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ALUMNI LIBRARY, f.

| THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY,

|f PRINCETON, N. J.

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AFRICAN REPOSITORY

.. •' , ; «.l‘t . ■ . t

AND

COLONIAL JOURNAL.

Published by order of the Managers of the

THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOOIETT.

THE PROFITS ARISING FROM THIS WORK, ARE DEVOTEE TO
THE CAUSE OF THE SOCIETY.

SMasJjtnjaton:

PUBLISHED BY JAMES C. DUNN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TO THE TENTH VOLUME.

Abolitionist of the Old School, An

African Customs, - - - -

African Discovery, A History of unexampled Mortality,

African Repository, Notices concerning it, -
Am. Col. Society, Original Subscribers to it.

Expressions of Public Sentiment concerning it.
Appeals in its behalf.

Page.

- . 304

123

- 221,222
285, 313
22

115, 117, 125 129, 241
- 84, 108, 124

Contributions to it, - - 63,96,128,157,192,223,256,288,319

Details concerning its Receipts, Expenditures, and nnmber of

Emigrants sent out by it, - - 10, 12, 128, 163, 164, 165

Archer, ffm. S., Dr. Hodgkin’s Remarks on a misrepresentation of a Speech of 230
Auxiliary Societies, 27, 28, 29, 61, 127, 128, 148, 149, 150, 152, 190, 191, 193, 194, 197,
209, 218, 219, 220, 221, 243, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 283, 286, 313, 314

83, 218
279
147
94
43
45
147

Bacon, Rev. Leonard
Beecher, Rev. Dr., His Speech, .......

Bell, Thomas, Agent of American Colonization Society, His Card,

Bethune, Rev. Mr. --------

Birney, James G., His Speech on Prospective Gradual Emancipation, -
Expresses his warm approbation of the Colonization Society,

Rumor of his Abandonment of the Colonization Society,

Review of his Letter, July 15, 1834, to the Rev. Thornton A. Mills,
against the Colonization Society, -

Breckenridge, Rev. R. J., His Remarks at a Colonization Meeting in N. York,
Brown, James, His settlement at Liberia, and Character, - - -

Brazil, Slave Trade carried on in
Caffer Tribes, Account of

Caffraria, Review of Kay’s Travels in

Civis, His Essay, .....

Cleaveland, Johnson, [See “Emancipation,”]

Cloud, Rev. Johns, a Missionary to Africa, His dealh.
Colonization. Extract from the Journal of Freedom, -
“ Some Reasons for not abandoning” -
Colonizationist, The, discontinued.

257
93
218
152
222, 223

140, 169, 199
47
251
154
115
293
191

Colored People, Report of the Synods of South Carolina and Georgia respecting

their religious instruction, 174, 205, 245

Correspondence, - -..-.-- 62, 235, 255

Cox, Dr. Abraham L. - - 139

Cox, Dr. S. H., Remarks of “Quo” on bis Letter on Abolition, • - 110

Cresson, Elliott, - - - * * * -30,126,233,283

Danforth, Rev. Joshua N. His Letter, January 17, 1834, - - -

Devany, Francis, His Death, -

Eden, Rev. James, Extract of a Letter from ....

Emancipation, A Gentleman in North Carolina proposes to liberate four Slaves
for Colonization - * • - *

Johnson Cleaveland, of Loudon co. Va. liberates by wiU his
- fas, og condition of going to Liberia,

251

Emancipation, A Gentleman near Natchez liberates 18 or 20 slaves, See. for

emigration to Liberia, ..... 313

The State of Georgia purchases a Negro Man named Sam, in
order to emancipate nim, - 513

Emigrants, A Tabular view of, sent to Africa since the commencement of the

Colonization Society, ....... 292

Expeditions, Sailing of the Jupiter, ...... 154

Ninus, - ..... 286

Farrington, Sophronia, Letter, and Extract of a Letter from ... 122,157
Fendall, P. R., Recorder, His Letters to the Colonial Agent, - - 97, 106

Finley, Robert S., His Proceedings, ...... 219

Frelinghuysen, Theodore, M. C. - - - - 1, 19, 139, 285, 286

Gales, Joseph, Treasurer, His Plans concerning the Fiscal Relations of the

Colony to the Society, - • - • - - 100-103

Garrison, W. L., - - - - - * 162, 227, 228

Givens, Thomas, Statement concerning him, ..... 154

Grimke, Thomas S., Death of, 286

Notice of his Character, - - - - - 289

Gurley, Rev. R. R., Secretary, His Letter, April 18, 1834, concerning the

Colony, .... 60

His Remarks on the Principles of the Society, 65

Misrepresentations of him, by the Liberator,

&c., corrected, ... 133-137

Hawes, Dr. Aylett, Emancipates his Slaves, - * * 126, 151, 193-198, 286

Hersey, Rev. John, ........ 59, 286

Hewit, Dr., ......... 189

Hodgkin, Thomas, M. D., His Inquiry into the Merits of the Colonization

Society, .... 226

Remarks on the British African Colonization So-
ciety, ..... 308

Hoffman, Peter, ......... 313

Hubbard, Jeremiah, His Letter, March 4, 1834, .... 33

Address to Abolitionists and Anti-Colonizationists - 213

Jefferson, Thomas, ...... 266-269, 270, 271, 272

Journal of Freedom, - - - - - - . . 115

Jones, Joseph ....... 209, 211, 315, 316

Knowles, Herbert, His Lines in a Church-yard, in England, ... 284

Lafayette, General, Resolutions of the Managers of the Colonization Society,

concerning his death, ....... 190

Laird, Rev. Matthew, 85, 154

Lander, Richard, His Death, ...... 147, 221, 222

Leiper, Hanson, Extract of a Letter from, ..... 244

Letter from a little Girl in Edinburgh to a little African Girl in Liberia, - 29

Liberia, News from, up to May 10, 1834, ..... 354

Temperance in, ------ 90, 106, 107

Resolutions of the Managers of the Colonization Society, January 30,

1834, concerning, ------. 25-27

Relative proportion of the numbers of manumitted Slaves and recap-
tured Africans sent to, ----- - 139

Donations to, - - - - - 146, 147, 191, 217

New-York Female Society for the support of Schools in Africa, - 149

Remarks concerning, ...... 146, 207, 213

Plans of the Fredericksburg and Falmouth Auxiliary Society, con-
cerning, 25S

Herald, ....... 122, 156, 217

Extract from a Naval Officer’s Journal concerning it, - • 310

Mode of forwarding Letters to it, - - - • . 315

Lowrie, Walter, His Special Report, concerning the Society’s debt, - 8, see 115

Supplemental “ “ “ - 163

Report concerning the relations of Auxiliary Societies to

the Parent Society, ..... 195

McDowall, Dr. Robert, a Colored Physician, emigrates to the Colony, - 104, 154

Managers of the Colonization Society, Proceedings of, 8, 25, 84, 91, 97, 106, 107, 108, 117

163, 190, 193, 195, 198, 217

Missions ands Missionaries - - - - - - - 96, 183

Nevins, Rufus L., His Letter, ....... 255

New-York, Riots in - - - - - - - - 190

Proceedings of the New-York City Colonization Society con-
cerning them, ..... 190, 255

Norton, John T., His remittance for a Temperance Settlement in the Colony, 107

Page.

Onderdonk, Bishop, His Letter to the Rev, Peter Williams, - - 185

Paine, Elijah, His Circular, ....... 148

Palmas, Cape, ........ 128, 178

Perkins, Dr. Alfred, His Legacy to the American Colonization Society, - 313

Phelps, Rev. Amos, Remarks on his Lectures on Slavery, - - - 163

Pinney, Rev. John B„ - - * - - 47, 89, 97, 108, 155, 209, 254

Poetry, 284

“ Quo,” His remarks on Dr. S. H. Cox’s Letter on Abolition, ... no

Recaptured Africans settled at New Georgia, .... 90

Resolutions, Laws, Public Meetings and other Public Proceedings, concerning

Colonization, - - - 29, 91, 126, 127, 147, 218, 254, 285, 287

Richardson, David, a Colonist, his Letter, ..... 212

Rives, Wm. C., Extract of a Letter from, ..... 250

Sansom, Mrs. Beulah, ........ 255

Sehon, Rev. E. W., Contributions received by him at Columbus, Ohio, - 27

Sharp, Eunice, ......... 146, 147

Sigourney, Mrs. Lydia H., ....... 29

Skinner, Dr. Ezekiel, goes to the Colony as Pysician, .... 104, 154

Slavery, 168, 239, 287, 304, 315

Smith, Gerrit, ......... 106, 107

His Letter, sending $1000 ..... 17

His Manual Labor School, ..... 312

Snetter, Martha, a Letter from ...... 154

Spalding, Rev. Rufus, Letters from him, ..... 120, 156

Stowe, Professor, His remarks on Colonization, .... 300

Swift, E. P., His communication, ...... 108

Thomas, Elizabeth, a Colonist, a Letter from her, .... 189

Twining, A. H., Addresses a Colonization Meeting in New-York, - - 93

Van Rensselaer, Rev. Cortland, His preaching to the Slaves, - - 254

Voorhees, Capt. P. F., His Letter concerning the Colony, ... 20

Webb, Charles H., a Colored Medical Student, emigrates to the Colony, - 104, 154

Wilberforce, William, Extracts from his Speech on Colonization, - - 116

Williams, Rev. Peter, a Colored Preacher, His Address to the Citizens of New

York, ......... 188

Wilson, Beverly, a Colonist, His Letter, - - . - - * 118

Wilson and Wynkoop, Extracts from their Report concerning Africa, - - 278

Wright, Rev. S. O. His Letter, - - - - * 119

His Death, ....... 154

Death of Mrs. Wright, ... 165

‘ Z,” His Essays in favor of Colonization, ..... 73

THE

AFRICAN REPOSITORY,

AND

COLONIAL JOURNAL.

Vol. X.] AUGUST, 3.834. [No. 6.

THE REV. MR PHELPS’ LECTURES.

TiiE^Iev. Amos H. Phelps of Boston, in his Lectures on slavery, defines
it “to be’ an assumed right of property in man; or it is the principle admit-
ted in theory and acted on in practice, that in some cases, each individual
being his own judge in the case, it is lawful to hold property in man.” He
says — “by holding man as property, I mean holding him without any
will or consent of his own, more than if he were a mere animal, or an inan-
imate thing, such as an axe a hoe. I mean, moreover, holding him thus,
when, like an item of property he is guilty of no crime, by which, in the
regular operation of equitable laws, his liberty has been forfeited.”

Mr. Phelps’ object is to prove that slavery is in all circumstances and
all cases, a sin. And doubtless he believes his very definition of it shows
that it is so. Our opinion is, that all that, in existing slavery, which im-
plies on the part of the slaveholder a violation of the perfect law of Christ,
is sin: but that many things entering into Mr. Phelps’ definition (if not
all) do not necessarily imply sin in some cases; and therefore that his argu-
1 ment based upon it cannot sustain the doctrine of instant, unconditional,
and complete emancipation.

The sin in slavery thus defined lies not necessarily in the fact that “each
individual” judges of his own duty either to himself or another. So far as
duty lies in motive, every man is under law to God and to none beside. —
He is ever (under God) judge in his own case of duty, whether it respect
himself or others. And in regard to his conduct towards his fellow man,
(except where such conduct is prescribed by human laws, or by some pow-
er controlled,) he is also judge, responsible only to his conscience and God.
Nor does the sin of slavery so defined lie necessarily in the fact that men
are Held without their will or consent; for children, minors and those who
cannot be trusted with freedom, are restrained without their consent. Nor
does the sin lie necessarily in holding them as property (in one sense); or
in that they are so held while guilty of no crime, for children and apprenti-
ces are of pecuniary advantage to those who provide for them; and they
are so, while guilty of no crime, but in this alone, is there necessarily sin,
that they are held as mere property, and not regarded as men, to be treated
as capable, and when qualified as entitled, to all the privileges of humanity.
The sin lies here alone, that in not fulfilling towards them the law of Christ
and treating them as we would be treated in an exchange of circumstances)
*21

162

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT.

[August,

And will Mr. Phelps say that there are not, may not be, hundreds and thou-
sands of slaveholders at the South who regard their slaves as men, not as
brutes or chattels, but as men against whose interests no pecuniary advan-
tage is to be weighed in the balance?

The writer of this, has no disposition to defend or excuse any thing
in the Institution of which we speak, that is contrary to the rule of Christ;
in his opinion, the system is totally wrong as a permanent Institution; but
admitting only of a cautious and gradual remedy. The time necessary be-
nevolently to remove it, may be innocently taken; but the wisdom and pie-
ty of the South cannot too soon commence measures for its removal.

THE POWER OF PREJUDICE.

No man in this country has had more to say against the power of preju-
dice, than our editorial brother, Wm. Lloyd Garrison; and yet wre never
knew a more palpable exemplification of its power, than he has furnished
in the statement below: —

“ Vermont Chronicle.

“Rev. Joseph Tracy has retired from the editorial management of this egotistical and
pernicious publication. For the sake of the cause of humanity, of truth and of righteous-
ness, we heartily rejoice at his abdication. We have been unable to perceive in his lu-
cubrations any marks of genius, originality or candor. We have scorned to answer his
paltry quibbling and vain-glorious sophistry. He is succeeded by his brother, who re-
cently edited the Recorder of this city. We need not write his character.”

Now, whatever may be said of Mr. Tracy’s opinions, it is universally
granted that no editor in the United States has shown more ability in main-
taining them than he has done. His eminent “genius and originality’' ure
never before heard questioned. Now we are among those who believe
that “prejudice is not invinciole,” either toward coloured men or white.
And we recommend to the editor of the Liberator to make an experiment
in this very case; and if he succeeds, he will have furnished a demonstra-
tion, which no mortal can gainsay. — Western Recorder.

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT.

In the March number of the African Repository for the present year, wras published a
Report of a Committee of the Board of Managers of the American Colonization Society,
prepared in compliance with a Resolution which had been adopted at the Annual Meeting
of the Society held in the January preceding, calling for detailed information concerning
the Society’s debt; and in the May number, a Resolution of the Board, stating that
certain accounts and vouchers had recently arrived from the Colony, and inslructing the
same Committee to prepare an additional Report. This has accordingly been done. The
importance of the elaborate document thus prepared, and the known desire of the friends
of the cause to see it without any avoidable delay, have induced us, in order to make
room for it in the present number, to exclude other matter already in type. The sup-
plemental Report and the proceedings connected with it, are as follows: —

Extract from the Journal of the Board of Managers of the American Colonization Society,

July 24, 1834.

Walter Loyvrie, Esq. from the Committee to whom was referred the
resolution adopted at the Annual Meeting, and also the resolution of the
Board, of the bth of May last, made the following report: —

18340

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT.

1.63

"That the Report of the Committee of the 20th of February last, was
limited to a statement of the aggregate amount of the Society’s debt,' — a
comprehensive view of the expenses of the Colony, — the general causes by
which the debt was produced, — and an exposition of the principles by
which the Board would be governed in their future operations. The Com-
mittee regret that in preparing this Report, the absence of the Secretary
of the Society, — first at New York, and at present, in Virginia, that with-
out interruption he may finish the biography of Ashmun, has deprived
them of the aid of his talents and experience.

The following is a detailed statement of the debt of the Society as it ex-
isted at the last Annual Meeting: —

John Hanson’s draft in favor of Grant and Stone, for the charter of the brig
Hercules — due last June, ......

A. and S. Ralston’s do in their own favor, for supplies in June,

Alex Read’s do do for do do, * -

Girse and Kirkhouse’s do do for do do,

Anslem and Hatch’s do in favor of C. and J. Barstow, for charter of the brig

Roanoake — due in August, ......

Three drafts of Dr. Mechlin, for supplies due in May,

Three do do for do June, ...

Four do do for do August and September,

Thomas Bell’s draft in favor of N. Potts for 100 bans, pork in the America,

due in September, .......

Dr. Mechlin’s draft in favor of Wm. Peters, for freight and supplies by the
Jupiter, due in October, ......

Eight do for supplies in October and November, ....

One do for do in do, ....

One do in favor of R. and F. Allen and Co. for supplies, due in Jan. 1830,
Three drafts of N. Potts, in his own favor, for do, due in Jan. and February,
Thomas Bell’s draft in favor of Smith Anderson, for part charter of the Ar-
gus, due in March, -

Do do May, .......

Four do for supplies sent in the Argus, due in March, -

Two do of N. Potts, in his own favor, for supplies due in March,

T. Bell's draft in favor of W. Peters for do May,

Six of Dr. Mechlin’s drafts in payment of salaries at the Colony,

Dr. Hall’s draft for his salary, January, . ... .

John Hanson’s claims for supplies furnished to the Colony by Waring and
Co. Cheeseman and others, and for sundry orders taken up at the Colony,
Balance due to Dr. Mechlin, agreeably to his statement, - - -

Navy Department for the Agency House, - - - -

Estate of James Ramsay, Baltimore, for supplies,

James C. Dunn for printing, ......

Sundry unsettled accounts, ......

D. C.

9,217 50
495 37
589 45
1396 62

2870
1200
591 96
1921 77

1209

1311

1850 27
192

2479 41
1600

1160
2000
1729 87
999 50
316 4
2377 29
1320 72

5364 68
997 53
626
58 60
1075
696 14

#45,645 72

In their former Report, the Committee submitted various facts and cir-
cumstances, showing the causes and manner of the rise and increase of the
Society’s debt. These, it is not intended to recapitulate in this Report. —
But in addition to the list given above, the Committee have thought it
would be satisfactory to have the expenditures placed under distinct heads,
showing the amount for the last four years expended undereach. In this
manner the resolution of the Annual Meeting will be complied with in the
only manner in which it is practicable.

To prepare this tabular statement, the Committee have, with great care,
and at the expense of much time and labor, examined the papers on the
files of the office, as well as those received in June last, from the Colony,
by the Jupiter, relating to the expenditures for the last four years. Every
account, voucher, order or receipt, has been separately examined and placed
under the appropriate head, as far as these various papers afforded the
means of specific designation.

164

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT.

[August,

Expenditures in the U. S.

1830.

| 1831.

| 1832.

( 1833.

Amount.

Salaries of Seers. Ck. & Tr.

1 $1,400

$1,400

1 #2,170

| $2,800

#7,771

Agencies in the U. States,

1,493

1,508

2,467

1,312

6,782

Collecting Emigrants,

338

106

786

1,284

Supplies for the Colony,

6,289

5,178

14,428

15,049

40,946

Transn.fk. supply on voyage,
Colonial Agent & Physicians,

759

3,950

14.797

2,133

21.640

1,016

2,525

2,435

6,652

12,629

Printing,

984

3,503

3,306

4,003

11,798

Office rent, stat’y & contgt,

491

498

747

1,203

2,941

Support of medical students,

520

327

1,089

1,974

3,911

Cost & outfit of schr. M.Mer.

4,811

Expenditures in Liberia.

Officers of the Colony,

3,018

5,215

6,394

2,324

16,953

Buildings and repair, includ-

ing purchase of A. House,

156

1,348

526

1,281

3,313

Lumber,

2,486

522

3,116

Labor,

234

2,648

504

3,467

House and store rent,

358

554

912

Arms and warlike stores,

226

620

1,726

333

2,912

Expense of Schooners,

805

802

1,682

1,389

4 679

Boat, canoe hire & expense,

162

121

284

572

Nursing sick, washing and

boarding,

424

598

1,214

507

2.744

Funeral expenses,

168

429

297

936

Purchase and founding G.

Bassa,

2,120

623

2,743

Court expenses.

343

362

House exps. (no vouchers),

655

1,742

780

3,179

Agency exps. (no vouchers),

2,085

4,788

5,182

12.056

Do for Caldwell, do,

2,765

Exped’n against the Deys,

347

Orders, and receipts for what

purpose not specified,

446

5,256

3,444

3,380

12,527

Freight paid in Colony,

675

1,798

2 473

Provisions, pur. in Colony,

874

1.576

4,039

4,139

10,629

Trade goods, do.

615

335

3,886

1,238

6,075

Total,

23,118

46.739

83,060

15|

54,367

207,285

The loose and unsatisfactory manner in which the accounts and vouch-
ers have been returned from the Colony, may be seen in the instructions
to the Agent in the June number of the Repository, where the papers re-
ceived by the Jupiter are referred to. By the particular examination, giv-
en by the Committee to every paper, they have been enabled to arrange
the various expenditures more to their satisfaction, than was at first deem-
ed possible. The large class, however, in the tabular statement, under the
head of “orders and receipts, for what purpose not specified,” cannot be
explained without further information from the Colony; and the Committee
have little hope of receiving much additional information respecting them.
It is proper to remark, however, that the papers for this class are defective
only in specifying the purpose for which they were given. They contain
the date, the sum, the name of the person to whom giveu, and his receipt,
and in most cases the approval of the Agent in his own handwriting.

The three items, under the heads of “house expenses,” “agency expen-
ses,” and “agency expenses for Caldwell,” are without vouchers. For
1830 and 1831, the charge is made up by a single line. For 1832, the
particulars are stated in a long and detailed account, specifying every item,
the time when, and the person to whom paid, and for what purpose. The
most of the account is made up of provisions, stores, medicine, &c. issued
to the emigrants, and charged on the books of the store; and for supplies
for the agency house, as well as articles of furniture, charged in the same
manner.” For 1832, the Committee are satisfied with this detailed state-
ment. For 1833, pp statement or papers have been returned.

1834. J

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT.

165

The expenses of the schooner are quite indefinite and unsatisfactory. —
No regular account appears to have been kept, showing the profit or loss
of the different voyages.

The item for arms and warlike stores, is also unexplained. The pur-
chases appear to have been made, but what proportion was for the use of
the Colony, or what for the trade with the natives, is net stated. The
Committee trust this will be the last time, when such articles will enter in-
to their trade with the native tribes. But this is not the only or the most
exceptionable article of that trade. It is with the deepest pain that the
Committee have to notice another, more destructive, and in Africa second
only to the slave trade itself, in its withering and blasting effects on every
thing dear to man; but which, it is believed, is now, for the first time,
brought to the knowledge of the Board. During the last four years, 1,857
gallons of brandy, whisky and rum, placed by the Committee uuder the
item of trade goods, have been purchased in the Colony; the most of which,
as the Committee have been informed by the late Agent, has been used in
the native trade. The Committee have no language in which to express
their deep regret, that such an element of trade should have been carried
on with the benighted natives by the Agents of the Society. Should any
ask why the Committee have noticed this painful circumstance? The
answer is given, by the explicit statement of the Board heretofore made,
that they have no concealments; and even without that pledge the truth
required its exposure. But whilst the fact is thus made public, the Com-
mittee submit, whether the very exposition does not afford the surest and
the strongest pledge, on the part of the Board, that a traffic, so destructive
of every hope for the regeneration of Africa, and of the best interest, if not
the very existence of the Colony, shall cease.

An item of expenditure, unprofitable to a great extent, is found in the.
support of the colored medical students. This measure at first was one of
much promise. But Washington Davis, Page C. Dunlop and James H.
Fleet, for whose education large sums were expended, have refused to
fulfil their engagements. They have chosen to remain here, in violation
of obligations the most sacred, unwilling and unable to restore the sums ex-
pended for their education from the funds of a benevolent institution. But
the conduct of the other students, has been so far the reverse of all this. —
Charles H. Webb has gone out in the Jupiter to Liberia, where he will
finish his medical education under the care of Dr. Skinner, with the pros-
pect of great benefit to the Colony. William Taylor, a young man of much
promise, and possessing the esteem and confidence of the Board, is still
pursuing his medical studies uuder their care.

It remains for the Committee to make some remaiks explanatory of the
tabular statement.

The amount of expenditures appears fo be $*207,285 54. This, how-
ever, is only apparent, because two items are twice brought into the charge.
For instance, the supplies for the Colony are charged first in the aggregate
$40,946 63; but part of these are charged again in payment for labor, house
rent, lumber, &c. So of the provisions and trade goods purchased in the
Colony, $5,377 80. These two sums make $16,324 43; and when de-
ducted from $207,285 54, leave the sum of $160,961 11.

The amount collected for four years by the Society is, $132,190 20

To which add the Society’s debt, .... 45,645 70

Sum to be accounted for, ...... $177,835 92

From which deduct the specified expenditures, - 160,961 11

A balance is left of $16,874 81

166

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT.

[August,

This balance is accounted for, by the fact, that for the support of 1,598
emigrants sent in this period to the Colony, for provisions, stores, medi-
cine, &,c. there are only found charges in what is called “agency expen-
ses,” amounting to $14,822 03, a sum quite too small for their support. —
The above balance added to this sum will give for that item $31,696 84,
which is less than twenty dollars for the personal expenses of each emi-
grant. after his arrival at the Colony.

The receipts and disbursements, for the present year, will, of course, be
submitted to the Society at their Annual Meeting. The Committee will
not anticipate that report by any detailed statement at present. Five
months ago the Board informed their friends, that the affairs of the Society
had come to a crisis. It is with the deepest gratitude to Divine Provi-
dence, and with the sincerest pleasure, that they can now state, that the
crisis has passed, and the cause remains uninjured. When in February
last, this Committee made their first report, many appearances were dis-
couraging; but now these discouragements are gone. The exposition there-
in given of the principles by which the Board would be governed, has re-
ceived the cordial and unanimous approbation of the friends of the cause
in every section of the Uuion. At no time, it may safely be asserted, has
the Colonization cause, when conducted on the principles therein stated,
been more firmly rooted in the hearts and judgments of our most enlighten-
ed citizens.

When the Committee say there are no discouragements, they do not
mean to say that they are free from embarrassment. During the pecuniary
distress under which the community generally was suffering, it was not to
be expected that the Society could discharge the heavy responsibilities in-
curred under the too extended operations of former years. But the Colony
is now, for a year, beyond the reach of want. The Board have dissolved
their connection with Dr. Todsen. But Dr, Skinner, a skilful Physiciau
from Connecticut, Dr. McDowall, a young colored Physician from Scot-
land, highly recommended to the Board, and hereafter Mr. Webb, will
supply the medical wants of the Colony. Aided principally by the noble
generosity of their friends in New York, the Board have been enabled to
send such supplies as will leave them at liberty for some months to come
to devote their means to the discharge of their debts. The large legacies
due to the Society, will, when received, much reduce their debt; and every
thing in the power of the Board will be done, to make satisfactory arrange-
ments with their creditors, so that their funds may be left at liberty to car-
ry forward the various measures proposed for the benefit of the Colony.

In the mean time it is most encouraging to know, that while the Parent
Board are engaged in relieving themselves from embarrassment, the cause
is still advancing. The ladiesof New York have sent out additional teach-
ers and ample funds for their support, while the ladies of Philadelphia con-
tinue their efficient aid to the same most vital object. The Albany Coloni-
zation Society have furnished the Board with means for the commencement
of a settlement of temperance emigrants, to be called Albany, and instruc-
tions, and part of the means furnished, have gone to the Agent for the im-
mediate beginning of preparatory measures. From the State Colonization
Society of Pennsylvania, heretofore one of their most efficient Auxiliaries,
the Board have assurances of efforts to procure funds to build up and sus-
tain he interests of the Colony.

But the beneficent operations in favor of the cause, do not stop here. —
Although the Parent Board have been unable to be the instruments of giv-
ing liberty to the slaves whose freedom depends on their removal, their
place has been supplied by the zealous and enterprising efforts of the

Young Men’s Colonization Society of Pennsylvania. They have engaged

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT.

167

1834.]

to send out, with full and adequate supplies, more than 100 slaves, whose
freedom depends on their going to Liberia. Here the Committee mast
pause fora moment, to compare the beneficent course of this Society, with
the course of another Society, which claims to be the exclusive and only
friend of the colored man. The one has said a great deal, and much of it
in no friendly tone, about equal and unalienable rights, just as if we lived
in a world of abstractions. The other has made very little noise, and
what it has said, has been words of peace and truth; but it has acted; and
it now presents the community with the spectacle of more than 100 free-
men, who, but for it, would still have been slaves. And 1000 more are
waiting, merely till the Parent Board, or its Auxiliaries, possess the means
to place them as freemen in the same company. We call upon the many
excellent men in the ranks nominally of our opponents, to consider these
things. We speak not to the partizans, or to their editors, and the would-
be leaders, in their ranks. To them we have nothing to say; but of them
we do say, that we fear them not. They have already done us much
good by their many grievous and hard speeches; and their treatment of
this report, when they receive it, and especially of this part of it, will
hereafter do us much more.

The distressing and painful loss which the Colony and Africa in general
have sustained by the recent deaths of so many devoted and excellent men
and women, has been felt by the Board with the deepest sensibility. But
even in this painful dispensation of Divine Providence, there is no perma-
nent element of discouragement. That the Colony will advance, if none
but colored men go there, is most certain. But to lay the foundation of
society on the principles of civil and religious liberty, and to assist in
building up a native agency in the Colony and among the surrounding
tribes, the aid of suitable white men is greatly needed. In view of these
important considerations, the Board, after mature deliberation, have decided
to have their whole territory explored with reference to a more healthful
situation in the interior, in addition to the present settlements, and at a
proper distance from the margin of the streams. It is also their intention
to have the interior beyond their limits explored, with a view to ascertain
the distance and location of the high lands, and the course and distance of
the mountains. They are convinced of the vital importance to Africa,
and to the Colony, to have pious, able and enlightened men stationed there
as missionaries. From the facts in the possession of the Board, they have
great hopes of succeeding in finding a situation healthful to the white man.
In that event, the respected boards of missions could, with renewed en-
couragement, recommence their most benevolent operations.

Among the first meetings of the present Board, it was decided, that they
would keep the public advised of the true state of their affairs, both in the
United States and at the Colony, as far as the truth was known to them.
On this determination they have faithfully acted, and this report and that
of February last, give evidence that they have done so. In the letters of
Captain Voorhees and Mr. Pinney, were many painful truths in reference
to the condition of the Colony. But the Board did not hesitate a moment
in publishing these communications entire, because they were satisfied
from the high character of the writers, that they contained the truth. The
Board are also anxious to extend the subscription of the Liberia Herald in
the U. States; its columns will, to a certain extent, give authentic infor-
mation of what is passing there.

With the disposition on the part of the Board, thus evidenced, the
friends of the cause may rest assured, that as far as the Board possess in-
formation, be it good or bad, the truth shall be laid before them. This
course steadily persisted in, will soon render useless the labors of their op«

168

ABOLITION.

[August,

ponents, in procuring and making public, with so much parade, letters
from disappointed and dissatisfied colonists, — garbled extracts of letters
from others, not intended for publication, — and in getting up prepared and
exparte depositions, and labored and preconcerted interrogatories.”

On motion, the foregoing report was unanimously adopted, and ordered
to be published in the August number of the African Repository.

W. W. SEATON, President, pro tempore.

Attest:

P. R. Fendall, Recorder.

From the Millennial Tntmpeier, Maysvilte, Term. July 5.

ABOLITION.

The friends of the Abolition Society labour industriously to impress on
the minds of the public, that the Colonization Society meets with small
encouragement from the opposers of slavery in the Southern and Western
States. Every paragraph or word spoken against the Colonization Society,
meets from them a hearty welcome, and is echoed from mouth to mouth
and print to print throughout the country. There seems to be a spirit
of hostility to the friends of Colonization reigning in the breasts of aboli-
tionists, that totally annihilates every charitable feeling. This spirit of
rivalry and self-aggrandizement, has so weakened their efforts against the
primary 'object, i. e. the extinction of slavery, that a common observer would
think they were merely opponents of the Colonization Society. We ob-
serve that a Mr. Thorn of Kentucky, in a speech delivered before a Society
at the North, has endeavoured to strengthen this belief, that the friends of
Colonization were few in number, in the Mississippi Valley, and what there
was, were weak in faith and silent in devotion. Where he got his authori-
ty for making these assertions we know not. The tocksin of dissension
from the evils of Slavery has been sounded loud enough in the Mississippi
Valley to be heard by all who have their ears open to the subject. And,
all who impartially look at the excuses made and grounds assumed, by
the advocates of Slavery, must admit that immediate and unconditional
emancipation will never be sanctioned by the people. If the Abolition
Society has friends in the West, many of them are mock friends, who while
they speak in its favor, only do so that Slavery may be perpetuated. They
are aware that the people will never permit the negroes to be uncondition-
ally liberated among them, and therefore they countenance the Abolition
attempt, lest the Colonization Society, which so well meets the views
and opinions of the people, should ultimately effect the object they wish
to prevent. We profess to know the sentiments of a majority of tbe peo-
ple in Tennessee at least, and we fear not to hazard the assertion that every
effort made by Abolitionists is only riveting the chains of Slavery more
firmly on the slave. Even those who bewail the condition of the slaves,
when they look around them and see the multitude of human beings that
have so iong been in bondage, would shudder at the idea of throwing off
the yoke, without first preparing their minds to bend to civil authority,
and their heaits tube goverued by the Father of Peace. Again, there
are many who oppose slavery for no other purpose than that of getting en-
tirely rid ot the whole African race. Lastly, we say to our northern Abo-
lition friends, iflhey are sincere in their wishes for the welfare of the slaves
in the Mississippi Valley, to cease their efforts to obtain immediate eman-
cipation, and cease the it attempts to impede the progress of the American,
Colonization Society..

1834. J

REVIEW.

169

REVIEW.

Kay’s Travels in Caffraria. — Continued from P. 146.

[ From the Edinburgh Review, January 1834.]

Travels and Researches in Caffraria: describing the character, Customs,
and Moral Condition, of the Tribes inhabiting that portion of Southern
Africa: With historical and topographical Remarks, illustrative of the

State und Prospects of the British Settlement on its Borders, the introduc-
tion of Christianity, and the Progress of Civilization, By Stephen
Kay, Corresponding Member of the South African Institution. 12mo.
London: 1633.

The Gaffers are passionately fond of hunting, and pursue with ardour,
not only the antelopes which inhabit their woods and mountains, but also
the buffalo, the lion, the rhinoceros, the hippopotamus, and the elephant.
The latter animal they sometimes assail for several days before they can
destroy him.

The system of government among these tribes is of a very simple patri-
archal character; resembling, in many points, that of our Highland clans
in ancient times. The chieftainship is hereditary, though the succession
does not always follow in a regular course, according to the European laws
of primogeniture. The chief usually names his successor from among the
children of his principal wife, who is always a female of high lineage, and
generally taken from another tribe. The principal wives of the Amakosa
chiefs, for instance, are mostly of the noble blood of Amatembu’and Ama-
ponda. The great chiefs are considered absolute sovereigns in their re-
spective clans; but their arbitrary po\^r is practically restrained, in all at
least that relates to public affairs; nothing of importance is decided upon
without the council of the leading men of the tribe, and captains of villa-
ges, who are selected generally from the wealthiest, the wisest, or the brav-
est of the horde. These men are termed amapagati, i. e. elders or coun-
sellors. In all great questions of peace or war, a public council is held, at
which all the warriors attend, and where the leading men deliver their
sentiments with great freedom and animation. But on more ordinary oc-
casions, such as disputes between individuals, or the trial of offenders, the
Chief, assisted by a certain number of his amapagati, sits as judge, the
counsellors forming a species of rude jury. The traditional usages and cus-
toms of the nation form their code of laws. Of these African courts of
justice, the following account has been given by the intelligent Missiona-
ry, Mr. Brownlee, whose notes on the Amakosa Caffers are appended to
Mr. Thompson’s Travels: — ‘ When offences are committed, or disputes oc-
cur, and the matter cannot be settled by the interference of friends, it is
brought by the aggrieved party before his chieftain’s court. Those con-
cerned are immediately summoned to appear before a public meeting of the
tribe or clan. The place where the meetings are convened, is usually the
cattle kraal of the horde or village; but if the weather be very warm, they
sometimes assemble under the shade of the trees in some neighbouring
wood. The parties concerned sit at the entrance of the kraal or place of
assembly; the rest take their station in a circle within; but women are not
allowed to enter, and only a few of the oldest and most respectable persons
speak. When the matter is of great importance, the most profound atten-
tion is paid. The speakers rise in succession with the greatest decorum,
and make long and animated harangues, until all sides of the subject have
22

170

REVIEW.

[August,

been fully considered and discussed. After this, the chief, who acts as pre-
sident ol the court, gives his opinion, and relers it to the consideration of
t1' assembly, who either concur in his opinion, or assign their reasons for
dissect. Sometimes an important cause is kept pending for several days;
b. r inis is not generally the case, — lor, as there are no fees for the advo-
cates, the length of the process does not increase the costs.’ — (Vol. ii, p.
319.) Mr. Kay, on the same subject, makes the following observations: —

‘The Carter chiefs are in all cases both legislators and judges, whilst “the old men”
and favourite courtiers form a kind of jury and council too. The parties appear person-
ally, plead their own cause, and produce their witnesses and proofs.’ — ‘In their public
harangues, a man is seldom interrupted, although his speech be continued for hours to-
gether; but during this time his antagonist is all attention: when he rises to reply, every
argument that has been adduced is taken up in the exact order in which it was delivered,
and with as much precision as if answered at the very moment. Memory is their only
note book; and although apparently put, on many occasions, to the severest test, they sel-
dom seem to labour under any material difficulty in bringing up all the details of the sub-
ject by the astonishing powers of recollection. Their language, on those occasions, is
generally strong and nervous, and their manner exceedingly manly and dignified. Even
the children, when about to reply to the most siinpl-- questions, step forward, throw back
the head, and extend the arm; and give to their words a lull, slow, and clear enunciation.’
— P. 154.

It is curious to remark, that Major Lairtg, in describing the judicial cus-
toms of the Soolimas of north-westera Africa, gives an account almost ex-
actly corresponding with the above description furnish d by these two Caf-
fer Missionaries. Nor is this the only point of resemblance between the
usages of these widely saparated tribes.

Murder or manslaughter, theft, adultery, and most other offences between
private persons, are usually punished by a fine fixed by the court; varying,
according to circumstances, from a jingle cow to the whole property of the
offender. In aggravated cases, or ^hen the offence is committed against
powerful chiefs, the criminal is sometimes punished with death.

On the subject of their religious notions, Mr. Kay has not furnished
much additional information.. Nothing like a regular system of idolatry
exists among them; but we find some traces of a belief in a Supreme Be-
ing, and sundry superstitious usages, which look like the shattered wrecks
of ancient religious institutions and higher civilization. Among the Atna-
kosa, the Supreme Being, the ‘ruler of the stars and the thunder,’ is some-
times spoken of with a vague sort of awe, under the name of Uhlanga, or
(Jdali: but, since the missionaries settled among them, the term Uliko
(which is employed to denote the true God) has generally superseded the
native terms. This word (Uliko) is derived from the ancient Hottentot
term Tiko, the name of the Supreme Spirit, and which is said literally to
signify ‘The Beautiful.’ Amoug the Bechuana tribes, ‘the wielder of the
thuuder’ is worshipped, with propitiatory rites, under the title of Marec-
7iio or Boorecmo,-~ but rather as a destructive than a beneficent power. —
Among the Amapondas, Mr. Kay found traces of a belief both in a Supreme
Creator, and also in inferior evil spirits, not unlike some of the notions of
our own ancestors concerning demons and goblins: —

‘ While conversing with these people upon religious subjects, I could not but remark
that the word Uliko, generally used among the frontier clans for God, is here seldom or
never heard; a fact which, coupled with the click attached to that word, very considerably
strengthens the opinion of its being, like many others now embodied in the Carter lan-
guage, one of Hottentot origin. The proper names of Deity, used by the Amaponda, are
Udali (Maker or Creator), and Umenzi, which signifies “Worker,” and which, when used
in a sacred sense, is fully understood as referring to that Being by whom the great works
of nature were produced — the heavens, the earth, and the sea, ire. Tilcaloski also is much
rnoro frequently and familiarly talked about than among the -more southern tribes. This

1834.]

REVIEW.

171

is an appellation that seems to be given to some invisible and indescribable being, whom
they sometimes personify as a little ugly malignant demon, capable of doing them much
harm, of inflicting pain, and of effecting their ruin. They likewise imagine thatheisable
to disturb their happiness by a kind of amorous intercourse with their women, by induc-
ing them to play the harlot and the husband to go astray. The men, I was told,’ sometimes
pretended to w age w ar with him, and after storming the hut in which he is supposed to be
carrying on his mal-practices, loudly boast of victory.’— P. 339.

Mr. Kay mentions having witnessed the sacrifice of a young heifer, by
direction of a sorceress, to propitiate the Shulugu (ghost) of the ancestor
of a child, the daughter of an Amaponda chief. The whole of the flesh,
however, of the sacrifice, was devoured by the witch, and the chief wor-
shippers, and only the bones left to the hungry Shulugn.

Besides these faint fragments of religious belief, the Caffer tribes observe
with great strictness certain traditionary customs and usages, which, as be-
fore mentioned, appear to indicate their derivation, at some remote peri-
od, from a people much more advauced iu civilization than they them-
selves are now. The rite of circumcision is universally practised among
them, unaccompanied by any vestige of Isiarnism. They do not appear to
regard it as an act of religion, but as an indispensable festal ceremony, by
which the youth, on arriving at the age of puberty, are admitted to the
rank of manhood. On this occasion the circumcised band of youths aft;
painted white, arrayed in a fantastic dress of palm leaves, and are kept sep-
arate for three months from the rest of the tribe; after which they are for-
mally admitted, at a public meeting, to rank with men and warriors. A
ceremony, somewhat analogous, is observed with regard to the young fe-
males, on their attaining the age of womanhood.

Still more remarkable are the funeral rites attending the sepulture of
their chiefs, and the consignment of the dead bodies of all of inferior rank
to the beasts of prey. The chiefs and their wives are usually interred un-
der the hedge of the cattle-fold, and all their arms, accoutrements, and or-
nameuts, are deposited in the grave beside them. These cemeteries are
thenceforth held sacred; and among some of the tribes persons are ap-
pointed to take charge of them, who subsist on the produce of the conse-
crated cattle which are kept in these hallowed folds, and which are always
allowed to die of old age. The abandonment of the dead bodies of the
other classes to the hyenas has an appearance exceedingly savage and un-
natural; and is attended with circumstances of a very revolting and deplo-
rable character. It is evident that this barbarous practice has originated
in their ancient superstitions, connected with defilement from the touch or
presence of the dead. When they think that death is iuevitably approach-
ing, they carry out the sick person into some adjoining wood or thicket,
and leave him to expire alone; for they have an inexpressible dread of be-
ing near or touching a corpse, and imagine that death brings misfortune on
the living when it occurs in a hut-or hamlet. Owing to this savage su-
perstition, they are so anxious to get rid of the dying, that it sometimes
happens, says Mr. Browulee, that persons of the privileged class are actu-
ally interred while yet alive. Cases also occasionally occur when those
who have heeu carried out to the woods recover, and return to their rela-
tions; but this is very rare. The raiment of the deceased is considered as
unclean, and must be destroyed, and the hut which he inhabited is shut:
no person ever enters it again; it is called ‘the house of the dead;’ no one
dares even touch the materials of which it is constructed, aud they are left
gradually to crumble into dust.

Mr. Kay remarks, that many circumstances connected with these funeral
rites, and also with childbirth, leprosy, &.c., bear a striking affinity to some
of the observances enjoiued by the Levjtrcal Code. For instance, wboev-

REVIEW.

f August,

er touches the dead body of a man is unclean for seven days, and is banish-
ed ‘without the camp,’ or kraal, till he be purified. After the death of a
chief, all the people are purified on the third day in running water.

‘ When death has occurred in a village, all its inhabitants fast, abstaining even from a
draught of milk the whole of that day, and sometimes longer. A man who has lost his
wife, is required by custom to fast for several days, and to withdraw himself from socie-
ty for the space of two or three weeks; during which he wanders about in some solitary
and desert spot, without either comfort or companions. He not only keeps at a dis-
tance Irom the dwellings of men, but casts away his only garment, which is henceforth
accounted unclean. His daily subsistence is derived entirely from a precarious supply of
roots or wild iruits, &c.

‘ The widow’s lot is harder still. On the death of her husband, she, in like manner,
retires to the forest or the wilderness, where she is obliged to remain for a much longer
period than custom requires of the man. Her means of subsistence are equally preca-
rious; a little water from the brook, and a few bulbous or gramineous roots, generally
constitute the whole ol her supply of food. After wandering about in solitude for two
or three days, she throws away her upper garment, which, as mentioned above, is hence-
forth deemed impure. She is now, of course, entirely exposed, without covering by day
or shelter at night. Having spent a few days more in this state, she cuts and lacerates
different parts of her body with sharp stones, until the blood flows in streams. The nu-
merous scars left by wounds made on those occasions have, in several instances, been re-
peatedly shown lo me. The hut in which she dwelt with her deceased husband is then
burnt; consequently, she is obliged to erect a new habitation, or be dependant upon her
friends for accommodation. When the days of her mourning are over, and the subsequent
new moon makes its appearance, a number of cows or oxen, (if the husband had any,)
proportioned to the number of wives that he had, are slaughtered, and new garments
made for each from the hides of them. And this appears to be the only portion of his
property that is awarded to them by law.’ — P. 199-201.

But the most mischievous of all their superstitions, is the belief in sorce-
ry. Mr. Kay has given a most frightful picture of its deplorable effects. —
Almost every disease and misfortune is ascribed to the practice of witch-
craft; magicians or wizards are consulted to discover the supposed crimi-
nal; incantations are practised till the multitude are wrought up to demo-
niac fury; and then some unhappy wretch is accused, and subjected to a va-
riety of tortures — such as scorching with hot stones, stinging with black-
ants, and the like — till a confession of the imaginary crime isextorted. Con-
viction being thus obtained, the culprit is either condemned to some cruel
death, to corporal punishment, or to confiscation of his cattle. Some of the
chiefs render this delusion an engine of terrible oppression. When they
wish to seize the property of a rich subject, or to destroy any one who has
offended them, they bribe the magician or witch-doctor to accuse him of
sorcery; and then if he escapes with only the loss of all his property he is
fortunate. The scenes of this nature, described by the present w riter, are
exceedingly revolting, and tend to lower not a little the favourable estimate
of the simple happiness of these tribes, as depicted by some former travel-
lers. Mr. Kay, indeed, represents those pleasing accounts as altogether il-
lusory; as well as the flattering delineations, given by Barrow and Lich-
tenstein, of their pastoral simplicity and innocence of manners. But while
he proves clearly enough that these intelligent travellers have considerably
underrated the extent of misery and moral evil prevalent in these ‘dark
places of the earth,’ the worthy Missionary, we cannot help thinking,
shows, however unconsciously, a strong disposition to exaggerate even the
darkness of paganism, and to paint the Ethiopian a shade blacker than the
truth. We are led to draw this deduction, partly from a variety of circum-
stances slated by Mr. Kay himself, and partly from the fact that several
other late writers, of the highest respectability, with the best opportuni-
ties for accurate observation, having concurred in giving a more favourable
cptimeto of tire Caller character, It is, moreover, evident that Mr. Kay,

REVIEW.

173

1834. J

notwithstanding his residence in Caft'raria, is but very slightly acquainted
with the language of these tribes; and that almost all his information res-
pecting their manners and customs, except when they fell under his own
personal observation, must have been acquired through the precarious me-
dium of native interpreters. The specimens he has given of their very in-
teresting and beautiful language, are, with the exception of a few words
and phrases, copied verbatim from the publications ol Mr. Pringle and
Mr. Thompson.

In regard to the progress of Christianity and civilization, the informa-
tion furnished by Mr. Kay is interesting, though by no means so ample as
we should have expected. After adverting to the strange opposition,
which, under the most absurd pretexts, was given to the extension of
Christian missions in Caffiaiia, both by the Dutch and English Colonial
Governments, up to a very recent period, Mr. Kay gives a pleasing though
cursory statement of what has been effected during the last ten or twelve
years. Four Societies, the London, the Glasgow, the Wesleyan, and the
Moravian, have, within that period, entered, in Christian competition, on
this wide and interesting field; and their stations are now planted among
most of the principal tribes, from the Cape frontier to the coast of Natal,
and from the south-eastern sources of the Orange river to Kurrichane, the
chief town of the Murootzi tribe.* ‘On every station,’ says Mr. Kay, ‘the
Mission plough is busily engaged, and bids fair for ultimately putting down
the field labour of the women altogether.’ A variety of fruit-trees are
now flourishing luxuriantly in many of the Mission gardens. Potatoes,
parsnips, beet root, and other valuable esculents, have been introduced,
and in some instances are beginning to be adopted by the native cultiva-
tors. Soothsayers, wizards, rain-makers, and sorceresses, are unable to
maintain their ground, or sustain their reputation in the vicinity of ‘the
light that came from heaven.’ Schools have been established; and, not-
withstanding the difficulties arising from the want of books, numbers are
now able to read the gospel in their mother tongue. The difficulties of
an unwritten and unorganized language have been mastered, and gram-
mars, dictionaries, and scripture translations, are now printed in the cog-
nate Amakosa and Sichuana dialects. Comparatively few derided con-
verts, indeed, have as yet been gained from among the adult Coffers; but
two or three respectable chiefs of secondary rank have entered the pale
of the Christian church; and, renouncing polygamy and other pagan cus-
toms to which their class are strongly wedded, have exhibited an exam-
ple, which there isreason to hope w ill ere long be extensively followed.

The author gives an interesting account of a Missionary Meeting, held
in the Amakosa territory on the 21st of March, 1832, at which seven na-
tive chiefs, together with a number of civil and military officeis from the
colony, were present. On this occasion all the chiefs spoke with ardour
and eloquence in favour of the Christian religion — the ‘Great Word,’ as
they emphatically call it — and expressed their full conviction that the la-
bours of the Missionaries, independently of their spiritual benefits, had
tended greatly to promote the peace and prosperity of their country. Their
speeches, of which Mr. Kay has inserted a translation, furnished by a
brother Missionary, are striking and curious; but we cannot make room
for a specimen.

(to be continued.)

* AH the maps of South Africa which we have examined, are extremely defective and
inaccurate, in regard to the designations and positionsof the Native Tribes, and of the
Missionary settlements among them, with the exception of one just published by Mr. J-
Arrowemith.

174 RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION OF THE [August,

RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION OF THE COLORED POPULATION.

We have perused with great pleasure the following Report of the Synod
of South Carolina in regard to the Religious instruction of the colored
population. It is a bold, decided, and Christian Document. We trust
that all the whole South will soon show a practical regard to the senti-
ments here expressed.

REPORT

Of the Committee to v.'kom was referred the subject of the Religious Instruction of the Color -
. ed population, of the Synod of South Carolina and Georgia, at its late Session in Columbia,

S. C. — Published by order of Synod.

Believers in Divine Revelation, require no arguments to prove to them, that the Gospel
of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, is designed lor the whole human family; nor that it
is the duty of those into whose possession, in the sovereign mercy of God, it Has come, to
make it known to others who may be destitute of it.

“The field is the world” — “Go ye into ail the world, and preach the Gospel to every
creature” — are the words of our Lord. In the great act of Atonement, lie preferred
not one nation or people above another. Says lie, “My flesh — 1 give for the life of the
w orld.” As his disciples, we are to live tor the salvation of the world, so far as we have
ability and opportunity, without preferring in our regards one nation or people above
another. The general rule, therefore, of benevolent eflort is, that we impart the Gospel,
with its accompanying blessings, iu the first place, to such of our fellow creatures as are
most dependent upon us for it; — to such as are most needy and accessible.

In casting our eyes over the field of our labors, we see that vve have not acted according
to this rule. We feel condemned by it. There is a numerous and important class of per-
sons;— we may say — a distinct people, within our bounds, in perishing need of the Gospel,
accessible and wholly dependent upon us, to whom we have not imparted it, at least in
such measures as their necessities and our duty demand. Our very knowledge of their
moral degradation is limited, because we have not carefully inquired into it, and, conse-
quently, our Christian sympathies are not yet awakened in their behalf. To extend our
view beyond our bounds, who would credit it, that in these years of revival and benevo-
lent eltort. in this Christian Republic, there are over two millions of human beings, in the
condition of Heathen, and, in some respects, in a worse condition: and, if wre include the
whole population, almost entirely neglected? These are astounding truths — and truths to
be confessed with fear and contrition.

But what is to be done? Shall wc continue as we are, and as we have been? The
conscience of every sound mind says, no. Let light be shed upon the moral and religious
condition of our colored population; let the conviction of our immediate duty to extend to
them the privileges of the Gospel, pervade the Church; and a system of operations be ma-
turated arid put into efl'ect lor that purpose.

From long continued and close observation, we believe that their moral and religious
condition is such, that they may justly be considered the Heathen of this Christian coun-
try, and will bear comparison, with Heathen in any country in the world.

Our design, in this report, shall be, to set forth the duty of that portion of the Church
of Christ which we represent, to evangelize these Heathen. And what is our duty, is the
duty of the whole Church of Christ, in the slave-holding States, in all her denominations. —
We shall do well, therefore, to extend our view, and embrace the colored population and
the Church of Christ throughout the slave-bolding States.

Before we attempt to set forth the duty, it will be proper to show, that the negroes are
destitute of the privileges of the Gospel, and ever will be, under the present state of things.

We do not deny that many enjoy the means of grace; that there are a large number of
professing Christians amongst them; and that iu a lew Churches, and on a few plantations,
some particular attention is paid to their religious instructions. We rejoice in all this.
But it is, at best, a day of small things, and although our assertion is broad, we believe
that, in general, it will be found to be correct.

A people may be said to enjoy the privileges of the Gospel, when they have free access
to the Scriptures — a regular Gospel Ministry — houses for public worship, and the means of
grace in their own dwellings.

In relation to the first of these, — Free access to the Scriptures, — it is universally the fact
throughout th# a'.ave-holding States; that either custom or law prohibits to them the ac-
quisition of letters, and consequently, they can have no access to the Scriptures. The
proportion that read is infinitely small; and the Bible, so far as they can read it for them-
selves, is, to all intents, a sealed book: so that they are dependent for their knowledge of
Christianity, upon oral instruction,— as much so as the unlettered Heathen, when first
visited by our Miss km ark*.

COLOURED POPULATION.

175

1831.]

If our laws, in their operation, seal up the Scriptures to the negroes, wo should not al-
low them to suffer in the least degree, so far as any effort on our part may be necessary,
for the want of a knowledge of their contents.

Have they then that amount of oral instruction, which, in their circumstances, is neces-
sary to their enjoyment of the Gospel? In other words, have they a regular and efficient
Ministry! They have not. In the vast field extending from an entire State beyond the
Potomac to the Sabine River; and from the Atlantic to the Ohio, there are, to the best of
our knowledge, not twelve men exclusively devoted to the leligious instruction of the ne-
groes! What effect will the labors of these few individuals, produce on a mass of one or
two millions of souls, and more? The number divided between them would give to each
a charge oi near 170,000 !

As to Ministers of their own color, they are destitute both in point of numbers and qual-
ifications; to say nothing of the fact, that such a ministry is looked upon w ith distrust, and
is discountenanced. In the present state oi feeling in the South, such a ministry could
neither be obtained nor tolerated.

But do not the negroes have access to the Gospel, through the stated ministry of the
whiles? We answer, no. The w hite population itseifis but partially supplied with Min-
isters; such being the fact, what becomes of the colored? And the question may be asked
with still greater emphasis, when we know that it has not been customary for our Minis-
ters, when they accept calls for settlement, to consider servants as a regular part of their
charge. They certainly are as much so as are children; and Ministers are in duty bound
to watch, as w ell for the souls of the one, as the other. But they are called to preach to
masters, and to masters do they preach.

ft' we take the supply of Ministers to the whites now in the field, the amount of their
labors in behalf of the negroes is small.

How many sermons and lectures are prepared and preached to them on the Sabbath,
and during me week? How many Bible classes, Sabbath schools, and inquiry meetings,
are instituted for their special benefit ? To a limited extant, in some parts of the vast field
the Ministers devote the afternoon or evening o' the Sabbath day, to the religious instruc-
tion of the negroes, and they succeed in establishing a Sabbath school or two. But we
venture the assertion; that if we take the whole number of Ministers in the slave-holding
States, but a very small portion pay any attention to them. But justice obliges us to say
that in ordinary cases, much cannot be expected from Ministers to the whites; for when
they faithfully discharge their duties to their own congregations, they find it impossible to
do much for the negroes: especially when their congregations are spread over a large ex-
tent of territory, and tiie number of colored persons in proportion to white, is tw o, three,
or four-fold greater. They confine themselves to one field, and it proves sufficiently large
to engage ail their powers.

Let the negroes now come — and come of them who may, for no effort is made to draw
them out— let them now come to hear the preaching of Ministers to white congregations,
and such is the elevation of their language and thought — such the amount of knowledge
they take lor granted in their audiences, they might as well preach in Hebrew or Greek.
The negroes do not understand them. And hence, their stupid looks, their indiiierent
staring, their profound sleeps, and their thin attendance. What is there to light up the
countenance with intelligence — to rivet the attention — to banish drowsiness, so common
to label ing men, when sitting still— what is there to attract them to the House of God ? —
Nothing but sound and show. Solid instruction, pungent appeals to conscience, will
bring men to the Church of God, and retain them in attendance there: and nothing else
will. But Divine truth is not thus adapted to the negroes, by Ministers in their sermons
to the whites, and if the negroes are to be put off with such a dispensation of the Gospel

as this, we should literally consign them to ignorance and superstition and vice forever.

We need no better evidence to confirm us in this opinion, than tne condition of those negroes
who enjoy such a dispensation ofthe Gospel, and such only. The whole, professors and non -
prolessors, are low in the scale of intelligence and morality; and we are astonished thus to
find Christianity in absolute conjunction with Heathenism, and yet conferring few or no be-
nefits ! The two classes are distinct in their education, station, association, duties, trials,
and should have a distinct Ministry. The Gospel, as things now are, can never be preach-
ed to the two classes, successfully in conjunction. We mean not, that servants should be
separated into distinct and independent Churches; this, in our view, is not desirable, but
that, while they are admitted members of white Churches, and taken under their care and
discipline; they should be instructed and preached to for the most part separately.

The negroes have no regular and efficient Ministry; as a matter of course, no Churclm:
neither is there sufficient room in while Churches for their accommodation.

We know of but five Churches in the slave-fiolding States, built expressly for their use.
These are all in the State of Georgia — all under colored Pastors, in connexion with Bap-
tist Associations, excepting one, which has been erected within the past year, by a Pres-
byterian Clergyman, a member of this Synod, at his own expense— an expense of three or
four hundred dollars; and he supplies the pulpit himself gratuitously— an example which

we should lollow to the extent of our ability.

The galleries or back scats on the lower 11 opr, of tbc white Churches, are generally ap-

176

RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION OF THE

-- [August,

propriated to the negroes, when it can be done with convenience to the whites. Where
it cannot be done conveniently, the negroes who attend, must catch the Gospel as it es-
capes by the doors and windows. r

We can furnish no accurate estimate of the proportion of negroes that attend Divine
worship on the Sabbath, taking the slave-holding States together. From an extensive
observation, however, we venture to say, that not a twentieth part attend. Thousands and
thousands hear not the sound of the Gospel, nor enter a Church from one year to another.
So much lor the public administration ot the Gospel to the negroes.

We may now inquire if they enjoy its privileges in private, in their own houses, and on
their own plantations ?

ASain we return a negative answer. They have no Bibles to read at their own fire-sides
they have no family altars, and w hen in affliction, sickness ordeath, they have no Minister
to address to them the consolations of the Gospel, nor to bury them with solemn and ap-
propriate services. Sometimes a kind master will perform these offices; but, lor the most
Pait’ they depend upon their own color, who perform them as well as they' know how, if
they happen to be at hand. It the master is pious, the house-servants alone attend family
worship, and frequently few' or none of these'.

Here and there a master feels interested for the salvation of his servants, and is at-
tempting something towards it in assembling them at evening, for reading the Scriptures
and prayer; in admitting and inviting qualified persons to preach to them, in establishing
a daily or w'eekly school for the children, and in conducting the labor and discipline of
the plantation on Gospel principles. We rejoice that there are such, and that the number
is increasing. In general we may however remark, that it does not enter into the ar-
rangements of plantations, to make provision for their religious instruction; and so far
as masters are engaged in tins work, an almost unbroken silence reigns over the vast field.

I rom what we have now said, we feel warranted in the conclusion, that the negroes are
destitute of the privileges of the Gospel, and must continue to be so, if nothin*' more is
done for them.

Such being the fact, our duty is obvious. It is, to extend the privileges of the Gospel to
the negtoes, immediately, in a judicious and efficient manner. And we conceii e that God
imposes this duty upon us, both in His Providence, and in His Word.

He imposes it in His Providence.

It matters not to us ol the present generation, so far as the duty under consideration is
concerned, by whose consent and agency the negroes were introduced into the United
States, nor whether they were introduced in a just or unjust manner. They are here ; and
here too as immortal and. accountable beings. In the Providence of God, we are not accoun-
table for the manner in which they came here. They came here before we were born.
Nor are we accountable for our birth in the slave States — for our being born masters. —
We are not responsible for the creation of this relation; but we certainly are for the con-
tinuance of it, and the manner in which we discharge its duties.

We are, therefore, the natural guardians of our servants, and guardians too of almost
unlimited authority. According to law, they are properly; their persons and services are
at our disposal and for every privilege, civil, social and religious, they are absolutely de-
pendent. nor can any person step in between us and them, or touch them in any partic-
ular whatever, without our permission. This guardianship, from its unlimited authority,
is consequently one of no ordinary responsibility, and if we would secure the approbation
of Almighty God, it should be exercised according to the principles of eternal truth and
justice by which we shall be prompted to seek their best temporal and eternal interests,
and also those of their posterity.

In as much, then, as the souls of this people are of more value than their bodies, their
eternal than their temporal interests, who will deny that our first duly is to extend to them
the privileges of the Gospel of Salvation? Whatever be the condition of their bodies, their
souls should not be permitted to suffer. While men are contending and legislating on
the subject of their civil condition and prospects, what becomes ol their immortal souls?
They perish by multitudes, and if we possess the spirit of our Master, we cannot look on
with indifference. Our settled opinion is, that we should direct our etiorts to the im-
provemenl of their moral and religious condition in fhe first place. Let the truth of
God be brought to bear upon them and us, and light will be cast on their condition in
every way.

The laws secure to the negroes the rest of the Sabbath; they permit them to assemble
for religious worship on that day; and all other days, under particular provision, and on
our own plantations, we can instruct them at our pleasure. We may do what we will
with our own, without interfering with any man’s liberty or conscience.

The negroes in Providence, are shut up in their hopes to us. They are as dependent
upon us as our children, and even more so. If we deny them, they are destitute — they
are friendless, and they perish; but their souls will be required at our hands !

God imposes this duty upon us in His Word also.

Generally, on the principles already advanced, that the Gospel is the gift of God to man,
all who possess it, are bound to bestow it upon those who do not.

For the sake of impression, we may introduce briefly a few passage*— “Go ye into aii
the world aDd preach the Gospel to every creature."

1834.]

COLOURED POPULATION.

ir?

Men are recognised in this command, not as of a particular nation or color; but as the
moral and intelligent creatures of God. “God hath made of one blood all the nations of
men.” It is necessary that the word of God be spoken to the Africans; and seeing they
have not put it from them, nor judged themselves unworthy of everlasting life, we can-
not, we dare not, neglect them and turn to others.

“Thou shaltlove thy neighbor as thyself.”

The negroes are our neighbors, for they are men, members of the same great family;
and most emphatically such, since they form a part of our households, dwell upon our
grounds, and spend their days in our service. If they are not our neighbors, whom we
are bound to love as ourselves, we have no neighbors at all.

“All things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them.”

This rule of action, docs not recklessly break down just distinctions in society. It is
therefore, to be obeyed intelligently, with due regard to persons and circumstances. —
Whatever change an intelligent and perfect obedience to this rule, would make in the
condition of servants, every man is at liberty to judge for himself. But one thing would
certainly result from such obedience — servants would receive the Gospel at our hands. —
Were we in the condition of the negro, and he in our own; able to read and appreciate
the Gospel, and to impart it to us, would we not think it his duty to do it? Yes, that
Gospel which is consolation to the poor and the afflicted, and life eternal to those who are
dead in trespasses and sins; would we not deem him deficient both in humanity and religion,
if he either neglected or would not do it ? — “Whoso hath this world’s goods, and seeth his
brother have need, and shutteth up his bowels of compassion from him, how dwelleth the
love of God in him?” With more tremendous emphasis let it be asked, — “Whoso hath
the word of eternal life, and seeth his brother have need and shutteth up his bowels of
compassion from him, how dwelleth the love of God in him ?” Let this question be an-
swered to that God, who, without respect of persons, judgeth according to every man’s
work !

But the Word of God contains express commands to vs as masters.

To pass by the Old Testament, we have in the New, “And ye masters, do the same
things unto them, forbearing threatening, knowing that your master also is in Heaven;
neither is there respect to persons with him.” And again, ‘Mas'ers, give unto your ser-
vants that which is just and equal; knowing that ye also have a master in Heaven.”

What kind of slavery was tnat existing in the days of Christ and his Apostles, which
called for these commands to masters and also others to servants ? Precisely that kind
icilh which we have to do. We are, therefore, the identical persons addressed. As identi-
cal, as when we are fathers; and it is said, “Fathers, provoke not your children to wrath.”

Here the Word of God takes fast hold of us, and we cannot extricate ourselves. The
Lord puts his finger upon us as masters. He holds up our servants before our face. He
tells us, that in the performance of duty, He does not respect us, more than He respects
them. He bids us to be particular and conscientious in our treatment of them, for we have
a Master in heaven, to whom we shall give account. He bids us render to them — even to
them whom we are so prone to consider fit for no other purpose, designed tor no other
end, than to be hewers of wood and drawers of water — that which is just and equal — just
and equal for body and soul, tor time and eternity.

How much masteis come short in rendering to servants, what is just and equal for
this present world, we cannot say. They have a Master in Heaven. But do they render
to them that which is just and equal for the world to come ! Is it just and equal to sutfer
them to live in ignorance of the way of salvation, to die and be eternally lost? Says Job,
“If I did despise the cause of my man-servant, or of my maid-servant, when they con-
tended with me; what then shall I do when God riseth up ? And when he visiteth, what
shall I answer him ? Did not He that made me in the womb, make him ? And did not
one fashion us in the womb ?” Our servants may justly have a controversy with us on the
subject of their higher and better interests; and if we despise their cause, in the day when
God riseth up and visiteth, we shall be speechless.

The Providence and the Word of God could not more plainly point out to us the duty of
imparting the Gospel of salvation to our coloured population; and if that duty remains un-
discharged, we shall incur God’s severe displeasure.

This duty we must view in the light of a privilege.

It is a privilege to repay obligation: and our obligations to our servants are greater than
many are disposed to allow. It is through them that we obtain the houses we live in, the
clothes we wear, the food we eat, and thi education we receive. They wear out their
lives to furnish us with the necessaries and luxuries of life. Shall we not, then, while
we contribute lax more than we do to their temporal comforts, esteem it a privilege, to
present to them the richest gift of God to man, the Gospel of oqr Lord and Saviour Jesus
Christ? Will not this be the kindest return that we can make them? And what if infi-
nite mercy makes us the honored instruments of their salvation, shall we not than esteem
our duty an inestimable privilege* - We sh.'il so esteem it m the day that the Lord shah
oome to “make up USs-jeweis.”

(70 SS GCUfttfVP?')

179

WESTERN AFRICA.

[August,

From the Missionary Herald.

Western Africa.

REPORT OF MESSRS. WILSON AND WYNKOOP.

A general view of the interesting field uhicb Providence seems to be
opeuing for missionary enterprise on the western coast of Africa, together
with the object for which Messrs. Wilson and Wynkoop were to visit
that coast, were given in the Instructions of the Prudential Committee,
delivered to them previously to their embarkation, in November last,, and
iuserted in the last volume of this work, p. 391). These brethren, after
visiting Liberia, and touching at most of the native towns betweeu that
place and Cape Palmas, thus exploring about 3lK) miles of the coast, and
having experienced much of the goodness of the Lord, both on their voy-
ages and in Africa, arrived in New York, on their return to this country,
on the 13th of April.

They embarked at Baltimore, November 2Stb, 1633, and arrived at
Monrovia, January 2Sth, 1634.

Reasons for preferring Cape Palmas as a Site for a Missionary Station.

From the time of our arrival until the 9th of March, we were employed in acquiring
information concerning the country along the coast, fiom Grand Cape Mount, on the
northern boundary of Liberia, to Cape Paimas, embracing a distance of something like
three hundred miles; and also in taking measures for the commencement of a mission.
The principal places we visited within the bounds just mentioned, were Cape Mount,
Monrovia, Caldwell, Grand Bassa, Grand Scsters, Rock Town and Cape Palmas. Be-
sides these, we had opportunity to see and converse with the kings and head-men of ail
the intermediate towns of any considerable importance along tin coast. The place we
fixed upon, as the most suitable, in our nidgment, lor the commencement of missionary
operations, is Cape Paimas; and the only step taken is for the erection of a mission-house
at that place. The considerations which induced us to select this place, will be briefly
enumerated.

We were induced to believe that it would prove more healthful, than any other piace
we had visited: a consideration, as will b; inferred from a subsequent part of this report,
of no ordinary importance. In this, however, we may be disappointed, as there had not,
when we left the piace, been a fair experiment made. But as far as our observ ation ex-
tended, the country thereabouts, is certainly free, in a great measure, from the ordinary
indications of a sickly region. It is high, open, cultivated, wit lout marshes and those
heavy night dews, which, at Monrovia and Sierra Leone, are regarded as the fertile sour-
ces of disease.

The natives on this part of the coast are much more intelligent and numerous than
those further to the windward, and are universally desirous of schools. The situation ct'
Cape Palmas is a dividing point, and will afford an easy access to both the leeward and
windward coasts, and perhaps is the most favorable point for extending missionary ope-
rations into the interior.

Lastly, it is the only point suitable for the head-quarters of ext msivc missionary ope-
rationswithin the bounds of an American settlement, not prevmusly occupied by mis-
sionary societies. The Agent of the Maryland Colonization Society has purchased a ter-
ritory at Cape Palmas embracing about twenty square miles: and a settlement is com-
mencing under favorable auspices. A lort will be built, and a 3mall settlement formed
at the outset, just by the side of a very large and populous native town. The site chosen
for the mission settlement is half a mile distant, on an elevated ground, and fronting the
sea on the south side. Six acres of land have been tendered by the Agent of the Colony
for the purposes of the mission; which, together with the elevation of the ground, its ap-
parent healthiness, and its distance from both the colony and the native settlements, ren-
der it altogether as suitable a place as could be desired.

It is true we had very serious doubts as to the expediency of taking any measures for
the immediate erection of the house in the neighborhood of the co ony; lirst, from appre-
hensions that the colony might embarrass our future efforts for t c Improvement of the
natives;, and in the second place, vve had fears, lest, in case of rj y contest between the
colonists and the natives, the Jatlcr might he tempted to destroj it, situated as it would
be out of the protection of the colony. Any apprehension, however, that might be enter-
*. 1,‘ned of violence to g missionary .e}tahjish,aeaf. .fro n “the native, vwiH be gr?at!y re-
.-jVw'. oj l.d. tu.cy . . tc .. w »y. L-u .sts* o. i .a '«.r

1834.]

WESTERN AFRICA.

179

children, and we took a!! the pains we could to impress the mind of the king and his
people with the fact, that the mission is to be entirely distinct from the colony, and will be
identified with the interest of the natives. We also engaged a prudent, judicious man to
occupy the mission-house, after it should be finished, until the missionaries should corne
out. We did not act in this case without the advice of several American settlers, on
whose judgment we could rely. Though we have doubts, as expressed above, of the ex-
pediency, as a general thing, of missionary establishments within the American colonies
on the African coast, it seemed to us necessary to have one station at least in such settle-
ment. If all parts of the country should prove as unhealthful as Liberia and Sierra Le-
one, and other places which have already been tried, and require as long a time for ac-
climation, we do not see that this measure could be dispensed with.

There are, within the bounds of this newly purchased territory, three native towns, em-
bracing a population of not less, perhaps, than threeor four thousand. Of this popula-
tion, probably 1,000 or 1,500 are children of a suitable age for the commencement of their
education, and who would all be desirous of the privilege of attending school. One of
the stipulated articles in the purchase of the land, was that a school should be establish-
ed in each one of these towns; and the Agent of the colony has invited your Board,
through us, to redeem this pledge One of these towns is about eight miles from the
American settlement. The other distant about twenty, a town well known by merchant-
men as an important trading mart, situated at the mouth of a large river, and command-
ing more intercourse with the interior tribes, than any other town on this part of tile coast.
The king of this town was present at the negociation for the land for the Maryland colo-
ny, and told us he was desirous of having a school for the children in his town. He
speaks imperfect English, and appreciates the importance of education. We think that
he will aiford every facility in his power to a missionary in that place.

We will nowr notice in their order the several topics to which our attention was espe-
cially directed in our Instructions, and which we made special objects of inquiry during
our stay on the coast.

I. The nature of the Superstitions of the Natives, and the hold which they have taken
upon their minds.

We could not ascertain from any of the natives with whom we conversed, that they
have at present any' distinct ideas about a future state, except such as can be traced to
information derived from nominally Christian people who have visited the coast. It is
true that, in several of the places we visited, they are in the habit of carrying food sta-
tedly to the graves of their deceased friends; but we regard this rather as the result of a
habit, come down from their ancestors, than of any fixed belief in the continued exist-
ence of the deceased. On one occasion, a native who visited the grave of a distinguish-
ed king with us, acknowledged that he did not believe that the food we saw there w as
consdmed by the dead, but that the gregree man, who statedly visited the place for pre-
tended conference with the spirit of the dead, was the eater of it.

They uniformly ascribe the works of creation to God. But they regard the devil as
the author of all providence. Hence will be seen at every entrance into their towns a
gregree pole, with a rag upon it, or something of the kind, either to prevent his entrance,
or to conciliate his favor. They never open trade on board of a ship, without pouring a
libation of rum into the W'ater, as a portion which the devil is particularly pleased with. —
They wear around theirnecks and wrists gregrees, a small piece of horn, rag, orsomething
of the kind, which has been consecrated by a priest; and they look upon it as a protection
against all species of danger.

^They have consecrated rocks and trees, where they go to perform some kind of reli-
gious ceremony, the particular nature of which is not known, as it is always performed
in secret. The trees and rocks are not to be understood as the objects of worship, but
the place where it is performed.

Along the leeward coast, betw een Cape Palmas and the Bight of Benin, we were in-
formed that the natives have idols, and are in the habit of worshipping alligators, sharks,
and other fishes, and statedly offer children as a sacrifice to them. IVe saw nothing of
this in our researches.

The gregree worship we do not regard as having a very strong hold upon the minds
of the people Many of the head-men, who have been much among Americans and
Europeans, have throwm aside their gregrees. Several, at our persuasion, desisted from
wearing them. Some gave them to us for nothing, and others sold them for mere trifles.
In almost all cases they would be dispensed with, if their inefficacy was made known. —
We are disposed to think, upon the whole, that the superstitions of the native Africans
will be among the smaller obstacles to the spread of Christianity among them. Indeed,
the truth concerning them is, they possess little or no religion; and in this respect they
are peculiarly ready to receive the gospel.

II. The Nature of their Vices.

On this topic w’e regret exceedingly the necessity we are under of reporting, that, be-
sides many vices peculiar to the natives of western Africa, as such, the natives along the

180

WESTERN" AFRICA.

[August,

coast are thoroughly indoctrinated and practised in many of the most flagrant vices of
civilized society. Theft, lying, cheating, stealing, quarrelling, swearing, are prominent
features in their present character. Intemperance is rare, but there are abundant reasons
to fear that this will ere long, unless counteracted by religious principles, become the
great sin of Africa. The sin of laziness, which is so universally charged upon Africans,
is by no means applicable to the maritime tribes. We never saw a more sprightly, active
set of men any where. They are always eager to engage in work, and we believe noth-
ing is wanting to make them an industrious people, but suitable motives. Adultery and
fornication are seldom known, and when detected are severely punished. The people
generally regard it as an undoubted privilege to cheat or steal from a stranger when they
can; and they seem to entertain no scruples in telling a lie to cover the crime. But when
stealing is spoken of as a prominent vice, it ought to be with some qualification. They
seldom steal from each other, and when this does occur, if discovered, it is always pun-
ished. Nor will they' cheat a foreigner in whose service they have been engaged for some
time, and who has been kind to them. Under such circumstances they may be trusted
to almost any extent.

III. Their Social Condition.

Polygamy is universal. A man’s importance in society is according to the number of
his wives. These are regarded as his property, and are in reality his servants. They
are usually purchased at a very early age. One of the wives in any family is the mis-
tress of the others, and is honored by them as such. They are all in strict subjection to
their husbands, and not unfrequently are severely chastised for the slightest oll'ence. We
could not ascertain that there are jealousies or quarrels among the wives of one man. —
Nor is this so surprising as it might seem at first view, for there is neither honor nor pro-
fit in being a wife in Africa. Parents appear to be affectionate to their children. The
aged are much reverenced. In the transactions of all important business, the old men
take the lead and their sentiments usually determine the result.

The Africans commonly discover a very strong attachment to each other as friends,
relatives and countrymen, notwithstanding the withering influence so long exerted by
the slave trade.

IT. The various Languages of the Natives.

Between the Galinas river, thirty miles north of Grand Cape Mount, and the river Ca-
vally, thirty miles south, to the leeward of Cape Palmas, a.distance of more than four
hundred miles, there are five distinct languages spoken, the Vey, the Dey, the Bassa, the
Kroo, and what is commonly called the Cape-Palmas language. How far these langua-
ges extend into the interior, we could not satisfactorily ascertain. One or two of them,
the Vey and the Bassa, we know to be spoken to a considerable distance in the interior.
Of these five, the Kroo is much the most extensive, being spoken, less or more, from Si-
erra Leone to the Bight of Benin. All these languages are simple and similar in their
structure, but very imperfect.

It will, we think, be impossible to communicate many ideas on the subject of religion,
or any other general subject, through the medium of these languages, without adopting a
large number of English terms. This circumstance, together with several others, w hich
it will be well to mention, induce the belief that ere long the English language will be-
come the most common, if not the only language along the coast. The English and
American colonies, forts, and trading settlements will contribute materially towards this
result. The number of trading vessels from Great Britain and America, have already
done much towards spreading the English language. The natives themselves regard it as
a kind of accomplishment; it is a stepping-stone to honor at home, and a certain means of
procuring employment on board foreign vessels.

But, however probable it is that 1».e English language will ultimately become preva-
lent among the people along the coast, this will by no means supersede the necessity of
missionaries acquiring the native languages. It will not he difficult to acquire a thorough
knowledge of them.

At Grand Cape Mount we found a school for teaching the Arabic, taught by a Foulah
man, whose tribe resides near Sierra Leone. The Foulahs, with a class who call them-
selves Mandingo men, (the African word for Mohammedan or Mussulman) are indefati-
gable in spreadingthis language over western Africa. Whetherit is classic Arabic which
they teach, or modern Arabic, or only the Arabic characters used to write the different
languages of the country, we could not ascertain; but the zeal which the teachers mani-
fest in extending it, and the diligence with which it is studied, exhibit a most encoura-
ging aptitude for learning. These facts also evince the expediency of a missionary to
that part of the coast being well acquainted with the Arabic language.

The Vey people, the tribe residing on Grand Cape Mount, nave recently invented a
system of writing entirely new, and altogether different from any other we have seen; in
which, although it is not more than two years since it was first invented, they write let-

1831.]

WESTERN AFRICA.

181

ters and books. Some of their characters resemble the Arabic, some resemble Hebrew
letters, others Greek, but all of them, except those resembling the Arabic, are merely
fanciful. The alphabet is syllabic.

A specimen of native writing in this newly-invented alphabet has been
left at the Missionary llooms. The occasion and manner of its being in-
vented, as well as the characteristics of this method of writing, are near-
ly the same as those of the Cherokee alphabet invented by Guess, which
is now so generally understood and used by the Indians of that tribe.

V. The relation existing between the interior and maritime tribes.

The tribes on the sea coast are the merchants or factors for those in the interior; and
their knowledge of the principles of trade, and their acquaintance with foreign langua-
ges, resulting from their intercourse with Europeans and Americans, render them far su-
perior, in their own estimation, to their neighbors. Still, however, they are jealous and
afraid of these very people whom they attect to hold in contempt. Hence most of the
towns on the beach are strongly barricaded, and a watch is constantly kept to prevent sur-
prise. Great pains are taken by the people on the coast to prevent any intercourse be-
tween foreigners and the tribes in the interior, doubtless for the purpose of keeping them
in ignorance, and of monopolizing the whole of the ioreign trade.

This circumstance explains the difficulty which travellers have encountered, in all parts
of Africa, in exploring the country. In several cases we found the towns on the sea
coast connected with others further back in the country, under the same government, and
speaking the same language. Generally, however, the towns on the coast are separate
from, and entirely independent of all others. The kingdoms in the interior are common-
ly more extensive, and are more formidable than those on the coast. A Christian trav-
eller will encounter much less difficulty from sectional jealousies, after a temporary re-
sidence on the coast, where his object will be understood to be the dissemination of
Christianity, and not commercial speculation.

VI. The disposition of the people with regard to Schools.

In answer to this inquiry we are happy in being able to state that along the whole
coast, where we have been, we uniformly found the people desirous of schools. And
from what we have seen ourselves, and from what we have learned from others, we are
induced to believe that there is not a town on the coast where a Christian teacher would
not be heartily welcomed. What the motives of the people may be, in particular cases,
in desiring schools, and what their views generally are of the nature of an education, we
do not pretend to know. But we would confidently say that there is a universal desire,
nay an imperious demand for Christian schools. Wherever it was made known to the
inhabitants of the towns on the southern coast, that we were going to Cape Palmas for
the purpose of teaching the natives, we received applications to send American teachers
to their towns. From those to whom we could not promise teachers, we had multiplied,
pressing solicitations to receive their sons at Cape Palmas and educate them there. Not
unfrequently they asked a written promise to this effect.

The tow n of Settra Kroo, one of the most important on the coast, sometime since se.it
to Monrovia for a teacher, promising at the same time to provide him a house.

At Rock town, where we held an interview with the king and his head men on he sub-
ject of establishing a school, they absolutely refused to “set the palaver,” or let u« go, un-
til w'e had given them a written promise, that a teacher should be sent them, i, possible.
And after we were distant two hundred miles on our way home, we received a message
from them, reminding us of the promise.

The desire for schools has, doubtless, grown out of an acquaintance with civilized na-
tions. The People have thus been led to appreciate the advantages which education
confers. And if one may judge from the example of a few natives whom we have seen
pursuing their education, and the earnestness and facility with which they learn, we can-
not think that any judicious effort to meet their desires in this respect will be fruitless.

VII. How far the Gospel may be preached among the natives.

We have already remarked that we regard the superstitions of the Africans among the
lesser obstacles to the dissemination of Christianity. They must not be considered,
however, as no obstacles. The gregree system is a source of profit to a class of men of
some influence; and its most important end, with the majority of the men, is to keep the'
women in strict subordination to their husbands. But when it is known that Christian-
ity is directly opposed to it, and will, if it gets a footing, destroy the “craft” of the men
and raise the women to respectability in society, it is altogether probable that opposition

182 WESTERN AFRICA. [August,

will be excited. This opposition, however, must be less violent than it usually is in other
pagan countries, where the superstitions of the people are more deeply rooted.

it is probable that in some parts ol Western Africa, the Mohammedan religion will pre-
sent a very serious obstacle to the progress of Christianity. Along the coast, however,
we were able to discover no traces of it, except at Grand Cape Mount. The rapid pro-
gress of this religion, of late years, in the central part of this continent, present* a power-
lul motive to Christian nations to delay no longer to discharge their weighty obligations
to its long and deeply injured population, by sending to it the gospel. But ifthesuper-
stitions of the natives present but a slight obstacle to the propagation of Christianity,
there are other impediments of a much more serious nature.

Of these the insalubrity of the climate is one of the most serious. We have already ex-
pressed a hope that all parts of the coast will not prove equally unhealthy. If the same
pestilential atmosphere which prevails at Messurado, Sierra Leone, and at the entrances
of many of the rivers, shall be found along the whole coast, it will present a more formi-
dable obstacle, than all others combined, to the propagation of Christianity. Few, ex-
cept those who have been eyewitnesses of it, can form any proper conceptions of the ago-
nizing pains and protracted sufferings, which are undergone by many in the process of
acclimation. We have seen two of our missionary lriends at Monrovia, in the short space
of two days, carried to a premature grave; and the graves of others who were cut down
on the same spot, before they were allowed to commence their labors, are their only visi-
ble memorials. We do not speak thus from any feelings of despondency. No one, whose
heart is exercised by Christian compassion, would, alter surveying the moral desolations
of Africa, hesitate lor a moment to endure any amount of sickness and sobering, lor the
privilege of carrying to them the gospel. We speak thus that the Committee may be ful-
ly informed on the subject, and may have special reference to this difficulty in all their
plans of missionary operations in that part ol the world.

From what we have seen we are disposed to think that Americans generally, who pos-
sess good constitutions, may, with proper care, having comfortable houses to protect them
from the heat in the “dries” and the chilling rains in the “wets,” after a lapse of six
months orone year, enjoy tolerable health, and accomplish as great an amount of good in
these regions, as in most other parts ol the heathen world. And the country along the
coast will doubtless improve in healthiness, as it shall be better cultivated; and the inte-
rior, if we are correctly Informed, is in its present state much more healthy.

The slave trade , notwithstanding the embarrassments which have been imposed upon
it, still sends its withering influence over many parts of Western Africa. It is true that
it has ceased i;i a great measure on that part of tne coast which we have visited; one fac-
tory only now existing there. It has never been practised in the region about Cape Pal-
mas, either to the leeward or wind want for some considerable distance. Wherever it was
carried on, it has left behind it a system of domestic slavery, not less objectionable, or
less opposed to the progress of religion and education, than it is in many other parts of
the world.

The ordinary trade on the coast will present obstacles to the Christianizing of the na-
tives. That this trade has conlerred blessings no one can doubt who has made the sub-
ject amatter of inquiry. It lias created aspirit of industry among the people, by o;fering
them articles of traffic for the products of their country. It has changed their habits and
savage fierceness in a degree to those of civilized life. Society, it is obvious, must be
advancing, when idleness is supplanted by activity, and savage violence gives place to
sober industry. But the evil we apprehend is chiefly from the use of ram in this trade.

The sentiment seems to be universal among trailers on this coast, “that without rum
it is impossible to make trade.” Out of from iifiy to one hundred vessels engaged in this
trade, we heard of but one that does not make a free use of this article. Jt is said by
those who have some scruples on the subject, that habitual intemperance is rare among
the natives. But this must be ascribed to the circumstance that they have no opportuni-
ty of obtaining the means of intoxication, except when vessels visit their ports. But
how long will this hindrance continue, if the trade continues and increases, and is con-
ducted as at present? In the course of time, grog-shops will be established by the tra-
ders in all the various towns, to facilitate the gathering their cargoes; and when the means
of intoxication and the temptation to it shall be thus constantly before an uncivilized
people, with no moral or religious principle to restrain their appetites, it is morally cer-
tain that intemperance in its worst forms will become dreadfully prevalent.

Facts already existing warrant these melancholy forebodings. Many of these traders
have already established factories along the coast, where rum is an important article in
conducting trade. The merchantmen of Liberia and Sierra Leone have their factories at
all important points, both on the coast and in the country, and they cannot get along,
they think and say, without rum. We were told by a respectable trader on the coast that
there had been drank on board his ship, in the course of one day’s trade, sixty gallons of
rum !! The bearing of such facts on the plans of the Committee respecting this portion
of the unevangelizecl nations is obvious.

Yet notwithstanding these obstacles, we must avow our conviction, that there is no

WESTERN AFRICA.

1834.]

IS3

pagan people on the face of the earth who would more readily embrace the gospel than
the native Africans. So far as our experience has gone, we have found them attentive
to religious instruction; and when the great truths ot the Bible were made known to them,
they seemed to be tilled with wonder, and were frequently seen communicating what
they had heard to others who could not understand our language. With such views we
would respectfully and earnestly urge the Committee to use every exertion for the dissem-
ination of Christian knowledge in Inis part ol the world.

VIII. Hoiu far Educated Natives may be expected to aid in spreading the Gospel over
Africa; and is it expedient to send Africans from the United Stales for this purpose?

There is no hope of disseminating Christianity extensively in Africa, except through
the medium of educated natives. Our hopes, however, from this quarter, ought not to
be too sanguine at the outset. Unless the hearts of natives who shall be instructed are
thoroughly imbued with the spirit of religion, and their minds illuminated by its doctrines,
there is too much reason to fear that, when they leave the place of their education and
return to their homes, they will relapse into the habits and customs of their countrymen.
We have seen painful instances of natives who have been educated in Europe and Ame-
rica, who had renounced the habits of civilized life, and were living in the habitual prac-
tice of the most odious vices of their uninstructed countrymen. One native who had
spent eight years in England prosecuting his studies, soon alter he returned to his native
home, commenced the slave trade, and continued it many years. He lias now renounced
it, he suvs, from moral principle; but we were inclined to think from motives of interest.
A native woman who was educated in New England, writes, reads, and speaks the Eng-
lish with ease, we saw like the rest of her sex in Africa, almost naked. Other exam-
ples of a similar kind came under our observation. And not only are natives who have
been educated prone to conform to the habits of the country, but we have observed with
peculiar anxiety, that the sons of American colonists, w'hen they have been sent from
their parental roofs to manage the ariairs of a factory in the country, have contracted ma-
ny of the most odious and degrading vices of the people around them.

To the questions how far it would be expedient to take colored children from the Uni-
ted States to be educated in Africa, and colored teachers from this country for the pur-
pose of instructing the natives, we reply, that it seems to us highly desirable that a small
number of children of suitable character should be sent out for the purpose mentioned. —
They would bt serviceable to the mission in various ways. They would readily acquire
the languages of the country, and would aid the native cnildren, not only in their studies,
but in acquiring many of the simpler arts of civilized life. Much pains, however, ought
to be taken in the selection of suitable children for this purpose. If they should prove
vicious they would do much more harm than good. It is also, In our view, highly desira-
ble to take colored teachers from this country. The greatest care, however, should be
exercised in their selection. They ought always to b • under the inspection and direction
of the missionaries, and never allowed, while connected with the mission, to engage in
any secular business whatever, except what the circumstances of the mission may de-
mand. We suggest this, because we know that several colored persons who hnve’been
sent from Europe and the United States as missionaries to Africa have turned out badly,
and others have become so entirely absorbed in secular business, as to lose sight entirely
of the object of their mission.

Having now touched upon ail the special points of inquiry in our written instructions,
we w ill remark briedy on some other topics.

Opening for Missions in Liberia.

There is certainly land enough, w ithin the bounds of what is called Liberia, to be pos-
sessed. Some one justly remarks that there are natives enough within ten miles of Mon-
rovia to employ ten missionaries. The chief objection to placing a missionary in that
immediate vicinity, is the insalubrity of the climate. The Vey people at Grand Cape
Mount, embracing a population of about eight thousand, are certainly the most interesting
on this part of the coast. But there is already a Baptist missionary among them, and the
missionaries of the Western Foreign Missionary Society have determined to settle there
also.

Grand Bassa, sixty miles to Ihe south of Monrovia, is an inviting spot, but the Metho-
dist missionaries have chosen this as their ground. If the pre-occupancy of these two
pla'ces shall be regarded bv the Committee as a sufficient reason lor locating a mission of
the Board elsewhere, within the limits of Liberia, w'e would recommend the Junk river,
as the next most suitable place, about mid-way between Monrovia and Grand Bassa. A
territory has recently been purchased around this river, and an American settlement will
be commenced there in a short time.

Causes why little is biown respecting the Interior Tribes.

Arotfccr inquiry we onede. was. Why so little is known of the tribes in the interior from
Li.icr.ti. V-c.'e c-'c th.ee cauios .or this. J. The woat of ra-i+s to jut iatu tin* country,

184

WESTERN AFRICA.

[August,

the paths used by the natives being exceedingly narrow, and so meandering as to make
the distance four times as great as a straight line. 2. The jealousies of the different
kings, leading them to prohibit Americans from entering the country. King Boatswain,
who lives about sixty miles in the rear of Monrovia, has opened the way for Americans
to his town, but none have been allowed to go a mile further. 3. There have been no
Christian travellers to attempt an exploration of the country.

Access to ihe Jlshantees.

Our lasttopic relates to the question from what point the Ashantee country is most ac-
cessible. We could not ascertain that the Ashantees themselves visit any other pointon
the coast, than Cape-Coast Castle. We derived some information concerning them from
certain vessels that had been in the habit of trading with them. They are represented as
a peculiar people; both in their appearance and in their habits — by no means so savage as
the narratives that have been published concerning them have represented. The collision
between them and the English some years since, and which proved so fatal to the latter,
is said to have been provoked by the English. From what we could learu about them we
are induced to suppose, that a missionary might have access to them at the present time.

Proposed Plan for a Mission at Cape Palmas.

In concluding this report, we would take the liberty of making a few suggestions to
the Committee about the particular plan of conducting the mission at Cape Palmas —
There are five large towns on the sea coast, within the space of thirty miles north and
east of Cape Palmas, where the missionary -house is erecting; in each of which it is de-
sirable that one school should be commenced as soon as possible. At Cape Town it
would be well to establish, besides a school for the children of that town, another school
to be composed of boys from different and distant towns, on both the leeward and wind-
ward coasts. There would be no difficulty in procuring any number of boys, from any
part of the coast, for such a school. The assemblage of boys from did'erent tribes, speak-
ing diiferent languages, and entertaining diverse views on all ordinary subjects, would
be decidedly advantageous to the missionaries. And the children would not be so apt to
run away from the school, when they were distant irom their homes; and being separated
from t’.ieir native amusements, they would become more attached to their teachers and
i!i u books. Besides, being the children of kings and head-men, they would open the
wav at home for the introduction ol teachers and missionaries.

Wh— the expense of conducting missionary operations on this part of the coast will be,
we cannot c itainlysay. If the country should prove sickly, it would be necessary to
furnish comfortable houses for the missionaries, and these, for the time being, must be
transported from America. Many of the principal articles of food must be taken from
this country, or ba purchased from trading vessels at a very exorbitant price. Pile ex-
pense of a single native boy at ihe school would probably amount to about twelve or fif-
teen dollars a year. If schools should be established on the manual-labor system, which
would perhaps be the best, the expense would be less. Palm oil and rice are ihe principal
articles ol'food with the natives, and these, at ordinary times, could be purchased at a
cheap late.

We have one more topic to present in this report. It is to suggest that the Committee
would have the coast explored from Cape Palmas to some distance beyond the equator, for
the purpose of extending their missions in- that quarter. There are a number of English,
Dutch, and other European forts, settlements, and trading marts, near to which schools
might be established forthwith, and where there are no obstacles to the immediate intro-
duction of Christianity. We believe that Christian teachers would be gladly welcomed
to any part of the Reward coast, and the sooner this country is occupied the better. In
a short time barriers will be raised there by unprincipled traders, that may not easily be
surmounted. We hope no time nor eliort will be spared spread abroad the influence
of Christianity over this benighted land.

Since the return of Messrs. Wilson and Wynkoop, the Prudential Com-
mittee have resolved to commence amission at Cape Palmas, with the leave
of Providence, in the course of the present year — to consist of at least two
ordained missionaries, Mr. Wilson being one. Mr. Wynkoop remains in
this country to complete his theological education. There are to be two
or three male and as many female teachers, provided suitable persons, and
especially colored persons, can be obtained. These will be employed in
the large native towns, of which there are three within the limits of the
territory purchased by the Maryland State Colonization Society. The
Committee have also adopted the following resolution, viz.

1834.]

ADDRESS OF REV. PETER WILLIAMS.

185

“Resolved, That the Committee enter upon this mission with the hope and expecta-
tion of extending it into the interior; and that, with a view to such an extension, the mis-
sionaries of the Board be authorized to commence a central school, as soon as the mission
shall have become fully established, and the most eligible place for such a school been
satisfactorily determined; and that this school be mainly intended to educate colored
youth for helpers to the mission, in the work of publishing the gospel to the native pop-
ulation.”

It is hoped that from Cape Palmas, access may be had, without great de-
lay, to the tribes occupying the interior; where, it is believed, the climate
will be found more salubrious, and the obstacles in the way of introducing
Christianity will be fewer and less powerful.

[From the New York Spectator, July 15.]

ADDRESS OF REV. PETER WILLIAMS.

It is with unfeigned pleasure that we lay before the public the annexed
address of the Rev. Peter Williams, justly characterized by the American
as “a colored clergyman of exemplary character and conduct.” This ad-
dress has been called forth by a letter from the Right Rev. Bishop Onder-
donk, written to Mr. Williams in consequence of the recent outrage upon
St. Philip’s Church, of which he is the intelligent and devoted Pastor, and
advising him to withdraw his connexion with the Anti-Slavery Society. —
With this request Mr. Williams has readily complied, and in a manner
which we are sure will commend him to the public respect, although, as
friends of the Colonization Society, we cannot accede to every proposition
contained in the address.

For instance, he says, in reference to his opposition to the Society, that
this opposition “has extended no farther than that Society has held out the
idea that a colored man, however he may strive to make himself intelli-
gent, virtuous, an^ useful, can never enjoy the privileges of a citizen of the
United States, but must ever remain a degraded and oppressed being.” We
are quite sure that Mr. Williams has been misled on this subject. He has
mistaken the opinions of that Society for its wishes. So far from being ad-
verse to the improvement of the colored race in “virtue, intelligence, and
usefulness,” we hesitate not to assert that no portion of the people of the
United States, of equal numbers, has contributed so much for those objects
as they have. It is their earnest desire that the colored population should
become “intelligent, virtuous, and useful.” They will thus advance the
great object of the Society, should the colored people choose to emigrate,
by diffusing civilization and Christianity in Africa.

That the colored man will be immeasurably more likely to ‘remain a de-
graded and oppressed being’ in this country than in Africa, a majority of
the members, probably, (and ourselves certainly ,) do religiously believe;
yet this opinion, which is formed, not from any impulse of the heart, but
from a survey of the constitution of the human mind, forms no well ground-
ed objection to the Society. Even were that opinion erroneous, it can
have no influence to retard the improvement of the colored people in the
important qualifications to which Mr. Williams alludes.

Correspondence between Rev. Bishop Onderdonk and Rev. Peter Williams.

Copy of a Letter from Bishop Onderdonk to Rev. Peter Williams.

College Place, July 12, 1834,

Rev. and Dear Sir: —

I am sure I need not assure you of the sincere sympathy which I feel for you and year

186

ADDRESS OF REV. PETER WILLIAMS.

[August,

Eeople. The inclosed* was prepared by me to be read to them to-morrow, if they had
een assembled. Perhaps, however, you have pursued the most prudent course in clos-
ing your church.

Let me advise you to resign, at once, your connexion, in every department, with the
Anti-Slavery Society, and to make public your resignation. I cannot now give you all
my reasons. Let me see you as soon as you can. I can better say than write all 1 think.
Make the within known in any way, and as extensively as you can. “The raging of
the sea, and the madness of the people ,” you know are connected in Holy Writ, and the
one might as well be attempted to be stopped as the other. My advice, therefore is, give
up at once. Let it be seen that on whichsoever side right may be, St. Philip’s Church
will be icrund on the Christian side of meekness, order, and self-sacrifice to common good,
ami the peace of the community. You will be no losers by it, for the God of peace will
be to you also a God of ail consolation.

Let me hear from you or see you soon. And believe me to be, with faithful prayer
for you and yours, your ati'ectionate brother in Christ. BENJ. T. OADERDONK.

Rjov. Mr. Williams.

To the Citizens of New York: —

It has always been painful to me to appear before the public. It is especially painful
to me to appear before them in the columns of a newspaper, at a time of great public ex-
citement like the present; but when I received Holy orders, I promised “reverently to
obey nay Bishop, to follow with a glad mind his godly admonitions, and to submit my-
self to his godly judgment.”

My Bishop, without giving his opinions on the subject of Abolition, has now advised
me, in order that the Church under my care “may be found on the Christian side of
meekness, order, and self-sacrifice to the community,” to resign connexion with the An-
ti-Slavery Society, and to make public my resignation. There has been no instance
hitherto, in which I have not sought his advice in matters of importance to the Church,
and endeavored to follow it when given; and I have no wdsh that the present should be
an exception.

But in doing this, I hope I shall not be considered as thrusting myself loo much upon
public attention, by adverting to some facts in relation to myself and the subject of the
present excitement, in the hope that when they are calmly considered, a generous pub-
lic will not censure me for the course I have pursued.

My father was born in Beekman street in this city, and was? never, in- ail his life, furth-
er from it than Albany; nor have I ever been absent from it longer than three months,
when I went to Hayti for the benefit of my brethren who bod migrated there from this
country'. In the revolutionary war, my father was a decided advocate for American In-
dependence, and his life was repeatedly jeopardized in its cause. Permit me to relate
one instance, which shows that neither the British sword, nor British gold, could make
him a traitor to his country. He was living in the state of Jersey, and Parson Chapman,
a champion of American liberty, of great influence throughout that part of the country,
was sought after by the British troops. My father immediately mounted a horse and rode
round among his parishioners, to notify them of his danger, and to call them to help in re-
moving him and his goods to a place of safety. He then carried him to a private place,
and as he was returning a British officer rode up to him, and demanded in the most per-
emptory manner, “where is Parson Chapman ?” “I cannot te'l,” was (he reply. On that
he drew his sword, and raising it over his head, said, “Tell me where he is, or 1 will in-
stantly cut you down.” Again he replied, “I eannot tell.” 1'inding threats useless, the
officer put up his sword and drew out a purse of gold, paying, “If you will tell me where
he is, I will give you this,” The reply still was, “I cannot tell.” The officer cursed Kim
and rode off.

This attachment to the country of his biith was strengthened and confirmed by the cir-
cumstance that the very day on which the British evacuated this city, was the day on
which he obtained his freedom by purchase through the help of some republican friends of
the Methodist Church, who loaned him money for that purpose, and to the last year of
his life he alwa} s spoke of that day as one which gave double joy to his heart, by free-
ing him from domestic bondage and his native city from foreign enemies.

The hearing him talk of these and similar matters, when 1 was a child, filled my soul
with an ardent love for the American government, and made me feel, as I said in my first
public discourse, that it was my greatest glory to be an American.

A lively and growing interest for the prosperity of my country pervaded my whole sole
and led to the belief, notwithstanding the peculiarly unhappy condition of iny brethren in
the United States, that by striving to become intelligent, useful and virtuous members of
the community, the time would come when they would all hat e abundant reason to rejoice
in the glorious Declaration of American Independence.

* A Pastoral Letter from the Bishop to the parish of St. Philip’s Church, which owing
to the congregation not assembling on Sunday, ha3 not yet been communicated to them.

1834.]

ADDRESS OF REV. PETER WILLIAMS.

187

Reared with these feelings, though fond of retirement I felt a burning desire to be use-
ful to my brethren and to my country; and when the last war between this country and
Great Britain broke out, 1 felt happy to render the humble services of iny pen, my tongue,
and my hand6, towards rearing fortifications to defend our shores against invasion. 1 en-
treated my brethren to help in the defence of the country, and went with them to the
work; and no sacrifice has been considered too great by me, fur the benefit of it or them.

These were among the feelings that led me into the ministry, and induced me to sacri-
fice all my worldly prospects, and live upon the scanty pittance which a colored minister
must expect to receive tor his labors, and to endure the numerous severe trials peculiar to
his situation.

My friends who assisted me in entering into the ministry, know that if the Church
with which I am connected as Pastor, could have been established without my becoming
its minister, I should have been this day enjoying the sweets of private life, and there h.is
not been a day since I have entered upon the duties of my office, that I would not have
cheerfully retired to earn my living in some humbler occupation, could I -have done so
consistently with my sense of duty.

By the transaction of last Friday evening, mv church is now closed, and I have been
compelled to leave my people. Whether I shall be permitted to return to them again, I
cannot say. but whether or not, I have the satisfaction of feeling that I have laboured
earnestly and sincerely for their temporal and spiritual benefit, and the promotion of the
public good.

In regard to my opposition to the Colonization Society it has extended no farther than
that Society has held out the idea, that a colored man, however he may strive to make
himselt intelligent, virtuous and useful, can never enjoy the privileges of a citizen of the
United States, but must ever remain a degraded and oppressed being. I could not, and
do not believe that the principles of the Declaration of Independence, and of the Gospel of
Christ, have not power sufficient to raise him, at some future day, to that rank. I believe
that such doctrines tend very much to discourage the etiorts which are making for his im-
provement at home. But whenever any man of color, after having carefully considered
the subject, has thought it best to emigrate to Africa, I have not opposed him, but have
felt it my duty to aid him, in all my power, on his way, and I have the satisfaction of be-
ing able to prove that the most prominent and most useful men in the Colony have been
helped there by me.

I helped John B. Russwurm to go to Liberia, and as a token of gratitude for my aid in
the case, he sent me his thermometer, which I have now hanging up in my house. I
helped James M. Thompson, w'hom all speak of as a most excellent man, and good scholar,
to go there. He was a member of my church; and when he went there, I gave him let-
ters of recommendation, and procured a number of books, to enable him to introduce the
Episcopal service; and I olfered lately to contribute my mite towards establishing the Epis-
copal Church there. I was the first person who advised James R. Daily (Russwurm’s
partner) to go and establish himself in Liberia as a merchant. When Washington Davis
was sent to this city, by Governor Ashmun, to study medicine, as a physician for the co-
lony, I received him in my house, and boarded him a week, without charging the Society
for it, though they olfered to bear the expense.

When I found that strong prejudices were forming against me, because of my disappro-
bation of some of the Society’s measures, and that my usefulness was thereby affected, I
ceased to speak on the subject, except in the private circle of my friends, or when my
opinions were asked privately by others; and in my short address to the Phenix Society,
last spring, I carefully avoided the subject; and the only sentiment I uttered, referring to
it, was this : “Who that witnesses an assembly like this, composed of persons of all colors,
can doubt that people of all colors can live in the same country, without doing each other
harm?”

It was my anxiety to promote the object of the Phenix Society, which is the improve-
ment of ttie people of color in this city, in morals, literature, and the mechanic arts, that
biought me to an acquaintance with the members of the Anti-Slavery Society. For
several years, I had given considerable attention to the education of our people, and was
much interested about our Public Schools.

1 was anxious that some of our youth should have the opportunity of acquiring a liberal
education, and felt that it was my duty to strive to rear up some well qualified colored
ministers. I selected two lads of great promise, and made every possible etlorl to get them
a collegiate education. But the Colleges were all closed against them. Anti-Slaverv men
generously offered to aid us in establishing a Manual Labor College, or High School, for
ourselves, and to aid us in all the objects of the Phenix Society. " I joined with them in
this work heartily, and wished them all success, as I still do in their endeavors, by all
means sanctioned by law, humanity and religion, to obtain freedom for my brethren, and
to elevate them to the enjoyment of equal rights with the other citizens of the community;
but I insisted that while they were laboring to restore us to our rights, it was exclusively
our duty to tabor to qualify our people for the enjoympnt of those rights.

Hence when the Anti-Slavery Convention was" held in Philadelphia, though strongly
solicited, I refused to attend, and though I was then appointed a member of the Board of

188

LIBERIA.

[August

Managers, I never met with that Board but for a few moments at the close of their ses-
sion, and then without uttering a word. I was also appointed, at the anniversary in
May, a member ofthe executive Committee. But when asked if I would serve, I replied
that 1 could not attend to it, and have never attended but on one occasion, when I went
for the sole purpose of advising the Board to be careful not to take any measures that
would have a tendency to encourage in our people a spirit of vanity, and I urged this ad-
vice by saying that by so doing, our people, and the cause of emancipation, would both be
injured. This opinion I have, on all proper occasions expressed, and have endeavored to
enforce by example; for, in all the Anti-Slavery Meetings held in the Chapel, I have al-
ways taken my seat in the gallery, excepting that on the day of the Anniversary I felt it
to speak to one of the committee in the orchestra, or stage, and did not return. My brethren
have rebuked me for this course, but I have not censured them for theirs. They did as
they thought best, and I did as I thought best; but I have learned that it is a most difficult
matter to avoid extremes on subjects of great public excitement, without being more cen-
sured than those who go to all lengths with either party.

Having given this simple and faithful statement of facts; I now, in conformity to the ad-
vice of my Bishop, publicly resign my station as a member ofthe Board of Managers of
the Anti-Slavery Society, and of its executive committee, without, however, passing any
opinion respecting the principles on which that society is founded.

I would have offered my resignation long before this, had I not thought that there
might be occasions, when by having the privilege of addressing the Board, I might exer-
cise a restraining influence upon measures calculated to advance our people faster than
they were prepared to be advanced, and the public feeling would bear. But I am not dis-
posed to blame the members of the Anti-Slavery Society for their measures. I consider
them as good men, and good Christians, and true lovers of their country, and of all man-
kind. I thought they had not an opportunity of knowing rny brethren, nor the state of
public prejudice against them, as well as myself, and all I supposed that I could do was
to aid them in this particular.

I hope that both they and the public generally will judge charitably of this hastily
drawn communication. PETER WILLIAMS,

Rector of St. Philip’s Church, Centre st.

New York, July 14, 1334.

[From, the New York Spectator, June lltt.]

LIBERIA.

So much misrepresentation lias been resorted to for the purpose of ruin-
ing the cause of African Colonization, that we deem it a duty lo place be-
fore the public, from time to time, such evidences as we may obtain as to
the actual condition of the colony. If, on the one hand, it is a barren and
desolate waste — fatal to human life — the refuge of crime — profligate in the
character and conduct of its population, and the stay and support of the
slave trade, then should the evidence to support these facts be fairly dis-
closed. If, on the other hand, it is a fruitful and pleasant country, salubri-
ous in its climate, orderly and moral in the conduct of its inhabitants, effi-
cient in repressing the slave trade, and an appropriate field for missionary
effort, then that version of the case should in equal justice be made known.
But if (which from the best evidence we have been able to collect may be
deemed probable) it is of the intermediate character, it will not, we think,
lose that interest which a reference to the immense utility of the enterprise
has so universally excited. The following is a copy of a letter from a very
respectable colored woman in Liberia, who went out there more than three
years ago, addressed to Mr. John Dillingham, late of Pittsfield, Massachu-
setts, but now of this city. It presents, we think, a very just account of
the condition of the colony, so far as it may be presumed to have come under
her observation. It bears evidence that Libeiia, like other new settle-
ments, is subject to fevers that are frequently fatal, especially if the person
attacked is negligent or imprudent, and that the moral condition of the co-
lony is such as to invite, rather than repel, the fostering hand of Christian
benevolence.

1834.]

ANTI-COLONIZATIONISM IN OLD TIMES.

189

Monrovia, Feb. 18, 1834.

Honored Sir:

Three years have elapsed since I first promised to you faithfully, that I would write to
you of my health and situation You have doubtless heard of all my afflictions and misfor-
tunes lhat I have met with, and I will mention none of them. My health is quite good
now. I am troubled with nothing but the agues and fevers, now and then, which are
common to this country. I have never regretted one moment coming to this place; al-
though it is the astonishing mercy of God that my life is spared, when so many have fell
on my right and left, and that God has made me, though unworthy to bear the name, an
instrument in his hands of doing good. I have quite a flourishing school of about seven-
ty children — about forty-five of them I teach on the infant school system. I find some of
them quite apt and others who are quite dull. I have some native girls that learn veiy
fast. All of them are spelling — three of them are writing — and one of them is quite fond
of composing letters. Some of them I think, are more intelligent than the Americans, i
sometimes wish that my school consisted entirely of them — but you cannot get them from
the country unless you pay something for them, and then their parents will olten come
and take them away. I had two little girls living with me, who I took much pride in,
but as soon as they began to learn to talk English and sew1, the}7 took them away. I also had
two Vie or Cape Mount boys. They are much more given to learning than any other
tribe. The youngest is very smart. He has a taste for the book, and printing the alpha-
bet and words of three or four letters. His father has sent for him, but I am loth to
part with him.

The climate is very pleasant — not so warm as we imagine in America. The sun is very
powerful in the middle of the day, but we always have a plenty of air, and sometimes it ap-
pears almost cold enough for a frost. There are but few people here from the north, but
what are here appear to enjoy very good health. The expedition that came last from
Charlestown, numbers of them died, but it was owing greatly to their imprudence, as well
as the want of medical aid. The first attack was gentle, but the second, third and fourth
relapses carried them off.

We have not had a very flourishing Sunday School since I have been here, but I have
tried to keep my scholars together on the Sabbath. I have quite an interesting Bible
Class, which I take much delight in. I never can regret the time that I spent in tne Sab-
bath School in America. The knowledge I there received, I think I can now impart to
others. We much want such a person as yourself, and then our Sabbath Schools would
flourish. The other Schools continue, but I do not think they are making much progress,
excepting the one taught by Mrs. Caesar, at Caldwell. There are one or iwo more settlements
about to take place on the coast. Mr. T. my present husband has now gone to Cape Pal-
mas to see the place. The Missionaries that lately arrived here are all sick, but not
dangerous. We have lost one — the wife of Mr. Wright. Time will not allow me to say
more. I hope I shall soon hear from you and the family, as I often think of the little girls.
I beg an interest in your prayers; that I may continue faithful unto the end, and what I do
do all to the glory of God, is the desire of Your most obedient servant,

ELIZABETH THOMPSON.

P. S. I send you a paper containing the manner in which the exhibition of my school
was conducted, just before the holidays.

[The paper referred to in the postscript is before us. It is a printed sheet
containing the order of the exercises and four appropriate hymns, which
whether original or selected are certainly not inferior to the effusion of the
muse on a like occasion, and in a city that boasts of an elevated taste, and
great literary refinement.]

ANTI-COLONIZATIONISM IN OLD TIMES.

At a meeting of the Connecticut Colonization Society, held at New Haven, 22nd of
May, Rev. Mr. Bacon, of New Haven, said, “The Colonization Society was the star of
hope to Africa, and the star ofhope to the children of Africa in this country.” Dr. Hew-
it remarked, “The colony at Liberia, as bad as it is, with all its difficulties and mismanage-
ment, is the best to be lound upon earth. He said he had read of a Colonization Socie-
ty that undertook three thousand years ago, to colonize in the land of their fathers, three
millions of slaves. The President of that Society was one Moses. And there arose up an
Anti-Colonization Society, the President of wliich was one Pharaoh. They would not
let the people go. They represented the dangers of the undertaking, and the cruelty of
removing them from the land in which they had been born, and they themselves preferred
to stay where they could sit by the flesh pots of Egypt, saying to Moses, “Let us alone
that we may serve the Egyptians, for it had been better tor us that we serve the Egyp-
tians, than that we shoula die in the wilderness.” ®

190

INTELLIGENCE,

[August,

INTELLIGENCE.

Disturbances ix New York.

The public Journals of New York
contain copious accounts of a series
oi riots which, for several days, com-
mencing with the Fourth of July,
disturbed the peace of that city,
and which were accompanied with
considerable destruction of property.
The causes of these outrages on civil
rights, were chiefly certain offensive
doctrines and proceedings of the ad-
vocates of Immediate Abolition, and
the imputation to them of other opin-
ions which have since been disavow-
ed.

It must be a source of lasting re-
gret to every American Patriot, that
such scenes should have occurred in
the largest city of the Republic. It
is the boast of our countrymen, that
they live under a Government of
laws; and unless we are willing that
the boast should be regarded as a
vain mockery, no other tribunal than
that of the laws should ever sit in
judgment on the acts of individuals.
Far less should it undertake to com-
bine the different stages of trial, judg-
ment and execution, in a single pro-
cess of summary and diffusive ven-
geance, in derogation ol both consti-
tutional and natural right. In every
free State, the laws must be supreme.

But though the irregular and vio-
lent mode in which public opinion
in New York has manifested its dis-
approbation of the conduct of the
Abolitionists deserves strong censure,
their own exculpation is not implied
in the censure. On the contrary, it
cannot be denied, that relying on the
guaranty of “freedom of speech and
of the press” secured to them by the
American Constitution, they have
used the privilege as a weapon of
hostility against that instrument by
endeavouring to inflame the public
mind against a portion of its provis-
ions, and by consequence against the
peace and permanency of our happy
Union. The distinction between
avowed, systematic and actual resis-
tence to the Constitution, and the en-
forcement of opinions which if made

predominant must subvert it, is worth
nothing in practice, and indeed is
almost too shadowy for metaphysics.
Let us hope that while the rebuke
given by the law to the recent tu-
mults in New York, will effectually
prevent their repetition, the recol-
lection of them will lead to an aban-
donment of the course of proceed-
ing by which they were mainly
provoked. We say mainly, because
it seems that one of the riots occur-
red at a Theatre, and that it was
caused by some imputed slanders of
a foreign player on the American
character.

We are happy to believe that the
advice in the following resolutions
given by the Managers of the New
York City Colonization Society to
the friends of the cause of Coloniza-
tion, was faithfully followed^ —
Colonization Society of the City of N. York.

At a meeting of the Board of Managers,
held on the 10th of July, 1834, the following
Preamble and Resolutions were unanimous-
ly dopted: —

Whereas , certain tumultuous meetings
have lately been held in this city without
any previous knowledge on the part of this
Board, at which certain resolutions, approv-
ing the objects of the New York Coloniza-
tion Society, were passed. Now, therefore,
to prevent any inference or consequences
unfavorable to the measures of this Society,

Resolved, That this Board docs highly dis-
approve of all such tuinul.uous assemblages,
and earnestly recommends to every friend of
the cause of Colonization, to abstain from all
encouragement of the same, as well as from
alt participation in proceedings subversive
of the rights of individuals, or in violation
of the public peace.

Ordered, That the above Preamble and
Resolution be signed by the President and
Secretary, and published in the several dai-
ly newspapers in this city.

WM. A. DUER, President.

Ira B. Underhill, Secretary.

Lafayette.

Extract from, the minutes of the proceedings
of the Board of Managers of the American
Colonization Society, July 3rd , 1834.

The Board of Managers of the Ameri-
can Colonization Society, having heard
with the deepest regret of the decease of the
venerable Lafayette, one of the Vice-Presi-
dents of this Society, deem it their duty,
publicly, to express their admiration of his
character as an illustrious benefactor of the
human race, — the firm— the constant— the

INTELLIGENCE.

191

1834. J

able and the disinterested friend of our
country, and the fearless advocate, at all
times, of liberty.

Resolved, That this Board will cherish in
affectionate gratitude and perpetual recol-
lection, the person and the virtues of the
great and good Lafayette.

Resolved, That among the strong and en-
during claims of this eminent individual to
the veneration of mankind, not the least is
derived from his ardent and active desire to
meliorate the condition and elevate the char-
acter of the African race.

Resolved, That the name of Lafayette be
given to one of the earliest settlements that
shall be founded in Liberia, in honour of
him who evinced a heartfelt interest in the
growth and prosperity of this Colony, as
well as in all measures adapted to enlighten
and regenerate Africa.

Resolved, That copies of these resolutions
be transmitted to G. W. Lafayette, with as-
surances that this Board cordially sympa-
thize with the relatives of the deceased in
that overwhelming affliction with which it
has pleased Almighty God to visit them in
the removal of one no less attractive for his
private worth, than extraordinary for his
public virtues.

“The Colonizationist and Journal
of Freedom,” a monthly periodical
published at Boston in pamphletform,
and an able advocate for the Ameri-
can Colonization Society, has been
discontinued, to give place to a pub-
lication devoted to the cause, in a
form better adapted to subserve the
cause. A weekly paper is proposed.

It is proposed to issue at Boston,
during the summer, a series of argu-
mentative Tracts, expository of the
true principles of the Colonization
Society, and designed partly as a
reply to the numerous unfounded ac-
cusations brought against the Ameri-
can Colonization Society and the
scheme of Colonization generally. —
Able pens are engaged.

The Journal of Commerce, in re-
ference to the attack on Colonization
and to the remark made at the meet-
ing of the Anti-Slavery Society, that
the audience had assembled ‘to toll
the death knell and attend the fune-
ral obsequies of the Colonization So-
ciety,’ says

,;In the early part of this war, the Coloni-
zation Society contented itself with acting
on the defensive; but its friends have at last
been driven to take the field, and have, du-
ring the last few days, not only made their
principles understood, and vindicated them-

selves before admiring crowds, but have
carried the war into the camp of their oppo-
nents until the necessity for a winding sheet
has well nigh passed to the ot.ier side, and
Colonization is almost in danger of being
compelled to perform the last kind office for
its lately exulting foe. Public sentiment is
aroused. Colonization has gained a degree
of attention which it could never before ex-
cite. Its objects are understood and appre-
ciated, and will be supported by increasing
multitudes of our citizens.”

Maryland Colonization Society.

We learn from the Lutheran Observer,
that a public meeting to promote the interest
of this Society, was held a few d lys since at
Baltimore. The ltev. Dr. Bond* presided,
and several interesting addresses were deliv-
ered, after which a collection wai taken up.
What gave peculiar interest to the meeting,
was the presence of two African princes,
who had arrived in this country about two
weeks previous. They are lads of 12 and
15 years of age, one the son of Weak Bolio,
king of Grahumy, the other the son of Par-
Jleur, king of Cavally. They were brought
to this country at the requestof theirparents,
by the Agent of the Maryland Colonization
Society, with a view to be educated in this
country, and return to their native. land, to
instruct their benighted brethren in the
principles of the Gospel of Christ.

The territory owned by the Maryland Co-
lonization Society, on the western coast of
Africa — comprising 400 square miles — was
purchased from the fathers of these young
princes; and one ot the terms stipulated in
the treaty, was that the Society should bring
these youth to this country, and give them a
thorough education, and also, as soon as prac-
ticable, establish a free school in each of
the three large towns of their respective do-
minions. Is not “Ethiopia stretching out
her hands unto God ?” and does not every
benevolent heart thrill with delight, at such
manifestations of a desire for instruction on
the part of these poor degraded deeply inju-
red heathen? What shall not this Coloni-
zation Society of Maryland accomplish for
that interesting land ?

Church at Monrovia, Africa.— A
friend of Missions, understanding that about
$' 200 have been contributed in the United
States, towards the erection of an Episcopal
Church at Monrovia, and that $'400 more
are needed to secure the building of the ed-
ifice; proposes to give $10 in benalf of this
object provided 39 other persons will each
subscribe the same sum. — Missionary Reed.

At a late meeting of the Executive Com-
mittee of the Essex Co. (N. J.) Coloniza-
tion Society it was resolved that they have
undiminished confidence in the American
Colonization Society, and that those who
celebrate the 4th of July be respectfully in-
vited to take up a collection to aid in colo-
nizing the free people of color, and in evan-
gelising the great continent of Afrk z.

192

CONTRIBUTIONS.

[August,

CONTRIBUTIONS

To the American Colonization Society in the month of July,
Gen ii Smith's First Plan of Subscription.

Thomas Buffington, Guyandott, Va. .....

Jacob T. Towson, Williamsport, Md. ....

Collections from Churches.

Athens, Georgia, by Charles F. McCoy, .....
Belvidere, N. J. congregation, by Rev. Isaac Caudee,

and Oxford Sunday Schools, .....

Bloomingburg, N. Y. by Rev. Henry Connelly, ...

Bristol, R. I. from Cath. congregation, .....
Centre, Washington co. Pa. Presbyt’n church, by Rev. John U. Kennedy,
Chambersburg, Presbyterian church, .....
Congruhy, Westmoreland county. Pa. Presbyterian church, -
Fredericksburg, Episcopal church, by Rev. C. M‘Guire,

Frederick county, Md. work by Female Sunday School Teachers,

Gettysburg, Pa. Presbyterian church, by llev. Jas. C. Watson,

and Hill congregations, by Rev. C. G. M'Lean,

Hopewell, N. Y Reformed Dutch church, by Rev. Charles Whitehead,
Jeffersonville, Indiana, ......

Lenox, Mass, in the Congregational church, by Rev. Dr. Shepard,
Lewisburg, Union county. Pa. Presbyterian do, by Jas. F. Linn,

Lexington, in Rev. Jas. W. Douglass’s church, ....

Lisbon, Conn, in the First Ecclesiastical Society, ...
Millord, Conn. First Society, by Rev. B. Pinneo, ...

Marietta and Belpre, Ohio, by D. Woodbridge, Tr. Washington co. Aux. Soc
Newark, N. J. bv Rev. Wm. Matchet, ....

New Albany, Indiana, by Robert Downey, on the plan suggested by him in
the African Repository, Vol. 9, p. 186, ....

Newberry, Mass, at the Children’s Meeting,

Newcastle, Pa by Rev. Robert Semple, -
Orleans, Barnstable county, Mass, by Rev. Charles Boyter,

Oxford congregation, by Rev. Isaac Caudee, ...

Petersburg, Ya. in the Presbyterian church, by Rev. W. S. Plumer,

Prince George county, Md. Chapel congregation, St. Paul’s Parish, by the
Rev. F. D. Goodwin, ......

’’edclay Creek church, Del. by Rev. Thomas Love, ...
King >es, N. J. at Rev. J. Kirkpatrick’s church, ...

Rock Creek, Tenn.by Rev. Thomas G. Hall, ....

Schenectady, at the Dutch Church, .....

Skaneateles, Onondaga county, N. Y. St. James’s Episcopal church,
Walpole, Mass, at an evening meeting, ....

Warren, R. I at the Methodist meeting, by W. R. Stone,

, Fauquier county, Va. in the Epis. church, by Rev. Geo. Lemmon,

Washington City, in Christ church, by Rev. Mr. Hatch,

do do. in First Presbyterian church, by Rev. Mr. Post,

Westfield, N. Y. by Rev. D. D. Gregory, ....
Winchester, in Methodist Epis. church, by Rev. J. L. Gibbons,

York, Pa. Presbyterian church, by Rev. Robert Cathcart,

Auxiliary Societies.

Boudoin Auxiliary Society, ......

Crawford county, Ya. do, ......

Essex county, N. J. do, ...

Rock Creek, Tenn. do, by Rev. Thomas G. Hall, ...
Warrenton, Va. Female Aux. Society, by Rev. G. Lemmon,

Donations.

Augusta, Georgia, from Robert Campbell, ....
Chenango, Pa. from W. Carnes, Esq. by Rev. R. Semple,

Hillsdale, N. Y. from Adonijah Bidwell, ....
McConnellsville, Ohio, from the citizens of,

Redclay Creek, Del. from an individual, ....

Salem, N. J. from John Tyler, ......

Schenectady, from Giles F. Yates, .....

Warrenton, Va. a Friend, by Rev. George Lemmon, ...

Life Member.

Cromwell. Pa. Rev. R. W. Dickinson, ....

African Repository.

Mrs. Col. Reid, Lexington, -

Sidney S. Baxter, do, -»•••*•
Maria Rogers, Bristol, R. L .....

1634.

$•100

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115

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300

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For use in Library only

1-7 v.10

African Repository and Colonial Journal
Princeton Theological Semmary-Speer Library

1 1012 00307 2024

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