincinnati — J. Dillingham, 1 
Jan., '47, to 1 Jan., '48, $1 60. 
Bucyrus—Rev. John PetUt, to 
'48, $4 50, per Alex. P. Wid- 
man, Esq 6 00 

Alabama.— Black Bluff— James 
A. Tait, subscription to Jan., 
'47, per J. J. Jackson, Esq. ... % 99 

Mississippi. — Natchez — L. R. 
Marshall, for subscription to 
January, 1847, $6, H. D. Man- 
deville, for subscription to Jan- 
uary, 1847, $6 IS 00 

Total Repository 218 20 

Total Contributions 5,788 50 

Aggregate Amount #8,001 95 



* . " 



THE AFRICAN REPOSITORY, 



AND 



COLONIAL JOURNAL. 



Vol. XXIII.] 



WASHINGTON, FEBRUARY, 18-47. 



£No. 2. 



[For the African Repository.] 

African Colonisation. 



Mr. Editor : — The strong contest, 
which has gone on between the Ab- 
olitionists and the friends of the 
American Colonization Society, has 
ever been with me a cause of regret, 
for it has seemed that there is a way 
for all concerned to live in peace. 
And it is an agreeable consideration, 
that the causes of difficulty between 
them are growing fewer. Several 
objections against African Coloniza- 
tion have come to an end by means 
of the existence of Canada coloniza- 
tion. One objection has been that 
the people of color ought not to be 
colonized anywhere: for such a 
course with them implies a supposed 
inferiority on their part. A second 
objection has been that they are 
needed as laborers on the soil, where 
they labor as slaves. A third objec- 
tion to African Colonization has 
been, that it is cruel to take them 
from the places of their nativity, 
which breaks up their early associa- 
tions and attachments, and throws 
them into banishment. Now it is 
certain, that these three objections 
against African Colonization are 
equally valid against Canada coloni- 
zation. Whoever does not see this, 
cannot be reasoned with. And, as 

3 



it res pec ts the idea of banishment, 
the removing of the slaves to Canada, 
before their masters acknowledge 
them free, is a much more disastrous 
banishment to them than to have 
them go to Africa with the consent 
of their masters — this consent frees 
them, and the way is open for them 
to return and visit their friends, and 
the places of their nativity, without 
fear, and with a consciousness that 
beyond the Atlantic, which is not 
now a frightful distance, they have 
the freeman's home. In these cir- 
cumstances, some have already re- 
turned to this country, and spent a 
season in visiting whomsoever they 
wished to see. Yes, the Liberians 
have a good prospect as far as human 
discernment extends, of spending 
their days in a country as free as 
ours, and of bequeathing this inesti- 
mable blessing to their latest posteri- 
ty. But how is it with the emigrants 
to Canada? They are considered 
slaves still by their old masters.— 
Then there is not the least safety 
for them ever to see their native 
country ! And if, as we have some- 
times had reason to apprehend, there 
should be war between us and Eng- 
land, and the colored people be taken 



^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



34 



African Colonization. 



[February, 



prisoners, they would be exposed to 
be claimed by their old masters ; 
and I presume there is no law in the 
United States to invalidate the claim. 
Such exposure will even descend to 
"generations yet unborn," for the 
slave laws have this extent. 

There are two other considerations 
which seem to me greatly to lessen 
objections (to say the least) against 
African Colonization, so far as Ca- 
nadian colonization is to be a substi- 
tute : — 

One relates to the different govern- 
ments of Liberia and Canada. — The 
Liberians, as we have reason to be- 
lieve, are now becoming an indepen- 
dent nation, under a government as 
free aa our*, where tire colored race 
are the sovereign people; and they 
will select from themselves all their 
rulers. They will have none to en- 
slave, or domineer over, them. They 
will have as much authority to ex- 
clude white people from alt partici- 
pation in their government, as the 
whites have had to exclude them. 
And I should be willing to have them 
assume this authority. But with re- 
gard to Canada, what we usually 
call the common people* whatever 
may he their color, have but little 
agency in the government. Hence 
it is that comparatively but very few 
go from the States to* spend their 
days in Canada; though vast quan- 
tities of land are good, and cheaper 
than our government lands ; and 
though other great inducements are 
held out to emigrants. The inhabi- 
tants of the most northern Slates 
generally pass by Canada and go to 
the far West, and many to the far 
Northwest — bending around a part 
of Victoria's dominions. I once 
asked a gentleman, who might have 
secured considerable property had 
he consented to live in Canada- 
why he did not consent? His an- 
swer was, that M ft is easy to live in 
that country, if a. man would consent 



to be nothing." Such must proba- 
bly be the condition of the colored 
race generally, who live under the 
British government in North Ameri- 
ca. Now it demands some conside- 
ration, whether it is treatmgr the co- 
lored people as we should wish to 
be treated, in their circumstances, if 
we were persuaded to flee to a go- 
vernment under which our deliverers 
wouhJ not consent to live themsel res, 
while we might be accommodated 
with just such an one as woulil suit 
them ? 

The oilier consideration, which 
seems to lessen objections esrahrrM 
African- Colonization, is the climate 
of Canada. It is true, that there 
have been seasons when the moilali- 
ty has been considerable, hi passing 
through the acclimating process in 
Liberia. But it is ascertained that 
the knowledge which physicians- 
have acquired on the subject, will* 
by means of prudence and rare, on 
the part of the emigrauuv with, the 
usual blessing of God, generally car- 
ry the people through the critical 
period, and with vety little sickness. 
When the season is past, it may he 
said that the colored man is restored 
in peace and prosperity to the land 
of his fathers. This is in the re* 
gion where his ancestors received 
their complexion ; and therefore he 
is in his natural climate— where he 
would have remained had it not been 
for the enormous wickedness of white 
men. 

However difficult it may be for us 
to specify the particular causes of 
the African complexion, yet we 
know it was designed, by a benig« 
nant Providence, to meet the circum- 
stances of the case; and therefore* 
in God's estimation, it is as honor* 
able as any other color. We hew 
reason to believe, also, that it is ad- 
apted to a warm^ climate, like that 
found in the greatest portion of Af- 
rica. It is a color the least suited ts> 



1847.] 



African Colonization. 



35 



bear the cold climates of high Iati- I 
tudes. Hence those of the human 
race who have, from the early days 
of NoahV posterity, inhabited the 
colder regions are always while. Jt 
appears that while is the best of all 
colors to endure the cold. Such is 
4he settled order of Divine Provi- 
dence. No further North than Mas- 
sachusetts, (it may be so further 
South,) some small animals, through 
the wonderful skill and kindness of 
God, change their dress twice a year 
— their winder garments being while. 
Also, in the coldest regions of the 
North, all bears are white. Tn more 
temperate climates, they are all black. 
Here is not the work of shame ; and 
if God has made such wonderful 
provision for the beasts that perish, 
shall we deny that He has reference 
in this respect to ihe comfort of ra- 
tional beings? We must, I think, 
come to the conclusion, that as a 
general rule, the black man cannot 
enjoy life so well in a cold, as in a 
warm climate, lie may live as long 
as the white man, but he must suffer 
much more. Hence it does not seem 
to me to be the perfection of philan- 
thropy to call the slaves awav from 
the southern, or even the Middle 
States, and persuade them to believe 
that their earthly condition will be 
beyond improvement, if they can 
reach the northern shores of the St. 
Lawrence in safety. It is true, they 
have escaped the house of bondage ; 
but they have not arrived at the Ca- 
naan of mild and short winters suc- 
ceeded by long an3 flowery springs. 
They go to the land of long, cold, 
bleak and stormy winters — where 
the earth lies for many months buried 
deep in the snows, and where the 
spring, summer and autumn, united, 
seem but a short suspension from 
those chill 8 which so deeply pierce 
the bones of the colored man, and 
make all his frame to shake. 
These are some of the considera- 



tions which have led me to think, 
that those are rather has*ty who can- 
not speak peaceably- 'of African Co- 
lonization, while they think it is 
doing God service to go all lengths 
of hazard to get away the slaves 
from their masters, that they may 
find a home in the dreary regions of 
the North, from which they can 
never return, nor greet again the 
dear friends they have left behind. 
My sympathy is for these poor 
slaves, as well as for those thev 
have left behind. I love impartial 
benevolence. 

No one doubts the right and the 
propriety of bringing all points on 
African Colonization to the test of 
fair discussion, just as is done with 
every other subject. Neither are 
any to he condemned for expressing 
their different opinions and the rea- 
sons for them* if they come under 
the denomination of reason. But it 
seems that the opposers of African 
Colonization sometimes take a short? r 
course with ihose who differ from 
them. I have recently learned, that 
the letter from Mr. Nelson, of Con- 
necticut, which you published last 
August; is noticed in the Charter 
Oak, an anti-slavery paper printed 
at Hartford. It would seem that the 
sum in the Rule of Three, found in 
that letter, troubled the editor; for 
the only way he could dispose of it 
was, not to deny either of the three 
terms in the statement of the sum, 
or the correctness ot the statement, 
or of its answer: But, in order to 
evade the force of the truth it con- 
veyed, he stated another sum* one of 
his own making, and proved it ; by 
which it would seem that he expect- 
ed to convince his readers that he 
could nullify one mathematical truth 
by staling another. The editor is a 
gentleman of talents — an able editor ; 
and some of his poetical effusions 
have thrilled me. But from whose 
arithmetic he ha» learned the rule of 



K^^^^^^^^^ 



■iih^ i.«^.#M 1 ^ 



K^^^^^»^^**» 



36 



African Colonization. 



[February, 



annihilating mathematical truth by 
mathematical truth, I know not. 
Tou may not fully understand my 
meaning; and if I had a spare copy 
.of the Charter Oak, £ would gladly I 
send it to you. J must, however, 
quote the following sentences — "We 
know Mr. Nelson as an amiable, 
quiet, conservative clergyman, who 
has grown old in the delusive idea, 
that the American Colonization So- 
ciety is a benevolent institution, 
whose labors are somehow to bene- 
fit Africa. No array of facts or ar- 
guments could probably convince 
him to the contrary ; for his mind is 
of that peculiar structure that it 
clings with the tenacity of death to 
its early opinions, whether true or 
false. It is well to be patient with 
such men, and while we deplore 
their infatuation, give them due credit 
for the goodness of their intentions." 
Mr. Editor: It is some consolation 
to a man, who has grown old in de- 
lusion, and who lias so great tenaci- 
ty to his former opinions, to know 
that he is in so good company. Also, 
it must be quite cheering to him and 
to them, to be assured, that they all 
have the sympathy of this editorial 
gentleman; though it maybe a little 
mortifying to them to find that their 
minds are so unhappily constructed, 
as not to be convinced by any array 
of facts and arguments. It seems 
that the manner of his speaking of 
the u somehow to benefit Africa," 
rather implies, that he neither knows, 
nor believes, that Africa is, or can 
be benefited, by the American Colo- 
nization Society. "No array of 
facts or arguments could probably 
convince him." There is reason to 



zation ; at least, if Canada coloniza- 
tion is so very excellent a thing. As 
to the argument in the apparition 
sum in the Rule of Three — if the 
editor can show any arithmetical au- 
thority, (except his own,) that the 
truth of one operation in the Rule of 
Three is transformed into an error 
by the truth of another operation in 
the same rule, then I acknowledge I 
must be erroneous. Now for the 
facts. — What array of facts have the 
abolitionists to prove that Africa has 
in no measure received benefit ? Is 
it no benefit to plant our own repub- 
lican institutions, for the space of 
three hundred miles, on the coast of 
that immense country, which for 
ages before knew nothing better than 
despotism, and cruelty, and blood? 
Has Africa nohow received any be- 
nefit for having the slave trade abol- 
ished for the same extent of country ? 
Are not three hundred miles an in- 
tegral part of four thousand miles, 
which embrace the whole slavehold- 
ing coast ? and is there no proportion 
between throe hundred and four 
thousand? Has Africa nohow re- 
ceived benefit from the Colonization 
Society, for having been the means 
of emancipating many slaves, who 
are now enjoying gospel privileges* 
which, it is said, the slaves do not 
enjoy in this country? of establish- 
ing churches, and affording all gos- 
pel privileges to thousands on the 
coasts of pagan Africa ? of bringing 
many thousands of pagans under the 
influence of the Gospel ? of inducing 
African princes to stop the slave 
trade, by treaties, over an hundred 
thousand inhabitants ? of establish- 
; ing several missions for eighty or a 
believe, that the views of the editor hundred miles in the interior; — mis* 



on this point, as I may yet show, 
are in accordance with his abolition 
brethren. As to argument, I want 
some to show, that what argument 
I have here introduced amounts to 
nothing in favor of African Coloni- 



sions, springing from the religions 
influence of the colonies? What 
facts and arguments have the oppo- 
sers of African Colonization to de- 
stroy the testimony of multitudes of 
emigrants themselves who express 



1847.] 



African Colonization. 



37 



the liveliest gratitude for what the 
Colonization Society has done for 
them ; and who declare that of all 
countries within their knowledge, 
Africa is the best for them ? Do not 
the improvement and very pleasing 
intelligence of the colonists, also, 
give some testimony to the benefit 
which Africa is receiving from the 
Colonization Society ? Look at Mr. 
Teage and other editors of news- 
papers in Liberia. — Will they suffer 
in comparison with very many Ame- 
rican editors? If I mistake not, 
they are equal in knowledge, and 
superior in candor to many here 
who wield the editorial quill. Is 
there nothing but one continued 
din of denunciation due to African 
Colonization for being the means of 
fitting the colored men, who were but 
a little before ignorant slaves, to fill 
the offices of legislators and judges 
with ability and dignity ? Look at 
Governor Roberts — the messages 
and other public documents from 
his pen would be no disgrace to 
American Governors. Is there no 
satisfaction in thinking of that bright 
spot in dark Africa, which may be 
ad the day star yet to arise and illu- 
mine that most oppressed and de- 
graded quarter of the globe ? Is it 
not possible that when Ethiopia shall, 
in a most emphatical sense, stretch 
forth her hand unto God, she will 
learn that African Colonizationists 
can point her to the Lamb of God ? 
The question is not whether the 
American Colonization Society has 
done all that is desirable, but whe- 
ther it has not done enough to 
stand as a rebuke to those who do 
not know that, somehow, it will, and 
that it does, benefit Africa? 

How is it possible, that after what 
it has done, and is doing, we shall 
hear it gravely put forth, that it is a 
delusive idea that, somehow* Africa 
can receive benefit from coloniza- 
tion ? Has the editor ever become 



acquainted with some of the facts, 
which show that much good has 
already been done by colonization ? 
Yes. Has he forgotten them ? No. 
What, then, induces him to pro- 
nounce the friends of African Colo- 
nization as deluded and infatuated ? 
I may be mistaken, but I believe it 
is owing to theory. There are 
two ways in which theory may de* 
velope itself. One is for, and the 
other is against an object. There is 
another way to make a distinction 
in theories. It is into practicable 
and impracticable. Love of mere 
theory may be so great, that neither 
facts nor mathematical truth, nor the 
Bible, can stand in its way. A 
theologian may be so fond of theory, 
as that he will not feel the force of 
any Scriptures which oppose him. 
The Mormons have found in the 
Bible that truth shall spring out of 
the earth, and this is sufficient, in 
their estimation, to prove that Jo. 
Smith dug a Bible up somewhere in 
New York State which is just 
adapted to all the purposes of the Lat- 
ter Day Saints. The Millerites 
depended so much on an erroneous 
theory on prophesy, that they scar- 
cely yet believe that the world did 
not come to an end in 1844. Some 
of the anti-slavery people taught, in 
an early stage of excitement, that 
African Colonization would not meet 
the cause of emancipation. Conse- 
quently it will answer no good pur- 
pose ; and if it will answer no good 
purpose, then it is bad, and if it is 
bad, then it is very bad and ought 
to be opposed ; and if it is so very 
bad, then its friends must be very 
wicked. I remember that at one of 
the annual meetings of the Anti- 
Slavery Society, in a western State, 
one among fifteen objections or 
more, against African Colonization, 
was something like this : The speci- 
men of Christianity, as exhibited by 
the colonists^ would be so bad that 



38 



African Colonization. 



[February, 



it would be a damage, rather than [| and it would be natural to conclude 



a benefit, to northern Africa. This 
theory seems not to be in conformity 
u> what God savs, that his word 
shall accomplish the thing whereto • 
he sent it. The theory that .African J 
Colonization will do no good, but 
that it is bad, very bad, has led its 



that they would rejoice at all the 
developments of their capacity for 
self-government, and every other 
trait which would serve to show 
that (give them opportunity and they 
will prove) they are not inferior to 
the whites ; and it is common to 



op posers to fear that the cause of ,i hear complaints that suoh as do not 
emancipation can never prosper till 'take high ground on anti-slavery 
African Colonization is dead. Ac- jj principles are prejudiced against 
cordingly, all the array of facts , colored people, and view them of 
which are, from time to time, spread 'very little consequence in live hu- 
before the public, and which are j man family, but speak favorably of 
familiar to our naval officers stationed African Colonization, and state facts 
on the coast of Africa, are of no , to show how fust the blacks are 
more signification to some than the , rising and developing the noblest 
buzzing of a fly. " African Colo- j trails under the auspices of col on io- 
nization never will answer the pur- 
pose of emancipation. It must go 
down. It is going down. Then 
it is dead." 

1 am sometimes reminded of the 
theory of some, many years a^ >, 
that Great Britain must be conquer- 
ed by Napoleon, and that his cam- 
paign to Russia would hasten the 
event. It came to pass however, 
that he wus obliged to retreat from 
the ashes of Moscow and his army 
was cut in pieces by the victo- 
rious Russians, and thousands and 
thousands died through fatigue and 
cold, and thirty thousand of his 
horses perished within two or three 
days, and the emperor himself fled. 
After curiosity was satisfied, and the 
heart was sickened by such infor- 
mation, one of the theorists de- 
clared that the pretended news we 
had was all lies — Bonaparte was 
then accomplishing all his plans in 
Russia. When a man feels, 4, I will 
not have it so," he may not quite 
keep up with the times. 

One of the most difficult things 
to explain in regard to opposition 



tion, express satisfaction at their 
prospects after so many ages of 
degradation and servitude, and you 
will be surprised at the coldness of 
the answer. There is no reciproca- 
tion. Perhaps the answer will be— 
" We are gtad if colonization will 
do any good. 1 ' But why this cold- 
ness? It is owing to theory; for 
; colonization, it is supposed, is not 
j the right way to elevate the people 
, of color. If you ask why, the an- 
swer may be, " because it is a plan 
of slaveholders to send off the free 
blacks, and theu the slaves will be 
more contented— of course the whole 
scheme is to rivit the chains of 
the poor slave the closer." Now, if 
this were indeed the scheme of the 
slaveholders at first, they have been 
disappointed, for but a very few free 
people of color have consented to 
be colonized. It is not best to be 
scared before we are hurt. If this 
were a leading object of the slave* 
holders, they doubtless would have 
forsaken colonization as soon as they 
found that the free blacks would 
not go to Africa. But I have no. 
afhinst African Colonization is, that i reason to believe that the early 
ell those who have no confidence in '} friends of African Colonization, among 
it, profess to have a high opinion of,; the slaveholders, have altered their 
the abilities of the people of color ; Ij views in any considerable numbers, 



*4F^^6* J" ,**<& »' » » 



1847.] 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



•African Colonization, 



30 



and the southern feeling in favor of 
liberating their slaves has been 
growing stronger. 

There is also incontestable evi- 
dence that this objection is not of 
much weight, by what the Abolition- 
ists declare, which is, that their 
cause is prospering in the Southern 
States. If, then, anti-slavery and Af- 
rican colonization can live and pros- 
per at the same time, it is not prac- 
ticably, if it is theoretically, true that 
colonization is so great a nuisance. 
There is another theory about slavery 
which demands a moment's attention. 
It is that a distinction is to Be made 
between those who may be faultless 
<m one subject, and those who may 
be faultless on other subjects. It is ac- 
knowledged that a man may hold 
slaves, and be faultless in relation to 
ike subject; and yet this faultless re- 
lation must place him under certain 
disabilities, which are not to be ap- 
plied to oilier subjects. This prin- 
ciple evidently coincides -with the 
English law of Attainder ; a law 
which the Constttslion of the United 
States rejects, and which is not con- 
sistent with American liberty. Who 
that has the blood of an American 
flowing jn his veins can give place, 
even for an hour, to a scheme which 
bids defiance equally to the Bible 
and to common sense t Christ's 
followers are all his brethren. The 
theory already stated, supposes that 
slaveholders may be pious men ; and 
yet there must be an invidious dis- 
tinction between them and other 
Christians, merely on account of a 
relation to slaves which they cannot 
help, for if they could, they would 
not, according to the theory, be fault- 
less. Here is the foumlation laid for 
a Hindoo caste. Such a distinction 
is not to be tolerated in the A. B. C. 
F. M. according to many abolition- 
ists even when they simply do not 
interfere, at present, with a custom 
which they did not make, and which 



they have barely winked at. The 
conscience of abolitionists on both 
sides of the Atlantic, however, in other 
circumstances, can say to the slave- 
holder whom Christ owns: " Stand 
by thyself, come not near to me* for 
1 am holier than thou. v k% We abo- 
litionists can tell who of ChtisCs 
followers are worthy of our society, 
and who are not. We do not in- 
quire whether Christ owns the Slavs- 
holder even if he should be faultless." 
How can the ministers of the Gospel 
of the various evangelical denomi- 
nations in independent republican 
America, consent the second time to 
be catechised in a way, which shows 
the necessity of conformity to a cus- 
tom totally opposed to the teaching 
of Christ, and a custom which is 
in exact con form i y to the old feudal 
system of Europe, and to the cus- 
tom of pagan Hindostan? Rather 
than that they should do thus, I 
know of one, who would prefer 
that the Christian alliance should 
go to the winds. If we cannot have 
a Christian alliance without putting 
the instructions of Christ at defiance, 
and bowing to theidolof caste, we 
had belter give it up to professed 
idolators. If the English and Ameri- 
can abolitionists will introduce me to 
slaveholders who are faultless, I will 
give the right hand of fellowship, 
any bulls from provisional commit- 
tees, " assisted by Wright and Doug- 
las" to the contrary notwithstanding. 
Mr. Editor: If you desire to read 
any thing further concerning com- 
mon theories, which do not agree 
with practice, 1 will invite yo« to 
look at political abolition as it is at 
the North. I would observe first, 
however, that by specifying some of 
the queer notions of abolitionists, 
you are not to consider them in other 
respects undesirable characters. Far 
from it. Many <*f them are intelli- 
gent, sober, and pious men, and 
apart from the streaks which I shall 



40 



•African Colonization. 



[February, 



Dame, they are, as a body, very 
desirable citizens, and neighbors, and 
companions. Therefore to call them 
fanatics, incendiaries, and the like, is 
not doing them justice. I hope the 
Southern people will not regard a few 
hard names which they hear thrown 
at them from the North. I think the 
proper epithet for abolitionists is im- 
practicable theorists. This title 
will be farther illustrated by viewing 
them as of the liberty party in poli- 
tics. It seems that a Mr. Holley, of the 
Slate of N.Y., made the discovery, that 
the cause of human liberty would be 
greatly promoted by political action ; 
and for it, he has, I understand, a 
handsome monument erected to his 
memory. The first expectation that 
Texas would be annexed to the 
United States was before this dis- 
covery. At that time, the abolition- 
ists circulated petitions with great 
zeal to be signed by old and young, 
male and female, against the annexa- 
tion of Texas ; and some of them 
confidently predicted, if this should 
take place the Union must be 
dissolved. The gathering storm 
passed off. The third party was 
organized before Texas proposed 
again to be annexed, and in such a 
way divided the great body of anti- 
annexationists at the North, as that 
this party did manifestly strengthen 
the cause of annexation, and hasten- 
ed the accomplishment of what 
they had long professed to dread. 
Here comes in a little sub-theory. 
When they found that they were 
defeated, they laid the blame not on 
themselves, but on those of the great 
political parties who they found did 
not join the third party, though that 
embraced but a small fraction of 
electors. The reason alleged was, 
that as we were certainly right \ and 
you were certainly wrongs it was 
your duty to have joined us. Here 
their theory and practice did not 
agree. When a small minority 



'judge in this manner over the ma- 
jority, they seem to forget two things 
—one is, that the individuals in the 
majority think as well of their cause 
as the individuals in the minority 
do of their cause. The other for- 
gotten thing is, that it is as hard, 
and a little harder for majorities to 
yield to minorities, than for minori- 
ties to yield to majorities. Some 
add a third particular, which is, that 
such demands of very small minori- 
ties upon large majorities is neither 
honorable nor modest. So much 
for the sub-theory. 

1 will* now add, the theory of the 
liberty party is as impracticable in 
town and State as in national elec- 
tions. However desirable to that 
party the issues of elections may be, 
their separate organization will al- 
ways weaken the hands of the other 
parties who agree with them in a 
particular issue. Hence, though 
they might often gain what they ac- 
knowledge to be important interests 
if they would give up, or suspend, 
their exclusive claims in certaim 
given cases, they would probably 
promote such interests, and in doing 
so, would gratify their friends ex- 
ceedingly. But as they know they 
are right, and that their organization 
is the best thing they can do, and 
that we must never sacrifice a greater 
good for a less, so they are quite 
reconciled to be defeated. This 
" tenacity of death" on their part, 
makes amends for present losses ; 
their confidence being strong that 
they shall yet conquer politically, 
notwithstanding the slaveholding 
States of Florida and Texas have 
come into the Union, since they 
were sure that their cause would 
overthrow slavery throughout the 
United States. We are expecting 

| that Cuba will soon ask for admis- 
sion in earnest. Should it be the 
case, before the liberty party shall 
become the minority in the United 



^^v^^^^^^^^^v^^^ 



■ i*^**i^r*^^(fc«%a 



1847.] 



•African Colonization. 



41 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^0^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



^^^^^^^^0 



States, (and it will be before, if ever,) 
that party will probably hold the 
balance of power ; Cuba will be ad- 
mitted ; they will reassure the world 
that they are certainly right, and all 
anti-annexationists will be blamed 
because they did not join "us." 

If we set aside all but Scriptural 
considerations, I must deeply regret 
the excitement produced by the third 
party. It requires but a little know- 
ledge to be sure that thef great po- 
litical parties will exist, whether it 
will be best for the country or not. 
And it appears to me, that as they 
are so nearly balanced their jealous- 
ies may promote incidental good. 
It cannot, therefore, be so much in 
reference to two divisions in a na- 
tion, which balance each other, as to 
all over two, which led the Saviour 
to declare, that a house or kingdom 
divided against itself cannot stand, 
but has an end ; or, if we choose 
rather to say, that the two great poli- 
tical parties carry in them the seeds of 
national destruction — still it will re- 
main true that a third party will greatly 
hasten the ruin. Have pious abo- 
litionists weighed the whole subject 
over prayerfully ? Their interfer- 
ence doubles the danger of destroy- 
ing that confidence in one another 
which is essential to a healthy state 
of society. When the zeal of theo- 
ries rises to the height of non-resis- 
tance, the danger to the nation is 
small. It is all bark and no bite. 
But a political party implies the 
shedding of blood if deemed neces- 
sary ; and when men set out w^th 
theories which cannot always be re- 
duced to practice, as they could wish, 
they may find in the end that their 
theories will have a practice which 
they did not anticipate. The great 
reason which Paul gives for praying 
for rulers is, " that we may lead a 
quiet and peaceable life in all god- 
liness and honesty. 1 ' If this reason 
accords with the example of any 



third party which praying people 
can get up in this nation, and in this 
age, then 1 have mistaken its mean- 
ing- 

When men set out with great 

zeal to get up impracticable theories, 
they cannot be sure, that the evil will 
not fall upon themselves. It seems 
that when the famous Spanish arma- •£ 
da was planned, the greatest de- 
pendence was placed upon two huge 
floating batteries called galleons; 
but when they went into the British 
channel, they were found to be so 
unwieldy that their guns could not 
be brought to bear. The skilful 
British admirals with their more 
manageable ships, took advantage 
of this circumstance, and the Span- 
ish king was obliged to hear a very 
sad tale. The theory of the gal- 
leons would have been good, if 
practicable. I once knew an inci- 
dent which illustrated the same point 
in a very forcible manner, though 
the end was not disastrous — a gentle- 
man was greatly afflicted with the 
tooth ache, and went to a young 
physician who valued himself upon 
his knowledge of all branches of 
philosophy. He examined the par 
tient, and decided that the structure 
of the tooth and jaw were such, 
that it never could be extracted ; and 
that the only way for him would be 
to bear the pain as well as he could. 
But he wanted a remedy* and called 
upon a very successful tooth puller, 
who examined it. The gentleman 
asked him, if he thought the tooth 
could ever be extracted ? The an- 
swer, without hesitation, was «• yes." 
He was requested to examine the 
topth the second and the third times. 
The last time the dentist told him he 
could draw the tooth in a minute* 
The gentleman concluded to let him 
try, and it was instantly out. The 
dentist's theory and practice agreed. 
But the most impracticable theory 
of our abolition friends is the system 



42 



African Colonization. 



[February, 



»%^^»^^^^— •^■^^•^^^^^^ 



of denunciation which has been 
practised to a considerable extent. 
The idea that the way to reform ' 
others is to treat them unkindly, is j' 
not only contrary to the Bible, but i 
shows a lamentable want of that a 
knowledge of men and things, which 1 
is essential to raise one above party ■] 
strife. Cowper's remark that "no'! 
man was ever scolded out of his M 
sins," ought to be treasured up in! 
the memories of all who design to 
be public speakers, whether minis- 
ters of the Gospel or lecturers onj 
any branch of morality, or whether 
they intend to attempt the reforma- 
tion of their fellow creatures by their 
writings. The man, who is capable 
of reflection, can see in a moment, 
that if he is not treated kindly, there 
is but little, if any, use in trying to 
reclaim him. Hence, if the speaker 
or writer indulges himself, to any 
considerable degree, in harsh and 
abusive language, the universal im- 
pression, among discerning people, is 
that his object is not so much to re- 
form others, as to gratify his own 
disposition. It is true, he may 
gather some around him whom he 
has so beguiled, as to think that all 
his abuse is a mere expression of 
fearless faithfulness. Some may also 
infer that whatever may be his man- 
ner and matter, either as a speaker or 
writer, if he is pleasant and gemle in 
his private conversation, he must 
possess this character, however dif- 
ferent he may appear as a public 
man. It was a sagacious remark of 
a man in conversation with me once, 
that a minister, after awhile, would 
certainly show his disposition by 
his preaching. This will always 
hold true, except so far as it may be 
the result of false theory. This has 
made some suppose that the speaker 
must go with a club, and beat know- 
ledge into the skulls of his hearers, 
and with a whip lash them into obe- 
dience. 



It is important that a distinction 
be made between plain and faithful 
dealing, and such bitter words as 
proceed from a bitter heart. It is 
remarkable that in Paul's directions 
to Timothy, he says, •* reprove, re- 
buke, exort, with all long suffer* 
Now, 1 think, that there is a 



in- 



difference between having 1 all long 
su Bering, and having none. If we 
are to judge by the lectures and 
writings of some modern reformers, 
they consider that the more violent 
the invective the more worthy and 
gracious. They have been very 
zealous and laborious to disgust all 
who have any respect for sound ar- 
gument and candor; and the harder 
they try to accomplish their object, 
the farther do they recede from it. 
Nothing can be more opposite to 
such a course, than that kindness 
which insures success. Kindness 
will disarm an enemy, sometimes, 
in spite of himself. It will make a 
drunkard sober, at least for the time 
being. It will make the thoughtless 
think ; the caviler assent; the vici- 
ous pause; the outrageous to be* 
come peaceable ; and it will even 
quiet and soothe the maniac. The 
folly of those who set themselves 
up to be reformers, without kindness, 
is so egregious, that the very sight 
of them, while making their pre- 
tences, is a tax upon patience. 
I once heard an abolition lecturer, 
who addressed an audience, whom 
he knew to be, with but one or two 
exceptions, either confirmed whigs 
or democrats j and after he had ex- 
hausted his eloquence to put them 
down to the lowest state of con* 
tempt, he seemed to think he might 
' reasonably expect converts to his 
political faith from among them. It 
is a pity that talents and labor 
should be exhausted by those who 
have never learned the very first 
lesson which belongs to the art of 
reclaiming, which is, that we be- 



184T.] 



African Colonization. 



43 



long to the same race of beings of 
those we would reclaim. The lon- 
ger I live the, more confirmed 1 am, 
that the good influence/ which one 
has over another -is won by the 
spirit of kindness* It is in the 
mouths of all, except misanthro- 
pists, that the moral power of* wo- 
man is exceedingly great in the 
world ; and that it is as healthful as 
it is great. If the question should 
be asked^ why it should be so, the 
answer is ready. It is, because, 
that u in her tongue is the law of 
kindness. 1 ' It is a burlesque on 
the human understanding, for any 
men, and especially for a body of 
men, to set themselves up as exclu- 
sive reformers of the world, while f 
it would seem, that the law of kind- 
ness is but a very small ingredient 
in their method of reclaiming! and 
denunciation thought to be essential. 
If we wish to see a company of 
reformers of an entirely opposite 
character, we may look at the Apos- 
tles of Christ. How obedient they 
were to his direction — to be as harm- 
less as doves I Let us notice the 
conduct of Paul in relation to idola- 
try, the greatest of all sins with 
which he had to contend. When 
he went to Athens, his spirit was 
stirred in him to find the city wholly 
given to idolatry ; but do we hear 
him railing, and denouncing, and 
anathematising the inhabitants for 
their abominable wickedness ? No, 
not a word of this sort. He simply 
told them that they were " in all 
things too superstitious," meaning, as 
critics inform us, that they had too 
much religion, such as it was. 
What! No denunciation! No bit- 
terness ! No ridicule ! What does 
this mean ? But we will follow 
Paul to Ephesus the center of 
idolatry for that part of the world, 
and in the place where the superb 
temple of the goddess Diana stood. 
Will not Paul now use opprobrious 



epithets rga'nst the multitude of 
stupid idolaiors, and point the fin- 
ger of scorn to the image of the ■ 
goddess ? Will he not ransack the 
Greek language to find all the most 
ignominious tetms for the purpose 
of calling things by their right 
names, and showing the devotees of 
Diana, that he had a great share of 
moral courage? No. He labored 
in Ephesus two years or more, under- 
mining idolatry, all the while, by 
the pure Gospel, before eveq the 
jealous silversmith's family under- 
stood what he was about. I reckon 
that if some of our modern reform- 
ers had lived in Ephesus at that 
time, they would have thought that 
Paul might even be guilty of meanly 
cringing to miserable idolators in 
order to gain popular favor, or that 
he was at least far behind the times* 
Jt seems, however, that Demetrius 
and Co., became greatly exasperated 
at the prospect of Paul's destroying 
the hope of their gains, and raised a 
mob. 

Query.— Would not modern re- 
formers have been so much more 
faithful than Paul, as to have raised 
a mob two years earlier? But the 
most extraordinary part of the story 
is yet untold. The town clerk, who 
was a staunch idolator, after the 
greatest exertions to restore order, 
publicly repioved the silversmiths, 
and declared that Paul and his as- 
sociates (about 12 in number — Acts, 
19, 7) had not so much as blasphem- 
ed (spoken against) the goddess 
Diana. It should also be remember- 
ed, that in Paul's letter to the Ephe- 
sians, chap. 6, 5, 9, he gives parti- 
cular directions to masters and ser- 
vants as though there might be sla- 
very in that church. I am aware 
that this has been strongly contested ; 
but I cannot see why it might not 
be so, on the principle that slave- 
holders may be otherwise than faulty 
I can see no substantial reason. 



44 



•African Colonization. 



[February, 



therefore, to try to make out, by 
special pleading, something quite 
different from the obvious meaning 
of the text. 

There has always been a succes- 
sion of reformers possessing the 
same kind and peaceable spirit, as 
did Paul and his Twelve Associates. 
The Rev. George Whitefield fre- 
quently showed it in his preaching. 
In the time of the great revival more 
than a century ago, the following 
theory was adopted by many good 
men. viz : " We must express a zeal 
in proportion to the importance of 
the occasion. Thus, if we can be 
justified for crying fire very loudly, 
when a house is on fire, we should 
scream louder still in exhorting sin- 
ners to flee from the wrath to come. 

A pious gentleman once told me 
that when he was a boy he was 
dealt with in this manner, till he 
would hide himself in the fields or 
woods, whenever he saw such minis- 
ters coming to his father's. I have 
been credibly informed, that such a 
minister, on a journey, in passing 
through a town, in New England, 
called at a house for some drink. 
The lady of the house, in peculiar 
circumstances, but with all the kind- 
ness of woman, granted his request. 
Having ascertained that she did 
not profess piety, he hallood and / 
screamed over her, till she was < 
thrown into fits. To arrest this j 
pernicious theory, which extended ,, 
far and wide, Mr. Whitefield, who ; j 
knew the way to the human heart, jj 
as well as any other man, stated the 
following incident in a sermon: A 
man's cottage was near an awful 
precipice. The woman was spin- 
ning beside the house in a summer 
dav, with a little child that could 
creep, but not walk. The child, 
in a playful mood, pitched itself 
backwards, receding from its mother, i 
and making towards the precipice. .. 
Before the mother was aware, the , 

t 



child was poising on the awful brow. 
What shall the mother do ? To 
leap after it, or to scream at it, 
would be instant destruction. She 
calmly opened the breast, and the 
child immediately crept towards her, 
and was out of danger. 

I have thought, Mr. Editor, that 
if the northern aboltionists had al- 
ways manifested this kind and win- 
ning spirit, they would not be so 
shy about crossing Dixon's line to 
lecture on anti-slavery. I think, also, 
that this course would have saved 
their own friends much anxiety. 
To render the A. Board as odious as 
possible, they thought they discover- 
ed, that when the Board received 
money in the slaveholding States, it 
was "the price of blood"—*' bloody 
money,'* simply because it was sup- 
posed to be the product of slave- 
labor. It seems that the delegates 
from the Scotch Free Church, car- 
ried home some money collected in 
a similar manner, and some of those 
who ieceived it were frightened, 
and talked of sending back the 
44 bloody money." About the same 
time that I learned the pain whieh 
the " bloody money" produced in 
Scotland, Mr. Lewis Tappan, of 
New York, politely sent me the 
June number of the Union Mission- 
ary of 1815, of which he was the 
editor, and which contained com- 
ments upon my letter to him. In one 
of these comments, he says: " We 
do not object to the American Board, 
because it receives money of the 
slaveholder" — whether there was a 
sudden change of opinion in this coun- 
try concerning the u bloody money," 
or whether the scrupulous Scotch 
did not fairly get their lesson, I 
leave you to decide. 

I understand that Mr. George 
Thompson id expecting to perform 
another mission of mercy to the 
United States. If he should come 
in the true spirit of the Gospel, and 



1847.] 



Free Negroes in Virginia and Ohio. 



45 



Lave wit and courage enough to go 
where slavery t*, and condescen- 
sion and humility enough to throw 
away caste, so as to associate with f 
faultless slaveholders, I do not sup- 
pose he will do much harm; but if 
he intends to bring over a cargo of 
reproach, and sarcasm, and ridicule, 
and scandal, and slander, and scurri- 
lity, and buffoonery, and all kinds of 



abuse, which were ever manufac- 
tured on the Island of Great Britain, 
he may understand that we have 
already a supply in this country. 
And these commodities are very 
cheap, even they are often gratuitous 
if we will but pay the postage, or 
take the pains to attend an abolition 
lecture. 

A Northern Correspondent. 



£xtt Hl(0r0t0 tit V 

The recent message of Gov. Smith 
of Virginia, to the legislature of the 
state, is one of the most peculiar doc- 
uments that has recently issued from 
the press, particularly that portion of 
it which relates to the free colored 
population of the state. He propo- 
ses to remove them all from the state 
as a public nuisance ! This reminds 
us of a proposition which was once 
made by some wise legislator of that 
state, to sell all the free negoes with- 
in their bounds, and apply the price 
to the payment of the public debt of 
the state ! For the honor of the Old 
Dominion be it said that he did not 
meet a second. Gov. Smith recom- 
mends that the people of each coun- 
ty express by public suffrage their] 
wishes on the question : and that 
in those counties where a majority 
requires it, the measure shall be car- 
ried into execution. 

We consider this proposition one 
of those miserable attempts to correct 
an evil, which being perfectly desti- 
tute of ingenuity or wit, and utterly 
repugnant to every generous senti- 
ment of philanthropy, and destitute 



trjiinta anfr ©tjifl. 

of every quality and ingredient of 
humanity, and having in it, not one 
single element of a generous and 
comprehensive policy, cannot possi- 
bly be carried into operation, and if 
it could, it would be as fruitless of 
good results, as it is heartless and 
wicked in its conception. 

Where are they to be sent ? Mr. 
S. hints that some of the free slates 
are willing to receive them, and do 
better by them than Virginia can do. 
He considers them the lowest class 
of paupers, and to get rid of them, 
proposes to turn them over to other 
states to be supported ! He would 
feel himself insulted if Massachu- 
setts or New York should propose 
to send her paupers to Virginia to 
be taken care of! 

What free state is ready to receive 

the free negroes from Virginia ? Is 

Ohio ? Hear what the Hon. Mr. 

Sawyer, Representative in Congress 

from Ohio, declared in the House of 

Representatives, a few days ago:— 

Mr. Sawyer said, he "pereeived 
that in the message of Gov. Smith, 
of Virginia, it was recommended to 
the Legislature to drive all free ne- 



46 Harrison W. Ellis. [February, 



groes out of the state. He presumed 
they were a nuisance there, as lie 
well know they wore in Ohio. 



was his plan, he would say to the 
slave stales that they ought not to 
abolish slavery in their limits. If 



" It was said that all men were hv j: thev would have slaves, let them 



keep to themselves; and not. when 
they had worn out a negro's strength 
manumit him, that Ohio might open 
her arms and make herself the asy- 
lum of all the broken down negroes 
in the slave states. 

Mr. S. spoke sensitively on this 



nature free, and eniiiled to equal 
privileges and immunities." 

44 Mr. Giddings here was veiy 
anxious to pet the floor to explain in 
reply, but Mr. S. would not* relin- 
quish it- to him." 

Mr. Sawyer said, •• this doubtless 
would be their next step. They i subject, because four hundred man- 
said all men, according to the Decla-1! umitted slaves from John Randolph's 
tation of Independence, were born j estate had been sent into his district 
free and equal. Mr. S. admitted it ; |l — into one county of it, and were 
he was a strong stickler for it. as they |l goin«j to seitU themselves all oret it 
would find before he was done. He i' among his white neighbors. There 
admitted that a colored man was en- ! were a few tracts of vacant land 
titled to the same political rights that, there, owned by the General GSov- 
he was: but where? In Ohio? i ! ernment, and they wr.nted to enter 
That did not follow. In Ohio the ji these pieces of land for these four 
people were white, and chose to be '; hundred negroes, that they might eet- 
governed by white men, not by ne- • de down upon him and his neighbors. 
groes. They thought as the poor m But his constituents rose in their 
fiek man did in a very dirty cabin, |! might, as one man, and, taking ih«* 
when thev handed him in August 'statute hook in their hand, demanded 
soft bmter, covered and mixed up i security that these blacks shotiM 
wiih flies. k I'll tliutik you ( said j! not become a burden on the commu- 
the poor dying man ) to put the flies ! ! nity ; and, if not, that the penal en- 
in one plate, and the butter in the -actment of the law should be en- 
other.' j Laughter.] Send them J! forced. The security was not given, 
where thev could enjoy their rights! and his friends and his neighbors 
to the full, and G«d speed them. || had mustered the blacks out of the 
But the people in Ohio were entitled j county. They had said to the abo- 
to as much liberty as the negroes, 'litionists, and all others round them, 
and it was their will to be governed | • If you want negtoes to reign oyer 
by white men. Let negroes go you, take them to your own firesides ; 
where they can govern themselves. |j hut into this district they shall not 

44 But if Mr. S. was asked what .come.' " 



[From the New Orleani Protestant.] 

jgarrtfloa X0. Cllif. 



The readers of the Protestant have ] 
already been informed that the Sy-I 
nods of Alabama and Mississippi ! 
have at length succeeded in raining ! 
the money for the purchase of Ellis 



them to Africa, under the care of the 
Board of Foreign Missions. At 
the late meeting of the Presbytery of 
Tuscaloosa, Elli*. or as his name i« 
hereafter to be, Harrison W. Ellis, 
and family, with a view of sending II was introduced as a candidate for the 



18<7.] 



Harrison W. Ellis. 



47 



Gospel ministry. It has occurred to 
roe that some further account of him, 
particularly in connexion with the 
impression his examination made on 
the Presbytery, might be interesting 
to those who have shown a special 
interest in his case. v 

And here let me say, that very 
erroneous reports of his acquirements 
have, by some means obtained cur- 
rency in various parts of the country. 
He has been called the " Learned 
Blacksmith o/the South," in evident 
compaikson with Elih'n Burritt of the 
Norih. The writer of ibis beared 
it mentioned in a large assembly of 
person? from ncaily every State in 
the Union, that Ellis was familiar 
with seven languages. Now' the 
truth in relation to him is wonderful 
enough without the aid of such exag- 
geration. 

From a brief history of himself 
which he gave to Presbytery, it 
appears that he was. born in Pitt- 
sylvania County, Va., but in early 
life was removed from that place to 
Tennessee. When about nine years 
old he formed the purpose of learn- 
ing to read, especially in order to be 
able to read the Bible. This desire 
arose from his having observed that 
ministers, in preaching, always read 
from the Bible, and spoke of it as 
being the word of G od. In despite of 
numerous obstacles, such as would 
have deterred almost any one else, 
he succeeded in learning to read and 
afterwards to write. When 25 years 
old he came to this State, [Alabama] 
and having acquired a thirst for 
knowledge, he commenced the study 
of the Latin language. He had no 
regular instruction; but received some 
little assistance from one person and 
another as a casual' opportunity af- 
forded it. Subsequently he under- 
took the study of the Greek and of the 
Hebrew. In the latter, however, he 
made very little progress, owing 
to the want of books — a difficulty, 



Hy the way, which bVs retarded his 
progress throughout his studies. All 
the while he has been regularly en- 
gaged in Jabor as a slave and a me- 
chanic. 

It cannot be said that he is a fin- 
ished scholar in either the Latin or 
Greek languages. He has, how- 
ever, acquired such a knowledge of 
both as to be able, without any as- 
sistance, to prosecute his studies in 
them to any length that he may wish. 
His- acquaintance with his own 
tongue is such as to enable hi in to 
speak and write it with as much pro- 
priety as is common among educated 
men. While he has read and studied 
some authors on natural science, 
moral philosophy, &c , his reading 
has been confined for the most part 
to religious books. Dwight, Dick 
and Boston are the theological wri- 
ters with which he is most familiar. 
Nor is it simply that under such, 
disadvantages he has made these at- 
taiuments in learning; but. judging 
by the exhibition before the Presby- 
tery, he is a man of "decided talents 1 ' 
—of clear, discriminating, indepen- 
dent mind, with the ability to make 
a judicious use of the knowledge 
which he acquires. I believe that [ 
utter the sentiments of the whole 
Presbytery and of the large assembly 
present at his examination, when, I 
say, that for precision on the details 
of religious experience — for sober, 
rational views of what constitutes a 
call to the ministry — for sound, con- 
sistent, scriptural views of the lead- 
ing doctrines of the Gospel, few can- 
didates for the office have been known 
to equal him. The effect of his 
statements were greatly increased by 
the fact, that he seemed to be pre- 
senting rather the results of his own 
reflections, than what he had learned 
from the investigations of others. On 
many points there was a striking 
originality in his mode of exhibiting 
his sentiments. He also read a set- 



48 



Liberia. 



[February, 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



^^^•^^^^^^^^ 



■w*^- 



"^^^k^ W n M ■ ^" 



mon of his own composition, of 
which some of the members thought 
so highly, that they proposed that 
Presbytery should order its publica- 
tion. It certainly looked and sound- 
ed very strange — it was almost in- 
credible to see and hear one who had 
been all his life a slave, with none 
but the ordinary privileges of a slave, 
reading a production, so correct in 
language, so forcible in style, so logi- 
cal in argument— abounding wiih 
quotations from the Bible and so in- 
telligently and pertinently applied. 

So well satisfied were the Presby- 
tery with his fitness for the work, that 
they have made arrangements to or- 
dain him as a missionary to the full 
work of the ministry, during the ap- 
proaching sessions of the Synod at 
Wetumka. That- time has been se- 
lected in order that as many of the 
ministers and elders in our State 
may be present, as we can hope to 
collect oh any occasion. It would 
be very gratifying to us, and would 
add greatly to the interest of the 
scene, if the brethren of the Synod 
of Mississippi could be with us ; but 
this it would be impossible to secure. 
They have evinced a noble generosi- 
ty in aiding us in procuring the libe- 
ration of this man, and we earnestly 



desire that they might 'share in all 
the satisfaction we anticipate from 
the crowning act of the enterprise, 
so far as we are especially concerned. 

It is expected that Ellis, with his 
family, will sail for Africa in Decem- 
ber. — The Board of Missions have 
charge of him, and have assumed all 
expenses, 

Ellis is thirty years old, of robust 
health, and quite black. His wife is 
about the same age, is pious, and can 
read. His son is seventeen years 
of age, and is said to have a very 
sprightly mind.. He can read and 
write, and has studied arithmetic, 
geography, &c, but to what extent 
I am not informed. He is not pious, 
but is more correct and moral in bis 
conduct than is common among those 
of his age and circumstances. The 
other child is a daughter, eleven years 
old, who has commenced learning to 
read. 

But I have said enough, perhaps 
too much on the subject, in which 
my feelings are deeply enlisted, as 
you have perceived. It may be that 
they are the more so now, because 
they have not heretofore been as 
much engaged in it, as I now feel 
they ought to have been. 
Yours, &c, 



[From the Liberia Herald.] 

iTtberta.— HI*, i. 



Ouh readers will find in the pre- 
sent number an interesting commu- 
nication from Mr. A. F. Russell, Mis- 
sionary to the " Golah Country," and 
we bespeak for it a candid perusal. 
We have often invited our readers to 
favor, us with communications, and 
they have as often promised to do so, 
but like the rest of their promises, 
they remain unfulfilled. 

Mr. Russel is wrongly informed 



as to the ownership of the "Herald." 
The Liberia Lyceum owns no por- 
tion of it. 

Mr. Editor : — We have heard it 
remarked, that " beside the editorials 
there were bull little original matter 
in the Herald." Yours has been, is 
now, and will continue to be, a use- 
ful sheet to Liberia, and may be 
rendered more so. So small a paper 
edited on this great continent, in a 
colony as interesting as Liberia is said 



1847.] 



Liberia. 



49 



^^^^^^•^^^^^^^^^^■^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



^^^^^^^^■^^^^^^^ 






to be, should wear mote of home ap- 
pearance, by being filled with mat- 
ters relative to Liberia and Africa. 
The editors do their part it is true, 
but they are net the only men wire 
should be interested. Newspapers 
were not designed to be filled will* 
editorial matters only. The Liberia 
Herald is to proclaim the truth about 
the colony, and -calls upon every man 
to speak of her, who loves her. By 
this means persons abroad would 
become not only more acquainted, 
but more interested in our welfare. 
And did different politicians, respect- 
fully and in friendly words, show 
their different opinions, with the rea- 
sons of them, two sides would be 
seen, and judged of. If it be true, 
the Herald has become the property 
of the Liberia Lvceu-m. certainly 
the intelligent members composing! 
that body, farmers, mechanics, mer- 
chants, ministers, doctors, and law- 
yers, can find enough matter in their 
various practical pursuits and obser- 
vations to both enlighten and engage. 
As we have had recently the extreme 
honor of being made a member of 
that body, and desire to be one that 
will at least do it no harm, and as 
we are deprived of the high privilege 
of meeting with them, and must 
loose those feasts of intellect, enjoy- 
ed so often by its members that can, 
we would employ a few moments 
from time to time in dropping yon a 
letter, as our opportunities of sending 
are few, should any of them be l 
thought long, we may be excused on 
that ground, especially as we venture 
only with the hope of prompting 
others more skilled in writing, and 
acquainted with subjects of general 
interest to the colony, to contribute 
things useful to us in this way, be- 
lieving as it has done, it will still 
prove beneficial. 

We will make our last trip into 
the interior a kind of journal-like 
text to whatever general remarks and I 



observations we may make, promising 
as we proceed to give a kind of de- 
scription of things or try to. We 
cannot promise. you that our reflec- 
tions will be interesting, we may 
make some that will call for expla- 
nations tlvat may be so. We will 
promise to speak what we think the 
trtiih, leaving others to think of it 
what they choose. 

Liberia in our opinion, is the best 
home for the colored man of the 
United States, and the Herald, as it 
has done, may teach them more of 
this nappy land. Its soiL, timber, 
minerals, its productions generally, 
offer subjects of interest.— The best 
modes of cultivation, after the man- 
ner we commonly till*— The most 
useful productions to us at present; 
those that will bring the most present 
and future wealth to Liberia.— The 
kind of soil in which different plants 
thrive best, would be surely useful 
fields in which to employ the pen. 
How often have we thought of the 
practicability of circulating the Her- 
ald, as such numbers of it as may have 
useful articles upon the cultivation of 
the soil, especially such as relate to 
the Torrid Zone. The priods which 
may be realised for different articles, 
especially all offers from abroad for 
such articles as our farmers might 
cultivate. Are there not men in 
America who would make offers to 
farmers in this country, on conditions, 
honorable to both, to encourage en- 
ter prize and show what can be done ? 
What quantities of arrow-root, (es- 
pecially the root unprepared, we are 
deficient in the means of grinding, and 
the raw root prepared in America, 
would be a sure way to avoid the cheats 
so often made by cassada starch.) 
Cayenne pepper, lemon and lime 
juice, pinders, and indigo, might we 
not make profit by them ? Men who 
never think of raising anything beside 
cassadas, potatoes, plantains ami ban- 
nanaa, may by such encourage nent 



^^^^^M^^^%t^^V^^i 



60 



Liberia. 



[February, 



that they can rely on, be lead to the 
cultivation of plants and trees, that 
in a few years may bring considera- 
ble wealth. Reward sweetens labor, 
and now certain amounts for certain 
things may become at, may excite 
hundreds, whose eyes are glued like 
a " muskrake" to the present, •« the 
bird in my own hand now only," to 
raise something beside cassada, to 
look forward a little, and work some 
by anticipation. Just such subjects 
and designs are what we want. Such 
should employ the pens, and hands, 
as well as mouths of *• independent 
men" more than they do, as an empty 
name, if it ever sold for much may 
not bring much to really help a 
needy people. Those, then, who 
urge so strongly at the present a 
Declaration of Independence, &c, 
should more than all other patriots in 
our view, urge and encourage, the 
means of bringing about our real and 
positive independence. We doubt 
very much the true glory of all 
empty artificial imaginary, incau- 
tions, mere point carrying things. 
We hope that we have no men to 
crush us for empty opinion sake. 
There are men in the world, though, 
who, so they carry a point, care not 
where that point leads to. We pro- 
fess to be in favor of such Declara- 
tion when we can declare the truth, 
if it be to-day. And if the time is 
come necessarily ; or otherwise, we 
say success to Liberia. The good 
citizen may say, " sink or swim "— 
"do not give up the ship!" Papers 
put in circulation among persqns who 
do not w take papers" or cannot read 
after the manner that some good 
folks do "religious tracts," pointing 
out what might be of practical good, 
beg them to " read or have read and 
give to thy neighbor requesting the 
same of him." Especially articles on 
agriculture, the great use and proprie- 
ty of raising different fruits, vegetab^ 
les, &c, &c. We propose being one 



I" 



often men, to pay for six numbers of 
the Herald for the above purpose, 
for the public good of New Georgia, 
Caldwell, Virginia, Kentucky, New 
Orleans, and Millsburg. Monrovia, 
Edina, and Bassa Gove, seem to be 
awake to self-improvement in some 
way at least, especially in interesting 
themselves in the improvement of 
the mind, and other useful pursuits, 
while in some of the above things-, 
especially the improvement of. the 
mind, of adults and young men, and 
reading and discussing ' subjects of 
general good to ns as a colony, Cald- 
well, New Georgia, .Millsburg, &c, 
seem to be asleep. Are there no in- 
dependence men in this town ? loving 
their fellow .men enough to do so 
small a thing as to set on foot, en- 
ergetic enough to keep in operation 
a Lyceum? what sources of infor- 
mation and general good I On the 
floor of those Lyceums such articles 
could be read i carried home, thought 
over, and put men into action who 
otherwise might never have thought 
of them. Where are our patriots ? 
We are no mineralogist, botanist 
or very great agriculturist, though 
we do as much at the latter, as our 
transitory mode . of life will admit, 
and often reap our reward. 

On the third of August, reaving 
what is considered the sterile, rocky, 
gravely ground of Monrovia, and the 
sandy soil of the beach, (which in 
most instances amply reward the 
laborer,) we proceeded up the Stock- 
ton River, towards New Georgia. 
The banks of the ' Stocton are low 
and marshy, for several miles up, 
and so thickly set with swamp man- 
grove (the roots of which seem de- 
termined to keep the body of the 
trees out of the mud and water) 
(no bad hint to Li be nans) as to be al- 
most impenetrable, a strong national 
fort these may prove in days to come 
to Liberians, a good army secreted 
in them, would give an enemy no . 



*l^^^"l^^^rfw« 



1847.] 



Liberia. 



51 



little trouble in passing from Mon- 
rovia to New Georgia, &c. The 
effluvia arising from those marshes 
(which are chiefly confined to the 
sea board) is disagreeable and we 
should think unhealthy. We have 
often thought that the beautiful town 
of New Georgia, lost on the side of 
health, by being placed so near the 
head of these low lands. Higher up 
the Stocton, or on the St Paul's, 
higher, healthier, and we think more 
fertile lands offer sites. The New 
Georgians generally are an indus- 
trious people. 

Passing the public farm, on the 
North of the Stocton, this spot is an 
exception to the low lands on the 
river — it is elevated good soil ;— one 
of the houses seems to say , u a stitch 
in time would have saved nine." 

As we only passed by the farm, we 
were soon in the St. Paul's Ri very one 
of the most bold, if not the longest 
river in Liberia. The little new set- 
tlement, Virginia, opposite Caldwell, 
on the North of the St. Paul's, ex- 
hibits marks of industry, showing 
what labor can do, that the men are 
men of the stamp, and not a sleepy- 
headed set, having as much to boast 
of to-day as farmers, as many who 
have been pretending to farm for 
years. 

We like to visit " new comers," 
it is a privilege we hardly ever let 
slip if near them, and which we 
often repeat, especially as there are 
no hordes who are ever ready to dis- 
courage. We very often find many 
of thein possessed of wrong notions, 
both of Liberia and liberty : having 
been misled or wrongly impressed 
sometimes we fear among others, by 
the addresses of colonization agents. 
Hearing that gold and gold-dust were 
found "in the sand -of Africa," and that 
it was washed out in great quantities 
and sold for much, that " money 
(camwood we suppose) growed 
upon trees a* well as (mangrove) 



oysters,' 1 (very unwholesome food.) 
Of the value and abundance of ivory. 
The spontaneous growth of coffee, 
sugar cane, <kc, in great abundance. 
The abundance of fish, fowl and 
deer. They have hastened to Libe- 
ria, expecting to see a country like 
that they left, and these things as it 
were growing in natural farms abun- 
dantly, the whole earth a fold, a park, 
a coop, or pen, like fatening pens, 
and folds, &c, in America, (expect- 
ing to gaze upon " the Queen of 
Africa," and the good man only 
knows what all.) Expecting that 
they had only to gather, kill, and eat, 
wash gold from the sand, amass 
wealth without end with little or no 
exertion. 

We can truly sympathise with such 
people, as we too when a little boy, 
a candidate for Liberia, were simple 
enough to possess the same mistaken 
views, associating all the above sour- 
ces of African wealth together, and 
throwing them in our mind in the 
streets of colonial settlements, as 
lead to do by teachers. Why we 
were to wash out a few tons of gold 
in double quick time, gather from 
the dollar trees money enough to 
soon make us "von berry pig fel- 
low," that need never work again. 
Tame and ride my elephants and 
" Arabian horses, which We were 
told ran in droves wild in the woods," 
and for anght we knew build an 
44 ivory house." Catch as much 
venison from the streets as we wish- 
ed. Dip fish from the river with our 
bucket As for fowls, they were in 
our thoughts In danger of being 
crushed under foot, while the egga 
became as trash. We were to drink 
fresh coffee from the bush every day, 
for the Agent said, "all you have to 
do is to send your children to the 
groves and gather as mnch as yon 
wish and when you please. 9 ' 

Such addresses and teaching may 
be true of Africa and Liberia in one 



52 Liberia. [February, 

sense ; and as foolish as the above ! tame and ride them. If we only 
thoughts may appear, they do not ' drink the coffee our children gather 
dwell in the minds of children alone. : from the woods, our cups would be 
Many elderly persons are ignorant | ; few, though it grows spontaneously, 
enough to think just so too, from >' and in some places may be gathered 
the same causes they are taught to lj wild. Fish are as plenty as they 
do so. Those who make use of h are any where else, yet they don't 



addresses should so express them- 
selves as to avoid making wrong im- 



jump in our hands. Deer live in 
the woods and are sometimes shot 



pressions — for acclimating fever and li and killed ; and there are horses 
disappointment often prove an over- i 1 somewhere in Africa, and in the 
match for a low-spirited man's con- ! space of 15 years two or three have 
stitution. Persons lecturing with an ; been brought to the colony and 
eye to make proselites or induce men | sold. 

to come to Liberia, would do us no ji How much better, if they be far- 
harm, to avoid every thing that f mers, point them to the soil, the fer- 
would possibly lead from reality, as tility of which cannot well be exagge- 
tho evil growing out of wrong views, j rated, producing every thing a tro- 
and perhaps the number of deaths ;■ p ; cal dime can produce in ample 
may be greater than one, at first view, ; abundance, yet " by the sweat of the 



brow." The arm answering, though 
: not necessarily in all cases, the pi 



would suppose. 

Truth would say, there is gold dust 
on the Gold coast or wherever it is, ! of the ox ; [oxen can be bought at 
but it might do an emigrant to this |! any time, thank God, for the money, 
colony no good, as there is no pro- ' and broke and worked too by those 
bability of his ever leaving Liberia, '. who choose it, and it has been done ;] 
and going away there to seek it t the hoe answering for the ploughs* it' 
if he could. There is a tree in Af- I we rather, and in our light soil, does 
rica, the wood of which is good for ;; almost as well, perhaps. Labor and 
cash at $3 per cwt., brought from i! patience, two-thirds of the labor, too* 
the interior by the natives, and sold j ! that it would take to support a man 
in large quantities to Liberians, but j, in the United States, will reward the 
it would be both unprofitable and || workmen, thirty, sixty, a hundred 
foolish for an emigrant to go off to ' fold — the profits will sweeten the 
cut it, as it would cost him, even if : toil. 

he succeeded, a hundred per cent. 1 A coffee tree once planted and 
more, to get it to market, than it j 1 reared (which takes four years) will 
would to purchase it with the "where- jj yield its increase two crops a year, 
with-all" after it was brought by the * year after year bringing its reward 
natives. It would do him no good \ with it-— a hundred, a thousand, and 
in the interior, where every man ■■ ten* of thousands, will do the rery 
could cut as much as h<; wanted, *« name, and certainly the scions, or 
well as the ivory, too, may \m bought the seed, are to be bought in stiffi* 
for the motipy, but is not *t, plant! . n«?nt quantities in Liberia. Arrow- 
fill as stones in the Kiwi* of Monro- ' roof, ginger, pinders, and pepper, 
via. Elephant* *r« kill*'! hi Lrurrm, prow with almost half trouble, yield- 
sometime, wry near our shUc- jug in full abundance if planted. la- 
ment*, but ehrplisnt hunting \n tnUh- riig<#, &c.« grow luxuriantly beyond 
gerou*, unprofitable hu«jfira«, un\y ■ »U po«*ililn expectation ; and as for 
'pursued by a f«w Ut*aAi*Mti*i\ ktri- fiuiui, tint orange, lime, lemon, 
lans, and in J/idis w« mm UM u>y ! «<*jf«op, gusver, mango, fcc.« 



1847.] 



Latest from Liberia. 



53 



we place Liberia against any coun- 
try in the world, and with what a 
fraction of labor, Compared with the 
benefits they yield. Vegetables— the 
yam, potatoes, case ad a, plantains, 
Indian corn, beans, peas, &c, &c, 
useless to mention, time would fail 
us to tell. Put them in the earth, and 
they are as sure to produce as the 
God of nature is to bring about the 
seasons. Still the idle will not have 



them. The lazy man has ho part 
in this lot of good things. Such 
truths would do us good. The word 
tabor frightens the lazy man, and he 
will not curse us with his presence 
and example. The industrious love 
that word, or the thing it means, will 
come determined to do, and coming 
will conquer and be rewarded. 

A. F. RUSSELL. 
GotAd, August 20, 1846. 



jfate«t from $ t be r to. —fetter from 600. Viobtxit. 



Government House, 
Monrovia, Nov. 9, 1846. 

Sir:— By the barque •• Palestine,'' 
hence in an hour or two for the 
United States. 1 have only time to 
tnfoim you that the vote of the citi- 
zens, taken the 27th ultimo, on the 
question of independence, as far as 
heard from, is in favor of adopting 
the suggestions of the Board, and 
recommends the call of a convention 
to draft a constitution. 

Montserrado county gave a large 
majority in favor of the measure. 
Two-thirds of the people in Grand 
Bassa county oppose it. Returns 
from Sinoe have not been received 
as yet ; it is known, however, that 
the major vote of the whole popula- 
tion is in the affirmative. 

The Legislature at its session in 
January next will, of course, order 
a convention and adopt rules for its 
government. 

I have the pleasure to acknow- 
ledge the, receipt of your favors of 
July 9, and August 28, by the 
44 Madonna," and am happy to find 
that you have determined to send 
slate or tin to cover the building for 



) recaptured Africans. We shall make 
an effort, and hope to have it ready 
to receive the slate or tin imme- 
diately on its arrival, and very 
soon afterwards to be able to for- 
ward you full and final accounts of 
the business. 

I wrote you fully a few days ago 
by the schooner " Boston," for New 
York, enclosing accounts from the 
Colonial warehouse, minutes of the 
extra session of the Legislature, &.C., 
<fcc. 

Mr. Smith will not visit the United 
States until next year, he is afraid 
of the winter season. 1 thank you 
for the interest you have taken to 
have my brother placed at some 
good school. I hear* verbally, that 
some difficulty has arisen, at Pitts- 
field, 011 account of his admission. 
I hope, however, it is nothing 
serious. Neither Mr. James nor 
Walker can give me the particulars. 

In haste, 

I am, sir, respectfully, 
Your obedient servant, 
J. J. ROBERTS. 
To Rev. W. McLain* 

Washington City, U, 8. Jl. 



tfrtrartf front a tetter 

Monrovia, 

Nov. 10, 1846. 
Rev. and Dear Sir :— I take great 
pleasure in acknowledging the re- 
ceipt of your favor of 28th of August, 
by the " Madonna." Your first let- 



ft om 6 en. J.V.i'eiDtf. 

ter, written to come by her, as inti- 
mated in the one received, has not 
come to hand. I enclose a copy of 
the letter I wrote to you by the 
schooner Boston, of New York. 
She left here the day after its date. 



54 



England and Liberia, 



[February, 



Confused rumors have reached us that 
the- u Boston" " has been captured 
by a' British vessel of war, called 
the 4 Wanderer,' with 180 slaves 
on, board, and carried into Sierra 
Leone, but neither the captain nor 
any of his crew were on board at 
the time of the capture, they were 
on shore at the Gallenas." Until 
we hear from Sierra Leone, or re- 
ceive a visit from some English ves- 
sel of war, we may not be able for 
some time to' ascertain the truth of 
the matter. * * * 

We are pleased to hear thatyou are 
about to have a packet to run between 
Liberia and the United States. It 
wiir afford an opportunity of com- 
municating more regularly than we 
have hithertd been able to do. 1 
wish for it every imaginable success. 
- The extra session of the Legisla- 
ture, was rather a stormy one. It 
thought, or a part of it thought, that 
your Society acted too hastily upon 
the recommendation of the Legisla- 
ture of 1845. We will have to use 
considerable coaxing with the peo- 
ple in the county of Bassa to bring 
them to view the subject properly. 
At present, in that county, except- 
ing eight persons, every man goes 
against the recommendations of the 
Board. 

We regret to learn that Dr. Helms- 



has written unfavorably of Liberia. 
We know of no reason why he 
should be dissatisfied. He told me 
that his receipts for practice were 
greater than his expenditures, and 
that he had not spent a cent of the 
money he brought out with him. 
The people who came out with him, 
and who were located on- the St. 
Paul's are much enraged at him for 
writing as he did. They will, I 
understand, send a statement of their 
condition, which will, no doubt, 
differ widely from the one made by 
him. They are doing well, and are 
perfectly contented with their pros- 
pects. * . ■* * * 

There are other subjects 4hatl 
would like to refer to, but the short 
time that this vessel will remain in 
port, prevents my making an^aHi*- 
sion to them. We still have con- 
siderable rain. 

The Rev. Adam W. Anderson 
died this morning; He went 'to bed 
last night quite well. In his death 
we have lost a devoted citizen, and 
an exemplary Christian. His loss 
will be severely felt. 

Believe me, very truly, 

Your obedient servant, 

J. N. LEWIS. 
Rev. Wm. McLain, 

Sec'yand Tr. Y Am. Col: Soc, 
Washington City, IT. S. A. 



[From the Liberia Herald of November 6, 1846.] 

Cnglanfr an& jTtbtrta. 



We are gratified in having it in 
our power to inform our readers, 
that since the issuing of our last 
number, our minds have, in a meas- 
ure, been relieved of the fears we 
then entertained of forcible posses- 
sion being taken of Grand Cape 
Mount by the British Government. 
We are informed by authority which 
may be relied upon, that if such is 
the intention of Her Majesty's Gov- 
ernment, the fact has not yet been 



made known to the commanders of 
her ships of war on this station ; and 
it is but reasonable to suppose, if 
such an order had been issued, none 
would have known it sooner than 
those who are sent to the coast to 
protect British interest. 

We have not, however, failed to 
watch all movements having the 
least reference to that district of 
country. We learn that there is a 
gentleman at Sierra Leone, lately 



1847.] 



Colonization. 



55 



returned from England, who con- 
templates founding a settlement at 
the Cape as soon as he can obtain 
a sufficient number of persons to 
engage with him in the undertaking. 
The gentleman's name is familiar to 
us ; but we have never heard it men- 
tioned until now in connexion with 
that territory, nor do we believe that 
his name has any right to be asso- 
ciated with that of Cape Mount on 
the footing which, it is said, he 
wishes to place it. It is said, that 
he derives his authority to occupy 
from a Mr. Redmond, of London, 
whose name, our readers may re- 
member, appeared in a document 
said to have been executed by the 
chiefs of Cape Mount some four 
years ago, with that of Mr. Canot's, 
giving them the sole light of trade in 
that region ; but it seems that Mr. R. 
has disclaimed any right to the pri- 
vileges which that document pur- 
ports to have given him, by refusing 
to reimburse Mr. C; for a portion 
of the expense N which he had been 
at in obtaining a footing at that 
place; and in consequence, Mr. C. 
long since ceased to consider Mr. 
Redmond as being in any wise con- 
cerned with him in that territory ; 
indeed it is pretty well understood 
here, that Mr. Redmond, in a letter 
to Mr. Canot, fully relinquishes all 
his right to that country, and object- J 



ed to Mr. C.'s importuning him 
again on the subject. 

The formation of any private en- 
terprise at this place, may not be a 
matter to which we need give our- 
selves much concern — the object of 
the adventurers will most assuredly 
be that of trade, and from our know- 
ledge of the * resoutces of that re- 
gion, we feel quite confident that 
the annual profits of its trade will 
not be a sufficient inducement to the 
foreigner to remain there any length 
of time, deprived of civilized society, 
and more than half of his time, from 
the effects of the climate, be com- 
pelled to hold close fellowship with 
his couch. Admit that he would be 
capable of surmounting these diffi- 
culties, how ^would he manage to 
keep the trade all to himself? No 
plan could be adopted to prevent us 
from obtaining a portion of it ; and 
any attempt on the part of' the 
foreigners to prevent it, would, by 
the Africans, be taken as a declara- 
tion of war, and when once a neces- 
sity occurred for a resort to arms, all 
Confidence between the parties, if 
there had been any, would be at an 
end. It is not the monopolising of 
the trade that causes us any uneasi- 
ness, but we apprehend difficulties 
would arise, should foreign settle- 
ments be made in our immediate 
neighborhood. 



[From the Presbyterian Herald.] 

Colonisation. 



The Hopkinville Gazette pub- 
lishes a memorial to the legislature 
of Kentucky, praying that body to 
make an annual appropriation to the 
Kentucky Colonization Society, to 
enable them to remove such of the 
eight thousand free people of color 
in this state, as are willing to go, to 
the colony in Liberia which has 
been purchased for them by the | 



citizens of the state. We should 
be gratified to know that similar 
memorials were circulated in every 
county in the state, and numerously 
signed by the friends of the scheme. 
Facts which are transpiring every 
day only serve to deepen the im- 
pression that this is the only practi- 
cable scheme of benefiting this class 
of our population, which presents 



66 



Colonization. 



[February, 



^^^^^^^^^^^*^^M^^^^ 



i' 



itself to the philanthropist at the i| 
present time. Take the following!' 
resolutions passed at a meeting re- ' 
cently held in Mercer county, Ohio, 
(the county to which the Randolph: 
negroes were removed,) as a sam- 
ple of what the negro is to expect 
from the free states. The resolutions 
are said by the President and Secre- 
tary to have been passed by a meet- 
ing that was large and respectable. 

44 Resolved, That we will not live 
among negroes ; as we have settled 
here first, we have fully determined ; 
that we will resist the settlement of 
blacks and mulattoes in this coun- 
ty to the full extent of our means, 
the bayonet not excepted. ■ 

44 Resolved, That the blacks of! 
this county be, and they are hereby, ■ 
respectfully requested to leave the 
county on or before the first day of I 
March, 1847 ; and in the case of i 
their neglect or refusal to comply 
with this request, we pledge our-: 
selves to remove them, ' peaceably ' 
if we can* forcibly if toe must.' ji 

" Rtttolved % That we who areji 
here assembled, pledge ourselves 
not to employ or trade with any- 
black or mulatto person, in any man- 
ner whatever, or permit them to 
have any grinding done at our 
mills, after the first day of January 
next." 

Take also the recent vote in New 
York on the question of negro siif-'j 
frage as another sample of the same i 
feeling. The question was voted 
down by a majority of four to one, \ 

The condition of the colored peo- 
ple in Philadelphia, where they have i 
been free and had their churches 
and schools and various means of 
improvement for an age, may afford 
some light on this subject. A com- 
mittee of mn*t respectable citizens 
recently made an appeal in behalf of 
an institution for the benefit of the j 
black*. In their statement, the fol 
lowing fact* are presented : I 



44 The Committee say, that while 
the proportion of colored to white 
population in Philadelphia city and 
county, is as one to twelve, the ra- 
tio of colored to white paupers in 
Blockley almshouse, on the 3d of 
January, was more than one to 
seven ; and of untried prisoners, re- 
ceived into the County prison, in 
the last five years, the proportion of 
colored was still greater, or more 
than one to two. 

u if we comprise the eastern dis- 
trict of the State in our examination, 
we shall discover that whilst the 
proportion of colored to white pop- 
ulation is as one to twenty-three, 
the proportion of colored to white in- 
mates of the Eastern Penitentiary, 
for the last sixteen years, has been 
as one to two, viz: whites 1,367, 
blacks 692. 

44 Had the number of whito con- 
victs received into the Penitentiary 
during the years above stated, been 
in proportion to that of the colored 
convicts, as the white is to the co- 
lored population of the Eastern dis- 
trict of Pennsylvania, there would 
have been about 15,000, instead of 
1,367 white inmates." 

These are Christian States, and 
perhaps they are as good specimens 
of what in the present state of so- 
ciety may be expected to be done for 
the negro in this country, as we can 
any where find. We undertake not 
now to discuss the question whether 
the feeling manifested be right or 
wrong. That is the question which 
must be answered by the parties ex- 
ercising it to God and their own 
consciences. But the practical in- 
ference to be drawn from them is, 
that if we wish to benefit the free 
negro, we must remove him to a 
country where none of these ad vet 
influences are operating upon 
The Kentucky Colonization Socie- 
ty has such a country in Kentucky 
in Jifrica. That society is now 



1847.] 



Cape P almas, Western Africa. 



67 



gaged in the laudable work of re- 
moving the free people of color to 
thai land, and the object of the me- 
morialists is to secure the aid of 
government in their noble work. 
If they succeed, they will benefit 



Kentucky, they will benefit the ne- 
gro himself, and they will bless Af- 
rica for all time to come. Who, 
then, will withhold his name and in- 
fluence from so noble an enter- 
prise ? 



Cape JJalma*, Wtttevn ilfrira. 



Our readers will peruse with 
melancholy interest the very suitable 
and affecting resolutions adopted by 
the students of our Diocesan Theo- 
logical Seminary, on, receiving the 
official intelligence of the death of the 
Rev. Mr. Messenger, a Missionary 
of our Church, who fell a sacra fice 
to the climate of Africa in a few 
weeks after his arrival at Cape Pal- 
mas, and before he had even entered 
on the discharge of the appropriate 
duties of the Mission. 

We have heretofore spoken of the 
great loss the Mission sustained in 
the early death of this devoted Chris- 
tain and Missionary— one who, to 
all who knew htm personally, seem- 
ed most admirably adapted for use- 
fulness in the sphere of his own free 
and deliberate choice, and whom — 
we had indulged the hope — would 
have spent many years jn self-deny- 
ing, but to him delightful, service of 
preaching the Gospel to this long- 
benighted and neglected and injured 
people. But it becomes us to bow 
with humble yet filial resignation to 
this dispensation of an all-wise God, 
the reasons of whose administration, 
though we " know not now, we 
may know hereafter," and which, 
when made known, will assuredly 
clear up all the darkness and mys- 
tery which sometimes surrounds his 
afflictive dispensations. 

We learn with much regret that 
the health of the Rev. Dr. Savage has 
again become so feeble as to require 
a cessation of his labors at Cape 
Palmas, and to demand, indeed, his 



immediate retnrn to the United States. 
From private letters we also learn that 
the Rev. Mr. Payne's state of health, 
for the year past, admonishes that, 
to insure, after another year, life, or 
even a tolerable share of labor and 
usefulness in the debilitating climate 
of the African Coast, he must enjoy 
a period of relaxation and return to 
his native country to recruit his 
rapidly wasting physical strength. 

We hope that our foreign com- 
mittee will have the wisdom and 
foresight, at an early day, to place 
the return of our Missionaries from 
this most enervating and deadly cli- 
mate on the footing of what we un- 
derstand is the arrangement of the 
Church and Wesleyan Missionary 
Societies with their Missionaries at 
Sierra Leone and other Missionary 
Stations on the Western Coast of Af- 
rica. The former Society permits 
the return of the Missionaries in 
their employ, we believe, every 
fourth year, and the latter, every 
third year. 

The present state of the Mission, 
as thus indicated, calls loudly for aid, 
and the early supply of laborers in 
this interesting but most self-denying 
field of our Missionary operations. 
We trust that the appeal it makes to 
our own Diocesan Seminary, which 
has, as yet, furnished all the clerical 
members of the Mission, will not be 
made in vain. Let the prayers of 
God's people be earnestly and con- 
stantly presented, that His Holy 
Spirit may inspire them with true 
and lively Christian sympathy for 



0"^^^^^^^^^^^^*^^. 



68 



Cape Palmas, Western Africa. 



[February, 



this degraded land, and with earnest 
zeal and holy courage and resolution 
to dedicate themselves, so wholly 
and unreservedly, to the- Lord's ser- 
vice, that should he appoint their 
sphere of ministerial duty and labor 
in the pestiferous and deadly atmos- 
phere of Africa's shores, they may 
promptly and cheerfully obey the 
calls of His Providence and Spirit. 

Since writing the above, we notice 
in the last Christian Witness and 
Church Advocate, the announcement 
of the death of Mrs. Catherine L. 
Patch, a teacher at the Missionary 
Station at C a valla, near Cape P almas, 
under the charge of the Rev. Mr. 
Payne. Mrs. Patch was a member of 
St. Ann's Church, Lowell, Massachu- 
setts, and received her appointment 
from the Foreign Committee three 
years ago ; and in the spring of 1S44, 
left that place for Africa. We take 
from the above journal the portion of 
a letter from the Rev. Mr. Payne 
addrcfssed to the Rev. Dr. Edson, 
her former pastor, communicating 
the intelligence of her death : — 

"At a meeting of the missionaries 
of the Protectant Episcopal Church, 
held at this place on the 26th March, 
the following preamble and resolu- 
tions were adopted : 

"Whereas it has pleased Almighty 
God to remove from among us by 
death Mrs. Catherine L. Patch, 

" Resolved, That while bowing 
with resignation to the will of God, 
the mission would record their sense 
of her sincere piety and devotion to 
the cause in which she was en- 
gaged. 

"Resolved, That the above re- 
solution be communicated to the 
friends of the deceased. 

44 Although you will in due time, 
no doubt, receive full accounts of 
the last moments of our departed 
friend, through the 4t Spirit of Mis- 
sions," I cannot send this letter 
without giving you, the late beloved 
pastor of the deceased, some more 



particular testimony of her worth. 
Assigned by the mission to assist 
Mrs. Payne in the care of twenty 
heathen girls, she came under our 
roof a perfect stranger some eighteen 
months ago. With a heart, how- 
ever, earnestly engaged in a com- 
mon cause with us, she could not 
long appear or feel as a stranger. 
With a warm and affectionate heart, 
and a conscience tenderly alive to 
a sense of duty, she devoted her- 
self with a zeal, alas ! too great, 
to the promotion of the spiritual 
interests of the immortals committed 
to her care. Her aident wish to 
redeem the time led her to perse- 
vere in the performance of the du- 
ties of the school, when prudence 
oftentimes called for repose and 
medicines: So steadily did she pur- 
sue her purpose, that notwithstand- 
ing the debilitating and sickly influ- 
ence of the climate which all feel, 
she scarcely lost a day from duly 
until she was seized with her death 
sickness. When however this came, 
there was such accumulating strength 
in it that medicines produced no 
effect. Notwithstanding the con- 
stant attention of Dr. Perkins, the 
disease continued its fatal ravages, 
until the tenth day, when our sister 
fell asleep in Jems, as we have do 
doubt. It is true she had hoped 
and expected to be spared for long 
usefulness in the world, but when 
the summons came, she told me 
that she * should be happy to die, if 
it was the will of God.* Just before 
her death, she offered up a fervent 
prayer for the mission and especi- 
ally for the girls of her charge*— 
After this until her death, she was 
unable to speak, but I think was 
sensible of what was passing around, 
and gave evidence of a calmness) 
within and preparation for the heav- 
enly world, truly gratifying to 
friends from whom she was about to 
be separated. She died on Wednes- 
day, 18th March, at 2| o'clock p. m." 



■ <*■*»> ■** ■ *^ %* »* ■ -— 



1847.] 



Annual Meeting of the Am. CoL Society. 



69 



Annual Jtterttnjj of t|i« Jtmt 

The thirtieth Annual Meeting of 
this Society was held on the 19th 
ultimo, in the First Presbyterian 
Church, in this city, at which the 
Annual Report was read, and seve- 
ral powerful addresses were deliv- 
ered. Many persons remarked that 
they had never attended so interest- 
ing a meeting on any subject. We 
regret that we are unable to present 
a detailed statement of it in this num- 
ber. As the publication had to be 
delayed a day or two, in order to 
get in this brief notice, our readers 



rtratt ttaUntjatton Jfractety. 

must wait for the full particulars till 
the next number appears. 

From the Annual Report, it ap- 
peared that the total receipts of the 
past year were $39,900 02. The 
amount received from legacies was 
much smaller than during the preced- 
ing year ; while the amount received 
from donations is considerably larger. 

The Board of Directors adopted 
measures for consummating the ar- 
rangements with the commonwealth 
of Liberia touching their indepen- 
dence. 



Jtem* of JnteUtgmr*. 



Annual Election. — The returns 
of the annual election from the 
counties of Montserrada and Grand 
Bassa, are received. We have not 
yet heard from "Sinoe." The fol- 
lowing persons are elected : 

For Lieutenant Governor — John 
Day, of Bexly, county of Grand 
Bassa. 

Councillors for the county of 
Montserrada — John B, Gripon, of 
Millsburg ; Nath'l Brander, Samuel 
Benedict, Adam W. Anderson, and 
William Draper, of Monrovia; Zion 
Harris, of Caldwell. 

For the county of Grand Bas- 
sa. — Stephen A; Benson, of Bassa 
Cove ; Washington W. Davis, Wm. 
L. Weaver, and John Hanson, of 
Edina. 

[From the Boiton Traveller.] 

Commonwealth of Liberia.— 
Messrs. Editors : — It is already 



known, that the Directors of the 
American Colonization Society, at 
their last annual meeting, advised 
the people of Liberia so to amend 
their constitution, as to take into 
their own hands the appointment of 
their own chief magistrate, and all 
other powers of government here- 
tofore exercised for them by the So- 
ciety. This measure was found to 
be necessary, for the proper manage- 
ment of. the foreign relations with 
Great Britain and other powers, 
which had inevitably grown up with 
the growth of the Colony and its 
commerce ; and the fact that the Di- 
rectors had not found it necessary, 
for many years, to veto any act of 
any department of the Liberian Gov- 
ernment, encouraged the hope that 
it would be safe. It is also known 
that the legislature of Liberia* at an 
extra session last summer, referred 
this question to the people, and the 
Governor issued his proclamation, 
appointing a day for them to vote 
upon it in their primary assemblies, 
I have this morning received a let* 



GO 



Items of Intelligence. 



[Febrnuf, 



ter from Gov. Roberts, dated Mon- 
rovia, Nov. 9, in which he says: 
*• The people of these colonies, by 
a solemn vote taken on the 27ih ul- 
timo, have decided in favor of inde- 
pendence, and have recommended 
the call of a convention, to draft a 
constitution for the Commonwealth. 
The legislature, at its annual session 
in January next, will order a con- 
vention and adopt rules for its gov- 
ernment." 

It will be seen by these dates, that 
the Liberians are proceeding in this 
matter with a deliberateness such as 
the importance of the occasion de- 
mands ; and from other information 
communicated by Governor Roberts, 
I have reason to believe that their 
new constitution will be constructed 
on the soundest republican princi- 
ples, and judiciously adapted to their 
circumstances. 

This movement may have an im- 
portant influence on emigration, as 
it will present Liberia to the minds 
of many free persons of color in a 
a new and more inviting aspect ; 
and if so, the Society may need a 
large increase of funds, to meet the 
increasing calls upon its treasury for 
aid in emigrating. 

Gov. Roberts adds: — "The af- 
fairs of the colony are progressing in 
their regular order. Our relations 
with the surrounding tribes are of 
the most friendly character." 

J. T. 
Col. Office, Boston, Jan. 8, 1847. 

DEATH OF A MISSIONARY. 

Theological Seminary of Vir- 
ginia. — January 12, 1847. — At a 
meeting of the students, of the Theo- 
logical Seminary of Virginia, held 
this day— official intelligence having 
been received of the death of the 
Mev. E. /. P. Messenger, Mission- 
ary to Africa — the following pream- 
ble and resolutions were adopted, 
namely — 



I 



Whereas, By late arrivals from 
Africa, we have just received infor- 
mation confirming the report which 
had previously reached us, of the de- 
cease of the Rev. E. J. P. Messenger, 
late a w Missionary to Cape Palms*, 
West Africa," and formerly a beloved 
fellow-member of this Institution. 

Therefore, resolved, That in the 
removal of one so well qualified for 
the station to which he had been call- 
ed, we do acknowledge the hand of 
an all-wise God— " whose ways are 
past finding out 9 ' 

Resolved, That we deeply sym- 
pathise with the Church in its loss of 
one who, during his connection with 
this Institution, gave such rich pro- 
mise of future good and usefulness. 
Resolved, That we do offer our sym- 
pathies to the relatives and friends 
of the departed, and would com- 
mend them to that God who is the 
source of all comfort and consolation. 

Resolved, That a copy of these 
resolutions be sent to the . surviving 
parent of the deceased— and also, 
that they be inserted in the' South- 
em Churchman and " Episcopal Re- 
corder.'' 

From the minutes. 

Attest : S. R. SLACK, 

Secretary. 

The water side presents a lively 
appearance. Our crafts no longer 
remain idle, at their moorings, strip- 
ped of their gear, and looking as if 
they had been left to take care of 
themselves, — but they are at the 
wharfs, being caulked and rigged, 
and will, we hope, in a few days set 
their sails and leave the placid Mes- 
surado for the Palm Oil marts.— Zf- 
beria Herald. 

Government House, 

Monrovia, Oct. 19th, 1846. 

Sir:— -I have the honor herewith to 

inclose to your address,account sales, 

and account current of merchandize 

shipped by the New York State Co- 



1847.] 



Receipts, 



61 



Ionization Society per bark Chatham, 
for the use of the recaptives landed 
in this colony from the slave ship 
* 4 Pons." 

To date, we have, distributed— -as 
the accompanying document, marked 
D, containing the names of guardians 
and the number of recaptives in each 
family, shows — two thousand and 
twelve dollars sixty cents. There yet 
remains some sixty or seventy resi- 
ding in the leeward settlements to be 
supplied. 

Many of those that left their homes 
soon after being landed, to rove about 
in the country, have returned to the 
settlement, and others are daily com- 
ing in. We of course provide for 
these suitable homes, and extend to 
them your beneficence. 

The timely supply furnished those 
recaptives, through the exertion of 
your society, has been a very, very 
great blessing. I believe it has been 
the means of saving the lives of scores 
of them, and will, no doubt, result in 
the civilization, and I sincerely trust, 
in the Christianization, of hundreds 
of them that would otherwise in all 
probability have gone off in the-eoun- 
try, beyond the reach of the eolony 
and Christian influence, and perhaps 
been sold again into slavery. 

It is indeed encouraging to witness 
the rapid improvement that many 



of them are making in civilization 
and the acquisition of the English 
language : they are proud to adopt 
civilized customs, and are warm in 
their expressions of gratitude for 
their deliverance from slavery, and 
that they were landed in Liberia. 
You arc aware that great fears were 
entertained by many of our citi- 
zens, that these unfortunate creatures 
would prove a nuisance to the colony, 
and to some extetit retard its progress. 
I am happy, however, to be able to 
inform you that these fears have 
quite subsided, and great pains are 
now being taken by the colonists to 
instruct them in the mechanic arts, 
and the civilized modes of agricul- 
ture. There can be no question 
that many of them will ultimately 
make good citizens of Liberia ; and 
perhaps, which may God grant, 
be the means of introducing Christi* 
anity among the heathen tribes from 
which they were taken. I hope 
soon to be able to send further ac- 
counts, and a small quantity of cam- 
wood we have on hand, proceeds of 
the sale of lumber, &c, &c7, of the 
44 • Chatham's '' cargo. 

1 am sir, respectfully, 
Yout obedient servant, 
J.J.ROBERTS. 
A. G. Phelps, President of the 
JV. Y. State Col Soc.,J>T. Y. City. 



■\ 



Utretptf of t|( ilmertran ttoUntjattotx Cartels, 
From the 1st to ike 20th January, 1847. 



MAINE. 

EoUowell — S. Gordon, £er Cap- 
tain George Barker, 50 cents. 
NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
By Dea. Samuel Tracy :— 
Lebanon — Rev. P. Cook, 50 cents, 
Dan'l Richardson, $1,0. Stears, 
$1, A. Hall, 50 cents, J. Mar- 
tin, 26 cents, Captain Eph. 
Wood, 50 cents, Colonel Baker, 
$1, Barnard Courier, 50 cents, 
Airs. George Kendrick, 75 cents, 
Captain Joseph Wood, $2 50, 
Dea. S. Wood, #1 



50 



9 51 



NEW HAMPSHIRE— ConM. 
Lyme — Bezer Latham, on account 
of life membership, 010, Hon. 
D. C. Churchill, $3, Mrs. A. 
Lambert, $1, Miss E. Frank- 
lin, $2, Rev. E. Tenny, (1 50, 
Mrs. Sarah Baker, 50 cents, 
Major L. Franklin, $2, Misses 
Harriet and Nancy Franklin, 
$1, William Bixby, 50 cents, 

J. F. Gilbert, #1 

Oxford, East — From individuals, 

Hanover— Mm. Sarah Olcot, $5, 

Deacon S. Long, $1, Mist 



22 50 
1 48 



62 



McMerphy, 60 cts., Dr.Ptasely, 

$1 

COmuA— J. B. Wellman, 01, cash, 

6 cents, Miss Eliza Wellman, 

05 

BuUi—Ua Goodall, Esq 



Receipts. 




^h^^ta^^^^^^ 



7*0 



6 06 
1 50 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

Stockbridge — Legacy left to the 
Am'n Corn Soc'y by the late 
Henry Wells, Esq., per Thomas 

Wells, Esq., executor. 

VERMONT. 

By Dea. Samuel Tracy : — 

Barnet — Mr. Thompson 

St. Johnsbury—E. &T. Fairbanks 
& Co., 070 25, Luther Clark, 
05, S. G. Brackett, $2, William 
8anborn, 01 

Hardwick—L. H. Delauo>03 50, 
Dr. Smith, #1 

Morrisville— Hon. D. P. Noys. . . . 

Stowe — Rev. H. Carlton 

St. Jllbans— Hon. Benjamin Swift, 
010, W. Smith, D.D., #3, cash, 
01, Mrs. Kingman, $3, T. W. 
Smith, #3 

Burlington— A. W. Hyde, 020, 
and individuals, $10, to con- 
stitute Archibald W. Hyde, 
Esq., a life . member of the 
Am'nCol'n Soc'y 

Jerico — F. B. Wheeler, 01, A. 
Lee, #1 50 

Jlinesbuif; — Dr. Dan'l Goodyear 

Royalloji— E. Wild 



RHODE ISLAND. 

By Rev. C. J. Tenney, D. D :— 

Slatersville — Mrs. Ruth Slater, 05, 
cash, 01, Samuel R. Beals, 01, 
Joseph Almy, 08 

Providence — H . N. Slater 

Warren— Joseph Smith 

Bristol— Rev. John Bristed, 010, 
Robert Rogers, 010, Mrs. Ma- 
ria Roger, 05, Miss Charlotte 
De Wolf, 05, Moses B. Wood, 
05, Jacob Babbett, 05, Dea, 
Benjamin Wyatt, $1, Isaac G. 
Beck, 05 

Newport— Eliza De Wolf Vernon, 

flO, Mary P. Hazzard, 03, 
amuel £i\z* t 05, Benjamin 
Finch, 05, Edward Clarke, 03, 
Harriet Clarke, 02, W.A.Clarke, 
05, cash, $5, Charles Devens,03, 
Milton Hall, 02, cash, 03, Dea. 
N. Ha m matt, 02, cash, 01, 
cash, 02, Edward King, 05, 
cash, 52 cents 



48 50 



275 00 
1 00 

78 25 

4 00 
3 50 
1 00 

20 00 



80 00 

2 50 

5 00 

75 

146 50 



10 00 
15 00 
10 00 



46 00 



56 52 
137 52 



DELAWARE. 
By ReT. John B. Pinney :— 
Wilmington— T>. C. Wilson, $100. 
John Lattimore,$50, George W. 
Bush, £30, Charles J. Du Pout, 
£30,Moees Bradford, $30, Miss 
Elizabeth Morris, who has here- 
tofore given $300, the avails of 
her industry, to be applied «- 
peaaUy to transport emigrant?, 
025, the young ladies of Rev. 
Mr. Prettyman v s Female Semi- 
nary, £20, W. Hall, 010, Geo. 
Bush, £10, I,. P. Bush, Sin, 
Charles Bush, £10, John Price, 
010, Colonel Davis, S10. Ed. 
Tatnall, £10, William Lee, 010, 
E. W. Gilpin, £10, cash, £10, 

A. Stephens, £10, Alexis J. 
Du Pont, £10. George Jones, 
05, R. D. Hicks, £5, Rev. Al- 
fred Lee, £5, J. T. Price, 03, 
M. Kean, 05, Charles H. Gor- 
don, 05, John B. Lewis, 05, 

B. A. Janvier, £5, Samuel Bus- 
by, 05, cash, 05, D. J. McMar- 
tin, 05, Miss Black, $5, Miss 
Monroe, 05, Eli Hillis, £5, D. 
KniRht, 05, James Tatnall, £5, 
James E. Price, £5, James 
Canby, 05, J, A. Bayard, $5, 
John B. Porter, £5, John Me- 
nough, 05, John Bullock, *5, 
George W. Sparke, £5, Miss 
Donaldson, 05, William Bush, 
05, H. Hicks, £5, George 
Craie, 05, J. R. Trimble, £5, A. 
Du Pont, 05, Thomas McCor- 
kle, 05, Mr. Whitmen, £3, 
Mrs. Hall, 03, L. H. Porter, 
02, H. C. Porter, £2, Miss 
Maxwell, 01, George C. Jones, 
01, Samuel Floyd, £1, N. H. 
Perth, 50 cents, Peter Kerk- 

man, 50 cents 

From George Jones, Treasurer 
of the Del. Col'n Soc'y, 4th of 
July, 1845, collected in the 
Hanover street Presbyterian 

Church '.3d 74 

Fourth of July, 1845, col- 
lected in Rev. Mr.Wyn- 

koop's Church ... 11 61 

Donation of Mrs. J. K. 

Lattimore 3 00 

From St. Paul's M. E. 

Church 18 45 

From the Rev. Mr. Wyn- 
koop's Church 6 25 

78 05 
Less their expenses. ... 7 25 



561 



70 



639 I 



1847.] 



Receipts. 



63 



Newark — From individuals, 



11 00 



NEW JERSEY. 

By Rev. John B. Piflney : — 
Elizabethtown— Collection in lec- 
ture room, $23 56, Reuben Van 
Pelt, #20, Rev. Doctor Murray, 
#5, Mrs.Gildersleve, #5, Doctor 
Davis, $5, G. G. Shepperd, $5, 
S.T. Britton,#5,Mr.Ogilvie,tf3, 
E. Sanderson, $2, Ich'd Og- 
den, #1, Mrs. Wilson, $1. . . . . 
PiWs Grove — Contribution of the 
'• Female Association," by Rev. 
George W. Janvier 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Washington City— Annual sub- 
scription of Messrs. Campbell 

& Coyle ;.... .. 

VIRGINIA. 

Louisa Co. — From "Miss M. of 
Louisa, Va.," by Mrs. E. Minor 
Attkrson ,. 

Fredericksburg — From the Ladies' 
Aux'y Col'n Society of Fred- 
ericksburg, Va., by Miss Char- 
lotte E. Lomax, treasurer. » . . . 



650 80 



75 56 

8 00 
83 56 



5 00 



10 00 



70 16 



GEORGIA. 

.Augusta — Donation from Robert 

Campbell, Esq 

Covington— Rev. Thomas Turner, 



80 16 



20 00 
2 00 



KENTUCKY. 
By Rev. Alex. M. Cowan :— 
Louisville— Elisha Baldwin, in 
binges, #6 30, Friends, in gar- 
den seeds, #2 25, Dr. W. L. 
Brecken ridge, a corn mill, 
$85, S. Messick, in goods, $7, 

cash, 80 cents 

Danville— Ladies in Danville, in 

clothing 

Woodford Co.— Estate of C. R. 

Bailey, deceased, to pay his 

servant's passage to Liberia. . . . 

Shelby Co.— Contribution in pork, 

Kentucky Col'n Soc'y, donation,. 



INDIANA. 
By Rev. B. T. Kavanaugh :— 
Noblesville—S. G. Burns, #3, J. P. 

Patterson, B. Cole, Rev. J. M. 

Hancock, each, #1, J.Fisher, J. 

J. Conner, B. Barnett, J. Lutz, 

each 50 cents 

Laurel — Rev. James Conwell, 

$22, H. Van Burgen, $5, Rev. 



22 00 



51 35 
6 00 



35 00 

1 75 

483 11 

527 21 



8 00 



J. Havens, Doctor Ross, W. 
Thomas, each $1 30 00 

RushviUe— L. Maddox,^3, Tho- 
mas Pugb, J. Ferguson,* Dr. 
W. Frame. M. Sexton, A. W. 
Hubbard, G. W. Branam, J. L. 
Robinson, A. Kennady, J. W. 
Barber, T. Woreter, T. Lakin, 
Mrs. C. F. Frame, S. Posey, * 

Rev. D M. Stewart, P. A, 
Huckleinan, B. Coffin, W. Ha- 
vens, R. S. Carr, C. 8. Donal- 
son, G. C. Clark, Mrs. E. Wors- 
ter, Mrs. J. Carr, S» M. Pugh, 
J. Hamilton, J. McPike, each 
$1, B.B.Morrow, Miss E.Lind- 
sey, J. Carmikle, J. Wolf, E. 
Murphey, A. Bridges, J. Jar- 
rett, J. Sherman, F. Bigger, J. 
S. Campbell, C. Swain, D. 
Bridges, each 50 cents, T. Mc- 
Farland, and B. Gilbert, each 
25 cents 34 50 

Franklin — Johnson County Col'n 
Society, #10, Rev. D. Mont fort, 
J. H. Vannieys, N. Peppard, 
Rev. D. V. Smock, Tunis Van- 
nieys, G. W. Demaree, J. C. 
Allison, J. R. Kerr, Esq., H. 
Vannieys, A. Wilson, Esq., J. 
Young, A. McCoslin, Mrs. L. 
Harriott, G. Ditinas, P. Hamil- 
ton, Dr. J. Ritchey, Mrs. Dr. 
Ritchey, Professor J. B. Tis- 
dal, S. McGill, E«q., S. Mc 
Kinney, A. Cornine, A. Bar- 
ger, R. Hamilton, Rev. L. Ha- 
vens, Jesse Williams, Aaron 
Aton, P. H. Banta, T. Wil- 
liams, Dr. Daniels, S. Allison, 
each $1, Mrs. C. Vannieys, 
Mrs. Allison, J. Barger, Mrs. 

A. Wilson, Mrs. A. Barger, 
Mre. E. Surface, each 25 cents, 
W. Tertune, 20 cents, cash, 10 

cents 41 80 

Marion Co. — Buck Creek Col'n 

Soc'y, public collection 2 04 

116 34 
OHIO. 
By Rev. B. T. Kavanaugh :— 
Cincinnati — From the Rev. John 

B. Pinney 10 00 

IOWA. 
Fairfield — Collection in the Pres- 
byterian Church, by Rev. L. 
G. Bell, Pastor 3 00 

Total Contributions. $2,106 09 

FOR REPOSITORY. 
Mainf. — Per Capt.Geo.Barker — 
Hallowell — Samuel Gordon, for 
1847 4 r 1 50 



64 

New Hampshire. — By Deacon 
Sain'l Tracy — Lebanon — Jede- 
diati Dana, K I is ha Kimball, 
D«-aron S. Wood, each, lor '47, 
SI 50, Benjamin Wood, H. S. 
Wood, each, lor 1846, #1 60. 
Lyme— Henry Robbins, to Jan- 
uary, 1817, $2, Dr. A. Smally, 
to October, 1847, #2, William 
Davidson, lor 1847, $1 50, O. 
K. Porter, to 1818, #2. Han- 
over — Mrs. Brown and Mrs. 
Chamberlain, for 1847, #1 50, 
Jonathan Freeman, lor 1846, 
#1 50. Fiermont—Jos. Saw- 
yer. Esq., to March, 18*8, $3. 
Jluverhill— Hon. John Page, lor 
1817, $1 30, N. B. Felton, for 
IS 17, $1 50. Bath— I. New- 
ell, t, May, 1848, W. V. Hut- 
cheim, to May, 1848, each $2, 
Ira Goodall, lor 1847. $\ 50. . . 

Vermont. — By Deacon Samuel 
Tracy— Thetford—H. W. Clos- 
mm, to J unc, 1847, $150. Brad- 
ford— \*& Low, Esq., to 1847, 
SI 50. Netcbury— Mrs. Anna 
Atkinson, to June. 1847, #1 50. 
liygate — Dea. Nathaniel Batch- 
eldor, to February, 1847, Jtl. 
Danville — Hon. S. B. Mattocks, 
to July, 1847, $1 50. Hard- 
wide — L. H. Delano, to July, 
1817,$I150. Morri*ville— Hon. 
D. P. Noyes, for 1847, $1 50. 
C7uir/o//e—Chas. McNeil, Esq., 
to April, 1848, $1 50, Doctor 
John Strong, to 1848, $2. 
JJincsburg — George Lee Ly- 
man, to September, 1S47, $1 50. 
Jerico — Augustus Lee, lor '47, 
#1 50. Waterbury— Hon. D. 
Carpenter, to May, 1S48, $2.. 

Massachusetts. — By Rev. Dr. 
Termey — Deerfield— — J. F. 
Moore, for '47, §1 50. Spiing- 
fichl — Mrs. Prudence Howard, 
on account, $2, R. A. Chap- 
man, to 1847, $1 50, Georjp 
Meriiam, lo November, 1*47, 
£1 50, Simon Smith, Thorna* 
Bond, *arh, lo 1*17, 01 60, 
Sarr.'j*! hVvnoMs, lo 1*47, 3* 
c«iif* f J. K'rrdall, to OHolurr, 
JHI7, f*l .Vi, W. II. B'mdofi, f 
ll*r.ry A'l»ffc«. *»'.h, t/» M47, 
3» .Vi. Willi* M,*Im. I* JXI7, 
H7 r«-r,'». .I'r4>«ri |lv*rf*r f M* 
Wind l'*lw»*r, • wr,, f^ f H<7 # 

#1 .Vl, A M if-'iftat*'^ •'» '**' 

l/^f. 1*17. %l V#. r\>.»*?*« 

H^if'.*. % »<*'/. S)|4. #//*•*» 

f/,*| »J' f f*r'»-«. fV| '/f '47, 

• 4 v». a4m *-»m* fhh* •/» 



Receipt*. 



[February, 1847.] 



^^^^^^^^%^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



Patrick, to 1348, $8. WebcUr 
—Dr. J. W. Tenney, R. O. 
Storrs, J. J. Robinson, each, 

to June, 1847, $1 50 46 25 

Rhode Island. — By Rev. C.J. 
Tenney, D. D.— Brutal— Dea. 
William B. Spooner, to July, 
1S47, $1 50, Levi DeWolf, for 
184G. «1 50, Rev. Thomas 
Shepard, to 13 June, 1847, 
SI 50. Newport— Edward W. 
Lawton, H. Sessions, George 
Bo wen, Robert Stevens, each, 
to September, 1847. $1 50. . . . 10 50 
New York. —By Captain Geo. 
I Barker— Sew York City— Col- 
i lections from sundry persons 

in New York City 47 00 

! Pennsylvania. — Philadelph 



i 



29 50 



i! 



18 50 



By William Coppinger — John 
Vaughn, per Jacob Snider, to 
1847, #6, Dr. Samuel Moore, 
for 1S46 and 1S47, $4, William 
Primrose, and A. Symington v 
each, lor 1846 aud 1847, $4, 
Michael Baker, James Bayard, 
Elijah Brown, Gov. Edward 
Coles, Stephen Colwell, John 
Elliott, John Hockley, Moses 
Johnson, Isaac C. Jones, Dr. 
C. R. Kin", j. Fisher Leaminr, 

H Charles h. Lex, George Mil- 
lar, Isaac Norris, Dr. J. M. 
Paul, S. II. Perkins, Michael 

!| Read, Benjamin W. Richards. 
A. B. Roc key, John Reset, 
Jacob M. Sellers, Mrs. Sport n. 

, ! Josiah White, and Dr. George 

>; B. Wood, each, for 1846, ff. 

i ; Bethlehem. — Miss Mary Allen, 
for 1846, SI 50. Philadelphia — 
K. W. Howell, for 1846. $2. 
Churchtown — Miss Carmichael, 

, for 1346, $\ 50. WUknbarrt— 
V. L. Maxwell, to July, 1846, 

, $3 

i- Georgi A.-Springfield-Rev. Lew- 
is Myers, per Rev. Thomas C. 
Benning, to July, 1847, $1 60. 
Covington — Rev. Thomas Tur- 
ner, to May, 1848, 91 60 

i Mississippi. — Naicktz— Thomas 
Henderson, Esq., Alexander 
C. Henderson, Esq., each, to 
IK 17, $6. Badiellor't Bend— 
Francis Griffin, to September, 

IH1H, #10 

Loi:tniANA.-New OrUans-Lo\m 
La C*ir«, to May, 1846 



'lot a I Repository... 
'I ';UI Contributions. 



?4 m 



t m 



666 



.1,166 



Azgr*g*t* Amount 



■■*» 



THE AFRICAN REPOSITORY, 



AND 



COLONIAL JOURNAL. 



Vu)L. XXIII.] 



WASHINGTON, MARCH, 1847. 



[No. 8. 



<£|>irt'utl> Annual Report of t^e American Colonisation Jfrorietp. 



As we survey the transactions of 
the past year, in order to present a 
-concise history of them and their 
results, we are filled with no ordin- 
ary emotions of gratitude to God for 
his preserving care, and his abound- 
ing favors. Many have been the 
tokens of his love, and unceasing 
the manifestations of his Providen- 
tial regards. In obstacles surmount- 
ed, in dangers avoided, and m good 
•achieved, he has graciously minis- 
tered to our hope and confidence for 
future exertion. 

Shortly after the last-annual meet- 
ing, the barque " Rothschild" sail- 
ed from New Orleans, with emi- 
grants from Ohio, Kentucky, and 
Tennessee, for Liberia. Our friends 
in Kentucky, had expressed great 
anxiety that something should be 
done to give a new impulse to the 
cause in their State. For this pur- 
pose, it had been proposed to estab- 
lish a settlement in Liberia to be 
called Kentucky, and to form a 



home for all whom they might send 
to it. Of the sixty-on$ emigrants 
by the " Rothschild," thirty-Jive 
were fiom Kentucky, the pioneers 
in this new and noble enterprise. 
They were well adapted to, their 
peculiar work. Twelve of them 
were members of the Church ; two 
were Ministers of the Gospel ; three 
were carpenters ; one was a black- 
smith, and one a shoemaker, while 
nearly all of them were under thirty- 
five years of age. 

The '• Rothschild" reached Mon- 
rovia, on the 15th of March, witk 
sixty-three emigrants, all in good 
health and spirits. A tract of land, 
beautiful and fertile, had been select- 
ed for " Kentucky," on the north- 
west side of the St. Paul's river, 
extending along the river, from 
the settlement of Miilsburg, twenty 
miles, to the sea; thence running 
along the seabeach in a northwest- 
erly direction, about thirty miles, 
and thence into the interior about 



«■»"»■■ — ' - 



66 Annual Report of the American Colonizalibn Society ■. [Mares, 



fifty miles. For fertility, salubrity, 
and convenience, a better location 
could not have been made on the 
coast. In an eligible situation on 
this tract of land, fifteen comforta- 
ble houses of native construction, 14 
by 28 feet, had been erected before 
their arrival for the accommodation 
of the emigrants, and into which 
they moved immediately after they 
were landed from the vessel. The 
emigrants from Tennessee were lo- 
cated with them, and one of those 
from Ohio was employed as a school 
teacher for the settlement. He has 
a small, but excellent collection of 
books, and is a member of the As- 
sociate Reformed Church. We can- 
not but regard this as a most propi- 
tious commencement of a settlement 
which will eventuate in untold good 
to Africa, to the Slate of Kentucky, 
and to the emigrants who may here- 
after cast in their lot with those al- 
ready there. 

On the l&t of May, the barque 
"Chatham," chartered by the New 
York State Colonization Society, 
sailed from the port of New York, 
laden with provisions and clothing 
for the relief of the recaptives land- 
ed at Monrovia by the slaver "Pons." 
Two valuable emigrants took pas- 
sage in this vessel, one from Ohio, 
and the other from New York City, 
and both of them possessing tal- 
ents, education, and character, which 
qualify them for great usefulness in 
their new sphere of action. 

Several other persons had applied 



to the Board of Managers of the 
New York Society for a passage to 
Liberia, and great hopes were en- 
tertained that a large and respect- 
able company would go from the 
free States ; but as the day of vail- 
ing drew near, their hearts failed 
them through fear* and the persua- 
sions of the enemies of colonization, 
until they all declined the oppor- 
tunity. This failure of emigrants is 
the more worthy of consideration 
from the fact that the " Chatham," 
was the first vessel which had t for 
several years, sailed from a port in 
a free State, and consequently of- 
fered the strongest inducements to 
colored people in New York and 
vicinity to embark in her. 

The expenses attending this ex- 
pedition, amounting to upwards of 
$5,000, were defrayed by the New 
York Society, who, in their last re- 
port, say : " We feel called upon to 
express our grateful sense of the 
liberality of our friends in this city, 
in Brooklyn, in Newark, and other 
places, who have so promptly aided 
us. It has served to strengthen our 
hands, and enable us to give subs- 
tantial proof to the colonists, and 
to the recaptives, of the sympathy 
of American Christians, by seneV 
ing out this supply ship, which will 
amply meet the present exigency, 
and, as we hope, be adequate to the 
permanent relief of those who are 
not otherwise provided for. ,J 

The "Chatham" arrived at Mon- 
rovia on the 8th of June, and bet 



»i^ m^ ^ +» . 



1347.] Annual Report of the American Colonization Society. 67 



seasonable supply of provisions was 
distributed as circumstances seemed 
to demand. The two emigrants, by 
her, express themselves in terms of 
high admiration of their new homes ; 
and one of th*m having very influen- 
tial connexions in New York, has 
written home letters in which he 
gives utterance to his convictions in 
the following language : 

44 On a person's first view of this 
place, he is very apt to form a poor 
opinion of it. This was the case 
with me ; but after 1 had been 
amongst the people, and saw the 
manner in which they lived, and 
how intelligent and refined they 
were, and, above all, that they enact- 
ed, and were governed by, their 
own laws, and when I considered 
that I was for the first time in my 
life breathing a free atmosphere, and 
in a country where the white man 
does not hold sway, and an indivi- 
dual, however humble, if he quali- 
fies himself, may attain to eminence 
and distinction, I really felt sur- 
prised that I could have remained 
contented so long in America. 

•* I sincerely think, that if the co- 
lored people of the United Slates 
could only see what a fine country 
this is, and might be made by a little 
exertion, their prejudices against the 
Colonization Society and the Colony 
would be entirely removed. '' 

Early in April, we resolved to 
send a vessel from Norfolk, with 
emigrants, to sail about the last of 
June. This determination was form- 
ed in view of applications made to 
us for a passage for upwards of one 
hundred emigrants. Before having 
made any definite arrangements for 
fiie expedition, we ascertained that 
very few of that number would be 



ready and able to go at that time. 
Upwards of sixty of them were 
.wheedled away to the free States. 
Some few of them chose finally to 
linger out a miserable and degraded 
existence here, rather than go to Libe- 
ria, where they might enjoy advan- 
tages which would elevate them to the 
dignity of men; while others of them 
weredetaineUby circumstances which 
neither they nor we could controL 

In view of this state of things* 
it was determined to postpone the 
sailing of the vessel until the time 
of our regular fall expedition. 

The *• Liberia Packet" sailed 
from Baltimore on the 3d of De- 
cember, carrying out twenty-seven 
emigrants for the American Coloni- 
zation Society, and fourteen for the 
Maryland Society, and a large supply 
of goods for the purchase of territory, 
and purposes of general improvement 

We were greatly disappointed in 
the number of emigrants who were 
ready to sail in the Packet. From 
applications which had been made, 
and assurances given to us, we were 
led to anticipate from a hundred and 
twenty to a hundred and thirty per- 
sons. Among those who sailed for 
Liberia, were some very intelligent 
and well educated men and women, 
in the prime of life, devotedly pious, 
and breathing the right kind of 
spirit, in view of the dangers and 
privations which were, before them. 
A large part of them were set free, 
by masters now living, for the pur- 
pose of going to Liberia. The 
others, with two exceptions, were 



68 Annual Report of the American Colonization Society \ [March, 



left their freedom by their mistress, \ The 4 ' MaryWilks" therefore sail- 
late of Westmoreland county, Va. ed from New Orleans with only 



During the past summer, we were 
informed, by executors in Tennes- 
see, that thirty-five slaves, under 
their care, must be sent to Liberia 
at the close of the year. Our 
friends in Kentucky, were very 
anxious that a reinforcement should 
be sent from their State to their new 
settlement on the St. Paul's. Our 
agent, the Rev. A. M . Cowan, after 
much correspondence, and visiting 
various parts of the State, was "per- 
suaded that at least sixty persons 
would be ready to leave Louisville 
by the 15th of December," and was 
much impressed with the benefit 
which would accrue to the cause in 
the field of his agency, from the de- 
parture of a large number of emi- 
grants. We accordingly gave no- 
tice that an expedition would sail 
from New Orleans about the 20th of 
December, with emigrants from the 
southwestern States. 

But we were again destined to be 
disappointed. The emigrants, from 
Tennessee, were unable to leave at 
that time by reason of legal difficul- 
ties being thrown in their way. 
Those from Kentucky, with the ex- 
ception of three, failed to appear at 



eleven emigrants. She took out, 
however, a full cargo of freight, a 
part of which is for the purchase of 
territory, and the remainder for sale. 
The learned blacksmith, Ellis, and 
family, sailed in this vessel. The 
departure of such a person for Li- 
beria is, of itself, an event of im- 
j mense importance. 

It will be observed, that the num- 
ber of emigrants sent out during the 
past year is smaller than we had 
been led to anticipate. 

How is this to be accounted for ? 
Is there any thing in the present 
state of affairs, in this country* 
which will account for it? Or is 
it true that many of the slaves, as 
well as the free colored people, are 
unwilling to go to Liberia ? We are 
aware that several large families 
have been offered their freedom, 
by their masters, if they would emi- 
grate, who have declined it We 
know, too, that very active efforts 
have been made to induce them to 
remain in their present condition. 
We know that there are in almost 
every community, men who claim 
to be the exclusive friends of the 
colored population, and yet who 



Louisville, where our agent had gone [j are industriously instilling into their 
to receive and accompany them to jj minds the most bitter prejudice* 
New Orleans. What particular rea- .' against colonization. It seems to usy 
sons operated to deter them, or what that if the colored people eottld 
peculiar causes prevented them, we properly appreciate the blessings of 
have not yet learned. Doubtless freedom, and the great social, moral, 
they were similar to those which and political advantages they would 
have operated in similar cases on . enjoy in a country governed 
tkU side of the momMeis*. |l regulated by laws of <bcir ow* 



1847.] Annual Report of the American Colonization Society. 



69 



actment, they would toil late and 
early to raise the means necessary 
to carry them to this land of ' pro- 
mise ; and yet the history of the 
past year proves that the great body 
of them are so blinded to their own 
best interests that they will not con- 
sent to go, even when their expenses 
are paid. One of the colonists 
returned to this country early in 
the year, having many kindred and 
friends residing in the State of Con- 
necticut, whom he was anxious to 
convince that they could vastly im- 
prove their condition and prospects 
by returning with him to his adopted 
home. He spent the summer among 
them. Talked the whole matter 
over with them. They saw, and 
admitted, that there was not & coun- 
try in the world where greater ad- 
vantages were held out to the in- 
dustrious settler. And did they 
hasten thither as their friend advised 
them to. and as they were persuad- 
ed would be best? No. They let 
him return, and they chose rather to 
stay in a country where they are de- 
nied, and must forever be denied, all 
the rights and privileges of freemen ! 

Through the labors of our agent 
in Indiana, a considerable degree of 
interest was, early in the past year, 
awakened in the minds of many of 
the colored people in the vicinity of 
Terre Haute, who, after deliberate 
consultation, selected one of their 
number, and appointed him their 
agent to go to Liberia, examine the 
country, and return and report to 
them the state of facts, in order that 



they might make up their minds 
with evidence before them which 
they could not doubt, derived from 
one whom they could not suspect. 
The person chosen as their agent 
was a Presiding Elder in the Con- 
ference of the African Meth. Church; 
a man of undoubted piety and of 
high standing among them. 

But no sooner had the enemies of 
colonization heard of it, than they 
made a regular effort to prevent him 
from fulfilling the appointment, re- 
solving that they would turn him out 
of the church if he attempted any 
such scheme, and that if he left the 
State on such an errand, 1 he should 
never, with their consent, return to 
it again. 

What inference can be drawn from 
their conduct on this occasion? 
Manifestly this, they know that Li- 
beria is a better place than they have 
represented it to be, and they are 
afraid of the result of a fair investiga- 
tion under circumstances altogether 
favorable to themselves. 

About the middle of April last, a 
large meeting of colored people was 
held in Cleveland, Ohio, to consider 
certain propositions, made by some 
of their number, for emigrating to 
Oregon or California. The assem- 
bly was addressed by several individ- 
uals, and the discussion grew so 
warm, and the feeling. so general and 
strong against emigrating, that the 
party in favor of it withdrew from 
the meeting, abandoning the ground 
wholly to their opponents, who 
with great vehemence and enthusi- 



^N< m>*mr~m**+*^^*^*< M'^ ■ 



^^^**^*^^^**^^«»*^^^^^^^^ 



70 Annual Report of the American Colonization Society. [March, 



»— ■ >^^ -"^»-^^ 



asm passed a bundle of resolutions, 
declaring u that in the present aspect 
of affairs, the condition of the color- 
ed race would not be improved by 
emigration ; that colonization is, and 
ought to be condemned by the color- 
ed people : that the colored colon iza- 
tionist is as bad as the white coloni- 
zationist, and that both ought to be 
condemned : and that it is the duty 
of the colored people to stay where 
they are, and continue to contend 
earnestly for their rights, trusting in 
the power of truth and the God of 
justice for a final triumph! " 

It would be strange indeed, if 
from that region, and under the 
influence of those men, any body 
should determine to emigrate to Li- 
beria ! 

It was. not very long after the 
adoption of the above resolutions, that 
about four hundred slaves were 
liberated by the will of the late John 
Randolph, and sent to Mercer coun- 
ty, Ohio, where lands had been pur- 
chased for them and where they ex- 
pected to live together in the enjoy- 



| ment of good neighborhood and all 
the sweets of liberty. When they 
had reached the thresh hold of their 
anticipated homes, they were met by 
an armed company of men and driven 
back,* and after spending 1 moat of 
their money, they were scattered 
about in the adjacent country, here a 
few, and there a broken fragment of 
a family, in a manner moat shocking 

J even to their ideas of the social rela- 
tions. The principal one among 
them, and his family, having some 
means at command, made his way 
back to Virginia, perferring to live 
in slavery, to staying in freedom 
under such circumstances. 

Not long since, a company of 
liberated slaves was taken from 
Western Virginia into one of those 
fiercely abolition counties in Ohio; 
but such opposition was made by the 
citizens to their settling among them, 
that the person who had them in 
charge, left them in the public road, 
at midnight, and fled ! t 

It seems almost impossible, that 
acts like these, continually occurring 



* The following are the resolution* passed by the assembled people of Mercer county 
on that occasion. They are characteristic, and sufficiently fierce certainly. We think 
their equal can hardly be found anywhere South : 

"Resolved, That we will not live among negroes; as we have settled here first, we 
have fully determined that we will resist the settlement of blacks and mulattoes in this 
county to the full extent of our means, the bayonet not excepted. 

4t Resolved, That the blacks of this county be, and they are hereby, respectfully re- 
quested to leave the county on or before the nr9t day of March, 1847 ; and in the case 
of their neglect or refusal to comply with this request, we pledge ourselves to remove 
them. * peaceably if we can, forcibly it we must.* ( 

«* Resolved, That we who are here assembled, pledge ourselves not to employ or trade 
with any black or mulatto person, in Any manner whatever, or permit them to have any 
grinding done at our mills, after the first day of January next." 



f We desire our friends to contrast with the feelings and conduct of these professed 
friends of the colored people, the feelings and conduct of others of the same school, as 
exhihited in the following fact: " There is living in Ohio, said he, a worthy citizen, a 
Mr. G , a native of Virginia, who after a residence there for some eight or ten years,, re- 



1847.] Annual Report of the American Colonization Society. 



71 



hi the free States, should not have 
some influence on sensible reflecting 
colored men. How can they fail to 
see, that, however much we deplore 
il, continued trouble, deeper depres- 
sion^and more hopeless degradation 
awaits the:n in this country ! Can 
tliey ever attain to the rights and privi- 
leges they are now struggling -for, 
and demanding ! How is it possible 
for them to dream that they can ever 
enjoy a comfortable, quiet, and hon- 
orable home here, and possess that 
share in the management of public 
affairs which alone can make them 
feel and act as men and as citizens ! 
Must they not come, however reluc- 



tantly, to the conclusion, and ac- 
knowledge, that the policy of colon- 
izationists, is the only true and san- 
ative policy ever yet adopted ? It 
proposes to place them in circum- 
stances propitious to the full de- 
velopment of their powers. In this 
country, while things remain as they 
are at present, there is no place 
where this can he done. Go where 
they may, they encounter an invinci- 
ble prejudice, which excludes them 
from the honors of political, and the 
comforts of social life, and reminds 
them of their deeply depressed con- 
dition.* On every hand, the more 
favored race is multiplying around 



turned to Virginia, on a visit to see a brother who still remained in the • Old Dominion.* 
Mr. G. gave his brother an interesting account of the prospects and policy of Ohio, with 
which he was much pleased. The Virginia brother remarked to Mr. G. that he found his 
slaves a great burthen to him and requested him to take them all to Ohio and set them 
free! * I cannot do it,' said Mr. G. * Why?' asked his brother. * The citizens of Ohio 
will not allow me to bring 100 negroes among them to settle,' said Mr. G. * But,' said 
he, ' I can put you upon a plan by which you can get rid of them and get them into Ohio 
very easy, bo you take them to Wheeling and there place them on a steamboat ibr Cin- 
cinnati, and speak of taking them to New Orleans ; and while you are looking out for 
another boat, give the chance, and the Abolitionists will steal the whole of them and run 
them off, and then celebrate a perfect triumph over them. But if you take them to the 
same men and ask them to receive and take care of them, they will tell you to take cars 
of them yourself.' " — liev. B. T. Kavenaugh. 

* " How it is that the free colored race can look with complacency on their condition 
in any part of this country is more than we can understand. True, it may be better at 
some future day than it is now ; we hope and trust that it will. But we speak of it as 
it is now, and surely there is no immediate prospect of a change for the better; and we 
cannot comprehend why they should wish to detain those who are desirous to make tbe 
experiment of other influences and a more favored land. We are well aware, that the 
free people of color in this country have now a great prejudice against expatriation. 
This, they say, is their native land, and why should they leave it? Ay, why should they 
leave it, if they can find an inducement to stay ? Egypt was the native land of Moses 
and the Israelites 4 but their native air was not particularly good for their constitutions, 
and though they sometimes sighed for it in their disconteut, they would doubtless havfc 
been soiry enough to have been taken at their word, and sent back again to the flesh- 
pots, cucumbers, and melons, not to speak of the brick-yards. We cannot see the espe- 
cial fascinations in any part of this country, which should make a separation from it so 
heart-rending. We apprehend that, if our portion in it was like theirs, we should sound 
a retreat at the first opportunity, and without incurring the penalty of Lot's wife by look- 
ing back on the forsaken home. It passes our comprehension to discover what they can 
find here, in the way either of en/oyment or hope, that should be so difficult to resign. 
It is true, that better days may come in process of time ; but meanwhile, it would seem 
as well to go to better days wherever they can find them, even if beyond the sea. But 
this is matter of taste ; and if the colored citizens of America prefer their present condi- 
tion, such as it is, no one asks them to leave it ; they are at perfect liberty to remain to 
the end of time, if such is their pleasure."— North American Review for October, 1846. 



72 Annual Report of the American Colonization Society. [March, 

them, filling every avenue to wealth, ness and degradation which await 
engrossing every desirable business, ' them. And we therefore present co- 
and monopolizing every honorable ; Ionization to them at every opportu- 
employment. The rapid increase of : nity, as the only practicable Temedy 
our own population, the immense j for the ills which at present betide 
inflow of foreigners, who must gain them.* 

a living by their labor, ami who can | During the past year we have cir- 
labor to the best advantage, are sad dilated among them a large amount 
evidences that the day is not far j! of information on the subjeet of Li- 
distant when they will be crowded \ beria. Many of them take the Repo- 
out of every lucrative employment,: sitory. Many of them have sought 
and thereby depressed lower than : information from us in various ways. 
they are at present, and thus com- '■ Some of our friends have also taken 
pelled, in self-defence and for self- | much interest in imparting to them 
preservation, to seek a home in some ' all necessary information, 
other land ! This result may not be!' In many places we can now see 
for years yet, but premonitions of its ! the benefits arising from these labors. 
approach are now seen in every city r A spirit of inquiry has been awaken- 
in the land. ed in many minds heretofore careless 
Much as we deprecate this state of and indifferent. Were there no op- 
things, we would anticipate its ap- ' posing influences exerted upon them f 
proadi and in advance prepare a home ji we doubt not that a large number of 
for them when it comes. We would j: the most intelligent among them 
have them aroused from their present . would in the course of a year or two 
dreams to the reality of its approach, I emigrate to Liberia. Some of them 
and led to take the measures neces- \\ will doubtless never be convinced. A 
sary to save themselves and their j correspondent in one of our western 
children from the certain wretched- ; cities, makes this remark, u There is 

* " It is in vain to declaim about the prejudice of color ; however unreasonable, it will 
long continue to exist, and will prove an effectual bar to the possession and enjoyment 
of the same privilege and advantages which the white population enjoy. If I were a 
colored man, I would not hesitate a moment to relinquish a country where a black skin 
and the lowest degree of degradation are so identified, that scarcely any manifestation 
of talent, or course of good conduct, can entirely overcome the prejudice which *gt» tt t 

and which is as stiong, if not stronger, in the free than in the slaveholding States ; and 

I would use ev-ry exertion to reach a land where it is no crime, and no dishonor, to ap- 
pear in a colon d -kin -a country where no white superiors exist to look down with con- 
tempt upon the colored race, hut wheie they are the lords of the soil, and the rulers of 
the nation. I cannot bit admin.- tin* honest ambition and noble daring of the first emi- 
thih country to Africa. Then no Liberia existed. The Society did not own 



grant-! from this country to Africa. 1 hen no Liberia existed. The Society did not 

one foot of giound on that con'incnt, and it was extremely doubtful whether they would 
be nble lo obtain any tenitojy for a colony. Yet these lion-hearted men, resolved to run 
every ii*k. took, a« it were, their lives in their hands. They went out, like Abraham 
not knowing whiiher th«*y went, or what destiny awaited them. And the event proved" 
that they v,i n« r.illid by the piovidence of (iod, to engage in this hazardous enterprise' 
And 1 fan not but |i-i I pity f«,i tin- grovelling views of many colored men, now residing 
in a ida'e ol degradation in thi* country, who, in Liberia, might rise to wealth and inde- 
pendence, arid jjcihaun, to high and honorable oJiice.."— J!. dU zander, D, D* 



I "^^^"^^^^^^^^^»^^^^ 



-*^^^^H^ 



1847.] Annual Mport of the American Colonization Society. 73 



a very prevalent prejudice among our 
colored people against the noble en- 
terprise of colonization, and it seems 
almost impossible to induce them to 
attend to its claims. A colored Bap- 
tist preacher of our city, prays God 
regularly, that he may never be con- 
vinced of the righteousness of Afri- 
can colonization /" 

There is perhaps no one aspect of 
odr enterprise to which the energies 
of its friends should be directed with 
more intensity and perseverance than 
the one we have been considering. 
It is not for a moment to be supposed 
that the efforts of private benevolence 
will suffice to develope Liberia and 
remove thither the colored people of 
this country. Part of this work it 
has already performed. The corner- 
stone of a great and enlightened repub- 
lic has been laid. The structure has 
been reared in part and prepared for 
the comfort of its inhabitants. Those 
already in it could not be persuaded 
to exchange it for any other. They 
give to the woild the example of a 
moral, well ordered and free commu- 
nity, governed by wise laws of their 
own enacting. 

Now what we need is that the 
eyes of the colored people in this 
country should be opened to see the 
inviting light which Liberia throws 
across the deep ; that their hearts 
should be cultivated to feel the attrac- 
tions that are there, to such a degree 
that nothing can keep them away; 
that unaided and of themselves they 
will cross the Atlantic and make Li- 
beria their home. Then, and not till 1 



then, will the full energies of coloni- 
zation be developed ! 

In our last annual report we men- 
tioned that a company had been 
formed who intended to run a regu- 
lar packet between the Chesapeake 
and Liberia, and that the stock had 
been taken. 

We have now the pleasure of stat- 
ing that a vessel has been built at a 
cost of more than $19,000 with spe- 
cial reference to the accommodation 
of emigrants, having every arrange- 
ment and , fixture which can be de- 
sired for their health and comfort, 
and second only to those of the first 
class of passenger ships. She sailed 
on her first voyage on the 3d of De- 
cember last. It is intended to keep 
her running regularly, making two 
or three voyages, a year according to 
the amount of emigrants and freight 
offered by the Colonization Societies. 

It is believed that the running of 
this packet will not only reduce the 
current expenses of sending out emi- 
grants, but will have a happy influ- 
ence in removing the prejudices of 
the colored people; disabusing their 
minds of the false impressions which 
they have entertained respecting Li- 
beria* and uniting them to their free 
Liberian brethren in bonds which can 
never be sundered. On this subject 
the editor of the Maryland Coloniza- 
tion Journal thus remarks: 

" The building, the launching, and 
the sailing of this packet, thus devot- 
ed to this great missionary work; 
owned in part, and to be mainly own- 
ed by colored people themselves, has 
produced a new era in colonization, 



74 



it has awakened the colored man 
from his torpor — it has broken the 
shell of prejudice in which he had 
been long enveloped — it has proved 
in fact * the sound of a going in the 
tops of the mulberry trees,' and no fear 
need exist, but ' the bestiring of them- 
selves' will follow. We have long 
since declared, and we were the first 
to declare it effectively, that if Li- 
beria was ever to be free, and to be 
well governed, that government must 
be administered by a colored man; 
and we now as firmly believe, that if 
the cause of colonization is to pros- 
per — if the colonies are to receive 
larger and valuable accessions of 
emigrants from this country, it must 
be through the agency and action of 
the colored people themselves; it 
must be in vessels of their own, and 
under their own direction, and we 
view this one barque, this ' Liberia 
Packet,' of which we have said so 
much, for which we have felt so 
much and labored so hard, as but the 
small beginning of an extensive sys- 
tem of operations to be by them 
prosecuted and perfected !" 

The receipts of the past year were 
$39,900 02. Tii is falls short of the 
amount received during the year pre- 
ceding. But by a comparison of the 
Financial Reports of the two years, 
it will be perceived that this can be 
accounted for, without attributing 
any decrease of interest to the pat- 
rons of the Society, or any want of 
efficiency and success to its agents. 
At the opening of our last report, it 
was our mournful duty to record the 
death of several valued friends and 
liberal contributors. From legacies 
left by them to the Society, we re- 
ceived during that year $17,395 44. 

Our present report opens with no 
such record of departed friends, 



tuwtfociei 



^^^^^^^^^*^^^^^^^^ 



while the Financial Report shows 
the total receipts from legacies to be 
only $1,307 20, making a difference 
! in the receipts of the two years of 
$16,088 24, from this source alone. 
In 1845 we received $977 68 for 
the passage of emigrants. The past 
year we have received nothing from 
this source. 

In 1845 the New York Society 
paid their money into our treasury. 
The past year, as already mention* 
ed, they appropriated it themselves, 
without any of it passing through 
our hands. 

These three items alone, added to 
the acknowledged receipts ' of the 
past year, would increase them several 
thousand dollars beyond those of the 
year preceding. 

We are therefore convinced by the 
receipts of the Society that there has 
been during the year a gradual in- 
crease of attachment to this cause ; 
that old friends have held fast their 
integrity; that new friends have been 
made, and that nothing can shake 
the public confidence in the benevo- 
lent character of the enterprise and 
its adaptation to the stupendous 
achievement contemplated by its 
founders. 

We have also arrived at this suns 
conclusion from other sources of 
evidence. From our numerous tad 
attentive correspondents in all parts 
of the country, we have received 
numerous and gratifying tokens of 
increasing favor in their various soc- 
I tions. Our agents are all encouraged 
j in their laborious work, and all, with- 



1847.] Jlnnuat Import of the American Colonization Society. 



73 



oul a single exception, think they I 
aee still brighter days approaching. 



) successful 

>eyond the most sanguine 

ins of the best informed 

i their respective fields of 



They 
money 1 
expectati 
friends ii 
labor. 

The New York Society in their 
last annual report, say : 

"Never before in the history of 
our enterprise lias there been a year 
so fruitful of good as that now termi- 
nating." 

The Massachusetts Society in their J 
last annual report say that their agent 
« Has collected funds in about 
eighty parishes, from forty-five of 
which nothing was received last year 
and many of which were not previ- 
ously accessible." 

By other societies similar senli- : 
ments have been expressed. The 
circulation of the African Reposi- 
tory has increased during the year. 
A new paper called " The Liberia 
Advocate," has been established at : 
St. Louis, Missouri, by the Rev. R. 
S. Finley,on his own private respon- 
sibility and cost. Another has been 
established at Indianapolis under the 
supervision of the Indiana Coloniza- 
tion Society, called the " Coloniza- 
tionist ;" and another at Frankfort 
Kentucky, by the agent of the Ken- 
tucky Colonization Society. One 
peculiar feature of these two last pa- 
pers is, that they are composed of ar- 
ticles furnished by their editors to 
one or more of the political news- 
papers in the places where they an 
published, and then at the end of the 
month they are thrown together and 
published, at little or no expense be- 



fond the mere cost of paper and 
press work. This indicaies a good 
tote of feeling on the part of the 
political press, and a strong confi- 
dence in the goodness of the causa, 
as well as of its popularity among the 
people. 

The state of public affairs in Libe- 
ria, during the past year, has been of 
the most encouraging character. 

In his last message to the Legisla- 
ture, Governor Roberts remarks : 

"Under the fostering care of the 
American Colonization Society, the 
jolony has continued to increase in 
population, intelligence, wealth, and 
importance; 'a little one has be- 
some a thousand,' and is now at- 
tracting the attention of the civilized 

I world. It therefore becomes us, in 
entering once more upon the duties 
of legislation, humbly to acknowl- 
edge our dependence upon Him, who 
is infinite in wisdom and power, as 
our guide and protector ; and to im- 
plore a continuance of His watchful- 
ness over the affairs of these co- 
lonies. 

"We have continued cause for the 
! expression of our gratitude to Al- 
mighty God, that another year finds 
us in the enjoyment of the blessings 
l! of peace, law, order and religion j 
; that the health of our fellow citizens 
has been preserved ; that the earth 

I I has yielded abundant fruits to the 
j labors of the husbandman ; that, 
I notwithstanding the interruptions to 

trade, new activity has been impart- 
1 ed to commerce j and that every 
department of the government seems 
to be going on well and prosperously, 
, excepting only the unsettled state of 
I our affairs in regard to the jurisdic- 
I tion of the colony, and the restric 
| tions imposed by Great Britain, 
j| denying to us the power to exercise 
j sovereign and independent rights, 1 ' 



76 Annual Report of the American Colonizatim Society. [March, 



In almost every department of 
civil, social, religious, and political 
enterprise, there is a manifest im- 
provementover the preceding years. 
Measures were adopted by the Le- 
gislature early in 1846, to extend the 
benefits of public education more 
widely and efficiently than had been 
previously the case. Several impor- 
tant acts were also passed respecting 
public morals, one of which respects 
the better observance of the Sabbath ; 
while another restricts the sale of 
ardent spirits to those who have ob- 
tained a Kcema, for which they are 
obliged to pay fire hundred dollars. 

The receipts into the public trea- 
sury of the Commonwealth exceed- 
ed those of any preceding year. In 
1844, the revenue was $8,175. In 
1815, it was $8,853, being an in- 
crease of #078. The balance in the 
treasury at the close of 1844, was 
•901, at the close of 1845, it was 
$989. The revenue has been suf- 
ficient to meet all the current ex- 
penses of the Government, and leave 
a considerable sum for making im- 
provements, as will be seen by the 
following statement of the receipts 
and expenses laid before the Legis- 
lature at their last annual assembly : 

" Receipts : — Duties on imports, 
♦5,853 : Anchorage and light duty, 



ial vessels 



chant 



ailers. 



«834: Military and court fines, $212: 
Sale of public lands, 9140: Sale of 
sundries at Central Port, $78: De- 
posited by the Executor of D. John- 
ston's estate. $1,975: making a to- 
tal of *8,525. 



" Disbursements: — Paid expenses 
of the Legislature for 1845, $378: 
Paid Lieutenant Governor Benedict, 
for cervices in 1844, *300: Paid 
Judiciary Department, $913: Paid 
for the support of prisoners, Ac, 

• 1,044: Paid for elections, •90: 
Paid expenses of light-house and 
signal master, $226 : Paid pensions, 
•74: Paid for public improvements: 
•2.486 Paid for territory, S457: 
Paid collectors and school teachers, 

• 1,085: Paid balan.-e due the estate 
of W. Savage, «263: Contingencies, 
•212; making a total of $7,536; 
leaving a balance in favor of the trea- 
sury this day of •989." 

The relations of Liberia with the 
surrounding tribes continues of the 
most friendly character. The Com- 
monwealth has pursued a benevolent 
as welt as a just policy toward all 
the neighboring tribes, which has 
won upon their affections and con- 
fidence, and opened the way for 
exerting a favorable influence to civi- 
lize and Christianize them. Hence, 
those tribes are now accessible to 
missionaries and school teecheia, 
many of whom, from among the 
colonists, are laboring among than. 

A most interesting exhibition of 
the kind feelings entertained by the 
citizens of Liberia toward the na- 
tives is seen in the manner in which 
they received and provided for the 
recaplives of the " Slaver Posts.*' 
There were seven hundred and fifty- 
six, naked, starving, savage paupers 
thrown upon their shores. What 
did they do with them? Not what the 
"Mercer county" people did with the 
"Randolph negroes." They took 
them into their houses, clothed aad 



H47.] Annual Report of the American Colonization Society. 77 



fed them, and made provision for 
their- education. Where is there to 
be found a community in this coun- 
try, ready to receive such a popula- 
tion and do for them the charitable 
and humane part that the Liberians 
did by these poor wretches? To 
educate in all the arts and refine- 
ments of civijized life, such a com- 
pany of the wildest savages, is a 
work of no small difficulty and ex- 
pense ; but still it was undertaken 
with cheerfulness, and has thus far 
been carried on without complaint. 
And yet the citizens of Liberia have 
had a vast amount of trouble with 
these recaptives. They knew noth- 
ing of laboring for a living-r-they 
were destitute of moral principle — 
they were adverse to all kinds of 
restraint — they were unwilling to 
submit to law, or observe order; 
hence, they were ready for any 
wickedness that offered itself. Many 
of them left the homes that were 
provided for them, and wandered 
about in the neighborhood of the 
settlements, stealing whatever they 
could lay their hands upon, and 
committing all manner of depreda- 
tions. Nor is this to be wondered 
at, when we remember that many of 
them came from tribes who 

44 Devoured each other like the beatti, 
" Gorging on human flesh;" 

and that it is not the work of a day 
or a year to tame the savage breast, 
or to transform the tiger into a lamb. 

We are however happy to have 
it in our power to state that many 
of them have uniformly conducted 



themselves with propriety, and that 
they are making rapid improvement 
in civilization, manners, industry, 
and the minor branches of educa- 
tion. Many of those who left their 
homes to roam about the country, 
have returned to them, and now 
seem contented. 

They all express the most heart- 
felt gratitude for their deliverance 
from the wretched doom that awaited 
them in the "Pons," and for their 
being landed at Liberia, rather than 
at Cabinda or vicinity, from whence 
they would soon and certainly have 
been again torn and sold to the slaver. 
They are proud to adopt civilized 
habits, and show great eagerness and 
aptness in their acquisition of the 
English language. 

From these considerations, we are 
led to hope, that, ultimately, they 
will make good citizens of Liberia, 
and be the honored instruments in 
the hands of God of introducing the 
principles of civilization and Chris- 
tianity among the heathen tribes to 
which they originally belonged, and 
thus add another to the already 
numerous instances in which God has 
"educed good out of evil," caused 
the " wrath of man to praise him, and 
restrained the remainder of his wrath" 
in the dispensations of His Provi- 
dence toward the African race. . 

We cannot, in this connexion, re- 
frain from making a remark or two 
concerning the manner in which 
these recaptives were thrown, thus 
destitute, upon the bounty of the 
Liberians. 



78 Annual Report of the American Colonization Society. [March, 



It is well understood that it is a 



carries them back to the coast and 



part of the policy of the United | pitches them on shore, in a sick and 
States Government, in their efforts j dying condition, and makes no provi- 
sion for taking care of them even for 
a single day ! This cannot be re- 
garded in any other light than that 
of sheer injustice to the recaptives, 
and oppression to the citizens of Li- 
beria* There is no obligation rest- 
ing on them to support these people. 
| They have to struggle hard to take 
care of themselves, unaided by gov- 
ernmental protection, and ^oppress- 
ed by those stronger than them- 
selves. 

We, therefore, earnestly hope that 
the United States Government will 
soon make some more liberal pro* 
vision for carrying out their efforts 
for the suppression of the slave trade. 
It ought not to be expected that the 
citizens of Liberia should assume 
the responsibility, and meet the ex- 
pense of the support and education 
of all recaptives whom the United 
States squadron may land on their 
soil. 

It is an acknowledged fact, that 
Liberia has done, and is now doing, 
more for the suppression of the 
8 lave trade than the combined na- 
vies of the world. Her influence 
will be powerful for this end f just in 
proportion to her general prosperity 
and enlargement. If, therefore, the 
United States Government is anxious 
to suppress the slave trade, and 
doubt not she is, and if she des 
to accomplish it in the most expedi- 
tious and successful way, it is a dic- 
tate of sound wisdom, thatshe should 



to suppress the slave trade, to re- 
turn the slaves found on board of 
slave ships, which are captured by 
our men-of-war, to the coast, and 
land them at Liberia. But it is 
not so well understood that the 
Government makes no provision 
for their comfort and support after 
they are thus landed. What right 
has the United States Government 
to throw them upon the mercy of 
the infant settlements there? Mani- 
festly none at all. 

Formerly the law of 1819 was 
understood to make provision for 
supporting recaptives after being 
landed in Liberia, until tliev could 
take care of themselves. President 
Monroe so interpreted it, and acted 
accordingly. But of late years the 
attorney generals have construed the 
law differently, and have decided 
that it simply provides for returning 
recaptives to Liberia, and for keep- 
ing a "United Slates agent for re- 
captured Africans" there ; and then 
leaves them entirely destitute, and ' 
him without a dollar to provide for j 
their comfort. This is a most sin- i 
gular case indeed. Our government ■' 
has engaged in a humane effort to I 
benefit the poor Africans, by sup- 
pressing the slave trade. For this 
purpose, it supports a squadron on 
the coast at a very heavy expense. 
One of the vessels of this squadron, 
carrying out her instructions, seizes 
a slave ship with upwards of nine 
hundred children and youth on board, 



1847.] Annual Report of the American Colonization Society. 



79 



in every constitutional and conceiva- 
ble manner assist (instead of retard) 
the Commonwealth of Liberia, ma- 
king it the instrument for the sup- 
pression of that gigantic evil, and the 
extension of the principles of civiliza- 
tion and good government, and the 
enlargement of the sphere of Ameri- 
can commerce. 

In the last Annual Report it was 
stated that the fund for the purchase 
of territory had all been subscribed, 
and more than half of it paid into 
the treasury. Since that time, the 
balance of it, excepting $1,500, has 
been paid, and forwarded to Liberia. 
With these means, considerable pro- 
gress has been made in achieving 
this desirable object. Governor Rob- 
erts in his message, January, 1846, 
says: 

"In conformity with an act of the 
last session of the Legislature, au- 
thorizing the purchase of certain ter- 
ritory in the Little Bassa country 
—Messrs. Teage and Brown, duly 
commissioned, proceeded to Bassa, 
in Febuary last, and succeeded in 
purchasing the remaining portion of 
that country, which secures to the 
commonwealth an unbroken line of 
coast from Digby to Grand Bassa 
point. We have also succeeded in 
extinguishing the native title to the 
entire Sinou country, which gives us 
at that point some forty miles of sea 
coast, and will be a great acquisition 
to the settlement of Greenville. In 
both instances, the native tribes have 
not only ceded to the colony the 
right of soil, but have also, by a for- 
mal compact, surrendered to this 
government the supreme judicial au- 
thority and political jurisdiction and 
control over the persons and proper- 
ty of all within that territory— end, 



at their own special request, they 
have been permitted to incorporate 
themselves with the colonists, sub- 
scribe to the constitution and laws 
of the cnmmonwealih, become citi- 
zens of Liberia, and as such are en- 
titled to the care and protection of 
this government.'' 

The sloop '• Economy " was 
chartered by Governor Roberts, and 
sailed on the 9lh of January last 
with a full and suitable cargo of 
merchandize, in the. charge of two 
commissioners who were appointed 
for the purpose, ami who were au- 
thorized to contract for all the un- 
I purchased territory lying between 
Grand Bassa Point and Grand Ces- 

ters. 

Of their success, Governor Rob- 
erts remarks in his despatch of June 
25th: 

u I am happy to be able to 
inform you that the commissioners 
despatched not long since, of which 
you have been advised, to treat witr) 
the natives for territory, have suc- 
ceeded quite as well as I had any 
reason to expect, indeed, beyond 
my most sanguine hopes. 

"I have the honor herewith to 
transmit lo you copies of deeds for ten 
tracts of country purchased from the 
native chiefs ; commencing at the 
south-east termination of our pur- 
chase from the Blue Barra tribe, and 
extending along the coast about eigh- 
ty miles, embracing all the territory, 
except Settra Kroo, lying between 
Little Kroo and Little Sestors inclu- 
sive ; also eight miles of sea coast, 
farther north, embracing all the 
Tassoo and Baffbo Bay territory. 

"I feel pretty sanguine that, with 
the twenty thousand dollars, we 
shall be able to secure all the terri- 
tory we need, f am, at present* 
I more concerned about New Cesters, 



8U 



Annual Report of the American Colonization Society. CM"** 



Trade Town, and Settra Kroo, than 
any other points along the coast 
The slavers at the former and foreign I 1 
traders at the latter places, are doing 
all in their power to arrest our nego- 
tiations with the natives. 

■'We shall, however, no doubt suc- 
ceed ; though we may, in eonse- ' 
quence of such interference, have to 
pay a pretty round sum. Grand 
Cape Mount we must also have if 
practicable. I hope after the arrival 
of the next vessel with supplies, soon 
to be able to give a good account of 
our doings." 

The proposition relative to tlic 
Independence of Liberia, adopted at 
the last annual meeting of the Boa 
of Directors, was sent to Governor 
Roberts, by the first. opportunity. 
He issued a proclamation, convening 
the Legislative Council on the 13 
of July, to consider what measures! 
they would adopt on the subject.. 
They remained in session three day 9. 
during which time the members e 
pressed their sentiments fully ami' 
earnestly. Great interest prevail 
among the community, who flocknl 
to hear the discussions. 

The result of these deliberations, 
was embodied in the following reso 
lution : 

"Besolved, That the Governor be 
instructed to command the people Ira 
proclamation issued in reasonable 
time, 10 meet in the respective towns 
and villages in the commonwealth, 
on such day as the Governor may 
select, to make such disposition of 
the said resolutions (of the Board of 
Directors of the American Coloniza- 
tion Society) and to take auch further 
action in the premises, as in their 
wisdom they may deem proper." 

Of this resolution Governor Ro- 



berta, in his despatch of the 19th of 
October, remarks : 

You will perceive by the pro- 
ceedings of the legislature, herewith 
transmitted, that the preamble and 
resolutions have been submitted to 
the consideration of the people, who 
will determine, by a solemn vote, 
what disposition shall be mads of 
them, and should a new organization 
be determined upon, to' fix. upon the 
course proper to be adopted for 
carrying into effect the suggestion 
of the Board, contained in said reso- 
lutions. 

"By proclamation, Tuesday, 27th 
instant, is fixed as the day on which 
the people, throughout the common- 
wealth, will assemble in the variooi 
towns and villages to vote on (ha 
question." 

The election was accordingly held 
on the 27th October and it was ascer- 
tained that a majority of the people 
were in favor of assuming the entire 
responsibility of their government. 

In hia despatch of November 9, 
Governor Roberts says : 

" I have only time to inform yoi 
that the vote of the citizens, takes 
011 the 27th ultimo, on the question 
of independence, is in favor of adopt- 
ing the suggestions of the Board, 
land recommends the call or a con- 
ven'ion to draft a constitution forth* 
common weal ill. The legislature at 
, its session in January next, will, of 
course, order a convention and adopt 
rules for its government." 

It will thus appear that the citixaas 
of Liberia are proceeding in Una 
difficult and responsible matter, win 
that calmness and deliberation which. 
the importance of the occasion de- 
mands. In this respect, they gjaa 
us much hope that in the future stay 
will manage their affairs with wiejjhjav 



1847.] Annual Report of the American Colonization Society, 



81 



and discretion ; that when the hour 
of trial comes, they will be found to 
possess sufficient nerve to meet it, 
sufficient knowledge and weight of 
character, to carry themselves nobly 
through. They will doubtless con- 
struct their new constitution on the 
soundest republican principles, wisely 
arranged, and judiciously adapted to 
their peculiar condition and circum- 
stances. 

The question has been frequently 
asked us, u what reason have you to 
believe that Liberia will maintain her 
independence: that she will not be 
persuaded, or bought, to be the colo- 
ny of some more influential and 
powerful nation ?■" We cannot an- 
swer this in any way so well as by 
qnoting the following language from 
Che Liberia Herald : 

44 It were not unnatural for the 
members to ask themselves what as- 
surance have we, that the people of 
Liberia will not, when sovereign 
power be lodged in their own hand, 
seek some other alliance as a means 
of strength and of security against 
insult and aggression. And when it 
is recollected how much American 
philanthropy has done for the colony, 
how great sacrifices colonizationists 
have made of lime, of ease, of money 
and of life, to conduct it to its present 
condition ; how highly they prize it 
as a practical illustration of the effici- 
ency and energy of American benevo- 
lence, and with what intense interest 
they cannot but regard it as an ex- 
tension to the eastern hemisphere of 
(hose principles of republican liber- 
ty and popular institutions, which, 
among the moderns, their fathers 
were the first who had the sagacity 
to discover, the independence to 
proclaim and the courage to defend 
6 



— when these circumstances are pres- 
ent to the mind, not only does the 
question not appear unnatural, but 
rather one which would arise with 
prompt and ready spontaneity ; and 
thus arising become the subject of 
deep and anxious thought. 

"But we think we do but speak 
the fixed sentiment of the whole peo- 
ple of these colonies, without the 
exception of a single individual ca- 
pable of thought, when we say, the 
great object which at first brought 
us to Africa is still kindly and ten- 
derly cherished. That great object 
which loomed in all its grandeur of 
ouiline before our eye — which daz- 
zled in our imagination, and roused 
lofty aspirations, and lured us on 
from home, aud kindred and social 
endearments — which induced us with 
patience to suffer, and with fortitude 
to endure — which gathered motive 
from danger and strength from defeat: 
that grand object, to plant a nation of 
colored people on the soil of Afriea, 
adorned and dignified with the at- 
tributes of a civilized and Christian 
community, is still the object dearer 
than all others to every Liberian. 
Indeed, so throughly are we pene- 
trated with the conviction of the ne- 
cessity, that in order to the consum- 
mation of this purpose we should 
stand alone and unembarrassed with 
any foreign allegiance, we should re- 
gard the document which conveyed 
away our independence nothing lees 
than the record of an abject fate to 
last through all coming time. Better, 
far better will it be for us that <tceiv- 
tury find us still a weak and lk feeble 
folk" than to bend an ignoble* neck 
to the Anglo-Saxon yoke— of tfboue 
unclenching tenacity, when once it 
has grappled, the whole history of 
the modern world affords most melan- 
choly examples. 

u On this score the society need 
entertain no apprehension. Here 
motives the most powerful — fear and 



82 



Annual Report of the American Colonization Society. [March, 



hope and burning desire, all concur 
to forbid treachery and to sustain 
honor and integrity." 

Sentiments similar to these, are 
held by the great majority of the ci- 
tizens of Liberia. They seem to de- 
sire, that patriotism and a proper 
sense of the duty they owe to them- 
selves and their posterity, should 



at once, to be sent to Liberia, wnre 
! they fully satisfied that they would 
there find a permanent, safe, and in- 
, dependent abode for them. 

The attention of many at the Sooth 
is directed towards Liberia with in- 
tense anxiety. Many aie educating 
a part or the whole of their slaves. 
with the intention of sending them 



characterize every action they are i t0 Liberia alsome fulure Ume H(W 
called upon to perform, and every 
step they take in a policy on which 



important it is, therefore, that all 
should be able to cast their eve* 



hangs the future destiny of their :across lhc ^ an(1 behold Qn ^ 
growing republic. They seem fully " UorQH of Africa a free and happv 
to appreciate the important fact, that, repuh]iCj C0lnD08e d am i fcoverna! 
a crisis has now arrived, when, by a | entirely by colored men, where every 
firm and unbending course, by high | honest citizen feels that the incubus 
resolve and united effort, and strict j which pressed him down in every 
integrity and virtue, they may prove ,;i am i i 3 gone, and that he stands np- 
to a demonstration, and show to the j on nil equality, as to rights, privi- 
world that their race is capable of i e g es aud prospects, with any ojher 

man in the world. 

The past history of Liberia, though 
its results are but imperfectly de- 
veloped, convinces us that her fu- 
turity will be bright and glorious. 

44 Enough," in the language of the 
North American Review, *• already 
appears to make it certain, that it 

unaided by the whites. There are i wil1 maintain its existence ; that it 



8c f f-gnv crnment. 

U they succeed in convincing men 
generally of this fact, it will have a 
tremendous influence in their favor. 
There are thousands of their own 
color in this country, who do not be- 
lieve that they can ever maintain a 
respectable government themselves, i 

■ 

multitudes of the whites whoare very I wi " be * ThL *"* . flouri «W"8 *+ 
. ,. . . /. | public, and, like other republic*, 

unbelieving on the same grounds. : w - |ln a \\ its ^ u \^ it wiU be a r reflIfe 



Among the colored people are many 
who would go to Liberia were they 
convinced that they would find a | 



refuge 

for the oppressed; that it will hate 
power to drive the slave trade front 
its borders, and to send the light of 
humanity into the darkness of tbt 



comfortable home there, apd find , Continent, where it stands, like .„ 
themselves and their associates in cir- j light on the edge of a black cloud, 
cumstanccs favorable to their rising !!? ivin £ promise that the shadow shall 



to a respectable standing among the > 
nations of the earth. Many slave- ! 
holders would give up their slaves i 



pass away, 

'• More than once it has encoun- 
tered the tempest of resistance which 
would have destroyed it, had it 



1847.] Annual Report of the American Colonization Society. 83 



less firmly set in the conscience and a book which will richly repay the 

affection of its supporters, but which, most care ful perusal. 

as it is, has given up a deeper root, . 

a mightier bough, and a richer depth M Whether this colony was com- 

t>f foliage, to shelter those who sit menced in wisdom, or imprudently, 

undtr its extending shade. It has « it now exists, and cannot be aban- 

yet much to contend with, as ourjdoned. There it stands on the sav- 



Government cannot take it under its 
full protection, it must depend in a 
great measure upon the sense of | 
honor and right, which prevails j 
among the nations of the earth. We ! 
wish it could place more ample con- j 
fidence in this moral sense ; but, if! 
the conscience of nations is weak, 



age coast .of Africa, and is likely to 
exist for a long time to come. Hith- 
erto no ill consequence has followed 
from the prosecution of the scheme 
of colonization, except the sacrifice 
of a number of valuable lives on a 
coast peculiarly unfavorable to the 
constitution of white men. It has 



there is nothing which any one of j provided a home for some thousands 
them could gain by injury to Liberia, , of colored people, a large portion of 
and this is a guaranty on which it \ whom exchanged slavery for free- 
•can more safely rely. Sometimes a I dom, ami a degraded condition in 
small naval officer may glory over iti society for one of independence and 
•in the wantonness of power, which jj dignity. Who cair doubt that the 
has been committed to his unworthy j! colonists of Liberia are in afar mope 
Innds; but it is hoped that such airs ,1 eligible state, than if they had re- 
•of importance will be prevented, if ;j mained in this country? And who 
not censured; they cannot be per- ! can tell the beneficial influence which 
mitted without reproach to the nation iliey may hereafter exert on the na»- 
which allows them. Our own ofli- live inhabitants of the dark continent 
cers have done themselves great of Africa? This little free republic 
honor by the kind and manly inter- may, (or ought we know, be thegerm 
est which they have manifested in • of a great and flourishing empire. 



the colony, and the open testimony 
in its favor which they have been 
ready to give. We hope that it will 
he strong enough to work out its 
own results in peace. Prejudice itself 



Look back three hundred years, and 
you will see a few feeble colonies of 
Europeans struggling with the most 
formidable difficulties, and often on 
the very verge of extinction. And 



cannot well point out any harm which j now behold these small colonies 
it can do; while there is good reason to grown to be one of the most pow- 



hope that it will afford a refuge for the 
oppressed, and be the means of mak- 
ing to injured Africa some late atone- 
ment for its numberless wrongs." 

In connection with these senti- 
ments, we cannot refrain from calling 
attention to the following views of 
Rev. A. A. Alexander, D. D., one of 
the oldest and most carefully obser- 
vant friends of colonization. They 
are contained in the " Introduction" 
to his •* History of Colonization," 



erf ul nations upon the earth ; es- 
l tending their commerce to every 
' quarter of the habitable globe ; pro- 
j (lucing by agriculture, in rich abun- 
dance, all the articles most necessary 
for man's subsistence ; and manufac- 
turing clothing far more tban is 
needed by its twenty millions of in- 
habitants. Let it be considered thai 
the samebenignantProvidence which 
watched over this rising country, and 
raised it to its present eminence 
among the nations of the earth, hat 
also smiled on the infant republic of 



84 Annual Report of the American Colonization Society. [March, 



Liberia. The indications of Divine 
favor towards this colony have been 
most marked, and some of them tru- 
ly extraordinary, as will mostly fully 
appear in the events recorded in the 
following history. 

"The principal difficulties have been 
encountered and overcome. A work 
has been achieved, by a few indefati- 
gable and philanthropic men, which, 
If* posterity, will, we doubt not, ap- 
pear the most interesting and remark- 
able event of the first part of the 
nineteenth century. No such work 
was ever before accomplished by 
means so inadequate. Unless Pro- 
dence had signally prospered the en- 
terprise, the object could never have 
been realized. It is to us, who have 
with interest marked every disaster, 
and every siep of the progress, a 
most astonishing object of contem- 
plation, that a private association, in 
a little more than twenty years, 
ghould, by voluntary contributions, 
without the aid of general govern- 
ment, have been able to establish a 
well ordered and happy republic on 
the desert shore of Africa, at the dis- 
tance of three or four thousand miles ! 
This is, indeed, a thing which would 
scarcely be credited, if its truth de- 
pended on common hist rica) testi- 
mony. The idea of removing all the 
colored population of this country, 
has been ridiculed as fanciful and im- 
practicable. But however short the 
enterprise may come of accomplish- 
ing all that would be desirable, in 
regard to this unhappy raee, yet let 
k be kept in mind, that whatever 
may be accomplished, it so much 
elear gain ; gain to those who go, by 
greatly meliorating their condition ; 
gain to those who stay, by diminish- 
ing their number ; gain to the white 
population who desire to be exempt 
from this class of people, and pros- 
pectively an inconceivable gain to 
Africa, by kindling on her borders 
the light of Christianity, civilization, 
and useful science." 



The onlt rational fear that can be 
entertained in regard to the probabil- 
ity that the citizens of Liberia will* 
be found inadequate to the emergency 
of self-government, arises from the 
time in which they have been train- 
ing for this responsible doty. As to 
their natural capacities, it is too late 
to doubt. 

"The primary elements of miriil," 
8 ay s a late eloquent writer, u in Africa 
are, essentially, what they are iu 
similar circumstances every where 
else in the world. The poweiful 
appliances of civilization, science, 
and religion, will find susceptibilities 
in the African intellect, and plied 
long enough, will effect the samr 
evolutions of mental capacities, the 
same inventive- powers— -the same 
enterprise, and will give the same 
general direction to the deathless 
energy of mind there as in any other 
quarter of the globe. It is a libel on 
the benevolence of God, to suppose 
that he has created a race- of rational 
beings with so stinted mental endow- 
ments, that with proper culture they 
cannot be sufficiently developed and 
disciplined, to avail themselves) of 
the bounteous means of a happy 
temporal existence within their reach, 
and also to rise to those noble des- 
tinies of an immortal nature, for 
which man was made." 

Entertaining these views, and be- 
lieving that the past training of the 
Liberian mind has disenthralled .it, 
enthroned it in its peculiar sovereign* 
ty and power, and invested it with 
the majesty of an enlightened eon* 
science and Christian sentiment, saf» 
ficiently to enable it to stand erect 
under the immense responsibility of 
self control, we anticipate for Li- 
beria a bright career of future fjsjft* 
fulness! Every faculty will bt 



1847. ] Annual Meeting of the American Colonization Society. 85 



aroused— every energy awakened, 
«nd with the favoring smiles of a 
beneficent Providence, their course 
nrrjst be onward and upward. 

In closing our review of the promi- 
nent events of the last year, we 
allude to one evidence that the sup- 
port of this cause has become a mat- 
ter of deep principle with the com- 
munity, generally. We have made 
no special appeal for funds during 
the year. We have presented no 
strong case, calling for immediate 
telief. During the preceding year, 
there were several such topics pre- 
-sented, and many persons were in- 
duced to contribute in view of them, 
who would not have done it other- 



wise. But the amount paid into the 
treasury the past year, has been 
given under the influence of no 
special plea. No popular enthusiasm 
has gathered around some emergency 
— Kited it, and borne it onward. On 
the contrary, the great principles, 
and the general operations of the 
Society, being well understood, it has 
been sustained by the thoughtful 
convictions, and the enlightened be- 
nevolence of the wise and the good. 
We may, therefore, rely upon 
them for assistance in our future 
operations, at the same time that we 
calculate to make many new friends, 
and greatly enlarge the sphere of our 
usefulness. 



^rtracts fvom l\)t pxoctclxn^ of t&e ttjirtictj) Annual JBcctinfl of n)e American 

Colontjatiin Socutp. 



Washington City, 

January 19, 1847. 

The American Colonization So- 
ciety met in the First Presbyterian 
Church, at 7 o'clock, p. m., agreea- 
bly to adjournment. In the absence 
of the President, the Hon. Elisha 
Whittlesey, the oldest Vice Presi- 
dent present, took the chair, and 
called the meeting to order. 

The Rev. Mr. Wynkoop invoked 
the Divine blessing. 

The Secretary read extracts from 
the Annual Rrport. 

The Hon. Judge Douglass, of 
Illinois, offered the following resolu- 
tion : 

Resolved, That the report be ac- 
cepted, and referred to the Board 
of Directors. 



Judge D. said, he did not rise to 
make a speech ; but there were two 
thoughts presented in the report 
which he considered worthy of some 
amplification. One of the most in- 
teresting features about the scheme 
of colonization is its influence on 
the slave trade. The experiment 
o( the value of naval forces to sup- 
press this trade has been fairly made, 
and has failed ; ami it is now the 
deliberate sentiment of all who have 
considered the subject, that some 
more effectual and rapid means must 
be devised before we can ever hope to 
see the extinction of this enormous 
outrage on humanity and religion! 

From what has been already done 
by colonization, we infer that it has 
an inherent power which nothing 
else possesses ; and looking at the 
principles which have controlled its 
movements, we discern in them an 
adaptation to this very result. Two 
important influences are exerted by 



^^^^^**^^^^*^^*^^*^^^^^^^^#*^^^^^^^^^^^*i^^ 



86 Annual Meeting of the American Colonization Society. [March, 

it. A barrier is erected along the their national efforts by this society, 
coast which excludes the slaver from thev will ever be inclined to trade 
entrance, and cuts off his intercourse j with this country, and thus open to 
with the native tribes, who alone ; our merchant ships wide fields of 
can supply the victims of his traffic: ji wealth! 
and then *it enters into the town or j ^j ie g real rivalry between Ameri- 



settlement of the natives by its 
divine and sovereign power, changes 
their minds respecting this traffic — 
teaches them the feelings of a no- 
bler nature — introduces them to a 
more valuable commerce, and thus 
regenerates and reorganizes the state 
of society, and renders it impossi- 
ble to find a person who is willing 



caand England is a straggle to con- 
trol the commerce of the world. 
The sails of each country now 
whiten every sea. We are- rivals fnr 
power, for commerce, for the wealth 
of other lands. 

The policy of England is to fix 
herself on this point, and plant her 
standard on that promontory, and 



to sell the victims to the slaver. ;: lnus 8pr ead abroad her influence and 
Thus the work is done— done cffec-! | ier power unl n sne can control the 
tually. A wall i* thrown up by the ji commerce of the world S 
colonial settlements along the coast fc R(>w . g Affica ^ ^ conlro]leA? Bv 

which secures us a defence, umil |; ,, iberia ? No olher settlement, and 

the minds of the natives can be i , 1 i ir r • 

A , , . ,. /v ,, • " no oiher power has half so Fair an op- 

reached and changed! Give this i, . •« r i • ,. i~ . -l 

• . «. • i -. i i i ' : portunity of laying under contribu- 

society the aid it demands, and is j J. , J . - . * c *i * 

a* i .i I tion the vast interior of that con- 

worthv to receive, and soon they r . ,• »•. • • i .- i i . 

., - , .. • ', , ,, i J « tinent Liberia is destined, and at 

will extend their settlements all alone: ,. . A , 4 4 , ' 

., . i .1 • . u» ",. no distant day. to control a commerce 

the coast, and this ternble scourge! r . i i •. » 

ui .. r .u ,u b i, of immense value, and it must thus 

shall disappear from the earth! ji . . , r ,,, . f 

_. V _ . . become, itself, a wealthy and power- 

The other aspect of colonization ful nalion . Theil| it is not to ^ 
to which he wished to allude, was ) supposed lhat America will have no 
lis bearing on the extension of Jimcr- { share in lhcir faV0Ff an j no if| 

icon commerce! It addresses itsell j lheir trjule# Their government on- 
to us Ameiicans as patriots ! It ap- ' rinate(! among those who were bofn 
peals to us as the friends of com- I on American soil. The feelings or 
merce and the general prosperity ofji alilU( | e will biml lnem ^ W --.fa 
our who e country. If there shall | COIllllllIllily f language— of feeling*. 
be a colony built up on the shores | !and ()f climale% will all len( l %> 
of Afri.-a, who can tell the enlarge- j alienale t» icrn from other govern- 
ment that it will give to commerce ! i |ncnts and bind lhcm t0 our8 , 
When their citizens shall number , , u lhis aspectof lhe subject, everv 
20, ;>0, or 100 thousand, they will ; .American citizen has a deep in"- 
jiresont a market for our surplus : teresl in lhe prosp erity of Liberia, 
manufactures and bread stuffs which ! am , , he en largment of the means or 
will be of immense value. Hut this - lhe Colonization Society. 
is not all — thev will form as it were ! ' T , . 111% 

the entrance to all tl.e interior of that ! ! In , c ™ c lusum ' Ju < ]&.?• . coa ' 
vast and immensely rich continent ! : ! mendcd th f e cause t0 ,,,C . l * 0n } . V*' 
Thc power of the r.^t must and ! ' ona K e of . « v fT J«»ot, ph,l»- 

— ;n k ,.« #i.« ~ « 1 r a • ,! thropist and Christian in the land. 
will have the ommand of the in-', ' . . . - - . - ™ Wi 

t-rinr! If ilia: power is l.ri.1 ny men '■' as «"»» e »'l.V worthy of their tree 
eent from thin country, i.urtnred and < de ™" on and ,lberal «»»"buiu». 
grown under our institutions, and |j r ^ ne ^ ef# ^oe\ P ar k er > D. D. t of 
by our fostering care and aid, in f Philadelphia, seconded the resoln- 



teit-] Annual Meeting of the American Colonization Socttty. 87 



tiOn offered by Judge Douglass, and 



many years. Fourteen years ago, 
I first went to leside in a slave stale, 
] had previously studied carefully 
the condition of the free people of 
color in the free Stales. Then, I 
commenced acquaintance with them 
in the slave Stales, as well as with 
the slaves. And the result was, I 
became convinced of what I had long 
felt — it is important that we do some- 
thing for these people, and that we 
do it in the right lime, and with the 
right spirit. 

But what shall we do for them ? 
What can we do? Where shall it 
be done ? How ? 

I am thoroughly convinced that 
there is a better thing than the mere- 
ly doing away with slavery, which 
some persons seem to think is the 
"chiefVnd of man." The elevation 
of the colored race is lhat better 
work ! We must raise their charac- 
ter by education and religion ! If we 
do our duly in this respect, die in- 
fluence of it will be seen every where. 
Convince the world lhat ihey are 
capable of self-government — educate 
them to the ability 10 enjoy freedom, 
prepare a place where ihey be indeed 
free, and more slaves wilt he offered 
to you than you can get the means 
to transport. 

There seems to me in connection 
with ihis subject a beautiful illustra- 
tion of what Hall calls, "a fetch in 
Divine Providence.'' God had a 
design in bringing these people to 
tliis country in the way he did. We 
cannot probahly comprehend the 
whole of it, but this we can see, he 
has secured the education of those 
who to all human appearance would 
noi and could nnt have been educated 
in any other way. There are now in 
this country more than 300,000 Afri- 
cans who can read and write, who 



I could not have done il if it had not 
| been for the slave trade ! There are 
I many in this country and in Liberia, 
who are capable of preaching ihe gos- 
pel, ediiing papers, and performing 
all the duties of civil life, who must 
have remained in total darkness but 
for this trade! How came these peo- 
ple by all ihis knowledge ? Did any 
body go to Africa and leach them ? 
No ! Et has been done by slavery ! It 
has often been said, that " the school 
of adversity" is one of ihe best thai 
has ever been established. It rciay 
have a practical application in their 
case. They have been in many in- 
stances hardly dealt by. They have 
'indured much. But they have arisen 
through it all. And you compare 
| their present condition with thai of 
: iheir kindred in Africa, and the one is 
infinitely above the oiher. No body 
can doubt this. Some of them have 
come up faster than others. Ths 
most hopeful among them take the 
foremost rank. But have all been 
benefited by being brought to this 
, country T 

And now we send them back to 
Africa, with a preparation for doing a 
! great work there, which we never 
"• could have imparted to ihem in any 

I other way. The Liberians have ideas 

j of education, of government, and of 

II all the relations of life, such as can 
I be found at no Missionary Station on 

Ihe face of the earth. We cannot 
I make ihe Sandwich Islanders feel and 
I think as the Liberians do ! 
I In this view of the subject, we 
I may perceive at least one. good which 

slavery has done to Africa, and ihe 
1 question may wiih propriety be asked 
I whether it has not done for Africa 

more good than harmf Are. there 

not 10,000,000 of slaves along the 
J coast and 40,000,000 in the interioi, 
j whose condition is infinitely worse 
J than any in this country ! 

It is not for me to say what might 
1 have been done for ihe welfare of 



^^^^^ta^ n %^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



88 Annual Meeting of the American Colonization Society. [March, 



Africa had not the slave trade existed. 
Hut if any body supposes that more 



every hand, in this country and in 
Africa. Wo must therefore go ou 



would have been done under those , slowly. It has been, perhaps, the 
eircu instances than has been under f *'~~ - rT :| -— -- - 1 --* ■-— *■ ' 



the present, let them answer this 
question, what ought to induce the 
benevolent to aid the millions in 
Africa ? Why their deep wretched- 
ness and ruin ! Who can look upon 



salvation of Liberia that but few emi- 
grants have been sent each vear. 
Time has then been given for them 
to grow up to full strength and vigor 
of intellect, and to feel the value of 
their government. Had there been 



them and feel deeply and desire to | 20,000 or 30,000 raw recruits thrown 



extend some relief! Well then, if 
their deeply wretched condition is 
the exciting cause of whatever has 
been done for them, and if the slave 
trade has made their condition worse 
than it otherwise would have been, 
then surely more has been done for 



in upon them, they would have con- 
stituted an ungovernable mass and 
endangered the republic. But we 
have gone on slowly — we have now 
a few men, able to govern a small 
nation— have schools for all— 
churches for all — all are under good 



them, than would have been done, if jj training — they are able to receive 756 
the blave trade had not existed? Is not { \ wild savages at once, and take care 
that fair reasoning? The contrary J of them and put them in a course of 



training for future usefulness. There 
are men of wealth among them and 
men of experience, and now they all 
move on safely. 

And you must go to Liberia, if 
! you would appreciate the full bless- 
> ings of colonization. You must study 
' character there and compare it with 
! character here, in order to see whtl 
j a redeeming influence there is in plac- 
ing them out from under the shadow 
of the whites, and in circumstances 
where the full responsibility of their 
own government and elevation rests 
upon themselves. Liberia imparts a 
new tone to the character of the Afri- 
can race, such as they can get no- 
where else, and such as will distin- 



certainly cannot be proved. But we 
have nothing to do with the ifs and ! 
the amis in the case. We have taken 
the broad ground that slavery has 
done Africa and the African race, a 
good — a great %ood, and we believe 
that all must admit the facts 1 

The question, however, still re- 
curs, what more can we, ought we 
to do for Africa, and for this country ? 
Benevolence demands that something 
be done. Their condition is far from 
comfortable, even in the free States, 
and under the most favorable circum- 
stances in this country. I freely con- 
fess 1 can sec no prospect of ulti- 
mately benefiting the race by liber- 
ating the slaves and sending them to 
the free States. And it follows there- ji guish them wherever they go. When 



fore, that I can see no prospect of j 
elevating the race to that point at 
which they ought to be, while they 
remain in this conntrv. Without 
amalgamation, perfect equality cannot 
exist between any two different races, 
of course this is out of the question. 
They can never be merged into and j 
lost among the whites. This is as 



I was in New Orleans, some of the 
colonists who had gone from Missis- 
sippi, returned to see their friends 
and attend to some business, and 
among them was a preacher, who 
came back improved in his personal 
appearance, in his language, in his 
dress and address, which showed that 
he had studied much, and seen much. 



undesirable as it is impossible. i that he had felt new influences oper- 

If we send them to Liberia, we ;, ating upon him, that he respected 

have difficulties to encounter on u himself and he thereby commanded 



1847.] Annual Meeting of the American Colonization Society. 89 



the respects of others. I saw this in 
that community, in my own church, 
and among my elders, for he was in- 
vited to preach on Sabbath night in 
a church on the other side of La- 
fayette square from which mine stood, 
and in which I was to preach at the 
seme hour, and lo ! my congregation 
left me, and some of my elders went 
to hear him ! What was it that crea- 
ted this interest ? He felt the influ- 
ence* oft freedom ! 

An instance was related to me by 
a friend in Kentucky, which illus- 
trates this idea well. A man by the 
name of Dick Jones had gone from 
that neighborhood, and having resid- 
ed four years in Liberia, came back 
to the county town where he had 
formerly resided, the court was in 
session at the time, and much anxiety 
was shown to see Dick and see how 
he liked Liberia. So they brought 
him among them to have questions 
asked him. One gentleman inquired, 
" Dick, how do yon like living in 
Africa ?" to which Dick replied that 
he liked very well, and went on to 
give a few items which contributed 
to this. All felt that the answer was 
a good one, and then a manifest glow 
of pleasure on many countenances. 
After he had ceased speaking, an- 
other gentleman said, *• Richard, 
what sort of a government have you 
there r" To which Richard gave a 
very satisfactory statement of the 
form of government, and the manner 
in which they manage their affairs. 
And then another enquired, u Jones, 
if a white man was with you, in your 
house, how would you treat him?" 
u Oh, sir," said Jones, "we should 
treat him with much respect and in- 
vite him to sit down at the table and 
dine with us V f The next gentle- 
man who questioned him, said, u Mr. 
Jones !" They had thus insensibly 
to themselves risen from calling him 
Dick, to that of the most respectful 
appellation. 



They saw in him that indepen- 
dence of thought and that manly 
bearing which an American always 
evinces, and they treated him accord- 
ingly. And who does not see that 
this state of feeling is indispensable to 
their true and permanent elevation ! 

But an objection is made to colon- 
ization because the work goes on so 
slowly. We are asked, if in some 
twenty years you have sent out about 
5,000 persons, how long will you be 
in sending the 3,000,000 and more 
now in the United States ? This is 
a question, any person may see, 
that is not solvable in the rule of 
three. It is like the question of the 
Irishman, "if one stove save hatf 
the wood, will not two save it all ! M 
The Society never proposed to send 
them all. Its past labors have not 
been confined to sending over emi- 
grants alone. Can any objector tell 
what proportion of the means of the 
Society have been expended in ihe 
purchase of territory, and in making 
preparations in Liberia, which one** 
made, will not need renewing apain? 
It is like building an immense edifice, 
much of the work is done under 
ground, as it were, in digging down 
to solid earth and laying firm ths 
foundation! 

How long will it be after the resour- 
ces of Liberia are fully developed, and 
it is shown to be a safe and comfortable 
home for the colored people, before 
they will begin to go there spon- 
taneously? And who can tell how 
long it will be before they be^in fr> 
go because they cannot help it ? Tt» 
inducements there and reasons here for 
their emigrating will be overpowering. 
It will be like it wa3 when Joseph 
went down into Egypt. He hesita- 
ted, and doubted, and feared a long 
time — but when the wagons cams 
for him, he understood the whote 
affair. He knew the truth of what 
had been told him. The wagons— 
the wagons, coming for him and his 



90 



Annual Meeting of the American Colonization Society. [March, 



family, they settled the question. 
When that ship of which the Report 
has spoken comes from Liberia own- 
ed and manned hv colored men, and 
when the merchants of Liberia come 
over for their goods, and are doing 
business on large capitals, that will 
hcttle the question. One man will 
come over worth $120,000 — and 
another worth J 1,000,000 — and they 
will have all the character and re- 
spectability of men about them — and 
then the colored people will begin to 
open their eyes ! And what can hin- 
der them from going there ? They 
will find out what a country it is — 
and in the mean time the country 
itself will be improving, and theie 
will be men there who will want a 
college, and other men who will be 
aide to endow it, and who will do it, 
and there is no limit to their improve- 
ment. 

Hut we are not in a hurry. It is 
more important that we attend to the 
quality than the quantity of our emi- 
grants. One head of grain of real 
good wheat, is worth more than a 
thousand having no vitality in them. 
The law of its progrt&s is to be con- 
sidered. We want the right seed. 
Seed like that which was sifted for 
mtr forefathers ; and out of which this 
great nation has grown ! 

And then, sir, there is something in 
its being slow, which is important in 
(mother respect. It calls out the very 
bcM kind of action in those who are 
there. It is a very select business. 
We want the intelligent, and do not 
want the wicked and the vicious. 

How does Grid dispense his bless- 
ings? Does lie always pay down/ 
What will he give you for a certain- 
ty? Heaven ! Now, or at some fu- 
lure time ? He holds out no mercen- 
ary motives! Just so in colonization. 
We do not expect our reward now. 
Our children will see it — and Africa 
will rise up and call us blessed ! The 
growth of Liberia may be slow, like 



, i 



a coral continent — there are a few 
green spots, and a small gathering of 
clusters, and here and there some 
fresh patches, until the continent shall 
rise up all green with fruits and 
flowers. 

One family now sent to Africa, 
will in the course of time increase 
into a whole tribe. 

I met a man not long ago, fully 
six feet high, wearing a drab coal, 
who asked if I did not know mm, 
and told me that he used to live hi ' 
New Orleans. And then I recognized 
the boy, with a satchel on his arm, 
whom six or eight years ago I 
knew in the streets of New Or- 
leans. Said he, " they call me 
Major Wilkinson now. I am -a 
preacher. I was down there until 
1 bought myself. I paid 6800 for 
my free papers. Then 1 bought one 
sister, and paid for her. Then I 
went to Illinois, and God converted 
me, and I began to preach. Then 
I went back to New Orleans, and 
my friends wanted me to preach 
there. But the recorder thought I 
had better not preach there, and 
then 1 moved to 'Old Virginny/ 
and I am now come to you to get 
some money to help me to buy mv 
family.'' *' But why do you come 
to me ?" 4 * I think you feel for the 
colored people !" * 4 Are you an 
abolitionist ?" " Yes, I am." •* Then 
why do you not go to the abolition- 
ists ? 1 am not one of them." •• They 
will not do any thing for me. They 
want to get us all free at once. 1 
can't wait for that time to come. 
And then the south want somebody 
to buy all their slaves, and so I goes 
to them, as aint on either side. 9 * 
"Why do you not go to Liberia V 9 
Stretching up himself to the fall 
height, nnd opening his big eyes, he 
exclaimed, u and do you think I is 
going to expatriate myself? Why I 
am descended from one of the first 
families in Virginia." 



1847.] Annual Meeting of the American Colonization Society. 91 



This is, sir, but a specimen of the 
way in which they are deceived, and 
a proof of what we have often as- 
serted, that the real friends of the 
Africans are the colonizationist3, 
and that they themselves will find it 
out whenever they are in straitened 
circumstances. 

I am, therefore, for going forward 
in this great work, trusting in the 
wisdom which cometh down from 
above to order the progress of the 
work in such way as shall be most 
advantageous, and as shall work out 
the great result in the best manner 
possible. 

The Rev. A. D. Eddy, D. D., of 

Newark, N. J., offered the following 

resolution : 

Resolved* That every year's ex- 
perience seems to increase our con- 
victions of the value of the princi- 
ples of the Colonization Society, 
and that now embraces the only 
acknowledged method of elevating 
and blessing the colored race. 

Colonization had its origin in 
genuine Christian philanthropy. Its 
conceptions were those born of 
philanthropy and of patriotism. The 
development of those principles have 
been teen all along its history. It is 
now no longer a matter of experi- 
ment. It is a fact now. It is his- 
tory. 

What great enterprise has ever 
been achieved without strong op- 
position being made to it? But by 
the manner in which they have met 
and mastered this opposition, they 
have commended themselves to the 
world. So it has been with coloni- 
zation — treated with dislike and con- 
tempt even by those who of all 
others had most interest in it. 

And vet what has it done ? It 
has founded a Republic, established 
schools and churches, introduced 
Christian morals and education into 
maqy dark places full of horrid 



cruelty — has opened a highway for 
commerce— has stricken a deadly 
blow to the slave trade for more than 
300 miles\)f coast, where formerly it 
raged in the most alarming manner, 
has proved that the African race 
can be elevated, and are capable of 
self-government, and has done more 
for them wherever they are scattered 
over the face of the earth than any 
scheme which has ever yet been 
adopted. 

We look over this country and 
over Africa, and there are three 
aspects in which we view the colored 
race. 1st. In a state of slavery. 2d. 
Enjoying nominal freedom; and 3d. 
On the shores of Africa — heathen 
and savage, and deeply degraded. 
And we ask by what principles is it 
proposed to do them all the greatest 
amount of good ? Does not coloni- 
zation embrace the only certain and 
efficient means of elevating and 
Christianizing them as a race ? 

Christianity is a powerful means 
of elevating mankind. What do we 
all owe to it ? But this alone will 
not do all for the Africans that they 
need. Look at the South for ex- 
ample. There is, perhaps, a large 
proportion of the slaves iu some of 
the States who are members of the 
Church than of any other class in 
the country. And yet they are left 
degraded, and will be until their re- 
lations are changed. Look at the 
North ! Can the Africans there rise i 
Are they rising? Have they risen ? 

Look at Africa ! Can the millions 
there be elevated without colonize 
tion ? Look at Liberia — the t e yoo 
see real elevation of character, en>- 
largement of mind, and fixedness of 
principle, and all those things which 
mark a state of society rapidly' ad- 
vancing from a lower to a higher de- 
gree of refinement. Now what has 
made this difference? 

Colonization then presents the only 
method of doing them substantial 



92 Annual Meeting of the American Colonization Society. [March, 



said to me, after a long and candI3 
conversation, " I never know misery 
till 1 came to this freedom," and he 
begged me, " sue out a hocus pocus 
for him and get him back." 

There is no advantage gained by 
going to Canada. British philan- 
thropy may boast as long as ihey 
choose, the facts in the case are all 
against them. 

Go and sit down with the colored 
man, and ask him where do you find 
your best friends? And he trill tell 
you among the coloniz alienists. 

Does the principle promise all 
that we think ? Experience thus 
far proves that it does, and until 
I find another method by which 
the African can convince the world 
that he is a man, rise to a standing 
among the most favored of Adam's 
children, and send the light of civi- 
lization and Christianity through 
Africa, God forbid that I should 
abandon this only hope, on which 
merely nominal freedom is the way |! Heaven has smiled, which embodies 
to elevate them. Still they are un-j!the relief demanded, and is capable 



and lasting good. Dr. Woods, of 
Andover, Mass,, lately expressed to 
me his conviction that colonization 
was the only hope for the African 
race. I have lived in New Jersey, in 
western New York, and in the South, 
and 1 am persuaded that there is no 
possibility of imparting to them educa- 
tion and religious culture in their 
present circumstances. Vain is that 
philanthropy which would attempt to ! 
give them freedom here. You may 
change their social relations, and 
plartt in any free State, but what is 
iJie freedom which you have given 
them ? Is it freedom? If you 
would now oarrv and offer it to the 
slaves, would they accept of it this . 
day, if they knew all that belongs to: 
it ? There are, to besure, some bit- ; 
ter things about slavery, but when 
ail its bearings are considered, its 
present heaviest weight is seen not 
to fall upon the slave, but upon his j 
innstcr. 1 do not believe that giving 



fortunately situated, and have neither 
rnotivo nor opportunity to rise. 
A few months since I was travcl- 



of being carried into full execution! 
But let us test this a little fur- 
ther. I have known a man in New- 



ling near to Canada, and desiring to , ark, well educated, highly intelli- 
nee the result of freedom, as they j' gent, who writes well, and posses- 
ion ml it in their northern flight, I ses every requisite for a first rate 
with their eyes fixed on the polar j member of society. He tried to in- 
star. And I inquired about them, -| troduce his family into society. 



:o)d I found that when they first came 
there they were docile and full of hope, j 
but soon their appearance changed, j 



They were well educated and per- 
fectly genteel in their manners. He 
tried to get his children into the 



in 



they lost their buoyancy of spirits, , schools in New York and other 

— became indolent, unwilling to sub- j place*, but he found it entirely 

-it to the restraints of society hopeless, and had to give it up. 

He has been strongly opposed to 
colonization, but one of his sons, 
feeling his dark prospect in this 
country, determined to goto Liberia* 
and no sooner had he gained a fool- 
hold there, than he felt the vantage 
ground on which he stood, and he 
wrote home that his mind was in a 



which the whites submit to, and as a 
necessary consequence, a large num- 
ber of them were in the penitenti- 
ary, and others are in the greatest 
slate of want and wretchedness. 
They do not think they have bettered ' 
their condition by the change. They 
say they were betrayed and deceived, 



that false hopes were held out to , state of peace and hope never knowa 
them, and allured them on. One man J before. 



We believe, therefore, that the 
principle is now <Ii<ing all that can 
be done with advantage, and thai 
enlarged means only are necessary' 
toeiiuhlc iymder Divine Providence, ' 
m accomplish all that we can reason- 
ably hope fnr. 

Now, with this cause before us.; 
throwing light upon the future, and' 
pleading for lite salvation of mil- 
lions, we appeal to the friends of the 
race every where, lo come nobly 



upt. 



ork, and render thai aid 



1W7-] Annual Meeting of the American Colonization Society. 93 



and be held by the Slate, and in 
twenty years be sent back to I.iberta. 

Some plan of colonization hecBine 
the popular idea in Virginia. In 1504, 
the Legislature instructed Mr. Mon- 
roe, then governor, lo open negotia- 
tions with the President of the United 
Slates, to see what could be done on 
ihesuhject. In 1816, they again acted 
on the subject, and desired the Pre- 
sident lo find a home for them in 
Africa, or elsewhere. Mr. Marshall 
proposed that western lands should 
he given for this purpose. Madison 
was a warm friend of the Society, 
and left it a handsome legacy. Clav, 
and Meade, and Alexander, ami thou- 
sands beside who stand high in th» 
Slate and in the church, became and 
still are its warm snpporiers. 

After ten years lahor in th ; s cshto 
I am fully persuaded that no other 
plan is so prolific of good. 

frfl the Societv go forward, it will 
be supported. ' Prayer* are not fiie- 
sotten in Heaven. Africa will he 
blest. America will be bleat for start- 
ing colonization. 

The thing is practicable. Twenty 
thousand paupers from Europe cross 
very year for our coutv 



The Hev. J. B. Pinney seconded 
■lie resolution and said, thai instead 
of half an hour, he wanted three 
hours to say all that was passing in 
his thought*. 1 have spent many 
years in serving this cause, both in 
ibis country and in Africa, and as 1 
aui now ou my way to enter on ihe 
duties of a pastor of a church, and 
seek res! from ihe arduous and re- 
sponsible duties of an agent, I feel 
my heart kindling while I mingle 



n ihe* 



espect to quit this cause! Where 
ever I am 1 shall plead its merits, and 
hope tn add some lit in I lo its treasury 

Mr. Pinney traced the original 
idea of colonization to Thos. Jeffer- 
son, ilmi sage pa inn I, and drafter of 
ihe •■ Declaration of Independence." 
Two years after he penned llml me- 
morable document, he prepared a 
drafi of the Constitution for the S.aii- 
of Virginia, in which he incorpora- 
ted ihe plan of colonizing ihe slaves. 

At first slavery was profitable, and 
New England and OW England were 
benefited thereby. Bui Virginia felt 
the curse, and began to fear for the 
result, and said to the mother coun- 
try, give us no more slaves 1 Eng- 
land would not hear her remonstrance 
to long as the trade wae profitable 
to her manufacturers and commercial 
men. Mr. Jefferson proposed thai 
in ten years they should become free 



try. 

But we cannot pretend to follow 
Mr. Pinney in his rapid descriptions, 
in his unanswerable argumenia and 
liis moving appeals. 

We have given but a meager out- 
line of an? of the speeches. 

After Mr. P. had concluded, ths 
Society adjourned to meet in the Co- 
lonization Rooms, at 12 o'clock, to- 
morrow, for the transaction of butsi- 



CoLoNiZATiOH Rooks, Jan. 2(1, 1817. 

The Society met, A. G. Phelps, 
Esq., took the chair. The following 



91 Proceedings of the Board of Directors of the Jl. C S. [March. 



officers were elected for the ensuing 

jear: 

president: 
Ho.v. HENRY CLAY. 

V I v. T. I'll ES I D F. NTS : 

1 OniTalJohn II. Cocke, of Virginia, 

2 l):if.ii] Webster, of Massachusetts, 

3 Chari.-s I'. Mercer, of Florida, 

1 R<-v. J.T'-midh Day, D. D., of Conn., 

5 '!*;:•— iii i.- Kplin^I)i!\ , 'i"ri f of N. York, 

6 Louis Mr Law, of lial'irnore, 

7 Mr-r* Alli'ii, of New York, 

s (if.ii'ial W. Jon* 1 *, of Washington, 
Jo'fph Gales, of Washington, 

10 lihlt Rev. Win. Meade, D.D., Bishop 

of Virisinia, 

11 John MeDonngh, of Louisiana. 

12 (Jin, Wiixljin^ton Lafayettf, of France, 

13 it'-v. .I:iMi«; (). Andrew, Bishop of the 

*»!<•! hoiINf Episcopal Church, 
U Wil!iaw Maxwell, of Virginia, 
1.1 EINha Whittlesey, of Ohio, 

16 Walter Laurie, of New York, 

17 .Fu'm|) Murrvt. of Ohio, 

1* I>r. Stephen Duncan, of Mississippi, 
10 Wiili'iin C. Hiv«'s, of Viririnia, 

20 Rev. J. I.snnii',1). I)., of Washington, 

21 IJ«'V. Win. Winans, of Mississippi, 

22 J.un's IJ«!or::i;iri, of New Vork city, 

23 llfiiry A. Ko«.ter. of Now Yoik, 
21 Dr. Jiihn Ker, of Mississippi, 
1*5 !*■-!■ it C;unj hell, of Georgia, 

26 Vi fi-r I). Yroorn, of New Jersey, 

27 Jairii's Garland, of Virginia, 

2* 11..* v. Thomai Morris, Bishop of the 

M. E. Church, Ohio, 
2D Rt. Hun. Lord Huxley, of London, 

30 Win. Sliort, of Philadelphia, 

31 Willanl Hall.D'dawaie, 

"2 i!:. R.-v. HMi.ip Otey. ofTenn., 
o.J G'.i.tl.l K.iUton, of London, 



34 Rev. Courtland Van Rensselaer, N. J, 

35 Dr. Hodzkin, of London, 

36 Rev. E. Burgess, D. D„ of DedhYc 

Massachusetts, 

37 Thos. R. Hazard. of Providence, R. I. 

38 Dr. Thos. Massie, of Tye River Mills, 

Virginia, 

39 Gen. Alexander Brown, of Virginb, 

40 Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott. Washington 

41 Rev. Thos. E. Bond, D. D.. X. York, 

42 Rev. A. Alexander. D. D., S. Jersey. 

43 Samuel Wilkeson, of New York, 

44 L. Q. C. Elmer, of New Jersey, 

45 James Railey, of Mississippi, 

46* Rev. Geo. W. Bethune, D. D.,of Pbib 

47 Rev. C. C. Cuylcr, D. D., Phil*., 

48 Elliot Cresson, Esq., of Philadelphia 

49 Anson G. Phelps, Esq., New York, 

50 Rev. Leonard Woods, D.D., Andofrf. 

Massachusetts, 

51 Jonathan Hvde. Esq., Bath, Main*. 

52 Rev. J. P. Durbin, D.D., Carlisle.!*. 

53 Rev. Beverly Waugh, Bishop of \Lt 

M. E. Church, Baltimore, 

54 Rev. Dr. W. B. Johnson, S. C„ 

55 Moses Shepherd, Baltimore, 

56 John Gray, Fredericksburg. Vs. 

57 Bishop Mcllvain. of Ohiof 

58 Rev. Dr. Edgar, Nashville, Term*. 
50 Rev. P. Liiidslev, I). D., do 

60 Hon. J. R. Underwood, Kentucky, 

61 Hon. J. W. Huntingdon, Conneciirat, 

62 Hon. P. White, Putney, Vermont, 

63 Hon. C. Marsh, Woodstock, Wrrootit. 
61 Rev. J. J. Janeivay,D. D. t N. Orients, 
0.> Hon. S. A. Douglass, Illinois, 

66 H. L. Lumpkin. Esq., Athens, Geo. 

67 James Lenox, New Vork. 

After which the Society adjourned 
to meet on the third Tuesday of 
January, 1818. 



Prc;:^i:i33 of li)c jour* of Directors 

V/amiinotov. Jan. 19, 1S17. 
The Hoard of D, rectors of the 
American Colonization Society met, 
at the Colonization Rooms, at 12 
o'clock, M., according to adjourn- 
ment, and was constituted hy the ap- 
pointment of the Hon. L. (J. C. El- 
mer President, and the Rev. A. D. 
Eddy secretary. 

The Rev. Mr. Wynkoop offered 
prayer. 



■i 



of t!)e iXmcrican Coloitijatian J^ocicftj. 

,' The following individuals appeared 
as Directors — Hon. L. Q. C. Elmer 
( and the Rev. A. D. Eddy, D. D M 
from JYew Jersey. 

Rev. Joel Parker, D. D. f Archi- 
bald Mclntyre, and Paul T. Jones, 
from Pennsylvania. 

Hon. W. W. Campbell and D. M. 
Reese, M. D., from New York. 

Rev. S. R. Wynkoop. from Dela- 
ware. 



1847.] Proceedings of the Board of Directors of the A. C. 8. 95 

A. G. Phelps, -Esq., E. Cresson, ; Secretary, Mr. McLain, was referred 



Esq., and Rev. W. McLain, life Di- 
rectors. 

William Gunton, Ulysses Ward, 
of the Executive Committee. 

The minutes of the last annual 
meeting were read by the Secretary 
of the Society, the Rev. W. xMcLain. 

The Annual Report was read by 
tfoe Secretary ; which was committed 
to the Rev. Dr. Parker, Dr. Reese, 
aujd Mr. McLain. 

Messrs. Phelps, Jones, and Dr. 
P9rker, were appointed to examine 
the Treasurer's accounts. 

Adjourned to meet at half past nine 
o'clock to-morrow morning. 

Wednesday morxing, 
9£ o'clock, Jan. 20, 1847. 

The Board met according to ad- 
journment. 

Present as before, with the addi- 
tion of the Rev. Dr. Janeway, direc- 
tor from New Jersey, and the Rev. 
J..B. Pinney, a life Director. 

A communication was made to the 
Board, by Mr. McLain, Secretary of 



to a Select Committee for considera- 
tion, to report at the present meeting 
as far as practicable. Messrs. Elmer, 
Mclntyre, and Reese, were appoint- 
ed as the committee. 

Dr. James Hall, Secretary of the 
Maryland Colonization Society, bet- 
ing present, was invited to sit with 
the Board, at its present meeting. 

On motion of Dr. Reese — 

Resolved, That the Correspond- 
ing Secretary be requested to report 
to the Board at the afternoon sessioo, 
what legacies to the Society are yet 
unsettled, and whether anv such are 
in litigation, with such information 
thereon as may be in possession of 
the Executive Committee. 

On motion of Rev. A. D. Eddy — 

Resolved, That a committee he 
appointed to present a memorial to 
Congress to secure remuneration for 
the support of the recaptured Afri- 
cans, from the ship "Pons" landed 
at Monrovia, and if necessary, to 
make efforts to secure a law to meet 
the exigencies of similar cases that 
may occur in future. 

Messrs. Elmer, A. G. Phelps, A. 
D. Eddy, J. B. Pinney, and Cresson, 



the Society, respecting the present j| were appointed the committee. 



condition of the Colony of Liberia, 
and the arrangements which are re- 
quired to be made in view of the 
change in the relations of the colonv 
to the Colonization Society. 

The Hon. Jabez Huntingdon, ap- 
peared as a delegate from Connecti- 
cut. 

On motion of the Rev. A. D. Ed- 
dy, the subject introduced by the 



On motion, the Board had a recess 
to meet at the call of the President 
for the purpose of attending the meet- 
ing of the Society. 

After recess, the Board were called 
to order by the President. 

The committee appointed to ex- 
amine the Treasurer's account made 
the following report, which was ac- 
cepted, viz : 



Proceeding* oftlie Board of Director* of the 4. C. S. 



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MT.] Pfocerdinga of the Board of Bin 



t of the A. C. S. 



10 the 



The Select Cummiuee on i 
itions of the Colonization Si 

e comempluied independe in go- 
vernment of Liberia, reported, and 
their report was adopted, and is as 
follows— 

The committee to whom was re- 
ferred lite relations of this Society 
wiili the contemplated Independent 
Government in Liberia, report : That 
the time does not seem \<> have come 
when these relations can be deh'i 
ly settled. Our latest advices from 
Gov. Roberts, inform ua that am: 
jority of the people have concluded, 
but nut without considerable hesiia- 
tion and opposition, to become inde- 
pendent, attd that the Legislature 
which was to meet during llie present 
month of January, would provide for 
railing a convention to adopt a con- 
stitution. It is expected that in pur- 
nuance of the suggestion of this Board, 
'ssioncrs will bo appointed by 
. of Librrii 



■'bun 



issioners should come 
nest annual meeting of 
the Board, the Executive Committee 
cull a fpcciul meeting at such lime 
and place as they shall deem most 
expedient. 

Second. That the Committee be 
further instructed to suggest to the 
said authorities and people of Libe- 
ria that, in case they deem it most 
expedient tu frame a 
fore their c 
this Board would be pleased to have 
the existing rights of the Society re- 
cognized in the constitution, at the 
■ g the ' 



: dee 



lake 



ich i 



in reference to our properly in L 
beria, and 1$ all our future reh 
lions with the Government there, r 
will be most acceptable 10 and mot 
promotive "f the interest of ill 
people. 

Third. That 
shall render it i 



the rutin 



relat 



ft Cor 



e circumstances 
>le, ihe Execu- 
ihorized to ap- 
<r or commis- 



between th-it Government and tli 
Society ; but whether that commis- 
sion will be sent here before a Con- 
stitution of Government is framed 
and submitted m the people, or whe- 
ther a conslilnttim will be first adopt- 
ed, we are not informed. The Com- 
mittee are of opinion that it may he 
desirable that ]'..in Society and" its 
general rights i Liberia, should be 
in some form n- ■ ^nized in the con- 
stitution. Tin r therefore recom- 
mend the adoption by the Board of the 
following resolutions: 

First. That the Executive Com- 
mittee be instructed to suggest, in 
the manner that may be deemed by 
them most likely to be acceptable to 
the authorities and people of Liberia, 
that this Board is desirous that com- 
missioners on the part of Liberia 
should come hereand have a full and 
free conference with us before a con- 
stitution is framed ; and thai, in case 



to settle the fa lure relations of the 
Society with the Government and 
people there, by provisions to be in- 
serted in ilii! eonsiiiulion lobe adopt- 
ed, or by a compact between the So- 
ciety and ilie authorities organized 
under the new constitution as shall 
be found most expedient. 

L.Q. C. ELMER, 
Chairmen. 

The Secretary, agreeable to a re- 
solution of the Board ihis morning, 
made a full statement relating to un- 
settled legacies made 10 the Society, 
and ihe circumstances attending ihera. 

The committee to whom was re- 
ferred the Annual Report of the Ex- 
ecutive Committee, reported, that 
they had examined the report, and 
expressed their approbation of its 
general character — whereupon : 



98 Proceedings of Board of Directors of the A. C. S. [March, 1847.] 

Resolved* That the report be re- ; the United States and to Congress, 
ferred to the Executive Committee .: praying for remuneration for expenses 
tor publication. \ incurred i n the maintenance of the 

The following resolutions were recai)tured Africang on board the 
submitted by the Rev. Mr. McLuin, ; : slave ship u Pon8f » &c ., reported a 
and on motion, they were unanimous- ,< raemorialf which wa8 ulian imously 
ly adopted : . Copied by the Board, and directed 

Whereas, we have learned that the , to bc prcsented l0 the Executive and 

Rev. J. B. Pinney, has resolved to.. , . ir e ~ 

A e .11 i *• « to both Houses of Congress, 

accept of a pastoral charge, and retire , » 

from the active duties of an agent o(| The committee were also contin- 
this Society ; therefore, || ue d to act in the case. 

Resolved, That we deeply regret;, Resolve( ^ Thal the lhanks of ^ 
the loss which we sustain in the re-; Board of DirectQrs flre d ^ m 
tiremcnt of our long tried and effi- , hmh lendere(J tQ the ComnponAm 
cient coadjutor. . Secretary and the Executive 

Resolved, 1 hat the cordial gra ti- | cSmmitico of the last Year, for the 
hide ol this Board be tendered to fahhfll , M<| efficient performance of 
Mr. Pinney, for his faithful and in- their dutics r 

valuiblc labors in connection with 1 ' ' 

this cause, and that he be assured i n R™olved, That the thanks of the 
that our best wishes attend him in ' Roard are (1,,e mul are hereby tender- 
his new field of labor, and our hope.,. r(l t(> lhe Hon. L. Q. C. Elmer, for 
that the time may not be far distant ! | ,IS valuable services as their presid- 
when with renewed energy and vi- "j ln y oNicer. 

::<>r, he will again return to our assis--; Resolved, That, in thn rase of the 
nnn\ :i will of the late Mr. William Smart, 

Mrssr*. Reese and Dr. Jane wav,'^ e Corresponding Secretary mod 

. n . | 1 reasurer, be and he hereby is vested 

were appointed to nominate officers ■■ wi , h fuH power and aul f l0rity , ^ 

fur the ensuing year. ' si^n f or , nnd tl ffi x the seal of this So- 

The above committee reported as ■ ciety to lb-.; required bonds, on be- 

follows :— The Rev. Mr. McLain, ! Jl :lIf . of lhc American Colonisation 

i • « i ' kociutv. 

lor Corresponding Secretary and ■ 

Treasurer. ' TIlc mulutes OI " lne Board were 

For the Executive Commit! ,c, M. rca(1 ancl a PP r0VC(l - 

St. C. Clarke, H. Lindsly, A. O. ! The Board adjourned to meet the 

Dayton, Jos. II. Bradley, J. C. Ba- ' third Tuesday of January, 1848, at 

ron, William Gunton, and Ulysses t 12 o'clock, M. 

Ward. Concluded with prayer by the ReT. 

The report was accordingly adopt- J ]\j r . Pinney. 

(L ! L. Q. C. ELMER, 

The committee appointed to pre- ■ President, 

j;-nt a memorial to the President of \ m d, Eddy, Secretary. 



THE AFRICAN REPOSITORY, 



AND 



COLONIAL JOURNAL. 



Vol. XXIII.] 



WASHINGTON, APKIL, 1847. 



[No. 4. 



&bbxt*§ of 3ufc£e 3ulUck. 



In this number we have the plea- j 
sure of laying before our readers the | 



exerting, and must continue to exert 
upon the character of our institu- 

very able and interesting address of J ions ' P™ enl a question which 
/ _ „ rT _ , .. forces itself upon our serious and 



Judge Bullock, of Kentucky, deliver- 
ed at the anniversary of the Kentucky 



anxious consideration. 

What is our duty in reference to 



Colonization Society. We trust I the free colored population of the 

United States ? That is the ques- 
tion. I speak of our duty in that 



none of them will fail to peruse it. ; 
The sentiments it contains are worthy 
of their earnest consideration. 

We have learned that the anniver- 



enlarged and comprehensive sense, 
! which includes all our obligations — 
: our duty to ourselves, to our fellow 



sary of that Society was attended with ij men » and to God. It is, therefore, 

, , A ii.i. :i necessary that we should riahtlv mi- 

much that was calculated to encour- ! , . y . . b » . " 

' !: derstand our own interests, and at 

age the friends of the cause in that .j lne same time have a just and en- 
State, and throughout the country. J lightened appreciation of tiie rights 
We trust that it will not be long until ! of others. 

every one of the Southern States is j . The J»Ktical condition of this 

J . class, as presented to the eye of the 

blessed with as efficient an organiza- j: statesman and philanthropist, is a 

tion, and will engage as heartily aud I subject of serious difficulty, if not 

successfully in the great work. j°f apprehension and alarm. Such 

... r , . r . j i« the nature and force of public sen- 

" The condition of the African race, f timent| t!iat lhough re i ieve(] from 

as a part of our population, and the j: persona i bondage, the man of color 



consequent duty which devolves up- 
on us as citizens, is the subject to 
which your attention is invited. 

It will be admitted that the ques- 
tions necessarily involved are emi- 
nently practical. The destiny of a 
large class of our population, and 
the effects which that population is 
8 



is excluded from all the essential 
rights and immunities of the citizen. 
A free and equal participation in the 
rights of citizenship is not only de- 
nied to him, but every attempt to 
assert the justice of the claim is 
fiercely denounced, and not unfre- 
quently accompanied with acte.jpf, 



100 Address of Judge Bullock. [April, 



*■- * *_. --» . 



oppression and outrage. Even in || Litica) advancement. Whilst our Go- 
ilio.se communities where there is! vernment has afforded an asylum to 
supposed to exist the greatest sym-;. the nations of the earth, and its glori- 
paiiiy for this class, he is excluded, ous immunities and privileges are 
from that full participation in the j freely bestowed upon all, the African, 
privileges of the government, which brought here against his will, is made 
confer character and dignity upon J to occupy in his best estate, a con (li- 
the citizen. It might be supposed,' tion of unqualified inferiority. We 
from the loud clamor of the Abo-' aie forcibly reminded of the pi ophetic 
liiionists, that the people of the j curse, u God shall enlarge Japhetb, 
north were fast approaching to that and he shall dwell in the tents of Shem; 
period when the blacks were to oc-| and Canaan shall be his servant. 1 ' 
cupy the broad platform of equal 1 Political degradation is the inevi- 
rights. It is not doubted that such ' table fate of the African, so long ai 
is ihe wild dream of the enthusiast, j he remains under the influence of 
But such is not the result of a calm; American institutions. The differ- 
and sober observation of passing: ence of color, the recollection of his 
events. On the contrary, there is j origin, his natural instincts, the pe- 
a fixed and unalterable determination I; culiar habits impressed upon him by 
to widen and deepen the political; a long course of servility and boa- 
distinctions between the two races.' dage, even the memory of his 
Such is the inevitable tendency of wrongs mark him as the victim of 
the laws of nature, and of the cur-' political and social proscription.— 
rent of human events. Notwith- This is a truth which cannot be die- 
standing the ardent zeal and indefa-, guised. We cannot fail to see ilia 
tigable efforts which have been made, ' all the events which are passing 
to extend to the blacks an equal par-.i around us. Look at that spacious 
ticipation in the privileges of the edifice wrapped in flames ! It is the 
Government, no perceptible progress !j Hall of Freedom, erected for free 
has been made, even in the free | discussion, and dedicated to liberty 
Slates, towards the accomplishment;! of speech. Men and women, who 
uf this purpose. \ had peaceably assembled to exercise 

The only effect which has been j the dearest rights of spiritual and 
produced by the mistaken zeal, and | intelligent beings, are driven forth 
ill-directed efforts of the Abolition- : . by an infuriated populace. The man 
ists, has been the deep agitation of of genius, whose thoughts "buret 
the public mind, resulting in an in- i from his soul with the fire and in- 
creased and accumulating weight of ; dignant energy of an ancient propb* 
prejudice against the unfortunate oh- 1 ! et" — the woman, the embodiment 
jects of their sympathy and regard, j of all that elevates and adorns her 

For more than half a century, in ] sex, and who religiously believed 
many of the States of this Union, ' that she was engaged in a mission of 
the man of color has been freed;! Christian sympathy— these, and sjaell 
from the shackles of personal bon- [ as these, are the victims of poun- 
dage, and left to struggle with his f hir indignation. It was a meetiaf 
destiny. What progress has he ■ of those who honestly believed ht 
made in the elevation of his caste ? ;' the right of political and social 
Where have his equal rights been , equality, and advocated its unqnali- 



practically recognized ? 

The pages of our history are barren 
•f the evidence! of his aoeial and po- 



ffied extension to the whole human 
family. The conflagration is not the 
work of a midnight incendiary* Jt 



1847.] 



Address of Judge Bullock. 



101 



was not done in a transport of fury. 
It was the fearless execution of the de- 
liberate purpose of a great majority of 
the people. 

Such a manifestation of popular 
prejudice cannot be mistaken. It 
is evident that there must be a pow- 
erful and sufficient cause, which 
lies at the root of this public senti- 
ment. The most corrupt political 
party, a convention of atheists, might 
have assembled within the same walls 
with perfect security from external 
violence. It was not because they j 
were fanatics. There is nothing 
peculiar in the fanaticism of the 
Abolitionists, that it should meet with 
such indignant retribution. The \ 
true cause is satisfactorily developed, 
when we refer to the fact thai the 
public mind is radically opposed to 
the social equality of the two races. 
With equal political rights, the bar- 
rier to social equality is at once 
removed, and practical amalgamation 
is the consequence. It is this prin- 
ciple which so stirs the depths of 
society, and renders it impossible 
that equal rights shall ever be exten- 
ded to the colored race. 

We have no evidence of any 
change of public sentiment upon 
this subject. Very recently the 
question has been directly presented 
to the people of New York, and de- 
cided by an overwhelming expres- 
sion of public opinion. The exten- 
sion of the right of suffrage is utterly 
denied to the colored population by 
the organic law of the State. So 
deeply seated and universal is this 
sentiment in the non-slaveholding 
States, that the efforts of the Aboli- 
tionists are no longer directed to the 
amelioration of the condition of the 
free people of color, within their 
own limits, but to the abolition of 
slavery within the slave States. 

What is the condition of this class 
in those communities where their 
righto are most cherished and re- 



spected ? This question can be best 
answered, by inquiring what have 
they gained by liberation. They 
aie thrown upon their own re- 
sources, and endowed with the 
power to acquire and hold property. 
No longer subjected to the control 
of a master, they enjoy the right of 
pursuing the dictate of their own 
reason, subject only to a just accoun- 
tability to the laws of the State. It 
may be supposed that this is a most 
important acquisition. They are to 
this extent free. But the essence of 
freedom is wanting. They have no 
voice in originating the laws by 
which they are governed, and no 
participation in the administration 
of those laws, no matter how dearly 
their interests may be effected. The 
protection of life, liberty and pro- 
perty is lodged in other hands. — 
They are thus deprived of the strong 
and powerful motives which ennoble 
and dignify the character of the 
citizen. The constitution and the 
laws recognize them as a degraded 
and inferior caste. It is undoubtedly 
true, that there have been and are 
noble specimens of humanity among 
this ill-fated people. But no strength 
of character has enabled them to 
surmount the barries which the con- 
stitution and the laws, aided by 
inexorable public sentiment, have 
thrown in their way. Look at the 
condition of the mass of this pop- 
ulation. What are the relations 
which they sustain to society and 
the Government ? It is unquestion- 
ably true, that this is the most un- 
productive class of our people, and 
is eminently distinguished as idle, 
dissolute and unthrifty. Such has 
been, and is now, the magnitude of 
this evil, where this population pre- 
vails to any extent, that it is fre- 
quently exposed to the outbreak of 
licentious popular fury. It is the 
inciting cause to the grossest viola- 
tions of justice. It has not unjrt- 



102 Address of Judge Bullock, [April, 

qucntly happened that tiny have !l ground by the impetuous valour of 
been driven by lawless violence her sons. Neither the wise ami 
from the bosom of that society, \ skilful retreat of a Faluns, nor the 
whose duty it was to cherish and heroic firmness of a Scipio couli 
protect them. On a late occasion, ; i save the Roman legions from the 
the attempt to colonize the freed \\ hold assaults ofNuniidian and Car- 
slaves of the late John Randolph, <■■ thagenian valour. •* Not Rome, bu: 
within the limits of a sister State, the Senate of Carthage, has con- 
was vehemently opposed with strong .; quered Hannibal,'' was the heroir 
expressions of popular disapproba- ;' exclamation of him who hud plan led 
tion. The reason is an obvious one. his victorious standard at ihe gales 
A Government like ours can derive of the imperial city- In bolduess 
no strength or support from such a : and intrepidity of character, in in- 
population. The strength of our ]! domitable courage, in military genius 
Government is in the virtue, intelli- |. and commercial enterprise, Africa 
gencc and patriotism of its citizens. ;j challenges a comparison with the 
And what elfect this growing mass, i proudest nations of antiquity. She, 
uninstructed in virtue, unenlightened ' too, wus once the seat of science. — 
by knowledge, and unredeemed by ; That now darkened and be 7 lighted 
the sentiments of patriotism, may j : land has given to the world the il- 
cxert upon the future debtiuies of j 1 lustrious names of a Tertullkui, a 
our country, time alone can dcvclopc. ; Cyprian and an Augustine. The ef- 
It is confidently asserted, that as a j, forts which are now makingr on the 
class, occupying the position assign- Western coast of Africa are a prom! 
cd them by our laws, and the public vindication of the claims of her child- 
sentiment of the land, their moral, icn to the rank of freemen. If pru- 
mcrital and physical condition must : dence and discretion, a manly inde- 
and will deteriorate. The eye of ' pemUmcc of character, a just regard 
reason discerns the cause in the na- I for the rights of others, an intimate 
ture of man. He is oppressed. — ! and thorough acquaintance with the 
The motives to exertion, and the re- 1 principles of regulated liberty, are 
wards of virtuous ambition are de- just and proper elements of national 



nied him. His pride of character 



character, the people of Liberia de- 



is sapped at the root, and has notli- serve the respect, the confidence and 
ing to sustain it. Tell me not that 1 admiration of the civilized world. 
the cause is to be found in the in- It is evident, therefore, that the 
feriority of his nature. That nature cause of the degradation to which 
is the gift of God, endowed with the African is subjected in America, 
the capacity, and clothed with all the is*"the result of the necessary rela- 
attrihutes of man. Under the influ- lions he sustains to government and 
ence of his own clime, it will ex- , tosociety. Government shelters him, 
pand as it has expanded into the : it is true ; hut it affords no susten- 
proportions of intellectual and moral ■ ance to his moral nature — it does not, 
grandeur. I it cannot shelter him from the blight- 

This truth is indelibly inscribed ' ing influence of public sentiment 
upon the pajre of history. Carthage j His nature is dwarfed by the impen- 
01 ■■■ disputed with Rome the supre- 1. etrahle shade in which he lives. No 
uricy of the world. The rugged j life-giving influence penetrates the 
and snow-clad summit of the Alps, !' latent energies of his soul. No high 
not less than the sunny plains of ■< born hopes are awakened in his bo* 
Italy, has been rendered classic j. sora, to prompt him to deeds of no* 



1847.] 



•Address of Judge Bulloch 



103 



ble daring. The faculties of his na- 
ture are never stirred within him hy 
the noble impulses which make am- 



indications of progress in the liberat- 
ed African. He is an exotic that 
does not and cannot flourish in Ame- 



bition virtue. H is ear is never salut- 1 rican soil. There is that in the cha- 
ed with the plaudits of a grateful peo- ;| racter of our institutions and in the 
pie. The civic wreath or the hero's ' nature of man which forbids it. The 
chaplet is never permitted to grace jsad destiny of this unhappy race is 
his sable brow. He is the victim of presented to our daily observation in 
prosciiption. Even the rewards of ! colors which cannot be exaggerated, 
patient industry are embittered with; They are surrounded by a growing 
a curse. Wealth, whilst it entails l 1 population, instinct with life, and 
upon him the burdens of the Gov- Ij multiplying with a rapidity unequall- 
ernment, cannot elevate him to theijed in the history of modern times, 
social rank and true dignity of the j. whilst they are crowded into dense 
citizen. Is this freedom ? Are these f settlements and subjected to the fa- 
the blessings which it bestows ? Is ; tal operation of causes which surely 
this the freedom which the Aboli-j mark them as the victims of ruin 
tionist would extend to the objects l ! and decay. 

of his solicitude, as suilicient to;' Thus exposed to the combined 
satisfy the cravings of their immortal i operation of moral and physical 



nature ? j 

The necessary and obvious effect 
of the causes to which I have refer- . 
red is fully developed in the charac-i 
ter of this people. They are singu- 
larly deficient in enterprise, industry i 
and foresight. Their improvidence! 
and unthrifliness are proverbial. 



causes, which are constantly at work 
to sap the energies of their nature, 
they necessarily sink in the scale of 
being. This fatal tendency con- 
tinues and acquires additional force 
as time rolls on. The outward pres- 
sure and overshadowing influence 
of the millions around them is in- 



Hence it is that we find them con- , creasing apace, whilst their recuper- 
gregated in villages and towns and !: ative power is diminishing with each 
cities, devoting themselves to the ;' succeeding generation. It does not 
most menial pursuits of life. As a !| require the gift of prophecy to fore- 
natural consequence, they are prone jl tell their melancholy fate. 
to idleness, with all its attendant ji This aspect of the subject pre- 
evils. The free colored communi-i! sents a dismal picture to the mind of 



ties in our land nowhere present the 
cheering spectacle of a healthy, ro- 
bust and active population. The 
moral causes which are actively at 
work produce their necessary and 
natural results. Whilst all other 



the philanthropist and the Christian. 
A race of fellow beings pining and 
wasting away under the influence of 
causes as certain in their operation 
as the laws of Nature herself! — 
Every practical observer has wit- 



influence of our free institutions, are 
moving forward with rapid strides to \ 
the accomplishment of their high 



communities, under the beneficent ; nessed the development of this trirh. 

It is so well understood and appre- 
ciated, that the public policy of most 
of the States has demanded, as a 
destiny, this class constitutes a me- ji just prerequisite to emancipation, 
lancholy exception. Whilst the op- ' that bond and security shall be given, 
pressed of other lands acquire new ,; that the subject of it shall not be- 
strength and spring forward with'! come a charge to the Common* 
elastic vigor as soon as they touch !| wealth. Go to those communities 
our shores, we look in vain for such;! where this class of population is 



104 Address of Judge Bullock. [April, 

collected in the largest numbers, r.nd " willingly aflflict the children of men." 
you cannot fail to delect upon the ■! His laws are eternal. lie has nm 
aggregate masses the certain traces ■ stamped upon the African a distinc- 
of social decay. The fearful symp- - .tive color, and marked him wiih pe- 
toms of disease in the man who is ' culiar characteristics without a pur- 
wasting with consumption, are not ( pose. He has not written with his 
more readily detected by the experi- : own finger upon the human heart, 
enccd physician. !| that law which forbids the amalga- 

Unless they are rescued by active j mation of the races, without inten- 
benevolence from the fatal effects of . ding that it should be obeyed. He 
these causes, and transplanted to a has graciously permitted the incal- 
rcgion where the shackles of the ■ culablc evils which result from the 
soul will be removed, their doom is i existence of this peculiar and 'dis- 
inevitable. This thought, startling j tiuctive class. lie does not speak 
as it may seem to the unreflecting i to us, either by signs or wonders, or 
and the sceptical, unfolds to the :" in the still small voice," without 
mind of the christian philanthropist I intending to remind us of our duty. 
the designs of a wise and Lenifi- These are the lights which should 
cent Providence. It vindicates the \ guide our feet— they are the indict- 
ways of God to man. Even the dark : tions of unerring wisdom, and pro- 
and eventful pa«t, burdened with the j claim in language not to be misun- 
muIih and tears of captive millions, is j derstood, that the children of Africa 
not without its meaning, fraught with ', must be restored to their native land. 
consolation and with hope. We see i Hut we are not left alone to the in- 
the I. and of a merciful God conducting ; ductions of our own feeble reason. 
tin* children of men through fiery ; The light of revelation dawns upon in- 
trials that they may at last return '-''Ethiopia shall stretch forth her hands 
laden with the blessings of civil and i ! unto God. " Africa shall be redeemed. 
rHi'sious liberty. Behind the dark ! The darkness which has enveloped 
cloud, which looks to be charged her for ages shall be dispelled by the 
wiili the wrath ami fiery indignation glorious light of the gospel. The 
of an offended God, the eye of faith : return of her own children is the ap- 
catrhc* the smile of mercy and of pointed means for scattering 1 the 
love. Oh! that men would hut fol- ''■ blessings of civilization and the truthf 
low the indications of the Divine will, I of religion over that dark and benight- 
and submit to the teachings of an '| ed land. If we may judge of the 
overruling providence ! Then the i; future by the past, this is the only 
path of duty would be made plain be-! effectual means for attaining this glo- 
fore us. Then the facts to which I , rious cud. Whilst the efforts at co- 
have alluded would rise up before us ! Ionization by the whites on the Af* 
in all the majestyof truth, and human ] rican coast have been rendered al- 
reason, instead of attempting to force J most abortive by the fatal e fleets of 
tor laws of nature, would direct its j the climate, they have had but little 
eflorts in accordance with the purpo- or no effort in civilizing the native! 
pes and in humble dependence upon 
the will of that merciful Being who 



of that continent. 
All the efforts of the civilized world 
controls the destinies of men. - have been unavailing to suppress the 

It cannot be that no good is to be accursed slave trade. Neither thai 
evolved from the dealings of God :■ noble act of our own Government, in 



with this people. We have the bless- 
ed assurance, that " He doth not 



which she has been followed by 
most of the nations of Christendom^ 



1847.] 



Address of Judge Bullock. 



105 



declaring the merciless traffic to be J the free blacks or re-captured slaves 



piracy, nor the equally enlightened 
and humane policy of the British 
Government, enforced by the power 
of her navy, and illustrated by the 
genius and the virtues of a Wilber- 
force and aClarkson,could effect this 
object. "It appears," in the language 
of an eminent writer, " that not- 
withstanding these benevolent and 
persevering efforts, this horrid traffic 
in human flesh is nearly as extensive- 
ly carried on as ever, and under cir- 
cumstances perhaps of a more revolt- 
ing character. During the period 



i on the western coast of Africa was 
first presented to the public mind. 
Lord Mansfield had decided, in 1772, 
that the slave who touched the soil 
of Britain was therefore free. In 
consequence of this decision, a num- 
ber of blacks in England left their 
masters and were wanderers upon 
the face of the earth. That distin- 
guished man who had rendered him- 
self so illustrious by the defence of 
Somerset, Granville Sharp, formed 
the benevolent design of trans- 
1 porting them to Africa. A colony, 



from 1819 to July, 182S, it is sup- j principally consisting of the idle, the 
posed that nearly 100,000 human be- .| ignorant, and the dissolute, was thus 
ings were annually transported as ,! planted at Sierra Leone in 1787. 



slaves from different parts of the coast, 
of whom more than 43,000 were le- 
gally imported into one city." 

The only effectual remedy for 
this evil is to dispel the thick dark- 
ness which has for ages brooded 
over the intellect of Africa — it is to 
arouse her sons to a consciousness 



Afterwards, in 1792, about 1,200 ne- 
\ groes, who had been seduced from 
: their masters during the Revolution- 
| ary War, were landed at the same 
; place. Up to the period of 1807, 
this colony was wholly dependent 
upon private and individual enter- 
prise. Since that time, it has been 



that they are men, and to let in the i: under the patronage and protection 
* " ~' ' -it* : of the British government. And not- 

withstanding the serious difficulties 
resulting from the peculiar charac- 
ter of the colonists, they now give 
the most decided and cheeiing evi- 



light of Divine truth upon the dark- 
ened intellect of the nation. This 
cannot be accomplished except by 
the colonization within her own bor- 
ders of the natives of the land. 



All history and experience prove i dences of moral and physical im- 
that the climate is fatal to the white ■' provement. Villages and towns and 
man ; whilst they furnish the high- settlements have risen up, and are 
est evidence that it is not only con- rapidly extending the circle of their 



genial to the physical, but that it ex- 
erts a powerful and salutary influ- 
ence upon the moral and intellectual 
nature of the liberated African. He 
lives and flourishes where the white 
man decays and dies. The only 
sensible impressions which have 
been made on the barbarous and sav- 
age tribes have been mainly through 
his instrumentality. These truths 
are most clearly illustrated by a ref- 
erence to the history of African Co- 
lonization. 

Towards the close of the eigh- ! 
teenth century, the idea of colonizing! 



influence. 

Civilization has thus obtained a 
; foothold, and as her resources are 
multiplied by the growth of popula- 
tion and of wealth, her achievements 
will become more glorious and en- 
during. The silent yet certain effects 
of civilization thus introduced and 
thus extended, will do more in all 
time to come to protect the defence- 
less tribes of Africa than the com- 
bined power of the British navy. 

The idea of colonization as a prac- 
ticable means of relieving the country 
of this evil, was also conceived at a 



^^ta^^^^^N^ 



106 Address of Judge Bullock. [April, 



very early period in the history of 



the scheme of colonization. Thev 



our government. In 1777, Mr. Jef- ' seemed to be alarmed by the success 
ferson, under a deep conviction of ji which had attended its efforts, 
the enormity of the evil, recom- ;| The direct and immediate effects 
mended that some provision should !i of their opposition to the cause of 
be made for this object. He seems j: colonization, were to awaken the 
at first to have contemplated an ap- |. deepest prejudices in the mind of the 
propriation of a portion of the pub- ;! free negro, and at the same time to 
lie domain ; but no practicable or ef- 1| rivet the chains of the slave. It had 
ficient scheme was developed. The another effect. In the slave States, 



Legislature of Virginia, in 1804, in 
secret session, instructed Mr. Mon- 
roe, then Governor of the State, to 



amongst the ignorant and un in form* 
ed, it involved the advocates of col- 
onization in the same indiscriminate 



open negotiations with the President i| censure with rabid Abolitionists, 
tt> see what could be done. Again, ij whilst in the free States it presented 
in ]816, the Legislature of the same |j them as the abettors of slavery, and 
State passed a series of resolutions, ! | the worst enemies of the African 
recognizing fully the purposes and ' : race. 

objects of the American Colonization I It may readily be supposed that at 
Society. In the same year this So- ;i this time and under these circurn- 
ciety was organized, composed of \\ stances, the progress of colonization 
men of the most distinguished talents ;| was greatly retarded. But in nothing 
and enlightened public spirit. The ! | has the hand of a wise and merciful 
work is now begun in the midst of jj Providence been more signally dis- 
opposition from the North and from :! played. There was great danger that 
the South. II the infant colony of Liberia would 



In 1819, the first agents of the; 
Society were sent out to examine ! 
the western coast of Africa, and to 
report. Encouraged by the repre- 
sentations then made, in 1820, the 
first emigration from this country to 
Africa was undertaken. In the year 



become burdened with a population 
which it could not sustain. It re* 
quired time to organize its govern*- 
ment, to mature its plans, and to in- 
crease its resources. To have been 
overrun with emigrants, of which 
there was at one time great danger, 



following, the hardy and adventurous jj would have proved a serious calami- 
colonists, after triumphantly encoun- j ty. But during this period the sup- 
tering the most violent opposition j port of the parent society was par- 
from the natives, succeeded in mak- ,| tially withdrawn — they were left to 
ing. a lodgment upon the coast. It |, stand alone, that their capacity for 



may be truly said, however, that the 
first permanent settlement was not 
made until the year 1824. From 



civil government might be more fully 
developed, and that they might be 
the better prepared, by trials and 



that period down to 1835, the So- i, hardships, for the glorious mission 
ciety continued to gain upon public il to which they have been assigned, 
confidence. Its high claims to pub- ' What has been the result? The 
lie patronage had been distinctly re- ,| documentary history of . Liberia 
cognized by the Legislative authori- ; contains . indisputable evidence of 
ties of fourteen States. Emigrants l \ high capacity in all the departments 
applied as fast or faster than they .j of Government. Their firmness and 
could be sent out. .1 discretion ; their heroic courage and 

At this time the Abolitionists were !| high sense of justice, as evidenced 
aroused to a violent opposition to |! in their intercourse with the natives, 



1847.] 



Address of Judge Bullock. 



107 



command our unqualified respect. — 
The diffusion of education, the 
equal and enlightened administration 
of justice, and the free course which 
is given to the word of God, contain 
the assurance that the sacred- deposit 
of human libeity is safe in their 
hands. 



operation. But this is not the induc- 
tion of sound philosophy. That 
power which is most sensibly felt in 
the physical universe is the Sun, 
which visits us in the silence of the 
morning 1 . His advent is so noiseless 
that he does not wake an infant in 
his cradle. So it is with the light of 



This colony, with its dependen- |i truth. It is clothed with a Divine en- 
cies, numbers about five thousand Ijergy. Under its benign influence the 
inhabitants. It now rises to our mind of the nation will expand, and 
view an infant republic. Her citi- ; ; its faculties will be gradually unfold- 
zens are discussing with all the lights lied, bringing forth the fruits of civil- 
which history and philosophy can 'ization, the blessings of libeity, and 
furnish, the expediency of taking jj the hopes of immortality, 
position at once amongst the nations \\ I have spoken of the evils which 



of the earth. There is a calm deli- 
beration, an enlightened forecast, and 



result from the existence of this pe- 
culiar class in the midst of our pop- 



a moral intrepidity here displayed, j: ulation, and of the incalculable 
which do honor to human nature, ! benefits to be derived from emigra- 



and cannot fail to awaken the gener- 
ous sympathy of the civilized world. 



tion. But whilst it is conceded that 
I the condition of the negro may be 



This is the glorious instrumenta- lj improved, and that Africa may be 
lity by which the blessings of civil- 1, civilized by such means, it is said 
ization, and the truths of Christiani- j' that the scheme of colonization is 
ty, are to be bestowed upon millions jj impracticable, and that its means are 
of the human family. j, wholly inadequate to relieve the 

African colonization constitutes a country from this accumulating evil. 



new epoch in the policy of the world. 



It may be said that the giant of the 



Other colonies in ancient and mo- new world has not sufficient strength 
dern times have been planted by cu- ; to rise under this mountain weight. 



pidity or ambition. But the estab- 
lishment of colonies for the purposes 
of civilization, and based upon prin- 
ciples of love to God, and good will 
to men, is an achievement of the 
present age, and one of the blessed 
triumphs of the Christian- religion. 

We are not apt in making our cal- 
culations of the progress of events, 
to take into the estimate the silent 



This dispondency, so unworthy 
; of the American character, is the 
1 result of a false apprehension of the 
, nature and extent of the evil to be 
1 removed and of the means to be 
I employed for its removal. 
I The annual increase of this class 
j of population, according to the pre- 
sent census, may be estimated at 
! 75,000. A wise and just system 



yet wonderful force of moral causes.); of colonization requires that none 
We can calculate the momentum and ' should be removed but the young, 
probable effects of fleets and armies, the healthy* and the vigorous. They 
but the results to be produced by the ■! are best prepared for the untried 
light of truth bursting and beaming scenes of a new life, and they have 
upon the awakened intellect of a na- more time for moral and intellectual 
tion, are beyond our feeble compre- ]| improvement. If, therefore, our re- 
hension. We are sometimes led to j| sources were applied to the removal 
doubt the efficiency of such a cause, j 1 of those from fifteen to fifty-five 
because it is silent and gradual in its i| years of age, leaving behind the ex- 



^^^*^^fc^^*i^^^^^»^*^^^^^^^^rf^^p^fc^P»^^^^ 



108 Address of Judge Bullock. [April, 

trcmely young, and the old who are : ' The question then, will not be, who 
sinking from age, how soon would will go, but who will longer remain 
we get upon the descending scale in captivity and in exile ? 
and sensibly reduce the annual pro- Let it be remembered also, that as 
duct. Thus every year the evil Liberia is extended and grows in 
would he lessened, whilst the means wealth and population, the difficul- 
for its removal are increasing. tics of emigration will be propor- 

The fact should not be forgotten tionably diminished. Not only will 
in this connection, that the free ne- the prospect of a happy horn**, sur- 
gro population of the United States, rounded by the comforts of civiliza- 
is comparatively unproductive. It tion and refinement, present a strong 
is the fresh accession which it is con- inducement to the man of property, 
stantly receiving fiom the newly ' but the poor and the enterprising 
emancipated slaves, which imparts \ will be tempted to seek an asylum 
to it its principal strength. where industry and merit will be 

It is only necessary to bring the ' rewarded. Thus the wealth, the 
public will to hear upon this sub- energies and enthusiasm of this en* 
ject, and the object is attained. The ' tire class, will swell the tide of pub- 
annual expenditure for such a pur- lie munificence and be directed in 
pose would scarcely be felt. Look the proper channel. The notes of 
at the amount of emigration annual- ■ preparation will be heard throughout 
ly to our shores by the poor of the length and breadth of our land. 
Europe, based upon their own pri- The strong and irresistible current 
vate means, and then compare their of popular feeling will be in one di- 
ahility with the resources of a migli- , rection. The mighty work will be 
ty nation. The time is rapidly ap- ; accomplished. 

proaching, when the same powerful ' Why should it be doubted ? Is it 
motives, which stimulate the oppress- because statesmen are silent upon the 
ed of Europe to seek our shores, subject, and the glorious results 
will be brought to bear with ten-fold which it contemplates have not been 
power upon the free colored popula- dreamed of in their philosophy?— 
lion of the United States. Every We must learn from the history of 
company of emigrants which lands ] the past, that the course of events 
in Liberia, is increasing nnd strength- , has not always been determined by 
ening the ties which bind them to ; political management. If we would 
their father-land. There is a stea-: judge aright, we must take our view 
dy current of thought and feeling in |! from a more elevated position— ws 
this one direction. The rapid trans- must ascend upon higher grounds 
mission of intelligence, constant and The grand epochs in the history of 
increasing intercourse, and the free man have been signalized by higher 
interchange of commodities, will and nobler motives than usually im- 
bring the brethren of the two conti- pel the machinery of human arabi* 
nents into close and familiar con- tion. The principles of action wen 
tact. All the present dread and ap- embedded in the human soul and 
prehension, of the dangers, which called forth by the power of God.— 
await them on a far distant and in- Christianity is the mighty and durm- 
hospitahlc coast, will he lost in the hie force, which is acting upon the 
earnest desire to join their brethren world. It will not be disturbed il 
in the land of promise. Every gale its onward progress by the clashing 
which sweeps across the broad At- '. interests and opposing schemes of 
lantic, will waft a message of love. J; worldly policy. 



1847.] 



•Address of Judge Bullock. 



109 



It is the spirit of Christianity 
which originated the scheme of Af- 
rican Colonization, and has sustain- 
ed it from the beginning. No vin- 
dictive and persecuting spirit has 



' the spirit of the age. The achieve- 
1 ments of science and of art, the im- 
provements in agriculture and the 
various and wonderful application of 
labor-saving machinery, with the 



marked the annals of this institution. ] overflowing and ever increasing tide 
It declares no war upon society. It||of emigration to our shores from 



does not seek to imbrue its hands in 
blood. No incendiary spirit is cher- 
ished in its bosom. It has not ob- 
truded itself into the halls of legis- 
lation, to fan the flame of civil dis- 



every country in Europe, are under- 
mining the value of slave labor. The 
operation of these causes is sensibly 
felt. Every man of observation 
must have seen that slavery, for years 



cord, nor has it impiously dared to |j past, has been sloughing off in the 
usurp the place of the Most High j middle and western States. Some 
within the hallowed precincts of the I how or other, the idea has seized 
church. It has proposed to itself!' upon the public mind, that the intrin- 
the humble but Heaven directed mis- sic value of this species of property 



sion of doing good 

This is a system of benevolence, 



has depreciated. The tenure by 
which it is held has been weakened. 



which respects the rights of property ^The same causes will continue to 
as guaranteed by the constitution and joperate with an increased force, 
the laws. It is based upon the in- ; whilst the power of resistance is 
violability of private rights. It stands l daily and rapidly diminishing, 
opposed to the wild and fanatical: Let it be borne in mind that these 
spirit, which seeks to agitate and causes are not local in their opera- 
disturb the repose of society. It ad-||tion. They will find their way to 
dresses itself to higher motives and j the south and will there produce the 
follows in the path clearly marked ! same results. I speak not of proba- 
out by the providence of God. ijble results, but of the necessary and 

It is a remarkable fact, that whilst ! ! eternal relations of cause and effect, 
the Colonization Society has care- j The unequal competition of slave 
fully avoided all interference with ■', with free labor, must be the same 
the relations of master and slave, it i every where. The indomitable en- 
has (Jone more to promote emanci- 'ergy and superior skill and industry 
pation than all the Abolition Societies ,| of the whites, with a dense and over- 



in the country. The reason is an 
obvious one, and is founded in a just 
and enlightened view of the subject. 
The emancipation which it promotes 
and encourages, is real emancipation. 
It is justified by every consideration | 
which can move the patriot and the 
Christian. Hence it is, that this prin-' 
ciple* has seized upon the public 
mind in the slave-holding States. It 
is the only plan ever devised which 
furnishes to them a reasonable hope 
of removing the evil of slavery. 
Besides, there is an external force, 



flowing population, will ultimately 
deprive the slave of his employment, 
and render him valueless as property. 
The laws of population will remain 
the same in all time to come. We 
must remember that the past and the 
present are not the future. To-day 
is not forever. The value of slave 
property in the middle and western 
Slates, has been kept up by the de- 
mand in the south. That demand 
must have an end. The statesman 
can now define with perfect certain- 
ty, the boundaries of slave territory. 



operating upon the slave States in j The growth of population in the free 
connection with this subject. I mean j States, and in the vast territory from 



110 Twelfth anniversary of the Indiana Colonization Society. [April, 

which free States are to be made, is j! way of deliverance. It assures us of 
so rapid as almost to defy the powers ' ; the justice, mercy, and wisdom of 
of calculation. The power of the!: God. Our trust is in him who deli- 
government, the political strength of vered three millions of people from 
the nation, will he with those who J bondage, and led them through the 
will have but little sympathy with ;! wilderness for forty years, with a 
the institution of slavery. |! cloud by day and a pillar of fire by 

In this view of the matter, how 1 ! night. The time will come when 
important does it become to. provide the proud vessel of our Republic, 
an efficient remedy for the evil ? — I freighted with the last cargo of Ame- 
How forcible is the appeal to the , rican slavery, shall spread her can- 
patriot and the statesman ? It is vass for the shores of Liberia. The 
when we divest ourselves of preju-j; rejoicing lustre of millions of eyes 
dice and realize that this is a subject will be turned upon it. The bless- 
of deep and vital interest, that the ings of Heaven will be invoked by 
scheme of colonization rises to its an incalculable host of uplifted hands, 
true dignity and importance. It is ami all the jnring elements of party 
when we are most thoroughly per- !; strife will be melted and mingled 
suaded of the nature and extent of into one general prayer of joy, and 
the evil which afflicts us, that this I' 1 thankfulness, and safety, 
benevolent design points us to the j[ 



€u>rlfti} itmuDcrtfart; of t&e JmYtana Colonijatioit &oc\ay. 

According to previous notice, the ;! then called upon by the President, 
Indiana Colonization Society met in ;, to address the Society, who came 
Roberts Chapel, on Wednesday eve- 1 forward and delivered a very chaste, 
ning, January 6, 1S47. ■'. eloquent and able address, to which 

The Hon. Isaac Blackford, Pre- the audience gave 4he deepest at- 
sident of the Society, being present, : tention. 

took the chair at ? o'clock, and at i On motion of Mr; Kavanaugh, the 
his request, the meeting was opened j thanks of the Society were tendered 
with prayer by Rev. B. T. Kava.v- , to Judge Dunn, for his very appro- 
augh. '; priate address, and he was requested 

The annual report of the Board! "><•'">'*'' a copy for publication, 
of Manners was then read bv the', On motion of the Rev. D. P. Gur- 
Agent of the Society, was accepted, jj ,e - v - ,he &>»»<««>* resolutions were 

j J 'i unamnwusly adopted : 

' r i i '' Resolved* That we have undi- 

On motion, was referred I lo the ,| min j 8 | led confidence in the great 

P s 0ai R 0f M ^ na g ers ' for P ubllcallon -;|prmn>/c5upon which the coloni- 
[See Report.] \ { zal j on enterprise is founded ; and 

The report of the Treasurer, Dr.; that in their purity amd strength, we 
Isaac Cob, covering the financial re- ! gee satisfactory evidence of their 
port of the Agent, was then read !| permanent and ultimate triumph, 
by the Secretary, which was accep- ii Resolved, That in the progressive 
jed and approved, and was also, ,, movements of the citizens of Liberia 

On motion, referred to the Boaid ' in the attainment of their entire in- 
of Managers for publication. I dependence as a republican common- 

The Hon. Geo. H. Dunn was j wealth, and the wise and discreet 



1847.] Twelfth Anniversary of the Indiana Colonization Society. Ill 



manner in which they have managed il Resolved, That in the opinion of 
their public affairs, we have the most j ; this meeting, it is the duty of the 



satisfactory and cheering proofs that I 
the colored man, under proper cir- 
cumstances, is fully capable of self- 
government, and ought to be held 
and respected as such by all men. 

Resolved, That we rejoice in the 
pleasing fact, now demonstrated by J 
the experiment of the Liberia Colo- 1 
nies, that Africa affords to her scat- ; 



General Government to assist any 
State in which slavery exists, desir- 
ous of doing away with that institu- 
tion, by the use of its public vessels 
and appropriations of money, in 
carrying on a general system of gra- 
dual emancipation and colonization, 
and that this subject be respectfully 
suggested to the public and our dele- 



tered and oppressed children, .a safe, gates in Congress. 



happy, and peaceful retreat from 
bondage, from all lands, and we hope ! 
that its benefits may be seen and duly j 
appreciated by the colored man and j 
his friends, in all parts of the earth. 



On motion of Rev. S. L. Johnson, 
the following resolutions were un- 
animously adopted. 

Resolved, That we regard the col- 
onization scheme as the best, if not 
Resolved, That the history of !j the only way by which slavery may 
Christian missions in Africa, proves I: be removed from the Southern States, 
most conclusively that the scheme i and certainly the best plan by which 
of colonization, and the employment jj the Northern States can assist the 
of colored ministers of the Gospel, [ South, in the removal of that great 
in the order of Divine Providence, |i evil. 



is the most successful method of 
canying the Gospel to the perishing 
millions in that benighted land, anfl 



Resolved, That this society high- 
ly approve of " The Coloniza- 
tionist," published by the Agent 



of subduing these * k uttermost parts j! of this Society, as a faithful advocate 



of the earth" to the rightful dominion 
of the Prince of peace. 



of the objects of the Society, and 
recommend it to the patronage of 



Resolved, That the African slave the friends of the cause throughout 
trade, is more effectually suppressed j! the State, 
and destroyed upon the western ;! On motion of James M. Ray, the 



coast of Africa, by the colonies of 
Liberia, within their limits, than by 
all other means, and they ought to 
be supported from this consideration 
alone. 

Resolved, That the attempt of the 
American Colonization Society, "to 
found a Colony, and build up a 
Republican State, upon the western 
coast of Africa, of the free people 
of color of our country, with their 
own consent, contemplating the ele- 
vation and benefit of the African race 
throughout the globe, has been most 
triumphantly successful, and may 
be pointed to as the most noble 
achievement of private benevolence 
and voluntary effort ever accomplish- 
ed by man. 



following resolution was unanimous- 
ly adopted : 

! Resolved, That the thanks of this 
Society be presented to the Rev. B. 
T. Kavanaugh, the Agent of this 
Society, for his eloquent advocacy of 
the objects of the American Colo- 
nization enterprise, and his untiring 
zeal in efforts for the promotion of 

j the cause in this State, during the 

i past year. 

! On motion of Mr. Kavanaugh, 

the following amendments were made 

to the Constitution of the Society : — 

Article 4, amended so as to read 

as follows : 

44 Art. 4. The officers of this So- 
ciety shall be a President, any num- 
ber of Vice Presidents, a Secretary, 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^"^^^^^^^^^ 



112 Report of the Indiana Colonization Society. [April, 

Treasurer, and a Board of Managers, twelfth annual report op the »• 

composed of seven members of the ^ I>IANA colonization society. 

Society to be elected annually by the Ali "hemes of human economy which 
., J . . . A r " J x ... are not Ion nded upon, or in accordance 
bocieiy, and a delegate from each ol withf lhe wige and'gracious designs of the 

the auxiliary societies in connection Great Kuler of the universe, are destined 




ancient 

hers of the Board of Managers, any Africa, with her suffering millions, and 
five of whom shall form a quorum the promotion of the highest interests cf 

tii traii a -ict busings " the I,e0 « )le of the Uni,ed States, by a 

to transact ousin^s. transfer of such of the free people of cote 

J o article 7, the following words of t | lis C() „ nt ry f to the land or their father* 
were added : " annually in the month as are willing to go, with a view to these 
of J)( 

be gi 

ousl 

In Art. 11, the word " officers v the view of all wise and good in en, wits 

wan Pluck out, in the 4th line, and ', foll >'. and def <: at }. and » in the ««■. Wg 

. I,*// , »» • .1 conl usion and disgrace upon those win 

the word " delegate inserted. " W0llW thlIS p re9Ulll e to dishonor the Di- 

On motion, B. T. Kavanaugh, vine government. For, «• except the Lnd 
James Blake, and James M. Rav, i b'uM th « nouse » the builders labor in tub, 
were, appointed a committee to nom- ™<» except the Lord watch the city, the 
. I ! . . watchman wakelh in vain, 

mate ollicers for the viimuiiiit year. while it affords us the highest degree of 

The committee retired for a short satisfaction and encouragement to know 




lime, and returned and reported the tJ,at the approbation andf blessing of out 

fonowh,, ,„,,;„. who were „na,u- ^^ZV^ti^Z 

inousl v elected ollicers for the ensu- the beginning of our enterprise up to lie 

iiig year, viz : present time, and His gracious providence 

Preiidcnt—lhrn. Isaac Blackford. » as K one ^ r P re us in . clearing our way- 
r r. /, ... ,t ., T » i V : opening the hearts ol the people to our fc- 
lice President*— lion. K. W. VO r, and removing many hindirances in tto 
Thompson, ol Terre Haute; Rev. M. . wa y of our success, both in this couotrr 
Simpson, D.I). Prest. As. Un., Green- ' and in Africa; we feel under unspeskabfc 
castle; Uev. C. White, I). I)., Pr. «Wi<»«oni gratefully to acknowtedgi 
„. , \, . / , .. , '„ ii \ /■ those demonstrations of the Divine farof, 
\\ an. Col., Crawfordsville; lion. U. aml t0 rcnew our cxcrt j ons i n lne proiees . 

II. Dunn, Iiawrenceburir; Allen 11am- tiou of our labors, under the consoling n> 
illon, !>(]., Fort Wavne; Hon. Sam. surance, that while God is with us, thontji 
Hall Princeton- Uev John Mat- 0,,r ^S»"»«»SP ina y be but ?">•". and it 
i ' , > ^ Ait 'pi ' !>"■«"< °« r instruments feeble; yet, «• 

thews, l). D., Pr. New Albany, 1 he- slun soe our elforts crowned with succesi 

ologieal Seminary; Hon. Jer. Sulli- in the end, and a rich reward conferred at- 

van, Madison; Hon. S. C. Sample, on those who have, through evil and gooi 

o ,.u i> i t „ k i?«.k. v-/i I «. report, perseveied in the achievement 01 

South Bend; Jacob Kail), I>q„ La on V ^orlous objects. 

Tortc; Uev. B. B. Killikelly, D. D., ,; The year past has been one of nest 
Delphi; lie v. James Havens, Rush- !' prosperity to our cause, whether consider* 
rille; Hon. W. W. Wick, Indian- ed in reference to the operations of tti 
,. Parent Society and its auxiliaries in ths 

a P oi19 * i country, or the prosperity of Liberia ant 

Secretary — James M. Ray, Esq. its interests in Africa. 



Treasurer — Dr. Isaac Coe. 



The Wise Man has said, « Wisdom fc 



Managers— John Wilkins, James J l,ft ^ cd nn £^^^^ nJ^jSE 

t»i i *?• t» it t i V l;, - moveiiicnts ol the American ColonizattdB 

Blake, His Excellency James Whit- SocielVf when tne work of founding a 

comb, Calvin Fletcher, Wm. Sheets, ! colony upon the western coast of Am* 

A. W. Morris, Daniel Yandea. g was just begun, upon which tht 



1847.] 



Report of the Indiana Colonization Society* 



113 



^^+**^*^+^^ m 



ment was to be made, as to whether the 
colored man, under the most favorable cir- 
cumstances, is capable of governing him- 
self, and whether Africa could be made to 
afford to her children a suitable and safe 
asylum from oppression, an infuriated storm 
or persecution arose, charging the lbun- 
ders of our institution with tolly, madness, 
and the most wicked designs — cairying 
with it a large portion of the community, 
among whom were many who had been its 
warm friends and supporters — a storm 
which hung long upon the horizon, casting 
its dark shades upon our every prospect, 
and sending forth its mists and mildew over 
all our hopes ; whose noisy muttering and 
angry floods threatened to demolish our 
projected Republic in its very birth, and 
with it, blast the future hopes of Africa, 
and her down-trodden children to the ends 
of the earth. While this storm continued 
long and loud to pour forth the full con- 
tents of its inexhaustible magazine, strange 
to tel), there were those who stood by our 
cause, firm and undismayed, until it had 
wasted its fury in the mighty void ; when 
the sun-light of truth begun to pour forth | 
its bright and gentle beams, through the ; 
broken and retiring clouds, and our stately 
barque, though but a stranger upon the 
troubled waters, is seen in the distance, 
proudly mounting the rolling billows, prov- 
ing herself worthy of her trust, and hails 
from Jfrica, with the cheering tidings that 
Liberia lives ! — that to Africa it was pro- 
claimed, from on high, " arise, shine, thy 
light is come, and the glory of the Lord is 
risen upon thee." 

What, but that " Wisdom which is from 
above, which is first pure, then peaceable, 
gentle, easy to be entreated, full of mercy and 
good fruits, without partiality and without 
hypocrisy," could have inspired to such en- 
during patience, peace, and gentleness, as that j 
exhibited in the conduct of the founders of ! 
our much admired institution, under cir- 
cumstances so trying ? It is doubtless with 
Sleasure, that the sainted Finley, look? 
own from the abodes of bliss, and views 
the child of his many prayers, and his anx- 
ious solicitude, growing up to that maturi- 
ty and strength, which promise to render 
the cause of God and humanity a service 
which shall be his crown of rejoicing, 
adorned with many stars. 

And what, but the spirit which is earthly 
and sensual, could instigate the array of 
such angry words and tempers, as have 
been poured forth so vehemently against 
us, for our efforts to benefit the African 
race ? As a refutation to all these charges 
of design to injure that oppressed people, 
we will appeal to the citizens of Liberia ! 
Until they complain of injury and oppres- 
sion, wt will not hear the cavila or our 



enemies here. On those in Liberia colo- 
nization has operated. Will our enemies 
allow their counsels and decisions to go to 
those they have left behind of their race, 
still in oppression here ? It would seem 
sufficient for one who was honestly of 
opinion that our system is wrong, and yet 
possessed of a spirit of deference to Di- 
vine power, to say, "if this counsel or 
this work be of men, it will come to 
naught, but if it be of God ye cannot over- 
throw it.*' But the tempest is past — 
reason and truth have gained their rightful 
dominion over mind, and to our cause we 
are rallying a moral, a permanent and a 
powerful alliance, which will bear us on, 
under God's blessing, "to finish the work 
so happily begun." 

But that God who " has his way in the 
whirlwind and in the storm, and the clouds 
are but the dust of his feet," has so over- 
ruled the warring elements that have sought 
our ruin, as to make them promote our 
best interest ! But for the temporary de- 
lay that has been occasioned in our move- 
ments by our persecutors, it is more than 
likely that great evil would have been oc- 
casioned to the settlements of Liberia. — 
At that time the nature and diseases of the 
country were not understood. The gov- 
ernment of the colonies had not been set- 
tled into maturity for the safe management 
of public affairs. The masses of minds to 
be governed at first, needed a moral and in- 
tellectual training. For the character given 
to a new settlement by the fathers, will 
descend to generations following. It was 
still an experiment as to whether the colo- 
nists could govern themselves. That train- 
ing and experiment could be accomplished 
with greater facility and perfection, upon 
a few thousand of selected emigrants, than 
upon more. Neither had the country been 
sufficiently opened and subdued to yield a 
subsistence for more than we had there. — 
But now all these things have been accom- 
plished to a degree of perfection which 
has called forth tne astonishment and ad- 
miration of both friends and foes, and we 
have the high satisfaction of announcing 
to the world results which could have been 
obtained in no other way ; that the colored 
man is capable of governing himself, and 
that Jfrica does afford to her scattered and 
peeled children a safe and happy asylum 
from oppression and bondage : that the re- 
turn of her sons from captivity, bringing 
with them the blessings T>f Christianity and 
all the arts of civilized life, will shed 
abroad into her dark and distracted bosom 
a solace, peace and power, which will en- 
able her to develope her hidden treasures, 
clothe her naked children, feed her starving 
multitudes, and emancipate herself from a 
most degrading bondage to ignorance, ijet, 



114 Report of the Indiana Colonization Society, [April, 

and a plundering woild. Who is so blind ! beria and the American Colonization Se- 
as not to see the hand of God in controlling ciety. Since 1841, al^the officers of that 
these moving elements, in their forming infant republic have been colored men. — 
state? If the children of Israel were forty The Legislative and Judicial departments 
years upon their journey from the land of of the government have always been filled 
bondage to that of freedom, undergoing a with colored men. 
moral discipline and training to receive it, ; ,„. . . 4 . . . . , . 

should it be thought unwiselhat we should : We here omit some statements touching 
spend twenty years lor like objects ? :! what has been done towards making Libe- 

Among the great cardinal doctrines of ria independent, as our readers are familiar 
Colonizationists, it has ever been held, that ;» with the subject a j read 
the colored people of this country can never ,. J . J 

be elevated to llie platform of liberty, in the || This having been accomplished, should 
full and proper sense, while mingled in a ,, all the Colonization Societies now be dis- 
dispersed and dependent condition among ', solved ? They have most signally triumph- 
white men — inferior in numbers, wealth, ]. ed in their glorious enterprise ! We have 
and intelligence ; that the amalgamation of, founded anew and Independent Repub- 
the two races, upon which perfect equality !■ Lie, ** of the free people of color, with their 
depends, is wholly impracticable, and that : ! own consent," on the continent of ancient 
any system which stops short of a separa- ,' Africa, the land of their fathers ! And, such 
tion of the two races, will fail in giving the ji is the character of their laws and govern- 
desired elevation to the oppiessed colored .1 ment, their officers, civil and military — such 
man. It was, therefore, their first great : ; the character of their church, of the various 
care to provide such an asylum as would denominations, both of ministers and uiein- 
eflect this object, and to render such assist- \ bership — and such the high, moral, intel- 
ance as would enable them to make their ; lectual, and religious character of the citi- 
voluntary retreat from a state of degrada- ! ! zenship of that Republic, prospering in their 
tion and oppression, to the full attainment |i commercial, agricultural, and manufactur- 
of a high and honorable rank, as enlighten- >| ing interests — that, little as we have done 
cd disenthralled freemen. ji in the estimation of our enemies, and those 

We have succeeded in this. .We have j who are indifferent in regard to our move- 
selected the only land, within our reach, 1! inents, we are disposed, fearlessly to chal- 
where they will be free from the overbear- 1' lenge the World to present us with an equal 
ing oppression of the white man. We have '] number of the sons of Ham, on the face of 

Erocured, by purchase, a large, fertile, and " the Globe, equally free, happy, and pros- 
ealthy tract of country, extending for three ,' perous. 
hundred miles on the great Atlantic, and Again: We challenge the World to pro- 
for near one hundred miles into the interior, duce a like State or Republic, founded by 
A much larger scope of country than seve- private benevolence, ami the work of a vulun- 
ral of the States of this Union — a country : tary association ! ! 

abounding in a rich variety and abundance ! Rut, it is asked, was it not the original 
of all the "coin forts of life, 'design of the Ameiican Colonization So- 

The next object was, to assist them in '■ ciety to remove all the free, people of color 
organizing for themselves a republican form from, the United States? with such as might 
of government, and to sustain them by our ; be made fiee ? We answer, it was not. 
counsels and aid until they should feel safe . " The object to which its attention is to 
in becoming an independent State, and take be exclusively directed, is, to promote and 
the whole management of their atiairs into execute a tlan for colonizing, with their 
their own hands. own consent, the free people of color re- 

All this has been most successfully ac- . siding in our country, in Africa, or such 
complished. For nearly twenty years the | other place as Congress shall deem expedi- 
Society appointed and paid the Executive j ent. And the Society shall act, to effect 
of the Liberia government; which oliice this object, in co-operation with the Gene- 
was filled, for that time, by white men. — ral Government, and such of the States as 
But at the death of the late talented and la- ! may adopt regulations on the subject." — 
mented Buchanan, who fell a noble martyr, This is the language of the Constitution of 
to the cause of African liberty, on the 3d the Parent Society. Its proper, and we 
of September, 1341, Gen. Joseph J. Ro- ; may say, "exclusive" work, is, to pro- 
berts, then Lieutenant Governor, who had ' mote and execute a n.AN,"&c. The "plan" 

tone to that countrv when a small boy, and 1 ' is so far perfected and "executed," as to 
ad received his education there, assumed ; show its full and entire practicability.— 



the duties of the Executive chair, and has 
discharged those duties ever since, greatly 
to his own honor and credit, and to the en- 
tire satisfaction of both the citizens oi Li- 



j Every experiment has been made,and every 
1 result obtained, which will enable the Ge- 
i neral Government, without the least risk, 
J now to take the enterprize into its own 



1847.] 



Report of the Indiana Colonization Society. 



116 



hands, and carry out the benevolent objects 
of t>ie Society. Or, if either, or all the 
State*, choose to "adopt regulations on the 
subj.ct," the way is now safe and plain, to 
act alone, as Maryland is doing, or in co- 
operation with the Society. 

But will the " General Government " or 
41 the States adopt regulations on this sub- 
ject," and carry out the designs of the So- 
ciety ? This is a question for the good peo- 
ple at large to decide. If they so direct, it 
will be done. If not, it will remain un- 
done. We can only say, we have faithfully 
performed our part of the work, and we 



shall have the happiness to see thousands, j free. 



! $1,267,000 ; — a sum nearly double its whole 
| revenue up to the begining of last year ; 
while the truth is, but a part of the sum re- 
1 ceived and disbursed has been appropria- 
j ted to that object. 

1 But to show that in the hands of the 
j Government, the whole work could be 
I accomplished in a short time, and at com- 
paratively a very small expense, we will 
here submit one or two statements on the 
subject. 
First, in regard to the cost. 
There are, in the United States, we 
will say, 3,000 of colored people, bond and 



To purchase 60 ships,* at $10,000, each fit- 
ted for sea, would cost - - $600,000 

To furnish each family of five 
persons with provisions for 
their passage, would cost $50. 
For the whole number, at this 
rate, adding $600,000 for in- 
crease while the work is going 
on, viz: on $3,600,000, would 
be 36,000,000 

Add, for incidental expenses - 500,000 



and, we believe, millions, of the African 
race rejoicing in time, and, doubtless, in 
eternity, through what we have done and 
are still doing, both for those who emigrate 
from this land, and those who are born in 
Africa. It has been repeatedly remarked, 
by those in Liberia, that if nothing more is 
done, that Commonwealth is destined to re- 
volutionize and redeem benighted Africa. 

But has the General Government, or the 
States, the means, provided all the slaves 
were emancipated, to " execute the plan," 

with the consent of the colored people? Total cost, - - -$37,100,000 

Would it not "cost more money than is But, secondly, in regard to time. 
now in the United States ?" We are aware j The 60 ships will carry each 500 pas 
that it has been repeatedly stated that it ,! sengers a trip, and make three trips a year 
would. It has been published by the \ — making in the whole, 90,000 a year. 
Abolitionists in this city, that each emi- jj In 40 years, f at this rate, the number 

f*ant would cost, or had cost the Society, ij will amount to 3,600,000. The whole 
181 64, and that, to transport the whole, !: number ! ! J 
would cost the full sum of " $544,920,- i| Thu9, in forty years, every man, woman 
000." But is this true ? We shall see. j and child, of the colored race in America, 
The whole amount of money that had been could be transported to Africa, at an ex- 
received and expended by the American , pense of less than one million of dollars 



Colonization Society, up to January 1, 
1846, was $641,862 87. Out of this sum, 
the coasts of Africa have been explored, the 
territory of Liberia purchased, a light- 



a year. But suppose we still add $2,900,- 
000, and make the sum forty millions, one 
million a year, what is that sum compared 
to the ability of the nation, and the value 



house or two erected, a Government house |] of the work to be accomplished ? In forty 
and several public buildings erected, the jl years from this time our population will 
' "* ' ' •' fall but little short of 70,000,000. 

But this estimate is far above what is 
really necessary in the hands of the Gov- 
ernment, if we employ the ships of war, 
which are kept, in time of peace, either 
doing nothing or in part employed cruis- 
ing on the African coast. According to 
the terms of the Ashburton treaty of the 
United States with Great Britain, our 
Government is bound to keep up a squa- 
dron of eighty guns on the African coast, 
for the suppression of the slave trade.—* 
J This will cost the Government, accord- 



emigrants from this country transported 
and maintained six months in the country j 
after their arrival, and furnished with med- 
ical attendance during that time; the sal- 
ary of the Governor in Liberia and the 
whole current expenses of the Society and 
all its agencies in this country, for thirty 
years, paid. The colonies now own land 
enough to accommodate a population as 
large as that now in Ohio. If the state- 
ment in regard to the cost of emigrants 
was true, those who have been transport- 
ed would have cost the Society the sum of 



* It is presumed, in this calculation, that the shins employed in this service, would do a 
sufficient carrying trade to pay the expenses of navigating them, and keep them in repair, 

t It is not desirable to accomplish the work in so snort a time as forty years, for 
90,000 a year could not be well provided for in Liberia; but we intend to meet the ob- 
jection and show what it possible. We would prefer eighty years. 

% In the same period, about 10,000,000 foreigners wiu have, emigrated to our country! 

9 



116 Jieport of the Indiana Colonization Society. [April, 



■ -" <*** »*■<<* V* N.-" %.' *-^ * 



ing to the estimates of the Secretary of the I of former day?, and injurious counsel*, and 
Navy, $241,142. annually — more than one- by thousands and tens of thousands, they 



Jburth of the sum required annually to 
carrv on our scheme. Whereas, if our 



will flock to Liberia, and rejoice that God, 
in his wise and gracious providence, hid 



policy should prevail, the trade would he * 'prepared for them a retreat so well suited 
more effectually an i forever banished, than to his interests. These will go at their 
by that system, with but a slight increase .! own charges. Our system now possesses 
of present expenses. j self-creat ing power, and although it may 

hit to place the subject in its worst j take time to develops it, yet it is bound to 
possible light. Suppose the General Gov- '. succeed. For, with these developments, a 
eminent and the several States should re- ['' few years will bring thousands to our aid 
fuse, or neglect to " adopt any regulation ; i who have stood aloof, 
on the subject ;" what then is to become In Indiana, as stated in our last report, 
of our cherished scheme of African Colo- i; we have never had the regular services of 
nizalion? In the first place, we remark, : an Agent, to labor within our State, until 
we should be in no worse condition than . the year just closed. During the put 
we have been, thus far. In the second year, the Rev. 13. T. Kavaiiaugh has been 
place, that we shall have many advantages ' diligently employed in the work assigned 
jn our favor, which, until now, we have j him, as Agent of the Parent Society ; and, 
never had, viz: What was at first a tup- jj considering the many difficulties to be 
pu*nl truth, in regard to the capacity of the ; ! overcome, the want of information upon 
colored race for self-government, is .now ' the subject among the people, and the 
a demonstrated truth. So in regard to vast amount of prejudice which had bees 
Africa and it» advantages to civilized man, : aroused against our cause by the many 
and its MiiUblorioss as an asylum from op- presses and lecturers employed in the 
predion to the colored race of this land, j State, adverse to our interests, we beliert 

Again : In this country we have many he has accomplished as much as could be 
advantages over the past. «• Truth will reasonably expected, under the circum- 
oi/rY' The colored people have been fed stances, within the short time he has bees 
up with the delusive idea, that somehow ( engaged in our cause, 
or other, all their shackles in this land In the pro3ecution of his labors, the 
would he removed, and they would be the . Agent has found that such was the lack of 
«*rpial of the white man. But a few years ' correct information on the subject of coto- 



will prove to them, that their condition, 
bad as it is, will grow worse ! At present 
we have land enough and to spare. They 
are not crowded by an overgrown popula 



nization among the people, and such the 
number of Abolition presses and lectures! 
in the State, misrepresenting our cause and 
assailing him in the discharge of his do- 



lion. The demand for labor here is now I ties, that it was impossible to achieve a 
above the supply. Hut there are about conquest over these formidable difficulties, 
250,000 foreigners annually pouring into : without the aid of the public press, and 
our country from abroad ; these make their that so far under his control as to meet 
way for the free States. Most of them are ; the peculiar demands and exigencies of his 
laborers ; these added to the same classes j own field of labor. With a view to sop- 
of our own country, will soon contend j ply this indispensable aid, he has, under 
with the colored man strongly for ever) » the advice and sanction of the Board of 
place of employment — land will become Directors, connected with his agency, the 
scare and high, a crowded population will publication of a small inonlhly sheet, caU- 
regularly curtail tin* privileges of the poor j cd "The Colonizatiosibt, — offered t» 



of the country, and they will be the mote 1 subscribers at an extremely low rate.— 
oppres«"d from these causes, with others' This paper has done, and is well calculi- 
not enumerated. ' ! ted to do, an incalculable amount of good 

Wliil*? this is in progress here, Liberia 1 to our noble cau^e. We hope our anxfli- 
will have advanced also. Her ships will ary Societies and friends will give it at 
l»u lo.md in our ports, laded with coffee . extensive circulation in all parts of OW 
and the rich spices of her sunny clime. — State. 

She will send us I. er palm oil, dye stuflV There have been circulated within the 
lignumvit.T', mahogany, ebony, camwood. Slate, monthly, during nine months of tilt 
i\ory, >riA. 1, and a thou-and other valuable- past yeai, about 2,500 copies of " 71f 
fimiinioditie*:. Information in regard to the CuloTiiz'itionist," about 500 copies of tbs 
prosperity and happiness of her citizen* " Liberia .lihncitc" and about 100 copies 
will be general, and the colored man here, : of the " African Repository" These pal)* 
as a natural result, will follow his interest — lications have produced a powerful tad 
ihe love of " Life, liberty and the pursuit lasting impression upon the minds of thfj 
of happiness" will warm his energies so j reading community in favor of our tsma, 
fcr into life, as to over-leap the prejudice || and especially among the ministers of &p 



1847.] 



Speech of Hon* Geo. H. Dunn. 



117 



various religious denominations, to most of 
whom these publications have been fur- 
nished gratuitously. Fiom the very fa- 
vorable manner in which the Agent has 
been received in all parts of the State, 
aud by that class of the community who, 
from their intelligence and high standing 
in society, are calculated to wield atavora- 
Ue influence in our cause, we doubt not 
but that in a year or two, we shall see a 
great coming up to the support of coloni- 
zation in Indiana, which shall result in 
much good to the cause of humanity, both 
in the relief of the oppressed here, and in 
a foreign land. 

SPEECH OF HON. GEO. II. DUNN, 

Delivered at Vie anniversary meeting of the 
Indiana Colonization Society. 

The history of every man will show, that 
at some or at various periods of his life, pe- 
culiar opportunities of doing good to his 
fellow men, or other performance of duty, 
Irave been thrown in his way, and appa- 
rently forced upon his attention. 

As with men, so, in his dealings with 
nations, God, in his providence, at his own 
time and in his own way, seems to call 
them to certain paths of duty, and to require 
specific aud peculiar exertions at their 
hands. 

Such, at this moment, is the great and 
glorious opport unity of spreading the bless- 
ings of civilization and religion over the 
vast and benighted regions ot India, which 
her extensive conquests-in that country now 
affords to Great Britain ; and such 1 con- 
ceive to be the blessed privilege afforded, 
and the duty imposed upon this nation by 
the presence of so many of the sons of Af- 
rica in our land, to return, through them, 
the blessings of civil and religious liberty, 
the lights ot science, of law, and salvation 
to that unhappy and distracted country. 

The conquest of India, by a people so far 
distant from the scene of action, and so 
comparatively diminutive in numbers, is 
unexamined in history. Accompanied as 
it was by so much of cruelty, rapine, and | 
blood, though we may account for its being 
permitted, as a just, perhaps inadequate, 
punishment upon the superstition,* idolatry 
and wickedness which covered that hand as 
a flood, yet it is far more agreeable to our 
views of Divine perfection, to view it as the 
chosen means, in mercy, to break down 
Ihose barriers which had so long excluded 
the light of salvation from those shores. 

And now, when we see the power of con- 
trolling the destiny of so many millions of 
human beings thus firmly placed in the 
hands of England ; when we witness her 
advance in the knowledge of all that makes 
earth desirable and heaven attainable, and 
contrast it with the darkness and degrada- 



tion that exists in those conquered pro- 
vinces; how can we mistake the impera- 
tive duties that arise from this condition of 
things. And while it should rejoice the 
hearts and strengthen the hands of the great 
aud the good of that land, that they are thus 
called upon and permitted the privilege tg> 
minister to the wants of others, aud impart 
the blessings they enjoy, yet well may they 
be filled with fear and dismay at the awful 
retribution to follow should their nation be 
found halting in this her day of trial. 

Generally, we have a much more keen 
perception of the duties of others than of 
those resting upon ourselves. But dull in- 
deed should we be did we fail to perceive, 
in the history of slavery, as connected with 
this country, and in the remarkable preser- 
vation and existence of so great a body of 
the sons of Africa among us, a duty corres- 
ponding in magnitude, and productive of 
blessings equal in extent to the amount of 
human misery which the traffic in slaves 
has produced. If we consider this trade, 
from its small beginings to its present ac- 
tivity and extent, continued in despite the 
exertions of the most powerful nations to 
suppress it; the pillage and murder it has 
occasioned ; the conflagration of towns and 
villages; the devastation of extensive, fer- 
tile, and populous districts ; the rending 
asunder of so many ties, binding husband 
and wife, parent and child, iriend and 
neighbor; to say nothing of the injurious 
effects upon the morals of our own people, 
can we believe that so much of evil was 
permiited but with the design of bringing 
from it a far greater good. And what 
greater good can be produced from it than 
by the return of this people to cheer their 
native shores, bearing in their hands the 
blessings which our institutions and reli- 
gion are calculated to bestow; to lift up 
that dark land and make it to shine as a 
bright star in the crown of the Redeemer. 
And while convinced that we are the peo- 

f>le selected by Almighty God to work out 
>is will and pleasure in this matter, Oh! 
how careful should we be lest we falter on 
the way or mistake the path designed lor 
us to walk in. 

There are few but admit the necessity 
and duty of ministering to the wants of 
heathen Africa. But it is too generally 
considered as a duty common to all Chris- 
tian people, and that no peculiar obligation 
rests upon this nation to take the lead in 
this matter. This is an error most fatal to 
success, and in respect to which the public 
mind must be corrected before it will act 
efficiently. Without at all detracting from, 
or desiring to lessen the weight of the ob- 
ligation resting upon the Christian world, 
to lend its influence and assistance to such 
a work, we must impress upon our own 



118 



Speech of Hon, Greo. H. Dunn. 



[April r 



people that they are more particularly re- 
quired to act, and lor the reason that to 
tnein has been committed the only means by 
which this great and benevolent design can 
be accomplished, and because, while thus 
extending blessings, temporal and spiritual, 
to^a far distant continent, they are removing 
a stain that attaches to our institutions, and 
a canker ttiat may otherwise destroy them. 

Had this great truth been kept in mind 
by the American people, the agitation on 
subjects connected with African slavery, so 
extensive of. late years, would not have 
proved so barren of all useful results, and 
so fruitful of bitter controversies and sec- 
tional prejudices, as it has done. It may 
not do to say no good will grow oot of this 
agitation, for at least public attention has 
been called to these subjects, and is now 
more alive to them than it otherwise would 
have been ; and if now it can be concen- 
trated and directed in the proper channel, 
some return may be had for the time and 
expense that has been bestowed on the ef- 
fort. Still, errors, important ones, have 
sprung up from this hot-bed of contention, 
such as will require years to eradicate, and 
which must be removed before the entire 
energies of the nation can be applied to the 
desired work. 

And, now, what are the reasons that lead 
us to believe that we are the people destined 
more particularly than any other to advance 
the regeneration of Africa; and that this is 
to be brought about by the removal of the 
colored people of this country ? 

In the first place, let us look around and 
see who can and who will help in this un- 
dertaking. What other nation possesses 
the light and knowledge requisite for this 
work ? Would the systems of laws and go- 
vernment of any other nation be as benefi- 
cial for the people of Africa as our own .' — 
And if they would, have those nations the 
means of sending and teaching them there ? 
We cannot wan? a more favorable example 
than England ; next to our own, the most 
enlightened nation on earth. And are her 
institutions the best adapted for the im- 
provement of Africa? We would all an- 
swer nay, even if experience had not fully 
proved aiid settled the proposition. Look 
at her efforts at Sierra Leone. Her Colony 
there was established long before that of 
Liberia; more than sixty millions of dollars 
have been expended on it, while less than 
0600,000 have been bestowed on the other. 
It has been protected and fostered by the 
whole power of the British Government, 
and made the emporium of her commerce 
on the coast of Africa. Yet, what compa- 
rison can it bear with our colonies in all the 
essential elements of stability, and in its 
effects, in developing and advancing the 
African, character, either among its own 



subjects or the tribes around it ? So far 
from there being a body of free and intelli- 
gent citizens, accustomed to enact and ad- 
minister their own laws, as in Liberia, 
whose institutions are appreciated, and 
whose friendship and protection is courted 
by surrounding nations, there is a total 
want of every thing of the kind. Should 
the British Government now withdraw its 
control, the whole colony would fall to 
pieces, and the inhabitants return to barba- 
rism. Colored men, capable of understand- 
ing and administering the government, 
could not be found, nor a population capa- 
ble of understanding or exercising any of 
the rights of freemen. 

We can perceive that the great mistake 
of England, and the cause of her failure, 
was in keeping the government of her co- 
lony in the hands of white men. She did 
not, as in Liberia, make the colored man 
the main instrument in elevating himself 
and his brethren. She permitted the 
blighting presence of the white man and his 

f>ower to be continued there, to blast all the 
ruit which humanity hoped to derive from 
the effort ; and had her principles of go- 
vernment and policy been different, when 
had she within her dominions a people of 
the colored race capable of ministering in 
this matter? We all are aware how differ- 
ent was the system and efl'c<*t of slavery in 
her colonies to what it was and is here. 
That with her no light had penetrated the 
dark masses, bringing into notice even one 
individual, let alone any body of men, able 
to appreciate their own wants, and feeling 
the spirit strong within them, to devote 
themselves for the advancement of their 
race. Who can doubt that such was and i» 
the condition of the masses in the British 
colonies, when now, after twelve or fifteen 
years of comparative freedom, we rind none 
peering above their fellows and showing 
capacities fitted to control their own, or the 
destiny of others. 

And if Great Britain, with so much power 
and with so much of apparent good will for 
the good of Africa, has come so far short of 
her liopes and desires, may we not fairly 
conclude that the work has not been allot- 
ted to her ; and, as was remarked before, 
do we not perceive another path opened up 
for her, leading to results scarcely leas im- 
portant for her own glory and the good of 
mankind ? 

The Government of France, we know, 
is sufficiently occupied in watching the 
elements of discord with which that King- 
dom is rife, and keeping them in due re- 
straint. Nor, was it otherwise, is her moral 
and religious condition such as to justify a 
hope that her attention would soon be di- 
rected to this subject, or that any effort on 
her part would be availing. 



L 



1847.] Spetch of Hon. Geo. H. Dunn. 119 



Still more hopeless is the condition of 
Spain, the only other important nation in 
Europe on whom rests this stain of slavery. 



In view of all that has been said, how 
can we fail to wonder that the public has 
so long hesitated to come to and act upon 



Not only is she powerless in herself, but so I the conclusions which we set out to prove, 
far is she behind the spirit of the agre that | that the continent of Africa is to be colo- 
«he still countenances the slave trade, and nized by means of our black population, 



•cannot, therefore, be expected to aid in the 
work most effectually to destroy it. • 
But should ail the nations of the earth 



and that w T e, as a nation, are specially de- 
signed and called upon to sustain and for- 
ward the work. Alone can it be account- 



combine, what could they do more than has i cd for, by the fact, that in the storm of con- 
been done? Should they send whole armies i (ention which has existed, the public mind 
of missionaries and philanthropists, if, of ' has failed to keep in view the most import - 
the white race, how long would they last j| ant point of duty, and has permitted itself 
in that destructive climate and in the midst < to mistake for it others which are mere in- 
of those fierce barbarians ? Has not etfpe- j| cidents to the movement. Such I conceive 
rience sufficiently sliown that no white con- | to be the error to be found in the prevailing 
stitution can withstand the enervating cf- , opinion that the immediate and uncondi- 
fects of the one, and nothing but the pre- i tional abolition of slavery is the first and 
sence of well-ordered and strongly armed !l most important thing required at our hands, 
settlements can command the respect and,. That this is an end to be arrived at, indeed 
control the lawlessness of the other. || never lost sight of, I, for one, entirely be- 

How many efforts have been made since lieve. But that it is all, or the greatest 
Christianity became predominant in En- 1 good to result from the presence of this 
rope, prompted by commercial enterprise j| people among us, I, by no means, can ad- 
or Christian zeal, to people those shores | mit. What, pray, is the freedom of two or 
with colonics, or to impart some li«jht to ;' three millions of this people here, conderan- 
those who sit in darkness, and how signal- i ed still to live and linger under the malign 
ly have they all failed of their object until I influence of the white man's presence, corn - 
the enterprise of our society. And how j pared with the consequences to flow from 
idle is it still to look for better results from ,'! their removal to Africa, and the disfran- 
aiiy undertaking by the same parties and !| chisement of the hundreds of millions there 
conducted upon the same principles. i groaning under the bondage of sin and the 



May we not, then, consider it as settled, j most oppressive civil power. Magnified as 
that if ever the coast of Africa is to be peo- '! it may be, the civil and moral condition of 
pled by a civilized race, that they must be ji the slave in this country, can no more be 
colored men? If ever the Cross is to be ![ compared to the degradation and misery of 

{)lanted there, it must be by men se- ! ( the entire people of Africa, than the num- 
ected from their own race. And where ! ! bers of the one can be compared with the 
are they to be found ? In what country jj other. And can it then be conceived that 
except our own is there the least approach, l| the evil of slavery has thus been permitted 
with any body of this people, to such a state \ to continue and accumulate for this hundred 
of improvement as would justify our st-lec- 1 years past, with all its horrors and misery, 
tion of them for such a work ? And if they jj merely that the descendants of those thus 
at present exist nowhere, where would you \< torn from their homes, might here enjoy the 
begin the work of improvement to fit them j blessings of liberty and religion ? Alas! 
for this undertaking? Surely, all must an- \, how diminutive becomes the object of our 
swer, that if the requisite qualifications for 1 ; efforts thus circumscribed, when contrasted 
this work are to be found at all, it must be ;i with the grand design which makes this but 
with the colored people of this land, and if ,'■ one step in the movement intended to dis- 
that intelligence is yet to be imparted, that ij enthral, enlighten, and Cnristianize an en- 
it can best and mo*t speedily be done here. ;i tire continent. 

In the consideration of all these subjects, || I would not question that many of those 
the operations of the Colonization Society,: who have too strenuously maintained the 
have shed abundance of light. No one can ,i opinion here deprecated, may also hope to 
longer doubt the fitness of the colored man, .', see accomplished the great object that we 
under proper encouragement, to manage his I desire. But their mistake has been in mak- 
own affairs ami to exercise and enjoy all j. ing that the first matter of consideration 
the rights of a freeman. None can doubt ! which should be but secondary; ar.cfcin devof- 
that a large number of these people, sufii- , ing their time in vain efforts for the estab- 
cient for all present purposes, are here, ; lisnmentof a proposition which would have 
ready and prepared for the work intended ; followed as a matter of course upon the set- 
and that others can be prepared and fitted ', tlement of the other. By narrowing down 
for it faster than means can at present be ; this agitation to the mere matter of eman- 
found to transport them, or the ability of the !; cipation, they have aroused all the preju- 
colouies will support ^ dice and opposition which the whole sub- 



120 Speech of Hon. Geo. II. Dunn. [April, 

j**ct,and ail its incidents and consequences, j[ find that every ship load that departs, leaves 
were capable ofewiting, while tley have ; a thousand lies behind which arc to «lni\v 
driven from them the support which a more ! others in. Each colonist form? a new line 
enlarged view would have called forth. — of communication thiongh which such in- 
And thus we find, that within the past years formation of that country is to pass, as shall 
of controversy, while so little has been done : increase the anxiety of their brethren to 
ior colonization, still less ha* advanced the | «*njoy its blessing* ; and hundreds now of- 
caus'! of emancif)ation ; and, indeed, that fer themselves, or are offered by their ma«- 
almost all that ha? been effected for the lat- ten«, for removal, far beyond the ability of 
ter, has been through the agency and inllu- '. t the society to accept, 
ence of colonization. Thus we find from J The cause of emancipation, then, has 
the report just read, that of (>27 persons sent evidently been advanced by colonization, 
to Liberia within three years pa*t, 602 of ' and they never can be discomvected with- 
them wen? slaves previously liberated for 'out injury to both. And need we look far- 
the purpos? of being sent there. Surely, it ,: ther for a reason than that it is contrary to 
will not b* thought invidious if we contrast [ the designs of an All-wise Providence? — 
th" consequences which have and are to .'; Men may complain as they please of the 
flow from ihese opposing measures some- absurdity and injustice of the prejudices 
what further. May we not inquiie t\hat that prevent the colored man firm enjoying 
raj the opposition to colonization erf c ted the «ame privileges and countenance "here 
tor the cause of humanity, either here or in jas other free men. God has permitted 
Africa? Years have "passed since the , those prejudices to exist, to show that this 
clamor against it and in favor of immediate ! is not to be the abiding home of this people, 
emancipation begun. Money has been j If these prejudices were removed, and if the 
lavishly spent in the cause, and yet none !; races could here exist together in harmony 
| rctend that Africa has been advanced one : and mutual advantage, do we not perceive 
jot or tittle, while here it is a question, not j how, at once, all the hopes for the advance- 
how much the slave has been benefited, '\ ment and regeneration of Africa are lost 
but how much closer his chains may have 1 entirely ? And aside from the considera- 
been riveted by the effort. t| tion above mentioned, why should we com- 

And if, instead of being colonized, the I plain of these prejudices? What would 
602 slaves liberated within the last three |! their removal do for the black man's benc- 
yeius. or the three or lour thousand pre- fit? Is it essential to his good that he shall 
\ iouslv liberated and colonized, had re- remain in this country? All our experi- 
maiued in \h\< country to swell the number . encc says otherwise. Witness the condi- 
of those nominally free, who so generally ■ tion of Hayti, which has long been free and 
are od-cast* from the communities in which under their own management ; witness Ja- 
they exist, how could they have benefited • inaica, where comparative freedom has ex- 
their brethren remaining in bondage here, isted for twelve or fifteen years past. None 
or mini-fcred in the least degree to the ad- will dare to compare the condition of those 
vantage of those in Africa? On the other countries with Liberia. And what inflii- 
hand, by their location in Liberia, under «»nce have these efforts for emancipation 
the colonisation scheme, their moral and " had upon the great wotk in Africa? 
political freedom has been fully established. Let it not be understood that I entertain 
It has brought out the energies of their the idea thai a removal of the people of 
character, and shown to the world that they Hayti or Jamaica would be to their own or 
ar* capable of self-government, and of that to the benefit of Africa. The very reasons 
improvement which will make them a light which go to sho.v the contrary, are those 
in ih.it dark land <o which all the nations most forcible for the removal of our black 
will en. ii '. Already have they brought in- population. In those Islands they are now 
to conii'M'tion with their government, anil the predominant race, and the other could 
within reach of tlu 1 influence of law and re- not, if they would, remove them. They 
ligion. more than .'10.000 of the natives.— are yet so ignorant and degraded as to be 
And what may not be expected from Tie unable to take care of themselves, let atone 
glorious future, when those shores shall be teach others the art* of civilized life and 
•lotted, not with one, or two, or three, but self-government. How very different have 
with hundreds of towns ami commui.ities affairs been oidered with u?. Take our 
lilled willi millions of the civilized and in free colore.! population, and a laige num- 
telligent Africans. her of our slaves, and relieve them from the 

And how has t! e cause of emancipation pressure whirh now bears down and deadens 
been injured by thn result? Do we find all their faculties, and how much of our arts 
the slave le*s anxious for freedom because and knowledge would they be found to pos- 
tfiM prospect of u«i-tulness to hi< race j* se*s ? How' much more than the blacks of 
opened to him? Is the master less willing the Island* named, or of those of Cuba and 
to unloose his hold? On the contrary, we Brazil? And if now taken in hand, with 



1847.] 



Speech of Hon. Geo. H. Dunn. 



121 



how much more facility can we furnish the 
means of increasing and extending this 
knowledge, and sooner prepare them for 
usefulness for themselves and others, than 
can be done in any other country. 

And why, but lor this purpose, have we 
been compelled to nurture tnis people in 
our bosom, until they have acquired their 
present state of improvement, so superior 
to their race elsewhere, and their present 
strength, just sufficient to answer the pur- 
poses of Providence, and not beyond our 
ability to remove ? Who put it into the 
hearts of our statesmen at so early a period 
of our history, to put a stop to the intro- 
duction of slaves into this country.? The 
flood was stayed at the proper moment, 
while we have seen it continued elsewhere, 
until the black ha9 driven out the other 
race, and the finest portions of territory as- 
signed as their permanent residence. And 
why is this hateful traffic yet allowed toCuba 
and Brazil ? but that they are given over to 
their delusions, and are permitted to heap up 
wrath against the day of wrath, and to add 
fuel to the fire -vhich is to consume them. 

Punishment has followed almost every 
land from whence the blood of this people 
calls for vengeance. And why have we 
been so mercifully preserved, and advanced 
in all that can contribute to the happiness 
and greatness of a nation, but to fit and 
prepare us for this work ? And why is the 
Way in which it can be most effectually, 
indeed, alone, carried on and perfected, 
just now so clearly pointed out by the 
operations of the colonization scheme ? — 
bow, just at the moment when the public 
mind is most sensitive and alive to the 
dangers which beset the country, and the 
disgrace which attaches to our institutions 
in consequence of the presence of this 
people among us ? Why, but to show 
us tnat now is the time for action, and 
that, as much has been given us, much 
will be required at our hands. 

And while we thus trace the workings 
and designs of that Providence which has 
brought all these things to pass in this 
country, tending to this one great end, let 
us not fail to preceive how the same hand 
has smoothed and prepared the way in 
Africa for the return of her long lost sons. 
Although, generally, the hills and plains 
teem with a large and increasing popula- 
tion, yet it is not so where most accessible 
to our enterprise. The desolating and savage 
wars occasioned by the demand for slaves, 
have driven back the population for a great 
distance along the coast, leaving open for 
settlement the most fertile and valuable por- 
tions of the country, and which the scanty 
tribes scattered over it are most ready to 
part with, and to accept the protection af- ■ 
forded by our colonial government and laws. | 



It may be objected that what has been 
here said, too much is taken for granted, 
and the operations of the Colonization So- 
ciety are too much magnified. So much 
of misrepresentation has taken place on 
this subject, by those opposed to the 
scheme, that many no doubt have honestly 
entertained scruples as to the existence, on 
the coast of Africa, of the colonies which 
have been named, or that they are of the 
extent or influence as claimed. It has 
been doubted whether the several intelli- 
gent colored men who have returned from 
the colonies to give information respecting 
them, were not emissaries hired to deceive 
and delude our colored people. But the 
constant intercourse of the last year or 
two, between the colonies and this coun- 
try, kept up not only by the commercial 
but the national marine, and the frequent 
notice and approval which they have re- 
ceived in the letters and publications Of 
distinguished officers, most effectually dis- 
perse those doubts from the minds of all 
intelligent persons. With some of those 
who have visited the colonies, it has been 
my privilege to converse. One, an officer 
in our navy, informed me that he found at 
Monrovia, a well regulated, intelligent, 
and religious population ; such a3 would 
not disgrace his own native village in New 
England. He visited their churches, their 
court house, their houses. He found none 
but colored men in their pulpit?, their 
courts, and their counting rooms, in all 
which departments their business was 
conducted with decorum and propriety. — 
The last year, also, has bro:i<rht this peo- 
ple into contact with the Government of 
Great Britain, and is to lead, as we hope 
and believe, to the recognition of them oy 
that power, as an independent people.— 
And thus it is that light has been afforded 
the public, dispelling doubts, and exposing 
the slanders of enemies, until none can 
longer hesitate to admit that the society ha* 
effectually succeeded in planting upon the 
shores of Africa, several free and indepen- 
dent colonies, of intelligent colored per- 
sons from this country, who have, for 
years, governed themselves, enacted and 
executed their own laws, who carry on an 
active and profitable commerce both with 
the interior and with foreign nations, and 
who can now, with safety, be turned off 
from all guardianship of the parent society to 
act for themselves in all respects whatever. 

When we consider the nature and ob- 
jects of the Colonization Society, how 
much of immediate and unmixed good 
there is in every step of its operations, it 
is incredible to believe that so extensive 
and virulent an opposition to it could have 
been excited, as late years have witnessed. 
In most other schemes of benevolence, 



0^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



122 Speech of Hon. Geo. H. Dunn. [April, 

something has to be taken on trust, and [ the present, and the prospective future, 
time is required to develope its results. — I we can plainly see that the hand of God 
Thus, win. Ti we contribute to a missionary 'was there; and how fur exceeding in 
enterprise to any distant and heathen laud, . knowledge and wisdom arc his counsels 
we expect not to see fruit fiom the cxpen- than our own ! 

dituiv lor long years to come. We expect . When we look back, well may we tremble 
the missionary to endure privation, sick- at the probable fate of our inlant colonies, 
jieas, perhaps death, and consider ourselves had the nation risen in its might and at 
pud him well repaid, if even one of the . any time heretofore have thrown back up- 
seed scattered by his hand, shall find a , on them the thousandth part of the popula- 
genial soil. But not so with colonization. | tion it might have done. J lad the iutem- 
Kach one who contributes to free a black >| perate zeal manifested in opposition, been 
man from a state of dependence and bon- j excited in favor of colonization, arid the 
dage here, and send him to Africa, has the '! time, talent and money exhausted in this 



immediate satisfaction of knowing that he 
contributes to that man's highest good. — , 
He has at h'ast made one man fiec in truth i 



controversy, been lavished in removing 
persons to Liberia, who can question the 
disastrous result, or doubt that the colony 



and in fact ; a consummation worth all it : must have been overwhelmed with those 
cost, and bringing full and immediate com- . who, unaccustomed to self control, would 
pensatiou; while all in prospect, the rich have cut loose from all restraint. Even 
jiarvr.-t to he reaped in the conversion of <| now, a too rapid movement, such as the 
Africa, is principal and interest repaid over j more sanguine might desire, may have the 
and over again in richest piofusion. And : eti'ect to overthrow the established authori- 
with how much more harshness has this : : ties, and thus extinguish the light jurt 
eau»e been treated than that of missions ■■ glimmering on those dark shores/the hope 
in general. Consider how the mission to of despairing millions. 
China has been fostered for so many years We have heard much of the great ex- 
pa>:, with scarcely the slightest encourage- pense of colonization, and the impossibi- 
inenl. How many valuable lives have lity of our ever being able to remove the 
I) Mil sacrificed, and how much money whole slave population to Liberia. But 
spent in the cause by its uncomplaining have those who make i':osc olj'clions 
and persrveiiug friends! How dark tin 4 ever considered the expense and diiliculty 
pio.-jpeci by which their faith was tiied! attending any other plan devised for the 
The harriers which superstition and bar- benefit of this people? Have they ever 
huriau policy had erected against them attempted to look beyond the mere point 
seemed impenetrable. Hut they did all of emancipation, and determine what 
that could he. done. They mastered the shall become of them after they aie free? 
l.uiguagc, translated the JJible, and just at Whether they arc to swarm over the 
the moment when these necessary and pre- whole country, seeking employment; 
paiatmy steps were taken arid theyprepar- i whether they "are to be removed to some 
eii toiipi'j-ate successfully, by a ino*t sur- | distant point on this continent, or have as- 
prisin^ Providence, are all the haniers re- j >igned to them, for exclusive occupation, 
Moved, ami th.'v permitted, nay, invited, .some part of the territory which they now 
t<> pour out their i it h treasure upon the. mos'ly inhabit. If turned adrift upon the 
thirsty land, Oh! how must the friends . country, can we not foresee the increased 
of tins great enterprise now rejoice that deterioration of character of the free 
their hearts failed not at the prospect of blacks which such a number crowded upon 




uf licit as reasons for its abandonment, the sum required for their removal from 
as wa* the. case with colonization? Nay, the. country? Let alone the .xpen^e, the 
hir different was its treatment. ( bi-nevolence that would thus turn (hem out 

Fierce ind--ed has been the struggle in this country, without piopeity or means 
through which our cause has passed, lor of support, to" be still hewers of wood and 
a while ail seemed to be lost. Just at the drawers of water for white people, can 
moi.i-nt when a heavy debt was pressing scarcely be compared with that which pro- 
upon Hi ■ Society, and it ino^t needed posts to remove and settle them upon land 
iiiemis and help, tin* storm came, cutting of their own, with competent provision, 
o.f new supplie.-, and not only alienating until it can be brought into cultivation, 
old friend* lm I turning them into bitter lint il laud is to be furnished hero, that 
ii>MnLiit-;. JJit the sky is once more it* m is to be taken into the consideration 
char, and now that we can look around . of the expense. If it shall be a part of 
and have a more distinct vision of the past, i the " sunny South/* their present home, 



1847.] 



Speech of Hon. Geo. H. Dunn. 



123 



its value would be ten fold more than all 
the expenses of land, removal, and settle- 
ment in Liberia. And if th<» place selec- 
ted for them is to be so far distant as ma- 
terially to decrease the value oi land, then 
the expense of removal alone, by any 
means of conveyance we can cenceive of, 
judging from what it cost us to remove the 
Indians, will far exceed a like removal 
and settlement in Liberia. 

Few* persons are aware of the great faci- 
lity and cheapness with which these peo- 
ple can be located in Africa. The differ- 
ence of climate alone takes off one-half 
the labor requisite here to live comforta- 
bly. Two crops a year are regularly pro- 
duced with very little labor. Indeed, the 
settler, with a brush fence around his four 
or five acres, a few trees girdled, a thatch- 
ed hut, and only a hoe in his hand, is far 
more.independent and sure of a good liv- 
ing there, than he could be here with ten 
times the quantity of ground and all its ne- 
cessary buildings and improvements. 

But colonizationists are far from believ- 
ing that emancipation can be effected, if 
at all, as cheaply as when connected with 
colonization. We have seen how well 



Many, who believe in the benefits to be 
derived from colonization, both to our own 
land and to Africa, are yet hopeless and 
backward in the cause, from the belief that 
it is too slow a process, and can never en- 
tirely rid us of the evil complained of. 
But the calculations contained in the re- 
port just read, cannot be disputed, and 
must satisfy every one who examines them, 
that the work, far fiom bein<* impossible, 
is easy of accomplishment. Indeed, what 
is it that is right and proper that the na- 
tion cannot accomplish, when all her ener- 
gies are applied to it ? We believe that, 
in time, the whole people and government, 
state and national, will make this work the 
great absorbing matter of interest. Until 
then, private benevolence must carry it 
on; new colonies must be planted, and 
sustained until they acquire some maturity 
and strength. A better knowledr." of the 
country, and the advantages it holds out to 
the settler, must be brought home to our 
colored people. And all this is now a mat- 
ter of easy accomplishment. The inde- 
f>endence of Liberia will soon be acknow- 
edged. Her flag will float in our ports; 



her vessels, commanded and manned with 
they have heretofore worked together, and .! her citizens, will be known to our coasts, 
we know that hundreds of slaves, now free ; and their crews will communicate to their 
men in Liberia, who have been liberated i kindred here information in such a way as 
and the expense of their removal and set- j. cannot be disputed; and thus will thou- 
tlement paid by their masters, would still | sands be induced to go there of their own 
have been in bondage if they must have j, accord and at their own expense. We be- 
remained here; and hundreds are now !| hold near 250,000 foreigners now annually 
pressed upon the society for removal, on \\ seeking our shores. How limited was the 
the same terms, whose masters, from a .: number a few years ago, and how plain are 
sense of duty to their slaves, will never \ the causes of its increase. The commu- 
suffer them to be set at liberty in this coun- nication of his content and happiness by 
try. On this subject, people will be guid — e '~ J u ~" J 4U "~ 



ctt by experience rather than theory and 
declamation. The condition and future 
prospects of the free blacks in this coun- 
try are well known, and his condition and 
prospects in Africa are becoming too 
well known to allow of mystification or 
doubt any longer, as to what is best for 
him. And, therefore, the hope of bringing 
the united energies of the wise and the 
good of the land to bear upon any other 
effort than colonization, must become 
every day more hopeless. And if indivi- 
duals cannot be otherwise moved, how is 
it to be expected that the States, as such, 
will ever take the matter in hand on any 
other principle. How much easier will it 
be to obtain laws in the free States for the 
removal of this people out of them than 
to obtain laws to encourage their emigra- 
tion to them ; and especially when the 
public is satisfied that their new home is 
better than their old one. Still more evi- 
dent, that upon the principle of coloniza- 
tion alone, can the slave state be brought 
to act eliiciently in this matter. 



one friend has drawn another. The com- 
1 ing of a son, a father, a brother, has en- 
couraged the residue of his kindred tojnake 
I the venture. And thus will it be with the 
i blacks ; for how much stronger ure the 
| motives urging them, than exist in the other 
i case. These foreigners seek a home in a 
country with whose language and customs 
| most of them are unacquainted, and they 
! come not from chains and bondage, or de- 
I gradation of caste and color, and yet we 
j Bud them coming in numbers fourfold the 
I annual increase of our black population. 
The only thing necessary, then, is to con- 
I vince the black man that his interest lies 
in Africa ; that there he can rise to the dig- 
! nity of a freeman, and at once motives are 
I given him, and hopes are excited, which 
not only fills him with energy, but fits him 
for usefulness in his future home. 

It is becoming every day more evident 
that colonization is the only effectual means 
for the suppression of the slave trade. 
Not only does it operate directly by the 
destruction of the slave factories upon the 
coast of Africa, and by affording facilities 



124 Intelligence from Liberia. [April, 

for a more legitimate commerce to its in- 1 every other when like pains were taker, 
habitants, bat in. lire, Uy, by building un a The'$500 contributed in this State, tho-jS 
competition in H.030 productions by the . small compared with some t hi n^«, 19 pilim 
cultivation of which shve labor can only promis? for the future, when wo cons»!i-r 
be made profitable. Of what value, for in- i that it almost equals the amount ever hw 
stance, would slaves be in Brazil, if Libe- ; collected for the same cause since that 
ria could undersell her in the aiticle of ,j cause had an existence. I f so much can be 
coffee? and the demand in Brazil is now : done by one agent, with such limited mean* 
the chief support of the slave trade. That of approach to the people, bavins: J*o ranch 
such competition is possible cannot be of prejudice to encounter, and want of id* 
doubted, when the greater facilities for the formation on the subject to overcome, whr 
protection of this aiticle is considered. 1 may not be expected when full knnwled** 
Attention has already been given to the ' of the plans, the operations, and the pi<w- 
subject. Three plantations, I perceive, : peels of colonization for the honor and wri- 
number 2.000 trees each, and many smaller ' fare of America, anil the happiness ml 
ones are in progress. We must remember, j glory of Africa, shall have been spread 
too, that rice, cotton, and the sugar cane, j abroad and are duly appreciated. When 
arc the spontaneous growth of that coun- j our people cornc fulty to understand the 
try, and without a monopoly of these, how !' grandeur of the enterprise, so full of slorr 
ran slavery be sustained, either here or to God and good will to man, ami that wi. 
elsewhere. ; and we alone, are called upon to do thh 

In conclusion, let me congratulate the I work. Then will the colonization effort 
friends of colonization on the progress their ' assume its true position as the great woik 
cause has made in this State within the ' of this day and this people, and an aifro* 
la.it year; and the report made by your so- : cate be found in every man who calls bin* 
ciety is but an echo of what we hear from . self a patriot and a Christian. 



[From Ihe " National Intelligencer."] 

3nttUi0cncc from Siberia. 

Colonization Rooms, -, cial treaty with England in case of its d*- 

IVaihinston, March 2-lf/j, 1347. during its independence; and, finally, to 
Mlssrs. Editors: — I have just received ask an exact description of the territory 
some information relative to ail'airs in Li- - now owned or claimed by the colony os 
beria, which will interest many of your this coast. You will perceive that these 
readers. It is contained in a letter from . are important inquiries. Gov. R. will not 
an officer in the United States navy, now j do any tiling rashly, and Com. Read wfll 
on board the frigate United States, who is ' do whatever is required for the interests 01' 
the author of the 4I Journal of an African ! American commerce on this coast. 
Cruiser." The letter is dated at Monrovia, « If the goods for the purchase of terri- 
December 12th, 18 Hi, and came by the 1 tory are not now on their way hither, Umj 
way of England. It is much later intelli- [ should be hastened as much as possible. If 
gencc than we have before received. 1 ; England or France obtain any territory be- 
hand you the following extracts: "This 'tween this place and Cape Palinas, the 
colony seems to be in as good a condition i continuity of territory will be destroyed, 
as usual. We have a rumor that England and these Powers will not give up an inch 
and France have agreed to withdraw most without such commercial advantages M 
of their cruiseis, and adopt a system of j the colony will not like to grant, 
general colonization of the coast. An; " Probably one of our vessels of war wi| 
English sloop of war, the Favourite, Cap- remain here as long as it can be of aej 
tain Murray, is now here. Captain M. , service." 

has called upon Governor Roberts, to know I may here remark that we sent* in At 
the present relations of the colony to A titer- early part of last December, a large eei 
ica, and to the Parent Society ; also, to well selected supply of goods for the per- 
know if the colony will make a commer- chase of territory. It is therefore probe- 



1847.] 



Liberia and the British Government. 



125 



ble that before this time the colony has II the advantages of the commerce of Libe- 
secured all the points along the coast which I ria. "Would that wc could say as much of 



can at present be obtained. 

It will be seen that England is awake to 



our own country ! Yours, very truly, 

W. McLAIN. 



Liberia a n & t\) t 3 r 1 1 1 b <& ov c znmtnt. 



It is earnestly to be hoped that the time 
will soon come, when the position and 
character of Liberia shall be so well es- 
tablished and manifest that every body can 
know and understand it perfectly. It 
will be seen from a paragraph in another 
column that the British Government have 
again made enquiries on this subject, and 
that some farther arrangements are con- 
templated should Liberia become an inde- 
pendent Government. We are not at all 
surprised at this. Liberia is yet destined 
to be a very important place. Its com- 



merce will be extensive and profitable. — 
It is not strange therefore that England 
should desire to form a commercial trea- 
ty with the Commonwealth. 

We are persuaded that the authorities 
of Liberia will not do any thing rashly, 
but we presume that they will see reasons 
for entering into a commercial treaty with 
England, and with any other country that 
may desire it. 

Is it not a pity that the United States 
should be so backward in discovering her 
true interests on this subject ? 



ftbtvia packet. 

We are daily expecting the arrival of the ! yet received information of any who will 
Liberia Packet, with much later intelli- certainly be ready. And as it is only one 
gence than we have from Liberia. month till we contemplated sending the 

The prospect for emigrants this spring expedition, no time ought to be lost by 
is at present very small. We have noti any who intend to go. 



TUcctpUof ttje American Colantjafton Sactttp, 
From the 2QUt January,to the 25th March, 1847. 



MAINE. 

By Dea. Samuel Tracy : — 

Fryeburgh — Mrs. Chas*», $1, Sam- 
uel C. Holden, 15 cents 115 

North Bridgeton—T>r. M. Gould, 5 00 

Halhwell—S. C. Grant, $5, Dea. 
H. Tupper, toward life-mem- 
bership, #20 25 00 

Gardiner — Major Swan, 91, Rev. 
W. R. Babcock, R. M. Gardi- 
ner, Esq., each $3 7 00 

North Yarmouth — Rev. D. Shep- 
ley, #1, Samuel Sweetser, $2, 
Capt. Chase, D. Frickey, each 
50 cents 4 00 

North Yarmouth Centre— Rev. Ca- 
leb Hobart, on account of life 
membership, by Captain Geo. 
Barker 5 00 

Augusta — Rev. Benjamin Tappan, 



D. D., $1, John Dorr, Esq., $5, 
Gen'l Redington, E. A. Nason, 
each $1, J. G. Holcomb, 50 cts., 
cash, $3 11 50 

Brunswick— Professor Upham, $2, 
cash, #5 7 00 

New Gloucester — Rev. S. H. Shep- 
ley 1 00 

Freeport — Dr. J. A. Hyde, $2, 
Mrs. E. F. Harrington, N. Nye, 
each 05, Rev. £. G. Parsons, 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
By Dea. Samuel Tracy : — 
Gilmanion— Contribution in Rer. 



13 00 



New Castle — Helen E. Seabury, 
13 cts., Capt. S. Handley, $2, 
E. W. Farley, $1 3 13 



82 78 



126 

D. Lancaster's church 

Meredith Bridge— J. T. Coffin, 

Charles Lane, Esq., each, $1. 
F.a*t ttoscau-cn — Jacob Trussell. . 
West Concord — Hev. A. P. Tcnney 

Coiuord — Mis. Stickney 

Jsondundory — Charles liurd 

Litchfield— Rev. Win. H. Porter, 

dmlicrst — B. B. David 

Goffstoicn — Rev. Isaac Willey, 

#1 50, D. Steel, £1 

Plymouth — L. J. VVebster, Gen. 

M. Cook, each $1 



Receipts. 



[April, 



8 03 

2 00 

3 50 
1 00 
1 00 
3 50 

1 00 
3 50 

2 50 
2 00 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

Concord — An. donation from Hon. 
Samuel Hoar 

South Deer field— From William 
Riddell, to constitute himself a 
lite member of the A in oilcan 
Colonization Society 

Millun — Joseph Howe, Esq., on 
account of life membership of 
the American Colonization So- 
ciety, per Rev. Joseph Tracy. . 



28 03 



100 00 



30 00 



20 00 



150 00 



CONNECTICUT. 

":>y Rev. Samuel Con-tlius: — 

Hartford — Thomas S. Williams, 
52>. James B. Ho«rner. Alired 
Sir.it h, each $2«>, C. C. Lyman, 
A Hit in Dunham, Francis Par- 
son *, Charles Seymour, Stephen 
Sp- 1 c-.-r, Bishop T. C. Biow- 
\\A\. Joseph Trumbull, H. Allen 
Grui.t, David Watkinson, each 
frl». E. X. Hello*;;, D. P. Cios- 
bv. Jol.u S. Boswell, cash, J. 
To-ifvy.J.W. Bull. Eiisha Colt, 
Kbi-nr. Flovter, T. C. Ive^, C. 
H. Nor! ham, cash, Howe, Ma- 
ther k Co.. Daniel Wads worth, 
W. W. Turner, Win T. Lee, 
Charles Nichols, each £3, Hetty 
B. Hart, J. 1). Gilbert, D. T. 
Robinson. Wm. T. Hooker, 
John Olmsted. Charles Hosmer, 
Alb.Tt Day, T. A. Alhrn, S. L. 
Lo-Muis, A. Friend, each $43, 
A. W Butler, C. Weeks, Geo. 
Burnhani, 1). L. Stewart, X. 
lloliist*-!, C. C. Mooie, Jr., 
F.ilw. Goodwin, E. F*'Hsendeii, 
F/ia ('Ink, J i , l\. lYnv»*a«h, 
Mi. Mullen !<»u!,\ iis;ill oimnIi, 
1. F. Jii.lil, Ui.ii- l>. Bull. Cal- 
vin |)it\ , r.irh <*., ca«d», S. 
lioitiilni in, I! 1Vn\, 1 tin. Mil- 
li'in m. I: Mi-mtl, II. U (imI, 
All. n ?i Millm.ni. K.ii Dl.iki', 
lamiD I'llkiU. 1 t«- Smith, S. 



P. Kendall, Mr. Willard, James 
L. Howard, Win. B. Ely, H. L. 
Porter, Henry Benton, L. C. 
Burn ham, Wm. Savage, Francis 
Fellowes, C. B. Hull, J. A. 
Ayres, L.C.Woodruif, H. Fitch, 

A. Saunders, Geo. S. Lincoln, 
J. P. Foster, Samuel G. Savage, 
Thomas Steel, Eiisha Geer, A. 
Farwell, Sa:ul. Woodrulf, Dan- 
iel Buck, Jr., Dr. John Butler, 
each #1, Mr. Bartlett, Peter D. 
Stillmaii, each 50 cts 

Norwich — A. H. Hubbard, $25, 
Mrs. Huntington, $4, J.Hunt- 
ington, Joseph Otis, K. Hub- 
bard, each $10, M. Slater, H. 
Strong, William Williams, each 
$5, Mrs. Lee, $3, Miss Benja- 
min, 50 cts., Edward Whiting, 
cash, D. L. Trumbull, George 
Perkins, Jed. Huntingdon, Mrs. 
N. C. Reynolds, Mrs. W. Hun- 
tingdon, each $2, L. F. S. Fos- 
ter, G. Chapman, E. A. Bill, 
W. Hooker, D. M. Prentiss, H. 

B. Buckingham, Mr. Kinne, 
Wm. F. Clark, each §1 

Thompson— W. H. Mason, £6, S. 
Davis, J. B. Gay, each $2 

Pom/ret— Rev. D. Hunt, Rev. Mr. 
Park, Dr. Williams, Mr. Gros- 
vener, each $2, Dr. Holt, Geo. 
Matthewson. each £1 

DanUhon — Thomas Backus, Sa- 
rah Danielson, each yl 

Brooklyn— Edwin New berry. Dor- 
cas Robinson, each $2, Han- 
nah Cidy, Esther Smith, Maiy 
Ann Scarborough, Sarah Wil- 
liam*, Mrs. Charles White, G. 
Robinson, Eliz. Baker, John A. 
Wficii, D.Tyler. e.»ch SI 

Windham— Justin Sv ift 

Tolland— J. R. Flynt, $3, E. W, 
it E. J. Smith, Moses Under- 
wood. D. P. Waldo, each SI.. 

Sowers — Or?.m Wood. $5. Marcus 
Woodward. Jcrusha Pease, Sa- 
r:ih R. Pease, Oliver Chapin, 
Oliver Collin*. Wm. Collin*, 
Dr. E. E. Hamilton, each .*> 1, 
L. E. Poa.-e. K.;>be 4t Holmes, 
Sol. Fuller. Warren Kibbe, 
No,. 1 ! C. Collins, each 50 cts»., 
Job H siSurt. Lest-r K. Grove, 
Asa Kibbo, each 25 cts 

t'.rtield — V. A. Hamilton. >3, Rev. 
F L. Kt**»bin<. >2. John Pease, 
SI -"». l.»»ui<a N. Poasr», 12 cts., 
,Vth IVrry. -V ct>.. Daniel P. 
Ch.ipui, Ep!i. Potter, Albert 
l\u>ons, A. I.. Spj;-i:;»ij, A. 
Fiu\id, A. Stilla^a-i, L. Pierce, 



332 00 



99 50 
10 00 

10 00 
2 00 



13 00 
1 00 



6 00 



15 25 



1847.] 



Receipts. 



127 



H. S. "Belcher, Horace King, 
David Brainan), Jabez King, 
Geo. Meveham, each $1, Orson 
Terry, 01 50, Philo Beers and 
wile, Albert King, Adolphus 
King, each 75 cts., Seth Phelps, 
Francis Chapin, Margaret Ter- 

2\ Harvey Terry, James Pease, 
eulah Chapin, Albert Clark, 
E. B. Alden, Samuel Stillman, 
Jr., Asbel Terry, James E. 
Pease, Samuel Chaffee, M. 
Kingsbury, H. H. Ellis, each 
50 cts., D.F.Abbe. Mrs. Borth, 
L. Kslluio, Miss H. T. Pease, 
Mrs. N. Prior, Mrs. E. Parsons, 
A. A. Webster, Eliz. Abbe, 
Geo. Killum, Jehiel Woodward, 
James Henderson, Sol. Allen, 
Mrs. Marsh, each 25 cts 32 57 

Thompsonville — Rev. Peter Gor- 
don, David Woodruff, G. W. 
Martin, Wm. Boyle, each $1, 
Moses Davidson, 41 cts., James 
Ewing, 35 cts., James Ronald, 
James Bryson, Robert David- 
son, David Doig, Win. LiddeJl, 
H. C. Bagg, S. C. Banning, W. 
Stewart, Thos. Smith, Andrew 
Davidson, Ralph Bottomly, 
John Seckell, Alexander Wood, 
Thomas Dempster, cash, each 
50 cts., James Crawford, John 
Muller, Robert Henderson, Wm. 
Massey, James Field, John 
Kenyon, John Brough, Samuel 
Steel, Robt. Whitworth, James 
Simpson, Wm. Souble, Isabella 
Bryson, John Johnson, Alfred 
Bates, George Strathon, Alex. 
Mintree, David Luke, Robert 
Moore, Alex. Law, Jas. Law, 
Robert Galbraith. J. Webster, 
Moses Halias, Wm. Lowry, 
Wm. Bragginton, Robt. Moore, 
Wm. Parker, Wm. Cook, Jas. 
Prickett, John Field, Geo. Piior, 
Mr. Taylor, Robert Young, 
Chas. Young, Jas. Alexander, 
Wm. McCrone, Henry Rich- 
mond, John Naylor, Henry 
Wadden, David Calhoun, Thos. 
McCroy, Alex. Leech, Hugh 
Gray, John Young, Jos. Young, 
Matthew Muller, Walter David- 
son, cash, Mrs. Sloan, each 25 
cts , Geo. Black, John Smith, 
David Halias, Hugh Young, 
Andrew Alcom, James Galway, 
each 12£ cts., David Hood, C. 
Creelman, each 10 cts 25 46 

Warehouse Point — Mrs. Phelps. . 50 

South Glastenbury—J. Post, Hora- 
tio Hollister, each #2, Martin 



Hollister, Henry Dayton, each 

01 6 00 

Glaslenbury — Norman Hubbard, to 
constitute himself a life member 
of the American Colonization 
Society, $30, David Hubbard, 
Geo. Plummer, each 85, Oliver 
Hale, Benjamin Taylor, Thad. 
Wells, each #2, Osrim Wells, 
#1, Eleazur Sellers, 50 cts. . . . 47 50 



NEW JERSEY. 

Newark — Legacy left the Ameri- 
can Colonization Society by the 
late David Tic he nor, Esq 

Woodbridge — Collection in the 
Rev. Wm. B. Barton's congre- 
gation 



600 73 



1000 00 




PENNSYLVANIA. 

Philadelphia — Donation from the 
Pennsylvaina Colonization So- 
ciety, for the benefit of the re- 
captives of the ** Pons," by Paul 
T. Jones, Esq., treasurer 203 75 

DIST. OF COLUMBIA. 
Washington City — John P. Ingle, 
Esq., annual subscription 10 00 

VIRGINIA. 

By Rev. Charles A. Davis : — 

Brentsville— J. Williams $2, W. T. 
Wier #1, L. W. Nutt 50 cts., C. 
Hunter 50 cts., S. Latimer 25 
cts., A. C. Dickinson 25 cts., . 

Cash 01 85 6 35 

Warrenton — Rev. Mr. Atkinson, 
to pay for the passage of a co- 
lored man liberated by him, to 
Liberia, $30. To constitute Rev. 
Mr. Atkinson, of the Presbyte- 
rian church, and Rev. James 
Brads, of the Methodist Epis- * 
copal church, life members of 
the Society, the following 
amounts, viz : Mrs. Throckmor- 
ton $10, Sam'l Chilton $5, R. 
M. Smith $5, J. L. Fant $5, 
J. G. Beckham $5, R. A. Wea- 
ver 05, J. V. Brooke 05, Kev. 
B. H. Berry 02, G. Petty $1, W. 
Foote 01, Dr. J. F. Smith $1, 
H. L. Fant 01, Mrs. Norris 01, 
Mrs. Brent 01, Mrs. Brads $1, 
Mrs. Weaver $1, Miss Horner 
01, Miss Swift 01, Mrs. Fant 
01, J. T. Marten 50 cts., J. M. 
Smith 50 cts., W. Ashby 50 cts., 
E. M. Merchant 25 cts., R. 
Gordon 25 cts., cash 06 16.. . . 91 10 

Groveton— Alfred Ball 010, W. 
H.Dogan02 12 69 

Lancaster Court flbute— William 



128 



Receipts. 



[April, 



i] Granville — Annual life subscrip- 

i; tion from S. Wright, Sr 

jl UiUxbnro — Samuel Li»m. Esq. . . . 

1 1 liolicar — David Yant, Esq 

Uillespieville — From Abncr Wes- 
i. son, per Hon. A. O. Tliurman, 
1 By Kev. Alex. M. Cowan: — 

; Cincinniti — Fifth Clinrch 

Jiullcr County — Harmony Church, 
[ A>/i/a~ Clothing lor the Kentucky 
School in Liberia, #50, and 
books for do. #10, from ladies of 
that town 



INDIANA. 



Brent $2, B<»nj. P. Warwick 
M 50, It. H. Dunaway #1, T. 
Korris $1, S. Downing #1, L. 
II. Dix £1, J. F. Greshaiii Si, 
G. It. Waldy $1, J. M. Hill 
si, J. S. drowning $1, Thos. 

Brown $1 12 50 

Ilcathnillc — Dr. Gustavus B. 
Campbell #1, Mrs. S. A. Win- 
stead #i, W. I). Bell SI, H. F. 
Cunditf $1, Mr. Henderson $1, 
cash 25 cts , and the following 
sums to constitute Itev. Robert 
J*. Thompson, President of the 
Virginia Conference of the Me- 
thodist Protestant church, a life 

member of the Society viz : By Rev> B> T# Kavanauph :— 

Cupt. Win. Harding *8, Dr. B. ; ^ he[oy Co . Col. Society— C. Chin, 

b. MiddU-ton #5, 1 ho*.. Basye | , K y., $2, J. llemirix.N. Teal, 

85, Dr. J. T. Basye $5, J. S. L So'rden, J. Elliott, W. Little, 

Hay ley $5, Miss b. S. Bayley W . Hacker, A. Miller, J. Ben- 

$o, cash $2 40 251 nett, E.G. Mayhew, W. Cotton, 

Wcs'morcland— Mrs. Starke $5, P. Hagerman, J. B. Lucas. J. J. 

cash £2 78 7 78 Lewis, W. Browning. T. A. 

King (horge Gmrt House — W. II. Hendrix, C. Guinn, J. Cortmill, 

Benson #5, Mi«s Redman $2, , S. F. li. Hill, J. McConncll, 

Miss A. E. Pitts $1, Mrs. Stew- Jr. W. Van Benthusen. J. Ver- 

art (at Cone Church) $1 9 00 ; non, J. S. Moore, T. Wood, J. 

Shephtrtlstmcn — Collections in i; II. Sprague, each $1, I). 
Elk Branch Church #25, and in Thatcher, $1 30, J. Q. Math- 
Bunker Hill Church, by llev. ews, and J. N. Wampler, each 
Patterson Fletcher 45 00 50 cts. Mr. Webater, J. Farrell, 

Berryyilh — Contribution from the and W. H. Morrison, each 25 

ladies of WicklilFe Parish, cents 

Clarke co., to constitute Itev. • Greenwood Col. Society — Abram 

Kichard H. Wiliner a life mem- ! Brewer, 02, D. A. Brewer, G. 

ber of the American Coloniza- T. Noble, Jr. J. O. Wishard, 

tion Society 30 00 ' each 25 cts. J. W. Spilman Sets. 

Greenville— From John Pilson, j 1 Marion County Society — Paid in 

Esq 13 00 ; Pucli Creek Society, Marion Cbim- 

Krcreltsville — Collection by Rev. i ty— In addition to former sub- 

E. Bovden 11 00 ! scription 

By Rev.C. A. Davis;— 

Ji'irJunnnd — James M. Taylor #1, 
cash $l,Sam'l Putney ^2, W. 

Allen $1, C. Crew |5 V VV. II. j By Rev. Alex. M. Cowan:— 

Richardson, W.J. Smith, h. i Boutbon County-Thomas L.Cun- 

lludson, $1 each, Hon. J. M. ; u \ W r\^ tn £ 2 <), Thos. Shaw, 

Smith (Northumberland Co.) J MisJ3 Marv Scott, each $1 

$5, cash $6 12, A. A. Moir, by .| Maion County — Judge Beatty, 

Rev. L. M. Lee, 35, Wilson ■ Judffe Walker Reid, each $10, 

WUI.ams $3, J. B. Bingham W. W. Robb $5 T... 

25 cts., Thos. M. Ilitzliuner $2, Fleming County — H. Powers, 

collection in Centenary Metho- Thomas Porter, each $5, Jaincs 

<list Church, including a sub- Butler «1 ' 

scription of ten dollars from ' christian County— E.' H." Green, 

IrederickBransfo»d,^6 92.. 7129 j amc9 F< Bllrkner Jame8 

H incl^tcr-A lady, by Rev. Nor- ByeIS< Dr> w T Smithj cach 

val ^ ll30 » *° i $5, N. M. Ellis $2, E. F. Kelly, 

— — — ' $2 50, John McClarning $1.. 
3o7 83 ■ Bath Cbun/y— W. G. Satterfield.. 

ii Woodford County — Robt. Adams, 
I Shelby Qwniy-Rev. J. D. Paxton, 
I John8. Hanna, each f 5 



KENTUCKY. 



10 00 

50 

2 00 

20 00 

6 no 
4 75 



60 00 



105 26 



29 25 



2 80 

3 00 



25 

35 30 



22 00 
25 00 
11 00 



OHIO. 

Toledo— Rev. Owen J. Tenney, 
collection... . . , ••••••••• 



25 80 

2 00 
5 00 

10 00 



Receipt*. 



barren Covnty— B B. Crump, 
F Short, R.Carnetl, 3. W. 
Scrivener, Win. Garni II, each 

SI 

Kflum County — John Carr 



] oo 

106 50 

GEORGIA. 

Sarannah — From Edward Padel- 
ford, lo constitute himself a 
life member of the American 
Col. Society, by Rev. Thomaj 

C. Bennins; 30 00 

LOUISIANA. 

Jftio Orleans — From Messrs. W. 
A. ltarllelt, donation $53 78— 
From Mr. Kills, on Recount of 

Cissaire of himself and family to 
ibena, 8123 1TG 78 



Total Contribute 



..$i,6S8 4 



FOR REPOSITORY. 

Maine.— By Dea. Smnl Trary— 
Frt/tburg-Httatf C.Bus)wel,for 
1847, &1 50, Edward!. Osgood, 
for '47, 81 50, Isaiah Warren 
for '47. Jl 50, Mrs. Itcbt.Brad- 
ley and Or. R. Borrows, for'47, 
SI 60, Mrs. Joseph Colbv, Tor 
'47, SI 50. A'urt* liridt'tttm— 
Ur. Moses Gould, for '47, $1 5", 
Dea. Stephen Beman, $2. Wa- 
Urfvrd— Rev. .F. A . Douglass $2, 
HatlaatU— John Merrick, Esq. 
for 18J8-47, S3, CfiU. Vaughn, 
for '47, $1 50. Col. Andrew 
Masters, tor '47. $1 f,0, KhIiis 
K. P..ge, SI 50. Korih Tar. 
mouiA.-- Allen II. Wild, lor 47, 
SI 50,Dr. E.Burbank,loJu!y, 
'47,75 ct»„ Mrs. Dorcas Blou 
chard, Win. Buxton, each $3. 
Gnrttiner— PhincasPralt,*! 60. 
Vwetbaravgh— Hon. S. Hed- 
inglon, for '4fi. by Hon. L. Sev- 
erance, SI -50. fretport -Dr. J. 
A. Hyde, for 1847-48, S3, Am- 



Curli-, 



Mar 



SI ao.SamuelUliss.t- 
*48 » 60. Bramicick— John 
D. Couuni to Mar '4-5.(1 50. 
tPifcaml— Rice (T l),i », Clark 
& Brooks, lo Jan. Ji&Mdl *6, 

J *,. Ladd, JBenj- Davis, lo' 
March, '43, etch $1 50. Cliai. 

Freeman, to Niw. W, #1 

New Ham ps hi m.— By Deacon 
Sain. Tracy— Gi'imonion— Mor- 
ril Shepherd, to Sept.*47, SI 60. 
MertdiUl Bridgr— Jeremiah El- 



kins, to Nov. "47, SI, Wood- 
bury Melcher, to Mnrch. '48, 
SI SO. Jiris/ii*— Ichabod C. 
Jlarllett, to Feb. '47, 34> cts. 
franklin— C. Garland, to Oct. 
'47, S' 5(1. Botcatctn — Jacob 
Trussell, lo Sept. '47, SI 50. 
frimrisloum— Hun. T Brown, 
to May '47, S3- Mancheittr— 
G. W. Tilden, to Oct. '47., »3, 
DuU] Clarke, Esq. for 184S-7, 

S3. Londonderry Charles 

Hurd,fnr T 47,S150. Amhrnl— 
11. Ji. David, for '46, SI 50. 
Concord— P. Farri niton, lo 
March. '48. SI 60. Mkworth— 
Samuel linkv, lo Aug. '47, 
81 60. Orfurtf— Rev D.Camp, 
bell, to '47. $3. tl'tatiearlh — 
Rev. J. S. Davis, Saml.Eaines, 
each, for '47, $ flO. Ply- 
mouth— Dea. A. McQueslon, 
a 47 Jj 50. Coa/dun— Rev 
Charles Sh«ld, lo March, '47 
$4 GO, Gen. Moses Conk, to 
May, '47. SI 60. Ho'dernett— 
O. Smith, for '46, 81 SO 36 SO 

MAssArnosKTTS. Lowell — Mrs. 
Harriet A. r J liotnpiort, per L. 
Kcese. Esq. (or HUS-7, S3. 
t.ronti/— By Rev. C. J. Tcn- 
ney, D. D — Joserb Montague, 
B^'noni Preston, Deacon A«a 
Pease. §1 50 each, for '40. K«- 
Ta Burnham, Andrew While, 
Samuel Smith. Jr., each SI 60, 
for'n.KU IJirkmmiii.WMG ', 
S3. „\>w Bedford— Win R. 
Rodman, to Hq, '47, $i. Simp- 
son Hurt, for 'Jfi, 81 50. North 
C7icf/«r— John J. Cook, for '46, 
SI 50. Cuniun— Friend Crane, 
E*q. for '46. SI 6l>, PiU'litU— 
Phineas Allen, for '47, »l 60. 
CofuiC— li.v Pliine.ii Fish, for 
1846-7, S3. North Bridgeumtir 
—By Rev. Dr. Trntiey— Rev. 

. Daniel Huntington, to March 
'49, 81 50. Taunton— 0. 8. 
Dunbar, lo Jan. '49, S3, Saml. 
L.Crocker, to March, '48,8 1 60. 
Weymouth Ijtnding— Porler & 
Loud, lo March, '43, SI 50, 
Joseph Eicha/ds, to March, '48, 
SI 50. HiugAain— Hev. Joseph 
Richardson, lo March. '*U $3. 
Qumcy— J. M. Gourgas. Esq. 
lo March, '48, $1 50. Norti 
BruMn-f-Rnv. R. S. Storis, D. 
D., 10 March '48, SI 50 33 00 

Connecticut.— By Rev. Samuel 
Cornelius— Jforf/orrf—E. Fes- 
senden, J. A.Ayres, C, B. Ham- 
ilton, each | I 50, to May '47, 



130 



Receipts. 



[April, 1847.] 



Z. Preston, to May, 1847, $3, 
D. Wordsworth, §1 50. for '46. 
Middle Iladdam — A. S. Higgins, 
]»>q. lor '47, by Rev. Joseph 
Tracy, >1 50 

New York. — By Capt. George 
Barker — JWu'VorA* City — Mis. 
J. Jiethunc, Dr. Charles Pier- 
sou, John J. Brower, Stewart 
Brown, J. L. Bowne, J. How- 
ard, J. D. Keese, F. Markoe, 
A. B. McDonald, D. C. W. Oly- 
phunt, C. Swan, N. Thurston, 
James Koosevelt, Thomas C. 
Builer, Dr. James Cockroft, 
Rev. D. Parkinson, William L. 
Kin^, Anderson &. Raymond, 
I). Phyfe.Henry Elsworth, John 
Gray, Edw. Moorewood, S. H. 
Footo, Isaac Adriance, Mrs. E. 
Biimham, George Miller, for 
1847, each #2, Dr. A. C. Post, 
to July, '47, £2, Wm. Neilson, 
to Dec. '47, $'2, J.W. Beekman, 
Win. Poole, Gen. E. W. Laight, 
Gen. W. Sand ford, Joseph Pe- 
tit, J. F. Sheafe, for 1847, each 
$2, fiom sundry persons, 938, 
C. Miles, F. II. Wolcott, G.S. 
Robbins, M. L. Marsh, Win. 
Dubois, Wrn. Conch, Cornelius 
lio^-rt, Elisha Morrell, Rev. 
Law son Carter, Theodore Fre- 
linii'nivsen. Rev. S. H. Cone, 
Dr. K. S. Childs,Edw. Y.Prime, 
Elijah Paine, Jr. Esq., Wm. B. 
Crosby, C. Crolius, Jr., Dr. J. 
M. Smith, Daniel Ayres. Thos. 
Frazier, Dr. J. B. Andrews, J. 
B. Letter, James Donaldson, 
Dr. J. W. Francis, to Jan., '48, 
each $2, George Sewkley, to 
July, '47, #2, Gen. A. Lamb 
and J. W. Bradhurst, to Jan., 
'IS each $2, Sundry persons, 

$14 

N k w J e ks e y . — Belvidere. — John 
M. Sherrerd, for 184G-7 

Pennsylvania. — New Geneva — 
Jam's, W. Nicholson, Esq. by 
Hon. A. Stewart, for 1846-7.. 

Maryland. — Kaston — Wm. H. 
Tilghman, by Edward Earle, 
Esq. to Jan. '47 

District of Columbia.-- Wash- 
ington City — Charles King, Esq. 
for '47 

Virginia. — HeaihsvilU—J. C. 
Wills, to January, '48, $1 50. 
Charlotte C. H.— Mrs. Pauline 
Le Grand, by Henry Carring- 
ton, Esq., Exr., to May, '44, $5, 
Greenville — John Pilson, Esq. 
to Jan. '47, £2. Arlington 



Iloute— Mrs. G. W. Park Custis, 
for '47, #1 50. By Rev. C. A. 
Davis : — Richmond Va. — Chas. 
B. Williams #3, John Thonip- 
10 50 ! son S3. Thos. Samson $3, G. A. 
Myers $3, H. Lee, $3, S. Ree- 
ver, $1, 50 R. M. Scott, $4 50, 
all in full to Jan. 1st. '47 

! North Caro lin a.-- Lamberion-- 
Alexander Johnson, by Daniel 
Johnson, to *47, $6, Greens- 
boro — Gov. Morehead, by Gen. 
Dokery, to Jan. '47, #6 

South Carolina. — Charleston— 
Rev. Samuel Gilman, for '46-7, 
$3 

Ohio. — Columbus — Mrs. Taylor, 
by A. V. Taylor, Esq., to Nov. 
'47, $3. Aenta-—John Vanea- 
ton, Samuel Galloway, James 
Galloway, Sen., E. & D. Millin, 
James C. McMellan, Dr. Banks, 
for 1847, each $1 50. Cedar- 
ville — John Nesbet, for '47, by 
Rev. II. McMillan, $1 60. 
H'dlsboro' — Sam'l Linn, Esq., 
for '47, 81 60— Bolivar— David 
Yant, Esq., for '46 and '47. $3 
— Cincinnati — Rev. C Peabo- 
dy, by Rev. B. T. Kavanaugh, 
to Mar., '48, 40 eta.— Oxford— 
" Colonization Society of Ox- 
ford," by Jas. C. Moffatt, Esq., 
cor. sec, for '47, $5 

Kentucky — Bowling Green — 
Marshall Graham (colored man) 
for subscription to the Liberia 
Herald for *47, by Hon. H. Gri- 
der 82— Oak Grove— Wm. H. 
Elliott, Esq., and J. Sturdivant, 
Esq., to Sept., '47, 82 50 each. 

. Mississippi. Louisville L. 

!j Keese, Esq. to May '47, $2. 

I' Natchez — Mrs. Eliza Little, per 

172 00 '! R - Al)bfi y» Es( l- for 13-17-8, $3. 

|! Tennessee. — Blountsville — Sam. 

: Rhea, Esq. by Hon. Andiew 
8 00 !j Johnson, for '47 

I Indiana.— By Rev. B. T. Kava- 

!i naugh— Gr*ensburgh — Rev.Jno. 
3 00 | C. King, to '48, 40 cts. India- 

I napolis— Rev. A. H. Myers, to 

|| Maich, '48, 40 cts.... 

10 00 •« Illinois. — Danville — Rev. Enoch 

j: Kingsbury, to Jan. '47 

I, Wisconsin.— By Rev. B. T. 
1 60 1 ! Kavanaugh — Darien — Rev.Jno. 

' Hodges, to '48 



31 00 



12 00 



3 00 



23 00 



7 00 

5 00 

1 60 



80 
1 00 

40 



Total Repository 400 

Total Contributions 1,688 4S 

Total Legacies 1,000 00 

I Aggregate Amount $2,968 78 



THE AFRICAN REPOSITORY, 



AND 



COLONIAL JOURNAL. 



Vol. XXIII.] 



WASHINGTON, MAY, 1847. 



[No. 5. 



jDespaUtjffl from jTtbtrta. 



Government House, 

Monrovia, Jan. 29, 1847. 

Sir:-— By the good barque "Li- 
beria Packet," which arrived in our 
harbor on the evening of the 6th inst. 
thirty-two days from the capes of 
Virginia, with emigrants and stores 
for this place and Cape Pal mas — I 
had the honor of receiving your fa- 
vor of the 1st ultimo, covering roll 
of emigrants, &c, &c. 

As directed by you, I have located 
the emigrants fox this part of Liberia 
— except one young man sent out by 
Mr. Atkinson of Virginia, who de- 
sired him to locate at Millsburg with 
a family sent to the colony by his 
ssster several years ago — at Bexley, 
in charge of Dr. Smith, who accom- 
panied them down, and who will 
give them every attention in his 
power. I have also employed Mr. 
Benson to take charge of their stores, 
to look after their welfare, and to at- 
tend to the managing of their affairs 
during the six months they are to re- 
main under the care of the Society. 

The arrival of the Packet with Dr. 
Lugenbeel and the passengers on 
board was hailed with great satisfac- 
tion. 

She is indeed a first rate vessel, in 
every respect well fitted for the ac- 
commodation of passengers. And 
Dr. Hall is entitled to much praise 

10 



for the admirable manner in which 
he has arranged the emigrant apart- 
ment ; it possesses, as far as I am 
competent of judging, every conve- 
nience necessary to health and com- * 
fort. 

The people here generally are 
pleased with the vessel, and, I be- 
lieve, with the enterprise — all with 
whom I have conversed on the sub- 
ject express great confidence in her 
success. If properly managed she 
will no doubt do a good business, 
and be profitable to her owners. I 
understand some stock will be taken 
here, and at Grand Bassa — what 
amount I have not been able to as- 
certain. It is my intention to take 
a few shares if 1 can so arrange my 
money matters; to-morrow I will 
write you further on the subject. 

Enclosed you will receive copies 
of a communication from Captain 
Murray of her Majesty's sloop "Fa- 
vorite," and my reply, respecting the 
light in which England regards the 
sovereignty of these -colonies, <fcc. 
&c. Captain Murray was very civil 
and expressed himself deeply inter- 
ested in the prosperity of the colony. 

He suggested the propriety of the 
people of Liberia, in the event of a 
change of their relations with the 
Society— proposing a commercial 
treaty with Great Britain, which he 



132 



Despatches from Liberia. 



[May, 



thinks would bring about a speedy 
recognition of the independence of 
Liberia by his Government. 

Commodore Read arriving here 
just at the time of this correspond- 
ence, I communicated to him its 
character and requested his opinion 
in regard 10 certain principles of 
common international law laid down 
by Captain Murray, respecting the 
future extension of our territory. 
Accompanying I send you a copy of 
the commodore's reply, containing 
his opinion in regard to the contro- 
verted points. 

I understand he has written a 
strong letter to the Secretary of the 
Navy, respecting foreign interfer- 
ence with these colonies, their com- 
merce, resources, <fcc, <fcc, and 
• has recommended them to the fa- 
vorable notice of his Government. 

Before leaving for Cabenda. Com- 
modore Read was good enough to or- 
der Captain Pope, of the U. S. Brig 
41 Dolphin," to cruise on this part of 
the coast, to watch the movements of 
the slavers at Gallenas, and to render 
every assistance to the colonies con- 
sistent with his duty as an American 
naval officer. I hoped to take ad- 
vantage of the Dolphin's cruise on 
the Liberia coast, to visit our lee- 
ward settlements, and to negotiate 
with the natives for certain interme- 
diate points of territory. In this, 
however, 1 have been disappointed. 
Immediately on receiving the order, 
Capt. Pope proceeded on a short 
cruise to leeward showing himself off 
New Cess, Tradetown, &c, &c. In 
a few days, however, he received in- 
telligence of the arrival of an Amer- 
ican barque at Cape Mount, under 
rather suspicious circumstances. He 
felt it his duty to proceed imme- 
diately to that place to watch her 
movements, where he has remained 
ever since, and where he will prob- 
ably remain— -as the objects of the 
Teasel referred to cannot be satisfac- 



torily ascertained — until he finds it 
necessary to proceed to Porto Praya 
to fill up his stores. I sincerely 
hope that Captain Pope may not be 
driven to that necessity, for should 
he leave, and if, indeed, it be the ob- 
ject of the vessel to take slaves, she 
will have a fine opportunity during 
his absence — so much for not hav- 
ing a supply of naval stores at this 
place. 

By the minutes of the council, 
herewith transmitted, you will per- 
ceive that a convention has been or- 
dered to meet in this town on the 
first Monday in July next, for the 
purpose of forming a constitution 
for the government of Liberia. The 
new government will probably go 
into operation about the first of next 
year. 

The subject of independence was 
elaborately discussed before the Leg- 
islature at the commencement of the 
session : — fears were entertained that 
we were going to have rather a stormy 
time. After the first two or three 
days, however, members began to 
understand each other, and the busi- 
ness of the session progressed, and 
measures respecting the indepen- 
dence of Liberia, were adopted with 
great unanimity. **, 

I send you copies of deeds for 
three tracts of country purchased 
from the natives in December last, 
being portions of the territories 
known as Timboo and Manna, com- 
prising about fifteen miles of sea 
coast, and running back into the in- 
terior about fifty miles. 

The sloop " Economy," which 
vessel I purchased a month or two 
ajro on account of the Society, for 
S 1,500 — left here on the 25th inst. f 
'with commissioners and a suitable 
i assortment of merchandize to con- 
[ tinue our purchases of territory along 
the coast. I hope by the next op- 
portunity to be able to give you a 
good account of our doings, notwith* 



1847.] 



Despatches from Liberia. 



133 



standing the increased opposition of 
foreign traders and their efforts to 
alienate the affections of the natives, 
and to break of!' our negotiations 
with them for territory. I find that 
their friendship is not diminished, 
and that many of them are still dis- 
posed to cede to us their territories, 
and incorporate themselves with the 
colonists. I found it impossible to 
prosecute successfully our operations 
along the coast, without the aid of a 
suitable vessel — and to charter one 
for the length of time we should re- 
quire her services would be exceed- 
ingly expensive. I therefore con- 
cluded to purchase the u Economy'* 
for the occasion ; and when we shall 
have finished our negotiations to sell 
her to some of our traders, thereby 
saving an expense of several hun- 
dred dollars, as we hope to obtain 
for her nearly the amount she cost 
us originally, independent of her 
services. 

You will regret to learn, that there 
has been an unprecedented flood in 
the Sinou river, during the past rainy 
season, which has caused much 
damage to the crops of natives and 
colonists settled upon its banks. The 
settlement of Reedsville, situated 
four miles up the river, was com- 
pletely inundated, and the farms for 
two miles around were four feet un- 
der water. The natives were gath- 
ered at numerous points on both 
sides of the river, gazing in dismay 
upon the angry flood of waters, 
which far exceeded in fearfulness 
any thing they had ever before be- 
held. I am happy to inform you, 
though there were several narrow 
escapes, that no lives were lost. It 
is feared, however, that the great 
damage the crops sustained will pro- 
duce during the present season, con- 
siderable suffering in that part of the 
colony. Indeed, applications have 
already been made to me for assis- 
tance, and I regret exceedingly that 



I have not been able to render them 
that assistance which their situation 
seems to demand. I shall however, 
give them all the aid in my power. 
1 have determined to remove the 
settlement of Reedsville to a more 
elevated site about two miles east of 
the one it now occupies, and have 
given Mr. Murray directions accord- 
ingly — which he will carry into ef- 
fect immediately. The Rexes are 
sadly disappointed in not receiving 
by the Packet a portion, at least, of 
the amount due them from their late 
master's estate. It is indeed sur- 
prising, why the court withholds the 
amount from them. 

Have you ascertained from Mr. 
McLane since his return to the U. 
S., whether the documents respect- 
ing the seizure of the " John Seys 1 ' 
from the authorities of this place, 
forwarded to the British Government 
under cover to him, were ever receiv- 
ed and delivered ? 

Willis Helm is very much morti- 
fied and annoyed at the manner in 
which he has been duped, with re- 
spect to certain statements contained 
in a letter sent by him to his friend 
in Virginia. Not being able to write 
himself, he procured the assistance 
of a friend (a foreigner he says,) to 
write for him, but he declares that 
he never authorized the erroneous 
statements in question, and intends to 
have them corrected. 

I believe he intends writing to you 
by this conveyance, detailing some 
curious facts connected with the au- 
thorship of that letter. 

Thinking that a larger number of 
emigrants than those by the Packet 
would probably arrive in the vessel 
from New Orleans, to sail about the 
20th December for the Kentucky 
settlement — it was thought advisable 
that Dr. Lugenbeel should remain to 
take charge of them. 

I this moment received a note from 
Captain Pope, of the U. S. Brig Dol- 



^^^^^^^^^^^^ m 



^^^^^^* **l m *^^^^^*^ 



134 



Despatches from Liberia, 



[May, 



phin, off Cape Mount, in which he 
says, " Capt. Canot says he is desi- 
rous to sell Cape Mount — and will 
let the colony have it for five thous- 
and dollars less than he offered it to 
the English." He declares it to be 
hi? determination to quit this part of 
the country: where he intends going 
1 know not, but conjecture. 

] am confident an effort will be 
made to ship the slaves at the Gal- 
lenas. I have strong suspicions, 
&c, &c; and I regret exceedingly, 
that I am n#t in a faster sailing ves- 
sel than the u Dolphin." I see that 
the President in his message to Con- 
gress, recommends the employment 
of one or more steamers on foreign 
stations. A. steamer, attached to the 
African squadron would no doubt 
render incalculable service, could be 
employed to greater advantage than 
on any other coast. 

I am, sir, respectfully, 
Your obed't servant, 
J. J. ROBERTS. 
Rev. W. McLaix, 

Secretary Am. Col. Society, 
Washington City, U. S. A. 

Government House, 
Monrovia, Feb. 6, 1847. 

Sir : — In my despatch of the 29th 
ultimo, you will notice an extract 
from Capt. Pope's note to me of Jan- 
uary 23d, in which reference is 
made to Capt. Canot's willingness to 
sell Cape Mount to the colony, &c. 
&c. I beg to call your particular 
attention to that subject, and request 
that you will instruct us as to the 
course proper to be pursued in re- 
gard to any proposition he may make 
respecting the sale of it. 

Captain Canot, I understand, finds 
himself and property very insecure 
at Cape Mount, and has detetmined 
to abandon the place. He has not 
dared to land any part, or but a small 
portion of the cargo brought out by 
him from the United States. Prince 



Cane, a powerful and influential chief 
in that country, threatens to seize 
any goods he may land. It is sup- 
posed that Cane is under foreign in- 
fluence and instigated by it to pursue 
the course he has adopted in regard 
to Canot's operations. 

We are uuder renewed obligations 
to Commodore Read for the readi- 
ness with which he responded to our 
request, to allow one of the vessels 
under his command to cruise for a 
short time on the coast of Liberia ; 
and to render the authorities here 
any assistance in his power to facili- 
tate their negotiations with the na- 
tives for territory. 

1 herewith enclose to you our cor- 
respondence on the subject, which 
will give you some idea of the good 
feelings entertained by officers of the 
U. S. Squadron towards the colonies. 

I should like very much to own a 
few shares of the Liberia and Ches- 
apeake Company stock, and shall be 
glad if you can make it convenient 
to purchase on my account, {we or 
ten shares as you may think best. 

General Lewis talks of taking a 
few shares, and will write to you on 
the subject by this vessel. Accom- 
panying, you will receive accounts 
from the colonial warehouse for the 
quarter ending 31st December, 1846. 
I am, sir, respectfully, 
Tour obed't servant, 
J. J. ROBERTS. 

Rev. Wm. McLaiit, 

Sec'y and Tr. A. C. S. 
Washington City, U. S. A. 



LETTER FBON A BRITISH OFFICER — COM- 
MANDER MURRAY. 

H. M. Sloop Favorite, 

Messurado, Dec. 8th, 1846. 

Sir: — Acting under the orders of 
Commodore Sir Charles Hotham, 
R. C. B., I have come here to invite 
you to furnish me with information 
regarding the present slate, and fu- 



1847.] 



Despatches from Liberia. 



135 



tqre prospects, of the interesting 
Colony of Liberia. 

1. In the first instance. I have 
to request, that you will permit me 
to construct a chart of the line of 
coast occupied by the Liberians, in 
which to mark the territories now 



5. I need scarcely mention, that 
common international law does not 
allow the claim to territory which 
; may have been only partially pur- 
chased and occupied in detached 
portions ; and as I have reason to 
believe that on some parts of the 



in their possession, and clearly show .. coast, within or between your limits, 
the connection, or separation, which •! British subjects have acquired rights 
may exist between the several |i of property, such as the sites of 
points, together with the distance ij factories, it is obvious that such 
inland, the names and positions of ij rights must be respected in the 
the various settlements, and such .i event of your purchasing the lands 
information with regard to the state |, surrounding the sites; and it be- 
of the population, cultivation and j! comes my duty to disallow the lega- 
development ofthe different districts, ! lily of a purchase should the previ- 
as you may be willing to give me. ! ; ous occupant have been a subject 
2. Should you consent to the j; of Great Britain and the sale have 
construction of such a chart, 1 '' been made over his head, without 
will furnish you with a copy, and f, his concurrence, 
will request your signature to the '. 6. Any answer, which you may 
original, and I trust you will not Ij favor me with, to this communica- 
think that I ask too much if I i lion, I shall receive with much plea- 
demand to see the title deeds by sure, and shall lose no time in for- 
which are held the territories in warding a copy thereof to my su- 
question. I perior officer, — and, with the utmost 



3. I have further to inform you,, 
that England recognizes your right \ 
to these territories, if legally pur- 
chased from the rightful owners of 
the soil, regarding you in the light of j 
a society, or private company of tra- 
ders or settlers ; but that in no case 
can she admit the exercise of sove- 
reign rights, in which may be inclu- 
ded the payment of custom dues. 

4. The facts of your having con- 
structed a light house, and of main- 
taining a light on Cape Messurado, 
of the canal now in progress to con- 



respect, 

I remain, sir, 

Your obed't servant, 
ALEX. J. MURRAY, 
Com. of II. M. S. Favorite. 
A true copy: 

J. N. Lewis, Col. Sec'y. 

GOV. ROBERTS* BErj.Y TO THE PRECED- 
ING. 



Government House, 

Monrovia, Liberia, Dec. 10, 1846. 

Sir: — I have the honor to ack- 
nowledge the receipt of your letter 
nect the liver with the sea, and the j of the Sth inst. ; in which you re- 
intended breakwater to protect it, 1 quest permission u to construct a 
consider as efforts such as to justify i; chart of the line of coast occupied by 
your levying the tax of fifteen dol-j the Liberians, in which to mark the 
lars on each vessel, which opens a |, territories now in their possession; 
trade with the colony: but I must!' that 1 would attach my signature to 
clearly reserve the right, of at least j such a chart, and allow you to ex- 
remonstrance, should that tax be- amine the title deeds by which are 
increased, or remitted in favor of;| held the territories in question." 



any other 
tain. 



nation, than Great Bri- 



You have also been pleased to say, 
that England recognizes our right to 



136 



Dispatches from Liberia. 



[May, 



these territories, if legally purchased [[ 
from the rightful owners of the \[ 
soil : regarding us, however, only ; 
in the light of a society, or private ; 
company of traders, or settlers ; but . 
that in no case can she admit the 
u exercise of sovereign rights, in ,; 
which may be included the payment ':. 
of custom dues." j, 

Further, fc; that common interna- j! 
tional law, does not allow the claim ' 
to territory which may have been 
only partially purchased, and occu- 
pied in detached portions ; and that 
in the event of this Government 
purchasing the lands surrounding 
sites of factories in which British 
subjects have acquired rights of pro- 
perty, it will be your duty to dis- 
allow tlie legality of such a pur- 
chase, if made over the heads of or 
obtained without the concurrence of 
such British subjects." 

In answer to your request to con- 
* struct a chart, &c, I have great satis- 
faction in assuring you, sir, that no !, 
objections are or could be entertain- j| 
ed ; nor have we any objections to || 
exhibiting the title deeds by which are j 
held the territories claimed by this j 
Government. I must, however, un-j 
til informed for what purpose my 
name is required, beg to decline 
placing my signature to the chart 
you propose to construct. The light 
in which England regards these colo- 
nies in their present connection with 
the American Colonization Society 
has already been the subject of 
protracted correspondence between 
some of her Majesty's naval officers 
on this station and the authorities 
at this place. I therefore beg that 
vou will excuse me from enter- 
ing again upon the discussion of 
this, at least to us, vexed question, 
especially as the subject of our re- 
lations with the Colonization Socie- 
ty is now under consideration here, 
and probably in a few months, mea- 
sures, recommended by the Society, 



will be adopted by the people of 
these colonies — which will of course 
change our present relations, and 
place Liberia in a less anomalous 
position. 

1 need not remind you, sir, of the 
object of the people of these colonies 
in expatriating themselves, and set- 
tling upon this distant coast, in their 
opinion, the only asylum for their 
oppressed race. 

Here they hoped to found a Re- 
public — a Government emphatically 
their own-, where they and their 
children might enjoy undisturbed 
civil and political rights, and at the 
same time to introduce among the bar- 
barous tribes of this coast the great 
blessings of civilization and Chris- 
tianity; and expel, at least from 
these western shores, the abomina- 
ble traffic in human flesh. To ef- 
fect these great objects, it has ever 
been our cherished purpose to ob- 
tain from the natives — always by fair 
purchase — the entire line of coast 
from Cape Mount to Cape Palmas 
inclusive. Happily we have suc- 
ceeded in securing the largest por- 
tion of this territory, and are now 
in treaty with the natives for most 
of the remaining unpurchased points, 
and hope in a few months to be 
able to extinguish the native title to 
all the lands lying between the points 
mentioned above. If in acquiring 
these points, we should purchase 
lands surrounding sites of factories 
owned by British subjects or other 
foreigners, legally purchased from 
the rightful owners of the soil, they 
will most assuredly be respected. 

/ apprehend, however^ that we 
shall not be required to obtain the 
consent of British subjects before 
we are permitted to purchase lands, 
which do not belong to them, and 
over which they have no control. 

And, sir, will not the principle of 
" common international law," which 
you have called our attention to, ap- 



1847.] 



Despatches from Liberia. 



137 



ply as well to such purchases of 
individuals as any which may be 
made by this Government; or, if 
you please, to a society or company 
of traders ? It is hoped, however, 
that we shall have no difficulty with 
any foreign traders, in that respect ; 
and that no foreign power will inter- 
pose or throw embarrassments in 
the way of our obtaining the extent 
of coast in question. Indeed, to be 
interrupted in these negotiations, by 
any foreign power, would be disas- 
trous to our fondest hopes. 

Already these colonies have done 
much for Africa, perhaps more than 
has been accomplished by any other 
measure — especially in the suppres- 
sion of the slave trade. 

Slavery cannot exist within the 
jurisdiction of Liberia, and every 
purchase of territory by this Gov- 
ernment inflicts a mortal wound to 
the accursed traffic. 1 hesitate not to 
say that had we the means at com- 
mand to purchase the territory on 
which the foreign slave trade is con- 
ducted, in less than two years we 
could effectually abolish it from this 
part of the African coast. 

1 am, sir, very respectfully, 

Your obed't servant, 
J. J. ROBERTS, 
Gov. of the Commonwealth 

of Liberia. 
Capt. Alex. J. Murray, 

//. M. S. Favorite, 
Messurado Roads. 

A true copy : 

J. N. Lewis, 

Colonial Secretary. 

Government House, 

Monrovia, Dec. 1 4, 1846. 

Sir: — As you are aware, consid- 
erable amount of money has been 
raised in the United States by vol- 
untary subscription, to assist the peo- 
ple of these colonies in extinguish- 
ing the native title to all the lands 
lying between Cape P almas and Cape 



Mount. In accomplishing which, 
we have succeeded to some consid- 
erable extent. During the last year we 
have purchased from the aboriginal 
inhabitants about sixty miles of sea 
coast. Foreign traders, I learn, have 
become displeased at this, and are 
doing all in their power to prejudice 

. the natives against entering into fur- 
ther negotiations with U3, by which 
means they hope to defeat our pur- 
pose. Recent developments, too, de- 
monstrate to us, that we have not 
only to contend with traders and 
merchants, but that two powerful 
nations arc disposed to possess them- 
selves of a part at least, of the terri- 
tory in question. Therefore, no time 
should be lost by this Government in 
concluding its negotiations with the 
natives. 

In this emergency, sir, the mere 
presence of an American armed vessel 

i would be of infinite service to this 
colony, and greatly facilitate our nego- 
tiations with the natives, and no doubt 
be the means of preventing improper 
interference on the part of foreigners. 
May I therefore request, sir, as you 
very kindly on your first arrival at 
this place offered to the authorities 
any assistance in your power — con- 
sistent with your duty and the inter- 
est of your government — that you 
will allow one of the vessels under 
your command to cruise at least four 
or five weeks on this part of the coast, 
ami render us any assistance you may 
be pleased to direct. 

1 am, sir, very respectfully, 
Your obedient servant, 

J. J. ROBERTS. 
Commodore G. C. Read, 

Commanding U. S. Squadron 
West Coast of Africa. 

U. S. Frigate " United States." 

Messurado Roads, Dec. 16, 1846. 

Sir:— Your letter of the 14th 
inst. has been received. 

Instructions have been given to 



^^^^^^^^^*^^^^*t^^^^^^^^N 



^^^^^^^^*^^*^^*^ 



138 



Despatches from Liberia. 



^^^»^^^^* 



[Mar, 



Commander Pope, of the "Dolphin," 
to meet your wishes in regard to the 
presence of a man-of-war, when you 
may find a suitable occasion to ne- 
gotiate the purchase of the terri- > 
tory which lies between Cape Mount*; 
and Cape Palm as, the title to which : 
has not yet been extinguished. j 

Commander Pope will give you \\ 
every facility that can be afforded by jj 
an American naval officer. But it is j 
necessary to remind you, that Com-j. 
mander Pope will not probably ben 
able to remain on this part of the j 
coast beyond the middle of February, 
in consequence of the stores at this 
place being nearly exhausted. 

Hoping that you may succeed to 
the extent of your wishes in extin- 
guishing the native title to all the 
lands between Cape Mount and Cape 
Pal mas, 

I am, very respectfully, 

Your obed't servant, 
GEO. C. READ, 

ComcTg. U. S. Naval Forces 

West Coast of Africa. 
To Gov. J. J. Roberts. 

U. S. Brio Dolphin, 
Harbor of Monrovia, Dec. 15, 1846- 

Sir: — I am directed by the com- 
mander-in-chief of the African squad- 
ron, to remain on this part of the 
coast, and to offer you every facility 
consistent with my duty as an Ameri- 
can naval officer, for the acquisition 
of such territory between this place 
and Cape Palmas as the Colony of 
Liberia may desire to possess. 

I- have to request, that you will 
please to inform me what places you 
wish to visit. And I cheerfully offer 
you the accommodations of my cabin. 
I am leady for sail, and wait your 
pleasure. 

I have the honor to be, respectfully, 
Your obedient servant, 
JOHN POPE, Corner. 
Hon. J. J. Roberts, 

Gov. of the Colony of Liberia. 



Government House, 

Monrovia, Dec. 16, 1846. 

Sir : — I have the honor to "ao 
knowledge the receipt of your favor 
of yesterday. Commodore Read has, 
as appears from your letter to me, 
laid the people of these colonies un- 
der renewed obligations to the Gov- 
ernment of the United States, and to 
himself by permitting one of the 
vessels under his command to remain 
on this part of the coast — and charg- 
ing you with the duty of offering any 
facilities, consistent with the duly of 
an American naval officer, to the au- 
thorities of Liberia, in negotiating 
with the natives for certain territories 
lying between this place and Cape 
Palmas. 

My most cordial thanks are due, 
and I beg, sir, that you will accept 
them for the tender of the accommo- 
dations of your cabin. As our fis- 
cal year is about closing, and I have 
many accounts and reports to pre- 
pare for the Legislative Council 
which meets early in January — it 
will be quite impossible for rne to 
leave Monrovia short of eight or ten 
days. In the mean time, it is impor- 
tant — as information reached me iast 
evening, that efforts are now being 
made by an English trader to induce 
the natives at Timboo to discon- 
tinue their negotiations with us, and 
allow him to purchase the territory— 
that an agent of the colony should 
visit that place and conclude a pur- 
chase as early as possible. 

Would it therefore be agreeable to> 
you, sir, to receive on board your 
vessel General Lewis, and convey 
him to Timboo for that purpose ? If 
so, he will be ready to embark to- 
morrow at any time you will name. 

The points we wish to purchase, 
and which I am anxious to visit for 
that purpose, are New Cess, Trade 
Town, Manna, Sawquin, Settra Kroo, 
Grand Cess, and one or two less im~ 



1847.] 



Despatches from Liberia. 



' 139 



/portant points in the South, a part of 
( Little Cape Mount, and Grand Cape 
I Mount in the North. 
I I am, sir, your obed't servant, 
v J. J. ROBERTS. 

To Captain John Pope, 

U. S. Brig Dolphin, 

Messurada Roads. 



U. S. Brio Dolphin, 
Messurada Roads, Dec. 17, 1846. 

Sir : — I have received your com- 
munication of the 16th inst., in which 
you ask if it would be agreeable to 
me to receive General Lewis on 
board this vessel, and convey him to 
Timboo for the purpose of making 
some negotiations. In reply I have 
to state, that it will not only be agree- 
able, but will afford me much plea- 
sure so to do ; and I beg that you 
will be pleased to communicate with 
General Lewis, and say to him, that 
I should like to have him come on 
board as early to-morrow morning as 
his arrangements will permit ; and 
that a boat shall be at his service at 
any hour he may name after day- 
light. 

I have the honor to be, 

Very respectfully, 
Your obed't servant, 
JOHN POPE, Comd'r. 
Hon. J. J. Roberts, 

Gov. of the Colony of Liberia. 

LETTER FROM DR. LUGENBEEL. 

Monrovia, Liberia, 
February 8, 1847. 

Rev. and Dear Sir : — I embrace 
the opportunity afforded by the re- 
turn of the u Liberia Packet," to send 
you a hastily written communication; 
ray time being so much occupied, 
that 1 cannot give that attention to my 
correspondents which I desire. Be- 
sides, I have already suffered so 
much in Africa, in consequence of 
letter-writing, that prudence warns 
me to be more cautious in future. 

After a delightful voyage of thirty- 
four days and a half from Baltimore, 



we " let go anchor" in the harbor of 
Monrovia, on the night of the 6th 
ultimo. The first half of the voy- 
age was rather stormy, the " moun- 
tain waves" rolling in awful gran- 
deur; but we were so comfortably 
situated on board the Packet, that we 
experienced very little inconvenience 
on that account. Altogether we had 
a very pleasant time, in a very pleas- 
ant vessel, commanded by a very 
pleasant captain. We passed near 
several of the Cape Verd islands, so 
! near one of them as to be able to see 
the half-starved inhabitants throng- 
ing the beach, to look at our beauti- 
ful vessel, as she passed the rocks 
and sands and barren lands of the 
isle of May. If, instead of the per- 
plexing calms which we experienced 
after having passed the Islands, we 
had a gentle breeze, we might have 
made the passage in less than thirty 
days. But 1 always look out for 
calms and squalls on the coast of Af- 
rica. If we had not experienced any 
calms, I should have doubted the cor- 
rectness of the chronometer. What 
do you think of one of the Ameri- 
can men-of-war making the passage 
from Porto Praya to Monrovia in /or- 
ty- eight days ! 

On my arrival, I found the Legis- 
lature in session, and the honorable 
members engaged in discussing the 
subject of the sovereignty of Liberia. 
And I think that the manner in which 
the subject has been decided, is highly 
creditable to the wisdom and judg- 
ment of the representatives of the 
people. You will doubtless receive 
from the proper authorities, all the 
particulars relative to the action of 
the people, and of the Legislature on 
the subject. I will simply remark, 
that it was discussed in the Legisla- 
ture with all that calmness and con- 
sideration which its weight and im- 
portance demanded; and that the 
people generally are well convinced, 
that they are about to assume a 
solemn and weighty responsibility. 



140 



Despatches from Liberia. 



[Mar, 



The postponement of the subject for 1 when I remark, that it is wrong for 



a year longer, and the preliminary 
steps which have been taken, and 
which are yet to be taken, prepaia- 
tory to a formal declaration of sove- 
reignty and independence, evince a 
coolness of decision, and a degree of 
dispassionate consideration, which 
are highly commendable. My fears 
relative to the ultimate success of the 
measure are less than they formerly 
were. And, although the little ship 
of state may be fearfully tossed upon 
the agitated waves of political excite- 
ment, yet I hope, that she may out- 
ride every storm — that the cross and 
stripes may yet be wafted by the 
breezes of other climes — and that 
the Republic of Liberia may yet take 
her stand among the nations of the 
earth, and demonstrate to the world 
the truth of the disputed problem — 
that the ability of self-government 
does not depend on the cutaneous 
hue ; if, indeed, the problem has not 
already been demonstrated. 

Mr. Smith accompanied the emi- 
grants to Bexley, who came out in 
the Packet. Gov. Roberts did" not 
think it necessary for me to go down 
with them, nor did I myself, especi- 
ally as Mr. Benson, who was at 
Monrovia when we arrived, accom- 
panied Mr. Smith in the Packet to 
Bassa, and as 1 might have found 
some difficulty in returning in time 
to attend the expedition, which we 
are yet daily expecting. Mr. Smith 
informed me by letter a few days ago, 
that one of the emigrants — a man 
named Wei ford Hungerford, died a 
few days after they were landed. I 
observed this man soon after we sail- 
ed from Baltimore ; and 1 felt satis- 
fied,* that even if he should live to 
get across the ocean, he could not 
live much longer. He grew worse 
during the voyage, and as he died be- 
fore he was attacked with fever, of 
course, Africa will not have to atone 
for causing his death. I hope you 
will excuse me for my plainness, 



£ 



iur 



persons in such a situation to be sent 
to this country. It is folly for per- 
sons to come to Africa, whose con- 
stitutions are much impaired, or too 
feeble to enable them to enjoy tolera- 
ble good health in America. 

I have had a conversation with 
Willis Helm relative to the letter 
which was written to a gentleman in 
Virginia over his signature. He does 
not deny having requested a gentle- 
man to write the letter for him ; but 
he denies haviug dictated the most 
material parts of it. According to 
] his statement, the letter was written 
on board an American man-of-war 
by an officer of the navy, and he did 
not hear it read after it was finished. 
I am inclined to think, however, that 
the greater part* of the letter was 
really dictated by him, under feelings 
of resentment for imaginary wrongs; 
and that he now regrets having been 
influenced by such feelings. 

He evidently shows a disposition 
to exonerate himself from censure at 
the expense of his friend, who per- 
haps, may not have had any other 
design in writing it, than to accom- 
modate Kim. Whatever may have 
been the old gentleman's feelings at 
the time that letter was written, he 
now expresses himself as being per- 
fectly satisfied in Liberia. 

And I may here remark, that ac- 
cording to his own statement, he has 
received more money for his medical 
practice in the colony during a period 
of a little more than a year, than I re- 
ceived during a period of two years 
and a half, so that he is far ahead of 
me in collecting pay for his medical 
services, if not in the number of his 
patients. 

I have visited the settlements on the 
St. Paul's river, and I was pleased to 
see that the people who came out in 
the u Roanoke " in December, 1845, 
and who formed the Virginia settle- 
ment, are generally getting along very 
comfortably and contentedly. The 



f 



7.] 



Despatches from Liberia. 



141 



ttlement of Kentucky made by the 
^Rothschild," is a partial failure, in 
Tprosequence principally of the want 
^jtf industry and enterprise on the 
Lpftrt of most of the emigrants ; these 
^people were generally dissatisfied at 
first, and some of them yet long for 
ejhe " flesh pots *of Egypt." One of 
- them told me a few days ago, that he 
Jterould rather go back to America than 
tfemain in Liberia, if anyperson would 
i^give him five thousand dollars : — a 
'pretty handsome sum of money, to be 
mire, but not more desirable, even 
.with freedom than a life of ignoble 
servitude. This is the man whom I 
went to see a day or two ago, in con- 
sequence of his having been severely 
Injured by a cutlass, in a personal 
; rencounter with one of the others. 
You remember that six of the peo- 
ple who came out in the ** Roths- 
child," returned to the United Slates 
in the same vessel — four of them 
having run away from the colony, 
and smuggled themselves on board 
Ihe vessel at night, without the ne- 
cessary passports. And you have 
doubtless seen a statement of the fact 
of one of those six having been vol- 
untarily enslaved again ; thereby pre- 
ferring a state of passive obedience 
and servile dependence, to a life of 
freedom and social equality. What 
has become of the other five I know 
not. But I hope they have succeed- 
ed in finding good masters, who will 
make them work and treat them well. 
I have sometimes thought, that if 
eome of the people who are sent to 
Liberia, could be bound for a term 
of years to some of our enterprising 
citizens, who would compel them to 
work, it would be decidedly ad van- 
tageous to them. 

1 hope that the friends of coloni- 
zation in the United States will not 
be so tenacious about having new 
settlements formed. It is certainly 
not the best policy under existing 
circumstances. If practicable, I 
would be decidedly in favor of ex- 



tending the settlements further into 
the interior.' But I am satisfied, that 
it is not the wisest plan to have so 
many distinct settlements on the bor- 
der of the rivers. I think it would 
be (jecidedly better to strengthen 
some of the old settlements. This 
opinion may not appear plausible to 
some persons; but people in America 
cannot see things in the colony as 
we who are on the spot see them. I 
think that the agents of the Society 
in Liberia should be invested with 
more discretionary power, relative to 
the locating of immigrants. 

If Gov. Roberts shall not have 
positive instructions in regard to the 
location of the next company of im- 
migrants, I shall endeavor to prevail 
on him to send them to Millsburg. — 
That is the most interior settlement, 
and no immigrants have been sent to 
that place for several years past. I 
know that Millsburg is regaided by 
some persons as an unhealthy loca- 
tion ; but I can see no cause why it 
should be more so than any other in 
the colony. It is true, that many of 
the old settlers have died, but no pe- 
culiarity about the location can be 
regarded as the cause of their death. 
Indeed, previous to the time when 
the people at that place so generally 
neglected their farms, and went into 
the swamps to collect timber and saw 
plank, the settlement of Millsburg 
was the most healthy in the colony. 
It is decidedly the most beautiful 
location on the St. Paul's, and the 
land is as good as any other in 
Liberia. And as it is the most 
interior settlement, I think it ought 
to be strengthened by more immi- 
grants. 

The Liberia Lyceum is still in 
existence — a few evenings ago an in- 
teresting question was discussed in 
the presence of a number of ladies. 
The question was '« ought women to 
be allowed the same political privi- 
leges as men,'' after a spirited de- 
bate, the chairman decided the ques- 



142 Despatches from Liberia. [May, 

tion in favor of the ladies. I think, I him to arrive by the first of August 



however, the old gentleman must 



if possible, so as to enter the medi- 



have been influenced in some meas- . cal institution at the bcgining of the 
ure in his decision by their presence, ' course of lectures, 
for the other side certainly had the j- There are now four American ves- 
best of the argument. ;i sels in our harbor — the •• Medonna" 

The following are the names of 1 , and the "Margaret Ann" from New 
the immigrants by the u Roanoke" jj York; the "Reaper " from Salem; 
who have died : — John Ross, aged x \ and the " Liberia Packet," from Bai- 
about 18 years ; Mr. Anderson from ■! timore. A steamer from Liverpool 
Shepherdstown, Va„ aged about 30 ■ paid us a visit a few days ago — the 
years ; Nelson RatchiF, aged 52 ;, first merchant steamer which has 
years; Philip Robinson, aged 21 ,! ever been in our harbor, 
years ; Eliza Randall, aged 30 years; ij I was pleased to find that the con- 
Dycy Lasting, aged 50 years; Char-j| dition of the liberated slaves by the 
ity Ross, aged 12 years ; William ,! " Pons " (those who are now living) 
Burnett, aged 11 years; John Bana- ( is better than I expected. They have 
kin, aged 9 years ; Grace Deal, aged |j generally abandoned their theivish 
12 years ; Emily, child of Richard ^ practices, and also the practice of 
BurneJI, aged 10 months ; Etelina, ■, running away. They are now peace- 
child of Samuel Morton, aged 1 1 j, able and orderly, and are very little 
months; James, child of Matthew jj trouble to the colonists. On the con- 
Randall, aged 11 months; Silas, trary, they have turned out to be a 
child of E. Bailor, aged V) months. '. valuable acquisition to the colony, 
Besides these, one young woman and \ and their own condition is unques- 
three or four children have died, I tionably vastly superior to what it 
whose names I cannot at present pro- %vas before they were taken from 
cure. I understand that two women , their country : or to what it would 
belonging to this company, were j have been if they had been taken to 
drowned in the St. Paul's river some '} Brazil. From the appearance of those 
months ago, I have forgotten their ' whom I have seen, I am induced to 
names, and I am too much hurried ij believe, that they have been well 
at present to be able to ascertain i treated. Most of those who ran away 
them. i! during the first few months after their 

The fatality among the immigrants "' anival, returned to their homes, be- 
by the •* Rothschild " has been great- ■ ing convinced that they could fare 
er, in proportion, than among those < much better in the colonial settle- 
by the •• Roanoke." There were va- ! merits than in the u bush." Many 
rious circumstances connected with ! of them have made remarkable pro- 
the sickness and death of some of gross in acquiring a knowledge* of 
these people, over which the medical " t the English language and the habits 
man could have no control. Most ", of civilization, 
of them were dissatisfied from the ' My health continues pretty good. 
first, in addition to which, some of I have had two or three slight touches 
them were exceedingly imprudent, . of fever since my arrival, to prevent 
and several of them used ardent me from forgetting that I am again in 
spirits very freely. i Africa. 

If the Packet should not return in .! Yours truly, 

time, I shall probably send Mr. Smith i ! J. W. LUGENBEEL. 

to the United States by some other! Rev. W. McLain, 
conveyance, if an opportunity should i Secretary 

be afforded, as it will be necessary for || Am. Col. Society. 



1847.] 



Letter from a Georgian, 



143 



[For the African Repository.] 

iTettcr f r m a ® t oxQian. 



Wellington, nigh Athens, Ga , 

March, 1847. 

Rev. and Dear Sir: — Upon read- 
ing the 30th annual report of the Arae- 
ican Colonization Society, I discover- 
ed that the greatest drawback to colon- 
ization in both free and slave regions 
this side of the Atlantic, was the un- 
willingness and forebodence of our 
colored people to undertaking the 
voyage. They seem mostly prede- 
termined here to remain, though in 
obscurity and manifest con tempt from 
another and self-styled superior race; 
and it is with difficulty your society 
agents can persuade them to emi- 
grate. The indefatigable exertions 
also of abolitionists — determined on 
universality ', and until, or unless 
that be admitted or nothing — have 
prevented Liberia from receiving the 
resources and auxiliary progress of 
well disposed men — and many live 
and die under this vaunting but inef- 
ficacious auspices, without the least 
hope of experiencing the fulfilment 
of their bright hopes or most glori- 
ous dreams. 

A great deal I think may,however, 
be accounted from the temperament 
and constitution of the African race 
generally. In the 69th page, first 
column, report the 30 th as printed 
in No. 3, vol. 23, the picture of a 
Liberian in vain, in Connecticut, per- 
suading his kindred to emigrate with 
him, is a most striking exemplifica- 
tion of the Negro passion. Before 
Liberia be well settled and inviting, 
you will find this so. The aboli- 
tionists, the inveterate slaveites, and 
all the rabid enemies of colonization 
of whatever name, section or color, 
find their most powerful assistance 
in this always well demarked prin- 
ciple of the African race. 



This unfortunate people, either il- 
literate or literate, are always most 
prone to stay where they have been 
raised, if left to their volition. 

The idea of distant Republics, 
freedom, privileges, wealth, immu- 
nities and golden promises, or Inde- 
pendence, fall on their ears like the 
tales of Oriental Aladdin's Lamp 
upon ours. Beautiful for contem- 
plation, they are admired, but none 
desire to tarnish this ideal glory with 
the vulgar touch of reality. All 
shrink from venturing upon an ex- 
periment almost too transcendant for 
their humble aspirations ! 

Many a slave always objects to be- 
ing sold by a master to another.— 
Even bad masters sometimes, and 
often too, find it hard to please a ne- 
gro, by transferring him to a good 
and benevolent owner, though his 
merciful qualities be long understood! 
Many a servant would cling to old 
associations in preference to forming 
new ; and many prefer a homestead 
among strangers, where they have 
been raised, to being conveyed away 
to any distant place where their very 
parents reside ! ! ! 

This is obvious to all slave own- 
ers. From such a data, we are 
warranted in supposing the most 
strenuous opposition colonization 
meets with, is to be found in the in- 
nate love of the African race for a 
present place of residence^ and their 
extreme unwillingness to emigrate, 
to new and untried abodes, though 
promissory of elevation. 

With respect, 

Your truly obed't servant, 

J. J. FLOURNOY. 

Rev. Wm. McLain. 



144 



The Baltimore Conference on Colonization. 



[May, 



<lt)t Baltimore Confirmee on Colonisation, 



The committee to whom was re- 
ferred the communication of Rev. C. 
A-. Davis, agent of the American 
Colonization Society, for the State 
of Virginia, beg leave to submit the 
following report: 

Is/. Resolved, By the Baltimore 
Annual Conference, in conference 
assembled, that we highly approve 
of the objects of the American Col- 
onization Society ; and that we will 
aid in furthering its interests by tak- 
ing up collections where convenient, 
on or about the 4th of July, in aid 
of its funds, and that we will afford 
all convenient facilities to its autho- 
rized agents who may come among 
us in the prosecution of their work. 



And whereas, the managers of the 
Maryland Colonization Society, have 
solicited the services of the Rev. 
Wm. Evans, as an agent for said 
State, therefore — 

&/. Resolved, That the superin- 
tendent be respectfully requested to 
appoint him to said agency. 

All of which is respectfully sub* 
mitted. 

JOHN DAVIS, 
R. CADDEN, 
JNO. BOWEtf. 
True extract from the journals of 
the Baltimore Annual Conference of 
the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
S. A. Roszei* 
Sec*y of Ballo. Jin. Con. 



[From the Maryland Colonization Journal.] 

JDr. J?Utranotr on African Colonisation. 



Many months have elapsed since 
the issue of this work from the 
press ; but it has not been our good 
fortune to find a copy on sale or 

loan, until we met with it in the ! 

'i 

hands of the Rev. Mr. Pinney, at j, 
the late annual meeting of the Ame- ' 
rican Colonization Society at Wash- i 
ingtoiin who seemed to be acting a 
very friendly part towards the pub- ,; 
Ushers and proprietors, in offering it 
to the friends of the cause there ', 
present. We have repeatedly en- !■ 
quired for the work, in vain, at the !; 
principal book stores of this city, v 
and cannot imagine the reason of, 
its not having been offered here. ' 
It is unnecessary to say, that we , 
have perused this volume of 000 pa- 
ges, upon a subject which has be- , 
come, to us, the " all of life," with || 
the deepest interest, and probably -j 
with feelings experienced by few 
others. In following the thread of 
the narrative, down to the time of 



our earliest connexion with the colo- 
nies in 1831, we are brought into 
contact with old friends, and re- 
pass through scenes, dimly seen 
through a long vista of years of 
change and turmoil, and only now 
made clear to memory through the 
assistance of the written page.— 
We fancy ourselves again traversing 
the shruby, rocky streets of Cape 
Messurado on -our old sorry -looking 
donkey, with pockets stuffed with 
physic and condiments— or wind- 
ing through the tortuous Stockton 
creek, hedged in by the impenetra- 
ble mangrove, cheered only by the 
monotonous chorus of the Kroomen, 
to go through the u Long Houses'* 
of the new emigrants at Caldwell* 
We again hear the details of the 
sufferings, trials, hardships, and 
the battles for freedom and existence 
by the pioneers in this great effort, 
from some patriarch of the "Old 
Ship Elizabeth"— or listen to the 



_I*~^_J — I ■! ■! 



1847.] 



Dt . Alexander on African Colonization. 



145 



pathetic and tearful narrative of pri- ; 
vate sorrows and griefs. We seem ' 
again to pass through all the scenes ' 
of that most eventful period of the 
colony — the political struggles, the ' 
Bromley war — the rapidly extend- j 
ing commerce — the influx of some ( 
six hundred new emigrants — and the j 
distressing consequences attendant 
upon so injudicious a measure. 

Independent of such reminis- 
cences of the past, the perusal of 
this work has excited in us new 
zeal and interest in the cause and 
the colonies. This embodying of 
all the great and leading facts, form- 
ing the history of the colony ; this 
marshalling of the hosts of the great j 
and good of our nation, who have j 
from first to last given in their ad- ! 
herence to the plan of Colonization, j 
and the testimony of almost num- 
berless disinterested eye-witnesses 
of unimpeachable integrity, who 
have declared to the world their con- 
viction of the full success of this 
great experiment, has strengthen- 
ed our hearts and increased our 
faith. It has expelled all doubt, and 
wrought in us the deep conviction, 
that this great work must prosper — 
must be triumphantly successful. 

If, therefore, this bare recapitula- 
tion of events long since familiar to 
us — this refreshing the memory with 
scenes of which we once felt our- 
selves to be a part — has served to 
stimulate our zeal in this cause, and 
to stiengthen our confidence in its 
success — how powerful must be its 
influence upon those heretofore un- 
interested, or imperfectly acquain- 
ted with the subject of which it 
treats — or who have acquired a 
prejudice against it from the libel- 
ous publications of the Abolition- 
ists, or the sneers and imbecile argu- 
ments of those who view the Afri- 
can as naturally inferior to all other 
varieties of the human race ? 



did perusal will produce, in every 
unprejudiced, mind, a full conviction 
of the charity — of the philanthropy 
— of the glory and of the practica- 
bility of this great, but much abused 
scheme of " African Colonization," 
we most earnestly urge it upon the 
attention of our readers ; upon those 
who believe; upon the interested 
and indifferent; upon those who be- 
lieve the African to be a man or a 
monkey — being fully confident, that 
no one can finish the work, without 
a conviction that the colored man is 
susceptible of the highest mental 
improvement, and that Africa will 
yet become a land of Religion, Lib- 
erty and Law. 

Having said thus much of this 
work, in general terms, we may be 
permitted to speak more particular- 
ly, not only of its merits, but what 
we conceive to be its defects, dis- 
claiming, however, the assumption 
of the office or attitude of a critic, 
or presuming to speak of it as a lit- 
erary production, trusting that it 
will be considered the legitimate 
business of the Editor of a Coloni- 
zation journal — one too, who from 
a long residence in the colonies, 
feels the deepest interest in their 
welfare — to express his opinions up- 
on a subject so important as their 
" History." * 

One of the greatest benefits re- 
sulting from the publication of this 
work — greater, because it affects 
those who read it, and those who 
read it not — is, that Dr. Alexander 
has given it the sanction of his 
name — that he has voluntarily en- 
rolled himself as the Historian of 
" African Colonization." This act, 
too, derives still greater importance 
from the fact, that by it, the author 
has assumed entirely different ground 
from a majority of those with whom 
he is united by religious faith, and 
intimately associated in various char* 



itable and religious institutions* 



i_0 i0 'up m"~n 



146 Gov. Roberts' Message. [May, 

It will be recollected by most of ]| not only to cripple the Society in 
those interested in such matters, | : its operations — to sow distrust 
that some four years since, the j 1 among its friends of all religious de- 
American Board of Commissioners i' nominations — but to comfort and 
for Foreign Missions, at one of its I; succor the enemy, the abolitionists, 
annual meetings, in consequence of 1 , who most greedily seized upon the 
some disagreement between their || Report as confirmatory of their vile 
Missionary at Cape Palmas, the |' slanders of the colonists, and their 
Rev. J. L. Wilson, and the Governor | misrepresentations of the policy and 
of the Colony, adopted and pub- i objects of the Colonization Societies, 
lcshed a Report, sanctioned by the Not long after the promulgation • 
name of a high judicial functionary j of this report, there appeared in the 
of the State of New York, the jj" Biblical Repertory," a review of 
Hon. Reuben Walworth, reflecting .j " Mr. Kennedy's Report on African 
unmerited censure upon the charac- |i Colonization," in the House of Re- 
ter of that colony and its officers, I; presentatives, said to be from the 
and upon the policy of the Maryland j. pen of Dr. Alexander, containing a 
State Colonization Society ; embody- |i most able exposition of the system, 
ing statements, since proved to be in- , ! completely vindicating the societies 
correct, and deducing inferences ;' and colonies from all objections and 
Irom other data, wholly unwarranta-i 1 aspersions of their enemies, open 
hie. The effect of this Report, and '! or concealed, declaring the •' enters 
the action of the American Board prise" to use his own .words, •• to 
thereon, was immediately felt, noibe the most important commenced 
only by the Maryland, but by the j in any part of the world since we 
American Colonization Societies, [began fife; and that the success 
and to such an extent, that the olfi- '' which has attended it, considering 
rers of the latter, in the northern ( the feebleness of the means and the 
States, were obliged to come out and , scantiness of the resources of the 
declare themselves in no way con-'i society, is one of the most exlraor- 
nerted with the Maryland State Co- ! dinary events in the hhtory of the 
Ionization Society, or responsible for world." Soon followed the annuncia- 
its acts. The promulgation of this , tion of the work now before us, foi 
Report, as far as the influence of the ; which he is entitled to the thanks of 
American Board extended, embracing i every true friend of Africa, and to 
the Congregational and Presbyterian j the gratitude of every citizen of 
churches, was in fact paramount to; Liberia: not only that he has thus 
a Papal Interdict in the Catholic ; espoused that cause, which alone 
church ; and from that day to this, ,' promises relief to the oppressed 
the Maryland State Colonization ;j Africa- American, but rescued from 
Society has not received one dollar , unmerited detraction those who 
from anv church of that denomina- ' have left home, kindred and birth* 
tion in the State of Maryland. — ; place, for an asylum in a foreign and 
The e fleet of the movement was, i barbarous land. 

600. Vcbtrtj' jRLt**a$e. 
To the Honorable, !, gion f tne Legislature of Liberia.— 

tne Members of the Legislature : , Coming frQm ^ ^ Qf ^ Com- 

Gentlemkn: — Another year is monwealth, at this critical and in- 
come around ; and it is with pecu-. teresting period, it is presumed, 
liar satisfaction I meet the ninth ses-; gentlemen, that you are fully pos- 



1847.] 



Gov. Rohtrts 1 Message. 



147 



sensed of the sentiments and wishes 
of your constituents ; and are pre- 
pared to act promptly in all questions 
which may be submitted to your 
consideration ; and no doubt will 
be enabled to give such a direction 
to public affairs as the wisdom and 
patriotism of your constituents will 
approve and support. 

On our present meeting, it is 
my fiist duty to invite your attention 
to the providential favors which 
these colonies have experienced 
during the past year, in the unusual 
degree of health dispensed to the 
inhabitants, in the rich abundance 
with which the earth has rewarded 
tlie labors of the husbandman, and 
in the success which has attended 
the efforts of our merchants and 
traders. 

Jn the successful cultivation of 
other branches of industry, and in 
the progress of general improve- 
ment, everywhere manifest, favora- 
ble to the national prosperity, there 
is just occasion also for our mutual 
congratulation* and thankfulness. 

1 have the satisfaction of inform- 
ing you that the market-house in this 
town has been completed: and in 
conformity with the sixth section of 
an act entitled fck An act appropria- 
ting money for building a market- 
house in the town of Monrovia,'' 
which provides, u That when said 
market-house shall have been com- 
pleted, it shall be leased to the cor- 
poration of Monrovia, for an annual 
rent, to be agreed upon by persons 
appointed by the Governor and the 
corporation for that purpose,'' — 
Messrs. James Brown and H. Teage 
were appointed on the part of the 
Commonwealth, and Messrs. D. 6. 
Brown and James B. McGill on the 
part of the corporation. 1 lay before 
you the award of those gentlemen and 
the agreement of the corporate au- 
thorities. By the latter you will 
perceive that the corporation auiho- 

11 



rities bind themselves to pay into 
the Treasury of the Commonwealth 
annually, certain sums, until the 
amount expended in erecting the 
building. 

The report of the Canal Commis- 
sioners has not vet been received.— 
J understand, however, it is in a for- 
ward state of preparation, and will 
be laid before you at an early day. 

Accounts of the receipts and ex- 
penditures of the last year, will, as 
usual, be laid before you. 1 am 
happy to be able to inform you that 
the state of our finances continues to 
fulfil nur expectations. Full returns 
of officers in the counties of Grand 
Bassa and Sinue, have not yet been 
received. It is ascertained, however, 
that the revenue received during the 
last year exceeds by a small amount 
that of the preceding; and it may 
reasonably be expected, that the re- 
ceipts of the ensuing year, with the 
sum now in the Treasury, will be 
sufficient to defray the current de- 
mand of the ye: r, and meet any ex- 
pense which may be incurred, should 
the Leg slatuie adopt measures to 
that effect in carrying out the wishes 
of the people in regard to forming 
a new government. 

With lespect to the subject of In- 
dependence I have the honor to in- 
form you, that in compliance with 
the desire of the Legislature as ex- 
pressed in their resolution of the 
15th of July last, requesting the 
Executive to call the attention of the 
people of these Colonies to certain 
recommendations expressed in a set 
of resolutions, adopted by the Board 
of Directors of the American Colo- 
nization Society, at their annual 
meeting in January last, touching 
the independence of Liberia, I is* 
sued a proclamation, expressive of 
the desire of the Legislature, and 
calling on the people of this Com- 
monwealth, to determine, through 
the ballot-box, what disposition 



148 



Gov. Roberts' Message. 



[May, 



should be made of the resolutions, jj the Board of Directors of the Ame- 
or whether the recommendation }! rican Colonization Society, by a 
therein submitted should be adopted ;j committee of the Legislature of 
or not. 1 lay before you the result j, 1845, respecting the light in which 
of the vote taken on the question, i the sovereignty of these colonies 
in all the towns and villages of the ', is held by the government of Great 
Commonwealth, on the 27th day of n Britain. 
November last. 

You will perceive that the people 
by a small majority, however, have 
decided in favor of adopting the sug- 
gestions of the Board of Directors, 
in regard to a change of our rela« 
tions with the Society: and have 
expressed a desire that a Convention 
be called to draft a constitution for 
the new government, and that mea- 
sures be adopted to carry the same 
into effect as soon as practicable. 

I regret exceedingly to find by 
official returns, that no more than 

two-thirds of the legal voters of the [ consent of the people. 
Commonwealth attended the polls j As preposterous and foolish, to 
to record their opinion respecting ^ say the least of them, as these ac- 
this highly important question. [ cusations are, they have had a bane- 



It is asserted, I understand, that 
j the Legislature of 1845, not having 
the authority of the people for the 
purpose, of course, communicated 
with the Board of Directors of the 
American Colonization Society, in- 
forming them it was the wish of the 
: people of these colonies, that their 
! political relations with the Society 
I should be immediately changed ; 
I and that Liberia be declared an In- 
l dependent State. And that the Le- 
1 gislature contemplated forming a 
new government without asking the 



Why so many of our fellow citi- 
zens absented themselves, and de- 
clined giving a public expression of 
their sentiments respecting the ques- 
tion submitted to their consideration, jj the adoption of any great and im- 
is unknown to me. It is, neverthe- ;' portant measure, 
less, a question of vital importance ., I believe it was not the intention of 
he people of Liberia. One that 



fui effect upon the minds of some of 
! our people. And, I have no doubt, 
| in a great degree, prevented that un- 
; animity of action so desirable on 



the members of that Legislature to 
convey the idea by their communica- 
tion to the Board of Directors, that 
a vote of the people had been taken 
on the question of independence, 
and that they were recommending 
the measure on their authority.— 
And how any rational man could 



to the people 

should interest, deeply interest, 
every citizen of this Common- 
wealth. 

Since this question was first moot- j 
ed, I have been watching with ; 
much concern, the progress of pub- j 
lie opinion in regard to it: and have t 

frequently been astonished at the i entertain the idea, that the Legisla- 
instability of the public mind and j ture contemplated changing the re- 
the manifest inconsistency of some j lations of these colonies, and form- 
of the leading men of our commu- j ing a new government without the 
nitv. !| authority of the people, I cannot 

In tracing the cause of this fickle- 1| conceive. I venture to assert, that 
ness, 1 have been pained to find j not a single member of that Legit- 
that many of our less informed fel-ij lature, would tolerate the doctrine 
low citizens, have been egregious- ij that the inhabitants at large should 
ly deceived in regard to the purport, not exercise that right, a right which 
of a communication addressed toll God has given them in common 



1847.] 



Gov. Roberta' Message. 



149 



with all men, to judge whether it 
be consistent with their interests or 
not to change their political rela- 
tions, or to accept or reject a con- 
stitution, framed for the stale of 
which they are members. 

This is the birthright of every 
citizen to whatever state he may 
belong. There he is, or ought to 
be, by indefeasible right, a co-legis- 
lator with' all the other members of 
that community. And while it is 
acknowledged that every individual 
in a community is not qualified for 
assisting in the framing of a consti- 
tution; it is equally evident that 
share of common sense, which the 
Almighty has so bountifully distri- 
buted among mankind in general, 
is sufficient to quicken every one's 
feelings, and enable him to judge 
rightly what degree of safety, and 
what advantages he is likely to en- 
joy, or be deprived of, under any 
constitution proposed to him. 

The diversity of opinions and 
judgments which always takes place 
on a new measure, the unaccountable 
proneness of some men to censure 
every thing not their own, and fret- 
Fulness of others at not being con- 
sulted on all public matters, are 
every-day occurrences in long es- 
tablished, intelligent, and well regu- 
lated communities; therefore are 
not so wonderful in Liberia. 

I presume, gentlemen, that you 
will dispose of this question of in- 
dependence according to the wishes 
of the people as expressed by the 
vote of the 27th of November last. — 
If so, you will, of course, determine 
upon the number of which the Con- 
vention for framing a new Constitu- 
tion shall be composed, the manner 
in which they shall be elected, the 
time of their meeting, &c. <fec. 

I am aware that objections are 
urged against this course. It is in- 
sisted, on the grounds that no more 
than two- thirds of the male inhabi- 



tants attended the polls to signify 
their wishes with respect to the 
question, and that the majority in 
favor of the measure being so small 
that the Legislature should decline 
calling a Convention, or adopting 
further measures in the premises. 

For my own part, I can see but 
one course for the Legislature to 
pursue. With respect to those of 
our fellow citizens, who declined 
attending the polls, I have only to 
remind you, that no person was ex- 
cluded from voting but those who 
chose to exclude themselves ; and 
in that case, I hold, that they either 
show themselves unworthy of the 
privileges of a citizen, or confid- 
ing in the judgment of others, sig- 
nified their consent to the measure 
proposed. And while it is deeply 
to be regretted that greater unani- 
mity does not exist with respect to 
this important question, we can but 
remember the indisputable maxim, 
" The will of the people is the law 
of the land," and that government 
is, or ought to be, instituted for their 
benefit ; and of all the various modes 
and forms of government, that is 
best, which is capable of producing 
the greatest degree of happiness 
and safety, and that when any gov- 
ernment, should be found inadequate 
or contrary to these purposes, the 
majority, however small that majori- 
ty may be, has an indubitable, un- 
alienable and indefeasible right, to 
reform, alter or abolish it, in such a 
manner as shall be judged most con- 
ducive to the public weal. Such 
changes, however, are always dan- 
gerous, and should never be made, 
except under the firm conviction, 
that they are necessary for the bene- 
fit, protection and secuiity of the 
people in general. 

Now, gentlemen, this perplexing 
question is in your hands, and as the 
representatives and guardians of the 
rights and interests of the people of 



150 



Gov. Roberts* Message. 



[May, 



these colonies, I beg to remind you 
of the great responsibility which i 
rests upon you. It is your duty to 
watch cautiously over every occur- I 
rence that can possibly tend to ob- 
struct the fair channel of our happi- 
ness. And I am fully persuaded i 
that the prosperity and happiness of, 
the people of these colonies depend, \ 
under God, on the iirm union of their | 
inhabitants. Generations yet to come 
may owe their freedom and happi- 
ness to the result of vour deliberations 
on the important subject now sub- 
mitted to your consideration. A sin- 
gle false step at this critical crisis 
juay ruin, irreparably ruin, our hopes 
of future success. Upon you then 
depends the political happiness or 
wretchedness of the people of Li- 
beria. May I therefore entreat you 
to weigh and consider well the part 
you are railed to act in this impor- 
tant matter, and that you will not 
suffer yourselves to be betrayed into 
any feelings unbecoming the dignity 
uf your station, and the present 
critical situation of our affairs. Let 
us substitute calmness for passion,, 
confidence for suspicion, and no] 
doubt we shall soon agree as to the 
I'ourse proper to be pursued on this 
occasion of your meeting. 

In assuming the whole responsi- 
bility of conducting the affairs ofj 
ibis government, it is impossible to 
conceal from ourselves or the world .j 
the many disadvantages and embar- !j 
rassments, we must necessarily labor jj 
under for some years. The numeri- ! 
cal strength of the colony is com para- j 
lively small, nor can we boast of, 
great intelligence, experience or 
wealth. Indeed when these are con- 
sidered, it is no matter of surprise 
that so many of our fellow citizens 
are exceedingly fearful as to the re- 
sults of this new organization. The 
question, " Has the time arrived for 
Ins important change/* naturally 
forces itself on the mind of every 
reflecting citizen. 



A majority of the people, how- 
ever, have decided in the affirmative, 
which opinion is sustained by the 
unanimous vote of the Board of Di- 
rectors of the American Coloniza- 
tion Society. In their opinion it is 
the only course that will or can re- 
lieve us from the embarrassments we 
labor under, with respect to the en- 
croachments of foreigners, and the 
objections urged by Great Britain in 
regard to our sovereignty. 

1 sincerely hope, and believe, gen- 
tlemen, that you will be sustained 
by your fellow citizens in whatever 
measures you may adopt respecting 
this question, and that the reputation 
of the people of Liberia, for order 
and good government, will not be 
diminished by our future conduct, 
that there will be no discord among 
us, that all differences of small mo- 
ment will be entirely laid aside, and 
that the only strife among citizens 
will be who shall do most to serve 
and to save an oppressed and injured 
race. 

I feel particular satisfaction in be* 
ing able to announce to you, that 
nothing has occurred during the past 
year to disturb the friendly relations * 
subsisting between this government 
and the surrounding native tribes. 
Indeed, our amity with them appears 
to have been more firmly established. 
I am also happy to state, that the 
continued efforts to introduce among 
them the Christian religion, and 
habits of civilization, have not been 
without success. They are unques- 
tionably becoming every year more 
and more sensible of the superiority 
of civilized life over the barbarous 
customs of their fathers ; and many 
of them are beginning to engage 
pretty extensively in the pursuits of 
agriculture and household manufac- 
ture. They are becoming convinc- 
ed of the precarious resources of the 
slave trade, and of the suffering* to 
which many of them are frequently 
reduced by the wars and wants of 



1847.] 



Gov, Roberts' Message. 



\h\ 



savage life, and find it to their inter- ' munication, dated December 18th, 



est to dispose of their territories to 
this government, ceding it to the po- 
litical control and jurisdiction over 
all persons and property therein ; 
incorporating themselves with U3 t 
forming an integral part of this Com- 
monwealth. 

Since the last annual meeting of 
this Legislature, another important 
acquisition of territory has been 
made. In February last, the natives 
occupying the lands lying between 
Blue Barra and Grand Cess, the ter- 
ritory of Settra Kroo, comprising 
about six miles of sea coast except- 
ed, ceded to this government, includ- ' 
ing the rights of sovereignty, their I 
entire territories: also two tribes] 



1846, addressed to me by Captaiu 
Murray, of her Majesty's Sloop 
Favorite, in which he asked permis- 
sion to construct a chart of the line 
of coast occupied by the Liberians, 
in which to mark the territories now 
in their possession, and that I would 
attach my signature to the same, and 
allow him to examine the title deeds 
by which we held the territories in 
question. 

He has also been pleased to say, 
41 that England recognizes our right 
to these territories, if legally pur- 
chased from the rightful owners of 
the soil," regarding the Liberians 
however "only in the light of a so- 
ciety or private company of traders ; 
and in no case can she admit the ex- 
ercise of sovereign rights, in which 



farther south, occupying the territory 
known as Tassoo and Baflfoo Bay ; 

reserving for their members only j! may be included the payment of cus- 
what is sufficient to maintain them j torn dues. And that common inter- 
in an agricultural way. A few days ' national law does not allow the claim 
ago, General Lewis, commissioned , to territory which may have been 
on the part of this government, sue- 1 only partially purchased, and occu- 
ceeded in purchasing about fifteen ' pied in detached portions. And that, 
miles of sea coast, comprising por- | in the event of this government pur- 
tions of the territories of Manna, |i chasing the land surrounding sites of 



Curroo and Timboo. 

It is understood, in each case, that 
we shall extend to them our patron- 
age and protection: that we will es- 
tablish trading factories among them, 
furnishing them necessaries at mod- 
erate prices, in exchange for their 
commodities, and protect them 
against the incursions of their ma- 
rauding neighbors. 

Other tribes occupying interme- 
diate points have agreed to transfer 
their territories to this government, 
and we are only awaiting the arrival 
of funds, daily expected, to perfect 
our negotiations. If not interrupted 
by foreigners, and means are placed 
at our command, I shall succeed in 
extinguishing the native title to all 
the land lying between the extreme 
points of colonial jurisdiction. 
Gentlemen, Hay before you a corn- 



factories in which British subjects 
have acquired rights of property, it 
will be his duty to disallow the le- 
gality of such a purchase, if made 
over the heads of such British sub- 
jects, and obtained without their con- 
sent." 

Of course, no objections were in- 
terposed in regard to the construc- 
tion of a chart. I did, however, as 
Captain Murray could not tell me 
for what purpose it was required, 
decline placing my signature to the 
chart. 

The light in which England re- 
gards the sovereignty of these co- 
lonies is not new to you. Captain 
Murray is only reiterating what has 
' been said by British naval officers 
on that subject several years ago. 

We are told that England regards 
the Liberians only u in the light of 



152 



Gov. Roberts 1 Message. 



[May, 



a society or private company of tra- for us to obtain the concurrence of 
ders or settlers," without any na- ; British subjects in purchasing the 
tional rights or privileges. Then, i| lands owned by the natives, sur- 
fellow citizens, if the principles ad- grounding sites of factories owned by 
vanced by British officers witli re- j such British subjects. 
spect to the sovereignty of Liberia i. In no instance to my knowledge, 
be correct, after all our toil, we are u have such factories set up any claim 
still without a country or home ;>| to the sovereignty of the country. — 
outcasts upon the world, hunted and j On the contrary, they conform to the 



persecuted in every clime. 

I, however, doubt the correctness 
of the position assumed by British 
officers in regard to this subject. 

The frailty of human nature, the 
wants of indhiduals, and the numer- 
ous circumstances which surround 
them through the course of life ; 



rules and usages of the country, as 
j established by the natives, and in no 
case would they attempt to abrogate 
any of them . 

1 maintain that the natives have 
the same right to those lands, and 
their kings to the sovereignty of 
them, as any native or king in Eu- 



have in all ages, and in every coun- j rope can have to the lands or sove- 



try, impelled men to form societies 
and establish governments. 

The people of these colonics, im- 
pelled by circumstances over which 
ihev had no control, left their native 
land to seel; on these shores a resi- 
dence for civil and political freedom. 
At the expense of their blood, at the 
hazard of their lives, without the 
least charge to the country from 
which they removed; by unceasing 
hi! or, and an unconquerable spirit. 



reign ty of such respective country. — 
I And if the kings, with the consent 
, and concurrence of their subjects, 
[ arc disposed, and will cede to this 
\ government their territories with the 
[Sovereignty of them, incorporating 
i themselves with us, as the Texans 
i have done with the people of the 

United States, I ask, what has any 
! British subject or any other person 
j or nation to do with it ? 

In our case it appears that common 



they have ellecied settlements and I international law does not allow the 
••."•laiiii.-du'd governments, with Exe-'j claim to territory which may have 
eutive, Legislative and Judicial pow- ; , been only partially purchased, and 
crs, in the distant and inhospitable ^occupied in detached portions ; but 
wilds of Africa, 'in the case of British subjects, their 



After all this, will Great Britain, 



I! 



with all her magnanimity and phi-| 
lanihropy towards the African race, i 



claim must be allowed and their 



rights respected : rather one sided 
this, and not easily reconciled. 
deny us the right to exercise these \ Gentlemen, be not discouraged* 
powers ? 1 trow not. Generous !] Liberia is destined by the Almighty 
minds contemplating with pleasure ,! to be the free and quiet habitation of 
the increasing happiness of human r thousands, perhaps millions in future; 
society, must feel delight in behold- ,' and a land for the oppressed to flee 
injj the increasing prosperity of these ,' to, and be happy, innumerable ap- 
colonies. , parent causes, and doubtless innumer- 

While it is obvious that we should able others which are unseen to us, 
and will respect the prior rights of are at work to hasten great events ; 
property, such as sites of factories, and every day seems pregnant with 
anjMirrd by British subjects, within' something new and important. And 
our j::ri -diction, we cannot concede may we not hope, as in time past, so 
the point, that it is at all necessary : in time to come, these colonies will 

1 1 



1847.] 



Legislation in Liberia. 



153 



make swifter progress in their ad- 
vances to maturity than any which 
have heretofore existed. 

Hitherto their growth has aston- 
ished their enemies, and has surpas- 
sed the sanguine predictions even of 
their enthusiastic friends. Their ad- 
vances continue with an increasing 
rapidity, and according to the course 
• of human affairs, if not retarded by 
foreign -interference, they will soon 
be the subject of applause and admi- 
ration among the nations of the 
world ; and will wipe from our race 
the foul imputation, " that colored 
men are incapable of self govern- 
ment" 

Gentlemen, notwithstanding the 
many embarrassments and difficul- 
ties we have to encounter, conse- 
quent upon settling any new coun- 
try, we have much to encourage us. 
Possessed of a continent so rich and 
extensive that the enterprising genius 
of Europe or America has not been 
able to explore its boundaries, nor 
fathom the depths of its fertility, nor 
penetrate the treasures of its exhaust- 
less mines. 

Every circumstance favorable to 
mankind, concur to facilitate the in- 
dependence and happiness of these 
colonies. Here the human mind, 
untrammelled by unequal laws, and 
una wed by unjust prejudices, will 



expand with new wings, and gather- 
ing strength with its flight, will feel 
its native force, and reach the sum- 
mit of human perfection. 

I believe that the Almighty in- 
tends through the instrumentality of 
those colonies to restore to Africa 
her long-lost glory. Here it is prob- 
able, science and virtue will attain 
their highest perfection, society shine 
in the most beautiful and lovely form, 
and produce the highest felicity. As 
virtue alone, however, can ensure 
real happiness and solid glory, this 
must be a prevailing principle before 
society can attain them. The his- 
tory of mankind testifies through all 
ages and periods, the inseparable 
connection between virtue and hap- 
piness ; and in proportion to its 
prevalence has been the prosperity 
of every state or nation. 

Such circumstances call with a pe- 
culiar importunity, not less for a dis- 
position to unite in all those meas- 
ures in which the honor, safety, and 
prosperity of our country depend, 
than for all the exertions of wisdom 
and firmness. 

In all such measures, gentlemen, 
you may rely on my hearty concur- 
rence and co-operation. 

J. J. ROBERTS. 

Government House, 
Monrovia, Liberia, Jan. 4, 1847. 



[From the Liberia Herald.] 

£t$\*lat\on in £xbtt\a. 



The Colonial Legislature assem- 
bled pursuant to law on Monday the 
4th inst. The first business in the 
order of proceeding was the swear- 
ing of the members, to do faithfully 
and conscientiously the work of leg- 
islators, and to discharge such other 
duties as the time and circumstances 
might demand. It occurs to us, that 
it will not be out of place to ask, 
while on this subject, whether by be- 



coming a representative a man dis- 
franchises himself — and assumes de 
facto the obligation to pocket his 
conscience, to close his eyes against 
evidence, and his mind against argu- 
ment, and to vote only as bidden by 
those who honored him with their 
suffrage. If this be the duty which 
the honor imposes, Heaven save us 
from both. If we can serve a peo- 
ple only on the condition that we re- 



154 



Legislation in Liberia. 



[May, 



-'—..* ■•*.'■' 



sign the dignity ami the privileges of i resolution to determine whether the 
a man, we shall never aspire to the .: wishes of the people as expressed in 
high honor of serving them. To ile- • the late vote should be complied 
mand such a surrender is as insolent , with. This more than Corsican 
in the sovereign people, as it is ab- | maneuver brought the opponents of 
surd in the people's servant to subOa new organization to a dead stand, 
mit to it. It is in effect to say, there A more effectual and better timed 
is a better way to arrive at truth than • resolution could not possibly have 
argument and discussions, and that i been brought forward. It was bet- 
he who has heard only one side of a Iter than whole tomes of argument, 
question, is as well prepared to de- | inasmuch as a vote in the negative 
eide upon it as he who has weighed ! would have arrayed the voter indirect 
carefully the arguments on both. — jj opposition to the wishes of a majority 
These thoughts have been suggested of the whole people solemnly and de- 
by the very frequent use by members j cidedly expressed, upon a question 
of our legislature of such phrases as .i long and anxiously agitated from one 

*' the people at think that, and 'end to the other of the colony. — 

your constituents wish the other, and ! Having mentioned this, our readers 

will not require to be told that the 
matter is settled. A resolution was 



therefore, we must oppose this meas- 
ure and support its opposite." 

Directly after the members were, passed ordering an election on the 
qn aliii i'd by swearing to do their j 17th proximo, for delegates to meet 
duty, the Governor's message was | in convention in July next, for the 
read. This document we have 
spread before our readers in this 
number of our paper. It is an inter- 
esting paper, and contains a correct 
and succinct statement of the state of 
the quesrijn of Liberia Independ- 
ence. The legislature then adjourn- 
ed to meet the following day. 

The question of independence 
was the all absorbing theme. The 
members of the lower counties at 
once threw themselves to their old 
position, supported by an auxiliary 
from Sinoe, and in their maneuvers 
to keep the enemy without their en- 
trenchment, displayed considerable 



purpose of framing a constitution. — 
These resolutions, or rather this act, 
we insert below. 

There was very little other busi- 
ness done. The independence ques- 
tion had absorbed all attention, and 
kept the minds of all within and 
without the house, wound up to their 
highest tension ; so that matter ac- 
complished, all other affairs appeared 
unimportant. In our humble opin- 
ion there were other matters grow- 
ing out of the independence act, 



which were eminently entitled to 
the immediate attention of the legis- 
lature, but which they for some rea- 

skill in parliamentary tactics. They ; son, which has not transpired, omit- 

were, however, opposed by formula- ted to attend to. These may be the 

ble battalions of truth and reason. . subject of future remark. 
On the fourth day of the session ; 

the house went into a committee of! 

the whole — Mr. Weaver in the chair. ■ 

After a little half in earnest and half t 

in play skirmishing, in which the ■ 

parties were evidently rousing their ! 

energies for a desperate struggle, j 

Governor Roberts advanced to close ( 

quarters, in the introduction of a j 



AN ACT making provisions for a 

convention. 

Whereas the people of this Com- 
monwealth did on the 27th day of 
October, 1846, solemnly determine 
bv vote that there shall be a conven- 
tion held for the purpose of forming 



1847.] 



Legislation in Liberia. 



166 



a constitution for the government 
of the Commonwealth of Liberia. 

Sec. 1. Therefore — Be it enact- 
ed by the Governor and Council in 
Legislature assembled, and it is 
hereby enacted by the authority of 
the same, — That there be a con- 
vention held conformably with the 
wishesofthe people, as expressed by 
their votes taken October 27th, 1846. 

Sec. 2. Beit further enacted, — 
That the convention shall consist 
of eleven delegates, and shall be 
appointed in the following manner: 
for the county of Monrovia six de- 
legates shall be appointed, for the 
county of Grand Bassa four dele- 
gates shall be appointed, and for the 
the county of Sinoe there shall be 
one delegate appointed. 

Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, — 
That the third Tuesday in February 
next shall be set apart for the pur- 
pose of electing delegates to said 
convention, and the polls shall be 
opened in the different settlements 
in the counties of Montserrado, 
Grand Bassa, and Sinoe, and be con- 
ducted in the same manner and form 
as annual elections for Councillors 
are conducted, and the Judges of the 
Courts of Quarter Sessions and 
Common Pleas, as the February 
term of 1847, shall appoint judges 
and clerks for the said election, and 
said judges and clerks shall be enti- 
tled to the same pay as judges and 
clerks for the annual election of 
Councillors, and the returns of said 
election shall be made to the Colonial 
Secretary, and the delegates elected 
shall be notified in the same manner 
as the members of the Legislative 
Council. 

Sec 4. Beit further enacted, — 
that the persons who may be elec- 
ted to said convention, shall meet in 
the Town of Monrovia on the first 
Monday in July, 1847, and shall be 
entitled to the same pay per day, in- 
cluding travelling expenses when in 
the service of the Commonwealth,! 



as is paid the members of the Legis- 
lative Council. 

Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, — 
That the convention be authorized 
to appoint its own officers and fix 
their pay to be drawn by an order 
from the Commonwealth Treasury 
in the usual manner of disbursing 
Commonwealth moneys, but in no 
case shall such pay exceed the 
amount paid such officers belonging 
to the Legislature. 

Sec. 6. Be it further enacted, — 
That they shall lay the same before 
the Governor as early after their 
adjournment as possible, and the 
Governor shall cause five hundred 
copies of the draft of the Constitu- 
tion to be printed, and the same be laid 
before the people as early as possible, 
and the people in their respective 
towns shall decide by solemn vote 
on the last Monday of September, 
1847, whether the draft of the con- 
stitution so submitted shall be adopt- 
ed or not: those voting in the affir- 
mative shall express on their tickets, 
yea ; those voting in the negative 
shall express on their tickets nay. — 
The Polls shall be conducted as 
aforesaid, — and the sheriff of the 
different counties shall immediately 
transmit the result of said election 
to the Governor, and should there 
be a majority of votes in favor of 
adopting the constitution, the Gov- 
ernor shall immediately on ascer- 
taining the fact declare the same by 
proclamation to be the law of the land. 

Sec. 7. And be it further enact- 
ed, — That in case there be a ma- 
jority for rejecting the constitution, 
the Governor as soon as he is assured 
of the fact shall order the Colonial 
Secretary to give immediate notice 
to the delegates to meet again in 
convention, who shall proceed to 
prepare another draft or make such 
amendments as will best suit the 
wishes of the people : and the con- 
vention shall be entitled to the 
rights as are provided by law. The 



156 



Our Spring Expedition. 



[May, 



new draft shall be laid before the | ! nor shall pursue the same course to 
people as aforesaid for their adop- i have it amended and laid before the 
tion or rejection, and should it be .'■ people as above, and so on until it 
rejected the second time, the Gover-j shall be adopted. 



CD u r <S-prui0 Crptfttttffit. 



We have been compelled to postpone the 
sailing of the emigrants who expected to 
have left about this time. We have done 
it most reluctantly, but under circumstan- 
ces which we could not avoid. And when 
our friends understand the facts in the case, 
they will doubtless approve of our decision. 

During the last session of Congress an 
Act was passed, " to regulate the carriage 
of passengers in merchant vessels." Mr. 
Secretary Walker, in calling: the attention 
of collectors to this Act, has put a forced 
construction, as we believe, on a part of it. 
That our readers may have a clear view of 
the case, we insert here, both the act and 
the Secretary's circular : 

circ ular. 

Treasury Department, 
March 17, 1S47. 

The particular attention of the officers 
of the customs is called to the provisions 
of an act entitled" An act to regulate the 
carriage of passengers in merchant vessels," 
approved 22d February, 1317 ; and also to 
the act to amend the aforesaid act, approv- 
ed 2d March, 1S47, both of which acts arc 
hereunto annexed. 

It will be perceived that, by the amend- 
atory act of the 2d instant, the regulations 
prescribed in the law of the 22d February 
last, take effect and go into operation from 
and after the 31st day of May next, in re- 
gard to all vessels arriving from ports on 
this side of the Capes of Good Hope and 
Horn, and in regard to vessels arriving 
from places beyond said capes, on and af- 
ter the 30th day of October next ensuing. 
The 2d section of this act also repeals so 
much of the act of February last, " as au- 
thorizes shippers to estimate two children 
of eight years of age and under as one pas- 
senger in the assignment of room " in the 
vessel. 

It is not conceived that the provisions of 
the aforesaid acts repeal or conflict with 
those of the act "regulating passenger 
Flaps and vessels,'* approved 2d March, 
1*19. Hence the limitation of the num- 



ber of passengers to two for every live 
tons of the vessel according to custom- 
house measurement, also the regulations 
in regard to the requisite supply of water, 
provisions, &c, ana the penalties prescrib- 
ed are still in full operation. 

It is strictly enjoined upon the officers of 
the customs to have all vessels about to de- 
part for foreign ports, or arriving therefrom 
with passengers, carefully examined to see 
that the number of passengers does not ex- 
ceed the limit fixed by law, and that the 
space prescribed in the first section of the 
act of 22d February last, for the accom- 
modation of each passenger has been allot- 
ted, and also to ascertain that due compli- 
ance is had with the provisions of the third 
section regulating the construction and di- 
mensions of the berths. The number of 
tiers of berths is limited by the act to tiro, 
with an interval between the floor and the 
deck or platform of at least six inches. 
Each berth is required to be " at least six 
feet in length and at least eighteen inches 
in width for each passenger." A separate 
berth of these dimensions must be provid- 
ed for each passenger, and it cannot be 
permitted to increase said dimensions with 
a view to accommodate more than one per- 
son, as the law clearly contemplates each 
berth to be assigned to a single passenger. 
Besides, it is to be distinctly understood, 
that the berths arc not to interfere or en- 
croach upon the space allotted by the first 
section of the act to each passenger, which 
is to be of the prescribed number of clear 
superficial feet of deck, according to the 
circumstances mentioned in the law. 

Children of eight years of ago and un- 
der are each to be considered and comput- 
ed a single passenger. 

The penalties imposed by the 1st, 2d, 
and 3d sections of the act must be rigidly 
enforced in all cases of a violation of the 
j same. 

R. J. WALKER, 
Secretary of the Treasury, 

• AN ACT to regulate the carriage of pas- 
1 scngers in merchant vessels. 

i [Sec. 1.] Be it enacted by the Senate and 
House of Representatives of the Uxited 

, States of America in Congress assembled* 
j, That if the master of any vessel, owned 
in whole or in part by a citizen of the 



1S47.] 



Our Spring Expedition. 



157 



United States of America, or by a citizen 
of any foreign country, shall take on board 
such vessel, at any foreign port or place, 
a greater number of passengers than in the 
following proportion to the space occupied 
by them and appropriated for their use, and 
unoccupied by stores or other goods, not 
being the personal luggage of such passen- 
ger, that is to say, on the lower deck or 
platform, one passenger for every fourteen 
clear superficial feet of deck, if such ves- 
sel is not to pass within the tropics during 
such voyage ; but if such vessel is to pass 
within the tropics during such voyage, 
then one passenger for every twenty such 
clear superficial feet of deck, and on the 
orlop deck, (if any,) one passenger for 
every thirty such superficial feet in all 
cases, with intent to bring such passengers 
to the United States of America, and shall 
leave such port or place with the same, 
and bring the same, or any number there- 
of, within the jurisdiction of the United 
States aforesaid, or if any such master of a 
vessel shall take on board of his vessel at 
any port or place within the jurisdiction 
of the United States aforesaid, any greater 
number of passengers than the proportions 
aforesaid admit, with intent to carry the j 
same to any foreign port or place, every t 
such master shall be deemed guilty of a> 
misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof 
before any circuit or district court of the 
United States aforesaid, for each passen- 
ger taken on board beyond the above pro- 
J>ortions, be fined in the sum of fifty dol- 
ars, and may also be imprisoned for any 
term not exceeding one year : Provided, 
That this act shall not be construed to per- 
mit any ship or vessel to carry more than 
two passengers to five tons of such ship or 
vessel. 

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted. That 
if the passengers so taken on board of such ! 
vessel, and brought into or transported 
from the United States aforesaid, shall ex- 
ceed the number limited by the last section 
to the number of twenty in the whole, such 
vessel shall be forfeited to the United States 
aforesaid, and be prosecuted and distribut- 
ed as forfeitures are, under the act to regu- 
late duties on imports and tonnage. 

Sec. 3. And belt further enacted, That 
if any such vessel as aforesaid shall have 
more than two tiers of berths, or in case, 
in such vessel, the interval between the 
floor and the deck or platform beneath shall 
not be at least six inches, and the berths 
well constructed, or in case the dimensions 
of such berths shall not be at least six 
feet in length , and at least eighteen inches 
in width, for each passenger as aforesaid, 
then the master of said vessel, and the 
owners thereof, severally, shall forfeit and 
pay the sum of five dollars for each and [ 



every passenger on board of said vessel on 
such voyage, to be recovered by the United 
States as aforesaid, in any circuit or dis- 
trict court of the United States where such 
vessel may arrive, or from which she sails. 

Sec. 4. And be it further enacted. That, 
for the purposes of this act, it shall in all 
cases be computed that two children, each 
being under the age of eight years, shall 
be equal to one passenger, and. that chil- 
dren under the age of one year shall not 
be included in the computation of the 
number of passengers. 

Sec 5. And be it further enacted, That 
the amount of the several penalties impos- 
ed by this act shall be liens on the vessel 
or vessels violating its provisions ; and such 
vessel may be libelled and sold therefor in 
the district court of the United States afore- 
said in which such vessel shall arrive. 

Approved, February 22, 1847. 

AN ACT to amend an act entitled " An act 
to regulate the carriage of passengers in 
merchant vessels," and to determine the 
time when said act shall take effect. 
[Sec 1.] Be it enacted by the Senate and 
House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled, 
That the act to regulate the carriage of pas- 
sengers in merchant vessels, approved the 
twenty-second day of February, eighteen 
hundred and forty-seven, shall, in regard to 
all vessels arriving from ports on this side 
of the Capes of Good Hope and Horn, 
take effect and be in force from and after 
the thirty-first day of May next ensuing; 
and in regard to all vessels arriving from 
places beyond said capes, on and after the 
thirtieth day of October next ensuing. 
Sec 2. And be it further enacted, That so 
much of said act as authorizes shippers to 
estimate two children of eight years of age 
and under, as one passenger, in the assign- 
ment of room, is hereby repealed. 
Approved, March, 2, 1847. 

From this act it will be seen that no dis- 
tinction is made between merchant vessels 
and packets, or vessels built expressly to 
carry passengers. The first section says, 
" That if the master of any vessel," &c. 
Of course the Liberia Packet is sub- 
jected to the restrictions of this act. 

Again, it will be perceived that vessels 
passing within the tropics, as ours do, axe 
compelled to allow to every passenger 
" twenty clear superficial feet of deck." 

It is also required that each passenger 
shall have a separate berth six feet long and 
eighteen inches wide. There can only be 



15S 



Letter from Hon. J. H. Lumpkin. 



[May, 



two tiers of berths on each side of the ves- 
sel. 

The Secretary says that the berths are 
not to interfere with the space occupied by 
each passenger. That is to say, each pas- 
senger is to have twenty superficial feet of 
deck, together with one half the deck occu* 
pied by the two berths, which is just nine 
feet. This then gives to each and every 
passenger twenty-four and a half superfi- 
cial feet of deck. 

And finally, it will be seen that every 
child, young or old, big or little, is to be 
counted a full passenger. If a child be un- 
able to walk alone, or too young to keep 
itself in a berth, still it must have a berth 
six feet long and eighteen inches wide, and 
twenty superficial feet of deck beside, to 
crawl about in ! 

The Liberia Packet was constructed ex- 
pressly for the convenience and comfort of 



passengers, counting two children for one 
passenger. 

But under the act passed at the last ses- 
sion of Congress, she can carry only thir- 
ty-seven ! There is a difference ! 

In view of this state of things the Com- 
pany owning the Packet determined not to 
send her to Liberia this spring, but to await 
an alteration of the law, or some construc- 
tion of the Secretary by which she shall be 
exempt from its operation! They spent 
| upwards of $3,000 in fitting up the emi- 
| grants' cabin. — They therefore cannot af- 
! ford to run her with only 37 emigrants in 
her. 

Were we to charter a vessel now to car- 
ry out emigrants under the operation of this 
] law, each emigrant would cost us more than 
four times what we have been in the habit 
of paying. Our friends will at once per- 
' ceive that this would be an expense which 



passengers. By reference to our Number , we have not the funds to meet. We have 
for November last, our readers will see the \- therefore determined to wait, and see what 
plan of the cabin for emigrants. It fur- \ can be done. As the above mentioned act 
nishes sufficient room and convenience for I was undoubtedly passed mainly to regulate 
one hundred and seventy emigrants, counting ' ; the bringing of emigrants into our own 



every two children for one passenger. 
The law of March 2d, 1S19, " regulating 



, country, and as there is a manifest differ- 
ence between carrying emigrants in a mer- 



passcnger ships and vessels," allows any ,: chant vessel, and in a regular Packet, we 
vessel to carry two passengers for ever}' ; cannot but hope we shall succeed in petting 
five tons of the vessel. The Liberia Packet ' a dispensation from the act, till Congress 
measures 331 tons, and therefore had a! meet? again, when it will undoubtedly be 
right to carry one hundred and thirty -two j! suitably amended. 



fetter from t\)t $on. ?O0. ijenrp jfumpkin. 



We have the pleasure of laying before "' 
our readers the following highly beautiful : 
and interesting letter from a gentleman well 
known in all parts of our country. We 
trust he will pardon us for publishing a 
private letter, written in answer to one in- 
forming him that he had been elected a 
Vice President of the Society : 

Athens, March 18th, 1S47. 

■ 

Dear Sir: — I accept, with pleasure, the 
office of Vice President, conferred on me 
by the American Colonization Society, at 
its last meeting. It is an honor of which . 



one may well be proud — to have their 
names enrolled in any enterprise with those 
of Jefferson, Madison, Marshall, Monroe, 
Carroll, Crawford, and Clay, and many 
other bright worthies who were and are, 
the firm and efficient friends of African 
Colonization. I love and have long loved 
this noble cause. It is the only efficient 
scheme which philanthropy has yet devis- 
ed for ameliorating the condition of the 
ncpro in this country and for dill using the 
blessings of civilization and Christianity 
through the lands of his fathers. 

And we must not despise this day of 
small things. This fair earth was once 
without form and void; but the spirit of 



1847.] 



Notice to the Clergy of ail Denominations. 



159 



the Almighty moved upon the face of the 
waters and the chaotic mass was converted 
into a scene of surpassing beauty and gran- 
deur — 

*« In every heightened form 
This finished fabric rose." 

Faith in Nicodemus when he came to 
Jesus by night was only a grain of mustard, 
the smallest of all seeds. Trace the 
same principle to maturity, and it lays by 
parental hands an only son on the aitar of 
burnt offering? ; carries Daniel into the 
lion's den ; builds an ark, and floats Noah 
and his family over a deluged world; sub- 
dues kingdoms ; quenches the violence of 
the ; opens a passage through the Red Sea; 
prostrates the walls of Jericho; heals the 
sick; raises the dead ; and, in the plenti- 
tude of its omnipotence, it says unto the Sun, 
•• Stand thou still upon Gideon ; and thou 
Moon in the valley of Ajalon" — and those 
mighty orbs instantly anestcd in the midst 
of heaven. 

How improbable that Abraham, an exile 
from Chaldea, should become the father of 
many nations. At length the set time to 
favor Israel arrives, and under David and 
Solomon the Jews rise to great splendor 
and take their station among the nations of 
the earth as a rich, powerful, and heroic 
people. 

Behold Greece; to day she is a horde of 
savages. A few colonists from Egypt and 
Phenicia invaded the coast and mingled 
with the native tiibes. Contemplate her 
greatness and glory after her splendid vic- 
tory over the Persian host on the plains of 
Marathon. Her dominion reaches from 
Cypress to the Bosphorus, and from Pon- 
tus to Crim Tartary — an extent of one thou- 
sand miles and embracing intermediate 
islands. Her nav^ rides every sea in tri- 
umph; her cities adorned with sculpture 
and architecture, the broken fiagments of 
which still remain and raise our ideas and 
admiration to the highest possible pitch of 
attainable perfections in the arts. 

Trace the history of Rome from her ori- 
gin to the meridian of her renown, and the 
boldest presumption will hesitate to predict 
from what is, that which is to be. In her 
infancy you behold a few shepherds and 
adventurers planted by Romulus on the 



I banks of the Tiber, constituting the one 
\fourlh part only of a people whose whole 
territory measured fifty miles in length and 
sixteen in breadth. How changed her 
condition when she had climbed to the sum- 
mit of her elevation under the imperial 
Trajan! Her magnificent metropolis, 
bounded by a circumference of fifty miles, 
and including more than a million of inha- 
bitants. View her temples, palaces, am- 
phitheatres, fountains, bridges, aqueducts, 
marbles and monuments. How imposing 
the prospect ! Her eagle stretching its 
wings from the wall of Antoninus in Bri- 
tain to Mount Atlas in Africa — and from 
the Euphrates to the Western Ocean— and 
covering under their shadow one hundred 
and twenty millions of soldiers and subjects! 

How signal the transformation in our 
own Government! But I will not dwell 
on Plymouth and Jamestown — nor of the 
colonization of the United States generally, 
begun in 1584 by Raleigh, and ended in 
1732 by Oglethorpe. Less than two cen- 
turies ago, we were thirteen colonies, 
stretched along the coast of the Atlantic. 
Already our number of Slates is more than 
double; and it dotti not yet appear what 
we shall be. But the day is coming when 
Greeee and Rome, teeminq as they did 
with their myriads of inhabitants, will be 
a desert in point of population, in wealth, 
and true greatness, compared with this 
country. 

Let none then deride this undertaking, 
much less attempt to arrest its progress. — 
To do so, is treason to the best interest of 
this race, in both quarters of the globe. 

Your letter, sir, found me engaged in 
endeavoring to persuade a bachelor friend 
with whom the weliare, present and future, 
of his >laves is an object uppermost in his 
heart, to send them to this land of promise 
to them and their offspring — the native 
home of the African — the grave-yard of 
every other race. 1 esteem it a privilege, 
[ assure you, to labor in this great and good 
work. 

Very sincerely yours, 

JOS. HENRY LUMPKIN. 
Rev. Wm. McLain, 

Washington City, 



tUtirt to \)t Cltrjy of all J) t nominations , 



Colonization Rooms, 

Washington City* Feb., 1847. 
Rev. and Dear Sir: — We are now 
making an effort to interest the Clergy 



generally in Colonization, and induce them 
to take up collections in their churches, 
in the course of the year. I take the lib- 
erty of sending you herewith, a copy of 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ta 



^^^^^^^^^ 



160 



Receipts. 



[May, 



the Jlfrican Repository, and propose that 
we will send it to you gratis for one year, 
if you are willing to receive it. Then, if 
you are inclined to aid the cause, by tak- 
ing up a collection, or in any other way, 
we will continue to send you the Reposi- 
tory gratis. If not, you can ask your post- 
master to notify us to discontinue it. 

Allow me to express the hope, that this 
proposition will meet with your cordial 
approval, and that great good will result 
therefrom. 



Every day's experience convinces us of 
the immense importance of Colonization 
to our own country and to Africa, and of 
the necessity of enlarging the sphere of 
our operations, and we find the circulation 
of the Repository exceedingly useful in 
this respect. 

Yours, very respectfully, 
W. McLAIN, 

Secretary. 



/ram f'xbtxxa. 



The Methodist Missionary Board have 
recently received advices from Monrovia 
of the severe indisposition of most of the 
white members of that mission. The Rev. 
Mr. Bcuhatn, the superintendent of the 
mission, was greatly reduced by repeated 
attacks of fever, and when he last wrote 
was obliged to do so while on his bed. He 
would visit thi> Cape de Verds as soon as an 
opportunity o fibred; and if his health is not 
improved, he will return to the United 
States in the spring. Mrs. Wilkins, the ex- 
cellent and imlelatigable school teacher, 



was expected to accompany Mr. and Mrs. 
Beuhain to the Western island. The Rev. 
Mr. Hoyt has received permission to return 
home. We think it is now well ascertained 
that the climate of Africa will not suit North- 
ern constitutions of white men. The first 
superintendent sent out by the Methodist 
Missionary Society was a gentleman born 
and educated in the West India islands, and 
he, although frequently enfeebled by at- 
tacks of the fever, remained in Liberia 
several years, and is now, we believe, in 
the enjoyment of excellent health. 



3 tt ms of 3n t cilia cite*. 



Missouri Colonization Society. — 
The animal meeting of this society was 
heMori the ii-'ih ult., at St. Louis. Mr. 
Finlcy, the i.gcnt, reported that he had 
established n paner called the Liberia Ad- 
vocate, of which he had circulated twenty 
thousand. He had met with many diffi- 
culties and an a-Vnishing amount of igno- 
rance about the principles of the society, 
but most of the prejudices were giving way 
and the prospects were very encouraging. 



The Slave Trade. — Mr. Wise, Min- 
ister to Rio Janeiro, states that the United 
States schr. Enterprise, which was con- 
demned at the Brooklyn navy yard two 
years ago, has made thret successful voy- 
ages to Africa after slaves, and is now on 
the fourth. She sold for $1,500, and in 
three months cleared her owners, to his 
knowledge, $9,500. 



Ufffipto of t\)t Am 
From the 2Qlh 

CONNECTICUT. 
By Rev. Samuc! Cornelius: — 
AVir iJntai/i—S. J. North, $10, 
Henry North, $f>, Henry Stan- 
l.'V, *5, H. Butler, Samuel Hart, 
Gad Stanley, Win. H. Smith, 
each £2, E. Peck, C. M. Lew- 
is, llev. S. Rockwell, each 91, 
11. M. Butler, O. S. North, 

each 60 cts 

Bristol— Thomas Barnes, $10, E. 



trie an ttolontjatton &0Ctctp, 
March, to the 20th April, 1S47. 

C. Brewster, Captain Darrow, 

each $3, C. Board man, $2, A. 

' Norton, 50 cts., E. Ingraham, 

1 Ambrose Peck, each $1, J. M. 

! Thomas, 25 cts 20 75 

I Terryville— Mr. Terry 10 00 

!| Plymouth Holloic—Seth Thomas, 
j Sen., $10, Seth Thomas, Jr., $5. 15 00 
Waterbury— Wm. H. Scovill, $10, 



83 00 



Rev. Mr. Clark, $2 12 00 

JVew Haven-J. Day, Henry White, 



1847.] 



Receipts. 



161 



each AlO, £. W. Blake, cash, 
S. Collins, D. Kimberly, A. H. 
Maltby, E. C. Sallisberry, D. 
T. Woolsey, B. Silliman, W. 
Bostwick, T. Bishop, Mrs. Sal- 
lisberry, each #5, Mrs. M. A. 
Waring, E. H. Bishop, each #4, 
Geo. T. Marvin, J. L. Kinsley, 
Rev. S. W. S. Dutton, Wm. 
Benson, Hotchkiss &, Whittle- 
sey, cash, each $3, A. D. Stan- 
ley, B. Silliman, Jr., A. N. 
Skinner, C. A. Judson, R. H. 
Starr, N. R. Clark, Mrs. S. 
Bristol, H. N. Whittlesey, King 
& Abby, Hiram Stevens, each 
82, Nathaniel W. Taylor, E. 
T. Fish, R. Burret, H. Camp, 
A. S. Jerome, Dr. Ives, Dr. 
Dow, Levi Gilbert, Geo. Hoad- 
ley, S. M. Basset, Ann Gardner, 
James Murdock, Jeremiah At- 
water, Mrs. Joel Root, Henry 
A. Wilcox. E. L. Cleveland, J. 
Ritter, Mrs. Apthorpe, E. N. 
Thomson, A. Bradley, Dr. 
Hooker, each $1, Alvan Wil- 
cox. $1 50, Mr. Noyes, 50 cts. 234 75 

Middletown — A friend,"$10, Sam'l 
Russel, $5, T. R. Alsop, Mrs. 
Dana, A friend, each $3, Rey. 
Dr. Olin, Mr3. Watkinson, Dr. 
Woodward, each $2, Dr. Casey, 
Rev. Mr. Crane, each $1 32 00 

Meriden— Gen. W. Booth, #1 50, 
James S. Brooks, $3 50, Char- 
les Parker, $5, John Parker, 
$2, L. Birdsley, $2, J. H. But- 
ler, John Butler, Dr. Barlow, 
Philo Pratt, Dr. B. H. Catlin, 
Nathan San ford, each $\ 20 00 

Derby and Birmingham — G. W. 
Shelton, $3, D. M. Basset, $3, 
N. B. Sauford, $2, R. N. Bas- 
sett, $2, Joseph Shelton, T. 
Wallis, P. Phelps, Rev. Mr. 
Ashley, each #1, Mrs. Sher- 
wood, 50 cts., H. Whitney, 50 
cts., H. N. Hawkins, 25 cts. . . 15 25 

Stratford Mr. Pratt, L. H. Russel, 
each $2, D. P. Judson, Mrs. 
Hawes, Susan Hawes, Matilda 
Hawes, Mary Tomlinson, Mrs. 
Lindsley, Daniel Judson, Mrs. 
J. W. Sterling, each $1, J. J. 
Booth, Mrs. Tomlinson, C. 
Gilbert, each 50 cts 13 50 



NEW YORK. 



315 50 



New York City — James Boorman, 
Esq., subscription toward the 
815,000 fund to purchase terri- 
tory 1,000 00 



NEW JERSEY. 

By Rev. Samuel Cornelius : — 
Newark — Samuel H. Gardner, Dr. 
A. L. Smith, Hon. William 
Wright, each $10, Tompkins 
& Co., for Newark lime and ce- 
ment Co. 831 6100 

Elizabethtovm—R. T. Haines 10 00 

Trenton— Sam'l R. Gumery, 820, 
Judge J. F. Randolph, $10, 
Wm. L. Dayton, $3, Joseph 

Brearly, 81 34 00 

Princeton— Hon. R. S. Field, $20, 
E. T. Lyon, $2, Rev. B. H. 
Rice, Joseph Henry, Wm. L. 
Rogers, M. B. Hope, each $5.. 42 00 

Madison — Abraham Britton 10 00 

Morristown — James Wood, Esq. 
in full of his subscription, 
$36 40, J. F. Voorhees, $5. . . 41 40 

Beluidere—G. R. King 20 00 

Mount Holly — Rev. S. Cornelius, 
to constitute his son, Samuel 
Cornelius. Jr., a life member of 
the American Colonization So- 
ciety 30 00 



KENTUCKY. 



248 40 



By Rev. Alexander M. Cowan : — 

Mason Co. — Edward Cox 5 00 

Bath Co.— Ladies of Mt. Olivet 
Church, to constitute Rev. Gil- 
bert Gordon a life member of 
the American Colonization So- 
ciety 30 00 

Franklin Co.— A. G. Hodges, 820, 
H. I. Bodlev, J. Swigert, each 
810, Edm. H. Taylor, Gov. R. 
P Letcher, Col, James David- 
son, each $5 55 00 

Wood/ojd Co. — David C. Hum- 
phries, 820. Mrs. M. Alexan- 
der, 85, H. B. Lewis 83 28 00 

Scott Co. — H. Stevenson, 810, 
Charles Eckles, Dan'l G. Hatch, 
Milton Birch, J. H. Daviess, 
Rev. E. Stevenson, each 85, 
Dr. J. Ewing, 83, Charles 
Nichols, Rev. Dr. Malcom, 
each 82, T. F. Johnson, E. 
N. Elliott, H. Rankin, each 81. 45 00 
Louisville-Mis. E.T. Bainbridge. 3 00 
Nicholas Co. — Ezra Howe, John 

E. Corning, each 50 cts 1 00 

Fayette Co. — Prof. J. Barker, Jno. 
Caldwell, J. M. C. Irwin, Jas. 
H. Allen, James C. Todd, Mrs. 
Dr.Scott,each$5, Mrs.E.Skill- 
man, $2 32 00 



GEORGIA. 
By Rev. Thos. C. Benning: — 



199 00 



162 



Receipts, 



[May, 1847.] 



Augusta— Robert Campbell, Esq. 
Robert F. Poe, Esq. each #10, 
Col. Henry 11. dimming, #5.. 25 00 

Athens— Prol. C. F. McCay, $10, 
Rev. Ur. A. Church, #3, Prof. 
Le Count, #5, Albon Chase, §5, 
C. B. L)le, $1, Hon. Asberry 
Hull, #3, T. bishop, $5, S. J. 
Tvlays, #5, Mrs. Sarah Hamil- 
ton, &7, Dr. Henry Hull, $1.. . 49 00 



INDIANA. 

By Rev. B. T. Kavanaugh : — 

Knightstoivn— li. Bigger, H. Muz- 
zy, S. Muzzy, S. CulberUon, J. 
h. Low, J.W'ooils, cash, H.Bell, 
each $1, W. M. Lowery, Miss 
Hamilton, Miss H. Muzzy, K. 
M. Grubby, L. Grillith. F. Hall, 
Mary Hall, each 50 cents, Miss 
F. Ann James, 31 cents, Miss 
Rebecca Burt, Miss Hannah 
Burt, Mrs. S. Lov\ery, Miss 
Maisjaret Griililh, Miss Hannah 
Foot, John Weaver, George Da- 
\is, H. Dillon, J. Laieui, and 
Mis. H. Giilfith, each 23 cis., 
Miss Si rah Leiiiouoiiski, 10 els. 

Crntirrtllc — J anus 1" hoi p, and Dr. 
J. Piuclict, rath $1, G. M. 
BisvMck, W. Noble, Thomas 
Adams Miss M. Tnorp, each 
50 cents, M. M. Ray, Esq,, E. 
H. Hudson, T. Gentry. W. F. 
Km<$, J. Mevcns, M. W. Jack, 
\V. T. Tennis. Rt.-v. W. L. 
H.itlman, A. J. Line, Kov J.Ear- 
ly, Miss Abigail, S. Hort, J II. 
Aviliiams, each 23 cents, Miss 
M. E. NevMnan, "20 cents, M, 
1 lt»I«»n, C. Vauiiamon and 
Delia Line, each 12-; cents, J no. 
Walls, 10 cents, (deduct lor 
sexton ol chinch, 75 cents) . . . 

Libtity — l"«tac Conwell, £2 50, 
Rob. rt Coly, $2, E. Burnsides, 
Joseph Williams, J. W. Scolt, 
each #1, I. Coombs, Dr. Chit- 
wood, Dr. Campbell, I. Varter, 
Win. Biyaiit, 11. J. Shauiborie, 
each 5:>, J. M. Cunwell, J. P. 
Notamsenby, L. Tesbor, J. 
Leech, W. Wilson, C»nthia 
Ann G'ld, M. Hollings worth, 
Bvmui, each 25 cents, Albert 
Moore and II. White, each 12 J 
cents, W. r arnswerth, V. New- 
man, and George Williams, 
each 10 cents, Margaret Fains- 
worth, 5 cents 



74 00 



14 41 



r 



6 92 



FOR REPOSITORY 

Massachusetts. — By Rev. Dr. 
'fenny --Sou//* BraitUree—E. F. 
Poj>e, to April, 1848, #1 50. 
Wcttborough — S. M. Griggs, 
lor 1846, #1 50, Nathan Fisher, 
lo March, '48, $1 50, Geo. N. 
Sibley, to Jan., 1847, $1 50. 
Medford—Dez. Jonathan Stet- 
son, to April, '48, #1 50, Dr. 
Daniel Swan, to April, 1848, 
$1 50. Canton — Fiiend Crane, 
lo May, '47, 50 cts 9 50 

Connecticut. — By Rev. Samuel 
Cornelius — JVew Haven — Hen- 
ry White, to Jan., '48, $1 50, 
John Anketetl, to Jan., 1817, 
#1 50, Willis Warnei, to Aug., 
'47, $1 50, Capt. H. S. Soule, 
to Jan., '47, #1 50. Meriden— m 
Geu'l W. Booth, to Jan., 184S, 
#1 50, Rev. Harvey Miller, to 
July, 184(>, $3. Wed Me ride n 
— James S. Brooks, Esq., to 
April, 1848, $1 50 12 00 

New York.— By Capt. George 
Barker— New York City—b. 
B. Wilbur, to February, 1847, 
$1, John P. Ridner, Rev. Chas. 
L. Stewart, Dr. Win. li. Mc- 
Neveu, each to Jan., 1848, #2, 
D. S. Giegory, to Jan., '48, $b, 
Dr. G. Van Doreu, Maj. Wm, 
Popham, N. Tajlor, M. E. 
Thompson, each to Jan., 1848, 

I #2, sundry subscriptions, #40. 61 00 

New Jersey . — Blawenburgh — - 
| Cornelius S. Stry ker, for the tith 
I number ol the Alrican Reposi- . 
| tory, Vol. 22 12 

, Virginia. — Richmond — Mrs. E. 

Minor Attkessou, to Jan., '49.. 8 00 

; Georgia. — By Rev. Thomas C. 
Benning — Jtugusta — Col. Hen- 
ry 11. Gumming, to 1 Jttuuary, 

1 1817 6 00 

i Loui si a n a .- • Madisonville — Gen'l 
David B. Morgan, to Septem- 
! ber, 1849 ft 00 

, Indiana.— By Rev. B. T. Kavan- 
i augh — Knightslown — Rev. R. 
j 11. Calvert, to April, '48, 40, cts. 

J. Lowe ry, to April, '48, *>1 60, 1M 
1 Illinois.— Hartford — Rev. John 
i Crawlord, lor r 4d-€ 



13 10 



S 00 



Total Repository 101 

Total Contribution* 1,871 



34 43 



Jotal Contributions f 1.871 33 



Aggregate Amount f 1.972 8ft 



THE AFRICAN REPOSITORY, 



AND 



COLONIAL JOURNAL. 



Vol. XXIII.] 



WASHINGTON, JUNE, 1847. 



[No. 6. 



Ufbtmption *f Africa. 



The redemption of JJfrica, through 
means of Colonization, a subject 
of direct and special prophecy. 

Is ax m, xviii. 

Africa, which has but little at- 
tracted the notice of civilized nations, 
except for the purpose of plunder, 
or at best for the gains of com- 
mercial cupidity, begins now to in- 
terest the heart of benevolence, and 
to employ the hand of beneficence. 
Towards this, the missionary enter- 
prize has given its contribution of 
influence ; but the American Coloni- 
zation Society, which, with its many 
other objects of enlightened liber- 
ality, with peculiar advantage em- 
braces the cause of missions, has 
done much more. To this subject, 
from a deep slumbei, it has roused 
the public mind. 

The subject of African Coloniza- 
tion in its personal relations, political 
aspects, commercial advantages, and 
general religious bearings, has been 
often and ably presented to public 
consideration. But, except as in 
connexion with the general ground 
of hope for the salvation of our 
world, and the reference to the inti- 
mation that Ethiopia shall soon 
stretch out her hand unto God, we 
do not recollect to have heard it dis- 
cussed in the direct light of special 
prophecy. If such special prophecy 

12 



there be, and of which, in part, the 
colonization effort is an evident ac- 
complishment, it seems to us that in 
it an encouragement would be found 
for increased confidence as to the re- 
sult, and a consequent rousing of en- 
ergy to more efficient action. 

Without extended illustration or 
detail of comment, the following 
abridged suggestions on that crux in- 
terpre/um et criticorum, Isa. xviii, 
are submitted to the reader. Few 
pages of prophecy have received 
such unsatisfactory expositions as 
this. To us, when viewed as directly 
contemplating Africa, especially in 
her central, Western, Northern, and 
Southern regions, in the day o{ her 
gracious prospects, this chapter ap- 
pears with a clearness of adaptation, 
which it has not in other connexions. 
To the inhabitants of those regions, 
the inspired description of this peo- 
ple rema^ably corresponds, vs. 1, 2. 
For them, while judgment overtakes 
their spoilers, mercy is in reserve, 
vss. 2,-6. The result is glorious, v. 7. 

I. The description of the people 
by their locality and condition. 

1. The locality of the land. The 
prophet was in Judah, and if we con- 
ceive of him taking his stand on 
Zion, his eye directed toward Africa, 
the proper country of cush, and fix- 
ed upon any river of Ethiopia, the 



164 



Redemption of Africa. 



[June^ 



regions beyond would be those ofljof their dispersion, we need only to 
Central, Western, Northwestern", and <j consult the records for 300 years of 
Southern Africa ; all, as to the place 'j the nefarious slave trade. In what 
of the prophet, beyond the rivers of ■» land are not the peeled, plucked, sa- 
Ethiopia. |! ble sons of Africa, found ? A people 

2. The condition of the people of j! terrible from t heir beginning. Nora 
this land. A land shadowing with\ is in the passive form, not terrible but 
wings. The language is highly jj terrified, afraid. The history of Africa 
poetic. The figures are bold. Over-ij furnishes ample reason for the fears of 
spread with the terrors and evils of ij her people, and that of the last 300 
war. Wings, armies, ** whizzing \ years justifies very fully, the state of 
wings" that is, 'Maud of the clan-; mind indicated by the term — IVJiose 
gour of armies — full of armies clang-! land the rivers have spoiled. The 
innr their arms. Wings are here, reference is to the desolating flood, 



put for armies." — Gesenius. Ken- 
aphaimf here and in Isa. 8, 8, sig- 
nify armies. The stretching forth 
of his wings — the armies of the 
King of Assyria, — shall fill the 
breadth of thy land. Thus we still 
speak of the right and left wings of 
an army. The tumult, carnage, and 
calamities of war, give the idea of 
the literal- expression, "whizzing 
wings." The entire history of the 
tribes of Africa mournfully illustrate j 
the import of the language. 



when the waters of the river passing 
its banks, carry ruin in their course. 
In this place the idea is the desola- 
tion effected by invading armies or 
plundering marauders. The verb 
nahar u is used only of the conflu- 
ence of nations ;" as in Isa. 2: 2, vid. 
Gesenius. The previous state of 
Nigritia and Guinea was bad ; the 
blighting visits of the slavers made 
it worse. The slave ships of Por- 
tugal, Holland, England, France and 
Spain exemplified, on no narrow 



Their commerce is limited and lj scale, •' the confluence of nations" 
tl.ciir intercourse little. Their ves- 1! in the work of plunder. These were 



sels are of bulrushes or flags, fit only ] 
for the fair weather sailing on their J 
rivers, or along their shores. This ! 
indicates the low condition of their 
civilization. Of Western and South- 
ern Africa, in past ages and at this 
• day, how literally true ! j 

They area people scattered, peel- 
ed, meted out for plunder, trodden 
down, terrified, and spoiled by the 
rivers. Without waiting%n minute 
interpretation, it is obvious that this 
language imports a condition of de- 
basement and extreme distress. To 
the invasions of the plunderer, Africa 
has been remarkably subjected. The 
visit of the foreigner it has rarely 
known, except for the purposes of 
devastation and robbery. For a jus- 
tification of the prophetic statement 



the rivers that spoiled this land. 

Ho ! land shadowed with the 
wings of armies clad in their clang- 
ing armor. Hoi ! imports an excla- 
mation of threatening, lamentation, 
or calling, according to the nature of 
the subject with which it is connect- 
ed. In this place, as in Isa., 65: 1, 
we take it as a call for attention. 
The day of Africa's redemption 
dawns ; her children are called upon 
to contemplate the means of their de- 
liverance, and to be otherwise em- 
ployed than in the ages that are gone. 

At the word waters, v. 2, there is 
a pause, and a new subject is intro- 
duced. The word saying is not 
used by the prophet, but is improp* 
erly supplied, and, of course, em- 
barrasses the meaning. At the term 



* Not hiving Hebrew cha n teten we ose the Italian letters. 



1847.] 



Redemption of Africa. 



165 



waters, the sentence is complete.— 
An outline of the locality and state 
of the people whose attention is so»- 
licited : is given, and we are introduc- 
ed to another subject. We then pass 
from the land and injured children 
■of Ham, to see that, 

1 1. Whilst disappointment is in re- 
serve for those who have done them 
wrong, Mercy is in store for them. 
Go ye swift messengers to this much 
injured race. The address is not to 
the ambassadors, whose shipping 
consists of the vessels constructed 
of the bulrush, flag, or papyrus; but 
to a very different class of men. It 
is the direction given to the ministers 
of the cross of Christ, whose com- 
mission now specially regards Africa. 

1. Northern and Eastern Mizraim 
had been visited by the messengers 
of peace, at an early day. Central, 
Northwestern, and Southern Afri- 
ca, the places chiefly intended in 
the passage before us, had not. — 
Their season of grace is appointed, 
and its day begins to break. See 
Gen. 49 : 10 ; Isa. 2 : 2, and 11 : 9 ; 
Mai. 1:11; Mat. 28 : 19 ; and com- 
pare the events of the last forty years, 
and the signs of the present day, 
with the inspired promise of this pre* 
xliction. The command before us is 
— Go ye swift messengers. Swift, 
KaYxm, light, or if you will, con- 
temned, messengers of grace. The 
command, we repeat, is to the minis- 
ters of the Gospel. To this injunc- 
tion the church begins to lend an 
ear. The missionary stations of 
Western and Southern Africa explain 
the fact, which has its farther illus- 
tration to the eye that is directed to 
the central regions of that dark, that 
shadowed land. 

That the permanent services of the 
missionary, in order to continued 
success, are indispensable, is a fact 
obvious to all ; and it is no less 
evident, that this permanence can 
be secured only by colonial settle- 



ments. Beyond its own boundaries 
the established colony extends pro- 
tection to the missionary ; and, in 
case of danger, affords to him a safe 
retreat. Thus shielded and sustained 
under the smiles of Heaven, who 
can estimate the effects of the labors 
of the missionaries of the cross ? 
Before the benighted mind they 
bring the principles of the Gospel of 
Christ; and in the light of those 
principles, the abominations of idol- 
atry and the follies of superstition, to 
that mind, shall be made obvious. 
In the enlarged Bible views of the 
character of Israel's God, will be 
seen the moral and immortal features 
of the soul of man, at once showing 
its degradation under the influences 
of idolatry and other forms of sin ; 
together with its capacities and sus- 
ceptibilities for good. Thus, for the 
rearing in due time of a character 
of high attributes, intellectual and 
moral, a sure foundation will be laid. 
Education in its proper import — 
education which contemplates as its 
subject the whole of man, will be 
carried forward, illustrative of the 
important fact, that the religion of the 
Bible is the religion of civilized man. 
If already civilized indeed, it meets 
his condition; if not civilized, it will 
conduct him to that condition of life. 
We are not unapprized that partial 
civilization is like " a little learning'' 
in the smatterer, "a dangerous thing,' 5 
but more of it, to which Bible light 
tends, will correct the evil. To the 
Bible the partial civilization of the 
Pagan is unfriendly. 

2. Not only is the commission 
given to the "swift messengers of 
salvation," but a call for attention to 
the matter is made upon "the inhabi- 
tants of the world,'' v. 3. All ye 
inhabitants of the world, and dwel- 
lers on the earth, see ye when he 
lifteth up an ensign on the moun- 
tains, and when he bloweth a trum- 
pet, hear ye. The knowledge of the 



166 



Redemption of Africa. 



[June, 



Lord is destined to fill the earth as 
the waters cover the sea ; and in or- 
der to this the Redeemer, the Captain 
of Salvation, by his agents and in 
his administrations, shall stand for 
an ensign of the people ; and to it 
shall the Gentiles seek. This is jhe 
ensign of our text. The standard 
is planted, the ensign, the banner, is 
floating in the breeze ; and to the 
eyes of all on the summit of the 
mountains, it is conspicuous. The 
trumpet is blown, and to every ear 
addresses its sound; Hear ye. The 
Captain of Salvation is rallying 
around him, and under his banner, 
his army of missionaries — his evan- 
gelical host for the spiritual onset in 
behalf of the land shadowing with 
wings, to vanquish, subdue, and dis- 
arm, in an African renovation of mind, 
heart, and condition, those outspread 
and shadowing wings of hostile ar- 
mies, which have spoiled that fertile 
land. By his providential agents of 
grace and power, the Redeemer un- 
furls his ensign on the mountains, in 
the view of all, and is sounding his 
trumpet long and loud. Hear ye ! 

In the fuller knowledge of the con- 
dition of Africa, now in the posses- 
sion of the Christian world, than once 
was had, and in the greater facilities 
of access to its shores than was for- 
merly afforded, the signal is given. 
The necessities of the African race, 
and the circumstances of affairs with 
us at home, are as a trumpet sound- 
ing loudly in our ears. The whole 
agitation of the subject speaks. An un- 
happy and injured population, of Af- 
rican descent, is in the midst of us. 
Duty requires that they be raised to 
the rank of man — of this elevation 
they are capable ; but remaining 
amongst us, ages must roll by ere it 
be attained ; and perhaps when those 
ages should have passed away, it 
might be found impossible. For ages 
to wait for it is too long, if waiting 
for ages could effect it Into the 



reasonableness or unreasonableness 
of that state of the public mind, which 
causes this, at present, we make no 
inquiry: upon it we pronounce no de- 
cision. For the occasion, it is enough 
to know and say, that such is the 
fact ; and whether Nature — rather 
Nature^ God, has decreed it forever 
to be so, the revolutions of time will 
tell. It is a fact, too, that the ensign 
now lifted on the mountains, and the 
sounding of the trumpet, summon us 
to present action — to immediate duty. 
Let us not be regardless of the au- 
thority of this call. 

The African race among us will 
claim their rights — the rights of man. 
The extinction of the race — its ex- 
termination by violence — is out of the 
question. Humanity, our morals, 
the spirit of our political policy, our 
religion, forbid it. The attempt to 
conceal from our own minds the fact 
of the assertion of the claims refer- 
red to, is worse than fatuity. Twen- 
ty years more will increase that 
distinct people in our country to 
6,000,000. In that time not a' few 
of their number will have gained 
their freedom, others of them will 
have acquired wealth, and will have 
obtained education. They will have 
learned from our own Democratic 
lips the value of the rights of man. 
The fact that the slightest taint of 
African blood excludes from the fam- 
ily and rights of the white man, will 
continue to throw, as it does now 
throw, the mixed race with those 
of the unmixed blood of the sons 
of Ham. Into the ranks of those 
identified with them in interest, this 
will- carry whatever superiority — and 
many of us proudly claim superiori- 
ty — of talent that class from us may 
possess. That conflict would give 
freedom and success to the men of 
color is every way improbable. By 
violence, in our country, they will 
never be made free. At this moment, 
were they all free from the yoke of de- 



1847.] 



Redemption of Africa. 



167 



mestic servitude, they could not have 
the rights of freemen. That their 
claims would not be conceded, let 
the case of the Randolph freed-men, 
and the policy of the free States, 
prove. The continuance of the 
black man among us may issue in 
the convulsing of the whole frame of 
our society, in the free as well as in 
the slave States ; but for his real 
freedom, little or nothing would be 
gained. Every (form of violence 
would go to retard his freedom. 

What then is to be done ? That 
the question is a serious one, and 
full of difficulty, is felt by ihe citi- 
cen, the Christian, and ihe statesman. 
To view it in all its bearings is not 
our present business ; but we may 
say, that by the removal of such as 
are emancipated to the shores of Af- 
rica—the land of their fathers — a 
free state may be established, and a 
flourishing church planted. Each 
emigrant from this land will, to the 
native tribes, be a missionary of re- 
ligion, morals, civilization, order, 
and liberty. Every such an one 
may be a missionary of God, while 
he himself occupies the place of & 
freeman ; and is a blessing to bleed- 
ing Africa. This is the aim of the 
Colonization Society. By private, 
associated counsel and action, this 
Society upon a somewhat limited 
scale and by small means, shows to 
States what, upon a larger scale and 
by the ampler means at their dis- 
posal, they can do. This lesson 
needs to be taught, and the day is 
coming when States will rejoice to 
learn it. By this association, the 
American Colonization Society, we 
see the flag — the ensign unfurled on 
the mountains, and by it we hear, in 
no indistinct sounds, the trumpet 
blown. In this matter the inhabi- 
tants of the world — the dwellers on 
the earth, have a concern. It is the 
cause of humanity — it is the cause 
of God — it is the cause of the hun- 
dreds of millions of a continent, and J 



of the Divine glory among those mil- 
lions. Hear ye, 

3. Euemies are to be disappoint- 
ed, and continuing rebellious and 
impenitent, shall suffer the judg- 
ments of Heaven, vs. 5, 6: 

Vs. 5. For afore the harvest, when 
the bud is perfect, and m the sour 
grape is ripening in the flower, he 
shall both cut off the sprigs with 
prurdng hooks, and take away and 
cut down the branches. 

Vs. 6. They shall be left together 
unto the fowls of the mountains, 
and to the beasts of the earth : and 
the fowls shall summer upon them, 
and all the beasts of the earth shall 
winter upon them. 

For afore the harvest, fyc. The 
expectations of the spoiler are large ; 
he sees the bud swelling, the grape 
forming, but he is disappointed, for 
all his hopes are cut down* He 
and his hopes together perish ; among 
them the fowls shall nestle, and the 
beasts shall make their bed ; and this 
shall be without hope of regaining 
their unrighteous spoils. This ruin 
of their hopes shall be in both the 
summer and the winter — that is, for- 
ever. In the African slave trade, 
Portugal, Spain, and Holland led the 
way. Among the nations, what is 
their place to-day ? In the fall and 
degradation of those nations, let 
eveiy State that has set itself to sus- 
tain, prolong, and perpetuate the ne- 
farious inroads upon the rights of 
Africa and her children, learn what 
they may expect. The bud of hope 
they may see swell, and the formed 
grape, while yet sour, they may 
taste; but afore the harvest, in 
branches shall be cut down. Let 
that mercantile cupidity that is dis- 
posed to invade the peaceful retreats, 
and that would blight the promising 
hopes of Liberia, fear the results of 
its prurient desires. Above there is 
an eye that sees the innocent, and a 
hand that will avenge the wrongs 
sustained in the cause of right 



168 Redemption of Africa. [June, 

4. Over all these scenes God, ouril III. The result is glorious, v. 7. 
Redeemer, presides, v. 4. For so ' In that day shall the present be 
the Lord said unto me, I will take ; brought wito the Lord of hosts of a 
my rest, and J will consider in my people scattered and peeled, and 
dwelling place, like a clear heat vp- [from a people terrible [terrified"] 
on herbs, like a cloud of dew in the from their beginning hitherto; a 
heat of harvest. The Father judgeth' nation meted out and trodden un- 
no man directly. All judgment is ; dcr foot, whose land the rivers 
in the hand of Jesus, J eieov ah ■ have spoiled, to the pi lace of the name 
the Saviour. lie is never in a hur- 
rv. His arrangements are well 
made, and. he executes them with 
deliberation, each portion in its sea- 
son. / will take my rest — J will 
consider in my dwelling place. The 
land shadowing with wings is before 



of the Lord of hosts, the Mount 



Zion. 



1. The time Indicated — in that 
time. The time when the swift 
messengers are sent forth, when the 
ensign is spread on the mountains, 
when tke trumpet shall be blown, 



him. He has commissioned and the attention of the dwellers on the 
sent to the people of that land the !' earth arrested, Jehovah in his dwel- 
messenjrers of salvation. He has \ ling place conducting wisely his plans 
planted his ensign upon the moun- .' and justly blighting the hopes of un- 
fciins, blown his trumpet, and sum- ' righteous gains, 
moned the dwellers on the earth. \\ 2. His dwelling place with men 
Among them, are those who appear is in the Mount Zion, and Zion is 
hostile to his purposes. He takes \ the New as well as the Old Testament 
his rest — he exercises forbearance. .' designation of the church. Hen. 12, 
lie considers, that is, acts with wis-,. 22 : Ye are come unto Mount Zion. 
dom. He will blight the prospects ', This is the place of the name of the 
and disappoint the hopes of the ene- j. Lord of hosts. Described as boau- 
mies of the land shadowing with |; tiful for situation, the joy of the 
wings, and of those who disregard j whole earth ; furnishing delightful 
the import of his ensign on the r 'prospects and refreshing springs. 
mountains, the blowing of his trum- 2. Under Divine influence, and in 
pet, and the summons he has issued:! the light of the Gospel, to Jehovah 
The influence of the burning h-alj the Lord of hosts by this people, a 
upon herbs, and of the heavy dew* | pre -cm shall be brought. The pre- 
in the heat of harvest, is to produce ' sent shall be brought. Ceasing to 
the mildew.* As the mildew, so be scattered and peeled — no longer 
shall be the blight, afore the har-> a lawless crowd, they shall be a pbo- 
vrst, upon the vineyard of the hopes ple — Hos. 1 : 9; ] Pet. 2 ; 10 — or- 
of the impious spoilers of Africa., ganized under the principles of law, 
The blasting of those unhallowed gospel, the hallowed institutes of re- 
hopes shall subserve the designs of ligious worship, and evangelical or- 
grace to the afflicted people of that ; der. Thus an actual relation of 
land. But, ; blessedness between them and Je- 



'Jl clear heal vpon htrbt — a cloud of dew in the. heat of harvest. Inattention to tbe 
xnodc of expression, and the connexion of the subject, has led distinguished men to sup- 
pose that this language indicates something peculiarly gracious. The scientific agri- 



Uinbers. 



.ultuiist, in accounting for the production of mildew at the approach of harvest, could 
furnish a better key of interpretation. So could the observer of the effect, upon the 
liuuian constitution, of the burniug mid-day suns, and chilling evening dews of our Sep- 



1847.] 



Redemption of Africa. 



169 



hovah, as their covenant God, will i; suits, by self-dedication, devoted to 
he constituted, as in the case of 'God in Christ. This was the aim of 
Egypt, another region of the land of , the first projectors of the Coloniza- 
Ham — Isa. 19 : 18, 25. Confessing !j tion Society : it is still the untlevia- 
hirn, they" shall be recognized by! ting aim of its most ardent friends. 
him as his people. They shall bring j: Their faith in its ultimate triumph 
before his altar a pure offering. — | is sustained by the Divine promise, 
With Ethiopia, beyond whose rivers j'Psal. 2:8; and the prophecy, now 
they were seen by the prophetic eye under review, directly contemplating 
to reside, they shall stretch out their ! the subject, tends to make assurance 



hand unto God. 



doubly sure. 



3. In reference to the present that The prophet, in previous chapters 
shall be brought, in the text, there is having spoken of various nations, in 
something peculiarly expressive. A jj this xviii chapter of which commen- 
present is twice spoken of in this jtators have made so little, directs his 
verse : the present of a people, and ; foreseeing eye, before giving a very 



that from a people. In the former, 
the term rendered people is without 
a preposition ; in the latter it is gov- 



, particular view of Egypt, to the more 
; distant Central, Western, and South- 
ern regions of the African continent, 



erned by the preposition, mem. In j and delineates events pertaining to a 
the first clause, the present and the then very distant day. He describes 
people identify. The shai, gift or the land of those regions as darken- 
present, and the Jim, people, are red with hostile armies, by foreign 
in apposition, they express the same |j influence, for sake of unhallowed 
thing. It is not merely a present; gains, stimulated to internal feuds, 
from or an offering by them ; but it whilst suffering by the violence of 
is the present of themselves. They . ruthless invaders. The intercourse 
yield themselves unto God, as those ;i of this land with distant countries 
that are alive from the dead — Rom. '! has been, and still is, on a narrow 
6: 13. Like the Macedonian ; ( scale. Their vessels of bulrusb.es 
churches, they give their own selves '■ forbid (hem to brave the dangers <>.f 
unto the Lord, 2 Co. S: 5, as living ; the sea. But for this down-trodden 
sacrifices, — holy and acceptable, — j and injured people, a brighter day is 
through Jesus Christ — Rom. 12: 1.;! drawing on. They are about to be 
They are represented as making a so- j visited with a message of grace. — 



lemnsurrendcr to God of themselves; 
with minds to be more enlightened, 
with hearts to be more sanctified and 



Swift messengers to bear it are ap- 
pointed and commanded to Go. They 
are assured of the sympathy and 



comforted ; and at once, their whole j] countenance of the people of God, 
persons as justified, in the iighte- ; who dwell in " the habitable parts 
ousness of their Redeemer. Then j of the earth ;" before whom is lifted 
follow devotions of mind and heart, , up and conspicuously seen, as on 



sanctified by the Spirit of God ; 
expressed in sacred emotions of soul, | 
confessions, prayers, praises, and a 
new obedience of the entire man. 
This is renovated Africa. This is j 
Christian character, and less than | 
this is but a very partial Christianity. 
It exhibits a people in all their facul- 



the mountains, the ensign of salva- 
tion. The trumpet is blown, and 
the call is made on them to give 
their aid. For this purpose, under 
that banner they will assemble. It 
is the cause of God and man. Je- 
hovah begins and directs the move- 
ment. He rests in his place, and in 



ties, possessions, relations, and pur- ! j wisdom conducts its execution. The 



170 



Redemption of Africa. 



[Jane, 



opposers of the measure he will op- 1 to our beneficent regard, we think 
pose. By the perpetuation of exist- j! we are not mistaken, when we give 
ing evils, they hope to possess the a prominent place to the ** American 

waives of unrighteousness, but those °~ 1 — •— •— - o~~:..- « ~-.j u~i: 

hopes shall prove vain. As the 
scorching heat upon herbage, and 
the harvest cloud of dew prepare the 
mildew blight, so will God blast 
their hopes of unrighteous gain. 
The hud may 6 well, the blossom ex- 
pand, the sour grape form ; but the 
ripe cluster of their hopes they shall 
never press. Ere the harvest, the 
branch that sustains the blighted grape 
shall be cut down. Among its with- 
ered foliage the fowls of heaven and 
the beasts of earth may summer. — 
There, in the winter, the former 
may nestle, and the latter find a lair; 
while the despair of blasted hopes 
shall be the spoiler's portion. But 
the spoiled, the plundered children 
of Afiica, a redeemed, regenerated, 
and disenthralled," in enlightened, 
ardent, and self-consecrating devo- 
tion, shall give development to the 



Colonization Society," and believe 
its claims upon us to be of para* 
- mount importance. To a very great 
: extent, it gives embodiment to most, 
! if not all, of the benevolent, volun- 
! tary institutions of our day. 1. It 
j proposes to relieve the freed man 
: from the ills of oppression to which 
; he rs subjected, in a land where he is 
1 really, and long must, perhaps for- 
| ever, be a stranger, by his voluntary 
removal to a state where he will be 
free indeed. 2. It opens a door for 
the benevolence of the slave-holder, 
i who wishes an eligible outlet for 
! bettering the condition of his eman- 
I cipated servants. 3. It carries Chris- 
tianity with all its Bible light and 
holy influence, to the hundreds of 
millions of a benighted Continent. 
4. It sends education and civilization 
| with their arts and enjoyments, to* 
Barbarians. 5. Under the whole- 
finest features of Christian character, jj some laws of liberty, it exemplifies 
At the Mount Zion, the place of the to savages, an organized state of re- 



name of the Lord of hosts, they 
shall intelligently and voluntarily 
present themselves as an offering to 
Jehovah. 



CONCLUSION. 



The reader will remark, that the 
prophetic language calling public at- 
tention to the ensign on the moun- 
tains, and to the blowing of the 
trumpet, indicates •' the signs of the 
times." These signs are found in 
the marked dispensations of Divine 
Providence, the circumstances of the 
social state of a people, the condi- 
tion of the public mind, and the 
bearing upon all these, of the lessons 
of the word of God. To •• these 
pisrns of the times," their nature, 
relations, and bearing on each other, 
we are solemnlv summoned to at- 

w 

tend. And among all the objects 
that at this day address themselves 



tional freedom. G. It proves the 

! black man to be capable of self-gov- 

i eminent. 7. It is the most effectual 

I means of breaking up the slave mart, 

and of putting an end to that odious 

and ruinous trade. What enter prize 

i of the age embraces so many objects 

of commanding interest? Liberia, 

on the coast of Western Africa, now 

about to be a free and sovereign state, 

but still needing our fostering hand, 

presents those objects of interest, 

with all the details of their untold 

blessings. 

In this establishment of a free and 

Christian common wealth on the coast, 

| destined to enlighten and redeem the 

; continent of Africa, we have a pow- 

j erful motive to benevolent and liberal 

j action. Already is Liberia more 

j than a reward for all that it has coiU 

But the great work is only begun. 

The anticipation of exemplifying oo 



1847.] 



Redemption of Africa. 



171 



a larger scale the genius of Christi- 
anity, in the formation of a charac- 
ter of loftier moral excellence than 
has hitherto been known, is, perhaps, 
not visionary. The natural sternness 
of the northern temperament, and the 
gentle spirit of the religion of the 
Bible, are far from being congenial 
with each other. They are natu- 
rally antagonistic ; and when over 
the former the latter prevails in mol- 
lifying its hard features, it is with 
difficulty that the victory is won ; 
and alas ! the inconsistencies of sub- 
sequent life too often evince the im- 
perfection of the conquest. The 
constitution of the Ethiopian mind 
more mild, gentle, forgiving and af- 
fectionate than that of the Caucasian 
or European, presents less for the 
grace of the gospel to overcome, j 
and of course, the same measure of i 
its influence will insure a higher; 
state of spiritual and moral life. — 
The following suggestions of an elo- 
quent pen we submit for what they 
are worth. 

• After adverting to the remarkable 
contrast between the little propensity 
of the negro race to wander from 
their native abodes, and the great 
tendency of the Europeans to be mi- ! 
gratory, restless, and unsettled in 
their habits, the writer says — " The 
African stays at home, is contented 
and satisfied — a feature of natural 
character, which, — when taken in 
connexion with other native traits of 
mind, — would seem to augur a pecu- 
liarly gentle and beautiful species of 
civilization, when he shall have once 
taken his rank in the society of per- 
fect men, and ennobled races. — 
There is undoubtedly here an ap- 
parently vacant space for him to oc- 
cupy, and which seems by no means 
adapted to the genius of the Cauca- 
sian tribe. These have no real 
heartfelt admiration of the milder 



and gentler aspects of a pure and 
dignified civilization. All the sweet- 
er graces of the Christian religion ap- 
pear almost too tropical and tender 
plants, to grow in the soil of the 
Caucasian mind; they require a 
character of human nature, of which 
you can see the rude lineaments in 
the Ethiopian, to be implanted in, 
and grow naturally and beautifully 
withal. When I read the New Testa- 
ment, and note the sweet and lovely 
character of the virtues recommend- 
ed — that almost female tenderness of 
mind, which both the flourishing of 
them, and the perfecting of them, 
pre-supposes, I am impressed with 
the conviction, that other than the 
European race must become the field 
of their insemination, ere we can 
see them in their natural perfection. 
I am far from saying that this race 
is not naturally capable of exhibiting 
a certain order of the virtues of the 
Christian religion, such, namely, as 
tally with their character — a vigour 
and freedom of soul, &c, and a 
rough, active charity ; but all these 
are but the first tier of Christian vir- 
tues, and our surly, rapid intellects 
are hardly susceptible of others : and 
this, therefore, leads me to augur, 
and I think on grounds which are 
good, that a race more tender-minded 
than the Caucasian is needed to re- 
flect the sweetness and gentle beauty 
of the Christian religion, its mystic, 
quiet, humble spirit, for its sterner 
features — are already perfectly in the 
Caucasian. The light of the Chris- 
tian is oecumenical. It will show 
the just proportions and analogies of 
all species of intellectual and moral 
greatness ; and it will show the natu- 
ral ground of a sweetness and sever- 
ity of moral perception to be more 
valuable, than a rigorous capacity for 
scientific research or political legisla- 



tion. 



»5* 



*Kiamont. Nat. Hist, of Man, pp. 217, 221. 



172 Communication. [June, 

Whatever may or may not be in [I gain ; and in prospect, we have the 
this speculation, upon the general :| assurance of that people presenting 
subject, we have a sure word of I themselves, with all that is theirs, as 
prophecy. The people concerned : a pure offering to Jehovah, in Zion 
are clearly indicated by their locality \ his dwelling place. In aid of this, 
and condition ; to them by the mes- among the signs of the times, and the 
senders of peace are sent the tidings . active agencies employed, there is 
of reconciliation witli CJod, in the none to compare with the American 
signs of the times — the agitations of Colonization Society, and its hopeful 
our age on the subject of Africa . Colony of Liberia, on the Western 
and the African race, we see the ex- ,< shore of the land shadowing with 
tent of an awakened public interest '[ wings, and which the rivers — the 
in their favor ; over all we contem- !] confluent invasion of plundering na- 
plate a just Providence frowning on i tions — have spoiled, 
a hostile policy toward this hitherto j ZUINGLIUS. 

alllictcd people, and, as with the p April 7th t 1847. 
mildew blight, blasting its hopes of;' 



[For the Repository.] 

Communication. 

My Dear Fkiknd McLain: — It is ' the direct interposition of Almighty power. 
but recently that my attention was partic- ; In some respects this scheme was different 
ularly turned to the great srheme ol Alri- from yours. In that, the movement was 
can Colonization, in the pumiotion of fr>m Africa; in yours, it is fa it — that was 
which you are so earnestly and efficiently conducted across sandy deserts; yours 
engaged : any thoughts, therelore, which .".cross the ocean — that was made in oppo* 
I may have on thi> Mibject must necessarily sition to the nation amongst which the 
appear crude to one ?o perfectly aafaitn-i emigrants had dwelt, and carried war and 
you are, to all it-* aspects and bearings ; but extermination to the inhabitants cf the 
neveitheless, I feel constrained to send you land whither they went — yours affords the 
a few ha>ty " dotting down," which, il'you highest gratification to the nation sending 
see lit, you may embalm in the p.iges ol" the colonist.* loith, and is fi aught with the 
the Repository, "or, if \<>u pn ler. may con- richest blessing to the land whither they 
5-iirn to the tomb of" the Capuh -ts," alias «o. JJut these schemes have also much 
the Kditor's depository of *• rejected ad- in common. Both were intended to bring 
dresses." about the return of three millions of an 

It strikes me that this matt, r of Coloni- oppressed race to the land of their fathers. 
*/atio:i is not a iu»w thing under the sun, ISntli in the outset encountered much oppo- 
thouqh in making this remark, 1 would sition from the very persons they were He- 
not be understood as detrtctintr au_jht from signed to benefit, both were conducted 
the wisdom of those who iunind tne plan by men of the purest bcnevolepce and the 
of your Society. What I mean is that the most hemic self-denial, whose motive* were 
history of the "world records many grand often impugned, and their conduct misin- 
colomzation schemes ; and what is remark- terpreterl. B«>t!i had to encounter the slan- 
able, lew if any of them resulted in any derous reports of malignant persons respect- 
thing but the "richest blessings to those ing the land of tlieir destination— that "it 
concerned — nay, in many of them, God iras a land that catilh up the inhabitant* 
himself was the great originator; and often thereof; and all the people seen in it are 
He directly interposed to guarantee tbe men of {treat statute" In both there was 
success of the movement. an unwillingness on the part of the emi- 

All your readers will at once remember grants to leave the land in which they 
one such movement, by which about three had been born, though to them it was a 
million* of people were delivered from laud only of oppression, degradation, and 
oppression and slavery, and transferred to misery, with a few bright visions of fleth 
a land where their lathers had dwelt, bv pott, Uekt, onions and garlick" interspersed. 



1847.] 



Communication. 



173 



However, one was completely successful, 
and we believe that the other will be, for 
both have the same Divine wisdom and 
power enlisted to bring about their accom- 
plishment. 

One or two other instances of coloniza- 
tion occur in the history of the same peo- 
ple to which I have ailuded. The nand 
of the oppressor sometimes reached them 
in their own land, and carried them away 
captive; but in the course of time, God 



that she obtained space sufficient on which 
to found a powerful city, long the rival of 
Rome, and the greatest commercial city on 
the globe. 

But coming down to more modern days, 
what is the origin of our nation ? How is 
it possible for men to open their eyes, and 
look any where on this continent, from the 
Atlantic to the Pacific, from Passamaquod- 
dy bay to the Rio del Norte, and not ac- 
knowledge the advantages of Colonization. 



softened the hearts of those who held ' We are this day enjoying the benefits of 
them, and they sent them back again to '}■ that glorious movemr nt in which the Pil- 
., . i__j But every such migration !' grim Fathers participated. It might *"" 



their own land. 

and transmigration was the occasion of 
much good. In every instance the effect Was 
to carry the true religion to countries and 
places which could have been reached in no 



It might be 
well for both the friends and the enemies of 
African Colonization to let their minds 
dwell on the early history of the coloniza- 
tion of our own country." The Puritans in 
other way. Ajid such we candidly believe England were depriveaof many civil rights, 
will be the result of African Colonization, and restricted in the enjoyment of their 
Now, it is true, the conditions are reversed, j religious privileges. The New World had 
but the effect will be the same. In the jj lately been discovered, and to it they began 
case of the Jews, who alone possessed the , to turn their longing eyes, hoping there to 
true religion, they were transferred from | find what their native land denied them — 
country to country, always to the people j, " freedom to worship God." They did not 
who, for the time, were most prominent in r refuse to go from a land which had proved 
the affairs of the world, and who exerted ! but a step-mother to them, declaring that 
the widest influence, and wherever they •' they had as good aright to live in the conn- 
went, they carried their religion with them, j; try of their birth as any king or bishop in 
which being thus brought into these cen- ,, the land. Whatever their rights were, they 
tres of influence, was thus spread abroad. : saw that they would not be permitted there 
The African came to our snores without ,'; to enjoy them. The dangers of the voyage 
religion, but under the auspices of the Co- '■; and of the settlement in a strange lard did 
Ionization Society, he returns a Christian '' not appal them. Former attempts had fail- 
missionary, bearing the religion which he j! ed. The pestilence, famine, hostile sava- 
leamed in the house of his bondage to mil- j! ges had destroyed other colonists ; but con- 
lions of his countrymen, whom ho white : sidering anything better than social and 
man can approach. : political degradation, and trusting in the 

Some in this day of progress, may object God of Heaven, they embarked. They 
that these examples prove nothing, 'be- I ,anded on Plymouth— and the world knows 
cause they are all taken from that obsoU-te the result. I will not insult your readers 
book— the Bible. I would ask these lllu- |j by pointing out the analogies which exist 
minati to turn with me to profane histori- < between the colonization of New England 
ans, and what do we find ? The classic and the colonization of Liberia— but in 
land of Greece became renowned solely by |! many important respects the difference is 
the impulse given to enterprise and learn- ; 
ing by colonies from Egypt and Phoenicia, | 



led by Cecrops, Cadmus, Danaus, and Pe- I 
lops, who respectively laid the foundations : 
of Athens, Thebes, Arcos, and Sparta. — j 
Italy also was colonized at an early day : 
for if we even reject the story which form3 
the subject of the En pad, and deny the 
proud claim of Virgil, that T§ojans laid the \ 
foundations of the lofty walls of Rome, I 
still we know that successive colonies from 
Greece planted themselves in the South of 
Italy, bringing with them tlyir arts, their 
learning, and iheir religion. Carthage too 
was a feeble colony led by a woman, who 

Imrchased from the African chiefs as much 
and as a bull's hide would cover ; and, be- 
ing a strict Constructionist, she so stretched 
the hide, and cut it up into small shreds, 



in favor of the latter. 

From what has already been said, I think 
I am safe in drawing the inference, that 
colonization is no new-fangled scheme, ri- 
diculous in its pretensions and necessarily 
disastrous in its results. Does it not rather 
seem the greqt means which God has always 
employed for spreading civilization and true 
religion in the world ? 

Before I conclude, will you permit me to 
say a few words to different classes of per- 
sons who look with interest upon all plans 
respecting the elevation of the colored race? 
And first, to th? Abolitionists. You profess, 
gentlemen, to be the peculiar friends of the 
black man — to feel a deep interest in both 
the free negro and the slave. Now, why 
do you not assist in sustaining the Coloni- 
zation Society ? Why do you endeavor to 



174 



Communication, 



[June, 



embarrass it by all the means in your P scorn. You have no voice in m eking the 
power? Already an extensive tract of land laws, you have no influence in choosing 
has been purchased; a settlement has ac- : rulers. You set not on the be.net. of jus- 
tually been made ; a republic of free Afri- lice; you enter not the jury-box; and 
cans, under laws of their own making, and , though often brought to the bar, you can* 
rulers of their own choosing, has been es- • not, in many States called free, testify io 
tablished. In it there is room for the dis- , the witness box. A villain ina}* enter your 
play of every talent, and the avenues to "i house, may insult your family, » i u y plan- 
honor, wealth, and respectability are open ■ der your goods, may maltreat you :>^lf, and, 
to all. Now, why do you not join your '[ if he let no white man see him, \.v cannot 
efforts to those of the Colonizationists, and , be convicted; your testimony Wiil not be 
thus induce and enable many who are liv- ' taken against him. In business you are 
ing amongst us in degradation, to return to ; driven to the vilest and most meni.ii offices, 
the land of their fathers? Do you say that i Into the public school your children are sot 
slaves are multiplying faster than the So- ■' permitted to enter. In the hou>e of God, 
ciety can remove them? But is that area- ! | where all appear as sinners, you are ban- 
son for your doing nothing? Is it not ished to some remote corner. Now, all 
rather a strong motive for you to assist, that :■ this is wrong. We have for it not one 
more may ba accomplished? The first ,j word of apology. This is ne>t the point, 
movements of all great enterprises are slow; || however. The question is, is it true f You 
and in this case, it is well that it is so. But ;l know it to be true— and you must know 
when once the fact takes strong hold of the I that while you remain in this country it 
public mind that the effort will succeed ; !j will not be otherwise. Why then remain 
when the misconceptions and prejudices j where you are subject to so" many degrad- 
attending every new movement, are re- jj ing influences, when Liberia, the black 
moved, then hundreds of masters, seeing a ' man's home, stretches forth her arms tore- 
way for their slaves to exist in freedom, ; ceive you? There you shall rulo— there 
will set them free, and thousands of free !, you shall be free, in name and in fact-V 
blacks will anxiously press forward to be- i! there no proud Saxon will turn up his nose 
come citizens of the new republic. The ; if you come between the wind ai;d his no- 
Christian missionary may labor years be- .', bility. There the executive chair, the halb 
fore he sees a soul converted to God, and ,: of legislation, the court room, the school 
hundreds may in the meantime have been ' house, the church, all are open to you.— 
born into heathenism*, but is he therefore to ,'. Why stay an hour where such prospects 
suspend his labors, and is fAisa reason why .! open before you ? Do you hop;.- ever to 
the church should send out no more mis- ■ live in peace in this country ? Let the 
sionaries? Surely not. One soul saved is ': Mercer county resolutions answer. Do 
a ricli reward for a life of labor; and that '] you expect ever to obtain a recognition of 
one may be the inean3 of converting others, ', your political rights here? Lo : k to the ■ 
until the work shall spread all around. But 'j popular vote on the ne^ro sutir.i^ clause 
if you oppose African Colonization because '[ in the New York constitution, a" id these 
its movements are so slow, how long do things were done in Ohio and Ne j. York.-' 

If such things are done in the g- ■ en tree, 

\ i : ! sooner 
or later you will find that thu Coloni- 
zation Society is the colored man's true 
friend. 

I had thought of .addressing a word to 
Christian philanthropists on th« bearing 
I which this noble, undertaking has; on the 
questions which now are anxiously debated 
in our own country respecting the perpe- 
tuation of slavery, and the destination of 
' the Africans ^amongst us— upo-. 'Jie slave 
trade — upon civilization, and above all, up- 
on the progress of Christ's kingd m in Af- 
rica; but lean spare no more timu now. If 
another opportunity is afforded ir.e I may 
discuss these* important question*. In the 
! meantime, I conclude by commending this 
' cause to the attention of all who J-.ve their 
country or regard the best interests of the 
human race. 



I would say a few words to free negroes 
themselves. You know full well the mise- 
ries of an existence amongst a race which 
looks down upon you. Every where you 
meet with neglect, with contempt, and with 



you think your "subterranean railways," 

and your schemes of Canadian colonization, !! what will be done in the dry ? Aj' ' 
will have to operate before all the slaves ' 
shall be conveyed away r Every objection 
which you can urge against African Colo- 
nization applies to your own system, and 
in addition there are physical, moral, and 
political reasons why Canadian coloniza- 
tion cannot and ou^ht not to succeed. No, 
if you would benefit the ifree negro, your 
true policy is to aid him to go to Liberia. 
If you would benefit the slave, show to 
roasters that, without risk to themselves or 
injury to their bondmen, they can set them 
free ; and to say nothing of benevolence, 
the very selfishness of many of them will 
induce them to do so. 



J. M. 



1847.] 



John McDonogh' 8 People. 



175 



$o\)ti ittcDonaaJ* § ftopit. 



We are frequently asked of the 
condition and prospects of these peo- 
ple. We cannot answer many in- 
quiries better than by publishing the 
following letters from two of them, 
which have been kindly furnished us 
by Mr. McDonogh : 

Letter from W. W. McDonogh. 
King Will's Town, 

October 7, 1846. 

Dear Father: — I have again 
taken i«p my pen to address you a 
few linos, hoping that these will find 
you in as good health as they leave 
me at this time. I thank my God 
that he has still given me health and 
strength at this time to address you. 
We are all well at this time — that is. 
in the mission family, Mr. and Mrs. 
Connellv, Mr. and Mrs. Priest. Mrs. 
Connelly, you recollect, was in Ame- 
rica last year. After her return to 
this country she was delivered of a 
fine daughter; but, alas, the Lord has 
seen proper to take it to himself. 
Mrs. Priest had a fine son, and he has 
' been taken also. They could not 
have been taken in a better time, for 
they were both infants. Therefore 
the Lord giveth and the Lord taketh, 
blessed be the name of the Lord. ] 
paid a visit to my mother and family 
the first of this year, and found them 
in good health. I spent two months 
and a half with them, during which 
time I assisted my brother in clear- 
ing and planting a fine crop of rice, 
corn and cassadas. He has at this 
time on his farm about 24 or 25 
bound boys; some of them were 
taken from on board of a slaver by 
an American man-of-war. I think 
he has now about sixty acres of land 
under cultivation, or very near it. 
My visit was in January, February 
and a part of March \ 1 then returned 
to my labor among the heathen. 



Dear father, I have just been read- 
ing again your very kind letter to me 
! just before 1 left college. 1 do as- 
sure you, sir, that there is nothing on 
earth that gives me more pleasure 
than it does to think that 1 have such 
an adviser and friend as you are ; for 
no one but a father can give to a son 
such advice — surely not ; and the 
more I read it, the more I am encour- 
aged to press forward in my calling 
as a teacher, and may the Lord give 
me grace to run and not be weary ; 
for without Him we are nothing and 
J can do nothing. I praise His holy 
name that my lot was not cast in a 
i heathen country and among heathen 
parents, but in a Christian country 
and among Christian parents and 
friends, and that, too, in the hands of 
one who has been a father to me in- 
stead of a cruel oppressor. When I 
was young and foolish you took me 
from my father and mother into your 
own dwelling, and brought me up as 
a son instead of a servant. I often 
thought hard of it at the time, but 
now I find that it was for my own 
benefit and not yours that you took so 
much pains in bringing me up in the 
ways of truth and honesty, for I find 
now that truth and honesty is the 
best capital that a man can possess in 
this world. It is true that wealth 
makes many friends, but their friend- 
ship is deceit. An honest man is 
said to be the noblest work of his 
Creator. Had 1 been permitted to 
run about as many of my age were, 
I should have to-day been as igno- 
rant as they are ; but, thanks be to 
my Creator, I was not. 

And to you, dear father, words 
cannot express my gratitude to you 
for your care towards me during my 
younger days — for youth is truly the 
time to lay up for old age — and I 
hope that J have commenced on a 
good foundation, for yon hare give* 



P 



17G John McDonogh's People. [June., 

me precept upon precept, and line | The Hon. Walter Lowrie men- 
upon line, unci may the Lord give me ; tioned in his last letter to me thalh^ 
tfracrj to keep them all the days of had bought men watch with the mo- 
my life. And now, dear father, per- ney that you sent him for me. Pleas? 
mit me to give you an imperfect; let me know what has become 01" 
statement of the productions of the I. David. 

country, and then close for the night. : 

The iirst, and greatest, is rice ; sweet j! Letter from G. R. Ellis. 

potatoes, Lima beans, ochie, pease, ' 

raddu<h, cabbage, snaps, cucumbers,"; Messurapo County, 

greens, cassadus or cassavas, yams, [i October 9, lo46. 

corn, sallads, cymblanes, arrow-root, , ; Dcar Father : — I again avail my- 
caiTots (few.) the pawpaw, which self of this chance to write you. I 
grows on a tree, pumpkins, parsley,!; do a>sure you, though, that I feel at p. 



mustard. Fruit — watermelon, musk- 
melon, mnngo, plum, orange, rose 
apples, sour sop, guava, tamarind,. 



| loss to know what to gay, 1 hare 
written to you so often, and hav : ; 
never received but two letters frou 



plantain, banana, gramma dilla, limes ;j you since L left you. The first wan 
and lemons. Domesticated — cows, i by the Renown that was wrecked at 
buliocks, swine, sheep, goats, duck, Port Pray a, and the second by the 
fowls, pigeon.-?, turkeys (very few.): Lime Rock, and by Capt. Auld 1 
I will not attempt to give you a listi wrote you two or three letters, be- 
of the wild animals, and the differ- ' sides those 1 sent to different persons* 
cut kinds of lish which we have here and I don't as much as know whether 
at this time. Should you wish to : you ever* received them or not; be: 
know, I shall "ive it to vuu at some . one of the emigrants from Kentuckv, 
future time, should my life be spared.] who passed through New Orleans, 
! should like very much, dear father, ' told me that he saw you in New Or- 
to Fee you once more before we leave .j leans, and that you told him you had 
this world, for it would he a source only received one letter since we had 
of irreat delight to me, /;/*/. Iicuinever ' been here, and that was from Gal- 
<• went to Lure this country for all lov/ay Smith, and 1 assure you I wa.'" 
the. pleasures of America combined ; more than surprised to hear it, for 1 
tin't'tlivr* to live, for this is the o;</ t i/ : ! have wrote you by every chance 
vlacc whrrc a colored person can en- since I have been here, by the way 
/.■»;/ his lihrrly % for there exists no : of New York, Philadelphia, Balti- 
prcjudicc of color in this country, more, and direct from here to New 
hut every man is free and equal. Orleans. The same emigrant told me 
Please to remember me to all my | that you said you wished two of the 
friends and acquaintances, to Mr. young men from here would come to 
Slumlord and son, and uncle James New Orleans. I should be extreme- 
Thornton, and Par Nowd, and all ly happy to come on myself, but I 
the rest. And now, my dear father, ■ would rather hear from you first. 
I el <>>.-e this letter, hoping that you My dear father, 1 really think some 
will let me hear from you soon : and ■ hard feelings against me on your part 
may the Lord, who is able to do all ., is the reason I have not received any 
things, protect and deliver you from j; letter from f ou for such a length of 
all dangers, seen and unseen, and time. My brother Washington gets 
grant you strength for many days j letters from you ; he can tell me of 



and years yet to come, is the prayer 
of your humble servant, 

W. W. McDONOGH. 



your health, and I know 1 write to 
you as often as he does, as I general* 
ly forward his from here, and write 



<+m 



1847.] 



Gov* Pinney's Letter. 



v 177 



myself at the same time, and he re- 
ceives answers and I none. My dear 
sir, as I cannot see nor hear from 
you, I am almost disheartened about 
writing to you, but I assure you, sir, 
without any thing like flattery, that 
my affection remains the same to- 
wards you, and, in fact, I feel more 
love and esteem towards you, now 
we are separated by wide waters and 
rugged mountains, than ever I did ; 
now I know how to appreciate good 
advice received from you in my 
youthful days. I feel and know the 
truth of the Scripture that says, train 
up a child in the way he should go, 
and when he is old he will not de- 
part from it. I hope that we shall j 
see each other's faces again in the 
flesh ; but if the Lord has ordained it 
otherwise, I trust we shall be among 



that number that John saw surround- 
ing the Throne of the Lamb, where 
sorrow, pain and death are felt and 
feared no more. Julia and her hus- 
band and Lamberth have both joined 
the Church, and nearly all the rest of 
the people. Lamberth is one of the 
official members. We are all in good 
health, and sincerely hope you are 
enjoying the same. As this letter 
will reach you, I hope, by Christ- 
mas, I will conclude by wishing you 
a merry Christmas and a happy New 
Year, and that you may enjoy many 
more, with the blessing of God upon 
your head. Mother and Julia send 
their respects to you. 
I am, dear father, 

Your affectionate son, 

G.R.ELLIS. 



[From the Colonitationist.] 

Cot). pinn*9'* Jfctttr* 



"Wisest at Cincinnati, a few weeks I 
ago, in company with Gov. Pinney, . 
we availed ourself of his intimate , 
acquaintance with Liberia and all its ; 
interests, to obtain information upon 
a few points which we thought j 
would be of practical importance to 
such of the colored people of the 
west as may think of emigrating 
to that country. The reader may 
rely upon the answers here given, 
as Gov. Pinney was, for several 
years, a resident on the soil. 
• K. 

Columbus, Ohio, 

Nov. 28th, 1846. 

Brother Kavanaugh : 

My Dear Sir:— Your kindness 
in coming to assist me at Cincinnati 
deserves a better return than I have 
given ; but the delay in answering 
your questions has seemed to arise 
oat of • necessity connected with 



I 



my rapid journeyings and constant 
occupation. I steal some hours late 
at night from my other business this 
evening, lest I should omit it altoge- 
ther. 

Question 1. How do emigrants 
make a living in Liberia ? 

Answer. By their wits or by their 
work. Those who are competent 
to act as teachers, can get from 
three to four hundred dollars a year 
for school teaching. Good accoun- 
tants can get from six to eight hun- 
dred dollars as clerks in stores and 
mercantile houses. Tailors, shoe- 
makers, blacksmiths, carpenters, ma- 
sons, shipwrights, &c, can find con- 
stant employment, at good wages, 
ordinarily. The farmer, in Liberia, 
can raise on his farm pretty good 
Indian corn, sweet potatoes, rice, 
sugar cane, cotton, indigo, arrow 
root, ginger, oranges, banana, plain- 
tain, beans, grapes, pepper, and 



17$ 



Gov. Pinney's Letter, 



[June, 



j i 



many other valuable vegetables and 
plants. He can raise hogs, poul- 
try, cattle, catch abundant fish, and 
kill deer and other wild animals. 

Question 2. How much land is 
necessary for a family of five per- 
sons ? 

Answer. This depends upon 
what they do, and their wealth. — 
If a man goes out poor, as most of 
our freed slaves and many free peo- 
ple of color do, fifteen or twenty 
acres will be all they will need for 
several years ; because as it is al- 
ways summer the land calls for la- 
bor all the year, and one man can- 
not ordinarily tend more. But any 
amount can be purchased for from 
seventy-five cents to one dollar per 
acre, as valuable as our new lands at 
the West. 

Question 3. Has not all diffi- 
culty between the missionaries and 
governor ceased ? 

Answer. There never was any 
difficulty in the American Coloni- 
zation Society's Colony, except 
with Rev. John Seys and Gov. 
Buchanan. Mr. Seys is now in the 
United States, and-Gov. Buchanan 
has been dead for nearly five years. 
That was only a difference of opin- 
ion about a law which can never 
arise again. AH the missionaries 
there, so far as 1 know, now sub- 
mit to the laws, and are pursuing 
their work with the good will of the 
colonists and our Society. 

Question 4. What is the whole 
length of the coast from the north- 
western boundary of Liberia to its 
south eastern limit, including Mary- 
land in Liberia and its territory ? 

Answer. From Cape Mount, forty 
miles northwest of the town of 
Monrovia, the territory of the co- 
lony extends nearly four hundred 
and thirty miles, to its southeastern 
termination on the Gulf of Guinea, 
one hundred miles east of Cape 
Palmas. 



Question 5. Is it your opinion 
that cotton could be produced in 
Africa in sufficient quantities and 
quality to so fill the European mar- 
ket as to reduce its value in our 
southern market? 

Answer. Africa, in all the tro- 
pics, is the natural home of an ex- 
cellent quality of cotton, superior to 
our ordinary uplands of the South. 
The soil and climate are both fa- 
vorable, and if the native kings of 
Africa could set their slaves at its 
cultivation, in the Southern method, 
I see not why they could not sup- 
ply the world. They have slaves of 
so little value that thousands are 
sold in the interior for a mere trifle, 
and some on the coast for ten ot 
twelve do liar 8 ! Mr. Buxton, in 
his able work, recommends to send 
out agents to teach them these ad- 
vantages and offer them a regular 
market. This, however, will not, 
probably, occur for a long time, and 
before that day, I hope it will not 
be needed for the object you sug- 
gest. 

Question 6. How does Liberia 
coffee compare with the best Java or 
West Indian coffee ? 

Answer. It is superior to any 
American, and by many considered 
equal to Java, in quality and value. 
It is the most productive species and 
soil in the world, and will, doubt* 
less, yet prove of great profit to the 
Liberia farmer. 

Question 7. Will it require as 
much labor to get a living in Liberia 
as in Indiana or Ohio ? 

Answer. No man, by farming, 
can get a living without labor, but 
in Liberia, there being no snow, or 
frost, or cold to provide against, a 
large portion of the labor needed 
here for keeping warm and comfort- 
able, is not needed there, and as it 
is always summer, much less land 
will support a family. 

Another consideration may here 



1847.] 



Liberia, 



179 



-*~~. 



be added, viz : that many important 
plants and vegetables continue to 
grow and bear from year to year, 
with very little cultivation. Our 
garden Lima bean / have seen cover- 
ing by its vines a good sized tree, 
where it had been growing and con- 
stantly bearing for nine years 1 — 
Sweet potato vines are often, when 
pulled, replanted, and go on to bear 
more roots. The African potato, or 
cassada, grows for two years ; the 
cotton plant bears for nine or ten 
years. 

Question 8. Is not Liberia now 
as healthy as any part of the United 
States ? 

Answer. J think not. It is 
healthier than some parts, and some 
settlements (as, for instance, that at 
Cape Palmas) are as healthy as the 
best countries in the world — I mean 
for older settlers. The deaths there 
for several years past, have not been 
two per cent. In some of the 
towns of the old colonics, the deaths 
are more, ranging from three per 
cent, to live and six per cent. The 
last is only true of the settlements 
of New Georgia and Lower Cald- 
well, both of which are near the 
tide water swamp of the Messurado 
river. The inhabitants of New 
Georgia are natives of Africa, and 



npt American colonists, and may be 
injured in their health by changing 
their native style of living to become 
civilized. 

Question 9. Cannot a prudent 
and industrious mechanic or mer- 
chant make money faster than in the 
United States 1 

Answer. I would not say faster. 
They can make money and get good 
wages — so can men here. The 
great advantages the colored man 
gets by going to Africa are not as 
to his eating, or drinking, or wealth, 
but in his social, political, and moral 
position. He becomes a man. — 
He is no longer despised as of 
another race, but treated as an equal 
and brother. If we cannot find 
colored men who can appreciate 
such advantages, it is not very im- 
portant to send others. 

Let us set before them these ad- 
vantages to themselves — the vast 
privileges which they will thus se- 
cure their children, and the noble 
prospect of suppressing the slave 
trade and civilizing Africa. Mav 
the Lord strengthen your hands and 
heart, and give you great success, is 
my sincere prayer. 

I a'm your obliged brother, 

J. B. PINNEY. 



[From the Liberia Herald.] 

jTiberia. — Xio. 2, 

Below will be found the second 
number of Mr. RussePs articles on Li- 
beria. We do not, of course, hold 
ourselves responsible for all his senti- 
ments. We publish the article because 
it comes from a Liberian, and is in 
its way a great literary curiosity. Our 
readers will not fail to notice that his 
description of the productions of Afri- 
ca is sufficiently minute and explicit. 

» 13 



Messrs. Editors: — In a former let- 
ter we tried to say something of 
our colony. How often do we find 
emigrants who think because they 
"are free" they should work no 
more, and when convinced by pinch- 
ing want, that God does not rain 
bread upon the idle, in Africa, more 
than in America, long for the chain 
of the slave, or had as lief have it, 
as though they could only thrive at 
that point where the temperature of 



180 Liberia. [June, 

. ^^-^^^v • 

indusiry has its decrees* told by jand the ship, declare Liberia inde- 
tlie "Cow&kin." Too ignorant and pendent without a human declara- 
degraded though raised in a hind of lion. As the hope of Liberia's 
Bibles, to know the difference be- glory, present as well as future glory, 
tween working for one's self, and rising before such men, it beckons 
laboring for a white master. Seem- them onward. They enjoy "free- 
ing to drown every sense of honor, dom n in every true sense of that 
• k in t h cm arc hi <r pones or corn bread word. They love our laws, be- 
and fat meat, old mars or mis use ; cause they are wholesome, they are 
to ge ws." Thank God, those who ours made by legislators of our 
•are too idle to work, and too stupid choice. They love liberty for what 
to change these opinions, soon be- it is in and of itself, 
come a nuisance, and go the way of , Free from that oppression worse, 
all trash. The well-bred man of - if possible, than that of Israel in 
good sense, though he may not ( Egypt, under which he once groan- 
know the first letter in the alpha- led, the industrious public spirited 
bet, soon sees (no matter what man seizes and holds fast the hope 
his opinions might have been) that , of elevating not only his own, bat 
his labor is his own, and resolves ■ the name and character of his coun- 
to maintain himself, and enjoy liber- try. With life, .iberty and the pur- 
ty too. Others, though illiterate (as suit of happiness, with and before 
most of us are,) lake wide views, him, with a right view of these 
looks upon his neighbour as well things, what can hinder this colony 
as himself, and thence upon the from prospering? Or such men 
routi try at large, as though nature from being freemen ? It is a start- 
had stamped his heart with public ling truth, unless it has become "a 
spirit, as well as self love. They new thing under the sun," that there 
not only see that all their labor is is not a free black man from Georgia 
their own, every improvement be- to Maine. No, nor in the whole 
longs to themselves and children, United States! Nor will there be 
good sound sense and industry tells very soon, if we must judge from 
them to go forward, and they obey, "the signs of the times/' "The 
looking upon Liberia as theirs, and Gospel was to free the slave of the 
the home nf their children; its l T nited Stales," but we are told that 
strength their safety; its wealth '• slavery is becoming a baptised 
their property, and its prosperity child of holy scriptures," "strength- 
their glory, and ihe salvation from ' ening and tightening her chains/' 
degradation of their children. Such ; listening not for one moment to the 
men as these, though they cannot , Abolitionists 9 jargon of amalgaiha- 
read a word, and, perhaps, never i tion and of Negro equality, the only 
thought of writing, and, perhaps, two hopes of the black man ever 
spent much of their time in slavery^ becoming a free man in the United 
are an honor to any country, that . States. The Abolitionists, after all 



would allow them equality. There i their talk, are sitting as strong 
are some of this stamp in Liberia, I guards, to keep those two hopes from 
men "worth their weight in gold." /being realized, as the veriest slave 
They are industrious men, who look holder of the southern states. So 
forward, who love their children. — ! ' we believe. 

Such men are not only good citizens, ; What number of the so-called 
hut patriotic colonists. One thou- free stales (for that we don't know) 
sand of them would make the soil': has made them equal in every point, 



1847.] 



Liberia. 



181 



short of which they are not on 
equality, not equally free. What abo- 
litionist has carried out his principles 
or showed his declaration (that he 
has no respect of color) to be true, 
giving his daughter to a negro hus- 
band, his son to a negro wife? and 
amalgamating his grand children — 
showing example as well as precept 
to the slave states. 

A real unprejudiced white man 
we have yet to look upon, unless 
it may be the Hon. Mr. Gray, who 
followed a colored woman and his 
children to Liberia, married her and 
lived and died happy. There are 
those who plastered the poor ignorant 
colored man's eyes with the empty 
name of liberty. Stretch out arti- 
ficial rain-bows, and set the negro 
to running after the philosopher's 
stone. Liberty , which they say is 
at the end of it, which "bow" they 
move as fast as he runs, still feed- 
ing the poor black with such sickly 
talk as freedom in America, " a 
sounding brass" in the hands of an 
enemy. 

We are glad that we are able to 
say, that there are a few hundred 
freemen in Liberia. If in the eyes 
of any man our constitutional con- 
nexion with a great, if not the grea- 
test philanthropic society that ever 
lived, makes us not a free people, a 
word can alter that. Liberia has the 
power to ask, the power to receive, 
or take : the Colonization Society the 
will to sever any union that would 
degrade us at any moment. A con- 
stitution continually lays before us 
that if we are not now, and we feel we 
are and see we are, we can adopt and 
be a people. Jehovah gave Africa to 
the colored race, God planted and will 
water and cause to thrive this 
44 sweet home'' of the colored man, 
and He will do it, despite the sheep- 
skin covering of its enemies. First 
the emigration of free, secondly the 
gradual emancipation of the slave 



black man, thirdly the union of Afri- 
can tribes with Liberia, now becom- 
ing so general a desire among our na- 
tives, some of whom have made ap- 
plication and become in part united 
(already, and by our own children, 
goodly numbers of whom to our ever- 
lasting delight, gambol in our streets, 
fill our schools and assist us at our 
work, all of whom are as free as 
the air they breathe, never saw the 
chain, and as much as they are 
learning, cannot learn, or under- 
stand, the word slave or slavery. 

" Slaves cannot breathe" in Liberia. 

"If they touch our coast their shackles 

Fall," and fall for ever, Liberia will live fur ever. 

Opposite the new settlement of 
Virginia, on the east side of the St. 
Paul's, is Caldwell, extending seve- 
ral miles up the St. Paul's — what is 
called Lower Caldwell is the town- 
ship. Upper Caldwell is that part ex- 
tending along the banks of the river 
upward in ten acre farm lots, laying 
side by side parallel with the banks 
of the river. We left the canoe at 
lower Caldwell and walked along 
the clean street to Upper Caldwell. 
It is not so populous, by one-third, 
as it was twelve years ago, from 
various reasons — death and removal 
the chief. Several persons have 
made Caldwell an unhealthy place ; 
and if it is, Millsburg, New Geor- 
gia, Monrovia, are all unhealthy be- 
cause people die. Mortality at Cald- 
well has, however, been handed 
out to the world as originating from 
the "swamp" with which it is in- 
fested by effluvia, &c. &c. This 
we have always thought a mistake, 
made from want of experience or 
knowledge of the place. As we 
have had the honor of living at both 
Lower and Upper Caldwell for sev- 
eral years, and sincerely love to 
look around us, we will also girt 
onr opinion in this matter, wi*k 
some little experience to help us. 

From Lower to Upper Caldwell 



182 Liberia. [June, 

the land is not low, the river pre- |j their little cassada patches, which 
sents on both sides a beautiful cle- helped " amazingly ,'' and brought 
vated bank, which gradually rises as much money as timber ; one alter 
for some hundreds of yards back, •: another by degrees adopted the same 
and then presents a plain surface. — plan, but to a very limited extent. 



There are but few not very exten- 
sive swamps, and they are not very 
near the river, being two, three and 



This timber business is what has 
to some great extent crippled Cald- 
well, Mi lis burg, and New Georgia. 



four miles ofF, excepting it may be ! Men hardly acclimated, and born in 
a small pond of water, and one or ! another country, reared up healthy 
two spots hardly large enough for farmers, were in those days, in both 
potato patches in the dry season. — seasons in the woods, exposed to 
In the rear of Caldwell are exten- the sun in the dry, and to the con- 



sive prairies or ** Old Fields" of 
high grass, the soil of which is a 



| tinual pouring of the rain in the wet 
season, two, three, four, and often six 



rich black sandy mould, never look- and seven- miles from home, where- 
ed upon as unhealthy, and if rotten •! ever they could find a swamp or creek, 
grass be inclined to make them so, ! sawing all day, month after month, 
these fields are burned off every :i in water very often waist deep, and 
year, by natives, lightning, or some |. floating logs, sleeping night after 
such course, and effluvia from rotten ', night in their same wet apparel, as 
grass is thus put out of the qties- ji though God designed men to become 
tion. Unfortunately for the inhahi- j! fish, or even amphibious animals, 
tants of Caldwell, Millsburg, and j lifting logs and carrying for miles 
New Georgia, their first settlers, or horse loads of plank and timber on 
the great mass of them, from some their heads and backs, thus break- 
droll cause " working by sight" on ing their constitutions, bringing on 
the bird-in-hand principle, turned | a pleuresy, consumption, perhaps 
their attention to sawing plank, and ! sleepy disease, plunging themselves 
getting timber, instead of tilling the j- into untimely graves, not living oat 
soil, which seemed to be looked i half their days. Jt would be no 
upon as a kind of contemptible em- j wonder to me had all who followed 
ploymcnt in those days, fit only for ; it died. We have known but few 
4( a native" from whom they pur- deaths in these places but could be 
chased all their bread and vegetables, traced back to the causes alone men* 
— meat, too, except American provi- : tioned. And this sawing in the 
sions, and thus became, in one sense, rains is still carried on by a few, 
the servants of those they thought ! | who, little as they think it, are find- 
so low — for the natives carried off ing a speedy grave. If men will 
the funds of their labor, in exchange saw, let them do it in the dry sea- 
for rice, cassada, plantains, banna- son, out of the mud — when it is too 
nas, poultry, venison, &c. &c. — dry to plant — and let them saw in 
We think that Mr. N. Dosia inform-' the shade, it may then be a healthy 
ed me, that upon seeing all his labor employment Most of the few that 
carried off by a few contemptible; never followed sawing are living and 
American cassava planters and the doing well this day— one proof of 
natives, he was one of the first few what we have been saying. Thank 
sawyers who resolved, degrading or j God! the people of these colonies 
not, not to be so beholding to others,; and of these towns abovemention- 
for bread, and broke a while from ed, have seen their evil: many of 
4* saw sach season sad planted them, when too far gone, hare la- 



1847.] 



Reasoning of a Louisiana Planter. 



183 



merited it, and have turned their at- 
tention to one of the two things 
needful, the cultivation of the soil. 
Though it is to be lamented that be- 
side our merchant farmers of Mon- 
rovia, so few in the Messurado 
county look at all beyond the pre- 
sent gain arising from cassada, pota- 
toes, and a few other vegetables, 
leaving coffee, arrow-root, sugar- 
cane, Cayenne pepper, ginger, &c. 
&c, out of the question, making 
too little provision for their children 
by profitable example. We must 
say in honor to Upper Caldwell, 
that it has one or two farmers who 
are, so far as they do go, go ahead 
men, and for several years in one sea- 
son of the year, has fed, for the 
money, almost one-twentieth of 
Montserrado county. Lower 'Cald- 
well, too, has one or two pretty go 
ahead planters, who prove that the 
" hand of the diligent maketh rich ;" 
and if two men can thus do, what 
might not fifty such accomplish ? — 
It would be good for Liberia, es- 
pecially if they raised such things 



as were fit for exportation, and 
which ships plow the deep to con- 
vey from other lands, and they can 
do it. It would be good, if every 
merchant was a farmer ; also, every 
carpenter, blacksmith, rock-mason, 
doctor, lawyer, preacher, (the Gov- 
ernor himself is now,) all should 
add to their professions and some 
are trying the word farmer, or 
rather the business of farming. — 
We know that a few fools look upon 
this as a contemptible business, and 
so do they every thing else, but run- 
ning in the country with a bar or 
two of tobacco, growing very fam- 
ous in that kind of honor that debts 
bring upon their high personage. — 
For we do not believe there is a re- 
spectable factor in Liberia, who does 
not begin to feel that it would be no 
dishonor to lay hand on the soil 
also, and how to treat respectable 
men that distinguish themselves at 
the business, as the pillars of Li- 
beria. 

A. F. RUSSELL. 
Golah, Sept. 8th, 1846. 



[From the Liberia Advocate.] 

TcWasonittfl of a iToutstana planter. 



Adams Co., Miss. 

February 17, 1847. 
Editor of Liberia Jdvocaie : 

Dear Sir : — Not very long ago, 
I had the pleasure of meeting with a 
wealthy and intelligent planter in 
Louisiana, who gave his views con- 
cerning the religious instruction of 
slaves. He is not a member of any 
church, and not only so, but he is 
frequently skeptical on the subject 
of religion. This is one of the cir- 
cumstances that made his reasoning, 
in reference to his slaves, peculiarly 
interesting to me — perhaps the same 
may prove somewhat interesting to 
you and to some of the readers of 



your valuable paper. Of course, no 
names will be expected in a commu- 
nication of this kind. Suffice it to 
say, as regards the planter himself, 
he is a gentleman of education and 
wealth," of good and temperate habits, 
noble, generous, and honorable in 
all his dealings with his fellow men; 
in a word, he is what the world 
would call a first-rate Louisianian. 
In the course of the conversation, 

* w 

after listening to the difficulties of 
his own mind on the subject of re- 
ligion, I asked him how he felt in 
reference to his servants ? His reply 
shall be given as nearly as possible 
in his own words. 



184 Reasoning of a Louisiana Planter. [Juae, 

Said he, " I have reasoned with !j " When the minister first came, I 
myself in this manner — It is true l took my family and went with him 
there are doubts in my own mind as ,i to the meeting-house, were the 
regards the Bible, as to its being the !i servants had already been collect- 
true word of God, and as to its tell- jj ed. I then spoke to my servants 
ing what is to be the true state of '■ to this effect: You see what I have 
man in the world to come. But not- ; done for you. — I have built this 
withstanding my doubts, it is a part house — I have obtained a preacher 
of wisdom for me to choose the safe ii — I knew if there be any truth in 
side, at least, the safest side possible, jj religion, 1 would be responsible if 

u Suppose, then, that the Bible ii you did not have the Gospel. But 
should at last be found to be true ; , now you will have to answer for 
what will be my situation? I shall, yourselves if you do not obey what 
have more to answer for myself than the preacher tells you to do. I have 
I can well do — without having to f now done my duty to you, so that I 
answer for my servants. They are will simply have to answer for my- 

in mv hand and cannot have the self. 

» i 

gospel, unless 1 give it to them. So jj "The minister then commenced 
that if there be any truth in religion, ); and went through the religious ex- 
I shall have to answer for them, their! ercises. But fearing lest some had 
ignorance, and its consequent evils. , been attracted to the meeting mere- 
,fc And not only so, I know from j ly by its novelty, I remarked at the 
my own observation, that even if ; close of the meeting, that* I expected 
there be no truth in religion, still it all to be present, on future occasions, 
has a tendency to make servants bet- unless hindered by sickness. Said 
ter than they otherwise would be, > 1 to them, you see you have precise- 
more honest and more faithful, so | ly the same services as your master's 
that in this respect I would be no : family. We all attend here with 
loser but a gainer by giving them you. — N'jw after providing these 
the gospel. So that at any rale be privileges for you, it is nothing more 
the Bible true or false, my safest" than right, that you should attend on 
and best plan, is to give them the gos- ; them, and I shall require it of .you, 
pel ; and I have done accordingly. just as I do of my children. The 

" My first step was to put up a services cannot injure you, and they 
plain and comfortable house, express- ' may do you good. It is my fixed 
ly for religious worship. This is j purpose therefore to see that you al- 
called the Meeting-house. | ways attend and in good season. 

" It is true I live within a short And I will deal with you in refer- 
distance of two or three churches, but ence to this matter, just as I do with 
knowing that my servants would be my children. Sometimes they would 
exposed to many temptations on the rather slay at home and play, than 
way, in attending these churches, I ' go to church. Then I simply say to 
determined to have one at home. them, you must go, unless you are 

41 The next step was to engage the sick, and I will punish you if you do 
services of a minister of the Gospel, not obey me — and I shall deal with 
without so much regard to his dc- you in the same way." 
nomination as to his piety and accep- At the close of our conversation, he 
tability. (The expense of this was told me that his servants, (although 
from six to eight hundred dollars a some did not at first like to attend,) 
year, hut preaching will soon pay soon became as punctual and regu>» 
for itself on a plantation.) n lar as his own family, and that the 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



1847.] 



Agriculture in Liberia, 



185 



good effects of preaching upon them 
could already plainly be seen, espe- 
cially in their increased temperance, 
honesty and faithfulness in duty. 

Here I must close. It would do 
your heart good to visit that planta- 
tion, or one like it in Mississippi, 
which I shall describe in my next. 



The one just described is one of the 
most orderly, quiet, pleasant and 
prosperous plantations 1 have ever 
seen. Would that there were more 
like it! 

As ever, yours trulv, 
PHILODOULOS. 



[From Africa*s Luminary.] 

3l{) r tc it 1 1 it r * in Liberia. 

We are pleased to notice the in- ;j raised in sufficient quantities, to meet 
creased attention paid to developing!' the wants of the people themselves, 
the resources of the soil, in this part! with respect to these articles several- 
of the colony, and sincerely hope -\ ly, and allow a surplus to exchange 
that a new era, in this respect, is j for other commodities, the produe- 
dawning upon Liberia. It has long' lions of other lands. Hitherto instead 
been a standing reproach to the in- of exporting any of these articles, the 
habitants, that while they possessed colony has imported great quantities 
advantages in soil and climate sur-; of most of them. According to an nf- 
passed by few and not equalled by ( ficial report published by order of the 
many, they were nevertheless depen-,j United States Congress, it appears 
dent upon others for the common ne- j that Liberia paid in the two years 
cessaries of life. We trust, nay we, preceding September 30th, 181.'}, for 
believe, that this reproach is about tobacco, §13,324 — sugar, $3,546 — 
being wiped away. With the bless-! sheeting and shirting, $4,111 — cot- 
ing of God upon the labor that is be- ! ton and linen drill, $1,420. Making 
ing and has been bestowed, the "hun-j an aggregate of $22,401 for these 
gry time" will hardly return the next! four articles alone. This sum it will 
season. \ be remembered was paid by the colo- 

We have thought, and our opinion j ny for what could and ought to have 
remains unchanged, that the native j been raised at home. In addition 
trade is on the whole injurious. If! to the above, the same report enu- 
we are correctly informed, it is de- ; merates the value of imported provi- 
creasing, and as a necessary result j, sions, for the same period of time, as 
individuals are turning their attention !; being $27,773. This last, we sup- 
to other, and more certain channels pose, does not embrace the provision 
for the profitable investment of their j sent out by the Society for the use 
means and labor. Farms which have j of emigrants, but only that which 
been lying waste and uncultivated i came under the notice of the collector 
feel the influence of this change, of customs. Over $50,000 expended 



Not only are articles of provision for; 
home consumption planted in great 



in two years, for provision and only 
four other articles of consumption or 



abundance, but in some instances, ;; trade. The number of inhabitants 
we learn that ginger, &c, are being ! as shown in the same report was 
cultivated with a view to making them ;; 2,390. Had this expense been saved, 
articles of exportation. j, it might have placed over $20 in the 

Coffee, ginger, sugar, arrow-ront, , hands of every man, woman and child 
pepper, tobacco and cotton could be 



in the colonv. 



186 African Colonization. [June, 

We do not Fay that results different " wants of such articles as the country 
from those can he effected without' will produce. Let the females in- 
labor; but then it will be a labor ' troduce the hum of the spinning- 
that will in no way detract from in- ; wheel, in lieu of that idle gossip 
dividual happiness. Let each indi- 1 which now engrosses by far too 
vidual commence by making an ef- : , much of their time, and the aspect 
fort, to raise enough, at least, to : of affairs will soon be materially 
supply his own and his family's j, changed for the better. 

[From the SoutWrn Churchman.] 

African Colo n i j a t ton. 

Events are now in a rapid course 'different towns and settlements of 
of development which demonstrate j| the colony, in February, to assemble 
the profound wisdom and foresight |' in Convention in order to deliberate 
of the originators and early promo- jj upon and to form a constitution for 
ters of the colonization of the colored, the government of the country as 
race of our country on the coast of;a distinct and independent comma- 
Africa. The scheme itself of plant-; nity. 

ing the free colored people on that' This important movement on the 
coast which was regarded by many !■ part of the Liberians, is looked upon, 
as woive than Utopian in its charac- 1 we understand, with no unfriendly 
tcr, and whifh not a few always met 1 eye, but on the contrary with the 
with the smile of incredulity or the: kindest regards and deepest interest 
sneer of contempt, is now proved to 1 ' and favor by the Governments of 
he not merely practicable — but a 1 England and France which will ear- 
.sttccrssful experiment. Colony af- ly give their acknowledgment to the 
ter colony has been formed: — they '; nationality of the colony. These 
have each outlived and surmounted governments, it is stated, having be- 
tiie dangers of infancy and childhood, t come convinced that the only effect- , 
and are now, with the strength of': ual remedy to be applied to the sup- 
manhood, about to enter on a career: pression of the slave trade on the 
of independence and freedom, which ' Western Coast of Africa, have de- 
will secure them a name, and, we' termined to establish on that portion 
doubt not, an honoiable place among, of the continent colonies similar to 
the nations of the world. \\ our own. They are now making 

llocent arrival from Liberia fur-! the inquiries requisite to ascertain 
nishes the gratifying intelligence that Jj the boundaries of the present posses- 
thc inhabitants of the colony have , sion of the American colonists; and 
given their approbation to the sug- design, at an early day, to make set- 
gestion of the American Coloniza-i! tlcments on the same coast and in 
lion Society to declare themselves the contiguous neighborhoods for the 
an independent nation; — and that ' purpose of lining the whole coast 
delegates were to be chosen in the j, with a belt of colonies. 



tPork for tfct Gospel. 

The Watchman of the Valley re- sionary lately returned from Wes- 
tern Africa. The following are 



ports an address delivered at Cincin- 
nati, by Rev. Mr. Bushnell, a mis- 



some of Mr. B.'s pictures of the 



Items of Intelligence. 



1847.] 



gloomy and terrible darkness which 
overshadows that dark land, and j 
which shows what a conquest the j 
truth has yet to make before the: 
world is converted to Christ: j 

The population of the Gaboon i 
country, where he resided, and of 
the regions beyond, is quite dense, 
divided, and subdivided into numer- 
ous tribes, speakings as he represent- 
ed, perhaps fifty different languages [ 
and dialects, and ruled respectively 
by every form of government — a 
free government excepted — absolute 
despotism, aristocracy, and patriar- 
chal government. 

The ravages of the slave trade 
are dreadful. Were the victims of 
this traffic simply kidnapped by 
the slave trader, its horrois would 
be far less than at present. The 
trade is the great incentive to the 
cruel and bloody wars which are 
perpetually desolating the country ; 
the slaves are the spoils of the vic- 
tor, which he exchanges with the 
trader for rum and fire-arms. Thus 
the cupidity and cruelty of the; 
pirate slave trader is infused into 
and infuriates the whole population 
where this traffic is carried on. — 
Men will capture and enslave some- 
times their near friends and relatives; 
parents have even been known to 
sacrifice their children on this altar 
of Moloch. And the man who 
drags his fellows in chains to the 
slave factory to-day, is liable to be 
himself the victim of the same cruel- 
ty to-morrow. 

Domestic slavery prevails there 
also, universally. The people have 
passed from a savage to a barbarous 



187 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^*^ 



and semi-civilized state. Foreign 
trade has brought them some of the 
conveniences of civilized life, the 
purchase of which requires the ex- 
change of native productions. — 
These requisites are the fruit of la- 
bor, and to furnish them the stronger 
enslave the weaker, and compel 
them to toil in their service. All 
the labor of the country is performed 
by women and slaves ; the unen- 
slaved men, like the lordly Indian of 
our continent, being unwilling to 
tarnish their quality by such a de- 
grading occupation. 

Polygamy is universal here. — 
Every man is estimated by the num- 
ber of his wives. One man, if his 
wealth and power are able to pro- 
cure and maintain them, will some- 
times own hundreds of wives. 

The most cruel superstitions pre- 
vail among them. They believe 
that no man, except in extreme old 
age, dies a natural death. Every 
instance of premature death, whe- 
ther by. sickness or casualty, is 
brought about, they think, by the 
invisible, supernatural agency of 
some hostile acquaintance. They 
are strong believers in witchcraft. — 
Every such death, therefore, stirs 
up the indignant friends to prose- 
cute and convict the suspected mur- 
derer. He is arraigned, passes the 
ordeal of their cruel and capricious 
tests, and receives the punishment of 
death. Multitudes of innocent men 
are the constant victims of this su- 
perstition. Cases of the kind had 
fallen under Mr. Bushnell's per- 
sonal observation. 



Jttmi of ZnttllxQcnct. 

Inundation. — It is with pain that 
we have to record the distressing 
situation of the people at the settle- 
ment at Sinoe, called " Readsville." 



This settlement is composed entirely 
of persons who have given all their 
time to the cultivation of the soil— 
and but for the inundation which oc- 



188 //em* of Intelligence. [June, 

curred there in October last, the peo- they were obliged to make fire on 
pie of that settlement would now be j their beds. Three houses only es- 
in independent circumstances. Wel'capcd; they were quite high from 
hope that the benevolent of our \- the ground ; the others were under 
community will extend to our suf- !| water till late Sunday night, when it 
fering fellow citizens some timely | began to subside. Every thing like 



assistance — their condition is cer- 
tainly an alarming one. Richard £. 
Murray, Esq., superintendent of 
public affairs at that place, under 
date 15ih October writes: "Public 
business had called the major part of 



bread stuff is ruined, the loss in po- 
tatoes and cassadas is estimated at 
nine hundred bushels. .The people 
were just recovering from the e fleets 
of last year's freshet. Famine stares 
' us in the face — it is impossible for us 



the male inhabitants to Greenville — jj to support them till they can raise 
some of them started early for home, !' another crop. A little assistance 
others remained till evening when it j; would be of great benefit to us, and 
commenced raining, which compel- '■}, we urgently desire that a few articles 



ed them to remain till next morning, 
when they started for their homes — 
the river had swolen much and they 



be sent us to enable us to procure 
the necessary supplies for these un- 
fortunate sufferers. That settlement 



were fearful of meeting with some ■ will have to be broken up— the 
accident; these fears were fully re- !i oldest natives declare that it will 
alized, for on approaching one of the ' ! be washed away. Next week — 
points of the river, such was the force ; if the weather will permit, I will 
of the water, that it capsized one of look out for a cite for a new settle- 
the canoes, with three men ; they { ment." 

were nearly drowned — the other ca- ]! October 16th, "the river still over- 
noe being near them, came to their flows the bank — the natives say it 
assistance. This was the begining ' happens every thirty years: it is 
of sorrows; when they arrived at i! now thirty years since its last oc- 



the farms, they found the river over- 
flowing its banks — it continued to 
rise all day. Sunday about half past 



currency.' ' — Liberia Herald. 

The Africans by the "Poxs.'' — 

12 o'clock p. m., Mr. Dulany told ■' These people or a large portion of 
me that a native of Blue Barre had i them are becoming of value to their 
brought him intelligence that the guardians — those remaining in the 
swamps back of the farms had filled i: colony show no disposition, now, to 
and met the river, producing a com- j' wander off. They seem perfectly 
plete inundation. Alarmed for the '| satisfied with their circumstances; 
safety of the people, we despatched ' and we find no great difficulty in 
two canoes with six of the settlers. I 1 accustoming them to our habits. 
When they arrived at the farms the :; Those of them living in Grand Bassa 
scene that presented itself to their ' have proved to be very serviceable, 
view, was truly distressing — from The Fislunen, living at the cove, 
one end of the settlement to the other, , who have, for a number of years, 
the land was covered, the houses, : been disturbing the quietness of our 
though pretty high from the ground, :' people by their threats and robberies, 
were flooded — the inmates of some have in those people found a formida- 
were obliged to leave the lower floor, blc enemy. A gentleman at that 
and take to the lofts. In some houses place writes : "Our Congoes have 
the water was nineteen inches above really turned out manly ; they have 
the lower floor — in some instances, ■ thrown more dread upon the Fish* 



^^^^^^*^^^^^^^^^^*^^^^^^^^*^^^^^"^^^« 



1847.] 



Items of Intelligence. 



189 



men, (our former antagonists,) and ! 
the surrounding tribes, than I have 
ever known exerted upon them be- 
fore — had I time I* would give you 
in detail the recent misunderstand- 
ing the Fishmen and our Congoes 
had, which of course involved us ; 
and which for a couple of weeks 
threatened a war. The Congoes 
went down to Fishtown and forcibly 
arrested the. thief, a Fishman, and af- 
ter giving him a good beating, took his 
cloth and a cutlass — and it was pretty 
difficult for us to prevent them from 
going down to set fire to the Fishtown 
— but all is now amicably settled.'' 
We have very little sympathy for 
those Fishmen — they have on seve- 
ral occasions, showed themselves 
hostile to the colony, and they vio- 
late, whenever it suits their conve- 
nience, their pacific relations with us. 
We have the means to chastise them 
—but it is our standing policy never [ 
to engage in a war if we can possi- 
bly avoid it. — Liberia Herald. 

[From the New Orleans Protestant.] 

African Colonization. The 

Louisiana State Colonization Society 



prospects of the colony of Liberia, 
in a commercial point of view, and 
also as bearing upon the elevation of 
the colored race both in Africa and 
this country. 

After the election of officers, the 
society adjourned to meet in the 
Presbyterian church on Lafayette 
Square, on Sunday evening, 18th 
inst., at half past 7 o'clock. It is ex- 
pected that at this meeting the Rev. 
Dr. Hawks, and other citizens, will 
address the audience, and it is hoped 
that there will be a full attendance. 
This is a cause which commends 
itself to the serious consideration of 
all our citizens. Z. 

Agent of the Pennsylvania 
Colonization Society. — We are 
glad to have it in our power to an- 
nounce the appointment of the Rev. 
C. Wiltberger, to the office of agent 
of the Pennsvlvania Colonization 
Society, and would ask our friends 
throughout the State to give to this 
gentleman the countenance and sup- 
port which the merits of the great 
cause and his own hearty pleadings 
in its favor, so fully entitle him to re- 



held a meeting on Tuesday evening ceive at their hands. Mr. Wiltberger 
last, in the Methodist Episcopal has the enviable distinction of being 
Church in Poydras street. The au- j among the pioneers in African Colo- 
dience, though not large, was com- j nization. He visited Western Afri- 
posed of influential citizens, who il ca, in the service of the American 



manifested a deep interest in tbe 
subject of colonization. The Hon. 
If. A. Bullard, the president of the 
society, was in the chair. After 
prayer by Rev. Mr. Martin, address- 
es were delivered by the President, 
Rev. R. S. Finley, and Logan Hun- 
ton, Esq. 

The address of Mr. Finley was 
listened to with deep interest. He 
has long been the ardent friend and 
active agent in this enterprise. He 
stated that he had been engaged in 
the cause for twenty years. — He de- 



Society, as early as 1823, in the se- 
cond vessel which left the United 
States with emigrants for the new 
colony ; and the house which he oc- 
cupied at Cape Montserado, was the 
first erected on that spot. 

Time, while it has strengthened 
Mr. Wiltberger's convictions of the 
magnitude and usefulness of African 
Colonization, by the settlement of 
free persons of color in Western Af- 
rica, has not abated his zealous de- 
sire to contribute his share actively 
to carry on this Beneficent scheme ; 



tailed many facts of great importance l| and he now enters on the field of la- 
respecting the present condition and | bor, intent on obtaining success by 



190 Items of Intelligence. [June, 

conscientious and preserving efforts the largest churches in the place, 

— a result which we cannot but be- the whole of the gallery is reserved 

lieve is as certain as the means to , for them, and was every seat occu- 

procure are good and laudable. — Co- ■ pied by them. .And what struck mc 

Ionization Herald. j; as very singular, indeed, was, that the 

T . r , m. T . ! blacks and the mulaftoes did not sit 

Liberia Conference. — The Li- ... f¥ , . , r ., 1( 

* • ,, r II-. i together. Two sides of the crallerv 

bena Conference closed its annual. H mi -i 11 i i • i .u* 
«.„,. :»„„,. i io.i> a 'im were "led with blacks, while the 

session on the 12th of January. 1 he A , . , . , , . ■ . 

, % ^ r i u u« .i third was occupied exclusively by 

number of church members reported ■ , 4i , * . r , •.. * 

•. „~ „« ~c cr I' mulattoes. 1 am informed that, 

increase of oo over , ., , » • .,. ; 



is 879, being an 



when the church was built, many of 
the mulattoes contributed to aid in 
the work, and that they utterly re- 
fused to sit promiscuously with the 
blacks ; and that, in all the relations 
in life, they maintain the same dig- 
nified reserve ; that the two classes 



last year. The following are the 
appointments for the present confer- 
ence vear: — 

J. B. Benham,* superintendent: 
Residence in Monrovia. Monrovia 
station, James S. Payne. Principal 

of conference seminary, Monrovia,, „ .. . A , A . 

and joint publisher of Africa's Lumi-, " e ! 8 totally «Iulmcl a. it is pow- 
nar/, William B. Hoyt.* Native ! b ' e {or , th ? m . t0 %,.}. ^nder what 
con^nffation, Monrovia, and teacher j the color-hvingMohlionxst, wijl say 

;« r«.»;„««. i^iw, r \i^^; D q» ! to this most unrighteous prejudice, 
in seminary, John \j. Morris, ot. _ . . . 7, , ! , j ■ 

Paul's River circuit, E. Jolinson, J. ' ,ave been ln l [ orme(1 tiat ? f vcnd 
Bvrd. Milkhurg and White Plains, | °f the m ° St . lnlc "^ ent 1 Color f d P e °- 
J.'W. Roberts.* Ilcddington, A.F.jP ,c . of thls C J* havc determined to 
Russel. Robertsvillc, II. R. Wil- ' em, ^ rate <° V nE * ,A ' Some oi l t hem 
son/ Mi. Andrew, one to be sup- . wcnt to the [ree States two or three 
plied. Marshall, H. B. Matthews years ago, hoping to better their 
Edina and BassaCovc, A. Herring/ . condition : but they found them- 
I). Ware, J. Moore, superintendent.:, " e, 7 e8 80 depressed and despised 
Greenville, G. Simpson. Cape Pal- ,; anc crowded out of employment, 
mas, F. Burns/ one to be supplied. | an(1 f° f "u* less respected than 
Jamaica, William U. Payne. Blue ! ! ir ? liad , , bccn in Charleston, that 
Barre, one to be supplied. Gilaboo, i 1 ^ ™} lU } not endure it, but return- 
one to be supplied. Barraka, one to ! <! , t0 *"[ ? ld . hoi » e "; 1" lte 8 . atw- 
be supplied. Delia, one to be sup-' £ p(1 w " h their trial of freedom m t 
_jj P( ] f i! free State, and much prefenng, as 

Tlie next conference will be held I the !° asl of two evils, such freedom 



at Monrovia, January 5th, 1848. — 



as they can enjoy in a slave State. 
But they are not satisfied with that. 



Africa's Luminary. I "" l u,ev ai ? no . 1 * n " 8neu Wlin *""• 

J _ Jj They see that in this country they 

Colored teople of Charleston, ■ never can possess those rights and 

S.C. — Liberia. — The number of co- ' privileges which will make them 

lored people who attend church with ;, men : and hence they are resolved 

the whites here is very remarkable. ■ 

At Dr. Post's church, one-half of; 

that immense circular gallery was ' 

crowded to overflowing. At the ' probability is, therefore, that the 

Methodist churchy which is one of ; Colonization Society will receive 



Elder*. 



to change their country, and try 
what will be their fortunes in the 
commonwealth of Liberia. The 



,fXj^_i~i ii "i i — > i _ ii — ■ ii ~n"~"i "*"iii*^ 



1847.] 



Items of Intelligence. 



191 



ere long some very valuable emi- 
grants from this city. In this way 
a change may perhaps be wrought 
in the minds of the whites in this 
State on this subject, among whom 
there is less interest at present in 
this benevolent enterprise than is to 
be found in any other State in the 
Union. 

Slavery and Colonization. — 
Messrs. Editors, — I send you an ex- 
i tract from a letter just received from 
one of the largest and largest-heart- 
ed slaveholders in this State, which 
will confirm the opinions you have 
so often expressed as to the pro- 
gress of truth in the slave States, 
now that' the ultra-abolitionists are 
so well known as to have no further 
power of mischief. The day of 
freedom is dawning. 

Yours truly, 

X. Y. Z. 

EXTRACT. 

"I am making some of my im- 
provements in reference to a diffe- 
rent state of society : I mean when 
agriculture shall be carried on with 
free labor, which must take place at 
no distant period. Then Virginia 
will begin to resume her compara- 
tive standing with her sister Slates, 
and not until then. I am more and : 
more frequently, and agreeably sur- 
prised to find the opinion among 
men of all classes amongst us, but 
especially the large slaveholders. 
The countervailing influence of the 
ultra- abolition ills can no longer sup- ' 
press the common sense of the in- 
justice of slavery : but above all, 
the manifestation that slavery is un- 
profitable, and is inevitably becom- 
ing more and more so, is working 
a change in the public mind that is 
advancing with a speed and force 
which must ere long reach the con- 
summation so devoutly to be wished, 
the iemoval of the plague-spot of 
slavery from the soil of Virginia. 



"I shall not live to see this happy 
change in the state of one portion 
of our population, and by conse- 
quence, an equally happy change, 
morally and physically in the other : 
but 1 am doing what I can to pre- 
pare my people for their approach- 
ing new condition — not here in 
Virginia, but for their future enjoy- 
ment of liberty in some other land. 
The land of their forefathers, I be- 
lieve, will be found the most appro- 
priate to afford them the enjoyment 
of this blessing. Their removal 
thither, while it will be attended 
with a double blessing — to them- 
selves and those they leave behind— 
will farlher vindicate the mysterious 
way 8 of God to man, in the dark and 
incomprehensible Providence which 
has suffered their captivity so long, 
when it shall be seen that the regene- 
ration of Africa could by no other 
means be effected. A line of steam- 
ers from New York to the Western 
coast of Africa would very soon lead 
to an emigration thither of the free 
people of color of the United States 
that would in a short time convince 
all Christendom of the practicability 
of the scheme of colonization for the 
regeneration of Africa. 

44 It has often been a matter of 
wonder to me, amidst the schemes 
of Christian benevolence of the day, 
that this has not been thought of. 
But it will soon commend itself to 
the capitalists of the day, on the 
score of profit. The resources of 
John Jacob Astor alone would be 
adequate to the establishment of a 
quarterly line of steamers to Libe- 
ria, which would open a new source 
of piofitable commerce, and bless- 
ings to continents. This is one of 
the grand developments resulting 
from the progress of science and 
the arts, to which we may look for- 
ward with gratitude to the Giver of 
every good and perfect gift." 



Items of Intelligence. 



WasTtait AmicA. — We have watched 
with uiucb interest the moral and relit 
™..p..!. improvement of Liberia; and it is 



• of tbe various denomina- 
tions have acted wisely in commencing 
their operations by Bending out while 
men lo tbim churches and to have the gen- 
eral oversight of their affairs. This we 
suppose Will be continued for some time, I 
unlil those societies are satisfied that the 
colored population are qualified to carry on ' 
the missionary work themselves. There are 
now several [uglily esteemed Africans en*- I 
gaged in ministerial labor and preaching tbe 
gospel with great acceptance, both to the" ' 



stranger 






c ml pursuits who occasionally visit that con- 
tinent Tbe field for operations is extend- 
ing, and the natives are now asking that the 
missionary, or "God man," be sent to them. 
We find (he following interesting article 
in reference to Liberia, in the Boston Ke- 

Mojal Statistics or Liberia.— The 
whole number of emigrants to Liberia pro- 
per — that is, to the settlements planted by 

auxiliaries, and not including the Slsrj land 
colony at Cape Palmas — was 4,454, pre- 
vious to September, 1343. Of these, 1,687 
were free born, 97 purchased their own 
freedom, and 2,290 were slaves emancipat- 
ed in view of their emigration; and of the re- 
mainder, the former condition is not known. 

recaptured Africans, rescued by the United 
States Government from slave traders, 
either at sea or after landing in the United 
States. These were originally settled at N. 
Georgia, near Monrovia ; but some of them 
have since removed to other settlements. 

Of the whole number, 871, or ahout one- 
fifth, have died of the African fever i most- 
ly through their own imprudence, or the 
want of medical skill and accommodations 
for the sick, incident to a new settlement. 
Of some companies, several years ago, 
nearly half died of tint fever. Of other 
diseases and casualties, 1,8-4 have died: 
that isleas than une-tliirdiu 23 years. The 
number who have returned to tbe United 
States is 108: removed to Sierra Leone, 
197; removed to Cape Palmas, 117; left 
in foreign vessels, not expected to return, 
68; total of removals, 620. The number 
of emigrants remaining in Liberia, Septem- 
ber, 1843, was 1,786; making, with their 
children, a population of 2,890. Subsequent 
emigrations are supposed to have raised 
this number, in May, 1845, to about 2,618. 



Many of the native tric-M have given tip 
their own government, and put themselves 
wholly under the government, of the Com- 
inon wealth of Liberia ; and many individ- 
uals and families from other tribes have 
done the same |— mostly for jiroteclioa 
against slave traders. Of this population 
no census has ever been taken, and esti- 
males vary from 10,000 to 15,000. Of 
these, about 300 are so far civilized and en- 
lightened as to be admitted to vote at elec- 
tions, and enjoy all the other privileges of 
citizens. These, with their families, prob- 
ably raise the total of citizens in full to 
something more than 4,000 ; and the whole 
population directly amenable lo the laws 
of the commonwealth, is probably from 
15.0UO lo 20,000. The population of the 
allied tribes, who are bound by treaty to 
abstain from the slave trade and some other 
baibaraus usages, and to refer all difficul- 
ties to the government of the commoiiweatlh 
lor settlement, without war, is wery uncer- 
tain. A medium of the various estimate! 
would make it nearly or quite 100,000. 

Besides all these, the Cape Palmas colo- 



ny which is a distinct govern 


nent, has an 


.emigrant population of 700 or 800; so that 


1 the whole civilized population on that part 


of the coast of Africa amounts to nearly 


5,000 ; and the whole native population 


which is in various degrees under their in- 


fluence and advancing toward civilization, 


is probably not Far from lOo.OOO. 


' Tbe religious statistics of Libeiia. ac- 


cording to the census of September, 184J, 


CHURCHES. 






5 = i 














I 


&A 


£ 




m 




1m 


I',.-'.,— 'I- 


ii 




16 








39B 










New Qmrgii, B.pli.l - 


M 








11 














Melhodirt - 


« 




a 


Mili-t-..ri-. Bapliit 






35 


Mtlhttliit - 




- li 


0B 


i UpjHT C»W-cll, da. 

II..I.I „■;:!.,„, do. 


a 
a 


- a 


« 
M 






- nt 


at 


MirihtU, ' Biptiil '- 






ip 


Method itt - 






a 




m 




« 




a 




ItM 


P«.brt«™, 








But Cart, Btpli.1 


3 


»J 4 
















a is 


M 


M«timiJit - 






a 


Gictavillc, do. 
















Total - - 







Receipt!. 



Greenville is the name of tile settlement 
atthemotifhoftheSinouriver. H 
ton and Robertsville are niisii.irinry 
•inor.g the natives. Since this census was 
taken, several new missionary stations have 
been commenced, some of which are 10U 
Mil'- i'i more in Ihe interior. 

The Presbyterian church at F.dina meets 
for worship at a private house. All the 
others have houses of worship, of which 
two are thatched chnppls, three are of Mr- - 
anil (lie others are I rained wooden tiou 

The schools, at that time, were all, 
eept one, supported by missionary and i 
cation Bocielies in the United States, 



ibIso gone into effect, setting apart certain 
po/tions of Ihe public revenue for the sup- 
port of public schools. Under this law 
oiiblic schools have been opened at Mars- 
all, Edina, Bassa Cove and several other 



sett leu 



a complete hat of all 
-. fioia Apnl, 1828, to 
™ ■• 1 baie 



SCHOOLS. 


| 

1 


J 


£ 


Monrovia, M'tnodi.t . - - 
CM*,™'*"' "do. '"- - '- '■ 

■whrtt piirnj, do. - - - - 

Do. do. - - - - 

£dini, BipU.i .... 

Do? Malhodi.l - - - 

Fachiry Iilunl, Lxlici of Puilad'a. 

Stile;, Ba pilot - - - . 


3 

41 
3 

* 

91 

31 


1 


19 

■1" 

8 

n 
is 

"SB 



Though certain societies nre responsible 
for the *uppo.'i il 1h»»r •rhools, yet a con. 
nidernblc pan of the expense of some of 
them is believed to be defrayed by tie 
tuition bills of il.t pupils. Since the ten 
ju» was takin several nciv missionary 
tc hools have been opened among the na- 
tive*. A law of the commonwealth has 



September, 1843. The <- 

For murder — Americans, 2; recaptured 
Africans, 4 ; Native, 1 ; total, 7. 
for kidnapping— Natives, 11. 
For burglary— Americans, 6; Natives, 12; 

total, 17. 

For all crimes, including the above, Ame- 
ricans, 109; recaptured Africans, 25; na- 
tives, 2*/} ; total, 373. 

Of the two convictions of American 
emigrants for murder, one was in 1S28, and 
the other in 1833. The last conviction for 
kidnapping was in January, 1839. There 
were two convictions for burglary in 1841, 
and none other since January, 1839. 
Doubtless many instances ol petty larceny 
and similar olfences among the natives 
have escaped detection, or have been set- 
tled by the parties, without coming before 
Ihe courts 



-third of the children in 
teen schools are from native families ; and 
there are more or less of them in every 
school except two. There are native coni- 

twenly-lhree ; and there are native com- 
imunicanbt in some church in every set- 
I dement, except Greenville, which is one 
1 of ihe most recent. They live under the 
same laws, and if accused of crime, are 
tried by the same courts. In short, the 
same influences of religion, of education 
and of jurisprudence are brought to bear 
upon them, and are gradually raising them 
to the same level of civilization and Chris, 
lianity, — JVtw York ContmerciaUdBtrtiitr. 



i of tit 51 m trie an Golanijatien Aocittp, 
from Ike 70th o/Jpril, taUuSOIA of May, 1847. 



MAINE. 
Butt- -From the Bath Col. Socie- 
ty, §89. A Friend of Coloniza- 
tion, 820, by .Tona. Hyde, Esq., 
Treasurer Bath Colonization 
Society 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

By Dea. Samuel Tracy : — 

Mcriden— Rev. A. Blanchard, 50 

cts., Mrs. Kimball, 82, Mrs. 

Rowell, 81, Samuel Duncan. SO 

cts 



194 



Receipts. 



[Jane, 1847.] 



VERMONT. 

By Dea. Samuel Tracy : 
Windsor— Rev. F. Butler, $1, 
Mrs. Kidder, £3, Catharine B. 
Kidder, 2.3 cts., Hellen E. Kid- 
der, 25 cents., J. \V. Hubbuid, 
Dea. P. C. Skinner, J. P. Skin- 
ner, Kev. E. Hutchinson, Mrs. 
H. White, each $1, S. F. Belk- 
nap, $5, C. Swain, 50 els., cash 

50 cts 15 

East Berkshire — Hon. Stephen 
Page 10 

25 
CONNECTICUT. 

Lisbon — From the Rev. Levi Nel- 
son 3 

NEW JERSEY. 

Ewinx— Rev. Eli F. Cooley, $3, 
Mary Hunt, $1 4 

VIRGINIA. 

Norfolk— James D. Johnson, Esq., 
§10, Win. Ward, Esq., #5 15 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Omrlaton — From the Rev. Dr. 
Giln:an 5 

GEORGIA. 

Savannah — From A. A. Denslow, 
L&q 5 

KENTUCKY. 

By Rev. Alex. M. Cowan : 

layette County— 11. C. Boggs, $20, 
Charles Carr,fU0, Solomon Van- 
met**r, John Love, each £5. ... 40 

Boyle County — Robt. Montgomery , 
£20, Jesae SiLith, J. A. Jacobs, 
John R. Foid, each $10, J. 
PvIcDowell, J. S. Graham, Hen- 
i y J. Cowan, eacii v-3 63 

Garrard County — Lytlle Royston, 
#5, Members of Paint LickCh., 
(Prs.,) viz : H. T. Tcrrill, 
Franklin Moran, each §5, J. 
M. Rt-id, §2, J. C. McCormack, 
A. F. Denny, G. Denney, Win, 
Woiuls, \\'~ M. Shumate, H. 
It. Brown, each ^?l,Cri«r«;r Wal- 
lace, E. Terrill, E. A. Ramsey, 
each 50 cts., in part to consti- 
tute Rev. R. A. Johnson a life 
member of the American Colo- 
nization Society 24 

Madison County — Dr. W. R, 
Letcher, Cuitis Field, Major 
Squire Turner, each #10, Cald- 
well Campbell, J. H. Shackle- 
ibrd, each #.\ Mrs. Jane Morse, 
^ aAndenon,$l 44 

171 



MISSISSIPPI. 

; Bachelor's Bend — Francis Griinn, 
> donation towards the &15,<KJ0 
fund for the purchase of terri- 
tory 1,000 00 

!' ARKANSAS. 

Kidron — George Freeman, ( colrr- 
| ed.) donation by Rev. C. Kings- 
: bury 15 0o 



50 

00 

— I 
50 



Total Contributions $1,339 00 



00 



00 



00 I 



00 



00 



7 23 



3 00 



FOR REPOSITORY. 

! : M ai N e . — Camden — E ph . Wood, 

J for 1646 and 1847 3 00 

00 ' New Hampshire. — Meriden — C. 
i S. Richards, to May, 1847, $1. 
'i Concord — Rev. Benjamin P. 

1 Stone, to May, 1547, «.3 4 09 

' Vermont. — By Deacon Samuel 

j Tracy — Union Village — John 

J Lord & Sons, to June, 1847, 50 

j cts. Windsor — Allen Wardner, 

to May, 1847, $2, A. Bowen, to 

May, JS48, $1 50. Ludlow— 

Hod. R. Washburn, to May, 

1847, $1 25. Lunenburg— Rev.. 

G. W. Butler, to May, 1847, 

v?- 

Massac ii us ktts. — Brighton Cor- 
ner—Dr. H. Eldridge, for 1846 
and 1847, per Rev. Joseph 
Tracy 

: New York. — New York City— 
By Cant. George Barker — rfon. 
Samuel Jones, to January, 1848, 
$2, William Chauucy, to Jan., 
1348, $2, From sundry ppr- 
sons, £36. Riverhead — Wil- 
liam Jaj^r, to Oct. 1847, §2. 
00 ! N e w J e rs k y . — Bloomfield—XV in . 
R. Peters, Esq., lb 1st May, 

1847 

Pennsylvania. Lancattcr — 

Emanuel Shaffer, by M. Keller, 

i ; Esq., to May, 1847 

Vi rg 1 n 1 A . — Wheeling — Moses C. 
Good, by A. Numan, Esq., to 

1 May, 1847 

j Ohio. — Ohio City — Richard Lord, 
to January, 1850, $3. Cincin- 

1 nati— T. O. Pretcott, by Rev. 

j John B. Pinney, to May, 1848, 
50 $1 50 4 50 

.' Tennessee. — Nashville — Hon. 

ii II. H. McEwen, to Jan., 1850, 9 0O 



42 00 



4 00 



2 00 



5 00 



00 



50 



Total Repository 88 7S 

Total Contributions 1,339 00 

Aggregate Amount., • . . • • .$1»4SS 75 



I 



THE AFRICAN REPOSITORY, 



AND 



COLONIAL JOURNAL. 



Vol. XXIIL] 



WASHINGTON, JULY, 1847. 



[No. 7. 



J&nriwtvsaxr; of Ijk tlcrc IJork State Colonisation <$octdu. 



The anniversary of this society 
was celebrated, Tuesday evening, 
May 11th, at the Tabernacle. An- 
son G. Phelps was in the chair. 
Rev. Dr. Bates, late President of 
Middlebury College, Vt., offered a 
prayer. Dr. Reese read some ex- 
tracts from the annual report, of 
which we hope to have a copy for 
publication in our next number. 

Rev. Mr. Prime, of this city, then 
rose, and offered the following reso- 
lution : 

Hesolved, That the richest boon 
in store for this country and for 
Africa, is to be found in the princi- 
ple of Colonization. 

If asked, said he, to name the 
greatest good which can be vouch- 
safed to this country, no reflecting 
man could be long in doubt for a re- 
ply. In all that goes to make a na- 
tion happy, prosperous and gieat : 
it has pleased a kind and almost 
partial Providence to make us a 
peculiar people. Rushing on in a 
career of advancement that leaves 
history without a parallel, and out- 
14 



strips the sight of prophecy, a na- 
tion has put on the strength of ma- 
turity, while yet pressing onward in 
the heat of youth. 

But rejoicing as we do in these 
early indications of such a republic 
as the sun has never seen, where 
the long-pent and just dying hopes 
of the human soul for freedom are 
to be made the living relations 
of our day and our possession, we 
see in the distance a cloud that 
threatens a coming storm. It is 
impossible to view the colored race 
in the United States disconnected 
from the subject of slavery. Slavery 
brought them here, and when we 
are devising ways and means to 
provide for them and their prospe- 
rity, we are acting on the question 
that holds in its bosom the destinies 
of three millions of slaves, and the 
desiinies of this confederacy. It is 
no part of wisdom — no patriotism — 
no statesmanship to shut one's eyes 
to this fact, and to these relations of 
this subject. It presses itself on the 
heart, and we have to feel, if we 



196 



•Anniversary of the JV. F. State Col. Society. 



[July, 



are afraid to say it. It is idle to deny | 
that the question of slavery not only j 
agitates the republic, hut strains the 



or. tendency to mitigate or remove 
the evil of slavery, it ha? for fifteen 
years past been very common for 



ligaments of this Union — as a| Abolitionists to deny. They have 
mighty ship that groans on the scouted the idea as ridiculous, and 
swells of a heaving sea, and threat- ; denounced the scheme as born of the 
ens to break in two, unless the rock- 1 devil, and nursed in hell. Believing 

■ i 

ing subsides, or the vessel makes a jj that wisdom would die with them, 
port. Every winter brings a storm, !' and what was done must be done be- 



in which you may hear the creaking 
of the timbers of the ship of state, 
and disguise it as we may, for one, 



fore their ascension, these reformers 
raised the flag of immediate aboli- 
tion. And what has been the re- 



1 believe, that if this confederacy j suit? These liberators and eman- 
breaks, it will be on the line of lib- !! cipators have now and then suc- 
erty. jjceeded in rescuing one at the ex- 

Now turn to Africa. For every 'j pense of millions ; compelling the 
quarter and corner of the earth, but ;| slave power to a more rigorous 



for Africa, there seems to be hope. 
Even China has opened her gates on 
rusted "hinges turning." The heart 
of India feels the powers of light 
from on high. The islands of the 
sea rejoice in God's law. But 
Ethiopia does not stretch forth her 
hands. Brutalized beyond all parallel 
among the dwellers on God's foot- 
stool, her surface never yet traversed 
by the feet of civilized men : she 
remains in these last days, despised 
and bruised, blasted and cursed, as 
if the vengeance of Heaven had set- 
tled eternally upon a hopeless land. 
Thus is Africa the reverse of Ameri- 
ca in everything that constitutes the 
honor and happiness of man. And 
with these contradictory aspects, of 
elevation, and debasement, civiliza- 
tion, and barbarism, we presume to 
hold that the richest boon for both 
is in the principle of Colonization. 
That Colonization has any design 



police, rousing the natural resent- 
ment of the human heart, sealing all 
the avenues to the judgment and 
conscience ; and thus to the extent 
of their ability they have driven 
, back the waves of freedom that were 
swelling and rolling when they lifted 
up their standard to the flood. If 
ever a scheme of human devising 
had proved a failure ; recoiling on its 
authors, and converting promised 
blessings into heaviest curses, doiug 
no good itself, and striking nerve- 
less every other arm that would be 
raised : powerless for good, and 
mighty only for mischief; crushing 
almost beyond recovery or redemp- 
tion the objects of its spurious phi- 
lanthropy ; that cause is modern 
Abolitionism. An Aaron Burr in the 
State, it has plotted disunion: a 
Judas Iscariot in the church, it has> 
betrayed and abjured the cause ; and 
though like the former, it may es- 



1847.] 



Anniversary of the N. Y. State Col Society. 



197 



cape conviction of overt treason, like 
the latter, also, give it rope enough, 
and it will hang itself. 

Had it not been for the mysterious 
rise of this delusion, the benevolent 
principle of the Colonization Society 
would have worked its way deep 
into the Christian heart of America 
long ere this. But now that Aboli- 
tionism has done its worst, and has 
failed, the time has come for the 
development of this principle and 
its extension in the land. 1 look 
upon it as aiming primaiily and 
directly at the elevation and happi- 
ness of the colored race, especially 
the free people of color in these 
United States. Its power is silent, 
and all the greater for that: its aim 
and effect is to exalt the colored 
man to an equal standing with his 
fellow men — to put him on the plat- 
form of humanity — to bring out his 
intellectual faculties, by giving him 
a chance with the rest in the strug- 
gle of life : there in the open field 
and fair fight to show himself a 
man — gifted with all that ennobles 
the human, and separates him from 
the brute — formed for as high en- 
joyment and wide-stretched useful- 
ness as you, and bound for a destiny 
as deathless and glorious as the 
whitest seraph whose crown flashes 
in the sunlight of Jehovah's eye. 

There stands the colony, and its 
success in the happiness and useful- 
ness of a young republic, are the 
living and growing evidences that 
the man of color is a man. Let the 
Christian master hear of it, read of 



it, think of it; that the daik skin of 
the slave at his feet hides a mind 
that, under the genial influence of 
this principle, will ripen and ex- 
pand into the vigor of intelligent, 
ji manly statesmanship ; a soul is there, 
shut out from the power of making 
high and rapid progress in the know- 
ledge of God's word, and the fruits 
of human research and learning: 
let the Christian master look at the 
bright career of enjoyment on which 
the freedman enters when he sets 
his feet on his father land, and sur- 
veying the waiving harvest, says 
fc * all these are mine ;" let the 
Christian master think of this, and 
the best feelings of his soul are 
kindled with a desire that those who 
have served him faithfully may en- 
ter on this field of advancement. 
Hundreds of slaves have been eman- 
cipated by the force of this convic- 
tion in the heart of the master, and 
thousands more are to be ^delivered 
and exalted by the same resistless 
power. The light of truth, and 
the love of man, thus reaching the 
centre of motion in the soul, prepare 
the way for all the gciferous deeds 
that are worth a record in the me- 
mory of men. Abolitionism started 
with the promise of developing this 
as its grand result, but the first clus- 
ter of fruit has never yet encou- 
raged the hope of its harvest. I had 
a fine opportunity not many years 
ago, and not far from this place, of 
witnessing the influence of the two 
systems to promote the elevation of 
the colored man. I dropped in at as 



198 



Anniversary of the N. Y. State Col. Society. 



[July, 



abolition meeting, in an abolition 
church, and heard one of the most 
notorious abolition leaders of this 
city holding forth on the magic 
power of the abolition movement to 
restore the colored men to equal 
rights and privileges with the white. 
Jn an obscure quarter of the house, 
the colored hearers were crowded — 
not a white abolitionist among them — 
not a colored one among the white 
brethren. In the midst of the speech, 
two men entered, one with the pale 
face of the Saxon, and the other the 
dark skin of the real African — they 
walked half way up the aisle, when 
the white man showed his black 
friend into a pew, and following 
him, took a seat by his side. My 
conscience said at once, there is a 
full-blooded abolitionist, showing to 
the world that he thinks his co- 
lored brother as good as him- 
self. Curiosity was awakened, and 
1 ventured to ask a friend if he knew 
who were those men who had taken 
their seats. " Oh ves !" said he, 
that's Finley, the Colonization ad- 
vocate, and Governor Roberts, of 
Liberia!" The fact is better than 



can rise to the dignity of freemen 
and the independence of man. 

This scheme is to work out for Af- 
rica what Colonization has wrought 
out for this country. It doe* more. 
Already it plants a border of defence 
to keep the slave dealer at a distance. 
It introduces the arts and sciences 
of civilization upon the frontier of a 
land of barbarism, and the light that 
flames from the coast will shine to 
the centre. 

It may be that the colony will not 
civilize the natives : Plymouth Co- 
lony will not civilize the Indians 
around the bay ; but who shall say 
that it is not better for the world 
that Massachusetts should be the 
Massachusetts of to-day than of 250 
years ago ! Similar may be the de- 
sign of Providence in reference to 
Africa. So God has in his infinite 
wisdom always evolved good from 
evil, and made even the wrath of man 
to yield a revenue of glory to him- 
self. Revolutions have swept away 
the systems of tyranny, and made 
may for freedom. Light, knowledge 
and the Gospel itself have followed 
the bloody beds of war, and the 



a thousand theories. Abolitionism ■ the flowers of learning and liberty 
has sunk the colored man far, far be-: ! nave bloomed "on the field of the 
low where he stood twenty years '| cru>hed skeleton." 
ago. Colonization has demonstrated^ This is God's way of making 
his capacity to rise by giving him i. wralh t0 praige him?e?il t0 work aai 
the opportunity, and lo ! the result, j. ff0od for man Eren the cup of bj| _ 

terries? that his Son in dying agony 
would putawayfrom his lips, the wis- 
dom nf Infinite love converts into the 
up of salvation for a dying world. 



Benevolent masters will not libe- 
rate their slaves to reduce them lo 
the level of the great mass of free 
ne ;roes at the North ; bat they will 



rejoice to let them go, where they j shwy. the bitterest cup that 



1847.] 



•Anniversary of the N. Y. State Col. Soeiety. 



199 



ever pressed to the lip of brother man, 
may be made life to millions here and 
millions more in the land of Ham. 

In the future, 1 see no other pro- 
mise for the African here or there. 
But this is strong substantial hope. 
It is in the compass of God's great 
plans, I trust it is in the purposes 
that are npw struggling to break from 
the bosom of his love unto speedy 
achievement, thus silently but mighti- 
ly to deliver our land from its hea- 
viest curse, and convert that curse 
into Africa's riches. 

Rev. Dr. Magill, (colored,) of Cape 
Palmas, Africa, son of the late Vice 
Governor of the colony, was next 
introduced, and remarked that he did 
not believe Abolition could do so 
much for the result it advocated, 
Colonization. He himself was a 
proof, he said, that the colonies wer« 
the charnel nouse of the colored 
race. He gave a minute account of 
the character, health, &c, of ihe 
colony, and showed it to be a high- 
ly favorable place for colored emi- 
gration. While the blacks were ac- 
climating, the mortality, in his long 
practice, had been from eight to ten 
per cent. ; afterwards not more than 
three per cent., but it was still greater 
with the whites, who never can 
become there perfectly acclimated. 
He corroborated the accounts here- 
tofore given, at all their annual meet- 
ings, of the merchandise in which 
they dealt. He also described the 
constituency of the colony, as a per- 
fect republic, all but the Governor 
who is appointed by the society; 



u 



all officers, legislators, <fcc, are co- 
lored. No others can ever hold 
office there. Thus the Coloniza 
tionists bestow immediately what 
the Abolitionists promise, at some 
remote and indefinite period. The 
speaker, in a manly and high- 
toned manner, described his ideas of 
what true freedom is, and that he 
avered he felt and enjoyed in the 
colony where he was brought up. 
He described the religious privi- 
leges, and the school privileges en* 
joyed in the colonies ; debating so- 
cieties, lyceums, benevolent socie- 
ties, and other means of intellectual 
advancement existed there in abun- 
dance. He portrayed the benign 
effects of the presence of the colo- 
nies on the African coast, upon the 
suppression of the slave trade. Many 
u factories'' had been broken up, and 
the slaves sent back to the different 
governors in the neighborhood of 
the colonies. He gave instances of 
the intellectual and moral culture of 
great numbers of the natives. The 
speaker remarked that every colonist, 
on his arrival, becomes a citizen on 
taking the oath to support the con- 
stitution; and the result has demon- 
strated the ability of the colored 
race to govern themselves ; and he 
cited Governors Roberts and Russ- 
worm, as proofs of this. There are 
none who go to Liberia, prudent, 
and intelligent, and with moderate 
means, but remain there, contented : 
and they have a most beneficent effect 
upon its mass of ignorance they find 
there on their arrival. The speaker 



200 



Survey of African Missions. 



[July, 



dwelt upon the policy of colored 
emigration to the colonies as the 
only way the colored people of the 
United States can attain any political 
or personal distinction or advan- 
tages whatever. He gave some use- 
ful hints to intended colonists, as to 
the proper time and mode of going. 
November, the latter part of it, was 
the best time to arrive. He was 
sorry so few of his own color were 
present to hear him ; while, to-day, 
there were a great many listening to 
the visionary schemes of the Aboli- 
tionists, in that place. After a very 
modest apology for the imperfect- 
ness (as he said) of his speech, 
(which needed no such apology,) 



the speaker took his seat, amidst the 
warmest applause of the whole au- 
dience. 

Rev. Mr. Slicer made a few re- 
marks, not at the length, he said, he 
intended, and would like to do ; for 
it was too late an hour of the even- 
ing. He said a few words of the 
gross injuries heaped upon. the chil- 
dren of Ham, and defended coloni- 
zation as the only practicable scheme 
for Africa's indemnification. He was 
also quite warm, and strong in his 
denunciation of the English policy 
of immediate abolitionism, even by 
slave insurrection, if necessary. 

After this speaker had concluded 
his speech, the meeting adjourned. 



[From the Missionary Herald.] 

Surtup of African flXissxone. 



To no part of the great missionary 
field does the Christian turn with a 
deeper interest than to Africa. This 
is not to be ascribed to its vast phy- 
sical resources, or to its admirable 
position for commercial intercourse 
with the rest of the world ; nor does 
it arise from its wonderful history, 
stretching far back into the shadows 
of antiquity. But he remembers 
that Northern Africa was once dot- 
ted with a thousand churches, all of 
which have disappeared, leaving 
scarcely the form of godliness be- 
hind. He calls to mind, moreover, 
the names of Origen and Cyprian 
and Augustine ; and he longs to see 
others of like faith and equal zeal 
and ability, preaching the gospel to 
the posterity of Ham. 

And there is a still stronger rea- 
son for the Christian's interest in the 
welfare of Africa. No other land 
has suffered so much from those 



who bear the Christian^ name. For 
ages the slave trade has been the 
source of unnumbered woes^ to the 
colored race; and even now, after 
all that has been done to suppress 
the iniquitous traffic, it is estimated 
by Buxton that, in addition to the 
fifty thousand (according to Mc- 
Queen one" hundred and twenty 
thousand) who are yearly carried in- 
to slavery by the Mohammedans, 
one hundred and fifty thousand (ac- 
cording to McQueen two hundred 
and fifty thousand) are every year 
sold into hopeless bondage by the 
subjects of Christian governments. 
Something has, indeed, been ac- 
complished by the vigilance of ships 
of war ; and something also by the 
colonies already in existence ; and 
other remedies are not without their 
place and their value. But, after 
all, our reliance must be upon the 
gospel of ChrisU Were the whole 



!*«•] Survey of African Missions. 201 



. continent surrounded by the navies 
of the world, increased a bundled 
fold ; were it belted, moreover, with 
colonies, such as we now rind upon j 
the western and southern coast; 1 
slavery would still live, and the 



MISSIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA. 

As the missions in South Africa 
have been the most numerous and 
the most successful, it will be proper 
to bring these first under review, 
and then pass to the efforts which 



traffic in slaves would still continue to ! } mve been made to introduce Chris- 
exert its baleful influence. If then jj tianity into other parts of the con- 
we would see the one hundred and ti ne nt. It will be understood, of 
fifty millions of Africa becoming or- bourse, that the object of this sur- 
derl)*, peaceful and industrious citi-, vey is to ascertain what has been 
zens,.tosay nothing of higher in- j done for the native population: 
terests, we must send them Bibles I, hence little or nothing will be said 
and missionaries, and make them | f lne religious and educational ar- 
acquainted with that "godliness" ■ ; rajfurementa of foreigners, (Euro- 
which "is profitable unto all ; pea ns and others,) lesiding in dif- 
imngs. i ferent parts of Africa. 

It is a natural and important in- 
quiry, therefore, " What has been 



done, and what is now doing, to dis- 



3 for avian Mission, 
It was in 1737 that (George 



charge the duty of the church to Schmidt, one of the United Brethren, 
this portion of the heathen world?" : arrived at Cape Town, a free passage 



To answer this inquiry, as far as 
practicable, is the design of the pres- 
ent article. In preparing this sur- 
rey of missions in Africa, the pub- 



having been gianted to him by the 
Dutch East India Company. His 
object was to make known the gos- 
pel to the Hottentots; and he soon 



lished proceeding* of the different commenced his labors at Genaden 
societies which sustain laborers in . dal, (Vale of Grace.) Though obli- 
this field, have been consulted when- ! ged to preach through an interpre- 
ter they were accessible; but other : ter, his self-denying efforts were 
works have been constantly refer- • followed by considerable* success. — 
red to, such as Moffat, Backhouse, ; The Hottentots regarded him with 
Arbousset and Daumas, McQueen, sentiments of unfeigned love and 
&c ; and several German publica- , admiration ; and in the course of a 
tions have just been received, par- , few years a number of them receiv- 
ticularly the second volume of led his message as the truth of God. 
Wiggers's History of Evangelical ,; Finding himself, however, much 
Missions, and Sonuermann's Tabu- .embarrassed in his operations by 
lar View of Protestant Missionary ' the interference of the colonial gov- 
Societies, Missionary Stations and ■] ernment, he repaired to Europe in 



Missionaries, which have afforded 
valuable assistance. In relation to 
some points, however, it has been 



1744 to obtain a removal of his 
grievances. But he not only failed 
to secure this important object, the 



found impossible to obtain satisfac- : Dutch East India Company even 
tory information. A uniform ays- j! refused to sanction his leturn to 
tern of reporting the state and pro-; the scene of his labors; and for 
gress of different missions is a great, fifty years the harvest which he had 
desideratum. Were such a system i- begun to gather, was left without a 
adopted by all the societies, the 'I reaper, 
statistics of missions would be much At length, however, Marsveld, 

more instructive than they now are.! Schwinn and Kilhnel were pennit- 

ll 



Groen Kloof, 


308 


1-16 


1.&3U 


Grnadendal, 


810 


244 


2,644 


Eliiu, 


227 


117 


1,014 


Enon, 


74 


. 


827 


Shiloh, 


51 


83 


613 


Clarkson, 


61 


41 


294 


Itobben Island, 


19 


- 


72 



Total, 1,550 581 6,194 



! Missions of the London Missionary 



202 Survey of African Missions. [July. 

ted to search for the few sheep, ; some of the stations, particularly at 

who lia.l been left so long without Enon and Shiloh, have been very 

a shepherd at Genadendul. They unfavorably affected by the existing 

found a part of the wall of the old mis- war between the colonial govern- 

sion-house standing; and in the gar- ment and the Catfires. Prior to the 

dcu attached to it were some of the disturbances occasioned by this un- 

Iruit-trees which Schmidt had plant- .; happy contest, the statistics of the 

ed. The moral aspect of this Vale of mission were as follows : 

Grace corresponded to its physical "! ~ n T7 , . 

. >ni i \ "i- i ■' c/„/,-™. Commu- Can- Under in- 

appearance. " I he boar out ot the Mahons. nicanU didaUt Urugtion 

wood had indeed wasted it, and the 
wild beast of the field had devoured 
it ; n but the labors of this early 
missionary were neither forgotten j 
nor obliterated. An aged female 
whom he had baptized, and who 
still retained a remembrance of her 
beloved teacher, rejoiced exceeding- 
ly when she was told that the new ] The number of male (European) 
missionaries were his brethren.— \ laborers at these stations is twenty- 
The Hottentots,— some of whom , five 5 and at one of lhem u >ere 
recollected their old pastor, while = ls an unmarried female assistant. 
many had heard of his brief but 
beneficent career, — rallied around . ( «, . 

his successors; and though their j •'" 

trials were great, they were cheered | The attention of the London 
by many tidi-'iis that their labors , Missionary Society was turned, 
were not in vain. soon after its formation, to South 

Passing from the easly history Africa. Under its direction Dr. 
of this minion to its present state, Vanderkempand his associates com- 
v/e find that the United brethren menced their labors in 1709. While 
now have stations at Groen Kloof, two of his brethren, Kicherer and 
Gcnadcmfal, Klim, Enon, Shiloh, Kramer, went to the Bushmen on 
Clarkson, and Robbcn Island. — the Zak River, he endeavored, in 
The last of these stations was oc- . connection with Edmonds, to intro- 
cupied for the first time in 1816. — (luce the gospel among the Caffres. 
The leper hospital, formerly at =■ With much difficulty, and after 
llamel-En-Arde, (near Caledon,) many perils, the consent of Gaika 
hiving been transferred to Hobben : was given to their remaining in hit 
Island in Table Bay, the missionary , dominions. A suitable place hav- 
who had previously devoted him- j ing been selected for a residence, 
self to the spiritual goo(1 of the j they proceeded at once to the erec- 
inmates, followed them to their new lion of their humble dwelling. It 
home. " On approaching the poor was in allusion to this interesting 
lepers, v he says, " they broke forth event that Dr. Vanderkemp after- 
into songs of thanksgiving and wards wrote as follows: * 4 Brother 
praise, for the mercy of the Lord in Edmonds and I cut down long grass 
restoring to them their teacher. Many ! and rushes, and felled trees in the 
a tear roiled down their swarthy ; wood. I kneeled down on the 
cheeks on this interesting occasion." srrass, thanking the Lord Jesus that 
The operations of the mission at , he had provided roe a resting place 



1847.] 



Survey of African Missions. 



203 



before the face of our enemies and 
Satan, praying that from under this 
roof the seed of the gospel might 
spread northward through all Af- 
rica." 

The success of Dr. Vanderkemp 
seems not to have equalled his ex- 
pectations, and he died in 1811, 
when but few of his fondest hopes 
had been realized. Still it was not 
the design of Providence that this 
remarkable man should labor in 
vain. ♦' He came,'' says Moffat, 
44 from a university to stoop to teach 
the alphabet to the poor naked Hot- 
tentot and Caflfre ; from the society 
of nobles, to associate with beings 
of the lowest grade in the scale of 
humanity; from stately mansions, 
to the filthy hovel of the greasy 
African ; from the army, to instruct 
the fierce savage the tactics of a 
heavenly warfare, under the banner 
of the Prince of Peace; from the 
study of physic, to become the 
guide to the balm in Gilead and the 
physician there ; and, finally, from 
a life of earthly honor and ease, to 
be exposed to perils of waters, ol 
robbers, of his own countrymen, of 
the heathen, in the city, in the 
wilderness.*' Such a man, with 
such a spirit as he possessed, could 
not spend his strength for nought. 
And though it appeared to him, 
doubtless, as it did to Kicherer and 
Anderson and Albrecht, that he had 
sown his seed in a roost ungrateful 
soil, others found "an abundance 
of corn in the earth upon the top 
of the mountains, the fruit whereof 
shall shake like Lebanon." 

The later operations of the Lon* 
don Missionary Society in South 
Africa have been quite prosperous. 
It now has thirty-three stations, 
connected with which are thirty- 
eight missionaries, seven European 
and twenty-seven native male assis- 



tant missionaries. Beginning in the 
northwestern corner oi the colony, 
we find one of these stations at 
Komaggas, in Little Namaqua Land. 
Passing from Tulbagh by Paarl to 
Cape Town, and then along the 
southern border of the colony, we 
meet with the representatives of this 
society in Caledon, Pacaltsdorp, 
Dy salsdorp, Hankey, Port Eliza- 
beth, Bethelsdorp, Uitenhage, The- 
opolis ; and if we turn to the north- 
ward we shall find other laborers 
still at Graham's Town, Somerset, 
Graaf Reinet, Kat River and Coles- 
berg. Beyond the present limits 
of the colony, there are five stations 
in CafTreland, on or near Keiskam- 
ma River and Buffalo River ; and 
there are also several stations north 
of the colony at Philippolis, Griqua 
Town, Lekatlong, Kuruman, Touns, 
while two, Mabotsa and Chonuane, 
have just been established some two 
hundred miles beyond Kuruman.— 
And it is evidently the purpose of 
the society to press forward, as the 
way shall be opened for them, still 
farther to the north. 

Passing by the effect of the C afire 
war upon some of the eastern sta- 
tions, — which will be noticed here- 
after, — the following table will pre- 
sent the statistics of the society's 
missions in South Africa as recently 
puslished : 

Cape Town, 128* 

Paarl, 84 150 260 

Tulbagh, 30 170f 85 

Caledon Institution, 271 127 238 

Pacaltsdorp, 110 188 

Dysalsdorp, 108 59 

Hankey, 138 170 

Bethelsdorp, 12J 157 

Port Elizabeth, 85* 183* 

Uitenhage, 220 90 

Graham*s Town, 110* 312 

Graaf Reinet, 84 100 

Theopolis, 59 54 

Kat River, 800 750 



Day Sunday 
tchoVs. schoVt. 
520 126 



65 



70 
122 



Exclusive of Europeans. 



t Besides 165 evening scholars. 



204 



Survey of African Missions. 



[July. 



■■- » • ■»" «.^>. 



Station*. 

Cradock, 
Long Kloof, 

Somerset, 

BuHalo, Hivcr, 

Kcit-kiiiJirna, 

(Knapp'si Hope 

Birkkimls, 

Blinkvvatcr, 

Umxelo, 

Griqua Town, 

Lckailong, 

Philippolis, 

Kunimuii, 

Tonus, 

JVlahotsa, 

Chonuaw, 

Bnharutst», 

Thaba IVchu, 

Koinaggas, 

Total, 



Church Dm/ 
members, sc'iofs. 



.)} 



SI 
53 
2-1 
2« 
49 

10 

35 

48 
752 
211 
300 
246 
101 



52 



4,289 



150 
72 
70 
95 
30 

53 

49§ 
090 

230 



20 

115 
4,612 



250 

85 

90 



1,391 



English JVcsIcyan Missions. 



Sunday ' was work enough to he done in 

schol's. Xumaqua Land, promising, at the 

same time, to render him every pos- 

; sible assistance. Mr. Shaw thought 

thai he perceived the grinding liand 

of God in this coincidence; and in 

ii due time, therefore, he proceeded to 

this field of labor, so providentially 

! opened to him. 

, But he was arrested in his jour- 
1 ney by an event as gratifying as it 
j: was unexpected. While he was 
! travelling with Mr. Schmelen, lie 
' was met by six Hottentots on their 
.; way to Cape Town ; and he soon 
! ascertained tliat they were goine 
|j thither for the express purpose of 
findino some person to teach them 
' the way of salvation. — This became 
to Mr. Shaw as " a pillar of cloud 
1 and of fire" to direct him to the post 
which he was to occupy.. On reach- 
The missions of the English ' ing the abode of these Hottentots, dis- 
"Wesleyans in South Africa were ! taut about nine days from the place 
commenced in 1817. In the autumn i where they had so providentially met, 
of the previous year Rev. Barnabas he laid ihe foundation of a missionary 
Shaw, who had in vain endeavored station, know as Lily Fountain, which 
to obtain permission to instruct the has been kept up to the present 
slaves in Cape Town, apprised the time; while Mr. Schmelen went 
Governor of his desire to undertake forward in his journey of four or 
a mission in the interior. The lat- five weeks to his own field of la- 
ter expressed his approbation of the ,; bor. It was not long before some 
plan, and promised his encourage- of the natives evinced a personal in- 
xnent and aid; hut he declared his' 1 terest in the message which the mis- 
inability to point out any particular sionary delivered; and the ordi- 
locality. where such an enterprise nance of baptism was administered 
miuht he commenced with a proba- • to ten members of his congreja- 
bility of success. Mr. Shaw, more- tion. lie was soon joined by other 
over, had no adequate information laborers, and a new station was 
upon this important point; and he commenced, not far from Lily 
saw at first no way in which he Fountain, in IS 19. 
could carry his purpose into effect. " The statistics published below, 
It was at this critical moment that are laken from the last annual re- 
Mr. Schmelen, who had spent some port of the Wesleyan Missionary 
time among the Namaquas under ' Society ; and they will show with 
the direction of the London Mis-, how much energy its missions have 
sionary Society, arrived at Cape . been conducted in South Africa, 
Town with a number of the na- and also what success has followed 
lives, and assured him that there its efforts. The most northerly 



I Boarding scholars. 



§ Nine of them boarding scholars. 



1847.] 



Survey of African Missions. 



205 



station, mentioned in this table, is 
in the latitude of Walwick Bay, 
among the Damaras , and the most 
easterly is Peter Maritzberg, in the 
Natal territory. Between these two 
points are thirty-seven principal 
or central stations, sometimes called 
circuits; two of which (Bath or 
Nisbet Bath and Lily Fountain) 
are found among the Namaquas, 
and three (Cape Town, Wynberg 
and Stellenbosch) near the Cape of 
Good Hope, while most of the resi- 
due are in 01 near Caffreland, or 
among the different tribes of Bech- 
uanas which lie north of Caffreland. 
At these different stations and at 
the out-stations attached thereto, 
there were, at the date of the above 
mentioned report, thirty-nine mis- 
sionaries, forty-two salaried tea- 
chers, and four hundred and seventy 
gratuitous teachers. These statis- 
tics, as well as those which follow, 
must have been affected, to some 
extent, by the war, which has re- 
cently swept over the Caffre sta- 
tions ; but the time has not come 
for an estimate of the losses which 
have been caused by this unhappy 
and disastrous contest. 



8 357 



Central Preaching Ch. 
Stutions. places, me mis. 

Cape Town, } 
Wynberg, 5 

Stellenbosch, 3 270 

Cradock's Kloof, 4 6 

Lily Fountain, 2 122 

Nisbet Bath, 7 480 

Damaras, 2 6 

Thaba Unchu, 11 221 

Plaatberff, 11 209 

Umpukani, 6 116 

Imparani, 5 60 

Colesberg, 3 12 

Kamastone, 8 60 

Baraputsas, 2 20 

Graham's Town, 8 382 

Salem, 5 265 

Bathurst, 7 110 

Fort Beaufort, 13 88 

Fort Elizabeth, 4 53 

Cradock, 6 65 

Somerset, 6 24 

Has lope Hills, 4 60 



Candi- Day 
dates, schol's. ! 



37 
103 

12 

102 

30 

16 

50 

9 

16 

30 

33 

8 

4 

2 

17 

34 

15 



159 
240 

108 
550 

200 

174 

50 

50 

80 

160 

223 

54 

75 

30 

200 



Central Preaching 


Ch. 


Candi- 


Day 


Stations. places, membs. 


dates. 


schoVs. 


D'Urban, 


3 


79 


S 


150 


Newton Dale, 


1 


11 


2 




Gwanga, 


1 


4 






Beka, 


1 


18 


3 


29 


Wesleyville, 


1 


11 


- 


12 


Mount "Coke, ) 
Tamakha, j 


2 


21 


6 


30 


Imvani, 


1 


7 


1 


20 


Butterworth, 


3 


124 


29 


473 


Morley, 


1 


65 


38 


155 


Beecham Wood, 


1 


21 


1 


114 


Clarkebury, 


1 


68 


9 


80 


Buntingville, 


2 


64 


9 


70 


Shawbury, 


1 


22 


9 


40 


Faku's Mission, 


1 


13 






Port Natal, 


?■ 


17 


6 




Peter Maritzberg, 




Total, 


146 


3,531 


639 


3,526 



Mission of the Scotch Free Church. 

One of the earliest organizations 
in the world for sending the gospel 
to the heathen, was the Glasgow 
Missionary Society. It was form- 
ed on the 9th of February, 1796; 
and it originally embraced members 
of the Established Church of Scotland 
and Dissenters from that communion. 
After the lapse of more than thirty 
years, it was thought expedient to 
dissolve the union and form two so- 
cieties; one of which should be com- 
posed of persons adhering to the 
Church of Scotland, and the other 
of Dissenters. The former retain- 
ed thje old name, and the letter was 
called the Glasgow African Mis- 
sionary Society. After the division 
which took place in the Church of 
Scotland in 1843, the Glasgow Mis- 
sionary Society became merged in 
the foreign mission scheme of the 
Free Church of Scotland*, and its 
missionaries (all being in South 
Africa) were placed under the care 
of the latter body. The vote of 
dissolution and transfer was passed 
on the 29th of October, 1844. 

The Scotch Free Church, at the 
present time, has three stations in 
South Africa, all of which are in 
Caffreland. In connection with 



206 



Survey of African Missions. 



[July, 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^* 



these stations there are five mission- led at Paris in 1822, called *'So- 
aries, one male and two female Eii- [, ciete des Missions Evangeliques de 
ropean assistants, and six native jl Paris," which has directed all it* 
helpers. The operations of the efforts to the melioration of (South 



Scotch Free Church at Cape Town, 
which were commenced last year, 



Africa. Its earliest operations were 
among: the Hottentots of Wagonma- 



appear to be intended for the benefit If ker Valley, near Tulbagh ; but 
of the colonists residing in that place, ij other stations were soon commenced 
The reader will have inferred already || among the Bechuanas, where most 



that the three stations mentioned 
above must have suffered greatly, in 
common with so many others, from 
the Caffre war. The latest accessible 
statistics of the mission are as fol- 
lows: 



Families. 

1,540 
1,890 
1,155 



Commu- 
nicants. 

12* 
17 



Day 
scholars. 

24 
45 



Station*. 

Lovedale, 
Burnshill, 
Pirie, 

Total, 4,585 

Mission of the Glasgow African 
Society. 

This society has three stations un- 



29 



69 



of its missionaries are carrying for- 
ward their work at the present 
time. The divine blessing has at* 
tended the efforts of this society in 
an unusual degree. Not one of its 
missionaries has been called from 
his labors by death ; and the num- 
ber of the natives gathered into the 
fold of Christ, especially within the 
last few months, has rapidly in- 
creased. By the table which ii 
given below, it will be seen that the 
stations amount to ten. The num- 
ber of missionaries is fourteen ; and 
in addition to these there are three 
European assistants, two male and 



dor its patronage, two of them be- j! one female, and also two native as- 



ing among the Caffres, and the third 
among the Tambookies. Connect-, 1 
ed with these stations there are| 
only two missionaries, Kirkwood (in 



»n 



Tambookioland) being in charge of a 
native laborer. There are two Eu-! 



sistants. 



Stations. 
Wa^onmakcr \ 



i 



Valley, 
Bethulii!, 
Bficrshcba 
ropean assiptants, one male and one jl Mekuatlink 

female, and five native helpers, j Bcrea, ' 
three of them being males, and 'j Thaba Bassiou, 
two females ; and there is also a na- >' ™°r i .i a » 
tive printer. Prior to the Caffre 
war, the statistics of the mission, 
imperfectly reported, were as fol- 
lows: 

Number Commit- 
Stations, of hearers, nicants. Scholars. 

Chumie, 500 70 150 

Iggibigha, - 16 

Kirkwood, 



JVb.of Commu- 
hearers. nicants. Scholars. 

no report f 70 



Total, 500 86 150 

French Protestant Mission. 



i Bcthesda, 
; Motito, 
Mamusa, 

Total, 



600 
600 
350 

40} 
400 
400 

50 

800 
2,740 



166 

321 

63 

5 

8S 

169 

15 

44 

58 



500 
500 
150 

130 
80 



80 
90 



929 1,423 



Mission of the Rhenish Missionary 

Society. 

The desire which was awakened in 
| Great Britain, near the close of the 
last century, for the salvation of the 
1 heathen, extended to Elberfield, in 



I Germany ; and a missionary sociev 
A missionary society was form-;- ty was formed in that place in 1799. 



Besides Europeans. f Thirty-four are reported as baptized. J Adults. 



1847.] 



Survey of African Missions. 



207 



_m~»i_ i — iii_m — m_i i-iii_< — 1 1 n"-!! 



Another society of the same charac- 
ter was formed at Barmen in 1818; 
and in the course of some six years 
from that date, two or three other 
organizations, of a similar nature, 
arose in that part of Germany. — 
In 1828 these societies were united 
in one, which has since been known 
as the Rhenish Missionary Society. 
In the following year this society 
sent forth its first missionaries to 
South Africa ; and it now has ten or 
twelve stations, extending from 
Stellenbosch northward to the Da- 
maras, and even crossing the Tropic 
of Capricorn. The number of 
male European laborers, at present 
employed, is twenty-four, one of 
^whorn is a Norwegian ; and there 
are also, besides one female Euro- 
pean assistant, four native assistants. 
It is the wish of the society to en- 
large its operations among the Da- 
maras. The statistics of this mis- 
sion are incomplete. The follow- 
ing table embraces all the accessible 
information : 

c/„/v™. Church- Commu- 

btalxom ' goers, nicantt. Scholars. 

Stellenbosch, 1,000 145 687 

Worcester, 900 42 161 

Tulbagh, 600 24 250 

Wupperthal. - 60 120 

Kbenezer, - 60 

Komo^gas, 

Kok Fountain, - - 100 

A iris, 

Bethany, 

Annis, 

Damaras, 

Total, 2,600 311 1,318 

At Wupperthal the system of 
operation is peculiar, and deserves a 
special notice. An extract from a 
letter published in the Herald of the 
Churches, describing the plan pur- 
sued at this station, and also at 
Steinkopf, (near Kok Fountain,) 
will be read with interest. After 
stating that the first missionaries 
to Wupperthal purchased sixty thou- 
sand Rhenish acres of land for the es- 
tablishment of a colony, the writer 



proceeds as follows : " As each 
! missionary understood one or more 
trades, it was not long ere they had 
settled themselves, so far that they 
could think of the reception of hea- 
then into the colony. Whoever pro- 
mised to* submit to its authoritative 
regulations, received a piece of 
land and aid in the erection of a 
dwelling-house. Of each new comer 
it was required that he should 
clothe himself, shun theft and 
drunkenness, the common vices of 
the Hottentots, remain with his 
family, and yield obedience to the 
missionaries. Thus speedily arose 
the flourishing African Wupperthal, 
which, crowned with beautiful gar- 
dens, looks like a village of our na- 
tive land. The new settlers are 
instructed in all sorts of trades.— 
Here are smiths, shoemakers, 
joiners ; here tobacco is cultivated ; 
here hats are manufactured ; so that 
the oldest colonists already enjoy 
considerable prosperity. The mis- 
sionary Zahn has accomplished a 
similar beautiful work in 1844, in 
the neighborhood of another mis- 
sion station, (Kok Fountain.) He 
bought nine hundred and fifty-four 
Rhenish acres, for the small price 
of thirty- five hundred Prussian dol- 
lars, and founded a new colony, es- 
tablished in the following manner: 
Each family receives a piece of land 
for a house antf garden, for which 
it has to pay a rent of twelve Prus- 
sian dollars. The rent pays the 
interest of the capital which the 
missionary Zahn had borrowed in 
Cape Town for this purchase, and 
the surplus is applied to the liqui- 
dation of the principal. Thus it 
cannot fail that the colony will, in 
a few years, be a free property.— 
And to whom then 'will it belong ? 
Not to the missionary Zahn, for 
the mission is no money specula- 
tion, but to the heathen families, 
who, indeed, hare paid the whole.* 9 



208 Survey of African Missions. t Ju, >'« 

Mission of the Berlin Missionary ble is as complete and accurate as it 

Society. can be made : 

r P , r> ,. ... . c , . ' Number 

lhe Lerlm Missionary Society Stations. of luarcrs. Scholars. 

was oigjinized in lb21. It was not, Umla/i, Sim loo 

however, till 1833 that its iirst mis- 1 Uu.vuti, Sou 20 

fcionaries embarked for South Ai- liianda, 

ricji ; these commenced their labors \ The new 8lal i on , Inanda, is occh- 

in the lollowing year. The present ied b Mf Lim n ey . h i« n the 

numberoi stations is six,one of which : Uini riv( ^ about fi lle en nii | €t 

is at Ziiar, three are among ihe CaiIre», : ; fromilg|IIOUl | |f aiu i eome eighteen 

and two are among the Beehuanas. ,' or lwenly miles from N ala i. 

Connected with these stations there :j 

ire six missionaries, and live nmle;| Other Missionary Efforts. 

(European) assistants. The statistics ~ , 4l •„„;««.,.... ; na t;. 

•,. , ■' - ' ■ . c , , IM Only one other missionary insti- 

ol this mission are imperfect. I he < , . . .,„ . „„ a . ¥ „ fll- 

,. ,, : , . ii # i II .i , union is known to have any agent' 

]o lowintr table embraces all that is . . ,, . . r . . -J% uu™ * M 

» h ..- t , ... I in South Africa, whose labors are 

kuowu ol its present condition : , .. . , , • i„ ,_ .l. 

1 . directed solely or mainly to the 

Com- Mitiwn- Male • j u i welfare f ,l ie „atives.- 

. A society in Norway sent one mis- 
sionary and one male assistant to 
this portion of the heathen world iu 
1S42: and they desired to commence 
! operations among the Zulus beyond 

17 . . r ,, A „» i ! die Natal territory. But not finding 

Miss i9ii of the American Board, y , . J . • # ■ -. 1W1 t iZ 

J ..ii open door, they desisted from the 

It is not necessary, in this place, jj <. xec ution of their plan.— Their pres- 
to rtcur to tbe checkered history of. C nt field of labor is unknown. 
this mission. Some of its trials, it.. Some of the ministers who devote 
may be hoped, have come to an end. ! themselves to the interests of the 
Hereafter, it is presumed, the mis- ; : coloninta, it is supposed, do more or 
sionaries will have no difficulty in I | C sm for the natives within their 
finding abundant opportunity to ' rcnP |,. Of such efforts, however, 
deliver their message ; and there is t h ere i s no rep0lt w |,i c h can be em- 
every reason to believe that their bodied in this survey. 
operations will hereafier be perma- 
nent. The letters from Messrs. Summary. 
Grout and Bryant, published in the: •. ""^" "i • 
present number of the Herald will Minions. | .S » * « §• 5 
show what encouragement they!, J •- S SJ J§ "S 

and their associates have to labor in . ., ^ "^ *. 5L** * 

. . x- i i nu t_ Moravian, 7 1,550 

their new held. 1 he number oi mis-; London, 88 33 34 4,289 4fi& 



/oar, 


1*36 


1 




JJ«ttit:I, 


1SJ7 


1 


1 


Iteuibu, 


is:*s 


1 


1 


J'.ii.iiiaiia, 


l<H4:t 


1 


1 


llctiiany, 


1«:m 


1 


1 


l'ricl, 


Is 15 


1 


1 



sionaries already in the Natal terri 
tory is five ; and another is expect- 
ed to embark within a short time. — 
Ji is not known that any churches j 
have been organized by our breth- 
ren, although it is hoped that some 
of the Zulus have passed from 
death unto life. The following ta- 



Wesleyan, 39 39 42 8,531 3,** 

Scotch Free Cb. 3 5 7 ~ 

Glasgow, 3 2 4 86 1* 

French, 10 14 4 929 1,40 

Rhenish, 11 - - 811 1,318 

Berlin, 
American, 
Norway, 

Total, 




Besides out-stations. t European and native. 



1847.] 



Survey of African Missions. 



209 



The preceding table does not include ; 
the twenty-five laborers employed by 
the Moravians, nor the twenty-four j 
employed by the Rhenish Missionary ] 
Society, because it is not known how 
many of them have received ordina- 
tion. The number of missionaries j 
and assistant missionaries in the table, 
it will be seen, is two hundred and 
seven. If we add to this number the 
forty-nine laborers sustained by the 
Moravians and the Rhenish Mission- 
ary Society, and also four native as- 
sistants under the care of the latter, we 
shall have a total of two hundred and 
sixty missionaries and assistant mis- 
sionaries, exclusive of females, at 
present employed in South Africa. 

The Caffre War. 

Repeated allusion has been made, 
in the foregoing remarks, to the dis- 
astrous contest which is now going 
forward between the colonial govern- 
ment and the Caffres. This contest 
began in the spring of 1846, and the 
latest advices from Cape Town in- 
form us that it is still in progress. — 
The party arrayed against the colony 
is composed chiefly of the different 
tribes of the Amakosas, (who liveeast 
of Great Fish River,) and of a portion 
of the Tambookies. In addition to 
the injury which has been done to 
the missionary stations in Caffreland, 
the desolations of savage warfare 
have been carried to the west of the 
colonial boundary, thereby embarras- 
sing and endangering the operations 
of several societies in that region. — 
Rev. James Read, Jun., writing from 
Kat River, October 15, says, SYlis- 
sionary labor in these regions is sus- 
pended at present. All the chapels, 
schnol rooms and mission houses in 
Caffreland are burned to the ground; 
and the missionaries, with most of 
their adherents, are withdrawn with- 
in the colony." u The loss of all the 
societies will be immense, as no fewer 
than twenty chapels must bare been 



destroyed, and many mission houses, 
&c." The London Missionary So- 
ciety, the Wesley an Missionary So- 
ciety, the Free Church of Scotland, 
the Glasgow African Missionary So- 
ciety, and the Berlin Missionary So- 
ciety, have all shared in the calamity. 

MISSIONS IN WEST AFRICA. 

Many of the efforts hitherto made 
to introduce the Gospel into West 
Africa, it is well known, have been 

singularly disastrous. The United 
Brethren directed their attention to 
the Gold Coast as early as 1736 ; but 
after repeated attempts to establish 

j themselves atChristiansboig, extend- 
ing through a period of nearly forty 
years, and after eleven of their num- 
ber had fallen by the diseases incj- 

I dent to the climate, they relinquished 
the undertaking as impracticable and 
hopeless. In 1795 two missionaries 
were sent to Sierra Leone by the En- 
glish Baptist Missionary Society; but, 
owing to the indiscretions of one and 
the ill health of the other, the enter- 
prise was abandoned. In the following 
year three societies, — the Scottish 
Missionary Society, the London 
Missionary Society, and the Glas- 
gow Missionary Society, made a 
joint effort to establish a mission 
among the Foulahs ; but this plan 
was defeated by the combined 
agency of disease and dissension ; 
and the only one of six laborers who 
promised to accomplish anything, 
was cruelly murdered. Two years 
later, (1797,) the* Glasgow Missiona- 
ry Society attempted to introduce the 
Gospel among the Timmanees, and 
sent out two missionaries for this 
purpose; but they were greviously 
disappointed in the character of their 
agents. And even those societies 
who have been able to maintain their 
position till the present time, have suf- 
fered frequently and severely from the 
loss of valued missionaries. The hope 
may be indulged, however, that a bet- 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^m^ 



210 



Survey of African Missions. 



[July, 



ter acquaintance with the d : scasesof 
West Africa will cause a diminution 
in the number of deaths. The oc- 
casional return of missionaries to 
their native land is already proving 
highly beneficial. It may be fount!, 
also, as many expect, that a resi- 
dence upon the hills and mountains 
of the interior will he comparatively 
free from danger. But whatever may 
he the obstacles, the Gospel must 
be carried to all parts of Africa. Our 
Lord and Saviour has made an atone- 
ment for the people of this great 
continent, as well as for the rest of 
the human family ; and we may en- 
courage ourselves with the hope that 
4fc Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her 
hands unto God." 



Missions of the Church Missionary 

Society. 

This society sent its first repre- 
sentatives to West Africa in 1804. 
Its first station was on the Kio Pon- •'< 
gas, among the Suhus ; hut its ope- 
rations soon extended to the Sene- 
gal River on the north, and to Sierra 
Leon on the south. After the lapse 
of some fifteen years, however, it 
was deemed expedient to abandon 
the stations north of Sierra Leon, 
the society having found obstacles 
that were alike unforeseen and for- 
midable in that part of their field. 

The operations of the society are 
mainly confined fo the colony of-! 
Sierra Leon at the present time ; 
there being but two other stations,: 



very soon after their arrival at Ba- 
dagry, (January 17, 1845,) they re- 
ceived intelligence that the chief of 
Abbekuta, who had urgently solicited 

! the commencement of a mission at 
his capital, was dead ; and that it 

I was inexpedient for them to pro- 
ceed any further until the funeral 

j ceremonies should have been per- 
formed. Not long afterwards the 

I King of Dahomey attacked an en- 

. campment between Badagry and 

| Abbekuta, and thus cut off the regu- 
lar communication between the two 
places. In consequence of the de- 
lay occasioned by these events, the 
missionaries have for the present 
given their whole attention to the 

| spiritual wants of Badagry ; but with 
the hope that the way will sr.nn be 
prepared for the advance into the in- 
terior. 

Some statistics of interest will be 
found in the following table : 

Station*. Communicantt. Sckotan. 



Freetown, 

Kissey, 

Wellington, 

Hastings, 

Waterloo, 

Gloucester, 

Leicester, 

Regent, 

Bathurst, 

Charlotte, 

Kent, 

T«inho, 5 

Port Lukkoh, 

Badagry, 

Total, 



116 



601 



661 



2,241 



722 

204 
5 



1,648 



1,685 

723 
46 

5,256< 



The whole number of stations 
one (Tort Lokkoh) among the Tim- maintained by the society is four- 
inauccs, about forty miles from Free- , teen. The whole number of laborers 
tnwn, and one at Badagry, on the is reported at sixty-nine, there being 
Hi« hi of Renin. It is the desijjn of fourteen European missionaries, two 
the society, starting from the latter native missionaries, four European 
point, to carry the blessings of the ■! catechists, forty-one male, and six 
Gospel into the interior. To give ' female native assistants. The wives 
effect to this plan, three missiona- of the missionaries and assistants 
ries (one of them an African) were; do not appear to be included in this 
sent from England in 1844; but || statement. 



* There art alio two seminaries, having forty pupils. 



1847.] 



Survey of African Missions. 



211 



A single extract from a recent ac- : Island, and embracing four stations, 
count ol the society's operations in :i the oldest of which (Bathurst) was 
Sierra Leone, will indicate their pros- ! commenced in 1821. The most 
perity : u It has Leen shown, from j easterly of these fields is known as 
statistical returns of preceding years, I the Cape Coast District ; and it 
that a measure of success greater than (embraces several stations on the 
that which has attended the ministry Gold Coast, with one in Ashanti. 
of the Gospel in the most favored The operations of the society are 
districts of Christian England, has • soon to be placed on a permanent 
been vouchsafed to missionary la- j footing at Abbekuta. The only re- 
bors in Sierra Leone *, and the results maining point to which the efforts 



of last year have added fresh evi- ; 
dence in support of the fact. The ; 



of the Wesleyans are turned, l» 
Sierra Leone, in which there are three 



number of attendants on public,! central stations, 
worship has been increased by two!' The number of missionaries at 
hundred and forty-six ; eighty-eight: these different stations is fourteen, 
new communicants have been added !| and there are also eight native assist- 
to those enumerated last year ; and ,! ants. Other statistics are brought to- 
the benefits of a scriptural education -gether in the following table: 
have been extended to three hundred >! stations 
and twenty-four additional scholars." 



English fVcslcyan Mission, 
The efforts of the English Wes- 



Bathtirst, > g 

Barra, ) 
Ngabantang, 1 

i • l i ir r ur kc- Macarthy's Island, 2 

leyans in behalf of West Ainca may I Freetown, 15 

be considered as having commenced Hasting 

in 1811. An itinerant preacher,'*, . - - 

(Mr. Warren,) accompanied by three Capc'CoastTown, 7 



Preaching Church Scholars, 
places, members. 

281 



ng9 and ) 
ngton, 5 



8 



young men, who were designed to j] Anamaboe, 
act as schoolmasters, were then sent ! British Accra, 
to Sierra Leone to attend to the ''■ £°™™y^ * 
spiritual wants of the 'free blacks I AbbJLuta, j 
who, at an earlier date, had removed 



12 
1 
4 



207 
2,032 

677 

457 

3f>5 

202 

41 

13 

40 



282 

108 
934 

353 

406 
267 
321 
110 
17 

28 



thither from Nova Scotia. Mr. 



Total, 



65 4,425 2,826 



Warren soon died, but iMr. Davis; The last report of the Wesleyan 
immediately succeeded him ; and it j Missionary Society represents the 
is an interesting fact, that there has i state of its operations in the Gambia 



never been any lack of men to take 
the places of those who have fallen 
on this unhealthy coast. 

The Wesleyans seem to have 
tamed their attention more particu- 
larly to the natives in 1817 ; and 
since that time they have carried 
forward their operations with vigor 
and success. Their labors are at 
present expended upon three diffe- 



District and in Sierra Leone as high- 
! ly encouraging. The accounts from 
: the Cape Coast District are of a 
. more checkered character. Some 

events have occurred which indicate 
1 the presence and favor of the great 
i Head of the Church, in a striking 

degree ; while others are doubtless 
• intended to give a further trial to the 

faith and patience of his people. 



rent fields. The most westerly of-iThe missionaries in Ashanti ap- 
these fields is called the Gambia 1 pear to have found an open door; 
District, extending from the month;! and pressing invitations are ad- 
of the River Gambia to Macarthy's! dressed to them by chiefs residing 

15 i< 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



212 Survey cf African Missions. [July* 

near Coomassie, who wish to have I Stations. Communi- Inquirers. Scholars. 
the Gospel preached to their people. CIarence> ca £*' 2|0 100 

English Baptist Mission. , }|»nbia, 

° r .« Cameroon*, 

Allusion has already been made to Old Calabar, 
an unsuccessful efT«>rt of the Baptist Early in the year 1S46, however, 
Missionary Society to introduce the -all the missionaries on Fernando Po 
Gn«*pel into Sierra Leone in 179-3. were ordered by the Spanish auiho- 
From the failure of tint enterprise rities to desist from their appropriate 



to 1SJ.0, this society appears to have 



work, twelve months being allowed 



attempted nothing foi West Africa.! them to dispose of the mission prop- 
At length, however, it was resolved ;i erty. One of the missionaries, and 
that measures should be taken, hav- j one of the European assistants hare 
ing in view the exploration and oc- since died, 
cupancy of an entirely new field. 
The Kev. John Clarke and Dr. 
Prince, who had both resided for 
some years in Jamaica, were in- 



Mission of the United Secession 
Church. 



When the converted negroes of 

viteel to go forth as pioneers, and j, Jamaica obtained their freedom, their 
lay the foundation of the contem- ;j thoughts were at once directed to 
plated mission. They arrived at the |, their heathen friends in Africa. 
jm!;ii)iI of Fernando Po, January I, Many said, "we must carry the 
IS 1 1 ; and on the following Sabbath, j Gospel to Africa." The missinna- 
puhlic worship was held in Clar- .' rics constituting the Jamaica Presby- 
enre, where they first landed. They '" tery, representing the Scottish Mi?- 
siib-equeiuly visited the adjacent sionary Society, the United Seces- 
co;ist to ascertain the feasibility of sion Church, and the Scotch Free 
commencing missionary operations, j Church, enteied fully into the feel- 
Such wuh their report to the society i : ings of the colored people around 
at home, that the latter soon sent out , them, and resolved to embody them 
a number of additional laborers, a ' in action. Old Calabar was select- 
part nf whom were stationed on led as their field of labor, the King 
the inland of Fernando Po, and a and chiefs having sent a formal re- 
part upon the main land. The quest that a mission might be com- 
agency of colored persons from Ja- ■ meneed among them. The Seces- 
niaiea is to be employed extensively j sion Synod having also sanctioned 
in this mission ; and a number have: the movement, Rev. Mr. Wad dell 
already joined their white brethren. '' was designated to take charge of the 
The prospects of this enterprise ;| enterprise. He accordingly proceed- 
werc quite flattering till near the ed to Scotland, and was soon follow- 
close of 184^. At that time three ed by five others. One of these was 
stations had been commenced upon an Englishman, who had lived eigh- 
the main land ; making the whole teen years in Jamaica, a printer by 
number of stations four, and the out trade"; another was his wife, a colored 
stations five. There were also five woman ; another was a negro lad, 
missionaries, three male European about sixteen years of age : the re- 
assistant missionaries, and nine mile maining two were both persons of co- 
colored teachers. The following lor. .\ merchant of Liverpool granted 
table will show the other statistics the free use of a fine schooner, the 
of the mission, as far as they have Warree, to the mission as long as she 
boon reported : • should be wanted ; and he also tub- 



1847.] 



Survey of African Missions. 



213 



scribed £100 to keep her in a sailing 
condition. 

The mission sailed from Liver- 
pool, January 6. 1846, and arrived 
at Fernando Po, April 3. They pro- 
ceeded with as little delay as prao 
, ticable to Old Calabar, and were 
cordially received by the natives. 
On the 6th of May, they opened a 
school in Duke town, about fifty 
miles from the mouth of Old Calabar 
River, in a house of King Eyaraba. 
Everything seemed to be propitious. 
The mission ship has since gone 
to Jamaica to obtain additional 
agents. According to the latest ac- 
counts, a reinforcement was to be 
sent, consisting of ministers, cate- 
chists, teachers, mechanics, some of 
them acclimated Europeans, and the 
rest natives of Jamaica. 

Mission of the Basle Missionary 
Society. 

Near the close of 1815, it was re- 
solved to open a seminary at Basle for 
the education of missionaries. This 
institution went into operation in the 
following summer, and it continued 
to enjoy the invaluable services of 
Blumhaidt as its inspector till 1838. 
It was no part of the original plan to 
send out missionaries to the heathen; 
but in 1821 a society was regularly 
organized, (Die Evangelische Mis- 
sionsgesellschaft zu Basel,) with the 
design of engaging fully in the mis- 
sionary work. Its first representa- 
tives went forth in the following year. 

The Basle Missionary Society 
turned its attention to the Gold 
Coast in 1826 ; and four of its agents 
arrived at Christiansborg (near 
Accra) in 1828. Three of them 
soon died ; and the fourth found 
himself under the necessity of tak- 
ing the place of the Danish chap- 
lain, who had also deceased, only to 
follow him., however, in 1831. In 
1832 three other laborers reached 
Christiansborg ; one of them (a 



physician) soon foil a victim to the 
climate : and another did not long 
survive. In 1835, Riis, who alone 
remained, went to Akropong, which 
is a considerable place in the Aqua- 
pirn Mountains, northeast from Ac- 
cra. He was kindly received by 
the King and his people, and he 
commenced his labors among them* 
Two fellow-laborers came to his aid 
in 1836, but both soon deceased.—- 
At length, after many disappoint- 
ments, anew plan was adopted.— 
Riis (accompanied by Widmann and 
a colored man who had been educa- 
ted in Switzerland) conducted twen- 
ty-four Christian negroes from Ja- 
maica to Akropong, where they ar- 
rived in 1843. A chapel was erect- 
ed at this place in 1844. Other 
missionaries have since joined the 
mission. The issue of this under- 
taking must be regarded with lively 
interest by every friend of Africa. 

The present number of white la- 
borers is supposed to be seven. 
The following table is as complete 
as it can be made. 

Stations. School*. Scholars* 

Akropong, 
Ussu, (Danish Accra,) 3 72 

Mission of the American Board. 

Thfs mission, situated on the Ga- 
boon river, has two stations, Baraka 
and Ozyunga. Three missionaries 
are connected with it, one of them 
(Mr. Bushnell) being in this coun- 
try; and there were also, at the 
date of the last report, five native 
helpers. In 1845 the church con- 
tained nineteen members, eight of 
whom were natives. Several schools 
are in operation, but the number of 
pupils is not known. 

Cape P almas. 

There are two churches at Cape 
Pal mas, one of them connected with 
the Methodist Missionary Society, 
and the other a Baptist church. 



214 



Survey of African Missions. 



[July, 



The number of communicants in the ' 
former is reported as being two hun-i 
drt-'.l and one ; respecting the latter 
wo definite information is at hand. 
A correspondent, recently at this 
place, says : •* There is no mis- 
sionary labor performed among all 
the native population of Cape 
P.lm».» 

American Episcopal Mission. I 
The Protestant Episcopal Church ! 
in this country has one mission in 1 
West Africa. It was commenced; 
in 1836, and now has five stations, 
besides several out-stations. Two 
of the stations (Mount Vanghan and 
FUhlown) are five miles from Cape 
Palinas ; while the other three 
(Cavalla, Kockbookah and Taboo) 
arc from ten to forty miles distant, 
in an easterly direction, from the 
same point, all of them lying near 
the coast. According to the last 
annual report of the Board of Mis- 
sions, the number of missionaries 
in 1846 was four : and there were 
also one physician and one other 
male assistant, besides several na- 1 
tive teachers. The whole number 
of laboiers, male and female, in- 
cluding natives, was twenty-four. — | 
One of the missionaries has since! 
died, and another, at the close of 
1846, was expecting soon to return 
to this country. Were this mission 
made sufficiently strong to meet the ' 
demands upon it, there would be 
every reason to anticipate very in-: 
leresting results. The number of 1 
communicants already amounts in I 
fifty, the number of pupils in board- . 
ing schools is about one hundred 
and fifty, while it is thought thai 1 
fifteen hundred persons are brought' 
habitually under the influence of 
the g os pal. 
American Presbyterian Missions. \ 
The Board of Foreign Missions 
of the Presbyterian Church have 
.two missions in West Africa, one in I 



st ii lions, < 



one called the Kroo 
i former embraces two 
,| Monrovia, and ano- 
r, (Greenville.) The 
table in the next column, extracted 
from the census of Liberia, would 
indicate that the church at Monro- 
via had no native members in 1843; 
and it is not known that any have 
since been added. A school is con- 
nected with this station, in which 
are more than sixty pupils. The 
Sinoe station is not devoted entirely 
to the spiritual welfare of the colo- 
nists. To the Liberia mission, at 



the last report, t 1 
and one native teacher were attached. 
The Kroo mission has three sta- 
tions, Setlra Kroo. King Wills' 
Town, and Kroo liar, all among 
the natives. The number of mis- 
sionaries is two, and there are also 
five colored teachers, one of then 
from this country. At Settra Kroo 
there is a boarding school for boys, 
ten of whom are qualified to be 
teaelwrs; and there are two girls 
under the training of the mission- 
aries. There is a school of fifteen 
pupils at Kroo Bar. 

Religious Statistics of Liberia. 

Three denominations of Ameri- 
can Christians are represented in the 
Colony of Liberia. Of these the 
Baptists were the first to send labor- 
ers to that part of Africa, Lolt Carey 
and Colin TeagHe having commen- 
ced a mission in 1822. The Rev. 
Melville B. Cox went to Liberia, 
under the auspices of the Metho- 
dists, in 1833. The efforts of the 
Presbyterians in behalf of this colo- 
ny began at a subsequent period. 

It is not easy to say how far the 
operations of these different deno- 
minations are to be regarded as mis- 
sionary in their character. Most of 
the churches in Liberia have had 
some native members ; but the great 
body of the communicants- are colo- 



1847.] 



Survey of African Missions. 



215 



lusts. The following table, taken 
from the census of Liberia, will 
doubtless be interesting to those 
who are desirous of knowing the 
religious statistics of this part of 
West Africa. The date of this cen- 
sus is September, 1S43. 

No. of Communicants. 



S3 

Bap. 

Presb. 

Meth. 

Metb. 

Bap. 

Meth. 

Bap. 

Meth. 

Bap. 

Meth. 

Meth. 

Meth. 

Meth. 

Bap. 

Meth. 

Bap. 

Meth. 

Presb. 

Bap. 

Meth. 

Bap. 

Meth. 

Meth. 



•9 

.8 



12 
212 



s 

o 

Monrovia, 
Monrovia, 
Monrovia, 
Monrovia, 
New Georgia, 
New Georgia, 
Lower Caldwell, 20 
Lower Caldwell, 48 
Millsburg, 22 

Upper Caldwell, 39 



"2 * 
2.8 



Si ^ 



5 §•'& 

196 6 



4 

8 



20 46 
12 SI 



2 
3 



Millsburg. 

Heddington, 

Roberts ville, 

Marshall, 

Marshall, 

Edina, 

Edina, 

Edina, 

Bassa Cove, 

Bassa Cove, 

Bexley, 

Bexley, 

Greenville, 



46 

2 

2 

12 

24 

l/)5 

96 

8 

38 
41 
18 
19 
23 



4 
5 



2 
3 
2 



•a 

_ *> 
5| 

15 

18 
9 
8 
4 



2 
12 

54 

170 

2 

4 

15 
8 

4 

5 

16 

4 



•fed 

s 

217 
16 

238 
9 
74 
47 
20 
53 
25 
41 
58 
56 

172 
18 
33 

120 

104 
8 
44 
49 
36 
23 
23 



Total, 



1,015 116 353 1,484 



From the last annual report of the 
Baptist General Convention for For- 
eign Missions, it appears that Bex- 
ley (near Bassa) is the only station 
now under their care, the mission 
premises at Edina having been al- 
ready sold, and the building remov- 
ed to the former place. There is 
one missionary at Bexley, who is 
assisted by two natives. Four 
schools are taught at Bexley and at 
two out-stations. 

The efforts of the Methodists in 
behalf of the natives are chiefly 
confined to the Heddington, Roberts- 
ville, (both near Milisburg,) and 



Garrettson stations. Recent ac- 
counts from these stations, published 
in the last annual report of the Mis- 
sionary Society of the Method st 
Episcopal Church, are unfavorable. 
A correspondent, who was recently 
at Monrovia, writes as follows : 
41 The missionaries at Monrovia told 
me that they were doing very little 
among the natives, and some of the 
older Methodist missionaries in Li- 
beria expressed little or no confi- 
dence in the revivals that have been 
among the natives. Of the hun- 
dreds who have been added to the 
church, very few can now be 
found." The following table is 
from the last report of the Methodist 

Missionary Society. 

Church 
Stations. Members. Scholars. 

Monrovia, 

St Paul's River Circuit, 
Millsburgh and White Plains, 
Heddington and Robertsville, 
Garrettson Station, 
Mount Andrew & Morrisburgh, 2 
Edina and Bassa Cove, 102 

Greenville and Sinoe, 76 

Marshall, 19 



180 
94 
51 
30 
54 



94 
105 
100 
19 
10 
16 
30 

105 



Total, 608 479 

Mission of the American Mission- 
ary Association. 

The mission which Mr. Ray- 
mond commenced at Khaw Mendi, 
near Sherbro Island, under the pat- 
.ronage of the Union Missionary So- 
ciety, has been transferred to the 
American Missionary Society, since 
the formation of the latter in 1846. 
A reinforcement is expected to join 
Mr. Raymond, the only missionary 
now on the ground, at an early day. 

Summary. 



Missions. 


K 

.2 


issiona 
ries. 


j5 


slants 

mmuni 
cants. 


• 

© 




03 


* 






Oj 


Church, 


14 


14 


61 


1,648 


5,296 


Wesleyan, 


14 


14 


8 


4,425 


2,826 



* Besides out-stations. 



t White and colored. 



216 



Letter from a Liberian. 



[July, 



» •-■»■.*■ ^#*^ 



Missions, 




2 
•2 c 


en " . 

^'5 


Com mini 
cunls. 




Eng. Baptist, 


4 


4 


11 


79 


100 


Secession, 


1 


1 


4 






Basle, 




4J 


n 


- 


72 


A in. Board, 


2 


3 


5 


8 




Episcopal, 


5 


3 


12* 


50 


150 


Presbyterian, 
Am. Baptist, 


4 


3 


6 


- 


35J 


1 


1 


2 


is? 


75* 


Methodist, 


5t 


■» 


- 


95 


45 


Aui. Mis. Asoc.l 


1 


u 


- 


39 



Total, 



63 48 113 6,323 8,638 



miles from the bay of Mombas, Dr. 
Krapf and Rev. Mr. Rebmann have 
just commenced a mission among 
the Wonicas, under the direction of 
the Church Missionary Society. 

GENERAL SUMMARY. 

Labor- Com mu - 
■ Stations, ers. 

South Africa, 115 260 
West Africa, 53 161 
North Africa, 1 11 
East Africa, 1 2 



nicant*. Scholar!. 

10,725 11.219 

6,323 8,633 

20 234 



MISSIONS IN NORTH AFRICA. 

Proceeding northward from the 
River Gambia to the Strait of Gi- 
braltar, and thence eastward to the 
Nile, we find not one Protestant 
mission. At Cairo the Church 



Total, 170 434 17,068 20,000 

The inspection of the foregoing 

table cannot fail to suggest two re* 

, flections of a somewhat different 

i character. The efforts hitherto made 

i 

: to introduce the gospel into Africa, 
have been greatly blessed. The 



Missionary Society sustains two faith of missionaries and missionaiy 
laborers, who arc assisted in their j societies has, indeed, been frequent- 
work by one European and eight ! ly and sorely tried ; and many have 
natives. They have under their care ] fallen, particularly on the western 
twenty communicants, and two hun-', coast, at the very outset of their la- 
drcd and thirty-four scholars. bors. Still, no one can look at the 

... ,^«.- .«. ».~« .„„,„. results of missions already attained 

MISSIONS IN EAST AFRICA. I , 4 r i *u * *u r • r l 

i and not feel that the divine favor has 
Passing southward through Egypt, ! been signally enjoyed. And yet 
Nubia ami Abyssinia, we must travel j! how little has been done! If we 
over thirty-four degrees of latitude ij cut off Southern Africa, and remove 
before we come to the only mission jja narrow strip of the western coast, 
between Cairo and the vicinity of {.only two missionaiy stations will 
Port Natal. At New Rabbay, four :! be left I 



fetter from a Siberian. 



A gentleman, in Georgia, has sent 
us the following extracts from a let- 
ter which he received from an intel- 
ligent citizen of Monrovia, who 
went to Liberia a little more than 
twelve years ago. We are well ac- 
quainted with the writer, and are 
glad to have the pleasure of present- 
ing the extracts to our readers. 



Monrovia, 6 Feb., 1847. 
"With regard to agriculture in 
tr\is place, I am sorry to say it haa 
been formerly too much neglected, 
but lately the people are more 
awakened to their true interest, and 
are turning their attention to the earth 
for a support. The principal arti- 
cles that we can expect to cultivate 
for exportation will be coffee, that 
which is raised here is said to be 



Besides out-stations. 



t White and colored. 



X Conjectural. 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^*% 



1847.] 



Letter from a Liberian. 



217 



better than most any other; re- 
spectable strangers have pronounced 
it even better than the Java or Mo-- 
cha.t" * * * tt I have now growing on 
my farm more than 5000 trees, all 
of which are of the wild plants 
brought from the woods and trans- 
planted in the rainy season. Most 
of my plants have commenced bear- 
ing : It is thought our trees at full 
maturity will yield from 3 to 3j lbs. 
of clean coffee on an average. In 
the West Indies 2 lbs. is considered a 
fine crop: however there are trees 
in this place and elsewhere in rich and 
moist spots, around the houses, 
which have yielded from 5 to 7 
pounds ; besides this, a ceffee tree 
will bear well from 10 to 12 years : 
then you may cut it off, leaving 
the roots, which will spring afresh, 
and in one rainy season, will grow 
so as to bear the next, being per- 
fectly renovated, so that once a 
good coffee plantation is established 
it will remain for generations: at 
first it is of slow growth, taking 
from 3 to 7 years, according to the 
quality of the soil. At present I can 
and do sell of the coffee raised by 
myself at 25 cents a pound ; this of 
course will not be the case, when 
large quantities are raised. Next to 
coffee for exportation, is palm oil. 
As yet the palm tree has not been 
cultivated : the millions of gallons 
which have been exported from our 
place and neighbourhood, besides 
the thousands consumed by our- 
selves, all of which have been manu- 
factured and brought in by \he na- 
tives. But as the demand is yearly 
increasing, we will now have to 
begin the cultivation of the same. 
It takes very little longer than the 
coffee tree to commence bearing, 
then will go on to unborn genera- 
tions. The palm tree ought to be 
planted 25 feet apart each way, the 



coffee about 10 feet. Cotton grows 
here, but Liberia is not a proper 
cotton growing country. We have 
excellent rice here, also sugar, 
but in either of the last mentioned 
can we expect to compete with the 
United States and the West Indies. 
We have fine sweet potatoes, cas- 
savas, yams, tan yans, &c, — just 
around here, corn does not grow as 
well as in many parts of Africa — - 
We have fair gardens in its seasons, 
and have something growing the 
year round. We have but few 
horses, but we are getting on finely 
in cattle ; I own about a dozen 
milch cows and raise a number of 
fine hogs; both our cattle, sheep 
and hogs are smaller than in the 
United States : but theirs too at one 
time were small. We have fine 
rivers, abounding with excellent 
fish, oysters, &c. Our woods abound 
with deer and other animals, many 
of which are killed by the natives 
and brought into our markets for 
sale. Both camwood and ivory are 
brought in by the natives, but de- 
pending too much upon this, being 
a more quick way of making money, 
has ruined many. However, we 
have need to be very grateful to 
heaven for His kindness in provid- 
ing such ample means from the 
wilds for our support, and which has 
assisted us on until this time. The 
soil here is generally fertile, but it 
is like it is in other countries, viz : 
good, middling and poor; but we 
have aplenty of it. What would the 
poor Irish, and other Europeans 
give, if they had our opportunities ?" 
"Wood for lumber are as yet 
plentiful, although the woods have 
been partially ruined of its largest 
growth by the natives ; in cutting 
for new farms every year. We 
have some very handsome wood for 
furniture, &c." 



1 1 received a specimen from the writer, and fully agree in the opinion that it is equal, 
if not superior, to the Mocha.— B. 



218 



Letter from a Liberian. 



[July, 



" Respecting emigrants, the A rneri- ' 
can Colonization Society have promi- 
sed, and their agent the Governor, has '■ 
accordingly been in the habit of giving jj 
to families alter their arrival a town !■ 
lot, if they remain in town, or a tract j 
in the country not to exceed ten acres; j; 
single persons two acres. When 
they improve tlie same, if in two 
years,they obtain a deed \nfce simple. 
44 On their arrival they are pro- 
vided with shelter and food, with 
medical attendance for at least six 
months, after the expiration of which 
they have to support themselves. 
Persons after their arrival are 
apt to take the fever from the fourth 
week or after, some not until two or 
three months, and may continue fee- 
ble for eight or even twelve months, 
others having gone through the sea- 
soning in a much less time ; during 
this state of trial, many have wished 
themselves back in America, even 
in slavery: but invariably, as soon 
as they get entirely better, and able to 
act for themselves, they are then 
ashamed of themselves, and will hard- 
ly acknowledge what they have said, 
or perhaps written, to their friends 
in the United States derogatory to 
their new country." * * * " Re- 
specting Schools, our statutes provide 
for a portion of common schools for 
the poor, but the missionary Socie- 
ties, particularly that of the M. E. 
Church, have done more for the 
children of the settlers than any 
other body.'* * * * * " We have 
no institution of instruction of a 
higher class than to teach the different 
branches of an English education. 
We will, I hope, before very long 
be enabled to do better. I have a 
son now, which I would like much 
to have a collegiate education, be- 
ing now of suitable as:e and learn- 



ing to enter a university, but such 
are the prejudices in the U. State* 
I dare not send him there, with 
safety ! and I am averse to sending 
him to England or Scotland, being 
myself partial to Republican princi- 
ples and Government, of which I 
wish to instil into him the same." 
* * * »* Respecting Missionaries, 
I assure you proper persons sent out 
either from the Northern or South- 
ern churches as missionaries will 
be gladly received, and can find ma- 
terial enough to work upon, with- 
out quarrelling or conflicting with 
each other." ****** There are 
many smart and intelligent cqlored 
men both in Georgia, the Carolinas 
and other Southern States, which 
would be of essential service out 
here as teachers and exhorters, 
and some very fair preachers, but 
we would not like to see any sent as 
such, unless they profess piety, and 
will consent to such sacrifices as 
j are common to the good Methodist 
I itinerate preacliers in the new or 
| bordering circuits ! Several have 
come out here as such, seemingly 
much interested and full of zeal, but 
give out in a short time, not being 
able to make the requisite sacrifices. 
If your friends at any time wish to 
jj send out such, you would best let 
(them start from a Southern port, 
viz : Norfolk or Baltimore- — for if 
they go on farther North, the anti- 
colonizationisls, will in eight cases 
out of ten seduce them from coming, 
as in the case of your deluded man 
Peter Jordan.t 

44 Emigrants coming out here 
ought to bring every little valuable 
article they can conveniently get, par- 
ticularly tools and clothing. They 
need not much, such as blankets, 
but light woolen clothes, such as 



fin 1833, while travelling a circuit in middle Georgia, I became acquainted with a 
colored man belonging to Col. F. J., named Peter, who was an exhorter in the church, 
and in whose piety 1 then had great confidence. Upon conversing with him, I found he 
had belonged to the family or family connexions, of the late respected Dr. Bradley, who 
by his last will had manumitted his slaves, upon condition they should be sent to Li- 



1847.] 



Letter from a Liberian. 



219 



linseys, are comfortable in the rainy ! 
season ; also seeds of different kinds, 
good seed rice is wanting, the native 
seeds much degenerated : Persons | 
having money will do well to bring j 
it % for having this valuable article a 
man may buy something low, and 
will thereby be in his own house or 
plantation before he gets the fever : 
most persons who acted thus, have 
done better than others. When 
I came here I acted thus, and I al- 
most can with propriety say that 
this has in a measure prevented my 
having much of the fever: J" was 
perhaps sick about three days in the \ 
first two years ! My case however 
is an exception to the rule." * * * "J 
say from my heart, that Liberia is the 
only country that I know of on earth 
that the unfortunate man of color 
can be free and equal in : therefore 
I am as happy here as I expect to be 
on earth, and wish to change it for 
no other.'' * * * " We have perfect 
peace with the native tribes around 



us ; they have fully acknowledged 
the superiority of cililized man ; and 
are coming over to our habits, al- 
though slow. Our principal hope is 
in their children, many of which are 
put with us, even as common domes- 
tics to learn our habits, <fcc. I am the 
superintendent of the Sabbath school 

of the church at Monrovia. It 

would please you much to see how 
many of the young natives are in at- 
tendance together with our children." 
"Our church here in Monrovia num- 
bers near 200 members. You will see 
in our statutes that the price for li- 
cense to sell ardent spirits is $500, 
which almost amounts to full pro- 
hibition ; of grogeries, therefore, we 
have not a dram shop in the place. 
Religion is somewhat low at present 
but the membership seems to stand 
its own.'' * * * "Respecting the best 
time of the year to arrive here, I 
would prefer August or September to 
any other. However, those from the 
South any season will suffice." 



beria, and that all his relatives had been sent to that country, and he expressed consi- 
derable anxiety to go there himself that he might preach the Gospel to the poor be- 
nighted heathens. Being of a missionary spirit myself, I was greatly interested for 
this man, and having long believed that America owed Africa a debt it could only 
pay in part by sending them the Gospel, and also, that if ever Africa was enlightened 
it must be through the instrumentality of colored men ! I immediately set myself to 
work to get the title to this man that I might send him on such an errand of 
mercy. Col. J. who, though not a professor of religion, yet was much of a gentle- 
man, assured me, if I could raise #400 for Peter (he was then worth $1,000, ) 
he would make me a title to him, provided I would send him to Liberia. Peter was a 
valuable blacksmith, could read and write, and his master valued him very highly. 
After some time, to wit: in 1835, the money was raised, and the title made to the writer 
of this note and the P. £. of the District, as I was stationed that year some 350 miles 
from the place — (the P. E. afterwards relinquished all title to me;) and after allow- 
ing him several years to work at his trade and make some money for an outfit, and to 
improve himself in reading, &c, in 1839 I cleared him out of the Custom House in 
Savannah, as my servant, and sent him to Baltimore to the care of the Rev. J. Gruber, 
with letters to the mission committee in New York, wishing him sent out as a mission- 
ary, provided they should deem him a suitable person to be thtis employed. The Rev. 
Mr. Gruber sent him on to Philadelphia, where he unfortunately fell into the hands of the 
abolitionists, who succeeded in persuading him to violate his most solemn engagement 
to me, and he sent me word he would not go. I afterwards went to Philadelphia to seek 
him, determined to bring him back to Georgia, if I Ibund him, as I had shipped him as 
my servant, and yet have a 6:7/ of sale for him. I understand he is now some- 
where in the back part of the State of New York imposing himself upon the people 
as a preacher, and if he should chance to see (hit, (which I think is not likely, except 
some good friend of the Colonization Society should show it to him) I hope he will re- 
member, if we meet no more in this world, we shall meet at the Judgment Bar, when it 
will be found that he violated the most solemn promise made to me in Georgia, that he 
would certainly go to Liberia and preach the Gospel, if the Lord should spare his life ; and 
• 1 insisted on his making me the promise for I feared the abolitionists might prevent him 
from going. — B. 



220 



Despatches from Liberia. 



[July, 



$ tspatcfytt from jTtbcrta. 

Br the arrival of the " Mary Wilkes " ! the leeward. They had also extinguish*! 

at New Orleans, and the barque "Mont- ! the native title to the territories of Rock 
„ . T , . . . ... Sesters, Sanguin, and Sille Botten. 1 hey 

goinery at Providence, we have received °- ■ - - . ~ . * 

letters from Liberia of much later dates than 

any previously received. From them we 



were then on their way to Grand Sesters, 
where they hoped to be equally successful. 
On their return to windward they will 
make another effort to secure Settra Kroo. 



lean that all things were m a prosperous Thdr 8Uccegg> howevcr> at that place| if at 



condition in Liberia. Our readers will not 
fail to notice what is said of Captain Canot ! 
and his operations. From a paragraph in 
another column, which we find in the Jour- 
nal of Commerce, it will be seen that his j 
vessel has 
York for trial 

her guilt. We were in New York when he ! 
was loading his vessel there, and know that 
he was doing it in the most clandestine 
manner. We have never had any confi- 
dence in his declarations, that he had aban- 
doned the slave trade, and have always be- 
lieved that by a strict watch being kept 

upon him he might be caught in the very ** Favorite. 

ac t ! You are aware that not long since the 

' i ..... i , ... i' chiefs of Grand Cape Mount concluded a 

Our readers m Kentucky, we trust, will j treaty with Greal Britain for the 8uppres . 

not fail to read the letter of Dr. Lugunbecl. .' sion of the slave trade, in which it is alipu- 

Thoy will find some things in it of particu- !' | atcd that n .° foreign?* shall be permitted 
, . ... . .. . . r A _ , to engage directly or indirectly in the slave 

lar importance to them and the interests of ,| tra de in any part of the Grand Cape Mount 

colonization in their State. 



present doubtful. Foreign traders have, 
just now, considerable influence there, and 
are exerting it to the extent of their ability 
against us. Their influence, however, » 
only temporary, sustained by the large 
quantity of goods two or three merchant 

been captured and sent to New j "plains are now landing there to the na- 
. . * . ..... , .. J|tives. In a few months, I doubt not, we 

rial. Ihere can be little doubt of , 8naU be ab i e to secure the whole country 

without much opposition. 

Having written to you so recently, I 
have nothing at present worth communi- 
cating — except, perhaps, the burning of 
Canot's establishment by the native* at 
Grand Cape Mount, which occurred on the 
17th instant. 



It appears that it was done at the instance 
of Captain Murray, of her Majesty's sloop 



Government House, 

Monrovid, March 24, 1847. 



|j trade in any part of the Grand Cape 
J. country. 

Canot, you know, has been long suspect- 
ed of carrying on an illicit trade witn the 
slaveis atGallenas, and of purchasing slaves 
Sir : — The schooner " Mary Wilkes/* |j at Cape Mount to ship on his own account. 
Captain Tolger, arrived here on the 11th He has been closely watched by British 
instant, sixty-throe days from New Orleans, j! and other naval officers for some time : no 
with eleven emigrants and an assorted car- ^positive proof, however, could be obtained 
co of merchandise fur the Colonial Ware- \\ of any illicit transaction, until a few days 
house. The lumber, especially the shingles, I ago; when, it appears that two officers 
you ordered by that vessel, arrived very op* ) from one of h«.*r Majesty's vessels being on 
portunely. In consequence of the extensive i shore at the Mount, entered a smith's shop 
improvements that have been going on here' 1 on Canot's premises and discovered the 
during the present dry season, lumber of 1 workmen in the act of manufacturing slave 
every description has been in great demand. ; irons. The irons were seized by them and 
We are making the best possible use of j taken on board to the commanding officer, 
the goods you sciit us by the Liberia Packet.) who assembled the chiefs of the country 
for the purchase of territory. The com- immediately, and informed them that he 
raissioners, who left here in January to ne- j considered the manufacturing of slave irons 
gotiate for territory, have not yet returned. ■■! in their territory a flagrant violation of the 
I understand, however, that they are sue- ,*• treaty they had entered into with Great 
ceediug well. The last intelligence I had j Britain for the suppression of the slave 
from them (about three weeks ago) they: 1 trade; and demanded of them a fulfilment 
had purchased a large portion oi Manna, -j of their engagement. — Whereupon, the na- 
and had obtained from the chiefs a promise . tives immediately, and without hesitation, 
to negotiate for the balance of the country j, as Captain Murray informs me, set fire to 
on their (the commissioners) return from the buildings, consuming the whole estab- 

li 



1847.] 



Despatches from Liberia. 



221 



lishmeni The amount of property destroy- 
ed is estimated at from 05,000 to $6,000. 
Canot was absent at the time, and had 
been a couple of weeks — somewhere on the 
leeward coast, in the barque-ship (for I 
understand he has changed the rig of his ves- 
sel since leaving this place) " Chancellor." 
There is but one opinion here respecting 
tbe character of the Chancellor. She is, 
however, closely watched by the American 
cruisers, and will find it difficult to escape 
with a cargo of slaves. 

I am happy to inform you that the im- 
migrants Dy the "Liberia Packet" are 
Setting along finely; all, except one or two, 
ave had an attack of fever, and are now 
convalescent. 

The passage in my letter of the 19th Oc- 
tober respecting the opinion entertained 
here in regard to the alteration of the So- 
ciety's constitution, was simply inserted to 
S've some idea of the change of sentiment 
at fact had produced in the minds of many 
of the citizens here, who* had hitherto op- 
posed any change in our relations with the 
Society. The general impression here was 
that the. Society had altered its constitution 
in view of the change which they saw 
must take place in our relations, to relieve 
us from the embarrassments we were la- 
boring under in consequence of the posi- 
tion assumed by Great Britain in regard to 
the sovereignty of the Colony, ana to put 
an end to the annoyances we were daily 
suffering, arising from the improper inter- 
ference of foreign traders. 

Enclosed you will find Mr. Ware's re- 
ceipt fdr monies paid him here on account 
the Kentucky Colonization Society for ser- 
vices as school teacher at the Kentucky 
settlement. 

The U. S. Frigate "United States," 
from Porto Praya, arrived here to-day— all 
well. The Dolphin, via Sierra Leone, is 
hourly expected. 

. Commodore Read has on board the 
Frigate a large quantity of stores, which 
he intends to Tana here. 

I am, sir, respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 

J. J. ROBERTS. 

To Rev. W. McLain, 
Sec'y $ Tr. A. C. 8., Washington, D. C. 

Monrovia, Liberia, 

March 24th, 1847. 

Rev. and Dear Sir : — By the return of 
the schooner " Mary Wilkes " to New Or- 
leans, I have an opportunity to send you a 
short communication. By the " Packet," 
which sailed on the 9th ultimo, I sent you 
an epistle, which I presume you will have 
received before the arrival of this. 

Although I did not expect a large com- 



pany of immigrants by the New Orleans 
vessel, yet I supposed the number would be 
larger than it is. I understand that the in- 
fluence of some of the people who came out 
in the " Rothschild," a year ago — especi- 
ally those who returned to the United 
States in the same vessel — was the cause of 
tbe number from Kentucky being so small 
by this vessel. It is really astonishing 
that, amidst the mass of evidence in favor 
of Liberia, as the best place in the world 
for colored people, who desire to enjoy the 
privileges of freedom, and of social and 
political equality, the people of color in 
the United States are so much inclined to 
turn a deaf ear to all the evidence in favor 
of the Colony, and to grasp with eager- 
ness at every thing, from any and every 
source, which is said or done in opposition 
to it. If Liberia were a counterpart of the 
Garden of Eden, some persons would 
rather live in the land of Nod, or some- 
where else, than amidst tbe bowers of the 
earthly paradise. As respects those per* 
sons who returned in the " Rothschild," 
however, they not only came to Liberia 
with the determination to return, if they 
could, but they saw so little of the Colony, 
while they were here, that they were not 
capable of forming correct opinions relative 
to the state of the Colony, even if they had 
not been prejudiced before their arrival. 

I am pleased with the manners and cha- 
racter (so far as I can judge from a short 
acquaintance) of Mr. Ellis, "the learned 
black blacksmith," who came out in tbe 
schooner ; and who, with his wife and two 
children, was liberated from slavery by the 
Presbyterian Synods of Alabama and Mis- 
sissippi, at an expense of $2,500. Al- 
though the accounts which have been pub- 
lished respecting his proficiency as a 
scholar — especially as a linguist — may have 
been exaggerated, yet I think he is an ex- 
traordinary man ; and I hope his example 
and influence may be highly beneficial in 
this country. 

I have just understood from Capt. Mur- 
ray, of H. B. Majesty's ship " Favorite," 
that all the property which belonged to Mr. 
Canot, at Cape Mount, has been destroyed 
by fire, by the native chiefs, at the instance 
of Capt. M. ; there being a treaty between 
the British Government and the chiefs of 
Cape Mount, in which the latter obligated 
themselves not to suffer the slave trade to 
be carried on within the limits of their ter- 
ritory ; and Capt. M. having become satis- 
fied that Canot has been engaged in the 
slave trade at that place, since the date of 
the treaty, determined to destroy all his 
houses, and other property, which he left 
at the place — he having removed his fami- 
ly, and some of bis moveable property, to 



222 



Despatches from Liberia. 



[July, 



Monrovia a few weeks ago, in anticipation, 
perhaps, of a conflagration. He left his 
brother-in-law in charge of the premises, 
and came to this place in the barque (now 
ship, I understand,) " Chancellor," the 
vessel which he brought from the United 
States a few months ago. The U. S. brig 
•'Dolphin " lay at Cape Mount about five 
weeks, watching the "Chancellor;" but 
Capt. Pope being obliged to sail for Porto 
Praya, for provisions, left her under the 
guardianship of a British man-of-war, which 
accompanied her to this place, and hence 
down the coast as far as Cape Palraas. 

Gallinas and New Cesters are so closely 
watched by the British cruisers, that it is 
almost impossible for any vessel to take a 
cargo of slaves from either of those places. 
It is very common for slaves to be trans- 
ported in canoes from one place to another ; 
sometimes, as I was informed by a British 
officer, as far as three hundred miles. A 
short time ago a large canoe, with fifty 
slaves on board, was captured near Galli- 
nas, while proceeding to some place far- 
ther north, for shipment. None of the 
American men-of-war are at present on 
this part of the coast. 

At the election which was held last 
month, for delegates to the National Con- 
vention, to be held in July next, the fol- 
lowing named persons were elected : — For 
Montserrado county, H. Teage, B. R. Wil- 
son, J. N. Lewis, S. Benedict, J. B. Chris- 
son, and Elijah Johnson ; for Grand Bassa 
county, John Day, Amos Herring, A. W. 
Gardiner, and E. Titter; for Sinou county, 
R. E. Murray. 

Mr. Smith is still at Bexley, with the 
immigrants who came out in the Packet. 
When I last heard from him, about three 
weeks ago, several of the people were on 
the sick list; but they were all getting 
along tolerably comfortably. 

Since the date of my last letter to you, I 
have had one " right smart " attack of fe- 
ver, and one or two of less severity. I 
have not had a regular ague for nearly a 
year ; and although I do not expect to be 
entirely exempt from the visitations of my 
old companion, yet I natter myself that I 
have become so far Africanized, as to ren- 
der his future visits " few and far between." 
At present, my health is pretty good ; and 
my prospects in regard to the enjoyment 
of comparatively good health are quite en- 
couraging. I dia not come to Africa to 
die; and although Africa may yet afford 
me a grave, lam resolved that desponden- 
cy shall never be one of the ingredients in 
my cup of affliction. 

Yours, truly, 

J. W. LUGENBEEL. 
Eev. W. McLain, 

Sec'y and Tr. A. C. Society. 



P. S. — I have just received a letter from 
Mr. Smith, in which he says that the im» 
migrants at Bexley " are doing as well as 
can be expected ; all of them, except three, 
have had an attack of the fever, but none 
of them have yet died." * 

J. W. L. 

Government House, 
Monrovia, April 9th, 1847. 

Sir: — Accompanying you will receive 
invoices of merchandize landed at Colo- 
nial Warehouse, from on board barque "Li- 
beria Packet," and schooner " Mary 
Wilkes." In consequence of the illness of 
Gen. Lewis, I cannot send you by this con- 
veyance the accounts from Colonial Ware- 
house for the quarter ending 31st ultimo. 

Gen. Lewis did all in his power to have 
them made up in time; his health, how- 
ever, would not allow him to give them 
but little of his attention. You shall have 
them by the very, next opportunity. 

I have received no intelligence from the 
commissioners since my last. 

I have just been informed that the Eng- 
lish have burned the slave establishment at 
New Cess. I think the report very 
doubtful, though Capt. Murray told me the 
other day that he would do so, should the 
least pretext offer. 

I am, sir, respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 

J. J. ROBERTS. 

To Rev. Wm. McLain, 

Sec'y and Tr. A. C. Society. 

Colonial Warehouse, 

Monrovia, April 8, 1847. 

Rev. and Dear Sir: — I wrote you last 
by the « Mary Wilkes," which left here 
for New Orleans the 29th ultimo, inform- 
ing you of my having received safely on 
shore the cargo from New Orleans, &c, 
and of the then weak state of my health, 
which prevented me from communicating 
to you as full as I otherwise might have 
done. Since then, and at this time, I am 
still weak and feeble, and totally unable to 
give you a minute account of our affairs. 
I have labored hard to prepare my quar- 
ter's accounts to go by this vessel, but I 
find that 1 will not be able to have them 
ready. 

I have handed to the Governor the in- 
voices of goods received by the " Packet " 
and «« Mary Wilkes," to be forwarded by 
this opportunity to you. 

Our affairs are going on quietly. We 
have not heard lately from the territory 
commissioners, but presume they will have 
a good report to make. We expect them 
home in a couple of weeks. 

You have ere this, I presume, heard of 
the destruction at Grand Cape Mount? 



1847.] 



The Barque Chancellor. 



223 



About the middle of last month a com- 
mander from one of Her Majesty's vessels 
went on shore at Mr. Canot's place and 
discovered at the blacksmith's shop irons 
and other articles for the keeping of slaves. 
Mr. Canot was not at home; he was, and 
is now, I believe, at the lecwaid, in the 
barque " Chancellor," the same which 
brought him to the coast from New York 
in January last. The forging of manacles 
at Cape Mount was a violation of a treaty 
existing between the chiefs of that country 
and Her Majesty's Government ; and, in 



consequence, the British officer in com- 
mand called on the chiefs to show their 
respect tor the treaty by demolishing what- 
ever was at the establishment — houses, 
boats, &c, &c. — which was instantly done. 
This seems to be the true tale. 
Very respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 

J. N. LEWIS. 
Rev. Wm. McLain, 

Sec'yand TV. A. C. Society, 

Washington City, U. S. A. 



$bt Barque Chancellor. 



The persons arrested on a charge of being '. 
concerned in the slave trade, are Capt. Jas. i| 
A. Freeman, and John Gibson, chief mate, . 
of the barque Chancellor, recently captured ' 
on the coast of Africa by the U. b. schooner • 
Dolphin, and sent home for adjudication, ! 
in charge of Lieut. Dulaney. She arrived I 
at this port on Wednesday last, and is now \ 



at the navy yard, in charge of Uncle Sam. 
We understand she bad no slsves on board 
when captured, but that she was found 
near the establishment of the celebrated 
Captain Canot, who had charteied her — 
was provided with a slave deck, and had on 
board supplies of rice and water. — Journal 
of Commerce, June 11. 



£etttv from a Siberian. 



Monrovia, Liberia, 

March 26, 1847. 

My pear Father : — When I wrote 
my other I supposed the vessel would have 
sailed before this, but as it has not, I again 
sit to write you, as it always affords me 
pleasure to do so, and when I am writing 1 
feel somehow as though I am near and con- 
versing [with you,] consequently I derive 
pleasure from it. 

I neglected to tell you in my other letter 
that from the corn you sent in the " Lime 
Rock," in 1844, I raised more corn than 
has ever been raised by one farmer since 
the settlement of the Colony, namely, forty 
barrels, of as fine corn as you ever saw 
raised in Orleans. I neglected also to in- 
form you that I have a fine parcel of cocoa 
not trees on my farm, also the granadilla, 
a very delicious fruit, and the sugar apple, 
a very delicious fruit, sour sop, also anoth- 
er excellent fruit. I send you a small box 
of coffee raised on my farm. You may find 
it a little more mashed than the coffee ge- 
nerally, as we have to clean it by beating 
it in a mortar, but you will find it as good 
coffee as need be drank. Please give Saw- 
yer Hermann a little of it, and tell him it 
was raised on my farm from seed sown by 
me in a nursery and drawn and set out. 

Julia, my sister, has had a fine son since 
I wrote you last. His name is James Watts. 

Dear father, please be good enough to 
send me a grindstone, and a corn mill, and 
the tools I mentioned in my other letter, as 
such things can't be had [got] here. I 



have sent to New York once or twice for a 
mill, but can't get one out by order, and 
now I beg you to send me one. Mother 
joins me in love to Jim Thornton. Pa Noel, 
George Carpenter, Jenny, Fanny, and 
FJlen. She says, tell Jenny, Fanny, and 
Ellen, to remember the advice she gave 
them before she left, respecting their duty 
to their master, and that they must seek 
the Kingdom of Heaven and its [His] 
righteousness, and all things shall be added 
to them. I have sent enclosed in your 
package a letter to Mr. Fulton your neigh- 
bor, likewise one to Mr. Barney : as I did 
not know their given names, I merely put 
their titles: tell them you will receive any 
thing they wish to send me. — Also one tc* 
Rev. D. Wells, of New York, a correspon- 
dent of mine. I received a letter from him 
by the Mary Wilkes, appointing me the 
agent for the Presbyterian Mission at Settra 
Kroo. I received things at the same time 
for the Mission at Settra Kroo, and have 
them in mv store until an opportunity oiler* 
to send tnem down. So, dear father, if 
you will write me even when you forward 
his letter, and direct [it] to his care, he 
will most likely find an early opportunity 
of sending it out to me. And now, my 
dear father, I close by wishing that He 
who conducted Israel through the Red Sea, 
may protect, defend, and bless you, and be 
unto you at all times as the shadow of a 
great rock in a weary land. 

Your affectionate son, 

G. R. ELLIS McDONOGH. 



224 



Letter from a Georgian. 



[July, 



fetter from a (Storgian. 

Below will be found another letter from \forts having been made to enlist this Gov- 
our friend in Georgia. We do not agree j ernment in their favor, Liberia and lis citi- 

b * ii li zcns should not be too early abandoned ts 

with him in regard to the danger of allow- ! themselves. It is to be the last resource, 
ing the colony to become independent. \\ should no other means avail, that a help* 
Wc do not entertain the fears which he j 1 kss community-hopeless of national lbs- 

...... .. i • i terment from elsewhere — should proclaira 

expresses. I lie truth is this— the only in- 1 lheir ij ent i ty by the code of nations, ana 

iluence wc can exert in Liberia is of a , assert their claims to nationality. Neces- 
sity having to thus dictate the plan, it 
should be cautiously adopted, and never 
accomplished until all other resources fail. 
Our Government has been sadly wanting 
in its duty to all classes of its inhabitant?, 
when its care is extended over American 
citizens proper, over the aboriginal popula- 
tion, and in no peculiar way manifested to- 
wards the descendants of the Africans!!! 
The plea for exercising a providence is 
one case cannot justify an improvidence of 
the other. The Indians had an origiual 
title to this continent, and hence our legis- 
lation in removing them to one section, af- 
| fords the indispensable protection, flowing 
j from the exercise of this surveillance. But 
i again : the negro has a cultivator's claim, 



moral kind; and even with our present 
relation to Liberia, we could not prevent 
them from pursuing the very couise he 
mentions, were they inclined to do it. But 
we hope better things of them. "We shall 
take measures to secure, in perpetua, the 
rights ot newly arrived immigrants. 

One thing more we think it necessary to 
say in laying this letter before our readers, 
viz : that we have no hope that our Gov- 
ernment would ever be induced to take Li- 
beria under its control or supervision — and 
we do not think their condition would be 



much improved by any such arrangement. \\ and when he be expatriated, does the ob 
We want to see, and know, and show to li ligations of our people in that collective ca- 
., 1 1 i i .1 ii i e I ! pacity, which is their government, become 

the world what the colored man can do for I Jina]^ dissevered? anS no link of duty or 
lumselt and his race. The highest pur- | sympathy is to be legitimately recognised, 
poses are to be accomplished, and we trust , excepting by the precarious tenor oi an ir- 

that our colonists feel somewhat of the I ^pojisible society, subject to individual 

i, will, to personal donations and bequests— 
immense responsibility which rests on them | owning its existence by no municipal law 

; or constituting prerogative? This looks 
^ ; very much like an anomaly, indefinable 

\\ ellixctox, Ga., j by ar ,y ra tional rule of political ethics. 

May Hih % 134T. j Because a vast sec lion of our Federal 



in the case. 




Colonization boeiety towards tarnishing, Supposing this impossible, since our 
them with a national flag, which would, Government would have nothing more to 
command the ri**pectliil attention of other \ do with this race, otherwise than what each 
powers, the matter has been thought of. ,. Stu'e enacts respecting its domestic affairs 
Jiut yet in its inlancy, and no vigorou* cf- and inhabitants, and thus rendering it ne- 



1847.] 



Receipts. 



225 



cessary, in self-defence, for Liberia to be- 
cojne sovereign, and independent of the 
Society, while we may suppose the aid of 
the latter may continue, as its object was 
to colonize this people in the land of their 
ancestors, we may anticipate that the Li- 
berians will not always be governed by 
the original plan of its organization ; that, 
as independent men, they might have inde- 
pendent laws, some of which may regu- 
late the introduction of new emigrants 
from hitherwards ; and finally, it may be 
apprehended, interdict colonization, or so 
cripple it, as to render the primary object, 
in some measure, abortive ! What a spec- 
tacle then would be presented, should the 
legislation of sovereign Liberia turn against 
receptions of ignorant and troublesome re- 
cruits (as thay maybe then considered) 
from these ports? A nation originating 
a special design of peculiar colonization, 
independently abrogating the principal in- 
tendment of its formation ! Then for other 
colored persons, not colonized, the Sociely 
shall have to seek new abodes. Liberia, 
shut up in herself, open only to intelligence 
and wealth, (as there is no telling what 
laws that people may, in time, make as to 
this desideratum,) might nullify its incipi- 
ent utility to the whole race in this country. 
For these reasons, though I apprehend 
they may be erroneous, but still fear they 
may be ultimately realized, on the same 
principle operating there, by and by, that 
now operates in this country, by the recent 
act of Congress respecting passengers in 
merchant vessels, which has an eye towards 
diminishing pauper emigration or impor- 
tation here. I am opposed to throwing 
Liberia upon herself, just at thistime. She 
is mainly the property of the Society — of 
American donors. Her intent or destina- 
tion was specific — and her entire design is to 
perpetually receive emigrants from these 
States until the last, if desirous, have gone. 
These emigrants are poor, and at first may 
prove troublesome to a better ordered so- 
ciety : That however cannot be remedied 
short of retrospective and prospective cha- 
ritable and industrial preparations. Dis- : 
cretion, growing out of independence, con- 



fided entirely to the Liberian Government, 
to discard any of them, would nullitate 
against its original foundation. I 
would not too hastily trust this power into 
independent hands. She is virtually the 
asylum of all the race yet in this country. 
This should be first engrafte-l on the con- 
stitution, and placed beyond the reach of 
contingency. 

Without doubting the capacity of that 
people for self-government, or the policy of 
their independence, I would, rather than 
disconnect them with the Society, to which 
they owe their organization, put them un- 
der the salutary protection of the United 
States — ultimately to be declared a sove- 
reignty. But this government should have 
no control over their domestic matters, or 
in any other respect control their regula- 
tions, excepting m guaranteeing therightof 
emigration from hence — a Republican Go- 
vernment — and protection from foreign dis- 
turbances. 

I have diffidently thrown these hints to- 
gether, that the friends of colonization may 
reflect and meditate on them ; and our 
friends in Liberia, too, see what indepen- 
dence at present may be worth to them, 
without our national protection.* 

I fear, from the acclimating fevers through 
which every crew of emigrants have to 
pass, and the mortality, that this will prove, 
as it now does, evidently, a considerable 
drawback to colonization. Why had not 
some more temperate latitude, South, es- 
pecially on the noble Orange River, been 
purchased for the object? Liberia lies 
nearly under the equator. Our colored 
people are here raised in a comparatively 
temperate region ! These things at the first 
plantation of the Colony, ought to have en- 
gaged attention. But at present it appears 
too late— and with what the Society has 
planted, the race will have to make the 
test use, and wisely and cheerfully endure 
the situation of things ; happy if at length 
a numerous, powerful and Christian people 
can find that refuge so long denied them ! 
Yery trulv yours, etc., 

J. J. FLOURNOY. 
Rev. W. McLain. 



Vtrtipt* of tt)t American Colontjatton Sflctctn, 
From the 20th of May, to the 20th of June, 1847. 
NEW HAMPSHIRE. , VIRGINIA. 



Newport— From Rev. Jno. Woods, 
$6 10, and collection in his 
church $8, in part to constitute 
him a life member of the Ameri- 
can Colonization Society 14 10 



Halifax C. H. — Contributions from 
Antrim Parish: J as. Bruce, Esq., 
#50, D. Cosby Jr., $15, Rev. J. 
Grammer,$20, Mrs. MEG ram- 
mer, $2, by Rev. J. Grammer, 



87 00 



* Has not the Executive of that Colony, by soliciting the protection or guardiance of 
Com. Read, on a mission of purchase of territory, evinced the need Liberia stands in of 
the attention of some friendly Government?* 



226 



Receipts. 



[July, 1847.] 



Charlottesville — From Mrs. Mary 
Jane Davis, per Rev. C. M. But- 
ler 



5 00 
92 00 



21 33 



INDIANA. 
By Rev. B. T. Kavanangh : 
Green Castle— J no. F. Farley, Dr. 
A. G. Preston, James Tolbott, 
Rev. Dr. M Simpson, J. R. 
McCrea, Dr. H. D. Lee, T. W. 
Cowgill, W. McClure, J. Raw- 
lins, W. K. Cooper, Mr. Turner, 
J. Cowgill, Prof. Nutt. W. Low- 
ry, Mr. Morrow, Thos. Tolbott, 
W. Lewis, W. Tolbott, each $1, 
Elain Preston, 93 cts., Rev. S. 
C. Cooper, cash, J. B. Hettley, 
each 50 cts., G.W. Hass, J. Ken- 
nett, each 25 cts., J. J. Troun- 

felter, 40 cts 

Rockville — J no. G. Davis, $1, Rev. 
W. Y.Allen, Hon. Joseph A. 
Wright, each $3, Rev. \V". 
Wilson, Dr. P. Q. Striker, Jos. 
Potts, Dr. James L. Allen, And. 
Foot, W. J. Weaver, W. C. 
Donalson, James Depeu, A. M. 
Puett, John Sirksweller, Mrs. 
M. Robbins, P. E. Harris, Geo. 
K. Stutt, each $1, Samuel T. 
Maxwell, Rev.W.P.Cuinmings, 
W. M. C. Dod, R. M. Pilkison, 
Thos. H. Nelson, each GO cts., 
R. C. Wilhollen, W. C. Striker, 
John Innes, each 25 cts.... * . 27 25 
Covington — W. lioliman, George 
Shockey, H. Abdill, Di. C. 
Clark, Dr. S. T. Walker, A. 
Henderson, each $], N. Rice, 
CO cts., Rev. N. Conklin, 25 cts., 

James Grain, 12 cts 6 87 

Perrysville— William Bell, $2 25, 
Samuel Sturgcn, J. N. Jones, 
II. Barnes, Captain Griffith, 
each $1, Dr. J. S. Baxter, Miss 
R. Wech, B. Richards, A. Vick- 
ars, Geo. Smith, R. D. Killpa- 
trick,Mrs. Ann Killpatrick, W. 
G. Forrence, J. S. Hemphill, 
each 50 cts., Mrs. Watson, Mrs^ 
C. Roselery, Miss M. Sher- 

?hey, E. Jones, cash, Mrs. A.W. 
ones, each 25 cts., Mrs. Jones, 
andMre. Dickson, each 12 cts... 13 00 
Newport— V. A. Jones, $5, B. F. 
Lowry, James Hopkins, A.J. 
Allister, M. P. Lowry, C. M. 
Culbertson,T. C. W. Sale, Mrs. 
A. Ransom, Ben. Shepherd, 
each $1, D. C. Sanders, J. Ed- 
wards, Dr. J. S. Elliott, Mrs. 
Dr. Elliott, J. G. Crain, S. E. 
Welch, Dr. J. A. Bond, each 
50 cts., Jno. Brindely, 25 cts... 16 75 
Clinton— John Whitcomb, J. P. 



Dole, J. R. Whitcomb, Alonzo 
Lyons, James McCullock, O. 
M. Conkey, each $1, W. James, 
Otis Brown, D. Bailey, John 
Pay ton, W. Brorrick, Dr. J. S. 
Palmer, each 50 cts., Mrs. Mary 
Whitcomb, Mrs. Jane Dole, 
Miss Margaret Whitcomb, Miss 
Susan Whitcomb, each 25 cts. . 
Terre Haute — Hon. A. Kinney, S. 
B. Gookins, Rev. Mr. Dod^e, 
Z. Smith, each $3, Hon. R.' W. 
Thompson, Mrs. H. Thompson, 
each $1, James S. Freeman, 
Mrs. S. Freeman, P. O. Sullivan, 
G. W. Cleppazer, Rev. A. 
Johnson, each 50 cts., J. C. 
Freeman, Anna Freeman, each 
42 cts., M. G. Thompson, Fred. 
S. Thompson, It. W. Thompson, 
jr., Kate Thompson, each 12 cts. 
public collection, $10 40 

GEORGIA. 

Langsbury — From E. Atkinson, 

Esq., per Rev. Wash. Baird... 

Covington — Rev. Thos. Turner... . 



10 00 



28 24 

123 44 

10 00 
50 



10 50 
ALABAMA. 
LaGrange-Froi. Henry Tutwiler, 5 00 

Total Contributions $245 04 



FOR REPOSITORY. 

New York.— New York City— 
By Capt. George Barker — Benj. 
H. Roach, to August, 1847, $2, 
Hon. William Paulding, Chas. 
O'Connor, Dr. A. T. Hunter, to 
Jan. 1848, each $2, sundry per- 
sons, $54 50. Palmyra — T. R. 
Strong, Esq., to 1 May, '47, $4, 

Gkorgia. — Langsburif — Edmund 
Atkinson, Esq., by Rev. Wash- 
ington Baird, to 1 Oct. 1848, #2. 
Wellington— John J. Flournoy, 
Esq., to Jan. 1849, $'3. Coving- 
ington — John Cowan, Jr., per 
Rev. Thos. Turner, to Jan. 1, 
1848, #150 

Mississippi — Vernal — Rev. Jas. 
H. Thompson, by Thos. Hen- 
derson, Esq., to 1 Oct. 1847, 

Ohio — Bloomingburgh — Dr. E. 
Crosby, to 15 Dec. 1847 

Indiana.— Rockville— Rev. W. Y. 
Allen, per Rev. B. T. Kavan- 
augh, to 1 Jan. 1848 > 



66 50 



6 50 

5 00 
5 00 

40 



Total Repository 83 40 

Total Contributions 245 04 



Aggregate Amount ^??LH 



THE AFRICAN REPOSITORY, 



AND 



COLONIAL JOURNAL. 



Vol. XXIII.] 



WASHINGTON, AUGUST, 1847. 



[No. 8. 



JBa 3 3act)U3 ttts (Colonisation <&ocictp. 



ANNUAL MEETING. 



The Massachusetts Colonization 
Society held its sixth annual meet- 
ing, for the transaction of business, 
at its office, on Wednesday, May 26, 
at 12 o'clock, at noon ; Albert Fear- 
ing, Esq., in the chair. The treasu- 
rer's account was received, and re- 
ferred to a committee. The follow- 
ing officers were elected for the en- 
suing year, viz : — 

President — Hon. Simon Greenleaf. 

J^ce Presidents — Rev. Leonard 
Woods, D. D., Rev. E. S. Gannett, 
D. D. f Rev. Heman Humphrey, D. 
D., R. A. Chapman, Esq., Rev. 
William M. Rogers, Rev. William 
Hague, Rev. Charles Brooks, Rev. 
B. B. Edwards, D. D. 

Secretary, General Agent and 
Treasurer — Rev. Joseph Tracy. 

Auditor — Eliphalet Kimball. 

Managers — Rev. Ebenezer Bur- 
gess, D. D., Rev. G. W. Blagden, 
Dr. J. V.C. Smith, Henry Edwards, 
Albert Fearing, T. R. Marvin, James 
Hay ward, James C. Dunn, Hon. 
Abraham R. Thompson. 

Adjourned, to meet at the Central 
Church, at 3 o'clock, P. M., to-mor- 
row, for public exercises. 

Public Meeting — The society met 
according to adjournment ; the Hon. 
Simon Greenleaf, President, in the 
Chair. 

16 



After prayer by the Rev. William 
Hague, and a brief statement of the 
objects and policy of the Society by 
the President, the Secretary read ex- 
tracts ' from the Annual Report:— 
Whereupon, 

Qn motion of the Rev. Calvin 
Hitchcock, D. D., seconded by Wil- 
liam Brigham, Esq., it was 

Resolved, That the Report be 
accepted, and published under the di- 
rection of the Board of Managers. 

After eloquent addresses by these 
gentlemen, by the Rev. Charles 
Brooks, and by ^Jie Rev. Drs. Wa- 
terbury and Humphrey, the meeting 
was closed with the benediction, by 
the Rev. Dr. Waterbury. 

ANNUAL REPQ.BT. 

Redemption is the leading theme 
of the Law, the Prophets, and the 
Gospel. The redemption of He- 
brews from the temporary bondage 
into which they might be sold to their 
own countrymen, is provided for and 
encouraged by several express sta- 
tutes which God gave by Moses. In 
the spirit of these statutes, and with 
the recorded approbation of their au- 
thor, Hebrew slaves of heathen mas- 
ters were redeemed at public expense. 
The great argument by which the 
Law is enforced upon die conscien^ 



228 Massachusetts Colonization Society. [August, 

ces and hearts of the Hebrew people, '' Saviour appeared and accomplished 
is the fact, that God had redeemed j in our behalf that mysterious woik 
them from Egyptian bondage. ! which the angels desire to look into, 



It does not appear that individual 
Israelites were held as private proper- 
ty by individual Egyptians ; but they 
were a depressed race, excluded 



God, in his wisdom, saw fit to illus- 
trate the nature of that work to our 
understandings, by classing it with 
these deliverances from temporal 



from civil and social equality with , bondage ; by calling the great benefit 
the more numerous ruling race among •' which he wrought out for us, " re- 
whom they dwelt, and doomed to !| demption through his blood." 
such servile employments as that -j These several works of mercy, 
ruling race saw fit to assign to them. ,, then, in the judgment of him who 
This condition, God, in his holy j ia the author of them all, are so iden- 
Word, calls u bondage." And it ! tical in their spirit and character, that 
was a bondage which so crushed their j they all deserve to have a name in 
spirits and demoralized their charac-l common, which may point out their 
ter, that but two of the whole num- | common nature: that thus, all who 
ber of grown men among them proved j love either of them, may be taught 
capable of being elevated, by forty ! to love the others also. He has 
years' discipline, into fitness to en- • therefore called them all works of 
ter their promised inheritance. Their I redemption. 

deliverance from the house of bond-; The three great objects of our 
age in Egypt, their native land, and society, as proclaimed at its forroa- 
their restoration to the land of their tion and ever since pursued, are, 
fathers, where they might be an 1. To redeem an oppressed race, 



independent, self-governing nation, 
knowing and serving him, God calls 



or such of them as are willing to be 
redeemed, from their political thral- 



44 redemption;" saying, u I will re- I dom in this their Egypt, their Baby- 
deem you with an outstretched arm, • Ion, and restore them to the enjoy- 
and with great judgments ;" and ' ment of political freedom and inde- 
again, "The Lord hath redeemed you ■ pendence in the land of their fathers, 
out of tin? house of bondmen." 2. To favor the redemption of men 

Nnr were they, generally, held as from literal slavery, by affording fa- 
slaves, the private property of indi- ditties to •* benevolent and conscien- 
viduals, during their captivity at Ba- tiotis masters," who desire to e man- 
by Ion. They were merely, as in cipate. 

Egypt, subjected to the arbitrary 3. To diffuse, by these means, the 
control of the dominant rare. Some knowledge of the great Redeemer, 
of them were raised to high ortire*. ' and of " redemption through his 
and many of them acquired wealth, blood," among millions who sit in 
Yet, in ihe language of inspiration - darkness. 

their condition in Bahylon was called Our enterprise, therefore, hanrton- 
"bondage ;" and their deliverance izes entirely with every thing which 
from it. and restoration to the land God. in ihe Bible, rails redemption; 
where their fathers had served idols and for that reason has a claim on the 
till God punched them for it. and re- heart of every servant nf the Re- 
claimed them from it, by captivity, i deemer; and no time or place con se- 
ts called redfmp'i'm. crated to his service, can be too bolj 

A\ hen, in the fulness of time, the to be used for its promotion.* 



" See Appendix, I. 



1847.] 



Massachusetts Colonization Society. 



229 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



We have therefore fell ourselves 
authorized, whenever convenience 
required it, to ask the attention of 
worshipping assemblies, and the use 
of pulpits, on the Sabbath ; and 
gradually, as more correct views of 
our enterprise have prevailed, our 
request has been granted. 

Operations in Massachusetts. 

This change has been principally 
effected through the judicious and 
truly Christian management of our 
agent, the Rev. Dr. Tenney. He 
has, during this and former years, 
advocated our cause before 139 con- 
gregations in this State, and before 
nine ministerial associations ; and in 
no instance, so far as we have learned, 
have these labors been followed by 
any unpleasant consequences. No 
party animosities have been revived, 
or bad passions excited. No pas- 
tor or people have regretted his ad- 
mission to their pulpit, or been un- 
willing to have the subject presented 
again. We should add, that many 
of these lectures were designed to 
accommodate several congregations 
each, that many pulpits have been 
offered, which there has not been 
time to use, and some have been oc- 
cupied by other advocates of our 
cause ; so that the whole number of 
congregations opened to the presen- 
tation of our claims is not less than 
about two hundred. We have there- 
fore, virtually, the testimony of 
about this number of Christian con- 
gregations to the fitness of this theme 
for the pulpit and the Sabbath. A 
mighty change, since the time,— -hut 
a few years ago, — when even our 
well wishers generally felt them- 
selves obliged to refuse us a hearing; 
when not six pulpits in the State 
were open to us, and not a single ec- 
clesiastical body would listen to an 
argument in favor of opening them, 
or of allowing us any other privi- 
lege. • ••••••*• 



Agency of the Society in prevent- 
ing the importation of Slaves. — By 
act of Congress, the importation of 
slaves into the United States was for- 
bidden after the first of January, 1808. 
But when slaves were landed on our 
shores, either by slave traders, or by 
our cruisers who had captured them 
at sea, they at once became subject 
to the laws of the State in which they 
were found ; and in several of the 
States, the laws were such and so ad- 
ministered, as to make them slaves 
for life, with little expense to the 
parties concerned. Slaves continued 
to be imported, and, by prostitution 
of the forms of law, made slaves for 
life, till, in 1819, the Colonization So- 
ciety came to the aid of the govern- 
ment, by providing, for the victims 
of that horrid traffic, a refuge in their 
native continent An anangement 
for this purpose having been made, 
an agent of the Society, in April, 1819, 
demanded of the Governor of Geor- 
gia, the release of 34 recently im- 
ported Africans, who had been ad- 
vertised for sale at auction for benefit 
of the state treasury. After a legal 
contest of three years, 18 of them 
were delivered, as freemen, to the 
care of the Society. These, so far 
as we can learn from a very com- 
plete collection of documents on the 
subject, were the first victims of the 
slave trade made free by the authori- 
ty of the United States. Up to that 
time, the ingenuity of slave traders 
and their allies on shore had baffled 
every effort of government to sup] 
press the traffic. But now the con- 
test was decided. As Africans could 
no longer be made slaves after their 
arrival, it was of no use to import 
them. For a few years, attempts 
were occasionally made to smuggle 
them into the country ; but after the 
seizure, emancipation and coloniza- 
tion of a few hundreds, the traders 
became discouraged and gave op the 
business. 



230 Massachusetts Colonization Society. [August, 

Understanding tvlth the Govern-' The Receipt ivcs of the Pons. — 
ment concerning the support of Re- The agency is still continued, under 
captives. — It is doubtful whether the , the act of 1S19 ; but the appropria- 
constitution and charter of the Society ■' tions arc entirely exhausted. When 
authorize the expenditure of its funds j. the 7o6 recaptured Africans were 
on recaptured Africans, as they can ; landed at Monrovia from the barque 
hardly be called "free people of co- ij Pons, in January, 1846, Dr. Lugen- 
lor of the United States ;" and it is j; beel, the agent, had but one thousand 
certain that, in the beginning, no i dollars in his hands for their sup- 
such application of its funds was con- '; port; and the government has added 
templated, cither by the Society, or ''' nothing to it since. We doubt 
the government. It was the part of whether any fecbled civilized com- 
the Society, to furnish a civilized ! munity in America, or in Europe, 
spot in Africa, such as did not then -j would consent to receive and peima- 
exist, where the rescued victims of i uently provide for such a company 
the slave trade might be landed and of naked, starving savages, at a low- 
live, without danger of being seized j er rate than that proposed in Mr. 
and sold again. The expense of McDufuVs hostile bill — fifty dollars 
settling them there was to be borne each, or S37,800 for the whole, 
by the government. An act of Con- , Fifty dollars each is not a high price 
gress of March 3, 1819, authorized for the food, raiment, house room 
the appointment of an agent for re- and medical attendance which must 
captured Africans, to reside in Africa, be furnished immediately, and con- 
and appropriated funds for their sup- tinucd till they can earn their living, 
port. Further appropriations were and the house lots and farms which 
made in subsequent years. must be given them when they need 

February 25, 1S28, Mr. McDuflie, them ; and we see not by what right 
from the Committee of Ways and the government of the United Slates 
Means, reported a bill to abolish this ! car. land them at Monrovia, with only 
agency, transfer the property belong- j one dollar and thirty-two cents each 
ing to it to the Colonization Society, to meet all these and all other cliar- 
and pay the Society fifty dollars for ges, any more than at any small port 
the support of every recaptive deliv- [in France or England.* Yet thny 
ered to its agents ; and for other pur- : were received; their immediate wants 
poses. Mr. McDuflie, it is well : were supplied; their future welfare 
known, belongs to that class of poli- I. was provided for; and thousands of 
ticians who defend slavery as n [j dollars were diverted from the trea- 
good institution, that ought to be \ sury of the Society to meet the ex- 
perpetual, and who have always been pense. 
our most decided and unrelenting op- ', We 



lenting op- 
ponents. His bill, therefore, may 
be considered as proposing the most 
unfavorable terms which honorable 
enemies could find it in their hearts 

to offer. The bill, before passing, jifuse to meet the equitable claims of 
was amended, by striking out the \ those without whose aid it found it- 

: self unable to stop the importation of 



il 



trust that Congress has failed 
to do us justice only through neglect, 
in the pressure of business, and thai 
the deficiency will soon be supplied. 
Certainly, our government cannot 



part abolishing the agency, and re- 
taining that making an appropriation 
for the support of recaptives. 



> slaves into the United States, and 
{ without whose continued aid it still is. 



• By law, no person is allowed to land foreigners at Boston, without giving bonds It* 

indemnify the city against their becoming pau^rrs will.ij; ten years. 



1847.] 



Massachusetts Colonization Society. 



231 



and is likely to be, unable to provide 
for those victims of the slave trade 

whom its cruisers may rescue at sea. 

*********** 



AP PENDIX. 



I. Redemption of Slaves. — The 
redemption of slaves was one of the 
purposes to which the early Chris- 
tians devoted the funds raised by con- 
tribution on the Sabbath. Cyprian, 
bishop of Carthage, raised contribu- 
tions amounting to more than four 
thousand dollars, to assist the Numi- 
dian Christians in redeeming some of 
Iheir number who had been reduced 
to slavery by the neighboring barba- 
rians. In a letter accompanying the 
remittance, he says : " And when the 
same apostle, (Paul,) tells us that ' as 
many of you as are baptized, have 
put on Christ,' we are bound, in our 
captive brethren, to see Christ, and 
to redeem him from captivity, who 
has redeemed us from death ; so that 
he who delivered us from the jaws 
of Satan, and who now himself dwells 
and abides in us, may be iescued 
from the hands of barbarians', and he 
be ransomed for a sum of money, 
who has ransomed us by his blood ; 
and cross." The idea, then, that 
redemption from slavery and redemp- 
tion by the blood of Christ have in 
some respects a common nature, so 
that we may reason from one to the 
other, was recognized in the time of 
Cyprian, who suffered martyrdom 
in A. D. 25S. Still earlier, Ignatius, 
Bishop of Antioch, wrote to Poly carp, 
of Smyrna, concerning Christian 
slaves : " Let them not be anxious to 
be redeemed at the expense of the 
Church, lest they be found slaves of 
their own lusts." It would seem, 
therefore, that in Western Asia* it 
was not uncommon for churches to 
redeem such of their members as 
were slaves in their own neighbor- 
hood. The thought of thus redeem- 



ing heathen slaves, generally, seems 
never to have occurred to them ; as 
the task would have been immeasura- 
bly beyond their ability. See Mean- 
der's History of the Christian Reli- 
gion and Churchy Vol. 1, pp. 255, 
256, 269. 

II. Letters from colonists.— 
Extracts of a letter from Mr. E. J. 
Roye, dated New York, May 25, 
1847. 

Mr. Tracy — Sir: You request 
me, through Capt. Barker, u to make 
some statements about business in 
Liberia, and Liberia generally." * * 
As briefly as possible, I will delineate. 

Business of every description is 
remarkably good in that country, bet- 
ter than in this. If those engaged in 
them will persevere to make them so, 
prudent men, engaged in agricultural 
and mechanical pursuits, may hope 
very soon to grow rich; both of which 
have been too much neglected, be- 
cause it was so easy to make a hand- 
some living at something else. Our 
honorable Governor and som% other 
gentlemen have gone extensively in- 
to agriculture. The late successes 
of some of our citizens in the produ- 
cing and exporting to advantage some 
coffee, ginger, arrow-root and Guinea 
pepper, together with a herd of other 
things, have induced and are inducing 
many to engage in farming. * * * 
Mechanics of various orders were 
wanted last fall in Monrovia at $2 50 
and $3 per day, and could not be 
found to answer the demand. Our cur- 
rency is camwood, worth $60 per ton 
on the coast, the basis of our paper 
money. Palm oil and ivory, too, are 
staple products, and will bring the cash 
when we get hold of them, either 
to export or to sell on the coast 
Which products are abundant, par- 
ticularly the former of the last two 
mentioned. It is doubtlessly known 
that every man gets a farra,with an 
addition to it if he have a family. # * 



232 



Massachusetts Colonization Society. 



[August, 



Sir, I have been opposed to Co- 
lonization most of my life, (not hav- j 
ing considered the merits of so many 
good men, too intelligent to be duped, 
and too noble and rich in money and 
virtues to engage in an artifice, or be 
deceitful,) because I believed evil 
men selfishly concocted the plan, 
that the slaves might be more con- 
tented, and the future possession 
more secure to the masters, by send* 
ing away a surplus free population j 
to Africa under the guise of philan- 
thropy. * * * j have steadily 
had my mind fixed upon a foreign 
land, since my eaily youth; a land 
of African government; for there I 
believed our elevation would take 
place. But you would ask, how did 
it happen that I went to Liberia, 
when so great an aversion and ob- 
jection towards the Colonization 
scheme existed ? I answer: after 



that Africa presented more induce- 
ments than any other land for the 
general amelioration of the African 
race. In natural resources and beau- 
ty, it is second to none. About 
health, abstemiousness ( is, in my 
opinion, in all things, a very sure 
guaranty of life and health. In proof 
of my believing that others can live, 
I have just returned from the West 
with my two children, bound for Li- 
beria. There we shall be patriots ; 
for patriotism is fostered by so many 
causes. May heaven's blessing rest 
upon the best of human agencies for 
our elevation in the scale of intellec- 
tual, moral and religious virtues. 
1 am, sir. 
Your humble servant, 
E. J. ROYE. 
We subjoin extracts from another 
letter. Its author, Mr. S. S. Herring, 
emigrated from Virginia, in 1833, 



losing my wife, and selling property |. aped 12 years ; his father, mother, 
on note and mortgage, &c, I went ' and five children having been e man- 
to acquire a knowledge of the French |, cipated for that purpose. His edu- 
language, preparatory to going to cation, therefore, must have been ac- 
St. Domingo. During my stay, 1 be- quired in Liberia. The letter is dated 
came acquainted with a fellow board- !j kk New York, May 25, 1847." 
er, who by some means learned that I j> u To me, Liberia is an endeared 
had some money. lie said if he || home, and one which I wonld not 
were I, he would go to Liberia, for , give in exchange for any other plaee 
he could make so much and so much ;' with which I have any acquaintance* 
by an investment in such and such . This, however, I confess, is attribu- 
things which he told me. I informed !. table to the peculiar advantage and 
him that I would never turn traitor to ' privilege which the colored man may 
my people for gain ; having reitera- j enjoy there, together with its adapt- 
ted what 1 have already told you as jj edness to the accommodation of our 
to my objections. But further, I told race, having been the home of our 
him I could not live there. But he j, forefathers, and now the happy abode 
said he had lived there three years ; ' of all who appreciate an impartial 
and many other things, which I be- ( freedom, the which, I find, and have 
lieved. Afterwards I came to this . often been told, is not to be enjoyed 
city, saying that I would take a lit- by the people of color this side the 
tie adventure to Liberia. If I thought - Atlantic. 

that I could not live there, I would : " I am happy to say that I think 
return, to go to St. Domingo. But any man who appreciates freedom 
the longer I staid, the better pleased and liberty, and who has any pa- 
I became with the country. And, no '! triotism, esteem for his race and love 
matter what my former opinions of country, could not fail to be satis- 
weie, or those of others, I saw [. fied in becoming a citizen of Liberia. 



1847.] 



Massachusetts Colonization Society. 



233 



For he would find that a great many 
of the reports that are now in circu- 
lation in this land are totally spurious 
and false, such as an intense and 
burning heat bidding defiance to cir- 
culation a certain part of the day ; 
and the dreadful effects of the accli- 
mating fever, scarcely allowing one 
to escape death. All this is abso- 
lutely false. The deaths during ac- 
climation are about ten to twelve per 
cent., as Dr. McGill said at the Co- 
lonization anniversary ; and that is 
mostly in broken constitutions. Our 
thermometer is seldom, if ever, over 
85, ranging generally from 75 to 80. 
Tou can therefore judge very correct* 
ly of the amount of heat. A more 
pleasant climate could not be desired 
as to my part, and I have resided 
there fourteen years. 

" I will not fail to notice one very 
distinguished advantage which we 
have ; that is, we raise two com- 
plete crops a year, consisting of rice, 
Indian corn, sweet potatoes, yams, 
<fcc, also a great variety of vegeta- 
bles. Agriculture, however, has been 
too little attended to ; a lucrative and 
profitable trade having occupied the 
attention exclusively of such men as 
were able to engage in agriculture so 
as to make a development, and there- 
fore make it interesting. Otherwise, 
we might now have been able to ex- 
port African coffee, which is equal 
to the best in the world, by ship loads. 
An interest in the agricultural pur- 
suit, however, has been waked up 
throughout the Colony, and every 
merchant especially, and citizens 
in general, have turned their atten- 
tion to coffee planting, and the grow- 
ing of such other products as answers 
immediate use ; so that I flatter my- 
self that we will be able to export 
coffee within the next five years. 

" 1 regret much, sir, that our breth- 
ren in America do not make it an 
object to get to Liberia now, while 
there are vacancies and enterprises 



unexecuted, so that they might as- 
sist in erecting the great edifice of a 
republic, while there is opportu- 
nity for them to do signal honor to 
their race. I am seriously apprehen- 
sive that there will be much regret 
experienced by them in future, and 
that their offspring will complain of 
their inattention to their future wel- 
fare. In fact, I have heard these se- 
rious complaints made since I have 
been here ; and I conceive it to be an 
awful one. We are desirous to have 
an increase of population, not that 
we are not able to defend ourselves 
against the ingress of natives or abo- 
rigines of the country, but because 
we are anxious to swell Liberia into 
distinguished importance, or say t our 
race into importance, which I fear 
abolitionism will be a long time ac- 
complishing, if ever. 1 am an aboli- 
tionist in principle, but not precisely 
in policy; thinking, as I do, that colo- 
nization promises more and has done 
more than any other system gotten 
up in America, for the benefit of the 
colored man. The least proof which 
we can offer to substantiate this fact 
is, that no Liberian ever returns to 
this country to reside, though all 
could do so were it their choice. 

Yours, respectfully, 

SAMUEL S. HERRING." 

•Another man who knows. — Mr. 
Benjamin Van Rensselaer James, a 
colored man, born in Elizabeth town, 
N. Y., sailed from Baltimore, Octo- 
ber 31, 1836, and arrived at Cape 
Palmas December 25. He went out 
in the service of the American Board 
of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
sions, as a missionary printer. The. 
report of the Board for 1837, states 
that " Mr. James, without much suf- 
fering or apparent danger, had been 
carried through the fever, which 
seems to be the inevitable lot of the 
stranger, and had before him a fair 
prospect of life and usefulness. 1 ' He 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



234 



Massachusetts Colonization Society. 



^^^^^^^^^^0 



[August, 



remained at Cape Pa] mas, superin- 
tending the mission press, and at 
times employed also in teaching, till 
January, 1844, when he removed to 
the new station at the Gaboon river. 
His health having declined, he return- 
ed to the United States, and arrived 
at Providence, with his family, in 
May, 1845. He was at Cape Palmas 
during all the difficulties between 
certain missionaries and the govern- 
ment of that colony, and was one of 
the colored men in the service of the 
Board, whom the laws of that colony 
subjected to enrolment in the militia ; 
though as a foreign resident and not 
a citizen, he was excused from train- 
ing. He has had a good opportunity, 
therefore, to understand many things, 
and his judgment is of some value. 
Our last news from him is in the Li- 
beria Herald of March 19, 1847, and 
is as follows : 

Notice. — The second term of the 
School under the patronage of the 
N. Y. Ladies' Society for the promo- 
tion of education in Africa, will com- 
mence the second week in March. 

The patronage received from the 
friends of this Institution, during the 
past term, has been peculiarly grati- 
fying to the Principal, for which he 
tenders them his sincere thanks ; he 
would also improve this opportunity 
to acknowledge the sum of $20 con- 
tributed in cash, work, and plank, by 
the parents and guardians of the scho- 
lars, for fitting up the school room. 

Course of studies. — Spelling and 
Defining, Reading, Writing, Geog- 
raphy, 1st and 2d Book, (Good- 
rich ;) Arithmetics, written and in- 
tellectual, (Smith and Colburn's;) 
Grammars, History, Composition, 
and Declamation. Instruction in 
Needle Work twice a week by Mrs. 
James. Terms, $1 per quarter. 

N. B. This very low charge is 
only to defray the expenses of the 
buildings. 

The school is open at all times 



for inspection of those who feel dis- 
posed to give us a call. 

B. V. R. JAMES. 

Monrovia, Feb. 9th, 1847. 

Objection Answered. — " Coloni- 
zation is a plan of the slaveholders, 
to get rid of their superannuated and 
worn out slaves, by emancipating 
them and sending them to Africa." 

•Answer. — Consider what Liberia 
is, and what she has done. Does 
all that look like the work of "super- 
annuated and worn out slaves, 19 
whom their masters have sent away 
to avoid the expense of supporting 
them ? But happily, we know the 
ages of the slaves who have been 
emancipated and sent out. Begin- 
ning in 1843, and looking backward 
over the list of those from Virginia, 
we find as follows : 

William B. Lynch emancipated 
18 slaves, aged from 41 down to two 
years. Average, 15 7-9 years. 

Thomas Hall emancipated 16, aged 
60, 50,42,40,and from that down to 
one year. Average, 25 5-8 years. 

J. McFail emancipated 7, aged 
from 45 down to three years. Aver- 
age, 24 1-7 years. 

Mr. Atkins emancipated 11, aged 
50, 48, and from that down to five 
years. Average 17 9-11 years. 

John Smith, senior, emancipated 
60, aged 75, 56, 55^ 55, 51, and so 
down to infancy. Average, 19 9-10 
years nearly. 

John Stockdale emancipated 32, 
aged 62, 60, 52, 50, 50, 45, 40, and 
so down to 4 years. Average, 24 5-8 
years. 

Of these 144 emancipated slaves, 
only fourteen, — less than one in ten, 
were 50 years old or upwards. The 
average age of the remainder was 
17 4-13 years. 

These six emancipations are taken 
just as they come on the census. If we 
should go over the whole roll of emi- 



1847.] 



Colonization and Divine Providence. 



235 



grants, the results would be just about 
the same. The reasons why any old 
people are sent out are, first, to avoid 



the hardship of separating families ; 
and secondly, because their masters 
wish to emancipate all their slaves. 



[From the Liberia Advocate.] 

Colomjatton at t>Uwt1> m conntnon uriilj Dunn* Vtov'iUnct, 

" There's a Divinity that shapes oar ends, 
Rough hew them how we may." 



The sentiment embodied in the 
above quotation, is in accordance 
with the experience of all ages, as 
well as with .the volume of inspira- 
tion. 

We lay our plans, and seek to 
carry them out into execution, and 
results are arrived at, in some in- 
stances auspicious, and in others, 
disastrous, but in either case unan- 
ticipated and unforeseen. 

When our efforts to accomplish 
plans for the amelioration of the 
condition of our race, are crowned 
with ultimate success, in a way we 
thought not of, and to a degree be- 
yond our hopes, we may without pre- 
sumption conclude that the smile of 
Heaven has been upon them. 

Now, let this test be applied to 
the Colonization scheme. It shrinks 
not from the application, but in the 
fulness of success which has so far 
crowned the enterprize, the friends 
of the cause may find reason to re- 
joice in the assurance that their 
benevolent designs were coincident 
with the plans of a kind Providence, 
and have secured the approbation of 
Heaven. 

We do not know what amount of 
success was anticipated by those 
who originated this great enterprise, 
but of this we are assured, that the 
actual condition of the Coloniza- 
tion cause at this hour, is far beyond, 
in prosperity, what any man had a 
right to expect from the outlay of 
money and of effort which have been 
expended upon it, and this we feel 
bound to ascribe to the fostering care 
of Divine Providence. 

We are aware that some persons 



will deny the fact above asserted, 
and, of course, reject the inference 
which we have drawn from it ; and 
they will tell us that the number of 
actual colonists is small compared 
with what it might have been, and 
the point attained far below what 
might have been expected. Now 
we are willing to admit that greater 
numbers might indicate a more spe- 
cious prosperity, but to our mind it 
is evident that such specious pros- 
perity would only cover up from 
view internal weakness, and the 
seeds of premature decay and disso- 
lution. 

When the earth is, as in a mo- 
ment, covered with a sudden vege- 
tation, we lotfk for a decay as rapid 
as the development has been speedy; 
the growth of a night, lives but 
for a day, but the germ that slowly 
and reluctantly seems to yield to the 
fertilizing influence, is yet that 
which contains within it, the ele- 
ments of strength and durability. 
The mushroom disappears, while 
the everduring oak is but com- 
mencing its existence, and silently, 
but surely, striking its deep roots 
deeper still, and spreading its 
branches on every side wider and 
wider still, and looking forward to 
long ages of vigorous and enduring 
beauty. 

The Colony has not had an aston- 
ishingly rapid growth, and we re- 
joice in the fact, and we rejoice in 
the existence of all those causes 
which have combined to prevent it 
from having a rapid growth, and in 
these we recognize 

The Overruling hand of Provi- 



236 Colonization and Divine Providence. [August, 

dence. — Concerning much that has | was to have been expected that op- 
tended to retard its growth, and in : position, bitter and unrelenting op- 
regard to those who have been active ! position, woul I be brought to bear 
in opposition, the Colony may ap- . against the effort on behalf of suf- 
ply the language of Joseph, * 4 As • fering humanity. Thus it has ever 
for you, ye thought evil against me, j been, but "Truth is mighty and must 
but God meant it unto good, to bring prevail, 9 ' and already we see the 
to pass as it is this day, to save 'clouds rolling away, and the dark- 
much people alive.' 9 j ness disappearing, and the grand 

Every difficulty, and every trial, 'and glorious cause of African Co- 
which it has passed through, was ; Ionization standing forth to view 
needful, and has answered a good . as the cause of Philanthropy, Re- 
purpose, and especially is Col oniza- ligion, and at once of Rational 
tionism indebted to the efforts of- Philanthropy, of sound Christian 
Abolitionists for much of the good •' policy, and of that expansive bene- 
that has been, and that yet may be ; volence which characterizes the re- 
accomplished, and we would say to , ligion of Jesus, 
them on behalf of the Colony, "Go- The intelligent portion of the co- 
on, gentlemen, abate not one jot of . lored population of our land, among 
your zeal against this glorious cause ; '. whom we rejoice to say are to be 
your efforts have hitherto been over- found not a few who are the salt of 
ruled for good, and the same Provi- the earth, are awaking quite fast 
dence is still watchful over the in- enough to the true state of the cue. 
teres is of Liberia, and will never . They are rapidly enough making 
permit its light to be put out in dark- the discovery where to find their 
ness." real friends. And our hope is, that 

If, however, we should address the Colony will attain to all those 
them in view of their own interest elements of strength which shall en- 
and duty, we would say, Brethren sure its perpetuity and its perma- 
desist, and leave the work of opposi- nence before the tide of emigration 
tion to the common enemy, lest haply set towards it with that force which 
ye he found to fight against God. one day will most assuredly be the 

It is thrice happy for Liberia that case, and which, if happening prema- 
misrepresentation has sought to turely, might ensure its destruction 
blight her prospects, and to retard instead of promoting its prosperity, 
herurowth. Had it been otherwise, The God of Providence has hi th- 
an d had the colored population of erto watched over this glorious 
our country realized but to a very cause, and our prayer is, that He 
limited extent, the immense and un- mav continue to bless the efforts of 

_ m 

speakable advantages which Colo- its friends, and to overrule and con- 

nization presents to them, they trol the opposition of its enemies, 

would have rushed forward to avail so that Liberia shall be the radiating 

themselves of those advantages, with point from whence the light of 

an eagerness and precipitancy which science and of Religion shall go 

would have proved ruinous to the forth to cheer and bless, and glad- 

permanency of the Colony, and we den the heart of poor benighted Af- 

might this day be mourning over the rica, and realize the hopes of the 

failure, instead of rejoicing in the sue- Patriot, the Philanthropist, and the 

cess of this great and glorious cause. Christian, who barehanded them- 

The progress of truth like that of selves together in the sacred cause 

light is, and must be, gradual. It of African Colonization. E. 



"I_H<~^_<~» ill — ^ J « — III l_l»~»l_H»~l^_^~^| _ I — h _ |^~*^ «~u J 



1847.] 



The African Mission. 



237 



[From the Southern Churchman.] 

ttfct African JBUstan. 



We gladly embrace every oppor- 
tunity afforded us, of bringing this 
mission before the young men of our 
communion to enlist their services, 
and before our old men to secure 
their liberal contributions in its be* 
half, because we do not believe there 
is any other which God in his pro- 
vidence presses so strongly on our 
attention. — We wish to see every 
mission of our Church, which is 
spreading truth without any com- 
promise with error, prosper and 
flourish ; but whatever else may 
flourish or fade, we trust Episcopa- 
lians will never lose their interest in 
the spiritual welfare of the African 
race ; on the contrary, we think that 
our interest in it should go on and 
increase, till the Gospel is fairly 
established in their native land, and 
in their own hands is found ade- 
quate to its own support and per- 
petuation. When that is done, the 
duty of American Episcopalians will 
have ceased ; but until' it is done, 
they should not spare either labors 
or treasures — they should not count 
either their life or the money dear 
unto them. 

With this .feeling and conviction, 
we give the following extracts from 
one of our African missionaries to 
a friend. The letter was designed 
only for private use, but* may do 
good spread upon our pages. The 
writer is the Rev. Mr. Hening, 
from whom we published last year an 
excellent letter on the mission in 
general. His object in the present 
communication, as will be seen, is 
to enlist recruits in the inexpressi- 
bly glorious, though somewhat peri- 
lous service of the Great Captain of 
our Salvation : 

u One of our number, Mrs. Patch, 
the assistant of Mrs. Paine, was 



taken from us last February. A few 
day 8 after her decease, our brother, 
Rev. Mr. Messenger, whom we had 
so recently welcomed, fell a victim 
to the acclimating fever, and now 
the Rev. Dr. Savage, so long and 
so faithfully devoted to the cause, 
is about to leave us. He makes his 
final remove to America, with the 
hope of repairing in some degree a 
constitution worn down by diseases, 
aggravated, if not induced by the 
climate. There are now but two 
ordained missionaries in the field : 
these, although able to remain at 
their posts, are much enfeebled by 
the influences of the climate. These 
visitations — shall I call them sad ?— 
of an Almighty Providence, have 
fallen heavily upon our mission. 
Their effect has been to leave seve- 
ral important posts unoccupied — to 
remove to stations which have be- 
come vacant, and thus to scatter our 
small band along a line of coast 50 
miles in extent, wittout that con- 
centration of action, and that mutual 
counsel and sympathy, so necessary 
to the success of our missionary ope- 
rations. Under such circumstances, 
we earnestly entreat, that our force 
may be strengthened by the addition 
of at least four ordained mission- 
aries, and one physician. — The lat- 
ter is much needed, as the station 
which I occupy is removed 50 miles 
from all medical assistance.*' 

" In alluding to the deaths and re- 
movals which have occurred in our 
mission, I have presented only the 
dark side of the picture. — It has its 
lights as well as its shadows. In 
the midst of many depressing diffi- 
culties, we can turn to the rich 
spiritual blessings which have re- 
warded our labors, and find in them 
the assurance, that our work is owned 



238 



The African Mission. 



[August, 



and blessed by the Lord. Never, 
since the foundation of our mission, 
have the schools been in so prosper- 
ous a condition. They are not only 
filled with boarding pupils, but many 
of these, rescued from the darkness 
of heathenism, are living and re- 
joicing witnesses to the truth, that 
' the Gospel is the power of God 
unto salvation.' While such is the 
cheering prospect at all the stations, 
my own (thanks to Almighty God) 
has partaken largely of the blessing. 
My school at present numbers seven 
converts, nearly one-half of the male 
pupils. The walk and conversation 
of all has been such as becometh 
the Gospel, while there are to be 
found in the little band some lovely 
specimens of Christian character. 
This of itself would be abundant 
cause of devout gratitude to God, 
that his word preached in simplicity 
and purity had not returned unto 
him void. But this is not all : these 
youthful disciples are not only faith- 
ful Christians, but have already be- 
come active and zealous promoters 
of the truth. Neither taunts, nor 
ridicule, nor tiureatened persecutions 
can turn them aside from their 
course. Here, then, are encourage- 
ments to persevering effort. Let the 
church be aroused to a sense of her 
duty, let her give freely to this work 
of her treasures, and her sons of 
their lives, and who could estimate 
the rich abundance of a harvest pre- 
ceded by so bright a promise." 

Encouragement to Missionary 
Efforts. — We find in an exchange 
paper the following statements de- 
rived, it would seem, from a source 
entitled to confidence and credit — a 
missionary in Western Africa. They 
indicate, with sufficient clearness to 
animate our faith and encourage our 
zeal, that the Divine Providence and 
Spirit are both preparing the way 
for the early introduction of the 



Gospel into that benighted and in- 
jured land. We trust that no seem- 
ingly untoward and dark dispensa- 
tions in regard to our own mission, 
just at the present time, will be per- 
mitted to weaken our faith in the 
Divine promise, or confidence in His 
gracious and merciful- Providence, 
that "Ethiopia will soon stretch out 
her hands to God.' 1 There is un- 
doubtedly a rich reward in store for 
us, if we fail not in our trust, and 
faint not in our work and labor of 
love: 

44 A missionary, laboring in this 
ill-fated land, says, 4 A strong effect 
has been produced on the minds of 
the heathen in Africa, by the efforts 
that have been made, at such an ex- 
pense of life, to send them religious 
instruction.' As an illustration, he 
says, ' When they have heard of 
the sickness of the Missionary So- 
ciety's agents, they have assembled 
for prayer, that God would spare the 
life of his servant whom he had 
sent among them. The whole coun- 
try of Frantee and Ashantee, and a 
long line of coast, are entirely open 
to missionary operations. There is 
not a town, of any considerable im- 
portance, and there is not a kingdom 
into which we might not have full 
and free access, had we men to go 
and occupy them. We have had at 
ths mission house at Cape Coast,, 
and other places, men who have 
travelled hundreds of miles to solicit 
teachers— men who had never be- 
fore seen a European — men who 
had never before heard the truths of 
the Gospel, but on whose hearts the 
Spirit of God had so far operated as 
to create deep dissatisfaction with 
their own system, and an intense de- 
sire to be instructed in the truths of 
which they had but vaguely heard 
from those who had travelled from 
the coast to their own country. 
When I first took my stand in Af- 
rica, I was an object of suspicion to 



M47.] Resolutions by the General Association of Mass. 



239 



all parties. I found that almost every 
word was reported to the King of 
Ashantee, and we were most strict- 
ly watched for six or eight months. 
I could not, at first, take my stand 
and preach in the streets of Coomas- 
sie the unsearchable riches of Christ, 
but I was afterwards able to do this 
Sabbath after Sabbath. I could pro- 
test against their ancient customs, 



their bloody rites and ceremonies, 
with the fullest confidence, and no 
one opposed me. The question 
generally asked was, does the Book 
of God forbid these practices ? If 
I answered in the affirmative, it was 
sufficient. Every one acquiesced in 
the truth of that. The King him- 
self never attempted to justify hu- 
man sacrifices.' " 



Solution* cUropttft bp ttjr tftntral Rtsociatxon of iBasaadjuflttU, 

AT THEIR SESSION, JOKE S3, 1847. 



" Whereas, the American Colo- 
nization Society has established, on 
the western coast of Africa, the Co- 
lony of Liberia, which, notwith- 
standing some errors of management, 
and some unavoidable calamities, 
has been, on the whole, successful 
and useful, furnishing a satisfactory 
home to several thousands of free 
colored people and emancipated 
slaves, excluding slavery from the 
soil which it occupies, expelling the 
slave trade from several hundred 
miles of coast, preventing wars, and 
promoting the extension of civiliza- 
tion Aid Christianity among the na- 
tives ; 

"And whereas, though the free 
people of color in the United States 
ha,ve an undoubted right to remain 
in this their native land, and to re- 
ceive kind, courteous and Christian 
treatment, yet, as their actual condi- 
tion is, in many respects, disadvan- 
tageous, and, notwithstanding all that 
they or we can do, is likely to re- 
main so for an indefinite time to 
come, while such of them as are of 
suitable character may improve their 
condition and increase their useful- 
ness by emigrating to the land of their 
father; 



"Resolved, That such of them as 
desire to emigrate ought to be en- 
couraged, and, if they need it, aided 
in their enterprise. 

" And whereas we are informed 
that several hundreds of slaves have 
the offer of freedom on condition of 
emigrating to Liberia, and that the 
said slaves are desirous to avail them- 
selves of that offer — 

"Resolved, That while we re- 
affirm all that we have said in for- 
mer years, condemning the institu- 
tion, of slavery, and deprecating its 
continuance; and while we do not 
admit that any condition ought to be 
annexed to the offer of freedom, yet, 
in the judgment of this Association, 
such slaves as have the said condi- 
tional offer, and choose to accept it, 
ought to receive such assistance as 
they need for that purpose. 

"Resolved, That it be suggested, 
as heretofore, to pastors and churches 
friendly to this work, to aid it by 
taking up collections in behalf of the 
funds of the Massachusetts Colo- 
nization Society, on or near the an- 
niversary of our national indepen- 
dence, or in such other way, or at 
such other time, as each may find 
most convenient" 



240 Means of Promoting Emigration. [August, 



iBtan* f }) r m t itifl Cmijjratifln. 

We desire again to call attention jless, and a pattern for others, and I 

to the plan adopted by the Kentucky ji""" he will iind favor before God 

c, , /ii • ,■ o • « iand man. If the section of country 

State Colonization Society to con-l r . . . , rr i 

_ . J _ , i from which he came can afford us 
vmce their colored people that i one hundred men possessing the 

Liberia is the most desirable place spirit of enterprise and patience and 

for them. We hope their example | perseverance which he has evinced 

will be followed by others. '■! 80 f ar ' lhe y wi » bl *" 9 *• wlony by 

J .. their presence/' Upon his submit- 

When we last heard from our 'ting his report to the Board, they 
agent there, he had secured some ''unanimously resolved that they were 

,i r u -ii _ :i ' fully satisfied with the manner in 

three or four persons who will sail i ./ ,. . , r i .u ■— 

r x \. which he had performed the servicei 

for the Colony by the first opportu-,; expecled from hini| lhat he wa9 en- 

nity, remain there a year, then re- \ titled to the thanks of the society for 

turn and report the facts to their ,] the great amount of useful inform* 

friends. We anticipate much good lion *J» ch he had, with much ton 

and labor, acquired, and that the 
from this course. Board recommen( j n j m to fog kind 

On page 483 of Dr. Alexander's : and respectful consideration of all 
history of Colonization we find the |i persons friendly disposed to African 

following account of a similar a gen-!. colonizalion » as a man °f excellent 
1004. I character, of a clear and vigorous 

cy, in 18.54 : , understanding, and possessed of those 

The State Colonization Society of ! qualities which make a man useful 
Kentucky, for the purpose of satisfy- ;, to society. They also requested Mr. 
ing their people by the most unex-'j Jones to accompany their agfet 10 
ccptionable testimony of the actual (l the principal places in the State, for 
condition of the Colony, determined : the purpose of giving information 
to send out, this year, a special me 3- l; with regard to the Colony. He was 
sender, for the single purpose of ob- , a sincere, modest man, had no set 
serving with minuteness all that was .speeches or studied narrative to give, 
necessary for an emigrant to know, but spoke without remuneration, and 
The person selected was Joseph : from his heart, about the country he 
Jones, of Winchester, a colored man, /had visited, and which he had deU- 
who proceeded upon his mission, I berately chosen as his future home— 
and after an absence of more than a [ for, as a proof of his own convte- 
yrar, returned with his report of the tion of the many advantages which 
land. Mr. Jones was a very superior 1 Liberia offers to the free colored 
man of his class, a member of the 1 , man, he had determined to return 
Methodist Episcopal Church, over; and connect his destinies with those 
forty years or age, "a man of great;! of his countrymen in the Colony. 
observation, intelligence and candor." jj It will he found that one such man m 
He bore this recommendation back ' Joseph Jones has done more actual 
from (iov. Pinney : 4< Mr. Jones' '{good to his kind than a whole army 
conduct whilst here has been blame- [j of abolitionists. 

I 



1847.] 



Missionary Influence of Colonization. 



241 



iftt50t0tiarp Jnflutnrt of GoUnuatUn. 



The following passage occurs in 
the Report of the former Superin- 
tendent of the Methodist Missions in 
Liberia : 

'* The Society at New Georgia 
prospers, and the school is doing 
well. At a meeting of several days* 
continuance at this place, it was 
hoped that many souls were con- 
verted — and among them several na- 
tives. Our hearts yearned over them, 
while we adored the goodness of that 
God who thus convinced us, of a 
truth, that He is no respecter of per- 
sons, but that, in every nation, he 
that feareth God and worketh righte- 
ousness is accepted of him. A 
sweeping reformation has also gone 
through the town uf Caldwell. Old 
hardened sinners, of whom their fel- 
low citizens had but a faint hope, 
have humbled themselves under the 
mighty hand of God, repented and 
forsaken their sins, and are now re- 
joicing in hope of the glory of God. 
Besides this, several natives have 
also been made the happy partakers 
of God's converting grace. Here let 
me remark, for the purpose of unde- 
ceiving a certain part of our friends 
in America, that though some of our 
native converts are right out of the 
bushy yet that many of them are in- 
dividuals who have been residing in 
the families of the Colonists — have 
been taught by them the knowledge 
of the Christian's God— have wit- 
nessed their piou* examples, which 
have proved to them savours of life 
unto life, and owe, in a great mea- 
* sure, their salvation to ihem as in- 
struments in the hand of God. Away, 
then, with the notion, that the colo- 
nization scheme does nothing for the 



native African — that the missionary 
en tei prise is confined to the emi- 
grants, and that the natives benefit 
nothing by it. Let me stop the 
mouths of these gainsayers, by pro- 
claiming the names of Johnson, 
Williams, Davis, Devaney, Phillips, 
Tulliver, White, Willis, &c, &c, 
American colonists, in whose fami- 
lies native boys and girls have grown 
up under godly instruction and pious 
example, and are now converted to 
Christianity, and members of Chris- 
tian Churches in Liberia. Let me 
add, that in this respect, salvation 
has come, too, to the mission houses 
within your mission in Africa, and 
boys attached to our families and in- 
stitutions have been born of God. 
Millsburg — what shall I say about 
this spot ? The wilderness is blos- 
soming as the rose. The solitary 
place is becoming glad, and rejoicing 
for them who have been sent to cul- 
tivate the hitherto barren field, and 
to diffuse light amid the gross dark- 
ness ; and, thank God, the darkness 
is comprehending ihe light. O, sir, 
think what the Lord has done for us 
here. A society of eleven members, 
as reported Utile more than a year 
ago, has now grown to sixty-three. 
The White Plain's Manual Labor 
School has been owned and blessed 
of God. We have among us con- 
verted to God, Afiicans, named J. 
O. Andrew, N. Bangs, John Clark, 
P. P. ttandford, &c, &c, and these 
already begin to recommend this 
holy religion to others." We 
might follow this report throughout 
all the settlements in the Colon y, in 
all which, the same hopeful, ap- 
pearances are manifest in their re- 
ligious aspect. 



2*12 Colonization. [August, 

(Co ton 13 atton. 

LETTER FROM A MINISTER OF THE GOSPEL IN TENNESSEE. 

, East Tennessee, \\ who have kept their first estate in 

July Sth 1847. j| Africa. Of the latter, it benefits 

> both saint and sinner. It bent-tils 
Brother jVIcLain: — I was once j the Christian, by affording Iiiro an 
inclined to oppose the Colonization opportunity, if he feel it to be his 
Society, on the ground, 1st: That "duty, to colonize his slaves. It 
it aimed at too little and was too .1 benefits the sinner by holding before 
slow in its operations ; and 2d, his mind a benevolent object. It 
That while it accomplished partiul j lays claim to the noblest feeling? 



good, it perpetrated a general evil. 
But experience has taught me that 



j of the patriot, and of the whole- 
souled philanthropist. Its tendency 



it is based upon the great principles '■• is good, only good, and that con- 
which govern men, and which will j tinually. If it has not accomplished 
insure success. It takes tilings as ;i all that its friends desire, what 
it finds them, and makes the best of ' agency has ? If it has been made 
a had case. Its ostensible aim is ;- the occasion of evil, it is not to be 
sufficiently high and noble. It has ,j blamed on that account. The law 
been able as yet to take but the first ' which was ordained to life, is the 
step towards reaching it. And such occasion of the death of all who are 
is the nature of its iniluence that it '; damned. And the Gospel, which 
will not be likely to accomplish its : saves all who are saved, is ihe occa* 
object until the last son of Africa is ; sion of the greatly increased misery 
removed If it create a vacuum, by ( of all the lost who hear it. But it 
removing those already nominally is difficult to tee that it could be 
free, its tendency is to have others ' seriously perverted in any instance, 
flow in and fill up that vacuum. It ■ Those who would oppose its tooblc 
need only stand at the fountain head, object from sinister motives, would 
and bail out the existing waters ; be more likely to be influenced in 
other streams will be thus invited to process of time in this way than in 
pour their contents into that fountain, any other. Any scheme which has 
and thus the last drop will be re- not Colonization connected with it, 
moved ; and the faster it bails, the is delusive in the highest degree, 
faster will this happy result follow, and must be most disastrous in its 
It is emphatically the friend both of results upon both white and black, 
the black and the white. Of the Tours, truly, 

former, it benefits those who are re- — 

moved, those who remain, and those Rev. Wm. McLain. 

[From the ColonizatiouUtJ 

J?*mr 1 101U3 fttio n. 

a 

A Mr. Fitzgerald, a colored man, " Ionization. He, with a few other*, 
has been travelling through the nortn- , have projected the scheme of found- 
em parts of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, ; ing a colony of free colored peo* 



and most of Michigan, delivering 
lectures on the subject of home Co- 



ple in Oceana county, Michigan. 
On our tour to the north in July 



1847.] 



Home Colonization. 



243 



last, we met with Mr. F. at Logans- 
port, in this State, and had re- 
peated conversations with him in re- 
gard to the plans of his colony. 
They are briefly these : He propo- 
ses to raise a sufficient sum of money 
to purchase a portion of territory 
in Oceana county, rather upon the 
joint stock principle, and begin the 
settlement of the colony at some fa- 
vorable point ; and then enlarge, by 
the purchase of surrounding lands, 
as emigrants may join them, until 
they shall have so far filled up the 
country as to gain political control 
over the public offices of the coun- 
try, and to represent themselves in 
the State Legislature. This plan, he 
thinks, will have a tendency to 
make his people feel the importance 
and responsibility of taking their 
own concerns into their own hands, 
and of thinking and providing for 
themselves. Should the scheme suc- 
ceed in gaining control over one 
country, and do well, they intend 
to extend the same system into 
others. 

Mr. Fitzgerald is a man of more 
than ordinary intelligence, and seems 
to have bestowed much thought 
upon his project, and has doubtless 
made out as good a scheme as could 
well be devised in any system of 
Home Colonization. He attended 
our lectures on African Coloniza- 
tion, and became deeply interested 
in the subject. He confessed to us 
that he had been greatly misled by 
the enemies of our cause, both in re- 
gard to the operations of our society, 
and the condition of the colonist in 
Liberia. He professes to be much 
opposed to the movements of aboli- 
tionists, and declared, in a public ad- 
dress, in our hearing, that he had rath- 
er be a slave under a Virginia mas- 
ter, than to be under the dominion 
of modern abolitionists. 

We were not inclined to discour- 
age Mr. F. in his enterprise, but 
17 



told him we were disposed to regard 
his movement as one step towards a 
proper course — that when he found 
his scheme would result in a failure, 
he would then be persuaded to try 
the superior system of African Co- 
lonization, which is now demonstra- 
ted to be the only hope for his peo- 
ple. 

To carry out a scheme of Home 
Colonization, to a sufficient extent to 
encompass the colored population of 
the free States only would cost an 
amount of money so great that it 
puts it entirely out of the question, 
if there was no other difficulty in 
the way. For the lands in any of 
the free States where settlements 
have begun, would cost from $1 25 
to $10 per acre. Whereas, in Af- 
rica, where our colonies own near- 
ly as much land as the whole of In- 
diana, all paid for, a portion is given 
to each emigrant, gratuitously ; — 
while any amount can be bought, in 
addition, for but a few cents per acre. 
Michigan lies far to the north, encir- 
cled by immense lakes, and in a very 
insalubrious clime for the colored 
man. The laws of that State are but 
little more favorable to the colored 
man, than in other free States. The 
people of Michigan, would no more 
tolerate large colonies of colored 
people, within their limits, than those 
of Ohio. There never has been an 
instance where a distinct community 
was formed in the bosom of any 
country, differing essentially from 
the great mass of the people, that 
was found to dwell in peace and 
harmony with them. The Indian 
reservations and }he Mormon trou- 
bles, fully show this in our coun- 
try. The colored people of these 
States will sooner or later find, that 
whether dispersed over the country, 
or living in communities of their 
own, they will never rise to a proper 
level while they are kept in contact 
with the dominant Anglo-Saxon race. 



241 Native African Christians. [August, 

And however we may deplore the I wise, until there is a change wrought 
fact, it is beyond the power of any ; upon our natures, which requires the 
combination of men to make it other- 1| agency of our Maker to perform. 

Hatitit African C I? r i a i i a n 5 . 

Our readers will doubtless be glad ,| (their) brethren, mothers, fathers, 
to see what kind of Christians are j ; and sisters with lhe word ° r ,ife '" 
growing up among the natives or \ Ought not Kmanyo to be a preacher 

Liberia. As interesting specimens, !■ 



we copy the following article from 



Letter of Kong Koba. 



the Baptist Missionary Magazine, ji when I ^ si heard of religion, it 

published at Boston: !'l was from lhe moul J| of 0I J e °( f m >' 

1 i. own countrymen, who statu at Mon- 

Bassa Mission. — Conversion oy rovia for a number of years. He 

Kong Koba and Ktnanyo, — The j; told me that he was informed by the 

following account of the early life I Congo people at New Georgia, that 

and conversion of Kong Koba, or ; God has prepared a fire for the 

Lewis K. Crocker, whose name is i wicked in another world, and hap- 

familiar to our readers, was written ' piness for the good. When I first 

in reply to some inquiries addressed heard it I believed it, as I believed 

to him from the Kooms, and is dated { that I must die. And since 1 heard 

at Fairfield, Little Bassa, December i it I have never forgotten it, though 

21, 1846. The other letter is dated j it was told me by one who was 

in this city, April 9, and is addressed : careless himself for his never-dying 

to the children of the Bassa Mis- ; soul. Yet I was hardened in mind 

sion School in Bexley. The writer, i for several months. After a while, 

Knianyo, more generally known j I began to satisfy myself with vain 

here by his adopted name John K. | thoughts, &c. 

Wesley, came to this country last j I remained in this state for a num- 



summer with Mrs. Crocker, whose ! ber of years ; then my father gave 
low state of health at the time re- ' me to a gentleman by the name of 
quired his services as an attendant. ! : Nuter, (a man who was killed in 
Since his arrival, Wcslev has been > Governor Buchanan's war with Gei 
carefully provided for by Christian : Tumbe.) While I was with this 
friends, and is now in the office of a < man, I recollect one night I felt 
Christian brother, who has kindly | great uneasiness about my soul; 
undertaken to teach him the art of during the night I wept bitterly. 
printing. We publish these commu- j The man inquired what was the 
mcations both for their own interest, ' matter. 1 knew not what to tell 
and as illustrative of the character him ; for I thought during this time 
of the Bassa mind. No correction- there was no man on earth who could 
is made in the sentiment or method, ' comfort me. 1 asked the man the 
and only here and there a slight ' same night to give me permission to 
change of a word or letter. Kong go out and see my mother and father, 
Koba, we may add, is now a preacher, (for Mr. Nuter then was in my 
and during the past year, as he in-: father's town.) He granted me* the 
forms us, has travelled with his j permission. When 1 went, mother 
11 brother Vonbrunn through and : asked me what was the cause of my 
through the Bassa country to feed weeping. 1 knew not what to ear, 



^^^^^w* 



1847.] 



Native African Christians, 



245 



for 1 thought it was unnecessary to 
tell her how I felt, knowing she 
could not relieve this burden from 
my mind. A few days after, I went 
with my companions Sawe da and 
Gma to cut palm nuts. While we 
were there, 1 asked them what they 
thought of dying. They said, 
•• Nothing more than that we shall 
go to the same place where others 
have gone." But whither, they 
could not tell. Then 1 began to 
weep, and wept all the time we were 
there. When they had cut the palm 
nuts we went home, and they laughed 
at me a great deal. And beiug afraid 
of their laughing at me, 1 tried to 
put everything away as regarded 
seriousness, and it wept away by 
degrees. O that there had been a 
Christian in town to lead me to the 
Lamb of God, which taketh away 
the sins of the world ! However, 
44 it is the Lord's doing, and it is 
marvellous in our eyes.'' Though 
I concealed my seriousness, yet 
within me was a great burden, that 
caused me to weep sometimes while 
alone. 

I remained in this state for several 
years ; and my father again gave me 
to another gentleman, now King, 
Mr. J. C, who, though a Christian, 
yet made no mention of it to me, 
except in my prevention from work- 
ing on the Sabbath.. I remained 
with him four months, then I went 
away from him to my father's town, 
where I remained for a considerable 
time, till the death of one of my 
father's head women. At this time 
Messrs. Crocker and Mylne, ac- 
companied by Mr. N. Harris, came 
to my father, and asked him to call 
some of his subjects together, and 
hear what they were to say to him. 
Accordingly my father called some 
of his men together, (I think twenty 
men were gathered in a kitchen,) 
and father told them to say what 
they had to say. And through an 



interpreter we understood Mr. Crock- 
er to say, God had put it into the 
hearts of good people in America to 
send them to Africa, to teach the 
Africans God's will and Christianity. 
After Mr. Crocker had said this, 
father asked them what should be 
their pay annually. To this, Messrs. 
C. and M. said, God had sent them, 
and it was their delight to do good 
to others ; and furthermore, they 
said, that if the King (my father) 
should send his children to their 
school, and send provision to them, 
it would please them a great deal. 

To this my father consented, and 
during his lifetime, he did not fail in 
it. After father had told them that 
he was very glad as to this matter, 
they asked him to send his own son 
with them to Edina. Father con- 
sented immediately, and asked me 
to go with them. I told him I was 
willing to go with them, but 1 was 
not well at that time, and I told 
father to tell Messrs. Crocker and 
Mylne that I was willing to go with 
them when I should get well. They 
consented, and went to Sante Will's 
place. Here they remained for a 
number of days, till father and 1 
went there. While we were there, 
Messrs. C. and M. asked Sante Will 
for some of his own sons to take to 
the school, and Sante Will gave 
them Zewio, his own son. I was 
glad that 1 had one who was my old 
acquaintance to accompany me to 
Edina. But to my own regret, I was 
taken sick again ; so I could not go 
with them to Edina, and Zewio, 
Sante Will's son, went with them. 
I went back again to my father's 
town, and made it known to my 
mother, Zoole, and all my compa- 
nions, that if it had not been my 
sickness, I had gone to Edina to the 
school. They were all glad that I 
did not go ; for they entertained the 
belief that it was impossible for any 
African to live long if he " learned 



246 Native African Christians. [August, 

book." So niv brother Zoole and 1 - he told them to ask me. Thev did 
in other told father thai I should not so, and I asked them that I might no 
go at all to the school ; but father told i; and see mother. They were will- 
tJiom that 1 shouLl go; and there : ing, and I went to see mother. 1 told 
was a contention between them. !l her that I was willing to go to the 
And I staid with father for a cousid-j' school and learn book. She was 
erable time. | not willing at first, but when she 

One day, after I went to one of saw she could not persuade me to 
fathers plantations, Mr. C. came to stay, at last she consented reluctant- 
his town, and asked him for me. ! ly, and I went back again to Same 
He told Mr. C. that I was in a plan- I Will's place. From thence I wem 
tation, and Mr. C asked him to send to Edina, February, 1S37, with the 
for me. He did so, and charged Rev. Wm. Mylne, who treated me 
the boy whom he sent after me, not the same as if I was his own son. 
to tell me for what purpose he sent 1 While 1 was with this gentleman, I 
for me, knowing if ] got knowl- ' was sent to school to Elder John 
edge of Mr. C.'s being in the town, Day, who, and Mr. M. took great 
1 would not come ; (for at this time : care to instruct me in the way of 
I entertained the opinion of my salvation. They taught me that 
mother and brother Zoole, i. e. that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, had 
I should die soon, if 1 should learn died for the sins of the world, and 
book.) The boy went to the planta- ; ; that whosoever believeth in him 
tion, and told me that father had sent, should not perish but have everlasi- 
Jbr me. I asked him for what pur-i ing life. 

pose he had sent for me. He said, | They also told me that all have 
lie knew not ; but one tiling he , sinned, and all have fallen short of 
knew was, that one white man was the glory of God. At first I thought 
in the town. I was sure that it was 1 had no sin, yet at the same time 
Mr. C, and I asked mother what, the thought of death was dreadful 
might be done with regard to my ' to me, and I thought there was some- 
£oing with Mr. C. She was not' thing within me which made me to 
willing at all for me to go with him ; he afraid of death. I learned from my 
however, she told me that I might teacher that my sins were the cause 
go to the town, and promise to go of it. 1 began a little to be troubled 
with him in future. Accordingly I about my sins. I thought I must 
went to the town. Mr. C. was very begin to pray. I prayed a little and 
glad to sec me, and asked me to go ■ stopped, for I thought I was young, 
with him. I told him to ask father, ! and that religion was only for those 
and he did so. Father was willinir ; who were old. But when I saw 
for me to go with Mr. C, but 1 said that many of those who were youn- 
mother was not there; so 1 could ger than myself were dying, as well 
not go with him at the time ; yet as the old people, 1 thought I must 
I promised to iro w i tl i him in future, one day, soon or late, be in the hand 
So Mr. C went away again to Sante of that God whose service I was 
Will's place. then neglecting. Then I set out 

After ten or eleven months, I went ■ again to pray for the mercy of God ; 
with father to Sante Will's place, and when I continued in doing this 
Here we saw Mr. C. and Mr. M., for two or three weeks, I found 
wlm had lately none up there (Sante what a miserable sinner I was. 1 
Will's town} from Edina. Both of, thought 1 only was the greatest sin- 
them again asked father for me, and ji ner that ever lived on the earth. 

I' 



1847.] 



Native African Christians. 



247 



Then I resolved never to stop gray- 
ing to God as long as I should live. 
After continuing in this state a few 
weeks, I found myself quite a differ- 
ent person from what I once was. I 
then hated those things that I once 
loved, and loved those things which 
I once hated. 

Letter of Kmanyo. 

Dear Young Friends : — Having 
a leisure moment, I have determined 
to write a few lines to you, as I know 
you will be glad to hear from me ; and 
will be interested in the good report. 
Through the great and most un- 
deserved goodness of our Heavenly 
Father, I who have so long resisted the 
Spirit of God, loving darkness rather 
than light, am now secure from the 
tyranny of the devil, through our 
Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. How 
good is the Almighty, that he did 
not cut me off in the midst of my 
sins. Oh the length, the depth, and 
the height of the love of God ; what 
comfort of love, that passeth all un- 
derstanding ! I think you will like 
to know how I obtained this spiritual 
blessing ; and I shall be glad to tell 
you. A few months ago, I was j 
asked if I loved the Lord. My 
dear friends, I could not look up and 
around, but mf head was bowed 
down for sorrow. Oh wretch that 
I am, who shall deliver me from the 
body of death ! Then the Spirit 
said unto me, My son, give me thy 
heart, for i came into the world to 
save the contrite and broken-hearted. 
Then I remembered all the precious 
promises which are contained in 
the New Testament, which our 
Saviour promised that he will fulfil : 
•* Come unto me all ye that labor 
and are heavy laden, and I will give 
you rest. Knock and it shall be 
opened unto you, ask and it shall be 
given unto you. He that cometh 
unto me, I will in no wise cast out." 
Then I began to feel as Jacob did, I 



will not let Thee go till Thou hast 
blessed me. I will not stop till I 
obtain the spiritual blessing. Oh 
Lord, I know not what I should ask 
of Thee. Thou only knowest what 
I want ; give to me the desire to be 
Thy child, what is proper, what- 
ever it may be. I only present my- 
self before Thee, this is all that t 
can do. And in the morning I went 
into the office, and when I was set- 
ting types, my mind began to be en- 
lightened. 1 began to feel the in- 
fluence of the Divine Spirit, and after 
dinner the light increased more and 
more. My feelings divided into 
two ; one encouraged me to go and 
tell Mrs. Crocker what the Lord had 
done for my soul, another urged me 
not to ; and I did not go till the next 
day. Perhaps some of you will 
ask why I did not go. I will tell 
you the reason. Because our Saviour 
said many should come in his name 
to deceive people. And the apostle 
said we must try every spirit, 
whether they are of God. In the 
evening I came home, and went 
into my room and kneeled down. 
Here I poured out my petitions be- 
fore my Father which is in secret. 
Lord, if thou hast chosen me to be 
Thy chosen vessel to bear Thy 
name before my heathen people, I 
am willing with all my heart, ac- 
cording to Thy will. I prayed ; 
and when I ceased, the light that 
was burning looked new to me, 
everything in v my room seemed 
pleasant to me. I can see with new 
eyes, hear with new ears, and un- 
derstand with new heart. Dear 
friends, here 1 exclaimed the praises 
of the Almighty and his Son Jesus 
Christ. 

" How glorious is our Heavenly King, 
Who reigns abo?e the sky." 

Glory to God in the Highest, peace 
on earth, and good will to men. Oh 
I wished I had a thousand mouths 



248 



Thoughts on Colonization. 



[August, 



to praise my Redeemer. Worthy 
is the Lamb which was slain, to 
receive power, riches, honor, and 
glory. Oil, said 1 again, I wish I 
had more souls to give my Redeem- 
er. What an easy thing it is to be- 
come the child of God, if wc ask 
in faith. I reviewed all my past 
time astonished, and know not what 
to wonder at most, my own wicked- 
ness or the long suffering of the 
Almighty. 

1 have visited many Sabbath schools 
since 1 came to the city, and an- 



swersd the questions put to mc. 
The scholars were glad to see me; 
many of them save their little mites, 
and put them into the contribution 
box, to send the Gospel to the 
heathen ; even to you. I have a 
great many things to tell you about 
this great country, and 1 hardly 
know which to begin with ; also I 
don't want to write you anything to 
divert your mind from your God, 
but what will bring you to the Mercy 
Seat. I am, your friend, 

JOHN K. WESLEY. 



%,\)OUQ\)to on Colonisation, 

BY REV. J. N. DANFORTH. 

In studying the developments of first awakened the benevolent spirit 
God's Providence in the woild, 'of Howard, who flew like an angel 
nothing more impressively strikes of mercy to relieve their sufferings. 
the mind than the fact, that great \ The vulgarity and profanencss of 
evils have led to the discovery , a knot of idle children led to the 
of corresponding remedies. The j establishment of the Sabbath School, 
evil (if universal ignorance, which , which has filled the world with its 
was completed by the influence of: beneficent influence, and is destined 
the middle ages, found it.? remedy in i to bless unborn generations, while 
the art of printing an art which has '. it has placed the name of Raikes 
essentially altered the state of the high on the scroll of sacred fame, 
world. The want of commerce The severity and oppression of a 
among the nations of the earth, a ; foreign government roused the spirit 
real evil when seen by the reflected :| of resistance among the colonies, 
light of this improving age, was sup-! and a new nation sprang into ex- 



plied by the discovery of the mari- 
ner's compass, which has had its 



istencc with full powers of self-go- 
: vcrnment, of maintaining her inde- 



Jull share of efficiency in modifying ; pendence, of resisting foreign ag 
the relations of men towards each j| grcssion, and of fulfilling all the 
other. The absurdity, equalled only !, ends of a government based on 
by the effrontery of certain practices j- equal rights and a popular represen- 
at the commencement of the 16th I tation. Such an example as ours 
century, done under the sacred garb ;j must have had its effect. It was 
of the Christian religion, first pro- l! not so much military, as moral 
voked the spirit of reformation, which : forces that gained the victory. There 
rising with the exigency of the times, I was the shock of armies indeed, bnt 
gathered strength as it rose, and there was also the more powerful 



eventually dealt such a blow to the , 
reigning power of earth as forever 
humbled, if it did not annihilate it. . 
The destitution and misery of hu- ■ 
man beings in prisons and dungeons 



collision of opinions and sentiments, 
which struck out light on subjects 
interesting to communities and na- 
tions. The flame of liberty was 
caught in Europe, not as an irregu- 



1847.] 



Thoughts on Colonization. 



249 



lar and electric influence, seizing at 
random upon the popular feelings, 
for it took possession of enlightened 
bosoms. It was interwoven with 
principles ; it rose with its auspi- 
cious light above the smoke and 
confusion of party politics ; it was 
softened by its contact with benevo- 
lent hearts ; it was sanctified by the 
presence of religion. It went hand 
in hand with truth and justice and 
mercy, and its vital energy was soon 
felt in a movement, which startled 
the slumbers of the world, over a 
system of oppression as unjust, as 
cruel, as ferocious, as ever disgraced 
earth, or provoked Heaven. I need 
not say that I mean the slave trade — 
that foul blot on our page of the 
world's history ; that deep dyed re- 
cord of civilized guilt; of ingenious 
barbarity ; of systematic, remorseless 
robbery ; that league of policy and 
power on the part of all nations to 
crush one ignorant and defenceless 
people to the dust. To maintain 
such a traffic, required the extinc- 
tion of all the finer feelings of the 
human heart ; the prostration of 
justice, the violation of mercy, the 
annihilation of every principle of 
honor and humanity ; in fine, it was 
and is a work twice cursed. It 
curses him that takes the slave, and 
the slave that is taken ; the tyrant 
and the victim ; the thief and the 
plunderer ; yes, it is three-fold, the 
thief, the buyer, and the bought ; 
all, all are cursed. In 1787, four 
years after the declaration of peace 
between this country and Great 
Britain, Wilberforce brought for- 
ward his plan of prohibition of the 
slave trade. 

It was but copying the example 
set in 1772 by the house of Bur- 
gesses, of Virginia, who petitioned 
the King of Great Britain against 
the importation of slaves, because, 
say they, u it greatly retards the set- 
tlement of the colonies with more 



inhabitants, and may have in time 
the most destructive influence ;" 
they express their fear that the slave 
trade "will endanger the very ex- 
istence of his Majesty's American 
dominions/ 9 4 

Refusal of the Crown to sanction 
the acts of the colonial legislature 
prohibitory of the slave trade, was 
one of the grievances set forth. 

At length the friends of humanity, 
whose cause was espoused by such 
men as Pitt, Fox, Burke, and Sheri- 
dan, with noble eloquence and pow- 
erful argument, triumphed over all 
opposition, when in 1807, after a 
hard-fought battle, the slave trade 
was entirely abolished in the do- 
minions of Great Britain. This, 
however, was but a partial remedy. 
The evil still exists to a fearful ex- 
tent ; and since the wisdom and 
power of man and of nations have 
failed to provide an effectual remedy, 
we must trust in God with a stronger 
faith and more lively expectation. 

It is very easy to see thai it only 
requires the full development of the 
colonial principle by actual posses- 
sion of the coast of Africa, to an- 
nihilate this nefarious traffic. The 
evil is not to be removed by impe- 
rial edicts, or legislative enactments, 
or by expressions of popular indig- 
nation, however loud and just, or 
even by the thunders of hostile na-' 
vies. All these have been defied, 
counteracted or eluded. The last re- 
sort of governments — physical force 
— is laughed to scorn by the prac- 
tised pirate, as he winds through the 
secret channels of that indented 
coast) and favored by the darkness 
of night, congenial to his work, 
escapes to sea, and bounds over 
the billows with a fleetness, which 
for the most part renders pursuit by 
an armed ship vain and hopeless. 
Or if the pursuit be commenced, 
there is no alternative of mercy for 
the wretched African, unless that be 



250 Thoughts on Colonization. [August, 



mercy to find a grave at the hand :| changed for foreign importations, 
of his oppressors beneath the surges !■ When it is known that that country 
of the ocean. What foreign force . produces lice, palm oil, camwood, 
cannot accomplish, can be effected ' ivory, gold dust, dye woods, yams, 
by peaceable possession. "AVhere- land in general the abundant and de- 
ver the influence of the Colony ofilicious fruits of tropical climate?, 
Liberia extends, the slave trade has ! j with a soil, which under slight cul- 
bcen abandoned by the natives, and ( tivation, will yield two crops in a 
the peaceful pursuits of legitimate I year, can any one doubt as to the ulli- 
commerce established in its place." | mate success of agriculture and com* 
Wherever a civilized jurisdiction isjinerce? Here will be a market for 
established on the African coast, the I the world, and the industry, and the 
slave trade is destroyed. Just in 'j wealth, and the commerce of the 
proportion to the establishment of j world will be stimulated to a more 
colonies, a permanent cordon is < vigorous and enlarged action. 



formed, which the atrocious slave 
trader will in vain attempt to pass. 
Now, this mighty evil is not to be 



This view of the subject will con- 
duct us by no difficult transition to 
the consideration of the practicabili- 



removed at once: an instantaneous j ty of civilizing Africa. 
stroke of legislation or of armed i I would not before a New Eng- 
forcc is not to do it, but like other iland audience maintain this argu- 
great evils, we are to meet it with ment so much for the purpose of 
the steady, certain remedies, which \ conviction, as of illustration. That 
a kind Providence has so evidently I the African mind should, after the 
pointed out, and so plainly bids us j abuse and oppression of so many 
use. In other words, we must add , centuries, exhibit any traits of vi- 
an hum! red fold to the means and vacity — any susceptibility of culti- 
ener^ies of the Colony. | vation, is perhaps a cause of wonder. 

'•Nothing has tended more to the That so much intellect, such natural 
suppression of the slave trade in and moral capabilities, as certainly 
this quarter, "says the same British distinguished the Africans, should 
naval ofliccr, " than the constant in- : be exhibited at this day, is only con- 
tereourse and communication of the vincing proof of the essential en- 
natives with those industrious colo- ergy, the wonderful elasticity of 
nists." There is no principle more those powers which the God of Na- 
certain, than that a fair, wholesome, tare has planted in the human con- 
leiriiimate trade, possessing within stitution. Let us not forget that Af- 
itself the means of its own perma- rica has produced a Hannibal and 
nency, must inevitably take the Jugurtha in war : in the drama a 
place of the foul, cruel, unlawful. Terence : in fabular literature an 
unnatural trallic in flesh and blood. /Esop : in queenly accomplishments 
l.'nivcrsally, when the natives have a Sheha and a Candace : in theology 
seen the superior advantages of the an Origen, a Cyprian, and an Au- 
fonner, they have gladly adopted it, gustine, whoso names have come 
while they have indignantly rejected down to posterity with the honorable 
ih«j latter. Thus we may assure appellation of Fathers of the Church; 
ourselves, as well for the ordinary that the most elegant and useful trans- 
laws of political economy, as for lation of the Scriptures, the Sep- 
those of nature, that the products of tmgint, was made in Africa: that 
the snil and not the staple of hu- even in the heart of that country 
man life, will be bartered and ex- there have been found men of let- 



1847.] 



Thoughts on Colonization. 



251 



ters ; in a word, as if to shame the 
incredulity of Christian nations, that 
history herself, when she would 
lead us to the cradle of the arts and 
of civilization, takes us to a frontier 
country of Africa, and there shows us 
Egypt? ic *h e basest of the kingdoms." 
The evidence given before the 
British Parliament, when at the close 
of the last century, the affairs of Af- 
rica were thoroughly sifted, proved 
the high capacities of the African 
mind ; the vigor of the memory of 
the natives ; the genius for com- 
merce; the beautiful workmanship 
in gold, iron, leather, and other ar- 
ticles ; the manufacture of cloths ; 
the brilliancy of their dyes, and the 
activity in supplying the ships with 
provisions. It was also testified that 
for the most part, the natives were 
peaceable in their dispositions, gen- 
tle in their manners, cheerful and 
hospitable. There is at this time 
a tribe near Cape Palmas on the 
western coast, called Kroo-men, 
who possess fine athletic forms, and 
who have never suffered themselves 
to be made slaves. Like the Swiss 
and Savoyards, they seek employ- 
ment abroad, are often engaged to 
navigate ships and boats, and after 
obtaining the reward of their toil, re- 
turn to their homes. There is also 
a tribe in Fernando Po, an island 
40 miles from the coast, crowned 
with a wooded summit, abounding 
with the best of water, and such 
valuable wood as oak, ebony, and 
satin wood. The color of the natives 
is a dark copper, with long, lank 
hair, and well proportioned muscu- 
lar limbs. They possess a steady 
independence of character, and have 
never been slaves ; like the Chinese, 
they are slow and cautious to re- 
ceive visitors, but fearlessly board 
foreign ships. Agriculture is pur- 
sued to a considerable extent among 
them, the products of which are 
exchanged for value received. 



In the rich resources of Africa, 
especially as pointed out by the re- 
cent discoveries of the Landers, 
there is everything to inspire hope, 
and to justify the most sanguine ex- 
pectations concerning the renovation 
of that continent. 

Our colony has been prospered 
beyond any of which history in- 
forms us. The first slight adver- 
sities, incident to all new enterprises, 
having passed away, the system is 
now moving on with increasing 
power and success. Upwards of 
twenty expeditions have been fitted 
out, each of which has given strength 
to the colony. A regular govern- 
ment is instituted — laws are admin- 
istered — churches and schools estab- 
lished — a press in operation— com- 
merce flourishing — agriculture im- 
proving — 2,500 emigrants happily 
and profitably established there, and 
thousands submitting voluntarily to 
the government of the colony, while 
the fame of this new and prosper- 
ous people is awakening the atten- 
tion of other and more distant tribes. 
Indeed the Spirit of Mercy seems 
hovering over that continent, for by 
recent unpublished intelligence from 
its more Southern portion, in the 
District of Lattakoo, the success of 
the Gospel among the natives is sur- 
prising, and for a distance of 400 
miles, visited by the missionaries, a 
loud and earnest call was heard for the 
bread of life, and for the distribu- 
tors of that bread to come among 
them. Thus one green spot after 
another shall spring up in the de- 
sert, until the whole shall bud and 
blossom as the rose. Much, much has 
been done ; enough indeed, to answer 
the most ardent expectations of the 
friends of the society, and to con* 
found the sinister calculations and 
predictions of its inveterate enemies, 
of which it has a few, a very few 
left ; just about enough to keep up 
an animated interest in the great 



**^^N^'<i^^»^^»^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^M 



252 



Thoughts on Colonization. 



[August, 



question of Colonization; and which j! strict colonial principles by emigra- 
few perhaps could not well be spared, jl tion. Objections on the score of the 
lest their death should be followed ' vastness of the object come ill from 
by a stagnation of the public mind. ,, the mouth of an American, who is 
In regard to the extensive coloni-» at all acquainted with the history of 
zation of Africa, there are honest 1 his country, or with the history of 
doubts in the minds of some as to • causes and effects. Is the difficulty 
the sufficiency of the means to ac- i in the want of money ? Already the 
complish the end. I refer to doubts ; great results which exist have been 
which are not the offspring of a dis- ■; produced by an expenditure of only 
tempered, infuriated fancy, but which j about $1*50,000 — a sum not double 
naturally arise in cool, candid, and '■ the amount of exports from the colo- 



ny in a single year. There is abun- 
dance of silver and gold, whenever 
the people shall direct its applica- 
tion. Four years 1 sales of the pub* 
lie lands would produce money 
sufficient to remove the whole black 
rouse the nation to this work. We jl population. "We need only to con- 
are sure that it is rapidly rising to 'I sent to be taxed as we are, after the 

• iff #* 1 TkT T^ 1 1 -• • 1 m #• j| I 1* 1 I m. 



inquiring minds* and therefore de- 
serve attention. If the question bo 
whether the present means be suf- 
ficient, but one answer can be given, 
in the negative. But we seek to in- 
crease the means. We expect to I 



it. We are confident New England ; 
will do more this year than she has ; 
ever done, and that you might as . 



extinguishment of the public debt, 
for one year, and the sum of twelve 
millions is raised. Is the difficul- 



wcll attempt to repress the flow of,|ty in transportation? How have 
the ocean's tide, as the progress of ;' fifteen millions been trans ported/rom 
the natural sentiment on this subject. ' that country ? Avarice has done it. 
The work will gather strength every t And is the avarice of wiaked men 
year. God will provide the means j. stronger than the liberality of Chris- 



for the completion of that which has j 
been so evidently blessed by Him. i 
This our faith would teach us, but j 
we may appeal to another source of j 
proof: Experience. Why ! the Old 
World has been turned over since 
the commencement of the 16th cen- 
tury, and a New World called into j 



tians ? Cruelty has done it Can- 
not kindness do more ? Treachery 
has done it. Shall not the humane 
and steady policy of a great nation 
do more ? Shall the accursed in- 
dustry of tyrants and thieves, who 
have found the means of depopula- 
ting Africa of its millions, surpass 



existence with its teeming millions, j; the diligence of 13,000,000 of free 



The progress of our own nation in 
the last 200 years puts at defiance all 
calculations about the application 
of means to ends. And what 
was the origin ? A couple of hum- 
ble, sickly colonies, planted at long 
and gloomy distances from each 
other, with frowning skies, a deadly 
climate, and uncongenial, hostile na- 
tives to distress and destroy. But 
the two colonies soon became thir- 
teen, and the thirteen colonies have 
at length grown to twenty-six inde- 
pendent States, all constructed upon 



republicans? Why should slave 
! ships be more successful in the work 
! of destruction than emigrant ships in 
] the work of renovation ? The real 
; question, after all, is, what is obliga- 
tion ? What is our duty T Let us 
discharge this, and leave the conse- 
quences with God. He can open 
paths that are shut to the shortsight- 
ed view of man. Our duty to Africa 
demands the most strenuous exertions 
to introduce civilization and Chris- 
tianity into that neglected country. 
Our duty to our country, to our 



1847.] 



Thoughts on Colonization. 



253 



whole country — for we be brethren — 
demands that a wide channel be kept 
open for the superabundant colored 
population. For if the ratio of in- 
crease of the white and colored po- 
pulation in Eastern Virginia, for ex- 
ample, shall continue to be in the 
future the same that it has been in 
the past, the number of blacks will 
in 40 years be 722,000, exceeding 
the number of whites by nearly 
273,000. With the increase of their 
power they will stand up for their 
liberty, and a war of extermination 
on one side or the other must ensue. 
But in such a contest it can never 
remain doubtful who would be the 
victors and who the vanquished. I 
touch not the morality of the ques- 
tion. I take facts as they are, and 
must be, constituted as our Govern- 
ment is. For the course the Na- 
tional Government would take in 
such an emergency, I refer you to 
the fact of the instantaneous action 
of the War Department on the re- 
ception at Washington of the news 
of the Southampton massacre. The 
first emotions of the high function- 
aries of the Government is a trem- 
bling solicitude for the lives of their 
own families, and the measures they 
would adopt cannot be matter of con- 
jecture. Self-preservation, the first 
law of our nature, must, in every 
issue with the oppressed and unfor- 
tunate slaves, act with tremendous 
force against them. And whether 
New England should fly to the res- 
cue, or look on in silence, the events 
of that dreadful day would clothe 
that page of our history in the deep- 
est mourning. I can conceive of 
nothing more dreadful, except it be 
the fantastic and sanguinary theory 
of immediate, unconditional emanci- 
pation, which, with a total ignorance 
of the real constitution of society in 
the Southern States, and a reckless 
disregard of the peculiar relations be- 
tween the master and the slave, would 



sacrifice the peace of the former and 
the last hope of the latter, for the 
sake of its own impracticable ends. 

My countrymen ! I abhor slavery 
wkh a detestation as deep as fires 
any New England heart. I abhor 
it not the less because New England 
ships, New England sailors and New 
England merchants have participated 
in fastening it on the country. But 
1 abhor more the extravagant reme- 
dy, which, instead of alleviating, 
would add fury to the disease, and 
spread devastation and death over 
the whole face of Southern society. 
Shall 1 set up my opinion, however 
gladly it would embrace the theory 
of instant emancipation, if practica- 
ble, against the combined opinion of 
the wisest, the most judicious, the 
most intelligent, the most illustrious 
American minds, both among the 
living and the dead ; an opinion deli- 
berately formed, solemnly expressed, 
and so firmly abided by, that it has 
gone forth to the world as the senti- 
ment of this nation ? But perhaps 
the abolitionists will say, give us ar- 
guments, for we cannot be influenced 
by names. Well, then, to the argu- 
ment. He tells you the slaves have 
the right to their freedom. I grant 
it. That is his premise. What is 
his conclusion? That they, there- 
fore, ought to be immediately intro- 
duced into the possession of that 
right. I deny it The fundamen- 
tal error of abolitionists consists in 
confounding the distinction between 
rights in the abstract and rights in 
exercise. The former are immuta- 
ble, and cannot be affected by cir- 
cumstances. The application of the 
latter must depend on a great variety 
of circumstances, or there is an end 
to peace, order and government in 
the world. Example, however, will 
best illustrate the point of the argu- 
ment. It will not be denied that the 
inmates of a lunatic asylum have the 
natural right, as human beings, to 



251 Thoughts on Colonization. [August, 



their freedom. But the change in i! principle of the art of navigation, 
their circumstances requires that jj They have a natural right to their 
they should be denied the exercise • liberty. It is a sweet-sounding 
of this right. The peace and safety j. word — a pleasant idea. They resolve 
of the community, as well as their > to rise. They put to death the crew, 
own advantage, render indispensable 'j They trample the blood of their 
the imposition of certain restraints, murdered victims on the fatal deck, 
The reason of this imposition being; 1 and cast their dead bodies into the 
removed, their rights are restored to sea. And what have they gained? 
them. I 1 Liberty ! They have got their 

All men have a natural right to the ,' rights, and the ship is drifting upon 
enjoyment of their food. But if a , the rocks, to be wrecked and sliiv- 
hospital be filled with patients, in i ered to fragments, and the wretched 
the perilous crisis of a wasting dis- [I insurgents go to the bottom, 
ease — the cholera, for example — the || And these are the tender mercies 
physician, who is best acquainted :| of immediate emancipation, which 



with the disease, may perceive that 
death would be the consequence of 
taking food, lie therefore denies it 



would involve the master and slave 
in one common ruin, drive the ship 
of state upon the rocks, and destroy 



to them. He is a cruel man, say the jj the peace and prosperity of the coun- 
abhorrors of all bondage. You deny J try. Oh, if 1 could present to yon 
them their rights. You do well. ] the picture of the fond father, and 
Give them their rights. What then ? | the anxious mother, and the beauti- 
Why ! they will kill themselves, i ful daughter — the last, as was the 
Let them do it, then, says our imme- | fact at the mournful season of the 
diato, universal liberator. Do your : Southampton massacre, i.i.ploring 
duty. Leave the consequences to : her father's slaves to spare her — and 
God, or to take care of themselves, the mother, pressing her darling in- 
or whatever may become of them, fan t more closely to her bosom, in 
but do your duty. That is the very j the apprehension of impending dan- 
question. What is duty? Is it duty ! ger, I know I should find sympa- 
to choose a greater evil for the sake ■ thies in your hearts for the suffer- 
of getting rid of a less ? Duty to : ing South. But I forbear. In re- 
rush into a sea of danger and trouble gard to the state of the question, so 
for the sake of pursuing a beautiful important to be well understood, it is 
phantom ? Duty to sever that golden not, what is the least possible time 
bond — the union of the States — and in which the slaves can have their 
to dye the star-spangled banner of freedom ? But, what is the least 
your country in the blood of the possible time consistent with the 
South ? great eat general good? This is the 

The obligations of duty as well ground on which the American Co- 
as the exercise of rights, depend on Ionization Society takes its stand, * 
circumstances. What is my duty in and rests its defence ; in this posi- 
one set of circumstances may not be tion she is supported by the public 
in another. What is mv duty to-day sentiment of this nation; from this 
may not be my duty to-morrow, position the Society, with most scan- 
Nay, it may be a sin to-morrow, ty means, has operated with unpre- 
Foi example — and I will put a strong cedented power and success upon 
and desperate case — let us suppose Africa and our own country. Sus- 
a ship at sea, with a number of slaves tained by this principle, she expects 
on board, totally ignorant of any one the continuance of the co-operation 



1847.] 



Thoughts on Colonization. 



255 



of the wise and good, and ultimately 
to triumph. 

She does not set herself above the 
laws of the land, and by abjuring 
their authority, and defying their 
penalty, destroy her only hope and 
power to benefit the suffering Af- 
rican. She seeks to create a law 
in the public mind, which, kindly 
and beneficent in its nature, shall 
eventually be paramount to every 
code, that may contain in it the ele- 
ments of oppression. Strange that 
the designs of such an institution 
should ever be suspected. The op- 
position to it, such as it is, has been 
made on directly opposite grounds. 
In the South it has been stigmatized 
as a plan to deprive the masters of 
their slaves ; in the North as a plan 
to rivet the chains of the slave. In 
regard to the first, there might be 
some degree of plausibility in the 
apprehension, since, in point of fact, 
the influence of the Society on eman- 
cipation has been great. But the 
last reason is ridiculous. Why, 
what is it that rivets the chains of 
the slave ? The presence of the free 
black, not his absence. The slave 
flees his manumitted brother in the 
•apparent enjoyment of liberty, while 
in reality he is a wandering idler, 
without an object, and without a mo- 
tive to any elevated pursuit — his em- 
ployment, perhaps, theft, or to do 
mischief among the slaves.' The 
slaves would like to be rovers too, 
instead of regularly discharging their 
daily task, which, so far as my ob- 
servation in the Southern States has 
extended, is a comparatively light 
one. To repress this disposition, 
it becomes necessary for the master, 
lor the sake of his own safety/ and 
the peace of his possessions, to cir- 
cumscribe the slave in privileges, 
which he would otherwise enjoy. 
Now, every man, whoever he is, 
white or black, who is weaving this 
vision of liberty, and spreading it 



before the mind of the slave, without 
doing something for him, without 
making' it operate practically to his 
benefit, is only riveting his chains — 
he is the cruel oppressor, who feeds 
the ear of the poor slave with pro- 
mises, and breaks them to his expec- 
tation. Honest and generous hearted 
men, I doubt not, there are in New 
England, who do not think with us. 
Their views are formed under the 
impulse of noble sensibilities ; I will 
add more — they may be the result of 
high and correct reasonings on hu- 
man rights, and God forbid that I, 
in whose veins flows the blood of a 
patriarch and soldier of the Revolu- 
tion — who can say, I had a father at 
Monmouth and Saratoga, and who 
! was taught by him to swear upon 
the altar of my country that I would 
cherish her liberty to my latest 
breath — God forbid that I should at- 
tempt to diminish the value of that 
liberty, or to depreciate the dignity 
of the rights of a freeman. But my 
means of making the enjoyment of 
these rights and that liberty univer- 
sal, may be different from yours. 
I We all ardently wish for the same 
i end : — the universal reign of civil 
and religious liberty. In selecting 
the means for attaining this end, we 
must view the whole ground. Not 
merely means, but the right means, 
must be applied — not only the right 
means, but the right means in the 
best time and circumstances. Does 
the analogies of God's providence 
afford any light on this subject? 
What is its constitution and course 
touching the removal of great evils ? 
Not only, as was remarked in the 
commencement of this address, have 
they pointed to their remedies, but 
those remedies have exerted the pow- 
er, not by an instantaneous stroke, 
as of a magician's wand, but by a 
gradual, renovating influence, which, 
in still further accordance with the 
line of God's providence, has given 



256 



Receipts. 



[August, 



to different minds and different gene- 
rations, the privilege and pleasure of 
participating as instruments in the 
work of reform. Already has the 
instrumentality of the American Co- 
lonization Society, aided by the State 
and County Societies, under the 
blessing of God, wrought great 
changes on the subject of slavery. 
Great as these changes are, the work is 
only preparatory. It has showed how 
the thing can be done; it has pointed 
out the means. It now calls upon the 
American people to increase those 
means, so that they shall bear with 
augmented vigor upon the great end. 

There is one view of this subject 
which, of itself, is sufficient to awa- 
ken the most devoted attachment to 
this cause. 

I allude to the aspect which it pre- 
sents of a missionary enterprise. What 
the cause of missions has done for the 
world let historv tell. Wherever the 
missionary has labored, in the true 
spirit of Him who was the great 
npostle of Heaven to dying men, there 
the moral face of things has been 



II 



changed — peace, order and domestic 
felicity have sprung up — the powers 
of superstition have been destroyed— 
the cruelties of heathenism have been 
done away — truth, like the light of 
heaven, has dissipated the darkness 
of error — the temples and altars of 
idolatry have been overthrown, and 
the sweet and healthful spirit of 
Christianity has been diffused far 
and wide. 

This light has at length risen opon 
Africa. There the pure Gospel is 
now preached — there, may we hope, 
will it prevail, until that shall be ful- 
filled which God has promised—of 
which prophets have sung — for 
which the Church has prayed— for 
which the martyr's have died— for 
which the soul of the Son of Got! 
travailed in that sublime hour, when 
the world's redemption was achieved, 
and we will sing — 

Wall, waft, ye windt fail story, 

And you, ye waters, roll, 
Till, like a tea of glory, 

It spreads from pole to pole ; 
Till oVr our ransomed nature 

The Lamb for sinners slain, 
Redeemer, King, Creator, 

In bliss returns to reign. 



tWcfiptp- Of t t)f 51 
From the 20th 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
Chcrlcstoicn-GcoTzc. Olcott, Esq., 

Sin. Row J. Crossby, £1, Rev. 

J. J). F. Richards, £3 50 

IVa (pule— V win Rev. John Cole, 



m no 

5 (M) 



VERMONT. 
Ry Rev. Seth S. Arnold: 
Toirnscnd — Contribution of 



19 50 



the 



Congregation in. 



CONNECTICUT. 

AVir London — Hon. Thomas W. 
Williams, donation towards the 
§20,000 land fund 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

By Rev. Joseph Tracy : 

MUten — Moses Webster, Esq., to 
constitute himself a life-member 
of the American Colonization 
Society 



j 

li 
I- 

250 00 " 



35 50 



85 00 



mtrtcan Colonisation ^acirtp, 
of June, to the 20/A of July, 1S47. 

NEW YORK. 
By Thomas McMullen: 
Albany — Collection taken up in 
the First Presbyterian Church. 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
Washington — Collection on 4th Ju- 
ly in the Presbyterian Church, 
by John 13. Pinney, pastor. . . . 
1 VIRGINIA. 

! By Rev. C. W.Andrews: 
4 37 5Afp/ifr^oim— Collection in the 
Trinity Church on the fourth of 
July, 1S47, from sundry persons, 
viz: E.J. Lee. Esq., Alexan- 
der Boteler, Esq., each £5, 
young ladies in Mrs. Phelps 
school, $5, Mrs. Heniy Boteler, 
Mrs. M.J. Morgan, W. L.Webb, 
R. H. Lee, Esq., each $1, 
Sundry persons, $2, C. W. A., 

£4 25 00 

!• MiUford Mills— From "A Friend 



30 00 :; iu Virginia,", 



1847.] 



Receipts. 



257 



Mount Pleasant — Rev. D. M. 
Wharton, on account of his sub- 
scription, per Wra. C. Ellison, 
Esq 

Alexandria — From Christ Church, 
Alexandria, by Rev. C. B. Dana, 



16 00 

10 40 



NORTH CAROLINA. 

Greensborough — Sundry collec- 
tions, by Rev. Thomas C. Ben- 
ning 

Pioneer Mills — Collection on 4th 
July in the Presbyterian Church, 
by Rev,. Daniel A. Fenick 



95 00 

7 28 
5 00 



12 28 
GEORGIA. 

America* — Rev. James R.McCar- 

ter 1 00 

KENTUCKY. 

By Rev. A.M. Cowan : — 

Franklin Co.— A. P. Fox, Thos. 

S. Page, each #10 20 00 

Fayette Co.—M. T. Scott, F. Da- 
vis, each $20 40 00 

Madison Co. — David Irvine 5 00 

Mason Co. — Wm. Hodge, Wm. R. 
Richerson, Dr. Sam. K. Sharpe, 
Lewis Collins, each $10, A. 
M. January, M. Ryan, Wm. 
Huston, John Armstrong, Wm. 
Cruttenden, Richard Collins, 
Rev. R. C. Grundy, H. Waller, 
each $5, James Artus, E. B. 
Coon, each $2 84 00 

Louisville — Rev. E. P. Humphrey, 
Dr. C. W. Short, Mrs. James 
Hughes, Mrs. McFarland, Mrs. 
E. Cassady, Miss Mary Ann 
McNutt, each $10, Rev. W. W. 
Hill, W. Richardson, S. Russell, 
C. Coleman, J. M. Rutherford, 
P. B. Atwood, S. Messick, D. 
B. Allen, L. Ruffner, Abraham 
Hite, A. Peter, Wm. Miller, 
Mr. Lithgow, W. E. Glover, 
W. F. Pettit, each $5, James 
Fulton, $3, Rev. B. M. Hobson, 
Samuel Cassady, each $2 142 00 

Ohio Co. — Collections in No-creek 
Church, by Rev. A. H. Triplett, 5 00 



OHIO. 
Xenia— From Green County Co- 
lonization Society, viz : — From 
members and others, $36 63, 
Female Colonization Society of 
Xenia and vicinity, $17, Col- 
lection in Rev. R. D. Harper's 
church, $10 37, Collection in 
Rev. H. McMillan's church, 
$11— per James Gowdy, Trea- 
surer G. C. C. S. . • • • • t • 



296 00 



75 00 



Buck Creek — Collection in the 
Presbyterian church 24 25 

Urbana — Public collection 11 67 

West Liberty— Collection in the 
Presbyterian church 13 43 

Newark — Fourth of July collec- 
tion in the First Presbyterian 
church, by Rev . Dr. Wy lie .... 20 00 



INDIANA. 

By Rev. B. T. Kavanaugh : — 

Greenfield— J . D. Walpole, Esq., 
$5, H. Wooster, $2, Rev. John 
Hager, Rev. A. D. Beasley, W. 
M. Doughty, J. Anderson, A. 
J. Hart, J. Foster, J. R. Brac- 
ken, A. W. Pattison, P. Guynon, 
H. Offit, Mrs. Walpole, Mrs. 
Crawford, Mrs. Offitt, each $1, 
Miss M. Sebastian, H. B. Ram- 
sey, Charles Burt, A. Branham, 
S. Henry, each 50 cents, H. 
Branham, Mrs. Hart, each 25 
cents, Mrs. Summers, 15 cents, 
A. Swoop, 12 cents, A. Chit- 
tenden^. S. Church, S. Mother, 
each 10 cents 

New Castle— Hon J. T. Elliott, 
W. Henderson, Mrs. Sarah L. 
Murphy, Joseph Holland, J. W. 
Grubbs, N. Sharp, Mrs. Rebec- 
ca Murphy, Mrs. Margaret M. 
Grubb, Mrs. Hannah S. Elliott, 
S. M. Ward, cash, each $1, Eli 
Murphy, $2, Henry Shroyer, 
H. A. Bundy, Mrs- W. Hender- 
son, Jesse Shelly, Rebecca 
Grose, Col. K. Berkshire, J. G. 
Welch, C. V. Duggins, Jesse 
Ice, each 50 cents, James Dor- 
rah, Samuel Elliott, J. Allender, 
R. Shepherd, H. Alexander, 
Milton Wyman, Catharine Gil- 
bert, Charity Welch, each 25 
cents, Matilda Gregory, 12 cts. 

Knightstown— Dr. George Riddle, 
$5, Rev. John Dale, Daniel 
Mowner, John Lowtv, each $1, 
George S. Lowry, M. Peadon, 
C. A. Campbell, O. Armstrong, 
each 50 cents, S. W. Hutton, 
25 cents 

Winchester— Jno.W. Cottom, Mrs. 
Elizabeth Cottom, D. J. Cottom, 
Mrs. Eliza Cottom, each $1, J. 
Hull, R. O. Dormer, Silas Cole- 
grove, Miss Susannah Eltzroth, 
Mrs. Kemil, Rev. J. Early, 
Rev. S. T. Stout, A. J. Rush, 
Beala McClelland. J. Eltzroth, 
N. Heaston, each 50 cents, J. 
Cranner, Miss Emaline Eltz- 
roth, R. H. Towa, N. Garrott, 
John Cottom, each 25 cents, W. 



144 35 



23 57 



19 62 



10 25 



258 



Receipts. 



[August, 1S47.] 



Fitzgerald, W. P. Norris, each 
20 cents, M. Scagrove, Jacob 
Kcmir, George Hyatt, each 10 
cents, Alfred Rossinan,5 cents. 11 50 

Muruictoir it— Dr. S. P. Anthony, 
T. K( rby, each £1, S. W. Har- 
lan, T. G. Sample, Esq., Silas 
Morgan, J. S. Ferris, Airs. C. 
Russia, W. S. Callis, J. Wach- 
lell, cash, cash, each 50 cents, 
J. 1). Moler, 27 cents, cash, G. 
11. Baxter, llev. L. Taylor, W. 
J I. Perkins, each 25 cents, cash, 
Mrs. N. Callis, each 12 cents, 
cash, W. Gilbert, W. Grover, 
each 10 cents, Geo. Comerlord, 
P. Justice, casli, each 5 cents. . 8 47 

Jlndvrsontoirn — N. II. Williams, 
W. Sparks, John Davis, W.G. 
Atherton, each £1,E. 13. Wright, 
R. N. Clark, T. T. Sharp, Miss 
Sarali A. Sparks, Miss Mary 
Jane Sparks, James T. Sparks, 
Mis. K. Williams, Dr.T. Ryan, 
St. C. Dyson, A. W. Williams, 
each 25 cents, Miss Matilda 
Van Nort, Mrs. H. Atherton, 
Dr. E. MendtMihall, L. It. Ver- 
non, K. V. Atherton, each 10 
emits 7 50 

XuUc»i'iilr — J. Patterson, and H. 

Farcli, each $1 2 00 

82 91 J 

Total Contributions $1,005 5)1 ! 

FOR REPOSITORY. 

Nkw Hami'siiirk. By Rev. 

St-th S. Arnold : — Charlestons — 
Rev. J. 1). F. Richards, on ac- 
count, S'l 50. Samuel St. Johns, 
jr., tt» July, ISIS, $1 50, Geo. 
Dii'kiiisnn, to July, 1S|S. sji. j 

Jl'ifh— J (dm French, M. D., to 
June, is is, liy Kcv. Joseph 
Tracy, #1 50. ." 5 50 

V e r. :■ n i n t . — South St mjTord- J oh n 
Kt-vnolds, jr.. to Jan. 1817 1 00, 

M.\>^( ursETTS. — Charleston'/! — 
James Adams, Alfred Carlcton, ■ 

«-arh. to Jan. 1*17,8150. West- "' 

l> ,m>i±h — Jahez G. Fisher, for , 

1M7, £1 50. Williamsburg — 
Eli<ha Hubbard, Esq., Dr. Da- j, 

iiiel Collins, each, for 1847, " 

£ 1 ■">(», S. D. k K. Graves, to Ju- i 

ly. 1*IS fcl 50, Wm. Nash, for |; 

1*17. si 50. Leicester — J. A. • 

Di-nnv, Ilenrv A. Dennv.each, '; 

toJufv, W-IS.Sl 50. Hatfield— I. 

Li-vi Gravis, to Oct. 1847, SI 50. |i 

S"nth Hartley— Deacon Moses ■! 

Montague, to Feb. 1817, by ; j 

lit v. Dr. Tenney, $1 16 00 ; 



Connecticut. — South Windsor- 
Samuel T. Wolcott, Esq., for 
1846 and 1847 3 00 

New York. — By Captain George 
Barker:— Albany— A. It. Mc- 

• lntyre, to Jan. 1849, $3. Troy 
— David Buel, jr., to Jan. 1S4S, 
$8. Utica— Thomas E. Clarke, 
to Jan. 1848, $8. Buffalo— H. 
B. Potter, to Jan. 1849, #10. 
New York City— Sundry sub- 
scriptions, $ 1 33 00 

D e l a w a re. — Wilmington — J oh n 
B. Lewis, Esq., for Repository 
to Sept. 1848, $4, for Liberia 
Herald to J uly, 1847. $ 1 5 00 

North Carolina. — West Brook 
— W. S. Andres, Esq., to May, 
1849 3 00 

Ohio. — Wooster — Levi Cox, to 
Dec. 1840, $1 50. Montgomery 
—A. Burdsall, to May, 1846, 
$2, A. Bartlett, on account, 
£2. Cincinnati — Henry Hockey, 
to May, 1847, $1 50, G. A. 
Hill, to Sept. 1847, $1 50, Jas. 
Foster, to Jan. 1848, 33, V. 
Worthington, to Sept. 1847, 
$\ 50, A. Moore, to Jan. 8, 
1848, $1 50, Hon. D. K. Este, 
to March, 1847, $2, J. W. Shep- 
herd, to Dec. '47, $1 50. Xenia 
—James Gowdy, to Jan. 1848, 
91 50. Columbus— R. Neil, to 
Dec. 1847, $1 50, J. Ridge way, 
to Dec. 1847, $1 60. Chilli- 
cutfie — W. B. Franklin, to Jan. 
8, 1*48, #3, Hon. W. Creighton, 
to Jan. 8, 1848, $1 50, S. F. 
At wood, to Jan. 8, 1848, $3, 
A. Harvey, to March, 1848, $3. 
Lebanon — W. Russell, to April, 
is 47, $2 50, Robert Sweeny, to 
April, 1847, $2 50, per C. W. 
James 3S 00 

Illinois. — Paris — H. J. V enable, 

to Mav, 1817 2 00 

Missouri. — St. Charles — Major 
Geo. C. Sibley, to Jan. 1847, 
$o\ St. Louis — J. Spaulding, 
to Jan. 184*. §2, J. B. Crocket, 
to Jan. 184S, S3 50, IV. King, 
to Julv, 1*47, £3, W. Renshaw, 
to Jan. Ibis, S3, R. Knox, to 
Jan. is is. £3, Dr. F.Knox, to 
Dec 1S47, $1 50. Cape Girar- 
deau — Rev. John McClain, to 
Jan. 18 18, $1 50, by C. W. 
James, E.^q 23 50 

Total Repository 180 00 

Total Contributions 1,005 91 

Aggregate Amount $1,135 91 



THE AFRICAN REPOSITORY, 



AND 



COLONIAL JOURNAL. 



Vol. XXIII.] 



WASHINGTON, SEPTEMBER, 1847. 



[No. 9. 



[From the Liberia Advocate.] 

3o\)ti &cJ)ono$\)' * pctylf. tl0. l. 



New Orleans, 
June 9, 1847. 

To the Rev. R. S. Finley : 

Dear Sir : — I have the pleasure 
to acknowledge the receipt of your 
esteemed favor of the 9th April last, 
informing me of your intention to 
publish another edition of my letter 
on African Colonization, and saying 
that you are very desirous of pub- 
lishing at the same time, with it, an 
account of the present condition, 
state of happiness, and prospects of 
the servants I sent to Liberia, if 1 
would favor you with a letter on the 
subject. To this, I will observe, sir, 
that it will afford mc great pleasure 
in complying with your request, as 
far as in my power. The informa- 
tion I possess on that subject is, to 
me, of the most pleasing and satis- 
factory nature ; it is derived from a 
correspondence with themselves, (re- 
ceiving letters, generally as I do, by 
every vessel which arrives from that 
part of the African coast where they 
are settled, from them,) and conver- 
sations with various gentlemen, who 
have lately been trading there, who 
have seen them, been on their plan- 
tations, and in their houses; who 
had known some of them previous 
to their departure from this, and were 
the bearers of messages and letters 

18 



from them to me. In those letters 
(written by themselves, for many of 
them write, and write well — some of 
them having been my clerks here,) 
they state, as do the gentlemen who 
have seen them, that they are con- 
tented and happy— have plantations 
under cultivation, with good houses, 
various kinds of domestic animals, 
&c, &c, have every necessary of 
life (with the exception of clothing, 
which is scarce and dear in that coun- 
try) in the greatest abundance ; and 
scarcely any thing to wish for, or 
desire. That they enjoy good health, 
have had but little sickness since 
their arrival in Africa. That the 
climate is a good one for the black 
man, and the soil one of great fer- 
tility and richness. That, fruitful as 
is the Valley of the Mississippi, and 
North America in general, still it is 
not to compare in fruitfulness with 
that part of Africa, as their soil yields 
them two or three crops a year. 
They give me in their letters, long 
list of the vegetable productions of 
that country, which includes nearly 
every article iaised in the United 
States, besides vast numbers of other 
tropical products, which our climate 
does not produce. In short, they say, 
sir, that Africa is one of the finest 
quarters of the world, and that noth- 



200 John McDonogh'a People. [September, 

ing could induce thorn to remove missionaries of the Gospel through 
from it, or exchange it for a residence : and among the native villages, with 
in any other country. Their letters marked success and blessings on their 
also state, (for there are several men labors of love ; whilst others arc 
of business and observation among keeping schools among them, for the 
them,) that their country is destined instruction of their children, 
in a lew years to carry on, and sup- 1 With great respect, I am, sir, 
port, a very considerable commerce. ' Your friend and oh't servant. 

That the attention of the colonists,' JOHN McDONOGH. 

is now turned to the opening of roads 
and rivers, into the interior, by which -j 

routes the products of tho soil will '. Monrovia, Liberia, 

be brought to the seaboard and ex- , March S, 181-1. 

changed for the manufactures f l . Hon. Mr. McDonofh : 

Europe and America. Since writing i Dear Sir: — I with great joy send 

the foregoing, it strikes me on re-' 1 you these few lines, which will tell 

flection, sir, that the publishing the you where I am. I hope these may 

original letters I have received from find you as well as they leave me — 

those people would have a better ef- mother is quite well. I am staying 

feet, and carry a conviction to the with Mr. S. Benedict, and am doinjr 

minds of men, stronger than any ■ very well for myself. I like this 

thing 1 can say on the subject. I place very well, and don't .want to 

therefore forward you with this fif- return to America ; but my greatest 

teen of the letters ieceived from those desire is that 1 may see you once 

persons, to do with as you think , rnoro in this world. I have nothing 

proper. Those letters were received j much to say, as I expect you have 

by the way of New York, Philadel- had a good description of this place ; 

phia, Baltimore, London, &c, and for many of our people have been 

have the postmarks of those different ' writing to you. My mother sends 

cities on them, proving thereby their ;hcr love to you, and says she wants 

authenticity. Should you determine |to sec you very much, and that she 

to publish them, you might (if you , would like to come over to America, 

think proper, sir,) invite all persons ..but says she does not ever expect to 

desirous of seeing the originals to I see you again, in this life. She has 

call on you, to see and read them, been qtiito sick this three or four 

In concluding this letter, you will ' weeks back, but is better now. You 

permit me to observe, that the prin- will please remember my love to all 

cipal object 1 had in view, (though your people, and take the same for 

I had several others,) in assisting yourself. 

those people to get to their father- I expect you heard that we lost 
land, was that they might there be- old uncle Peter, and also old uncle 
come the humble instruments of Richard has lost all his religion, and 
tending to the honor and glory of has turned out to he a great drunkard- 
our Divine Lord and Master — and I All join me in love to you, and all. 
confess that their letters on that head I have nothing much to say, but 
fills my heart with joy and delight. . when I write again J shall try and 
in informing me that they strive day send you some curiosities. 1 must 
and night in making known His ..close this by saying 
glorious name and Gospel among the !. I ever remain your 
heathen of that dark and benighted Most ob't and humble servant, 

land. Some of them itinerating as JOHN ROBERTS. 



1847.] 



John McDonogh's People. 



261 



Monrovia, up St. Paul's River, 

May 10, 1844. 
John McDonogk : 

Father : — We have received your 
letter of May, containing your health, 
which caused us to rejoice. I have 
been partly blind ever since 1 have 
been here, and 1 have the breast 
complaint, the complaint 1 had befoie 
I left America. Will you be so kind 
as to send me some mustard seed 
and some flax seed for stomach com- 
plaint. Father, will you please to 
send me a pair of spectacles nearly 
my age. 1 am very much in want of 
clothing; will you be so kind as to 
send me some coarse clothing and 
some coarse shoes. 

I remain, with esteem, 

Your most ob't and hon. serv't, 

BRIDGET. 

Here, father, 1 write a few lines 
in love, and 1 am rejoiced to hear 
from you, and that you are in good 
health. 

I am in good health myself, through 
the blessing of God, and I am from 
morning till sunset at work on my 
farm, clearing and planting. 1 have 
made a good clearing on my land, 
and have considerable corn planted, 
and will try, by the help of God, to 
stock it with coftVe-trce plant. 1 
have planted a large piece in rice. 
Father, J shall be much obliged to 
you if you will send me a stone or 
still mill; for I have tried to cut out 
a stone to make a mill, but could 
not. 

I have written to my godmother 
and brother for some things — to be 
sent by some emigrant vessel bound 
for Monrovia. Father, you will 
please notify lrer to give it you, and 
you will direct it to me. 

Julia Ann, my wife, and Jonathan, 
my son, send their love to you. 
They are in good health. Give my 
love to all my fellow servants. 

J am very well satisfied in thii 



j beautiful land of our forefathers. In 
: this place persons of color may en- 
joy their freedom. In Africa, if a 
man is industrious and experiences 
the regenerating influence of the 
Holy Spirit, he will be happy here, 
and hereafter. 

1 subscribe myself a servant of 
God, and the friend of my fellow 
men. This leaves all wejl except 
mother. 

I remain, with esteem, 

Your most ob't and hon. serv't, 
A. L. McDONOGH. 

P. S. — Father, I hope that after 
you have linished your course, and 
performed the work assigned to you 
by the Father, that you may take 
your flight to Heaven and sit at the 
right of God, with Isaac and Jacob, 
where you will be forever blessed. 
I hope we shall meet there to part 
no more. 

Greenville, 

May 21, 1844. 

Mr, J. McDonogk : 

Dear Sir: — With much pleasure 
I embrace this opportunity of ad- 
dressing you with a few lines after a 
long silence. I iiope that these few. 
lines will find you in good health. 
I received your kind letter by Mr. 
George Ellis, and the fine musket, 
also, which J am very thankful to 
you for. But I am sorry to say that 
I have not had the opportunity of 
rendering any service to your people, 
as you requested of me, and I hope 
you know the cause. They did not 
come to our place, they stopped at 
Monrovia: but I am told they are 
doing very well. They have all got 
their farms, and are living on them. 
I am glad you take so much interest 
in our colony, and I hope to see 
some of your people here yet. Mrs. 
Reed's people are much pleased with 
their new homes. 

The health of the people of this 



i>()2 John McDonogh's People. [September. 

place is good. I wish there were ' every thing but clothing, which is 

some more My. McDonojjhs in t iie verv dear. 

world, — it would be good for the All our people send their love to 

poor Mark. man. you and all our friends with you, 

Respectfully, and inform you that their prayers 

Your humble servant, > are put up to the Throne of Grace, 

EDWARD MORRIS., night and day, for blessings on your 

, heads. I am in haste to write this, 

, as the vessel that carries it sails to- 
Monrovia, Liberia, .' lhy ^ but win wrjtc to V0Uf tlu:ir fa _ 

August 7, lb-lb. , t]|pj% again goon> 0Iu 1||y prayer l0 
Xjtk'ir vaster and friaid Mr. McDoms;h: Gm \ j s> lhat he w jji b l eS3 aIu i pre . 

I take up my pen to write you a serve you long in life, and at deaih 
few lines, hoping that they will iind .receive you into Heaven. 
you in as good health as 1 that write . All from your faithful servant, and 
them, and that you may live a long ;' son, 

number of vears blessed by the Lord ■' JNO. AIKEN. 

in every way, and to do more and , — 

more good on earth. Oh, sir, your.j Monrovia, Africa, 

kind letter to me, of January 2d, is j November 11, ISlo. 

received, and 1 read it with tears of John McDonogh, Esq : 
iov, to think that you would write Dear Father and Friend: — It is 
to one so low as me, and call me , with love I write you this, and all 
your dear son. I read it to all your .our friends join me in their love to 
people here, and it made us all to . you, our benefactor and kind master. 
rejoice, and our tears to How, when,! The letter you wrote to Mr. Smith 
we remember you, and all your kind- ( for us all, we read, and it made us 
ness, and that we should never sec ,. happy to learn that you and all the 
you any more in this world, but we , friends we left with you at home, 
trust we are only separated for a, are well. Sir, be pleased to give 
short time, to meet again and part no ,j them our love, and remember that 
jnorc. i you share it with them. We pray 

You ask me to tell you all about always, giving thanks to the Gi?er 
this country, if it is a good country, ,. of all good, for His blessings to you 
and what we raise I 1 will tell you, ■. and to them. We hope that this 
sir, as well as 1 can. It is a fine 1 letter will find you as it leaves us 
country, the land is rich, and pro- here, all in good health. You ask 
duces every thing but wheat. All us how we are getting on with our 
kinds of garden stulf that grow in farms ? We are doing very well, 
Amcrica.such as cabbage, peas, beans, sir. — Have plenty of every thing, 
cucumbers, melons, onions, and to- such as yams, sweet potatoes, corn, 
in a toes — rice, Indian corn, cassada, rice, cassada, garden vegetables and 
fruits of all kinds, oranges, &c., &c. , fruits of every description in the 
The country is healthy for black greatest abundance. Fowls in plenty, 
people. Our children are increasing, of all kinds. Hogs and goats. Our 
in number. We are all as happy : horned cattle are now beginning to 
and contented as we can be, seeing i increase. We have now fences made 
that we are separated from you, our ;j to secure them. When they ran out 
dear friend and father. We would : in the woods we lost them. As we 



not change this country for any part 
of the world. We have plenty of 



have now got our plantations cleared 
and in good order, and our houses 



1847.] 



John McDonoglfs People. 



263 



finished, we are beginning to plant 1 Sir, 1 sit with emotions of much joy, 



coffee-trees, and hope to be able to 
crop from them in two or three years, \ 
at least for our own use. This, sir, ! 
is a great and very fine country. i 
The land is rich, and yields every ' 
thing in abundance, if the seed is 
planted and taken care of by keeping 
it clean of grass and weeds. Any 
man who will use common industry, 



to have these lines written unto you 
in answer to your kind letter of Mav 
first, 1843, which came sale to mo 
notwithstanding the wreck of the 
barque Renown. 

I assure you, sir, that on hearing 
your letter read it afforded me — yea, 
us all — an uncommon degree of joy. 
Particularly on reflecting upon what 



and even work half of his time, can j our good Lord has done for us, to 
raise more of every thing than he ,'| provide us such a gentleman as you 
can use, and have much to sell be- j for our former master: one who, 
sides. , when we were sitting still, being 

We should like to see you, sir, ;! contented with being the slave of a 



once more before we die, but we 
cannot hope for this; but we trust 



kind master ; you considered our 
cases, read, and thereby found a 



we shall meet again in a happier!! place on earth where we could be 
state, and be separated no more: for ; free indeed. — You gave us our liber- 
almost all your people have joined ij ty, spent your treasures in giving or 
the church of our blessed Lord, and | procuring us passages to this our 
are made happy. We thank God ij now delightful country, and now 
day and night, that He cast our lot condescend to write to us by the en- 
under so kind a master as you, sir, dearing appellation of dear children. 
\vl\p helped us with your riches to j It seems almost too much — it almost 
get here, to this free and blessed; seems not to be reality. But we 
land of our fathers, where the color- >i thank God that he ever put it into your 
ed man can be happy, if he will but | heart to do us this great kindness, 
love and walk with God. Our hearts ji We are in our own free soil, where 
overflow, sir, when we think of vou ' none can molest us or make us 
and all you have done for us poor i afraid. We are sorry that you do 
black people; but the great God ]i not seem pleased with our present 
whom you serve, whom you taught location. We would have been glad 
us to serve, has blessed you, won- at first to have landed at the place 
derfully blessed you, and will con-| where we would have to settle our- 
tinue to bless you through many selves ; but when we got to Monro- 
days yet to come here on earth, and via, the people there generally said, 
translate you when your days are ' that as the Governor had made no 
ended, we trust, into His heavenly I arrangements for us at Sinoe or Clue 
kingdom. All of which, we, your: 1 Barra that it would be a deathly un- 
poor black friends here in Africa, dertaking to go down there. The 
pray for day and night. Governor then thought we had as 

I will now end this, and subscribe well settle on the St. Paul, which, 
mvself, your friend and servant, till ; on seeing, we thought a fine place, 
death, A. JACKSON. The land on the St. Paul is good — 



Monrovia, 

February 20, 1844. 

To John McDonogh, Esq : 

My dear revered Father:— 
Yes, my best benefactor on earth : — 



and now, after we have spent our 
little all, to break up and remove to 
Sinoe or Blue Barra, would certain- 
ly be ruinous to us. I believe noth- 
ing preventa many of us, seeing you 
desire it, from removing but this. 



264 



John McDonogh's People* 



[September, 



Ju(]«"e Benedict, our lieu tenant-go v- '■ themselves very much. We have 



ernor now, — who has been moie 
friendly to us than any other, — in 
reading your letter, which -we hand- 



much religious enjoyment in the 
churches of different denominations, 
particularly the Methodists and Bap- 



cd him for his perusal, seemed anxi- ;. tists. Other sects are fewer in num- 
ous for us to go down, saying, that ber. 
as you have done so much for us we i 



My husband unites me in love to 
ought to go. Which advice many of j you, and all friends. I have much 
us would have followed, but we are ' 
moneyless. 

"We have our fields planted with 
potatoes, cassada, &c. Very few 
have planted any coffee plants as yet, 
although it grows finely. Judge 
Benedict's farm of coffee is truly 
splendid — a good sample for us all. 
Mr. Wilson and Willis has made 
Borne fine sugar and syrup. In the 
whole we are delighted with the 
country. Mr. Benedict has taken 
aunt Eliza and her son John to live 
with him on his farm, has built her 
a fine house, and she will, and is 
doing well, if she only behaves her- 
self properly. Aunt Philis is quite 
well, also Mr. Ellis, Lambreth and 
lady. They have quite a fine farm, 
and every convenience on it. Sister 
Rebecca, Matilda, Jack, George and 
wife, and aunt Polly, all beg to be 
remembered to you. At least, all of 
our people are doing very well. I 
do not recollect of our losing any 
one since you had the pleasure of 
hearing from us last. We rejoice to 
hear, also, from all of our old fellow- 
servants. Do tell them all howdy 
for us. Hoping that they will all so 
behave themselves to you, and try 
and serve the Lord, that he may open 
the way for them to get to these 
lands of civil and religious privileges. 
The box you sent aunt Phillis, with 
something in it for us, got lost in the 
wreck, but the pamphlets came safe, 
which we have read to our satisfac- 
tion. We are hopeful that they may 
be of much service in the United 
States, particularly to the holders of 
our race. The wealthier folks in 
Liberia live well and seem to enjoy 



more to say, but my sheet of paper 
is full, so I end by subscribing my- 
self- 

Tour very grateful servant, 
MARY JACKSON. 

Monrovia, Liberia, 

May 31, 1844. 
Dear Sir : — I avail myself of this 
opportunity of writing you a few lines 
to inform you of my health, and of 
all my family. I am now in good 
health, and 1 hope these lines may 
find you the same. Dear sir, please 
to give my best love to all my friends, 
and tell them to try to meet me in 
Heaven, that is, if I never more see 
them in this world. Please to give 
my love to Fanny, Ellen, Aggy, 
aunt Hannah, Sophia, aunt Sain, 
James Thornton, Park Nowel, Hen- 
ry Mann, George Carpenter, Jerry, 
and little Henry, and David Crockett, 
and Charlotte Gainard and Randolph 
Temple, and to one and all of my 
friends, and above all, please -to give 
my love to Mrs. and Mr. Andrew 
Danford, and tell them I am well 
and hope they are the same. Please 
tell them I wish they would send 
me something, if it is only some 
molasses. I would have sent them 
some preserves, but I have not got 
the sugar. I would have sent you 
some, but the main means is want- 
ing. 1 have received your seeds, 
and thank you very much for your 
kindness. I hope ihe Almighty may 
bless you for so doing, both in this 
world and in the world to come. 
Yes, I have reason to rejoice, for 
you have done more for me than my 
father. Yes, sir, for there are ser- 



W 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^*^^^^^^^^^^"^ 



1917.] 



John McDonoglCs People. 



265 



vants which have been serving their 
master for fifty years, who, instead 
of being set at liberty, are carried to 
the auction market, and there sold to 
the highest bidder. Yes, how many 
thousands have been served in that 
way. Sometimes when I think of 
that, I often say, how pood the Al- 
mighty was to me. Yes, he was 
more than good to bless me with the 
nek to have such a master as vou. 
Please read this in the presence of 
all your servants, and tell them to 
look and see for themselves, that 
there is not another such man to be 
found under the heaven as your 
master — no, there is none, I sup- 
pose you think that I am free, and 
that you are in bondage, that is my 
reason for so saying ; no, God for- 
bid it. If that is your thoughts, you 
must all remember that I have been 
under the servitude of the same mas- 
ter ; and I am no stranger to his j 
ways and fashions. Yes, I thought 
the Sabbath was one of the most 
burthensome days I ever wished to 
see ; but ! find it was for my good, 
and if the same is going on now, J 
say it is the most,bestand important, 
thing that can be carried on by you ; • 
yes, I say never let your servants 
have too much pleasure on the Sab- 
bath day, for it brings on sin and 
ruin. I have found, since I have 
been in Africa, that my custody on 
the Sabbath was for my good. Yes, 
and more than for my good, for it 
first taught me the way to God, and 
then enlightened my understanding: 
so all of you servants pay attention 
to your master, and go to school and 
learn. If such should not be obey- 
ed, I think a little punishing would 
not be wrong* I, myself, was some- 
times missing out of school, when 
sometimes you would put me in the 
barn, but instead of putting me in the 
barn, you should have taken me out 
and given me a severe flogging for 
not attending to what I have seen the 



use of, since I have been here. So 
if they refuse to go to school you 
must punish them, both old and 
young ; for a man that is fifty is not 
too old to learn : but I suppose a 
man thinks himself too big to be 
among children. But if I, myself, 
needed understanding, I would go 
among clogs, if I thought they were 
capable of teaching me. So farewell, 
may God bless you and keep you, 
is my faithful prayer. Amen. 

NANCY SMITH. 

P. S.— My mother sends her love 
to you and all of your people. She 
is getting quite old, but firm in grace. 
George and Susan have joined the 
Baptist Church; also, Matilda and 
little Nancy. Old man Peter is dead, 
and Thomas Young has a bad sore 
foot, all the rest is well. 

Monrovia, Liberia, 

March 26th, 1847. 

My dear Father :-When I wrote 
: my other I expected the vessel would 
have sailed before this ; but, as it has 
; not, I again sit to write you — as it 
always affords me pleasure to do so 
— and, when I am writing, I feel 
somehow as though I were near and 
conversing: consequently I derive 
j pleasure from it. 1 neglected to tell 
you in my other letter, that from the 
corn you sent in the "Lime Rock," 
in 1844, I raised more corn than has 
ever been raised by our farmers since 
the settlement of the colony, namely : 
forty barrels of as fine corn as you 
ever saw raised any where in New 
Orleans. 1 neglected also to inform 
you that I have a fine parcel of cocoa- 
nut trees on my farm, also the gran- 
adilla, a very delicious fruit, and the 
sugar apple, a very delicious fruit, 
sour sop, also another excellent fruit. 
I send you a small box of coffee 
raised on my farm. You may find 
it a little more mashed than the cof- 
fee generally, as we have to clean it 
by beating it in a mortar ; but you 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



:>66 



Liberia Anniversary Oration. 



[September, 



will iind it as good coffee as need be 
drank. Please give Lawer Hennen 
a little of it, and tell him it was 
raised on my farm from seed sown 
by me in a nursery, and drawn and 
set out. Julia, my sister, has had a 
line son since 1 wrote you last — his 
name was " James Watts." 

Dear father, please be good enough 
to send me a grindstone and a corn 
mill, and the tools I mentioned in 
my other letter, as such things can't 
be got here. I have sent to New 
York once or twice for a mill, but 
can't get one out by order, and now 
1 beg you to send me one. Mother 
joins me in love to Jim Thornton, Pa 
Noel, George Carpenter, Perry Fan- 
ny, and Ellen; she says tell Jerry 
Fanny and Ellen to recollect the ad- 
vice she gave them before she left, 
respecting their duty to their master, 
mid that they must seek the kingdom 
of Heaven and His righteousness, and 
all things shall be added to them. I 
have sent enclosed in your package 
a letter to Mr, Tuton, your neighbor ; 



likewise one to Mr. Banney. As I 
did not .know their given name I 
merely put their titles. Tell them 
you will receive anything they may 
wish to send me. Also one to the 
Rev. D. Wells, of New York, a cor- 
respondent of mine. I received a let- 
ter from him by the Mary Wilkes, 
appointing me the agent for the Pres- 
byterian Mission of Settra Kroo. I 
received things at the same time for 
the mission at Settra Kroo, and have 
them in my store until an opportu- 
nity offers to send therh down. So, 
dear father, if you will write me even 
when you forward his letter, and di- 
rect it to his care, he will most like- 
ly find an early opportunity of send- 
ing it out to me. And now, my dear 
father, I close by wishing that He 
who conducted Israel through the 
Red Sea, may protect, defend and 
bless you, and be unto you at all 
times as the shadow of a great rock 
in a weary land. 

Your affectionate son, 
G. R. ELLIS M'DONOGE. 



[From the Liberia Advocate] 

£ ibs via 3lnnit>cr sail) ©ration. 



Delivered December 1st, 1846, in 
the Baptist Churchy Monrovia, by 
Hon. II. Teage. 

Fellow citizens : — As far back 
toward the infancy of our race as 
history and tradition are able to con- 
duct us, we have found the custom 
every where prevailing among man- 
kind, to mark by some striking ex- 
hibition those evente which were 
important and interesting, either in 
their immediate bearing or in their 
remote consequences upon the des- 
tiny of those among whom they oc- 
curred. These events are epochs in 
the history of man — they mark the 
rise and fall of kingdoms and of 
dynasties — they record the move- 
ments of the human mind, and the 



influence of those movements upon 
the destinies of the race ; and whilst 
they frequently disclose to us the 
sad and sickening spectacle of inno- 
cence bending under the weight of 
injustice, and of weakness robbed 
and despoiled by the hand of an un- 
scrupulous oppression ; they occa- 
sionally display, as a theme for ad- 
miring contemplation, the sublime 
spectacle of the human mind, roused 
by a concurrence of circumstances, 
to vigorous advances in the career 
of improvement. To trace the ope- 
rations of these circumstances from 
their first appearance, as effects from 
the workings of the human passions, 
until as a cause, they revert with 
combined and concentrated energy 



1847.] Liberia Annivtrsary Oration* 267 



■ ■JI^IM^*'^^^^^^ 



upon those minds from which they !j in the age that is just passing, away 



at first evolved, would be at once a 
most interesting and most difficult 
task ; and, let it be borne in mind, 



would have been hailed with noisy 
acclamation by the senseless crowd, 
is now regarded only as the savage 



requires far higher ability and more i. commissioner of an unsparing op- 



. varied talent than he possesses who 
has the honor this day to address 
you 



pression, or at best, as the ghostly 

: executioner of an unpitying justice. 

He who would embalm his name in 



The utility of thus marking the i the grateful remembrance of coming 
progress of time — of recording the generations, he who would secure 
occurrences of events, and of hold- i for himself a niche in the temple of 
ing up remarkable personages to the i undying fame ; he who would hew 
contemplation of mankind, is too !j out for himself a monument of which 
obvious to need remark. It arises ;, his country may boast, he who 
from the instincts of mankind — the " would entail upon his heirs a name 
irrepressible spirit of emulation, and ; which they may be proud to wear, 
the ardent longings after immdrtali- ,jj must seek some other field than that 
ty ; and this restless passion to per- j of battle as the theatre of his cx- 
petuate their existence which they ';, ploils. 

find it impossible to suppress, it im- t Still we honor the heroes of the 
pels them to secure the admiration age that has past. No slander can 
of succeeding generations in the i| tarnish their hard earned fame — no 
performance of deeds, by which, j; morbid sentimentalism sully their 
although dead, they may yet speak, j peerless glory — no mean detraction 
In commemorating events thus pow-'; abate the disinterestedness of their 
erful in the forming the manners and j: conduct. They bow to the spirit 
sentiments of mankind, and in rous- ^ of their age : and acting up to the 
ing them to strenuous exertion, and ). light afforded them, they yielded to the 
to high and sustained emulation, it I dictates of an honest conscience, 
is obvious that such, and such only ;' While assembled here to-day on 
should be selected as virtue and hu- \ this festal occasion to commemorate 
manity would approve; and that, if j! the event for which the founders of 
any of an opposite character be held ' our infant republic toiled, and fought, 
up, they should be displayed only : ; and bled, we seem to behold the 
as beacons, or as a towering Pharos, :j the forms of the departed ones ming- 
throwing a strong but lurid light to j ling in our assembly ; we seem to 
mark the melancholy grave of mad jj behold them taking their seats by 
ambition, and to warn the inexpe- j the side of their venerable compeers 



rienced voyager of the existing dan- 
gen 

Thanks to the improved and hu- 



yet spared among us ; watching with 

an intense anxiety the emotions 

\ which agitate our bosom, and mark- 



manized spirit — or should I not I ing the character of the resolves 
rather sny the chastened and pacific ! which the occasion is ripening. Rest 
civilization of the age in which we !, in peace ye venerable shades ! And 
live, that laurels gathered upon the '| ye their living representatives— calm 
field of mortal strife, and bedewed j be the evening of your days. We 
with the tears of the widow and the ' honor you. And though no sculp- 
orphan, are regarded now, not with , tured marble transmit your fame, a 
admiration, hut with horror — that nobler monument shall be yours: 
the armed warrior, reeking with the ^ the happy hearts of unborn millions 
gore of murdered thousands, who j shall be the shrine in which your 



268 Liberia Anniversary Oration. [September, 

names will be treasured. In your j; country, and that, too, the country 
high example; in your noble dis- of his birth, where the prevailing 
intcrestedncss; in your entire suboi- ' sentiment is, that he and his race 
clinaiiou of every thought and act, 'j are incapacitated, by an inherent dc- 
and scheme, and interest to the ' feet in their mental constitution, to 
heaven-born purpose of human re- i enjoy that greatest of all blessings, 
generation and human elevation, we and to exercise that greatest of all 
hear the language of encouragement. !.' rights bestowed by a beneficent CJoJ 
Fellow citizens, on this occasion, " upon his rational creatures — namely, 
so big with subjects of profitable | the government of themselves. Act- 
meditation, when it is so natural that !i ingupon this opinion; an opinion as 
the mind should oscillate between |l false as it is foul; acting upon this 
the events of the past, and the pros- |j opinion, as upon a self-evident pro- 
pects of the future, we can conceive !,' position, those who held it proceed- 
of nothing more proper than the in- '' ed with a fiendish consistency to 
quiry, how we can best execute the | ( deny the right of citizens to those 
solemn trust committed to our hand : || whom they had declared incapable 
how we may challenge and secure |j of performing the duties of citizens, 
the admiration and the gratitude of a >| It is not necessary, and therefoie 1 
virtuous and a happy posterity, by || will not disgust you with the hide- 
transmitting to them the patrimony || ous picture of that state of things 
received from our fathers, not onlv ' which followed upon the prevalence 
in all its original entirencss, but in | () f this blasphemous opinion. The 
vastly augmented beauty, order, and ■ bare mention that such an opinion 
strength. In a word, how we may ' prevailed would be sufficient to call 
best conduct so as to incite them to "p in the mind even of those who 
high and sustained exertions in the " had never witnessed its operations, 
cause of virtue and humanity. ! images of the most sickening and 

In order to impress your minds revolting character. Under the iron 
with the propriety of this inquiry, ■ reign of this crushing sentiment, 
there is, I trust, no need that 1 shall ' most of us who arc assembled here 
remind you of the peculiarity of our . to-day, drew our first breath, and 
condition. It will suffice that I re- ' sighed away the years of our youth. 
mark, that should you succeed in No hope cheered us ; no noble object 
rearing upon the foundation already looming in the dim and distant fu- 
laid ; or, to drop the figure, should ]' turc kindled our ambition. Opprcs- 
you succeed in establishing a com- sion — cold, cheerless oppression, 
munity of virtuous, orderly, intelli- ' like the dreary reign of an eternal 
gent, and industrious citizens, this ' winter, chilled every noble passion, 
very peculiarity must enter largely and fettered and paralyzed every 
into every consideration on the i arm. And if among the oppressed 
amount of praise to which you shall millions that were found here and 
be held entitled. j there, in whose bosom the last glim- 

Let us, then, for a moment, look <■ rner of a generous passion was not 
back, that from the events of the yet extinguished — one, who, from 
past, we may derive hope for the fu- !. the midst of the inglorious slum- 
ture. | beiers in the deep degradation around 

We have not yet numbered twen- ! him, would lift his voice, and de- 
ty-six years since he who is the tnand those rights which the God of 
oldest colonist amongst us was the. nature hath bestowed in equal gifts 
inhabitant — not the citizen — of a ..upon all His rational creatures, he 



1547.] 



Liberia Anniversary Oration. 



269 



was met at once by those who had 
at first denied, and then enforced 
with the stern reply, that for him 
and for all his race liberty and expa- 
triation are inseparable. 

Dreadful as the alternative was ; 
fearful as was the experiment now 
proposed to be tried, there were 
hearts equal to the task ; hearts 
which quailed not at the dangers 
which loomed and frowned in the 
distance, but calm, cool, and fixed in 
their purpose, prepared to meet them 
with the watchword : Give me liber- 
ty or give me death. 

On the 6th day of February, in 
the year of our Lord one thousand 
eight hundred and twenty, the ship 
Elizabeth cast loose from her moor- 
ings at New York, and on the 8th 
day of March of the same year, the 
pilgrims first beheld the land of their 
fathers, the cloud-capt mountains of 
Sierra Leone, and cast anchor in that 
harbor. A few days after they again 
weighed anchor, stood to the South, 
and debarked upon the low and 
deadly island of Sherbro. On the 
character of those who formed her 
noble company, I deem it unneces- 
sary to remark. They are sufficiently 
commended to our esteem, as being 
the first to encounter the difficulties, 
and to face the dangers of an enter- 
prise, which we trust is to wipe 
away from us the reproach of ages — 
to silence the calumny of those who 
abuse us, and to restore to Africa her 
long lost glory . I need not detain 
you with a narrative of their priva- 
tions and sufferings ; nor will I stop 
to tell you — though it would be 
pleasing for us to do so— with what 
happy hearts they greeted a rein- 
forcement of pilgrims who joined 
them in 1821 by the Nautilus. Pass- 
ing by intermediate events, which 
did the time allow it, would be in- 
teresting to notice, we hasten to that 
grand event — that era of our sepa- 
rate existence, the 25th day of April, 



i • 



in the year of Grace, 1822, when 
the American flag first threw out its 
graceful folds to the breeze on the 
heights of Mesurado, and the pil- 
grims relying upon the protection of 
Heaven and the moral grandeur of 
the cause, took solemn possession of 
i the land in the name of virtue, hu- 
manity, arid religion. 

It would discover an unpardonable 
apathy were we to pass on without 
I pausing a moment to reflect upon the 
■emotions which heaved the bosoms 
of the pilgrims, when they stood for 
the first time where we now stand. 
What a prospect spread out before 
■ them! They stood in the midst of 
an ancient wilderness, rank, and 
compacted by the growth of a thou- 
sand years, unthinned and unreclaim- 
ed by a single stroke of the wood- 
man's axe. Few and far between 
might be found inconsiderable open- 
j ings, where the ignorant native erect- 
I ed his rude habitation, or savage as 
. his patrimonial wilderness, celebrat- 
ed his bloody rites, and presented 
, his votive gifts to demons. Already 
I the proprietors of the soil had mani- 
; fested unequivocal symptoms of hos- 
tility, and an intention to expel the 
strangers as soon as an opportunity 
j to do so should be presented. The 
rainy season, that terrible ordeal of 
foreign constitutions, was about set- 
ing in; the lurid lightning shot its 
fiery bolt into the forest around them, 
the thunder muttered its angry tones 
over their head, and the frail tene- 
ments, the best which their circum- 
stances would afford to shield them 
from a scorching sun by day, and 
drenching rains at night, had not yet 
been completed. To suppose that 
at this time, when all things above 
and around them seemed to combine 
their influences against them, to sup- 
pose they did not perceive the full 
clanger and magnitude of the enter- 
prise they had embarked in, would 
be to suppose not that they were 



270 Liberia Anniversary Oration. [September, 

heroes, but lli.it thev bad lost the ■ On the morning of the first dav of 
sensibility of men. True courage is December, in the year of our Lord 
equally remote from blind reckless- one thousand eight hundred and 
ness and unmanning timidity ; and twenty-two — on that morning, just 
true heroism does not consist in in- ■ when the gloom of night was retir- 
sensibility to danger. He is a hero ■ ing before the advancing light of day, 
who calmly meets, and fearlessly ; the portcntious cloud which had 
grapples the dangers which duty and .been some time rising upon the ho- 
honor forbid him to decline. The ■ rizon of Liberia, increasing :ind ga- 
pilgrims rose to full perception of all thering blackness as it advanced, lill- 
the circumstances of their condition.! ing all hearts with fearful apprehen- 
ttutwhen they looked back to that! sion, burst upon the colony with the 
country from which they had come i force of a tornado. The events of 
out, and remembered the degrada- I that dav have marked it as the most 
lions in that house of bondage out of ; conspicuous in our annals, and it is 
which they had been so fortunate as «■ the anniversary of that day we are 
to escape, they bethought themselves; 1 here assembled to celebrate, 
and recollecting the high satisfaction \ And what, fellow citizens, are the 
with which they knew success would ; particular circumstances of that most 
gladden their hearts, the rich inheri- ; eventful day which more than the 
tance they would entail upon their , others awaken our exultation ? On 
children, and the powerful aid it ! which one amongst them all is our 
would lend to the cause of universal attention most intensely fixed? I.« 
humanity, they yielded to the noble it in that our fathers fought, and 
inspiration, and girded them to the : fought bravely, and strewed the en- 
battle, either for doing or for suffering, sanguined plain with the dead bodies 
Let it not be supposed, because 1 of their savage assailants ? Is it on 
have laid universal humanity under , the bloody lesson of their superiori- 
a tribute of gratitude to the founders ty which they taught in the hoarse 
of Liberia, that I have attached to their i thunder of the murderous cannon? 
humble achievements, too important Is it on that greater skill they dis- 
an influence, in that grand system of played in the inglorious artofslaugh- 
agrnries which is now at work re- ter and death ? I trust not. These 
novating human society, and purify- . trophies of their valor serve not to 
ing and enlarging the sources of its ; awaken exultation, but to call up a 
enjoyment. In the system of that >igh of regret. It was as the pos- 
Almighty Being, without whose no- :' sessors of far higher and nobler vir- 
tice not a sparrow falls to the ground : tues they desired to be remembered ; 

«.W!,uMi-^i:hi. i u A i. } .-:i.o.-iufasi l j; ** s « ph - wc tenderly cherish the re- 

Ai.iTo|»crii:i.ira-iiarr.-iwf.iit: ■• membrancc of them; and to exult 

At •ins .r r>it. m. into ruin i.iiri-i!, ■' over the fallen foe would be to grieve 

An! n..w » ii.:Mip burst ani rww a w.-rM.'» i| ie pure spirit of those by whose arm 

In tire system of that Almighty ' the savage fell. Necessity, stern ne- 

One, no action of an immortal being ecssity, unsheathed their sword and 

is unimportant. Every action of forced them upon an alternative from 

every rational creature hath its as- which all the feelings of their heart 

signed place in his system of opera- turned with instinctive recoil. 

tions and is mide to bear, however Hut there is a circumstance con- 

undt signed by the agont, with force nerted with the events of that day, 

upon the end which his wisdom and with which our hearts cannot be too 

cooduess hive in view to accomplish, deeply impressed, as it will serve on 



1847.] 



Liberia Anniversary Oration, 



271 



each appropriate occasion as a check j 1 danger is great will there be want 



upon presumption. Think upon the 
number of the assailants, and com- \ 
pare it with the number assailed, and ] 
then say whether any skepticism short ; 



of scope for those passions which 
in a certain class possess such fear- 
ful and disorganizing potency. 
From the period of tbeir landing 
of downright, unblushing atheism, ! up to the moment of which we have 
can doubt the interposition, in the just spoken, all minds had been pos- 
e vents of that day, of an overruling sessed by an undefined apprehension 
Providence. Most emphatically does of impending danger, and the first 
the issue of that contest declare — ' and the constant lesson which their 



•'The battle is not to the strong." 
The Lord was a shield around them, 
so that when their foes rose up 
against them, they stumbled and fell. 
To the interposition of an ever gra- 
cious Providence, manifested in no 
ordinary way, we owe the privileges 
and pleasure of this day. 

At this epoch we date the estab- 
lishment of the colony. 

Having repulsed and sustained 
every external attack, and maintained 
its ground against the combined and 
concentrated forces of the country, 
it had now to commence its onward 
career. If there were any, who, be- 
cause the colonists had repulsed the 
natives, supposed they had passed 
the greatest danger, and overcome 
the most formidable obstacles, they I 



critical position inculcated upon them 
was Union and Subordination. The 
pressure was now taken off, the angry 
cloud had passed away, the hea- 
vens shone bright and clear, the face 
of nature was cahn and placid, and 
on every breeze was wafted the fra- 
grance from the surrounding groves. 
All breathed freely. Each one had 
the time to look around him, to 

I contemplate with calmness and com- 
posure the circumstances of his con- 
dition, and to select that particular 
mode of operation and line of con- 
duct which was most congenial with 

! his disposition. All were free — all 
were equal. Here was unbounded 
scope for the operations of the pas- 
sions. Will they who have been de- 
clared incapable of enjoying liberty 



gave, in this very supposition, evi- j without running into the wildest ex- 
dence of a deplorable ignorance of f cesses of anarchy: Will they now the 
human nature and of human history. j : gift is enjoyed in its largest extent, 



It is from within, that the elements 
of national overthrow have most com- 
monly evolved ; and the weakness 
under which nations expire general- 
ly, result from disease of the national 
heart. Luxury and ambition, op- 
pression on the one side and insub- 
ordination on the other; these are 
the fatal elements which, with more 
than volcanic force rend to atoms 
the fabric of human institutions. A 
common danger, a danger equally 
menacing all, is almost sure to sink 
every minor and merely personal 
consideration, and to be met by a 
combination of energy, concentra- 
tion of effort and unity of action; and 
in proportion as the pressure of 



restrain themselves within the bounds 
of a rational and virtuous freedom? 
Will thev connect those two ideas 
which are at one and the same time 
the base and the summit of all just 
political theories and which can 
never be separated ? Will their lib- 
erty be tempered by just and whole- 
some law ? Is it to be expected that 
i a people just set free from the chains 
of the most abject oppression and 
slavery, can be otherwise than tur- 
bulent, insubordinate and impatient 
of the least restraint ? It is among 
the things to be hoped, that they in- 
to whose minds the idea of political 
action had not been allowed to enter, 
will not, now political power be en- 



272 Liberia Anniversary Oration. [September, 

trusted to their hands, rush into the '•] are. questions which seem peculiar- 
wildest extremes of crude legislation. \y appropriate to this interesting oc- 

Fellow citizens! the voice of . casion. And let me congratulate 
twenty-four years this day gives the !, you, fellow citizens, that you have 
answer; and we are assembled to ; the experience of others to guide 
hear it, and lctthose who abuse us ;you. The art of government is now 
hear it ; let them hear it and be for- i elevated to the dignity of a science, 
ever silent when they hear that Lib- |!The most gifted minds — minds which 
erty regulated by Law and Keligion, ! ; do honor to human nature, have been 
free from superstition, from the >, long turned to the subject ; and max- 
foundation on which rests, the ce-jjims and propositions, which conse- 
ment which unites, and the ornament j i crated by time, had grown into the 
which beautifies, our political and jj strength of axioms — maxims which 
social edifice. 'i had obtained universal assent and 

Let U3 now turn from those who |! universal application — maxims which 
preceded us and ask what are the |i would have overwhelmed htm who 
peculiar obligations which rests upon ;| should have doubted them, with 
us : what the particular duties to j 1 . more than sacriligious turpitude, and 
which we arc called. Let us not ij sent him to atone for his presumption 
suppose that because we are not ,j upon the scaffold, or in the gloomy 
called upon to drive the invading i depths of a dungeon — maxims the 
native from our door — that because ,| legitimate offsprings of ignorance 
we can lie down at night without/ and oppression, have been success- 
fear — because the savage war-whoop j! fully explored, and the human mind 
docs not now ting upon the mid- jj disenthralled. That more than ma- 
night air, therefore we have nothing i! gical phrase in the hand of the dei- 
to do. No mistake can be more j| pot, " the divine right of kings," 
fatal. Ours is a moral fight. It is >j has lost its power to charm ; and 
a keener warfare, a sharper con- !| frequent examinations in the founds- 
flirt. |i tions of society have at length taught 

For after indulging to the utmost ;! men the interesting truth, that the 
allowed extent in hyperbolical ex- ;! duties and rights of magistrate and 
pre ssion and figurative declamation, | subject are correllate — that govern- 
still we are forced to confess the work | ment is made for the people, and 
is but just commenced. The net- 'not the people for the govern- 
vous arm of our predecessor marked ; ment; thus establishing the eter- 
out the site, and laid the foundation;; nal truth first enunciated in the 
and reared the walls of the edifice. - declaration of American indepen- 
Thc scaiTold is still around it. It is ' dence, "That all men are free and 
ours to mount it— to commence:; equal." The bare utterance of those 
where they ended, and to conduct, ever memorable words by the im- 
it onward towards a glorious com-;'; moital Jefferson, whilst it struck the 
pletion. How shall we execute our* fetters from the human mind, and 
trust — how shall we conduct our- sent it bounding on in a career of 
selves so as to stand acquitted before! improvement, wrested the sceptre 
the bar of coming generations, and ■! from the tyrant's hand, and dissolved 
obtain from them a favorable and an !; his throne beneath him. — " Magna 
honorable verdict ? By what means ■; est varites et praevalebit." Troth 
shall we secure and perpetuate our | threw a strong and steady light where 
own prosperity, and transmit it an, there was nought but darkness before. 



inheritance to our children? These 



man beheld his dignity and his right!, 



1847.] 



Liberia Anniversary Oration. 



273 



~^^~^^**^_^~^^~^_^~^_^~i 



and prepared to demand the one and 
•U8tain the other. But I return. — 
By what means shall we advance our 
prosperity. 

The first requisite to permanent ; 
advancement, if I may so speak, is ' 
order. Order is Heaven's first law. ; 
It is this which imparts stability to 
human institution?, because while 
like the laws of nature it restrains 
each one in his proper sphere, it 
leaves all to operate freely, and 
without disturbance. Here will be 
no jostling. When I say order, 1 
mean not to restrict the term to the 
ordinary occupations of life ; I ex- 
tend the word to mean a strict and 
conscientious submission to the es- j 
tablished law. It is said to be the 
boast of that form of government 
nnder which we live, that no man, 
however high in office can violate 
with impunity the sacred trust com- 
mitted to his hand, and long insult 
the people by trampling upon their 
rights : that the distinquishing ex- 
cellence of a republican form of go- 
vernment is, that under it, oppres- 
sion can have no place. This opin- 
ion I am not disposed to combat ; 
but as it is a fact, that a safe and 
constitutional remedy for all griev- 
ances of this kind is in the hand of 
the people, this circumstance alone 
should dispose every one to submit 
for a time to some inconvenience 
rather than apply a rash and violent 
corrective. 1 admit there are cases 
in which the minions of office be- 
come so intoxicated with a little brief 
power, that forgetting all men are 
free and possessing certain constitu- 
tional privileges, and forgetting also 
that they were elevated to office not 
to be oppressors but conservators — 
their haughty, vexatious and oppres- 
sive conduct becomes intolerable. In 
such cases as these, let the strong 
indignation of an outraged 'public, 
calmly but firmly expressed, awaken 
the dreamer from his vision of great- 



ness, and send him back to re-enact 
his dream in his original obscurity. 

Another argument for order and 
subordination lies in the fact, that 
the laws are in the hands of the peo- 
ple. Legislators are not elevated to 
office for their private emolument 
and honor, but for the nobler purpose 
of advancing and securing the hap- 
piness of their constituents: and they 
are bound, by the most solemn con- 
siderations, they are bound, to enact 
such laws, and such laws only, as 
are suited to the genius and circum- 
stances of the people. If they betray 
the high trust committed to them, 
and enact laws either oppressive or 
partial, the corrective is equally in 
the hands of the people. They have 
only to apply the constitutional re- 
medy. Here then is no apology for 
disorder. Order, then, must be our 
rule ; for without subordination and 
prompt and conscientious obedience 
to wholesome law, there can be no se- 
curity for person nor property. The 
bands of society would be untwisted, 
and the whole fabric exposed to ruin 
on the first popular outbreak. Be it, 
then, fellow citizens, our first concern 
to sustain her officers in the proper 
discharge of their constitutionaPdu- 
ties ; to secure obedience to the laws 
and to preserve them from violation 
with the same jealousy with which 
we watch the first encroachment of 
power. 

I observe, in the second place, 
that union among ourselves is ab- 
solutely necessary to prosperity. 
The idea of prosperity and stabili- 
ty where disunion reigns — where 
the elements of discord are ac- 
tively at work ; the idea of pros- 
perity and stability in such circum- 
stances could only serve to mislead. 
Can that army in which faction 
trumphs among the soldiers and dis- 
union and jealousy distract the coun- 
sels of the officers, hope to succeed 
in a campaign? Where each is 



27-1 Liberia Anniversary Oration. [September, 

afraid of the other, where no one lias given men, lias been exerted 
has confidence in any ; where every wholly and exclusively for the pub- 
one regards every other one with ; lie good, lint we must take human 
feelings not onlv of jealousy hut of nature as we find it, and as we iind 
poMtive hostility, how cun there he this disposition everywhere prcva- 
any hope to bring an unbroken front .: lent, that the duty becomes impcra- 
to hear with undivided foree upon , ; tive on all who have inlluenec to exert 
any single point-? I would observe : it for the public good. The root of the 
also that the complexion of the sol- !: jealousies and divisions among pub- 
dier's mind will be sure to be tinged lie men, will, generally speaking, be 
with that of his ol'icers. In every fountl planted in the soil of selfishness 
community there will be found some and ambition; not in any real and sin- 
few to whom the mass will look up cere disagreement as to the proper 
with uninquiring deference. Man- measures for the public good. This, 1 
kind generally are averse to the la- admit, is always the avowed, the 
bor of thinking. This circumstance ostensible, but I am bold to say, not 
separates those who should be very the real cause. 

friends, and men file oil' under dif- It is envy of place and emolument 
ferent leaders as fancy or caprice — it is ambition of power that array 
may dictate. Each party ranges public men in a hostile attitude, and 
it. elf under the banner of a leader range their infatuated followers un- 
it hom it iuvcMs with all perfection der their opposing banners. In the 
of the political sagacity and politi- infancy of our political existence, 
eal integrity. To his semi-brutal let those amongst us who have 
followers his word is law ; his dc- credit with the people and influence 
cisiona an oracle. Finding in him . over them, beware of so great infatu- 
every attribute of perfection, they ation. Let us recollect that all can- 
abandon the reins to his hand; yield not govern; that from the division 
up the glorious privileges of think- and order into which society nalu- 
ii:g and examining, and prepare to rally resolves itself, all even of those 
follow him with a blind and implicit who are worthy cannot stand in the 
obedience. This unwoithv aban- foremost ranks. Let us remember 
donment of the public interests ; this that we equally serve our country 
surrender of a privilege to which whether we sit in the gubcrnato- 
every man is born, and which every rial or presidential chair; whether 
man should exercise, is the capital we deliberate in the hall of the 
of intriguing politicians and unprin- Legislature or preside in the sanc- 
cipled political demagogues. And tuary of justice ; that we equal- 
let me ask vou, fellow-citizens, what lv serve our country whether from 
scheme, however mad and absurd, the shades of cloistered retirement 
which has been set on foot bv these we send forth wholesome maxims 
unprincipled leaders, has not had for public, instruction, or in the 
among the masses its advocates and, intercourse of our daily life we set 
adherents? l>ad, however, as hu- an attracting example of obedience 
man nature is ; alluring and facinat-| to the laws. That we equally serve 
ing as arc the glitter and privilege \ our country, whether from the sa- 
of place and power, this confidence crcd desk we inculcate lessons of 
has not been always abused. AVe celestial wisdom, exhibit the sane- 
could easily point out instances in lions of a heaven descended religion, 
which the influence which this dis-! and the thunders of an incensed 
position we have been adverting to, Jehovah, or in the nursery of learn- 



1847.] 



Liberia Anniversary Oration. 



275 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^*^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



log unfold the mysteries, and dis- 
play the glories of science, recall 
and re-enact the deeds and the 
achievements of the past, and call 
back upon the stage the heroes, the 
patriots, and the sages of antiquity, 
to kindle the ardor, nerve the virtue, 
awaken the patriotism, elevate and 
purify the sentiment, and expand the 
mind of the generous and aspiring 
youth. Humble as many of those 
offices of which I have spoken are 
esteemed to be : obscure and con- 
cealed from vulgar gaze, and desti- 
tute of the trappings of office and 
the glitter of fame, as most of them 
actually are, it is, nevertheless, fel- 
low citizens, not within the reach of 
our judgment to determine which 
one of them exerts the greatest in- 
fluence on the destinies of our race. 
True dignity, and I may add, true 
usefulness, depend not so much on 
the circumstance of office as upon 
the faithful discharge of appropriate 
duties. 

* Honor and fame from no condition rue : 
Act well your part, there all true honor lies. 
He who does best his circumstances allows, 
Does well, and nobly : Angels could do no more." 

It is the false notion of honor 
which has unhappily possessed the 
minds of men, placing all dignity in 
the pageantry of state and the tinsel 
of office which produces those col- 
lisions, jostlings and acrimony of 
contending factions which some- 
times shake the fabric of society to 
its very foundations : it is by the 
maddening influence of this false 
notion that men, whose claim to re- 
spectful notoriety is inversely as 
their desire to be conspicuous, are 
sometimes urged to abandon their 
obscure but appropriate position in 
the line, and to rush into the fore- 
most ranks. When men shall have 
learned wherein true honor lies — 
when men shall have formed correct 
ideas of true and sober dignity, then 
we shall see all the ranks of society 
19 



united as by a golden chain — then 
Ephraim shall not envy Judah — nor 
Judah vex Ephraim. Then the oc- 
cupant of the palace and of the cot- 
tage — then the man in lawn and the 
man in rags will, like the parts of a 
well adjusted machine, act in perfect 
unison. Considering then the in- 
fluence which in every community 
a few men are found to possess- 
considering also that each one of 
these influential men is sure to be 
followed by a party, we can hardly 
appreciate the obligation which rests 
upon them to abandon all jealousies 
and suspicions — to merge every pri- 
vate and personal consideration in 
thoughts for the public good, and to 
bring a mind untrammelled, and 
free from every party predilection, 
to a solemn deliberation on the great 
objects of public utility. 

The education of our youth is the 
next subject to which I would direct 
your attention. " Knowledge is 
power"— is an old proverb — but not 
the less because it is old. This is 
the spring that regulates the move- 
ments of society — this is at once the 
lever and safety-valve of human in- 
stitutions. Without it society will 
either not move at all, or, like an un- 
balanced enhelmed ship, move in a 
direction, and at a rate that must 
eventually destroy it Education cor- 
rects vice; cures disorders; abates 
jealousies ; adorns virtue ; commands 
the winds ; triumphs over the waves ; 
scales the .heavens. In a word, edu- 
cation lays all nature under tribute, 
and forces her to administer to the 
comfort and happiness of man. Nor 
is this all that education does. It 
ennobles and elevates the mind, and 
urges the soul upward and animates 
it to deeds of high and lasting re- 
nown. Education opens sources of 
pure, refined and exquisite enjoy- 
ment ; it unlocks the temple of na- 
ture, and admits the awe-stricken 
soul to behold and admire the won* 



276 



Liberia •Anniversary Oration. 



[September, 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



drous work of God. An ignorant, 
vicious, idle community has the ele- 
ments of destruction already in its 
bosom. On the very first applica- 
tion of a torch they will explode and 
lay the whole fabric in ruins. A 
virtuous, orderly educated people 
have all the elements of national 
greatness and national perpetuity. 
Would we be happy at home and re- 
spected abroad, we must educate our 
youth. 

In professing to notice those 
things which are necessary to our 
prosperity, to the advancement of our 
prosperity, and the perpetuity of our 
prosperity, it is natural that you 
should expect that agricultural in- 
dustry will be brought prominently 
into view. I think it may be safely 
affirmed that the virtue and indepen- 
dence of a people will be inversely 
as their attention is wholly given to 
commerce — that their virtue and in- 
dependence is evermore to be mea- 
sured by their pursuits of the whole- 
some and pleasing and primitive em- 
ployment of husbandry. Gp into 
the countries of Europe — examine 
their large manufacturing and com- 
mercial towns and cities. Then 
visit the rural, agricultural districts — 
compare the quiet, tranquillity, order, 
virtue, plenty of the latter, with the 
bustle, confusion, vice, and general 
dependence and poverty of the other, 
and you cannot fail to be struck, 
and deeply affected, by the frightful 
contrast. And wherefore? Is not 
commerce called the great civilizer 
of the world ? Is it not the means 
by which nations become acquainted 
and hold communion with each 
other? Is it not by this means that 
the great and master minds of one 
nation commune with kindred minds 
of other nations ? Is it not the chan- 
nel through which improvements in 
art, in science, in literature, in all 
that adorns, dignifies, and ennobles 
human nature, flow on the wings of 



the wind from country to country ? 
Grant it. Jt is not my purpose to 
pronounce a wholesale anathema 
upon commerce. I appreciate its 
high importance in improving our 
race. Jt is excess I would discou- 
rage — it is the wretched deteriorat- 
ing influence it will exert upon a 
people, when by absorbing their 
whole attention it keeps them look- 
ing constantly abroad to the neglect 
of the improvement of their own 
country. It is to this I would call 
your attention. Again. Let it not 
be forgotten, that if commerce im- 
ports improvements, it imports vice 
also. It offers the same facilities 
for the transmission of both. The 
same vessel that brings us the Book 
of God brings us also the Age of 
Reason ; and in one and the same 
ship, we not unfrequently find the 
devoted self-sacrificing missionary, 
and that accursed thing which a cel- 
ebrated orator, with characteristic 
energy, has styled — liquid fire, and 
distilled damnation ! ! 

In the natural, or more properly 
the vegetable world, we have some- 
times seen exotics outstripping in 
rapidity of growth the natural spon- 
taneous productions of the soil. In 
this we have not a very unhappy 
illustration of the rank growth of 
imported vices. These baneful ex- 
otics, grafted on the tree of indige- 
nous corruption, seem to receive and 
impart unwonted vigor from the con- 
tact ; and the result is a fruit of the 
most disorganizing potency. An 
examination into the moral state of 
towns and districts wholly given to 
commerce and manufactures will fol- 
ly sustain this remark. How, let 
me ask you, can there be order where 
the nature of the pursuits which 
engross all minds demand ceaseless 
hurry, bustle, and confusion ? where 
to stop to breathe, is to be at once 
outdone, and where he who can 
move most swiftly amid the greatest 



1847.] 



Liberia Anniversary Oration. 



277 



*^^*^^**^^^^^^ 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^■^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



confusion is thought to be the 
smartest man ! In respect of virtue. 
Is it to be thought of except for the 
purpose of holding it up to ridicule, 
in a place where the vicious of all 
countries meet ; and where females 
of every class and character, far from 
the watchful eye of parental solici- 
tude, are huddled together in one 
1 promiscuous throng, and dependent 
or their daily bread upon the freaks 
and fancies of unprincipled em- 

Eloyers ! Lowell in America is, I 
elieve, the only large manufacturing 
town where virtue is held in the least 
esteem. What shall I say of hones- 
ty and integrity ? where the lowest, 
-basest arts are practiced for gain. 
Where all is intrigue and circumven- 
tion — where the maxim prevails, 
all is fair in trade — where each re- 
gards the other as lawful game — 
where one can gain only by the loss 
of the other — where, in a word, ras- 
cality is fair play, and villainy sys- 
tematic — where, fellow citizens, let 
me ask you, where in such a com- 
munity is there room for honesty ? 
Can the heart fail in such circum- 
stances to become deadened to every 
feeling of humanity — steeled against 
every generous and ennobling im- 
pulse ? 1 will not venture to affirm 
that the result we have just noticed 
is universal. I admit with pleasure 
there are honorable exceptions — but 
I do affirm that what I have said 
forms the general rule. 

But let us turn from these scenes 
of noise and smoke and deep de- 
pravity, and visit the quiet abode of 
the farmer and husbandman. What 
tranquillity reigns here, and order, 
and peace, and virtue ! Behold the 
farmer as he goes forth in the morn- 
ing to his daily task. How firm and 
elastic his step ; how cheerful his 
sun-burnt countenance, how active 
his athletic arm ! Behold how 
cheerfully he labors ; how the fat 
▼allies around him laugh with corn ; 



how the spacious plants teem with 
grain, and the ancient forest fall be- 
neath his resounding axe ! Follow 
him, when the labor of the day is 
over, follow him to his " humble 
home. See him surrounded by an 
affectionate and industrious and fru- 
gal wife, unsophisticated by the vices 
and dissipations of the fashionable 
world, and by a prattling progeny 
blooming in health, and big with 
promise for future usefulness. No 
cankering cares gnaw his peaceful 
bosom ; no uncertain speculation 
disturb his quiet slumbers; revolu- 
tions in foreign lands, darning up the 
channels of trade, cloud the serenity 
of his brow. Oh ! if there be a 
spot on earth where true happiness 
is to be found, here is that spot. 

But we take a higher and a more 
extended view of this subject, and 
regard it in its bearing on political 
economy. And my first remark is, 
that no nation can be independent 
which subsists wholly by commerce. 
And here let it be observed once for 
all, that I use the word independent 
in a sense altogether distinct from 
sovereignty. I admit that there may 
be a temporary prosperity ; that so 
long as peace prevails amongst na- 
tions connected by commercial and 
diplomatic relations — so long as each 
acts in perfect faith, and maintains, 
in all their entireness, and in all 
their integrity, his treaty stipulations, 
there may not be a felt want of the 
necessaries, or even of the luxuries 
of life. There may, perhaps, be a 
large influx of the precious metals. 
Nothing, however, could be more 
fallacious, than to regard activity as 
an indication of independence or 
permanent prosperity. For I remark, 
in the second place, that so uncer- 
tain are the operations of trade, so 
suddenly are its channels and outlets 
closed by misunderstandings and 
ruptures between rival nations ; so 
liable is it to paralyzing shocks from 



278 



Liberia Annivenary Oration. 



[September, 



intriguing cabinets and wily politi- 
cians), the operations of one year 
scarcely affurd any ground for con- 
jecture in regard to the operations 
uf the next. Let us illustrate our 
position by an humble supposition. 

Suppose the surrounding country 
should suddenly relent, throw wide its 
<loo and shakeiis teeming weal ho( 
gold and vory and woods and gums 
into our lap ; and the native African, 
patient of labor and of travel, should 
supply us at the most accommodat- 
ing rates with all the coarser food 
for our consumption. Suppose ves- 
sels should Hock to, (as under such 
circumstances, vessels would most 
assuredly flock to our shores,) offer- 
ing us in exchange for the produce 
thus liberally poured in upon us, 
the conveniences elegancies, and 
luxuries of foreign countries. Sup- 

Sose every man desert his farm, and 
etake himself to trading as the 
more easy and the more speedy 
road to wealth. There would 
tainly be great activity and great 
prosperity. But would we be in- 
dependent ? One more supposi- 
tion, and the important and interest- 
ing problem is solved. Suppose the 
paths to the interior are suddenly 
blocked up by feuds among the 
tribes ; all ingress cut off, and trade 
suspended. Where, then, are out 
supplies ? Would we be able to re- 
turn to our farms, and draw thence 
articles of exchange with foreign na- 
tions ? By no means. In the mania 
for trade our farms have been de- 
serted and like the land on which 
a curse resis have long laid fallow. 
Think yon, fellow citizens, that our 
trade once gone, we would again be- 
hold the French, the Bremen, the 
American, and English flags floating 
to the breeze in our harbor. From 
that hour you might bid a long adieu 
to every white face but that of a 
missionary. Fellow citizens! our 
prosperity our] independence are to 



be drawn from the soil. That is the 

true highway to linnor, to wealth, to 
private and national prosperity. 

Liberians ! do not disdain the hum- 
ble occupations ! It commends itself 
attention, ennobled and sancti- 
fied by the example of our Crea- 
And the Lord God planted 
i eastward \a Eden, and there 
he put the man he had formed. And 
nut of the ground made the Lord 
God to grow every tree that is pleas- 
' ig to the sight and good for food. 
And the Lord God took the man and 
put him into (he garden of Eden to 
dress and to keep it.'* Never, neve* 
until this degenerate age, has this 
simple primitive patriarchal occu- 
pation been despised. 

"Id vr-Vrjr lirm... il., ?,rn.l |1 .■ 1 1 l' 1 i --Ji;|'l.'yeu 
Arc I-. 1 1 1 In- 1.. ..lit- "I" j vjmuicr, day, 

IWhlM ll..--.-:il,-,r.^„,..„-|..| Lll. «|.™ 

0< ,i,! i: l:,i- ,v;,r ; l!,.„. will, unwearied kind, 
Tli-- (iluiiijli, :ir:'! i;r.-:il!v in.':- ]■■■!, J-ritlittd." 

Thus sings the author of The Sea- 
sons, one of Briton's sweetest bards. 
The last remark time will allow 
e to make under thi head, is, that 
Righteousness exalteth a nation, 
it sin is a reproach to any people.*' 
All attempts to correct the depravity 
of man, lo stay the head-long 'pro- 
ily to vice — to abate the mad* 
of ambition, will be found de- 
plorably inefficient, unless we apply 
ie re trictiorls and the tremendoiw 
inclions of religion. A profound 
:gard and deference for religion, a 
constant recognition of our depen- 
dence upon God, and of our obliga- 
tion and accountability to Him; an 
ever-present, ever-pressing sense of 
His universal and all -con trolling 
providence, this, and only this, ran 
give energy to the arm of law, cool 
the raging fever of the passions, and 
abate the lofty pretensions of mad 
ambition. In prosperity etas bring 
out our thank-offering and present 
it with cheerful hearts in orderly, 
virtuous, and religions conduct. la 



1847.] 



Letter 8 from B asset Cove. 



279 



adversity let us consider, confess 
onr sins, and abase ourselves before 
the throne of God. In danger let us 
go to Him, whose prerogative it is 
to deliver ; let us go to Him with the 
humility and confidence, which a deep 
conviction that the battle is not to the 
strong, and the race to the swift, is 
calculated to inspire. 

Fellow citizens ! we stand now 
on ground never occupied by a peo- 
ple before. However insignificant 
we may regard ourselves, the eyes 
of Europe and America are upon us, 
as a germ destined to burst from its 
enclosure in the earth, unfold its 
* petals to the genial air, rise to the 
height, and swell to the dimensions 
of the full-grown tree, or (inglori- 
ous fate !) to shrivel, to die, and be 
buried in oblivion. Rise, fellow 
citizens, rise to a clear and full per- 
ception of your tremendous respon- 
sibilities ! Upon you, rely upon it,j 
depends, in a measure you can hard- ; 
ly conceive, the future destiny of 
your race. You are to give the an- 
swer whether the African race is 
doomed to interminable degrada- 
tion — a hideous blot on the fair face 
of creation, a libel upon the dignity 
of* human nature, or incapable to 
take an honorable rank amongst the 
great family of nations ! The friends 
of the colony are trembling, the ene- 
•mies of the colored man are hoping. 
Say, fellow-citizens, will you palsy 
the hands of your friends and sicken 
their hearts, and gladden the souls 
of your enemies by a base refusal 
to enter upon the career of glory 
which is now opening so propitious- 



ly before you ? The genius of uni- 
versal emancipation bending from 
her lofty seat invites you to accept 
the wreath of national independence. 
The voice of your friends swelling 
upon the breeze, cries to you from 
afar : Raise your standard ! assert 
your independence ! ! throw out your 
banners to the wind ! ! And will 
! the descendants of the mighty Pha- 
iroahs that awed the world — will the 
sons of his who drove back the ser- 
ried legions of Rome, and laid siege 
to the " Eternal City'' — will they, 
the achievements of whose fathers 
.are yet the wonder and admiration 
\ of the world — will they refuse the 
1 proffered boon, and basely cling to 
I the chains of slavery and depen- 
i dence? Never ! never ! ! never ! ! ! 
i Shades of the mighty dead — spirits 
of departed great ones, inspire us, 
animate us to the task — nerve us for 
the battle ! Pour into our bosom a 
portion of that ardor and patriotism 
which bore you on to battle, to vic- 
tory, and to conquest. ' 

Shall Liberia live ? Yes ; in the 
generous emotions now swelling in 
your bosoms — in the high and noble 
purpose now fixing itself in your 
mind, and ripening into the unyield- 
ingness of an indomitable principle, 
we hear the inspiring response — 
Liberia shall live before God and be- 
fore the nations of the earth. 

The night is passing away — the 
dusky shades are ileeing, and even 
now 

"Second day stands tiptoe 
On the misty mountain top." 



[From the Kentucky Colonization ist.] 

JTtttcrf fram JJaaaa Covt 



We give the following letters a 
place in our publication, just as they 
were written. Mr. Moore will ac- 
cept our thanks for them. Letters 
from the colonists are needed. 



Bassa Cove, 
Jan. IS, 1846. 
This leves me well, and I hope 
you ar the same. I was verry glad 
to hear from you indeed, and more 



^^^^^^^^^^^ta 



230 



Letters from 'Bassa Cove. 



[September, 



asspcshel, becaus that wase the first!) 
letter that I reseved from you sace.j 
my arival in this countray. It J 
semes to me that the pepel have for- 1 i 
got me altogether. 1 hope we willij 
he abel to cepe up a regular corres- 
pondence with each other hereafter. I 

The firs thing that I will con-, 
sider, is the condition of the collo-i 
nay. From the information that I| 
have reseved since my arival, I 
am hapay to say this is a very 
good countray, and any man may 
make a living in this countray if he 
,will. 

Let us notice the land. The land 
is good. The land in one mille of 
the ocion is good enufe to rase any 
thing most on it ; and the father you 
go back the better the land is. The 
land is not very large timber, but 
verry good. 1 have some timber in 
this countray four feet in diameter. 
But I do not think that is as large 
as timber in the U. States, tharefor I 
say it is not verry large. The land 
is verry well timbered — that is, thar 
is a plenty of it. 

Ilillay Land, — The land is not 
very hillay — it is as level as any 
countray, or as any part of the U. 
States as I have scene. Thar is a 
chane of mountains that runs from 
the norther extremety of Africa to 
the Cape of Good Hope. Thes ar 
verry large mountains. This I have 
from moderron travelers. 

Produce of Africa. — There is 
palm oil, rice, casander, yams, pota- 
ters, coffay, cabbish, water mellons, 
and many other things that I might 
name, sugar cane, &c. &c. Cattle, 
sheep, hogs, goats, and fouls of va- 
rious kinds, &c. 

Crimes. — Thar is indeed some 
crimes in this countray of a very bad 
natcher, but not a grate menay of 
them. 

Religion. — This pepel is a religis 
pepel, thare is no queston about that. 
Thay ar a Church going pepel. 



They go to meeting evry Sabbath. 
I had the pleshur of being at the last 
Anul Conferance at Monrovia, on 
the 9th instand, and I remaned thare 
for some days, and was verry mutch 
grattefide, hewing some verry abel 
ministers. 

The nomber of the settlement?. — 
Thar ar ten or fifteen settlements, 
but Monrovia is the largest — that 
also is the seat of government. We 
have legislatter every yere, commen- 
sing on the 5th of this month. The 
business is maniged very well in- 
deed, this I am a witness to, I have 
been in the legislator and seen them 
myself. Myself and my mother's 
family— my mother is well, and my 
sister and two brothers ; Asberry 
and mother, the pepel that came to 
this countiay with us, the Majers 
thare is three men and two wimmen 
alive ; Hopkins, two alive ; Alex- 
ander Horland, mother and two of 
his sisters — he is dead ; the most of 
his pepel did not die with the fever, 
some of theme was shot in the last 
ware with the natives. As for the 
pepel, they ar all employed in doing 
something. Thar is not any of the 
very lazzy, by this do not under- 
stand me to say there is no lazzy 
ones among us, for thar is. I expect 
to come to the U. States before long, 
if you think it advisabel. I am do- 
ing a littel of most everry thing. 
I am vours, 

WESLEY HORLAND. 

This letter is not all I will send, 
I will send another letter soon. H. 
Mr. James Moore, 

Kentucky, Christian county. 

Bassa Cove, 

Jan. 19th, 1846. 
I told you that I would say some- 
thing more in my next that would 
afford you more satisfaction, as it 
regards this countray. The next 
thing that I will notice, is the situa- 
tion of the settlements. Monrovia 






1847.] 



Letters from Bassa Cove. 



281 



is the Cappetel of the Colony of Li- 
beria. The pepolation of Monrovia 
is about one thousand men, wimmen 
and childring. This settelment is 
on a Cape extending in the Atlantick 
ocion, and it is a verry elevated 
place. It is bound on the north by 
the ocion, on the este by the Sent 
-Pal's river, and on the west by the 
ocion. The buildings is made of 
wood, stone and bricks; the pepel 
that live here is those that follers 
merchandizing. The revenue is 
somewhere between eight and ten 
thousand dollars a yare. Thare is 
mechanickes also in the place of al- 
most everry kind, so thare is not 
much need of me moveing the differ- 
ent employments. There is also 
three or four settlements up the Sent 
Pal's river. These pepel are farm- 
ers, so they live without having any 
thinge to do with trading ; these 
settlements is about 18 miles the 
fathis settelment ; thar is some mis- 
shingnerry stations the other side of 
the settelments. Marshall or Junk. — 
This settelment is somewhare about 
50 miles south of Monrovia, situated 
on the Junk river, bound on the 
south by the mane branch of the 
river, on the west by the Atlantick 
ocion, and on the este by the north 
branch of the said river. Ediner. — 
This is a fine littel settelment, 40 
miles south of Marshall, situated on 
the north side of the Sent John's 
river ; the pepel of this settelment is 
improving verry fast both wase ; 
they ar the most of them farmers ; 
this settelment is one that have been 
blest ; they have never had a inserec- 
shen sense the settlement of that 
place. It is situated on the north 
side Sent John's river, bound on the 
este by the Meehlen river, on the 
west by the ocion. Bexley. — This 
settelment is six miles from Ediner, 
on the north side of the St. John's 
river. Bassa Cove. — This little place 
%b had more to contend with than the 



most of the settelments ; it hase bin 
consumed by fier by natives ; but 
we have nothing to dred at this time. 
This settelment is the cappetai of 
the country of Grand Bassa w. This 
is a verry fine settelment, and the 
best that I have seen since J have 
been in this countray. This settel- 
ment is one mile south of Ediner, 
situated on the south side of the St. 
John's river, bound on the este by 
the Benson liver, on the weste by the 
ocion. Senoe. — This settelment is 
somewhare about 100 miles south 
of Bassa Cove. Cape Palmas. — This 
settelment is somewhare between 
200 or 150 miles south of Senoe. 

Monrovia settled twenty yares 
ago ; the popelation 1,000, without 
the upper settelments; the upper 
settelments have between 5 and 600; 
Marshall 80 — Ediner have been set- 
tled ten or fifteen yares ; popelation 
between 75 and 120 — Beeley have 
been settled six yares ; it has some- 
whare about 150 — Bassa Cove some- 
whare about the same — Cape Palmas 
have somewhare about 150 or 100. 

This [ think will answer for the 
settelments. As for myself, I am, 
by endevering, by the assistance of 
God, to do the best I cane. I am 
indevering to Preach the Gospel of 
Crist, and this I think nothing less 
than my duty. 1 am a member of 
the Methodist Church. I have not 
been sick two weeks since I have 
been in this countray, and if the Lord 
is willing, I intend to see yore face 
once more. I db hope you will ad- 
vise me what to do in this respect. 
I would like to come thare verry 
well; but I do not know the law 
that you have among you as yet. I 
would be glad if you would wright 
me all the newse. Wright to my 
pepel for me. This leves me well. 

I remane yours truely with res- 
pect, W. J. IIORLAND. 

Mr. James Moore, 

Kentucky, Christian county. 



^^^^^^^**^^^*»^^^ 



282 



Missionary Intelligence. 



[September, 



[From the Spirit of Millions*] 

iftt0*t0nar9 Jntflltflence. 



Africa. — Since our last number 
went to press, the long looked-for 
letters from the mission in Western 
Africa have arrived, bringing advi- 
ces up to the 29th of October. 
They confirm the painful intelligence 
of the death of the Rev. E. J. P. 
Messenger, which as mentioned in a 
former number took place in March 
last, and likewise bring news of the 
decease of another faithful laborer in 
the Mission, Mrs. Catharine L. 
Patch, who died at Cavalla, in the 
same month. Our readers are re- 
ferred to the letters and journals 
published in this number, for full 
and most interesting details of 
these afflicting events. While we 
mourn over these sad dispensations 
of a wise Providence, we cannot but 
•'rejoice and give thanks'' for the 
grace of God which sustained the 
dying Missionaries, and at the same 
time animated the zeal, and con- 
firmed the faith, of their surviving 
brethren. 

We desire affectionately and earn- 
estly to ask the members of the 
Church of Christ, to be- more mind- 
ful of the duty of intercession in 
behalf of Missionaries in heathen 
lands. No Christian man doubts 
the efficacy of such prayers, but 
alas ! few act, in this respect, in ac- 
cordance with their convictions. 
In addition to the death of two of 
our laborers in Africa, the letters 
just received make mention of the 
sickness and debilitated condition of 
others. We learn, with great con- 
cern, that the health of the Rev. Dr. 
Savage has become so seriously im- 
paired, as to render necessary a ter- 
mination of his connexion with the 
Mission. Much to the sorrow of his 
brethren in Western Africa, of whom 
be had been a most faithful and effi- 



cient fellow laborer for several years, 
and as much to the regret of the Fo- 
reign Committee, he contemplates 
returning h<5me this spring, without 
any hope of being able to resume his 
station abroad. 

It is in relation to these events 
that the Rev. Mr. Payne, in one of 
his letters, just received, makes the 
following remarks : 

" In reviewing the past six months 
I feel deeply that this period has 
been a season of severe trial to the • 
faith of the Mission, and of the 
Church at home. I pray * that their 
faith fail not.' I pray that it may 
ever keep in mind, that in proposing 
to establish a Mission in Africa at 
the first, the Church had distinctly 
in view that it was a land of sickness 
and death ; that its Missionaries of* 
fered themselves for this work, ' not 
counting their lives dear unto them- 
selves, so that they might finish their 
course with joy ;' and that it is 
only by such sacrifices as have al- 
ready been made, that the command of 
Him • who gave himself for the 
world,' 'Go preach the gospel to 
every creature,' can be obeyed with 
reference to this large province of 
Satan's empire.'' 

While these events have weak- 
ened the force of the Mission, all 
our letters speak most encourage- 
in gly of the prospects of missionary 
labor. The stations in Western 
Africa, give abundant promise of a 
blessed fruit; and, as a due regard 
to the health of our Missionaries de- 
mands that they should be allowed 
a leave of absence every three or 
four years, it follows that, in order 
to sustain our operations on that 
coast, even on their present scale, an 
addition to the Mission of at least 
four clergymen will be required 



U. 



^^^E^H ^ J 



»47.] 



John McDonogWs Letter. 



283 



irithin the present year. May God 
put it into the hearts of some among 
those who are looking forward to the 
Ministry, to consecrate themselves to 
this work. 

China. — Bishop Boone, under 
date of July 23d, writes as follows : — 

** With respect to our affairs, I 
can truly say, I have never been 
SO encouraged in the Missionary 
work. I have three candidates for 
Baptism, and a very promising state 
of feeling among several of my cate- 
chumens. I intend to try the cate- 
chetical system on as large a scale 
as possible ; get up classes in each 
of our cures, and try to fix the great 
truths of the Gospel in the minds of 
hundreds. This will aid the breth- 
ren, and supply their want of a 
knowledge of the language ; and the 
Creed and Ten Commandments once 
understood, will render sermons 
much more intelligible to the parties 
so instructed. The last has been 
one of the years of hardest labor 
and most anxiety of my whole life ; 
but I have been but little among the 
people. I hope soon to be able to 
spend a portion of every day in their 
midst, preaching the truth." 



The Rev. Samuel A. Taylor has ar- 
rived in the United States from Con- 
stantinople, having been compelled 
to resign his connexion with the 
Mission, in consequence of ill 
health. 

Constantinople. — The follow- 
ing item of intelligence is copied 
from the Charleston Gospel Mes- 
senger. It is doubtless derived from 
a source entitled to credit, but the 
Foreign Committee have no know- 
ledge of the events alluded to : 

" Mission in Turkey.— The 
'Church Times' (Baltimore) says 
the statements of his correspondent 
in the East may be implicitly relied 
on, and he states that a request has 
been presented to our Mission at 
Constantinople, to occupy the ground 
vacated by the Patriarch of the Chal- 
dean (Papal) Church, whose see is 
at Moosool, in Mesopotamia ; also 
' to provide for the instruction and 
reception into the communion of our 
Church, of several thousand Oriental 
Papists in another region, who have 
in a body desired to be delivered 
from the dominion and errors of 
Rome. 5 " 



[From the Liberia Adrocate.] 



We have been repeatedly solicited 
to republish the celebrated letter of 
this remarkable man — published in 
the New Orleans Commercial Bul- 
letin, in the summer of 1842 — de- 
tailing that splendid scheme of prac- 
tical patriotism and philanthropy by 
which he educated and prepared for 
freedom and colonized in Liberia up- 
wards of 80 slaves. 

We have delayed doing so until 
we could obtain authentic informa- 
tion in regard to the condition and 
prospects of those people in Liberia ; 



desiring, if practicable, to obtain 
from Mr. Donogh himself another 
letter, giving his views on this branch 
of the subject. 

In an interview had with him in 
New Orleans, in April last, he very 
kindly offered to furnish us for publi- 
cation such a letter. In the mean time, 
in the most obliging manner, he gave 
us several letters addressed to him 
by his former servants, now free 
citizens of Liberia. These letters 
breathe a spirit of gratitude to their 
benefactor, " for having treated them 



^"^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^* 



284 



Regeneration of Africa. 



[September, 



as a kind father, instead of a harsh I 1 directed, at two dollars a hundred. 
master ; 5 ' and they also express j Indeed, such is our estimation of its 



themselves as entirely satisfied with 
their new home, and pleased with 
their situation and prospects. 

Mr. McDonogh is preparing an- 
other company of ahout the same 
number for emigration to Liberia. 

We had the pleasure of attend- 
ing Divine service with these peo- 
ple at the private chapel of Mr. j 



value, that, had we the pecuniary 
ability, we would send it at our own 
expense to every minister of the 
Gospel, legislator, judicial officer, 
and planter in our country. 

We received a letter a few days 

! since from one of the officers of the 

Mississippi Colonization Society, and 

one of the earliest and ablest friends 



McDonogh. We were accompa-l of the cause in that State, containing 



nied by Mr. A. Hennen, Esq., of 
New Orleans, and the Rev. Mr. Saw- 
tell, of New York. The service 
was conducted in an intelligent and 
edifying manner, by one of Mr. 
McDonogh's servants. 

The persevering diligence, ardent 
zeal, and encouraging success with 
which this gentleman is, and has been 
for twenty years past, devoting him- 



the following just and manly senti- 
ments on this subject, viz : " What 
an efficient friend to colored men is 
John McDonogh! Will not others 
who can, follow an example that 
combines so much of personal in- 
terest—quiet in the operation, and 
humanity in the result ? 

Few, I know, have the talents or 
advantages of independence and posi- 



self to the spiritual improvement ofjjtion which he possesses. But there 
his servants, deserves to be held up |j are some every where, who by judi- 
to the admiration of all our coun-jcious management, might with advan- 
trymen, and the imitation of those jj tagc to themselves, send more or few- 
who have it in their power to do so. || cr well qualified colonists to Liberia, 

We intend to enrich the columns j! at periods by no means few or far be- 
of our next number with the letters ] twecn. Would that such were the 
above referred to, and to give some { case ! How, then, would that in- 
further information obtained from j tercsting colony extend itself far 
conversation with Mr. McDonogh l, along the Western Coast of Africa, 
concerning this noble and successful ■ a cordon sanitaire shutting out the 
experiment. | man-stealer and the rumseller, those 

This information should be in j pestiferous exhibitions of the Chris- 
evcry household in America, and i! lian character, which must render 
especially in the southern portion of M the Christian name odious even to 
it. We would be pleased to receive ji barbarians." 



orders for extra numbers of the! 



We trust that these letters will be 



next paper before it goes to press, i carefully and extensively read, and 
We would fill such orders, and for- ji seriously pondered, and efficiendy 
ward them by mail or otherwise, as j] acted on. 



Vrgrntratton af Africa. 

A foreign correspondent of one of , I many, was promised an introduction 
the newspapers, to illustrate Euro-, 1 to two of his countrymen; bat 
pean ignorance of America, tells of , those countrymen of his, on meet- 
a traveller from the United States, , ing them, proved to be South Ame- 
U'ho, somewhere in France or Ger-jjricans from the coast of the Pacific 



1847.] 



Regeneration of Africa. 



285 



ocean. Errors equally gross are not 
peculiar to Europe. They are ha- 
bitually committed in this "most en- 
lightened nation of the earth," when 
Africa is the subject of remark. For 
example, parents are afraid to have 
their daughters go as missionaries 
to Southern Africa, in the South 
Temperate Zone, where the climate 
n about like that of the mountainous 
parts of the Carolinas, because white 
people die so quickly — four or five 
thousand miles to the northwest, 
nearly under the Equator. "Others 
think to prove that the mental capa- 
city of the negro is equal to that of 
"die European, by telling us ofHan- 

* nibal and Augustine, of whom one 
was of Phoenician, and the other of 
Roman descent. As well might 

t some African writer mention 'josh- 
ing ton and Jonathan Ed war™ as 
specimens of the native Indians of 
Mexico. 

This habit of speaking, thinking, 
and acting concerning Africa, as if 
it were all one country, and all alike, 
is continually working out practical ! 
mischief. The statements that are 
perfectly true concerning Afiica — 
that is, Western Africa, Sudan, Nig- 
ritia, the immense region where are 
Liberia, Sierra Leone, &c. Those 
statements deter white people from at- 
tempting to do good in regions where 
they might live and labor as safely as 
in most parts of the world ; and on 
the other hand, the fact that white 
people can enjoy health at Cape- 
town, which is about as far south as 
Wilmington, N. C, or Columbia, 
S. C, is north, leads some to doubt 
whether the statements concerning 
the climate of Guinea are true, and 
whether, after all, the civilization of 
that region must be the worth of 
colored men. A brief statement of 
well known facts ought to be suffi- 
cient to dispel these illusions. 

The principal divisions of Africa, 



according to the arrangement most 
convenient for our present purpose, 
are these :— 

I. Northern Africa; a narrow 
strip of land, between the Mediter- 
ranean Sea, and the Great Desert, 
in the latitude of Virginia, the Caro- 
linas, and Georgia. Algiers is very 
nearly in the* latitude of Richmond. 
The soil is, fertile, and the influ- 
ence of 1 the sea breezes -and of the 
mighty Atlas and other mountain 
ranges, give it a better climate than 
is enjoyed b^ many parts of our " 
southern States! The settlement x>f 
this country by Phoenicians, a Ca- 
naanitish race, is a matter of historic 
record. It is also proved by the 
Berber language, which is still 
spoken in some parts, by what ap- 
pear to be remnants of the aborigi- 
nal population, and which Gesenius 
has shown to be identical with the* 
ancient Carthagenian or Phoenician- 
After the fall of Carthage, it received 

a large Roman population, mixed 
doubtless with Greek. It was after- 
wards subdued and occupied by some 
of the Teutonic tribes who overthrew, 
the Roman Empire, and still later, by 
Saracens from Asia. From the time 
of the Carthagenians, it has always 
contained some negro slaves, brought 
by caravans across the Great Desert 
from Sudan, and a sprinkling from 
the various tribes inhabiting the 
Great Desert itself. From these 
sources, chiefly, the present inhabi- 
tants are derived. 

II. Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssi- 
nia; the Valley of the Nile.— This 
region has been subject to all the 
great dynasties, African, Asttc, and 
European, which have governed the 
Eastern world, and its population is 
derived from all its successive con- 
querors — from the ancient Egyp- 
tians, whose posterity the Copts are 
supposed to be — and from negro 
slaves, who have been there, with 



286 Regeneration of Africa. [September, 

the same banjos, dances, and other !! writings the name Moghreb, or 
characteristics that now distinguish i: Maghreb, denotes all the Muhaoi- 
them, ever since the excavation of; rnedan region of Africa, west of the 
the oldest catacomb that has yet been I; Valley of the Nile, including also, 
explored. j! probably Spain, or a part of Spain. 

These two divisions were the !' We use the term southern moghreb, 
scats of ancient African Christianity ; |. to designate a narrow tract of fer- 
and it was confined to these regions. ; tile land, extending along the south- 
It never peiu'tratefl beyond the Val- ! ern border of the Great Desert, 
ley of the Nile and the Roman pro- ■' from near the Valley of the Nile to 
vinces of North Africa. the Atlantic. It contains Bournou, 

III. Tin: Sahara, or Great De- i, and other kingdoms around the great 
skht; extending from the Val- ■" central lake Tchad ; Saccatoo, on a 
ley of the Nile to the^ltlantic ocean. ; confluent of the Niger ; Timbuctoo; 
This is an immense elevated table i- and the Muhammedan tribes on and 
land, covered in some places with ;; near # the Senegal. It is probably 
loose, moving sand, but more gene-ji the most populous region of its ex J 
rally with gravel and pebbles, not ■ tent in Africa. Its inhabitants, as 
water- worn, but sharp and angular, i' already implied, are generally Mu- 
About one-third of the way from i! hammedans. They have among 
the Nile to the Atlantic, a tract of thentthe knowledge of letters, and 
broken and somewhat mountainous !> many of the arts of civilized life, 
t^and, expends across it from north to ■'! They are, to some extent, a mingled 
south, dividing the eastern third, j people. Yet it is certain that many 
which is usually called the Lybian ['. of them are of Berber origin, and 
Desert, and which extends north- 1 1 others are descended from Arab 
ward in some places quite to the ■■! tribes, the dates of whose succes- 
Meditcrranean, from the western ' sive migrations they confidently 
.two-thirds, to which the name Sahara | give, extending back almost to the 
more appropriately belongs. Both . time of Ishmael himself. But, living 
divisions contain some hills, and i on the immediate borders of Sudan, 
numerous depressions, where water, and in constant intercourse with its 
and vegetation are found. Such a people, both in peace and war, and 
depression is called by the Arabs a especially in the way of enslaving 
wady, and by the Greeks, an oasis,, them, there is doubtless a much strong- 
which is probably only a bungling er infusion of negro blood among 
attempt to write the Arabic word in '. them than is found farther north. 
Greek letters, and with a Greek tor- ' V. The Belad es Sudan of the 
urination ; the o having nearly the Arab Geographers — that is, the coun* 
effect of w, and the a broad. try of the blacks ; called by the La- 

These wadys and their inhabitants tin writers, Aigritia, and by the 
are probably much more numerous Portuguese voyagers and historians, 
than i^ usually been supposed. \ Upper Guinea. It extends from the 
The inhabitants appear to be derived Atlantic on the west to Abyssinia on 
from the same stocks as the people the east; and from Southern Mogh- 
of Northern Africa and the Valley of rib on the north to the Zingian 
the Nile. tribes on the south. For a more 

IV. Southern Moohreb. — This precise idea, cast your eye upon a 
term we are forced to borrow from map of Africa. The Atlantic coast 
the Arab Geographers ; in whose of Sudan commences a little south 

ii 



1847.] 



Regeneration of Africa. 



287 



^^^^^^^^^^■^-^ 



of Cape Verde, and extends south- 
wardly and south-eastwardly, about 
•700 miles to Cape P almas, and then 
eattwardly, 1,200 or 1,300 miles to 
the Bight of Benin and the Calabar 
river, where the Coast turns again 
to the southward. From this turn 
of the coast, continue the line east- 
Wardly, or perhaps south-eastwardly, 
nearly across the continent. In the 
©antral parts, this line should probably 
touch, and perhaps cross the Equa- 
tor. The immense region north 
of this line, and south of South- 
ern Moghreb, containing, probably, 
about two millions of square miles, 
is the Belad-es-Sudan, the Country 
of the Blacks. It is all, so far as is 
known, habitable, and inhabited. It 
has been, from time immemorial, 
the home of the negro, where his 
form, features, complexion, and all 
his characteristics, are most fully 
developed. It appears to have ex- 
tended northward originally, to the 
Great Desert ; but the Muhammedan 
tribes have gradually encroached 
upon it, and formed what we have 
called Southern Moghreb from its 
northern parts. As the portions 
which remain are generally moun- 
tainous, and not adapted to the ope- 
rations of the Moghrebite cavalry, 
the aboriginal negroes still maintain 
their independence. They are, how- 
ever, and always have been, subject 
to the slave-hunting incursions of 
their neighbors on all sides, and of 
each other. The climate of the whole 
coast, of two thousand miles or 
more, is destructive to the lives of 
white men ; and the interior, - with 
few and small exceptions, has 
hitherto proved inaccessible. The 
people are Pagans, with a mixture 
of the Muhammedan superstitions 
in the northern parts. 

VI. The Galla Region. — From 
Sudan to the Indian ocean, and from 
Abyssinia to the Equator, the Galla 
tribes predominate. Some have in- 



ferred from their language and physi- 
cal characteristics, that they are of 
Malay origin, and kindred to the 
people of Madagascar. The coast 
itself, however, for some two thou- 
sand miles southward from the out- 
let of the Red Sea, is held by the 
Imaum of Muscat, the greatest slave 
trader, probably, in the world. The 
blood of its inhabitants is probably 
more or less mixed with that of all 
the Asiatic nations who have traded 
there, from the time of Solomon 
and Hiram to the present day. 

VII. The Zingian Regions. — 
For a more full account of these, 
see the article on " Africa, South of 
the Equator," in the Repository for 
January. It was there shown that 
the natives of that whole region, 
with the exception of the Hottentot 
tribes, are of one race, and their 
languages radically the same. The 
general correctness of this conclu- 
sion has since been incontrover- 
tibly established by the researches 
of the Rev. Mr. Wilson, missionary 
at the Gaboon river, and confirmed 
by those of the Rev. Mr. Krapf, a 
German missionary on the eastern 
coast. No affinity is known to 
exist between these languages and 
those of Sudan. In the people, the 
physical characteristics of the negro 
are less strongly marked, and some 
tribes are less dark in their complex- 
ion. Of this region, we must con- 
sider several subdivisions : 

1. Lower Guinea, extending from 
Upper Guinea, about 1,500 miles 
southward, and including the Por- 
tuguese settlements in Congo, An- 
gola, and Benguela. The general 
character of the coast is much like 
that of Upper Guinea. In other 
words — at a few points, some white 
men, whose constitutions are best 
adapted to the climate, may, with suit- 
able care, and by occasionally recruit- 
ing their strength in their native air, 
live and labor for a considerable 



288 



Regeneration of Africa* 



[September, 



number of years. The Gaboon river 
is well known as one of the healthiest 
points. Mr. Wilson also thinks 
well of the country around Cape 
Lopez, and the river Nazareth, 
though other accounts are unfavora- 
ble. Benguela, in about latitude 13° 
south, is decidedly unhealthy. 

2. The Great Southern De- 
sert, extending along the coast from 
Lower Guinea, from 800 to 1,000 
miles southward. The southern 
part of this, however, belongs to the 
Hottentot, and not to the Zingian 
region. This coast is too barren to 
be very sickly. The desert, proba- 
bly, does not extend so far inland as 
has usually been supposed. In some 
places, vegetation extends, in the 
rainy season, quite down to the coast. 
Numerous attempts have been made 
by traders to open commercial inter- 
course across this desert with the 
natives farther east; but, as yet, 
without success. Nothing can be 
done here for the civilization of Africa. 

3. The Mucaranga Region, ex- 
tending from about 5° to 25° south 
latitude along the eastern coast. The 
coast itself is claimed, in the north- 
ern part, by the Imaum of Muscat, 
and in the southern part by the Por- 
tuguese. Its inhabitants, in some 
places, have a mixture of Arab blood, 
and perhaps of Malay, from Mada- 
gascar ; but in other places, and gen- 
erally inland, they are Zingians, of 
the Mucaranga class. Of the char- 
acter of the climate, we are not so 
well informed as concerning the 
western coast. It is supposed, how- 
ever, to be less pernicious, and the 
southern parts, especially extending 
into the Southern Temperate Zone, 
as far from the Equator as the south- 
ern parts of Florida and Texas, to 
be tolerably healthy. 

4. The Caffre Region ; extend- 
ing from about 25° to 33° south, 
and therefore wholly in the Tempe- 
rate Zone ; mountainous and healthy. 



Here are numerous missions, with 
good prospects of success. 

VIII. The Hottentot Region 
and Cape Colony; the southern 
and southwestern portion of the con- 
tinent. It is all, except a small por- 
tion of the Great Southern Desert, 
where a few wandering Damaras 
feed their flocks, within the Tempe- 
rate Zone. It extends • to latitude 
35° south, corresponding with North 
Carolina and Tennessee ; and is gen- 
erally mountainous and healthy. 
Here, among the tawney and de- 
graded Hottentots, and the tribes in 
which Hottentot, C afire, and Dutch 
blood are intermingled, are nume- 
rous and successful missions. 

We hope it will appear, from this 
brief survey, ' that Afi ica is not all 
one country, and that the various 
countries of Africa are not all alike. 
When it is said that Africa must be 
j regenerated by men of African de- 
scent, the remark is not intended 
to apply to its northern andsouth- 
ern extremities, but to the vast cen- 
tral regions which contain almost 
the whole population of the conti- 
nent. White men can live and labor 
at the two extremes ; but how long 
will it take them to carry civilization 
and Christianity to Sudan from the 
north, through two thousand miles 
of barren deserts, and fierce fanatical 
Muhammedans ; or from the south, 
through an equal extent of ferocious 
pagan Zingians ? From the eastern 
coast it is not known that any civi- 
lized man has ever penetrated, or 
can penetrate to Sudan. Each of 
these regions is well worthy of mis- 
sionary labor, and what is done in 
either of them, must contribute ulti- 
mately to the grand result. But in 
neither of these ways can we hope 
! to reach and regenerate the heart of 
; Africa for ages to come. For this, 
I we must rely mainly on approaches 
; from the western coast, where we 
can land upon the shores of Sudan 



1847.] 



Receipts. 



289 



itself. Nor may the Zingians of the 
western coast— of Lower Guinea — 
be neglected till we can reach them 
from the south and east. 

What, then, are the facts concern- 
ing those three or four thousand 
miles of Atlantic coast, through 
which alone we can have direct ac- 
cess to Southern Moghreb, Sudan, 
and perhaps half of the Zingians ; — 
countries comprising, probably, half 
the habitable land, and much more 
than half of the inhabitants of Af- 
rica ? It was 365 years on the 19th 
of last January, since the first Euro- 

Ban missionaries commenced their 
H>rs in Guinea. They were Ro- 
man Catholics. Their efforts were 
continued for 241 years, and not a 
trace of their labois remains. It is 
111 years since the first Protestant 
mission was attempted. And we 
have no evidence that among all the 
millions of native African inhabi- 
tants there are yet a hundred Pro- 
testant Christians, whose conversion 
has not been directly or indirectly, 
a result of Colonization ; while the 
native African communicants, in 
churches directly connected with 
Colonization, number more than six 
thousand. In schools not directly 
connected with Colonization, there 
may be some six hundred scholars 
—a large majority of whom, how- 
ever, owe their privileges to its 
indirect influence. In schools con- 
nected with colonies, there are near- 
ly or quite eight thousand. And 
yet Protestant missions commenced 
in 1736, and Colonization in 1787. 



If we consider the diffusion of 
other civilizing influences, the dis- 
parity will be found still more im- 
mense. 

That some white missionaries may 
live to be useful at well selected points 
on this vast coast, is doubtless true. 
They have done it, are doing it, and 
must continue to do it. Nearly all 
the Christianity connected with the 
colonies is the result of their labors, 
and of the labors of colored men 
under their guidance. That they 
can be extensively useful by found- 
ing missions among the native tribes, 
beyond the reach of colonial pro- 
tection and support, perhaps the 
twentieth or thirtieth experiment may 
prove ; but it has not yet been proved. 
No existing mission that can claim to 
be of that character, has existed so 
long, or done so much as some former 
missions, which, after all, it was 
found expedient to give up ; and if 
they succeed, as we hope some of 
them may, it will indicate a great 
change in that part of the world, 
since Colonization began to exert 
its influence there. 

We conclude, therefore, that while 
there are extensive regions in Africa, 
where white men may live and la- 
bor as well as in most other parts 
of the world, and while the labors 
of a few are greatly needed, if not 
absolutely indispensable in all parts ; 
yet experience proves that far the 
greatest and most formidable part of 
the work of Africa's regeneration is 
best performed in connexion with 
Colonization. 



tltctipttf of tlje American Colonhatian ^orietp, 
From the 20M of My t to the 20/A of August, 1847. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Portsmouth— From Dr.Rufu9 Kitt- 



redge, 



VERMONT. 
By IW. Seth S. Arnold: 
Ryeg'rte — George Cowls. . . . 



10 00 



63 



RHODE ISLAND. 
Newport — From Thomas R. Haz- 
ard, Esq 19 00 

CONNECTICUT. 
East Windsor — Collection in Rev. 

S. Bartlett's church 4 00 

Fairfield — From Mrs. Elizabeth 



290 



Receipts. 



[September, 1847.] 



Sherman, to constitute Miss 
Eunice Lyon a lite member of 
the Am. Col. Soc 30 00 

34 00 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
Philadelphia — From the Pennsyl- 
vania Colonization Society. . . . 1,000 00 
DIST. OF COLUMBIA. 
Washington C%-CoUection taken 
in Christ Church, (Rev. Mr. 
Bean's,) per John P. Ingle, Esq. 5 00 

VIRGINIA. 
Big Lick — From Mrs. Sarah Betts, 

by the Rev. J. S. Bacon, D. D. 10 00 
VpperviUe — From several friends 

of colonization, by William M. 

Jackson, Esq 10 00 

Kanawha C. H. — From Miss Jane 

H. Summers and Miss Celena 

L. Summers, each $25, by Hon. 

George W. Summers 50 00 

Fauquier Co. — Mrs. Orra Hender- 
son, by Rev. John Towles..... 100 
Charlottesville — From Christ Ch., 

by Rev. R. K. Meade 14 00 

Shepherdsiown — Collection in 1st 

Presbyterian church, by Rev. J. 

T. Hargrave 6 00 

91 00 
KENTUCKY. 

By Rev. A.M. Cowan : 

Bourbon Co. — James R. Wright, 
G. W. Williams, John King, 
Henry Clay, jr., each $10, A. 
H. Wright, D. P. Bedinger, W. 
Talbutt, C. S. Brent, D. Gass, 
Jane Steel, Wm. Marshall, each 
$5, H. C. H., $1 50, W.Wright, 
$1 77 50 

Bath Co. — James Hill, Esq., $80, 
$30 of which is to constitute 
Rev. John Montfort a life mem- 
ber of the Am. Col. Soc., Rev. G. 
Gordon, $5, Rev. R. F. Cald- 
well, $1 86 00 

Montgomery Co. — H. B. Todd, Dr. 
R. P. R. Caldwell, each $2.. . . 4 00 

Mercer Co. — Peter R. Dunn, $10, 
Rev. D. Clelland, J. J. McAffee, 
each $5 20 00 

Shai-psburgh— From "A friend," 
to constitute the Rev. Peter 
Monfort a life member of the 
Am. Col. Soc • 30 00 

217 50 
OHIO. 
Cambridge — Collection taken in 

the Rev. Wm.Wallace's church, 6 31 
JidamsviUe — Subscription in favor 
of the cause of colonization, per 
Rev. Wm. Wallace 8 00 



Columbus — Donation from the La- 
dies' Colonization Society, by 
N. H. Swayne, Esq 



23 00 



32 31 
ILLINOIS. 
Petersburgh — From Rev. J. Ham- 
ilton, 4th July collection, by J. 
B.Crist 3 70 



Total Contributions. $1,380 33 

FOR REPOSITORY. 

New Hampshire. — Portsmouth 
— Dr. Rufus Kittredge, for the 
Liberia Herald for 1847 2 00 

Vermont. — By Rev. Seth S. Ar- 
nold : South Strafford — John 
Reynolds, Esq., to July, 1847, 
75 cts. Norwich — Dr. S. Con- 
verse, to Nov. 1847, $1 50. 
Union Village — John Lord & 
Sons, to June, 1848, $1 50. 
Newbury — F. Keys, to 16 May, 
1848, $1 50, David Johnson, to 
16 May, 1848, $1 50. Wells 
River — Edward Hale, Esq., to 
16 May, 1848, $1 50, Wm. S. • 
Holt, to 16 Sept. 1848, $1 50. 
Ryegate — Jas. Smith, to June, 
1848s $1 50, Geo. Cowls, to 
August, 1847, 37 cts. Snow's 
Store — Nathan Snow, to Aug. 
1848, $1 50, Dea. Elisha Hew- 
itt, to August, 1848, $1 50. 
Pomfret— Major Elisha Smith, 
to August, 1848, $1 50, Dea. 
John Miller, to August, 1848, 
$1 50. Taflsville — Dan. Marsh, 
to August, 1848, $1 50. Post 
Mills — Erastus Bartholomew, to 
16 May, 1847, $1 20 12 

Rhode IsLAND.-2Vci0/iori-Thos. 
R. Hazard, Esq., to 31 Dec. 
1850 6 00 

Connecticut. — Thompsonville — 
Rev. Joseph Harvey, D. D., for 
Repository to 1 Feb. 1848 3 00 

New York. — By Capt. George 
Barker : Rochester — Ebenezer 
Ely, Esq., to Jan. 1848, $10, 
Hon. F. Whittlesey, to July, 
1847, $6. Canandaigua — Miss 
H. Upham, to Sept. 1847, $6. 
New York City — Collections 
from sundry persons, $33 50. . 55 50 

Kentucky. — Paris— J. C. Lyle, 
Esq., to June, 1847, $1 50. . . . 1 50 

Total Repository 88 12 

Total Contributions 1,380 33 

Aggregate Amount. ••••••• $1,468 45 



THE AFRICAN REPOSITORY, 



AND 



COLONIAL JOURNAL. 



Vol. XXIII.] 

sec 



WASHINGTON, OCTOBER, 1847. 



3ntttt\$tnct from fibttia, 



[No. 10. 



Government House, 
Monrovia, June 28, 1847. 

Sir:— By the Brig "Haidee," 
which sails, I understand, to-morrow 
for the United States via Sierra Leone, 
J hasten to transmit to you copies of 
deeds for lands purchased from the 
natives since December last. These 
purchases comprise the entire terri- 
tories of Poor River, Rock Cess, San- 
guin, and Little Battoo, and a part 
of the territory of Grand Colah; 
and have cost the Society, exclusive 
of the expenses of the vessel and 
commissioners, sixteen hundred and 
sixteen dollars and fifty cents. 

The commissioners returned late 
in April, since which time, in conse- 
quence of the great difficulty of as- 
sembling the natives at this season 
of the year, when they are all, more 
or less, engaged in agricultural pur- 
suits, and the unfavorableness of the 
weather, which during the last five 
or six weeks, has been very rainy, 
with high winds— no further pur- 
chases have been made. The ves- 
sel, however, with a suitable cargo 
of goods, is now ready for sea, and 
will be despatched as soon as the 
weather becomes sufficiently settled* 
Captain Murray, of H. M. sloop 
"Favorite," called on me a few 
days ago, for the purpose of as- 

20 






certaining the extent of our recent 
purchases, to insert them in the chart 
he has constructed of the Liberia 
coast. He also renewed his request 
that I would affix my name to his 
map, which, you remember, I de- 
clined doing in December last. 

He kindly furnished me a copy 
of a letter addressed to him by Com- 
modore Sir Charles Hotham, under 
date April 29th, 1847, in which the 
commodore expresses some surprise 
at my declining to sign the chart, 
and animadverts with some severity 
upon the manner in which the con- 
tents of Captain Murray's letter of 
December 8th, 1846, was communi- 
cated to the Legislature. 

I am accused of misquoting and 
misunderstanding that letter. I ad- 
mit that an inadvertency occurred in 
placing the inverted commas; but 
that I used language in any way 
altering the sense, as *$n<Jer*tood 
both by Captain Murray anj3 myself 
at the time, I respectfally^but un- 
hesitatingly deny. If yovjill take 
the trouble, sir, to examine my an- 
swer to Captain Murrxy, December 
10th, only two days subsequent to 
the date of his letter, you will find 
that I used the same language, al- 
most word for word, as contained 
in my communication to the Legit* 



292 



Intelligence from Liberia. 



[October, 



lature. Had I received a wrong im- 
pression, or misunderstood Captain 
Murray's letter, he would, of course, 
then and there have corrected me. j 
Captain Murray and myself had two I 
or three personal interviews, and j 
conversed fully and freely on all the 
subjects contained in his letter, 
which he explained to me in the 
sense I communicated them to the 
Legislature. It is therefore evident 
that the remarks of Commodore 
Hotham are unjust, and uncalled for. 

But to return ; I confess I could 
not find anything in the commodore's 
letter, or in the arguments of Cap- 
tain Murray, to convince me of the 
necessity or propriety even of sign- 
ing such a map, at least at this time, 
while we are daily negotiating for 
territory. I, however, consented to 
submit the question to the considera- 
tion of the executive council, and to 
conform to their judgment in the pre- 
mises. They unanimously advised 
that it be signed : therefore the fol- 
lowing were inserted in the map : 

"A map of Liberia, composed 
from the original title deeds, ex- 
hibited to Commodore Alex. Murray 
by Governor Roberts, in December, 
1846, and June, 1847, drawn by M. 
Heath, master, acting of her Majes- 
ty's sloop 'Favorite.' " 

(Signed) ALEX. MURRAY, 

Com'drofH. M. sloop "Favorite." 

(Signed) 
8. Benedict, M. C, > Witnesses to 
M. Heath, ) signatures. 

*' This map I admit to be correct at 
this date, June 14th, 1847. It is un- 
derstood that the Liberians propose to 
purchase all the intermediate points 
lying between Cape Mount and 
Cape Paints, and are now negotiat- 
ing for a pan of them." 

(Signed) J. J. ROBERTS, 
Oovtrnor of Liberia. 

(Signed) 
8. Benedict, M. C, > Witnesses to 
M. Heath, $ signatures. 



Two originals were executed, one 
of which I have, and will send you 
a copy as soon as I can have one 
executed. I send you heiewith a copy 
of that part of Commodore Hotham's 
letter, which refers to Liberian affairs. 

I have the honor to acknowledge 
the receipt of your letter of April 
12th, which reached me on the 20th 
instant by the U. S. Frigate "United 
States" from Porto Pray a. We have 
been looking for the "Liberia Pack- 
et" for some days, and you can hard- 
ly imagine the disappointment of 
our people, on learning that her des- 
tination, though for a few months, 
had been changed. Many had or- 
dered, and were expecting goods 
by her. Some eight or ten had made 
arrangements to visit the United 
States, and to take passage in the 
Liberia Packet. 

I read in town meeting, several of 
which have been held recently to 
consult upon measures proper to be 
recommended to the convention, 
that part of your letter which refer- 
red to the Packet. The reasons 
there set forth, I believe, satisfied all 
of the propriety of the course. I 
have conversed with four or five of 
the delegates respecting the article 
proposed by Professor Greenleaf, 
and found each of them of opinion 
that the future relations of the Society 
with the Government bene, including 
the rights of the Society to property 
in the colony, must be settled by a 
compact between the Society and 
the authorities here. I shall, how- 
ever, at an early day during the ses- 
sion of the convention bring the 
subject officially before them. 

I regret much, and have •pokes 
of the indiscretion in publishing 
some articles which have appears! 
in the " Liberia Herald." The re- 
mark that "the subject of indepea- 
dence originated with the Society* 
and that the Society waa anxious) to 
rid itself of the responsibility of ana-. 



i **m ^^"^^n^^^^^^^^^ 



«^^ *l^^^^^» 



1847.] 



Letter from Dr. Lugenbeel. 



293 



taming these colonies longer, has, I 
believe, been made by one or two 
persons here ; but that such an idea 
is general, I question much. Indeed I 
question whether the individuals who 
promulged it believe it themselves. 

I shall correct the impression, if 
indeed it exists, by an article in the 
newspapers. 

I am happy to inform you that 
the immigrants by the Liberia Pack- 
et are doing remarkably well; but a 
•ingle death has occurred among 
them, and that an infirm person, 
who died a few days after landing — 
all have passed through the accli- 
mating fever. The general health 
of the colony is good. The trade 
with the natives is dull. It is grati- 
fying, however, to state that the citi- 
zens were never more independent 



than at the present time. All, more 
or less, are reaping the fruits of their 
agricultural labor. Our people are be- 
ginning in earnest to turn their atten- 
tion to the cultivation of the soil. 

Herewith you will receive ac- 
counts from the Colonial Warehouse 
for the quarter ending 31st March. 

I regret that Gen. Lewis's health 
continues feeble. 

Dr. Smith takes passage in this 
vessel for the United States, and 
will be able to give you particular 
information respecting the affairs of 
the colony. 

I am, sir, respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 
J. J. ROBERTS. 
Rev. Wm. McLain, 

Sec. and Treas'r A. C. S., 
Washington City, U. S. JL 



fitter from JPr. XuQtnbttL 



Monrovia, Liberia, 

June 29/A, 1847. 

Rev. and Dear Sir: — As there 
is now a vessel in our port, (the 
Brig "Haidee" of New York,) which 
is about to leave this place, for Sierra 
Leone, thence in two or three weeks 
for the United States, I hastily em- 
brace the opportunity, thus afforded, 
to write you a short letter. 

Yours of the 12th April was re- 
ceived on the 21st instant, the U. S. 
Frigate "United States" brought it 
from Port Praya. We all exceed- 
ingly regret that the "Packet" will 
not make another trip until next fall. 
It is a great disappointment to many 
persons ; especially to those who ex- 

Eected to go to the United States in 
er — six or eight persons; among 
whom were the Rev. Mr. Benham 
and lady, and my student, Mr. Smith. 
The schooner u Mary Wilkes," from 
New Orleans, arrived at this place on 
the 14th of March, bringing eleven 
immigrants, two of whom returned to 



the United States in the same vessel. 
The remaining nine are all in pretty 
good health, at present. They have 
all had several attacks of the fever ; 
but, during the last three or four 
weeks, they have all been getting 
along very well. I expected that two of 
them would die — one a very old man 
from Illinois, whose age can be as- 
certained in no other way than by 
the circumstance of his distinctly re- 
membering some of the events of the 
" times that tried men's souls" — the 
American Revolution. He could not 
walk, when he arrived, in conse- 
quence of chronic rheumatism; but 
he is now able to move about quite 
smartly. The other is a woman from 
Kentucky, who was very much dis- 
satisfied, even before her arrival, and 
for several weeks after, but, by a 
little reasoning and a little scolding*— 
a combination of soft words and hard 
words, I succeeded in persuading her 
out of the notion of dying; and she 
is now in good health and spirits. 



^^^^^^^^•^^ 



294 



Letter from Dr. Lugenbcel. 



[October, 



^^^^^0^^^^^^^^*^^*^ 



^»^^*^^^^ 



In regard to the company who 
were sent to Bexley, in the charge 
of Mr. Smith, those who came out in 
the " Packet," I refer you to his re- 
port to me, a copy of which I here- 
with send; by which you will per- 
ceive that they were all doing well, 
when he left them — nearly five 
months after their arrival ; except the 
man whom I have already reported 
to you as having died a few days 
after he was landed — not, of course, 
from the effects of this climate. 
Thus, you perceive that Mr. Smith 
is quite as capable of conducting new- 
comers through their acclimation as 
his preceptor, a little more so, I think. 
I am quite satisfied that the fatality 
among the immigrants by the "Roths- 
child," was not owing in any mea- 
sure, to the want of skill or attention, 
on the part of their medical attend- 
ant. I think it is very probable 
that a greater number would have 
died, if they had been entirely under 
my care ; for as they were situated, 
I am certain that my health would 
not have been sufficiently good to 
enable me to give them half as much 
attention as Mr. Smith gave them. 
By his unremitting attention, he suc- 
ceeded in restoring several of them, 
who, as I have been informed by 
other persons, were apparently be- 
yond recovery. In the treatment of 
the acclimating fever, and indeed of 
all other diseases, 1 regard him as 
second to no other medical man in 
the colony, myself included. He is 
mild, amiable, thoughtful, and in- 
telligent. As respects the acquisi- 
tion of medical knowledge, the exer- 
cise of sound judgment in his dis- 
criminations at the bedside of the 
sick, and the exhibition of urbanity 
of manners, I have seldom if ever, 
met with his superior among medical 
students. He is deservedly popular 
among the people, some of whom 
seem to prefer him to his preceptor. 
And if I thought that I had not suc- 



ceeded in effecting any other good in 
Liberia, the reflection of having been 
instrumental in directing one such man 
in the way of usefulness, dignity and 
honor, would more than counterpoise 
the rememberance of all my sufferings 
and privations in Africa. 

In regard to the affairs of the colo- 
ny, I must refer you to the despatches 
of Gov. Roberts, who, I presume, will 
write to you by this opportunity. I 
may here simply state that the sub- 
ject of the new constitution is that 
which has attracted much attention, 
for some weeks past. The constitu- 
tion which was sent out by Professor 
Greenleaf, has been published, and 
copies have been distributed in the 
different settlements; and town meet- 
ings have been held in this place, and 
in some of the other settlements, for 
the purpose of examining that con- 
stitution, and of recommending such 
parts of it as the people generally 
desire, to the national convention, 
the session of which will commence 
next Monday. 

In addition to the amount, which 
I reported to you, in a former letter, 
as having been received by Mr. 
Smith, for his practice, I beg leave 
to report twenty-five dollars more; 

In which he has since received, and 
which amount you will also please 
charge to my account 

As it may be gratifying to the 
numerous benefactors of Mr. Ellis, 
who came out in the "Mary Wilkes," 
to receive information respectingiiun; 
permit me here to say, that I have 
no reason to change the favorable 
opinion which I formed of him, when 
I first saw him, as expressed in a 
former letter to you. 

1 have heard him frequently and 
feelingly express his gratitude to 
those persons and societies, through 
whose aid and influence he has been 
permitted to tread the toil of his 
forefathers. This is a trait in hu- 
man character which I love to aee, 



1817.] 



« Union is Strength." 



295 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^■^ 



gratitude for favors received from 
others— a trait which, next to love 
and humility, is the most commenda- 
ble in the sight of both God and man. 
•I have had frequent attacks of 
fever, since my return; none of 
which, however, have been very vio- 
lent. During the last six weeks, I 
have been getting along much better 
than previously, and as I have not 
had any agues yet, 1 begin to flatter 
myself that I am a little better Afri- 
canized than I was during my for- 
mer residence. 

Yours truly, 

J. W. LUGENBEEL. 
Rev. W.McLain, 

Sec>y and Tr., A. C. S. 

P. S. — Mr. Smith will leave in the 
« Haidee" for the United States ; 
and I hope that he will arrive in time 
to enter the medical college. 

J. W. L. 



BEFOBT OF DR. SMITH. 

Monrovia, 

June 1st, 1847. 

Dear Doctor: — I beg leave to 
present to you the following report, 
respecting the company of immigrants 



of whom I had the charge at the set* 
tlement of Bexley. You are probably 
aware that, in addition to those who 
arrived by the tt Packet," four per- 
sons, who* came in the " Margaret 
Ann," were also under my medical 
supervision ; making in all twenty* 
eight persons, all of whom are still 
living, except one man — Welford 
Hungerford — who was in the last 
stage of pulmonary consumption, 
when he arrived, and who died 
a few days after being landed, before 
sufficient time had elapsed for him to 
experience any deleterious influence 
of this climate. All the others had 
two attacks, or more, of the accli- 
mating fever, while they were under 
my care — a period of four months and 
a half; and, although some of them 
were very sick ; yet, as they were 
generally tractable, and obedient in 
following my directions and advice, 
they all recovered, in a reasonable 

m 

time ; and when I left them they 
were all doing well, and were all 
pleased with their new home in Africa. 
With gratitude and esteem, 
I am yours sincerely, 
JAMES S. SMITH. 

J. W. LUGENBEEL, M. D. 

Colonial Physician. 



[From the Liberia Herald.] 

"1Knt0tt is £trtit0tt." 



The caption of this communica- 
tion has long since passed into a 
proverb ; and not only may it be re- 
garded as a truthful proverb, but as a 
philosophical axiom, t applicable to 
all the relations of mind, as well as 
of matter — to all the diversified states 
or conditions of mankind ; whether 
we regard »it in a civil, political, or 
religious point of view— a truth which 
has been clearly tested in the expe- 
riments of natural philosophy, in the 
effects of moral efforts, and in the in- 
fluence of political associations— in 
the spread of the benign influences 



of Christianity among mankind, and 
in the preservation of the rights qf 
communities and of nations. Per- 
haps in nothing is it more applicable 
than in the maintenance of the insti- 
tutions of a republican government, 
in which the people live under the 
influence of laws enacted by repre- 
sentatives of their own selection. 
And especially is it applicable to the 
citizens of Liberia; for perhaps there 
is no government on the face of the 
globe, in which the combined in- 
fluence of all the people, and their 
active co-operation in every measure 



296 



« Union is Strength. 9 ' 



[October, 



which will tend to the general welfare 
of the whole community, are more es- 
sential than in this infant Republic. 

The people of Liberia are pecu- 
liarly situated. Here we behold a 
handful of men in almost a defence- 
less state, located on the border of a 
vast country, the swarming inhabi- 
tants of which are enshrouded in the 
grossest ignorance, and the most de- 
basing superstitions. And here we 
observe a regularly organized govern- 
ment, still, however, in comparative 
embryo — the germ of what we hope 
may become a great and powerful 
nation — the nucleus of a vast politi- 
cal and religious empire, from which 
may radiate, far into the interior, of 
this land of moral and intellectual 
degradation, the elevating and en- 
nobling principles of civilization, and 
the benign and heavenly influences 
of Christianity. And, in reviewing 
the events of the past history of these 
colonics, and in contemplating some 
of the probable events of the future, 
I am more than ever impressed with 
the conviction of the imperative ne- 
cessity of united action, on the part 
of the people, in carrying out the 
great principles of equal rights and 
equal liberties — the basis on which 
the benevolent founders of the great 
cntcrprize of African colonization en- 
deavored to erect the superstructure | 
which we now behold ; and which \\ 
stands amidst the gloom of the mid- 
night darkness which envelopes the 
jninds of the millions of Africa's be- 
nighted children — a beacon-light to 
direct them to the port of freedom, 
and we trust to the haven of ever- 
lasting rest. 

The year of our Lord eighteen ! 
hundred and forty-seven will doubt- : 
less form an era in the historv of Li- 
bem, pregnant with events of incal- 1 . 
<Tulablc weight and importance — ' 
events equaled only by those of eigh- j" 
teen hundred and twenty-two, when - 
the fires of civil liberty were lighted i; 



up on the heights of Messurado, 
amidst the clashing of arms, and the 
savage war-cry of barbarous hordes; 
when a few resolute adventurers, 
seeking for a home and a country, 
were led to victory by a master-spirit, 
who lived, labored and died, for 
the welfare of his fellow men ; and 
who, could his voice now be heard, 
in the deep-toned eloquence of his 
sympathising heart, would doubtless 
exhort the people to union of feeling, 
union of purpose, and union of ac- 
tion, in preserving the liberties and 
blessings of this growing Republic. 

For several years past, I have ob- 
served the progress of these colonies 
with no small degree of interest; and 
I have regarded them as instruments 
in the hands of God in carrying out 
his wise designs relative to that un- 
fortunate class of the human family, 
who have so long been the victims 
of oppression — bound down by the 
fetters of unyielding prejudice. But 
while I have thus viewed them, 1 
have not been blinded to the convic- 
tion, that the ultimate success of the 
great enterprise, will depend on the 
conduct — the united action— of those 
who, in the order of a wise Provi- 
dence, have emigrated, and those who 
may yet emigrate, from the land of 
their nativity, in which the light of 
civilization and of Christianity shines 
with resplendent lustre to this dis- 
tant land, the great mass of the in- 
habitants of which are groping their 
way amidst the mazes of the grossest 
ignorance, and the delusive influences 
of the most absurd superstitions. 

However lightly some persons 
may be disposed to regard the change 
which will probably be effected, 
during the present year, in the politi- 
cal relations of the citizens of Liberia, 
I cannot view it otherwise than as 
being fraught with consequences 
vastly important in their character- 
consequences which will extend to 
distant periods of time, and tell fa- 



1847.] 



Cultivation of the Soil. 



297 



. Worably or unfavorably on the wel- 
**fare and happiness of generations yet 
^ unborn. And, while the citizens of 
"^ this isolated Republic may justly 
■i claim the sympathy and forbearance 
-* of other and more powerful nations ; 
■h they should not forget that on their 
•' own efforts will depend the success 
*i of the great undertaking, of preserv- 
^ ing a civil and religious government 
4 in this land of darkness and degrada- 
■( tion. By their own efforts the go- 
* vernment must survive or fall. By 
I their own efforts, u the wilderness and 
*\ the solitary place shall be made glad; 
[• and the desert rejoice, and blossom 
r as the rose;" or u echo shall awake 
< from her home in the rock," and 
catch the wailing sounds of despair, 
produced by civil commotions and 
internal broils, and proclaim to dis- 
tant lands the melancholy truth, that 
colored men are not capable of self- 
government. 

Let them take warning from the 
fate of those nations in which ambi- 
tion, envy, jealousy, and selfishness, 
smothered the fire of patriotism in 
the breasts of their political leaders. 



The empires of Babylon, of Assyria 
and of Persia, and the commonwealths 
of Athens, of Sparta, and of Rome*— 
where are they now ? The weeping 
\*oice of history answers, they havB 
fallen — have sunk into oblivion, 
where the ghostly shades of their do- 
parted grandeur flit about in sad la- 
mentation of their former glory. And 
the history of some surviving king- 
doms and republics, present striking 
evidences of the desolating influences 
of discord and disunion. 

Let the citizens of Liberia, then, 
one and all, unite in sustaining the 
principle of a free and independent 
government; let every selfish feeling 
or consideration be subordinate to the 
public good; let them remember that 
in order to preserve their liberties, 
they must be united — that union and 
liberty must be inseparable; and that 
in order to maintain their station as 
an independent nation, they must 
look to the soil, as the mother of 
wealth, of comfort, and of indepen- 
dfincp 

A SOJOURNER. 
Monrovia, April, 1847. 



[From the Liberia Herald.] 

fc|K Cultivation of t\)t Soxi—tfyt true toao to tnotptnotna. 



In the last clause of a communi- 
cation which appeared in the Herald 
of the 16th ultimo, I cursorily di- 
rected the attention of the people of 
Liberia to the necessity of looking 
to " the soil, as the mother of 
wealth, of comfort, and of indepen- 
dence." And as this involves a 
subject of vital interest to the wel- 
fare of the people, individually and 
collectively, I deem it of sufficient 
importance to demand further con- 
sideration. 

The citizens of Liberia generally 
are doubtless convinced of the truth of 
the position herein assumed ; but any 
observer may be satisfied from occular 



demonstration, that they are not gen- 
erally fully convinced of its vast im- 
portance. Mankind often assent to 
truths, of the real importance of which 
they are not altogether convinced. 
For instance, the doctrines of the 
immortality of the soul, and of re- 
wards and punishments in a future 
state of existence, are generally re- 
cognised and acknowledged through- 
out Christendom— comparatively few 
persons pretending to dissent from 
these sacred truths ; but no other 
evidence need be given of the fact, 
that the majority of men who live 
within the influence of the Gospel 
dispensation, in which these truths 



^^^^ m» * ^ +^ 



298 



Cultivation of the Soil. 



[October, 



are clearly brought to light, are not 
fully convinced of their weight and 
importance, than the almost total in- 
difference with which they regard 
them. Again, if mankind generally 
were thoroughly convinced that an 
undeviating course of moral integri- 
ty — an uncompromising and un- 
yielding observance of the princi- 
{>les of moral rectitude, in all the re- 
asons of life, — would be decidedly 
advantageous to them, in this world, 
as well as in the world to come,— a 
fact which few persons, if any, will 
pretend to deny ; this world would 
present a scene of beauty and of 
loveliness, vastly different from that 
which now meets the view of the 
observer ; and which causes the true 
Christian to feel sad and sorrowful, 
in view of the probable fate of mil- 
lions of his race. Then, indeed, 
would the moral desert •* blossom as 
the rose ;" and peace and love and 
happiness would sweetly smile upon 
the " wilderness'' of human life, and 
convert it into a blooming paradise, 
in which no engines of human de- 
struction should be found, and no 
weeds of social and political discoid 
could ever grow. 

The human mind is so constituted 
— I might say so depraved — that, in 
most cases, stern necessity only 
will urge men to diligence and per- 
severance, in carrying out any mea- 
sure either of present or of future 
utility. Men must be deeply con- 
vinced of the necessity or importance 
of a measure, before they will awake 
from the slumber of indifference, 
which stupifies the energies of the 
mind, and binds the body down to its 
own groveling feelings and propensi- 
ties. Education may do much — has 
done much— towards throwing off 
the incubus of mental and physical 
indolence. Hence the difference 
which is presented between the ap- 
pearance of the inhabitants general- 
ly of civilized and enlightened conn-j 



tries, and the barbarous hordes of 
heathen lands, — between the citi- 
zens of Liberia and the adjoining 
tribes of the aborigines of Africa, — 
and between the comfortable houses 
of many of the colonists, and the 
miserable huts of the natives. But, 
although education may arouse men 
to reflection, and to the proper ex- 
ercise of their reasoning powers; 
yet necessity will continue to be, 
not only the " mother of invention," 
but the principal propelling motive 
to industry and enterprise. 

In regard, then, to the cultivation 
of the soil as the true road to inde- 
pendence, the question may be asked, 
are the citizens of Liberia generally 
fully convinced of this fact? If I 
may respond to this question, I will 
answer in the negative ; for I cannot 
but believe that a full conviction of 
this important "truth would result in 
a more extensive practical demon- 
stration of a consciousness of its 
importance. The people generally 
have not yet been fully aroused to 
a conviction of the necessity and 
importance of greater attention being 
given to the cultivation of the soiL 
And, in view of the change which 
will probably soon be effected in the 
political relations of Liberia, the 
question may be asked, is it likely 
that greater necessity for more vig- 
orous and persevering efforts, in this 
respect, will probably exist in future ? 
This interrogatory I unhesitatingly 
answer in the affirmative: I have 
calmly and patiently endeavored to 
investigate all the circumstances re- 
lative to the contemplated change- 
all the probable events which may 
result from the assumption and dee* 
laration of the rights and immuni- 
ties of sovereignty and independence 
on the part of the citizens of this 
isolated, and almost defenceless 
Commonwealth; and while I be* 
lieve that the sympathy and for- 
' bearance of other and more power- 



^^^^N^^^rf 1 * *^— *^^ 



,iwi^i^^w ^m »*m^^^^^^^^^^ 



^^^•^^h^^^^^^^^^^i 



_n_ ~ _ ^ _ ^ _ ' 



1347.] 



Cultivation of the Soil. 



299 



fnl nations will be freely extended 
to the people and the Government 
of Liberia ; yet, as many circum- 
stances will no doubt occur to pro- 
dace embarrassment in the affairs 
of the government— circumstances 
which have not yet been encounter- 
ed, and which have not formed 
items in the calculations of many 
persons ; the necessity for renewed 
energy and activity, will undoubted- 
ly be presented. 

Although more attention has been 

5 riven to agriculture within the last 
iew years than previously; yet 
comparatively few of the people are 
regularly and systematically en- 
gaged in farming operations. The ex- 
tremely limited exportation of agri- 
cultural products is conclusive evi- 
dence of this fact How many hun- 
dred pounds of coffee have yet been 
exported from Liberia ? How many 
of sugar, ginger, pepper, arrow-root, 

S round nuts, and other staple pro- 
uctions ? All of which may be 
raised abundantly, and in quality 
equal to similar productions in any 
other part of the world. The peo- 
ple must cultivate such articles 
for exportation, as well as for home 
consumption; and not depend on 
importations from foreign countries, 
especially of such things as can be 
easily raised within their own ter- 
ritorial limits. Heretofore, nearly 
all the luxuries, most of the com- 
forts, and many of the necessaries of 
life, have been imported ; and what 
has been given in exchange for such 
things ? Not the fruits of agricultu- 
ral industry ; but camwood, palm- 
oil, and ivory — articles procured en- 
tirely from the natives. This trade, 
however, is vastly on the decrease ; 
if not in the quantity of these ar- 
ticles brought into the settlements, 
certainly in the profits realized by 
the system of barter between the 
natives and the colonists, and be- 
tween the latter and foreign mer- 



chants, or masters and supercargoes 
of vessels ; and the people cannot 
much longer look to this trade as 
the principal means of subsistence. 
It must soon occupy an inferior sta- 
tion as a source of wealth, of com* 
fort, and of independence ; and the 
agricultural productions which I 
have enumerated, must become the 
principal articles of commerce. 

The inhabitants of no country can 
be really independent, unless the in* 
ternal resources of that country are 
equal to the necessities of the people 
—unless the productions of the soil 
are sufficient to afford the comforts 
of life to the people, or to enable 
them to obtain those comforts in ex- 
change for the productions of their 
own country. And as the decree of 
the Almighty, which was given to 
our first parent: "In the sweat of 
thy face shalt thou eat bread," is 
still in force, and will continue in 
operation to the end of time ; the 
necessity for industry and perse- 
verance in the cultivation of the soil 
will continue until the drama of hu- 
man existence shall have come to a 
close. 

It is folly to say that such articles 
as I have enumerated cannot be 
raised in Liberia, in sufficient quan- 
tities to become profitable articles 
of exportation. The experiment has 
not yet been fairly tried. Let any 
individual cultivate an acre of almost 
any land in Liberia, in any of these 
articles as it ought to be cultivated- 
give that attention to it which farm- 
ers ought to give to their business ; 
and if he does not get more than 
doubly paid for his labor, I will con- 
fess that I have been mistaken in all 
my observations and conclusions. 

There can be but little doubt that 
everything which is absolutely ne- 
cessary for human subsistence and 
comfort, together with many luxu- 
ries, can be raised in Liberia, with 
much less labor than would be re- 



^0^^^^%^^^^^^^0^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



300 



Plan for the removal of Slavery. 



[October, 



quired to procure the necessaries of 
life in the United States. And I am 
quite certain that, with proper man- 
agement — by pursuing a regular sys- 
tematic course of agricultural indus- 
try and frugality, the citizens of 
Liberia may, with no other means 
than those which almost every in- 
dividual can readily procure, pro- 
duce not only enough of such arti- 
cles as are peculiar to tropical cli- 
mates for their own use ; but a large 
surplus for exportation ; and thereby 
be enabled to enjoy the blessings not 
only of liberty, but of independence, 
in the proper acceptation of that term. 
All the articles which I have named, 
except sugar, may be raised abun- 
dantly, with comparative little labor. 
Nor does this short catalogue em- 
brace everything which may be- 
come sources of pecuniary income 
to the citizens of Liberia; although 
those are the principal articles which 
can be exported to foreign countries. 
The frequent demand for vegetables 
and live stock of different kinds by 
the officers and crews of vessels 
which visit this part of the coast, 
especially men-of-war, affords the 
people opportunities to dispose of 
such things at good prices, and to 
receive money in payment ; so that 



even if no money were received in 
exchange for exported articles, specie 
may always be the circulating me- 
dium among the people. In refer- 
ence to sugar, I may add, that al- 
though it is not probable that this 
will ever become a profitable article 
of exportation ; yet enough can be 
raised, and enough ought to be raised 
for home consumption, at less ex- 
pense than it can be procured for 
from foreign vessels. The same re- 
mark is applicable to rice, the great 
staple of intertropical Africa ; and 
with the exception of wheat and In- 
dian corn, the best article of food 
which the earth affords. 

Let the people of Liberia, then, 
direct their attention to the cultiva- 
tion of the soil, as the principal road 
to wealth and independence— let 
them pursue. a regular, systematic, 
and persevering course in agricultu- 
ral operations ; and without horses 
or mules, or donkies, or any other 
beasts of burden, they may live in 
ease and comfort and independence. 
Then, indeed, " the wilderness and 
the solitary place shall be glad for 
them ; and the desert shall rejoice, 
and blossom as the rose." 

A SOJOURNER. 

Monrovia, May, 1847. 



[From the New York Observer.] 

Plan fir tjn removal if Alaturo. 



" I never mean unlets some particular circumstan- 
ces xh:i11 compel me to it, to potseu another thvre by 
purchase, it buim? amour my fimt withe* to see some 
plan sulnptnl by which slavery in thi»couiitry may be 
ubolif)if-(l by law." — ll'a$hin*ton. 

Is November of last year an article 
appeared in the New York Observer, 
and in some other papers, over my 
signature, proposing a " plan for the 
removal of slavery.'' That article 
called forth several temperate and 
able notices, chiefly from the South 
and West; and also brought to the 
writer long and candid communica- 
tions from citizens of slave Slates. 



These notices and letters were in 
a kind spirit and generally approved 
of the plan, with some more or less 
material alterations in order to avoid 
objections and render it certainly 
practicable, as they supposed. After 
carefully considering all that I have 
seen in print, in reference to the plan, 
I am confirmed in my opinion of its be- 
nevolence, justice and practicability. 
Indeed, I regard it as the only feasi- 
ble plan for the peaceable and equitable 
removal of slavery from these States. 



^^^^^^^ 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



1847.] 



Plan for the removal of Slavery. 



301 



^^^^^^ri^^ 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



This new mode of approaching the 
subject, i. e., by calm and respectful 
inquiry into the practicability, and 
even probability of the peaceful and 
equitable removal of slavery, is be- 
ginning to recal in the South as well as 
in the North, desire and confidence 
with respect to the result sought to 
be obtained. And I am persuaded 
that if the people of the North would 
agree to approach the subject only 
in this way, success would be greatly 
facilitated. 

The plan I proposed was based on 
the following propositions:— 

1st. Remuneration must be made 
to the owners, from the Treasury of 
the United States. 

2d. This appropriation from the 
Treasury must be made constitution- 
ally. 

3d. The emancipated slaves must 
be removed from the country. 

It remains to indicate how these 
three ends may be accomplished. 

First.— The Constitution of U. S. 
must be so amended as to give to 
Congress the power to make the 
necessary appropriations. Let some 
one State originate the proposition 
to amend. Secondly. — By treaty or 
purchase let the United States pro- 
cure on the west coast of Africa, suffi- 
cient territory for five millions of peo- 
ple, (including the present inhabitants 
there) to which the emancipated 
slaves may be transferred and settled 
as a colony, under the protection of 
the United States, which shall retain 
the legislative and executive authority, 
as long as is necessary, relinquishing 
it gradually as the colony improves. 
Thirdly. — Let Congress institute a 
national board of commissioners to 
estimate the value of the slaves of 
any State that shall make legal pro- 
vision for the gradual emancipation 
of the slaves within its territory, to 
draw warrants on the national treasu- 
ry for the payment of the same, and 



to superintend their emigration and 
settlement in Africa. 

To this plan only three objections of 
any weight have come to my notice. 

1. That the North and the South 
will not agree to it. The North, it 
is said, will not consent to be taxed 
for the purchase of slaves : the South 
will not consent to the agitation of 
the subject in Congress, much less 
to legislative action upon it. But 
this is begging the question. Neither 
the North nor the South has been 
fairly and patiently interrogated. 

The objection is a mere matter of 
opinion; and from my intercourse 
and correspondence, both North and 
South, I believe there is patriotism 
and justice enough in the North, 
and prudence and benevolence 
enough in the South, to control public 
opinion, and to obtain the necessary 
legislation in order to make the plan 
constitutional. Let the people of 
the North manifest a willingness to 
make a noble sacrifice, if they regard 
it as a sacrifice, towards removing 
the source of most of our national 
disquietudes, and much of our na- 
tional expense and danger, and the 
South will feel and respond to such 
manifestations. Our country is not 
yet incapable of great and generous 
sacrifices and deeds, when patriotic 
and worthy ends are to be attained* 

2. The plan is said to be impracti- 
cable on account of the expense. I 
do not understand the objection to 
go to the length of absolute impracti- 
cability in view of the nation's 
ability. But that the great expense 
compared with the end to be obtained 
makes it unreasonable to expect that 
the public mind can be brought to 
undertake the measure. I must be- 
lieve that those who make this ob- 
jection do not comprehend the pro- 
found yet unproclaimed apprehen- 
sions which generally occupy the 
mind of the prudent and thoughtful, 
both in the North and in the South* 



302 



Plan for the removal of Slavery. 



[October, 



with respect to the probable results 
of slavery, if it is allowed to advance 
without check or mitigation. Pass- 
ing these over, I may allude to the 
fact that it has already been the oc- 
casion, if not the immediate cause, 
of an expenditure of treasure and life 
that would be cheaply redeemed at 
the sum which the execution of the 
plan would require. What further 
results may follow in the course of 
the next half century, few who have 
the ability have the will to con- 
jecture. Because they see no wis- 
dom in anticipating evils while there 
is no probability of preventing them. 
My object has been, to present the 
possibility at least, and thus to in- 
duce action. That the country is able 
to meet the expenditure, if it felt 
itself required to do it, there is no 
doubt. Suppose the country judged 
its honor and integrity required it 
to enter upon a war that would draw 
after it a debt of a thousand millions, 
would we pause to inquire into our 
ability? In the judgment of the wisest 
and best in the land, are not both the 
honor and the integrity of the coun- 
try involved in the advance of slavery? 
Suppose it should cost a thousand 
millions of dollars to extinguish this 
fruitful source of evil, and thus con- 
solidate this great confederation of 
free States which is the only deposi- 
tory of those benign and equitable 
principles and institutions which can 
render the world free and happy, 
would the results be dearly purchased? 
Certainly not. 

3. It is said, it would be unjust to 
force the emancipated slaves to leave 
this country and go to Africa. A 
sufficient answer to this objection is, 
that, while in a state of slavery, force 
is and must be applied to their wills 
and actions in an infinitely worse 
form, and to a much more disastrous 
extent, than their compulsory re- 
moval to Africa implies. It is not 
sufficient to ask, Why do either? 



Stern necessity requires the one or 
the other, when the inquiry is con* 
cerning the whole colored population. 
Perhaps the last remark may not 
prove to be true when the question 
comes to be placed before the whole 
slave population of a State. When they 
see that all can go in a body: husband 
and wife, parents and children, neigh- 
bours and friends; and go to the land 
which the great Father of all had 
assigned them, and from whence 
their ancestors were torn, perhaps 
for wise and worthy ends of Pro- 
vidence, that they might be made 
Christians, and then return again in 
a body to diffuse through Africa the 
light of the Gospel — when they shall 
see all this, and remember that their 
| posterity shall be born free, and be 
happy under their own government, 
and in their own land, who shall say 
that compulsion must be used to re- 
move them. Nay, will not their 
hearts leap for joy in prospect of 
settling in Africa, as now the heart 
of the poor, famished, down-trodden 
peasant of Europe, leaps when he 
feels the bound of the ship on her 
way to America? I cannot doubt 
their willingness to go under such 
conditions as the plan proposes. 

I have spoken of the chief ob- 
jections to the plan. But it has been 
suggested that the Colonization So- 
ciety ought to be expanded to as to 
accomplish, perhaps, the same end. 
No man in the land honors the Co- 
lonization Society more than I do. 
I am indebted to it for the germ of all 
these suggestions. It was the Co- 
lonization Society that proved the 
practicability of colonizing our peo- 
ple of color in Africa. Some yean 
since its influence procured legis- 
lative action in several States to aid 
in removing free people of color with 
their own consent. The plan I pro- 
pose is an expansion of the Colo- 
nization Society under the authority 
of the general government with the 



1847.] 



Plan for the removal of Slavery. 



303 



consent generally of the States in- 
terested, and at the expense of the 
nation. I do not desire to suspend 
or weaken the Colonization Society, 
bnt to increase its energy until it shall 
be absorbed in a general government 
movement which will be its own 
legitimate maturity. 

1 am persuaded that in the North, 
severity of feeling and judgment in 
the matter of slavery, considered in 
reference to individuals, is subsiding ; 
and that there is a corresponding 
Arising in the South of inquiry into ail 
the bearings of slavery. The result 
is an approximation of conclusions 
in the two extremes of our country. 
The tendency of the common mind 
in both is, to regard the system of 
slavery as a moral, economical, 
social and political evil, which it is 
desirable should not be extended, but 
rather curtailed and finally extinguish- 
ed. And there is every where in the 
South silent and, to the public gene- 
rally, an unappreciable movement, 
which will bring the common mind 
to a healthy conclusion. There is a 
vast amount of moral and religious 
sentiment which is beginning to rouse 
the master to a sense of his duty, as 
a man and as a Christian, to his ser- 
vants; and the consequence is that 
the religious instruction of slaves has 
greatly increased within a few years. 
The result of this will be that the 
laws forbidding masters to teach their 
servants to read, will gradually be- 
come obsolete, as conscientious men 
will become uneasy at forbidding men 
to read the word of God. The 
economical aspect of the question is 
beginning to present itself: and it 
will not be long before manufactures 
which are now increasing in the South 
will prove that slave labor is not the 



most profitable. And this will be 
followed by the discovery that 1000 
acres of cotton or sugar lands can be 
made to produce more to the owner 
by being divided and rented in small 
portions to the sturdy and patient 
European emigrants, or to those from 
our free States, than by cultivation 
by slaves; not taking into the ac- 
count the dangers, annoyances, and 
other evils of a slave population. 

While the national mmd is be- 
ginning to look earnestly at the poli- 
tical aspect of the slavery question, 
the religious mind at its moral aspect, 
and the Southern mind at its social 
and economical aspect, every body 
asks,— -what can be done? The 
plan is intended to give an answer to 
this momentous question. It says, let 
it be considered as a national aflair, 
and let the nation undertake the re- 
moval ; yet in such a way as shall do 
no violence to the Constitution, nor 
to the rights of any State ; nor gene- 
rally to individual interest; nor to 
the slave, beyond what necessity re- 
quires. Let this prospect be opened 
to the country, the States, the owners, 
and to the negro population, and 
then all peaceable elements will work 
with tenfold energy for the removal 
of the great evil. Delaware, Mary- 
land, Virginia, North Carolina, Ken- 
tucky and Missouri would quickly 
take measures for the gradual pre- 
paration, emancipation and removal 
of their slave population, and other 
States would follow. And suppose 
it required 50 or 100 years for the 
completion of the plan, yet the results 
would be peace and prosperity at 
home, and a new Christian empire 
in Africa. 

J. P. DURBIN. 
Philadelphia, July, 1847. 



Abtt.— An eminent philanthropist, who has himself set 70 slaves at liberty, and pro- 
vided them a good beginning in this world, has suggested to me a modification of the 
plan thus far, viz; Jb remove <mfy the increa$e of tht$kaHpop%Uati<m* This would great- 
ly reduce the expense of the execution of the plan. 



304 Condition of free People of Color in Free Stales. [October, 



Condition of tfce free People 

We had laid by for publication the 
action of the Illinois State conven- 
tion on this subject, with some re- 
marks of our own ; but we find the 
matter so well discoursed upon in 
the Presbyterian Herald, that we 
prefer laying our article aside, and 
inserting the following editorial from 
said paper. 

In another column will be found 
an article from the Liberia Herald 
on the same subject in the slave 
Slates. Our readers will remember 
the message of Governor Smith, of 
Virginia, which has called forth this 
editoiial from the editor of the Libe- 
ria Herald, who was originally from 
that State. The concluding remarks 
of his article are worthy the attention 
of the more intelligent colored peo- 
ple. The present condition of Li- 
beria is such as to invite them thither. 
Their intelligence and influence 
might be beneficial. It were an 
honor to them to go under such 
auspices. But to go under any other 
circumstances, were no very desira- 
ble accession to their reputation. 

ARGUMENTS FOB AFRICAN COLONIZATION. 

All the developments of society in 
this country are rapidly tending to 
work out and manifest this great 
principle, that the only safe and 
sure method of elevating the African 
race, and conferring upon them those 
civil, social, and political privileges 
which are the common birth-right 
of the human family, is to separate 
them from the Anglo-Saxon race. 
Some of the slave States are begin- 



of Color in tfte Sxtt State*, 

ning to feel that their presence is a 
burden which is almost intolerable, 
and are casting about them for some 
method to rid themselves of this in- 
cubus upon their prosperity, which so 
greatly impedes their progress in the 
march of improvement ; whilst the 
free States in their vicinity are be- 
coming every year more fixed and 
settled in their policy of prohibiting 
their introduction amongst them. 
Whether this desire to get rid of 
them on the one hand, and not to re- 
ceive them on the other, be right or 
wrong, we undertake not to settle 
at the present time. It is, however, 
a fixed fact which cannot be changed 
until society is completely revolu- 
tionized in its present modes of 
thought and feeling, and as a fact it 
has to be met and dealt with by the 
philanthropist. He must frame his 
plans to meet the condition of socie- 
ty as it actually exists, and not as 
he would have it to be. 

That the tendency of pubic opinion 
in the free States is such as we have 
described, is becoming every year 
more manifest, especially in those 
which border on the territory of 
slavery, and are exposed to the im- 
migration of this class of popula- 
tion. A few of the States in the ex- 
treme parts of the Union that feel 
secure against any considerable in- 
flux of this population, may* for the 
sake of a show of consistency, place 
upon their statute books laws that 
recognise the civil and social equality 
of the colored man ; but just let any 
large number of that class make 
their appearance among them, and 
assert their rights and exercise them, 
and those statutes will soon disap- 
pear. Those which are much ex- 
posed to the evil, are already begin- 
ning to take more decided action. 
Take the following resolution, which 
has just passed the Illinois State am- 






.f 



1847.] Condition of free People of Color in Free States. 



305 



vention, by a vote of 92 to 43, as an 
example : 

" The Legislature shall, at its first 
session, under the amended constitu- 
tion, pass such laws as will effec- 
tually prohibit free persons of color 
from immigrating to and settling in 
this State ; and to effectually prevent 
the owners of slaves from the intro- 
duction of slaves into this State for 
the purpose of settling them free: 
Provided, That when this consti- 
tion is submitted to the people of 
this State for their adoption or rejec- 
tion, the foregoing shall be submitted 
to them, to be voted on separately 
as a section of said constitution, and 
if a majority of all the votes cast 
for and against the same shall be for 
its adoption, then, in that case, the 
same shall form a section of the new 
constitution ; but if a majority shall 
be against its adoption, then the 
same shall be rejected." 

A Virginian who has lately been 
travelling in New England, thus 
bears testimony to the state of pub- 
lic opinion even there, where we 
would suppose that this feeling would 
not exist, if anywhere. He says : 

" Freedom of a personal charac- 
ter to go and come, to drink, to idle, 
to commit mischief, they have ; but 
freedom, social, and political, even 
the North refuses them. According- 
ly, I told the abolitionists, * if you 
will do for the blacks you have, 
what you say we must do for ours, 
we will furnish you the raw material 
to manufacture into citizens as we 
furnish you cotton to make calicoes.' 
In all conversations with abolition- 
ists, the question was pressed, 
• What are we to do with the slaves, 
if we emancipate ?' N ot one of any 
intelligence, professed any willing- 
ness to take them off our hands. 
Witness the trouble growing out of 
the celebrated case of Randolph's 
slaves. Northern people are pass- 
ing them by. They will not take 



them in any capacity into their 
houses, if others can be found. They 
are driven from omnibuses, hacks, 
cabs, and even porterage. White 
men will not labor with them. The 
4 vox populV has decreed, * You 
may reason, expostulate, harangue, 
quote the 'declaration, abuse the 
the South, even try by example to 
enforce your theories — but, after all, 
you had as well reason against the 
ukase of the Russian despot. The 
slavery of the negro race is a slavery 
to color.'' There has never been 
just such another case. It is a great 
fact, as we believe fulfillment of 
of prophecy of nearly 5,000 years 
standing, and there is no use in 
fighting against facts. You cannot 
reason them into existence, and you 
cannot cavil them out of existence. 

44 So long, then, as you must sit, 
stand,. walk, ride, dwell, eat, sleep 
here and the negro there, he cannot 
be free in any part of the country. 
His home is not here. Reasonable 
and thinking men North, as well as 
South , are seeing and feeling* the 
true state of the case. Ten years 
ago scarcely a pulpit in Massachu- 
setts was open to the agent of the 
Colonization Society, and now a 
large majority cordially welcome 
him. One of the marked fruits of 
abolitionism has been its suicidal 
influences. Its principles run direct- 
ly to radicalism, and that of the 
lowest depth. Hence, while the 
speeches of men hired to abuse the 
South, have awakened on both sides 
great feelings — on the one of indig- 
nation, and the other of irritation— 
they have killed their own cause by 
the principles they were forced to 
adopt for consistency, and left the 
public mind and ear in just that ex- 
cited state, that it is prepared, the 
better, for the reception of truth. 
The subject will be, must be, dis- 
cussed, increased acquaintance with 
each other will serve to correct the 



*t0^*^^*^*^^^^^^ 



^*»^*#%*^ 



306 



Plan of Dr. Durbin. 



[October, 



erroneous impressions, as to both 
master and slave, left by abolition 
lecturers, and to open the eyes of 
the South to a proper view of its own 
interests.' 1 

As the free negroes become more 
intelligent, they will see and feel 
more deeply this state of things, and 
thereby become convinced that their 
best policy is to emigrate to a coun- 
try where they will have none of 
these depressing influences operat- 
ing upon them. We fondly antici- 



pate the period when thousands of 
them will emigrate to their father- 
land, paying their own passage, as 
the Germans and Irish are now pour- 
ing into this land from the countries 
of their nativity. And we think we 
can see in the increased favor now 
shown to this scheme both in the 
North and the South, the day star of 
hope rising over onr own happy 
land, as well as over the benighted 
continent of Africa. 



plan of Dr. jDurbin. 



In another column will be found 
an article written by a distinguished 
clergyman of the Methodist Church, 
and originally published in the New 
York Observer. Whatever may be 
thought of the principles advocated, 
none can fail to admire the spirit 
manifested. We apprehend that 
generally through the South, his 
views will meet with favor. 

The same sentiments have been 
expressed to us by friends at the 
South. In a letter lately received 
from a correspondent in Georgia, 
who, as a patriot and philanthropist, 
has no superior in that State, is the 
following sentence : u I have heard 
every body I ever spoke to on this 
subject, express a wish to let all 
their slaves go to Liberia instantly, 
provided the Government would pay 
their owners for them." He further 
says : u I am sure that a petition, for 
this purpose, followed by a deter- 
mined move, and with the aid of 
eloquent and eminent legislators, at 
this very time would meet with aus- 



picious reception. Perhaps I err. 
Still the effort ought to be made. 
An enlightened forecast would re- 
commend to the national economy. 
the prudence of more effectually 
closing the slave trade on the Ocean, 
by strengthening the African Colony; 
and as a matter of dollars and cents, 
making so large a naval armament, 
with contingent expenses, unneces- 
sary on that coast, it would be a 
congenial study for our financiers, 
and appropriate for legislation." 

It will be seen that the plan pro- 
posed by Dr. Durbin is materially 
altered in the note appended to the 
article. We rather regret that he did 
not adopt the suggestion contained 
in this note as the basis of his article. 
A liule calculation would then have 
shown, that the expenses of carrying 
into execution the stupendous mea- 
sure, would be so very small, that 
the Government of such a oountry 
as this would never feel them* 

The yearly increase of the slaves 
in this country may be set down, in 



1847.] 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



Second Voyage of the Liberia Packet. 



. 307 



round numbers, at 47,000. This 
multiplied by their average value at 
or under the age of 21 years, and the 
expenses of transportation to Africa, 
would not be a sum which could not 
be paid. 



I But we do not propose to enter 
farther into the subject at the present 
time. We have inserted the article 

| for the information of our readers, 
and doubt not they will give it some 
moments of serious consideration. 



Stconb Voyast of t\)t fibttia $acket. 

The Liberia Packet sailed from Knot sent out so large a number at 
Baltimore on the 3d ult., with eighty 'once for some years. The friends 
emigrants for Liberia. Of these, forty of the cause are unable to assign any 
were sent out by the American Colo- other reason for this great increase 



nization Society, and forty by the 
Maryland State Colonization Society. 
At 10 o'clock, religious services, ap- 
propriate to the occasion, were per- 
formed by the Rev. Mr. Payne, (a 
colored man,) the pastor of the Co- 
lored Bethel Church of Baltimore, 
which were attended by a very large 
collection of colored people, who 
seemed much interested therein. 

The Packet had a full cargo of 
freight, and was unable to take all 
that was offered. She more than 
meets the most sanguine expectations 
of her projectors. If no untoward 
event occurs between this and the 
close of her first year, the managers 
will be able to declare a very hand- 
some dividend to the stock-holders. 
The influence which she is exerting 
on the colored people, is also very 
encouraging. During the forty-eight ; 
hours previous to her sailing, some 
twenty persons in the city of Balti- 
more offered themselves as emigrants, 
of whose feelings or intentions on the 
subject, nothing had been previously 
known. The Maryland Society has 
21 



than the change wrought in the 
minds of the colored people by means 
of the Packet. 

The following is a list of the emi- 
grants which we sent out in this ex- 
pedition, with various particulars 
connected with them. It will be 
seen that most of them are children, 
whose parents are in the prime of 
life : and that nineteen of them were 
free, and the others were liberated 
for the purpose. 

Richmond, Va. 
1. John Maxwell, bricklayer, aged 38 



2. Polly Maxwell, bis wife, 

3. James Maxwell, 

4. ElizabethMaxwell 



.j 



his children 



Lynchburg, Va. 

Liberated by E. II. Murrell, M.D. 

5. Jack Murrell, farmer, 

6. Patience Murrell, his wife, 

7. Cabell Murrell, 

Clarksville, Va, 

8. James Drew, Merchant, Book 

keeper, &c. 

9. Mary Drew, his wife, 
1 10. Peyton Drew, ") 
ill. Sophia Drew, I 
i 12. Rufus Drew, f his children 
1 13. Evelina Drew, I 
I 14. Julia Drew, j 

15. Ben. Lewis, Boot & Shoe maker " 28 

16. Delia Lewis, his wife, " 24 

17. William Lewis, ) . . .., . " 7 

18. Mary Lewis, JhuchiMiwi « 3 



«c 


35 


« 


16 


Q Ci 


14 


<{ 


50 


«« 


48 


<< 


11 


«< 


60 


it 


47 


i< 


21 


«( 


18 


tt 


14 


(• 


11 


(( 


8 



308 



Resignation of the Rev. S. Cornelius. 



[October, 



19. John Quinichctt, Boot and Shoe 

maker aged 40 

Washington Citt. 

Liberated by will of Matthew 'Wright, deceased. 



20. Stephen Jackson, farmer, 

21. Nelly Jackson, his wife, 

22. Sarah Jackson, 

23. Ann Maria Jackson 

24. Martha Jackson, 

25. Veneran Jackson, 

26. Josephine Jackson, 

27. John Jackson, 

28. Frederick Jackson, 

29. Frank Jackson, 

30. Jiilietta Jackson, 

31. Emma Dowden, 

32. Cornelius Dowden, her son, 



cc 



«« 



C( 



> his children" 

c< 



aged 40 

•« 35 
" 17 

15 

13 

11 

9 

7 
6 
3 

n 

30 
6 



<< 



«« 
« 
«< 



t« 



27 



Edznton, N. C. 

33. John B. Johnson, aged 47 

(who goes out to look at the 
country, and if he likes it, will 
return for his family.) 

Patterson, N. J. 

34. Thomas Johnson, 

Warrenton, Va. 

Liberated by Re?. James M. P. AtkiasM 

35. Cornelius Smith, farmer, 

36. Clarissa Smith, hit wife, 

37. Thomas Smith, ) 

38. Agnes Smith, > his children 

39. George Smith, J 

Albany I^T TT 

40. Dr. Thomas Eikins, dentist, u 28 



40 
25 

6 
3 
9mu. 



$hU& Veya$t of tft 

We expect the Liberia Packet will 
sail from Baltimore on her third voy- 
age on or about the 1st day of Janu- 
ary, 1848, 

Emigrants desiring to go to Libe- 
ria at that time will please give us 
early information of the fact. Ex- 
ecutors and others having servants 
in their care, who are destined for 
Liberia, are earnestly requested to 
have them ready by that time. 

We should be pleased to send out 
in the Packet on her next voyage a 
large company. The interests of the 
cause in this country and the pros- 
perity of the colony demand it. But 
at present we do not know where 
they are to be obtained. We earn- 
estly request the attention of our J 
friends to this subject. A little care 



t f'xbtzxa ])ftcktt. 

and effort to give the colored people 
information in regard to the present 
condition of Liberia and their pros- 
pects there, will not be unavailing. 
If the Liberia Packet could sail from 
every town and neighborhood in the 
country, she would do the work. 
But as this cannot be, we moat beg 
our friends, as they value the pros- 
perity of colonization, to diffuse the 
necessary information, and to stir up 
the minds of the colored people, and 
get us some good emigrants for our 
next expedition* 

We will be under many obliga- 
tions to our various exchange pa- 
pers, if they will insert this notice 
two or three times, and alio speak 
a good word on the subject to their 
readers* 



Hefisnatttn if t|c *t». *t. €$vutliu*. 



It is with regret that we are com- 
pelled to announce to our friends in 
Connecticut and New Jersey, that 
the Rev. S. Cornelius, who has so 



long and successfully prosecuted his 
agency in those States, has been 
constrained by circumstances to re- 
sign. We part with him with i*> 



1847.] jj voice from the North to Southern Colonizationists. 309 



gret. He has been so long associated 
with us, that he seems a very old 
friend and an indispensable helper. 
May health and happiness attend 
him, and may a kind Providence 
abundantly reward him for his labors 
of love in this cause. 

It is not long since we parted with 
the Rev. J. B. Pinney, who for years 
had been the prince of agents. The 
editorial which we prepared on that 
occasion, was mislaid by the printer, 
and since that we have not trusted 



our feelings to write another. Nor 
shall we now. Suffice it to say, we 
have found no one to fill his place. 
Nor do we expect to. ** Ex quo vis 
lignoi hon fit Mercurius." He had 
talents, knowledge, and experience, 
for the work, which are probably 
not combined in any other person, 
and an energy and a perseverance, 
united with firmness and vigor, which 
enabled him, to a very great extent, 
to verify the language of Horace, 

u Et mihi re§, aoa me rebus, rabmittere Conor." 



Crpcfctttan frsm Veto ®rWan#. 



It is proposed to send an expedi- 
tion from New Orleans about the 
20th of December, or as soon after 
as the emigrants can be gotten ready. 
This vessel will furnish a favorable 
opportunity for all persons in the 
South and Southwest who wish to go 
themselves, or send others to Liberia. 



They are requested to give us early 
notice, that there may be no mistake. 
Those in Kentucky may communi- 
cate directly with the Rev. A. M. 
Cowan, or Messrs. Cassaday & Ran- 
ney, Louisville, of whom they can 
learn the time of assembling at Louis- 
I ville, previous to embarkation. ' 



& voict fvom t\)t 1Xovt$ to 
Brethren : — The Repository and 
other publications must have inform- 
ed you, in some degree, of the pre- 
sent state of opinions and feelings 
among us in respect to Colonization. 
For some fifteen years past, we 
have heard, considered, and recon- 
sidered, everything, true or false, 
that could be said against the enter- 
prise, its authors, its designs, its 
management, and its influence. And 
with the exception of some, who 
still doubt whether enough can be 
done to be worth the doing, and a 
few others who are of no account, we 
have very deliberately and decidedly 



£0Utfccm €oloni)at\*n\*t§. 

come to the conclusion, that the en- 
terprise is a good one, and ought to 
be sustained. We have no expec- 
tation that it will ever accomplish all 
that we regard as desirable ; but we 
believe it exerts a happy influence on 
the condition and prospects of all 
whom it concerns; on white and black, 
on bond and free, on those who go and 
those who remain, on America and on 
Africa. The resolutions lately adopt- 
ed by the most numerous and influ- 
ential body of clergy in Massachu- 
setts, and published in the Reposi- 
tory for August, may be taken as a 
moderate and guarded expression of 



310 A voice from the North to Southern Colonizationists. [October, 



the views which are very generally i; act, at least when suitably performed, 
entertained by the pious and bene- \ under proper circumstances. Some 
volent in New England. The views | of you have formerly ofTered to send 
which have been adopted after so ij out your people, or a part of them, but 



many years of discussion, are not 
likely to be shaken, or to be inope- 



the Society could not receive them 
then for want of funds. Others have 



rative. We have settled the ques-ij expressed their desire, but have with- 



tion in theory, and now we wish to 
put our theory into practice. 

But in the practical part, you must 



; held the offer, merely because they 
1 knew that the Society had not the 
j funds necessary for their coloniza- 



take the lead. We cannot do it. !'. tion - Others, doubtless, have felt the 



The first step now to be taken is, to 
furnish emigrants. This we cannot 
do, and you can. The free colored 
people among us are comparatively 
few ; a large proportion of them are 
unfitted, by the habits of city life, 
for emigration ; and almost univer- 
sally, they have been brought, and 
are yet kept, under influences hostile 
to our enterprise. Only a few of the 
more intelligent and candid of them 
can be induced to consider the sub- 
ject. And we have no slaves to 
emancipate. We cannot furnish the 



1 desire, but have said nothing, for the 

same reason. We take to ourselves 

| our part of the blame for the state 

; of the Society's treasury then ; for 

i we were not then ready to give as 

> the object deserved. We were then. 

i 

I at best, doubting and considering. 

' Now we have considered and decid- 

| ed ; and we ask you to bring on your 

' emigrants, and the estimates of the ex- 

| pense of colonizing them. Do this, and 

| we will do our part to foot the bill. 

Do not ask us to fill the treasury 

first, hoping that you will furnish 



emigrants. We cannot take the first i emigrants afterwards. There are 
step. We wait for you. i certainly some very important rea- 

The free colored people among sons why this Society, rather than 
you arc more numerous than with almost any other, should receive its 
us. They are more accessible on funds before making the contract! 
this subject. They have less to fear ( on which they are to be expended. 
— a large part of them have nothing Rut northern men cannot be induced 
to fear from the climate. For these to give to any considerable extent, 
and other reasons, emigrants can be even to an object which they ap- 
found among them easier than among prove, on a general presumption that 
their brethren at the North. And the money will be wanted for some- 
man v of you have people whom thing. Our givers are obliged to 
you intend at some time to send to \ economise their resources; for the 
Liberia. Some of you have express- ' charitable claims which they with 
ed that intention ; others doubtless to meet are greater than their means. 
entertain it; and all of you are ac- They require specific calls. In the 
customed to think well of such an . case before us, they need evidence— 



~m _(~*i*~*» rf~"a^~^~to_rf*> <~n ii~fc_n"i_ 



^^^*^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^w 



* 1847.] ^ voice from the North to Southern Colomzaiionists. 311* 



* not conjecture, but evidence— that so 
many dollars will be needed in so 
many months to colonize certain 

' ipecified emigrants. They will then 
set down the colonizing of those 
emigrants as one of the things for 

, which provision is to be made ; they 
will begin to make calculations ac- 
cordingly ; and in due time the cash 
will be forth coming. Without some 
such specific call, they will just give 
us, now and then, as may be perfect- 
ly convenient, enough to show that 
they are on our side, and to keep 
the Society alive. So it is with kin- 
dred societies. They are obliged to 
show that they shall need certain 
sums for certain specified purposes. 
They show it, and the money comes. 
And a great part of what the Colo- 
nization Society receives, is given 
on the same principle — not from a 
general confidence in the goodness 
of our cause, but because it is known 
that certain sums will be wanted to 
meet certain specific demands. 

Do not, therefore, expect us to fill 
up the treasury, merely because we 
know that the object is a good one. 
Bring on your emigrants as fast as 
the colony can safely receive them. 
Tell the Secretary at Washington, 
how many are coming, and when. 
Do it so long before the time of their 
departure, that he can give us suita- 
ble notice. Tell him what you can 
do towards the expense of their emi- 
gration, so that he can tell us what 
deficiency will remain to be made up 
from other sources. We shall then 
be able to know what we have to do, 



that an enterprise which we approve 
may go on according to our wishes. 

Bring on your emigrants, then, as 
fast as the colony can safely receive 
them. There need be no other limi- 
tation. If more are offered than can 
be safely added to the colony at once, 
it will be the duty of the Executive 
Committee at Washington to delay 
the departure of some of them. ' But 
up to that number, bring 4hem on. 
Give reasonable notice that they are 
coming, and the funds shall be ready. 
We do not mean to say that we will 
bear the whole expense : for we know 
that you will act with your accus- 
tomed liberality in that respect, and 
the central and western States will 
do their part. But we, too, will do 
our part, and if need be, more than 
our part. . We will exceed our pro- 
portion to almost any necessary ex- 
tent, rather than that suitable emi- 
grants should be detained for want 
of funds. But we must see the ne- 
cessity. You must move first. You 
must show us the work to be done, 
that we may see it, and understand it, 
and set it down in season among our 
necessary expenses, that must be met. 

Perhaps there are some among you 
who need to be informed as to the pre- 
sent condition of Liberia, and the fact 
that the Society is now in need of more 
emigrants, and who, under a knowl- 
edge of all the circumstances, would 
do much to supply the need. If so, 
you know better how to furnish them 
with the requisite knowledge than we 
do. Courtesy requires us to leave it 
to you. Economy requires it : for it 



312 



Letter from Professor TutwiUr, of Alabama. [October, 



is a work that lies around your own 
door, and you can do it much easier 
than we. It may, in some cases, be 
a work, the mismanagement of which 
might do mischief. You are better 
able to discern such dangers, and 
guard against them. You understand 
such cases, in all their bearings, 
much better than we, and can man- 
age them better. That work belongs 
to you. In all probability, there are 
cases in which it ought to be done, 
and we leave it on your hands. 
Of course you will not understand 



us as saying any of these things by 
way of reproach. We only wish to 
inform you, so that you cannot fail 
to understand, of the change that has 
taken place among us: to let you 
know that we are now ready to per- 
form a duty, concerning which we 
have for some years hesitated, doubt- 
ed, or disbelieved. We wish to do 
this, that you may understand where 
(he responsibility rests, for taking the 
next step towards making our enter- 
prise what it deserves to be. 
New England, Sept. 1, 1847. 



XUfpatrftts frsm jftberia. 



In the present number our readers 
will find intelligence from Liberia of 
a much later date than any hereto- 
fore published, and yet not of a very 
late date. At the time the letters 
were written, every thing was in a 



prosperous condition. In addition to 
our various letters, we have received 
the Liberia Herald and Africa's Lu- 
minary for April, May, and June, 
from which we extract some items 
of news not void of general interest. 



€o tljc frienfcf sf €olon 13 att sn in Virginia. 

It is often very convenient for *] been at a loss to know how to 

doit. 

The American Colonization So- 
ciety has therefore appointed James 



persons having funds for the Ameri- 
can Colonization Society to send 
them to Richmond. Since the death 
of the late Treasurer of the Virginia 
State Colonization Society, B. B. 



C. Crane, Esq., of Richmond, their 
receiving agent, to whom any moneys 



Brand, Esq., that Society has had I may be paid either for the Coloniza- 
no Treasurer, and persons wishing | tion Society, or for subscriptions to 
to pay money in Richmond have j the African Repository. 



tetter from Proftfttsr €utn>tlrr, *f Alabama. 

La Grange College, Ala., 

May G, 1S47. 

My Dear Sir : — Enclosed I send ject of the day to which I contribute 
you $0 for the Colonization Society, \. more cheerfully. There are three 



' and my only regret is, that it is not 
more ; for there is no benevolent ob- 



1847.] 



Natives of Africa. 



31 



* 



1 
r 



parties who are almost certain to be 
benefited by these contributions. 1. 
Those who are removed. 2. Those 
from whose midst they are removed, 
and 3. The natives of benighted 
Africa. Surely any one of these 
objects ought to be sufficient to call 
for our aid and sympathy. Some 
seem to be discouraged at the tardi- 
ness with which emigration goes on, 
but this seems to me to be rather 
cause of congratulation. If the 
thing were popular, crowds of emi- 
grants would be poured into Liberia, 
and such a mass of ignorance and 
vice would be infused into its go- 



vernment, as would lead to its cer- 
tain overthrow. Festina lente ought 
to be the motto of its friends, in 
connection with this, it has occur- 
red to me that the abolitionists, with- 
out intending it, have been aiding in. 
this great work. It is thus that God 
makes 'the wrath of man to praise 
him, and the remainder of that 
wrath he will restrain. Go on in 
your work of faith and labor of love, 
and you will not lose your reward. 
Tours truly, 

HENRY TUTWILER. 
Rev. Wm. McLain, 
Washington City. 



[From Africa's Luminary.] 

Xlatint 9 



Attack by Natives — town and II 

FACTORIES BURNED BY THE ENGLISH. | 

We find in Africa's Luminary of ji 
June 9, the following account of a dis- 
turbance originating with the native 
tribes, and ending in loss of life, and 
the interference of H. B. M. vessel jj 
of war the Rollo. The account is ,1 
furnished by a correspondent, and is 
dated u Monrovia, June 10," while 
the paper is dated June 9. There is 
no reference to it in the editorial co- 
lumn. The fray occurred at Timbo: 

On Wednesday, the 2d instant, 
*• Prince," chief of the Timbo tribe, 
came down to the beach, accompanied 
by a number of young men armed as 
his body guard, for the purpose of 
making prisoner of a man of the tribe 
of Fishmen, for some little offence he 
had committed. His tribe refused to j 
deliver him up : so Prince rushed into ' 
the house in which the man was, ar- < 
rested and brought him out. The 
Fishmen rescued him. Prince's | 
guards then rushed to regain him, and . 
in the scufile they came to blows, and 
from blows to firing at each other. 
One was instantly killed on each side, 
and two or three wounded, but Prince 
did not succeed in regaining the man. 



I 



f Africa. 

The sound of war bells and the 
firing of guns caused an alarm to the 
neighboring towns, and men and 
boys came armed to see the cause, 
and to their surprise found their chief 
and the Fishmen at war; they un- 
hesitatingly joined in the affray and 
overpowered the Fishmen, who were 
compelled to retreat to the barricad- 
ed English factories, (which had as 
factors persons of their own tribe,) 
about two furlongs from Fishtown, 
the place of action. The Timboes 
pursued them thither, and compelled 
them to. retreat from one factory to the 
other,(there were several, )until they 
got to Captain Murray's, which was 
the last and near the landing ; they 
here took a firm stand, and as night 
had come on the two parties retired ; 
the former into the factories they had 
taken possession of, and the latter to 
Captain Murray's. Captain Murray 
the day previous had landed a large 
quantity of goods for palm oil, among 
which was a quantity of powder, 
guns, and iron pots. The Fishmen, 
having recourse to those things, were 
enabled to make a stand. The 
pots were broken up in tmall pieces 
for shot. 



314 



Natives of Africa. 



[October, 



Captain Murray at the same time 
was at anchor off Timbo, and having 
a quantity of Krooraen on board, 
sent them on shore to protect his 
factory. At the dawn of day on the 
3d, the Timboes renewed the attack, 
and a general fight commenced and 
continued until about 8 o'clock, 
when the Fishmen and Kroomen 
perceived that the Timboes were 
continually receiving reinforcements, 
and becoming so numerous that if 
they remained longer they would 
not be able to make* a retreat ; they 
therefore abandoned the factory and 
retreated to their canoes at the land- 
ing, and while launching them the 
Timboes came down upon them, 
fired and wounded seven of Captain 
Murray's Kroomen and several of 
the Fishmen. There were killed 
in the fight four Fishmen and two 
Timboes. 

After the Fishmen had left the 
place the Timboes returned to the 
factories and plundered them of every 
thing that could be carried off, and 
broke up all that they could not 
carry away. While the Timboes 
were thus engaged, a number of 
manna people, with some Timbo 
bushmen, came up and turned upon 
two factories belonging to J. B. Mc- 
Gill, merchant, Monrovia, and car- 
ried off a . large quantity of goods. 
The Timboes that reside near the 
beach acted friendly toward McG ill's 
factors, and showed no disposition 
to disturb them. 

The "Eliza Frances," a colonial 
craft, owned by McGill, arrived 
there a fetf hours after the affray. 
The factors, considering their lives 
in danger, embarked with what 
goods they had remaining; she being 
loaded with oil could not take off 
the oil that was in the factories. It 
was deposited with persons not en- 
gaged in the affray. The •• Eliza," 
on her wa^ up from Timbo to 
" Grand Colah," met an English man- 



of-war, the "Rollo," on her way to 
Timbo, the commander being in- 
formed of the affair by despatch from 
Captain Murray. On my arrival off 
Grand Corrow I saw from the Eliza 
that the town at Timbo was on lire, 
and from the direction, it appeared 
to be all the towns along the beach. 
I landed at Grand Colah and received 
information while there that the com- 
mander of the "Rollo" had landed 
his men, with the warrior of Trade 
Town, "Boyed, f, and % number of 
his men who had gone down for the 
purpose of pursuing the Timboes 
into the bush, and burnt all the 
towns along the beach, including the 
English factories and the factories of 
Mr. McGill, and his palm oil which 
had been left there. Mr. McGill ex- 
pects to despatch his craft down in 
a few days to ascertain the fact re- 
specting the burning his property. 

The Schools. — Mrs. Williams 
gives the following account of the 
school at Millsburg: 

I do not know what I can write 
about my school that will be inte- 
resting ; it is still going on in the 
usual course, only it has an advantage 
now of an additional teacher, which 
allows us opportunity for paying 
more, particular attention to each in- 
dividual than one could alone. We 
are taking special care to have them 
learn thoroughly what they go over 
in their books, as well as work of 
all kinds. 

We have two classes in grammar, 
two in geography, one class in 
Smith's, with atlas, and one in Mit- 
chell's small geography, and two in 
arithmetic. The first classes in gram- 
mar, geography and arithmetic, are 
scholars from the neighborhood ; the 
second classes are pardy children of 
the neighborhood and two of the 
boarding scholars (the two little Vey 
girls.) These two are now in the 
history class also. The classes I 
have mentioned read in the Bible 



J»47.] 



Extracts from a Letter of Rev. Mr. Russell. 



315 



once a day ; study definitions (except 
the two Vey girls) with orthogra- 
phy, and write on paper. Nearly 
all the rest of the school are learning 
to write on slates. We have another 
class which began lately to read les- 
sobs in the Bible in school, though 
they long ago used to read some in 
it in their leisure hours. 

The lowest class we have are 
learning to read in short words in a 
primer. The girls improve very 
much in disposition and behavior. 
They have become generally kind, 
affectionate and cheerfully obedient. 

Mr. Edward C. Peal writes, re- 
specting the boys' school at the 
same place : — 

My school numbers thirty-six. 
Most of the scholars attend pretty 
regularly, but being engaged in agri- 
culture their parents are sometimes 
obliged to detain them to assist them 
in their labors, especially as the ma- 
jority are widows. They are im- 



proving as rapidly as can reasonably 
be expected, in reading, writing, 
arithmetic, geography, and grammar. 
Most of them can read and write 
pretty well. A class of about six 
are still in the alphabet. 

I believe their parents generally 
take a lively interest in their improve- 
ment. 

A new school house and dwelling 
are about to be erected at fylount Hall, 
near Marshall, the station of Mr. 
Payne. "King Borgay" undertakes 
the erections. The school house to 
be 18 feet square ; to cost 20 bars, 
($5 in goods.) The dwelling house 
to be 21 feet square, with a piazza 
around it : cost 30 bars. 

Rev. Mr. Benham announces his 
return to this country by the Liberia 
Packet, or the first opportunity. Ill 
health is assigned as the reason. 

A school among the emigrants 
from Virginia numbers thirty-seven 
scholars, and is improving. 



[From Africa's Luminary.] 

Crtratt* from a jTetttr of Vict). JBr. ttuoflell. 



Heddington, 

March 30th, 1847. 

Rev. and Dear Sir: — Our first 
quarter has just passed, and duty 
calls us to say something of this sta- 
tion. 

The town of Heddington, Phenix^ 
like, is rising again, so to speak, out 
of its own ashes. For we all know 
the time was, since the gospel was 
first preached here, that very little 
existed to mark the place, save the 
mission buildings,which reminded the 
passer-by, of " a cottage in a wilder- 
ness." King Tom Bascom returned 
last year, and rebuilded his town ; 
and now says he intends to die here. 
Having by running about become a 
poor man, we hope for his own good 
and the good of his people he will 
now be still. So far as houses are 
concerned, the town is "well enough," 



for which we feel thankful to those 
who used their influence to bring it 
about. 

The mission premises are under- 
going tolerable repairs; still there is 
much needed, that cannot be done 
with the present appropriation. Be- 
side some flooring and weather-board- 
ing, which has been done, both 
houses want shingling, <fcc, we can 
shingle only one, this time, and even 
to patch the other, will drive us over 
the limits, upon our own responsibili- 
ty of course. 

We are paying our usual attention 
to the cultivation of the soil; for 
there is nothing to be procured in 
the provision line, among the natives 
in this section, who for the last two 
or three years, have been so deeply 
employed in the foolery of the gree- 
gree fraternity ; and so intent on de- 



316 Extracts from a Letter of Rev. Mr. Russell. [October, 

stroying the last vestige of religious " We are thankful for signs of good, 
impression, that one of their gods which seem to be coming together, 
must mourn over their folly, being ***»* * ♦ v » 
sadly distressed with hungry "belly" True we cannot help feeling when 
We daily preach the advantages aris- we see the danger which awaits, 
ing from more effort, and attention, in and ever has awaited our native con- 
agricultural pursuits, for which pres- verts: dangers though near our co- 
en t, and coming want, afford good Iony as Heddington and Robertsville, 
arguments. We are sure did one- they could ward off, if they would. 
fifth of our natives work industrious- We mean, 1st, Polygamy, 2d t The 
ly, only three months in twelve, they power of the kings and head-men to 
would never want either food or separate man and wife, and changing 
raiment; but as long as men spend , them as they choose, and when they 
only three or four weeks, in cutting choose ; 3dly, The foolery of the 
down a few trees each year, leaving greegree and devil plays, for which 
the rest to the women, who must do they seem to neglect all things. Of 
the best they can to feed them, or . the first we know not exactly the 
very often stand the lash, it will be ' views of the church. True we have 
the same every year, perpetually. ! heard them directed to choose the 
Some of the natives about Roherts- : ; woman they love best, of many by 
ville are planting largely, and Black whom they have children ; but alas ! 
Tom, and others, have promised to it is a hard case, still we believe a truly 
follow their example; we have offered converted man will by the grace of 
them some rice, as a gift, if they will God be enabled to do all that is right 
goto Mount Andrew for it, but in The second is more difficult, there 
their folly they have even eaten that are within ten miles around, perhaps. 

The schools — Our day and sabbath . thirty persons who have not the 
schools consist of eighteen scholars, , same wives they had five years ago, 
and we believe we can pronounce ; most of them converts, a number 
them promising. \, married after the form of our discip- 

The church — It appears that there ( line. In some cases one man has 
are a few names at Heddington who i his brother's wife, and his brother 
in word do not deny the name . his. The head-men do it, and they 
of Christ; and there are two or i seem to chime with what they call 
three of the few, who, if they are i| the controlling power, in which the 
not Christians, we may ask " who ;, chiefs and head-men are upheld by the 
shall be saved.*" Though our little ., devil system, to support which, they 



church often reminds us of the last 
glim m ing of a taper, we are glad to 
cherish a hope for the better, and ar- 
dently pray that the excitement and 
number fever, will never lead us to '• 
cast upon this now feeble light heaps 
of old paper, " wood, hay and stub- , 
blc," to raise up a startling blowing ! 
bonfire illumination, soon to burn ! 
out, and leave us in utter darkness, ■ 
even covering the little lamp so far [ 
beneath the cinders and ashes, that 
«n»-» p-eat diligence in research will ' 
'« to find it at all. 



run in debt, neglect all religious 
ceremonies, the cultivation of the soil; 
beside the ludicrous, indecent, de- 
moralizing character of most of the 
plays and dances attending them. 
True, the law called devil law, may 
have its good, but it is too deeply 
steeped in evil, to travel pfeaceably 
with religion, nor can it be useful 
within four or five miles of our co- 
lony, among colonial recap lives, and 
hordes of natives who have fled under 
the wings of Liberia, for protection, 
leaving their own territory to the 



1847.] 



Proclamation. 



^17 



beasts of the forest and strangers. 
Speak plainly on the subject, and 
yon offend these unjust lords. Sure- 
ly our native converts must take 
another stand to improve, and that 
stand is in their reach, here at least. 
Still these may be and no doubt are 
great difficulties with them, who have 
sot been taught to view things as we 
do ; and without a great change we 
shall not see what we wish in this 
'generation, ey$n at Heddington. — 
The children whom we educate, will 
in the course of time become kings 
and head-men, to them we must look 
for a change of polity, though we 
ought to look elsewhere. The ene- 
my, through the above three causes, 
which are among the chief, often 
sows tares among the best wheat. 
Here are the "birds" that quickly 
destroy the " good seed" by the way- 



side, among these "thorns' 9 in these 
"stony places," the cares of this 
world, arise to destruction. Blasts 
of the mildew of superstition, corrupt 
habits, lewdness, a polity opposed to 
the purity, virtue, justice and equali- 
ty of Christianity, must be overcome, 
and how will they know unless they 
be taught, and required to observe 
the laws of Christ. True, we expect 
it by degrees even here, and could 
we see these people steadily coming 
forth, we should hope and rejoice a 
thousand fold more. 

Believing we have not labored in 
vain (God will not let six years work 
go for naught,) we will take courage 
and go forward, praying for grace to 
do our duty. 

Respectfully yours, 

A. F. RUSSELL. 

To Rev. J. B. Benuam. 



[From the Liberia Herald.] 

proclamation. 



" Unto the*, O God, do we eire thanks ; It is a 
good thing to give thanks unto the Lord, and to sing 
praises unto thy name, O Most High." 

It is not less the duty of nations or 
communities, than of individuals, at 
all times, to acknowledge, with grate- 
ful hearts, the goodness and mercies 
of God, the wise and holy Governor 
of the Universe. And, perhaps, no 
people under heaven have greater 
reason to adore and praise the Su- 
preme Disposer of events, than the 
people of these Colonies. God has 
dealt infinitely, better with us than 
we have deserved: for, instead of 
wars, which are producing distress- 
ing calamities in other countries, we 
are enjoying the blessings of peace, 
and a good understanding with our 
surrounding neighbors ; instead of 
famine, of which thousands are now 
suffering in many parts of Europe, 
we are blessed with a competency of 
the necessaries and comforts of life;' 



instead of wasting sickness, we are 
enjoying, in a great degree, the ines- 
timable blessings of health; and in 
the course of his good providence, 
the Father of all mercies has bestow- 
ed upon us many other favors, which 
call for our grateful acknowledgments, 
— therefore : 

1 have thought fit to appoint Thurs- 
day, the 8th day of July next, to be 
observed as a day of public thanks- 
giving throughout this Common- 
wealth ; hereby calling upon minis- 
ters and people to meet for religious 
worship on the said day, and devout' 
ly to offer up their unfeigned praises 
to Almighty God, the Source and 
benevolent 13 es tower of all good, for 
the many blessings, both spiritual 
and temporal, which we have recei- 
ved at his hands — that the necessary 
means of subsistence are afforded un- 
to us — that such a measure of health 



318 



Letter of Commodore Hot ham. 



[October, 



is enjoyed among us — that all the j 
efforts of our enemies to alienate the 
affections of the natives, and to pre-, 
judice them agaiii>t these colonies, ' 
have signally failed — that our rights 
and privileges, both civil and religi- 
ous, are preserved to us — and to offer ! 
up humble and fervent prayers to Al- 1 
mighty God for the conversion of the | 
heathen tribes around us, especially j 
those who have incorporated them- j 
selves with the people of these colo-i 
nies — that he would bless our civil j 
officers, and lead them into wise and ; 
prudent measures at this critical crisis j 
— that he would graciously smile 
upon our endeavors to establish per- 
manently a civil government, to pre- 
serve our rights and privileges, and 
hand them down to posterity — that 
he would give to our delegates, as- 
sembled in convention to form a con- 
stitution for the government of these 
colonies, wisdom to guide them in 



their deliberations, and to inspire 
them with counsels, which Infinite 
Wisdom alone can suggest, that their 
action may be honorable to them- 
selves, and right in the sight of God — 
that he would preserve and strength- 
en the harmony of these colonies — 
that he would pour out his spirit 
upon all orders of men throughout 
the Commonwealth, bring us to a 
hearty repentance and reformation, 
purify and sanctify all his churches 
— that he would makeftmrs Emanuel's 
land — and that he would spread the 
knowledge of the Redeemer through 
the whole earth, and fill the world 
with his glory. 

Given under my hand, at Mon- 
rovia, this 18th day of June, 
A. D. 1847. 

J. J. ROBERTS. 

By order of the Governor : 
J. N. Lewis, Col. Sec'y. 



fttttv of Cflmmfftore Qotban. 



" Penelope," 
Ascension, April 29, 1847. 

Sir: — I have the honor to ac- 
knowledge the receipt of your letter, 
dated March 20th, 1847, and the 
tt Liberia Herald" newspaper, con- 
taining the message of Governor 
Roberts to the members of the Legis- 
lature of Liberia. 

In this document I find portions 
of the letter which, by my instruc- 
tions you addressed to the Governor, 
extracted and commented upon in a 
sense very foreign to my intention ; 
and contrary, as I believe, to the 
common acceptation of^he words 
themselves, so much so, that an in- 
different person would be induced to 
think that England was more inclined 
to chill the efforts of the Liberians, 
than to lend them every moral aid 
in the struggle which awaits them. 

Such an impression cannot be al- 



lowed to remain, and I desire yon 
will acquaint Governor Roberts that 
amongst other considerations a de- 
sire for the welfare of the colony 
was not lost sight of in the instruc- 
tions under which you acted, — that 
each day brings with it additional 
evidence of the necessity of deter* 
mining the boundary of a new Stats 
as early as possible. The absence 
of legal proofs has twice within six 
years nearly involved two powerful 
countries in war, and that, therefore, 
I had hoped he would have profited 
,' by experience, and have affixed his 
signature to the maps. 

The end which Governor Roberts 
has in view is to obtain a position 

, for his adopted country amongst civi- 
lized nations, and yet he refuses to 
take the first necessary step, but 

• rather appears to claim credit with 
the public for declining legally to 



1847.] 



Death of the Rev. James Eden. 



319 



define the territory which he and his 
countrymen occupy. 

How can the Liberians expect any 
countenance from Great Britain, 
when they purposely leave open a 
question by which an inroad may at 
any time be made into the rights of 
the foreign occupier or trader ? 

I believe that the English Govern- 
ment will categorically demand a 
clear definition of the Liberian ter- 
ritory legally attested before they 
ever entertain the question of recog- 
nition of independence. 

Tou will inform Governor Roberts 
that there are certain spots of ground 
belonging to British subjects, small 
in themselves, but important for 
commercial purposes, situated in the 
country which the Liberians have or 
propose to purchase, that these 
grounds must be respected, and that 
whereon the prior occupant has been 
British, and no subsequent sale effect- 
ed, the right of Liberia will be dis- 
allowed. 

This instruction is merely a re- 
pletion, which I am induced to give 
in consequence of Governor Roberts 
misquoting and misunderstanding 
your letter. 

I see nothing about purchasing 
lands surrounding sites of factories, 
t a vague expression which might lead 
to the evil I wish to avoid ; but 1 
desired to impress upon him, that the 
Government of Liberia would not 



be permitted to purchase detached 
portions of land, and then to claim 
as territorial possessions the ground 
which might fall between those 
parallels, whether belonging to the 
English or Natives. 

1 repeat again, that 1 believe the 
British Government to be sincerely 
interested in their success ; but their 
progress must be marked with a strict 
observance of those laws whieh have 
raised other countries to their present 
eminence. 

It is not by reproaches and sar- 
casms that Liberia will thrive, but 
rather by affording a convincing proof 
to the world that her institutions are 
founded on law, and justice, that she 
possesses strength to maintain her own 
Government, and a desire to advance 
the interests of commerce and civi- 
lization. You inform me that Mon- 
rovia has made considerable acqui- 
sitions of territory since your map 
was constructed ; consult your origi- 
nal instructions, define the additions 
in the map, and see the title deeds, 
and should there be an American 
man-of-war in the port make no 
secret of your business. 

I am, sir, your most obedient, 

Humble servant, 

(Signed) CHAS. HOTHAM. 
Alex. Murray, Esq., 

CorrCdr II. M. Sloop "Favorite" 
Copy: 

J. J. Roeerts. 



Ucattj f t tj t Vitv. 3 am* $ Cfctn. 



We copy from the Presbyterian 
the following notice of the death of 
this worthy clergyman, of Monro- 
via. He was a good man, and has 
been a blessing to Liberia and to Af- 
rica. 

Death of a Missionary. — We 
feel sincere regret in announcing the 
death of the Rev. James Eden, a 



colored missionary to Africa. He 
was a native of Charleston, South 
Carolina, and emigrated to Liberia 
in 1833, in company with one hun- 
dred and seventy others, most of 
whom have since died. He died at 
Monrovia, Africa, on the 1st of June 
last, in the sixty-third year of his 
age, and was at the time of his 
decease a missionary of the Presby- 



■ — — N^ .— I— H ^"^.^ 



320 



Items of Intelligence from Liberia. 



[October, 



terian Board, and pastor of the Firs 
Presbyterian Church at Monrovia. 
We have for some years occasional- 
ly corresponded with this good man, 
and, through the liberality of some 
of our readers, we have been enabled 
at various times, before his reception 
by the Board, to supply his wants 
and the wants of his little church. 
Now that he has gone to his rest, 
we feel a subdued pleasure in having 
been made the channel of such com- 
munications, and we doubt not that 
those who furnished the means will 
be glad that they were privileged to 
lighten the load of his sorrows 
while a pilgrim here on earth. 

Africa's Luminary closes its no- 
tice of his death with the following 
just tribute to his worth: 

In 1828, January 5th, accoiding 
to his credentials, he was ordained 
to preach. Soon after Mr. £. ar- 



rived at this place, he organized the 
first Presbyterian Church, over 
which he presided until his death. 
His life and character as a minister 
of the Gospel, so far as the writer 
has any means of knowing, has ever 
been consistent with his profession. 
In his last illness he gave the strong- 
est evidence that he fully enjoyed 
the consolations of the religion he 
had so long and so faithfully preached 
to others. A short time before his 
final departure, he called his little 
flock around his bedside and de- 
livered to them his dying charge, 
and commended them to the great 
Shepherd of the fold. In conclusion 
he said he felt his work on earth 
was done ; but death had no terrors 
to him, he rested his hope for salva- 
tion entirely in the atoning blood of 
Christ. His last end was emphati- 
cally peace. 



3Um# of JntcUtgf net from ftterts. 



Conference SBMiNARY.-This in- 
stitution has been discontinued for 
some weeks, in consequence of the 
departure of the principal for the 
United States, and the sickness and 
other unavoidable disabilities of those 
assisting him. 

We are gratified to be able to an- 
nounce to its friends that we have 
made arrangements for recommencing 
the school on Tuesday, the first day 
of June next, under very favorable 
auspices. Agreeably to our present 
arrangement, Hon. J. B. Gripon, our 
former teacher at White Plains, is 
to remove his residence to this place, 
and act as«principal. From his for- 
mer experience and success, we have 
much to expect. 

Those wishing to enjoy the privi- 
leges of this place of learning, would 
do well to enter at once, that they 
may be properly classed. 



Previous to the time of commenc- 
ing, we expect a new supply of 
books *, and as soon as circumstances 
will justify it, we intend to collect 
and arrange our scattered, but valua- 
ble, apparatus, mineral cabinet and 
library. Indeed, we shall recommence 
with determinations to make the in- 
stitution as deserving of patronage at 
it ever has been. — Africa's Lumi- 
nary. 

The emigrants by the tt Liberia 
Packet," located at Bexley, in the 
county of Grand Bassa, are nearly 
acclimated — they have had two or 
more attacks of fever. 

Dr. James S. Smith, under whose 
immediate care these people were 
placed, is entitled to much credit, fist 
the success which has attended his 
1 professional services.— Ztoeria Her' 
aid. 



* 



1847.] 



Receipts. 



321 



TT 



The schooner "John Sevs'' 
sold ! !— This vessel was captured 
in the early part of 1845, by H. B. 
M. sloop "Lily," Commander New- 
ton, in the harbor of Grand Bassa, 
on •* suspicion of being engaged in 
the slave trade," and carried to Sierra 
•Leone for adjudication.' The Court 
of Admiralty of that place, finding no 
just cause for her detention, released 
her, but strange to say,, a warded that 
the owner should pay the captor's 
cost, amounting to some $1200. 



I 



A few days ago, Mr. Charles Hen- 
die sold this vessel to the Brazilian 
Consul for two hundred and twenty 
pounds sterling. 

We have nothing further to say 
about this vessel, as the whole his- 
tory of her capture, long since, has 
been given to the public ; but we 
would like to know if Mr. Benson 
will be paid for the illegal capture 
and detention of his vessel and cargo. 
Liberia Herald. 



VLtctxpt* of tj>e Jlmtrtran €oion\\at\on &oc\tt\) f 
From the 20th of August, to the 20th of September, 1847. 



CONNECTICUT. 
Fairfield — Collection in the First 
Congregational Church, by S. 

H. Nichols, Esq 83 61 

NEW YORK. 
Albany— Collection by the Rev. 

/ Dr. Wykoff. ..;.♦* 2181 

New York CUy — From New York 
Colonization Society, per Mo- 
ses Allen, Treasurer 90 00 



NEW JERSEY. 
Freehold—From the Village Pres- 
byterian, and Reformed Patch 
Churches, by Rev. D. Y. Mc- 
Lean 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
New Berlin — Contribution by the 
_ Pre&byterian Church, per Jas. 

Wilson, Esq... 

DIST. OF COLUMBIA. 
Washington City — Subscription in 
the Unitarian Society, Dy Jas. 
Adams, Esq., Treas., $28 62, 
Legacy left the society by Mat- 
thew Wright, on account of ex- 
£enses of his servants sent to 
iberia, $200 ,,. 

VIRGINIA. 
By Rev. Thomas C. Benning : 
Campbell Cbtmty— Collection at 

Campbell Camp Meeting 

Liberty — Collection in Liberty., 
Big Lick— Collection in Big Lick. 
Lunenburg Co. — From Wm. Irby, 
Esq. $50, Rev. Joseph H. Da- 
vis — Virginia Conference, $4.. 
Nottoway Cb.— Charles H. Carter, 
Mrs. Mary Guy, each $5, Mrs. 
Mary Carter, $10, Mrs. Martha 
Patterson, Dr. A. A. Campbell, 
B. W. Fitzgerald, each $5, 
John Fitzgerald, $10, Benja- 



111 81 



9 00 



5 00 



228 62 



84 66 

2 15 
8 05 



54 00 



min Irby, $5, George A. Cralle, 
Esq., to constitute himself a life 
member of the Am. Col. Soc. 
$30, Archibald Jones, $3, Mrs. 
Dr. Jones, Dr. Jones, James W. 
Cook, each $5, Rev. Jas. Jones, 
$4, Rev. S. C. Pearson, $3, 
Kev. Thos. Adams, $2, two 
Friends, $1 50, W. P. Nash, 50 
cts., Evans Tanner, $4, B. W. 
Davis, a Friend, each $2, Maria 
C. S. Fairer, $1, a Brother, $3, 
two Mr. Heights, $2, Mr. Wil- 
kinson, $3, two Friends, $1 60, 
Rev. Mr. Arnold, $1, T. Meri- 
deth, $1 18, Mr. Owens, $5, 
Mr. Heath, $4, Dr. Robert Har- 
rison, $5, several Ladies and 
Gentlemen at Prince George 
Camp Meeting, $13 19 156 87 

WyUUsburgh— Charles H.Robert- 
son, Esq., to constitute himself 
a life member of the A. C. Soc'y, SO 00 

City Point — Capt. Harrison H. » 
Cocke, to constitute himself a 
life member of the Am. Col. Soc. 30 00 

Petersburg— Josephus Hurt, an- 
nual subscription 10 00 

825 63 
KENTUCKY. 

By Rev. Alex. M. Cowan : 

Louisville— Matthew Bridges 2 00 

Shelby Co.—W. Q. Morton, $10, 
Rev. J. D. Paxton, Rev. W. 
Crawford, W. A. King, A. 
Brown, W. C. Hanner, J. W. 
Wilson, each $5, J. S. Hanner, 
$4, S. H. Mylea, $3, W. S. 
Helm, $2 50, Samuel Graham, 
John Robinson, each $2, Mrs. 
J. Hanna, S. Glass, each $1, 
cash 60 cents 56 00 

Woodford Co^Robett Adams... 10 00 



322 



Receipts. 



[October, 18 17.] 



Fayette Co. — Abraham Vanmeter, 
R. Pendell, Jacob Hughes, each 
5*20, James Wardlaw.SlO, Rev. 
J. H. Brown, Judije S. Robert- 
son. Dr. S. Letcher, John L. 
McDowell. William Ater, each 
$5, C.I). Winn, J. P. Shelby, 
each #1 .". 

Jessamine Co. — Andrew McClure, 
to constitute himself a life mem- 
ber of the Am. Col. Soc, £30, 
collection in Pres'n Church, 
Nicholasville, #8, P. K. Tod- 
hunter, $20 

Scott Co.— Asa Payne, W. II. 
Cook. each £5 

Montgomery Co. — Mrs. Harriet 
Apperson 

Danville — Capt. Jesse Smith, per 
J. A. Jacobs, Esq 



ii 



97 00 



58 
10 

10 

10 



00 
00 
00 
00! 



253 00 



TENNESSEE. 

Columbia — Collection in St. Pe- 
ter's Church, 4th July, by 

Bishop Otey 25 00 

OHIO. 

New Concord — Collections in the 
Churches of Pleasant II ill and 
Norwich, by He v. S. Wilson. . . 5 00 

Windham — lrom friends of the 
cause 25 50 

Oxford — Collection in Rev. G. 
McMillan's Church, Beach 
Grove, by Rev. G. McMaster.. 6 00 

Belief onlaine— Collection in First 
Presbyterian Church, ( Rev. Mr. 
Greggs) on the 12th July 9 00 



MICHIGAN. 

ll'^htenaw Co. — Mr. Almeudcn- 
gcr, donation 



45 50 



50 



Total Contributions <,I,037 67 

it ' 

FOR REPOSITORY. 
By R^v. C. J. Tenney: 
Massac ii usr.TTS.-.<0/fi/irr*f-- Win. 
Cutter, lo fc.pt. liMS, £1 f,0, 
Thomas Jones, to Jan. '49, £2. 
Northampton— Dr. S. B. Wood- 
ward, fur M.V4(i and '47, £4 50. 
Ware Village — J.&t J. A.Cuin- 
imii£s ( on account, £1 50, G. 
A. Gilbert, loS.pt. Ms, $1 50, 
Francis D*\Yitt, on account, 
£1 50. Tcwkttbury — Rev. Mo- 
ses Kimball, lor '4l» and '47. $3. 15 
CoxNncTicuT.-/£.MW-Dr. A. H. 

Hough, for H4(> and 1847 3 

By Rfv. Cornelius Yates: 
N r.w Yohk. — G// - u/j/i<?— Collec- 
tion in Rr'd. Dutch Church, $3, 
Dr. Josfph Speed, #5. By 



50 
00 

i 
i' 

!: 



Capt. George Barker — New 
York City— Charles S. Little, 
to May, 1848, $2, N. C. Piatt, 
Charles Butler, A. B. Neil son, 
Gcoige L. Storer, each to July, 
1848; £2. Iiochc*lcr — Lewis 
Brooks, Esq., to January, '51, 
$8, From sundry persona, $47 
50. Pittstown— Thomas Till- 
inghast,$5 78 50 

Pe n ns y lv a n i a . — -Millerstoxm — 
Dr. Thomas Still well, to Sept. 
1847 7 00 

Vi rg i n i a j— IVylliesburgh — Capt. 

Chs. H. Robertson, to Sept. '48. 1 50 

Kentucky. — Shelb^ville — W. O. 
Morton, lor 1S4<» 1 50 

Oiuo.-.Drrx'/tn~Charlei R. Cop- 
land, to November, 1847 2 00 

Indiana. — Bloomineton-Ur. Wi- 
lie, to Jan. 1847, 84 50. Lafay- 
ette— N. H. Stock well, to Jan. 
1847, $6. Rob Roy— II. Green- 
wood, to July, 1847, $7. Wave- 
land— J. Milligan, by C. W. 
James, Esq., to Jan. 1847, 86. 23 50 

Illinois. — Monson — Rev. W. 
Batcheller, to Sept. '48, 40 cts. 
Chicago— Rev, J. S. Hurlbert, 
by Rev. B. T. Kavanaugh, to 
Sent. 1848, 40 cents. Jackson- 
vilie—O. Wilkinson, to Dec. 
1847, $5, Fleming Stevenson, 
to Dec. 1847, $3, Dr. English, 
to Dec. 1847, $1 00. Spring- 
field— J *me* B. Conkling, to 
July, 1847, 82 25, S. M. Tini- 
ley. to July, 1847, 83 7^ E. B. 
Pease, Hon. Silas Robins, Jno. 
T. Stewart, Joseph Thayer, 
Thomas Lewis, each to Jan. 
isjy, $3, by C. W. James, Esq. 31 30 

Missis$u>i*i.-2fo/t/ofi-Mai. Wal- 
ter S. Chew, per M. A. Jenkins, 
Esq., to Sept. 1847 5 00 

Mn in can.— Jinn Jlrbor — Prof. 
G. T. Williams, to Oct. 1847, 
$1 50. Jack»on — Miss Ann M. 
Davis, to Oct. 1847, 81 50. 
Mirhi«an Ctntrt— John Moron, 
to June, 1848, 81 50. Sylvan— 
W. Buck, to June, 1848, 81 50. 
JilbU.n— llirmcn Stockwell, to 
Jun.\ ISIS, 81 50. Marshall— 
Jams Hurd.to June/48, 81 00, 
by Rev. O. W. Tenney 9 00 

By Rev. 11. T. Kavanaugh: 

Wisconsin .—Fond du Lac — Rev. 
W. H. Sampson, to Sept. '48. . 40 



Total Repository 178 SO 

Total Contributions 1,037 67 

Aggregate Amount $1,210 87 



THE AFKICAN REPOSITORY, 



AND 

■ i 



COLONIAL JOURNAL. 



Vol. XXIII. J ' WASHINGTON, NOVEMBER, 1847. 



[No. 11, 



<&!>* claims of Africa on t|t tytUtxan Wotlo U $tnt> \jtv % Cfcofpel. 



Such is the title of a most excel- 
lent discourse by the? Rev. D. L. 
Carroll, D. D. It forms one of a 
volume of sermons which he has just 
published. From a former volume 
we extracted one on "the Slave 
Trade" which our readers will re- 
member. We now give to our friends 
another treat in this discourse. We 
think *one can read it without feel- 
ing the forc$ ? pf its appeals, and being 
struck with" the strength of its argu- 
ments. 

We would take this occasion to 
commend the volume from which it 
is taken, hoping that it maty have a 
wide circulation, feeling assured that 
none can read it without being made 
better by it. 

SERMON. 

"And this Gospel of the kingdom shall be. preached 
in all the -world, for a witness unto all nations." — 
Matt. xxiv. 14. 

The genius of the Gospel is es- 
sentially diffusive. It is adapted, 
and was designed to be the religion 
of man. And if any future event 
can be rendered absolutely certain, 
it is the ultimate spread and intelli- 
gible proclamation of the Gospel to I 
22 



the whole world. Independent of 
express prediction, this might be 
argued from the adaptation of the 
Gospel to the condition of the entire 
human race, and the kind of witness 
it is intended to bear for God to the 
whole world. Its ample provisions 
are suited to the wants of all, and 
sufficiently munificent to meet the 
direst exigencies of ruined human 
nature every where. u It is a faith- 
ful saying, and worthy of all accep- 
tation, that Christ Jesus came into 
the world to save" the chief of sin- 
ners. He is "the Lamb of God 
who taketh away the sins of the 
world." His atoning blood cleanseth 
from all unrighteousness. His pow- 
er and grace are illimitable. His 
divine compassion impartial. The 
administration of the Holy Spirit, 
which applies the purchased re- 
demption, is sufficient and glorious, 
adapted to gather all nations under 
its unseen,, yet almighty energies. 
The change of moral character which' 
the Gospel effects — the tragic woes 
which it relieves — th# joys it con- 
fers, and the hopes it inspires, are 
equally interesting to fallen human 
nature, in every variety of physical 
condition, or in any possible locality 
on. the face of the globe. Why 
then should it not be preached in, all 



324 



The claims of Africa on the Christian World. [November, 



the world ? It is equally •* glad I) — if it be important that such a tes- 
lidings" to all nations and kindreds, i| timony should be borne for God to 
and tongues, and people under ! any nation under Heaven, is it not 
Heaven. Its very nature includes !j equally important that it should be 
its prospective universality. And if . borne in behalf of their common 
God has made nothing in vain, then : Sovereign and Proprietor, to all na- 
has he not given the Gospel this ;tions? Yea, obviously. And to put 
character of amplitude and universal |, it beyond the pale of doubt or con- 
adapted ness to the whole lost race of: ! troversy, the truth of God stands 
man, without the design that it shall j; pledged in the prediction of our text, 
yet be preached in all the world. || that " this Gospel of the kingdom 



This design is equally evident also 
from the kind of testimony or wit- 
ness for God which the Gospel is 
adapted to bear. It glorifies his 
eternal love for the lost and the 
guilty. It testifies to his infinite 
compassion for self-destroyed man. 



| shall be preached in all the world, 

! for a witness unto all nations. 9 ' Now 

as God has indicated his purpose to 

accomplish this stupendous result, 

mainly by human instrumentality, 

! and as the command to go into all 

' the world and preach the Gospel to 



It shows at what a sacrifice he pro-' every creature, rests imperatively on 
Tided redemption for the ruined and !' the church at present, it becomes us 
the hopeless. *' God so loved the j, to look carefully over the whole 
world that he gave his only begotten j field, and see if any considerable 



Son, that whosoever believeth on 
him might not perish, but have ever- 
lasting life." The atonement, which 
is the great central fact in this Gospel 
of the kingdom, testifies most im- 
pressively to God's ineffable abhor- 
rence of sin, his determination to 
punisli it, and to sustain inviolate 



portion of it has hitherto been almost 
entirely neglected. 

With the moral map of this apos- 
tate world, in its lights and shadows 
; of life and death before us, let us fix 
; our eye on the vast continent of Af- 
j rica, and survey with Christian com- 
passion its " horror of great dark- 



his righteous law, and promote the ' ness !" It shall be the object of this 
interests of holiness in his empire, ! discourse to direct your attention to 
while at the same time it shows a- this portion of the globe as a field 
mercy that yearns and stoops by an <! for Christian missions — a part of the 
expedient so grand and awful, to |j " whole world," where ll thia Goa- 
save the miserable dying sinner. j! pel of the kingdom" is yet to be 
Now, if it be important that this au- {, preached. That Africa has claims 
gust disclosure of God's character I upon the sympathies, the charities, 
in the Gospel be made to any, is it 'j the prayers, and evangelical efforts 
not equally important that ultimately 'j of Christendom, will be manifest 

from the following considerations : 
I. I need hardly remark that Africa 

is a large part of that world which 



it should be made to all of the hu- 

.man race? If this witness which 

the Gospel bears to the eternal love 

of God in the gift of his Son — to'jfAe Saviour died to redeem. It con- 
his holiness; justice, and truth — to jstitutes about one-fifth of the habita- 
hU compassion for the guilty and j ble surface of our earth. Portions 
miserable — to the provisions he has !j of it are richly blest with the mo- 
made for their rescue from all the mificent gifts of a bounteous Provi- 
woes of their apostacy, and their; dence teeming with the luxuriant 
elevation to all the joys and exalted products of a tropical climate, and 
destinies of the redeemed in Heaven j capable of sustaining a dense popn* 



1847.] 



The claims of Africa on the Christian World. 



325 



lation, with all the physical resources I that his trumpet should at last be 



necessary to an advanced state of 
civilization. The number of its in- 
habitants has been variously esti- 
mated from one hundred to one 
hundred and twenty, and even to one 
hundred and sixty millions ! 

By some it is thought that that 
continent embraces nearly one -fifth 1 



heard above the blast of the war- 
hoin, breaking the silence of spiritu- 
al death that has reigned for so many 
centuries there ! 

II . The very darkness and deep 
degradation of Africa sjjecially claim 
Christian effort in her behalf. Com- 
paratively little is known of the 



of the entire population o( this guilty moral condition of the interior of 



world. If these estimates only ap- 
proximate the actual number, or if 
they considerably exceed it, in either 
case the fact of a large population is 
established. One hundred and twen- 
ty, or one hundred and sixty mil- 
lions of accountable, immortal spirits, 
revolted from God — ruined by sin — 
under sentence of condemnation — the 
wrath of God abiding upon them — 
the gloom and the woes of the apos- 
tacy their sad inheritance, and yet 
not excluded by any arbitrary de- 
cree from the compassion of that 
God who hath made us all of one 
blood, and with whom there is no 
respect of persons, nor from the uni- 
versality of the calls and offers of 
that Gospel of the kingdom which 
shall yet be preached in all the 
world, as a witness unto all nations. 
Is not Africa then a part, and a large 
part of that world for which God 
gave his only begotten Son, and 
which Christ died to redeem ? Has 
it not righteous claims on the ex- 
pansive and impartial charity of 
Christendom ? By what rule shall 
India, and China, and the South 
Sea Islands engross so much sym- 
pathy, receive so much of life, la- 
bor, prayer, 'liberal contributions, 
and persevering evangelical effort, 
while bleeding Africa is well nigh 
excluded ? Is it not time for the 
Christian world to awake to her long 
deferred claims ? Is it not high time 
that the angel, having the everlasting 
Gospel to preach to all nations, 
should have his flight directed to that 
land of overspreading darkness, and 



this benighted continent. Commerce 
and the slave trade have given us 
some fearful disclosures of the state 
of the native tribes on the western 
coast. The following is no exag- 
gerated picture of their condition, 
previously to the meliorating influ- 
ence exerted on them by Christian 
colonies : 

" At our earliest dates, the natives 
were idolaters of the grossest kind, 
poly gam ists, slave-holders, slave* 
traders, kidnappers, offerers of hu- 
man sacrifices, and some of them 
cannibals. For four centuries, or 
five, if we receive the French ac- 
count, they have been in habits of con- 
stant intercourse with the most profli- 
gate, the most licentious, the most 
rapacious, and in every respect the 
vilest and most corrupting classes of 
men to be found in the civilized 
world, — with slave traders, most of 
whom were pirates in every thing 
but courage, and many of whom 
committed piracy whenever they 
dared — and with pirates in the ful- 
lest sense of the word. By this in- 
tercourse, the natives were constant- 
ly stimulated to crimes of the deepest 
dye, and thoroughly trained to all 
the vices of civilization which sav- 
ages are capable of learning. Du- 
ring the most fearful predominance 
of undisguised piracy, from 1688 to 
1730, their demoralization went on, 
especially upon the Windward Coast, 
more rapidly than ever before, and 
became so intense, that it was im- 
possible to maintain trading houses 
on shore ; so that, on this account, as 



326 The claims of Africa on the Christian World. [November, 

we are expressly informed, in 1730,!' gies. And when under the galling 
there was not a single European fac- li burden of this system, lire at last is 
tory on that whole coast. Trade |! worn out, its close is often signa- 
was then carried on by ships pass- 
ing along the coast, and stopping 
wherever the natives kindled a fire 
as a signal for traffic. And this con- 
tinued to be the usual mode of in- 



lized by a burial of the dead fraught 
with atrocious baibarity and tragic 
horrors. Indeed, the ceremony of 
sepulture is generally the true index 
of the degree of civilization, and the 



tercourse on that coast, when the ;| state of morals amongst a people. 
British Parliament, in 1791, began j The following description of an Af- 



to collect evidence concerning the 
slave trade." 

About twenty-five years ago the 
lamented Ashmun, from his own j 
personal observation, gives the fol- J 
lowing graphic and appalling sketch [ 



rican funeral was given by one who 
personally witnessed the scene which 
he portrays, and the credibility of 
which is amply confirmed by the 
testimony of others who have wit- 
nessed similar and even more shock- 



of the condition of that portion of .ling scenes: 
the western coast, now called Li- |j * * The captain or chief of a village 
beria : li dying of a hard drinking bout of 

••The two slaving stations of Cape j brandy, the cries of his wives im- 
Mount and Cape Mesurado have, for'; mediately spread the news through 
several ages, desolated of every thing ■! the town. All the women ran there 
valuable the intervening very fertile [ and howled like furies. The fa- 
and beautiful tract of country. The ;' vorite wife distinguished herself by 
forests have remained untouched, all ;• her grief, and not without cause. 
moral virtue has been extinguished ,' She was watched by the other 
in the people, and their industry an- ;■ women to prevent her escape. The 
nihilated, by this one ruinous cause. ;! Marbut, or priest, examined the body 
Poligamy and domestic slavery, it \\ and pronounced the death natural- 
is well known, are as universal as j 1 not the effect of witchcraft. Then 
the scanty means of the people will i. followed washing the body, and car- 
permit. And a licentiousness of; rying it in procession through the 
practice which none— not the worst village, with tearing of the hair, how- 
part of any civilized community on tiling, and other frantic expressions of 
earth — ran parallel, gives a hellish t \ grief. During this, the Marbut made 
consummation to the frightful defor- a grave, deep, and large enough to 
mity imparted by sin to the moral hold two bodies. He also stripped 
aspect of these tribes." and skinned a goat The pluck 

The superstitions and idolatry of served to make a ragout, of which 
the natives are of the most gross, he and the assistants ate. He also 
degrading, and revolting kind. They caused the favorite wife to eat somen 
believe in witchcraft, and are haunt-, who had no great inclination to taste 
cd with agitating apprehensions and . it, knowing it was to be her last. 
terrors respecting a mysterious, un- i She ate some, however, and during 
soon, and yet irresistible power of this repast, the body of the goat was 
evil to health and life, wielded by divided in small pieces, broiled and 
tin* charm and incantation of others, eaten. The lamentations began 
Thrv worship sharks and snakes,' again ; and when the Marbut thought 
nml ihr horrid fetish-free or DrriV- it was time to end the ceremony, he 
hi A, ami havr numerous sottish , took the favorite wife by the arms, 
iiiii, nm! omil and sanguinary or- and delivered her to two stout ne» 



X 



^^^M^^Mft^^^^^^^^^^M^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



tf847.] 



yfhe claims of Africa on the Christian Worldi 



327 



grrfes. These . seizing her roughly , 
tied her hands and feet behind her, 
and laying her on her back, placed 
a piece of wood on her breast. 
Then,. Ifcoidirig each other with their 
hands on their shoulders, they stamp- 
ed with their feet en the piece of 
wood, till they had broken the 
woman's breast. Having thus at 
least half despatched her, they threw 
her into the grave, with the remain- 
der of the goat, casting her hus- 
band's body over her, and filling up 
the grave with earth and stones. Im- 
mediately the cries ceasing, a quick 
silence succeeded the noise, and 
every one retired home as quietly as 
if nothing had happened. 5 " ' 

Now this is by no means an ex- 
treme case ; as the individual who 
died in this instance was but a petty 
civil functionary, and therefore, ac- 
cording to usage it was not neces- 
sary that so great a display should 
be made as though he had held a 
more exalted office. Authentic his- 
tory records that on the deatji of one 
of the kings of the Aikims, (a tribe 
located not far from the British co- 
lony of Sierra teone,) hi3 people 
sacrificed at his tomb his prime 
minister, three hundred and thirty- 
six of his wives and npwawls of one 
thousand of his slaves! 9 . Th* 
object of this wholesale immolation 
of human beings was, that the king 
might be furnished with a suitable 
retinue — one befitting royalty — in 
the future world, on which he had 
entered. 

The most horrible fact in these 
funeral sacrifices, is, that the victims 



are buried alive^ their limbs -being 
all broken, and . they thrown iftto 
open graves, where they linger in 
great agony through, the period of 
the dances, processions, and music 
around them, which' forms part of 
the ceremony, and sometimes con- 
tinue during the Whole of twfr 
days!!* Such. is a faint sketch of 
the darkness of Africa, unhappy, 
almost unpitied, Africa. Now, does 
j^this dense gloom of pagan night that 
shrouds her and these demons of pa- 
gan superstition that prowl beneath 
its -starless canopy, deter from Chris- 
tian effort in her behalf ? No. "The 
whole need not a physician, but they 
that are sick." Her sombre shadows 
have a silent v eloquence, more ^pow- 
erful than words, that calls impe- 
riously for effort to shed upon them 
the light of life. To the pure and 
piercing_ vision of a Saviour's om- 
niscience, every part of this guilty 
world once looked more dark and , 
dismal than does Africa now to the 
Christian's eye. But this stayed not 
his embassy of love. Yearning with 
infinite compassion, he made his 
cheerful advent amidst the gloom, 
and became •' the light of the world.'' 
The gross darkness which covered 
all people, proved only a more pow- 
erful incentive to his active pity. 
And so the unbroken cloud of Af- 
rica's paganism and superstition, the 
barriers of ignorance, and the £reat 
gulfs which separate her hapless 
children from civilization, science, 
and Christianity, make an irresisti- 
ble appeal to our sympathies, and 
demand our faith, patience, prayer,;^; 



♦It is estimated that there are from thirty to fifty millions of slaves in Africa, all of 
whose lives are at the mercy of their owners, and any of whom may share the fate of 
those just described, should they happen to belong eVen to a petty captain or chief of a 
village. This v 3urely is the most direful form of slavery. Would it not be well for 
some of our prominent Christian philanthropists to turn their attention to slavery in 
Africa, and ask themselves before God and conscience, how much their zeal has done, 
or how much they have prayed or purposed to do, for the abolition pf this system of 
slavery, fraught as it is, , with a thousandfold more horrors, and embracing from ten to 
twenty times more in numbers, than the system which has hitherto exhausted all their 
energies and resources of head* heart, and pocket. 



:*:• 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



328 



Tlie claims of Africa on the Christian World. [November, 



hope, liberality, and persevering ex- 
ertions for the regeneration of that 
ill-starred continent. 

1 1 f . The wrongs and ills which its 
inhabitants have suffered from the ci- 
vilized world % demand no less redress 
than sending the Gospel to Africa. 

For centuries the history of the 
African race has been one of mourn- 
ful and tragic interest, and their sad 
destinies a profound mystery, in the 
righteous providence of God over the 
world. The slave trade, with all 
its direct and collateral miseries and 
devastations, with its fiendish rapa- 
city, piracy, and enormous vices, has 
been plied on the devoted inhabi- 
tants of Africa with an industry that 
has never tired nor paused, and a 
cruel cupidity that has never relent- 
ed, for the last four or five hundred 
years. Millions of her unoffending 
children have been torn from her 
bosom amidst circumstances that give 
to separation its most poignant ago- 
ny. They have been made the ser- 
vants of servants in every land of 
their dispersion. Doomed to return- 
less exile, and bound to perpetual 
servitude, they have worn out their 
lives in unrequited toil, in an un- 
wearied and joyless industry, for the 
interests of those who originally 
stole them, and the accomplices who 
imposed on them the galling and 
permanent bonds of their slavery. 
Nor do the millions exiled, dispersed, 
and hopelessly enslaved for life, 
form the only figures in the dark 
picture of Africa's wrongs and ills. 
To say nothing of the inconceivable 
horrors of u the middle passage" in 
the siave ships, the enormous mor- 
tality and maddening suicide of the 
victims on their pathway over the 
deep to the land of their bondage, 
yet the very mode of obtaining 
slaves in Africa, presents an aggre- 
gation of hellish outrages upon hu- 
man nature, which no language can 
adequately portray. To assist you 



:1 



in approaching towards some just 
conceptions of the egregious wrongs 
and injuries inflicted by this infernal 
traffic, I will now give you a descrip- 
tion, written by an eye witness, of 
the manner of obtaining slaves to 
meet a certain demand in the mar- 
ket. The writer remarks : 

"The following incident I relate, 
not for its singularity, for similar 
events take place, perhaps, every 
month in the year ; but because it 
has fallen under my own observation, 
and I can vouch for its authenticity. 
King Boatswain received a quantity 
of goods in trade from a French 
slaver, for which he stipulated to 
pay young slaves. He makes it a 
point of honor to be punctual to his 
engagements. The time was at hand 
when he expected the return of the 
slaver. He had not the slaves. 
Looking round on the peaceable 
tribes about him, for his victims, he 
singled out the Qneahs, a small ag- 
ricultural and trading people, of most 
inoffensive character. His, warriors 
were skilfully distributed to the dif- 
ferent hamlets, and making a simul- 
taneous assault on the sleeping oc- 
cupants in the dead of night, ac- 
complished, without difficulty or re- 
sistance, the annihilation, with the 
exception of a few towns, of the 
whole tribe. Every adult, man and 
woman, was murdered ; very young 
children geneially shared the fate of 
their parents ; the boys and girls alone 
were reserved to pay the Frenchman." 

I know, that by a law of mind, 
great local distance diminishes our 
sympathy and interest in the most 
appalling events that occur in the 
history of suffering humanity. But 
let us divest the scene just described 
of distance, and bring it home in 
our imaginings to one of our neigh- 
boring villages. Let us also divest 
it of distance in time, and suppose 
ourselves standing the next morning 
the actual spectators of the results 



^I» K^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ m ^^ ^ * 



^^^^^■^^^^^^^^^ 



1847.] 



7%tf claims of Africa on the Christian World. 



329 



of the horrid tragedy enacted there 
the night before ! What would be 
our impressions ? And did we as- 
sociate similar events as occurring in 
othei villages and hamlets through- 
out our country, perhaps, every 
month in the year, how appalling 
would our own existence itself be- 
come to us in such circumstances ! ! 
Now, all these wrongs and outrages 
above described, are not the less 
real and grievous, the suffering has 
no less of depth and intensity, be- 
cause their locality lies beyond the 
Atlantic in the land of the palm tree, 
and the sufferers are distinguished 
from us by the hues of their skin. 

It deserves special notice here, 
also, that most of those savage, san- 
guinary, and exterminating wars 
waged under various pretexts on 
each other by the native tribes, are, 
in fact, excited by the desire of ob- 
taining slaves for the market. When 
you add to this, the introduction of 
intoxicating drinks by the slave 
traders, their example of beastly 
licentiousness, the teaching of all the 
most intense vices of a corrupt civi- 
lization which savages could learn, 
and the constant stimulus which 
their intercourse with them, brought 
upon the worst passions of barba- 
rous human nature, you have a pic- 
ture of wrongs and ills unparalleled 
in the annals of our world ! And 
who has inflicted this outrageous and 
overgrown aggregate of injuries on 
Africa? Professedly Christian na- 
tions ! Yes, the Lion of Great 
Britain, and the Eagle of America, 
formerly crouching and perching 
over the deck of the slave ships, as 
they bore away Africa's sons and 
daughters to hopeless bondage. Does 
not Christendom owe a mighty debt 
to that despoiled, bereaved land ? 
Like Rachel weeping for her children, 
and refusing to be comforted, be- 
cause they are not ; does not Africa's 
voice of lamentation cry to Heaven 



! against the civilized world, and call 
upon our common humanity for re- 
dress ? Now, what adequate repa- 
ration can we make for wrongs, vio- 
lence, and havoc of centuries, with- 
out parallel, and in 6ome respects 
irretrievable ? The act of tardy jus- 
tice in making sound and stringent 
laws against the slave trade, aud in 
placing armed squadrons on the coast 
to suppress this unnatural and in- 
human commerce in souls, is no 
competent requital for the enormous 
evils inflicted on Africa, nor does it 
form the efficient instrumentality by 
which those evils are ultimately to 
be removed. No. We must send 
her u the glorious Gospel of the 
blessed God.' 1 This is the redress 
which the eloquence of Africa's wo 
pleads for, and claims at our hands. 
It is the only adequate, infallible re- 
medy, for the gigantic evils under 
which she groans. Experiment is 
beginning to teach this obvious, but 
hitherto overlooked, truth. The 
British Parliament has been petition- 
ed to discontinue an armed force for 
the suppression of the slave trade, 
on the ground that the evils of the 
traffic have been greatly increased 
by it, while it is well known that 
the number of slaves annually ship- 
ped has not been diminished. Cap- 
tain Harris, an intelligent English 
officer, extensively travelled in Af- 
rica, was sent there, specially com- 
missioned by the British Goven> 
ment, to investigate the matter, and 
report the best method of extinguish- 
ing the slave trade. The conclu- 
sion which he has drawn from his 
personal knowledge and extensive 
observations on this subject, is, that 
the slave trade can never be sup- 
pressed while the barbarous and 
pagan spirit of Africa herself is in 
favor of it. The only remedy that 
he thinks adapted to remove this 
evil permanently, is the civilization 
and Christ ionization of Africa het- 



330 



The claims of Afrit* on the Christian World. [November, 



self. Armed squadrons, therefore, 
have no tendency to promote so great 
a civil and moral transformation on 
Africa, as are here contemplated. 
The Christian philosopher needs not 
to be informed that the combined ar- 
madas of the world can never cure 
this, nor any other of the giant 
crimes and woes of the apostacy. 
We must take Heaven's- infallible 
panacea, " this Gospel of the king- 
dom" in all its benign and blessed 
influences on man's mortal and im- 
mortal interests and destinies. This 
is Africa's only hope of a radical 
remedy, as it is that of all the rest 
of the world that lieth in wicked- 
ness. It is a growing conviction, 
even in religious minds, that if Af- 
rica is to be saved from the perpetu- 
al desolations of slavery and the 
■lave trade, it must be by pervading 
her with the institutions of civiliza- 
tion and Christianity. 

Let the Christian world, then, 
awake and put forth an earnest, per- 
severing effort to cancel some of its 
guilt in heretofore afflicting Africa, 
by sending to her the glorious Gos- 
pel in its divine power, to pull down 
the strong h<>lds of sin and Satan, 
and in its sweet, assuaging influence 
on the barbarous passions of human 
nature, calming and purifying the 
fountains of domestic, social, and 
political life, till 

"Lions and beasts of garage name 
Put on the nature of the lamb." 

IV. The long neglect of the 
Christian world to do any thing 
efficiently for the evangelization of 
Africa, gives her an urgent claim 
upon its special efforts note. By 
what fatality the one hundred and 
twenty, or one hundred and fifty 
millions of that darkened conti- 
nent have been so long, and to 
such an extent, excluded from the 
sympathies and effective evangelical 
efforts of Christendom, is one of the 
most unaccountable facts in the his- 



tory of Christian benevolence. The 
American Board of Commissioners 
for Foreign Missions have between 
five and six hundred missionaries 
and assistant missionaries amongst 
the heathen. Of this entire num- 
ber but about twentv are located 
on the whole continent of Africa, 
and the date of their labors there 
is quite recent. There are eigh- 
ty-tight missionaries and assist- 
ants in the Sandwich Islands, the 
whole population of which is but 
one hundred and twenty thousand— 
not one thousand to every million 
in Africa. It is true, the striking 
mortality amongst white missiona- 
ries in that country has imposed a 
necessity of hesitating to risk life on 
a large scale there. But the Provi- 
dence of God for twenty-five years 
past has demonstrated that the civi- 
lized Christian colored man of this 
country can live and labor for God, 
and the souls of his pagan brethren, 
in his father land. And yet the 
Christian world has slept over the 
moral ruins, the maddening woes, 
and the mournful destinies of the 
immortal millions in Africa, wrapt 
in golden dreams respecting the 
great things being done for Greece, 
India, China, Persia, and the islands 
of the Southern Ocean. Now, may 
not " the time past suffice" to have 
wrought this folly ancl incurred this 
guilt of shutting up our tender mer- 
cies from the most oppressed, 
wronged, injured, outraged, helpless, 
and deplorable portion of the pagan 
world J Do not our delay and slum- 
bers give a startling emphasis to the 
truth " that now it is high time to 
awake out of sleep'' — to fci cast off the 
works of darkness, and put on the 
armor of light" — to bear the banner 
of the cross, with its '* seven stars," 
to benighted Africa — and to spring 
forward and reach forth our hands 
to hold up those which Ethiopia has 
already stretched out unto God I 



1847.] 



The claims of Africa on the Christian World* 



331 



V. and Lastly. — The encourage- 
ment to evangelical effort which the 
providence of God in planting and 
sustaining civilized and Christian 
colonies on the coast now affords, 
gives Africa a peculiar claim on the 
active benevolence of the Christian 
world. It is admitted that till with- 
in a comparatively recent period, 
serious, if not insuperable obstacles 
were to be encountered in the prose- 
cution of Christian missions in Af- 
rica. During the last four centuries 
numerous and repeated attempts have 
been made, both by Roman Catholic 
and Protestant missionaries, to es- 
tablish themselves on the western 
coast, and to locate permanently 
there the institutions of Christianity. 
But all such attempts proved utterly 
abortive till the era of the establish- 
ment of civilized colonies. This is 
a matter of undoubted historical fact. 
That state of intense vice and san- 
guinary barbnrism which, till the 
close of the last century, rendered 
it impossible to maintain trading fac- 
tories on the shore, and that made 
it unsafe even to land a merchant 
ship there, would necessarily in- 
volve perils to life and property too 
formidable to be permanently en- 
countered by any degree of mis- 
sionary zeal and courage. The self- 
ishness and dishonesty, the treachery 
and rapacity, the turbulent spirit 
and savage cruelty of the natives, in- 
volved as they constantly were in 
exterminating wars with each other, 
presented invincible and hopeless bar- 
riers to the progress of the Gospel 
of peace amongst them. It was not 
surprising, therefore, that, as late as 
the close of the last century, with 
the history of three or four hundred 
years of disaster and defeat to mis- 
sions in Africa, Christendom should 
have paused in partial despondency 
over her gloomy and appalling con- 
dition ! But since that time the provi- 
dence of God has fringed the edge 



of that dark cloud which then over- 
hung her with some rays of golden 
light. The divine hand and counsel 
have been specially manifested in 
planting and sustaining civilized and 
Christian colonies along the western 
coast, with all their meliorating effects 
on the natives, and their protecting 
and fostering influence on Christian 
missions. 

Colonization is undeniably pre- 
paring the way of the Lord in the 
wilderness of Africa. G6d would 
seem to be pointing to this enter- 
prise, by all the recent facts in its 
history, as His approved method of 
reaching forth and rendering peima- 
nent an effective evangelical influ- 
ence on that long and grossly ne- 
glected land. The change in the 
social, civil, and religious condition 
of those native tribes amongst whom 
colonies have been located is well 
nigh incredible. The following is 
a brief buf truthful sketch of the 
colonies, and of what, under God, 
they have already effected for the 
best interests of the colored race in 
their own land. It is from the pen 
of a sober-minded, accurate, reliable 
author. He remarks as follows : 

" Every such colony planted, still 
subsists; and wherever it3 jurisdic- 
tion extends, has banished piracy 
and the slave trade — extinguished 
domestic slavery — put an end to hu- 
man sacrifices and cannibalism — es- 
tablished a constitutional civil go- 
vernment, trial by jury, and the reign 
of law — introduced the arts, usages, 
and comforts of civilized life, and 
j imparted them to more or less of the 
natives — established schools, built 
houses of worship, gathered churches, 
sustained the preaching of the Gos- 
pel, protected missionaries, and seen 
native converts received to Christian 
communion. Not a colony has been 
attempted without leading to all these 
results. 

"As witnesses, we show, in tke 



332 



The claims of Africa on the Christian World. [November, 



colonies of Cape Palmas, Liberia 
proper, Sierra Leone, and on the 
Gambia, more than one hundred j 
missionaries and assistant mission- 
aries, many of them of African de- 
scent, and some of them native Af- 
ricans, now engaged in successful 
labors for the regeneration of Africa. 
We show, as the fruits of their la- 
bors, more than five thousand re- 
gular communicants in Christian 
churches, more than twelve thousand 
regular attendants on the preaching 
of the Gospel, and many tens of 
thousands of natives perfectly acces- 
sible to missionary labors. All this 
has been done since the settlement 
of Sierra Leone in 1787, and nearly 
all since the settlement of Liberia in 
1822." 

In the colonies of Liberia proper 
there are twenty-three Christian 
churches, numbering about sixteen 
or seventeen hundred communicants ; 
of whom more ihzn Jive hundred are 
native converts. From ten to fifteen 
thousand of the pagan tribes have 
thrown away the distinctive badges 
of their superstition, abandoned many 
of the usages of savage life and the 
practice of idolatry, adopted the civi- 
lized costume of the colonists, come j 
voluntarily under the colonial laws, i 
and conformed to the externals of 
civilization and Christianity, many 
of them attending public worship on ! 
the Sabbath in the colonial churches, i 
Gov. Roberts, of Liberia, states that ' 
in a tour of more than two hundred 
miles into the interior of Africa, he 
found manifest traces of colonial in- 
fluence extending through the en- 
tire distance ; that there were indi- 
viduals in every place where he 
stopped who could speak the Eng- 
lish language ; that the chiefs of the ; 
different- tribes through which he! 
passed evinced the utmost eagerness 
to have schools established amongst ! 
them, in which their children might 1 
be taught the knowledge of the arts I 



of civilization and the truths of the 
Christian religion, and that " the 
head men'' offered to erect buildings 
and appropriate lands for the sup- 
port of these institutions. It is well 
known, also, that the sons of chiefs, 
and of other distinguished natives, 
have been sent a distance of three or 
four hundred miles from the interior 
into the colon v, to be educated. 
When they return into the deep 
shadows of their native forests, and 
the deeper moral gloom of their pagan 
homes, they carry with them the 
torch-lights of civilization and Chris- 
tianity, to send some cheering rays 
athwart the surrounding and hitherto 
unbroken darkness. Thus the provi- 
dence of God, by originating and 
giving success to the enterprise of 
colonization, is opening a new door 
of hope to despairing Africa, and 
furnishing new facilities and ample 
encouragement to enlarged and vigo- 
rous evangelic labors in her behalf. 
It may be added, too, that notwith- 
standing the intense vice and savage 
degradation of the natives on the 
coast, and the gloomy and base su- 
perstition and idolatry of those in 
the interior, yet there are three stri- 
king points of encouragement to 
missionary labor in Africa, not found 
in most other heathen countries. 
• 'First, then, they have no national 
religion, or religious establishment 
Where this exists it opposes a for- 
midable obstacle to the Gospel, how- 
ever absurd may be the superstition 
so established; for the secular inte- 
rests of the priesthood urge them to 
resist any change of the national re- 
ligion, and they necessarily possess 
great influence with the people. The 
missionary must, under such circum- 
stances, expect to encounter hate and 
persecution proportioned to the dan- 
ger with which the religion he teach- 
es threatens the priests. 

"Secondly. In Africa the kings and 
their official functionaries lose no 



1847.] 



The claims of Africa on the Christian World. 



333 



secular advantages by embracing 
Christianity. On the contrary, they 
are even raised by it in the estima- 
tion of their heathen countrymen. 
In many, and, perhaps, in nearly all 
other heathen countries, to embrace 
Christianity is to become obnoxious 
to priestly revenge, to popular hate 
and civil oppression. 

"Thirdly. The Africans already 
look upon the white man as their 
superior, and hence desire to imitate 
him. The Very ability to read and 
write gives dignity and importance 
to a colored man among them, and 
they express their admiration by call- 
ing him a white man. h would follow, 
of course, that they embrace every 
opportunity to place their children in 
the schools where it is proposed to 
teach them to read and write," 

Such are the encouragements to 
Christian effort Jor Africa which the 
providence of God, especially in 
establishing and sustaining civilized 
colonies there, now presents. \Yith 
so well tested and practicable a 
method, and with such ample facili- 
ties for the spread of the Gospel as 
the scheme of colonization affords, 
and as the success already attending 
it demonstrates, why should not 
darkened Africa soon be made " all 
light in the Lord ?" How can the 
Christian world answer.it to God, 
or to their successors in the church, 
if they neglect longer to put forth the 
most vigorous and persevering efforts 
for Africa's redemption through this 
medium of colonization, pointed out 
by the finger of God, and signa- 
lized and sanctioned by a success 
explicable only on the assumption 
of his divine and fostering interpo- 
sition in its behalf? Shall the 
wretched inhabitants continue to sit 
in the region and shadow of death, 
and to sink from it annually by mil- 
lions into " the blackness of dark- 
ness for ever,'' when God, by his 
providence, is demonstrating that the 



light of life may be radiated over the 
extent of Africa by civilized and 
Christian colonies on her coast ? 

These are questions iriVhich you, 
my Christian friends, and the whole 
Christian community have a deep 
personal interest. They relate to 
serious matters involved in your pre- 
sent duty, as individuals, towards a 
large, injured, suffering, hitherto ne* 
glected portion of your heathen fel- 
low men. God has opened a chan- 
nel through which your beneficence 
can flow and overflow till it shall 
have reached the remotest wilder- 
ness in Africa, and made it to bud 
and blossom as the rose. Will you 
assist in keeping this channel open ? 
and will you augment that stream 
which has already well nigh covered 
three hundred mi}es of once barren 
coast with plants., and flowers, and 
fruits of righteousness befitting the 
garden of God? This method of 
evangelical effort, feeling its Way into 
the darkness of Africa, and retaining 
its foothold there through the colo- 
nies on her coast, is commended to 
the confidence of the Christian world 
now by its [own already realized 
results. It is the only practicable 
method as yet discovered of furnish- 
ing the protection and facilities for 
that augmented number of laborers, 
and those extensive and permanent 
missionary enterprises and efforts, 
which will bear some just proportion 
to the moral exigencies of that vast 
continent. It is too late now to make 
it a question whether the success of 
modern missions in Africa has not 
been, under God, mainly suspended 
on the direct and indirect influence 
of these colonies. History has now 
recorded this as one of her sobeT, 
indisputable verities. The fact that' 
colonization has a secular and politi- 
cal aspeet is no objection to it as a 
medium through which to send the 
blessings of civilization and Chris- 
tianity to Africa. Let it be remem- 



334 Territory Purchased. [November, 

bered that its secular and political | natural history of the parent eagle, 
relations bear with benign effect on is now metaphorically true of our na- 
the temporal interests and destinies of ■ tional eagle — "She stirreth up her 
the colored people of this country, nest, fluttered! over her young, 
and contemplate their intellectual, j spreadeth abroad her wings, taketli 
social, and civil elevation in circum- ' them, beareth them upon her wings." 



stances unimpeded by prejudice and 
privileged competition, and are in- 
tended to confer on them the advan- 
tages and immunities of a wise and 
well-ordered republican government. ; 
Indeed, these relations and bearings of 
colonization ought to commend it to 



Ours has taken its firstling, and set 
him upon the heights of Cape Mesu- 
rado, to mount thence on his circling 
ascent towards the sun, and to shed 
from his wings the blessings of re- 
publican liberty on Africa. And why 
should not this prove, in addition to 



all the Christian patriots of this great j the urgent claims of Africa herself, 
American republic, as the medium of : a powerful incentive to every Ameri- 
blessing Africa with the Gospel. \\can Christian to make such a politi- 

Tlie establishment of the Com- cal community on the coast the me- 
mon wealth of Liberia is the first at- idium through which to spread that 
tempt by the citizens of this coun- ! glorious Gospel whose dove mounts 
try to plant in a foreign land the pe- J on a loftier flight and on purer wings 



culiar institution? of their own. This 
fact is fraught with thrilling interest 
to the enlightened American states- 
man, and is one of bright auguries : 
to Africa and the African race. It 
would seem as though that which 
the scriptures notice as a truth in the 



than eagles*, bearing in its beak the 
olive-branch of proffered peace from 
Heaven to man, and diffusing, from 
every point along its upward, shin- 
ing way, the light and infinite bless- 
ings of that fc . 4 liberty wherewith 
Christ maketh free? 11 



$crrit0r y purcfjaaefr. 

For the information of our friends for the American Colonization So- 

who take a special interest in the ciety, of the other part, 

„„„ . Ct .,. , . Witnessetii: That we the afore- 

purchase of territory, we publish the . , ,-. i ,^-e r i • 

* j* i 8al( ] King. and Chiefs, for and in 

following deeds, which we received consideration of the sum of two hun- 

by the last arrival from Liberia: dred and seventy-five dollars, to us 

■"Copy 1 ■ " l * lanc * P a ^' k- v J' Ames Brown and 

_ . _ l , r . . __ ___ ' William J. Roberts, Commissioners 

Purchase Deed of the half of Grand on the part f j. j. Roberts afore- 

Cohih or Culloch, made January sai( i__ t h e receipt whereof we do 

ol //i, lJr-17. hereby individually acknowledge. 

Tins indrnti-re, made this thir- have bargained, granted, sold, aliened, 

tieth day of January, in the year of enfeoffed and confirmed, and by 

our Lord one thousand eiijht hundred these presents do bargain, grant, 

and forty -seven, between Kinsr Wil- sell, alien, enfeoff and confirm unto 

linm, Prince William, and Thomas the said J. J. Roberts, in trust for 

Cooper, Kinjr and Chiefs of Grand the American Colonization Society, 

Colah or Culloch of the one part : one-half of that tract of country 

and J. J. Roberts, Governor of the known as the territory of Grand 

Commonwealth of Liberia, and Agent , Colah or Culloch, on the west coast 



1847.] 



Territory Purchased, 



335 



of Africa, and bounded- as follows : 
Commencing at a large rock called 
Col all, the southern boundary line 
of the Little Colah territory, and 
running thence along the line of the 
sea eoast in a southeasterly direction 
about three miles to a small country 
town situated on a hill or small 
mountain called " Weah ;" thence 
into the interior about forty miles ; 
thence leading around at a right an- 
gle and running in the direction of 
Little Colah until it strikes the 
southeast boundary of that territo- 
ry ; thence along said boundary line 
to the sea or place of commence- 
ment. 

Said description of above bounda- 
ry is intended to include all the ter- 
ritory known by the name of Grand 
Colah or Culloch. To have and to 
hold all the territory aforesaid, to- 
gether with the harbors, islands, 
lakes, woods, ways, water, water- 
courses, mines, minerals, and appur- 
tenances thereto belonging or.apper- 
taining, unto the said J. J. Roberts 
and his successors in office, in trust 
for the American Colonization So- 
ciety. And we, the said King Wil- 
liam, Prince William and Thomas 
Cooper, of the Grand Colah or Cul- 
loch territory, do covenant to and 
with the said J. J. Roberts, Gover- 
nor and agent aforesaid, Thai at and 
until the ensealing hereof we had 
good right and lawful authority to 
sell and convey the aforesaid territo- 
ry in fee simple ; and that we, the 
said King William, Prince William 
and Thomas Cooper, King and Chiefs 
of the country aforesaid, for our- 
selves, our heirs and successors, 
will forever warrant and defend the 
said J. J. Roberts, Governor and 
Agent as aforesaid, and his succes- 
sors in Office, against any person or 
persons claiming any part or parcel 
of the above named territory. 

In witness whereof we, the King 
and Chiefs aforesaid, have hereto set 



our hands and affixed our seals the 
day and year first above written. 

hia 

KING WILLIAM, * 

mark, 
"his 

PRINCE WILLIAM, X 

mark, 
his 

THOMAS COOPER, X 

mark. 

. one of the Chiefs. 

JAMES BROWN, > r . mmW _ 
W. J. ROBERTS, \ Commlss "' 

Signed, sealed and delivered in the 
presence of 

Jas. E. Brown, 
P. P. Sandford, x 
c J. L. Brown, 

Henry Chase. 
A true copy : 

J. N. Lewis, Col. Sec. 

Purchase Deed of Poor or Pooah 
river j made February 4iA, 1847. 

This indenture, made this fourth 
day of February, in the year of out 
Lord one thousand eight hundred 
and forty-seven, between King Soft- 
ly Wy, King Kyboy, King's Mate 
Weah, T. West, J. Gray and Fan 
Taylor, King and Chiefs of Poor or 
Pooah river territory, of the one 
part, and J. J. Roberts, Governor of 
the Commonwealth of Liberia, and 
Agent for the. American Colonization 
Society, of the other part, . 

Witnesseth : That we, the afore- 
said King and Chiefs, for and in 
consideration of the sum of three 
hundred and, twenty-one dollars, to 
us in hand paid, by James Brown 
and William J. Roberts, Commis- 
sioners on the part of J, J. Roberts 
aforesaid — the receipt whereof we^ 
do hereby, individually, acknow- 
ledge — have bargained, granted, sold, 
aliened, enfeoffed and confirmed, 
and by these presents do bargain, 
grant, sell, alien, enfeoff and confirm 
unto the said J. J. Roberts, in trust 
for the American Colonization So- 
ciety, all that tract of country known 



-». 



336 



Territory Purchased. 



[November, 



^h^^^^^^^^^^^ta 



as the territory of Poor or Pooah j and Chiefs aforesaid, have hereto 
river, on the west coast of Africa ,! set our hands and affixed our seals 
and bounded as follows : Com- ( the day and year first above written, 
a small river called 



mencmg ot 



Parne — the southern boundary line : 
of the river Cess territory — and 
running thence along the line of the 
sea coast in a southeasterly direction 
about four miles to Poor river; 
thence into the interior about thirty- j 
five miles ; thence leading around at ; 
a right angle, and running in the i 
direction of river Cess until it strikes J 
Parne river, the southeast boundary ; 
line of that territory; thence along said \ 
boundary line to the sea or place of 
commencement. Said description of 
above boundary is intended to in- 
clude all the territory known by the 
name of Poor or Pooah river. To 
have and to hold all the territory afore- 
said, together with the harbors,islands ? 
lakes, woods, ways, water, water- ;! presence of 
courses, mines, minerals and appur- 
tenances thereto belonging or apper- :! 
taining, unto the said J. J. Roberts; 
and his successors in office, in trust 
for the American Colonization So-j A true copy : 
ciety. And we, the said King Softly ; 



KING SOFTLY WY, X 

mark, 
his 

KING KYBOY, X 

mark. 

his 

King's Mate WEAH, X 

mark, 
his 

TOM WEST, X 

mark, 
his 

JOHN GRAY, X 

mark. 

one of the Chiefs. 
FAN TAYLOR, X 

m.rk. 

one of the Chiefs. 



JAMES BROWN, ) r „ mm :.., rt 
W. J. ROBERTS, i Comm,M n 

Signed, scaled and delivered in 



Jas. E. Brown, 
P. P. Sandford, 
J. L. Brown, 
Henry Chase. 



J. N. Lewis, Col. Sec. 



Wy, King Kyhoy, King's Mate 71 ? ~ , m n f ^ 

iv J. i. t iv/-t t p„? „,i v .•\Purcha*e Deed of Rock Ceu or 
Weah, T. West, J. Gray and tan, ,._ _ , I. - . lftA - 



Taylor, of the Poor or Pooah river 
territory, do covenant to and with \ 



Cesters, made Feb. 5/A, 1847. 
This indenture, made this fifth 



the said J. J. Roberts, Governor and ;, day of February, in the year of our 
Agent as aforesaid, that at and until i Lord on a thousand eight hundred 
the ensealing hereof we had good , and forty-seven, between King Pany, 
right and lawful authority to sell and '; Jack Sarvey and Jack Snapper, 
convey the aforesaid territory in fee ;' King and Chiefs of Rock Cess or 
simple ; and that we, the said King ' Cesters, of the one part, and J. J. 
Softly Wy, King Kyboy, King's ; Roberts, Governor of the Common- 
Mate Wean, T. West, J. Gray and , wealth of Liberia and Agent for the 
Fan Taylor, King and Chiefs of the |, American Colonization Society, of 
country aforesaid, for ourselves, our jj the other part, 
heir3 and successors, will foievei \» Witnesseth: That we, theafore- 
warrant and defend the said J. J. | ; said King and Chiefs, for and in 
Roberts, Governor and Agent as , consideration of the sum of one hon- 
aforesaid, and his successors in of- | dred and eighty-five dollars, tout in 
fice, against any person or persons [ hand paid, by James Brown and 



claiming any part or parcel of the 
above named territory. 

In witness whereof we, the King 



William J. Roberts, Commissioners 
on the part of J. J. Roberts afore- 
said— the receipt whereof we do 



1847.] 



Territory Purchased. 



337 



hereby, individually, acknowledge — ' 
have bargained, granted, sold, aliened, 
enfeoffed and confirmed, and by these 
presents do bargain, sell, alien, en- 
feoff and confirm unto the said J. J. 
Roberts, in trust for the American 
Colonization Society, all that tract of 
country known as the territory of 
Rock Cess or Cesters, on the west 
coast of Africa, and bounded as fol- 
lows : Commencing at a small river 
called Poor or Jarne river — 'the 
southern boundary line of the Poor 
or Pooah river territory — and run- 
ning thence along the Line of the sea 
coast in a southeasterly direction! 
about three and a half miles to Blone 
river ; thence into the interior about 
forty miles ; thence leading around 
at a right angle, and tunning in the 
direction of Poor or Pooah river ter- 
ritory until it strikes the southeast 
boundary of that territory ; thence 
along the line of a purchase made by 
the American Colonization Society 
from the KiBg and Chiefs of said 
territory, to the sea or place of com- 
mencement. Said description of 
above boundary is intended to include 
all the territory known by the name 
of Rock Cess or Cesters. To have 
and to hold all the territory aforesaid, 
together with the harbors, islands, 
lakes, woods, ways, water, water- 
courses, mines, minerals and appur- 
tenances thereto belonging or apper- 
taining, unto the said J. J. Roberts 
and his successors in office, in trust 
for the American Colonization So- 
ciety. And we, the said King Pa- 
ney, Jack Sarvey and Jack Snapper, 
of the Rock Cess or Cesters territo- 
ry, do covenant to and with the said 
J. J. Roberts, Governor and Agent 
aforesaid, That at and until the en- 
sealing hereof we had good right 
and lawful authority to sell and con- 
vey the aforesaid territory in fee 
simple ; and that we, the said King 
Paney, Jack Sarvey and Jack Snap- 
per, King and Chiefs of the country 



aforesaid, for ourselves, our heirs 
and successors, will forever warrant 
and defend the said J. J. Roberts, 
Governor and Agent as aforesaid, 
and his successors in office, against 
any person or persons claiming any 
part or parcel of the above named 
territory. 

In witness whereof we, the King 
and Chiefs aforesaid, have hereto set 
our hands and affixed our seals the 
day and year first above written. 

his 

KING PANEY, M 

mark, 
bis 

JACK SARVEY, X Gov'r. 

mark. 

JACK SNAPPER, M 

mark. 

one of the Chiefs. 
JAMES BROWN, > Pmn . aVa 
W. J. ROBERTS, S C ° mmiSS rS ' 
Signed, sealed and delivered in 
presence of 

J as* E. Brown, 
J. L. Brown, 
P. P. Sandford, 
Henry Chase. 
A true copy : 

J. N.Lewis, Col. See. 

Purchase Deed of the northwest 
half qf San%wiwnj made Febru- 
ary 8/A, 1847. 

This indenture, made this eighth 
day of February* in the year of our 
Lord one thousand eight hundred 
and forty seven, between King Far- 
ley, John Bay, Jumah and Como, 
King and Chiefs of northwest half of 
Sangwiwn of the one part, and J. 
J. Roberts, Governor of the Com- 
monwealth of Liberia and Agent for 
the American Colonization Society, 
of the other part, 

Witnesseth : That we, the afore- 
said King and Chiefs, for and in con- 
sideration of the sum of two hun- 
dred and twenty-five dollars, to us 
in hand paid by James Brown and 
William J. Roberts, Commissioners 



338 



Territory Purchased, 



[November, 



on the part of J. J. Roberts afore- \ 
said — the receipt whereof we do ' 
hereby, individually, acknowledge — 
have bargained, granted, sold, aliened, 
enfeoffed and confirmed, and by these ! 
presents do bargain, grant, sell, ! 
alien, enfeoff and confirm, unto the j 
said J. J. Roberts, in trust for the • 
American Colonization Society, the j 
noithwest half of that tract of coun- 
try known as the territory of San- 
gwiwn, on the west coast of Africa, 
and bounded as follows : Commen- 
cing at Blone river— the southern 
boundary line of the Rock Cess or 

Cesters territory and running 

thence along the line of the sea. 
coast in a southeasterly direction 
about three miles, to a country town 
called " Marwah," of which Senier j 
is headman ; thence into the interior 
about fortv-five miles: thence lead- 
ing around at a right angle and run- 
ning in the direction of Rook Cess 
or Cesters territory until it strikes 
the southeast boundary line of that 
territory ; thence along the line of a 
purchase made by the American 
Colonization Society from the King 
and Chiefs of said territory to the 
sea or place of commencement. Said 
description of above boundary is in- 
tended to include all the northwest 
half of the territory known by the 
name of Sangwiwn. To have and to j 
hold all the territory aforesaid, to- 1 
get her with the harbors, islands, 
lakes, woods, ways, water, water- 
courses, mines, minerals and appur- 
tenances thereto belonging or apper- 
taining, unto the said J. J. Roberts 
and his successors in office, in trust 
for the American Colonization So- 
ciety. And we, the said King Far- 
Icy, John Bay, Jumah and Como, of 
the Sangwiwn territory, do covenant 
to and with the said J. J. Roberts, 
Governor and Agent as aforesaid, that 
at and until the ensealing hereof we j 
hud good right and lawful authority ! 
in bell and convey the aforesaid ter- \ 



ritory in fee simple; and that we, 
the said King Farley, John Bay, Ju- 
mah and Como, King and Chiefs of 
the country aforesaid, for ourselves, 
our heirs and successors, will forever 
warrant and defend the said J. J. 
Roberts, Governor and Agent as 
aforesaid, and his successors in of- 
fice, against any person or persons 
claiming any part or parcel of the 
above named territory. 

In witness whereof we, the King 
and Chiefs aforesaid, have hereto set 
our hands and affixed our seals the day 

and year first above written. 

hi* 

KING FARLEY, X 

mark. 

JOHN BAY, X Governor. 

mark, 
hit 

JUMAH, X one of the Chiefs. 

mark, 
his 

COMO, X one of the Chiefs. 

mark. 



iss'rs. 



JAMES BROWN, > r 

W. J. ROBERTS, J Kj0mmi 

Signed, sealed and delivered in 

presence of 

Jas. E. Brown, 
P. P. Sandford, 
J. L. Brown, 
Henry Chasr. 

A true copy: 

J. N. Lewis, Col. See. 

Purcliase Deed of the southeast half 
of Sangwiwn, made February 

10th, 1847. 

This indenture, made this tenth 
day of February, in the year of oar 
Lord one thousand eight hundred 
and forty-seven, between King Seah, 
Governor Parley, Pilley, By tnd 
Tom Peter, King and Chiefs of the 
southeast half of Sangwiwn, of the 
one part, and J. J. Roberts, Governor 
of the Commonwealth of Liberia and 
Agent for the American Colonization 
Society, of the other part, 

Witnesseth : That we, die afort* 



1847.] 



Territory Purchased* 



339 



said King and Chiefs, for and in 
consideration of the sum of two hun- 
dred and fifty dollars, to us in hand 
paid, by James Brown and William 
J. Roberts, Commissioners on the 
part of J. J. Roberts aforesaid — the 
receipt whereof we do hereby, indi- 
vidually, acknowledge — have bar- 
gained, granted, sold, aliened, enfe- 
offed and confirmed, and by these 
presents do bargain, grant, sell, alien, 
enfeoff and confirm unto the said J. 
J. Roberts, in trust for the American 
Colonization Society, all that tract 
of country known as the territory of 
Sangwiwn, on the west coast of Af- 
rica, and bounded as follows : Com- 
mencing at a country town called 
44 Marwah," of which one Senier is 
headman — the southern boundary 
line of the northwest half of the San- 
gwiwn territory — and running thence 
along the sea coast in a southeasterly 
direction about three miles to San- 
gwiwn river ; thence into the interior 
about forty miles; thence leading 
around at a right angle, and running 
in the direction of the northwest half 
of Sangwiwn territory until it strikes 
the southeast boundary line of that 
territory ; thence along the line of a 
purchase made by the American Co- 
lonization Society from the king and 
Chiefs of that teiritory to the sea, or 
place of commencement. Said des- 
cription of above boundary is intend- 
ed to include all the southeast half 
of the territory known by the name 
of Sangwiwn, to have and to hold all 
the territory aforesaid, together with 
the harbors, islands, lakes, woods, 
ways, water, water-courses, mines, 
minerals and appurtenances thereto 
belonging or appertaining, unto the 
said J. J. Roberts, and his succes- 
sors in office, in trust for the Ame- 
rican Colonization Society. And 
we, the said King Seah, Governor 
Parley, Pilley, By and Tom Peter, 
of the southeast half of Sangwiwn 
territory, do covenant to and with 
23 



the said J. J. Roberts, Governor and 
Agent as aforesaid, that at and until 
the ensealing hereof we had good 
right and lawful authority to sell 
and convey the aforesaid territory 
in fee simple; and that we, the said 
King Seah, Governor Parley, Pilley, 
By and Tom Peter, King and Chiefs 
of the country aforesaid, for our- 
selves, our heirs and successors, will 
forever warrant and defend the said 
J. J. Roberts, Governor and Agent as 
aforesaid, and his successors in of- 
fice against any person or persons 
claiming any pait or parcel of the 
above named territory. 

In witness whereof we, the King 
and Chiefs aforesaid, have hereto set 
our hands and affixed our seals the 
day and year first above written. 

KING SEAH, tt 

maik. 

hit 

GOVERNOR PARLEY, X 

mark, 
hi. 

PILLEY, X one of the Chiefs. 

mark, 
hit 

BY, X Governor's Mate. 

mark, 
hit 

TOM x PETER, King's Mate. 

mark. 

JAMES BROWN,? . , 
W. J. ROBERTS, 5 Comm188 re- 
signed, sealed and delivered in 
presence of 

J as. E. Brown, 
P. P. Sandford, 
W. J. Stokes, 
J. L. Brown, 
Henry Chase. 
A true copy : 

J. N. Lewis, Col See. 

Purchase deed of Little Bat too, or 
Bottou, made February 16/A, 1847. 

This Indenture, made this six- 
teenth day of February, in the year 
of our Lord one thousand eight hun- 
dred and forty-seven, between King 
James, Tom Peter, Peter Doe ; Fah, 
Kelah and Sal Lewis, king and chiefs 



340 



Territory Purchased* 



[November, 



of Little Battoo, or Bottou, of the one 
part; and J. J. Roberts, Governor of 
the Commonwealth of Liberia, and 
Agent for the American Colonization 
Society, of the other part, 

Witnesseth, That we, the afore- 
said King and Chiefs, for and in con- 
sideration of the sum of three hun- 
dred and sixty dollars, fifty cents, to 
us in hand paid, by James Brown 
and William J. Roberts, commis- 
sioners on the part of J.J. Roberts 
aforesaid — the receipt whereof we do 
hereby, individually, acknowledge, 
have bargained, granted, sold, alien- 
ed, enfeoffed and confirmed, and by 
these presents do bargain, grant, sell, 
alien, enfeoff and confirm unto the 
said J. J. Roberts in trust for the 
American Colonization Society, all 
that tract of country known as the 
territory of Little Battoo or Botton, 
on the west coast of Africa, and 
bounded as follows : Commencing 
at Tassoo river — the southern boun- 
dary line of the Tassoo or Baffoo 
Bay territory — and running thence 
along the line of the sea coast in a 
southeasterly direction about three 
miles to a large rock, near the edge 
of the sea, called u Blar-blar" oppo- 
site of which stands a large country 
town called " Middle Boutou," or 
King Freeman's town ; thence into 
the interior about forty-five miles ; 
thence leading around at a right an- 
gle and running in the direction of 
Tassoo or Baffoo Bay territory until 
itstrikes the southeast boundary line 
of that territory ; ihence along the ! 
line of a purchase wade by the Ante- ; 
rican Colonization Society from the 
Kings and Chiefs of said country to 
the sea, or place of commencement. 
Said description of above boundary 
3s intended to include all the territo- 
ry known by the name of Little Bat- 
too or Botton, to have and to hold 
all the territory aforesaid, together 
with the harbors, islands, lakes, 
foods,, ways, water, waur-coiirses, 
joines., .minerals and appurtenances 



thereto belonging or appertaining, 
unto the said J. J. Roberts, and Ins 
successors in office, in trust for the 
American Colonization Society. And 
we, the said King James, Tom Pe- 
ter, Peter Doe, Fah, Kelah and Sal 
Lewis, of the Little Battoo or Bottou 
territory, do covenant to and with 
the said J. J. Roberts, Governor and 
Agent as aforesaid, that at and until 
the ensealing hereof we had good 
right and lawful authority to sell and 
convey the aforesaid territory in fee 
simple ; and that we, the said King 
James, Tom Peter, Peter Doe, Fah, 
Kelah and Sal Lewis, King and 
Chiefs of the country aforesaid, for 
ourselves, our heirs and successors, 
will forever warrant and defend die 
said J. J. Roberts, Governor and 
Agent as aforesaid, and his succes- 
sors in office, against any person or 
persons claiming any part or parcel 
of the above named territory. 

In witness whereof we, the King 
and Chiefs aforesaid, have hereto set 
our hands and affixed our seals the 
day and year first above written. 

his 

KING JAMES, X 

mark, 
hi* 

TOM PETER, X Governor. 

mark, 
his 

PETER DOE, X Gov's. Mate. 

mark* 
• his 

FAH, X one of the Chiefs. 

mark, 
his 

KELAH, X one of the Chiefs. 

mark. 

SAM'Ltt LEWIS,King'sMate. 

mark. 

JAMES BROWN,? n . , 
W. J. ROBERTS, 5 ^n* 11 " 88 n - 

Signed, sealed, and delivered in 
presence of 

J as. E. Brown, 
P. P. Sandford, 
J. L. Brown, ' 
Henry Chase. 
A true copy : 

J% N. Lewis, CoL Set. 



1847.] 



Death of the Rev. Caleb J. Tenney, D. D. 



341 



J)tat\> $J t\)t Bt p. Caleb J. <&e nnep, £. JP. 

This excellent friend and promoter ]| sale, and other funds derived from 
of our cause, died at his residence in , the sale of his Theological works 
.Northampton, Mass,, on the morn- i *"d collected from other sources, to 
ing of Tuesday, Sept. 28. Many ; } llie education of colored youths who 
will feel the loss deeply ; but few :J na(1 been biought from Africa, and 
<*n fully apprehend its importance, ' who were to return to their native 
nor can the few words which this '■', laud as missionaries of Christianity 
occasion demands from us, fully ex- ;, and civilization. This was several 
plain it. jj years before the declaration of Ame- 

He was born at Ilollis, N. Ii., in j rican independence. Though many 
May, 1780 j and was therefore in \ of his congregation were tiien en- 
his 68th year at the lime of his death. ..' gaged in the slave trade, he preached 
At the age of 16, his religious char- j, against it without reserve, and with 

1 1 

ecter became decidedly formed. Ue j' good effect. His influence contri- 
graduated at Dartmouth College, in jj buted, in no small degree, to the 
the year 1801; ranking with the , early abolition of slavery in New 
Rev. Dr. Merrill, of Middlebury, Vt., • England. When he died, there were 



and the lion. Daniel Webster, as 
one of the 4l first four." As there 
was then no Theological Seminary 
in the United States, he pursued his 
professional studies under several of 
the most eminent divines of New 



many colored people in his parish to 
whose interests he had been indus- 
triously attentive, and who naturally 
expected his successor to be their 
best friend and safest counsellor.— 
Thus situated, the new pastor neces- 



Englaud; principally under the Hev. j »arily acquired a most thorough 
Drs. Burton, of Thetford, Vt., and 1 knowledge of the character, condi- 
&pring, of Newbury port, Mass. In j tion, and wants, bodily, mental, and 
1801, he was ordained at Newpoit, j spiritual, of that interesting but un- 
it. I., as successor of the Rev. Saiul. ! fortunate class of men. 
Hopkins, D. D., who had died the j About the year 1815, he was corn- 
preceding year, pelled, by the failure of his health, 
Those who have read Dr. Alex- 1( to resign his pastoral charge at New- 
andcr's History of Colonization, are port; but, in 1816, his health was 
aware that he ascribes to Dr. Hop- . ho far restored, that he was able to 



kins the honor of originating the 
movement out of which colonization 
has grown. He had once owned 
and sold a slave; but afterwards, 
adopting different views of slavery, 
be appropriated the proceeds of that 



accept the invitation of the First 
Church in Wethersfield, Ct., to be 
their pastor. In 1833, the impaired 
slate of his health, and especially the 
failure of his voice, compelled him to 
cease preaching. Such, however* 



342 



Death of the Rev. Caleb J. Tenney, D. D. [November, 



was the attachment of his people, I! And he was admirably fitted for 
that they insisted on retaining him \ that work, by a combination of quali- 
still as their pastor, and he continued ties which many would think incom- 
in that office till 1840, when his re- ! patible with each other, and which 
gard for their interests impelled him j n fact are seldom found, in any high 
to resign. He was dismissed, and i; degree, in the same person. He 
removed first to Springfield, Mass., ;| united great energy, industry, and 



and in 1842, to Northampton. 



i; perseverance, with uniform gentle- 



During his residence in Connecti- \ 
cut, he had exerted an important in- 
fluence on theological and ecclesias- 
tical affairs, not only within that 



ness, kindness, and calmness, both 
of temper and manner ; a generous, 
charitable, and unsuspecting spirit, 
with the quickest and most accurate 



State, but also beyond its limits ;j| insight into the character of those 
and, on his removal, his friends there J! with whom he had to do; an un- 
could not wholly relinquish his ser- ! common tact in perceiving how this 
vices. He had acted an important n man and that might have managed, 
part in giving existence to the Theo- | with an inbred uprightness of heart 
logical Seminary at East Windsor, | and purpose, which effectually pre- 
and his labors were still needed to! | eluded even the thought of taking an 
procure its endowment. j! unfair advantage. Returning health 

While thus engaged, he accepted, ! gradually increased his power of ad- 



in 1840, an agency for the American 
Colonization Society. Travelling 
and the complete occupation of his 
time, were found necessary for his 
health, which was slowly improving. 
The cause of colonization, he con- 
sidered, was worthy of the best ef- 
forts of any mind. The public 
among whom he moved, were gene- 
rally uninformed or misinformed in 
respect to its merits. He had many 
opportunities of imparting informa- 
tion and enlisting men in its favor. 
He thought it a duty, therefore, to be 
officially authorized to promote its 
interests. June 11, 1843, having 
finished his labors for the Seminary 
at East Windsor, he was appointed 
agent for the Massachusetts Coloni- 
zation Society, and gave himself 
wholly to the work. 



dressing public assemblies, though 
his voice never became strong enough 
to be easily heard by a large audi- 
ence. In these addresses, well se- 
lected facts were well arranged and 
clearly stated ; and many who 
thought little, or thought ill, of colo- 
nization when he begun, regretted, 
at the close, that bodily weakness 
prevented his pouring out such a tor- 
rent of eloquence as his noble theme 
deserved. But, neither in public or 
in private did he desire to overwhelm 
and bear down those whom he ad- 
dressed. He took care to leave every 
man the conscious master of his own 
opinions, his own feelings, and his 
own purse. He treated with mani- 
\ fest respect every man's right to de- 
cide for himself, on his own respon- 
sibility, what his own benefactions 



1847.] 



Death of the Rev. Caleb J. Tenney, D. D. 



343 



shall b£. WhoeVer gave, Was aware 
that his money had not been extorted 
from him, hut he had given freely, 
and was ready to give again. Those 
who refused, felt that they had re- 
fused freely, on their own responsi- 
bility, and without provocation ; and 
not unfrequently, regretted their re- 
fusal after he had gone, and resolved 
to correct the error at the next op- 
portunity. The honest convictions 
of conscientious opponents, however 
erroneous, he always treated with 
sincere respect. The cavillings of 
mere partisans be treated, as few men 
could, with a courteous disregard, j 
For the peace of the churches among ; 
which he labored, he was ever wise- 
ly solicitous, never making his way 
into one by the assistance of a party, 
and at the expense of a quarrel. On 
the contrary, his labors often helped 
to allay dissensions already existing, 
and restore peace where party spirit 
had prevailed. 

Such a course was sure to make 
friends, both to himself and to the ■ 
cause which he advocated ; while no ,i 
one could find in it any excuse for ! 
being an enemy. The impression , 

i 

more and more prevailed, that no j 
one has any good reason for opposing 
colonization. When he commenced 
his labors, not six pulpits in the State 
were open, even for him — extensive- u 
ly known and highly esteemed as he | 
was — to plead the cause of coloniza- j! 
tion. Before his death they were j 
generally open. For two or three !i 
of the fust years of his agency, no 'i 
ecclesiastical body would hear an 



argument on the subject. Before his 
death th# most numerous and influ- 
ential ecclesiastical bodv in the State 
had, with but one or two dissenting 
votes, passed resolutions in favor of 
our enterprise. Nor is the influ- 
ence of his labors confined to Mas- 
sachusetts. By thus^quieting oppo- 
sition in its veiy sources, he has 
contributed much to the peace which 
our friends now enjoy in other parts 
of the Union. The importance of 
his labors in this respect, few are 
prepared to understand. 

Dr. Tenney's labors continued al- 
most to the last hour of conscious- 
ness. On the Sabbath, September 
19, he preached on colonization at 
North Amherst and Leverett. On 
Monday and Tuesday, he made 
some arrangements for the collec- 
tion of funds in those places ; rode 
to Ware village, procured a draft on 
Boston to balance his accounts with 
the society up to September 13, the 
date of his last monthly report; 
received a few donations ; returned 
home with a high fever, and took 
his bed. On Thursday, the fever 
had subsided ; but his strength was 
gone, and there was not vigor enough 
in his constitution to restore it. He 
lay apparently free from pain, much 
of the time in a sleep, from which 
he was not easily roused, often 
dreaming of his agency, till four 
o'clock on Tuesday morning, Sep- 
tember 28, when, " without a sigh, 
he folded his hands, as if conscious 
of his condition, and breathed out 
his spirit in perfect peace." 



^0*^^^^*^^^*^^^^^^^^^^^^*^*^^^^^ 



344 Illinois Conference on Colonization. [November, 



~i_ ~i_i~ 



The Board of managers of the 
Massachusetts Colonization Society, 



ability, his moral worth and his use* 
ful labors. In our judgment, what- 



at their next meeting, ordered the ever pro»P«iiy hw attended the 

° 'I cause of colonization for a lew years 

folio mg mmute to be entered on | pagl? hag been owmp% in a preat 

their records : j; measure, to the truly Christian spirit 

"Wiierkas it has pleased our ] »» d sound practical wisdom with 
Heavenly Father to lake to himself which he has labored for its promo- 
the Kev. C.leb J. Tcnney, D. D., ; M»n, and to the weight of the testt- 
who had been the able, faithful and 1 mo «y borne in its favor by such a 
successful agent of this society from | man a8 ne was known to be. 
the time of his appointment, June ** Resolved, That the Secretary 
11, 1843, to his death, September communicate this resolution to the 
28, 1847, therefore, 'bereaved family, as an assurance of 

"Resolved, That we here record 'sympathy in their affliction; and also- 
our high estimate of his intellectual cause the same to be published. 1 * 



Illinois Conference of ttjc iUr ujortft Cpiicopal Cjjurrb an Colonijatitn. 

The following Report was adopted ! l negro who has only a nominal freedom 
bv the above body at their meeting ;' m lne North. 

in Chicago in August las.. Itspeaksl N*>t only does the condition of the 
-.,/..,, . ,' !> colored man excite our sympathies, 

for itself, and w. II speak to others. ■;; b||t it appeaTg a8 8tronj; , y a8 the 

report. !: groans of the oppressed, and the 

There is no other race of human I squaliidness* of misery can, to our 
beings on the face of the earth, whose > sense of justice. For, it is for us, as 
condition appeals so strongly to our ,! American citizens, that the negro has 
sympathies as men, to our sense of i toiled as a slave; and it is in conse- 
justice as Americans, and to our quence of our prejudice against hi* 
charity as Christians, as does the '■ color that his freedom is only nomi- 
Africun race. •: nal. — Millions of dollars are now in 

No matter where we find this the pockets of the citizens of the 
unfortunate people, they are either United States, as the product of the 
the children of physical bondage, the !•' colored man. Justice calls loudly 
subjects of political oppression, the j upon us to obviate these difficulties, 
victims of caste in society, or, they \\ and to pay this debt. 
are enshrouded in intellectual dark- ,j But, perhaps the strongest plea 
ness and suffering all the moral evils ] that the condition of the colored man 
consequent upon such a political and . makes to us, is addressed to our 
social position as they occupy. i! charity as Christians. This plea 

Whether we consider, then, the ;. falls like thunder upon our ears, as 
condition of the negro in his native I it rolls across the Atlantic fiom where 
country, or as we find him in other j Africa is calling with her one hundred 
countries, he is an object of pity and | and fifty millions of tongues for de- 
coinmisseration. Especially is he !j liverance from the slaver and for sal- 
so to us, as we find him in our ,, vat ion from the most bloody superstir 
country; and much as we feel for j; tion and the most savage barbarism 
the negro slave of the South, we feel : in the world. By the blood of her 
or ought to feel, still more for the ]! murdered thousands — by the broken 



4 



■^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^% 



1S47.] 



Illinois Conference on Colonization. 



345 



hearts of her millions of captive 
children — by the flames and the ashes 
of her ruined village* — by the terrible 
darkness that has covered her moral 
sky for ages — by all these, does she 
call upon us as Christians, to Deliver 
her from the slaver and from the 
awful pangs of the second death. 

How shall we be able to give a 
proper expression to our sympathy 
lor the colored man? Where shall 
we find a platform upon which to 
assert and maintain his rights as a 
man? Through what channel canjJ 
we send Africa the bread and water 
of life? The Colonization Society, 
and that alone, furnishes us with sat- 
isfactory answers to these questions. 
Its plans and its colonies have done, 
are doing and are destined to do more, j 
we firmly believe, to make Africa!, 
and the African what God intended! 
them to be, than any other agency I, 
whatever, having that object in view. I 

The plans of the Colonization | 
Society contemplate — I 

1st. The instruction in literature J, 
and religion, of the colored people of 
this country, with the view of colo- 
nizing them. 

2d. They propose to procure a 
domain for them where they may . 
have a proper field for the performance j 
of all the duties, and the enjoyment j 
of all the privileges of freemen. || 

3d. They propose to furnish them, ! 
when it is necessary or desired, the , 
means of transportation to and settle- j 
ment upon that domain. 

4th. They propose thus to furnish 
an asylum for such slaves as their j 
masters wish toemancipate,u*b#re the 
object of their emancipation can be 
secured. 

5th. And they propose, in the last 
place, by means of the Colonies of.i 
Liberia, to spread the blessing of 
Christianity and of Civilization; 
throughout the continent of Africa. .! 

So far as the colonies of the/ 

American colonization societies are 

i 



|l 



concerned, it is sufficient to say, that 
they have already erected what 
promises to be an imperishable monu- 
ment to the wisdom of the founders 
of the enterprise, and are constantly 
furnishing new demonstrations of the 
practicability and the complete suc- 
cess of its plans. 

Your committee would further re- 
port the following resolutions: 

1. Resolved* That from the increas- 
ing interest which exists in the public 
mind in regard to the enterprise of 
African Colonization, the future is 
full of promise to the colored popu- 
lation of this country and of Africa; 
and we have new encouragement to 
labor for the promotion of the interests 
of the Colonization Society. 

2. Resolved, That the members 
and preachers of this conference be, 
and hereby are, respectfully requested 
to co-operate with the agents of the 
American, and the Illinois Coloniza- 
tion Societies, that may from time to 
time visit their respective charges, in 
the prosecution of the work of their 
agency. 

3. Resolved, That the members 
and preachers of this body be, and 
hereby are, requested to aid in the 
enterprise by preaching sermons upon 
the missionary bearings of African 
Colonization, and, when it is practi- 
cable to do so, by lifting collections 
in aid of the funds of the society, on 
or about the 4th of July. 

4. Resolved^ That we recommend 
to the congregations under our past- 
oral charge, the "Liberia Advocate," 
published at St. Louis, by Rev. R. 
S. Finley, and the "Colonizationist," 
published at Indianoplis, by 13. T. 
Kavanaugh, as sources of information 
upon all subjects connected with the 
enterprise which they advocate. 

5. Resolved, That we request the 
Bishop to re-appoint Brother B. T. 
Kavanaugh agent of the American 
Colonization Society. 



346 Chicago Discussion. [November, 



[From the Col<«izationist.] 
C 1) i C U t) I 3(1X3 810X1. 



[E long talked of discussion, to chosen by the Colonizationists ; Dr. 
place at Chicago, "came off" : ; Dyer, chosen by the Abolitionists; 



Tin 
take 

during our late visit to that city to : and a gentleman whose name we can- 
attend the session of the Itock Kiver ;: not now recollect acted as the member 
conference, of which we are a mem-' of the board. The house was general- 
ber. Our conference commenced lv filled with a verv attentive audi- 
on the 11th of August and continued tory — sometimes crowded. The in- 
its session until the 21st., and closed j! terest rather increased than otherwise 
on Saturday evening at a few minutes ! to the close. 

before 12 o'clock. It was protracted ; It does not become us to speak of 
to this unusual length by an extra- ji the merits of the debate itself, as wt 
ordinary amount of business. |; were a party in it, nor could we be 

Our discussion commenced on !| induced to do so ; but of some of tho 
Monday evening the 23d ult., in the !! circumstances we may speak without 
1st Presbyterian Church, a large and embarrassment, 
commodious building, and continued i 1. The debate was solicited by the 
for ten day$ % { sabbath excepted,) at Abolitionists, by a committee of their 
night only — two hours each evening , body in a respectful way, which wc 
being devoted to speaking. Before did not feel at liberty to decline, 
we hft home, we were informed that although it was beyond the field of 
the Rev. Dr. Hlanchard, formerly of ,; our labors. 

Cincinnati, but now president of Knox : ! 2. It was in Chicago, a city declared 
College, Illinois, was to be our by the Abolitionists to be "thorough- 
antagonist, having accepted the invi- /?/ Molitionized ;" and though we 
tation to do so ; hut after arriving at know this is not its character in full, 
the city, we were informed that he,. yet it is true that when the debate 
had declined, and that a Rev. Mr. St. commenced, such was the apathy 
Clair would meet us in debate. This .and discouragement on the part of 
is the gentleman with whom we were Colonizationists that we could not 
to have met last winter, when we number ten men who would come 
made such a desperate effort to get out boldly and stand by us as friends. 
to the lie UK and failed, and who made It is true that many stayed away who 
such a wonderful display of his cour- ; were at heart our friends, who said 
age when it was found that we should , they could not, and would not give 
not be there. j their countenance to the Abolitionists, 

The question discussed was the .' so far as to even hear them discuss 
following : fct Are the plans and the subject, and blamed us for giving 
measures of the American Coloniza- them so much importance as to dis- 
tion Society, and its auxiliaries, cuss with them — which was certainly 
better calculated to remove slavery poor fcl aid and comfort" to us. But not- 
from this country and to elevate the withstanding this great odds against 
colored race, than those of the Ameri- us, single and alone we entered the 
can and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society contest on their own ground and 
and the Liberty Party?' 1 'terms, (for we were overruled in 

We had the affirmative and Mr. St. almost everything we claimed as a 
Clair the negative. — We had an or- right, by the board of moderators,) 
ganization of a hoard of moderators: and towards the close we found a 
Hon. J CurtU'. Mayor of the city,' host of friends among strangers, who 



1847.] 



Chicago Discussion. 



347 



waved all ceremony and approached 
us in the streets and everywhere with 
the warmest greetings and most 
decided support — support not only 
in the full and favorable expression 
of their opinions and feelings, but 
unasked and unexpectedly, they put 
hand in pocket and launched out for 
Our cause. This was true "aid and 
comfort" in the heart of a "thorough- ( 
ly Abolitionized city" of sixteen ' 
thousand souls — where, with a few j 
exceptions, we were even forsaken \ 
of our friends, and left to run the 
gauntlet alone ! 

At the close of the discussion, such 
was the interest created for our cause, 
that our friends determined to hold a i 
public meeting on the following j! 
evening to express their sense of the ,! 
high claims of the cause of African 
colonization, of the manner in which n 
we had conducted the debate, and \ 
the effects produced by it on the t i 
minds of all unprejudiced persons ' 
who had attended it. Accoidingly 
a notice was given on Wednesday 
evening for a public meeting at the 
Court House, on Thursday evening, 
at 7\ o'clock. Although we had 
no agency whatever in getting up 
this meeting, and was obliged to 
leave the city at 9 o'clock for Michi- 
gan city, by the packet, yet we de- 
termined to attend the meeting and 
witness some of its proceedings. 
We did so, and found the Court 
House full of active and zealous 
friends, filled with a degree of zeal 
and enthusiasm seldom witnessed in 
any meeting of the kind in any sec- j 
tion of the country. 

After calling Col. R. J. Hamilton ' 
to the Chair, and appointing Dr. L. ' 
D. Boono Secretary, Judge Brown, 
the author of the History of Illinois, : 
introduced a series of resolutions ; 
expressive of the sense of the meet- ; 
ing in regard to the high claims of 
African colonization in all its bear- 
as well as to the manner in! 



ings, 



il 



which we had sustained its claims 
in the late discussion, which were 
of the most chaste, elevated and ex- 
pressive character we have ever read. 
Those which alluded to the service 
we had rendered the cause in the 
discussion just closed, were far more 
flattering, and awarded us more 
credit than we should be willing to 
claim — flattering, however, as they 
were, they were adopted unanimous- 
ly, and with an outburst of the most 
approving manifestations. 

In the whole, we may further re- 
mark, we came off" well satisfied with 
the results of the debate, ourself, and 
had the best possible proof that our 
friends were as well if not better 
pleased. 

We expected to have received a 
copy of a Chicago paper, containing 
the proceedings of the meeting al- 
luded to above, in time for this pa- 
per. We left when it was yet in 
session, and had no opportunity to 
procure a copy otherwise ; we hope 
yet, however, to receive one which 
will be published in our next. 

We have thought proper to give 
the above notice of the debate, and 
meeting held afterwards, in this num- 
ber, for the reason that (as we ex- 
pected) the "Western Citizen" the 
Abolition paper at Chicago, has 
given a very unfair, onesided, and 
ungenerous account of the whole 
matter, which will doubtless be 
copied by all the abolition papers in 
the country. The object of this is, 
therefore, to put our friends upon 
their guard, until we can procure an 
expression of those who attended 
the debate, and who will do us jus- 
tice in the piemi.ses. From past ex- 
perience we are taught to know that 
we may in vain hope to obtain a 
fair representation from an abolition 
orjran. Our friends will therefore 
suspend judgment in regard to it, un- 
til they can hear from those disposed 
to speak fairlv. 

b.'t. kavanaugh. 



348 



Facts. 



[November, 



^»^^«>^^i»^^^^ 



^^^*^^0^^^0*^^^^^ 



^^^0^^^0^^^0^^^0^^^0^^^0^^^00^^^0^^^0^^^0^^^ 



[From the ColonizatiouitL] 

fact*. 



It has been our object, in the 
main, since the establishment of our 
paper, to set forth and defend the 



Africa, where they may enjoy all 
the rights of man. 

2. It is a/acf that about five thou- 



great principles and vlans of Coloni- .; sand have emigrated to that country 
zation, as superior to all others, as a ;| and laid the foundation of a great 
meaiis of relieving the colored peo- [ nation, in the organization of a Re- 
ple of this country from their op- .! publican Government of their own, 
pressed and unhappy condition — to , based upon and supported by the 
remove the cause of btrife between |; virtue and intelligence of the people 
the North and South — to open up an'! — their law-makers and rulers all 
easy and safe channel of emancipa-jj colored men. 

tion to States and individuals in ti.e;| 3. It is a fact that the colonies of 
South — to secure the Christianize- j; Liberia have grown to maturity faster, 
tion and redemption of Africa — to! in the acquisition of numbers, the 
place the whole African race upon a;! maturity of a well regulated govern- 



civil and national equality with the 
civilized world, and forever and ef 
fcctually to suppress and destroy the 



ment, and in commerce, with every 

i element of national independence 

and wealth, than any colony of our 



slave trade from the coasts of Africa. ; own continent, or that can be found 
These have been the subjects to !' in the history of the world, 
which we have directed the attention \\ 4. It is a fact that the colored 
of our readers in times past. It will:; man, when freed from the oppres- 
be our object, more in future, (as in j; sion and discouragements which pa- 
a number or two past,) to bring to , ralize his energies in this conntry ; 



their notice many facts, drawn from 
the experiments of the enterprise, 



and, properly stimulated to action 
by the rewards of virtue, and intelli- 



which go farther to establish the j, gence and the hope of future eleva- 
practicability of the scheme, in the >' tion and distinction, is not only ea- 



rn imls of practical men, than all the 
theories and arguments that we could 
produce. 

A few of the essential and most 
prominent facts will be here enume- 
rated, which will stand and speak for 
themselves, in despite of all the cavils 
and slanders that can be poured upon 
our institutions eilher by ultra slave- 



! pable of self-government, but is able 
. to render all necessary aid in civili- 
j z ing the heathen aborigines, by 
! which he is surrounded. 
! 5. It is a fact , well demonstrated, 
j that if ever Africa is regenerated, it 
' must be by the instrumentality of 
j colored Ministers, Statesmen, Mer- 
chants, Farmers and Mechanic*, 



holders or abolitionists, who, strange I; no others can as well endure the 
as it may seem, have united in their !; climate or avoid the just prejudices 
efforts to destroy us. i; of the colored natives of Africa 

1st. It is a fact that we have pro-!: against the white man. 
cured a large, fertile and healthy j; 6. It is a cheering fact, that 
country upon the western coast of 
Africa for the exclusive occupancy 
and enjoyment of xhefree people of\ 
color who may choose to emigrate to 
it, with such as may join them in 



wherever our colonies have been 
tablished they have banished, effec- 
tually, that shameful traffic the slave 
trade, and that this policy is the 
first that has ever succeeded in its 



1847.] 



Facts. 



349 



entire suppression on any part of the 
western coast. 

7. It is a singular fact, that upon 
the> missionary map of the world, no 
part of the African continent is light- 
ed up with the sign of Christianity, 
except at Sierra Leone, Liberia, and 
the Cape of Good Hope — all Chris- 
tian colonies. 

8. It is a matter of fact, that under 
the operation of this system, yet in 
iU infancy, and so far regarded as 
an experiment, several thousand 
slaves have been emancipated in view 
of emigration, and the scheme is 
now presenting itself in great power, 
as a means of emancipation to thou- 
sands of slaveholders, and to States, 
aa a suitable, peaceful, and safe 
means by which to give their slaves 

Jreedom in their true and proper 
sense. 

9. It is a strange fact that in no 
part of the giobe is the colored man 
found in the full enjoyment of hu- 
man' rights, except in Liberia. 

10. It is a sad fact, that such is 
the state of society in this country, 
where the white man holds all pow- 
er, in numbers, wealth and intelli- 
gence ; where, from a natural repug- 
nance to an amalgamation of the 
races, and consequent equal social 
relations, there is no hope that either 
legislation or public lectures — abuse, 
flatter}' or argument, will ever so 
change the public sentiment and 
feeling of our people, as to elevate 
the colored race to an equality with 
the whites — especially as the last 
century has made no perceptible 
change in that direction. 

11. It is a proverbial fact, that 
"truth is mighty and will prevail," 
and that all the intelligent colored 
people of this country require, to in- 
duce them to avail themselves of 



the many and rich benefits of this 
scheme, is to be fully convinced of 
[these facts, and then they will ask 
i no favors of benevolent societies to 
aid them in embracing its offers, but 
I will find means of their own to place 
, themselves under the fullness of its 
• blessings. 

To make manifest these well de- 
monstrated truths we rely upon vari- 
ous instrumentalities: 

1st. We have .published of late, 
and will continue to multiply them, 
many communications from the citi- 
zens of Liberia to their friends in 
this country* giving full descriptions 
of their health and condition, tempo- 
rally and spiritually. 

2. We are sending out a number 
of exploring agents from various 
parts of the United States, of colored 
men, who will visit all parts of Li- 
beria, and after remaining about a 
year, they will leturn and report the 

| facts and figures as found in the 
country to the colored people here. 

3. The colored people of Liberia 
| and this country have now a regular 

packet establifhed to run from Balti- 
more and Norfolk to Liberia, by 
which visiting backward and forward 
is now going on, and the products 
of Liberia are brought to this coun- 
try and sold : this we rely upon 
as a very efficient means of dissemi- 
nating the truth on this subject. 

A few years more of intercourse 
between this country and Africa, 
will give us general acquaintance 
with the advantages to be derived by 
a citizenship there to the colored 
man over one in this country. When 
this is done, our enterprise will laugh 
to scorn the feeble efforts made by 
its enemies to arrest it in its great 
career. 

K. 



350 Our Autumnal Expedition. [November, 



_^~S_^~^^^-^~^^^~^^^~^^^*^^^^^ 



[From the Maryland Colonization Journal.] 

Our Autumnal € r p e & 1 1 1 n . 

\s order to enable the Liberia |j last to muster forty-one, besides 
Packet to complete her tlnee voyages ; several returning colonists. Of this 
per year, (which we promised she 1 number, over twenty were from the 
should do after the first,) we were ;; city of Baltimore, quite a new feature 
obliged to anticipate our usual time i; in the character of our emigration. 
of despatching our fall expedition by ij The American Colonization Society, 
two months. From this cause, in ;; also, sent out forty, making over 
addition to those usually operating, ;; eighty in all. The character and 
we had reason to expect but few emi- !; general appearance of the emigrants 
grants, and up to the week previous ji were decidedly better than that of 
to the sailing of the Packet, we had ! any expedition since the La Fayette, 
scarce a dozen applicants. The j< in 1833, and we cannot doubt, but 
number, however, continued rapidly ,; they will exert a very important in- 
to increase, and we were enabled at 1! fluence upon the colony. 

&n African Vltpotitoty Xtoppt*. 



We often receive some very curi-i 
ous letters from the 4i friends of the 



Bloomington, 
McLean Co., ///., 

Sept. 23, 1847. 



colored man." Sometimes the sub- i _ 

. r , 1 . 4 !i Dear Sir: I have been receiving. 

ject of colonization is argued out to - • ©• 

us, and decided to be worthless in 

the extreme. Sometimes our corre- 



I though very irregularly, a copy of 
the African Repository, for more 
than a year past. Why it was sent, 
spondents pray forgiveness for not or b Y whom, I know not; neither 
having spoken sooner, lest lheir ii |^e I ever ascemmed, any further 
f than the report which came to me, 



reading our paper should be con- 



i not very indirect, that the Coloniza- 



strued into an approval of its con- ij tion Society of Illinois had agreed to 
tents. Sometimes they most de-i; furnish every minister in the State 
voutly pray that we may be forgiven, j! with a C0 Py for one year. That 

for wasting our time and energy in !: limc ha8 P a8t » an< ? } do . not fe ? 1 * b }* 
^^ a t . , w . ' to pav for the publication and take 

prosecuting colonization. We have ; ; tho * e ' which , j„ m of more l{m 

occasionally published specimens.— ;j ance to me . And I feel unwilling to 

We publish now the following letter, !j continue longer to receive it without 

lately received, as such. The writer 1 ; compensation. Therefore you will 

seems unwilling to receive the Re-!P lca8e 8end no more - Accept my 

pository - without compensation," ! thank * fo ' ^ kjndly ■•»«»•."* 
f * 1 1 •* 1 . ' ma y "i e God of all grace and wisrfom 

but ho does not specify what com-: show l|ll8 nati(m ne r glaring injustice 

pensation he would lake, and we arc in robbing the poor slave, and the 

not sufficiently well acquainted with utter fallacy of the argument, that the 

the circle of his acquaintances, and American Colonization Society can 

the incisure of his influence there, evcr remove lhe withering curse of 

to say whether it would be policy ^ er >*' in f act or V I>ft ' froin °™ 
to pay him any thing for reading the ; * " Yours trulv 

Repository, and we have therefore LEVI SPENCER. 

stopped sending it to him. Rev. Wm. McLaix. 



1847.] The Religious Instruction of the Colored People. 



351 



[From the Christian Magazine of the Sooth, Columbia, S. C] 

fc|>e ttfligitfufl instruction of tfoe Colore* people. 

The efforts which are now making \ her to do. But without the co-ope- 
ration of Christian masters, the pro- 



to ameliorate the spiritual condition 
of this people, constitute one of the 
pleasing signs of the times. The 
Churches generally begin to feel that 
something ought to be done, and 
that something can be done. They 
now see that their former apathy, in 
relation to the black population in 
this country, stood in striking con- 
trast with their zeal on the subject of 
Foreign Missions, and that their con- 
duct in these two particulars was 
very inconsistent. We have often 
thought of the inconsistency of those 
Christians who seek the salvation of 



gress of this work will be necessarily 
slow. If they would hoM themselves 
responsible to impart religious in- 
struction to their households, and 
would enter with zeal in the work of 
training them in the fear of God, the 
blessed results would be felt by 
many and be seen by all. 

In addition to private instruction 
at home, they should have access to 
the preaching of the gospel. But ac- 
cording to the present mode of build- 
ing churches, that privilege can be 
enjoyed only to a limited extent. A. 



the distant heathen by their prayers j gallery of contracted dimensions, 
and generous contributions, while ' perched far up towards the roof of 



apparently they never think it is 
their duty to do anything for the j 



the building, has been deemed suffi- 
ciently capacious for this class of 



spiritual improvement of a part of ;| hearers. If room has been found 

A i • i i i i_ it _..:ii l» l e a ur. ia • 



their households. How will we re- 
concile the conduct of those who pay 
no attention at all to their servants, 
while they are praying for the con- 
rersion of the heathen, and are con- 
tributing annually to the support of 
Missionaries in distant Pagan coun- 
tries? By what process do they 
bring their minds to sympathize with 
the miserable and degraded of their 
own species on the other side of the 
globe, while they contemplate the 
condition of a people among them- 
selves with indifference — without a 
heart to feel for them, without a 
tongue to vindicate their cause, and 
without a hand to extend to their 
help ? We trust the day is not far 
distant when the Church will stand 
up to her duty on that subject, when 
she will cease to fatter and hesitate 
as she has done — when she will step 
forward to the task of christianizing 
this people, with all the promptitude 
and fearlessness which it becomes 



where some forty or fifty may obtain 
seats out of hundreds in the vicinity 
of the place who ought to be there— - 
enough for their accommodation is 
supposed to be done. We must 
either erect houses of worship exclu- 
sively for the blacks and provide 
ministers for them, or we must tear 
down our little galleries and build 
greater, or in some way enlarge the 
building so as to admit of a more nu- 
merous colored assembly. With all 
their indifference to the gospel, we 
would venture to predict that hun- 
dreds of this peopte would be preach- 
ed to, where there are now but tens, 
if our churches were constructed in 
reference to their accommodation on 
a more liberal scale. Instead of re- 
serving for them a few seats in the 
corner of the house, or in a dark gal- 
lery, let the building assume such di- 
mensions as will afford them ample 
room on all occasions. 



352 Letter Writing in Washington City. [November, 



letter Writing in TOatfcinats n City. 

We lately noticed, in a letter writ- ' zation Society.to hangout a sign! — 
ten from this city by the correspond- : The following paragraph contains all 
ent of a Boston paper, a paragraph ! this important information : 

The wall* of the Theatre, burnt 
out about a year or eighteen months 



which illustrates the great accuracy 

of many of the statements made by 

the above class of " Literary Men." ,'■ since, catch the eye of the visitor, and 

It will be news to many of the citi- .1 lheir "Reeled state witnesses to the 

r , . . . . . ~ >: want of theatrical interest, or ol lunds 

zens of this city, to find that the Co- ■; fof Us rei)air and occll|IH||cy- Nol 

Ionization OlDce is near to the burnt . f ar f ruiu this the Colonization So- 
Theatre ! It will also be amusing to ;j ciety have an office, and have dared 

them to know that they are so l -sa- \< lo han S 0lli } hei \ 8l S n \ xUi * wa " a 

, .... r ii pleasing sight, although it appeared 

vage a brood, that it was an act of jj !, ometl * 1!? ? ike .. beM S lag lhe ' J Iwn m 

great boldness, a veiy "bearding of; \ im (Jen." 

the lion in his den/' for the Coloni- 



llotice of tlje fiberia packet in an Cnaliffc Paper. 

We have often had occasion to ;| West Indies. They were apprehen- 

speak in no favorable terms of the : * lve lhal 8Uch a cour » e wouId be in 

itself a modification of the slave 



policy of the British Government in ! 
transporting native Africans to the ■ 
West Indies to cultivate their lands. ; 



trade, and that it would facilitate and 
sanction the perpetuation of the old 
traffic by other conn tries, who will 



We find a reference to the same sub- jj be led lo dou °t eilner lne policy or 

;««. • .i »pi n i • i i • n- ! lne sincerity of the efforts which 

ject in •' lhe Colonial Intelligencer, '. r , , , , J . . , . 

.. . . , T , . , „ r A ...I England has so long been making 
or Aborigines' Priend," for April ; for it8 suppresgion . W e have now 

last, published in London, and also '{ to express our deep regret that Go* 

a favorable comparison of the policy ; ! veniment has resolved to employ a 

e t \ A r« i «• .• c steamer, hearing the ominous name 

of the American Colonization So- r , ' „ 6 „ . , . 

, lY c , . . . AC . : of the "Scourge," in making an 

ciety s efforts for the good ol Africa, ; experiment of the emigration pro- 
We would call attention to the last > ject upon the Kroo coast. Whilst 
sentence, particularly, of the follow-;! England is taking this pernicious 

in<T nMrairr-ini) • step, the African Colonization Socie- 

lng paragrapn . i i .. . 

1 tv of America h*s just launched a 

emigration from the coast of tirst-rate vessel of its own, for the 

^«,^. ~ v „»,.„ „,„ ~ ,..r.. .„ !' purpose of conveying well-selected 

AFRICA TO THE WEST INDIES. ! i' " 1 J 

: voluntary emigrants, colored persons 

The Aborigines' Protection So- possessed of more or less education, 

ciety, in their Address to Lord (Jrey,j: to the State of Liberia, which » 

deprecated the encouragement which ! peaceably extending its limits, and 



Government proposed to ofTer to the 
emigration of African laborers to the 



appears to be on the point of as- 
suming its independence. 



**.■ 



1847.] 



Receipts. 



353 



^0^^P^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



iHaaaactjUfctta C i o n 1 3 a t i n £ c i f 1 9 . 



lie consequence of the lamented 
death of our agent, the Rev. Dr. Ten- 
nej, and the impossibility of appoint- 
ing a successor immediately ; and as 
the treasury of the Parent Society 
has already been overdrawn, to meet 
the expense of colonizing emancipa- 
ted slaves by the last expedition ; and 
as there is reason to expect that 
heavy demands will soon be made 
upon it for similar purposes ; our 
friends in all parts of the State are 
requested to come spontaneously to 



our aid. Those who can, are invi- 
ted to collect funds for us where 
they reside, either by public contri- 
bution or private solicitation; and 
all are iifvited to remit such dona- 
tions as they are prepared to make, 
directly tollie subscriber. 

In behalf of the Board of Mana- 
gers, 

JOSEPH TRACY, 
Secretary and Treasurer. 
Colonization Office, 

Boston, Oct. 14, 1847. 



Vitctipt* of tl)t American Coltniiatt on <$ c i c 1 9 , 
From the 20th of September, to the 20/A of October, 1847. 



8 50 



00, 



2 00 



00 



MAINE. 
Bangor — From G. VV. Pickering. 

VERMONT. 
Hartford— Twm Dea. Sani'l Tra- 
cy, on account of collections in 

Vermont 20 

MASSACHUSETTS. 
Boiton — From Mass. Col. Society, 
contributed by A. & E. Clarke, 

Need ham.. 

NEW YORK. 
NewYork City— From the N. Y. 
State Col. Society, by Moses 

•Alien, Tr 1,000 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
Philadelphia — Donation from the 
Pennsylvania Col. Soc. by Paul 
T. Jones, Esq., Treasurer. . . . 500 00 
VIRGINIA. 
By Rev. Thos. C. Benning: 
Petersburg— From A. G. Mcll- 
vaine, Esq., to constitute him 
a life member of the A. C. Soc. 
$30, from D'Arcy Paul, Esq., to 
constitute him a life member of 
the Am. Col. Soc. #:*<>, Rev. 
John Leyburn, #5, Rev. S. Tay- 
lor, #3, Mr. Nash, J. Branch, 
Win. Lea, Messrs. Muir & Bolt, 
Mr. Brownley, each $5, Rob't. 
F. Jackson, #3 50, Mrs. Lynch, 
#3, J. N. Prichard, J. H. At- 
kinson, each $2 50, W. H. Tap- 



py, J. A. Pace, F. Major, each 
tf'l, B. P. Harrison, $3, Mr. 
Peebles, #2, C. Coding, L. Ma- 
bury, Mr. Spottswood, each $1, 
Mr. Lumsden, $2, Mrs. Jordan, 
50 rts., sundry small sums, at 
night of address, at Washington 
street Church, #2 3 1 120 31 

Lynchlmrgh — Mr. McCorkle, A. 
Tompkins, Richard G. Morris, 
each S10, John Wells, $5, Mr. 
Mucker, Mr. Stat ham, Mr. 
Schoofield, J. F. Paine, each 
#1, cash from several persons, 
$173 

Orunge C. II — Collection in St. 
Thomas Church, on the 4th Ju- 
ly, by Rev. J. Earnest 

Wheeling— Contribution by the 
congregation of the Forks of 
Wheeling, by Rev. Jas. Hervey, 

Ererettsville — From Rev, Samuel 
W. Watkins 

Lee sburg— Collection in St. James 
Church, by Rev. Geo. Adie. . . . 

Alexandria — From a member of 
St. Paul's congregation, through 
Messrs. Bell &, Lntwisle 1 00 



40 75 


10 40 


20 00 


5 00 


83 64 



KENTUCKY. 
By Rer. A. M. Cowan: 
Fayette Co.— Col Wm.Rodei, H. 



231 10 



354 



Receipts. 



[November, 1S47.] 



T. Duncan,J.Prather, each $20, 
John Gorton, Isaac Shelby, Kd- 
inoml Bullock, each £20, Dr. S. 
Letcher, Ur. D. Bell, Waller 
Bullock, D. C. Overton, Thom- 
as Dolaud, Mrs. P. Carr, each 
$5, Dr. A. Patterson, $1 

Boyle Co. — T. S. Hopkins, to con- 
stitute himself a life member of 
the American Colonization So- 
ciety, £oU, I). A. Russell, Jno. 
G. talbott, M. G. Youce, Dr. 
Win. Craig, each $20, C. Gore, 
A. J. Caldwell, C. II. Roches- 
ter, N.Winn, Charles Caldwell, 
Dr. P. B. Mason, Dr. J. Todd, 
J. L. Crawford, Miss Elizabeth 
Cowan, each #10, E. B. Ows- 
ly, Thomas Bnrbee, A. Sneed, 
J. T. Boyle, S. II. Stevenson, 
Abraham I rvine, A . My er, Mrs. 
Tabitha Cock, each $5, Mrs. T. 
Mitchell, S-2, E. Yeizer, $].... 

Green Co. — Isaac Tate, John Bai- 
rett, eacli $5, Rev. S. Robertson, 
Dr. T. Q. Walker, each S3, Jas. 
Mayre, R. S. Tate, each #2, G. 
C. Hubbard, James Caldwell, 
each $i 

Warmi Co. — Rev. S.Y. Garrison, 
Jonathan Hobson, each #10, 
Thos. Quigly, J. II. Graham, 
each #5, J. K. McGoodwin, 
Rev. J. M Pmdleton, G. M. 
Uoworth, Dr. T. A. Atcheson, 
each #2, Jno. Burnham, H. C. 
Atcheson, John Maxcv, C. D. 
Donaldson, S. Stubbins, J. 
Moore, F. Vaughn, H. T. Smith, 
C. I). Morehead, S. A. Atche- 
son, each $1, cash 35 cts 

Paducah — P,art of a legacy left the 
Society by the late Ewd. Curd, 
Esq., by J. B. Husbands, Esq.. 



i Vermont. — Burlington — Rev. J. 
J.Abbott 

By Rev. C. J. Tenny, I). I). 

M ass a c 1 1 us ett s . — Southbridsc — 
John Fortune, to Oct. M7, #1 50. 
Webster — J. J. Robinson, Dr. 
121 00 | John W. Tenny, R. O. Storrs, 
each to June MS, $1 50. jin- 
bum — Nathaniel Stone, to Jan. 
'48, $1 60. West Millbury— Si- 
! meon Waters, to May, 1848, #2, 
A. Wood, to May, 1847, #2. 
Alillbury — Miss Hannah Good- 
ale, on account, $1. Wilkiii- 
sonville— John W. Camble, to 
Jan. 1848, $1 50. Mendon— 
Rev. A. H. RQet\ t to Oct. 1848, 
#1 50. Jlockville— Deacon T. 
Walker, to Sept. 1847, $1. 
Medfield — Daniel Adams, to 
Jan. 1848, $1 50. Mhland— 
Dr. J. C. Harris, to Jan. 1848, 
243 00 $1 50. Berlin— Rev. Henry 
Adams, to Sept. 1848, #1 50. 
Upton — Maj. Eli Warren, to 
Jan. 1848, $1 60. Wendell— 
Hon. Joshua Green,to Oct. 1847, 



2 00 



22 00 



$G. 



48 35 



200 00 



634 35 



OHIO. 

Adam's Mills — From Mrs. Anna 
M. Stillwell, by John Stillwell, 
Esq 8 40 

Putnam— From Putnam & Zanes- 
villc Col. Soc, the amount of 
collections on the 4th of July, 
by H. Saflbrd, Esq., Secretary 
and Treasurer 120 00 

Dresden— From Mrs. Mary Smith, 

by H. Saiford, Esq 5 00 



128 50 



New Yonic. — ByCapt. Geo. Bar- 
ker:— New York City— J. W. 
Dominick, C. S. Woodhull, 
Joseph Sampson, each to July, 
184S, $2, Alex.Mefrary, to Aug. 
1848, $2, Mrs. L. Kushforth, to 
July, 1848, $2, J. C. Meeker, 

' B. F. Butler, Cornelius Chad- 
die, Gen. H. Fleming, each to 
Aug. 1848, #2. Dr. Gilbert 
Smith, #2, Anson G. Phelps, to 
Aug. 1848, $2, R. H. Mc Curdy, 
to April, 1848, #2, J.A.Ro- 
bertson, Mrs. S. E. Austin, 
each to Aug. 1848, $2, A. B. 
Belknap, to March, 1848, $2, 
D. H. Nevins, to July, 1848, 
$2, J. H. Townscnd, Rev. J. 
M. McCauly, each to Aug. 
1848, $2, from sundry persons 
i n Ne w York City, $83. Utica 
— Win. Tracy, esq., to Jan. 

! 1848,$8 

South Carolina. — CharUsUm— 

j From Silas Howe, for Reposi- 
tory 

; Ohio.— Jdam'n Mills — Mrs.Anna 

i M. Stillwell, by John Stillwell, 
esq 

; Illinois. — Galena — Dr. Horatio 
Newhall, to Not. 1847 



28 50 



77 00 
200 



Total Contributions $2,524 45 

FOR REPOSITORY. 
Maine.— Bangor— Geo. W.Pick- 
ering, for IS 17 1 50 



1 
00 



Total Repository 115 50 

Total Contributions 2,024 45 



Aggregate Amount $2,089 95 



THE AFRICAN REPOSITORY, 



AND 



COLONIAL JOURNAL. 



VdL. XXIII.] 



WASHINGTON, DECEMBER, 1847. 



[No. 12. 



yr 



British ©pinion* about jfibnta. 



Thk tenth annual report of the; 
.Aborigines' Protection Society, pre- 
sented at their meeting in Crosby 
Hall (London) May 17, 1847, has 
just come to hand. We make the 
following extracts which will attract 
the attention of our readers, particu- 
larly what is said of Liberia: 

To South Africa the attention of 
your committee has been, and is still, 
directed with intense interest. They j 
received with deep regret the first' 
authentic intelligence of hostilities, 
having commenced between the Caf- 
fres and the Colony, and they have 
watched the progress of those hostili- 
ties with increasing regret. They 
have been surprised to find, even 
amongst those more favorably dis- 
posed to the natives, a very general 
impression, even fro:n the first, that, 
in the present instance, the Caflfres 
were altogether the aggressors, and j 
that no reasonable or justifying cause , 
could be assigned for their hostility, j 
Your committee, however, have very 
strongly suspected that there were 
latent grievances and irritating cir- 
cumstances, not yet fully brought to 
light, which might go far to extenu- 
ate the conduct of the CafTres, and 
they therefore never could join in 
this exclusive condemnation of these 
24 



devoted tribes ; and the more ample 
the information they obtain, the more 
persuaded do they become, that these 
impressions will in the end prove 
correct. 

No sooner was Sir Henry Pottin- 
ger's appointment as Governor of 
the Cape Colony, in the room of Sir 
P. Maitland, and as Plenipotentiary 
for the adjustment of South African 
affairs gazetted, than the committee 
decided on seeking a personal inter- 
view with him. An interview was 
courteously granted, and the deputa- 
tion retired from it with very favora- 
ble impressions in relation to the new 
Governor. 

Fully persuaded of the great im- 
portance of the whole South African 
question being generally known and 
understood, your committee are hap* 
py to announce, that a.gentleman well 
qualified for the work, and who re- 
sided for many years in South Afri- 
ca, and has therefore extensive per- 
sonal knowledge of the subject, is 
now preparing, with great care, a con- 
densed Historia) Sketch, which your 
committee intend printing, and put- 
ting into extended circulation. They 
much regret that the lack of official 
information has presented many dif- 
ficulties in the way of a speedy com- 
pletion of this work. They have al- 
ready taken steps to obtain a motion 



356 



British Opinions about Liberia. 



[December, 



in Parliament for the production of; 
tome important documents; and it is |l 
hoped the work will speedily be pub- ■! 
lished ; that is to say, as soon as is "\ 
consistent with the diligent research j 
necessary to secure accuracy in the j 
statements advanced. 

Since the departure of Sir Henry ■ 
Pottinger, some members of your 
committee were deputed to obtain an 
interview with Sir H. E. F. Young, j 
lately appointed Lieutenant Governor , 
of the Eastern Division of the Cape ! 
Colony. The objects of the Society m 
were fully explained to him, and he ; l 
was presented with some of its | 
publications. |j 

Having now laid before you a brief i! 
summary of their proceedings, in re- 1] 
lation to the principal subjects which 'j 
have engaged their attention during !i 
the past year, the committee cannot ;' 
conclude their report without pre- 1! 
senting such a sketch of the present |; 
state of the aborigines in the British ■' 
dominions, and other parts of the ! 
world, as the information they have j 
received and collected enables them 
to produce; and which they trust will 
exhibit proofs of the abundant neces- 
sity for your continued and increased 
exertions, and furnish some idea of 
the course which it is necessary to 
advocate in relation to aboriginal 
tribes. 

SOUTH AFRICA. 

In this part of the British domin- 
ions the events bearingon the present 
and future prospects of the cotored 
tribes are of the most critical and 
momentous character. It would be 
impossible, in this brief sketch, to do 
more than notice some of the most 
prominent points, which it is essen- 
tial that the friends of the natives, 
and the British public in general, 
should bear in mind, when receiving 
the detached accounts of the collisions 
now taking place between the British 
troops and the Caffres. For a more . 



complete elucidation of the subject, 
reference must be made tothe epitome 
of South African history, which, as 
before stated, the committee has ta- 
ken steps to obtain. 

It will doubtless be remembered, 
that the reports of former years have 
contained allusions to successive 
modifications of what were called the 
Strockenstrom treaties. These mod- 
ifications were all designed to facili- 
tate the recovery of lost or strayed 
colonial cattle, which might have 
passed into the Cadre territory. 
Though the changes were in this re- 
spect convenient to the colonists, 
they were in proportion increasingly 
onerous to the natives, whether inno- 
cent or guilty. It is not attempted 
to deny that colonists occupying the 
districts near the frontier were sub- 
jected to losses of cattle, which had 
either strayed or been stolen. The 
nature of the country, and insufficient 
superintendence, were peculiarly fa- 
vorable to losses from straying ; 
whilst there were unquestionably 
some lawless Cadres, in connexion 
even with the peaceable and friendly 
tribes, so little subjected to the pow- 
er of their chiefs as to render abso- 
lute prevention of theft impracticable. 
Nevertheless, the strongest evidence 
that these districts were on the whole 
in a safe and prosperous condition, 
was afforded by the rapid rise of the 
value of the land in that situation. If, 
on the side of the natives, colonial 
cattle were occasionally coveted and 
appropriatfd by disorderly Caffres, 
on the side of the British, the terri- 
tory of the Caffres was, long before 
the outbreak of the war, a coveted 
object in the eyes of tome of the 
colonists. In this state of things, in- 
dividuals were not wanting to awaken 
the jealously of the Cadre chiefs; 
and the late Governor of the colony 
made repeated and successful at- 
tempts to calm their excitement, and 
perpetuate those friendly 



1847.] 



British Opinions about Liberia. 



357 



which were essential to the welfare 
of the colonists and their neighbors. 
It is due to him, and also to the Caf- 

1 fre chiefs, distinctly to signalise the 
fact, that when the C afire frontier 
was left in an almost defenceless 
state by the withdrawal of the troops, 
called into distant service for the re- 
pression of the insurgent Boors, the 
Caffres maintained the strictest peace, 
from which they were not moved, 
either by the temptations presented 
to them, or by the instigation of our 
adversaries. Still, as the CafTre 
youth grew up, their knowledge that 
in the late war, their countrymen, 
though humbled, had not been entire- 
ly defeated ; the consciousness that 
they had become possessed of a large 
amount of European arms; the per- 
ception of certain grievances; and 
the influence of disaffected individ- 
uals; concurred to promote the gene- 

' ral rising of the CafTre tribes on the 
occurrence of any untoward event. 
Such a circumstance unhappily did 
occur. A CafTre apprehended for 
the theft of an axe, whilst being trans- 
ferred to a place of confinement and 
trial, under an escort of four Hotten- 
tots, was liberated by a. party of his 
countrymen, and some loss of life 
took place in the affray. The sur- 
render of the culprit was demanded 
by the Colonial Government; but the 
chief finding himself in difficulty be- 
tween the demands of the British and 
the excited feelings of his people, 
declined to comply; and pleaded, that 
though by treaty obliged to surren- 
der a cattle stealer, or a murderer, he 
was not required to give up one ac- 
cused of the theft of such am article 
as an axe. 

This refusal was immediately fol- 
lowed up by the declaration of war 
by the Lieutenant-Governor. It is 
therefore a serious error, and great 
injustice, to the CafTre tribes, to rep- 
resent, as is generally the case, both 
in this country and in the colony, 



that the war was commenced by them; 
whereas it ought to be stated, that the 
hesitating chief subsequently offered 
to surrender the prisoner; and that, 
in the progress of the war, many at- 
tempts have been made by other chiefs 
to bring it to a close. It must, how- 
ever, be admitted, that the prompti- 
tude with which many Caffres were 
in readiness to make hostile incur- 
sions, in to the colony as soon as war 
was declared, and the number of 
chiefs, previously regarded as friend- 
ly, who were drawn into these ex- 
peditions, proved how completely 
the CafTre nation was, both in mind 
and means, prepared for such a rup- 
ture. 

The public papers have made 
known the great and general alarm 
which was felt in the colony, as well 
as the heavy losses sustained by the 
colonists, and the arduous service im- 
posed on them, in order to repel the 
invasion. Missionary settlements, 
though in many instances respected, 
did not wholly escape; and the Caf- 
fres lost a large portion of their friends 
in the colony, who, in various ways, 
took part against them on their as- 
suming the character of invaders. 
Even their old friend and advocate, 
Sir Andreas Stbckenstrom, was in- 
duced to take the field against them, 
at the call of his countrymen, who 
recognised, in his ability and knowl- 
edge, their best defence against the 
perils with which they were threat- 
ened. The regular troops, the mili- 
tia, and extempore levies, were has- 
tened off, with imperfect equipment, 
to drive back the invaders ; but a 
large proportion, both of the march- 
ing and of the fighting, fell to the lot 
of the Hottentots and Fingoes, who 
thus afford another lamentable exam- 
ple of that policy which brings na- 
tive tribes into hostile conflict with 
each other. As might have been 
expected, the furious rush of th# 
Caffres could not withstand the ft- 



I 



358 



British Opinions about Liberia. 



[December, 



sistance of our more disciplined 
troops. They retired to their fron- 
tier, abandoning a large amount of 
the cattle which they had captured, 
as well as suffering a most dispro- 
portionate loss of life. Sir Andreas 
Stockenstrbm, profiting by the sig- 
nal success which he had obtained, 
was glad to do his part to bring hos- 
tilities to a close, by concluding a 
treaty of peace with Che paramount 
Chief Creilli, but his brother officers 
were unwilling to confirm the treaty. 
The offers of peace proposed by other 
chiefs were alike rejected, or met 
with the proposal of conditions too 
hard to be accepted. Sir Andreas 
Stockenstrbm, in disgust, retired from 
command, receiving the expression of 
the warmest thanks and admiration 
of those who had served under him. 
Wow here, more than in the colo- 
ny of the Cape, is it necessary to 
draw the distinction between those 
who are actuated by the best princi- 
ples of justice and humanity towards 
the native tribes; those whose suffer- 
ings in person and property may 
have excited transient feelings of 
animosity, and those in whom other 
motives have inspired n\ore repre- 
hensible feelings, and led them to 
favor a policy more destructive of 
the Aborigines. It is important that 
the members of the Aborigines' Pro- 
tection Society, and their friend?, 
should bring this distinction promi- 
nently forward, that they may not 
be misunderstood as passing an in- 
discriminate censure, which it is 
by no means intended to apply to 
those colonists, who are rather en- 
titled to their commiseration and 
sympathy. Amongst the induce- 
ments which lead to the continuance 
of war, notwithstanding the reitera- 
ted offers of submission on the part 
of the C a Are 8, must be mentioned 
the Urge tracts of inviting pasture 
land, which at the close of the last 
war, justice required our Govern- 



ment to surrender to the Caffres, in 
opposition to the earnest wishes of 
the colonists. The like inducement 
of similar land beyond that territory, 
now makes a still further extension 
of the boundary no less desirable. 
The immediate possession of many 
thousand head of cattle, still retained 
by the Caflres, besides being an at- 
tractive booty in itself, is regarded by 
some as a necessary compensation 
for losses occasioned by the war. It 
is likewise perfectly natural, that the 
expenditure of large sums by the go- 
vernment, for the purposes of war, 
should give to its continuance a great 
degree of popularity with all that 
class of persons amongst whom it is 
diffused. That this is not a mere 
conjecture is sufficiently evident in 
the columns of the colonial press. 

Before quitting this part of the 
subject, we cannot forbear an observ- 
ation on the style in which the hostile 
acts of the Caffres are noticed. Oppo- 
sed as we are, as Christians, to war 
in general ; and deeply deploring the 
the results of the Caffre war in partic- 
ular, as affecting both colonists and 
native tribes ; we still think it hardly 
right to speak of acts committed by 
the Caffres when in a state of open 
war, and with peace refused them, in 
the same terms as if they were en- 
gaged in plundering incursions upon 
a peaceful neighbor. Whilst our 
troops at e slaughtering Caffres when- 
ever they can be seen, and carrying 
off their cattle by hundreds and by 
thousands, it is not to be expected 
that the Caffre warriors, when driven 
to extremity, should refrain from 
capturing in their turn, some of the 
colonial cattle when they fall within 
their power. When war is their 
only alternative, it is not surprising 
that the most adventurous amongst 
them should fall back upon the rear 
of their pursuers, and make some re- 
prisals for the devastation of their 
country. 



W 47 -] British Opinions about Liberia. 359 



■^^■iim »^ M m- i^m ^n» 



natal. I communications between his kingp- 

in this district, which was syste-' d° m and British subjects. John Dun- 
matically settled as a British Colony | can, a traveller recently returned from 



after the submission of the emigrant; 
Boors, Lieutenant-Governor West 1 
has taken steps to establish many , 
families of colored persons, the re-! 
mnants of broken tribes whosoughtre- 
fuge in the country after the destruc- j 
(ion of Dingaan and his followers. 



that part of Africa, received many 
marks of personal favor from him, 
and a body guard of a hundred men 
was maintained in attendance upon 
him for some months, at the king's 
expense. The king likewise placed 
a number of liberated Africans from 



It id said that these natives are well Ij Sierra Leone, whom he regarded as 
conducted, and exhibit great aptitude !i British subjects, on a territory which 
for agricultural pursuits, and in partic-! ne granted for their residence, and 
tolar for the cultivation of that impor- i| on which they erected a village, 
tant article, cotton/ It would be ex- j These Africans appear to have well 
tremely interesting to know the par- •, performed their work ; but a combina- 
Uculars of a system which, if report be ' lion of parlies favorable to the con tin- 
true, has worked so remarkably well j uanceof the slave trade had managed 
and which seems to promise to fur- i i0 deprive them of a market for their 



nish a rare example of a native pop- 



productions. 



ulation prepared to receive, with mu- j 1 John Duncan is of opinion, that, 
tual advantage, an influx of European! b y multiplied efTorts on a moderate 
settlers. It is most desirable that so ! 8cale » a healthful trade in articles of 
encouraging an experiment should „' African cultivation might be readily 
not be rendered unsuccessful by thel, an( l advantageously introduced, and 
premature introduction of settlers ! pr° y e the only effectual means of 
differing in race, and further advanced stopping the iniquitous slave trade, 
in knowledge and the arts of life. . ( which is essentially opposed to the 
A large number of the emigrant ,' prosperity of legitimate commerce. 
Boors have quitted the district of j J°»n Duncan was very favorably 
Natal, and retired to a greater distance j impressed with the appearance of 
from British influence. Of these ., things in the American Colony of 



proceedings little information has J; Liberia. He not only visited it, but 
reached the committee; but rumor! was accompanied in the Niger expe- 
and past experience would lead to |; dition, to which he was attached, by 
the belief that they are pursuing their ! a Liberian colonist, who furnished 



him with details indicative of the 
growing prosperity of Liberia. We 
have often refrained from epitomizing 
the details which are furnished in the 



destructive course of proceeding. 

WESTERN AFRICA. 

The gratifying prospects of favor- 
able opportunities offering for the j; interesting Journal of the Colonization 
introduction of civilization, Christian-' Society, from an apprehension that, 
ity, and legitimate commerce, amongst , whilst much might be said in favor 
the Natives in and near the Gold '; of many of the society's proceedings, 
Coast, which manifested themselves some of the members of the Abori- 
a few years ago, appear to be increas- i fines' Protection Society might ob- 
ingly promising. The powerful King ject to the commendation of any of 
of Dahomey continues firm in his ' the proceedings of a society, with 
purpose of giving every encourage- which, in some respects, they are dis- 
ment to Missionary and commercial 'satisfied. Without conceding the jus- 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1^^^^^*^^^^*%, 



360 



British Opinions about Liberia. 



[December, 



tice of such censure, we forbear to 
touch on any questionable topic, and 
confine ourselves to the important 
example which the American colony 
has furnished to those who desire 
the civilization of Africa. With the 
exception of a few small detached 
spots, the line of coast from Cape 
Mount to Cape Palmas,an(Tthe adjoin- 
ing country, stretching for some miles 
into the interior, has been obtained 
by legitimate trealy and purchase 
from the natives. The collisions, 
which occasionally took place in the 
infancy of the colony, appear to have 
altogether ceased. A disposition to 
intercourse and combination more de- 
cidedly unites the settlers and natives 
than in any other instance of modern 
colonization. Parents send their 
children to the colonial schools; 
differences between the tribes are re- 
ferred to the (Governor for arbitration; 
the neighboring tribes are invited 
and received as members of the re- 
public, which is on the point of de- 
claring ils independence, and claim- 
ing, as a self-existing African state, 
that consideration and support from 
the civilized nations of the world, 
which, from its origin, have been 
craved for it whilst under the guar- 
dianship of the philanthropic society 
which called it into existence. It is 
not uncommon in this country to re- 
gard Liberia as a colony of the United 
States; but this is altogether a mis- 
take: it has no other connection with 
the United States than through the 
Colonization Society, which has, on 
various occasions, desired for it the 
iupport and countenance of the Go- 
vernment; which, notwithstanding, 
has adhered to its principles in refus- 
ing to adopt it, and the United States j; 
claim no peculiar privileges in their ji 
commercial intercourse with this new ]! 
African state. |i 



From the conclusion of the report 
we extract the following sentiment. 



viz: — 



CONCLUSION. 



! 



The sketch which we have now 
presented of the state of the Abori- 
gines jn different parts of the world 
might be greatly extended by a des- 
cription of them, either connected 
with the British colonies or more im- 
mediately affected by the colonization 
and commerce of other countries. 

Enough, however, has now been 
stated to exhibit the character of their 
situation generally. It has been 
shewn, that though there are varieties 
in their condition dependent on diffe- 
rences in their own moral and physi- 
cal state, on their numerical strength, 
and on the extent and character of 
the countries which they inhabit, 
there is nevertheless one condition, 
which, with scarcely any exception, 
maybe regarded as common to them 
all. They exist in a sort of antag- 
onism with the prof essing Christian 
and civilized nations, who begin by 
sharing with them the parts of lAt 
earth which they inhabit, and end by 
consummating a process which blot* 
out their name and nation, 

Liberia ought to have been ex- 
empted from this charge. The plan 
and operation of colonization there 
stands, we believe, alone in the world. 
It is the only place where the Abori- 
gines are at once and fully incorpo- 
rated into the colonial government 
and made part and parcel thereof! 

In this respect how brightly does 
Liberia shine, and how deservedly 
docs she claim the attention and co- 
operation of the wise and the good 
every where. 



1847.] 



Wtzt lAfrica.-r- Survey of the Mission. 



361 



[From the Missionary Herald.] 

Wtst Africa.— iHr. HJtlion'fl Surtup of t|>t iHiifion. 



Introductory Remarks. 

In accordance with a rule which 
the Prudential Committee have re- 
cently adopted, to preserve the health 
and prolong the lives of our missiona- 
ries on the western coast of Africa, 
Mr. Wilson is now on a visit to this 
country. He arrived at New York, ac- 
companied by Mrs. Wilson, June 2L 

There was another reason, how- 
ever, for his return. He wishes to 
call the attention of American Chris- 
tians to the condition of Africa, and 
to induce some of our young min- 
isters and candidates for the ministry 
to take part with him and his asso- 
ciates in efforts for its evangelization. 
For some time past our mission has 
been in a languishing state. This 
ought not so to be. It is manifestly 
our duty to do either more or less. 
If we attempt anything, we should 
conduct our operations upon a scale 
commensurate, in some measure, 
with the greatness of the undertak- 
ing; and it especially behooves us 
to relieve the brethren, at present 
connected with the mission, from a 
position as hazardous as it is trying. 
The entire responsibility of its cares 
and labors now rests upon Mr. Walk- 
er ; as it had previously rested, for 
many months, upon Mr. Wilson. 
And were the full force of the mis- 
sion on the ground, there would still 
be a call for their services far beyond 
their physical ability to perform. Is 
it right for the churches to leave 
such a burden upon these brethren ? 
Shall not the needed reinforcements 
be furnished without delay ? 

It is sometimes said, however, that 
our main reliance, in the work of 
Christianizing Africa, must be upon 
the colored race. If it is meant by 
this that we must depend, to a great 
extent, upon those who shall be 



trained up and prepared to preach 
the Gospel on the soil, employing 
at the same time such additional as- 
sistance of a suitable character as 
can be obtained, from whatever quar- 
ter, the statement is undoubtedly 
true ; and a similar opinion has long 
been entertained and acted upon in 
respect to the heathen world gene- 
rally. But if it is meant that color- 
ed men, now living in other lands, 
are to be enlisted in this enterprise, 
for the present at least, on a large 
scale ; and, especially, if it is ima- 
gined that the agency of white men 
can be dispensed with, the proposi- 
tion admits, to say the least, of very 
considerable doubt. That individu- 
als of African descent, born in the 
United States or the West Indies, 
may be expected to render valuable 
aid, is readily admitted. Indeed 
some of the best missionaries in all 
Africa are of this description ; and 
many others will doubtless be found 
hereafter, who may profitably en- 
gage, either as missionaries or as- 
sistant missionaries in the important 
undertaking. But that a large nu gi- 
ber of such persons can be wisely 
sent forth, at least for many years to 
come, as has sometimes been sup- 
posed, remains to be proved. 

There are certain intrinsic difficul- 
ties in the way of carrying out the 
proposed scheme, which deserve the 
most serious consideration. In the 
first place, it is the testimony of com- 
petent witnesses that the natives of 
Western Africa (the statement might 
be made much broader) have a re- 
spect for the whites, which they do 
not feel for persons of their own co- 
lor. They are fat more ready to yield 
the pre- eminence to Europeans and 
Americans, than to those who bear 
the same hue as themselves. It 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^to 



362 



West Africa.— Survey of the Mission. [December, 



» x^ ^*^>^"« 



, IIWII »ll^l»^<^^ 



will be understood, of course, that : number of native assistants, cora- 
this remark is intended to apply only '\ pared with the number of white la- 
to natives of Africa, and not to the ', borers, is carried beyond a certain 
colonists of Liberia. Among the lat- point, the efficiency of the mission 
ter the reverse is said to be true, j is diminished, instead of being in- 
Perhaps it will be said that, if the j creased. There is a due proportion 
whites can exert more influence upon ' to be observed in the use of Mich an 
the native mind than colored men, : agency ; and if this is disregarded, 
this will operate as a hindrance to .' the results will generally occasion 
the usefulness of those who shall j disappointment. And these princi- 
be trained up as assistant missiona- pies will be found to apply in their 
ries on the soil. The force of this full force, it is believed, to the em* 
objection is admitted ; and hence, in ployment of colored men from this 
part, the necessity of calling in the country or the West Indies, 
aid of white laborers. j The introduction of colored as- 

In the next place, the number of j sistants into Africa from Jamaica has 
colored persons who are qualified to j been attempted by the English Bap- 
embark in the missionary work, and j list Missionary Society, the mission 
who can be induced to engage in it, .: of the United Secession Synod, and 
is comparatively small. The churches *' the Basle Missionary Society. The 
in the West Indies have been recent- vessel that transported the company 
ly looked to with a good deal of in- !; which went out under the care of 
terest; and it has been hoped that a the Baptist Missionary Society, ar- 
supply of just such men and women rived at Fernando Po in February, 
as are needed, in almost any quanti- i 1S14. The experiment of the Basle 
ty, might be there obtained. But if! Missionary Society was commenced 
this hope is realized immediately, or at Akropong about the same time. 
shall be for some time to come, it'. And it was not till the spring of 
will be the most wonderful achieve-:; 1846, that the laborers sustained by 
ment of modern missions. It can- ''the United Secession Synod e stab- 
not be reasonably expected that these ■ lished themselves on the Old Cala- 
churches will soon attain to a degree ij bar River. It would be premature, 
of intelligence and a maturity of j therefore,* to make any confident de- 
Christian character, that will enable ductions from these experiments. A 
them to furnish as many suitable; fair trial should be given to this new 
agents as are imperiously demanded.;; element in missions ; and we may be 
There are individuals in the West assured that whatever shall be the 
Indies, as among ** the brown men" ■. issue, something will have been 
of Jamaica, for example, who, with; gained. 

the grace of God in their hearts, ji Nothing is definitely known of the 
might soon become exceedingly use- working of this scheme at Akropong 
ful. But the number of such per- or at Old Calabar; but certain facts 
sons is not large. have transpired in relation to the 

Again, experience has seemed to \\ Baptist mission which the reader will 
prove that the diiection and control; doubtless be glad to know. The 
of a mission, at least for a considera- colored male laborers who went to 
ble period after its formation, must 1 Fernando Po, were eight in number; 
be in the hands of white men, or of i one of whom had been "recognized" 
those who stand upon the same level as a missionary in Jamaica, while 
in respect to qualifications. Nor is j. the other seven were called "teach- 
this all.' As a general rule, if the!! ers." Counting their wives and 

II 



HM 



West Africa. — Survey of the Mission. 



363 



children, they were forty -two in all. jj a science, resting on the principles 
Doctor Prince, who was one of the of the inductive philosophy ; and it 
founders of the mission, and who had | is seldom wise or safe to draw con - 



Sreviously resided for some years in 
amaica, was recently asked whether 
this experiment had answered his ex 



elusions from a small number of facts. 
Besides, it is doubtless true that the 
enterprise of the Baptist Missionary 



pectation. He said, in reply, that i Society had some elements of failure, 



it had not. On being asked in what 
particular point he had been disap- 
pointed, he replied, "The first oc- 
casion of disappointment was the 
absence of fervor; a listlessness and 



which may be excluded from other 
experiments, indeed the Baptist 
churches in Jamaica can hardly be 
looked to as fmnishing the best ma- 
terials for evangelizing Africa. The 



eontentedness to be unemployed; then colored laborers employed by the 
a manifestation of a disaffected mind, i Basle Missionary Society at Akro- 



because unwarrantable expectations 
of a personal character were not rea- 
lized ; and afterwards an intemperate 
and resentful opposition to gentle 
control, which had been authorized 
by ' the parent committee.' " Again, 
on being asked how many had re- 
turned to the West Indies, and how 
many could be expected to remain 
permanently, he said that u four teach- 
ers concerted their own measures, 
and effected their return to Jamaica. 
Two (united in marriage) whose con- 
duct and service have been strongly 



pong were selected from the Mora- 
vian churches ; and it is at least 
doubtful whether better agents than 
these miji'ht not hav* been found. 
The mission of the United Seces- 
sion Syn<;d has probably been com- 
menced under more hopeful auspices; 
and it may be expected, therefore, to 
throw much light on the general ques- 
tion. 

But there seems to be no good 
reason for supposing that the prevail* 
ing theory of missions will be very 
greatly modified in its application to 



in contrast with those of the other Africa. There,, as elsewhere, our 
teachers, are about to leave, owing to dependence in the first instance must 
the consequences of very severe, generally be upon white men. They 
long continued sickness. There will !; must commence the work ; and they 
remain but one teacher and the co- ; must retain the supervision of it up 
lored missionary." To another ques- \ to a point which has not been reached, 
lion, whether those who were brought j as yet, by any mission in the world. 



out to Fernando Po, were considered 
persons of promise and usefulness 
before they .left the West Indies, he 
madet his answer: "Certainly. I be- 
lieve some of them were proposed 
directly by their ministers, and all 
of them were approved by their re- 
spective pastors." 

These statements of Doctor Prince 
are not submitted to the public for 
the purpose of making the impres- 
sion, that the employment of colored 



How far distant that point is, no one 
can safely affirm. In the mean time 
they will endeavor to raise up assist- 
ants among the natives themselves; 
and they will doubtless be glad to 
secure faithful and properly qualified 
coadjutors from the colored race in 
other lands; and the greater the 
number of the latter class, as well as 
the former, the better. But it is pre- 
sumed that in the progress of the en- 
terprise it will appear, that the very 



persons from the United States or ■ increase of helpers, from either class, 



the West Indies, in all circumstances, 
is 



will make an increase of white la- 



likely to prove a failure. The ' borers only the more necessary. The 
management of missions is properly idea, therefore, of dispensing with 



% • 



364 



West Africa. — Survey of the Mission. 



[December, 



the agency of Europeans and Ameri- 
cans in evangelizing Africa, ought 
not at present to be entertained. 

The reader will not fail to notice 
what is said by Mr. Wilson, in the 
following pages, in relation to the 
healthiness of the coast beyond the 
Bight of Benin. The views which 
he has submitted on this point, are) 
believed 10 be sound; at any rate, 
the weight of evidence at present 
certainly appears to be in their favor. 
The opinion of Doctor Prince was 
asked on the general question, wheth- 
er the climate of Africa interposed 
ariy insuperable obstacles to the per- 
formance of missionary labor by 
white men. To this inquiry he 
made the following answer: "There 
are numerous localities in which it 
would be irrational to take residence, 
and whereat the white man would be 
quickly disabled and removed by 
death. On the other hand, the situa- 
tions in which he can pass years of 
most valuable usefulness are vastly 
more numerous than the supplies for 
them vvill probably ever be. I would, 
however, recommend periodically 
changes and absentings, either to his 
native country, or some clime more 
congenial with his constitution. At 
the expiration of from three to five 
years that change will probably be 
required. Where it is possible to 
erect a health-house in an elevated 
and more salubrious district, than 
that in which the ordinary dwelling 
stands, such a provision should be 
made. I have had many years' ex- 
perience in the diseases of black and 
colored . people, non-natives of Af- 
rica; and I have not found them, 
when in this country, more exempt 
from sickness than Europeans are. 
The mortality, however, is less.'' 

No one should go from this coun- 
try to Africa, however, expecting to 
find a climate as genial and healthful 
as his own ; nor should he go with- 
out taking into the account all the 



uncertainty which hangs over the 
future in regard to the lengthening 
out of his days. Still we may hope 
that some parts of the western coast, 
particularly that which has been re- 
ferred to above, with proper precau- 
tions, \f ill prove less deleterious to 
white men than it has hitherto. 

The question is now submitted to 
the friends of missions in this coun- 
try, in view of the foiegoing consid- 
erations, whether it is right for us to 
withhold our sons and our daughters 
from degraded and injured Africa. If 
this mighty continent is to be regen- 
erated by the Gospel of Christ, ought 
not, and must not Christians of every 
land and every hue engage in the 
Work ? The inquiry is addressed 
with special earnestness to those who 
have just assumed, or will soon as- 
sume, the sacred office. Will our 
young brethren say to the members 
of the West Africa mission, •' We 
leave you to carry on your warfare 
alone ; and if you are . to lie down 
in an early grave, we send none to 
continue your labors." Will you 
permit this honored servant of our 
common Lord, who has just come 
to our shores burdened with the in- 
terests and the wants of Africa, hop- 
ing to obtain a few helpers in his 
work of love to her fallen children, 
yet fearing a disappointment, to re- 
turn to his adopted country in loneli- 
ness and sorrow, if not in despair ? 

That the Christian public may the 
better judge of the state of the Ga- 
boon mission, and know what en- 
couragements there are to prosecute 
the enterprise with vigor, the follow- 
ing communication has been pre- 
pared. It is not quite five years since 
the mission was commenced ; and 
tc up to the present time," says Mr. 
Wilson, " it has enjoyed the care of 
divine Providence." Notwithstand- 
ing its weakness, and in spite of 
certain very unexpected embarrass- 
ments, it has accomplished no incon- 



v\ 



1847.] 



West Africa. — Survey of the Mission. 



366 



•jderable amount of good. Some 
of the results are specified below. 

€3anversions — Preaching — Schools. 

As yet we can number only two 
natives of the country, who give sa- 
tisfactory evidence of a change of 
heart. This want of success may 
be ascribed, partly to the want of 
time for. religious truth to produce 
its appropriate effect, partly to the 
weakened and disorganized state of 
the mission, and still more than 
either to the fact that, during most of 
the period, the attention of the peo- 
ple has been too much distracted by 
their political relations to allow them 
to give serious heed to the claims of 
religion. 

Still, though there have been but 
few conversions, it cannot be sup- 
posed that the Gospel has exerted no 
influence upon the mass of the peo- 
ple. Many of them, especially those 
residing immediately around the prin- 
cipal station, have heard the word of ; 
God dispensed in their native tongue 
for more than four years. During 
this period a large amount of reli- 

. gious truth has been stored away in 
many minds; the influence of which 
is beginning to show itself in certain 
outward reformation, such as the ob- 

' lervance of the Sabbath, abstinence 
from intoxicating drinks, and greater 
punctuality and honesty in their com- 
mercial transactions. Towards the 
missionaries they have uniformly 
been kind ; the object of the mission 
is more clearly understood ; and we 
think they manifest an increasing in- 
terest in the continuance of our op- 
erations. 

i 

Besides those villages, nearer to», 
the principal station, where the word 1 ; 
of God has been dispensed statedly, | 
there are fifteen or twenty settle-.' 
merits more remote, where there has ij 
been occasional preaching; so that! 
the people over a considerable extent 
of country have been initiated into 



the first principles of Christianity; 
and thus the way has been prepared 
for more vigorous, systematic and 
extended operations hereafter, should 
the state of the mission ever be such 
as to enable us to follow up these 
first impressions. 

Mr. Wilson next presents the con- 
dition of the schools under the pare 
<1f the mission. 

In consequence of the weakened 
state of the mission for some time 
past, the number of our schools is 
not as great as it was three years ago. 
Of the six in operation at that time, 
two have been discontinued, and two 
others have been combined ; so that 
we now have only three, which em- 
brace in all about sixty pupils.* THe 
character of the boarding school at 
the principal station was somewhat 
modified in December last, with the 
view of lessening the cares and la- 
bors of Mr, and Mrs. Walker at the 
outset of their work. As arranged 
at present, the children will live with 
their parents as far as practicable ; 
those who are from a distance will 
reside with some of their friends in 
the nearest villages. And at the end 
of three months, each child who 
has been punctual in regard to at- 
tendance, will receive a small pre- 
mium. This system had been tried 
five months before I left, and found 
successful. Its continuance will de- 
pend upon the amount of health 
with which Mr. and Mrs. Walker 
may be favored. A good deal of 
difficulty has been experienced in 
sustaining the female department of 
the school, growing out of the sys- 
tem of polygamy prevalent in the 
country. A considerable number of 
adult females spend much of their 
time on the mission premises, learn- 
ing to sew, wash, &c, (a few of 
whom have adopted the European 
costume as their daily dress, and at 
the same time place themselves in 
the way of much religious instruction. 



366 West Africa.— Survey of the Mission. [December, 

Our schools generally are not so j in the Batanga language ; all of 
efficient as we could wish. A good j which may be more advantageously 
deal hus nevertheless been e fleeted. ' printed in the United States than in 
There are upwards of forty in the : | Africa. 

tribe who can read and write with j! The state of the country, Mr. Wil- 
faciliiy, both in English and the na- 1; son says, is tranquil. The Gaboon 
tive language, the majority of whom ; ; River appears to be prized by the 
are, perhaps, as familiar with the j. French chiefly as furnishing a con- 
doctrines and historical parts of the jj venient naval rendezvous. As a com- 
BiWe, as the generality of the chil- :i mercial position, it will be of very 
dren in the United States of similar '; little value to them: Only one re- 
age. It has ever been our aim to !{ striction has been imposed upon the 
make religious instruction the lead- jj intercourse of other countries with 

; the Gaboon people. Vessels enter- 



ing object in all our schools. 

Printing — The French — Popery — 
Mortality. 

When the mission was com- 
menced, the M pong we language had j 
not been reduced to a written form. 
The following statement will show 



ing the river to trade are request- 
ed to deposit their papers at the 
block-house ; but the natives feel 
no particular interest in this regula- 
tion. 

No measures have been adopted 
by the French authorities to cause 



what has been ejected by means of j; the natives any special uneasiness, 
the press. j: since their conquest of the country 

No printing has been done by the ;! somewhat mors than eighteen months 
mission since September last, in con- ;| ago ; and it is probable that the peo- 
sequence of the absence of the prin- | pie will continue quiet, if no future 
tcr. Previous to that time there had jj aggressions are made upon their 
been printed, (besides various ele- ij rights. Since the visit of the French 
mentary books already reported to J! Admiral and Commodore Read, both 



the Prudential Committee,) a small : 
volume of Hymns and Questions, of; 
forty-eight pages ; a volume of sira- 



of whom showed us much kindness, 
we have experienced nothing but the 
most civil treatment, both from the 



pie sermons, of seventy -two pages ; ;; local authorities, and such of the 
a volume of extracts from the New j officers of the French navy as have 



Testament, of eighty-two pages ; 
and, in part, a volume of Old Tes- 



! occasionally visited the river. 

The apprehensions which some 



tament History. All these are in the j have indulged in respect to the de- 
Mpongwe language, and printed in j signs of the Roman Catholic mission, 
tolerably good style, by a native boy ! have not been realized. 



of our own training, who is not 
more than sixteen years of age. The ; 
state of the mission does not call for ' 



The papal corps consists of three 
priests and one or two lay brethren. 
Hitherto they have done but little, 



more printing just now ; nor would |; either to counteract our influence or 
it be well for Mr. Walker to assume j to establish their own. For what 
responsibilities of this kind, in ad- j purpose they have remained so in- 
dition to the other engagements 'j active, is not known. We ■ have 
which devolve upon him. We have j heard of no efforts to sustain schools, 
prepared for the press a grammar : ! or to indoctrinate the people in the 
and an extended vocabulary of the ■! mysteries of popery. The manner 
Mpongwe,as well as a small vocabu- jj in which the country was subjugated 

lary and a few familiar sentences ;j to the authority of France, was not 

li 



1847.] 



West Africa. — Survey of the Mission. 



367 



calculated to prepare the minds of 
the people for the reception of the 
religious teachers whom she has 
furnished; and it is possible they 
may be waiting for the recollection 
of past injuries to he partially effaced 
from the memories of the people, 
before ihey commence their labors. 
But there is no well grounded cause 
of anxiety on account of any thing 
they may do. It has been our policy 
■imply to preach the Gospel ; for we 
feel assured that wherever the word 
of God has "free course," it will 
* 4 be glorified." 

The information contained in the 
following paragraph is cf the most 
melancholy character. Why should 
Christian missions be so much out- 
stripped by commercial enterprise V 

There has been much mortality 
among the Mpongwe people during 
the past year, (more than has ever 
been known before,) the principal 
part of which is to be ascribed to 
intemperance and other excesses in 
past years ; showing that what we 
are to do for this and other branches 
of the African family, ought to be 
done with as little delay as possible. 
It is a painful fact that the tribes on 
the western coast are gradually dis- 
appearing ; and it is still more pain- 
ful, as well as undeniably true, to 
reflect that the means of their de- 
struction have been furnished by our 
own and other Christian nations ! 
The great day of account will reveal, 
it may be, that the number of the 
victims of intemperance in Africa 
greatly exceeds those of the slave 
trade. The intervention of missiona- 
ry influence alone, it is believed, will 
avert these calamities. - 

Bakali Country — Cape Saint'Catha- 

rine. 

During the latter half of 1846, Mr. 
Wilson made several tours, for the 
threefold purpose of preaching the 
Gospel, of learning the extent and 



condition of the different tribes which 
are found on that part of the African 
coast, and of ascertaining what fa- 
cilities exist for introducing the Gos- 
pel among them. One of these ex- 
cursions took him to the principal 
settlements in the Bakali country, 
which lies in a northeasterly direc- 
tion from the Gaboon, and not more 
than twenty-five or thirty miles from 
the mission station. 

Formerly the Mpongwe people 
were surrounded on all sides by the 
Shekani tribe. These, by means of 
petty wars, intemperance, and the 
slave tiade, very nearly exhausted 
themselves; and about fifteen or twen- 
ty years ago, they were displaced 
by the Bakali people. The latter 
have taken possession of all the tri- 
butary streams of the Gaboon, both 
north and south ; but their largest 
and principal settlements are in the 
region of country which I visited. 
These settlements are numerous and 
large. Six or eight of them might 
be visited in a single day, the small- 
est of which perhaps would not con- 
tain less than four or five hundred 
inhabitants. Here I found, what is 
seldom seen immediately on the sea 
coast, a large number oi very aged 
men and women. This can be ac- 
counted for only by the supposition 
that they have recently emerged 
from the interior, and have not as 
yet been brought into contact with 
the blighting influence, which mo- 
dern commerce exerts upon pagan 
tribes. These people, though heath- 
en in the full sense of .the term, and 
frequently at war among themselves, 
were civil and kind to me, and list- 
ened with the utmost attention to the 
preaching of the word, which they 
had never heard before. A mission- 
ary might live in safety among them, 
and find scope for labor every day of 
his life. In one neighborhood he 
would be surrounded with eight or 
ten thousand souls ; and he might 



36S 



West Africa. — Survey of the Mission. 



[December, 



find double that number by making 
excursions of twelve or fifteen miles 
in other directions. The Bakali dia- 
lect differs somewhat from the JVlpon- 
gwe ; but it might be acquired with 
comparative ease, since the princi- 
ples of the latter have been under- 
stood and reduced to writing. 

Mr. Wilson made another excur- 
sion to Cape Saint Catharine, on the 
sea coast, about one hundred and 
fifty miles south of the Gaboon 
river. Here the Kama people, as 
they are usually called, have their re- 
sidence ; between whom and the 
Mpongwe tribes are found the Cape 
Lopez people, all three speaking the 
same language. 

The Kama people, like the Bakali, 
have recently emerged from the In- 
terior, and have established them- 
selves on the sea coast for the ad- 
vantages and conveniences of trade. 
They do not live together in com- 
pact villages, like the tribes of West- 
ern Africa generally; but are scat- 
tered in every direction over the 
country ; so that I found it difficult 
to form any satisfactory estimate of 
their population. From what I saw, 
however, and what I could learn 
through others, I suppose that there 
must be as many as twenty-five 
thousand inhabitants residing on or 
within a few miles of the beach. 
Besides these, the tribes immediately 
in the interior, and to the distance 
of one or two hundred miles, arc 
represented as being very numerous ; 
and they all speak the Mpongwe 
language. 

As a people they are somewhat 
less advanced in civilization than the 
natives on the Gaboon. They have 
frequent wars among themselves, and 
have been a good deal engaged in 
supplying slaves for the Cape Lopez 
market. I was received with kind- 
ness, and found that they would be 
greatly pleased to have a missionary 
reside among them. 



The King, whose authority here 
is absolute, assured me that his peo- 
ple would come together and form 
one Urge town, if a missionary would 
reside among them. He gave me 
his son to be educated in our school 
at the Gaboon. The lad remained 
with us several months ;.but proving 
to be a dull and vicious boy, he has 
recently been returned to his father. 
A judicious and experienced mis- 
sionary might dwell among these 
people without risk of violence, and 
do immense good ; and it is most ar- 
dently to be desired that the place 
may be occupied as speedily as pos- 
sible. The trade of the place con- 
sists in ivory, gum, wax, and mats 
of the most beautiful and tasteful 
workmanship which 1 have seen in 
Africa. 

A brief allusion is made to another 
point of interest on the coast. 

Cape Lopez, midway between Ka- 
ma and the Gaboon, has a large pop- 
ulation, and a noble river extending 
far into the interior; and, but for a 
single circumstance, it would be a 
fine field for missionary labor. Most 
unfortunately, however, the inhabi- 
tants are entirely under the influence 
of the Portuguese and Spaniards, and 
are deeply implicated in the slave 
trade. 

■ 

The Batanga People. 

The remaining tour of Mr. Wil- 
son was made to the Batanga coun- 
try, which is also situated on the sea 
coast, about one hundred and fifty 
miles north of the Gaboon river, and 
is, consequently, about half way to 
the Cameroon Mountains. Here he 
found a larger and more promising 
people than those he had previously 
visited. 

The Batanga people, like the 
other two, have been but little know* 
to white men, until within the last fif- 
teen or twenty years. They are, there* 
fore, what may be called unsophisti- 



I^^^^^v 



1847.] 



West Africa*— Survey of the Mission. 



369 



cated natives, that is, heathen of the 
deepest dye, but as yet untainted by 
the vices of civilized countries. Their 
physical features differ somewhat 
from the tribes along the coast, and 
approximate, t should think, to the 
descriptions given of the CafTre and 
other tribes of South Africa, their 
complexion being a dark brown, and 
not the deep black of most of the 
coast natives. 

I regretted very much that I could 
not 8 peak their language, so as to 
find out something about the origin 
of the tribe, and the region of coun- 
try from which their ancestors had 
emigrated. This language belongs 
to the one great family which un- 
doubtedly prevails over the whole 
of the southern division of the Af- 
rican continent; but as a dialect it 
differs essentially from the Mpong- 
we. I have a vocabulary and a se- 
ries of colloquial sentences in this 
tongue, that would be serviceable 
to a missionary who should think of 
locating himself among them. 

The Batanga people are numerous, 
and live in small villages at the dis- 
tance of not more than two or three 
hundred yards from each other. 
From what I saw, and from what I 
learned through others, I suppose 
that their population is not less than 
twenty-five thousand, all of them 
settled on the beach, the extreme 
villages being not more than ten or 
twelve miles a part. 

Directly in the rear of the Batan- 
ga people, at the distance of only a 
few miles, Mr. Wilson was told that 
there was another tribe, called the 
Sheba people. These, according to 
the representations made to him, are 
▼astly more numerous than them- 
selves. Still farther from the coast, 
at a distance of about one hundred 
miles, are the northern limits of the 
Pangwe country, which stretches 
eouthward to the latitude of Cape 
Saint Catharine. This country, it 



is supposed, can be entered with 
equal facility at the centre or the two 
extremes. 

The Batanga people, though they 
have many cruel and savage prac- 
tices among them, are mild and 
civil in their intercourse with stran- 
gers; and they would be glad to 
have a missionary reside among them, 
especially as they are very desirous 
of learning to speak the English lan- 
guage. A judicious missionary, ac- 
quainted with African character, 
might live and labor among them 
with much comfort to himself, and 
without risk of violence. 

The place is much frequented by 
the d'aboon people, who perform 
the voyage by means of native boats 
in two or three days. They speak 
of the Batanga people as remarka- 
bly honest ; and it is only within 
four or five years past that the latter 
have received rum in barter for their 
country products. A taste for this, 
however, has been acquired ; and if 
the influence of Christianity shall 
not be speedily thrown around them, 
they will be exposed to the same 
calamities that have overtaken the 
older tribes on the coast. Judging 
from the aspect of the country, and 
the healthy appearance of the peo- 
ple, I should say that no portion 
of Western Africa is more salu- 
brious. 

On this part of the coast, Mr. Wil- 
son says, lofty mountains are seen in 
every direction ; in some places, in- 
deed, they rise almost from the wa- 
ter's edge. "Directly in the rear 
of the Batanga settlement, which is 
one of the finest ivory marts on the 
coast, there is a bold mountain, so 
like an elephant in its outlines, that 
it cannot pass unnoticed by the most 
careless observer." 

Healthiness of Western Africa. 

From these statements, the pru- 
dential committee will perceive that 



370 



West Africa.— Survey of the Mission. [December, 



a most extensive field of missionary 
labor has opened itself around us ; 
and it ought to become an inquiry of 
solemn interest, "How far are we 
called upon by the providence of 
God to possess the territory?" To 
occupy all the points which have 
been brought within our reach, will 
require at least ten missionaries. 
But to expect a reinforcement of this 
extent, especially in these times of 
despondency in respect to African 
missions is, perhaps, preposterous. 
It will become our duty, therefore, 
to conform our plans to our means, 
and select from the various fields 
which present themselves, such as 
will be likely to yield the readiest 
and most extensive harvest. 

Although there can be no doubt 
that all parts of the African coast 
are more or less prejudicial to Euro- 
pean constitutions, still there can be 
as little doubt that some places are 
much more so than others. There 
are well founded reasons to believe 
that the southern coast ^ beyond the 
Bight of Benin) is more healthy than 
the northern. In our own mission 
family there has been only one death; 
and those members of the mission 
who have tried both parts of the 
coast, are unanimous in the opinion 
that they now enjoy better health 
than formerly. We have had thrown 
upon our care, at different times, 
since we have resided at the Gaboon, 
as many as ten or twelve foreigners 
sick with fever, all of whom have 
had it mildly, and not one has died. 
The French have made an experi- 
ment on a much larger scale ; and 
their statistics show clearly that the 
Gaboon, with the exception ofGoree, 
is altogether the most healthy point 
occupied by them on the coast. 

No missionary, however, need ex- 
pect to escape entirely the influence 
of the African climate, even at this 
place ; but we apprehend, as a gen- 
eral thing, that it will be mild in its 



character ; and with the experience 
acquired in the treatment of the 
fever, he may encounter it now 
without serious risk of life. Although 
he may never enjoy what would be 
called robust health in America, he 
will have strength enough, provided 
he is willing to exercise such self- 
denial as the missionary work calls 
for, to do immense good in effecting 
the salvation of this benighted peo- 
ple. Men of the world can and do 
live and labor on all parts of the 
coast ; and until the friends of the 
Redeemer shall have acquired har- 
dihood and courage to look these 
dangers in the face, they will justly 
be chargeable with cowardice and 
irresolution. 

Affinity of Languages— Plan of Op- 
erations* 

One of the most interesting ques- 
tions before the world at the present 
time, relates to the connection exist- 
ing between the numerous tribes 
found in that part of Africa, which 
lies south of the Mountains of the 
Moon. The reader will remember 
that the February Herald contained 
an article, prepared by Rev. Joseph 
Tracy, a part of which bore particu- 
larly on this point. Jt is very grati- 
fying to find that Mr. Wilson, by an 
independent investigation, and with- 
out any knowledge of the discoveries 
mentioned in that article, has arrived 
at the same conclusion. 

We have recently made large col- 
lections of vocabularies of words of 
the different dialects on this part of 
the coast, especially of those spoken 
between the Bight of Biafra and 
Benguela ; and we find that thej are 
all not only related to each other, but 
by comparing them with such vocabu- 
laries as we have of the languages of 
the Capeof Good Hope, Mozambique, 
and other parts of the eastern coast, 
we learn, that though differing from 
each other materially as dialects, jet 



1847.] 



The Drowning of six hundred Slaves. 



371 



' »*.' *.. * V-^ V.I»*N >»*» '-^ *"**. . 



that they all undoubtedly belong to j; Mpongwe words. From a slave, 
one general family. The orthography j now residing in the Gaboon, and who 
of the Zulu, as furnished in the !: was brought several hundred miles 
journals of our brethren laboring from the interior, 1 learned that he 
among that tribe, not only bears a' had heard of white men residing on 
strong resemblance to the Mpongwe ; the eastern coast, who were undoubt- 
bnt many of their proper names, as jiedly the Arabs of Zanzibar. 
Dingaan, Umpandi, and others, are j, These statements have been made 
common to them and the Gaboon i for the purpose of suggesting the ex- 
people. 1 pediency of establishing a mission 
But the most remarkable coinci-;j among the Sowhylee tribe on the 
dence we have met with, is the close ; coast of Zanzibar. Mr. Burgess 
affinity between the Mpongwe audi thinks that an American missionary 
the Sowhylee, (or Sawahili, or Swa-! would enjoy the protection of the 
here,) the language spoken by the-. Imauro of Muscat: that no opposition 
aboriginal inhabitants of the island , would be made to the introduction of 



and coast of Zanzibar. We have re- 
cently procured a vocabulary of this 
dialect from a native of Zanzibar, 



Christianity among the Sowhylee 
people, and that the country would 
not be unhealthy. Now if a station 



brought from the eastern to the west-. i should be established there, and the 
em coast of Africa by an American [j one at Gaboon be continued, it would 
trading vessel. From this man we! be perfectly reasonable to expect that 



obtained a vocabulary of more than 
two hundred words, as well as a few 



a line of missions might be extended 
from one of these points to the other, 



colloquial sentences. Of these a !| in less than twenty years, and thus 
small number of words, as might ij lay open one of the most interesting 
naturally be expected, were of Arabic |i and extensive fields of missionary 
origin; but of the remainder nearly ; enterprise that can be found on the 
one-fourth were identically the same, ,; continent. The Imaum, as stated by 



or differed very slightly. During the 
time these words were taken down, 
several Mpongwe men happened to 



Mr. Burgess, sends annual expedi- 
tions several hundred miles into the 
interior which might be accompanied 



be present, and the utmost astonish-]: by missionaries. From this point, 
ment was manifested by both parties i ( guides could be obtained to go as 
o/i discovering the close affinity of : much further; and from the similarity 
their languages. Had this Sowhylee { of languages prevailing on the whole 
man remained in the Gaboon two or |j route, we do not see any serious 
three weeks, he would have spoken j difficulty in realizing the idea just ex- 



the Mpongwe with perfect ease. 

I find by referring to the communi- 
cation from Mr. Burgess while at 
Zanzibar, and published in the Herald 



pressed. 

When the preceding communica- 
tion was written, Mr. Wilson was 
not aware that any efforts were in 



of 1839, that most of the names of ..progress to introduce the Gospel 
places mentioned by him as lying in j among the inhabitants of the eastern 
the interior from Zanzibar, are I coast. 



£ 1) r I> r o m n t n of air b u n & r f o <$lat>t0. 

Ix the year 1S30, there was ho- commanded by a desperado named 
vering on the African coast a large J Ilomans. Iloinans was an English- 
clipper brig called the Brilliante, i' man by birth, and was known along 
25 



372 



The Drowning of six hundred Slaves. 



[December, 



the whole coast, and in Cuba, as the ' the vessel moved slowly through the 
most successful slaver of his day.', water. Meantime the darkness hav- 
The brig was owned by two men ! ing deepened, Ho mans proceeded to 
residing in Havana, one an English- j carry out hi3 design, 
man, the other a Spaniard. She was |; The cable attached to the heaviest 
built to carry six hundred negroes, | : anchor was taken outside of the 
and in her Homans had made ten ; hawser hole, and carried round the 
successful voyages, actually landing : rail of the brig, extending from the 
in Cuba five thousand negroes! The, bow, aft round the stern, and then 
brig carried ten guns, had thirty j, forward on the other side. The 
sweeps, and a crew of sixty Span- ■' hatches were then taken off, each 
iards, most of them old pirates, as ; securely ironed by the wrists. As 
desperate as their commander. An ■ the miserable wretches came up from 



English brig-of-war which attacked 
her was so cut up in hull and rig- 
ging, that she was abandoned, and 
soon after sunk; an English sloop-of- 
war attempted to take the Brilliante 
with boats, which were beaten off 
with great slaughter. Now it was 
known that Homans was again on 
the coast, and it was resolved to 
make another attempt to take him, 
with the evidence of his guilt on 
board. The arrangements for this 
purpose were well made. He was 
allowed to take in his cargo of ne- 
groes, and set sail. 

The Brilliante had not lost sight 
of the coast, when the quick eye of 
her commander discovered that he 
was entrapped. Four cruisers, three 
of them English, and one Ameri- 
can, had been lying in wait for him, 
and escape was hopeless. In run- 
ning away from one, he would come 
within reach of another. Night was 
coming on, and Homans was silently 
regarding his pursuers, when sudden- 
ly the huge sails of the brig flapped 
idlv — the wind died awav, and the 



the hot hold, into the fresh air, they 
i expressed by their looks a gratitude 
j which would have softened the heart 
: of any but the fiend in whose power 
i they were. Without a word they 
! were led to the side, and made to 
| bend over the rail, outside of which 
I the chain ran. The irons which clasp- 
ed their wrists were then fastened by 
smaller chains to the links of the 
cable. It was slow work, bat at the 
end of four hours, six hundred Af- 
ricans, male and female, were bend- 
ing over the rail of the biig, in a 
painful position, holding by their 
chained hands the huge cable, which 
was attached to a heavy anchor, sus- 
pended by a single sling from the 
bow. 

Homans himself examined the 
fastenings to see that every negro 
was strongly bound to the chain. 
This done, he ordered the pen work 
of the hold to be broken up, brought 
on deck, bound up in matting, and 
■ well filled with 'shot, and thrown 
! overboard. The work was completed 
an hour before daybreak, and now 



slaver was motionless on the waters, j the only witnesses of Homans* guilt 



" This will not do," Homans mut- 
tered — knocking away the ashes from 
his segar — " their boats will be down 
upon me before I am ready for the 
visit," and as he said this, his stern 
face lit up with a smile, the expres- 
sion of which was diabolical. It 
was evident enough that he meditated 
some desperate plan. 

A dozen sweeps were got out, and 



were attached to that chain. Ho- 
mans turned to the mate, and with a 
smile full of meaning, said in Span- 
ish — 

" Harro, take an axe and go for- 
ward. The wind will come off to 
us soon. Listen to the word, and 
i when you hear it, cut the sling." 

The man went forward, and Ho- 
mans turned, and in vain endeavored 



^^^^^^^^*^^*» 



1847.] 



The third Voyage of the Liberia Packet. 



373 



to penetrate the darkness. "I don't 
want to lose the niggers," he said, 
speaking aloud — lt and yet I dare not 
wait until daylight. I wish I knew 
where the hounds were." 

At that instant the report of a gun 
reached his ear, then another, and 
another, and another, in different 
directions. The cruisers were firing 
signals* 

4 * That's enough," exclaimed Ho- 
mans, •* I know where you are." 
Then raising his voice, he cried, 
•'Harro, fare you ready ? The wind 
will reach us soon.'' 

" Ay, ay, sir," was the response. 

In a few minutes the sails began 
to fill, and the vessel moved slowly 
through the water. 

•• How much water do you sup- 
pose we have here?'' asked Ho- 
mans, turning to the man at the 
wheel. 

44 Fifty fathoms at least," was the 
reply. 

" That will do," the slaver mut- 
tered, and he walked forward, and ex- 
amined carefully the " chain. gang," 
as he brutally termed his diabolical 
invention. 

The negroes sent up piteous 
groans. For many houTS they had 
been bent over in this unnatural po- 



sition, by which they were suffering 
the keenest torture. 

The breeze strengthened, and the 
Brilliante dashed like a racer over 
the deep. Homans hailed from the 
quarter-deck, while his men, col- 
lected in groups, saw unmoved the 
consummation of the plan, 

u Are you ready, Harro ?" 

" Ay, ay, sir." 

Homans looked round, and into 
the darkness, — which was fast giv- 
ing way to the morn. Then he 
thundered out — 

" Strike !" 

There was the sound of a single 
blow, a heavy plunge, and as the 
cable fell off the side a crash, above 
which arose one terrible shriek — it 
was the last cry of the murdered 
Africans. One moment more, and 
| all was still. Six hundred human 
beings had gone down with that 
anchor and chain into the depths of 
the ocean ! 

Two hours after daybreak the 
Brilliante was overhauled. There 
was no evidence that she was a 
slaver, and her captors were obliged 
to let her pass. The instructions to 
cruisers at that time did not allow a 
vessel to be captured unless negroes 
were found on board. 



[From the Maryland Colonization Journal.] 

${>f ttjtrfc Voya$t of tfc< £\btv\a par Jut. 



Immediately on the return of the 
Packet from her present voyage, she 
will again be despatched for the co- 
lonies. It is hoped she will be able 
to sail by the 1st of January, but 
perhaps not until the 15th, or even 
the last, depending altogether upon 
her arrival from Liberia. Whether 
she is able to complete her three 
trips per year, as is confidently 
hoped, or not, she will be kept con* 
stantly in the trade between the 
Chesapeake and the colonies. 

There are so many individuals 



and institutions interested in the 
movements of the Packet, that we 
have introduced on our last page a 
standing advertisement, with regard 
to the plans and operations of the 
company which own her, the terms 
of freight, passage, &c, in order to 
extend the usefulness of the under* 
taking and increase the profits of the 
company, as well as to save the 
trouble of answering in detail many 
inquiries often addressed to the agent 
of the company. It is hoped that 
those periodicals which advocate the 



374 A Colored Colonizationist. [December, 

cause of Africa, whether colonization . will also have something to tell, 
or missionary, will give it insertion, j Some, perhaps, will tell that nothing 
As to emigrants from this city or : , would tempt them to go again to 
State by the next expedition, we at that niggir country. Such, we may 
present have no prospects, at least ' safely conclude, went ashore on lib- 
no more than we had one month be- ' erty on Sunday, got drunk, and 
fore the sailing of the last on the : found themselves in the Coal Hole on 
1st of September, which ultimately \\ Monday morning. Some will tell, 
mustered somc-eighty-odd, all told, 'tis no great shakes after all, that 
"Whether we shall make out as well Liberia ; folks are pretty much the 
again, remains to be seen, but we ; same there as here, only they are 
frankly acknowledge, we do not ex- ; all black, and strut a little more than 
pect it. The season will be nnpro- j] our colored folks do of a week day. 
pitious, and there are no colonists '. Some will say one thing and some 
now in the country to stir up their ; another, but none will have seen the 
friends. Yet when the Packet comes : big sarpenfa* none will have seen 
in, she will tell that she has bi?en , the emigrants sold to Georgia, none 
somewhere and that she brings some-* will have seen white masters, and 
//ii;ig, say some 50 or 100 casks of the object of the enterprise will have 
Palm oil, some 30 or 100 tons of Cam- : been accomplished, viz: the truth 
wood, and we hope some bills of ex- :" will be made known, and that too, 
change, say from §13,000 to <jv5,000; ' through unquestionable witnesses, 
allot which will tell on the credit !,' the colored people themselves, also 
side of shipment per voyage A, and ; through the testimony of things and 
voyage 13. Her officers and crew j events, not of words. 

[Kn.m the rune.] 

fl Colore* C0lonijationi0t. 

We find the following COinmuni- ' [From the National Watchman.] 

cation addressed to the editors of the ,. Mkssrs. Editors : — In reading the 
National Watchman in that paper of , notice of a call in your paper for a 
the 30th tilt., and hardly know which ! National Convention of colored peo- 
is the greatest marvel, that a colored pie to be held in the city of Troy, 
man in the interior of New York, in :'. October Oih, I can adopt all its sug- 
no way connected with the Colony \[ gestions, excepting one, that is as 
of Liberia, or the Colonization So- ; follows : to recommend immigration 
ciety, should write such a letter, or and colonization, not to Africa, Asia, 
that the colored editors of an aboli- or Europe. This I consider a fling 
tion paper should puhli.*h it. The at the American Colonization, and 
sentiments of the letter are open and even to stagger the minds of those 
manly, justly reprobating the side j of our people, who are desirous of 
blow wantonly aimed at African Co- | going to their fatherland. 
Ionization, in the *' ('all for a Na-ji The Colonization Society, with all 
tional Convention of colored peo- ;! its faults, has done too much good 
pie;" and we, in behalf of our Libe- ! in the eyes of the world in planting 
ria friends, tender to Mr. Baltimore i; the colony of Liberia; and the few 
our warmest thanks lor the credit he ;| colonists have effected too much 
has thus voluntarily awarded them, good in the minds of the immediate- 
and for his attempt to shield them • ly surrounding native tribes, in abol- 
from the aspersions of those by •■ ishing the slave trade, for us, the 
whom they an; so often assailed. j, free people of color at this day, to 



1847.] 



Letter from Dr. Lugenbeel. 



375 



say aught against them. We should 
bear in mind this very Liberia has 
been so prosperous, that it is now 



i 

i 



If Mr. Baltimore desires to go to 
Africa, we have not the leastobjeetion. 
If he should go in the spirit of Christ, 



on the eve of taking a stand among]! he might do much gopd., But we 
ihe independent nations of the earth, i] beg leave to remind him that the Na- 
Already England and France are ma-! 1 tional Convention was. not called to 
king propositions to them for the;' further the objects # of the American 



purpose of trade, and American na- 
val officeis stationed on the western 
coast of Afiica are appealing to the 
government of the United States, not 
to be backward in doing the same. 
If I do not choose to immigrate, or 
share in the glory and honor of the 
Liberians, in building ^their villages 
and cities, constructing their canals, 
raising their ships, and above all, the 



Colonization Society. — Editors op 

the Watchman. - 

* 

If we understand Mr. Baltimore, 
he gives no intimation of his "going 
to Africa," and instead of the editors 
having any occasion to remind him 
4fc that the National Convention was 
not called to further the objects of 
the American Colonization Society," 



laiOilJM iilUll Bill »«J| OIIU t*«JW»*. Ulll bill/ 1 , , . I 

• »• .1 . , „;i ,u n i he, apparently, only wishes to re- 

suppression of that evil, the slave ■ , ', ,. - r A lt ■• 4 <• 
. I iii, k™. ., ~„ ^.,- mmd the editors that the object of 

trade, which has been upon our race,, . ~ A . LL i 

r . • • i l he Convention was not to '• have a 

for so many centuries, not onlv on n . , " . ,, . . ■ 

.• . • J ,• ♦ i .• *; • ' iitfiof at the American Colonization 
the American continent, but m Ainca, c ? „ n , 

, ... t , , , -i . r , society." But we are too much. 

1 will at least be silent, these are- ... , , ,• r 

,i i t i . .. i obliged to the editors, for permitting 

the reasons why I do not attach my n .. . r ' T ., ' . A 6 

, t i ii 4 i i i i i| ; i so candid*a notice of Libena to ap- 
name to the call, though 1 shall at- . . . A r , 

, 4 , ^ • ° pear in their columns, to quarrel 

tend the Convention. ' • i • ,. ,• i • ,. • .-i 

CTO 11 BATTIYIOUF ' W1 'hem lor discharging a little bile 

W„ " ' o * oi j at the writer. 

II rrcu all, ocpi. 2\. I 



[From llic Christian Advocate and Journal.] 

fetter from jDr. jTujjcnbetl. 



Messrs. Editors and Brethren : — 
My numerous engagements will not 
atibrd me time to write you a com- 
munication by the present opportuni- 
ty. But knowing that many of your 
readers feel deeply interested in the 
extension of the benign influences of 
our holy Christianity among the be- 
nighted children of Africa, I beg leave 
to trouble you with a short extract 
from my journal, which will be in- 
teresting to the numerous friends of 
our beloved sister Wilkins, and others 
who may not know her personally, 
but who know her as a devoted 
missionary, a faithful andself-sacrifi- 
ring laborer in the cause of Christ, 
in this land of darkness and degrada- 
tion. And while I would not write 
disparagingly of the labors of other 



j missionaries on this coast,! feel free to 
! say that I have never known one who 
seemed to be more deeply devoted 
\ to the arduous work of African evatv- 
gelization than sister Wilkins. Arfd 
I am pleased to find that the Board 
has succeeded in procuring the ser- 
vices of sister Brush, to assist her in her 
labors, who, I am confident, will be a 
valuable acquisition to this mission. 
'•Wednesday, Feb. 3d. Yesterday 
I accompanied sister Wilkins to 
Millsburg. She returned a few days 
ago from Cape Palmas, whither she 
went to recruit her health by a short 
sea voyage and a little relaxation from 
her fatiguing labors. Her health had 
become so much impaired by the 
influences of this climate, during a 
residence of about nine years, and 



376 



Letter from Dr. LugenbeeL % 



[December, 



bv her arduous labors, that serious 
fears were apprehended in regard to 
her being able to live much longer 
in Africa. But 1 am glad to find that 
she is now in the enjoyment of good 
health for this country; and I hope 
and pray that her valuable life may 
be spared for many years to come, 
for the good of the poor ignorant 
children of this benighted land. 

'• On our arrival at Millsburg, 
before we reached sister W.'s house, 
the little girls of her school came 
running toward us ; and the demons- 
trations and expressions of joy which 
they exhibited, on again seeing their 
best earthly friend, were to me ex- 
ceedingly interesting. They threw 
their arms around her, and made the 
air ring with their mingled exclama- 
tions. 4 IJow do do, Mrs. Wilkins. 
We so glad to see you. We hear you 
dead. We very sorry. We so glad to 
see you.' Such expressions as these 
swelled upon the evening breeze, as 
we wended our way to the humble 
dwelling of the devoted missionary. 
Thirteen of these children were from 
the 'Pons ;' and in contrasting their 
situation and appearance with what I 
beheld a year ago, when I received 
them from on board the slaveship, I 
was forcibly struck with the great 
improvement which has been made 
in their condition, and which they 
have made in acquiring a knowledge 
of the English language, and in be- 
coming conformed to habits of civi- 
lization. They can readily under- 
stand almost everything which is 
spoken to them ; and they express 
themselves with sufficient clearness 
to be easily understood on almost 
every subject. The facility with 
which they acquire a knowledge of 
our language is really astonishing. 
Most of them can read understand- 
ing^ in words of four or five letters. 
I was particularly struck with their 
lady-like manners, and with the good 
discipline which exists among them. 
During the religious services, which 



i 

I! 



]. 



were held morning and evening, 
they behaved with as much decorum 
as any company of children I ever 
saw ; and they appeared to be con- 
scious of the solemnity and impor- 
tance of such services. 

41 If any of the friends of mis- 
sions in the United States could visit 
Wilkins's school, I am sure that 
they would agree with me in saying 
that she has done a great deal for 
Africa, and that her school deserves 
continued patronage and encourage- 
ment. The amount of good which 
she has accomplished cannot be 
reckoned it time — the records of 
eternity alone will present a cata- 
logue of the souls upon whom the glo- 
rious light of Christianity has arisen, 
directly and indirectly, through her 
instrumentality. Her delicacy of 
feeling, her modest retirement, her 
deep humility, and her desire to live 
and labor only for the good of souls, 
while they have in a great measure 
tended to spread the veil of obscu- 
rity over her life and labors in Af- 
rica, have won for her the esteem of 
all who know her, and who know 
how to appreciate her worth. 

•'There aie at present twenty- 
three native girls under her care, two 
of whom were lately redeemed from 
slavery, while on their way to the 
slave mart. Several of these children 
are very young; some of them ap- 
parently less than six years. They 
are altogether a very interesting 
group of children ; and I hope and 
believe that the good impressions 
which they are now receiving will 
tell favorably on the eternal destiny 
of many of the daughters of Af- 
rica, after the toils and sufferings 
of their kind instructress shall have 
come to a close, and she shall have 
gone to receive her reward in Hea- 



ven. 



J. W. LUGENBEEL. 
Monrovia, Liberia, 

Ftbruary 5, 1847. 



^^^^^^^^*^^^^^^^^^^^^^m 



1847.] 



How a Slaver escaped a British Man-of-war, 



377 



$ow a £lat>rr tacapt* a 3rttt*b iHan-o f-iuar. 



The following stratagem is re- 
lated in Captain Chamier's work, j 
**The Unfortunate Man." It was re- 
sorted to on board a slaver on the 
African coast. It is a true incident, 
and the vessel which was on chase 
for the slaver was the British sloop- 
of war Eden: — 

tt It is a chance, and only a chance," 
said the captain of the slaver, " and 
no one will care a pin about the busi- 
ness if we get away." 

44 Oh yes," said the mate, *'if we 
could only get away. Why to be 
sure, I should not be slack in stays 
myself, but that confounded vessel 
sails well, and we are evidently los- 
ing ground fast." 

" Well," said Smith, "let the worst 
be the worst, that is our capture and 
the fore-yard arm. I will be re- 
sponsible since you fear, and seeing, 
as I do, that the taking of the Rapid 
is at once the downfall of myself and! 
family, 1 am resolved to have one 
more chance 6f escape. If we can 
go on until night, the frequent squalls \ 
may prove more fortunate than our ; 
last; and if the bait does not tempt 
sufficiently, why we are only saving 
one or two human beings from a life 
of misery." 

•'Well," said thomate,'Tm agreed. 
Forward there," said he. 

"Sir," answered a rough looking 
fellow. 

"Jump down," said the captain, 
"and hoist up one or two empty casks ! 
and send the cooper aft with his tools." 

44 Ay, ay, sir," responded a man 
with all the indifference of a sailor. 

The cooper soon made his ap- 
pearance; in five minutes the empty 
casks were on deck, the heads of both 
were taken out, and the cooper set 
to work to cut out a circle large 
enough for a man's neck. The 
mate, who was a handy fellow of all 
work, began at one cask, and the. 



captain stood by, urging the work- 
men to use every despatch. The 
breezeliad freshened, and we held our 
own pietty well with the stranger ; 
at any rate I was fearful that she did 
not gain upon us very rapidly. In 
the mean time, both cooper and as- 
sistant worked away with the great- 
est indifference, and no human eye 
could have detected the slightest va- 
riation of countenance in the mate, 
although he was fully aware of the 
desperate act about to be committed. 
When the casks were ready, the up- 
per hoops were taken off, so as to 
allow the cooper to place the heads 
in when required. A pig of iron 
ballast was fastened in each cask, 
and then it was the mate said in a 
firm voice: — 

u Now, sir, we are ready. If you 
are still determined, d — n me if you 
shall ever say that John Collins was 
afraid when death was at hand." 

The captain's Hon had been all 
along watching the movements of 
the cooper, but was quite in ignorance 
of the intention of his father. Once 
indeed, he asked what was the hole 
in the head of the cask for; but he 
was told to be silent, in a tone of voice 
which set him shaking like a monkey 
in frosty weather. 

"Bring one of the slaves upon deck," 
said the captain, "and do you hear? 
pick out a lively and a slim one." 

The slave was brought unshackled 
upon deck ; he looked round with 
surprise, and yet with indifference; 
his eye was sunken from care and 
from sickness, and his poor emaciated 
form had qualified him to come for- 
ward in the capacity alluded to. 

"He's the liveliest we can find, sir,*' 
said one of the seamen; "for he was 
the only one who was talking, and I 
fancy he is as slim as any of the rest; 
but for that matter we shall have no 
trouble to find another." * * * * 



378 H<vw a Slaver escaped a British Man-of-war. [December, 

fcl Oh then," said his son, " try my ' she poured forth a volume of words. 
Hack wife." i. The captain had walked aft and call- 

"Ali !" ejaculated the captain. ed the mate ; the stranger had evi- 

" Thai would do just as well." said dently gained so much that in two 
the mate; "so bring her aft here; hours she would have had us under 
you're not the firstin the world who her guns ; and, after remarking tliis 
would like to get so sure a divorce. 1 ' i. aloud, the former said, " Weli, it w 

Away went that incarnate devil, . our only alternative ; but used as I 
and in two minutes he was seen i am to scenes of horror, I cannot 
lugging along his miserable victim bear to see a person smile when such 
by the hair ol the head ; one or two j a chance awaits them." 
more of that sex came on deck, but !■ " The stranger," said the master, 
were instantly sent below again. ;j " is right astern, and it is impossible 

•• Here, you Ganjam, jump in the It for them not to see the cabk; now 
cask, and show this young lady how :j let us see if their Christian charity 
she is to sit, for none but the devil jean overcome their love for prize- 
can talk the negro language." j money. If you intend to do it, we 

1 did as I w is desired, and then got j have no time to lose." 
out again. The girl was then told j " Do it ! '' said the captain, 
to do as I i: id done; but she hesi- j The male walked to the gangway, 
tated, as if warned by some unseen ,| and put the cask close to the side, 
power of the danger which awaited It was now that the poor imprisoned 
her. As the could not succeed the : wretch imagined her destiny ; she 
fust time, 1 was desired to place gave a shriek so loud and piercing 
her properly, which I did. The that every slave below started at the 
cooper was told to fix the head in,: sound, and ere she could continue 
filling ihe part about her neck. i her loud cry for mercy, the mate 

u dome, down with you," said the !' and one of the seamen had lifted the 
mate; "now, cooper, fix on her j: cask clear of the side, and, vibrating 
necklace, and take care that it does !, it once and twice, the third time thev 
not fit too tight, for she is going into ■ relinquished their grasp, and the 
strange company." J! poor creature, who had been sold to 

The romance of our conscience, ;: enrich others, now found herself the 
which had at first exhibited itself in :j victim of their security. 
this worthy associate of the captain's, ;| The cask, when it fell into the 
had entirely vanished: like many S water, twirled round and round with 
others who having made one false ; fearful rapidity, but, owing to the 
step, from that instant fly to the , ballast, it always kept end up, leav- 
other extreme. Thus we not unfre- ing the girl's head plainly visible. 
quciitly see women whose virtues Her eye, whenever the twirl of the 
have been sacrificed, suddenly as- cask allowed it to rest on the ship, 
sume the open countenance of vice, . had more of imploring mercy than 
and from being modest and reserved, ; the words of the most frightened 
become shameless and impudent. convict: she screamed for pity— 

The last stroke of the mallet had ]'. alas ! pity was not known to those 
driven home the upper hoop of the : who had purchased her life ; — flight* 
cask; the poor giil, who imagined, safety was the only thought which 
perh'ips, that some kind of amuse- occupied her half murderer's mind. 
men i was? to follow, kept laughing The freshness of the breeze, the 
and smiling, and vainly endeavored noise occasioned by the rapidity of 
to make us understand her delight, as the vessel's way soon predominated, 



X|| ■* m *■ M " 



" iMin'^fc^^^^^^^^w^^i^^^' 



1847.] 



« TA* Republic of Liberia." 



379 



and the shrietLof the negro girl was 
lost in the distance. The eyes of 
the crew now rested on the cask; 
the captain kept his glass steadily 
fixed on what the mate called the 
water-nymph, and a quarter of an 
hour would decide the fate of the 
girl, the Rapid and the Captain. Then 
was conjecture at its utmost. The 
pask being small, appeared at a great- 
er distance than the stranger, and as, 
from the slight variation in steering, 
and the send of the sea, the cask ! 
was to leeward .of the vessel, it was j 
imagined that either the negress had 
passed unseen, or was left to inevi- j 
table death, the spirit of gain having 



predominatedover the spiritof chanty. 
But it was only the fears of the vil- 
lains which could have harbored 
such an idea; for sailors are gen- 
erally the most humane beings alive, 
and when a woman is concerned, 
they would risk more than almost 
any of the biped race. 

Soon, however, the Eden was seen 
to lower her sails, and presently she 
hove to, and cast her anchors. The 
unfortunate victim in the barrel was 
taken on board, but at the expense 
of the freedom of the rest, com- 
posing the Rapid's cargo, for, as 
night was fast falling, the sla\ier es- 
, caped. 



"fc&e Republic of jTibrria." 

We have been anxiously awaiting ' instead, we can only give the Union's 
some arrival from Liberia, which jj account of it, and other matters, as 
should bring us intelligence of the follows: 
action of the convention thatas3em-j| [From the Union.] 

bled in July last to draft a new con- ! Naval. — Letters have been re- 
stitution, and of the popular vote ' ceived at the Navy Department by 
.. . ~ , ' _ „ the b. S. bri-r Dolphin, which has 

thereupon in September. But we. just arrivel ] a^ew York, in twenty- 
have thus far waited in vain. We 



are, however, not left entirely with- 



two days from Porto Praya (Cape 
de Verd Islands.) They announce 



out some information on the subject. !; one fact which is of some impor- 

«.. #k« M ..;„ A i ~c *u« u-:„ n»i„L;„ ■ ! tance in relation to the movements of 
by the arrival ol the liriff lJolplun . . , _ , .. r T ., . ,, r^. 

' ,, , . * T J? : ilhe " Republic of Liberia." The 

at New York, the Navy Department , folIowing are extracts : 



was put in possession of a printed 
copy of the new constitution. When, 



Extract of a letter from Lieut. Com- 
manding Bell to Com. Read, dated 



however, we called on the Secretary, U. S. brig Boxer, Porto Praya, 

desiring to see it, we were informed ' ^ ct - «>• 

that the editor of the Union had bor- ! " On my arrival at Monrovia on 

rowed, but had not returned it. On I t, l e f 1 .? lh . 1,ll 1 - \ foiincl 1 that l , he C °,l 0ny 
... i • r n . of Liberia had proclaimed itself an 

calling on his foreman for it, we independent nation, under the name 
were informed that it had been cut j of the Republic of Liberia. I en- 
to pieces, and all that was left of it n close a copy of a letter which Gov. 



was published in the Union. Though 
we were truly sorry, we could not 
help it. We hoped to have pub- 
lished the constitution entire ; but 



Roberts addressed to me, to apprise 
me of the new dignity otiiis govern- 
ment — enclosing a printed copy of the 
declaration of their independence. 1 * 
In a letter from the same, same 



380 



" The Republic of Liberia. 



»» 



[December, 



date and port, Lieutenant Command- 
ing Bell gives some account of his 
cruize. lie had overhauled an Ame- 
rican brig (the J. W. Huntington) on 
the night of the 31st August, owned 
in New York, from Rio Janeiro, 
with the usual assorted slave cargo 
on board, and lumber enough for a 
slave deck. He was informed, also, 
that the Malaga had precisely such 
a cargo, except the lumber. The 
American brig "Senator," boarded 
in March last, was out from Rio 
with such a cargo, and similarly 
chartered. The master of the J. 
W. Huntington reports that she (the 
Senator) now lies scuttled in Rio. 
Having safely landed 500 slaves at 
Cape Frio, she proceeded into Rio 
under Brazilian colors, whrre her 
owners were suffered to strip her of 
all her furniture, and then the go- 
vernment seized her as a no-docu- 
ment vessel — the American crew 



south coast ; some of them, as is 
well known, taking a return cargo 
of slaves under Brazilian colors, 
their American crews first leaving 
them. But the most of them are 
believed to leave the coast carrying 
white passengers only.'' 

This is a shameful traffic, and 
ought, if possible, to be arrested. 
Will not the Republic of Liberia be 
one of the most important agents for 
effecting this object at some future, 
though it may be distant time T May 
it not furnish not only a harbor, but 
I facilities for supplying any vessels 
I that may be employed for repressing 
[the trade, and even vessels of her 
own, for this purpose? As she 
strengthens and improves her own 
resources, she will furnish a more 
inviting habitation and resting place 
for the freemen of color who will 
be emancipated in the United States; 
and she may even come to exert a 



having left her at Loargo, where the j; greater degree of moral force over 



slaves were taken on board. 

* 4 In these transactions (says Lieu- 
tenant Commanding Bell) you per- 
ceive the mode in which the Ameri- 
can (lag covers and promotes a trade 
which no other flag can, and the 
base uses to which it is applied by 
foreigners who have not the manli- 
ness to vindicate the freedom of their 
own. 

" The American factory at this 
place is the principal trading estab- 
lishment under the American flag on 
the southern coast : there being 
branches of it, as at Ambizetto and 
at Loango, owned by Messrs. Boor- 
how's & Hunt, Salem, Massachu- 



| the continent of Africa, to restrain 
| the aliments of the slave trade, and 
1 give the African mind and manners 
■ a wiser and a more liberal direction? 
: The present position of Liberia will 
; lessen the idle jealousies which 
j England has entertained of our re- 
: lations to that country, and lead her 
j to treat them with more confidence 
: and more kindness. 
| We understand that Governor 
• Roberts, to whom Lieutenant Com- 
: manding Bell refers, was born in 
Norfolk, and lived afterwards in 
j Petersburg, Virginia. He is de- 
scribed to us as an intelligent and 
! well-behaved man, who has ex- 



to 



eight vessels annu- 



setts, who are said to be doing a . changed many civilities at Monrovia 
fair business in guns, ivory, copper, - with our squadron, 
and ebony ; that house sends out | We have the constitution of this 

new republic before us. It fills more 

than seven columns of a printed 

sheet. It opens with a rapid histo- 

1 rical sketch of the establishment and 

\ the prosperity of the colony, which 

i concludes with the following appeal : 



from six 
ally." 

" From ^he same source I under- 
stand that upwards of thirty Ameri- 
can vessels annually come freighted j 
from Brazil by Brazilians to the 



I 



1847.] 



" The Republic of Liberia^ 



381 



"Therefore, in the name of huma- 
nity, and virtue, and religion — in the 
name of the Great God, our common 
Creator, and our common judge, we 
appeal to the nations of Christendom, 
and earnestly and respectfully ask of 
them that they will regard us with 
the sympathy and friendly considera- 
tion to which the peculiarities of our 
condition entitle us, and to extend to 
ns that comity which marks the friend- 
ly intercourse of civilized and inde- 
pendent communities.'' 

Next follows the declaration of 
rights, — many of them are copied 
from the State constitutions of the 
United States. It is well to copy a 
few of them for the edification of the 
American reader : 

"All power is inherent in the 
people; all free governments are insti- 
tuted by their authority, and for their 
benefit, and they have a right to alter 
and reform the same when their safe- 
ty and happiness require it. 

"All men have a natural and unali- 
enable right to worship God accord- 
ing to the dictates of their own con- 
sciences, without obstruction or mo- 
lestation from others; all persons 
demeaning themselves peaceably , and 
not obstructing others in their religi- 
ous worship, are entitled to the pro- 
tection of law in the free exercise of 
their own religion, and no sect of 
Christians shall have exclusive privi- 
leges or preference over any other 
sect, but all shall be alike tolerated : 
and no religious test whatever shall be 
required as a qualification for civil of- 
fice, or the exercise of any civil right. 

•'The powers of this government 
shall be divided into three distinct 
departments, the legislative, execu- 
tive, and judicial ; and no person be- 
longing to one of these departments 
shall exercise any of the powers be- 
longing to either of the others. This 
section is not to be construed to 
include justices of the peace. 

"The liberty of the press is essen- 



tial to the security of freedom in a 
State : it ought not, therefore, to be 
restrained in this republic. The 
printing press shall be free to every 
person who undertakes to examine 
the proceedings of the legislature or 
any branch of government; and no 
law shall ever be made to restrain 
the rights thereof. The free com- 
munication of thoughts and opinions 
is one of the invaluable rights of 
man ; and every citizen may freely 
speak, write, and piint on any sub- 
ject, being responsible for the abuse 
of that liberty. 

44 In prosecutions for the publica- 
tion of papers investigating the offi- 
cial conduct of officers, or men in a 
public capacity, or where the mat- 
ter published is proper for public in- 
formation, the truth thereof may be 
given in evidence. And in all in- 
dictments for libels, the jury shall 
have a right to determine the law 
and the facts, under the direction of 
the court, as in other cases.'' 

Article 2 regulates the "legisla- 
tive powers." The legislature is to 
consist of two branches — a House of 
Representatives and a Senate : 

" The representatives shall be 
elected by and for the inhabitants of 
the several counties of Liberia, and 
shall be apportioned among the sev- 
eral counties of Liberia as follows : 
the county of Montserrado shall 
have four representatives, the coun- 
ty of Grand Bassa shall have three, 
and the county of Sinoe shall have 
one ; and all counties hereafter that 
shall be admitted into the republic 
shall have one representative, and 
for every ten thousand inhabitants 
one representative shall be added. 
No person shall be a representative 
who has not resided in the county 
two whole years immediately pre- 
vious to his election, and who shall 
not when elected, be an inhabitant 
of the county, and does not own 
real estate of not less value than one 



382 



" The Republic of Liberia." 



[December, 



hundred and fifty dollars in the 
county in which he resides, and 
who shall not have attained the age 
of twenty-three years ; the represen- 
tatives shall be elected biennially, 
and shall serve two vears from the 
time of their election." • 

*' The Senate shall consist of two 
members from Montserrado county, 
two from Bassa county, two from Si- 
noe countv, and two from each coun- 
1y which may be hereafter incorporat- 
ed into this republic. No person shall 
he a senator who shall not have resided 
three whole years immediately previ- 
ous to his election in the republic of 
Liberia, and who shall not,when elect- 
cd,be:minhabitantofthe county which 
he represents, and who does not own 
real estate of not less value than two 
hundred dollars in the county which 
he represents, and who shall not 
have attained the age of twenty-five 
years. The senator for each coun- 
ty who shall have the highest num- 
ber of votes shall retain his seat four 
years, and the one who shall have 
the next highest number of votes 
two years, and all who are after- 
wards elected to fill their seats shall 
remain in oflice four years." 

The 3d article of the constitution 
relates to the executive power : 

"Section 1. The supreme execu- 
tive power shall be vested in a Pre- 
sident, who shall be elecled by the 
people, and shall hold his office 
for the term of two vears. lie shall 
be commander-in-chief of the army 
and navy. He shall, in the recess 
of the legislature, have power to call 
out the militia, or any portion there- 
of, into actual service in defence of 
the republic. Me shall have power 
to make treaties, provided the Senate 
concur therein bv a vote of two-thirds 
of the senators present. He shall 
nominate, and, with the advice and 
consent of the Senate, appoint and 
commission all ambassadors, and 
other public ministers and consuls, 



I 1 secretaries of State, of war, of the 
navy, and of the treasury ; attorney 
general, all judges of courts, sheriffs, 
coroners, marshalls, justices of the 
peace, clerks of courts, registers, 
notaries public, and all other officers 
of State, civil and military, whose 
appointment may not be otherwise 
provided for by the constitution, or 
by standing laws. 

u There shall be a Vice President, 
who shall be elected in the same 
manner, and for the same term, as 
that of the President, and whose 
qualifications shall be the same ; he 
shall be President of the Senate, and 
give the casting vote when the House 
is equally divided on any subject.'' 

The 4th article regulates the " Ju- 
dicial Department" 

The 5th article relates to " Mis- 
cellaneous Provisions." 

The constitution concludes thus : 

" Done in convention at Monro- 
via, in the county of Montserrado, 
by the unanimous consent of the 
people of the Commonwealth of Li- 
beria, this twenty-sixth day of July, 
in the year of our Lord one thou- 
sand eight hundred and forty-seven, 
and of the republic the first. In 
witness whereof we have hereto set 



our names. 



v 



Monrovia, July 29, 1847. 

Fellow-citizens : — Having fin- 
ished our labors, we now have the 
honor of submitting to your consid- 
eration, through the Governor, that 
constitution which in our opinion 
will best suit the peculiar circum- 
stances of the people of this infant 
republic. That our labor* will meet 
the full approbation of every individ- 
ual citizen, is scarcely to be expect- 
ed. We trust, however, that a large 
majority of our fellow-citizens will 
approve our doings, and adopt the 
constitution herewith submitted. 

In our deliberations, we endeavor- 
ed to keep our miner) steadily fixed 



^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



1847.] 



Independence of Liberia. 



383 



upon the great objects of civil go- 
vernment, and have done what we 
conceived to be the best for the gen- 
eral interests of this rising republic. 
We endeavored caiefully to arrange 
every subject that might possibly aris<e 
calculated to disturb in the least the 
friendly feeling which now so hap- 
pily subsists between the different 
counties of this republic. We felt 
deeply the importance and magni- 
tude of the work submitted to our 
hands, and have done the very best 
we could in order to afford general 
satisfaction. 



jJnfct pendente 

The Republic of Liberia has l 
taken her place among the indepen- ' 
dent nations of the earth. The con- 
vention which assembled in July, ! ' 
drafted a new constitution, which 
was voted upon and adopted by the ! 
people in September. | 

We consider this event as a cause 
of profound gratitude to the great : 
Ruler among the nations. How ! 
should every heart leap for joy at I 
the sight of a young republic spring- ,, 
ing up on that dark and heathen I 
coast ! 

We have been frequently asked 
how will this change in the govern- 
ment of Liberia affect the Coloniza- 
tion Society? And we have uniformly 
answered, in the most favorable man- 
ner. Heretofore the Society has 
appointed the Governor and paid his 
salary. Now both these duties will 
be performed by the citizens of the 
republic. Heretofore the Society has 
held a veto power over all the laws 
assed in the colonial council; but; 
they have not had occasion to exer-] 



In view of the peculiarity of ou 
circumstances, the new position we 
have assumed is indeed a gigantic 
one, and the government now calls 
to its support every citizen who is at 
all interested or concerned for the 
safety and future prosperity of this 

our only home. 

****** 

With great respect, we have the 
honor of being your obedient and 
humble servants. 

By the unanimous order of the 
convention : 

SAMUEL BENEDICT, 

President. 

of Jfiberia. 

cise this power in the last seven 
years ! Now they surrender this 
power. 

In all other respects the Society 
stands related to the colony just as 
it did before the change in their gov- 
ernment. It will continue to sym- 
pathise with them in all their trials, 
to aid them in all their noble en- 
deavors to do good, and to send out 
emigrants to be incorporated into the 
republic, upon the terms, and with 
the same rights and privileges, as 
thev have heretofore been. 

It ought to be distinctly under- 
stood, and constantly borne in mind, 
that this change in the relations of 
the Society and the colony has been 
made with their mutual consent and 
co-operation. It has not had its 
cause or origin in any bad working 
of the previous system. But in the 
belief that other nations would more 
respect Liberia in her present, than 
in her previous condition. 

It was also considered that the 
time had come when the colored man