A glossary of the Cleveland dialect: explanatory, derivative, and critical

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A GLOSSARY

OF THE

CLEVELAND DIALECT:

EXPLANATORY, DERIVATIVE, AND CRITICAL.

BY THE

REV. J. C ATKINSON,

INCUMBBNT OF DANBY, IN CLBVELANL) ;

rh\MESTIC CHAPLAIN TO THE LATE VISCUl'NT Di>\VNE ;

Al TH'iR OF 'sketches IN NATl'KAL HISTORY,' ' UKITISH BIRDS* BCGS AND NESTS.'

IBLonlron:

JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, SOHO SQUARE.

BI.DCCC.LXVIII.

OXFORD;

BY T. COMBB, II.A., B. B. GAKDNXK, K. P. HALL, AND H. LATHAH, XJi
PRINTERS TO THE UNIVIRSITV.

THIS VOLUME IS

DEDICATED

(by permission)
TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE

THE EARL OF ZETLAND,

LORD-LIEUTENANT OF THE
NORTH RIDING OF THE COUNTY OF YORK,

^ BY HIS OBLIGED AND OBEDIENT SERVANT

%
I

0)

THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE.

1 EN years ago the work which has resulted in the publication of
this book was somewhat more than merely entered upon. But I
am not able to say how long it is ago since the first thoughts of
publication in the present, or in any, form definitely presented them-
selves : it was not, however, until some time after the labour bestowed
had begotten greater interest, and the interest had stimulated not only
increased painstaking but more diligent and systematic study. In
the hope the book may prove that neither the labour nor the study has
been quite without effect towards the illustration of an interesting
subject and in the cause of philology, it is now submitted to the
judgment of the public.

No one can be more sensible than the author of its many imper-
fections and deficiencies. Many errors, many failures, many short-
comings will inevitably be pointed out. Working alone and unassisted,
as he has done, in a singularly remote district, far from any accessible
collection of books which might have been of aid, or from habitual
intercourse with cultivated minds, with the duties of a very wide Moor-
land parish to attend to, with his children to teach himself, it could
hardly fail to be so, however honest and hearty the labour bestowed in
his not too abundant spare time might be.

This is not written to deprecate criticism. He would, indeed, rather
invite it. For fair and candid criticism might be an assistance to
him if he should ever be in a position to carry out a plan, much more
than half formed, of compiling a systematic Glossary of the great

VI PREFACE.

Northumbrian Dialect as a whole, or both as written in the past and
as yet spoken in the present. It would be an assistance also to others
whose object it might be to illustrate the dialects of their several
districts as the author has sought to do for that of Cleveland.

One of the chief difficulties in the task of compiling this Glossary has
been in deciding what words were, and what were not, to be admitted.
The principle which was finally adopted was not to admit any word,
unless, either in its form, its application, its meaning or one of its mean-
ings, it deviated sensibly from recognised or classical usage. This prin-
ciple in some cases has seemed to require, rather than only to justify,
the giving of the standard or classical definition of an admitted or clas-
sical word, in order to trace the connection of that meaning which
warranted or called for the insertion of the word itself as a provincial
word. No doubt words have crept in which ought to have been ex-
cluded : more than two or three such words have been noted while cor-
recting the press. But it is hoped their number is not considerable.

Not a very few words also, which were standard words at a given
date past, which, in a sense, are standard words still, as resting on
some such authority as that of the English Bible, words of which did,
bidden are fair types, have been unhesitatingly admitted, because they
have quite dropped out of use over possibly the greater part of the
kingdom, although still in utterly familiar use in Cleveland.

With reference to the definitions, they have been constructed with
great care ; and it may be stated, as not quite wide of the purpose,
that so far from having been drawn up to suit the. derivation (real or
assumed) in each several case, a very large proportion of the whole
had been composed, and fac-simile copies of them sent to the Secre-
tary of the Philological Society for use in the preparation of the
Society's Dictionary, before systematic enquiries as to derivation or
connection had been,^ in the majority of instances, so much as
commenced.*

* Some few modifications of the original definitions have, it is true, been made ; but
the percentage of cases in which this is so is very small. In probably forty-nine out of
fifty instances the MS. printed from has been the MS. from which the copies for the Phi-
lological Society were actually taken.

PREFACE, Vll

Besides the care taken in framing the definitions, the author has, in
every case which seemed to require it, endeavoured to give effective
illustration by the aid of copious — at least, of sufficient — examples of
usage, a large proportion of which he had noted down as heard by
himself at the mouth of some one or other of his Dales friends and
neighbours.

As to the other illustration appended to a considerable proportion
of the words constituting the Glossary, it must speak for itself; and it
is perhaps not strictly necessary for the author, in conclusion, to dis-
claim any intention to assume the mantle of the etymologist. He has
simply sought to record, to derive or connect, and as far as his reading
* would allow, to illustrate.

c--<r>^^^^^^0)'^>^>ovj

INTRODUCTION.

iiORN and brought up in one of the Eastern Counties, and translated,
a few years after taking my degree, into the North, first into Berwick-
shire, then permanently into Yorkshire, the difficulties and whimsicalities
attendant on the efforts after mutual comprehension between myself and
the countryside northerners, with whom my clerical and other duties
brought me into continual contact, were great enough, and often amply
quaint enough, of themselves to induce, even had there been no natural
liking and inclination, some notice of the circumstances in which oiur
mutual complications originated. I did not comprehend their spoken
dialect, and they did not understand my Southern English and pronun-
ciation : and the reason was, not only that a very large proportion of
their stock of current words, and especially in the case of elderly and
untaught people, were not to be found in the English Dictionary, but
that also the vowel and many of the consonantal sounds, as their words
were spoken, were entirely different from those of the accredited
English standard.'*'

This statement, which is true of the North generally, is I believe, as
strictly and emphatically true of Cleveland as of any other part of ancient ^
Northumbria : perhaps I should be almost justified, from circumstances
and facts to be mentioned below, if I said more true.

* As illustrative of this statement I may mention a circumstance which occurred to
myself within a short period after my commenced residence in the North. I had occasion
to engage a servant, and as there were reasons which rendered it difficult to fix a date for
her coming, it was necessary to know her name and address. Her name was Charlotte
Lamb» but the patronymic on her tongue sounded so utterly unlike Lamb to my untutored
ear, that it was some minutes, and not without some trouble and evident annoyance on the
poor girl's part at not being understood, that I came at last to the perception that, as she
spelt it letter by letter, /, a, m, b, might in a northern mouth represent a sound very dif-
ferent from that of English lamb. The sound to my ear was lorm or laum, in which every
vocal element was altered except the initial /.

b

Z INTRODUCTION.

On coming into pennanenl residence in Cleveland twenty-one years
ago, it was natural that my thoughts should retiun from time to time to
this subject, and equally natural that the recurrence of such thoughts
should lead to speculation and eventually to study; and it is now
more than twelve years since I began to collect and compare, and, in
a measure, to investigate, I had already made a fair beginning of the
Cleveland vocabulary when the Whitby Glossary was brought under my
notice; a book of which 1 may say here, that die fidelity with which the
words, and even, in many cases, their spoken sounds,* are indicated, the
general accuracy of the interpretations annexed, and above all, the inte-
resting and instructive examples in many cases added — independently
of the philological value of no small part of its contents — make it worthy
of a noticeable place in the class of local Glossaries. Taking that book
in a certain sense as my text-book, I have, during the period just now
indicated, pursued the subject systematically, alike in the study and
among the people, and some of the processes and results— and of both
the study and the collection — will be found in the following pages and
in the Glossary which succeeds them.

Every langu^e and dialect of a language, when duly interrogated,
must always — and without dwelling on what it will reveal, if the enquiry
be fully prosecuted, of the essential physical and psychical history of
those who speak, or have spoken, il+ — be able to give in reply much of
its own history in connection with its origin, coimection, and changes ;
and it is impossible for any one fairly familiar with the dialect spoken
in Cleveland, and only moderately acquainted with the Scandinavian
languages and dialects, or even with any one of them, not to be struck
with the curious family likeness obtruded on his notice between no
scanty portion of die Cleveland words and those in current use among
the Danes, Norwegians and Swedes of our own day. And not only in
the case of words : — idioms, modes of expression, habitual phrases,

• 1 lefei to luch tniuneei ii harzam, laabtli. fhanu; gniavt, txea/. See. (ihe true
DithogTiphy of which is Blien, Utle, Bhive; gravs, Eofe, &c.): the vilui of luch
phonetic fbrmi being often enceedmgly gre»l in the invesligition of dijlcclicil origin ot
pcculiaiitiei. Sec below, pp. ixix, xkk, et icq.. p. 318, Sec,

f ' The indy of wordi aity be tedioni to the ichoolboy. ai btnldng of itonei ii 10 the
wajiide liboorir j but to the Ihoughtful eye of the geologiit theit itonei ire full of inte-
teit ; — he leei minclu 00 the highroiil. aod rcidi chronidei in every ditch, t^uiguage,
too, hu nurveli of hei own, which the unveili to the enqaiiing glance of the patient
ttudenl. There are chroniclct below her surface, ihete are lennont in eveiy word.' L4c-
turn OH lit SciniM ofLanguagt, by Max MiiUer, itl Ser. p, 1.

' If a gefietal deitruction of booki. inch ai look place in China under the Empctor Thiin>
chi-hoang (113 B.C.) (hould sweep away alt hiitarical documentj. language, even in itt
mOM depraved ttite, would picierr« tht tecrett «f the pail, and would tell future genera-
tiaoiof the home and migratloai of their aDceilon.' lb. p. 114.

i

>

INTRODUCTION. XI

proverbs or proverbial sayings are found to occur, which, in many cases,
are so nearly identical that what is ordinarily called translation is scarcely
requisite in order to enable the Clevelander to appreciate the Danish
sajdng, or the Dane the Cleveland formula. Thus, Professor Worsaae's
expression, a/ pladske paa seen^ is our t' blash uik>' t' 8eea;7>^ har
iniet imod det^ our Ah hes nowght agen that; Hon lever tnie ved
daw nodd, our he deean't luik as if he lived upo' deeaf nuts;
eg er boden tolv d&ler, our Ah was bodden (or boden) tolf pund ;
e hele by er boden til cervsl, our t' 'heeal toon 's bodden (or boden)
te t' burial, which last word half a century since would probably have
been replaced by AnraL All these phrases and numberless others
must and do strike upon the observation of the Yorkshireman who is
brought into contact with modem Scandinavian either by means of
the written tongues or by oral communication: and when one begins
to study the matter out, the coincidences, in a percentage of cases which
is very large indeed, resolve themselves into identity.

It is now several years since, having become myself thoroughly inte-
rested in the processes of collection and investigation of the constituents
of the Cleveland dialect, and wishing to interest some of my Dales
neighbours and parishioners in the subject also, with the hope of, by
that means, paving the way for the reception of some assistance in my
researches from among them, I threw together notes for a lecture on
* The Traces left by the Ancient Danes in Cleveland/ In the introduc-
tory portion of this lecture I drew an outline, necessarily imperfect, but
still as faithful and accurate as I could make it within the narrow limits
allowed me, and drawing upon both Danish and English historical
sources, of the incursions and invasions of the Danes, ending, as they
did, in permanent dominion in Northumbria — a dominion, moreover,
which in many districts of the province in question most certainly rested
upon systematic and effectual colonization of wide tracts.* Inasmuch,
however, as Cleveland is not specially named in this page of history,

* ' After the destruction of Repton, the Danes divided themselves into two armies, one
of which, under the command of Halfdene, marched to complete the conquest of North-
umbria, which they accomplished during <the ensuing winter, and extended their depreda-
tions as far north as the country of the Picts and Strathclyde Britons. The lands were then
parcelled out among the soldiers, who, growing weary of a marauding life, longed to possess
settled habitations and fixed property of their own, and, exchanging the sword and battle-
axe for the plough, applied themselves to cultivate and beautify the realm which they had
•o long delighted to devastate.' St John's Four Conquests of England, i. 265. This was
in 876. In 880 a still larger body of miUtary colonists received allotments in the same
district and settled upon them. The same thing would, of course, occur again and again
without special historical notice where smaller numbers of settlers were concerned, and I have
only riven the above extract as a sort of embodiment of statements that appear not inire-
qnently in the pages of both andent annalists and modem historians.

ba

Xii INTRODUCTION.

I scarcely think it necessary to give even an outline of it here ; it has
been done by various hands, both English and foreign, and, with what-
ever variation or discrepancy as to minor particulars, yet without any
material difference as to the great facts of Danish occupancy, sove-
reignty, and lasting local, and even national influence.*

Of course what was true of Northumbria generally, of very consider-
able tracts in Yorkshire particularly, was as likely, a priori, to be true of
Cleveland individually as of any other part of the district ; and consider-
ing the geographical position of tlie tract in question, with Tees-mouth
at one extremity and the Esk-mouth at the other, even more likely still.
Nay, the very name itself — Cleveland — the moment enquiry began.'"
turn in the direction indicated, was capable of becoming a witne'
the fact that our Dales country, with its f^r and fertile valievs anf" -ly
wooded hills, had not been overlooked by the Danish invaders and in-
tending settlers. Camden held that Cleveland was ' so called, as it
should seem, from precipices, which we call cliffs;' and although others
are found to contend that ' the primary and leading idea of the name
is undoubtedly not clif, but clity, as descriptive of its soil' (Graves'
Clnnlanii. p. 33), yet the existing Old Norse name, KUfflmd, not only
sets that question at rest by proving the correctness of Camden's sug-
gestion, but places in a prominent position the facts that it is of Danish
origin ; that the Danes took or obtained sufficient interest in the district
to rename it; and that their influence was sufficiently lasting and power-
ful to give the new name currency and permanence. The merest glance
beyond the name of the district itself, and directed at what the district
contains or includes of the same nature, is sufficient to fix the attention
upon the Saxon name Streoneshalh in the South-East, replaced by the
Danish name Whitby, and Whitby itself one of a group of equally
marked Scandinavian names, Preslebi, Stackesbi, Overbi, Ntthnbi,
Thingwala,^ Helredale, Gnip or Hauehesgard, Norvuinebi, Bertwail,

• ' " Sweyn, king of Dcnmailc, and Olive, king of Norway, % short time befoce innded
Yorlohire, and reduced it to labjectian. For there U, and lone hai been, a great admix-
ture of people of Danith race in that prorincp, and a great limllirily of language." Wal-
lingford'i Chronicle, Gale, p. 570. ■■ Giraldui Cambreniii and John of WaUingford aiMTl
in direct lermi that there wai a ttrong infuilon of Danish in the popalalian and langaage
(.(oui Nonhem pioTincM." ' Garactt't PhU. Buayt. p. 187.

t The name Tbingwala alone, which occuii ui the Mmorial of BmfatHaa to Whitby
Abbey, quoted entire by Young, pp. 908-913 : — ' VilUm et portum (Marii) de Witebi;
Orerbi; et Nelhiebi. id eit Steimecher ; TKHgwala; Leirpel; Helredale; Btc.' : — ihit
name alone u 10 marked that it i> difficult to concern it ihould nercr hi'e attracted atten-
tion from any local hittorian or antiquarian before. ' Tingwalt, hroi, lom navnet Qpinga-
vitlr) antydei, Oernei Hotedlhing gjennem Aarhundreder blev holdl,' ai Wonaae layi of
the Bimoui Thingwal of Shetland, are woidt fully at cxpreniTe, beyond doubt, and a)
capable of application in the caie of the Whitby Thingwila, ai in Chester. Orkney, Roi»-

INTRODUCTION. xiii

Sehvaii, Tliordtsa, and others, all included within the limits of what is
now the parish of Whitby ; and, on the North- West, upon Mtdlelmrg,
now Middiesborough, with its neighbour Arusum, Aresum or Harhusum
(Aarkuus)* now Airsome, together with the closely adjoining Lachenebiy
Leisingebi, Ormesbi, Englehiy Tormozbi\ Linthorpe, Arnodestorp^^^xA the
like, aJl of them equally suggestive with the Whitby group of local
names.

In fact, the more closely investigation of this kind is pushed the more
striking is the result ; and an analysis of the Cleveland names as given
in the Domesday Survey, with occasional illustration or addition from
other ancient documents, will I think prove not uninstructive. Taking
Cleveland proper, together with Whitby and so much of the adjoining
district as is grouped with it in the Domesday Summary of * Langeberge
Wapentac,' we have the following names of places, ending —

I. in bi,

Witebi (Whitby)

Prestebi (lost)

Normanebi (Normanby, near Whitby)

Ulgeberdesbi (Ugglebamby)

Baldebi (Baldby Fields, near Whitby)

Staxebi (Stakesby)

Bamebi (Bamby)

Alewardebi, or Elwordebi (Ellerby)

Michelbi (Mickleby)

Grimesbi

Bergelbi, Bergebi (Borrowby)

Rozebi, Roscebi (Roxby)

Asuluebi, Asvluesbi (i. e. Asolf 's-by, Aislaby)

shire, or Shetland itself. It was, as surely as in these other cases, the boveMing or principal
political and judicial meeting-place for the district ; and it speaks very intelligibly of the
extent to which the district was not only under the influence of, but inhabited by, men of
Northern or Danish origin, that such a place of meeting should have existed in Cleveland.

* On the South Jutland coast there are two towns nearly adjacent, one of which is Midle-
burg, the other Aarhuus. It is scarcely possible that the coincidence of name in the case
of &e two Clereland Danish settlements and in their S. Jutland neighbours should be merely
accidental. Again, the name Upsal occurs once in Cleveland, and, besides, just on the borders.
I believe one Essex village has forty-eight representatives and namesakes in New England
{Geni, Mag, voL ii. 1863, p. 698), to say nothing of the UteraUy innumerable examples of
which Boston or Chelmsford is a type. Even our own Danby is bom again in Canada
West, in the name given by an emigrant from hence to the settlement he has formed near
Niagara. Beyond any reasonable doubt the same feeling and practice in the days of the
Old Northmen originated such Cleveland names as those now under notice : in other words,
that emigrants from Upsala, Aarhuus, Midleburg, named their new residences after their
ancient or original ones.

XIV INTRODUCTION.

BoUebi, Bolebi (Boulby)

Danebi (Danby)

Lesingebi, Leisingebi, Lesighebi (Lazenby)

Lachenebi, Lachebi (Lackenby)

Normanebi (Normanby, near Eston)

Ormesbi (Ormsby)

Bemodebi (Bamaby)

Esebi (Easby)

Badresbi (Battersby)

ToUesbi (Tolesby)

Colebi (Coulby Manor)

Maltebi (Maltby)

Englebi (Ingleby HiU)

Turmozbi, Tormozbi (Thornaby)

Steinesbi (Stainsby)

Berguluesbi, Bergolbi

Turoldesbi, Toroldesbi (Thoraldby)

Rodebi (Hutton Rudby)

Englebi (Ingleby Greenhow)

Cherchebi (Kirby, near Stokesley)

Dragmalebi (Dromonby)

Buschebi (Buzby)

Feizbi, Fezbi (Faceby)

Englebi (Ingleby Amcliff)

Bordalebi, Bordlebi (Mount Grace Priory)

To these may be added, from other sources :

Swainby

Newby (in Seamer)
Yearby (in Kirkleatham)
Netherbi, Overbi (in Whitby)

II. in thorpe.

Ugetorp, Ughetorp (Ugthorpe)

Roschetorp, Roscheltorp (possibly Hailthorpe, near Sca-
ling)

Amodestorp (probably Arnold's Toft near Linthorpe, in
Acklam)

Torp (Kilton Thorpe)

Torp (Nunthorpe)

Torp (Pinchingthorpe)

INTRODUCTION. XV

Besides

Ainthorpe (inDanby)*
Sneatonthorpe
Linthorpe or Leventhorpe

III. in um.

Jarum (Yarm)

Morehusum, Morhusum (Moorsholm)

Locthusum, Loctusum (Lofthouse)

WesUidum, Westlidf (Kirkleatham)

Upelider (Upleatham)

Lid (Lythe)

Flonim, Flore (Flowergate, Whitby)

Achelum, Aclun (Acklam)

Laclum, Lelun (Lealholm)

Toscotum, Tocstune (Toccotes)

Cotum (Coatham)

Ergirn

* The history of this name is rather a curious one. In a Register of Burial, 1623, the
name is written Axmitthwaite ; in the map in Graves' Qevdand it is Armantbwaite ; in a
plan of the Manor, dated a.d. 1751, and hanging in the entry of Danby Lodge, it is Arm-
thwaite. But the tbwaite has completely given place to the iborpe, and in the customary
pronunciation in the mouth of a true Clevelander it becomes Ain«t*rup, the b being almost
entirely suppressed. This provokes comparison with the like names so frequently occurring
in Denmark, and in which the old )>orp has given place to the modem trup,

f I look upon Westlid and Lid as unquestionably abbreviations for Westlidum, Lidum.
It is worthy of notice that, independently of Domesday Westlidum, we have also another
ancient form of the same name in Lithum, besides the forms Uplium and Lyum for
Upleatham. It is a matter of tolerable certainty that all these names in -wn are simply
datives plural. There is no doubt in such cases as Morehusum, Locthnsum, Arusum or
Arhusum, Toscotum, Cotum, and Lidum. About Jarum, Achelum, Ladum or Lelun, and
Ergum, it is necessary to speak with more reserve, from uncertainty as to their etymology.
The locality of the last-named is uncertain. * Dimidium piscarise de Hergum* is mentioned
in the Whitby * Memorial of Benefactions' given by Dr. Young (p. 908), and, according to
that author, the Ergum or Hergum in question is *near Bridlington' (p. 91a). As far as
one can derive a suggestion from the geographical course taken by the Domesday scribe,
the Cleveland Ergun nuy have been in the neighbourhood of Ayton. In the Sununary, the
order is Ormesbi, Upeshale, Bemodebi, Torp (Pinchingthorpe), Ergun, Atun, Neuuetun,
Mortun, Torp (Nunthorpe), See. In the notice of the King's Lands, it is Upesale, Torp,
Ergun, Atun, Neuueton, Mortun, Torp. The only existing name, however, anywhere in
the vidnity, which presents any resemblance or analogy to Ergum is Arcan, given in Ord's
Map : — Arcan Hill, a little way north of Seamer. The Ordnance map makes this Harker
Hill ; but unfortunately local names have been put in so recklessly in these otherwise ad-
mirable maps that that authority is less than nothing in such questions. It may be men-
tioned, however, that the ' Ergum or Hergum near Bridlington' is no doubt coincident with
what is ¥rritten Argam in the Ordnance maps.

Xvi INTRODUCTION.

Also

Arusum, Aresum, Harhusum (Airsome)

IV. in cltf,

Cmmbeclif, Cmmbeclive (Crunkley)

Roudeclif, RoudcUve (Rockcliflf)

Jerneclif, Gerneclif, Emeclive (AmcUflfe Ingleby)

V. in borg,

Golborg, Goldeburg (Goldsborough)

Ghigesborg, Gighesborc, Ghigesburg (Guisborough)

Also

Mydelburghe, Midlesburg (Middlesborough)

VI. in dak.

Childale (Kildale)
Camisedale (Commondale)

Besides

Westerdale
Basdale, Basedale
Glasdale, Glasedale
Handale or Grendale
Seugdale

\ll, in grif.

Grif (Mulgrave)

Also

Skynnergrefe, Skinergreive, Skengrave (Skinningrove)

VIII. in a/.

Upeshale, Upesale (Upsal)

Wercheshala, Wercesel, Wyreshel (Worsall)

Tonestale, Tonnestale (Tunstal)

IX. not admitting of classification.

Ghinipe 0 Gnip, i.e. Hauchesgard ;' Gnipe Howe near

Hawsker, youngs p. 909).
Figelinge, Figlinge, Nort Figelinge (Fyling Dales)
Breche, Brecca (Brackenridge, near Whitby)
Semer, Semers (Seamer)

INTRODUCTION. xvil

Mersch, Mersc (Marske)

Dunesla, Dunesle (Dunsley)

Ildreuuelle, Hildreuuelle (Hinderwell)

Berewic (Berwick)

Cratom, Cratome (Crathome)

Stocheslag, Stocheslage (Stokesley)

Codreschelf, Codeschelf (SkutterskelO

X. in ham.

Neuham, Neuueham, Niweham (Newham in Acklam)
Neuham, Neueham (Newhohn, near Whitby)

XI. in ion or hm.

Snetune, Sneton (Sneaton)

Hotune, Hotone (Hutton Mulgrave)

Neutone (Newton Mulgrave)

Egetime (Egton)

Soetune, Scetun (Seaton Hall)

Esingetun, Esingeton (Easington)

Liuretun (Liverton)

Steintun, Esteintona (Stanghow)

Chiltune, Chilton (Kilton)

Brotune, Broctune (Brotton)

Sceltun, Schelton (Skelton)

Midletiuiy Middeltone (Middleton, near Guisborough)

Hotun (Hutton Lowcross)

Tometun (Thornton Fields)

Wiltune, Widtune (WUton)

Astun, Astune (Eston)

Atun (Great Ayton)

Atun alia (Little Ayton)

Neuuetun, Nietona (Newton)

Mortun (Morton)

Martun, Martune (Marton)

Himelintun, Himeligetun (Hemlington)

Steintun (Stainton)

Torentun (Thornton)

Tametun ^ameton, or Tanton)

HUtun, HUtune (HUton)

Mideltun, Middeltun (Middleton)

Fostun, Foxtun (Foxton, High and Low)

Broctun, Broctun magna (Great Broughton)

xviii INTRODUCTION,

Broctun alia (Little Broughton)

Hotun (Hutton Rudby)

Carletun (Carlton)

Blatun

Gotun, Goutun, Golton (Goulton)

Wirueltun (Whorlton)

Rontun, Rantune (Rounton)

Lentune, Leuetona (Kirk Levington)

Leuetone alia (Castle Levington)

Apeltune (Appleton on Wiske)

On the whole, there are in the above list 119 names of places as given
in Domesday, of which thirty-eight end in -by, six in -torp^ twelve in -«/«,
three in -cli/f two in -borg, two in -dak^ one in -grtf, three in -a/, all of
which are indisputably of Danish 6rigin. There are besides eleven not
admitting of classification, of which, however, several must be Danish ;
as, for instance, Ghinipe, Figlinge, Semer, Mersc, Cratome, Codreschelf ;
and also, two in -ham, thirty-nine in -ion. Of the latter it is only neces-
sary here to say, that, while it is a mistake to assume -ion to be an
exclusively Anglo-Saxon termination in names of places (iun being also
an Old Norse word and still used in Iceland in connection with a
farmer's residence), in not a few cases among these Cleveland names in
'Iun or 'ton we find the same prefixes as are met with in other names
of undoubted Danish origin and etymology. For instance, Childale,
Chiltune; Sceltun, Scalethwaite, Skelderskeugh ; Mideltun, Midelburg.
Others again — for instance, Carletun, Astun, Tometun — as in the case
of such names as Baldersbi, Leisingebi, Danebi, Cratorn, leave but little
doubt that the former element in them is Danish; and thus, on the
whole, we come to something like the conclusion that at least seventy-
five per cent, of the Domesday names of Cleveland localities is certainly
Old Danish, and very possibly a larger proportion still.

But independently of the names recorded in Domesday there are mul-
titudes of others, an enumeration and examination of which advance the
conclusion just stated more convincingly yet. The names of the several
townships of the divers parishes not separately specified in the Domes-
day record are, in many cases, more decidedly Old Danish than even
the names of the parishes themselves. Thus in Whorlton parish are the
townships of Swainby, Huthwaite, Scarth or Scarth-wood, Potto (Pot-
howe), Trenholm, Scugdale ; — all, without an exception, of distinct or
exclusive Northern origin. In short, of some twenty-four or twenty-five
such Cleveland names, we have three in -^, one in -ihwaiie, two in
'ihorpe^ three in -howey one in -holmy five in -dale, one in -grif, six
in -wick, one in -burn^ one in -car, three not classed, of which one —

INTRODUCTION^ XIX

Staithes — is surely Norse S/od (see Staith), leaving Picton as almost,
if not quite, the only name of Anglo-Saxon origin.

But, supposing the investigation to be pushed further yet, and espe-
cially with the aid which ancient documents give in addition to the in-
formation derivable from still existing or identifiable designations, the
result is even still more conclusive. Thus in the case of Whitby as
above noticed— Overbi, Nethrebi, Thingwala, Helredale, Gnip, Bertwait,
Setwait, Sourebi, Thordisa, all appear in deeds connected with the
Abbey, as the names of Whitby localities. In the parish of Danby,
again, besides Ainthorpe, already named, is the township of Glaisdale,
as also Danby Botton, Dale Head, Clitherbecks, Butterwick, Fryop,
Houlsyke : and this without mentioning similar names — that is to say,
all of direct Danish origin — distinguishing local divisions of lesser im-
portance.

But the evidence derivable from the local terminology of the district,
striking and conclusive as it is as to the facts of the effectual and per-
manent occupation of Cleveland by the Northmen, is not only supple-
mented, but rendered vastly more striking and unquestionable, by a mas9
of testimony of a different kind, and supplied by the Domesday volume.

At the time of the survey therein recorded, or, rather, shortly pre-
ceding it, the owners of landed property in Cleveland were almost exclu-
sively distinguished by Danish names.

Thus,

Hauuard (Havard) had possessions in Yarm, Kirk Levington,

Easby and Battersby.
Siuuard (Siward or Sigur^r) in Ugthorpe, Liverton, Loflhouse,

Upleatham, Acklam.
Ulf in Crathome.

Ligulf in Kildale, Ugthorpe, Normanby.
Archil (Amkell) in Faceby, Thoraldby, Marton.
Ulchel (UlfkeU) in Ayton, Nunthorpe, Guisborough, Marton, &c.
Aschel (Askell) in Ayton.
Torchil (Thorkell) in KUton.

Orme or Orm in Ormsby, Appleton, Kildale, Danby, CommondalCi
Leising or Lesing {Leisingr, a freed man) in Faceby, Tunstal,

Tameton, Guisborough, Normanby, Busby, Acklam, &c.
Gamel in Skutterskelf.
Game (? Gamel) in Ugthorpe.
Tor (Thor) in East Rounton.
Altor (Althor) in WUton.
Carl (Karl or Karle) in East Rounton.
Aluer (Alfr) in Hilton.

C 2

XX INTRODUCTION.

Turome ^Thorarinn) in Aytoiu

Norman (Nor^mc^j a Norwegian) in Ayton, Broughton, Hinder-
well, Marske, Kirldeatham, Wilton, Upsal.

Suuen (Swe)ai) in Egton, Lythe, Goldsborough, Mickleby, Bor-
rowbyf Roxby, &c.

Walteof (Valtheofr) in Eston.

Malgrim in Ingleby Amclifife.

Gospatric in Whorlton, Carlton, Seamer, Ac.

Aldred in Ajton.

Uctred in Stokesley, Seaton, Skelton, Brotton, Moorsholm, Guis-
borough, Stainsby, &c.

Edmund in Ayton, Pinchingthorpe, Marton, Toleby, Stainton, &c.

Magbanec in Newton.

Lieuenot in Lazenby.

In all, we have here twenty-seven names (without allowing for possible
duplicates, the existence of which may be suspected in one place, if not
in more) : of these twenty-seven, Magbanec would almost seem to be
Celtic ; Lieuenot, imless it be Norman-French, is hard to class ; Edmund
and Aldred are Anglo-Saxon ; all the rest are Danish : and, what is
remarkable, with one exception — that of Orm — different from those of
the original nomenclators of the settlements or properties or manors
possessed by them — a fact that shews most conclusively not only the
extent or prevalence of the Danish colonization, but also its secured
permanency. *

* This may be the best place to advert to a singular and extremely interesting confir-
mation of the views advanced in the text, which has been afforded during the latter half of
the year 1867 by the disclosures made in the course of the works connected with the
rebuilding of Kildale Church. In digging for the foundations of the new north wall, and
also in excavating along the middle of the nave for the reception of the warming-apparatus,
a number of skeletons, in perfect preservation, were dug upon, in company with several of
which were obje,cts of bronze, and weapons of iron (swords, daggers, and a battle-axe) of such
a distinctly marked character that there could be as little doubt of their origin as of their
antiquity. They were unmistakeably Danish, and there could be no room left for uncer-
tainty as to the fact that the mediaeval church, the last remains of which had been so lately
removed, had been built upon the site of a cemetery which had been such from the ninth
century, downwards. It may be also mentioned that among the skulls obtained, but not
from the skeletons in connection with the arms--only in company with them as co-tenauts
of the same burial-ground— were some of such singularly marked dolicho-cephalic character
as to raise the question whether they could be accounted for otherwise than by supposing
them to have been the heads of captives or * thralls' brought from the remote North by the
immigrant Danish appropriators of the place in question. AU these weapons and other
objects passed under the hands of the writer, and the skulls were measured by him, and his
accounts and measurements submitted to some of the most eminent archaeologists of the
day, as well as to the London Society of Antiquaries ; his conclusions being a£nitted, on
all hands, to be entirely satisfactory and well established.

INTRODUCTION. XXI

But not only were the lords of the soil thus unmistakeably Danish at
the time of the Conquest, the inferior orders or sons of the soil must
have been so as well. For in a charter of Henry I, confirming certain
gifts to Guisborough Priory, made by members of the Lascelles family,
we find specified, among such gifts, certain persons and families, who, as
villanes, were transferred like so much stock of any other description,
and whose names were as follows : — Robert, the son of Ketell ; Godwin ;
Ervice, the son of Aslac ; Wigan, the son of Gamel ; Robert, the son of
Ralph ; Ralph, the son of Godwin ; Ingeberg, the son of Aslac ; Alice,
the wife of Serlo, with their followers (children) ; Ralph, the son of
William, the son of Turgis, with all his followers; Gunilda, mother
of the same.

Ketell, Aslac (two of the name), Ingeberg, Gunilda, Gamel, Ralph,
Tiu-gis, Godwin — but little in the way of comment is required when
such names preponderate. They speak very intelligibly as to the ori-
ginal nationaUty of no small proportion of the lower orders of the popu-
lation in certain districts of Yorkshire some two generations later than
the Conquest.

After the production of such a mass of evidence as that which has
thus been closed we can have no hesitation about admitting such state-
ments as John of Wallingford*s touching the ' great admixture of people
of Danish race' in Yorkdiire, and applying them especiaUy to Cleveland ;
and the further allegation as to the ' great similarity of language,' follow-
ing necessarily as a corollary, must be admitted with equal frankness.
But still the question remains as to the measure or degree of ' similarity'
between the Scandinavian tongues and the Old NorSiumbrian, even on
the admission that it was really ' great;' and the question is one which
has been differentiy dealt with by different writers, and consequendy fur-
nished with different solutions. Some would make Northumbrian a
Scandinavian dialect, and others ignore no small proportion of what in
it is certainly Scandinavian or nothing. And even in the case of others
more moderate and impartial, and perhaps also better qualified, by their
general learning as well as by their philological attainments, to pro-
nounce with some decision upon the subject mooted, there is no Httle
difference as to the relative amounts of the elements which go to make
up the mingled mass they agree in calling a Dano-Saxon dialect. Thus
Mr. Gamett decides that because ' in the Scandinavian dialects the de-
finite article is uniformly postpositive and coalesces with its substantive,'
and in the Northumbrian dialects the same article is a distinct prepo-
sitive term, therefore the said article is not the Scandinavian article. "*"
Mr. Peacock, on the other hand, contends — and the fact that his con-

* Garaett's Collected E$saysy p. 49.

XXll INTRODUCTION.

elusions are published in the Transactions of the Philological Society
lends them a positive weight, which otherwise they might not carry — ^not
only that the grammar of the dialects in question is in many particulars
Scandinavian, but that ' the first and most remarkable characteristic of
Northumbrian is the definite article — or more properly the demonstrative
pronoim, '/ — which is an abbreviation of the Old Norse neuter demon-
strative pronoun hti^ Sw. and Dan. eiJ * * There have been retained/
he continues {lb, pp. 6, 7), ' amongst the Northumbrian dialects certain
expressions which are identical with Scandinavian ones at the present
day, and these leave it beyond doubt that the word so abridged is no
other than the Scandinavian neuter art. hit or ei, , , , In Tauchnitz's
Swed. and Eng. Dictionary (pocket ed. Leipzig 1861) under the word
br'osi = Eng. breasif among other phrases connected \vith that word, we
find "^// gt/va barnei brostet — To give the child suck'* (lit. to give the
child the breast).

' In N. Lonsdale and in Westmoreland the same phrase would be

" At give 't barn 't brbst."

where we find the two expressions identical, word for word, except for
the postpositive situation of the Swedish article ei, which twice occurs as
a suffix to the nouns barn and brosi. Now suppose, by way of illus-
tration, we make the Sw. art. /r^ositive instead of /{7j/positive, the
sentence would then stand thus: — Sw. Att gt/va ei barn et brosf,
Northumb. At give 't bam 't brbst, and the identity of every word is at
once apparent; the only difference being that the initial letter e in the
article suffers aphaeresis in the provincial of Northumbria.' t

Mr. Peacock further considers the apparent ' outrage on the Sc^di-
navian idiom' herein involved, the result of an ' amalgamation of their
languages' among the two races — ' the established Saxon settlers/ and

* Sotm hading CharaetmsHn of tbtt DiaUeit spoken in Aneunt Nortbumbria^ p. 5.

t Mr. Pemcock's want of fiill acquainUncc with the Scandinavian tongues disqualified
him for perceiving the fallacy of his argument, not to say its intrinsic worthlessness, origi-
nating in the circumstance that he argues on the supposition that all nouns are simply
neuter. It so happens in the sentence quoted that both the nouns, ham and 6r0s/, arc
neuter, and therefore both take the postpositive et. But what is to be said of duUningen^
Northumb. • t* slope/ biuorien « • t' history/ both feminine and both occurring in the first
sentence of the first Swedish book lying near enough to me to be opened? Of kroppen^
't* body/ bamnen^* t* spirit* (or uncorporeal part), brodren-* t* brother/ &c., all mascu-
line, and to say nothing of the inflections, in the plural, of these masculine and feminine
nouns — nay of the neuter ones also ? The fact is, Mr. Peacock's theory scarcely applies to
one case in twenty that would occur in every-day, homely talk in a Swedish company, and
becomes less available still as applied to the Old Norse definite nouns, as the merest glance
at Rask*s Grammar by Dasent, pp. 74, 75, abundantly shews. Out of the sixty-four case-
endings of definite nouns given there, precisely four are found with the final t or ti.

INTRODUCTION. XXlii

the invading Northmen — consequent on their eventual intermixture.
He assumes ' a fusion of language, the grammar as well as the voca-
bulary, continuing to gravitate until it came to something common to
both/ The definite article would have of course to be dealt with among
other things, and would present one of the greatest difficulties, but the
difficulty would 'end in a compromise in which the Saxon adopted
the Scandinavian article, and the Northman became reconciled to the
Saxon mode of placing it.' {II, p. 8.)

But not to dwell upon the unnecessary ingenuity displayed in thus
accounting for the form of the Northumbrian definite article, it may be
observed that the writer, equally with Mr. Gamett, overlooks the fact
that the prepositive definite article is nof unknown in the Scandinavian
dialects ) in other words, is not * uniformly postpositive,' does not ' uni-
formly coalesce with its substantive.'

' The most striking peculiarity about the South Jutland dialect,' says
Mr. Kok, ' is that it does not apply the coalescing {vedhcengte) or definite
post-positive article (endear Hket), Either no article at all is employed,
as om Dag^ om Nai^ om Summer ^ &c., or it is replaced by den^ det, de^
as den Hostruper^ the Hostrup man, de Tmderinger^ the T0nder folks;
or, what is most common of all, by simple e or ^, which is used pre-
positively and is the same for all genders and numbers; as, eBy^ eBarn^
e Bynder^ the farmers, e hele HusJ *

The same writer, in reply to the remark that the article in question,
the prepositive e or a, is a proof of German, Frisian, Anglo-Saxon or
English influence, proceeds as follows : — * In our oldest Danish — that of
the thirteenth century — the postpositive article -en, -^/, -ene, is of very
rare occurrence; a circumstance which, as Molbech observes, may
very well corroborate Grimm's remark, that the usage in question " may
well appear to be one of later introduction and originally imknown in
the Northern speech, but which becomes of more frequent occurrence
the lower we come down in the stream of time."t In Henrik Harpe-
streng's (died 1244) LcBgehog it is met with only two or three times.
Much the same is true of the Haderslev and Flensborg Siadsrettery the
latter bearing date 1284, the former 1292, and both written in the speech

* Det Danske Foikesprog in Sftdirjylland, red Johannes Kok, Sogne pnest i Barkal
Ted Tender, p. 161.

t * It is also concluded that the final article was not in use in the more ancient periods
(of the speech), and that it was at a comparatively later time that it came into that general
use which we are accustomed to. Even as it is, in certain cases it is dropped in familiar
language ; for instance, in neuter nouns in «, where the suffixed / is not sounded, as in
Bdte(/) ; and also in feminines in a, where the added n in all cases drops out, as in hlokka
for hlMan* Aasen's Norsk Orammatikf p. 157.

Xxiv INTRODUCTION,

of the burghers of that time. The postpositive article occurs from time
to time, but frequently it is either omitted altogether, or else replaced by
the pronoun /han, tluBt^ te (den, det, de); as ihe JBymen, the townsmen;
/ken By, the town or village, /he Born, the bairns ; /ha mughce ihefr fender
ei /aJUB /he Bam me/h /herce gooz iJherce gonuB, utan /hefrcender gorcefuU
ufisscB : in that case the relatives must not take the children into Uieir
guardianship, except the relatives give full security, &c.

* From the pronoun /hcen, /hce/, /he* continues Mr. Kok, ' the article
e ox CB has been derived on this wise: hurried articulation has first
dropped the final n or /, and next the aspirated or lisping initial conso-
nant /h (]>), so that nothing but e ox a was left remaining. Correspond*
ing rejections of the final » or / are of continual occurrence in the
common speech of Norway, in the dialect of Funen, and in North
Judand, and even, finally, in the ordinary or every-day conversational
speech of the Danes, as de mand, de Hus. But, perhaps, the most con-
vincing proof that ^e article e is thus derived is found in the South
Jutland dialect, which still employs den, de/, de, where the standard lan-
guage uses the postpositive article ; zs, de/ er de Pikers Lam : that is the
gpirl's lamb, for de/ er Pigemes Lam; de Tendrtnger, de AboUinger,
de Sko/ter, &c. ; and, in the Bible, de Romere, de Karin/ier, &c. This use
of the pronoun den, de can only be regarded as a trace still remaining
of a once general Danish mode of speech which the Jutlanders have
omitted to change as time rolled on.'

This may serve, perhaps, to throw some light upon the true nature,
or origin and history, of the Northumbrian definite article. On the one
side, Mr. Gamett's statement is seen to be by far too sweeping. On the
other, there seems to be no necessity for subscribing to Mr. Peacock's
theory of amalgamation and compromise. It is a fact that up to the
end of the tenth century the influx of the Danes had not materially
changed the written dialect of Northumbria.* In the fourteenth cen-
tury, however, the innovations, alterations and additions due to them

* * It appean that the admixture of the Northmen in the popuhtion of the Northum-
brian proTincet had not produced its full effect upon the language in the tenth century ; at,
with tile exception of one or two isolated words, there is nothing that can be satisfactorily
referred to that dass of dialecu, either in the Durham Texts or the Rushworth Gospels.
In the fourteenth century the traces of this influence become much stronger. The • Cursor
Mundi' and the Northumbrian metrical version of the Psalms abound with words toully
unknown in the Saxon dialects, but of regular occurrence in Icelandic, Danish and Swedish.
One of the most remarkable of these is the Scandinavian prefix to infinitives, aitbink, aido,
instead of to tbink^ to do, which is an unequivocal criterion of a purely Northern dialect,
and an equally certain one of the Scandinavian influence whereby that dialect has been
modified.* Oamett's Pba. Euays, p. i88. The author then proceeds to give several other
illustrations of Danish words and granunatical forms. But neither he nor any other writer

INTRODUCTION, XXV

had been fully efifected, although at what particular epoch in the interval
we have no evidence to shew. The inevitable inference, of course, is,
that the change which is faintly becoming sensible in the tenth century
goes steadily on and is accomplished within the next two or three gene-
rations; in other words, becomes unfait accompli at a period somewhat
antecedent to that of what Mr. Kok calls ' our oldest Danish' {celdste
Dansk), when the postpositive article was of very rare occurrence and
open to be characterised as an innovation unknown to the original
Northern speech {en sildigere for de Nordiske sprog oprindelig uhekjendt
Indreimng)^ and when, in the Danish writings still extant, the preposi-
tive definite article perpetually took the form of the, or more rarely theL
If we further bear in mind that our English sound of th was unknown —
almost impossible — to the Scandinavian tongue ; that as Thor was and
is sounded almost as we sound Tor, * ^ the must have been sounded
nearly as our te; we arrive at the conclusion that the Northumbrian
definite article, aifiter all, may be, or rather almost certainly is, the Old
Danish definite article, but that its proper form is /', and not V, as
Mr. Peacock would write it.

Again, while strongly asserting the importance of the partiples in
indicating the origin of a dialect or language, Mr.Gramett seems scarcely
to allow for the number actually existing in the Northumbrian dialects,
and still less for those which may have once been in use, but have since
passed out under the inevitable influence of advancing knowledge and
intercourse with the more Saxon parts of the kingdom. * The presence
or absence of a few Norse particles,' he says, * proves nothing decisive
either way. Those which are wanting may have become obsolete, and
those which actually occur might be introduced by the Danish invaders.' t
But our question being — ' How much in om- dialect is due to the in-

on the subject seems to make any allowance for what not only may, but must, have been
lost. In this one district alone the author of the Wbitby Olossary and myself have noted
probably not less than fifty words hitherto unrecorded, of which the great majority may be
pronounced to be exclusively Scandinavian. A few years more and these would have been
finally lost. Nay, it is a common remark among many of the more intelligent of the
Cleveland Dalesmen, when led to speak on the subject, that their dialect has lost not only
sensibly but very considerably within their own recollection — a fact that I am myself able
to bear personal testimony to. And it is idle to suppose that Cleveland affords an excep-
tional case in this particular. Probably many hundreds of words, which have never been
written, are lost for ever, and a slow but perpetual change in idiom and construction has
now neuiy reached its last stage ; namely, that characteristic of mere ordinary or homely
English.

* Note the name Tor in the Domesday list of owners of land.

t Phil, Etsays, p. 51. The author is contesting the position that Lowland Scottish is to
be regarded as a Scandinavian dialect; and regarding, as he of course does, Scottish as
* standing in the closest affinity to that used on the bank of the Tees and the Tyne ; being,

d

XXVi INTRODUCTION.

fluence of the Danibn invaders ?' the reasonable course appears to be to
enquire how many of our existing particles are either certainly or most
probably Scandinavian in origin, and what likelihood there is that others
may have become obsolete.

I. As certainly Scandinavian I specify —

aback, behind, in the rear of, O. N. ddak.

amell, between, O. N. dmiili.

amid, among, O. N. dtnedal.

at, to, O. N. aty apud, cum, quod attinet ad.

an, than, O. N. an, Sw. an.

an, if, O. Sw. cm,

at, that, O. N. at, Sw. ait, &c.

at efter, afterwards, N. atefter, Dan. efUr at.

efter, after, O. N. eptir^ eftir.

fra, firav, from, O.N.yrc^, which as spoken becomes yrov before

a vowel.
for, for, O. N. fyr^fyrir,
i, iv, in, O. N. i.

of, off, * of, from, out of, Dan. af.
intil, intiv, into, Sw. intilL
til, tiv, to, O. N. til
wi*, wiv, with, O. N. w^, Dan. vtd,
holder, rather, in preference, O. N. helldr,
inoo, inow, presently, Dan. I et nu,
baoklings,t backwards, S. Jutl. baglcBngs.
parlous, greatly, terribly, J>axi,/erltch,
sae, so, Sw. sa, Dan. saa,
sair, very, exceedingly, Dan. saare,
hine 1 be off, away witii you, Dan. tudan,

II. As probably Scandinavian : —

a, X in, on, O. N. <f , in, upon.

The compounds with a, as afoore, aside, asteead, &c.

off on.

out in (perhaps Dan. utan),

in fact — like that — Northumbrian Saxon, with a strong infusion of Danish,' what he ad-
vances with respect to the former must be, in the main, held to be applicable to the
latter.

* As in the phrase ' A foal off yon meear/

t This is a representatiye of a numerous class; as, nearlings, maistllngs, fair-
Hugs, &c.

X In such phrases as ' It ligs a that hand.'

INTRODUCTION. XXVll

noo, now, Sw. nu,

oft, oflbns, often, Dan. q/lfe.

sen, syne, Sw. sedan.

Both these lists might be increased : the latter largely so. The pecu-
liar Northern interjections a ! eh 1, and the adverbial forms in som, * as
what'soniy hcw-som, in whatsomever, howsomever — compare Dan.
hvadsomhelst, &c, — are almost certainly Scandinavian, and so also are
the assentative and negative particles ay, neya (Sw. nej\ &c.), not to
mention other less obtrusive forms.

But independently of what actually remains, ^hat presumption is there
that the Northumbrian dialects still retain all the particles originally in-
troduced by the Northern invaders ?

Mr. Gamett adverts to an * inscription commemorating the foundation
of the edifice, or more probably of a preceding one,' still extant in Ald-
burgh Church, Holdemess, in the following terms — U//' hei arcean
cyricefor hamim and for Gunthara saula : Ulf bid erect the church for
him and for the soul of Gunthar, as remarkable in a philological point of
view. The word hanum is the O. N. dative of hann (he), Sw. honom^
* a form unknown in all the Saxon dialects.' f What has become of that
dative? This Aldburgh inscription is the sole remaining testimony to
what we know, as well as if our own ears had listened to the speech of
those days, must have been the almost exclusive equivalent for our
modem to or for him. Again, amell has nearly passed out of use.
I have not heard it myself once in the twenty-one years of intercourse I
have had with the Cleveland Dalesmen ; that is to say, as a word con-
tinuing in familiar use. Many of them are still familiar with its meaning,
and it remains in the compoimd word Amell-door ; but another gene-
ration will not know either its sound or its meaning. Arval, too, has

* * Another remarkable Scandinavianism is the particle sum in the sense of as, Dan. wm :
e. g. ** Swa sum we forgive oure detturs." This form appears to be now obsolete.' Gamett,
Pbtl. Essays, p. 189.

f Pbil, Essays, p. 188. It is worthy of notice that another and like inscription, dis-
covered in 1 77 1, over the south door of Kirkdale church, near Kirby Moorside (Young's
WbMy, p. 741 )» &°d fixing its own date to about 1055-1064, is conceived in Anglo-Saxon
words although conmiemorating the pious deed of Orm the son of Gamel ; names as exclu-
sively Scandinavian as the Ulf of the inscription commented on by Mr. Gamett. It was
perhaps natural, not to say necessary, in the relative conditions of intellectual culture of the
resident Anglo-Saxons and the invading Danes, that the language of the former should be,
so to speak, the language of literature, and the repository of most of the records which it
was desirable to make. There is abundant reason for supposing that the invaders and the
invaded found little difficulty in making themselves mutually intelligible, and this would
fumish another reason why Anglo-Saxon might by common consent continue in use as the
written language, for even some considerable time after the spoken language had become
almost or even fu more Danish than Saxon.

da

XXviii INTRODUCTION.

gone quite, and I question if there be two men in the existing population
of this parish who can remember having heard it in common use. The
common English word 'burial/ with a sufficient latitude of meaning
assigned to it to make it imply 'entertainment on occasion of the
burial/ has replaced it. Probably the history of our dialect, in common
with its co-members of the general Northumbrian tongue, has been for
some centimes one of slow alteration, due to the substitution of English
words and forms for Northumbrian ones ; the substitution itself origi-
nating in the greater diffusion of the standard tongue by means of
books, enlarged intercourse with people who used it, attendance on the
public ministrations of the Church, and the gradual innovations of in-
creasing connection with the outer districts. It might be a work of
time ; but most of the causes specified have been more or less strongly
in operation since the Reformation, and some of them would begin to
operate from the time that the provinces began to be really and effec-
tually constituent parts of one consolidated kingdom. And thus not
only hanum would give place to A. S. and O. E. him, hine, but igjmnem
would yield to ^rh (through), leaving only gain, gain-way as its repre-
sentatives ; among, amang would encroach upon amell ; or, nor, owther,
nowther, and so forth, assume and maintain their present exclusive
right of usage.*

Allowing then for the tolerably lengthy list of particles of Northern
origin which are still in use (or only just obsolete) and for the inevitable
loss of sundry others, there must have been originally not simply * a few,'
but a goodly number of these * winged words' introduced by the old
Danish invaders.

A few words next on the subject of accents t may perhaps not be out

* Some twelvemonth ago, on going through Toumel. Mysi. again, I jotted down the
words which, appearing in it, from their absence in the local glossaries seemed to be no
longer current either in West Yorkshire or any other part of the county. The list, though
formed with no special object, and therefore somewhat loosely and carelessly made, numbers
forty-eight words, and a selection made almost at random shews the nature of the gaps
indicated : — am/, spirit, breath, O. N. andi, Dan. cumde ; ro^ rest, O. N. r6, Dan. ro ;
syrtf sinew, O.N. sm, Dzn.sene; rose, rouM, praise, celebrate, O.N. brdsa^ Dan. ros^;
bodworde, precept, O. N. bodord; skeU, quickly, O. N. skjott^ Dan. $k;0t; layn, conceal,
O. N. Uyna^ N. Imyna^ Sw. D. lona ; and so on. A similar examination prmecuted carefully
and systematically in Hampole's writings. Sir Gawayne and Orttu Krugbt, E. Eng. AlUt,
Poemst and other like sources, would, there is no doubt, give a very long list indeed of
purely Scandinavian words which have dropped out of use during the Lust four or five
centuries.

t Mr. Qamett, Pbil. Essays^ p. 6a, remarks upon ' the importance of the accents of
words in etymology,' and proceeds to illustrate the subject as foUows : — * jPVmr, Frev, from
Craven Gl., Cumbrian. Barbarous corruptions I many of our readers will say. They are
nevertheless genuine descendants of the Scandinavian Jrd, still pronounced /rav in Iceland.
We may add, that in the Icelandic Lexicons we find d {agna, ovis feminina) a word to aU

INTRODUCTION. xxix

of place, nor without some value in indicating something more as to the
measure in which our dialect is indebted to the ancient Danes.

We have two words which are homonjrms for ' little/ lile and lalitley
the former of which is referred to Dan. ItUe,* and the latter seems at
first sight to be a mere phonetic freak. A reference to the A. S. Lexi-
con gives us the form lytel, with the y sounded as in * mystery.'t The
synonjrms from the Germanic and Scandinavian tongues are South
Germ, liizel, lutzel, O. Germ. luziUry PI. D. /«//, %V, Fris. littich,
Dan. lille, lidm^ Sw. lilUy liten, neither of which suggests any solution
for our puzzle. O. N. litilly however, at once clears the matter up. The
long or accented i in the first syllable retains its proper power in our
word, and gives us the form which, for want of better exponents of
sound, is by some written ' lahtle.'t The same principle explains the
twofold form of the preposition y^-a./r^w, the latter of which is noticed
in a preceding note from Gametfs Essays, In his translation of Rask's
Old Norse or Icelandic Grammar, Dr. Dasent notices the two sounds
of d, the one like av or au, the other more like that of Sw. aaox'E.o :
the latter is the sound of our preposition before a word beginning with
a consonant, an aspirate, or a y, the former before a vowel. In the
same way, with our preposition i or iv, in, we say (the sound of the i

appearance utterly unlike any known synonym. But when we obsenre the accent, and
learn that it b pronounced aw or av by natives, we immediately perceive its identity with
the Sanscrit aim; Gr. dft (i.e. 6fii) ; Lat. ovis; Prov. Oerm. auw\ and our own raw. It
would be easy to multiply similar instances : the above will shew the power of the Scan-
dinavian accents.'

* Cf. Gamett's PUl, Essays, p. 189.

f Bosworth's Comp, Anglo-Saxon Diet., letter Y.

X See the remarks upon the word in the Glossary below, under Iiitle, where the illus-
tration is fiilly given. The tendency of our dialectical phonesis is to make all long Ts take
the sound of ab (or Gr. di, more nearly), although in many cases the words are pure English
or of late introduction. Still, this is simply a consequence of the principle that the sound
in question depends entirely upon the accented i in original Norse words. I believe the
principle admits of much wider illustration than is attempted in the text. Thus we have
what is sounded Orahp (Sc. graip), a fork used for agricultural purposes. But we also
say grtp, grtp-ho'd, the O. N. vb. being gripa. There is no doubt that there is a long
vowel involved in the former of these words, the Sw. and N. equivalents being gnpe, gnip,
both probably from O. N. greip ; while, as to grip, we find that in all compound words the
sense of which involves the notion of a completed act of seizing, the unaccented i is found
in the prefix in question, as grip-fugl, a bird of prey, grip-dittld, the act of plundering.
This is precisely the sense in grip-ho'd, and no less in our verb grip also : there is a
rapidity or suddenness of action — ^begun and completed in the same instant, as it were —
implied in grip which is not in the lightest degree conveyed by Eng. gripe, I conceive,
therefore, that our grip depends upon the derivative grip of the Scandinavian tongues,
instead of upon the simple verb ai gripa, Cf. N. grip, sb., specially noticed by Aasen
as pronounced with i short {aab, i), gripa, adj., and gfipaUg, bnides the vb. gripa, grip,
where the long vowel is found in the pret. greip.

XXX INTRODUCTION.

being very nearly that of ee somewhat shortened) i t' hoos, i places, &c. ;
but iv all, iv ony case, for ' in all/ ' in any case/ This too is a case
of an accented vowel, the Old Norse preposition being C.

But what Mr. Gamett calls ' the power of the Scandinavian accent'
is not fully seen until we notice the effect of its absence upon other
words in the dialect. On the one side we have lahtle, Shahve (shive),
Bahzn (bisen), on the other binnd, blinnd, finnd, winnd (vb.),
minnd, &c., from O. N. binda, blindr, finna, vinda^ minna, which all
present the unaccented vowel. I suppose it would be impossible for
any one only accustomed to the standard pronunciation not to be struck
with the sound of windy vb., in the mouth of a true Clevelander, as con-
trasted with that of wind, sb. The latter receives the accent which is
given in reading poetry, and of course with more or less of the al sound ;
the other is as short as wind, sb., in ordinary refined conversation. And
so, in the harvest fields it is the Binnder who binds the Shafik. We
hear no other pronimciation of the words in the original of which the
short or unaccented i is foimd ; and the class is not a small one.

While touching upon this subject of accents, another class of vowel
sounds, namely those which replace the soimds of o and oo in Eng.,
naturally craves our attention. Thus sione becomes both stane and
steean;* home, hame, heeam, yamm; loaf, leeaf; fool, feeal, &c.
This divergence of form induced by sound may at first sight seem rather
perplexing, but the difficulty will be found to disappear on examination,
or rather to admit of easy and interesting explanation. Kok remarks
that, in the S. Jutl. dialects, long e takes the sound of an i before it ; as
sien (stone), ben (bone), del (a share, division), kf (a loaf), a peculiarity
observable also in the O. Danish writings of the fifteenth century,
which afford such instances as stien for sten^ dielle for deU, dieres for
deres (theirs), myen for mm (to think, suppose). But the Scandinavian
e takes much the sound of English a, as in ' fate.' Danish sten, then,
corresponds with our Stane, South Jutland and O. Dan. stien precisely
with our Steean.

* It is almost impossible to rq>resent this sound intelligibly. It is, in fact, exceedingly
difficult, by the aid of only type, to represent any soimd to a reader whose ear is unaccus-
tomed to it. Neither ##, j, nor y are adequate exponents of the sound in question, though
it seems to partake of the phonesis of each. On the whole, after much consideration, and
attentive listening to the speech of the Cleveland people, I conceive that u comes, if any-
thing, rather nearer the mark than either of the other two signs ; only it must be under-
stood that what is meant is rather an impulse in the direction of the sound of ## in * feet,'
than the prolonged sound itself. There is little doubt that the sound in question is that
of y, Danish y,* but while #«, with the qualification just named, more nearly represents the
desired sound than y, it has also the additional merit of not making the words written with
it look so outlandish as if y were employed. This will be seen by comparing steean with

INTRODUCTION. XXXi

Now Boswordi's remark on the long or accented A. S. <i is ' that
words containing this long or accented d are now represented by English
terms with the vowel sounded like o in no and done. The following
words have either the same or an analogous meaning, both in English
and Anglo-Saxon : kdm, home, dn, one, ddn, bone, hdn, s/dn, sdr, rdp^
Idr, gds/, wrdt. Sometimes the accented or long d is represented in
EngUsh by oa, as dc, an oak, gdd, a goad, Idd, rdd, brdd, 6d/, &c. Occa-
sionally d becomes oe in English; as ^, a dotf/d, a foe, rd, /d, wd;
but the oe in these words has the sound of o in no. The same may be
said of ^ in doar. Hence it appears that the A. S. d is represented by
the modem English o, oa, oe, which have the sound of ^ in no, — ^Deut.
Gram, von Jacob Grimm, Vol. I. pp. 358-397. 3rd edit. 1840.'*

There is then a presumption, probably a strong one, that A. S. d may
have been originally sounded zsoin* no,' and sldn therefore would have
been ' stone' in utterance. t O. N. s/emnf O. Sw. sfen, however, as well as
Dan. s/een, Sw. s/en, would be more like our stane, and the same of O. N.
^ (bone), Dan. 6en, Sw. den ; O. N. heimr (home), Dan. hjemy Sw. hem^
and the like. The coincidence between the Cleveland forms stane,
hame, bane, &c., which are frequently heard still, and the correspond-
ing Scandinavian words would, by itself simply, be extremely interest-
ing ; but, with the additional coincidence afforded by the Jutland usage,
it becomes not alone interesting, but suggestive in a high degree. For
it not only points to Danish influence in the material and formation of
the dialect under notice, but also points with some degree of precision —
and quite independently of any direct historical testimony tending to
the same point — to the particular or local source of such Danish in-
fluence, namely the Danish peninsula.t

U^an^ heeam with hyam^ deeal with dyoi^ and so forth. It must be further obsenred
that the final syllable — for the single syllable of the long vowel is expanded into two by
the process under mention — is dealt with as of minor importance ; the on in steean, for
instance, has precisely the momentum that an would have in the sentence * he saw an
image.' In the same way, d in feeal is merely as the a/ in * general' in a distinct reader
or speaker's mouth ; and so of the other instances in i»^ich the u sound is introduced in
our dialect.

* Camp, A. S. Diet. p. 11.

f In the Semi-Saxon of Lajramon's Brut we have several examples of the commencing
transition in spelling from A. S. a to Eng. o as in ' no/ or its equivalent sounds oa, oe, which
is probably an additional if not a conclusive argument that this was the original sound of
the vowel in question. Thus wa (woe) takes uie additional forms wat woo, wo; fa (foe),
fo; bar, heer (boar), hot; ba, ba^e (both), 60a, bolfSe; balde, b€elde (bold), bolde; a^e,
a^ene (own), 03#, o^ene, owe, owene. See. And what is worthy of remark u that the
instances in o are far more frequent in the second text than in the first.

t No one could compare the very quaint proverbial expressions quoted in a preceding
page, coincident alike in idea and in expression, and current alike in Cleveland and in

XXXii INTRODUCTION,

But, further, it is to the point to observe that words which in English
are in long a, in the Cleveland dialect follow tlie rule of those in 6 :
ihus tiait becomes deeal, almost dya! or (fye!, the stress being on the
' help vowel,' and scarcely at all on the final syllable, ga/e, geeat, ia/e,
keeal, iave, keeav. This too is of perpetual occurrence ; the following
instances being met with on simply opening Costelio's Poems: seeam
for same, &/ieam for blame, ageean for again, _/[■««! for fame (pp. a 14,
B15). I take braid, or brade (to resemble, or ' take after,' as a child
resembles or takes after his parents), as an instance of this class. The
Wh. Gl. example and orthography is, ' you breead o' me, you don't like
noise.' Now here the original being 0. N. bregda, Sw. Dial, brtigdii,
Sw. br^s (imp. brSddis), the vowel, by (he syncopation of the original
word, is necessarily long, And in this case, then, as in that of the Scan-
dinavian /, equivalent in sound to English d, our dialect, following the
nile of the Jutland i, takes in the Danish y, or our ee sound, before, and
partly instead of, the proper sound of the vowel.

Here again, however, the rule makes no exception in favour of such
words as have come to us from sources very divergent from Scandi-
navian tongues or dialects, or, in other words, are of later introduction
than the formation of the dialect. Thus /iinie becomes feeam, and
dame, deeam, quite as fully as same (O. N. samr), Beeam, /ame (O. N.
Jama), leeam, name (O. N. na/n, Sw. tiamn), noeam, &c.

But, further, with neeam, deeal, boqeuii, for name, dale, same, com-
pare shauun for shame, gamm for game, dair for dare, and a few other
instances of the same kind. It is certainly remarkable that, while A. S.
has saamu, sceomu, PI. D. schaam, Fris. scaim, Eng. shame, &c„ the O. N.
word is skomm, skamm, the Dan. skam, skamme, btskamme ; as also
O. N. gaman, Dan. gammen, against Eng. game, Mid. Saxon gamt, gome,
A. S. gamen; O. N. ^ra (the o unaccented), Dan. Im; Sw. IHr, against
Eng. dare, A. S. dear.

But let us revert for a moment 10 a word which, in its several forms,
has already passed mider review, but did not meet with all the attention
which, in the matter now under consideration, it deserved. That word
is home, which in this dialect takes the forms hame, heeam, yaccaa.
With home A. S. hdm may be collated ; with hame, O. N. hetmr. 0. Dan.
hem, Sw. hem, Sw. Dial heim, hai'm : and with heeam, Dan, hj'em. But,
as it would appear, the presence and influence of another principle has
to be looked for in the case of the third form yamm : and that prin-
ciple is not, as I conceive, an assumed transition under strong aspira-
tion (strong aspiration is scarcely the rule in Northumbrian dialects

,e coDiKctiou between the two diitrictt, and wliit

INTRODUCTION, XXXiii

generally, and certainly not in the Cleveland dialect) of the hee into ye,
so that heeam becomes ye-am and eventually yamm, so much as die
same which accounts for yan, ya (yah) for one, yall for ale, yak for
oak, and so on without end.

Mr. Kok* remarks of the South Jutland dialect that in it, as well as
in that of North Jutland, all vowels admit of that extension of sound
which is developed by the preinsertion of y (alle selvlyde kunne udvides
ved et foransat j) ; and, among the instances he gives, 2Lrtjen for en, one,
jyver ioxyver, udder. Compare our Cleveland yan, Yiire, merely bear-
ing in mind that Dan. j is almost exactly equivalent in sound — in such
a position, that is — to our^.

Mr. Kok further observes that a like extension of sound obtains in
certain Norse dialects, and even in the later Islandic speech, while in
fifteenth-century Danish j is frequently found inserted before e. The
insertion of the j therefore is not a peculiarity affecting barely the Jut-
land dialects, however true it may be that it prevails more extensively
and fully in the peninsula than elsewhere.

It is of course impossible that the peculiarities of dialect adverted to
in what has been advanced above, and evidently so susceptible of reduc-
tion to rule, could have originated independently of some specific source ;
and I think it is almost equally impossible to observe the general corre-
spondence, and even, in many cases, minute coincidences, between the
peculiarities in question and the sufficiently marked characteristics of
Scandinavian tongues and dialects, without being led to the conclusion
that in all the particulars specified the Cleveland dialect is indebted to
the Old Danish tongue, and, in a marked manner and no small degree,
to the Jutland forms in particular.

As a sequel to, and commentary on, this conclusion, I append the
following translation from Professor Worsaae's Minder om de Danske og
Nordmamdene i England^ Skotland og Irland : — * The popular speech in
North England is specially remarkable for its correspondence with the
dialects current in flie Danish peninsula. Many words occur which are
common to N. England and Jutland, but which, otherwise, are not found
in the Danish tongue. For instance, in North England the shafts of
the various carriages employed are called Itmmers, which word is most
evidently of the same derivation as our Juttish Itenij a broom, both of
them being derived from O. N. Itmif a branch, spray. But, besides, the
broad pronunciation makes the likeness even more striking and extra-
ordinary. Thus in N. England, styanf {sieetiy Eng. stone), yen {een^

* S. jfyUand Danski Fdhtsprog^ p. 97.

t It is scarcely necessary to observe that Prof. Worsaac simply uses y where wc, for
reasons giyen above, have preferred to substitute «f.

XXXiv INTRODUCTION.

Eng. one), welt (vcsl/e, Eng. to upset), swelt {svelte*, Eng. overcome
with heat and exercise), maw {mave, Eng. stomach), low {lue, Eng. flame),
donse (dandse, Eng. dance), fey (feie, Eng. to remove the earth), ouse,
{pxe, Eng. ox), rami (rogn, Eng. roe of fishes), war and war (^cerre og
vcBrre, Eng. worse and worse), with many others of the same sort, are
just pure Juttish.f

* In fact, the Jutland dialects resemble the English language more
nearly than any other section of the Danish tongue. The West Jut-
landers use the article cb before the word in the same way as English
the is applied, although the Danish tongue otherwise is unacquainted
with such an article ; % and the broad open w which the folks of Fimen
and Sealland can only enunciate with the utmost difficulty, falls from
the Jutlanders as easily as from an Englishman.'§

It would have been easy to have pushed illustrations of the kind which
have been so far adduced considerably further. Thus the sound of the
Cleveland a in such words as hand, many &c., is utterly imlike any recog-

* The word van&magte occurs here in the original, and is evidently a misprint
I have replaced it by svdti from Molbech's Dialect Lexicon, which is current in
Falster with the signification, to die slowly or of exhaustion. I might also add that
Kok's Juttish form yen is more to the point than Worsaae's 9m in the line above, that
in which svdt occurs.

f It would have been very possible, indeed easy (and apart from the broad pronunciation
under mention), to make the above parallel much more striking by leaving out such words
as sweU^ which occurs in Semi-Saxon and Middle English (not to mention E. swdter also),
maWt danctt and inserting in their stead such words as flan, GKursel, Soran, soouoey
soraffle, Segg, Sec., — words which are unknown to Danish and English alike, but are com-
mon to Cleveland and Jutland. In fact, the number of such words is very considerable,
and the illustration of our dialect derivable from a study of the Danish dialects, and espe-
cially of those current in Jutland, most important. Scarcely second, indeed, to that from
the Swedish dialects at large.

t This statement, as has been seen at a former page, must be received with tome
qualification.

$ At a subsequent page (257) the same author, speaking of the Lowlands of Scotland,
lays, — * According to a tradition widely spread in this locality, the Lowland speech is so
like the Scandinavian forms that seamen from the Lowlands, who chance to be wrecked on
the coasts of Jutland or Norway, have no difficulty in making themselves understood by
the use simply of their mother tongue. That is no doubt a great exaggeration, but so
much is certain, that the Lowland dialect contains a still greater proportion of Northern
words and idioms than that even of North England.' While demurring to the perfect
accuracy of this statement, I may take the opportunity of recording that an English
clergyman, bom and brought up at the eastern end of Cleveland, and who had not
only spent a great deal of time in Norway, but spoke Danish with entire facility, men-
tioned to me that, on many occasions, he had been most forcibly reminded of the ver-
nacular of the Cleveland people and their mode of speaking it by the words and the
accent equally of one and another of his attendants in his fishing and other excursions.
He repeated several of these sentences to me, and they certainly sounded like very pore
and good * Yorkshire.*

INTRODUCTION. XXXV

nised vowel-sound in English. The ordinary orthography hmdy mon,*
entirely fails to give any adequate idea of it. But, I imagine, it would
require a nice ear to discriminate the vowel soimd in Dan. haand from
that in hand as spoken by a true Clevelander.

Again, there is a remarkable softening of the hard g sound in many
of our dialect words into ^v oi f sound, or possibly only into that of
gh^ which runs parallel with many like cases in modem Danish or Danish
dialects. Thus, Eng. plough^ in Cleveland is plewf or pleeaf. Compare
Dan. plcVy S. Jutl. plcru^ plove (to plough), sounded pl&Wy with O. N. pldgr^
O. Dan. pl<^, ploug, Iiow, again, a flame or blaze, S. Jutl. loge (sounded
ldw)j Dan. lue^ as compared with O. N. logi, N. loge, Sw. Idga,

But, however interesting, and even suggestive, such instances are
in themselves, and however numerous they may be in the aggregate,
yet they scarcely illustrate principles of such wide application as does
what has been advanced above; and, consequently, they afford rather
detached pieces of testimony than an array of weighty and organized
evidence towards the decision of the question with which we are
engaged.

Some analysis of the verbal constituents of the dialect, however, may
suggest itself as not unlikely to yield valuable results in the prosecution
of our enquiry : and I think one thing will make itself very apparent to
any one a little familiar with English in its more archaic forms, as soon
as he begins to examine and analyse our vocabulary. He will find a
variety of Old English words and expressions, and several which scarcely
appear, or p>ossibly do not appear in Early or Middle English at all, but
which are still to be found in Anglo-Saxon. But, for a few of this
description, he will find a very considerable number that are not to be
found either in Anglo-Saxon or any stage of English ; while a not in-
considerable proportion of the whole will be found to consist of vocables
which are either met with individually, or by some representative of their
stock, in both the Scandinavian and Germanic languages and dialects.

* * We would particularly recommend the perusal of the Craven Glossary to our dra*
matists and novelists, who, when they introduce a Yorkshire character, generally make
him speak something much more like Hampshire — occasionally, even, broad Somersetshire.'
Gamett*s Pbil. Essay s^ P* 55* I ^un afraid this recommendation is as much needed still as
when it was written. Mr. Browdie's * Yorkshire' would be not too intelligible in Yorkshire,
either in form or material, while the dialect in Sylvicfi Lovers^ the scene of which is sup-
posed to be laid in or near Whitby, would certainly not recommend its speaker to the
kindly notice of the Dalesmen as a fellow-Clevelander. Mr. Browdie says bond and /&o/,
and so forth, but he makes, among many others, the unpardonable mistake of saying * yan
day,' while the staple of his discourse is ordinary English in masquerade, with scarcely a
single characteristic Yorkshire word introduced, and much less any of the peculiar idiom
and racy pregnancy of meaning which characterise the true Yorkshireman's familiar dis*
course.

e 2

XXXVl

INTRODUCTION,

It must be my effort to give some kind of analysis in a few following
pages such as may serve at once to justify and to illustrate these
statements.

In the first place, out of 218 words taken in sequence from the com-
mencement of the following Glossary, omitting none but those which in
point of derivation might be justly looked upon as duplicates of one
already admitted,* 28 appear to be A. S., 97 Scandinavian, t 42 com-
mon to A. S. (and other Germanic tongues) and Scandinavian, 5 Cel-
tic, t II Mediaeval Latin or Norman French, 18 Old English, 10 cor-
rupt or familiar English, and 7 the origin of which may be doubtful.
Again, out of 359 from the latter part of the Glossary (under letter 5,
indeed), 21 seem to be A. S., 129 Scandinavian, 103 common or mixed,
4 Celtic, 8 M. Latin or French, 17 archaic English, 60 corrupt or
familiar English, and 17 doubtful. Estimating these figures on another
principle, the tabulated results will be as follows : —

In each 100 words in the first and second selections from our Glos-
sary, respectively, there will be, exclusive of fractions —

A.S.

Scand.

Common.

Celtic.

Old Eng.

Doubtful.

Corr.

M. L. or Fr.

= 100
= 100

13

6

44
36

19
29

2
I

8
5

4
5

5
16

5
2

This result is remarkable in more respects than one. In the first

* Thus I take Bairn, but omit baimish, baimiahness, &c. Should, however, a
compound word occur, which appears as a compound in A. S. or any Scandinavian tongue
or dialect, it has been included, although a representative of its class might already have
found place : Baim-teaxn being a case in point. I should observe that the work of classi-
fication was by no means easy, and the difficulty was not lessened by the foregone con-
clusions existing in my mind. For, with the years of study I had bestowed upon the
enquiry, it was mevitable that my own decision upon the nature and constituents of the
dialect should have been arrived at long since ; and that, as word after word passed under
review, and so large a proportion of all pointed so distinctly, and so many of them so
strikingly, to the impression produced by one particular class of influences, the effect upon
my thoughts should have been very distinct and decided. But I think I may say that I
strove to be strictly impartial, and even to allow for any insensible bias. It may be added,
first, that the analysis of these 550 words was the work of nearly two days with the com-
pleted MS. before me ; and, secondly, that in selecting the letter S, a letter has been taken
which occupies a conspicuous place among the other letters in all tongues of Gothic origin.
In Haldorsen's Lexicon words beginning with S take up almost X4I per cent, of the entire
space; in Dalin's Swedish Dictionary about 18 ; iu Molbech's Danish Dictionary nearly 16;
in Bosworth's A. S. Dictionary about 14^ ; in Hilpert's German Dictionary nearly 17I; in
Richardson's English Dictionary only about ii ; and in our Clevel. Glossary about i^f.

t O. N., Swedish, Danish, or occurring in some dialect of either.

t Gaelic, Welsh, Bret., &c.

INTRODUCTION. XXXVll

place, we remark upon the decided preponderance of words of Scan-
dinavian original over those of Anglo-Saxon. Secondly, we have the
noteworthy particular that the sum of the three first columns is seventy-
six in the first line, seventy-one in the second; and that, after allowing
for this coincidence, the main difference will be found under the head of
corrupt or familiar English phraseology. But the presumption siu^ely
is, that, when in the one case we have thirteen A. S. terms against forty-
four Scandinavian, and in the other, six of the former against twenty-
nine of the latter, that in those terms — nineteen in the one case, twenty-
nine in the second — ^which are due to vocables common to the Scan-
dinavian and Germanic classes of languages, the real derivation in the
proportionate majority of cases must be from the former rather than
from the latter.

Put this conclusion side by side with the names of places in Qeveland,
according to the results of examination stated in a former page, with the
names of owners at the date of the Domesday survey, with the presumed
names of serfs or villanes sixty or seventy years later, with the conclu-
sions drawn from our previous remarks upon the Northumbrian definite
article and from our notice of the power of the Scandinavian accents
and other pronimciational peculiarities brought imder review, — ^and I think
it will be impossible to come to any other conclusion than that, wherever
the Cleveland dialect diverges from the ordinary or standard language, it
is indebted to the Scandinavian tongues and dialects for certainly not less
than sixty per cent, of such divergences.

Of course, the figures on which this conclusion partly rests may be
regarded as merely an approximation, but still I am convinced that for
all practical purposes it is a safe and sufficient approximation ; and it is
certainly one that is entirely consistent with the suggestions which are
perpetually offering themselves in the course of continued and attentive
study of Ae elements of the dialect. It is a remarkable fact, that, with
all tiie striking illustrations of Cleveland words, phrases and sounds
which are met with in the Danish dialect, and especially in that of South
Jutland, yet there are almost more and more striking ones dispersed
throughout the entire volume — a most admirable one — in which Dean
Rietz has collected the peculiarities of the Swedish popular speech
throughout the various provinces of the entire kingdom. At first sight
it seems scarcely reasonable to anticipate any such result. We hear of
the Danes and the Northmen as the invaders and ultimate conquerors
of England. We identify the Jutes as forming no small comparative
proportion of the invading and colonising hosts. We recognise the
successful chieftains, who, with their men, settle on the lands granted or
conceded to them in Northumbria, and Yorkshire especially, as, gene-
rally speaking, Danes ; but we hear of very few Swedes, either as among

XXXviii INTRODUCTION.

the troops or the leaders. Not that we doubt there were Swedes
among them. It could scarcely have been otherwise. But what I
mean is that the proportion of Swedes among the Scandinavian
cruisers and marauding or invading parties must necessarily have
been so small as to be insignificant, and that, as forming or taking
any part in the various expeditions directed against our English
coasts, the Swedes engaged must have been simply present more as
recruits in a Danish force, and in no sense as a separate or independent
auxiliary force. *

And still the Northumbrian dialect, and the Cleveland form of it in
particular, unquestionably indebted to Scandinavian speech for consi-
derably above one half of the peculiarities which constitute it a dialect,
is illustrated as much by existing Swedish dialects as by Old Norse or
existing Danish or Norwegian forms, even if not almost more.

Anomalous as this seems, yet in reality it admits of easy explanation.
There can be no doubt that at the time when the Danish conquests in
the North of England were becoming consolidated, and acquiring more
and more of Danish form and consistency, as well as population, that
the original Scandinavian tongue, supposed common to the Danes,
Northmen and Swedes, was already undergoing considerable modifica-
tions, which in one direction resulted in Old Danish, leading down into
Modem Danish; in another, into Old and Modem Swedish. But it
must be observed that, in the case of Danish, the modification adverted
to is much more thorough and operative, and has resulted in a much
greater divergence from the original, than in the case of Swedish. The
latter is the child in whom ^most all the features of the parent are
reproduced, and not a few of his peculiarities of personal habit or
gesture : in the former the likeness exists, and strongly, but it is not so
obtrusive, and often presents itself rather, as it were, to the thoughtful
and comparing beholder, than thrusts itself on every passing eye.
I would say that Swedish, and especially the Swedish dialects, may be
in a sense (and that not a misleading one) regarded as a kind of instan-
taneous photograph of a transitional state of the Old Norse tongue, the
period of transition being not very far removed from the date at which
the Northumbrian dialect began to assume distinct consistency and
form ; a date we cannot fix, even very approximately, from internal or
locally historical data, except in so far as we assume, on seemingly very
sufficient groimds, that it must have been subsequent to the middle of
the tenth century. And hence the simple explanation of the fact that

* See Professor Worsaae*8 remarks apon this subject, and his expUnation of the fact, in
the opening pages of his able MituUr om de Danskt, &c.

INTRODUCTION, XXxix

the Swedish and the Northumbrian dialects still retain a very large pro-
portion of words common to both, not a few of which moreover occur
in no other dialect or vocabulary besides these two.

Another illustration of the extent to which Northern elements still
prevail in our vocabulary has been obtained by the careful collation of
the Semi-Saxon Ancren Rtwle* and Layamon's Brut ;\ and, secondly,
of the Early English Piers Ploughman* s Vtston,X with the Cleveland
Glossary. In the first-named there are 215 small 4to pages rather
closely printed, in the second 32,200 short verses, and in the last
14,700, together with 1700 in the Creed, in all 16,400; while the Glos-
sary contains about 3920 words. The result of the collation is that
in Ancren Riwle there are about 235 words which either are found
in the Glossary or are nearly related to some that are there met
with : in Layamon the number of such words scarcely amoimts to
more than 200: while in Piers Ploughman the number scarcely ex-
ceeds no.

This result is, it must be admitted, a somewhat remarkable one. The
average percentage of pure Anglo-Saxon words in the Glossary can
scarcely be. set down at less than 10 (and it is probably more) ;
and yet in Ancren Riwle scarcely 5| per cent, of our words or their
connections occur, in the Brut only a little over 4I, while in the
Vision 0/ Piers Ploughman the percentage dwindles down to about one
half of that.

And what makes this perhaps somewhat more remarkable is the occur-
rence in the Semi-Saxon writings named of certain phrases or modes of
speech which not only retain their currency to this day in Cleveland, but
retain it to the entire exclusion among all the older people of any
parallel form of expression. Thus, one very striking — at least to a
Southern ear — ^mode of expression here is, to sit upon one's knees,
^ an equivalent for * to kneel.' I had compared this with Dan. sidde
paa hug, simply as regards the external form of the phrase, but the

* * This work was probably composed, if not in the latter part of the twelfth, at least
very early in the thirteenth century, and is therefore nearly contemporaneous with the
Chronicle of Layamon, to the earlier text of which it bears much resemblance.' Marsh's
Lectures on the Origin and History of the English Language, p. 169.

t * There is neither internal nor external evidence by which the date of the poem can be
fixed with exact precision, but there are allusions to events which occurred late in the
twelfth century ; and, on the other hand, the character of the diction and grammar justify
ns in saying that it could scarcely have been written after the commencement of the thir-
teenth.' lb. p. 156.

X * The precise date of the poem called the Vision of Piers Ploughman is unknown, but
there is little doubt that it was given to the world between the years 1360 and 1370.'
lb. p. 295.

Xl INTRODUCTION.

following passage from Lay, ii. 506 unmistakeably suggested a truer
connection : —

* J?cos hcrc-)>rlgcs )>rco : These host-chiefs three

comen to )>an kige. Came to the King

& setten an heore cneowen :— And sat on their knees

before |>an kaisere.' Before the caiser.

Again, to mention but one other like instance, we find our common
expressions gan nor stand, gan or ride (equivalent to * walk or stand,'
' walk or ride'), not only in Layamon, but the latter also in Piers
Ploughman, the idiom, in the Vision, corresponding to the former being
s/eppe ne stand,

I turn now to ask attention to a very few grammatical peculiarities.
The definite article has been already dealt with. Some few plurals in
en yet remain ; as owseny housen, een, (eyen). Childer is also heard :
but beyond these forms there is no deviation from the ordinary English
noun forms, except indeed as to the genitive. The Cleveland man
invariably says bird nest, not ' bird's nest,' men names, not * men's
names,' stee foot, bank top, instead of ' foot of the Stee' (ladder),
'top of the Bank' (hill) — a construction of frequent occurrence in
Chaucer, and met with in P, Ploughm,,* Merlin, Hali Meidenhad,
S, Marherete, &c,, as well as in Townel0f Myst, and other books of
Northumbrian origin, passim.

The relative pronoim at (see At, below, in the Glossary) is still in
full use, while wheea, corresponding to O. N. hverr, supplies the inter-
rogative form. The second personal pronoun, thou, is of continual
use among the people themselves, hniyou, noiye, plural.

Among the adjectives are a few which are compared by the addition
of more and most as suffixes, instead of in the ordinary manner, as
bettermore (usually bettermy or bettermer), nearmer, farmost,
baokmest, &c. The forms farr => further, narr « nearer, florr'st,
neest = furthest, nearest, are also in continual use.

In the class of verbs, there are some noticeable deviations from
English usage. Thus sleep, creep, hear, in their preterite forms
become sleep'd, ereep'd, hear'd (sounded heerd : not as E. heard is).
Wash, wax, snow, make wesh, wex, snew. Freeze gives firaze, rise,
V. a., rase, rive, rave, steal, stale, swear (pr. sweer), sware, speak,
spak, break (pr. breke), brak; while teach, if used at all (leam
is the word in almost invariable use in the sense to teach), makes
teacht, hold (pr. ho'd), hodded, heave, heaved (hove being some-

• • J?at breke)> menne beggis* Skeat's edit. p. 76. ' And se»>en selh and his suster sed*
lb. p. 118.

INTRODUCTION. xli

times heaid), weave, weayed and wove. Find (pr. finnd) again
makes fto', ftin', bind, bun', wind, wun'; but blind gives blinded,
ding both ding'd and dang, hing (for hang) hin^d and hung
(» as in 'bull').*

But it is in the p. participle that the greater number of peculiarities
is observable. Stand, Btooden, get, gitten, cleave, dowen, shear,
shoren, creep, croppen or oruppen {u as in * bull' or 2ls oo in' stood'),
sleep, sleppen, oheeas (for choose), ohozzen or ohossen, knead,
knodden, freeze, frozzen, come, oiunmen, rive, rowen, swear, sworen,
weave, wowen, break, brokken, drive, drowen, thrive, throwen
and throdden, hold, hodden, take, takken, tekken or tukken
{u as the oo in 'took'), bind, bun' and bnnden, wind, wnnden, find,
ftin' and fiinden, &c.

Traces of the pres. participle in -and are met with also, but they are
now only traces, unless indeed the universal suppression of the final
g be looked upon as tantamount to the continuance of the and form.
Gannan I look upon, from its unmistakeable sound, as really gannan(d)
and not gannin(g) ; wakan' (pr. wakkan) too, I think it is, and not
wakin' ; and so of a few others, as laitan', lakan', &c. But ridin% not
ndan'y flytin', not flytati, helpin' and not helpari is, I am sure, the rule,
and so of the great preponderance.

The inflection of the present tense of verbs conforms pretty closely
to the general Northumbrian rule ; as —

Sing. Plur.

I (Ah) is. We is.

Thou is. You are.

He is. They is.

Ah gans. We gans.

Thou gans. You gan.

He gans. They gans.

The imperfect of the verb substantive is —

Smo. Plur.

Ah, thou, he, wiir. We, you, they, wiir.

Emphatic, the word becomes war (sounded like the E. sb.).

* Seen as the pret. of ' see/ is not in infrequent use ; as, Ah seen 'im a week syne,
as pawky a lahtle chap as ivrer Ah seen. So also gaed is of perpetual occurrence
as the pret. of gae in preference to E. u/m/. Steead for stood, deean for done, are
merely phonetic variations.

f

Xlii INTRODUCTION.

What is called the genindial construction is of perpetual occurrence,
as in he'll be to lite oiiy they 'b to lait, bad to beat, ill to see, &c.
The future of intention or purpose is frequently rendered by s\ as in
thou b' ha'e, Ah b' gan, for thou shalt have, I shall go, where I look
upon j' as undoubtedly the result of a double contraction of the usual
Northiunbrian form sal, first into x7, the / being slurred as in ordinary
talk, and then into s\ the / being dropped altogether. Wheea b' aw
or owe P is also explained on this principle.

The future of necessity is rendered in a slightly different manner. A
man may say to another, thou has t' gan, implying the necessity of
his going, and the * has ' may be rendered emphatic. But thou is t* gan
is equally good Cleveland, and not infrequently the form as actually
sounded is simply thoust gan ; thus. Miles, t' maaster says thoust
gan te Stowsley t' moom, where the emphatic form would be, thou
is t' gan, a' t' same.

Aty as the sign of the infinitive mood, is lost, or so nearly so that it is
unrecognised among the people themselves. I sometimes hear the
form what 's a' deea now P in which I believe the a stands for at, and
I have suspected that the expression nowght t* say might rather be
written, judging by the sound, as nowght 't say, that is, nowght at say,
or * notWng to say.'

The tendency of the dialect to use adverbial forms in -lit^s has been
remarked on. Adjectives in -some, as ridsome, viewsome, langsome,
fearsome, are fully as characteristic as adverbs in -lings, -ment also,
as a common termination of nouns, deserves notice; as perishment,
dasement, trashment, muckment, minglement, and very many
more.

A few remarks upon the vowel and consonant sounds may, perhaps,
be not quite uncalled for.

A has the four sounds noted below : —

1 . Long, or as in /ate,

2. Short, or as in/at; in yal, Mally, dander, &c.

3. Broad, or as between the 0 in 'hole' and au in 'maund;' in

such words as hand, man, land, stand.

4. Before /, that of aw, the consonant being suppressed, as in

cau'f for calf, sau't for salt.

E has the ordinary long and short sounds of English e, as in perching
(pr. peerching), pettle.

INTRODUCTION. xliii

/ has three sounds : —

1. Long, as a + ^, or Gr. d«. See above, p. xxix, and under

Iiitle.

2. Short, as in * hit,' * pit.'

3. Before r (as in * bird'), that nearly of <? in ' Boz,' as ho*t = hurt,

bo'd = bird.

O has five sounds : —

1. Long, as eea dissyllable; the ee as in 'feet,' but with a

quick impulse of the voice, the a as in missed^ or the
short a at the end of Latin words; as stone, steean,
bone, beean, &c.

2. Short, as in ' hot.'

3. Before r, as with i before r, when the sound is as in ' word,'

not in * lord.'

4. Long, before /, as auy suppressing the consonant, as oau'd,

bau'd, for * cold,' * bold.'

5. Short before /, as in 'sod,' suppressing the consonant, as

he'd for ' hold.'

^ has five sounds: —

1. Most generally as u in £. bully as in lumbering (pr. loom-

mering), dunter, oluther, oumber (pr. coommer), &c.

2. As in £. ' dull,' in a few words only, as duzz, changed from

drose.

3. Before r, as /* and 0 before r.

4. The peculiar sound noted under Tiiflt or Teuflt, nearly

approaching to, if not coincident with, that of Dan. y.
The transition from this sound into that of Clevel. 00 in
' fool,' ' school,' ' door,' or of long <? as in ' stone,' * bone,'
or of long ^7 as in ' dale,' seems a very easy one.

5. As in bou'k for * bulk.' Cf. howk, vb., with Sw. hulke,

Eoy in ' yeoman,' is sounded as ^, as yemman. Compare ' weapon.'
Ei, in ' eight,' much the same as in £. height,

Oo has two sounds ; —

1 . As in * door,' ' school,' ' fool,' and the name Foord, as 0 long ;

deear, scheeal, feeal, Feeard.

2. Sometimes, as in * book,' ' nook,' as eu. But the forms beeak,

neeak, obtain more generally than beuk, neuk.

f2

Xliv INTRODUCTION.

Ou has two sounds : —

1. As in ' hound/ not as in ' wound/ as lound, stound, ought,

nought, outher, nouther, &c.

2. As in huff, as in through (pr. thruff), sough, &c.

For the consonants, it may be noted that b after m is either suppressed
as in numb, or changed into another m, as in slumber, cumber, lum-
ber (pr. sloommer, coommer, loommer).

D.

1. In the middle of a word is very frequently soimded as ih

hard (%), as in dither, dother, flither, for didder, dodder,
flidder,

2. Final, as in and, and in the preterites and p. participles

of verbs, boimd, bimd, ftmd, is slurred over or sup-
pressed.

3. After n takes the soimd of a second n in some words, as

in thimder, soimded thoonner. But in winder, sunder,
it is sounded with distinctness, and slurred rather than
changed in blunder, blundered, &c.

(?.

1. After n is sounded as in Germ, schlangeriy Dan. anger ^ as

in angered, nang-nail, &c.

2. Final, is almost invariably suppressed; thus both the ^'s in

hinging-mind are subject to these two rules respectively.

3. Guttural, or as in Eng. through, Dan. plog, becomes a labial,

as in thruff, pleaf or pleuf, beuf or beeaf (bough). A
very considerable number of Geveland words depend upon
this principle, and in some of them the form ch or gh,
intermediate between an original g and our ff, is not easy
to trace. See Arf, Mauf, &c.

4. Simply guttural as in enough, of which *enew' does not

fairly represent the sound. Sc. eneuch is nearer.

K before x, either immediately or with a silent vowel intermediate, as
in Stokesley, is softened into w, as Stowsley.

L after a, 0, u, ou is usually suppressed as in ' calf,' ' balk,' * old,'
*cold,' 'mouldie,' 'bulk,' which become eau% bau'k, au'd, cau'd,
mou'die, bou'k.

Qu is changed into w, as in * quick,' wick, * quaint,' went or
waint, &c.

INTRODUCTION, xlv

i? after a is in some words suppressed, as a't for 'art/ a'm for
* arm/ pfi't for * part/ ga'n, gain, for gam, gaim, * yarn,* &c,

T in the middle of a word in some cases becomes th, as in daugh-
ter, pronoimced dowth'r.

Th at the commencement of a word in the mouths of many is
sounded simply as /, as trone for * throne,' trow for * throw,' while / by
itself in the same place sometimes sounds as M, as in thrimml for
' tremble.'

Wh initial is usually spoken with a strong aspirated breathing, as in
wheea, well, for * who,' interrogative, * whole.' So also in whewt.

X, or the sound of k before x is in many words softened into ws or w,
as in owBO, owsen, Bousby, assel, for ' ox,' * oxen,' * Roxby,' * axle.'

W and Y are frequently prefixed to words beginning with a, <?, as in
wots ((? as in ' hold,' but soimded short), wosael, wost'us, for ' oats,'
' hostle,' ' host-house,' yal, yan, yaoker, yabble, for al (ale), an (one),
' acre,' * able.'

LIST OF CONTRACTIONS

AND

TITLES OF BOOKS

PRINCIPALLY REFERRED TO.

O. N. Old Norse.

Isl. Icelandic.

Hald.* Lexicon Islandico-Latino-Danicum, B. Haldor-

sonii. Havn. 1814.
Egils. Egilsson's Lex. Poeticum Antiq. Linguae Sep-

tentr. Hafn. i860.
Mobius. Altnordisch. Glossar, von Dr. Th. Mpbius.

Leipz. 1866.
Rask's Icelandic Grammar, by Dasent. Lon-
don. 1843.
O. Sw. Old Swedish.

S. G. Suio-Gothic.

* Having made by far the most use of Haldorsen's Lexicon, until within the last two or
three years, I have in the majority of instances quoted O. N. words with his orthography.
Greater correctness would have been obtained by altering all the (f*i in words properiy spelt
with IS, and so also of words which by Mobius and Egilsson are written with a J instead of
the t exclusively employed by Haldorsen. Remarks of the same kind apply to Molbech's
Danish and Dialect Lexicons in reference to the employment of i instead of the more
approved j of the present day, and 0 instead of o. As a rule I have simply copied the
words quoted faithfully from the pages of the author in whose book I found them.

.«■•

xlviii

Sw. D. 1
Prov. Sw. J

Sw.

Dan.

Dan.D. )
D.Dial. V
D.D. j

O. Dan.

N.

A.S.

E.

LIST OF CONTRACTIONS AND

Ihre. Gloss. Suio-Gothicum, &c., auct. Joh. Ihre.

Upsaliae. 1769.

Swedish Dialects.

Rietz. Ordbog ofver Svenska Allmoge-sprlket af Joh.

Ernst Rietz. Lund. 1862-8.
Swedish.
Dalin. Ordbog ofver Svenska Spraket. Af A.F. Dalin.

Stockholm. 1850.
Tauchnitz' Pocket Swedish-English Dictionary.
Danish.
Molb. Dansk Ordbog af C. Molbech. Ki0benhavn.

1859.
Ferr. Ferrall og Repps Dansk -Engelske Ordbog.

Kj0benhavn. 1 8 6 1 .
Rosing. Engelsk-Dansk Ordbog af C. Rosing. K0ben-

havn. 1863.

Danish Dialects, Provincial Danish.

Molb. Dansk Dialekt- Lexicon ved C. Molbech.

Ki0b. 1 84 1.
Kok. Det Danske Folkesprog i S0nderjylland, v.

J. Kok. K0b. 1863.
Old Danish.

Molbech, Dansk Glossarium. Ki0benhavn. 1857.
Norse.
Aasen. Ordbog over det Norske Folkesprog af Ivar

Aasen. Kristiania. 1850.
Norsk Grammatik af L Aasen. Christiania.
1864.
Anglo-Saxon.
Bosw. Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Language, by

Rev. J. Bosworth, LL.D. London. 1838.
Compendious ditto. 1855.
English.

TITLES OF BOOKS, xlix

O. E. Old EngUsh.

M. E. Middle EngUsh.

Rich. New Dictionary of the English Language.

London. 1856.
Wedgw. A Dictionary of English Etymology, by H.

Wedgwood, M.A, London. 1859-67.
Hall. A Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial words,

by J. O. Halliwell, F.R.S. London. 1850.
Sc. Scottish.

Jam. Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Lan-

guage, by John Jamieson, D.D. Edinburgh.
1808.
German.

Old High German.
MiSclle High German.

Piatt Deutsch, Nether Saxon, Low German.

A Dictionary of the German and English Lan-
guages, by J. L. Hilpert. London.

Frisian, Old Frisian, North Frisian.

Dutch.

Swabian.

Flemish.

A Dictionary of the Welsh Language, by W.
Owen Pugh, D.C.L. Denbigh. 1832.
Gaelic
Irish.
Breton.

Latin, Middle or Mediaeval Latin.

Romance.

g

G.

0. H. G.
Al.

}

M. H. G.

PLD.
N.S.
L. Germ.

}

Hilp.

Fris.
0. Fris.
N. Fris.

}

Du.
Dut.

}

Swab.

Bel.
R

Webb

Gael

It.

Bret.

Lat.
M. Lat.

Rom.

/

1

1 LIST OF CONTRACTIONS AND

Q p^ j French, Old French.

Sansc. Sanscrit.

Pr. Pronunciation.

pr. Pronounced.

Flatey. Flateyarbok. En samling af Norske Konge-

sagaer. Christiania. i860.
Landnam. Islands Landnamabok. Havniae. 1774.

Gam. Dan. Mind. GamleDanske Minder in Folkemunde; af Svend

Gnindtvig. Kj0benhavn. 185 5-6 1 .
Worsaae. Minder om de Danske og Nordmsendeme i

England, Skotland og Irland, af J. J. Worsaae.

Kjob. 1851.
Den Danske Erobring af England og Nor-

mandiet ved J. J. Worsaae. Kjob. 1853.
War. och Wird. Warend och Wirdame. Ett fdrsok i Svensk

Ethnologi, af G. O. Hylten Cavallius. Stock-
holm. 1863.
Ame. Ame, af Bj0mstjeme Bjomson. Bergen. 1859.

North. Gosp. Die vier Evangelien in Alt-Northumbr. Sprache

von K. W. Bouterwek. Gtitersloh. 1857.
A. S. Gosp. The Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Gospels, with

the Wycliffe and Tyndale Versions, by Rev.

J. Bosworth, D.D. London. 1865.
Wycl. The same.

Lay. La^amon's Brut, or Chronicle of Britain, ed. by

Sir F. Madden. London. 1847.
Ancr. Riwle. The Ancren Riwle. Ed. by James Morton,

B.D. London. 1853.
Orm. The Ormulum. Ed. by R. M. White, D.D.

Oxford. 1852.
P. Ploughm. The Vision and Creed of Piers Ploughman.

Ed. by Thos. Wright, M.A. London. 1856.
Townel. Myst. The Towneley Mysteries. Surtees Society ed.

London. 1836.

TITLES OF BOOKS. U

Pr. of Consc. The Pricke of Conscience. A Northumb. Poeiri.

Ed. by R. Morris for Phil. Society.

E. E.T. S. Early English Text Society.

Skeat's P. Ploughm. The Vision of William concerning Piers Plow-
man. Ed. by Rev. W. W. Skeat

E. E. Allit. Poems. Alliterative Poems in the West Midland Dia-

lect. Ed. by R. Morris.

Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight. Ed. by

R. Morris.

Rcl. Pieces. Religious Pieces, in Prose and Verse. Ed. by

Geo. Perry, M.A.

Gen. and Ex. The Story of Genesis and Exodus. Ed. by

R. Morris.

H. Meid. ^ HaU Meidenhead. Ed. by Oswald Cock-

Hal. Meid. j ayne, M.A.

S. Marh. Seinte Marherete, the Meiden ant Martyr. Ed.

by Oswald Cockayne, M.A.

Merl. Merlin, or the Early History of King Arthur.

Ed. by H. B. Wheatley.

K. Horn. King Horn, with Fragments of Floris and

Blauncheflur, and of the Assumption of
our Lady. Ed. by J. R. Liunby.

Kn.of LaTour-Landry. The Book of the Knight of La Tour-Landry.

Ed. by Thos. Wright, M.A.

Man. Voc. Manipulus Vocabulorum, by Peter Levins. Ed.

by H. B. Wheatley.

Percy's Fol. MS. Bishop Percy's FoUo Manuscript. Ed. by

J. W. Hale and F. J. Fumivall.

Phil. Soc. Trans. Transactions of the Philological Society.

Gamett. Philological Essays of Rev. R. Gamett. Lon-

don. 1859.

Tylor. Early History of Mankind, by E. B. Tylor.

London. 1865.

Kelly. Curiosities of Indo-European Traditions and

Folklore, by Walter K. Kelly. London. 1863.

lii

LIST OF CONTRACTIONS AND

Patr. Piirg.
Brand.

Ord.

Graves.

Chaucer.

Grimixi.

Burnt Njal.

Orig. and Hist. Eng. )
Lang. )

Lect. on Eng. Lang.

Dip. Angl.

Gloss, of Architect.

Sl Patrick's Purgatory. By Thomas Wright,

M.A. London. 1844.
Observations on Popular Antiquities, by John

Brand, M.A. Ed. by Sir H. Ellis. Lon-
don. 1 84 1.
The History and Antiquities of Cleveland, by

J. W. Ord. London. 1846.
The History and Antiquities of Cleveland, by

Rev. J. Graves. Carlisle. 1808.
The Works of Geoflfery Chaucer. By John

Urry . London. 1 7 7 1 . *
The same. Bell's Edition in the Aldine Poets.

8 volumes.
Deutsche Mythologie, Von Jacob Grimm.

Gottingen. 1854.
The Story of Burnt Njal. Translated by

Geo. Webbe Dasent, D.C.L. Edinburgh.

1861.
The Origin and History*of the English Lan-
guage, by George P. Marsh. 186 a.
Lectures on the English Language, by George

P. Marsh. New York and London. i86a.
Lectures on the Science of Language, by Max

MUller. London. 1861.
Diplomatorium Anglicum Mvi Saxonici, by

B. Thorpe. London. 1865.
History of the Four Conquests of England,

by James Augustus St. John. London.

i86a.
A Glossary of Terms used in Grecian, Roman,

Italian, and Gothic Architecture. Oxford.

1845.

* The references to this editon are usually made by the number of the page, sometimes
to the number of the line in the separate Poem or * Tale* quoted.

TITLES OF BOOKS.

liii

Hist of Whitby.
Pr. Pm.

Brock.

Carr, or Cr. GL
Wh. Gl.

Lincolns. Gl.

Joco-Ser. Disc.

A History of Whitby and Streoneshalh Abbey,
by the Rev. Geo. Young. Whitby. 1817.

Promptorium Parvulomm sive Clericorum.
Dictionarius Anglo-Latinus princeps. Ed.
by Albert Way, A.M. London. 1864.

A Glossary of North Country Words in use,
by John Trotter Brockett. Newcastle-on-
Tyne. 1825.

The Dialect of Craven, with a Copious Glos-
sary, by a native of Craven. London. 1 8a8.

A Glossary of Yorkshire Words and Phrases
collected in Whitby and the neighbourhood,
by an Inhabitant. London. 1855.

Provincial Words and Expressions current in
Lincolnshire, by J. Ellett Brogden. Lon-
don. 1866.

A Joco-Serious Discourse, in two Dialogues,
between a Northumberland Gentleman and
his Tenant^ a Scotchman. London. 1 686.

I will only add further, that the books which I have found most useful
in my inquiries touching the origin or derivation of our various dialect
words have been Mr. Wedgwood's Dictionary of English Etymology^
Dean Rietz's Swedish Dialed Dictionary^ Aasen's Norse Glossary^ and
Molbech's Danish Dialect Lexicon, I have found Mr. Wedgwood's
book most suggestive and full of varied learning and material, which,
even where I was imable to agree with him in his conclusions, was sur^
to be of use, and instructive, in the general course of study and research.
My obligations also to the Swedish Glossary named are very great in-
deed. It is, I think, the most carefully compiled and comprehensive

liv LIST OF CONTRACTIONS^ ETC.

book of the kind I am acquainted with, and, in countless instances, so
complete an account of the word under notice and its various cognate

words in other languages and dialects is given, that a perfect word-
study is afforded at a glance. It is impossible to speak too highly of
this excellent book. Aasen's Dictionary is also an admirable work, and
it is to be hoped that it will before long be given to the world in its
second edition. One feature in the book, that of giving the synonymes
of the words dealt with as well as their varying forms, might be imitated
with advantage in all like publications.

GLOSSARY.

GLOSSARY

OF THE

CLEVELAND DIALECT.

A I int. An exceedingly common interj., expressive of different emo-
tions, surprise, sympathy, &c. : sometimes used singly, sometimes in
conjunction with another word. See A I but.

' A t man : that war a yarker I'

* A Ihesu Crist, Lorde, full- of myghtc* Rel. Pieces^ p. 67.

A, num. adj. (pr. yah). One.

O. Sw. a, one : — * in Dalekarlia, Westrobothnia, Gothlandiaque unitatis nota est.' Ihre ;
written ae by Jam., Scott, Sec. Under A the former observes that it. A, * is used by our
oldest writers in the sense of one. The signification is more forcible than that of a in
Eng. before a singular noun, for it denotes not merely one out of many, but one exclusively
of others, in the same sense in which ae is vulgarly used.' But it must be observed that
CI. a (pr. yah) and one (pr. yan) are not interchangeable, and therefore are not equivalents.
Ane may stand by itself, absolutely or pronominally : a never does ; it is always adjoined to
a noun expressed, as, * yab day,* * yab lass :' while, on the other hand, it is, * yan iv 'em,'
' niwer a yan,' and so forth. The same remark applies to Sc. ae and ane, and is borne out
in regard to a in all the quotations from early writers adduced by Jam.

•"You have two daughters, I think, Mr. Deans?" ** Ae daughter, sir;— only ane"*
Heart of Mid Loibian,

* Ony one or two o' ye come forward.' Black Dwarf,

* Ae body at a time.' Ih.

* Ah seen yan o's brithers, a week gone Saturday.'
' They're twea lads an* yab lass in family.'

Cf. ' The Trynyte .... thre persouns and a Godd, es maker of all thjrnges .... Haly
Kirke oure modere is hallyly ane thorow oute )>e werlde.' Rel. Pieces, p. 3.

The usage, however, in these writings is not Strictly uniform ; as the line, p. 59, ' a god
and ane Lord yn threhed,' shews.

Aback, adv. Behind, in the rear.

O.N. dhah, dbahi; O. S. onb<se.

* pe justise for schyndisse : nolde loke )>erto.
Ac bihuld abac and tournde his ejen.' Seinte Margarete, p. 28.

B

2 GLOSSARY OF THE

* Thou shalle abakt bewshere, that blast I forbede/ Toumel, Mysi, p. 241.

• Deean't t*e thrust sae mich aback there/

Cf. • Ok kuomu \>ar er \>etr menn voru er Lappir beitay J>a/ er a hak Finnmork; and
arrived at that place where the men who were called Laps were. That is aback of Fin-
mark.' Flat, I. 219.

Abaok-o-beyont, adv. At an indefinitely great distance ; too remote
to be within reach or accessible from.

* I wish they were all aback o* beyont ;* of persons occasioning annoyance. Wb. Ol.

* We were all thrown aback o* beyont the day through ; ' could never recover the ground
lost by delay in the morning. lb.

Abear, v. a. To endure, to put up with.

Abide, v. a. To endure, to put up with. See Bide.

A. S. bidan^ abidan,

* Abide and abie (like guide and guy^ Prov. guidar and guioTy It. gridarey and Fr. crier)
are essentially the same verb under different forms, of which abide has descended to us from
our Saxon ancestors, while abie has come to us through the medium of the French.'
Wedgw.

Able (pr. yabble), abable (pr. yabbable), ablish (pr. yabblish), adj.
I. Competent or possessing a sufficiency, in respect to bodily strength
or ability. 2. Possessing a competency, in respect of property or worldly
means.

O.N. afl; O. Sw. a/7, afwel; A.S. dhdly ability, power of body. O.N. afla signifies
both I can, I am able, and, I get or procure or acquire. Ihre says, ' As the Latin idiom
applies parere to the acquisition of any matters, so also afla f<B means to get property ;
whence is derived q/fon, afling^ what is gotten or acquired. Thus, aflinge gods, acquired
property, is opposed to arfy byrdtfcedemes-jord, &c., hereditary possessions.

1. *"A yabble kind of a man ;" a strong, stout person.' Wb, Ol,

2. * Neea. Nanny B. is nane sae needful ; she 's a yabble body eneugh.'

• " They 're a yabblisb lot ;" a rich family.' Wb, Gl,

Ablins (pr. ablins), adv. Perhaps, possibly.

Comp. O. N. afla, I am able ; the idea being that of possibility.

Abooiiy abmie, prep. Above, higher in respect of place or position.

A. S. be-u/an, bufan, abufan,

• The Queen's aboon us all.' Wb, Gl,

* Will you ax my lord ? He 's over mich aboon us.'
Cf. also, * Godd >at es abouene hym.' Rel. Pieces, p. 45.

• Godd is abouen all thynge,' lb. p. 46 ; and, « large and wyde abowne* lb. p. 48.

• With floodes that from abone shal falle.* Toumel. Mysi. p. 23.

Aboon-heead, adv. Above, over one's head.

• " It wets aboon-beead:** it rains.' Wb. Gl.

A I but. Used interjectionally, but with a tacit reference to some
mental comparison or remark of the speakers.

* At bui, that was a big yan ;* big comptred to all the others.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 3

Ao-oom, sb. (pr. yak'ron). An acorn.

/v. Pm, * AeeonUt or archade, frute of the oke. Glans.*

Addle, V. a. To earn, acquire by labour.

A. S. edUan, adUan, a reward, recompense, requital ; whence the vb. edlt^nan, edleanian,
to reward, recompense. But cf. especially O. N. odlaz, to obtain, make one*s own,
acquire.

* Ah *8 nowght bud what Ah addles ;* I have nothing beyond my earnings or wages.

AddlingSy sb. Earnings, money got by labour.

* " Poor addlings ;" small pay for the work done.* Wb. Gl.

* Hard addlings;* returns laboriously obtained. lb,

* Saving 's gooid addling;* the terse sense of which is obvious. lb,

Afore-langy adv. Before long, soon.

Comp. the parallel forms among ^ bimong in the following passage, Aner, Riwle, 102 :
' pu ueir bimong wummen, and bimong engles )>u meiht don )>erto : ^u schalt siker elles
hwar beon ueir nout one among wummen, auh among engles.' Chaucer writes to/ore^ as
well as a/oret a/oms, aforen, A. S. atforan.

Observe the idiomatic use of our word in the example.

* ** It will happen afore long gans ;' before any long time elapsei/ Wb, Gl,

Afterbirth, sb. The placenta.

O.N. e/Hrburdr; O. Sw. efterbhrd; Dan. efterbyrd,

Agait, agate. Astir, agoing, on the move.

See Oate, Gait. Rich, remarks that the word gait * is applied not only to the way
gone, but also to the going, the motion in going.' Hence a-gait or on-gaii, implying the
action of eoing or moving.

* They ve getten fairly agate;* they have well begun.

* Thou 's early agate this morning.'

Agee, ajee, adv. To one side, awry, askew.

Jam. observes that Serenius * gives Sw. gaa as signifying both to budge, and to turn
round* Gee is here, as elsewhere, the carter or ploughman's word to his horses when he
desires them to turn to the right. No doubt the connection of the word is with O. Sw. g&,
and cognate verbs, and that originally some adjoined particle decided the direction of the
motion when it ceased to be straightforward. Comp. the terms used in directing the move-
ments of oxen by their driver : when he desired them to turn from him, or to the right —
the same as when gee is us^d — the word was bop, or bop off; the turn to be made being a
turn to what is termed the offside. Gee thus derived, agee would be formed as are a-slcew,
a-wry, and the like.

* •• It was all ageeC* quite crooked.' Wb, Gl.

Agin, conj. As if.

Probably a contracted Pr. of as gin.

Ability adv. (pr. ahint). Behind; i. In respect of place or position.
2. In respect of time. 3. In respect of advantage.

The pronunciation of our word is its chief peculiarity, and one which deserves notice,

B 2

4 GLOSSARy OF THE

inasmuch as it retains the short i which belongs to all its etymons, as also to the modem
Germ, binter,

1 . * He 's close abint*

2. ' " Tm afraid I 'm late?" •* Nae, thou's nane sae mich abini.** *

3. * " They say Josey 's come badly on ? " " Nae, he 's not that far abini.** *

Aim, V. a. i. To intend or purpose. 2. To presume, suppose, or
conjecture. 3. To expect or look for, to anticipate.

Gamett remarks, Pbil, Essays, p. 60, * Aim is from the Germ, abmen; Bav. amen,
bdmen, properly to gauge a cask, also to fathom, measure. This is evidently the sense in
Mr. Boucher's second quotation from Langtoft ; —

" A water in Snowden rennes, Aubcr is the name.
An arm of the sea men kennes, and depnes may none ame.**
We are not aware of its ever being used by the Germans to denote compute, reckon, as it
seems to be in the passage, —

•' Of men of armes bold, the number they ame"
The connection between the two ideas is however obvious enough. A diligent examination
of our old writers would perhaps decide whether our aim comes immediately from this
source, or more indirectly so through the medium of the Fr. esmer* Mr. Wedgwood takes
the latter view.

I. * Ah aims t*gan.'

* Ah 's seear he cdmed o* coming.'

a. * I aim that is the place.' Wb. Gl.

* What o'clock is it, aim you ? * lb.
3. * I aimed he 'd be here by now.'

* I never aimed he wad ha' ganned yon gate.'

Aim, sb. Iron.

O. N. iarn, O. Sw. and Dan. iern.

Airt, airth, sb. Quarter of the heaven, direction or point of the
compass.

O.N. dtt; O. Sw. att, quarter of the heaven, district, country. Cf. Suduratt, the south
quarter ; Norduratt, the north.

* The wind is in a cold airt*

* *• Did ye hear t'guns at Hartlepool, yesscr nceght, John?" " Ay, I heerd a strange
lummering noise. I aimed it cam' fra that airt.** '

Airtling, pcpl. (Pr. of ettling) . Aiming or intending to proceed in a
given direction. See Ettlo.

Aither, sb. A ploughing. Wh, Gl. gives, as the meaning of this
word, * furrowed ground,' and then, as the instance of usage, a sentence
which clearly refers only to the act of ploughing, and not at all to the
land or * ground* ploughed. See example. I believe the meaning to be
restricted to the ploughing or furrowing. See Ardcr^ in Brock.

O. N. eria, yria, imp. ar^i, or vr^i ; O. Sw. aria ; M. G. arian ; A. S. erian ; O. H. G.
erren ; Germ. eren. Cf. also A. S. yr^, ploughed land. The connection with the Bible
word ear is evident ; * He will take your sons, . . . and will set them to ear his ground,'
I Sam. viii. 12. * The oxen likewise and the young asses that ear the ground,' Is. xxx. 24.

* " The first or second aifber ;" the first or second ploughing.' Wb. Gl.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 5

Ak, sb. (pr. yak). The oak.

O. N. eiky eyk ; Sw. ek ; Sw. D. eik ; Dan. eeg, eg ; A. S. oc, ac,

* A piece o' brave aud yak.' Wb, GL

Akwert, awkert, adj. (pr. ockert or orked). Perverse, difficult to
deal with, hard to manage.

* He's bad to do with: he's as awkert as awhert;* he is difficult to deal with; he is as
perverse and impracticable as possible.

Akwertnesfiiy awkertness, sb. Perverseness, obstinacy, impractica-
biUty.

* Ah nivver seen nowght like his awhertness*

Al, sb. (pr. yal). Ale.

O. N. £»/; O. Sw. 61 ; A. S. eale.

The Pr. of this word suggests a Scandinavian derivation ; inasmuch as A. S. eale presents a
long syllable or sound in contrast with the shorter and sharper sound of the word in either
of its three northern forms. Comp. Al-iu.

* A jill o'yal;' half a pint of ale.

Ale-draper, sb. An alehouse-keeper, or publican. *A term now
obsolete, but occurring in the Whitby parochial register a century ago.'
Wh, GL

This word probably owes its origin to a corruption of the sense of the word draper,
which converted it from a merchant-worker in cloth, into a retailer, simply ; the word ale
being then prefixed.

Almisse, almose, almous, sb. (pr. ommus, awmous, or awmas).
I. Alms; an almsgift. 2. A small quantity or proportion; a definite
quantity.

O. N. blmtisa ; O. Sw. almusa ; Sw. almosor ; Dan. almisse : A. S. telmesse^ cdmysse ;
O. H. G. almesy alms, gifts bestowed in charity. * Almessei or almos. Blimosina^ roga,
Almesse of mete.* Pr. Pm. The second sense or application depends upon the first, the
sequence of ideas being that an alms may either easily degenerate into a pittance, or at least
be regarded as such by the recipient. And what is aUke curious and interesting is that a
like sequence of idea obtains in the case of the O. N. homonym, only there in reference to
a person instead of to a gift. Thus Hald. gives bomundo as a second meaning for olmusa,
and the legend of Olaf Tryggvason's meeting with Thor, Flatey, I. 397, afibrds a good
illustration of such meaning. Thor, under the form of a strong, powerful man of lofty sta-
ture, youthful, handsome and red-bearded, has caused himself to be taken aboard the king's
ship, which had formerly belonged to a hero called Raudr. The visitor had soon begun,
what would be called now-a-days, * chaffing' the crew, telling them they were not fit to be
attached to so famous a king, or man such a splendid ship; that the ship's company was far
* more like ' when Raudr the Mighty had her, and that that leader would scarcely permit
such a man even as he (the speaker) was, to join the crew except it were in the post of
jester or as a jolly companion : ' and yet, all you,' he continues, • are but mere dwarfs or
mannildns, ommuses^ by the side of me ! * En nu eru \>er |>o aulmusur bea mer. So, in
Cleveland a messenger is sent to a shop for, suppose, a shilling's-worth of such and such an
irticle, and returning with what seems to the purchaser a very small proportionate quantity,
is greeted with the remark, • Why what an ommus thee has getten ;' as if, like alms, it had

6 GLOSSARF OF THE

been sparingly or grudgingly doled out. Cf. the Lincolnsh. use of tfaie word quoted by Hall. :
* When a labourer has been filling a cart with manure, com, &c., he will say at last to the
carter, " Have n't you got your awmous?" *

1. ' " Pray you can I beg my aumas of you?" Formerly the ordinary address of the
mendicant : now, rarely if ever heard.' Wb, Gl,

* Those that trow in my myght and luf welle dltniis dede,
Thay shalle shyne as son brighte, and heven have to thare mede.'

Toumel, Myst, p. apa.

All outy adv. Altogether, utterly, beyond comparison.

• " Yon *8 t' best, Joss." " Ay, all outr *

Comp. the usage in Ancr. Rtudtt p. a a, where the writer is giving directions for the
ordering of the anchoresses' private devotions : —

* Et (at) Placebo je muwen sitten vort (as far as) Magnificat, and also et Dirige, bute
(except) et le lescuns 8c et te Miserere, & from Laudate al ut*

All-to-nought (pr. aw-to-nowght). A phrase occurring with differ-
ences of sense and application, but always as implying an approach
towards nothingness more or less real and effectual.

* ** He has gone awa^ all to nowgbt;** he has wasted away to a mere shadow.' Wh. Gl,

* " Ah aims yon '$ t* best stirk, Jooan." " Ay, man, it beats f ither aU to nowgbt." *
Cf. ' Secundus ^lemon, Alas, that ever cam pride in thoght.

For it has brought us alle to nogbt,* Tounul. Myst, p. 5.

Along ofy prep. In consequence of, owing to.

' It 's all along 0* his deeins we 's i' this needcessity.'

* jfostpbe, soliloquising on the circumstance that the V. Mary was ** found to be with
chUd,"

* Certes, I forthynk sore of hir dede,
Bot et is long of yowth-hede,

Alle siche wanton playes.' Towntl, Myst, p. 78.

' And bad heom leoten weorpen :
& fondien leod-runen,
whseron hit weore ilong :
\>zt |>e wal |>e wes swa strong,
ne moste niht longes :
nauere istonden.' Lay. II. aa5.

AI-11S9 sb. (pr. yall*us). An alehouse.

Comp. S. Jutl. 9V si^ el-bus,

Amaisty adv. Almost. See Ommost.

A' mak's (pr. au-macks). All sorts, of all descriptions or kinds.
See Mak\

Amangy prep. Northumbrian form of among,

* And for )>At it wountc to be thus in manges mene, >at )>e ffadir was mare ffebill ^ ^
sone for his elde, and \>t sone mare vnwyse ^n ^ ffadire for his }outhe.' Rd, Pitcts, p. 45.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, J

Amang-handB. A phrase or qualifying expression applied descrip-
tively to work or business of such a nature as to admit of being carried
on or completed coincidently with other work or business.

' ** We can do it anumg-bands ;** that is, we can do it together, or at the same time, with
certain other work we have on hand/ Wb. GL

Amell, prep. Betwixt, between, in the midst

O. N. dtniUit O. Sw. emeUant Dan. itrulUm, Dan. D. (S. Jntl.) atmlie, cemelU, .

* They cam' amtll seven and eight o'clock.* Wb, Ol,

' Chop in amM;* direction to a Colley or sheepdog.

' He fand it ameU t' shaffs ;' he found it among the sheaves.

' Seeundus miles. My Lord, ye have a manner of men

That make great mastres us tnuUeJ Toumd, Myst, p. 55.

AmeU-doorSy sb. Doors between the outer door and that of an
inner room.

AnoOy adv. (pr. yance). Once.

Comp. Jut\. Jens, which is ahnost exactly coincident with otuyauee.

Ancle-bands, sb. Sandals, the support for low shoes so called;
leathern straps for the shoes, to which they are attached behind, button-
ing in front over the instep. Wh. GL

Ane, nimi. adj. (pr. yan). One. See A.

O. Sw. an ; O. N. einn ; Dan. een ; M. O. mn ; O. H. O. and N. Germ, tin ; Dut. 9en ;
A. 8. an, ten. The S. Jutl.y«n, which corresponds almost precisely in form and sound with
our yon, is especially noteworthy.

Ane : t' ane replied to by t' ither ; but, more frequently, t' tane or
the t' ane, answered by t' tither or the tither.

* Tak' thou the fane, an* Ah'll tak* the tUbir:
Cf. * When thou ministers at the hegh antere

With bothe hondes thou serve tho prest in fere.

The ton to stabulle the toiber

Lest thou fayle, my dere brother.' Boke ofCurtasye.

' ffor it kennes vs to knawe |ie gud and >e ill, and alswa to sundire ># tant fra \n to)^,'
ReL Pieces, p. 11.

Tbe io)fer, in the sense of tbe second, is of perpetual occunence in the writings last
quoted.

Anensty prep. Against; i. In the sense of near to. 2. In the
sense of opposite or over against.

Jam. sa3rs, * Some derive this from Gr. dycvri, oppositiim. Skinner prefers A. S. man,
near. The Gr. word, as well as ours, together with M. G. and, Alem. andi, S. G. and,
anda, contra, seem all to claim a common origin. But I suspect that anens is corrupted
from A. S. ongean, ex adverso.' Comp. the forms following,— /oroii ongean, opposite,
Bosw.; foran gen, faran gen Meldry^e aker; over against Mildred's field, Thorpe's
Diplomat, p. 341 ; Scottish /brf-aiMff/,ybnMfu, aforemm, &c., and I think we may see how

8 GLOSS A RF OF THE

anenst — written anence iti^Rel. Pieces^ pp. 2, 5— originates, without much trouble. The
last reference is interesting in another connection. It nms, ' Of the whilke tene (commande-
mentis) |>e thre )>at ere firste awe us hallyly to halde anence oure Godd, and \>e seuene |>at
ere eftyre anence oure euen cristene ;' and it gives an instance of what may be called the
transitional meaning between * ouer against, opposite to,' and * touching, or pertaining to,'
as in Sc. anentt tbereanent, (pnont in Halt Meidenbad, pp. 9, 17, Ancr, RiwUy pp. 4, 10, 1 10.)
Comp. also the forms again, againstt smd the meaning, by the side of, of the latter.

1. ' I sat close anenst him.'

2. * There, set your name in this spot, anenst his;' over against his. To a witness about
to attest a man's signature to his will.

Mr. Wedgwood thinks the word anenst shews a northern influence, from the Isl. giegttt,
Sw. genty opposite ; gent ofwer, over against. It is more than possible, notwithstanding the
passage from Thorpe.

Angry, angered, adj. (pr. with a suppressed gy or with the sound
that letter has at the end of the words pang^ fling, &c.) Of a sore,
I. That looks very red and inflamed; 2. That is very irritable and
painful.

O.N. dngr; dngra, grief or pain, anguish; to give uneasiness; O. Sw. angra; Sw. D.
anger t sorrow, pain, anguish ; N. D. angersom, painful. Nu befir rmg angrat st^an frost :
the frost has occasioned me much suffering since. Flat, I. 330.

* Jesu Criste )>at tholede for me
Paynes and aiders bitter and felle.
Late me neuer be partede fra )>e
Ne j>ole |>e bitter paynes of helle.' Rel. Pieces^ p. 72.

* Holy seintes,
What penance and poverte
And passion thei sufirede
In hunger, in hete.
In alle manere angret* P. Plougbm. p. 311.

For the Pr. it coincides precisely with the Dan., Swed., O. N., and Germ., as in Icengeret
hnger, scblangen. See,

I.. • "Hoo's Willy's leg t'moom?" «• Whyah, it's nae better. It's desput sair an*
angerd." '

3. * It leeaks desput angered an a'.'

Anon, non. An interrogative exponent of uncertainty, whether as
to the meaning or the substance of the words addressed, on the part
of the person to whom they were addressed ; and equivalent to ' What
did you say, Sir?' or, * What may that mean, Sir, if you please?'
Anan in former times, and even yet in country places more to the
south.

Hall, says of the latter that it is ' a corruption of anon, immediately.' I think it is cer-
tain that it is not so : the etymology of anon (A. S. on on, in one, jugiter, continuo, sine
intermissione — Lye) settles the question. Anon or anan is much more likely to be an
interjectional sound of doubting enquiry, similar to the utterly inexpressible (by letters)
sound of assent or attention which is employed by many Yorkshire people when listening to
a nanative or a remark where verbal obiervations are imneeded.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 9

Anonsker, adj. Eager, very desirous, set upon a thing.

O. Sw. dnska; O.N. tiska, to wish, almost or quite to the extent of praying for; A. S.
tvisean, whence our current English word wish. Comp. also Dan. onske, to wish.

* They have set the lad anonsker about gannan' to sea.' Wb. GL

Anotherkins, adj. Of another or a different kind or character.

Comp. Lane, anotber-gates^ bearing nearly the same signification : though this seems to
look more to the manner of action peculiar to the person qualified, while the Cleveland
word adverts to the indoles, the peculiarity of nature or breed of the actor. The kins in all
these compound words, ntu kins, onny kins. See, it hardly need be observed, is the genitive
case, following the old usage.

* He was anotberkins body te t* ithcr chap.'

Anthers, ananthers, enanthers, conj. In case that, lest.

Corrupted from N. Fr. aventure, which occurs in the form aun:re in Chaucer. Comp. the
form ptrawnter, Rel. Pieces, p. 2, and peradventure. Hall, gives anters in the senses, both
current in the North, of i. In case that ; 2. adventures. Compare auntrous, adventurous.

* Thou 'd best tak' t' umbrella, anantbers it rains.'

* I weant be far anthers he comes.*

The an is scarcely a reduplication of the first syllable : but probably a corruption of on ;
thus, on auntre, on adventure. Cf. on a venture, at a venture.

A-quarty adj. In a state of variance, or mutual opposition. See
Quart.

« «(

What, then, Marget an* her man hae getten aquart agen?" ** Ay : they 's had another
differing-bout." *

Arf, arfiBh, adj. i. Afraid or fearful. 2. Reluctant, backward.

Brock, quotes A. S. yrb^, sluggishness, cowardice or dread, and gives the form air:b as
well as arf, adducing as example, * an airthful night ; i. e. a fearful night :' but there can
be no doubt that the words a;/ and airtb are both but other forms of the word which Jam.
writes arcb, argb, airgb, ergb (guttural), and which bears almost exactly the same signi-
fications with arf; and this is etymologically the same as O. N. argr, as well as quite
coincident in meaning ; O. Sw. arg^ a coward ; A. S. earg, earb, timid, slow or slothful.

1. * Ah felt arfsb in the dark.* Wb. GL

2. * Ah *s or/ about gannin'.' lb.

* Nis he erub chaumpion J>et sldrmeS touward )>e uct?* Is he not a cowardly champion
who strikes at the feet? Ancr. Riwle, p. 274.

In another text the word is written arcb; in Lay, i. 185, ear^b; iii. 266, ar^i; and in
Pr. Pm. anve, arbwe, arowe. Repeated instances of the substitution in our dialect of the
/-sound for the guttural cb, g, or gb will be met with in the following pages. Cf. the form
arcb, as also O. £. grucb, our gruS.

Argufy f V. a. To argue, dispute.

* It *s t* nae use argufying the matter.' Wb. Gl.

* " He 's ower fond o' argufying ;" too ready to gainsay or dispute.* lb.

Aries, sb. Earnest-money given to a sers'ant on concludinu iji-: (oji
tract of service or hiring. Elsewhere, arks-penny. See God'« ijouny,
Festing-peimy.

^ Aries \% a diminutive from Latin arra, which is itfelf a;i abbreviation ln^m mil ,if^".

TO GLOSSARY OF THE

formed as in many other cases by adding the termination le* Arrhaho or arrba denoted, in
general terms, an earnest or pledge for the completion of any contract, and at the same
time implied or, in a sense, proved, the contract to have been made.

Arr, sb. i. A scar or cicatrix, a mark left by a wound or ulcer.
2. Hence a guilty recollection, as if a mark left on the conscience.

0. Sw. <jerr; O. N. orr; Dan. or.

1. • I *11 gie thee an arr thou *11 carry t' thee grave,' Wb. Gl.

a. • It *s nobbut a black arr, thae deeings o' thahn (thine) wi' t* aud man ;* the way you
dealt with the old man must have left a black mark on your conscience.

Arridge, sb. i. The edge of a squared stone or piece of timber.
2. * The ridges of furniture,* Wh. Gl, 3. The edge or selvedge of a
piece of cloth or cotton, &c.

The derivation of this word seems uncertain, as also its orthography. Jam. gives ' arrcut
arresSf the angular edge of a stone or beam. Lothian.' Hall, gives * arridget the edge of
anything that is liable to hurt or cause an ar;* an etymological definition which at least has
the merit of simplicity. In some MS. annotations on Brockett's Gl. which have come into
my hands, with permission to make use of them, I find arisb given as a Durham word, and
signifying an edge ; while, further, it is derived from arete (Old French areste) : * L'angle
saillant que forme deux faces.' Did. de VAead. It seems more probable that the Yorkshire
arridge^ Durham arish and Lothian arras all originate in the same older word, from which
also the French artite may descend through another channel. I suspect a connection with
O. fi.jaiSarr orjaiSar, Sw. D.jddert an edge, extremity, list or selvedge, but cannot make
it out.

Arse-end, sb. Lower or bottom-end, of a sheaf of com, for instance ;
of what stands on a lower end, generally.

O. N. and O. Sw. ars ; S. Jutl. arts, abs, a/s, the hinder part of man or beast. * Mdlem to
stole f alter artz paa jorde :' between two stools, &c. ; artslangs, in a backward direction,
with which comp. arselins, Norf., given by Halliwell.

* Pick thae stooks doon, and let t* arsends o' t' shaffs lig i' t' sun a bit.*

Arsey-varsey. Topsey-turvey, in confusion, contrariwise.

* Etymology obvious.' Brockett.

Arval, sb. A funeral entertainment.

* In the North the funeral feast is called an arwd or arvil'supper; and the loaves that are
sometimes distributed among the poor, arval-bread.* Douce's Illustrations, li. 303. Halli-
well says, * Arval supper is a funeral feast given to the friends of the deceased, at which a
particular kind of loaf, called arval-bread, is sometimes distributed among the poor. Arval-
bread is a coarse cake, composed of flour, water, yeast, currants, and some kind of spice ; in
form round, about eight inches in diameter, and the upper surface always scored, perhaps
exhibiting originally the sign of the Cross.' Jam. remarks that * The term arval may have

' been left in the north of England by the Danes : for although A.S.yi/denotes an inheritance,
I see no vestige of the composite word in this language.' There can be no question that
arval — heir-ale, as Dr. Dasent Englishes it — is a Scandinavian term. S. G. ar/^ makes so
much quite apparent ; while Wormius gives the combination arfwol as an ancient Danish
term, the modem Danish form being arvol.

As to what the arval or arvel was, Dasent tells in a few terse words, as follows : — ' On
great occasions, ai at the Yule feasts in honour of the gods, held at the temples, or at arvei

CLEVELAND DIALECT, II

— ** heir-ale" — feasts, when beirs drank themselves into their feUbers* land and goods, ....
there was no doubt great mirth and jollity, much eating and hard drinking of mead and
fresh-brewed ale.* The usage — which seems to have had the force of a law — was that no
heir could take possession of his inheritance before giving the arval feast. In the early
Christian times, the complete funeral rites were solemnised on the day of the funeral : after-
wards on the seventh day after, then on the thirtieth day, and ultimately at the expiry of
the year from the death ; and the inference from Ihre's statement on the subject is, that the
day thus set apart was also fixed upon, by use and custom, as the day on which the division
of the deceased man's goods was formally made, and on that account the occasion was
designated arj^ or arfwisdl. Besides these northern etymologies, the Celtic term for full
funeral rites is stated as arwyl.

That the observances still kept up at our*Cleveland funerals, and, certainly not less, some
of those which have only recently passed into desuetude, evidently descend from the old
Scandinavian arfol, will be sufficiently apparent from a brief account of them, for a part of
which I am indebted to the Whitby Glossary, though most of it is of wonted occurrence in
my own parish and in the country part of the district at large.

On the occasion of the death of an inhabitant, one or more persons, according to the
extent of the deceased person's acquaintance, or the esteem in which he was held, go
through the parish to the several houses of the neighbours and relatives, and of others who
are to be invited, to bid them to the burying. These persons are designated the Bidders.
Occasionally the friends and others thus hodden or boden amount to two or three hundred,
and the provision that is necessarily made for them is of a proportional magnitude. On
more than one occasion within the last ten years, in the author's parish, the number of
stones of beef and ham provided for the funeral of a well-known or much-respected
parishioner has been specially quoted afterwards. Compare the above extract from
Dasent's Introductory Chapter to Burnt Njal, and this from Landnamabok, Part III, ch. x.
* That arval {erfe) which "Thorward and Thord held in honour of their father, was the most
famous ever known in Ireland. They bade {fmdo) all the principal people round, and the
number of those that were bidden (bodsmenn) was twelve hundred ;' and it must be borne
in mind that the hundred was what is still known in Cleveland — having been introduced by
the countr3rmen, perhaps kinsmen, of these very Icelanders — as the Itang-liiindTed, or six
score. The company assembled — and the bidding is usually for an hour preceding midday —
the hospitalities of the day proceed, and after all have partaken of a solid meal, and before
the coffin is lifted for removal to the churchyard, cake, or biscuits, and wine are handed
round by two females whose office is specially designated by the term Servers. ' At the
funerals of the rich in former days,' says the compiler of the Wh, GL, ' it was here a custom
to hand Btimt wine to the company in a silver flagon, out of which every one drank. This
cordial seems to have been a heated preparation of port wine with spices and sugar. And
"^ any remained it was sent round in the flagon to the houses of friends for distribution.'
ference is also made to the disinclination, on the part of many of the older inhabitants, to
carried to their last home in a hearse : they prefer * to be carried by hand and sung

fore* as their fore-elders had been. * Uncovered coffins' of wainscot were common some

£ars ago, with the initials and figures of the name and age studded on the lid in brass-
.eaded nails ; but coffins covered with black cloth are now commonly seen. The coffin is
ihnost never borne on the shoulders, but either suspended by means of towels passed under
it, or on short staves provided for the purpose by the undertakers, and which were custo-
marily, in past days, cast into the grave before beginning to fill it up. The author saw
one of these bearing-staves dug out when re-digging an old grave in August 1863. Men are
usually borne by men, women by women, and children by boys or girls according to sex.
Women who have died in child-birth have white sheets thrown over their coffins. In the
case of an unmarried female, the custom, until recently, was to carry a Qarland, composed
of two circular hoops crossing each other, dressed with white paper cut into flowers or
leaves (Young's Hist, of Whitby), or in the form of a wreath of parti-coloured ribbons,

C 2

\

IZ GLOSSARY OF THE

having a white (paper ?) glove in the centre inscribed with the name, or initials, and age of
the deceased. This garland was laid on the coffin during its passage from the church to
the grave, and afterwards, at least in some cases, suspended from the ceiling of the church.
In the chancels at Hinderwell and Robin Hood's Bay some of these garlands were still in
being only a few years since. Compare with all this, the picture drawn by Shakspere of a
Danish damsel's funeral : —

' Her obsequies have been as far enlarged
As we have warranty : her death was doubtfiil ;

• • • • •

Yet here she is allowed her virgin crarits,

Her maiden strewments, and the bringing home

Of bell and burial ; '
where crants is simply the O. N. and S. Q. krans, a garland or chaplet. Truly our Cleve-
land custom is here ^gured forth, as vividly as the arval-feast in the * funeral baked meats/
which did * coldly furnish forth the marriage tables.'

Other peculiarities in the conduct of a Cleveland funeral are yet, or have been till lately,
that when the corpse of an unmarried female is carried to the churchyard, the bearers are
all single, and usually young women dressed in a kind of uniform, in some places all in
white, in others in black dresses with white shawls and white straw bonnets trimmed with
white. The Servers also always precede the coffin as it approaches the churchyard, or is
borne to the grave, sometimes in white, more usually in black with a broad white ribbon
worn scarf-wise over one shoulder and crossing over the black shawl ; or else with knots or
rosettes of white on the breast. Verses of a hymn or psalm — often selected before death by
the person about to be buried — are sung at lifting the body, as houses are passed on the
way to the church, and on approaching the church-gate more nearly; and the chief
mourners kneel round the coffin, which is usually laid in the chancel — in former times just
in front of the altar railing — during the reading of the Psalm and Lesson, the males with
their hats always on ; and after the Lesson three verses of a Psalm are usually sung before
leaving the Church.

Arval-bread, sb. (pr. averil-breead). A species of bread, or rather
cake (see Spice-bread), specially prepared in days gone by for con-
sumption at the Arval or Burying. Confectioners at Whitby still pre-
pare a species of thin, light, sweet cake for such occasions.

Asher, adj. Made of ash, ashen.

• An asber pail ;' * an asber broom.* Egton Sword Dance Recit,

Ask, hask, esk, sb. The newt, eft, or water-lizard, supposed by
those who know no better to be venomous, as is noticed also by
Brockett.

Gael. asc. It is somewhat singular that the Celtic name of this^ creature should have
maintained itself against any competitor from the northern dialects. A. S. apexe and Germ.
eidecbse are the nearest in sound perhaps : Old N. edla^ S. G. 6dla do not seem to approach
in any particular. See Fleein'-hask.

Ass, sb. Ashes.

O.N., O.Sw. aska; Dan. ash; M. G. asgo or asja; O.H.G. asca; G. and Dut. aub«;
A. S. asce^ axe, axse, abse. The sound of the double consonant seems to have been softened
down as in several other cases ; e. g. asset for axle, Stowsley for Stokedey, Rousby for Roxby,

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 1 3

and thus a^a or axse has bocome ass ; a change which seems to have aheady, in Anglo-
Saxon times, taken place in some degree, if we may found a surmise on the form abse,

* ** Burnt tiv an ass ;" burnt to a cinder.' Wb. Gl.

* Clamed wiv 055 ;' smeared over with ashes.

Ass-oard, ass-oaird, sb. A fire-shovel for cleaning or oarding up
the hearth-stone. See Card.

Ass-ooup, sb. A kind of tub or pail to carry ashes in. See Coup.

Assel-tree, sb. An axle-tree.

Brock., besides adducing Fr. asseul and Ital. assile^ in both of which the x of axle is simi-
larly softened, quotes also Gael, aisil. The change is one which occurs not infrequently in
the CI. D. ; as owsen for oxen. See also the instances quoted under Ass.

Ass-hole, ass-pit, sb. The place provided for receiving the ashes,
usually a hole or pit, and so differing from the dust-heap of the South.
Also applied to the square hole beneath the fire-place devised for
collecting the ashes.

Assil-teeth, sb. The grinders.

O.'S. jaxlart dentes molares, maxillares; Svf.D. aisla-tand; Svr. oxel/and; D An. axel-
iand. For the softening of the x -sound comp. Sw. oxel, N. asallt names of the
Sorbus aria.

Ass-manner, sb. Ash-manure : manure, so called, of which the chief
constituent is ashes, especially peat or turf ashes.

Ass-midden. The heap of ashes collected by the daily casting forth
of the ashes of the household. See Midden.

Ass-riddling. Riddling or sifting of ashes ; on the hearth, namely.
On St. Mark's Eve the ashes are riddled on the hearth, for the super-
stition still lingers, though it may be partially veiled under the guise of
laughing incredulity, that if any of the inmates of the house be going to
die within the year, the print of his, or her, shoe will be found impressed
in the soft ashes ; — a superstition which has led to many a thoughtless,
but very cruel and mischievous, practical joke. See Cauff-riddling,
Marks E'en.

At. Now rarely used before the infinitive instead of /o.

Conmion to the Scand. tongues. Cf. Dan. Dt gave mig eddike at drihhe; they gave
me vinegar to drink. Ferguson gives an instance or two in which at still takes the place
of /o, with the infinitive, in the Cumb. dialect ; and I have, though rarely, heard it in
Clevel., in such phrases as * What 's at do, now ? ' Hall, gives two instances out of the many
afforded by MS. Lincoln, * I have noghte at do with the,' and ' that es at say,' that is to
say. There is little doubt that the idiom was common throughout this district fifty
years ago.

At, rel. pr. That, which.

It is usually supposed, or rather taken for granted, that this is merely a vocal corruption

14 GLOSSARy OF THE

or contraction of Aai, However there is no question (see Jam. in v.) that in the Northeni
dialects it was of old continually written ai ; for instance :

* Claudyus send Wespasyane
Wyth that Kyng to fecht or trete,
Swa that for luwe, or than for threte,
Of fors he suld pay eU he awcht.' Wyniown, v. 3. 89.

It is, in fact, the O. N. rel. pr. a/, unaltered. Thus, bwxr er sd at gat? where 's him at
gat it ? And it is used indifferently in either number ; sd at^ he that ; \teir at^ they that.

* " Is there nought at Ah can dee ?" " Nowght, a/ Ah can tell." '

Cf. * That at is dry the erth shalle be,' Townd. Myst. p. 2 ; and, * bot if we make assethe
in |>at )>a/ we may,' Rel. PieeeSt p. 6, side by side with * ffor as many we sla in >at at we
may, als we slaundire or backbite.' 76. 5.

At, conj. That

0. N. at; O. Sw. and Sw. att; Dan. at, Jag will att tu gor that: in the Clevel. form.
Ah wishes cU thou wad dee it. Oh sua uar gert at bentii uar gert annat bal^ en Sigurdi
annat; and so it came to pass that one bale-fire (funeral pile) was made for her, and
another for Sigurd. Flat. i. 355.

' Ah said at Ah wad, an' Ah ded.'

* Weean't ee ? Bud Ah '11 see a/ thou diz.'

At, prep. I. To. 2. Of or from. 3. With, a person namely (the
sense of the Lat affud) ; as with the intent of urging a suit, or hearing
a purpose or resolution.

O.N. a/, ad, usque, apud; Sw. D. at; Sw. &, to, at, with; A. S. <Bt, at, to, with, of,
from : * because you approach a person or thing when you wish to take something away, as
they say in and about Nottingham ; Take tbit at me^ i. e. from me.' Bosw.

1. ' Ah caan't dee owght mair ai it ;' spoken by a workman of a job of work he had
been labouring at.

* What did he do at thee ?' A very common formula.

Cf. ' What aileth this same love at me,

To blinde me so sore ?' Chaucer, Rinu of Sir Topaz,
3. * T' maaster wur here a bit syne, an' he wur speirin* at me about apples.'
Cf. O. N. Nema at monnum, to learn from men ; A. S. J& bwam nima)^ eyningas gafol
0^^ /o//f of whom do kings take custom or tribute. Matt. xvii. 25. And begeat med
bit smeb wrencan . . <s/ Steorran ; and with his sly tricks obtained of or from Steorra.

Hforpe'i Diplom, A.S.p, 339.
* Gabrielle. Mary, madyn heynd

Me behovys to weynd.

My leyf a/ the I take.' Tottmel, Myst. p. 75.

3. * Well, I was at my lord agen, laast neeght, an* he said he wad nae hev it sae ;' he
would not permit it to be so.

* Ah was at t* priest about it, but 't wur te na use.'

At after, adv. and prep. After, afterwards.

An archaic form which is met with in Chaucer and other early writers, in both its
characters. See At under, and comp. at our, » at-over, in the senses over or beyond,
and moreover. Jam.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. I5

* I trust to see you att-after Estur

As conning as I that am your master.' MSS, Rawl. C. 358.
' All things i' their proper places : ploughing first, sowing at after* Wb. Gl.
Cf. also at beforty in the following lines from Robert of Gloucester, quoted by Mr. Marsh,
Origin and Hist, ofEng. Languagt^ p. 332.

* Wateres he ha^ eke gode ynow, ac at hefort alle o)>er )>re
Out of )>e lond into >e see, armes as )>ei be.'

Athouty prep, and conj. Without

A corruption of without. Jam. gives hetbout as a Fifeshire form, adding that * it may be
analogous to A. S. he^tan^ sine.' Home Tooke observes that ' hut and without have
exactly the same signification ; that b, neither more nor less than be-out. And they were
both originally used either as conjunctions or prepositions,' which renders such an analogy
more than possible. Bethout may form the link between without and athout, the be initial
getting changed, in course of time or use, into a, as in the case of ahini for bebint, atwixt for
betwixt, &€.

Atter, atteril, sb. i. Purulent matter from an ulcer or sore. 2. The
fur on the tongue in cases of fever, &c.

A. S. dttor, dtter, poison, matter, pus : Bosworth. Comp. O. N. eitr; O. Sw. ttter,
eiter; Dan. edder; O. H. G. and Germ, eiter; Dutch eyter: both the latter bearing the
sense, matter or pus. The original application of the word in each of these tongues seems
to have been in the sense of poison, the root being supplied (see Ihre in v. Etter) by the
O. H. Germ, eiten, urere, from the * eating ' or consuming nature of many poisonous sub-
stances. In connection with this the O. N. word ata, which signifies both a consuming
efficacy and a cancer or * eating' sore, deserves notice.

1. • " Whyah, Willy's ban's brussen then?" "Ay: an' a strange vast o' bloody atter*s
coomed frae it." *

• A thick yellow atteril,* Wb. Gl,

3. ' Mally 's varrey dowly te day : her tongue 's a' covered ower wiv a thick white otter*

Atter-cop, sb. A spider.

It would be strange if this word, which is familiar in Northumb., Durham, Cumb., and
South Scotland, should not be retained or remembered in Clevel. According to all analogy
it must have once been freely current here, but it is now of very rare occurrence.

A. S. atter-coppa. Jam. writes, ' evidently from atter venenum, and copp caliz : receiving
its denomination partly from its form, and partly from its character : q. d. a cup of venom*
No doubt atter, venenum, is the prefix in the word in question, but the rest of the pro-
posed etymology is less satisfactory. Upon the O. Sw. hopp, which, he says, survives only in
the word koppe fund, occurring in an ancient legal enactment, and there means bee, Ihre
remarks that it must once have had a wider signification, and denoted aU hinds of insects,

* I conjecture this,' he adds, * from the fact that in other Scythian dialects the word is used
for spider ;' and he quotes the Germ, spinnekopp for the creature itself, besides E. cobweb,
Belg. kopwebbe ; and he might have added Dan. edderkop, O. Sw. eterkoppa, Wal. adargop,
and Sw. D. etterkoppa, ederkoppa. He also adduces the Welsh cop or coppin, in the word
gwer-coppyn, spider's web. On the Germ, spinnekopp his comment is, that it does not mean
caput (one of the meanings of hop or hoppe)filum ducens, but an insect possessing the power
of such production. Rietz, however, thinks etterkoppa may properly signify etter-piu — that
is, venom-bag — from the great bag of eggs the spider is wont to carry, the Dalecarlian word
huppe being synonymous with pose, bag, pouch. Palsgr. gives addircop as equivalent to

* spinner's web,' which according to Ray is the case in both Cumb. and Yorkshire.

l6 GLOSSARY OF THE

In Toumel. Myst. p. 1 13, the word batters stands for spiders : —

* But batters
I can find no flesh,
Hard nor nesh.
Salt nor fresh,

Bot two tome platters,
Whik catelle bot this, tame nor wylde
None, as I have blysse.'

Aud, auld, adj. Old.

A. S. aJdat ald^ eald. The corresponding O.N. noun is alldr, Dan. alder, Sw. ilder;
but there seems to be no Scand. adj. from the same root.

Aud-farrand, adj. i. As applied to adults, sagacious with the saga-
city of experience. 2. As applied to children, gravely or quaintly wise
or sagacious beyond their years; * old-fashioned,' as copying the manners
and expressions of their elders.

0. N. and O. Svr.fara; O. H. G.faran, to gain experience, become used to a thing, or
experienced in it. Comp. erfarenbet^ skill or use, acquired by practice. Brock, quotes
Dan. erfaren, Dutch ervaren^ experienced.

1. * Ay, he 's an aud-farrand aud chap : he 's oop tiv ought.*

2. * A-but she 's an aud-farrand l&htle lassie ! She 's like a l&htle gran'mother I'

Aud-lad, Aud-sorat. Names for the devil, prompted perhaps by a
feeling of unavowed fear, or a disinclination to mention the being in
question by his more forcible appellation.

O. N. skratti, a fiend, an evil spirit ; skrattin, the devil ; Sw. D. skrate, skrat, sihret, a spirit*
ghost, nisse ; skratten, the devil ; O. H. G. scrato, a ghost, bugbear ; M. H. G. scbrate,
scbratze; Cam. sebrdtt; Slav, sbkrat, id. ; Boh. seret, cobbold or nisse. Hence, no doubt,
the English by-name Old Scratcb. The common E. name answering to T* aud lad, is * the
Old Boy,' as often heard in the South.

Aud-like, adj. Having the appearance of age.

* *• He is beginning to look varrey aud-like ;** to become much aged.' IVb, Gl,

Aught, ought, sb. (pr. owght). Anj'thing ; opposed to nothing.

* Ougbt or nought ;' something or nothing.

* He *s owther ougbt or nought ;' of any profession or none : that is, virtually of none, an
idler.

Aund, auned, awned, adj. Fated, destined, ordained.

The instance of usage given by Jam. in v. An almost justifies the assumption that that
word and the word awn or aun used in Cleveland, as well as in other parts of Yorkshire and
the North", arc the same ; — * Y take that me God an,* which is thus explained, * What God
owes me: i.e. means to send me.* How * What God means to send me' becomes equivalent
to * what God owes me,' or how it is right or correct, in any sense, to say that * God owes*
anything, is another question. To justify it at all, an is derived from S. G. egna and
assumed to mean * to appropriate, to allot as one's own.' Certainly egna does mean to
appropriate, to make one's own, but the action is in the person appropriating, not io
another : the idea being strictly of taking, and not of receiving. This, however, is the

CLEVELAND DIALECT. ly

direct converse of the sense of our word a$ttud, and of the word an in the quotation adduced.
A more probable etymology might perhaps be sought in O. Sw. ana, animo praesagire, ominari ;
Dan. ant. Germ. tUmen, Still, I bdieve the origin of our word will be found elsewhere. Mr.
Hylten Cavalllus, speaking of the relics still to be met with in South Sweden of the heathendom
of remote antiquity, says there is still a very <l^p-rooted conviction in Warend of the existence
of a blind, all-controlling destiny, called (kle; and on the next page goes on thus : — ' More-
over in the popular language of the district the word oden, den, on is still in conunon use as
applied to what is destined or ordained by fate ; as, for instance, — " ass ja a oen t* & loha
Uss din daen kommer :" if I am awud to live till that day comes ; ** ban va inte ben U & fa sot
tia boira vdxena ;" he was not auned to see his sons grown up.' Cf. O. N. audid: * audid
vtrdr \>es8 :* it is auned to happen. This is not the only curious instance, by many, of illus-
trations of Cleveland words from the expressions or practices of Warend, in South Sweden.
See Naok-reeL

Auntersome, adj. Adventurous, bold, ready for any risk or ad-
venture.

See Axumthers or Anthers. The sense is precisely that implied in auntr* in Chaucer's
Kne, —

* I wol aryse and auntrt it, by my fay.'

Pr, Pm, * Auntron, aventryn, Fortuno* * To aunter, put a thing in danger, adven-
ture.' Palsgr.

* ** Dinnot be ower aunUnome;" do not be too rash.' Wb, GL

Awantingy adj. Needed, required.

* ** Well, I hope, Mr. B., its going to take up and be fine weather." Mr. B, ** It 's to be
hoped sae. It 's sair awanHng" '

Away-gannan-orop, away-golng-crop, sb. The crop of com which
an outgoing tenant is entitled to sow and reap on his late farm, in con-
sideration of, and in proportion to, the quantity of land duly fallowed
and manured by him during the last summer of his occupancy. The
rules which regulate the proportion of land thus appropriated vary
slightly, I believe, according to the district

Awe, V. a. To own, to possess, have belonging to.

A. S. agan, <Bgan ; N. S. tgin ; Fris. »gtnj$ ; Dut. eigmen ; O. H. G. eigan ; O. N. eiga ;
Dan. ej$ ; Sw. ega.

Latham, Engl, Chr, ii. 309, says that the word own, which he distinguishes from oum,
to aclmowledge, by calling it *own (possidentis),' had no n until after the time of Elizabeth.

Thus,—

* This is no sound

That the earth oivts.' Temp, i. a.

* . . . . Thou dost here usurp
The name thou owesi not.' 76.
In older times still it was awe. Thus, —

* Ffor Oodd awe vs to lufe hally with herte, with all our myghte, with all our thoghte,
with worde and with dede. Oure euyne crystene als swa awe vs to lufe vn-to |>at ilke gude
|>at we lufe oure-selfe.' ReL Pieces, p. 7.

With this form cf. O. N. pres. a (of eiga), A. S. 3rd pers. pres. ab. See Wheeas a' P and
cf. O. N. hverr d T which is exactly equivalent in form and sense.

D

l8 GLOSSARY OF THE

Awebun'y awebxmd, adj. i. Under restraint or discipline, so as to
be orderly, obedient, attentive. 2. Submissive to authority.

Jam. * hesitates whether to view this as formed from the sb. awbimd, or as compounded
of atae and bound' Awband is a Lanarkshire and Lothian name for a peculiar apparatus
used for fastening unruly cattle by the neck to the rudstaki. And there is an Isl. word
hdhand^ which signifies a ligature (of hide) applied to the legs of sheep in such a way as to
prevent them from leaping or straying far. The similarity of sound and application between
awband and bdhand is certainly suggestive, and probably, if not surely, supplies the deriva-
tion of the sb. (tweband in the sense of, i. check or restraint; and, 2. a moral restraining
influence. The word awebiind» however, can scarcely proceed from this source ; for the
verb is not awbind, but awband^ O. N. a/ bdbinda, still in use in Lanarkshire ; and one is
accordingly thrown back upon the more obvious compound derivation.

* ** Thae bairns are sadly ower little qwebun* ;" too little under discipline, ill-trained.'
Wb.Gl.

* " They were cnvebun nowther wi* God nor man ;*' disregarded all precepts human an4
divine.* lb.

Awf, sb. I. An elf, or fairy. 2. A fool, a silly or half-witted person.
See Awflsh.

O. N. alfr, alfi: O. Sw. (Of; Dan. alft; A. S. alf, cdf, • The word Af* says Sir Walter
Scott, Minstrdsy^ ii. iio, * which seems to have been the original name of the beings after-
wards denominated fairies, is of Gothic origin, and probably signified simply a sfnrit of a
lower order.' To these spirits were attributed the various operations of nature, and conse-
quently various kinds of dfs were distinguished. The Scandinavians divided them into
svart alfar and lios alfart black elves and white. The Anglo-Saxons * had not only dun-dfrn,
berg-ei/en and munt-el/mt spirits of the downs, hills and mountains ; but also fdd'-^en,
wudu-el/ent sae^lfen^ and vfoter-elfent spirits of the fields, of the woods, of the sea, and of
the waters. And in Low German, the same latitude of expression occurs ; for night-han
are termed aluinnen and aluen. But the prototype of the English Elf is to be sought chiefly
in the birg-elfen or duergar of the Scandinavians. From the most early of the Icelandic
Sagas, as well as from the Edda itself, we learn the belief of the Northern nations in a race
of dwarfish spirits, inhabiting the rocky mountains, and approaching, in some respects, to
the human nature. Their attributes, amongst which we recognise the features of the
modem fairy, were supernatural wisdom and prescience, and skiu in the mechanical arts,
especially in the fabrication of arms. They are frirther described as capricious, vindictive,
and easily irritated,' Mimtr, ib. This * harsher character of the Elves' seems never to have
quite passed away in the folk-lore of this district, as in Southern England, giving place to
the gentler, more amiable, though still, possibly, capricious attributes of the Fairy proper—
a circumstance which stands out strongly in the notions connected with the words next fol-
lowing ; the explanation of which probably is that the traditions of the district, under the
one name * Fairy,' confoimd the persons of the Dwarf proper and the Elf proper. The
Fairies in Cleveland make and wash butter, and even tub it, or put it down for keeping ;
wash their linen industriously, nay often noisily ; fire their bolts at animals ; dance around
the fairy-ring ; are capable of inflicting mischief on mankind ; take charge of deserted chil-
dren, rear them to manhood, protect them through life, and bury them when dead ; abstract
children ; stand in need of the services of human midwives ; resist the building of churches,
destroying the work done in the day and flitting the materials to a spot less objectionable to
themselves, by night ; haunt certain tumuli or HouM as their chosen residence ; live under
ground; and the like. The author has collected various legends embodying all these
notions, and all with a distinct locality assigned to them. Gaymore Well, a certain spring
in Baysdale, and a stream in the vicinity of Egton Orange, besides Fairy Crofll Platm in the

CLEVELAND DIALECT, I9

pariih of Danby, and other places in the neighbourhood, are spedally famous in the fairy -
lore connection. But most of these legends point distinctly, as an attentive study of the less
disintegrated folk-lore of North Continental Europe abundantly shews, to the Dwarf or
Troll as the agent, and the small remainder to the Elf proper. Thus the Dwarf or Troll
does not dance, the Elf does. The Elf uses its supernatural artillery, the Dwarf does not.
But while the abstraction of children is a trick of the Troll or Dwarfs, the detention (or re-
tention) of mankind in fairy haunts may belong to either Troll or Elf. All stories, how-
erer, wtdA involve the practice of any handicraft or manual operation seem to belong to
the Dwarf society by special prescription. As to our Clevel. form Awf, comp. the form
ottpbt, and * Obtron, that is, Aubtron for Alberon* Grimm, D, M, p. 431.

Awflsh, awvish, adj. i. Half-witted, silly, dull. 2. Out of sorts, in
the sense of not feeling well without being positively poorly ; neither sick
nor well.

This must surely be referred to aw/, oupb§, df, cdf, alfr, A:c. In the Cant. Tales, Pro-
logt to Sirg Tbopas, is a description which is taken as a sketch of Chaucer's own appear-
ance and demeanour : —

* Thou lokest as thou woldest find a hare ;
For ever upon the ground I se the stare,'

says the host to the poet ; and then of him this :

* He seemeth dviseb by his countenaunce.
For unto no wight doth he dalliauuce.'

The thoughtful look, with eyes fixed on the ground, combined with absence and reserve of
manner, are certainly the characteristics described by the word tlviscb, which, in the Glossary
to Bell's CbaueeTt is explained by Mike a fairy, shy, reserved.' It is, in fact, not an
unlikely remark to be passed on either a very absent or a very shy person, that he seems to
be ' not all there,' or, in other words, not so wise as he might be. And from this the tran-
fition to half-witted, or weak in intellect, is easy. It is further supposable that in the
meaning of awvish, which is given second, there nuy be a reference to the fancied connec-
tion between the fairy and mankind ; on which indeed, according to Ihre, Andrew Gud-
mundsson founds his etymology of cdf; deriving it, namely, from balf, the elf being
supposed * semi-human.' On tMs principle awvish, elfish, would naturally mean half-and-
lialf, neither one thing nor another; and so the transition to the sense in the example
wouU easily follow ; —
, * Ah feels quite queer an' awvisb* Wb, Gl.

Awf-shoty sb. An arrow-head of flint, or other like material, of
pre-historic origin, but alleged by popular superstition to have been
fabricated and used (in malice) by the Elves or Fairies. See Awf-shot,
adj.

Awf-Bhot, awf-shotten, adj. Stricken or affected by an Awf-shot ;
* shot by fairies.' Jam.

O. N. alfr and sJnota; O. Sw. cdfznA skjuta. Under the word skott, Ihre states that it
is the Swedish name for a disorder which sometimes attacks cattle, and under which they
die as suddenly as if struck by lightning ; adding, that it is vulgarly attributed to super-
natural agency. The Norwegian name for the disorder is aUskaadt, and the Danish elle-
skud; both words meaning awf-shotten. The same superstition prevails to a marked extent
throughout the Northern districts of England and Scotland generally ; only, alike in Scot-
land and the English home of the belief, the malady is not instantaneously fatal, if at all.

D 2

30 OLOSSARy OF THE

Jam. states, on the information furnished by a friend, that the disease consists in an over-
distention of the first stomach, and mentions the mode of cure adopted in Clydesdale ; while
elsewhere he notices the more prevalent notion as to the efficacy of the arrow-head itself in
curing the tlf-tboi animal. * In order to effect a cure the cow is to be touched by an df-
sboi, or made to drink the water in which one has been dipped.' Pennant's Tour in Seoi-
land. Comp. the following from the IVb, Gl, for Cleveland : * to cure an awf-ahotten
animal it must be toudied with one of the shots, and the water administered in which one
of them has been dipped.' It would appear also, that in Upper Germany the disease which
'instantaneously deprives a person of his senses is called alp or alp-^brueken ; literally the
pressure of an elf.' I place side by side with this the following extract from Landnamabok,
p. 1 19 : *6r horn i Tborarmn • . . oc bamadisi bann :' the arrow, that is, the el/-^bot, came
upon Thorarin and he went distraught. In one district of Jutland it is believed that cattle,
when df-sbott become stiff and surdy die unless speedy hdp is at hand. The quickest and
surest remedy consists in driving the beast up out of the moss, and firing a shot over it ;
only care must be taken to fire from the head in the direction of the tail.

Awmous-loaves, sb. Alms-bread, distributed in the church to the
poor after Divine Service; usually provided from money specially be-
queathed for the purpose. Wh, GL

Awrnus. See Almiflse.

Awn, V. a. To own or ackno^edge, as a friend or acquaintance,
that is ; to visit

* You never awn us now ;* you never come near us to pay us a visit.

* T' au'd dog put a pheasant hen aff her nest Sunday was a week, an' she 's niwer aumed
it nae mair.'

Awns, sb. The beards of com.

O. Sw. agn ; O. N. bgn (in the pi. agnir) ; Dan. avm ; N. agn ; M. O. abana ; O. H. O.
agana ; the idea of pointed (like a ipear) sttppl3ring the radical sense in each case.

Ax, ex, vb. To ask.

A. S. dxiant destan, dbdan. The etymons in the cognate languages are O. Sw. «ila,
O N. askia, Dut. tiscben. Germ, beiscbm. But the form of the A. S. verb is decisive, and
we find the word in the earliest English writers, with some little variation of ^lelling but not
of sound.

*And fid be dna was, bine axodon iS<Bt bigspdl He twdfe ^ mid bem waron' A. S. Ootp.
Mark iv. 10.

* And when he was singuler the twelue that weren with hym ttxiden him for to expowne
the parable.* Wycliffe's Traml.

* When he was alone, they that were aboute hym with the twelve axsd hym of the simi-
litude.' Tyndale's Trand.

:*d, pcpl. I. Invited or bidden, to a funeral especially. 2. Pro-
claimed or announced; in reference to the publication of banns in
church.

Wb. Gl., afrer noticing the second application, states that * formerly in our Moordale
churches, after the clergyman had proclaimed the marrying parties, it was customary for the
clerk to respond with a hearty ** God speed them weel." ' In the Uncolnsb. Gl. a distinc-
tion is made, in a note, betweed axed and axed up; as also, in the text, between axed up
and axed oti/— distinctions which make axed up to bear different meanings in different
localities. Here axed out means asked all three times, axed up not being usual.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 21

Aye marry! int. An expression of assent, conveying a different
expression of feeling on the speaker's part, according to intonation;
sometimes of a little quiet triumph at the consciousness of superior
wisdom, sometimes of irony or semi-contempt.

» »

• " Th^i Willy bad the book all the time?" **Ayt marry I I knowM he had/
•*• What, they're forgiven you, Mr. Dale, and asked you to go and see them again?"
** Aye marry I They wants ma' brass, ye ken.'* '
See Marry!

Aye seear, (Pr. of ay, sure.) An expression of assent, sometimes
slighdy interrogative, sometimes conveying a tinge of reserve.

)•' •

• " Well, Joscy, I am going to be married." " Ay*, tetarV
* ** Than thou 's gannan to get wed, after all, Jeeams ?" (With a sly smile, perhaps) "Aye,
;" which only means, yon are at liberty to suppose so, if you like.'

Ayonty prep. Beyond. See Beyont.
Comp. AforOy Afhout.

Babbish, babish, adj. i. Childish, puerile. 2. Faint, strengthless;
as when a person speaks of * feeling faint'

This word is to babe, or its familiar provincial equivalent, bob, (' Alas my bob, myn inno-
cent, my fleshly pet.' Toumei, Mytt. p. 149,) what btUfyisb is to baby,

* I felt babbub enough to be Imocked down with a feather.' Wb, Gl,

In Toumei, Mysi. p. 78, hdbysb occurs as a vb., apparently in the sense, ' Treated me as a
child, told me such Ules as they would to a child.' Joseph speaks of the Virgin Mary : —

* Thay excused hir thus sothly
To make hir clene of her foly
And babysbed me that was old.'

Babbles and Saunters. Gossipping tales and repetitions.

Sw. D. 6a66e/, empty prate, chattering gossip ; O. N. babb ; Dan. bablen, id. ; Dan. D.
bable; N. S. babbdn; Fris. babbeln; Dut. babel; Fr. babiUer, to prate, chatter idly, utter
inarticulate sounds ; together with £. babMe, sufficiently account for babble. Hall, quotes
the word saundris as meaning * slanders,' in the following couplet : —

' I may stonde in thilke rowe
Amonge hem that saundris use.'

Gower, MS, Soc, Amiq, 134, f. 74.
And to this word probably saunters should be referred rather than to the Engl, saunter,

Baoky V. a. To retard, keep down or under.

Comp. prov. vb. backen, coincident in sense.

* T* doctor did all he could to back t' inflSmation ; bud t' wam't te neea use.'
' That fit o' caud weather jest afore Mayday bcuked t' grass strangely.'

22 GLOSS A RF OF THE

Baok-bearaway, sb. The bat, or rere-mouse : genus Vespertilio,

The former part of this name is an archaic and still-used pror. name for the bat.
Pr, Pm, * Bakkg. Flyinge best. Vespertilio' Comp. O. Sw. natt-baeka, Dan. aften-bakke.
It seems difficult to giye any explanation of the latter part of the name. The A. S. name is
brere-mui, whence £. rere-mouse, Rietz gives the Sw. D. name nait-blakka, and also
nat-batta from Warend, and naUer Uakhsla, collating Old Dan. natbback€B, as well as
rvicrofi69a^ a bat, and wicro0tMa, night-wandering.

Baok-burden, sb. A load or burden borne on the back.

Baok-oasty sb. (pr. bakkest). Anything which causes loss of ground ;
or, the loss itself, i. In business matters, a loss or failure. 2. In respect
of health, a relapse, or any cause which sets recovery at a greater
distance.

The Scand. tongues and dialects present numberless instances of compound words used as
^ouns, of which de first element is a preposition and the second a participle ; or else, in
which both parts are nouns. The same is specially true of our dialect.

1. ' Josey Deal's lossen three of *s kye: Ah doots it's gannan to be a sair baek-kest
tir 'im.'

2. * Mally 's had anither bout o' t' aud complaint, an' its gien her a desput haeh-cast'

Baok-end, sb. The latter part of some definite period of time;
e. g. of a week, a month, a year.

* Last baek^nd;* the latter part of last year.

* Baek-end o' hut week.'

Baokerly, adj. Backward, late; applied either, i. To the season; or
3. To crops generally; or 3. To peculiar varieties of produce.

A contraction of B<iekwardly,

Baokerly, adv. Late, after the usual time.

* T' far side o' yon field weeant be fit yet a bit : it wur ower baekeriy sown.'

m

Bad, bod, pret. of to Bid.

Bad, adj. In continual use in colloquial phrases in the sense of
I. Hard, difficult; 2. Disagreeable, annoying, worrying.

I. * Bad to beat ;' not easily surpassed or excelled.

a. * Bad to do with ;' said of a person who is provoking in his conduct, or unmanageable
or disagreeable in his wajrs, or exacting in his expectations or demands ; and the like.

* Bad to bide ;' hard to be borne ; requiring much fortitude or patience in the endurance.
It need hardly be remarked that all these instances present also instances of what is called

the gerundial construction in the case of the verbs employed : a construction which is suffi-
ciently frequent in the Cleveland vemacuUr.

Bad, badly, adj. Poorly, indisposed, ill or sick.

The derivation of E. bad is possibly not very certain. Mr. Wedgw. collates Germ, bose,
Dut. boos, Pers. bud, bad. See Wedgw. in v. Bad, It may be remarked that the idea of
active or operative badness seems always present in the idionutic use of the word bad, and

CLEVELAND DIALECT. ^3

its dcrivatiTes, in Clerrl. and the North. See Badness ; and comp. BadUng in Brockett,
* a worthiest person, a bad one ;' as also Pr, Pm, * Bad or wykjde.'

* Our Mary 's varry badly , for seear. She 's desput bad in her booels an' sair foUered on
wir a lax.'

Badger, sb. A huckster; one who goes about the country with
basket and bag, or with ass and panniers, or with a cart, to buy up
butter, eggs, fowls, fruit, &c., to sell again at some market-town in the
district

Some few years ago, when shops were few and far away, the Badger was a pedlar as well,
and dealt in needles, liiread, and the various small wares with which the pedlar's pack was
wont to be stocked, for which he would take the abovennamed farm-produce in exchange.
On the supposition that the Badger was a ' licensed hawker' the word has been supposed
to take its origin from the circumstance that he possessed a badgt. In Selkirkshire, how-
ever, badgt still signifies * a large ill-shaped burden,' and Jamieson s suggestion is, that that
is the origin of Badger : of. O. N. baggi, a burthen, a pack-saddle ; O. Sw. baggt. This is
die more likely explanation, particularly as the calling of badgtr must have been followed
by great numbers who needed no licence, and probably long before licences were issued.
Brockett, however, says that * Originally he was a person who purchased grain at one
market and took it on horseback to sell at another ;' and Mr. Wedgw., in a very ingenious
notice, and availing himself of the Fr. name of the animal called badger, blatreetu, derives
our word Badger directly from Fr. Madter, a corn-dealer, one who supplies the markets he
attends with com carried on mule-back. This word, he alleges, would be corrupted in
Pr. as soldier is, that is to say, into solger, sodger ; and then an omission of the /, not with-
out analogy in several other words, would give Badger.

Badger, vb. i. To beat down the price of an article in the process
of bargaining. 2. To banter, treat with rude or rough raillery.

I. * Him an' me cou'dn't agree, nae-kins form. He wad ha' badgered me doon to
nowght'

a. ' Mebbe t' lad 's not mich aboon a gauvison : but they badgered him ower sair for
owght'

Badness, sb. Depravity, active wickedness.

* '* They war gi'en tiv a' maks o' badness;" to all kinds of practical evil.' Wb, Gl.

* Nobbut a ragally chap, at aUays had a vast o' badness iv 'im.'

Cf. ' Felice her faimesse

Fel hire al to sdaundre ;

And Rosamonde right so

Reufulliche to bileve.

The beaut^ of hir body

In baddenesse she despended.' Piers PI. p. 231.

Baflbxmded, adj. Perplexed, bewildered, stunned.

I find this word in no printed collection except the Wb, Gl.^ in which it occurs with the
following example appended : — * I was quite bewildered and baffounded* In its present form
it is not easy to suggest an explanation. True, the Sw. Dial, presents the forms baff, a prac-
tical fool, a stupid, and baffing, a half-witted being ; but there is no clue to the terminal
portion of our word. Possibly the word should rather be spelt befaunded, and it may be a
corruption of some such word as Hire's befiBngd, Germ, brfangen, disconcerted, embarassed.

24 OLOSSARV OF THE

The A. S. befangen, hejdngtn does not seem to possess the special meaning of the German
word just given. Be-JieruMl {be-feonuMP) analogous to he-divU'ed is possible, but not
likely. But the most likely sypposition is that £e word is really befimded. See Fond.
Hall, nvesjimns, to be foolish ; and Wydif uses/)imy</ in his TrandatioH of&t New Test.,
and the form hefonded would easily connect with this. Comp. Sw. D. JSo>»ig% JS'"^*
JS^tntig,JjynUdt£anUd,fjonUd; Dzn.JSaniid; all with the meanings fond or foolish, silly,
bewildered.

Baaiiy adj. Near, direct, easy ; as applied to a road or way.

O. N. beinn ; Sw. D. hen or hajnt direct, straight, near. Comp. O. Sw. 6aii, a good or
even road. Bain appears to have had, or to have yet, other meanings in diiSferent parts
of the North, while in Scotland it is of wide application : see Jam. Ray explains it as
* willing, forward;* and to be * bain about one' implies officiousness, forward readiness to
help in the person spoken of — senses illustrated in the following extracts : —

* Noab, He saide alle shalle be slayn bot oonely we,

Oure bames that ar bayn, and thare wifes thre.'

TowHti, Myti. p. a8.

* Thow (St. John) was bouxsome and bayne his body to tent.'

Rel. Pieces, p. 90.

Perhaps Pr, Pm, * Beyn, or pljraunte (beykn. P.). Flembilis,* throws some light upon this.
The form beyhn leads one at once to O. N. beygja, Sw. bdja, A. S. bugan. Sec. ; to A. S.
boesumt Fris. boegsum. Old Dut. ghe-hoogh-&aem (Bosw.), flexible, obedient, humble.
' BtibaonUHesse or bougbsomeness, PUableness, or bowsomenees* Wedgw.

Bainiy sb. i. A child. Also, 2. A term of address from an elder to a
younger person, without regard to stature.

O. N., O. Sw. and Dan. bam ; A. S. beam ; M. O. and O. H. G. bam,

* ** I 'm giving you a deal of trouble, William, I fear." ** Nay, baim, nay : nowght
o' t' soort ; ' from a man of sixty to the parson, a man of forty-five.

Baim-bedy baim'8-bed, sb. The womb, uterus, matrix. Comp.
Calf-bed, Eoal-bed.

* She 's getten a swelling o' t' baim-hed;* a tumour of the uterus.

Baim-birthy sb. Lying-in, a confinement.

O. N. bamburdr.

Baimish, adj. Childish, puerile.

BaimlBliTiess, sb. Childishness, imbecility. Wh. GL

Baim-lakingB, baim-laiTrings, sb. Children's toys, playthings.
See Lake.

Baimteam, sb. A continuous succession of children, a family,
generally in the sense of a large one : ' lots of children.' Brock.

A. S. beani'teamt posterity, generation ; Sc. baim-iymet bame-ieme, Cf. N. S. toom, pro-
genies, stirps ; Dut. toom, a team of ducks ; also a bridle, as in the case of N. S. toom and
Fris. iam, ieam ; also A. S. team, issue, offspring, a succession of children, anything following
in a row, order, or team : Bosw. See Team.

* Jems. Ye doghters of Jerusalem, I byd ye wepe nothyng for me,

Bot for yonre self and youre bame-teme' T\jiimel, Myti, p. a I a.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 25

* And schalt greni godles inwi'S waste wahes. and in bread«s wone brede ti bamteam :'
thou shalt groan without goods within bare walls, and in want of bread breed thy haimteam.
Halt MeidSmbadt p. 31.

* The fende was fadyr of thiese doghtyrs. pe firste )>er-of |>is foule hame-tyme highte
Envye, the to>er highte Pride,' &c. ReL Pieces, p. 57.

Baimworty banwort, sb. The common daisy {bellis perennis). Spelt
also Banwood.

An apparent derivation is offered in A. S. hanrwyrt; honewort, a violet, perhaps the small
knapweiMi. Bosw. Hall, gives * a violet, Dunelm.,* and then adds, * According to Cooper,
beUtt is the white daysy, called of some the margarite, in the North hanwoort* A. S. dages'
eage is the original of E. dedsy ; and it certainly seems, both on that ground, and on account
of the accentuation and consequent sound of bdn-wyrt, that the plant indicated by that name
was distinct from the daisy and our Bairn- or Ban-wort. Dr. Prior gives banewort, * from
its baning sheep, by ulcerating their entrails,' as rammeulus flammea. There is very great
perplexity about the majority of the local names of plants, ^om the uncertainty (or worse)
of their application ; the same name being often applied to two, three, or more plants which
are perfectly distinct.

Bake-house, sb. (pr. backus). A baker's oven, or rather the building
containing it.

Pr, Pm, • Bakbouse, or bakynge howse. Pistrina*

This is of course the origin of the prevalent North Country name Baekbouse, which in the
Danby Registers, 1 50 to aoo years ago, appears in the form Backus or Bakkus. And, rather
quaintly, on the same page in one instance I find the name (still borne in the district) of
Venus or Venis : a name much more difficult to account for.

Baking, sb. The quantity of com — varying with the size of the
family — sent by the several fanners to the mill to be ground, and which
is fetched away by the Cadger at stated times.

What Batch is in connection with the oven (comp. Dan. b€Bgt, Sw. bag, &c.), that Baking
is in reference to the mill ; that is, as regards the usage of the word.

Baksta'xiy bakstone, sb. A circular plate of iron with an iron Bow
to hang it by, to bake cakes upon. It is sometimes, though rarely,
formed of slate.

Comp. O. N. bakstjam, literally, bake-iron, or iron for baking purposes. The transition
of sound from what I take to be the O. N. original to the Clevel. word as spoken (the j
sounding as y), is simple when once the sense of the original has ceased to be noticed. The
Leede Gl. spells the word bakstan, varying that spelling in the explanation with backstone,
baxsU>ne, or baxston. Brock, gives bachatone, with the definition, ' a heated stone or iron
for baking cakes ;' and Cr. GL biukstone, * formerly a slate, but now a plate of iron on
which oatcake is baked.' The author of the Gl. named first describes the Bakstan as a
stone fitted by shape and dimensions for insertion in the ordinary fire-side ovens, but adds
afterwards, ' A baxston* cake is now made when the stones are nil by taking one of the iron
shelving-plates out of the oven, fixing it over the fire, and placing the cake thereon.' This
is the true use of the Bakstan, and for my own part I doubt if stone ever were, or could
conveniently be, used in the way the real Bakstan is applied. In * Hire cake beanie's o
)>e Stan,' Hali Mdd, p. 37, we have a reminder of the Alfred legend, the cakes burning on
the hearth-stone.

26 GLOSSARy OF THE

Bakster, baxter, sb. A baker. ^

A. S. baeestrt, a woman who bakes, a baker.

' Baktr, or baxter, bakstar. Pisior, paniehts, pani/tx.* Pr, Pm,

Balky sb. (pr. bawk). i. A beam. 2. A ridge of land left between
two furrows, or by the wall or hedge-side.

Hald. gives hjdVti, a beam ; Dan. hjMt ; and Ihre, hclkt a ridge between two furrows.
A. S. halca bears both meanings. Comp. also O. N. hdUnr, a wooden partition ; e. g. a
planked wall of or in a house, or merely a means of separation between cattle. According
to Ihre, Gudmund Andr. remarks that Icel. hdUtr signifies not only the ridge left in plough-
ing, but any low ridge. Sw. D. haUca, bblka, is to miss certain ridges or strips in ploughing ;
baikt a beam, a wooden partition, a strip in a ploughed field left untouched by the plough.
Pr, Pm, * Baikt, trabs ; balkt, of a lond eryd. Porea*

* With his own hand he made them laddirs thre
To dimbin by the ronges, and by the stalkes
Into the tubbis hanging by the baliti ;'

of the roof namely : MiUer^i TaU, p. 28.

See Hay-bauks, and cf. * The owle all neght aboue the balkis wonde.'

Legmdi 0/ Pbihmeia, ^, ZS4'
* He can well in myne e3rin sene a stalk.
But in his own he can nought sene a balk,* Rev9*i ProiogM, p. 30.

For the second sense, comp. —

* Primus Pastor, To my shepe wylle I stalk and herkjm anone,

Ther abyde on a balk, or sytt on a stone

Full soyne.* Towml, Myst. p. 99.

Ball, sb. I. Of the hand, the palm. 2. Of the foot, the sole.

Dan. bald*, ball of the hand or foot, as baldt i baanden, bald* vtukrjodm ; Sw. D. band"
ball, palm of the hand ; /otball otfoitbaU, planta pedis, sole of the foot ; Gtxm, fuss^MiUm,
Comp. Lat. vela,

* About t' bigness o* t* baU o* my hand.'

Bally-bleezOy sb. A bonfire.

A. S. bdH-blcUt, bal-blisi, the blaze of a funeral pile. The Scand. languages and dialects

gVe equivalents for both the parts of this compound word; thus O.N. bdl and Mosst;
. Sw. bSl and bloss; Dan. baal and blusser; but they are not met with in the same con-
junction. Sw. D. 6^, * or the more usual form ojferbSl, denotes a pile of boughs, stones,
and other materials of every description, thrown up by means of the contributions of passing
wayfarers on the place where a human being has lost his life ; the object of the contri-
butors being by this means to bind the spirit (ait binda gasttn) and render it harmless
^oad se,* Rietz. To this Mr. Hylten Cavallius, Wartnd ocb Wirdamt, p. 161, adds that
the piles thus formed are firom time to time burnt, and that such burning is expressed by
the words att brdnna b&l, and that even as late as 1828 divers prohibitions are met with as
issued by the authorities against such bait-btiming. The Dan. Dial, gives the vb. baaU, to
make a blaze, or a great blazing fire ; the connection of idea with Dan. baal, a funeral pile,
or pyre, being evident enough. What the blaze of the funeral pile, or M/, must have been
may be easily conceived by any one who has ever seen the opening of a tumulus containing

CLEVELAND DIALECT, ^^

an interment after burning. The writer has met with many urns in which the remains of
die human body were reduced to two or three handfuls of crumbling bones ; and in some
cases incredible quantities of charcoal still in close company. Again, in Flat. I. 355, Bryn-
hilldr is described as first slaying her seven thralls and her five maids, then stabbing herself,
and ordering herself, still living, to be carted away together with the twelve dead bodies to
the funeral pile {til hah) to be burnt : * And so it came to pass that there was one hal for
her and one for her husband Sigurdr.' But imagine the pile required for consuming thirteen
human bodies to ashes. It need scarcely be added that any assumption of an etymological
connection between the name Baal and this word Bally-bleeze must be groundless. Even
in the Gaelic form baltein, while iein is equivalent to our Bleeze, Dan. blysset Sw. Idoss, &c.,
I doubt if bill be radically distinct from E. bale, Sw. 6^, &c. In other words, I do not for
a moment suppose that ihe worship of Baal, any more than that of Balder, or Apollo, or
Pbcebus, considered as persons with distinct ethnic names, was intended in these baU-ftrti,
It was the worship of the Sun-god simply, and his name not even hinted at in that of the
fire-rites involved.

• Firste to brenne the body

In a hale of fiir.

And S3rthen the sely soul slen.

And senden hyre to helle.* P, Plougbm. Creed, 1329.

Balm-bowl, bawm-bowl, sb. An urinal, chamber-pot

Only a cant term, probably. There is a Teut. word harme, with a signification which
would probably include urine ; and if the word is really an old word, that is its probable
derivation. Hald. also gives hamhur, a vessel of corresponding form, a bowl or pot.

Balragy ballyrag, bullyrag, vb. To abuse violently ; to pour foul
or savage words and epithets on ; to banter contemptuously and angrily.
Also spelt balarag, bfdlerag, bullirag.

There can be little doubt of the essential identity of our word with bully-rook,

* Host. What says my bully-rook? Speak scholarly and wisely.' M, Wives o/W. L 3.
Wedgw. connects bully-rook or -rock, * a hectoring, noisy fellow,' with PI. D. buller-hrook,

buUer-jaan, huller-hak; and these words, together wi^ £. bully, he links with Dut.
bolderen, bulderen, verbulderen, to bully with loud menaces ; O. poltem, Sw. huUer, noise,
outcry ; buUer-bas, a blusterer.

Baiter, v. n. (pr. bauter). To trample or tread heavily or clownishly.

The connection of this word is not very evident. On one side we have Germ, poltem,
to beat, thump, strike heavily or noisily; Sw. hulta; Lat. pultare; with which may possibly
be classed Sw. D. bullta, to drive a roUer ; buUtklabb, a bittle, battledoor. On the other,
Sc. paut, Sw. D. pallta, to hobble, to walk with faltering, uneven steps ; pjaUta, id. ; and
possibly our own paddle, with all the class of words it introduces.

BalHomm, sb. Riotous proceedings; the boisterous merry-making
which often accompanies a bonfire.

* They played the very baltiorum.* IVb. GL

I do not find this word printed anywhere except in Wb. Gl, ; nor is its alleged resem*
blance to Beltane in Jam. very suggestive of any reference to the customs described under
that word.

E 2

28 GLOSSARY OF THE

Bam, V. a. i. To put a joke or trick upon one. 2. To take in
or delude.

Br. bamem, to bewitch, cheat.

Baniy sb. i. A deception. 2. A trick, or imposition.

1. * " It 's all a bam;" all a deception, or take in.' IVb, Gl,

2. * ** Thae V putten a ham on him ;" played him a trick or ** made a fool" of him.' 76.

Bamseyy sb. A fat, red-faced female. Wh, Gl,

Cf. Sw. D. bdmmb&, a stout bulky woman ; Swab. hamM, bampd, bompd, a stout slut
of a woman.

Ban, V. n. To curse, blaspheme.

Pr. Pm. * Barmyn, or war3ryn. Impreeor, maledico, exicror,*

O. N. and O. Sw. banna, to interdict, to denounce by ecclesiastical authority. But O. Sw.
bannas was applied to such as made use of wicked imprecations in their talk. Ihre. The
same author also quotes O. N. bannaz and Belg. barmen in the same sense.

* " He banned till all was blue ;" gave loose to furious imprecations.' Wb, GL

* Primus Pasior For this trespas.

We wille nawther ban ne flyte,

Fyght nor chjrte.' Toumel, Mysi. p. 115.

Baiiy sb. A curse.

O. Sw. bann or ban; O. N. bann; A. S. ban; Dan. band. The meaning of the O.Sw.
and O. N. words seems to have been to interdict, or prohibit. The primitive meaning of
the O. E. or A. S. word seems to have been to summons the army. Wedgw. Thence was
derived the sense of exclusion from the privileges of religion ; and from this the meaning
which our present word still bears. And it is worthy of note that, inasmuch as there was
a formal publication of the summons, or prohibition, or interdict, the word bann came to be
applied to other formal proclamations ; as, e.g. that of the purpose of marriage between any
two contracting parties : whence the phrase, ' banns of marriage.'

Band, sb. i. Small string or twine. 2. A rope of small or moderate
size. 3. The ligature of a sheaf of corn. 4. Thin straw rope twisted by
hand, employed^ to secure the thatch of stacks, &c.

0. N. band seems to have had a sense almost exactly coincident with our first ; viz.
thread, small ties whether of wool, linen or other material. The ordinary sense of O. N.
and O. Sw. band was simply (from binda, to bind ; pret. band) something bound, that is,
applied in binding ; a ligature, fillet, surgical bandage ; and thence the other meaning just
noted.

1 . * Such and such a thing is not worth a band's end ;' i. e. it is valueless.

1. * ** There 's a band for thee ;" there 's a rope : go and hang yourself.' Wb. Gl.

Band-maker, sb. i. A twine-spinner or rope-maker. 2. The per-
son, usually a lad, who makes the Bands for tying up the sheaves of the
newly-cut com.

The operation of Band-makintf is performed by twisting lightly together, at the ear end,
two handfuls of the long corn ; and the Band, so made, is carefully laid on the ground so as

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 2^

not to untwist before the substance of the sheaf is laid upon it. Comp. Dan. baandt, to
twist straw rope for binding sheaves.

Bands, sb. Hinges.

* A pair o' bands ;* a couple of hinges. Wb. Gl.
Cf. O. N. kroka-par^ par fibularum.

' David. For of this prynce thus ere I saide ;
I saide that he shuld breke
Youre barres and bandes by name.

And of youre warkes take wreke.* Toumtl. Mysi. p. 248.
' Et solvit Ricardo Smyth pro davis, bandU et crowkis pro tenementis in Elvett.' Pr.
Fineb. p. ccclx.

Bandster, sb. The person who binds the sheaf laid upon the Band,
as described under Band-maker, by the Gatherer, usually a woman,
who follows the mower with a light four-toothed rake to collect the com
into masses sufficient to form each a sheaf.

Bank, sb. i. The steep hill-side running up to the moor-edge.
2. Any hill-side. 3. A road nmning up a hill-side.

A. S. 6anc, and O. Sw. bcenkf the idea implied in each word being, according to Ihre, of
a thing which rises from or above the ordinary level. Sw. D. bank^ meaning a cloud-bank
or fog-bank, must be collated with N. bahl^t, O. N. bakhi, with the same signification.
And these forms are coincident with Sw. backt, a hill, hill-side. The phrase en brant baekt,
a steep hill, is one of continual occurrence, and answers with the closest correspondence to
our own a brant bank. We may observe that like as bane^ b<znk, backe vary in form
only by the presence or absence of n, so the Sw. adj. brant differs from O. N. brattr, but
no furtiier.

I. * " Have you seen my brother, Josey?" *' Aye, Ah seed him gannan' alang t' bank~
tUU an' oop til t' moor nae lang tahm syne." '

a. ' A brant bank;* a steep hill.

Cf. ' And up that bank that was so sUire.' Percy's Fol. MS. I. 244.

3. ' T' bank 's desput sleeap wiv ice, t' moom ;' the road is in a very slippery condition
with ice.

Banky, adj. i. As applied to land; steep, lying on the hill-side.
2. As appUed to a road ; hilly, abounding in steep places.

1. * Aye, he *s getten t' farm nane sae dear : but there 's a vast o' banky land iv it.'

2. ' T' rooad to Wliitby 's sair an' banky:

Bar^ adj. Bare.

• Primus Tortor. To bett his body bar

I haste, witfaoutten hoyne.' Townel. Myst. p. 206.
' Nobbut t' bar walls ; that 's a' he 's getten ;' of a man who had had a house left him, but
everything else bequeathed some other way.

Barfaniy barfan, sb. A horse-collar. See Bumble-barflm.

The derivation of this must have seemed as uncertain as its orthography. It is written
bar/am, bar/bame, barribantt barson, barkbam, barkbaanii braffam, braugbam^ baurgbam,
baurgbwany brecbam, brecbem. Jam. says ' Gael. Ir. braigb, the neck ; whence braigb

30 GLOSSARy OF THE

aidain, a collar. The last syllable has more resemblance to Tcut. bamme, a collar.' The
last sentence shews he is not satisfied with the suggested derivation : and no wonder.
Brockett gives, 'Barkbantf a horse's collar, formerly made of bark ;' the derivation hinted at
being, however, even less satisfactory than the Gaelic one. Under homes or beams, Mr.
Wedgwood gives what is, beyond doubt, the true origin of the word : ' The stuffing of hay
or straw by which the hames were prevented from galling the shoulden of the horse was
called bamberwe, or betnaborougb, a coarse horse-collar made of reed or straw ; from berwe
or borougbf shelter, protection against the hames. The same dements in the opposite order
may be recognised in Prov. E. baurgbwoHf hrauebin, a collar for a horse, made of old stock-
ings stuffed with straw (Grose) ; and in Sc. brtebame. " The straw breebame is now sup-
planted by the leather collar." Jam.' Our BarfiEUi or Barfiiunt allowing for the g or gb
concealed under / presents the true word only slightly disguised : hargb-{p)am\ Comp*
the Pr, Pm. forms; berwbam, berubam; and bargbeame in Caibol, Angl,

Bargh, bamghy baurgh, sb. (pr. barf). A hill, usually one forming
a low ridge by itself; as Lang-barugh in Cleveland.

O. Sw. berg; O.N. berg, biarg; Dan. b;<Brg; O. H.G. berf; M. G. bairg; A.S. beorg,
beorb. The word barf (JLineolns, Gl.) is merely the phonetic way of spelling Bargh or
Baorgh, and the closest analogy is foimd in the Clevel. Pr. of ibrougb, ibougb, phugb, &c. :
namely, tbruff, ibof, pieeaf or j^euf, Comp. O. N. pldgr, plough ; pUgjam, coulter, with
Dan. piov, fdotjem, coulter ; Clevel. pUuf, pleufin'-aim ; for a parallel softening of the gut-
tural. Ijangbaurgh is written in Domesday and other andent documents Langeberg;
and so of other places now known as Barugh or Baiirgh.

Baorgniesty sb. An apparition in the form of some animal, most fre-
quently a large shaggy dog, but always characterised by large saucer eyes
and a terrible shriek or roar.

Correctly, no doubt, this word should be bier-gbosi; Germ, babr, geist; Dan. baare,
geist. Scott's Minstrdsy I, cix. note. Several other derivations have been proposed, all
more or less absurd ; but Sir Walter's, besides falling in with the still conmionly recdved
notion — once, I bdieve, universal — that the Barg^est is, in its proper office, a harbinger of
death, at once suggests a comparison with the Sw. ktrke-grim, Dan. kirhe'Varsel or kirhe^
vare. See Montbly Packet, xxix. 247. It was the custom, in the countries referred to, for
the workmen engaged in building a church to take the first living creature which crossed
their path on the day the work was to be completed, and build it in alive in the wall. It
became afterwards the office of this animal to give warning of approaching deatii to the
people of the township it bdonged to. Thus, animal forms of many kinds belonged to
the several hirke-grims of a district ; and similarly, in Yorkshire we hear of Barguasta in
the form of a mastiff, a pig, a large donkey, a calf, &c. Other names for the Bargaeat
are padfoot (East Yorkshire and Leeds); gytrash (Leeds); skriker, trash (Lancashire;
Choice Notes, p. 23), shuck, &c.

Barkened, adj. Coated or crusted over with dirt; or with anything
calculated to form a dry superficial coating.

S. Jutl. borhen, a scab, or crust forming over a sore.

* T' puir bairn's heead an* feeace an' airms an a' wur fairly barkened ower wi* dry muck.*

Barley-bairn, sb. A child bom too soon after the wedding of the
parents.

So called, it is said, because the barley-crop comes forward sooner than other com.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 3I

Wb. Gl. See Barley-orop. But the explanation is unsatisfactory. There is a word
commonly used in the North, quoted by Brock., Hall., and Jam., and current also in
Lancashire, with the sense, to bespeak, put in a claim. The word referred to is barley ;
and its special sense would give a significance to Barley-bairn not alien to the Northern
genius ; that is to say, a haim already bespoke before the formal rites of marriage.

Barley-cropy sb. Not quite synonymous with Barley-baim, inas-
much as it is applied rather to the fact of the too early birth than to the
child bom. Thus : —

* So and so 's getten a barley-crop, then ;' in reference to the circumstance that his wife
has getten her bed within too short a time after marriage.

Barmy sb. Yeast.

O.Sw. berma; DaiL barme; A.S. beorma; Dut. barm.

Barren^ sb. The external part of a cow's sexual organs ; the ' shape.'
HalL extends the meaning further and makes it the ' vagina of an ani-
mal :' but I think mistakenly. The cow seems to be the only animal to
which the word is applicable.

Sw. D. barane, a cow's sexual parts ; other forms being bdranne, bdme, bare, Dan. D.
barend, barild; Old D. barand<St bcerande, Cf. Germ bdrmuUer, Dut. baarmoeder. The
word is closely connected with O. N. bera, O. Sw. bora, &c., to give birth to. Comp. N.
bara^ to calve ; bera being also specially applied to the parturition of a cow, and Sw. bam'-
ing meaning the act of calving. Ihre remarks that the modem use of b^era is restricted to
cows simply ; /ola being applied to mares, lamma to sheep, bwalpa to the dog tribe, hisda
to cats, and yngla to other animals. The spirit of this restriction of course gives its peculiar
sense to the word Barren, as the part so much concerned in the act of calving.

BarroWy sb. The flannel in which a newly-born infant is received
from the hands of the accoucheiu'.

* When Sir Ameloun was worn out with leprosy, and reduced to " tvelf pans of catel"
(ltd, in money) the faithful Amoraunt expended that little sum in the purchase of a
barowe, therein to carry the Knight about. A. S. berewe, veetula :* Note to Barowe,
Pr. Pm, The barowe in question was a vehicle of some sort, of course ; but the funda-
mental idea is the same in its name and in our Barrow; that in which one is borne.

Base, adj. Of indifferent character or behaviour. See Mean*

Bass, bast, sb. i. Matting; originally, no doubt, confined to that
made of the inner bark of the linden-tree, but now inclusive of other
materials, as straw, large rushes, &c. 2. A hassock or cushion to kneel
upon; again from the common material employed in their structure.
3. A limp or flexible basket, of like material, used by joiners &c. to carry
dieir tools in.

O. N. bait; O. Sw. b^tst; Dan. bast; A. S. frees/; N. S. and Oerm. beat.
■ 2. * A knee-fross.'
3. • A tool-fross.'

3« GLOSSARy OF THE

Bat, sb. A blow, a stroke, stricken whether in labour, strife, or
anger.

This word is at least related to O. Sw. badda, to strike, if not directly derived from it.
It might be due to a disused pret. of a verb corresponding to, if not coincident with, A. S.
beatoHt like the old pret. bet, of £. betUf which is still in conmion prov. use. Comp.
A. S. and Old E. bat, a club, which remains to us in the restricted sense of an instrument
for striking a ball; ^/I's, «= staves, Matt. xxvi. 47, Wydif's Verdon,

' Drop it : or Ah 11 gie the' tha' bats;* leave of, or 1 11 give you a thrashing.

' Ah hevn*t strucken a bai sen Marti'mas ;' I have not done any work since Martinmas.

' *' Puir tyke I 't gets mair bats an bites ;" more blows than victuals.' Wb. GL

' Tak' heed ! mebbe he '11 tak' it a bat;* he will strike at it

Batch, sb. A set, or association, of people, namely.

Instead of being appropriated in Clevel. to peers and baronets, this word is used, some-
what disparagingly, to group together any clique or set of associates, of not the best possible
repute, perhaps. Comp. Sw. D. bakster, the entire quantity l>aked at once.

Bate, pret of bite, vb.

Comp. Chaucer's pret. bote,

* God for his menace him so sore hath smote
With wounds invisible, incurable.
That in his guttis carfid so and (olf ,

That his peynis werin importable.' Monh^s Talt, i. 624.

Bath, V. a. (pr. as sb. bath), i. To apply hot water in the way of
fomentation. 2. To wash children all over.

Comp. Sw. badda, to foment ; Sw. D. bdda, to soften by means of heat ; Dan. badi, to
foment.

I. ' Ah batb'd him wi* yett watter, an' laid yett chissel tiv 'm, bud he niwer gat nae ease
while moom.'

• " How often 's your bairns batb'df" " Three times i' t' week. How often 's youm ?"
" Iwery nceght." '

Battel-door, sb. (pr. battle-deear). One portion of the former substi-
tute for the mangle, not yet fallen into entire disuse: called also the
Bittle. The other portion is called the Pin, or the BoUing-pin, and
in shape and dimensions very much resembles the roller of a small
mangle.

The Battel-door is a heavy piece of wood, with a handle, like that of a cricket-bat, at
one end, flat on both sides and about four to five inches wide. The linen to be operated
upon is wound round the pin and then rolled backwards and forwards on a linen-board
under the Battel-door, subjected to whatever amount of pressure the laundress is able or
disposed to put upon it. The process is not unaccompanied with noise from the clapping
of the wood upon wood, or upon the linen rolled on the wooden pin, and it is this clapping
noise that is, at least in part, implied in the various local legends touching Fairy linen-wash-
ing. At least in part — for it must not be overlooked that beating formed an important
portion of the lavatory proceedings in days gone by, at least in England. Note the descrip-
tion in P. Ploughman^ vol. ii. p. 506.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 33

' And whan he is wery of that werk
Than wole he som tyme
Labouren in lavendrye,

And pakken hem (the matters to be washed) togideres,
And bonken hem at his brest,

And hetm bem elen§

And leggen on long.
And with warm water at hise eighen
Wasshen hem after/

With this comp. Pr, Pm, • Btttyl dourt, or wasshynge bctylle ;' the note to which is,
' Batykhrt, betyll to bete clothes with.' Palsgr. Fereiorium is explained in the Medulla to
be ** imstrunufUum cum quo mtdUrts vtrberant vesturas in lavando, a battyng stalTe, or a
bctyU."'

Batten, sb. A sheaf or bundle composed of the straw of two sheaves
of com bound together in one.

I connect this word immediately with bait^ the pret. of O. N. binda, to bind. Comp.
N. D. btmd, a bundle ; N. binda, forming its pret. in bani or band.

Batten, sb. A spar of wood, of indefinite length, five or six inches
in breadth, and two or three in thickness.

Closely connected with baton, batoon, and with bai, a club : ' Lo, Judas, oon of the
twelve, and with hym cam a grete cumpanye with swerdis and baitis ;* A. S. bati. * From
bai, in the sense of a rod : perhaps first used adjectivally, bat-en, made of bats ; as wood-en,
made of wood.' Wedgw.

Batter, v. a. i. To beat. 2. To pelt with stones.

These are merely modifications of the meaning of £. batter,

I. ' T' aud chap 's getten hissen sair battered aboot t' feeace.'

a. * T' bairns wer battering t' aud deeam's deear wi' cobble-stanes.'

Batter, v. n. i. To grow thinner from the base upwards as a wall
does, or a railway embankment, the sides of which slope more away
from the perpendicular as they rise in height. 2. To slope inwards or
recede from the perpendicular.

This word might seem to admit of comparison with O. N. beittr, having a sharp edge,
like a knife, the sides of which are oblique or slope inwards or towards the edge ; especia^y
as the word is a participial from the vb. beita, and employed to designate the oblique or
sloping course, relatively to the wind, which a vessel has to make in working up against
the wind on the bow. There is, however, no countenance in the general application of the
word for such a notion, and it is scarcely open to doubt that our batter depends rather on
bate or abate, to diminish, to lessen. Comp. Sp. batir, to beat, beat down, lessen, remit,
abate.

1. ' The wall batten one foot in six ;' it is a foot thinner at six feet high than at the
bottom.

2. ' It batters o' baith sides ;* it slopes inwards on both sides.

Batter, sb. A sloping backwards or inwards; a recession from the

p

34 GLOSSARy OF THE

perpendicular ; applied in case of a stone or brick wall, the sbping side
of a railway embankment, &c.

* T' wall has a vast o' batter;* is much thinner at top than at bottom.

BatterfiEUiged, adj. Beaten and scratched, as one may at least
expect to be in a battle in which a woman is engaged.

Batterfanging, sb. The consequences, in the sliape of combined
blows and scratches, which await the champion who engages a female
combatant in battle.

Bauoh, adj. (pr. bauf or bofe). Lively, saucy ; of a little boy, and
not in an ofifensive sense ; lusty.

This is a perplexing word. All analogy leads to identifying it with Sc. bdueb or baugb,
but the sense is diametrically opposite. Comp. Wb. Gl, instance —

* " A braye, bauf lad ;" a fine, stout boy,' with

* Without esute
A youth though sprung from King's looks baugb and blate ;'

or ' Beauty but bounty's but baucb/ both quoted by Mr. Wedgw., under Bcffie^ and the
contrast appears forcibly enough. Probably bof^ nequam, quoted by Ihre, as well as Icel.
bdfiy is the same word, and if his supposition that the word originally meant a small boy,
and then a servant, and lastly a scamp, be correct, it may give some clue to the connection
of the CI sense. Or it may be an instance of application analogous to that of rogue, and
even scamp, rascal, &c. to a lively pet child ; as in * you little rogue,' &c.

Beacon, sb. A name applied to the highest hill on the Danby North
Moors, and of remote imposition.

A. S. beaeen, beacn, becen, a sign, token. * Cmorisst yflo and drg soeetts becon : and birt
ne bilS nan becon gesald, buta Jones becon ^<u wiigo ;' literally, a generation evil and arf
seeks a sign, and to it there be no sign given be-out Jonah's sign the prophet. The beacon-
fire was lighted as a token or sign, of an attack or invasion, suppose ; and thence the word
became applied to the fire itself, or that which contained or supported the fire, Cf. Pr, Pm,
*Beekne, or fyrebome. Far, Pbarus.* • Danby Beacon' — in Danby itself, • T* Beacon' — %
Celtic tumulus of large dimensions originally : and it is quite possible that it may have been
the site of sacrificial fires (see Bally-bleose) long ages before it received the Saxon epithet
beacon.

Bead-houBe, bede-house, sb. (pr. bead-'us). An almshouse. See
Beadsman.

Beadsman, bedeman, bedesman, sb. ' A man whose business it is
to pray for another.' Johnson. The inmate of a bead-house.

Pr. Pm. * Bedman. Orator, supplicator, exorator.' A. S. biddan (pret. bced, to pray) ;
O. N. beidi; O. Sw. bedja. * The designation,' says Jam., ' has originated from some rdigious
foundation, in times of popery, according to which a certain number of individuals received
a stated donation, on condition of offering up prayers for the living.' It may be observed
that A. S. bead is a prayer. Hence the common meaning of the word bead; ' because one
was dropped down the string every time a prayer was prayed, and by this means was marked
the number of times it had been prayed.' Tooke.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 35

* This carpenter teide his devotion
And still he sett, and biditb his prayere,
Awaiting on the raine.' Millar's Talt, p. 28.

In the following passage the mention is of six thanes * reduced in their circumstances' by
the Saxon conquests : —

• No raccheo'S heo to borde : Nor reach they to table

buten brxd ane. But bread alone ;

no to heore drencches ; Nor to their drink,

but water scenches. But water draughts.

\>u$ heo leodefS heore lif : Thus they lead their life

inne )>ine leodp. Among thy people

& heore beoden hidd^* And their heads bid.
Lay, II. 404.

• To ihesn M hedt a bed*.* Assumpcio B, Mart. E, E. T. 8, p. 99.

* Scheome ich telle uorte beon euer her itold unwurO, and beggen ase on harbt, )if hit
neod is, his liueneV, and beon o9res beodemon^ ase je beo9, leoue sustren ;' Ancr, RhuUf
p. 356 : shame I reckon (it) for to be ever here reckoned unworth, and (to) beg as a harlot,
if it need be, one's living, and (to) be others' beadnuxn, as ye be, dear sisters.

Beadswoman, bedeswoman, bead-'us-wife. The same as Beada<-
man, sex being altered: or, more strictly, the female inmate of a
Bead-'us, or alms-house.

Pr. Pm, * Bedewoman, Oratrix, suppiicatrix.'

Beaker, sb. A large glass or tumbler standing on a stem and foot
like those of a wine-glass ; an old-fashioned tumbler or beer-glass.

Pr, Pm, * Byker, cuppe. Cimbium,* O.N. bikar; Sw. bdgare; Sw. D. b«kar§; Dan,
hager, a cup, goblet, chalice ; Germ, beeher ; Dut. bektr,

Beal, V. n. i. To bellow, to low as a cow. 2. To raise the voice
above its usual pitch, as in singing, &c«

Pr, Pm, * Bellyn, or lowyn as nette. Mugio* O. N. belia^ baula ; O. Sw. baHa, bdla ;
Sw,bdla; "S, baula, belja; Germ, bellen ; A. S, bellan ; Dan. D. 6<e^. Sw,D, hzs belja,
bdlja, bolja^ baula, to cry at the full pitch of the voice as a child does ; as well as to
bellow.

1. * What gars yon coo beeal sikan a gait ?'

2, * She wares maist ov her tahm i' btealin' an' singin';' she spends most of her time in
squalling and singing.

Bear, bere, sb. A variety of barley, otherwise called Bigg.

A. S. here, barley ; N. Fris. berre, bdr, bar ; M. G. baris ; O. N. barr, com ; Sw. D. bar,
com, com intended to be ground. Of E. barley Mr. Wedgw. says, it * seems derived from
W. barllys, which might be explained, bread-plant, from bora, bread, and llys, a plant.'

Beared, pret. of Bear.

Beast, sb. An individual animal of the ox kind. The plural of this
word is Beeas or Beas ; applied to cows or fatting stock collectively.

F 2

36 OLOSSARY OF THE

BeastlingSy beeslings, sb. (pr. bizlin's). The first milk drawn from
a cow after csdving.

A. S. 6«)W, bysting, Englished in Bosw. by • bicstings/ Pr, Pm. * Beestnynge, CoUm-
trum* In Leeds cH. the word beest appears, as well as beestings. Hall, also gives heeti as
in proT. use, and Brock, quotes Dut. biest. Possibly beesi and beestings are due to an A. S.
origin, and bislings, beeslings to a Scand. form. And it is observable that a word biding is
given by Ihre, and is conjecturally referred by him to the word beta, pascere.

Beastling-, beesUng-pudding, sb. The pudding to the composition
of which the Bisslings are applied, and for which concoction, regarded
as a great delicacy, the milk in question is much prized.

The usual custom is to portion the Beastlings out among such of his neighbours as the
owner of the cow wishes to shew a little kindly attention to. But, in the great majority
of cases, the jug or other vessel containing the present is scrupulously returned unwashed.
Not a few persons in this district, and in S. Lincolnshire also, send with the present a
special direction that the containing vessel be not washed out, as otherwise, beiides the
general reason, * it is unlucky,* the particular unluck of the newly-born calf's death would be
sure to befal.

Beb, V. n. To drink, in small quantities, but for a lengthened time ;
to soak.

Comp. E. bib, bibber, and A. S. bebr, a cup.

' He wad sit bebbing an' soaking fra moom an' while neeght.' Wb, OL

Book, sb. The general name for a stream of running water.

O. N. beckr ; O. Sw. back ; Dan bah ; N. bekh ; A. S. bece ; Germ, btich ; Dut. beek, 8cc.
* Fryup Beck,' ' Goathland Beck,' &c. The Esk, after it has received Commondale
Beck, Danby Beck, and two or three other and smaller streams, is called * T* Gret Beck.'

Beok-stanes, sb. Stepping-stones, by means of which the foot pas-
senger may, in the absence of a bridge, cross the beck dryshod.

Beolamed, adj. Smeared over with dirt or mud or any equivalent of
'dirt;' dirtied, bemired.

Comp. A. S. becltemed, ghied to or together, plastered over. Cf. O. N. ttmmi. See
Clame.

Beolarted, adj. Bemired, smeared over with dirt, smirched. See
Clarty, Clart.

BedflEUrt;, adj. i. Confined to one's bed by chronic ailment or in-
firmity ; bedridden. 2. Confined to one's bed by sickness, or for a time
only.

We have also the word hoiue-fast, sometimes, though rarely, varied by hom^-fMi.
I do not think these compounds are analogous to the A. S. compounds with fdsi, * denoting
fast, very, perfectly, effectually ; as aw-fast, fast in the law, firm, religious ; tot^/eest, fast
in truth, true, just; stafSol-fast, of a firm foundation, stable, firm.' Bosw. The id^ is
rather of being fixed or fastened in or to a place, as in the Sw. Dial, word fast and our own
fasi (sec Fast), both of which signify not only incapable of further action {bindrad <Ui g9ra

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 37

hfod man or anmodad om : preyented from doing that whidi one hat a mind to do) ; but
also nnable to leaye one's place of stay or residence {bindrad att Umna sUt bem ; som d
kan komma bitnifrdn). Comp. our weatherfast, and with it Sw. D. bof'/ast, detained by
want of a fitvonrable wind ; and Sw. and Dzn. jord-fast, fast or fixed in the earth, of large
stones ; almost equivalent to our Moor-stone. The A. S. equivalent to our word is btd^rida^
bidd-ndda, btdd-reda, whence E. bedridden : in Pr, Pm. bedertd-man, bedlawer.

Bed-happings, sb. Bed-clothes ; sheets, blankets, and coverlet See
Hap, Happings.

Bed-stooks, sb. The bedstead proper, exclusive of the accompani-
ment of sacking, Sec, by aid of which it becomes capable of supporting
the bed.

O. N. ttoekr, O. Sw. stoci, both signify bedstead, or rather, bed-frame. Whether bed is
a quite modem prefix, or merely presents an analogy to such compounds as O. Sw. bugg^
tioeh^ a chopping-block, is not perfectly apparent, although Sw. sdng'Stock, O. Sw. stenga-
thikkr present &e strictest analogy to Bedstodk : on the other luind, Sc. stock coincides
with S<and. Uockr, The original meaning of stokker or stukkir was a beam pointed at the
ends. Rietz.

' He 'ad getten his legs ower t' bedstoeh. But he cou'd nowther gan ner stand ; an' afore
Ah could win tiv 'im he 'ad tunmiled his lang-length o' t' fleear.'

In one of the Witchcraft cases in Fork CasSg Depositions, p. 65, the word bedsioupi
occurs : and in the Glossary, the bedstoope is defined as * one of the principal timbers in a
bed that runs into the posts or stocks. The thin laths or spars that ran across the bed from
one stoop to another were called bedstauts.* I think this is written mistakenly : the stoops
are the posts, the stocks the timbers running into the stoops. What the inference may be
which arises from the original difference in meaning between £. bedstead and Clevel. Bed-
stooks, Scand. stock, I must here leave undiscussed.

Beeagle, sb. An oddly or grotesquely dressed figure ; ' a fright,' as
used of a person ill-dressed and in bad taste : also ' a guy,' * a scare-
crow.'

I think this word, which occurs in the Leeds Gl., written beagle, and in Wb. 01., written
as above, is merely bogle or bogUl, with the Clevel. pm. of long o— as in steean for stone,
beeam for borne. See.; and that the sense is merely an accommodation from that of Tlay*
boggle See Bogs^, Boggart.

* A bonny beeagle;* equivalent to * What a guy I' Wb. Ol.

Beeas, beas, sb. The collective plural of Beast.

Bee-bee. A word in continual use among such as have charge of
very young children, and applied when the latter are apparently sleepy,
or when it is time for them to be put to sleep. * Baby go bee-bee now;'
or, * Poor baby wants to go bee-bee.'

Hald. gives bi-bi, the soothing voice of nurses when lulling their little charges.

Bee-bike, sb. See Bike.

Beeld, sb. i. A shelter; or, rather, anything which affords a shelter
from the wind, or from inclement weather. 2. Hence a shed, a hovel.

38 OLOSSARy OF THE

or a mere stone wall, or walls, though without roof. Also spelt Bield;
Beild.

The derivation of this word is, like its orthography, uncertain. O. N. 6«/f and bdl
both signify the den of, or cave inhabited by, wild beasts ; and the former means also the
haunt or abode of lawless men. O. Sw. boU has a yery similar application, besides the
word bol, which, in either tongue, signifies a dwelling, a homestead.

2 I. ' Ay, it *% a gay good bield when t' wind blaws fell ;' said of a yery large and bushy
holly growing in the fence of a field.

1. * ** A bit of a bield in a field neuk ;" a hovel or cattle-shed, in a field comer.' Wh. Ol,

Bee-8kep, sb. A bee-hive. See Skep.

Bee-suoken, adj. Quoted in Wh, GL from Marshall's Yorkshire^
where it is defined as ' cancerous, black and turgid ;' applied to the bark
of the ash.

A curious word and worthy of preservation. Possibly the derivation may be obvious.
' Natural history teaches,* says Grimm, * that swarms of bees settle on the sweet sap of
the ash, and the Edda declares that a dew drips from the holy ash Yggdrasil, whidi is
called honeydew, and supplies nutriment to the bees.' D. M. p. 659. But, recollecting the
familiar fact that the woodpecker specially afiects such trees as would be termed bee-sookeny
and that a name for the woodpecker is bienenwolf, contracted into the A. S. forms beovuff,
beovt beav; Scand. biar^ biaf (See Grimm, D, M. p. 34 a); and the meaning which O. N.
wucka, and sucken in banti'suekent eventually take — ^namely one involving more or less of the
idea of wasting, injuring, ruining, or destoying — it appears at least possible that the deri*
vation of bee-sudken may not be the apparently obvious one. The remark that if a
woodpecker be seen busy about an ash-tree, symptoms of disease will always be found
at the spot or spots visited — ^a remark I have heard made once and again — is, in this con-
nection, noteworthy.

BefondecL Probably the true form of Baffounded in the Wh, GL
See BafiEbundecL

Beggar-staff, sb. Used to imply the state or condition of beggary,
or impoverishment ; a long staff being one of the insignia of the beggar
when beggars were ' an institution.'

* ** They brought him to beggar-staff;** to beggary or ruin.' Wb, OL Compare the
phrase, ' we are brought to begger-ttaffk,* which occurs in the Plympton CorrespoiuUnce^
p. 199. Hall. Frequent reference is made in the Old English ballad poetry, and else-
where, to this customary part of the equipment of the professional beggar. Thus in * Robin
Hood, a Beggar, and the Three Squires,* Bp. Percy's Fclio MS, i. pp. 16, 1 7, we find
Robin Hood exchanging clothes with a beggar, and then, —

* Now Robin he is to Nottingham bound.
With his bags hanging down to his knee,
His staf and his coat, scarce worth a groat.
Yet merrilie passed he.*

And" again : —

' But Robin cast down his baggs of bread,
Soe did he his staffk with a face.'

Begging-poke, sb. The beggar's bag, or scrip, in which to put the

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 39

scraps of food, &c., given him on his rounds. Another of the equip-
ments of the genus Beggar. See Poke.

* " He coomed t' tak' oop wi' t' hegging-pooak ;** was reduced to the condition of begging
his bread from house to house.' Wh, Gl.

Besides the extracts given under Beggar-staff, compare these from p. 14 of the same
volume.

' An old patcht coat the beggar had one, *

Which he daily did use for to wear.
And many a bag about him did wag
Which made Robin Hood to him repair.

• • • • • •

Now a change, a chan^, cri'd Robin Hood,

Thy bags and coat give me,
And this mantle of mine, ile to thee resign,

My horse and my braverie.'

Behalden,belia'den, pcpl. (pr. behodden). Under obligation, indebted.

A. S. bebialdan, p. p. bebealdent to hold to, to incline ; the prefix b€ rather intensifying
the action. Thus ' beholden is holden, bound, obliged.' Rich. The old word Mde is used
in the same sense. Thus— .

' . . . To hym in speciall,
Aboue all other, I am most bolde*

Ffor \t fyrtte (that God made us) es man haldene till hym for to lufe hym with all his
herte.' Rd Pieces, p. 32.

* Terchts MagisUr. Mekylle I thynk that thise prophetys

Are botden to God.' Toumel. Myst, p. 159.

Shakspere, Two Gent, of Verona, iv. 4, uses the word in an active form : —

' She is beholding to thee, gentle youth.'

* Ah 's mickle behodden t' ye. Ah 's seear.'

Cf. Lonsd. misbebodden, unsuitable : of words ; cross, angry.

Behint, adv. Behind. See A hint.

Belantered, adj. Belated, benighted. See Lantered.

Bolder, v.n. i. To bellow, as a bull or cow. 2. To cry or shout
vociferously and continuously. 3. To cry loudly or roar, as a hiut or
cross-tempered child.

Comp. O. N. buldra, to be noisy, to bellow ; Sw. bullra ; Dan. buldre, to roar, bluster,
storm, knock thunderingly ; Sw. buller bas ; Sw. D. buller bokk, buUer httke, a noisy bois-
terous fellow. See also Bolder. Although I quote these words as possibly closely con-
nected with our word, yet with the parallel forms, £. winnow, CI. winder; Sw. bullra,
O. N. btddra; O. N. spinna, Dan. spinde; and the many similar instances in which d takes
the place of the second of two n*s or two /*< ; it is at least equally probable that belder
is simply another form of £. bellow, A. S. bellan. Germ, bellen, O. N. bylia (pret. buldi),
Sw. bdla, &c.

1. * What's thae kye beldering that gate for?'

2. * " What 's yon lad beldering sae for?'* " Wheea, he 's laitin' his broother I" '

3. * Whisht ! baixn, whisht I thoo 's beldering like 's thah leg wur btussen.'

40 GLOSSARY OF THE

Belderment, sb. A loud continuous crying or shouting, such as
may be made by one child crying loudly and purposely, or by a party of
children at their play, and raising their voices altogether, especially in
make-believe crying or singing.

Belike, adv. Possibly, likely, very likely. See Idke.

Belk, V. n. To belch ; to vent wind from the stomach.

Mr. Wedgwood looks upon bdcbf IM, bolk, or bokt as ' doubtless an imitation of the
sound.' See Bolk or Bouk.

' In slewthe then thai syn, Goddes warkes thai not wyrke,
To belk thai begyn and spew that is irke.' Townel. MyU, p. 314.

' I shall opyn my mouth in parables ; I shal hoUte out hid thingus fro makyng of the
world.' Matt. xiii. 35 ; Wyd. Version.

Belk, sb. A belch; a single act of belching

* He bigan Benedidte with a hcXk,
And his brest knokked
And raxed and rored
And rutte at the laste.' P. Plougbm. p. 100.

Bell-houfle. The name of a lonely house in the parish of Danby,
close to the line of the former Causey, which ran across the moors from
below Castleton to Staithes, and which is said to derive its name from
the circumstance that the bells worn by the leading horses in the train
were customarily suspended here during the night halts.

Bell-houfle, sb. The bell-tower, church-tower, belfry.

The A. S. word belMfiis occurs, but it does not seem to have been applied ezclasirdy,
as our present word is ; one meaning given by Bosw. being manuoH.

Belly-timber, sb. Food; a supply of material for the belly or
stomach.

A. S. timbrian is employed in a metaphorical way which is worthy of notice, and gives
point to the accommodation existing in our word — ' to prepare wood for bnilding; to
build with timber or wood ; the first building being probably of wood : hence, generally,
to build, to erect. From this the sense passes to that of building up tbe mind; to instruct,
to edify.' The transition of idea in BeUy-timber is not nearly so startling as in the notion
of mind-timbering, Comp. also the following, FUu. ii. 1 1 *.^ — * Oerdizsi dk auo at/utthmUga
JramkuamduzU ord ok aiquade ^essa goda guds asiuinar Olqft konungs Trygguaaomar
at bans samnafne Olafr Haralldxson upp timbradb ^ soma smide baHagrar truar sem adr
var giftuliga grunduallat ;' and so it came to pass that fully accompluhed was the word
and saying of the good God's fast friend King Olaf Tryggvason, that his namesake Ohf
Haraldsson built up the same fabric (literally, timbered up the same smith-work) of Holy
Faith, of which had the foundation before been happily laid. Comp. also *timbnmg9
touward blisse.' Ancr, Riwle^ p. 124.

Belly-wark, sb. (the a in wark sounded as in lark). The stomach-
ache, colic, gripes. See Wark.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 4I

Belong, V. a. To be the property of, or most closely connected with.
See example, and comp. use of Speak.

* A coat Mtmging Thomas.'

* Wheea 's thae tweea ladies, sa' thee ? Whah t they belongs me — they 's our Janey
and Mally.'

Bent, baint, (pr. beeant). Be not.

* " 'T Uean'i seea ;" it is not $0.* Wb. GL

* Him an' me huan*t no ways kin ;' we are not any relations.

Bent, sb. A kind of short, wiry, dark-coloured grass, which forms the
chief herbage (of the grass kind) of the moors and moor-banks. Cr, GL
mistakenly makes it TriHcum junceum. The word is loosely applied to
any short, harsh, blue-looking grass growing in such places.

* Tfreius Pastor. Bot fulle ylle have I ment,

As I walk on this btni

I may lyghtly repent.' Toumii. Myst. p. 10 1.

* Maria. And alle my brethere dere, that ar on this bent.

Take tent to my taylle tille that I have told
Of my dere son,' &c lb. 303.

Benty, adj. Short, wiry, blue-looking; applied to pasture herbage.

' Nobbut puir benty mess wiv nae natur in it.'

Be-out, prep. Without.

A. S. be^an. Sc. but, is simply the contr. form of our be-out. HalL gives ftou^/s without,
whidi would seem to be merely a corruption of be-out.

The ' Doctor,' in the Clevd. Sword Dance Recitation, says of his * gret gran'mother,' —

' Her said ef her lived t* have nahnty nahn tahms
As mony long years as Methusalahm's, ^

Her'd niwer be be-out a box o' mah pUls.'

' And >eonne )>ouht ich gon awei, uor me luste slepen : and nolde buten leaue :' and
then thought I I would go away, for I longed to sleep; and I would not be-init leave.
Ancr. Riuke, p. 238.

* Nezst flesche ne schal mon werien no linene clo^, bute jif hit beo of herde (See
Hards), and of greate heorden (See Harding). Stamin habbe hwose wule : and hwose
wnl mei beon buten* lb. 418.

Berries, sb. Gooseberries, par excellence.

* Oan an' pick berries, honey ;' go and pick gooseberries, dear. See Blaokberries
and Ourran'-berries.

Berry, v. a. To thrash.

O.N. beria, to strike, to thrash; O. Sw. bma, id.; N. berja, to thrash; O. Dan.
b^ergha ; Sw. D. bargd, to thrash newly-harvested com hastily or carelessly. Rietz collates
A. S. berian, to strike ; O. H. O. perian ; Germ, beren, beeren ; but I do not find the first

O

42 GLOSSARy OF THE

in Bosw., nor the last-named In Hilpert. Comp. Sc. buryt to thrash. The word is
extinct here as to daily use, and only preserved in a couplet connected with the 'Hob'
traditions. See Hamp.

Berth, sb. An abode, fixed residence.

The usage in the following example from Wb, GL is peculiar, and justifies the insertion
of this word : —

' He has nowther bairn nor berth ;* he has neither family nor home ; is a roving bachelor,
with no domestic ties of any kind, even such as are implied in the possession of ' rooms,' or
lodgings. It may also imply friendless and homeless, in a sadder sense.

Besom, sb. (pr. beziun). A broom, whether made of Birk or long.
See Wire-ling.

A. S. besem, besm, bism; Germ., Dut. besem; N. S. bessen,

Pr. Pm, * Besme or besowme, besym. Seopa*

' As fond as a besom ;' absurdly foolish ; apt to commit frequent and absurd mistakes.

Besom-head, sb. One who, besides Fondness, or ordinary folly, has
stupidity in his composition.

Besom-headed, adj. Stupidly foolish.

Bessy-bab, sb. One fond of childish amusements.

Hall, gives this word in the form of Bessy-bad, which is probably an error.

Comp. Southern Molly-coddle ; and * don't be a Bessy,* as said to a perion who inter-
meddles with feminine matters or businesses. The final sjrllable bob is simply babe or baby :
hence the slightly contemptuous meaning of the word in its ordinary usage.

* Deean't be sikan a great bessy-bab ;* to a big boy playing with a little girl's doll. The
Leeds GL gives a further instance of the meaning of the word. The whimperings of a spoilt
child are of the * bessy-bab' order; — ' Coom te thee mammy, then, thou little bet^fbah.
She does nowt bud spoil thuh 1'

Better, adj. The right; as applied in connection with the words
hand, foot.

An exceedingly interesting instance of usage. Comp. A. S. sioHS hand, strong hand, the
right hand, or sun%re band, the stronger hand ; the word swU^re alone sometimes signifying
the right hand. Bosw. Comp. also Dan. hmre, Dan. D. boger, O. N. b^egre, from bagr or
bagr, habilis, easy to use, or handy; Sw. hoger; and not less E. right, straight, direct —
whence the application to the hand which is most directly made use of ;— Mr. Wedgw. sayi,
* which it is right to make use of.' Gamett remarks, * that the phrase right hand was intro-
duced into the Teutonic tongues at a comparatively recent period ; and that there is an
older form than even swi^Sre in Caedmon, viz. teso, which he connects with Sanscr. daksbina ;
Gr. 8c^i<$f, Sf^ircp^f; Lat. dexter; Lith. deszine; Goth, taihswo; O. G. z<so, zeswo;
Ir. and Gael, deas, whence deasil; Welsh deheu ;' in all of which words, probably, the idea of
dexterous, handy originally took precedence of that of right, as applied to hand, foot, Sec,

Bettermy, bettermer, adj. Superior, belonging to a better class.

Bettermy, which is the form in current use, is no doubt a vocal corruption of bettermore^
which, with its similar superlative bettermost, finds an exact parallel in fiirthermore, fitrdter-
most; further beine the reguhr comparative of forth, as better is of good.

* She was nane o your commonality, but quite a bettermy soort o body.'

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 43

Bettennest, adj. Best of two or more ; the best. See BettQpnier.
Bettemess, sb. Amendment or improvement in respect of health.

* As for ma ailment, Ah finds nae hetttmtu in it.' Wh. Ol.

Betottledy betwattLed, adj. Bewildered, confused or confomided^
stupefied.

Comp. Sw. D. hettuitad^ bewildered, coniiised; S. Jutl. betuttet: * Men <b Mn blow diH
hehitttt law ban kom :* but she was sadly astonied when he came. Gam. Danske Minder,
1st Ser. p. ao4. Cf. O. Sw. iwdtta, O.N. \fw<Eita, to talk nonsense, plaj the fool in
speech : collate also Sw. D. betussen, betytta. The word obtains in Cornwall as well as ia
the North ; thus, * betwattled, turned fool ; twatde, to chatter childishly.' Specimens Com.
Prop, Dial. p. (^. I am more inclined to suppose a Celtic than a Teutonic origin of the
word.

"* Ah 's fairly betwatOed and baffounded ;' thoroughly bewildered and confused.' Wb, OL

Beyont, prep. Beyond.

Comp. Ayont ; as also Ahint, parallel with behind.

* They gat fairly beyont him in that matter.' Wb. CH.

Beszle, v. n. To drink inmioderately ; to guzzle.

Of uncertain deriyation. Mr. Wedgwood thinks that it is ' formed from an imitation of
the sound made in greedy eating and drinking. Bezzle was then applied to wasting in
debauchery.'

V. a, I. To bespeak attendance; to invite, a. To offer money*
as a price.

O. N. bidda (pres. byd) ; Sw. bjuda ; O. S. biau\>a ; Sw. D. bjauda ; N. hjoda (pres. byd) ;
Dan. byde ; M. G. biudan ; A. S. beddan ; all to invite, to bid, to offer. G. bieten^ to bid,
offer, tender. O. N. bidda til brvllups^ to bid to a wedding (comp. * Bid to the marriage,*
Matt. xzii. 9 ; the A. S. text having elypia\>, and Wycl. clepe, in the place), is strictly
parallel to our bid to a burying. Comp. S. Jutl. * e bele By er b6den til JErvol :' the
whole town is bidden to the Arval. It may be noted that there is a good deal of the
imperative in the bidding phrase or formula, * You are expected,' or * You are desired to
attend the burying' of so and so. Still, the term is used in the simple sense of inviting; as
' Ah bad him t' tea ;' * Maist pairt o' t' parish wur bidden te t' tea-feast.' Note, besides the
pret. bad or bod, the pcpl. bidden, boden, or bodden ; and, with the example, * Ah'd ten
pund an' a crown bodden me tweea tahms i' t' oppen mark't ,' comp. the S. Jutl. * Eg er
boden fern (five) d&ler;* and also the usage in the following passage from Townel. Myst.

p. 177 •—

' Judas. Sir, a bargain bede I you ;
By it if ye wille.'

Mr. Wedgwood's remark on Bid is : — * Two words are here confounded of distinct form
in the other Teutonic languages : 1. To bid in the obsolete sense of to pray; in this sense
the word is the correlative of Goth, bidjan; A. S. biddan; Germ, bitten; Icel. bidhja,
a. To bid, in the sense of offering, bringing forwards, pressing on one's notice, and conse-
quently ordering or requiring something to be done : Goth, bjudan, in anabjvdan, faur-
bjudan, to command, forbid ; A. S. beodan ; Germ, bieten, to offer ; Dut. bieden.* The two
senses of our vb. both belong, of course, to the verbs of the second class defined in the extract.
For an analogue to those of the other class see Beadman. ^

a

44 OLOSSARY OF THE

Bidden, bodden, boden, pp. of to Bid.

Bidder, sb. The person deputed to * bid to a burying.'

Comp, S. Jutl. bydsven, Funen hydster^ of exactly equivalent meaning. In many or most
cases, in days hardly quite past yet, the parish clerk was the person customarily engaged for
this service : sometimes the sexton, or rather, Dog-whipper. His business was to visit the
neighbours' houses, with scarcely an exception in some instances, and fonnally bespeak their
attendance at the funeral.

Bide, V. a. and n. i. To wait, stay, or tarry. 2. To dwell, have one's
habitation. 3. To bear, endure, put up with.

0. N. Hda (pr. hid), to await, to stay, to be afifected with sorrow, to endure ; O. Sw.
hida ; O. Dan. bide, Dan. hie, to tarry, to await ; M. O. beidan, to look for ; A. S. bidan,
ahidan, gebidan, to abide, tarry, wait

1. * Sit ye doon, an* bide a piece, while Ah gets it.'

* Bide a wee I Ye're gannan ower fast by owght.*

2. * Where does thee bide, noo?' where do you live?

3 * It 's bad to bide;* said of anything very painful or trying to one's fortitude ; ' a thorn
in the flesh,' or bereavement, or things capable of irritating sorely.

* ** He wean't bide crossing ;" won't bear, or put up with, contradiction.' Wb. Oi.

* ** He can still bide a vast, thof he 's bodden a deal in his day ;" he is still strong, though
he has undergone many hardships in his past life.' lb.

Comp. ' ArS 9u setJe tocymende wsbs, otSISflB we otSeres bidas* Nortbumh, Oosp, Matt,
xi. 3.

* Thou shuld have bide til thou were cald ;
Com nar, and other drife or hald.' Townel, Myst. p. 9.

* Tercius Magister, The Holy Gost shalle in h3rr lyght.

And kepe hir madyn hede fulle cleene.

Whoso may byde to se that sight

Thay ther not drede I wene.' lb, p. 159.

Mr. Wedgwood's remark, that * in O. E. the active sense of looking out for a thing was
much more strongly felt in the word abide than it is now, when the signification is nearly
confined to the sense of continuance, endurance,' may, as the first extract of those just given
shews, be extended to the language of the Northumbrian Version. This is even more
apparent in Mark xv. 43, where the Engl. Version description of Joseph of Arimathsa, —
' which also waited for the kingdom of God,' — stands thus : * tt^t sec he Godes ric bidimd
w«s.'

Big, adj. Strong, violent ; of the wind.

* Aye, it '$ a varry big wind.'

Big, V. a. To build.

O. N. byggia, Sw. bygga, Dan. bygge, A. S. byggan,

* He says oure temple ne shalle downe bring, and in three dayes big it on hy.'

Townel, MyU, p. ao8.

* Seeuudut Danum, Bot, Sir, I telle you before had domysday oght tarid.

We must have bigged helle more, the warid is so wand.' lb, p. 309.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 45

' When erthe appone erthe hat ^g*d yp his bonrris.
Than schalle erthe for erthe suffire scharpe stoarxyf/ RM, PUe$$, p. 95.

' To higgi hem castles, higg* hem holde/ Cbauur,

' He 's biggin* his^el* a gran' new hoos'.*

Sw. D. btgga is simply to repair, mend, make good.

Bigg, sb. A variety of barley, known as * four-rowed/ and in use in
Cleveland as being somewhat earlier in ripening than the six-rowed
varieties. Also called Bere or Bear.

O.N. bygg; O. Sw. bjug ; Sw. hjugg; Sw. D. hygg^ bdgg ; Dan. hyg. A word of
purely Scand. origin, and supposed by Rietz to be possibly connected with O. N. hua, to
take ap a fixed residence ; as an agriculturist must.

Bigger, v. n. To grow bigger, or increase in size, as a house under
the masons' hands.

' ** It higgtn on 't :*' the building, that is, which is in process of construction.' Wb, 01.

Biggin', sb. A building. ' Properly a house larger than a cottage,
but now generally used for a hut covered with mud or turf.' Brock.

Bike. sb. A wild bee's nest. Often Bee-bike.

Jam. quotes Icel. biikar, a hive, alvear ; and Teut. bii-boekt bit-buyck, apiarium, alvearium,
Kilian. ; and supposes the word connected with A. S. bycgan, O. Sw. bygga, 8cc. to build.
Rietz gives the word byke, a pack of good-for-nothings, a lot or host, which is evidently
coincident with Jamieson's word in one or more of its sensef ; e. g. * to skale the byke,' to
disperse the assembly; and refers it, I think erroneously, to bykka, a bitch.

Bile, byle, sb. A boil or carbimcle.

Comp. O.N. bdla, bdlga; Dan. byld; Sw. hold, boUU; Sw. D. bul; A.S. byl; Fris.
buU; Germ, beule.

Billy, sb. A comrade, a familiar acquaintance.

* Probably allied,' says Jam., * to S. O. and Germ. biUig, Belg. billik, sequalis, as denoting
those that are on a footing as to age, rank, relation, affection, or employment.' Billig,
however, in both tongues quoted, signifies what is equitable rather than equal ; just, lawfid,
right Note Sw. D. biUingy which means, I. a twin, a. a window with two lights ; billingt'
bam, a twin ; also bil, byl, bile, biU, Germ, bohle, an uncle ; whence bbblenkinder, cousins.
Comp. also bilkona, an uncle's wife. These words may perhaps suggest a connection for
our Bill7.

Bind, V. a. (pr. binnd; pret. bim', bund; pcpL bund'n, bundin). To
bind ; to tie up the sheaves of com with Bands.

Cf. * Hann bafde ^ar marga menn mtd set: tumir skaru komn tutnir bundu tumir baru
beim komn, tumir blodu : * he had there many men with him ; some shore (reaped) the
com, some bun* it, some bare it home, some la^ed it (stacked or put it in the bam).

The pronunciation of this vb. coincides closely with that of the Scand. vb. binda, and I
have no doubt that in the following extract from Toumd. Myst, p. lai, the sound of y in
fynd; wyndt, behyndt, bynde was precisely as in lordyngu, or coincident with the pronun-
ciation of f in our flnd» behint, bind, and E. sb. vAtd,

46 GLOSSARy OF THE

' Nuncius, And, certes, if I may any fynde,

I shalle not leyfe oone of them behynde.
Herodes, No, bot boldly thou thaym bynde
And wyth the leyde ;
Makowne that weldys water and wynde
The wyshe and spede.
Nuncius. Alle peasse, lordynges, and hold you styile
To I haye tayde what I wille.'
For pqpl. form bun, comp.

* Deus, Thi devoute prayer^ have me bun,* lb. p. 36.

Binder, sb. The person, usually a man, whose work it is in the
harvest-field to tie up the sheaves. Also called the Tier. See Band,
Bandster.

Bink, sb. i. A bench; a form or long seat without a back. 2. A
long, flat slab of stone of fourteen or fifteen inches wide set benchwise near
the house door, and used for various purposes other than only those of
sitting on ; such as setting out the freshly scoured dairy utensils to dry
and air, and the like. 3. A rack, or set of shelves, for plates and dishes.

O. Sw. b<enk; O. N. beckr: Dan. b<enk; A. S. btnc. The absence of the n in the O. N.
word, as in the former instance of brant (O. N. brtUtr), is to be remarked here also. See
Btunmer-binkfl.

Birk, sb. The birch-tree {Befula alba).

O. N. bjbrkf birki; Sw. bjark; Sw. D. birk, birk, bork, bark; Dan. birk; A. S. biree, byrce,
biorei; Germ, birke; Dut btHk, 8cc.

BirkB, sb. A coppice or small wood in which the growth chiefly
consists of birches.

Birr, sb. Forceful or rapid motion, a strong impulse.

Hall, says, * Any rapid whirling motion. It is applied to the whizzing of any missile
violently thrown, as in Wickliffe, Rev. xviii.' Comp. our Widder or Witber and
£. wbirr.

* And he saith to hem, Go ^ee. And thei goynge out wente in to the hoggis ; and loo I
in a great birt al the droue wente heedlynge in to the see, and thei ben dead in watris.*
Matt. viii. 33, Wycl. Virs.

* Uxor, Thei water nyghys so nere that I sit not dry.

Into ship (the Ark) with a byr therfor wille I hy
For drede that I drone here.* Townei. Myst. p. 29.

Bisen, sb. (pr. bahz'n). i. A spectacle, or sight, or show, in an invi-
dious or offensive sense. 2. A person or object held up to contempt or
disgrace.

O. N. bitn, something portentous, a prodigy ; A. S. bitn, bysn, byssin, an example. The
O. N. bisn, from its accent, is clearly the origm of our word, and with the same accommo-
dation of sense as is perceived in our standard uses of the word monsttr. The same uncer-
tainty of orthography is noticeable in this word as in so many othen : bixon in Brock, and

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 47

Hall., hanum in Wh. GL, bysHt byming in Jam. (who appears to have classed together, as
also does Rietz in t. Bisa-vigg, derivatives from bysn and from hysmr), Bisen, with the i
long, is, however, adopted here, as obviously suggested by the derivation.

I. * He 's a greedy Insen wi' niwer a penny to spare for a puir body's need.' Wb, GL

* Loo' ye ! Didst 'ee iwer see sike a mucky bisen /'

a. ' What a ** holy bisgn** she be, for seear :' spoken of a tawdrily dressed female, of pos-
sibly rather less than questionable character. The allusion may be to the tawdry finery of
popish saints, but much more probably points to the custom, practised within the memory
of livins men in some of our Dales churches, of setting offenders against morality, supposed
or required to be penitents, arrayed in white sheets, on the stool of repentance during the
hours of Divine Service.

BiMhel, sb. Pr. of Bushel.

Comp. Pr, Pm, * Byscbelle or buschelle (bysshell, otherwyse called busshell, P.). Modius,
eboruSf bussellus,'

Mr. Morris, Granmi. Introd. to E. E. 7*. S. Ayenbitt of InwyU p. vi. writes : * In the
works of the Southern writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries we find the words
Jitit biil, tbin, sm, &c., written fust, bul, tbun, sun, &c. Our modem pronunciation coin-
cides generally with the Northern dialects, in which this substitution of u for i was unknown.'
In the present word we have a curious instance, not without parallel (comp. the surname
RidtdaU as sounded, RudsdaU as written) of the substitution of i for u, I may add that,
whatever the date of the introduction of the substitution of u for i into the Northern dia-
lects, it is not unknown now. In Cleveland we say hinder for thuUr, brussil for brisde, and
in Fork Cast, Depot, p. i6l, note, bussbop is four times written for bisbop. There is also
one Scottish district in which almost every short i is changed into u.

Bite, V. a. i. To partake of food, chiefly used in the pass. pcpl.
2. To make an impression ; of a cutting instrument on some hard sub-
stance ; e. g. a file upon hard steel, a knife or axe on case-hardened
metal, &c. 3. To adhere by friction, in opposition to to slip ; as of
the driving wheels of a locomotive engine upon the rails, and the like.

Cf. O. N. bita, to cut ; Dan. bide, to cut ; of cutting instruments. The O. N. usage is
well illustrated in the following passage from Flat, I. 258 : ' Thorsteinn steighed up to the
bedstocks and took down the sword and drew it. He stripped the bed-clothes o£f the
giantess. He saw she was all covered with shaggy hair, save one little spot under the left
arm ; (this) saw he that it was smooth. He thought for sure that in this spot the sword
would bite (ywjam bita) or in no place else. He sets the sword to this same spot and
drives with the hilt. The sword bites to (jsverdit bitr sua) that the point stuck in the
mattress.'

I. *Ah've niwer sae mich as bitten sen yestreen;' I have taken no food at all since
yesterday evening.

a. Under this sense comp. —

* |>a scipen biten on |>at sond :
& al ^t folc code an lond.' Lay. I. 76.

The second text reads smiten, which makes the word in the first even more interesting.
Under 3. comp. N. * bit 1 mig,* sagde lynget: * take fast hold of me,' said the ling; and
bet sd/ast : took such fast hold. Ame, pp. 6, 7.

Bite, sb. A piece bitten, a morsel ; anything to eat.

O. N. biti, a mouthful or morsel ; Dan. bid.

' Ah hev'n't had nowther sup nor bite sen moom.'

* Please you, bestow a bite o* bread iv a puir aud chap.'

48 OLOSSARy OF THE

Bittle, bittle and pin. See Batteldoor.

* The bittU is a heavy wooden hattUdori^ the pin is the roller ; and with the linen wound
round the latter, it is moved backwards and forwards on a table by hand-pressure with the
hatAidore: Wb. Ol,

A. S. hyd, bid, hiohd; N. S. htUlt a beetle, hammer. Mr. Wedgw. quotes ' hyd, t bat for
washing.' Cf. E. he§dt,

* Ant )>er je schulen iseon bunsen ham met tes deofles hetda :* Aner, RiwU, p. i88 ; and
ye shall see bunch them with the devil's biitles,

Comp. ' Ftrriiorium, a battynge staff, a batyll dyr, or a betyU* Pr, Pm, note on p. 48a.

Blaokavised, adj. Dark complexioned, tawny visaged. Comp.
£. visage.

Blackberries, sb. Black currants. What are called blackberries
in South England here are Brambles, Brammles, Brummies, Bum-
melkites, &c.

Blaek-olooks, sb. Black-beetles. See Clocks.

Black starved, adj. Blue with cold; thoroughly chilled, so that
the complexion shews it by becoming leaden or blue-coloured. See
Starved.

Black to t' bone, adj. Said of a person with hollow features and a
complexion darkened by disease. Wh. GL

Bladdry, adj. Muddy, dirty. In Leeds GL the word * blather' is given,
meaning ' mud or puddle so thin that it will splash when trod upon.'
In fact the sound of the ^ in Clevel. frequently passes into that of th
hard, or ^.

Sw. D. bladda, sb. soft wet dirt ; and yb. to splash with dirt Comp. also ko^addi,
fresh cow-droppings.

Blae, adj. (pr. bleea). Of a livid or pale bluish colour : also written
bla, blaa.

O. N. Idar {bid fem. and in compounds), blue, of a dusky colour. The original mean-
ing of bloTt as Rietz observes, seems to luive been black ; thus bldfddr is a black robe or
doak ; bldmadrt an Ethiop, a black man ; bldjidradr, having black feathers, &c. Sw. bid,
Sw. D. blar, bl&tr; N. bid, Dan. blaa, Comp. the A. S. form bUo, Oerm. bUtu, Dut.
bltuw^ &c.

* ** He leuks as hleta 's a whetstone ;" of a person leaden-blue with cold.' Wb, 01,

* He 's getten his bats : his feeace 's bbu:k and bUta wi 't.'

Blaeberry, sb. The common bilberry ( Vaccimum myrHUm),

Comp. O. N. bldbtr, Dan. bladbar.

Blaeberry-wires, sb. The small shrubs or stems on which the
Blaeberries grow. See Wires.

Comp. O. N. bld4mia4yng, the blaeberry-thrub.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 49

Blae milk or blue milk. Milk from which the cream has been
removed after it has stood some time. The skim-milk, or sky-blue, of
the South.

blare, vb. i. To bellow as a cow. 2. To cry loudly or
noisily as a child that is much hurt or frightened. 3. To protrude the
tongue as a furious animal of the ox tribe when bellowing.

Jam. giyes Teut. hlceren, mugire. In Leids Ol. it is said that * an impudent and ill-
trained child ** blairs out" its tongue to the passer-by' — a usage of the word identical with
the third signification above. Cf. with this usage, Sw. D. blddra, to vibrate or brandish, as
in the example l&ngkusen blddrar stygnet : the snake vibrates its sting, i. e. its tongue.
Mr. Wedgw. takes Dut. blaeren to be contracted from hladeren^ and parallel with it is Sw. D.
bladdra, to prate, chatter, make a loud talking ; other forms of which are blarra, bldddr,
with a further meaning, to bleat as a sheep. What hiaderm^ bladdra, blarra are to blair or
blare in its first two senses, that blddra seems to be to blare in its third sense. Indeed I
am much inclined to believe that, notwithstanding an apparent sequence of idea in the
several meanings of the word before us, there may be in reality two separate words
involved. Dean Rietz collates O. N. blaka with blddra, and supposes it connected with
O. H. G. Uajan or bldban, Pr. Pm. gives * Blerynge wythe mowe makynge. Patento,
valgio ;* and * mow3mge wythe the mowthe :' and in a note is added, * I gyue him the best
counsayle I can, and the knaue bleareth his tonge at me, threr la langue, Palsgr.'

Blake, adj. Of a fair, soft, yellow colour or tone, not so deep as
that of fine bees'-wax : applied to describe the colour of fine spring butter
or very beautiful cream.

O.N. A/mV; Dan. bUg; Sw. bUh ; Sw. D. blejk ; A.S. bide; Dut. bUek; Germ, bleicb
Pr, Pm, * Bltyhe of coloure. Pallidus, subalbus.*

* Ay : t' creeam 's to'nned gey an' blake, noo t' kye ha' getten te t' grass agen.'
' As Uaki 's butter.'

The sense of the word in O. E.— cf. the extract from Pr, Pm, — ^is diverse from ours.
Comp. Lay. a. 411,

* sBnne stunde he was blac : one while he was wan,
And on heuwe switSe wac ;' and in hue exceeding pale.

And again : ' Hire bleo bigon to blaJnen for )>e grure |>e grap hire,' Stinti Marbereti, p. 9 ;
her colour began to grow pale for the terror which seized £er.

Blane, v. n, (pr. bleean). To become white, to bleach.

O. N. bleiktutt to grow or become pale or white ; Sw. blekna ; Dan. blegne. These words
are derivatives from the act. vbs. bleikja^ bleka, bUge, to bleach, to make white ; and Sw.
blekmng (I believe also Dan. blegning) is applied in exactly the same sense as our blaning.
The words in fact are simply coincident.

* Tak' they cleeas oot and lay 'em on t' gerss t' bleean*

Blash, V. a. and n. i. To splash with water, clean or dirty. 2. To
splash, as water under foot, or in puddles when trod in, and the like ; or
from a pail or other vessel in consequence of the ill-regulated motions of

H

50 GLOSS A RF OF THE

the bearer. 3. To have to do with water, as the seaman has. 4. To
blaze abroad a private matter by dealing with it as a subject of general
gossip.

Sw. and O. Sw. pliuJta ; Dan. pladske, to splash in or with water. Comp. the third mean-
ing with the following (Worsaae, Minder om de Damke og Nordmcmdene, &c., p. 149) :
* De ncarmest E/terkommire a/satidanne M<gnd,/or bvem S^ivet var en Natumadvendigbed,
tnaatte vedblive idelig at pladske paa Soen :* literally, the descendants of such men, for
whom a seafaring life was one of nature's cravings, could not but continue to bladf upon
the sea.

1. T* bairn *s hla&Vd ma* eooan a* ower ; dotty lahtle brute V

2. * T* watter Hashes oot ? t' can, every step thoo taks. It *s ower full by owght, bairn.'
* He goes blasbing about, plodging and ploading through thick and thin.' Wb. OL

3. * ** What he has got he has blasted for :" i. e. obtained by a seafaring life.'

Again, in the same sense : — * '* Her man may weel blasb ;" spoken of a seaman's wife,
one of whose chief characteristics it extravagance.' Wb, OL

4. * She 's bin an' blasbed it a' ower. It 's toon's talk noo.'

Cf. 3if hit dustef$ swuf$e, heo vlaskeV water )>eron : and jif dust of lihte >ouhtes winded
up to swuf$e, flaskie teares on ham : Aner, RtwUt p. 314 — wherein vlasken orflasken Is almost
surely the same word as plaska, pladske.

Slash, sb. I. Puddle-water, very liquid mud. 2. Nonsense, frivolous
or nonsensical talk.

Comp. Sw. D. plask, puddle, liquid mud ; as also E. plasb, and splasb. See Blash, vb.

1. ' There 's bin a vast o' rain through t' neeght ; t' rooad 's all iv a blasb'

2. * Wheeah I It 's a* blasb, Nivver heed ;' it is all nonsense ; don't you mind it.

Blash-kegged, adj. With a protuberant stomach ; dropsical.

We have other words which more or less resemble kegged; e. g. kedged, stuffed full,
with food, namely ; kedging, food generally ; kedge-belly, a glutton ; oaggry, irascible,
'stomachy'; kegged, irritated, provoked, not able to 'stomach' a thing; — all of which
more or less imply the sense of stomacb, belly. O. N. kaggi, S. G. kagge, Eng. keg^ all
mean a small tub or cask, the leading idea in which is probably of some^ing closed in all
round; A. S. caggian. There is, besides, the Welsh cawg, pelvis, to which Ihre feels
inclined to refer kagge. But without this, there is little difficulty in tracing the connection
of sense between keg, and belly or stomach : comp. pot-belly, pod, tub, &c., all familiar
names for the stomach. And thus, our present word means simply water-bellied, or drop-
sical ; and then, from the coincident fulness of size, corpulent, pot-bellied.

Blashy, adj. i. Rainy, wet; as applied to the weather. 2. Wet,
puddly ; as applied to the roads. 3. Weak, poor, watery, without good-
ness or strength.

1. * It 's bin straange an' blasby, all on, for a bit, noo ;' it has been very rainy weather for
some time past.

2. * It 's blasby deed, gannan' alang t' rooads, sike weather.'

3. ' Puir blasby stuff;' of tea, or small beer.

Blast, V. a. To blow, throw a current of air upon.

• Blast the fire up.'

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 51

Blate, adj. Shy, bashful, wanting boldness.

O. N. blautr, blctudr; S. O. bl^, blodig (said of a spirit somewhat too prone to timidity*
respect or mildness. Ihre); Sw. blot; Sw. D. biaut^ soft, weak; Dan. hl^d; Germ. bldd«*
w«dc, shamefaced, bashful ; Swiss blod.

In Gloss. Remarks upon bUtSere, Lay. i. p. 328,

* For ne funde we na blifkre : for we are no cowardlier
|>enne beo9 )>a Bruttes ;' than are the Britons.

Sir F. Madden says : * In the A. S. Orosius this adj. is used in the cognate sense of
ffitnmaie, and it seems to be allied with the Isl. blayta, blautr, Sc. blate.' Comp. the use
of the word in Nortb. Gosp. Matt. vi. 22 : * Gift iSin ego bifS blifSe, all 9m licboma bifS lebt;
gift fSin ego bUS unbliHe t y/el wyrcende biG;* and again, Luke xi. 34 : * Gif fSin ego mildi
i blifie t btlwil bitS* wherein the sense is coincident with that of blod, bled, blautr, &c.

* He 's ower blati for owght. T' lasses has t* kittle him.'

Blather, v. a. and n. i. To talk fast and of an3rthing that comes
uppermost 2. To talk much nonsense.

0. Sw. and Sw. D. bladdra, to prate, gossip, talk loud and fast ; Germ, blattem. Modem,
plaudem; Swiss bladem; Sw. pladdra; Lat. blaterare. Rietz collates also D. Dial.
blqffre, blabre ; Eng. blab and brabble. Comp. Pr. Pm. * Blaberyn, or speke wythe-owte
resone.' See Blether, which is essentially the same word, only with a more special appli-
cation or meaning. Comp. also Blair.

1. « " How cam' you t' hear yon, Mary ?" •• Wheeah, aud Jenny Deeal, she bin blatberim'
•t a* ower t* toon." *

a. ' His chafts hing lowse. He 's alias blathering and talking.'

* He 's a fond blatberin* chap, that yan.'

Blear, v. n. To expose oneself to the wind, or to the cold wind, thence
to cold generally.

I find this word in no collection with the exception of Wb. Gl. ; but I am assured by an
intelligent Craven woman that it is current there also. The second example is given me by
her. The association is with blare.to cry with a loud, blatant noise, as in the blare of a trumpet
Note also, * Bhre signifies a roaring wind : — ** hurried headlong with the S. West blore.^
Pr. Pm.^ note to * Bloryyn or wepen (bleren). Ploro^fleo*

* They run blearing about without either hat or bonnet.*

' Blearing out in the cold, bareheaded and with no happings.*

Bleb, blob, sb. i. A drop of water, or of any other and more viscid
fluid. 2. A bubble, on water or other liquid. 3. A blister, such as may
be caused by a scald, an ill-fitting shoe, or a tool on hands unused to
work.

Jam. and Rich, both quote Skinner's derivation of this word from Germ, bldben, to swell,
puff up. Mr. Wedgwooid looks upon blab as a radical syllable adopted for the purpose of

* representing the sound made by collision of the wet lips in rapid talking,' as in Eng. blab,
Dan. blabbre, to babble, gabble; PI. D. blabbent; G. plabbem, id., &c.; and equally

* employed to signify the sound of something wet or soft falling or striking aj;ainst anything,
and hence to designate the object making such a sound ; a lump of anything wet or soft,
drop of liquid, bubble, &c.*

II 2

*t p

52 GLOSSARY OF THE

I. * A Ueb of water.* * Nose-6/o^.'
a. ' Soap-6/065/

* T' pool *s a' ower Hobs ;* from the falling of heavy rain-drops.
3. * He hannles 's tool agin he 'ad blebs vr his haands.'

Bleok, sb. The black substance or grease at the axle-tree of a wheel ;
blackened oil or grease at any centre of friction in machinery.

* Blcee. According to Kennett, MS. Lansd. 1033, " the greas taken o£f the cart-wheels or
ends of the axle-tree, and kept till it is dry, made up in balls, with which the taylors rub and
blacken their thread, is called in Yorkshire blah** * Hall. * Bleke (blecke). Atramenhtm*
Pr. Pm. ; and in a note, * Horman says, ** Wrytter's ynke shuld be finer than blatche.**
** Bleche for souters, atrament noyr." Palsg.' A. S. 6/<ec, atramentum; O.N. blek; Sw.
black; Dan. blakt id.

* Thee 's getten the-sel a* clamed wi' cart hlech^ honey 1*

Blee, sb. A tear.

This word does not appear to have been hitherto written except in Wb, Gl, At least it
is not in Jam., Hall., or Brockett, nor in any other collection of local words accessible to
me. It is surely connected with the extensive family of words of which blican, to glitter,
is the A. S. representative ; hlickot to glance, shine, look, the Sw. : and thus there is no real
difference between it and blee or 6/e, complexion, colour.

* That bride soe bright of blU: Percy's Fd. MS. i p. I05.

Sw. D. blig^ meaning a glance (of the eye, namely ; Sw. blich\ and bearing in the pi.
the signification of the eyes themselves, gives us, together with a singular approximation
in sound, another and an analogous variation of meaning as compared with O. E. blet and
our own word. But perhaps the most interesting illustration is in an example given in the
Wh. Gl. under Blink, which is simply blick with the ' nasal inserted* (Wedgw.), and therefore
closely related to Blee. The example in question is, * '* She never blinked a bUe for him ;'*
never shed a tear for him.*

* •• A sau*t blee;*' a salt tear.* Wb. GL

Blendcom, sb. (pr. blencom). Wheat and rye mixed; the seed
having been mingled previously to sowing.

Sw. D. blandkorn, mixed rye and oats; Dan. blandkontt blandingskom, meslin ; O.N.
and Sw. blanda, to mingle; Dan. blonde; A. S. blendan. Sw. D. also has the form iK>rn-
bland.

This is one of the multitudes of purely Scand. words which still remain in use in our
district. See also Blendings. For the composition with blend, note —

• The tea res he for his master wept
Were blend water and bloude.' Percy's Folio MS. i. p. 236.

Blendings, sb. A mixture of peas and beans.

Comp. Dan. blanding, mixture, a composition of different materials ; Sw. D. bldnmng,
spring-rye and oats mixed ; and bla/idsad, barley and oats mixed. Another noteworthy
application of the word is O. N. blendingr, a being of mixed blood ; as, e. g. bom of a Troll
and a human female. Sw. D. blening, the same ; also any cross among anmials.

Blether, v. n. To cry loudly, like a fractious child.

The same word as Blather, slightly altered in Pr., and with this definite meaning
attached to it. Note Blethorixig. sb. and prpl.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 53

Blethering, sb. Loud, vulgar talking.
Blethering, pcpl. Talking loudly ; noisy.

• " A gret bUtbering chap, allays i' some tow-row or ither ;" always in some loud, angry
squabble/ Wb. Gl.

Blink, V. a. and n. i. To move the eye involuntarily, to wink; as
■when an object suddenly comes near the eye. 2. To shew emotion or
attest affection by some (quick) action of the eye. 3. To evade or
avoid.

Sw. Uinka, to twinkle, blink ; O. N. hlUa^ to shine, twinkle ; Dan. blmkt, hUkkt ; A. S.
blican ; Germ, blieken ; N. S. bliben ; Sw. D. blikat bleka^ bliga. In O. N. augablik,
an instant of time, lit. eye-blink, E. * twinkling of an eye'; Sw. ogonbliek or ogonblini;
G. augetMich; the rapid or glancing motion of the eye in winking or blinking is necessarily
implied. Note the relative forms Wkh, hlink, as in braU, brant, &c. See Blee.

I. * T' bairn 's a bau'd lahtle chap. He niwer blink* t at t' flash nor t' thunner-crack.'

* ** She niyrer blink* t a blee for 'm ;" she never shed a tear, or shewed any sign of emotion
at his death.' Wb. Gl,

The Leeds GL example is of a woman who does not * blink her ee' at her husband's funeral.
3. * Nobbut he disn*t blink *t ;* only, or provided he does not evade it, get out of it, escape
direct action.

Bliflh-blash, sb. Nonsense, foolish tittle-tattle.

Blob, V. n. To bubble, to rise in bubbles ; as water in the action of
boiling, or when anything is thrown in. See Bleb.

Blobbing, sb. The rising of air-bubbles on the surface of liquids.

Blood-boar, blood-sow, sb. A boar or sow of the smoother, more
highly-bred stock of swine; in opposition to the long-haired, shaggy
animal, of what is called the Coarse or laarge Breed.

Blood-iron, sb. A fleam, or lancet for bleeding horses or cattle.

Pr. Pm. * Bloode yryn, Bledynge yryn, Fleosotomivm*

Blood-stick, sb. A heavyish knobbed staff or stick, used for striking
the fleam in the operation of bleeding a horse.

Bloody, adj. Well-bred, as to genealogy ; having good blood in its
veins, of different kinds of stock. See Blood-boar. Comp. Blood-
horse.

* A desput 6/oo<()^looking lahtle meear/

* A canny gilt, enew ; she cooms ov a bloody sort.'

Blotch, V. a. To blot ; as paper, or the leaves of a book.

Mr. Wedgw. collates Dut. placke, plecke; Sax. blech, a blot, stain ; plack-papier, blotting-
paper ; A. S. blaco^ a discoloured spot on the skin, blatch or blotch. Comp. Sw. D. blaga,
to smear, bedaub ; blage, a spot or lump of wet filth ; en stor blage pa goUet: a great blotch
(of wet dirt) on the floor. Illustrative of Mr. Wedgwood's remark, that * the word blot
arises from an attempt to represent the sound of a drop of liquid or portion of something wet

54 GLOSSARY OF THE

or soft falling on. the ground/ blaga has the second meaning of to thrash, to overwhelm with
blows ; while blaka means both to strike, strike so that the blows resound, and to pour down
with rain ; da blakar som bimlen vcre bppen : it blotches down as if the heavens were open.

Blotch-paper, sb. Blotting-paper.

Blue-flint, sb. The local name for the whinstone or basalt derived
from the basaltic dike which runs across the N. Riding from out of Dur-
ham, in a direction southerly of east. It is extensively raised in many
places to be used as Boad-metal, alike for home use and export See
also White-flints

Blunder, v. a. i. To disturb water or other liquid so as to render it
turbid or muddy. 2. To derange the works of a lock, so that it refuses
to act

Rich, gives the derivation of this word as ' from blofit the pret. of A. S. bUnnan, to come
to a stop ; and to blunder is said to be * to act like one whose faculties halt, or come to a stop.*
Mr. Wedgw., however, regards the * original meaning of blunder to be to dabble in water,'
and itself to be, * a nasal form of such words as blotber, bluiter, bluUer ; all representing the
agitation of liquids ; and then generally idle talk. Dan. ptudder, earth and water mixed
together, puddle, idle talk ; pluddre^ to dabble in the mud, to puddle. Then with the nasal,
to blunder water, and metaphorically, blunder, confusion, trouble.* Comp. * To shuffle and
digress, so as by any means whatsoever to blunder an adversary.' Dillon, quoted by Rich.

' Noe, I shalle make ye stille as stone begynnar of blunder t

I shalle bete the bak and bone, and breke alle in simder,

Townel, Myst. p. 30 ;

where the blunder referred to is the confusion and trouble occasioned by his wife's dispu-
tatious, eontrdrying spirit of opposition.

1. * Moother, t' bairns ha bin an' blundered t' watter, while its a' 's thick as soss;' all
a puddle together.

2, * Tak' heed, lad, or theell Vunder t' lock wi' thor aud kays.'

Blur, v. a. To blot, to smear.

Mr. Wedgw. looks upon blur and blear in the expression ' to blear one's eye' (of frequent
use in Chaucer ; for instance, Reve*8 Tale, 939,

* They wenin that no man mowe them begyle ;
But by my thrift yet shall I blere their eye.')

as identical ; and in a passage which he requotes from Rich., the expression of ' eyes blurred
with the darkness of vices' occurs. ' In this sense,' he adds, * it agrees with Bav. plerren,
a blotch, a discoloured spot on the skin.' Still, collating Dut. blader, blaere; ader, aere,
ear of com ; Eng. slubber, slur ; he thinks it probable that * blur may be from bludder,
blutber, blubber, to make a noise with the mouth, disfigure with crying ; bluter, to blot,
dirty, blubber.* But assuming blur and blear to be, at least, different forms of the same
word, I think I would rather connect it with bladder, blader, blaere, which I take to be
cognate with plerren — an idea suggested by blowre, Townel, Myst. p. 6a, where the reference
is to the plague of blains and boils :— >

* For we fare wars than ever we fowre (fared) ;
Grete loppys over all this land they fly ;

And where thay byte thay make grete blowre.
And in every place oure bestes dcdc iy.'

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 55

Here blown is clearly equivalent to swelled or inflated spots or tumours — * a boil breaking
forth with blains upon man and upon beast ;' and its relationship must surely be with hlaere,
bladder^ rather than with 6/ii/er, blvdder, blubbtr. Cf. N. S. bleddtr; Dan. blare; N. bl^ara ;
O. Sw. bladra : the origin of the family of words being O. H. Q. blAjan, G. bldben, to
inflate, render turgid. Rietz.

Blur, sb. I. A blot, a smear. 2. The same, metaphorically; i.e. the
blot or stain left on one's character by misconduct

1. • Thee *s getten a blur V tha* buik, J5anny.*

2, * Hell niwer cast t' wyte on it. It has lef^ a sair blur ahint it ;* he will always be
blamed for that. It has left a sad blot on his character.

Blurred, pcpl. Stained or blemished, metaphorically.

• He *s getten a tsdily-Murred neeam wiv it.* Wb Ol,

Blurt, V. a. i. To speak in jerks, or bit by bit, without connection
or coherency. 2. To speak — not so much, inconsiderately, as— by con-
straint of a sudden impulse : one, perhaps, which gathers force until it
becomes overpowering ; as in the case of an impulsive, excitable man, or
of one who longs to speak but is held back by considerations of timidity
or shame, and the like.

• Related to blutter, bludder, as splirt to splutter* Wedgw ; and as Jliri or Jlurt to
flutter, &c.

1. • •• Then he telled you all?" " Aye ; he blurted it all oot. bit by bit." *

2. ' A windy chap, blurting 's tales oot, all ower t' toon.'

' Blurt it out, man, and ha don' wi' 't ;' to a person longing to tell or say something, but,
with some motive of reluctancy creating a difficulty of speaking, which can only be over-
come af^er a long struggle or by some overpowering impulse. Leeds Gl. quotes * He does
nowt but blurt,' of one who speaks abmptly * without either sense or argument in what he
says.' Perhaps it is an acconmiodation of this sense — not in use here, I believe — which
brings in the meaning given by Brock., ' to cry, to make a sudden indistinct or unpleasant
noise.'

Blustery, adj. Boisterously windy. Applied when the wind is very
high, but not amounting to a regular gale, and, instead of howling or
roaring, comes in loud rattling blasts.

• •• Very windy to-day, Willy. Are your corn-pikes safe?" ** Aye, 't *$ blustery. But
Ah dean't think tfiere *s enew t* raffle t' thack mich ;" * to disturb or derange the thatching
of the stacks.

Blutherment, sb. Dirt of an adhesive or unctuous description;
mud, slime.

A word which belongs to the same stock as bluter in Hall., ' to blot, to dirty, to blubber ;'
and bludder, bluther, in Jam., * to blot paper in writing, to disfigure any writing, to disfigure
the face with weeping, &c.' I do not find it in any Yorkshire collection of words except
the Wb. Gl, ; but it is freely current in Clevel.

Bodden, p. p. of to Bide.

56 GLOSSARY OF THE

Boden, bodden, p. p. of to Bid.

Bog, sb. A puffy swelling ; a tumour that 3delds easily to pressure,
rising again on its removal.

' Puir lahtle thing I Its head *s all iv a hog;* of a child born with great difficulty, and
one side of whose head was, from the force necessarily employed, in a state of soft, puffy
swelling.

Comp. * Boggyscbe, boggisshe. Tumidus* Pr. Pm,

Boggart, sb. A hobgoblin, a sprite. See Boggle.

Boggle, bogle, sb. A goblin, or sprite ; a malevolent being of the
supernatural order.

Welsh bwg, bwgwL Comp. O. N. puki, an evil spirit ; pukr^ a bugbear, terrific object —
sometimes, at least, of the supernatural order ; S. G. puke, die devil, a daemon. Jam.,
who spells the word bogle or hogill, gives the two meanings of the word as * i. A spectre,
a hobgoblin. 2. A scarecrow, a bugbear.' Comp. our Flay-boggle. The other Glos-
saries, generally speaking, are indefinite in their explanations. Thus Hall, gives * a ghost,
a goblin ;' Brock. * a spectre or ghost ;' L§ids Gl. * a goblin, generally supposed to be of
a sable complexion ;* and Wb. Gl. * a fearful object, a hobeoblin.' I believe the true
idea of the word is that of a bugbear ; some fearful or homble, but indefinite, object of
terror ; a goblin frightful to behold, and equally malevolent ; to the entire exclusion of the
senses, sprite, and ghost or spirit of a deceased person.

Comp. * Buggtt or buglarde. Maurus, Ductus* Pr. Pm, Also, * Higins, in his version
of Junius' Nomendator, 1 585, renders " lemures noctunu, hobgoblins or night-walking
spirits, blacke bugs. Terriculamentum, a scarebug, a bulbegger, a sight that frayeth and
frighteth " ' That the belief in Bogles or Boggarts was once very prevalent in the
district might be inferred, if there were no other means of knowing, from the many local
names involving the word Boggle ; e. g. BqggMlHMse, Boggle-wood^ &c.

Boggle, V. n. To start, or shy, or swerve ; applied to a horse which
is startled by some means and starts away from the object of alarm.

Derived directly from the sb. Boggle. See Wedgw. in v.

Boily, sb. Properly, food prepared specially for an infant's use ; milk,
with soft bread crumbled fine or biscuit broken up and powdered, boiled
in it. Applied also to any food similarly prepared and intended for
children's sustenance.

Bolden, v. n. (pr. bowden). To shew courage; or rather, perhaps,
to take courage, so as to play a bold part.

This seems to be not so much an acconmiodation of sense from the archaic vb. hold,
to make bold, encourage (cf. 'to balden )nne leoden,' Lay, i. 187; ' ure Louerd beldetS
ham,' Ancr, Riwle. p. 162) as a reflective vb. proper_I noake myself bold — and, as such,
curious in its analogies to Northern forms.

* Bowden tiv 'er, lad ! Faint heart niwer wan fair laady.*

' He houfdened oop te 't beeast, agin he 'd bin a man : pawky lahtle chap I '

Bolder, sb. A loud, resonant noise, or report.

Sw. hullra, to make a noise ; O. N. bylia (imp. huldi). Comp. huller, strepitus, which

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 57

it almoit identical with our word, and expresses the loud sounds giyen out under heavy
blows laid on a resonant body. Comp. also Germ, poliem, to give a loud or resonant noise ;
Dan. huldir^ noise, crash, uproar, 8cc.

Solders, boulders, sb. Rounded stones of large size, owing their
form to the action of water.

0. N. hyita^ to roll over and over ; boUr, a globe or sphere-shaped body, as produced by
rolling over and over ; Dan. bold. Sw. D. gives buller-iten^ a detached mass of stone ; in
opposition to the word klappersten^ which is equivalent to our Cobble-steean : and also,
as cognate with it, bulUr-wier, the globe-flower {Trollius Europ<eus),

Bolk, V. n. (pr. boak or booak). i. To retch, strain to vomit, with
the usual sound implied. 2. To feel the sensation of being about to
vomit

A.S. btalcan, to belch; Fris. battje; also sb. bale, a belch; Pr. Pm. * BoUtyn. Rueto,
emeiOt onxo.* Brock, gives * to belch* as one of the meanings of bokt, bouk; these being in
fact merely phonetic forms of O. £. bolk : —

* He bigan Benedicite with a bolk* P, PL p 100.

' I shal bolki out hid thingus fro* makyng of the world.' Matt. xiii. 35 ; Wycl. Vert.
The usage in this passage almost presents a transitional sense between to belch and to
vomit.

Boll, sb. The trunk of a tree ; that part which lies between the roots
and the head or branches.

O.N. bolr; S. O. bol; Sw. D. bol; exactly coincident in meaning with each other and
with our word.

Bolts, sb. Narrow passages, rather than streets, between houses in
certain Yorkshire towns, possibly arched over in places.

The meaning of this word is probably an accommodation of the derived sense of E. bolt
implied in its application to an arrow, &c., — something long and narrow. Compare the
sense when the word means ' a narrow piece of stuflT;' or again, when it means * a single
width of doth.'

Bondsman, sb. A surety, one who gives security for another.

* What 's thou to be surveyor, George ? An' wheea 's tha' bon's-man, man ?'

Bonny, adj. i. Fair to look at, handsome, fine, beautiful; applied
either to persons or things. 2. Well-pleasing, causing delight. 3. Simply
an augmentative added to words denoting size, quality, &c. 4. Used with
a strongly ironical sense.

Cf. Sw. D. bonnt^ bunnt^ high-spirited, jolly ; with which Dean Rietz collates our word.

1. *A! what bonny claesl' * A bormy lahtle chap.' * A bonny spot.' ^ Bonny is, at
^owiy dis.' Wb. Gl.

a. * Thoo 's a bonny bairn : thee 's deean weel.'

Cf. ' He laughed the bony Child to scome

that was the bonny Lord oi leame.' Percy's Fol. MS. I. 1 87.

3. • " Ay, he 's a bonny bouk ;" he 's of a very considerable size.* Wb. Gl,

• " How far is it to Whitby, my man ?" •• Eh I it 's a bonny bit yet" '

4. * A bonny mess.' * Bonny deed, for seear f * 'A bonny to do,' 8cc.

I

58 GLOSSARF OF THE

Bonnyisli, adj. Able to bear inspection ; good in quality or fair to
look at.

• »* You have some good sheep there, Joseph." " Ay ; thae 's a bonnyisb lot o* yows." '

Boon, sb. A stated service rendered by the tenant to his landlord,
without remuneration.

Boon, V. n. To render the services implied in the sb. Boon. See
Boon-days.

Boon-days, sb. The days on which the tenants are bound to render
the stated unpaid-for service, or Boon, to their landlords. Brock, states
that large * quantities of land in the Northern counties are held under
lords of manors by customary tenure, subject to the payment of fines and
heriots, and the performance of various duties and services on the doon-
days.*

S. G. b6n ; O. N. bin ; Dan. hon ; A. S. h^. The classical word 60011 is rightly defined
by Rich, as some ' good or benefit either asked or graifted.' The original meaning of each
of the abovo-gi?en etymons is a prayer, entreaty, or request. Thence it passes to the thing
prayed or requested, and thence to the same as obtained. But in mediseval writings, sajrs
Ihre, hbn stands for something rendered in the way of payment or tribute, as if what was in
itself distasteful would be rendered less so by the term employed to describe it. This, he
says, was probably only the adoption of an ancient German tuage, under which pajrments of
this kind were termed btd» — * scilicet preces erant, sed quibus contradid non posset, ut ait
Tacitus,' — requests there was not much option about declining. The historian thus quoted
states, Oerm. cap. xv., that it was customary among the trib^ occupying that country for
each man to present to his chieftain gratuitous offerings of produce, whether arising from
live-stock or land, which, though purely honorary in one sense, were still, in another sense,
compulsory, as meeting a case of necessity. It may be further remarked, as connecting
these medisBval boons^ or quasi-gratuitous subsidies, more closely with our usage, that in
another place Ihre shews that while the word bond* originally meant one who held land of
his own right (O. N. buandiy boandi, occupier ; and therefore owner or possessor), yet
when the distinctions of rank implied in titles of nobility, &c. were introduced, the bondi
always — ^what the nobles did not — paid some kind of acknowledgment, in kind or other-
wise, for the land he held : and, finally, by a further change in the same direction, the name
came to imply any occupier whatever, whether he farmed his own land or another's, whose
tenure depended on rendering the specified acknowledgment. The ancient German custom ;
• the mediflBval Northern usage, with its euphuistic b6n ; and the progressive changes of status
&c. in the bonde^ but always with the boon to be rendered by him prominent in the fore-
ground, coupled with what Brock, says,— are a pertinent comment on the Clevel. word
before us. Comp. the Lincolnsh. use of the words : — Boon, to repair the highway ; booningt
carriage of materials for repairing roads ; boon-mastert the surveyor of highways.

Bore-tree, bnr-tree, sb. (pr. bottry). The common elder (Sambucus
nigra) .

The prefix in this word must necessarily be a noun, and the word itself is probably of
Scand. descent. The A. S. name is ellen or tllam ; N. S. elloom ; Germ, bdundtr, boildtr ;
Dan. byld; Sw D. and N. byll, &c. ; all of these names signifying the hole-, or hollow-tree.
The der in the Eng. and Germ, names is tree. See Wedgw. Probably, then, Bore«troe may

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 59

be Old Danish in origin, from O. N. hdra^ a hole, a boring. In Scotland, however, the forms
bouH'tr§e, bun-trte, prevail as well as bour-tree, hur-trte ; and for the former element see
Bun, which is A. S.

Botoh, sb. A bungling or inexpert mender, a cobbler.

To houh^ to repair in the way of adding a new piece ; a botcb, the piece so added, pro-
bably proceed from the A. S. 6J/, h6te. Comp. O. H. G. puozan^ Germ, hutzen, to patch,
mend. Sw. boi, b6t, as well as the A. S. words, imply the idea of repair by the addition of
new materials to the old, and the cognate vb. is used in the sense of mending, both in
mpect of clothes and of nets ; boia klceder and bota fuet. In our instance, the invidious
sense which modem usage has put upon the word is transferred from the action and its
subject to the agent. Mr. Wedgwood's view of the formation of the word is different.

* He's nobbot an aud botch. He 's mair lahk t' mar an t' mend.'

•

Botohety sb. A species of fermented drink made from the last drain-
ings or washings of impure honey obtained from the wax of the combs ;
weak honey-beer, rather than mead.

This word appears under almost as many different forms as Barflun : e. g. bragwori,
bragget, bragoi, brotebet, brotcbert; all of which, as well as our word, by metathesis
and consequent change of sound, come from the Welsh bragodlyn, spiced wort, as it
from brag, malt

* Her mouth was swete as brahi or the meth.
Or horde of applis layd in hay or heth.' MiUn's TaU, 153.

Bothennenty sb. Trouble, difficulty.

* FoDa sez there 's boun t' be a bit iv a botbemurU about thae intaks.'

Bonk, bu*k, sb. The Clevel. form of E. bulk.

* Thae tweea 's about t* seeam bu*k*

Bottle, sb. A bundle ; of hay, straw, Breokens, &c. A Bottle is a
bundle wisped up ; a Batten a bound bundle.

Pr. Pm, * BottUe of hey. Fenifaseis* * Bret, bdtel foemn. Fr. botel, boieau, the dimi-
nutive of boitif a bunch ; botte dt fwn, a wisp of hay ; Gael, boiteal, boitean, a bundle of
hay or straw.' Wedgw. * Bottle. A bundle, applied to hay, straw, and rushes.' Lm-
coins, GL

Bottoiiy sb. The deepest portion of a valley; that part of the dale in
which the containing banks rise to their full height with the most rapid
and continuous slope.

O. N. botn, a bottom, a depth, and O. Sw. botln, are similarly applied. In both branches
of the language the word is employed to denote the innermost recesses of the sea:
Norrboitn, the Gulf of Bothnia ; fiardar-botn, a deep or inland bay. But besides this, the
Old Northmen seem to have applied the word precisely as it is locally applied in Cleveland.
Thus, Hald. gives dali-botn, intima pars vallis, the innermost recesses of the dale ; i. e., says
the Danish translation, where it is most shut in ; which is exactly descriptive of that portion
of Danby Dale which is called Dauby-Botton. Also the word before dal&4>otn is daU-mynni,
the opening or mouth of a valley or dale, which answers exactly to our Dale-X2nd.

' At a little distance towards the South, lies the township of Greenhowe, a part of which,

I 2

6o GLOSSARy OF THE

significantly called Greenhowe-Bottom* — written correctly, it would be Botton — ' is a narrow
secluded vale, so deeply intrenched with mountains that here (like some parts of Borrowdale
in Cumberland) in the depth of winter the sun never shines.' Graves, Hisi. of CUvdandf

P- 254-

Boiuiy bound, adj. Under compulsion, whether moral or otherwise
arising. The word always implies a kind of necessity of action.

O. N. hundirm (p. p. of binda). The phrase hundinn tkopum, under constraint from £ite,
aftbrds an instance of the use of the original word in a strictly analogous sense. The S. G.
word binda^ in its forensic sense, — to give force to, or render binding — approaches the same
usage, as also our modem technical word hound: e. g. * bound to keep the peace,* * bound
under a penalty,' &c.

* " Div 'ee think at he *11 stand til it?" *• Aye, he *s houn t* dee % noo, onnyways.** *

* He 's houn X* gan ;* he is obliged to go ; has no choice about it. Comp. Tied.

* *' You '11 never do such a thing as that, Joseph?'* *' Ah wadn't wivoot Ah wur hound.
It 's nane o' ma' ain latin'." '

In the following extract, Percy's Fcl, MS, i. p. 2j8, both our present word boun, and a
vb. cognate with boun, ready, prepared, occur.

' Then the king called a earle ....
he bad buske him & bowne him : to goe on his message ;
then that knieht full courteouslye kneeled to the ground,
sales, ** I am hound to goe as ye me bidd wold." '

Boun, adj. Ready, prepared, on the point of doing any given
action.

O. N. huinn (p. p. of hua^ to make ready, to equip) is of continual use in precisely the
same sense : see also albuinn, tilhuin, omnino paratus : Hald. Comp. likewise Sw. rede-
hoen, fitly prepared ; farhoen, ready to set out on a journey, &c.

* Ah lays there 's boun t' be a wedd'n t' moom.'

* It 's boun t' raan afore it 's lang.'

* Ah 's boun for off a bit ;* or, ' Ah 's houn off for a bit ;' I am going away for a little
while.

* Ah 's boun for Cass'lton hirings ;' Castleton statute fair.
Comp. the following extracts : —

* Abrabam, Luke thou be bourns;

For certan, son, thi self and I,

We two must now weynd furthe of towne

In far country to sacrifie.' Toumel. Mysi, p. 38.

* Says, Lady, He ryde into yonder towne

8c see wether your friends be bowne.* Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 76.

* Lords and ladyes of the best.

They busked and made them bowne.* lb. p. 91.

Bounder^ sb. The impact, more or less forceful, of a weighty and
not inelastic substance or object, on a solid surface ; of a wall, e. g., or
a pavement, or the hard earth. Cf. E. bounds rebound,

* " It fell with a great bounder T fell heavily and rebounded.' Wh, Gl.

BounderSy bounds, sb. i. Limits, boundaries; the line between one
property, or manor, and another, whether defined (as by a wall, or fence,

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 6 1

or water-course), or undefined, as on the moor or common, between the
several boundary-marks, Mere-stones, or Bounders. 2. Mere-stones or
boundary-marks, consisting sometimes of natural objects, more usually
of single upright stones, or piles of stones — Steean-rucks — set up on
the boimdary-line.

Cf. A. S. pyndtm, to shut in, or enclose. Mr. Wedgw. refers the word to the * Celtic root
boH, htm, a stock, bottom, root,' and collates * Bret, men-honn, a boundary-stone ; bonnetn, to
•et bounds, to fix limits.*

I. ' Bounders or limits of the said manor.' Peramb. o/Danby Manor, 1577.

' A view and perambulation of the limits and bounds of Danby, &c.' Id, 1 750.

' The names of those who rid the bounders* Id.

a. ' By the antient marks, mere-stones and bounds.* Id.

' The bounders, upon some certaine day, once in the year, yearly, are to be viewed and
perused.' Id. 1577.

Bounder-markSy bounder-steeansy bounder-stoupsy sb. Upright
stones, specially set, or other objects serving to mark the limits or
boundaries of any manor or manors.

* The exact distance between each bounder'tnark and other.' Peramb. Danby, 1666.

Bausyy bowsy. Plump, full of flesh, Falstaff-like. Hall, says,
* bloated by drinking/

Hald. gives bussa, a fleshy, well-fed female. Oerm. betus-baek is plump-cheeked ; buyse
is, in Dutch, ' a cup with two handles, which on account of its size is taken up and set down
with both hands.' Comp. also boss, a hollow vessel ; Fr. busse, bosse, a cask, and Sw. D.
pysa, Sw. p&sa, to swell up, rise, as leavened dough does ; £. Dial, bawsin, large, unwieldy,
swollen ; as well as £. boss, bos^. Sec.

BoWy sb. A semicircular hoop or handle to anything ; as a basket or
Souttley a Backstone, a pail. Also, in the pL; the hoops on which the
tilt of a wagon or cart is supported.

A.S. boga, a bow, an arch; O.N. bogi; Sw. boge; Dan. bue; Oerm. bug.

Bow-bridge, sb. A high-pitched, one-arched bridge, of which there
are still several in the district, all of them ancient.

Stratford is the last village in Essex on the great London road, and is built on the banks
of the river Lea where it is aossed by Bow-bridge, said to have been the first arched-bowed
bridge in England. Stowe, speaking of this bridge, says Matilda, queen to Henry I, * caused
two stone bridges to be builded, of the which, one was situated over Lue at the head of the
town of Stratford, now called Bow, because the bridge was arched like a bow. A rare piece
of work : for before that time the like had never been seen in England.'

Bowdykite, sb. A forward or impudent child: one who absurdly
affects the air and manners of those older than himself.

Brock, gives as the definition of this word * a contemptuous name for a mischievous child,
an insignificant or corpulent person.* The latter part of the definition is probably the

62 GLOSS ARy OF THE

original meaning of the word» from bowed, in the sense of curved or arched, and kite,
the belly or stomach. And from this meaning the tnmsition in idea to that of contemptible,
or of an object to be scorned or slighted, is easy. And thus probably originates the signifi-
cation given in the definition quoted above, and also implied in our word.

* A saucy bowdUtite lad.' Wb. Gl.

Bowkers. An interjection, expressive of surprise.

Brack, pret. of to Broke.

Braoken-clocky sb. A small brown-sharded beetle, often found
about the bracken, or ferns generally. See Clooky Blaok-clock, &c.

Brade, braid, v. a. To publish abroad, proclaim publicly and osten-
tatiously.

* He hrades it out everywhere that he is Mr. B*s natural son ; and the family don't like it.'
Cf. * RiwaeSSlan braid ut his sweord.' Lay. iii. p. loi.

I have scarcely any hesitation in referring both these words to the same source, viz.
A. S. bredan, bregdan, to gripe, lay hold of, draw out ; O. N. bregda, Comp. ai bregda i
loft, to raise on high ; bregda swerdi, to draw sword. The word would thus, by derivation,
be connected with braid on, to resemble ; and it may be observed in passing, that the O. N.
word admits of almost as great a variety of signification as any other of the many-meaninged
words and phrases of the Scand. tongues.

Brae, sb. (pr. breea). The overhanging edge or margin of a river-
bank, arising from the greater toughness of the top soil, or sward, over
the subsoil ; the like edge in a gully, or moor road, which is often worn
down three or four feet below the moor-surface; rarely, the broken
moor-edge itself.

O. N. bra, the brow, in a human face ; O. Sw. and Sw. D. bra, Sw. bryn has the same
signification, and is applied, as are also Sw. D. brun, brunt, N. brun, exactly as our Breea
is ; and in fact, the analogy or resemblance between the brow on the human visage, and
the breea of a bank or abrupt hill-side is apparent enough. Comp. Dut. brauwe or browe,
the edge ; £. brow of the hill.

* Loo' ye I heear 's tahlin's nes* : jis' i' t' breea, heear ;* look 1 here is a titling's (meadow
pipit) nest, just in the brae : a favourite site for such nests.

Brae-foll, adj. (pr. breeaful). Full up to the Breea, or bank-edge ;
applied to the Book when full up to the margin, and only not overflow-
ing. Equivalent to * bankfull' of Herefordshire.

Brag, V. n. To boast, to exalt oneself in words.

For an instance of the use of the word as an adj. note this :—

* And syker, as I trowe,
Weren her confessiones
Clenlv destrued

Hy shoulde nought beren hem so brag,
Ne belden so heyghe.' P. Plougbm, p. 493.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 63

' He bannede his ferde.
and saide >at he wolde :
Ba)>e bi-Iigge
and eke Bnistowe :
pis W9BS hire broc*

Sir F. Madden's note upon broc being : * This is the modern term hrag^ the meaning of
which was originally the same with tbrecU. G. Douglas writes it hraik. The vb. in
M. H. O. is brogen, which is connected with A. S. bregan, broga. See*

* He 's a maaster at braggan\ His geese *s maistlings mickler an' ither fo*ks swans.'

Braid, brade, v. n. (pr. breead). To resemble, to take after. Fer-
guson observes that in Cumberland it usually implies resemblance or
similarity of disposition. Jamieson's definition seems to carry the same
limitation. In Cleveland it certainly includes resemblance in feature or
external appearance, as well as in nature or disposition.

• _

Comp. O. N. bngda, used with the prepositions til or a. The instances of usage given
by Hald. are such as to place the origin of our word beyond doubt : bvert a baminu ai
brigda nema til fbdr sins f — in our vernacular, * wheea su *d t' bairn breead ov wivoot 't
be 's fUther?' bonum bregdr til attar: * he breeads ov *s fore-elders.' In the same
way the O. N. word is employed to express that derived, or * second nature/ which ' use'
b, bond bregdr a venju : * one's hand breeads o* use ;' i. e. one gets to do that naturally
which he does habitually. Further, bragd signifies features, lineaments ; and CBttar-bragd,
hereditary personal characteristics, family likeness. The S. G. correlative word is bra,
which is used of a child, says Ihre, who reminds one of his father ; or, as our Dalesmen say,
ftothers hissel'. Sw. Dan. br& p&, which in one district becomes brdda p&, is exactly
coincident with our word.

Braid-band, sb. A corn-swathe laid outwards.

As com is usually cut with the scythe, the severed portion, or swathe, falls against the
uncut com, and is taken up thence by the raker, who follows the mower, and laid over on
the Band ready for the Binder. Occasionally, however, for some reason or other, it is cut
the other way, or from the com, and falls over in a regular band or swathe ; and when a
field or part of a field is cut thus, it is said to ' lie in braid-band.' The explanation of the
phrase given by Jam. and Hall, is different ; possibly from difference in local practice.

Bramble, v. n. To pick blackberries.

Brambles, sb. (pr. bramm'ls, brumm'ls). Blackberries, the fruit of the
bramble (Rubus /ruiicostis),

A. S. bremel, brembil, brember, a bramble ; Dan. brambcer ; Sw. Dial, brambar, brom-
bar. The A. S. name for the fruit was branwyrt. With the Dan. and Sw. forms comp.
Line, brame-berries ; and note the Pr. Pm. forms (under Brere) brymmeylle, bremmyll,
brymbyll.

Bramlings, sb. Brandlings; worms in much request for trout-
fishing, found in old and well-fermented dung-heaps. They are of a
bright red colour encircled with numerous yellow rings, and give forth
a thick yellow fluid, of rather an ill savour, when touched.

64 GLOSSARy OF TMM

Brander, brandreth, sb. A kind of trivet, or tripod, or frame with
crossbars set upon feet, and placed over the fire to receive pans or cook-
ing-utensils generally.

A. S. brandred, a gridiron; Oenn. brimdruibe. Jam. quotes also Dan. brimdriib, and
Teut. brander, hrandroede; and Brock., Dutch brander. Brann/'fing is given in Rietz,
and explained by brand-ring; the circular frame of the instrument being kept in mind
instead of the cross-bars, as in other etymons : while Sw. brandjtm is a griduron.

Among the Finchale Pr. Inventories, at p. ccccxiv., the following entry occurs : — * Et in
i le Brandreth empto de Bursario ponderanti xliiij. petris ferri.' It is obvious that the article
meant here cannot be what is understood by a Braadreth now. The Olossarist in Pr. Finch.
supposes a massive grating of iron before and over the fire. May it not rather have been
the massive bar of iron which seems, in the gigantic fireplaces of old, to have crossed the
open chimney just above and in advance of the fire ? Such a bar remains amid the debris
of the great Idtchen fireplace and chimney at Ludlow Castle. Cf. also ' Upon the herthe
belongeth woode or turues, two and3Tons of yron {Jbrandturs\ a tonge, a gredyron.' Note
to Aumdeme, Pr. Pm. In point of fact, there are probably two words connised in Bran-
der and Brandreth. Cognate with the former are Teut. and Dut brander; brandeur, in
the above extract ; Sw. brandjem, &c. ; and with the latter A. S. brandred, Dut. brtmdroede.
Germ, brandrutbe, Dan. brandritb, a brand-rod. See Bosworth.

Brander, v. a. To broil; to cook over the bare fire, live coals or
embers. See Brander, sb.

0. N. brandr, live coals ; Sw. D. brannd, in the compound brannd-kdra, the equivalent
of our Ass-oard (which see) ; A. S. brand ; &c. Comp. £. brand, fireAtrand, 8cc,
Our vb. is therefore simply to expose (meat) over glowing coals.

Brand-new, bran-new, bran-span-new, brand-spander-new, adj.
Freshly or perfectly new.

Brand-new is simply new from the fire or forge. All the Teut. tongues preserve the
word brand in some form or other, and all have the word new ; whence Jamieson's remark,
that our word is simply the Teutonic brand-new. Shaksp. uses the quite equivalent form
/ire-new, still heard in some districts. Span-netv is found as O. N. ^dn-nyr, from spdnn,
a chip. Sw. spdn. Germ, span, Dan. spaan, all bear the same meaning ; and Sw. D.
span-nbj, new as a chip, spliUemy, preserves the form for Sweden. Brand-new, therefore,
is a word suggested by the newness of a metal implement ; span-new by that of something
fashioned out of wood. This is cbip-new; new from the artificer's tools: that burning-
new ; new from the smith's forge. Brand-spander-new is hence an unscientific, not to say
blundering, compound involving two dissimilar ideas.

Brant, brent, adj. i. Steep, as applied to the side of a hill, or
a portion of very hilly road. 2. Pompous, consequential.

Sw. bratt, brant; O. N. brattr; N. bratt; Dan. brat. Ihre gives as an example of usage,
. «fi brant backe, a steep hill; which, as has been noticed, corresponds exactly with our
8 brant bank. The interchange of n and / has also been noticed ; and the circumstance
that the word is not of Sc. usage, and seems to have no A. S. etymon, is also noteworthy.

1. * •• A hilly field this, Mr. Dale." " Aye brant enew, for seear. Amaist ower brant for
t' pleuif." '

* As brent *s a hoos'-sahd.'

a. ' So-and-so 's as brent as a yackeron (acorn) ;' of a pompous, stuck-up individual.
Cf. Dan. D. brente, to stick one's stomach out. Hvor den dreng brenterl how that
lad puffs himself out I

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 65

Brash, sb. i. Refuse matters, such as twigs, chips, short hedge-
dippings, &c. 2. Rubbish, in the sense of a confused mass of refuse.

The leading idea in this word, in ahnost every instance, as illustrated by local usage in
diitricts widely apart, seems to be of matters that are either brittle — twigs (Northumb.,
Durham), the small growth of a hedge, or its clippings (Leeds) ; or that have been already
broken — * a mixture of coal-dust, chips and twigs' (Whitby). Taking this as a clue, the
word is probably a derivation from A. S. breean (see also S. G. braeeka), and a near
relative of hreacb, broach. Sec. O. N. breisk^ weak, frail, is almost exactly coincident.
See Ihre in v. Bnuk,

Rich, observes that the ' noun brocbes is used in P. Plougbm. as bits of wood broken or
^^ off;* and ' skewers or sharp-minted sticks,' are still (or were, not long since) termed
broebts in some parts of Yorkshire. The same idea of broken, or easily broken, holds good
in the quasi-geological term brasb, the fully geological term Com-brasb, and the Italian
brtecid,

1. * Qan an' mak' a bleeze, bairns, wiv thae hedge-clippings and brasb.*

a. ' Thae taties 's a' brasb tegither. There *s niwer a guid yan amangst 'em.'

Brash, sb. A rising of acid or acrid liquid into the mouth ; a symp-
tom depending on a disordered or overloaded state of the stomach. See
Water-brash ; also called * water-springs.'

Pr. Ptn. • Brakyn, or castyn, or spewe. Vomo, evomo.* * He wyll not cease fro sur-
fettynge tyll he be ready to parbrake.' Note, lb. * Braking. Puking, reaching. Teut.
bratekmt, to vomit, braecke, nausea. This seems to be properly a secondary sense of braecken,
to break.' Jam. That is possible ; and, originally, I had included this word under Brash,
refuse ; and its meaning as a third sense to that word ; for there can be no doubt that it
originates in brakt, O. E. brakyn, to vomit. However, Sw. D. brdkka se, Dan. brakke sig,
Qam. ucb breeben, N. S. sieb bracken, seem to justify its separation. Comp. the idiom
in break wind, break cover, &c. ; and Brash, an eruption, or breaking forth on the skin ;
also the forms E. breach, Fr. brecbe.

Brashy, adj. i. Of inferior quality, poor, indifferent. 2. Weakly
or delicate in constitution, liable to be frequently ailing. See Brash.

I. * Puir brasby bits o' things;' applied to a sample of apples, or potatoes, small in size
and poor in quality.

a. ' She 's nobbut a brashy body ; she *s maist alla's i' t' ane ailment or t' ither.'

I, sb. Impudence, unblushingness.

O. N. brass, insolence, forwardness.

' He 's brass enew for owght : he 'd ex t' C^een t' coom by, if iwer she war in 's road ;'
he'd bid the Queen stand on one side if she were in his way.

I, sb. I. Money in general. 2. Copper money.

I. • Thay *ve lots o' brass : they w'oUy stinks ov it.'

* Ah 's seU'd thae kye, and getten t' brass.*

a. ' Thee '11 want a hau'p'ny back. Ah 's feared Ah 's nae brass'

Brassened, brazened, adj. (pr. brSz'n'd). Impudent, without
modesty.

' She 's as brassened a browl as iwer Ah ligged een on.*

K

66 GLOSSARY OF THE

Brat, sb. i. A child's pinafore. 2. The rag or patch secured to
any part of a sheep, to save that part from the attacks of * the Fly/

A. S. 6ra/, a cloak, a clout ; Welsh brat^ a rag ; Gael, hraty an apron, cloth.

* For n'ad thet but a shete
Which that thei might wrappin hem in a night,
And a brattt to waJxen in a daie light,
Thei wold hem sel, and spend it on this craft.'

Cbanon's YenuoCt Tale, p. 123.

Bratted, adj. Covered with a slight film, as milk when beginning
to turn sour, or slightly curdled, is. (Wh. GL defines the word as
' slightly curdled.')

Hall, gives * Brat, Film or scum. North,* apparently from Brock., who defines it, * the
film on the surface of some liquids, at on boiled milk when cooled ;' and suggests Germ.
breiien, to spread, as a derivation. It is probably an adaptation of the sense of Brat, sb.,
a clout, covering ; such as a pinafore, or sheep's Brat, for instance.

Brattioe, sb. A wooden partition, serving, e. g., to divide a closet
or store-room into two parts.

Cf. Pr, Pm, * Betrax, of a walle (bretascc, bretays). Propugnaculum ;* and in the note,

* Bretesse, breteche, bretesque, tour de bois tnohUe, . . . palissade. Roquef.' Mr. Wedgw.
says, ' brattice is a fence of boards in a mine or round dangerous machinery, from Sc. bred,
G. brett, Dut. berd, a plank or board, as lattice, a frame of laths, from Fr. latte, a lath.' In
some parts of the North the high screen reaching from the wall, close to the door, from an
outer passage some way into the room, forming, with its back, a sort of passage, and having
a seat affixed to its front by the fire-side, is called a Brattioe.

Braiingingy adj. Large-featured and red-faced.

This word appears to be used with a variation of sense according to locality. Hall, gives

* pompous,' as its meaning. In the Leeds dialect, * a great braumghig fellah' is a man * with
massily set features, and a stout, fresh, country look ; while in the Wb. Gl, it is defined as

* brazenfaced,' and * a gret braunging weean' is * a coarse impudent-looking woman.' Brana
is given by Haldorsen as ' a woman with a man's mien and spirit,' while the O. N. vb.
brana, and S. G. brdngas both imply impetuous motion, such as that of a bulky or massy
body. But the probability rather is that the word is related to braum, bravmy, as stunge to
s/un, tntmge or munch to mun (mouth), &c.

Brave, adj. Of good quality as well as appearance.

O.S^.braf, good, excellent; Sw. and Dan. brav; and probably O.l^. bragd, bragga.
Sec Ihre in v. Braf, and Wedgw. in v. Brag. The two cardinal meanings of Lat. virtus, and
of Gr. dya0o$ meet with their exact parallel in those of the word brave. Valour was with
all primitive nations the great virtue, bravery the peculiar excellence, approving itself to the
eye as well as by more tangible proofs of superiority. The Scotch braw and our brave
are curious reminiscences of this old-world mode of sentiment and expression.

* Miranda. What is 't? a spirit?

Lord, how it looks about ! Believe me, Sir,
It carries a brave form.' Tempest, \. 2.

* It is (rovf-looking beef, and it eats bravely.* Wb. Gl.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 6^

• " He 's getten a hrave bit o* \jrass for t' fann an* stock, Ah lay ?" " Ay, he$ he. But
t* wur a hrav§ spot an* all.'* *

* " How aro you, this morning, Thomas ? '* " Brcnte an' wcel, thank *ee. Hoo 's
ycrsd?**'

Bravely, adj. and adv. Very well, famously.

• " Hoo is 't wi* thee, man ? '* " Bravely, thank 'ec.** *

• •• He 's getting on well there, then ?** " Aye, bravely" *

Bray, v. a. To beat or thrash with violence ; simply to beat or flog.

Pr. Pm. * BrayyH, or stampyn in a mortere. Tero* Cf. Sw. D. briija, to bruise flax ;
Bay., Swab., Swiss brecben, id. The word involves an accommodation of the sense of the
standard word, viz. to pound or beat until the substance is reduced to powder or a pulp ;
thence to beat a person violently. Mr. Wedgw. collates Sp. bregar, to work up paste, knead.
Cf. Pr. Pm. * Brayyn, as baxtert her pastys ;* Prov. Cat. bregar, to rub, Fr. broyer and Bret.
braea, to bray in a mortar.

* ** Ah *11 bray thee tiv a mithridate ;** a mithridate being a medicinal confection of smooth
and soft consistency.* Wb. Gl.

* Be sharp, and get thee 3ramm, or thee '11 get tha' back bray*d a bits. T' moodher 's
Utin' thee.*

Bread-loaf, sb. (pr. breead-leeaf). i. The loaf of bread; the mass,
as opposed to a piece or portion. 2. A loaf of bread, as opposed to
bread-cakes, &c.

0. N. braud'leif. The corresponding words are found of course in the other languages of
Teut. origin, but in actual composition only in our dialect and O. N. ; brod-kaka in Sw. D.

Cf. ' cuaeS t>et Sas stanas hlafa gewordeno sie ;* command that these stones be made
bread. North. Gospels, Matt. iv. 2.

1. * Reach me here t* breead-leeaf, wilt *ee. Ah deean't want nobbut a shahve.*

a. ' Ah couldn't get a breeadrUeaf annywheres. Ah was fossed to send intil Whitby
for *t.' (A fact : the bread being required for the Holy Communion )

Bread-mealy sb. (pr. bre6ad-meal). Flour with the coarsest bran
taken out, but still such as when made up into bread produces * brown-
bread.' See Meal.

Breaks, brooks, sb. Boils or carbuncles.

There can be little doubt of the origin of this word in either form ; A. S. brecan,

pcpl. brocen, will supply both. The idea is well given in the passage, * and it shall be

a boil breaking forth with blains.* In fact, in the ordinary use of the word, it is frequently

associated with the word Byle.

• * He 's nobbut dowly. He 's had a strange vast o* thae nasty brooks an' byles aboot 'im.'

BreokenSy biirk'ns, sb. Ferns. The general name for the I^i/tx
tribe, but from its greater abundance especially applied to the common
brakes or brackens (Pieris aquilina). Growing as these do in great luxu-
riance, and over spaces of many acres in extent, on our Bank-sides,
they are carefully harvested in considerable quantities and applied as
litter by those who have an insufiicient supply of straw for the neces-
sities of their pig or their cow. In the autumn of 1866, when fodder

K 2

68 GLOSSARY OF THE

was very scarce, twenty-seven scythes were seen at work on one hill-
side, and numbers of the substantial farmers had recourse to this substi-
tute for litter.

O.N. burkni; Dan. hregne, Sw. D. broken, hrdgen, brage, brakne, brdgjen, seems to be
more exclusive in its meaning than our Breokens, as it includes only the * common brakes.'
It should be observed also that by many the e and r are transposed in Pr., and the sound of
the word becomes somewhat guttural — berh*ns, or rather, burVns. Cf. O. N. burkni.

Brede, breed, sb. i. Breadth, extent. 2. A breadth of cloth, silk
or other material.

0. N. breidd; Sw. bredd; Sw. D. brajd; Dan. brede; A.S. breed, bred, Pr. Pm. * Brede
of mesure. Lat'Uudo*

1. • There was t' w'oll brede o' t* garth betwixen him an' me.'
* T' brede o* t' road.' * T* brede o' mah hand.'

2. * Whyah, there *s ten bredes iv her dress, if there *s yan.'

Bree, brere, sb. i. The brier or common dog-rose (Rosa canina),
2. A thorn or prick from the stem of the same.

A. S. br<Br, brir. The word appears in Wicliffe's Translation of the Bible, brer is, and in
Chaucer, breres, much as it remains in Clevel. to this day. One local name in the town-
ship of Danby is Red-brere, which, though written in the registers as Red-brier, is always
sounded as written above.

2. *As sharp as a bree;* applied both literally, and as implying natural sharpness or
acuteness.

* I have oone (a wife) to my fere
As sharp as a thystle, as rugh as a brere.* Townel. Myst, p. 100.

Bree, breese, sb. The gadfly ((Esirtis bovts).

A. S. briosa. Another A. S. form of the name of this insect is brimsa ; comp. S. G.
broms ; Dan. brems ; Sw. and Sw. D. brems, brims, broms ; Getm. bremse, breme ; &c.
Brotnma, to buzz, is probably the origin of the S. G. broms (Ihre, Rietz), and sijnilarly in
the other cases. Our Clevel. and N. English Bree or Breese, with its original A. S. form
briosa, are ako most likely referrible to some derivative from a verb nearly related to
hrimma, and due to the sound made by the wings of the gadfly : enough of itself to set a
herd of oxen or cows half wild. Comp. Dan. bruus, a rushing sound. The other Clevel.
name for the insect in question is also referrible to the noise it makes. See Bumbore.
The eggs laid by the Breese, when hatched, lead to the swellings in Beasts' backs known
as Warbles.

Breeam, sb. (Pr. of broom). (Genista scopart'a.)
Breeast-beean, sb. (Pr. of breast-bone).

The breast-bone of a goose is still employed by some of our Dalesmen as a medium of
prognostication for the coming winter. A translation of Thiele's notice, Overtroiske Men-
inger, p. 1 1, requires only the substitution of a word or two in order to be applicable in
Clevel. : * From the breast-bone of a goose, eaten on Martinmas Eve (Old Style), it is pos-
sible to ascertain what the winter is likely to be. When picked it must be held up to the
light, and the white marks then discernible betoken snow, the darker ones frost and cold
weather. It should also be remarked that the front part of the bone foretells the weather
before Christmas, the binder part the weather af\er Christmas.' Sec also Grimm, D. M.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 69

pp. 1067, 1068, where the same notion is quoted as mentioned by several different writers
and as pertaining to divers localities. Here, a mottled appearance of the bone is held to
prognosticate changeable winter-weather, alternating snow and thaw ; a prevailing whitish-
opaque cast much snow ; a dark colour severe frost ; and comparative transparency, open
weather. The goose also must be eaten before Martinmas (New Style), though not neces-
sarily on Martinmas E'en. It is observable that the Clevel., Germ., and Dan. signs or
tokens all vary more or less, according to the prevailing climate of the district they
obtain in.

Breed, sb. A brood, a litter of young ones.

I do not think this word is simply tlie English brood with the Cleveland pronunciation ; as
it wants the peculiar accent which in its effect is almost to convert a monosyllabic word into
one of two syllables, as stone^ tteean ; sebooly scbeecU, 8cc. It is not, however, given in
Hall., Brock., or Wb. or Leeds Gl. ; although it is in very common use in Clevel. Cf. E.
breedf a kind, strain, as in the phrase * a breed of cattle,* * fowls,' 8cc.

* A gran' breed o* pa'tridges.' Cf. Pr. Pm. * Bredde or hecchyd, of byrdys.'

* Moor bods 's nane sae rank : t' breeds 's wakish, an' nobbut a few ov' em.'

* T' and sow 's getten a gay guid breed o' pigs.'

in% sb. The natural division of the stem of a tree into the
branches or forks which form the head.

The tree * breaks' or parts at the point in question ; which may suggest the derivation.
Comp. Qerm. breebung, Dan. brydning, as applied to express refraction ; and Pr. Pm,
' Brdt§ or brekjrnge. Ruphtra* See also Breeks.

Breek-lesSy adj. Without breeches. See Breeks.

* " Thae 's varry needful. Ah *s seear. Thae 's nigh sarkless an' breekUss ;" almost in a
state of nudity.' Wb, Ol,

BreekSy sb. Breeches.

O.H, brdk (^\. brcekur) ; 0,Siw.broh; Svr.brackar; A. S. br^c, braeea ; If. S. brook;
Dut. broek. Cf. Lat. bracca, Irish broages^ Arm. brag, Ihre objects to Junius' derivation
of the word from brecken, to break or part, on the ground that it is not known what form
the article of attire first named breeks (or its equivalent in other dialects) really had.
Dr. Rietz gives his opinion that the M. Lat. word is derived from the Gallic tongue, and
that the word is originally Celtic. Jam. gives a curious proverbial usage of the word in the
sing., or as denoting one leg of the garment in question : * They sit fuU still that have a
riven breike*

Breke, v. a. The accustomed form of to Break.

Pr, Pm, • Brehyn or breston (brasten). Frango*

Breke one's day. To. To fail in keeping an appointment, break
one's tryst.

* Certis {ofi he) nothing anoyith me
To lene a man a noble, two or thre.
Or what thing were in my possession
Whan he so true is of condicion
That in no wise he brekin wolle his date.
To soche a man I can nevir sale naie.'

. . CbanoH^s Veman^s Tale, p. 1 24.

70 GLOSSARY OF THE

Brenty adj. Another form of Brant.

Bride-ale, sb. The warmed, sweetened, and spiced ale, yet pre-
sented in some villages, to a wedding party on its return from chm'ch.

O, N. hrud-'6l ; A. S. bryd-eala, a bride-ale, bride or marriage feast. The latter word is
of course the origin of £. bridal, Ihre, under the word d/, remarks, it is clear that this
beverage has been a favourite one among the ancient Scythian and Gothic nations, and
indeed the sine qua non — whence all their more important banquets were named o/, e. g.
Arfblf Bamsol, Kirkegdngs-dl^ Grafwa-dlt &c., or. Heir-ale, Cbtlits-baptism-ale, Motber^S'
cburcbing-ale. Grave-ale. Comp. the old word Cburcb-ale. Our Clevel. word is re-
markable as presenting the two constituents of bridal in a separate form, and as dissecting
out from the complex sense of brud-bl the single element connected with the liquor chiefly
drunk on such occasions. See under Bride-door.

Bride-door, sb. The door of the house from which the bride pro-
ceeds to church, and at which the wedding festivities are to be held
afterwards ; used in the phrase * to run for the bride-door/

With this word comp. Sw. D. bryllopsbus, brollopsbus.

The aistom in which it originates is doubtless of Northern extraction. It rea^^pears under
somewhat varying forms in many of the Northern counties, but always in such guise as in
some way to embody the same idea. • To " run for the bride-door" is to join in the race for
the bride's gift, run by divers of the young men of the neighbourhood, who wait near the
church-door till the marriage ceremony is over. The prize is usually a ribbon, which is
worn for the day in the hat of the winner.* Wb. Gl, Hall, simply adds to a precisely
similar statement, that the race is run * to the bride's door,' and both might have added that
the ribbon when won is supposed to be destined for the winner's sweetheart, actual or to be.
In Cumberland, says Brock., it is usual * for the bridegroom, attended by his friends on
horseback, to proceed in a gallop to the house of the bride's father. Having alighted, he
salutes her, and then the company breakfast together. After breakfast the whole party ride
to church together, a fiddler in attendance, and at the conclusion of the ceremony they all
proceed to some neighbouring alehouse where many a flowing bumper is drunk to the
health of the happy pair. Thus inspired they set off full speed towards the future residence
of the bride, where a handkerchief is presented to the first who arrives. In Craven,' he
continues, * after the service is over a ribbon is offered as the winner's prize, either in a foot
or a horse race. Should any of the competitors, however, omit to shake hands with the
bride, he forfeits the prize, though otherwise entitled to win. Whoever first reaches the
bride's habitation is ushered into the bridal chamber, and, after having performed the cere-
mony of turning down the bed-clothes, he returns, carrying in his hand a tankard of warm
aUj to meet the bride, to whom he triumphantly offers the cup he bears, and by whom in
return he is presented with the ribbon as the trophy of his victory.' From a MS. I have
been permitted to make use of it appears that much or all of what is thus described is ' still
practised at St. Helen's, Auckland, and other villages in Durham : only the handkerchief is
supposed to be a delicate substitute for the bride's garter, which used to be taken off as she
knelt at the altar ; and the practice being anticipated the garter was generally found to do
credit to her taste and skill in needlework, and was made the chief prize at the ensuing
sports.' In Clevel. and the neighbouring district the hot ale (see Hot-pots), duly sweet-
ened and spiced, was presented by the friends of a bridal party at some point or points of the
return journey from church. * This custom is upheld in full force at Robin Hood's Bay,
near Wliitby ; and as many as twelve Hot-pot8 have been brought forth and partaken of
in the one-mile distance between the church and the town.' Wb. Gl. The foot-race, or, as
it is now more commonly designated, raxming for the ribbon, is by no means fallen

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 7 1

into desuetude in Clevel. ; indeed, it is almost too much to say it has totally superseded the
horse>race. Within twenty or twenty-five years these races were hotly contested in Danby
by mounted men, two or three of whom, together with their steeds, were well known for
their many racing exploits on such occasions. The writer has met with an old and dim
tradition that in days gone by, the race was always from the churchyard gate to the
Bride-door, and that the prize was not barely the bride's garter, but the added
privilege of taking it himself from her leg as she crossed the threshold of her home. The
Heeat-pots of the Dales, no less than the potations of ale in Ciunberland and Craven
emphasized by Brockett; the mounted cavalcade; the rapid riding (comp. brullup, or
brutUaup^ hasty thronging to a wedding; brudguma-reid^ the bridegroom's journey with
a mounted cavalcade to the bride's-house), — all point explicitly to Northern customs.
Comp. also the following : — ' The most ancient mode of wooing had at least the merit of
simplicity: it consisted in carrying off the desired object by physical force. There are
traces of the custom in a game or ceremony still occasionally practised on the marriage of
a Welsh peasant. After the wedding, the bridegroom mounts on horseback and takes his
bride behind him. A certain amount of ** law" is given them, and then the guests mount
and pursue them. It is a matter of courtesy not to overtake them, but whether overtaken
or not, they return with their pursuers to the wedding feast.' Brand's Pop. Antiq. ii. p. 155 ;
Notes and Queries, xi. 415 ; Anglo-Saxon Home, p. 22, and note. To the above may be
added, from Jam., that to * ride the bruse or broose ' is to ride a race on horseback at
a wedding. * The custom,' he says, * is still preserved in the country. Those who are at a
wedding, especially the younger part of the company, who are conducting the bride from
her own house to the bridegroom's, often set off at full speed for the latter. This is called
'* riding the bruse :" he who first reaches the house is said ** to win the bruse." ' For some
time, the author states, he thought the word bruse must be closely connected with some
ancient word signifying a wedding, or relation to a wedding ; but that he changed his view on
meeting with the following account of a custom common in the N. of Engl, seventy or eighty
years ago. * Four young men, with their horses, were waiting without : they saluted the
bride at the church-gate, and immediately mounting, contended who should win what they
called the *' Kail ;" that is, a smoking prize of spice-brotb which stood ready prepared to
reward the victor in the race.' Query, was it kail, or ale (yall)? Was it • barley-bree' or
ordinary * brose*?

Bride-waiiiy sb. A waggon, loaded with household goods, to be
conveyed from the bride's father's house to the bridegroom's.

* down. Good speed, good speed, old Geoflry now, and unto thee good day.

Ah 've got a tale to tell to thee as we go on the way ;
For Ah 'm to be tha' son-i'-law an' marry ihah lass, Margery : —
What portion you will give to her, discover Ah pray to me.
Oeoffr. Wheeah I ma dowther shall ha' hawf of a' Ah hez, except ma' grizzle meear :
She 's have a bridewain o' t' best : she 's have a' she s'ud. Ah decleear.'

From a MS. copy of the Egton Sword Dance Interlude.

* Mr. Marshall observes that formerly great parade was exhibited in connection with the
bridewain. The waggons were drawn by ** ten, or perhaps twenty pair" of oxen garlanded
with ribbons, while a young woman sat at her spinning wheel in the centre of the load, and
the friends of the parties increased the gifts as the procession went on.' Wb. Gl. ' In
Cumberland,' sa3rs Mr. Brockett, * it is a custom for the friends of a newly married couple
to assemble, upon invitation given, and after partaking of " cold pies, furmity and ale, to
join in various country pastimes." The bride and bridegroom are then placed in two
chairs, the former holding a pewter dish on her knee, half covered with a napkin. Into

;^ GLOSSARF OF THE

xli^ disb every persoa present makes it a point to pat something ; and these offerings occa-
sionally amouut to a considerable sum. I suppose it has obtained the name of wain from
a very aucient custom, now obsolete in the North, of presenting a bride who had no great
stock of her own, with a waggon-load of furniture and provisions. On this occasion the
horses were decorated with ribbons.' In Northumberland such a waggon is styled the
• plenishing-wain/ To this I may add that some forty or fifty years since it was the custom
here to place one of those curious and handsome black oak cabinets or presses, not long
since conmion in the Dales, well stored with the necessary Ghraithing or Qear for a newly
married couple, in a Wain, and harnessing to it several yoke of oxen gaily garlanded, to
drive it as a part of the bridal procession to the church. Arrived there it was lifted off and
carried within the church porch, remaining there the whole time daring which the service
was going on. It was essential that the waggon should travel along the ordinary church-
road, and not make short cuts, or other deviations from the established route. One such
Bridewain, which took its departure for the church from Danby Castle, is specially men-
tioned by my informant as having had no less than sixteen oxen yoked to it.

It ii interesting to find traces of the same custom in Normandy, as well as in other
districts indebted to the Danes for no small infusion of their present population.

Brief, sb. A document carried by one who solicits pecuniary assist-
ance, under circumstances of loss or calamity ; a begging petition.

O. N. brdf; S. G. bref; Dan. brev. The Brief in former days was the recognised or for-
mal mode of seeking assistance, whether on behalf of communities or individuals, towards
the performance of works to which their unassisted means were inadequate. Thus, to
mention but one instance, the inhabitants of Scarborough, when the parish church had been
partially destroyed during the siege of the castle, ' were under the necessity of having re-
course to a Brief, in 1660, 12 Charles II, to enable them to rebuild it.' Hinderwell's Sear-
borough, p. 103. Many Briefs, duly signed by minister and churchwardens, may commonly
be seen still in course of circulation through the country side in Clevel., sometimes to help
the bearer replace his * lahtle coo,' or the horse he carried on his trade with, or the furniture
or stock lost by a fire, &c.

Brigg, sb. A bridge ; a quasi- natural pier projecting into the sea.

O. N. bryggia, a bridge, a pier ; Sw. brygga, a bridge ; Dan. brygga, a pier ; A. S. brycg,
hricgy &c.

* But ackerd fields, an' narrow riggs.
They 've spoiled us quite for building briggs* CastiUo*» Poems,

* Do boote to brugges
That to-broke were.' P, Plougbm. p. i^g,

Brigg, vb. To bridge ; to build a bridge over a stream, &c.

Brigg-stane, sb. i. A stone culvert laid across a Gktte-stead, or
carried beneath a road, the upper stones, or CovererSy of which are of
sufficient length to span the entire width of the water-way. 2. Each
of the single stones thus employed.

Brim, breme, v. a. and n. i. As applied to a sow; to desire the
boar. 2. As applied to the boar; to serve the sow.

O. N. brimi or brjme, flame. Comp. A. S. bremman, to be hot, furious, raging, vehe-
ment. Hald. gives the word bl<gubrytni as signifying the first enjoyment of coition by

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 73

newly married people : a use of the word hrinu exactly coincident with that of our local
wofd. The following passages may serve to illustrate the transition of thought and sense
from flame, heat, to we heat of passion or lust.

' Ant spreche in ham sprekes of lustes swa lu'Sere thet ha forheme'S in wilS ant )>urh )>e
hrhnt abUnde'S,' SiitUt Marb. p. 15 : and strike in em sparks of lust so lither (bad) that
they bum away inwardly, and through the burning go blind.

* Then spake the turke vith wordes thraw,
Saith, " Come the better of your tow (two)
though ye be breme as bore." '

To which Bishop Percy's note is, • brwu, i. e. fierce ;* Mr. Fumivall's, * One of the com-
monest phrases in early romances.'

* I see the bull dothe bull the cow ;
and shall I liue a maiden still ?
I see the bore doth brim the sow ;

and yet there is neuer a lacke for gill.'

Percy's Loose and Humorous Songs, p. 29.

Note also, — * And erOe brimm and beren dede.' Story of Gen, and En, p. 4. See also
lb, p. 33.

Briaalingy adj. Brisk, blowing freshly; of the wind.

Under Breezt Mr. Wedgw. quotes Fr. brise, a cool wind ; It. brezxa, a cold and windy
mist or frost. And he adds, * The origin is the imitation of a rustling noise, as by the
Sc. brissle, properly to crackle, then to broil, fry.' Our word then approaches the proper
meaning of brissle very nearly, denoting the mitigated rushing or whizzing of the wind.
Cf. Sw. D. brisa, to msh. along hastily ; brusa, id.

' A canny brissling wind : 't 11 soon dry t' land.'

Broach, broohe, sb. i. The spire, or steeple, of a church. 2. The
instrument, or spindle, on which yarn used to be wound.

The leading idea in each of the applications of the word (as also in a spit, a skewer ;
besides those above given) is of pointedness. Wood splintered or broken presents instances
of such pointedness : hence the p. p. broeen, from brecan, to break, is taken as the origin of
broebe. Bofw. quotes the Fris. word brok as meaning a fragment or broken piece. Comp.
Fr. broebe, a spit ; Welsh procio, to thrust, stab ; Gael, brog, to goad, to prick ; and also
E. brooeb. Pr, Pm. * Broebe for a thacstare (see our Thaok-prods) : Broebe, or spete ;
Broeiyn or lettyn a vessel a broche ;' piercing it, i. e. with some pointed instrument.

* Then broyled and broaebl on a buchers pricke
The kidney came in of a holy sister.'

Loose and Humorous Poems, p. 4a.
' As kenspack as a cock on church broacb,* Wb, Ql,

Brook, sb. The badger {Meles taxus),

Dan. brok; A. S. broe; Erse broe; Welsh and Cornish broek. See Jam. in ▼. Broakit,

Brooky sb. The froghopper or cuckoo-spit insect {Aphrophora spu-
maria); the latter popular name being due to the froth in which the
creature envelopes itself when in the pupa-state.

Welsh broeb, foam.

' Ah fweeats like a broeh*

74 GLOSSARY OF THE

BrooUe, bruokle, adj. Easy to be broken, frail, brittle.

O.Sw. braekeUg; Sw. brdcklig: Sw. and O. Dut. brokd; Q, hrbeklig, Comp. S. Jutl.
brok, broken pieces of bread ; Pr. Pm. * Brokdoi, or frecf (brokyl, brokill). Fragilis.

* Ay, thae pankins at is getten oot in t* hones, — they 's desput bruckU for seear/

Brog, V. n. To browse ; to Crop the short herbage or small hedge-
shoots, as cattle do.

Almost certainly a frequentative from a vtrb signifjring to break, crush, bruise ; e. g. S. G.
brtteha^ Sw. brdcka, A. S. hrican, Dan. brMt, &c. Comp. Sw. D. broggOt to break or
crush, reduce to fragments or small pieces. In fact, the standard word browse is itself
probably referrible to an analogous origin. Sec Wedgw. in v. Browse,' and also under
Brake, 2. ; where he collates O. E. brogt a iwampy or bushy place ; O. Fr. brogUle,
bregille, broel, &c., copse-wood, cover, brush-wood; Prov. Germ, gebroge, gebhUbe,
a brake, thicket. Comp. our definition.

Broken-bodied, adj. Ruptured, afflicted with hernia.

Comp. Dan. brok, Sw. briek, a rupture; A. S. 6roM<f, afflicted with a rupture; and
Germ, gebroeben ; Sw. D. brakUig, braikier, id.
Cf. Pr. Pm, * Brostyn man, yn >e cod. Hermotus.*

• He 's broken4>odied V baith sahds.'

Brole, browl, sb. i. An impudent girl; a htttsy, bold and tmblush-
ing. 2. A saucy, forward child.

Hall, gives * brol, a child or brat, A. S. ;' but I know not on frhat ground. Our word
seems always used in an offensive sense, and I am doubtful whether to refer it — not directly
to £. brawl, but— to some such origin as Dan. br^le, to roar, to bdlow (cf. O. N. bralla,
Dan. D. braUa, to talk at the top of one's voice ; Germ. bruUen, Sw. trA/a ; in which case
the idea is primarily that of one who is loud and violent in word, passing on then to the
sense given in our definition, and hi the following example from Wb. Gl.-^* Thoo *s a braz-
xened young broud*); or to Welsh brawl, a shooting out, an offshoot; in which case a
child is the primary meaning.

The word occurs twice in P. Plougb, precisely in our first sense :^

' Now mot ich soutere hyt tone
Seten to schole,
And ich a beggeres broi
On the book leme.' (p. 494.)

* I dorste have leyd my lif.
And no lasse wedde
He sholde have be lorde of that lond.
And also kyng of that kith
His kyn for to helpe,
The leeste brol of his blood
A barones piere.' (p. 55.)

Brough, bruff, sb. A faint luminous ring or disk about the moon,
technically called a * corona.'

Jam. supposes the name brougb to have been given to this appearance * because of its
circular form, or resemblance to the encampments so designated ;' from O. N. and O. Sw.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 75

Unrgt A. S. horgt burb. Still, it may be expedient to notice a word yet current in Icebiid :
* RoM'btutgur, or storm^rings, formed about the moon.' Iceland, Se. and Sagas, Intisod.
xzzi. ; and Hald. gives rosa-baugr, a circle about the sun or moon ; although baugr can
scarcely be the origin of our word, unless it has passed through a stage of great corruption.
Comp. bur in Hall., and burr in Lineolns. Gl.

Bitow-band, sb. A leathern strap, passing across the forehead of
the bearer, by which the Fish-creel is suspended.

Browl, V. n. To scold, to urge a demand in violent or abusive terms.

* When these three women 's brought to bed and after thee does browl.
Thou must reply immediately I Imow ye not at all.' MS. Sw. Dance Interlude.

Another reading is, ' and round thee thae does browl.* As the person advised is * the
Lusty Miller,' who has seduced his bndlady, her daughter and her servant, each under
a promise of marriage, the idea in the word browl is apparent enough. Probably the vb.
is derived from the sb. See preceding word.

Brown-leemers or learners, sb. Brown or ripe nuts that separate
or slip easily from the husk or hull. Wh. Gl. simply says ' large fil-
berts/ without specifying any degree of ripeness, which is insuflScient
See Learn.

Brock, suggests, not too happily, that learners may be les rnUrs, the ripe ones. It is
simi^y gliders or slippers. Hall, says, ripe nuts which leave the husk readily are called
brtnoH'sbuUers, The sense is the same. See our Blitirly Bliool, or Blioll, to slip, glide«
sUde.

Bmff, adj. Full-faced and florid or fresh-looking ; hearty in look and
manner ; loud and rather rough, or more than jolly, important

Comp. Sw. D. borger, borg, berg, fuU-grown, strong, hearty; byrg, burg, byrgr, setf-
sufficient, confident, self-satisfied. These words are all derivatives, with secondary mean-
ings, from S. G. borgare, civis, one possessed of real rights and importance, therefore ; and
borga, to act as bail or surety. See S. G. berga ; O. N. biarga ; A. S. beorgan,

Brully, sb. i. A broil, squabble, disturbance. 2. Moderate roughness
or motion of the sea.

O. Sw. brylla, to disturb, create a disturbance. BryUa or briUa is still used in the
same sense in Sw. D. Ihre quotes as synon3rms or derivatives. Arm. brella ; Eng. br(nl ;
Fr. brouUler; ItaL imbrogliare.

Brummel-nosed, adj. Having a nose with the characteristic signs
of intemperance, purple and granulated, like the Bramml or Brumm'L

Brummels, brum'ls. See Brambles.

Brunt, adj. i. Abrupt, precipitous, steep. 2. Blunt, unceremonious,
abrupt, in manner.

Probably the same word as brant or brent ; or, if not, from S. G. bryn, vertex montis,
prsBcipitium ; for comparison with which Ihre quotes O. N. bruna, to lift up, or exalt one-
self; adding, that he looks upon bryn as denoting whatever prominently overtops other
things near. Comp. Sw. D. bryni, a bank, or steep hill.

3. * He 's a bit 6rMn/-mannered ; but he 's not a bad sort.*

L 2

76 GLOSSARV OF THE

Brussel, sb. Pr. of E. bristle.

Another instance of the change of i into u, and as compared with Sw. horsi, Sw. D. husi,
horste, Dan. bersitf Dut. borstel, also of the transposition of r and its vowel. Comp. Pr.
Ptn, • BfystylU, or brustylle (burstyll). Seta,*

Brussen-heartedy adj. Broken-hearted. See Heart-brussen.

Bnissen-kited, adj. Possessing a very protuberant, or swollen-look-
ing abdomen. See Kite.

Brussen-outy adj. Covered with blotches, or pimples, or sores.

* He 's hrussen-out wV lahtle water-blebs all ower his body.'

Bnisten, pcpl. (pr. brussen). Used adverbially ; as in

* •• Brussen-hig ;** exceedingly stout or corpulent.' Wb. GL

* ** Brussen-bTeezdwsLys ;" about as broad as long, for excess of fat.' lb,

Brosten-upy adj. Reduced to smaU pieces, pulverised, as bread by
satiated children ; clods by frost, or the roller and harrows ; crockery-
ware by a fall, &c.

Buch, butoh, v. n. To act as a butcher; carry on the trade of
a butcher.

Mr. Peacock gives the vb. buteb as in use in N. Lonsdale. It seems to be simply
derived from the sb., formerly spelt bocbouret bucber,

BuckheadB, sb. The live stems or stumps of a thorn hedge after
the branching heads have been cut off, leaving the stumps to shoot forth
again.

The word is probably due to, or expressive of, the idea of shooting forth from the head
into many branches, as the horns of the buck do. And from the noun is taken the verb
buck-bead, to lop. See Hall.

Budge, V. a. and n. i. To move or be moved, as a nail in a wall,
or a screw in its socket (or female) or in a piece of wood. 2. To
lower or abate (in a demand, or price asked).

E. budge is usually connected immediately with F. bouger. Looking to the sense our
word takes, I am disposed to collate O.N. bjuga, buga, to master, get the better of;
the primary meaning of the word being to bend, to make to bow. Comp. Dan. bugte,
bugt, S. Jut. D. bege, bagge, to bend, to sway. Comp. also the O. N. phrases, aka
einum d bug: in fugam pellere; almost literally, to make him budge; enginn btfir mir
sva a bug ekit, sem J>m : no one has ever made me budge as you have.

I. * Ah caan't budge 't a hair-breed : it 's stiff as a stithy ;' of any object fixed in another.

* It 's gran'est drag at iwer Ah seen : 't weeant budge for now't ;' of a Coleman's Culti-
vator, which passed steadily on in its work at the same level, however hard the ground.

3. * Price is fower pun', an* he weeant budge a hau'pny.'

Buer, buver, sb. A gnat.

This word is probably derived from the same root as the Germ, p/eiffer^ to pipe, to
whizz. Comp. S. Jutl. pibe, sounded pi/. Kohy p. 1 18. In some Sw. districts also, pipt

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 77

pivi. Thus the name would mean the piper. Piping is a north-country word
for * the noise made by bees preparatory to swarming/ Hall. ; a peculiarly sharp buzzing :
and the word is certainly very applicable to the sound emitted by the gnat.

Bugh, sb. (pr. bufe or beeuf ). A bough. Compare the pronunciation
of plough, eneugh.

Doubtless this form or pronunciation of bougb is preserved in the following stanza :—

* But Robin he walkes in the greene fforrest
as merry as bird on bughe,
But he that feitches good Robin's head

heele find him game enoughe.' Percy's Fol, MS, i. p. 19.

Boll, V. a. and n. i. To serve a cow, as a bull does. 2. To desire
the bull, as a cow does ; to shew symptoms of such desire. See quota-
tion under Brim.

BtQlaoe, sb. The wild plum, or 'wild bullace' of botanical works
{Pnmus tnsiiiiia): * fruit globular, austere, black with blue bloom.'
Neither to be confounded with the sloe, nor with the ordinary fruit
known as Bnllaoe, which is green, with a partial russet tinge when ripe.

Pr, Pm. * Bdas tre. Pepulus.* Also * A bulas tre. Ptpulus.* Cath. Angl,
The word is no doubt due to the same origin as httll (Pa^), huUet^ ball, &c., and simply
expnuiyt of the spherical shape of the fruit

Bull-dance, sb. The festivities or merry-makings of the country
people on occasion of * Cattle Shows,' or Agricultural Exhibitions. Wh. GL

Bull-flEkees, sb. (pr. bull-feeaces). The turfy hair-grass {Aira ccBspi-
/osa); called also, as it appears from Hall, 'Bull-fronts' and * Bull's-
forehead': probably from some supposed resemblance between the
manner of its tufty growth and that of the hair on the bull's forehead.

Bullock, V. a. i. To bully, to address another with violently abusive
language. 2. To use loud unmeasured tones and terms in speaking.

I. * Noo, thoo lap oop ! Ah' wean't bide hae mair o' thah bullockin\*
S. * I should like him better without all that bidlocking: Wb, Ol.

Bullocking, adj. Loud-tongued ; overbearing, imperious in word.

Bulls, sb. The crossbeams of the harrow in which the teeth or
tines are inserted.

Bui, pi. buller, kaldes de tr€ur paa barven bvori ttenderm indnBUtt : but, pi. btdler,
the name by which arc called the beams of the harrows in which the teeth are set ; Jutl.
and Sjxlland. Molb. Dan. D. Diet. Comp. Sw. D. 60/, a plank; slaa-bol, the runners
of a sledge, the gunwale of a boat, its planking. I do not find this word in Hall., or in
any of the Yorkshire Glossaries, though it is common throughout a wide district in the
North and East Ridings ; nor yet in Jam. It presents one more instance such as Begff,
flan, peen, skare on, &c., of the singular illustration thrown by the Scaud. dialects
on our Yorkshire forms of the Northumbrian dialect.

yS 'OLOSSARY OF THE

Bnll-seg, sb. A bull castrated after having arrived at full matnritf.

See 8«gg. None of the derivations hitherto proposed for this word has been the leMt
Mtisfactory. Probably the suffix stg refers to the alteration which has been made in the
hcasff power or spirit, or both. And in this connection we may note, not only the Crav.
words ag'biad, a blockhead; stg-kitt, an over-grown and greedy youth— one, therefore,
who is proverbially neither active, nor sharp or bright; A. S. seeae, P>g^» l*zy, slow;
O. hf. uigla, animal tardum et lentnm ; but also the fact that with setg or t€eg, a boar
castrated after arriving at maturity, Molb. couples setg or stg, a lazy, indolent drawler.

BnU-spink, sb. The chaffinch {Fringilla ccBlebs).

The word tpink occurs in the Sw. names of birds in several instances. Thus gid'Spink,
the greater tom-tit ; and Pennant quotes golspittk as applied in Faun, Stiee, to the yellow-
hammer. See Qold-ipink. It is worthy of notice, that btyfiu is the Sw. name of the
chaffinch, or 8pink : the prefix bo possibly answering to our hvJl. The name qpink seems
to be applied, with some prefix or qualifying word, to the mouatain-findi, goldfinch,
yellow-hammer, and chaffinch, in the north of EngUnd.

BuU-ttang, sb. The dragon-fly.

Dull, here, Is, It is likely, expressive of size or power (see Ridi.) ; as also that siang
Implies the supposed power of the insect in question to sting, to inflict a venom-tainted

Cificture. See Flying-ether and itang. Comp. also the name given by the fisher-
;yi to the weever, vis. Btang-flah.

Bum, bumble, v.n. (pr. bumml). To hum or buzz, like the
humblc-bco, or like a top.

<). N. bumla ; Pr, Pm, * Bomhon as been {hummyn or hmmbym). Bomhizo, bombHo ;' Sw. D.
bumlii, bumbtii, to give a dull sound like an empty cask; Germ, bomtium or bumnun,
hnmrntln, bummtln^ to give a dull reverberating sound, to buss. Jam. quotes also Dut.
btrntMH, to resound. * Bumblar i tuMHtmm * is a phrase given by Hald. Comp. Teut.
bomntih, a drone ; the name taken from the sound, doubtless.

Bum, bumm'l, sb. The humming or buzzing noise emitted by the
Ikjc, drone, or top.

Bumbla-barflmi sb. A horse-collar made of reeds or rushes, as
dUUnguiiihed from a leather Barflm. Wh. GL

\UW. gives bumblii as signifying rushes in Lmcolnshire, which explains the first part of
the word ; for the other, see Barfam.

Bumble-bee, sb. (pr. bumm'1-bee). The general name for the va-
rieties of the humble-bee family. Comp. the name quoted by Brock, for
tlte same insects — * humbler ;' and also the name ' bum-clock/ as applied
to tl»e beetle, which makes a loud humming noise in its evening flight

* The bum-clock hummed wi' lazy drone.' Bums.

Bumble-kitee, bummel-kiteSi sb. Common blackberries. See
Bnunblee.

It is not all plain sailing suggesting a derivation for this word. Brock, gives it as a
Pufiiam word ; Hall, quotes it ; and it appears in Wb, Gl, It is also found in the iMdi
Ol. ; tMit there \n a totally different sense — that of an unluckily clumsy person. A child.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 79

by tome awkwardness or carelessness, upsets a table covered with crockery, and is at once
greeted as a * bumblt-kUt.' Kite in Clevel. usually means 6«//y, while bumble or
Inmimel imports a buzzing or humming sound. But, then, humble-foot means a thick
foot; bumbU-tiaff, a thick staff: so that it is possible that in Buxumel-kite there may
be a reference to the form of the fruit, bellying or bulging all round. The simpler
explanation is, that it refers to the effect produced, by eating them in sufficient quantities,
in the stomach of the eater ; namely, no little rumbling, or bumxnling.

Bumbore, sb. The gad-fly {(Esirus bovis). See Bree.

The prefix is the same as in buxumel-bee, hum-clock. See Bum, bumm'L The latter
part of the word is doubtless due to the piercing or boring process passed through when the
msect's eggs are dq>osited, or, at least, to the perforation in the skin in the Warbles. Se^
Burtree, Boifetree.

Bunch, V. a. To kick or strike with the foot or knee ; (never applied
to an animal).

Pr, Pm. * Buncbon. Tundo, trudo* Comp. H. Germ, pocbtn, L. Germ, boeben, Dutch
biukem, S. Jutl. boJte, S. G. boka, banka, Dan. banke, Welsh ytbong. Possibly the Celtic may
be th^ more direct source of our word. The M in the Jutl. dialect has a somewhat guttural
sound. Kok. Danske Folk-sp. S. J. p. 65.

' He bunebed me wiv his foot.'

* Deean't thee coom na furder, or Ah '11 huncb ;' addressed to a clegjrman at the font in
a Dale's church, by a juvenile candidate (I) for * Christening.'

Bunoh-olot, sb. An uncomplimentary name for a farm-labourer or
his master, nearly equivalent to the soutli-coimtry * clod-hopper.' See
Bnnoh.

Buns, btinnons, sb. The dry hollow stems, of the cow-parsnep or
hogweed (HeracUum sphotufylium), and other like plants.

A. S. butUf a cane, reed, pipe. Jam. gives both bunwand and bunneris as synonyms of
the cow-parsnep. The first is identical with our Buxmozui, and the second is simply buu"
or bum-iuori. The Sw. names of this and like plants at least suggest a comparison of
them with our names and their A. S. original ; viz. hj'drn'floka, the cow-parsnep, ^*dni-
/olo, the wild angelica {A, sylvestris), Sw. D. names for the last-named plant are bjenstui,
bjam-pipa, both meaning bear-pipe or tube; and for the former we meet with bjont-ram^
or bears-paw. It may be a matter of enquiry whether there is any real connection
between A. S. bune and the prefix in all these words.

Burden, v. a. (pr. bodden). i. To oppress, in the way of imposing'
too much work for given pay. 2. To charge with or impute to.

I. ' T' highway maaster hodden* d t' men over sair wi' t' flints ; maist part iv em had
bralcken mair 'n tweea hund'ed ower mich fur a leead.'

3. * Ah bodderCd her heavily wi' 't (pregnancy) ; but she steead me out she wam'L'

Burden-band, sb. A hay-band made of hemp; used to bind bundles
of hay for conveyance by hand from one place to another ; as from the
stack to the Byre, at foddering time. Comp. ' Burn-rope, a rope for
carrying a burden.' Hall.

8o OLOSSARV OF THE

Bum, sb. A brook, a stream of water.

A. S. bume, byma; Gad. bdm, A word very little used in this district. * A bum' says
Brock, * winds slowly along meadows, and originates from small springs ; while a biek is
formed by water collected in the sides of mountains, and proceeds with a rapid stream,
though never applied to rivers that become estuaries ;' a statement which is perhaps hardly
borne out by facts. Strictly, the difference is simply one of language ; and O. Sw. brunn^
O. N. brunnr, &c^ are more significant (as Jam. remarks) of a well-head, or the water of
it, than of the same water in rapid motion away from the source. Comp. Rietz on Sw. D.
brunn.

Burnt-wine, sb. A preparation of port wine, sweetened and spiced,
offered to the guests at a funeral entertainment See ArraL

Burr, sb. The stone or other obstacle placed behind the wheel of
any vehicle going up hill, for the purpose of preventing its recession
while the horse or horses stop for rest and wind. Properly the wooden
cylinder or barrel-shaped object with which some waggons are furnished,
and which is so arranged, by means of a spindle and chains, as always to
roll in rear of the hind wheel

Cf. Pr. Ptn. * Birwbt, serde (burrowe). Orbietdtu;* which in the notes Mr. Way con-
nects with Norf. burr^ our Brough, adopting Jamieson's derivation, and adding that,
probably, * bttrr of a lance, the projecting circular ring that protected the hand ; and also
the btirr of a stag's horn, or projecting rim by which it is surrounded close to the head,'
may be referred to the same derivation : i. e to A. S. bwrg, munimentum. Mr. Wedgw.,
however, with more reason, connects the word burr named in the note under mention— -and
our word is, I think, certainly coincident with it — as also burr, the flower-bud of hops, with
Fr. bourgeon, bourjon; O. £. burton, bourion, burjown; Engl, burgeon, the young bud or
putting forth of a vine, a pimple on the face. Pr. Ptn, form of the verb is burgyn, or
burryn, and the Lat. definition is germino, Jrondo, gemmo. The idea in 6»rrs Brough,
is simply that of a ring or annular disk, which applies but badly in the case of our present
word.

Burr, V. a. To block or stop the wheel of a waggon or cart, when
going up hill, by placing a stone or other sufficient object behind it, so
as to prevent its going back. See Burr, sb.

Burst, v. a. (pr. bost). i. To break up into small fragments, to pul-
verise. 2. To break. 3. To bruise or crush one's members badly.

O. N. bnsta ; Sw. and Sw. D. britia ; Dan. briUt, to break, be broken, into fragmentt
and with a crash. See Hald. Comp. A. S. birtian. Germ. brisUn, to burst, or be burst.
The signification and ihe conjugation equally correspond with those of the Scand. verl>s : —

Sw. and Sw. D. britia; brtut; bnuti; broUi, br^, brutia,

Dan. bri$t§, brast, brusim,

O. N. brtUa, brati, brotiX,

Clevel. D. burU (pr. bosi), brati, burti (pr. boti), bmtim (pr. brootttn).

Comp. • Beate1$ |>e ant butt^ |>e as his ibohte M.' Hali Mtid. p. 31.

* With mighty mads they the bones to breti.* Kn^hift Tali, 4613.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 8l

* Him gainith neithir, for to get his Iife»
Vomit upward, ne downward laxatife ;
AU is to borstin thilke regioun.

Nature hath there no dominacioun.' lb. 2757.

* The knight stoode in the middle, and fought,

that it was great loy to see,

till his collaine brand brake in his hand,

and his miUaine knife burst on his knee,
and then the danish axe burst in his hand first,

that a sur weapon he thought shold be/

Percy's Folio MS. i. p. 69.

1 . * Gan thou an' best thae clots i' t' far intak'.*

* Ay, it wur a noble pankin (cinerary urn). 'T 'war a shamm te bost it all i* bits.*

2. * Thoo 11 get thah head hrusserty ef thee deean't tak' heed.'

3. * He *s getten his foot sairly brussen wiv' a wheel gannan ower it.*

Cf, ' The neighbouris alle, both small and grete.
In ronne for to gawrin on this man.
That in a swoune lay both pale and wan,
For with that fall he brostin hath his arme.' Miller's Talt, 718.

Bturthistle, sb. The spear, or spear-headed, thistle (Cnictts lanceo^
laius).

Comp. Sw. D. boltn-tisttl ; where the prefix bolm is expressive of magnitude. It is ques-
tionable whether the syllable bur originates in the idea of the resemblance between the
blossom-head of the thistle and the *bur' of the burdock (Dan. borre^ O. Sw. borre^ hard'
borrt; Sw. hard-borrar^ Sw. D. burrar), or whether it is due to an equivalent to the 60/m,
biU, bol of the Swedish, and our E. bull.

Bufiiky sb. A low bush or tuft of a growing plant ; a single or de-
tached growth, or Bush, of a plant.

Sw. buskt^ a shrub ; O. N. buskr ; Dan. busk.

* A Lmg-lmsk* * Sezve-busk,* &c.

Butty sb. The halibut (Htppoglossus vulgaris),

Pr. Pm, * Butt fysche. Pecten* In a note Mr, Way adds, * Yarrell, in his Hist, of Br,
Fisbes, observes that the flounder is called at Yarmouth a butt, which is a Northern term ;
the name is likewise given by Pennant, but does not occur in the Glossaries of Northern
dialect.' The tenn* is quite common in this district, applied as in the definition ; not to
the flounder.

Butter-soot, butter-sootoh, sb. A superior kind of toffee or hard-^
bake, more butter being said to be used in its composition.

Buzznacking, buzknaoking, pcpl. Gossipping, tattling.

Probably a popular compound of two words of much the same signification. Hall, gives
' buz, a report or rumour,' and the phrase * buzzed about' is a common one. To knicbok
is to talk in an affected way, and may have had a less restricted meaning once.

* She 's in an' oot t' toon thruff', buzknaehing aboot.' Wh. GL

By-gang, sb. A by-way, by-road. See G-ang.

A compound precisely similar to the Dan. bi-tinuy leisure time ; bi-aarsag, subordinate
cause ; bi-navn, by-name, &c.

H

Hz OLOSSARV OF THE

By muoh ; equivalent to ' by a good deal ;' as, —

* There 'i nit eneugh by mieh*

By now ; equivalent to * by thii time;' as, —

* Ah lay he MI be there by now,*

Cf. * I Me get my horse betimes in the mom,

by it be break of dty.' Percy's Folio MS, i. p. 41.

* I hold here a grote she lykys me not weylle
Bt we parte.' Touma. Myst, p. 148.

By-past, adj. Bygone, passed by ; used in reference to past time.

* At all times bypoii.* Wh, GL

By the time; equivalent to 'past or beyond the time;' fixed,
namely : as, —

* They 'r' a lang way by tbtV tobm.*

Byre, sb. The building, or house, in which the cows are tied up, or
kept ; commonly, Oow-byre.

Comp. S. Q. ftur ; O. N. 64r or bfr, &c, and its applications : — S. O. tuifiUmr, a sleeping-
place (* box-bed* of North Britain); faiabwr, store-chambtr ; pmgfru4mr^ vrcmoi's apart-
ments ; Dan. yVjr'f-^Mr, bird-cage, &c., in all of which the use of the babiiaadum, which
is implied in btir is qualified by the prtifix. CoUate Oow-byre wiihfiigU-htir.

Oab^Jeen, sb. A cloak with a hood to it; as Yfom by females many
}*ears ago. A corruption of Capuchin.

C(vtnp. alto Sw. D. knhmA^ a (Vined hood for winter wear, with lappets to fiiU down orcr
the tVice and tars : Dan. ktihmdt^ N. S. M^na^hootL

OMidle, sb. Confusion, disarray, disorder: applied when the furni-
ture, ^., of a room, or the house, are, or have been, undergoing the
process of cleaning, and are not )*et put back into their usual order.

Comp. Welsh rW, strimx^ battle, tumult : as alst> S« tvH wiUi Gael toOimt^ stir, moTe-
m«<\t. nx^se : and It with gtml boilui|t. fVime, battle, (Virr. See Wedgw.

Oadge, V. a. and n. i. To i^ck up and com-ey something portable;
as ct^rn t\^ the mill, i^rcels K> their destination, te* a. To go about on
such ai\ errand as m^y furnish something to be carried : h^xre, to beg,
ti> i^ay the |^rt of a * dinner-hunter/

I'hb w\>^i U c\MtH HW<\t with $*f . rwli^ <Ni»rK cim^p^ which bear Hm mhr * to taM^ to

* tWfY«i away. wlfiiir«k Jani« tayt, * Hm

1>ut.<^^vMMii« l«^#«i v<fM^M*^« (TM^stMi^^ «ik«r«rrw«v 1^^ nM« «r cwMt^l* m ahogl).
or. RvHK^i «M^. Ft. tkmms ^ hunt* * ftv«i the ilnl «(whlch wt '

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 83

Stfll, Haldorten's verb kiagga, to move as one does when carrjring a burden, may possibly
suggest another derivation. See Oad^fer.

* Sc alle ()>at) swypped un-swoljed of )>e sworde kene
\>zy wer caggtd and kajt on capeles al bare
& bro>ely brojt to Babyloyn.' E. E. Allit. Poems, B. 1254.

In Sir Oaw. and Gr, Kny^, it is applied to going heavily, when the heaviness is that of the
^irit and not of a burden ; 1. 1 792 : —

• " pat is a worde," quoth )>at wy^i, " ►at worst is of alle ;
Hot I am swared for so|>e, that sore me Hnkkej ;
Kisse me now comly, and I shal each he^en
I may hot moume vpon molde, as may ^at much louyes." '

1. ' Ah aims he*s cadging for t' miller at Deeal-end.*

2. * He niwer diz nowght t' addle *s meat : he nobbut cadges aboot fra spot t' spot, an'
pikes oop owght he can.'

Oadger, sb. i. A person employed by a miller to collect the bags of
com (see Bakings) set aside^ weekly or oftener, by the several farmers
m the coimtry side, and to convey them to the mill, returning the flour
on a subsequent cadging visit. 2. Any person who habitually picks
up matters — not over honestly, perhaps — and conveys them to anodier.

I. 'What's thoo yan o' Willie M.'s cadgers V said to one among some servants who
were supposed to carry things, purloined from their master's house, to the W. M. in
question.

3. * Remember many years bygane.

When he that ruled us right was slain ;

Respect to Quality was lost.

Tinkers and Coblers ruled the rost :

The Nobles were the Commons' Cadgers,

The Gentry but the Soldiers' Badgers.' Joeo-^er, Dis. p. 36.

Caff, sb. (pr. cauff). Chaff.

A. S. eeaft cef; Germ, kaff; Dutch haf, &c.

CaflCy, adj. Worthless, mean.

Caff-hearted, adj. Unprincipled ; of a mean, worthless disposition.

Caggy, adj. Ill-tempered, ready to quarrel.

Cf. Sw. D. kagg^ a nun of an evil disposition. It may be open to question if hagg, in
its turn, be not a provincial form of kargt and through it derived from O. N. Margr^
contumaz.

CahL Pr. of Kyle.

Caingy, adj. Peevish, ill-conditioned, snappish.

Comp. Sw. D. hangs, h&ng, k&nger, all with meanings more or less approximating to
ours ; e. g. fiill of fim, wild, pert, petulant. Hall, gives conge, to whine ; as well as eaingelf
a crabbed fellow.

* As caingy and cankery as an ill<lep'd cur.' Wb. Gl.

H 2

84 OLOSSARr OF THE

Cake, V. n. To cackle, as geese do. The word is applied also to
the uneasy-sounding cry uttered by a hen which wants to sit.

O. N. gvaka, Dan. kv€ekke, to cackle as geese, quack as ducks, do ; also, Sw. D. kauka,
kdiot kdkd; Norw. kaukt; N. S. kaken; all meaning to emit a high-pitched cry.

Cake-couping, sb. An interchange of social visits, at which such
refreshments as cake are consumed ; tea-visits, &c. See Ck>up.

Calf-bed, sb. The matrix of a cow. Comp. Foal-bed, &c.

Call, V. a. I. To summon or cry to. 2. To scold, abuse, apply
opprobrious and angry language to any one.

In its first or ordinary sense this vb. is used with the prep, on or of subjoined, as in the
following sentence : — * Upon which, this informer cold on her master's daughter, who cold
of other people out of the roome below.' York Castle Depositions, p. a02. A woman with
her child in her arms, and seeing her husband out of the window, would say to it, * Lookstee,
there 's dadda ! Call ov him, honey t call ov him I '

Call of, call on. See under CalL.

Caller, adj. i. Fresh; of fish. 2. Cool, fresh, refreshing; of the
weather.

Pr. Pm, ' Calvur as samoon, or o>yr fysshe.' * Palsgr. renders it '* caluer of samon,
escume de saulmon.** This term appears to denote the state of the fish freshly taken, when
its substance appears interspersed with white flakes like curd.' lb. note.

Callet, V. n. To scold, to rail angrily.

* They snap and callit like a couple of cur dogs.' Wb, Gl.

Callet, sb. A scold, a railing, foul-mouthed, or impertinent female.

Wedgw. gives * Callet, a prostitute,' adducing * Gad. eaile, a girl, hussey, quean, strumpet.
Fr. caillette, femme frivole et babillarde.' It would be too much to say that Oallet does
not mean prostitute in any case ; for no doubt it does. Still I think that a stormy, or at
least loud, use of the tongue is the leading idea in the word ; and unchastity not thought of
in nine cases out of ten when the word is applied. Chaucer's expression, * A calat of leude
demeaning,' sufficiently proves that lewdness was not the distinctive quality of a Oallet in
his time ; and Shakspere's * A callet of boundlesse tongue,' Winter's Tale, Act ii. Scene 3,
is a telling description of a scold, and could scarcely have been intended to imply the grosser
accusation : a remark which is equally valid touching both the passages in Henry III
(Parts II and III), wherein the word occurs. Brock, gives * Callet, to scold ; calleting, saucy,
gossiping ; a calleting housewife, a regular scold.' Cr. Gl. gives * Callet, to rail ; calletin,
pert, saucy, gossiping ;' and Wb. Gl. * Callit, to rail, to chide.' See also example to vb. OaUet.
The Fin. word kallottaa, altA voce ploro, ululo, seems to me much more nearly allied to
our word than the Fr. word for quail (see Wedgw.), or the words calle, calote, which are
merely designations of head-dresses. In fact, the word is most likely a derivative from the
same source which furnished our oall with its peculiar sense (to scold, to abuse), which is
itself analogous to O. N. kails, derision, mockery.

Callety, calleting, adj. Scolding, quarrelsome, saucy.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 85

Calling, sb. Abuse, vituperation, a scolding.

Calm, adj. (pr. cau'm). Mild, in contradistinction to frosty or sharp.

• «* Well. I think it is softening a little, James." ** Ay, Ah thinks it 's a bit cau'mer ;" '
qx>ken on a perfectly still day, when a thaw appeared to be commencing after the con«
tinuance of a Storm, or fit of severe weather, with snow, lasting ten or fifteen days.

Calven-Gow, sb. A cow which has not long since had a calf.

Comp. Sw. D. ialv-ko, and Dan. halv4tu, both with the same signification.

Cam, sb. A ridge or long earthen mound ; a hedge-bank.

O. N. htmbr ; Sw. ham ; Dan. j^am, &c. Hire's remark is, * Saxones de vertice aggeris
adhibere lolent ;' while the Dan. use is exactly equivalent to ours : hammen paa m digt, or
dig^^mm. Cf. dikes comb : Gen, and Ex. p. 73.

Cam, V. n. To form a bank, as for the purposes of enclosure ; to
throw up a Cam.

* It *s te nae guid takkan yon bit o* moor in : why there *s nae sods te cam wiv ;* the
soil is so very poor, no sward has ever formed.

Cambrel, oambril, sb. A somewhat crooked piece of wood, with
three or foiu* notches at each end, employed by butchers to keep the
hind legs of a slaughtered animal apart, and at the same time to form
a means of suspension. Spelt also cammereU, oaumerill, gambrel,
gaumeril.

Wedgw. quotes Webh campren^ crooked stick, as the origin to which our word is due,
and which sometimes is met with in the form cambren. Comp. Ir. and Gael, cam ; Bret.
hamm ; Fr. cambri, arched or crooked ; and also cam', camow-, or camber-nosed, crooked
or hooked-nosed ; cambril or cctmmerel, the hough of a horse ; cambering, of a ship's
deck. Sec,

' Soon crooks the tree
That good camerii will be.'

Camden's Remains, Proverbs; Gl, to Fincb. Priory,

• «<

As crooked as a gaumeril;*' of a deformed person.' Wb. Gl.

Can, sb. A tin vessel or utensil, the particular use of which is design
nated by a prefix.

Molbedi explains Dan. kande by * a drinking-cup or vessel fashioned with lid, handle and
lip ;' and then adds — ' any other vessel which has some resemblance in form to a kande ;
as vand-kande, water-can ; malke-kande, milk-can, &c. ; with which comp. our Milk-oan,
Water-oan, a watering-pot, &c.

Canker, sb. Rust ; oxidisation on any metal, but especially iron.

' Canker,' says Rich., * is cancer differently written. It is applied to anjrthing that eats
gnaws, corrodes, consiunes ;' and is certainly singularly descriptive of the operation of rust
or oxidisation upon iron.

Canker, v. n. To rust, or corrode.

86

OLOSSARV OF THE

Cankered, To be, v. p. To be rusted, or corroded
Cankered, cankery, adj. Cross, sour-tempered, out of humour.

See Canker, sb. The transition of idea from the fretting effect of rust npon metal, to
the fretted condition of one's temper, is both natural and graphic.

* Said they, ** wee had neuer sudi a eankir§d carle.

Were neuer in our companie." ' Percy's Fol. MS. i. 48.

Canny, adj. i. Ejiowing, skilful, clever. 2. Prudent, cautious,
handy. 3. Well-suited, possessing evident or admitted advantages,
excellent.

This is a word of very frequent and varied application, which it is difficult to convey by
dint of definition. Jam. alleges eighteen different senses. I believe, however, the tiiree
given above may prove sufficiently inclusive. Brockett's remark is, * It refers as well to
the beauty of form, as of manners and morals ; but most particularly is used to describe
those mild and affectionate dispositions which render persons agreeable in the domestic
relations.' But there are two words, sufficiently distinct in themselves, yet confounded
together, which must be noted before these remarks can become fully apposite ; namely,
ooxiny and caimy. * The former of these I take to be a near reUtive of die Danish hjmtt
pretty, &c. ; but our present word to be analogous to S. Q. Jhrnnctr, Sw. hunnig^ Sw. D.
konnu^ O.N. kunnugr. Old Germ, kunnig, Dan. kyndig; and throu^ them to the several
verbs whence they are derived, O. Sw. and O. N. kunna, Sw. D. ktmna. Sec. : in most, if
not all of which, the idea of power as complementary to that of knowledge seems to be
involved. It is worthy of remark, that oanny seems to be a word of comparatively
recent growth : it is not met with in Hampole or Tawiul, Mysi., nor yet in Early Englidf
AUit. Poems, or in Oaw. and ibe Gr, Knyyt; and the earliest authority quoted by Jam. only
dates from 17 15. ConamOy, however, which is no doubt allied, occurs in Toumd, Mysi.

' Mervelle, methynk, have I,
Where ever this bame has bene
That carps thus eonamOy* (p. 160).
I. * A canny skeely man.'

* As canny a workman as iwer Ah see.'

* A canny lass at 's worth a better spot ;' a higher or better place or situation.
3. * A canny chap with horses.'

* A canny au'd carle ; yan wunna get t' blin' sahd o' he.'

* Gan canny t man I gan canny;* cautiously or gently.

* A canny spot ;' of one's residence or farm.

* A canny convenient house.'

* Ah wi^ Ah 'd bin still at canny Yatton' (Ayton). Margery Moorpooi,

Gannily, adv. Knowingly, cleverly; cautiously, moderately, gently;
handsomely, suitably, fittingly. See, tmder Canny, the quotation from
Townel. Myst.

Gannyiah, adj. ' Canny' in a slightly modified sense.

* A eannyisb bit o* ground ;' e g. a fair-tized garden or farm.

* She brow't him a eannyisb lot o' gear ;' of property.

Canting, sb. A sale by auction.

* Cant,' says Rich., * It. incantare ; Fr. eneant or incani. An outrope or outcry of goods

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 87

(Cotgrave). From contort^ to proclaim (a public sale), to sell.' Comp * horse-chanter/
a sharper who cries up the merits of a bad horse to the taking in of the unwary.

Canty, adj. Lively, cheerful, brisk.

' This word/ sa3rs Jam., * is more modem than cant, and evidently is a derivative from
it/ Kok, however, gives the Jutland expression hantt seg, to turn oneself in one's bed,
as a first step in approach to convalescence ; and thence, he adds, hantir, fresh, brisk, hale,
hearty after recovery from sickness ^i^on/cs, to be set up on end; the metaphor being
identical with that in Engl. ' set up again.' Our word is nearly related to this Jutl. idiom
and its general usage, implying a reference to some influence naturally opposed to the quali-
ties specified : such as age, trouble endured, sickness or privation endured.

* She 's a caniy au'd deeam for her years ' Wb. Gl.

(In Norfolk, to cant is to set a thing up on edge. Note to Pr. Pm. p. 60.)

Cap, v.a. To surpass or excel; to do that which cannot be sur-
passed ; to astonish by some feat done or statement made.

O. N. keppa, contendere, certare ; S. G. and O. N. happ, certamen ; &c. The Jutl. word
kappi is a champion, one who strives successfully, outdoes his competitors ; and, like the
other Scand. words quoted or referred to, replaces an m with the first of its two p*s {Kok,
p. 84), which connects our word with kemp, to strive for the mastery (which see) : only,
in cap the mastery is supposed to be obtained. The parallel forms kippe, kempe, occur side
by tide in the two texts. Lay, ii. 413.

* That caps owght that ivver Ah beared ;' beats, or goes beyond.

* Weel, Ah 's fairly capped ;' amazed, astonished.

Cape-stanes, oaping-staneB, sb. The several stones of which the
Gaping, as a whole, is composed.

Caping, sb. The uppermost or last course of stones in a wall,
usually dressed to an angle, or perhaps in some cases merely rounded over.

A. S. cop, cappc; N. Sax. kop ; Germ, hopf, * the prominent or uppermost part of a thing,
top.' Hilpert. Sw. Dial, hipa, the leathern pad forming the back or top portion in a set of
harness, affords a curious coincidence with our word.

* Heo bi'8 ikest sone adun, as ^ leste ston is from ^ tures coppc;* the coping of the
tower. Aner, Riwle, p. 228.

Gap-nebbing, sb. The peak or front of a cap which projects
forward. See Neb.

Gapper, sb. One that is super-eminent, or easily superior to others
of the kind ; of both persons and things.

Gaps, sb. That which cannot be outdone or surpassed ; occurring
in the common schoolboy phrase, to set one his caps ; i. e. to propose
some feat which he cannot hope to equal, much less to go beyond.

In Chaucer's description of the Maunciple, at the close, there is this line (Bell's Chaucer^
i. loi): —

* And 3rit this maunciple sette hem alle her cappt ;'

to which is appended the note, * To set a man's cap is to cheat him ;' the gist of the whole
description, notwithstanding, being to shew the eminent superiority of the man described.
Among his ' moo than thries ten maystres,' * that were of lawe expert and curious,'

88 GLOSSARY OF THE

* ther wer a doseyn in an house,

Worthi to be stiwardes of rent and lond

Of any lord that is in Engelond,

To make him lyve by his propre good.

In honour dettdes, but if he were wood ;

And able for to helpen al a schire

In any caas that mighte falle or happe ;

And yit this maunciple aeite bun alU ber capp$ '*

could set them their oapi, skilful and experienced as they were, in respect of busineu

qualifications.

In the Milltr*s Tale, the gist of which is to describe

* How that a clarke hath set a wrightis eapp*

the meaning is * got the better of him/ by imposition, namely.

Cap-8creed> sb. The border or edging of a woman's cap. See
Screed.

Car, carr, sb. A flat marshy piece of land tmder natural herbage,
usually lying at or near the foot of a bank, and, in that sense, low : not
necessarily low otherwise. Generally used in the plural

O. N. ktr, hiorr; S. G. kcarr; N. kjerr ; Dan. har. Of the latter word Molb. says, • it is
originally a Norse word, and is commonly used to express a tract distingoished by depth
of soil and burdened with accumulated water ; mose, on the other hand, mipljring a wider
tract, whether wet or dry, possibly overgrown with scrub or trees, and more or loa serrice-
able for pasture.

Car, carr, sb. A small wood, or grove, of alders. Usually Alder-
oar ; and, of course, growing on boggy soil.

N. J^errtt a small wood, or grove, especially of trees of small sixe ; as oldirkjirrt, alder-
car, isUrkjem, osier-ground. Current in Helgeland and North TroD<Uijem distikt. Aaseo.

Carberries, sb. Gooseberries. .

This is the Northern equivalent of the German slac:5«/-6Mr» = pricUe-plant, and the
first element due to the same root as ^ors# spnckle-plant ; A. S. gar, O. N. gdr, a javeUn.
a pointed missile ; N. gar, gam, a point, sharp piece of grass or heath. Wedgw. also
quotes Fin. kairi, a borer ; and A. S. lu^-, naiu-, nuf-, or fuifihgar, an auger ot wimUe ;
to which add, Sw. Dial, gere, a point, or pointed piece ; Old Germ, gir, ktr, a pointed
missile ; Sansc. car a, cam, an arrow. The English gort, both vb. and sb., are very near
relations ; while, as Teut. analogues of sb. gore, and its sense, nuy be quoted Sw. D.
gere or gera, Dan. D. gcare, M. H G. gh-e, geer, Sw. gere, geren, gairen.

The latter words supply the explanation of gair in the 'Jew's Daughter' and 'Young
Johnstone' ballads (Bell's Early Ballads, pp. 190, 173):

* And she has ta'en out a little penknife

Hanging low down by her gair ;
She has twined the young thing of his life,
A word he never spake mair.'

* But young Johnstone had a wee penknife

Hung low down by his gair.*

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 89

Comp. Sw. D. sarkO'giri, skorte^irt, shirt- or smock-lappet, or ' tails ;' and in the
O. Dan. Transktion of the Bible, 1550, Hag. ii. la, * If any one bear holy flesh in the
ildrt of his garment, and with his skirt do touch bread, &c.,' it stands * Om nogen h<Br
billigi hod i tin kjortd gtre^ oe rbrdt sitUn nut tamme gere, brod, &c/ In Luther's Bible,
also, the words are, ' in seines kleides geren,* Molb. Dansk. Glossar,

Card-up, v. a. To sweep up and make neat or tidy ; applied to the
fire-side, and consisting in the process of removing or shovelling up the
fallen ashes.

S. O. kitra, to collect, to sweep together. Ihre gives an example of the use of this word
which leaves no doubt as to the correctness of our derivation : ittra eld under grytan, to
gather together the scattered coals under the pot. Sw. D. hrannd-kare, brannd-iiira, means
Uie oven-rake for withdrawing the hot coals or embers from the oven. Comp. our Ass-oard.

Carkiiig, adj. i. Anxious, apprehensive, discontented. 2. Careful,
diligent

It would almost seem that there are two vocables instead of only one— one of Germ.,
the other of Northern affinities — here : A. S. care^ care ; cearig^ careful, anxious ; O. Sax.
mod^barag, sorrowful, for the first definition ; and for the second, O. N. kargTt energetic,
pig-headed, grasping; Dan. karrig, grasping, niggardly ;- Sw. D. karg^ (i) industrious,
(a) keen, (3) greedy; which latter word Rietz connects with the vb. kara, to collect or
sweep together, to scrape up : a phrase, by the way, often used of greedy money-gatherers.
Wedgw. also adduces W. careus, solicitous ; Fin. karkds, greedy ; words which help to shew
tiiat our ftft^Mng is a word of very wide relationships.

Cf. ' Christ bad them be both simple and slie

And earke not for no cattell.' Plowman* s Tale, p. 180.

Carl, sb. A coimtry fellow, a clownish person : often with the idea
of age associated.

O. N., Sw., Dan., M. O., karl ; Germ, kerl ; A. S. carl, a male, man, married man, old
man, servant man, See, : the idea of a male human being being the leading one. Wb, Gl.
states that earl is a term often * sneeringly applied to both old men and old women.' Comp.
Pr. Pm, * Carle, or cberle, bondeman, or woman ;' as also the parallel forms in the extract
following, which occur repeatedly in the same page : —

* Whan these kynges herde the wordes of the karll thei be-heelde the oon the tother, and
than thei seiden. What deuell who hath tolde this cberllf Merl, p. 168.

Carlings, sb. Grey peas steeped all night in water and fried the
next day in fat or butter.

They are eaten on the Fourth Sunday in Lent, which is called Carling Sunday, the other
Sundays in Lent having also their own peculiar designations, preserved in the old rhyme,—-

* Tid, mid, misers,
Carling, palm, and paste-egg day.'
The custom is still so far retained that bags of grey peas, specially provided to meet the
demand, may be seen in the country shops as the day draws on. It is difficult to come to
any conclusion with respect to the origin of this word. It is certain that the Fifth Sunday
in Lent was called * Care^ or Carr-Sunday' from a remote time. Ihre quotes Kcerueunmt'
dag as the name of the Sunday in question, and gives one explanation of the name thus :—
* Lundius derives it from kara or Hara, fluid pitch or tar, with which folks are wont to
daub their doors in the sign of the cross.* Another authority — * Vetus interprcs Evangeli-
orum ' — is then quoted, who states that this Sunday has its name from the diarges (i«ro-
malomyn) and purposed proceedings against Jesus Christ framed by the Jews, as recorded

N

90 GLOSSARy OF THE

in the Gospel of this dty, and which they brought to fbU effect in His deatfa-pasiion 'on
Good Friday.

Again, Hospinian states that the German names Karrwoehen and Karrfireytag, for
Passion Week and Good Friday, depend upon the German word harrt which signifies a fine
or penalty for an offence committed, or rather a satisfaction or atonement in Ueu of sodi
penalty. Besides these three suggestions as to the possible meaning of cart ot earr in
the name in question, Ihre adds, and in reference to Marshall's statement, that * Carr- or
Care-Sunday' was not unknown to the English, that he does not feel certain the word
should not be referred to some other source, such as gara, preparaticm, or kara^ grief»
concern. Yet again : a word ekira in the sense of faraUa is adduced from SchiUci^t
TbnattruSt and having reference to * crimina et scelera, quse, poenam sanguinis inogantia*
efficiebant ut homines malefid nov& pomp& morti ducerentur.' From all of which six
suggestions of an origin for etar* or earr only one thing is apparent, and that is, that
the said origin is utterly obscure and uncertain. Next, it would seem that the Fifth
Sunday in Lent was sometimes called * Carle Sunday,' as well as ' Care- or Garr-Sonday/
and eventually, at least, ' Carling Sunday ;' and the question is, whether the Sunday ao
called took its name from the Carlings, or the Oarlizigs took theirs hem. the Sunday.
In the first place, there is no evidence and no analogy to connect carling with care or carr^
whichever of the significations above adduced be selected: all analogy is against such a
connection. The evidence on the other side is scanty and not very consistent. In die old
Scottish song, * Fy I let us all to the Briddel,' quoted in Sir H. Ellis' Brandts AnHjmsieM,
and by Jam., where mention is made of ' Carimgs both sodden and ra/ it is apparent that
grey peas are called carlings before they are cooked. The Leeds Oi., however, makes a
vb. of carl; a vb. which describes the processes that go to make up the cooking. It gives
' Carled peas ; grey peas, steeped all night in water and fried the following day with butter.
Often a substitute for garden peas.* llie probabUity seems to be, that darUzigs is an old
popular name for grey peas, perhaps in reference to their old-fashioned homeliness : and in
the like spirit to tlut which in North Britain calls the last handful of com cut in a late
harvest the carline; and, in Sweden, a dish of potatoes peeled before they are boiled,
kdrringa-bagg ; kdrringa being merely another form of kallmg, and that of kSrlmg or
karling, the original of Scot, carline. The connection of peas, as a viand, with the Fifth
Sunday in Lent is another matter ; like that of pancakes with Shrove Tuesday, or croii-
buns with Good Friday: but being so connected, Care^unday might easily pais into
Carling-Sunday^ and then the verb earl be mistakenly coined from the noun.

Carry, sb. A kind of waggon with solid floor but unplanked sides;
these being, usually, only rails. Used for carting stone, wood, ftc, and
also in hay and harvest-time.

O. N. herra ; S. G. hSrra ; Dan. carre^ &c., a car or rude carriage.

CasingB, cassons, sb. The droppings or dung of animals dried for
fuel. Also written cazzons.

O. N. ^05, a little heap ; hasa, to pile in a heap ; S. G. haee^ congeries, acervns ; ioprimis,
lignorum virgultorumque ; Sw. D. kas^ kase, a small heap of dried cattle-droppings, used by
poor people in districts where wood is scarce, for burning. Hence also, Sw. D. and Dan.
ko-kase^ cow-droppings. Molb., however, simply defines Mkase, as the round or disk-like
heaps in which cowdung falls. Probably Rietz is the more accurate.

The Pr. Pm, word is easard, explained by ' Netes donge : P. casen ;' and the note,
' ** Casings, stercus siccum jumentorum, quod pauperes agri Lincolniensis ad usum fbd ooDi-
gunt ; a Teut. koth, fimus, q. d. cothings," Sldnncr.' The derivation is mistaken : but the
further remark that * it is still the usage in the neighbourhood of Lynn to employ oow-dnDg
for fuel ' is worth noticing.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 9!

Oassen, kessen, (Pr. of casten, p. p. of to east), i. Thrown down ;
as applied to an animal, a horse or bullock, e. g., which has fallen,- or
been thrown, and is unable to rise again. 2. Added up ; of an account
or bill, for instance.

Cassen-hearted, cazzon-hearted, adj. Out of heart, dispirited,
cast down ; as being without energy, spirit, or hope.

Possibly, eassm4)earUd, wiih nearly the sense of down-eassen, or doum-biorUd, Still,
there it abundant rude energy in the metaphor eazzon-btarted, possessing a heart with no
more pluck or pith than a clot of dried dung, to make it a probable word.

Casty sb. A twist, a distortion or deflection from linear directness.

A meaning which has resulted, no doubt, from many adaptations and transitions of sense
in the motd as at first used. At an early period to east was used in the sense of to contrive^
diviti, plan: as in these lines from E. E, AUit, Poems, p. 81, 1. 143 :—

' Salamon sete him seuen jere and a sy|>e more.
With alle }« syence j>at sende |>e souera3m lorde.
For to compas and kest to haf hem clene wrojt.'

And Oastf sb. in the same way meant a device, stratagem, wile or trick :

Comp. * And comaundej me to j>at cortays, your comlych fere

]>at ]>us hor knyjt wyth hor hest han ko3mtly bigyled.'

Gaw, and Or, Kn, 2411.
also I * This u a good gyse and a far east;

Yet a woman avyse helpys at the last.' Toumei. Myst. p. 107.

C<mip. also Sw. D. kast, a trick, a deceit.

At line 2376 of Sir Gawayn the word appears in, it would seem, a very similar meaning
to ouri;—

* penne he kajt to |>e knot, and >e kest lawsej :*

L e. the twist, or interfolding of the knot, with which a certain girdle was fastened.

Casty V. a. I. To lay aside for a season, as warm or winter clothing
when summer weather comes ; or entirely, as clothes that are worn out,
a cratch which has been used during temporary lameness, &c. 2. To be
sick, to vomit.

Pr. Pm. * Castyn, or brakyn (as man owt the stomack). Vomo, evomo*

I. ' . . . . Never think to east a clout

Until the month of May be out.' Wb. Gl.

Casty To be, v. p. To be warped, or have got a twist, or deflection
from straightness.

Cast up, V. a. and n. i. To mention a matter, in the way of re-
proach or upbraiding, to another. 2. To happen, befall, turn up.

Cat-ooUop, sb. Cat's meat ; more particularly applied to that which
consists of parts of the inside of other animals. See CoUop.

Cat-gallows, sb. The two uprights, with a cross-stick, set up by
boys to jump over ; jumping-bars.

N 2

92 OLOSSARy OF THE

Cat-hawBy sb. The fruit of the hawthorn {Mespilm oxyacanthus).

The prefijt of cat in this and tome following words may be comp. to the like prefix in
several Sw. Prov. names of plants : e. g. kattO'^avia, cat-boots, the primrose ; kaU-hattat,
cat-balls, geum rivale ; kali-ilokkoTt cat-bells, campanula, 8cc,

CattijugSy sb. Hips ; the fruit of the Cat-whin or dog-rose.

Cat-swerrily sb. The common squirrel {Sciurus vulgaris),

Cat's-whelpSy sb. Kittens, the young of the cat See KitlinB.

Cat-trail, sb. The great white Valerian ( Valeriana officinalis) ; or,
rather, the root of it,

* The root, particularly when the plant grows in dry places, has a very peculiar disagree-
able odour, and affords a medicine of considerable value. Cats are so fond of it as to be
almost intoxicated by it into outrageous playfulness.' johxiiiotk^t Botany of BrnvnetHm-
Twud,

Comp. Sw. D. kcUte^eka, a name for the same plant.

Cat-whin. sb. (pr. catchin). The dog-rose {Rosa canina); or perhaps,
as generally applied, any of the varieties of the common wild or hedge-
rose : Marshall says, the Burnet rose {Rosa spinosissifna).

Cauff. Pr. of Caff, for Chaff.

Cauff-riddling, sb. A practice, in some instances still observed, of
riddling chaff on St. Mark's Eve, with the view of deriving auguries or
presages of the approach of death to persons connected with the
riddlers, whether by family or vicinity, or possibly to the riddlers
themselves.

The Biddle is filled with chaff, the scene of operations being the bam floor with
both barn-doors set wide open ; the hour is midnight or just before, and each person of the
party takes the riddle in succession and riddles £e contents. Should no appearance pre-
sent itself during the action, death is not immbient to the person operating, or to his friends.
But, on the other hand, the appearance of a funeral procession, or even of persons simply
bearing a coffin, is a certain augury of death, either to the then fiddler himself, or some one
near to him. See Aas-riddlingy ICarks-een.

Causey, causeway, sb. i. A narrow paved path or trackway; often
leading directly across the moors. 2. A flagged path by the side of the
road ; for the use of foot passengers.

The first are the relics of the horse- or bridle-roads which, almost into the present
century, were the only means of getting into or out of the * Dales.' Many of these have
been worn out and never replaced, or have been taken up, and others are nearly or quite
overgrown by the ling and other moor-herbage, so that it is only by the revelations afforded
by a moor-tradc, or a moor-current in wet weather, that their position and general direction
can be ascertained. In the same way, the houses of call to accommodate the trains of
loaded horses and their drivers, which used to traverse these wild roads, have, in severaf
instances, disappeared ; while others only preserve any memorial of their former purpose in
some distinctive appellation, which to the present generation has lost its signifi(^mce.
See Pannier-man'B Causey, Bell-house. These cauteys are probably of very great

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 93

antiquity : becanse, while they of necessity tend, on either fide of the Esk, to the sites of,
if not to the actually existing, single-arched, high-pitched, narrow, picturesque Bow-
bridgM, all of which date bade to the commencement of the fourteenth century or earlier,
and whidi, it is very evident, were only reared in anticipation of horse-traflic ; still by the
side of each of these bridges there yet exists a ford, or 'Wath (often regularly paved or
floored with sbbs of stone evenly set), together with a set of Beok-stones : both of them
concomitants which surely testify to a regular passage of the river at those spots at times
anterior to the construction of the bridges, and ^therefore to settled means of crossing the
country to the spots in question. Cf. ' There wgs a causeway at Lynn leading to Gajrwood,
on which was situated the Hospital of St. Mary Magdalen, and among the benefactors to
the Hospital of St. John Baptist occurs Ufketel, **J3ius sanetimonialis dt Sctringes" who
grants *' totam ttrratn in Lituu super ealcetam" Mon, Ang. vi. 648.' Note to Coicv*-

CesBy sb. Rates, laid and levied for parish purposes.

* Cess, a tax. For uss from osmss, but spelt with a e from the influence of the Latin cmstw,
the rating of Roman citizens according to their property. Fr. cencer, to rate, assess, tax,
value.* Wedgw. The different kinds of rate are distinguished as

Ohuroh-oeM, sb., the church-rate ;

Coiinty-ceM, sb., the county-rate ;

Hi^way-oeM, sb., the rate for the maintenance of the roads ; and

Poor-oeM, sb., the poor-rate.

Cess, V. a. To rate ; to apportion the relative payments to be made
by many persons to a common fund.

Cess-getherer, sb. The collector of any of these rates.

Chaffy V. a. i. To banter, to address playHilly-provoking language
to another. 2. To use intentionally irritating, or higUy provoking terms,
likely to lead to resentment ; to quarrel outright.

Ed/, insultus ludicrus ; kd/a, ludicre insultare ; Hald. Wedgw. also alleges Dut. kiffen,
to yap, to bark ; also to prattle, to chatter ; Wall. cba/eUr, to babble ; Germ, kaff, idle
words, impertinence. Comp. O. N. kd/a uppa, provocare ; Sw. D. 6pp^d/iig, dMhkdftig,
faisolent, impertinent, ' chafl^.'

Chaff-boney sb. Jaw-bone.

Chaflbr, v. n. To interchange testy or irritating remarks, to use
mutually provoking language. The word implies something short of
a serious quarrel.

Pr, Pm. • Cbajfaryn, Negocior, mtreor*

* fro galaad men wiiS ehafare
Sag ne "Sor kumen wi9 spices ware.* Otn, and Ex. p. 56.

Both vb. and sb. are very common in O. £. See the etymons under Ohap, Ohapman.
The idea in our word is of the altercation which often accompanies bargain-making, the
true sense of the word being allowed to drop completely out.

Chaff-MLen, adj. (pr. chaif-fawn). Chop-fallen, dispirited, dejected.

94 GLOSSARY OF THE

Chaflby ohaltSy sb. The jaws.

0,'S.k;aftr,k;aptr; S,Q.k<sft; Dzn.kf<sft; Sw. kdft. The Danes appear to make
a distinction between ll^afl and k/avi : thus, en hj<Bft bar to kj^ever, one mouth hath two
Jaws. Also, the vulgar use of the word is like that of our CSiap, in the sense of person;
ikke tn hjcefit never a soul or person.

' Poor an'd Josey 's getten his ebafis tied up ; L e. is dead.' Wb. Gl.

Chamber, sb. (pr. chaumer). An upper room: i. In a house; a
bed-room. 2. In a stable or other building; a loft: as, for instance,
* Hay-chamber,' * Apple-chamber,' &c.

Wedgw. quotes Fr. ebambre, besides Lat. and Greek et3rmons. The word appears, how-
ever, in all the Teut. tongues, and could scarcely come to us in the North vift either Lat. or
Fr., especially if it be, as is reasonably assumed, nearly allied to Celtic eamm or cam, O. N.
kamers, S. O. kammar, Sw. kammerSt Dan. kammer. See. The ordinary meaning, more-
over, is that of a small room>space, or chamber, off, or subsidiary to, a large apartment.
Thus in the sentence, ' en stor stue med et kammer wd siden,* the relation of ' chamber* to
'apartment' is shewn. Molb. quotes the following sentence: * Enbver stue og eAvtrt
kammer er et vcerth^ (room or apartment), ' mgn en stue er et sterre varehe; et kammer er
et mindre. Man siger baade paa og i et kammer; men altid kun i en stue' C<»np. * Let
us make a little chamber, I pray thee, on the wall :' a Kings iv. lO. Comp. also Dsm. bog'
kammer, pige^», spise^,, krud-k„ &c. The idea in our use of Ohamber is exactly coinci-
dent with that in the Danish usage.

CliaxLce->baim, sb. An illegitimate child. See Ck>me-by-ohaaoe«

Changed, adj. i. Having begun to turn sour; of milk. 2. Having
begun to shew symptoms of approaching, or commencing, decompo-
sition ; of a dead body, or meat. 3. Somewhat intoxicated.

This is rather a curious instance of adaptation of sense, in the case of a standard word.

Ohap, V. a. To knock, rap.

' Chap. Chip. Chop. These are forms having a common origin in the attempt to
represent the sound made by the knocking of two hard bodies, or the cracking of one, the
thinner vowel t being used to represent the high note of a crack, while the broader vowels
a and 0 are used for the flatter sound made by the collision of hard bodies. Sc ebap, to
strike, as to ebap bands, to cbap at a door. — ^Jam.' Wedgw. To me it would appear pro-
bable that there may be a strong aflinity between our word Ohap and the Dan. ku^^, to
strike, to drive with a stick : of course with a free use of the stick understood. Tliis is
a derivative from the sb. kjep, a staff, stick, switch ; and this from O. N. keppr, Sw. kdpp.
Comp. S. O. kappla or kippla, bacillo os obturare ; and Ihre suggests that M. G. kai^aiUm^
to inflict strokes, may belong to the same root.

Chap, sb. A customer or purchaser : or, more generally, a dealer.

O. N. kttupi; Sw. kbpare; Dan. kjober; Sw. D,kdpe, a buyer, purchaser.
* Ah ha*e some bacon to sell. Canst 'ee finnd me a ebap for 't.' Wb» Gl,

Chap, sb. Any male person : of very various application.

O. N. kiaftr; Sw. kdft; Dan. kj^, &c. Comp. Dan. tkke en kj€^, never a soul or per-
son ; Sw. D. bvar dveliga kdft ; bvor evige kdft, every individual soul ; bd ftmns int *n kdft
bdjm : he found nobody at home. It is scarcely necessary to notice that, allowing for the

r^r^

ft

)

e

• «

5,

^ IS

K>

c

n

A. S. c«q/7; Semi-Sax. ebeude; Dan. i/<evf, the mouth, jaws, or cheeks ; A. S. ctftvan, to
chew. From the motion of the jaws, or cbawles^ a word used in the account. Early Eng.
Allit, Poitns, C. 1. 268, of Jonah's reception into the whale's belly —

96 GLOSSARY OF THE

* And >rwe in at hit Jvote with-outen ]>ret more.
As mote in at a monster dor, so mukel wem his ebawU^.*

Comp. ' Cbavyl-bone or chawl-bone/ Pr. Pm. ; and also Dan. kjcevle, Sw. D. kafta, to
scold, revile, &c., both descriptive of the motion of the jaws in the act designated.

Cheep, V. n. To cry as a young chicken does ; or as a young grouse
or partridge. Applied also to the notes of other young birds, or to any
sound resembling these notes.

Sw. D. kip\ to pipe or squeak ; of chickens and birds in general. Comp. O. N. itypa, to
cry as a seal does, or as children ; * Lith. czypii, to cheep like a chicken, or squeik like
a mouse.' Wedgw.

' Nu hi (a pair of lovers) ebippe\> and cusse|»
And make)> togadere muchel blisse.' Flori^ and Blaitncbiftur, p. 66.

Cheeper, sb. A young partridge or grouse, before it has attained its
growth and powers of flight, and whose cry of alarm is acuter than that
of the full-grown bird. The * squeaker' of S. England.

Cheese-cake grass, sb. The common bird*s-foot trefoil {Lohis cor-
ntcula/us).

Cheese-lop. See Keslip. Other forms are Cheslip, Cheslop.

Chet, sb. Pap, soft food prepared for infants.

I have met with this word only in Wb. GL If a word of more than local coinage, or if
it have more than a merely modem existence, it may be allied to Sw. D. kdta, ioUi, to
mince, cut fine with a knife or the like, in reference to the finely comminuted state of the
solid ingredients of the prepared food designated.

Child-bed, sb. The matrix or womb in a woman.

Childer, sb. Children. The still-preserved plural of child. Comp.
brether, old pi. of brother.

* Esau, Welcome, brother, to kyn and kythe,

Thi wife and ebUdrt that comes the with.' Twmd, Myti. p. 48.

* His awen chosen ehildyre* Rel, Pieces^ p. 31.

Chimpings, sb. Grits, oatmeal of a coarse description or only
roughly ground.

Probably nearly allied to Ohump, a lump or knobby piece cut off a larger. Comp.
Sw. D. kumpa, to cut smaller lumps from a larger ; kumping, the pieces cut.

Chip, V. n. To crack or begin to break: i. As the hands or lips do
in cold weather or when imperfectly dried. 2. As the egg-shell does
when the hatching-stage is just begun.

There is probably a very near connection between this word and our Ohap, to knock or
rap : the one, that is, the crack, being the result of the other, that is, the blow. Comp. Teut.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 97

hipptH, cudere, fcere ; and Dut. kippen,' same meaning, and also, to batch. This is Jamie-
son's view ; Wedgwood's being that chip is one of those words which depend upon sound for
their origin.

Chip up ; chipped up, To be, v. n. and p. To trip or be tripped
up, as by tiie foot catching against a stone, or other obstacle, in walking
or running.

See To Chip. The idea here also would seem to be that of striking, and with a short,
sharp contact. But the occurrence of such a phrase as the following — mafir kipH f6tum
widan BdriSi sua cU bannfeUf the man tripped Bardr up so that he fell, leads us at once to
O. N. hippa, which is explained by Hald. by raptare. Sw D. kippa, besides the meaning,
to totter, to be unsteady, also has those of, to sUp one's shoes on hastily and imperfectly ;
and, to go slip-shod. And the adj. hipped means to be unsteady, ready to fall. In these
words again, the first idea seems to be of hasty contact, as in the act of snatching, catching
up hastily.

Chisel, ohizzel, sb. Bran; the coarser portions of the husk of the
wheat-grain, dressed out after grinding.

A. S. ceosdt ceod ; Dut. hesel ; Germ kies^ gravel, coarse sand, sand. A transference of
sense to the coarse parts of the rougher matters resulting from grinding gives our word.
Cf. * In Norfolk, chizzly signifies dry and harsh under the teeth, which Forby derives from
Teut. kieseU, gluma. The Lat. Engl. Vocab. Harl. MS. 100a, f. 147, gives among ** perti-
funcia pUtrintt Caniabrum, Anglice chycelle," ' Pr. Pm. note to * Cbysel, or grauel.'

Chitterlings, sb. The small entrails.

Comp. kdtelen, intestina, quoted by Ihre as current * apud Silesios ;' Germ, kuttel, Belg.
sehyterling (quoted in Or. G/.). Wedgw. makes * cbitter, to chirp or twitter, then to shiver,'
the origin of the word. Dire refers it to the same root as Sw. kott^ O. N. kjot, &c., fiesh.
Cf. * Let us have trypis, chitterlyngis, and tryllybubbys (see TroUebobs) ynough,'
Pr, Pm, note to Cbytyrlynge,

Cholter-headed, adj. Thick-headed, stupid, dull of apprehension :
another form of ' jolter-headed.'

Wedgw. thinks that *joult'bead^ or jolter-bead comes from the notion of wagging the
head to and fro, and not from the idea of thickness.* Possibly ; but still from the notion
of the head being moved or jolted, scarcely ' wagged,' about on account of its great weight,
size, or disproportion ; as in the case of an idiot's head, which is often of abnormal size, lies
over on one shoulder, and, if moved at all, is moved with a sort of jolt, or uneasy roll or
shock.

Chop, V. n. To cut or break in abruptly upon the course of man or
animal ; to cut across one.

* Cbop ayont r — to a sheep dog is run ahead of and across the fiock. * Chop amell !' run
in amidst the fiock.

Chow, V. a. To chew. A mere vocal change of the standard word,
as in the Pr. yew, = (i) ewe ; or (2) you.

o

98 GLOSSARy OF THE

Chucky, sb. A chicken, a hen. Of most frequent use, in the plural,
in speaking to children, or by children themselves.

Probably due to the note or manner of calling domestic fowls. Comp.

* And with that word he flew downe from the heme,
For it was day, and eke the hennis all.
And with a cbucke he gan hem for to call.* Nonne*s Priests TaU, p.171.

Chunter, v, n. To murmur, to complain or be querulous ; \o mutter
or continue speaking half inaudibly, like one not disposed to give up
a dispute.

Hall, gives ebunder and cbunner as other forms of this word ; and according to Cr. Gl.
* Mr. Wilbraham refers the latter word to A. S. cionian^ obmurmurare.' But that word
teems only to be a mistake or misprint for ceorian ; and if otherwise, though cbunner may
be a vocal variation of ebunder or cbunter, the convene is not true. It is at least not
impossible that as the Dan. kjavle is a derivative from kj<eft or kjave, and expressive of the
motion of the parts in question in the act implied in kjcnle (see OluiTel) ; and as
O. N. kjapta means to work the jaws, and Jutl. kjabse (the eiact equivalent, in sense, of our
cdiavel)* the same, in point of action, so ohimter may originally have been a derivative
from Sw. or S. G. kind, or some of its etymons, and have been used to imply the motion of
the lower jaw observable in a muttering, discontented person's action.

Church-priest, sb. A clergyman of the Church of England: in
contradistinction to the R. C. priest, or the travelling preachers of the
Wesleyans.

Churlish, adj. (pr. chollos'). i. Ill-natured, ungenial; of persons.
2. Ungenial, cold, rough, bleak; of the weather, or wind. 3. Cheerless,
rugged ; of a look out, or a piece of bad rough road.

A. S. ceorlic, eeorlise, churlish, in the sense of belonging to or characteristic of the
clownish or commonalty, as distinguished from the gentle or well-born ; * Cberlycbe,
cborlyscbe, carlyscbe.* Pr. Pm. Our ohurlish affords a curious instance of transition of
sense in a word, the original meaning of which is strictly limited to human beings or what
belongs to them. Comp. Sw. D. kar{l)sker, distasteful, disgusting.

1. * ** To be dour and cboUos;** to look dismal and act ill-naturedly.* Wb. Gl,

2. * ** A shill cbolios wind ;" a cold pining wind.' 76.

Also ; * Certain medicines, as saline solutions, are deemed '* cold and cboilos,** * lb,

3. * " A l>ad cbolios road ;" a piece of stony, uneven turnpike/ lb,

Churr, v. n. To emit a murmuring sound as partridges do when
undisturbed in their haunts and collected in the covey; to chide or
chatter in symphony, but with low, not shrill notes, as sparrows going
to roost in a winter's evening, starlings or fieldfares when sitting to-
gether in companies; to make a whirring soimd as the night-jar in its
nocturnal flight.

O. N. kurra, kura, ktturra, to murmur, make a low, whirring noise ; Sw. D. kurra, korra ;
O. Sw. korra ; O. D. kwrra ; N. kurra, to coo or murmur as a dove ; Swab, kurren,
Cf. A. S. ceorian, cerian, to murmur, complain. Eve<burr, as a name for the fern-owl

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 99

or night-jar needs no comment. Connected with our word are charm, a hum, low mur-
muring noise. Hall. * Charm of birds' in Milton's line; cberme, — * I cherme as byrdes do
whan they make a noyse a great nomber togythcr.* Palsgr. (quoted by Hall.) A. S. cyrm,
noise, shout, &c. See Char.

Cinder-hills, sb. Deposits of scoriae, or slag from ancient iron-
furnaces, often of considerable extent, and of very frequent occurrence in
most parts of Cleveland.

Bosw. quotes W. sindw, forge-cinders : Somn. explains A. S. sinder by * sinders, dross, the
scumme of metal tried by the fire ;' and Dut. sindel is slag, scori<2 ; all of which are pro-
bably allied radically to O. N. siWr, Germ, sinter, &c., the scoriae or red-hot sparks which
fly off from heated iron under the blows of the smith's hammer ; as well as to Lat. einis,
Comp. Pr. Pm. * Cyndyr of [>e smythys fyre. Casuma. Cocbiron* It would appear that
the deposits of slag referred to in the definition are of remote antiquity, and that the name
Oinder-hills has been attached to them time out of mind. From a document yet extant
it is known that the Rosedale Stone was wrought in King John's time ; but I have met
with no similar testimony as to the time down to which the Cleveland iron continued to be
wrought In the township of Danby alone there still exist more than sixteen accumulations
of the slag in question ; but no traces whatever of any source from which the ore could
have been obtained : and in many instances the position of the Cinder-hillB is such that
the stone must have been brought to these furnaces, from which they are the residuum,
from some considerable distance. It would seem probable that, as wood must have supplied
the source of heat for smelting, and as this entire district, from the earliest historical time
downwards till a century or so since, abounded with wood, the ore must have been brought
from alar, on mule- or horse-back, and smelted on the spots where we find the deposits of
shg ; as is well known was the case in Nottinghamshire and elsewhere. One of these sites,
some thirty or forty years since, yet presented traces of the ancient furnace arrangement :
rows of small conical-shaped pits in the vicinity of the Oinder-hiU were still traceabij.
As in operation in times certainly very remote, there is at least a possibility that they were
in operation contemporaneously with or before the Danish occupation, and that the name
Cinder-hill may have been one of purely Northern origin.

dag, V. n. To stick to, or adhere, as any viscid substance does to
that which it touches ; or as wet grass to a mowing-machine, interfering
with its action. Used also metaphorically.

O. N. kUggit a mass so pressed together as to be characterised by coherency : thence the
idea of tenaciousness or viscidity which is expressed by Dan. klag or kUg, viscid, sticky,
tenacious ; and kl<Bge or kUggt, to be heavy or viscid, as bread ; as, hrmdet hugger^ the
bread is heavy ; or heavy and tenacious, as soU. Comp. also A. S. cl^tgt day ; Dan. hUtg,
the same.

* Yan can't dig it, nae kin' o' form ; t' dags te t' speead sae.'
' Lahtle un clogs tiv its mammy.'

Claggy, adj. Sticky, glutinous, adhesive ; dirty or muddy.

* Desput claggy walking, for seear : 'frost 's meead it ower mucky fiir owght.'

Claggum, sb. Any viscid or glutinous substance in mass ; specially
applied to treacle loUipops, or Gkxxlies made of treacle and sugar
boiled together.

o 2

lOO GLOSSARy OF THE

Clam, V. a. i. To pinch, compress, force together, a. To castrate
by aid of compression. 3. v. n. and p. To sififer from the pinching
effects of hunger, to starve.

0. N. hlemma^ co-arctare ; S. G. kl<emma, primere, stringere ; Sw. Dial, kldmma ; Dan.
hUmme ; Mid. Genii, klimmen ; Germ, hlemmen. Rietz observes that * in all probability
there must have once been extant in O. English a strong vb., climant clam, clemmen or
clummtn* Possibly our existing vb., generally current in one or more of its senses
throughout the North, is the only vb. ever in use, no instance of its occurrence being
quoted as a South English word ; although the A. S. sb. elam^ elom, bondage or bonds,
constraint, exists.

1. * " What 's wrong with your hand, mun ? " •* Getten my fingers clamm'd V t* vice." '
3. * Ah 's fairlings clammed (or clemmed) for want o' meat.'

Clam, sb. i. Moisture, especially viscid moisture. 2. Any soft adhe-
sive substance.

A. S. clam, * what is clammy ; mud, clay, a poultice or pkister.' Bosw.

Clam, V. n. and p. To stick or adhere to, as dhe's shirt to one's
back when hot, or moistened paper to a wall; to stick together as
one's tongue and palate do with thirst.

This vb. probably depends upon the sb. clam, and it, no doubt, upon A. S. lam, loam.
' My mouth and throat are jest clammed up.'

Clame, v. a. i. To smear or daub over. 2. To smear or daub over
with some unctuous or adhesive matter. 3. To make to stick upon, or
cause to adhere.

0. N. and N. kleima ; Sw. D. klema, kldima ; A. S. daman ; Old Germ, kleimjan, 8cc, ;
to smear, besmear, daub. In reference to definition 3, it may be observed that the word is
applied to making a paper, or the like, stick (to a wall or door, say) by means of tacks, as
well as by the use of paste or other glutinous, or unctuous matter. See example.

1. * What 's t'u claming t' walls fur, thatten a way, wiv thah nasty mucky hands?'

2. * Whah, bairn, thee's getten t' butter a' clamed ower thah feeace, an' t' treeade ower
tha' cleeas.'

' Deean't clame that breead sae thick.'

3. * See thee, gan and clame thae posters oop o' t' big yett.'

' Tell Willy Dogwhipper to clem that notish up o' kirk deear ;' put it up with tacks.

Clammy, adj. Stickily moist, somewhat adhesive.

Cf. Pr, Pm. * Clam*, or cltymows (gleymous). GluHnosus, viscosus.*

Clamoursome, clammersome, adj. Noisily urgent, greedy, rapa-
cious.

Comp. O. Dan. klammer, wrangling, litigation ; and, for form, the words lovesome,
laboursome, lonesome, &c.

Clampers, sb. i. Fangs or claws, on any metal instrument or object.
2. Metaphorically, of an animal ; the fingers.

O.N. klampi, a buckle or brooch, also a vice, klbmhrur; N. hlhnhr; Dan. klamme or

CLEVELAND DIALECT, lOI

Uamntir, a vice, a thing to hold fast with. Comp. also Dut. hlamptn, to hook things
together, to hold tight ; hUm-, or hlamp-vogel^ a bird of prey.

a. ' If I had my elampirs on him he should feel the weight of my neif.' Wb, Gl.

Clan, sb. A considerable number, a great many ; always with some
bond of connection, however slight, supposed.

Gael, c/onn, children, descendants ; of one common ancestor, namely.

* " A cUxn o* bairns ;" a troop or crowd of children.* Wb. GL

Clap, V. a. and n. i. To apply a blow, gently, but also quickly or
smartly. 2. To use any action in which quick application of hand
or other member, or material instrument, is characteristic. 3. To pro-
duce the sound which results from such quick action or application.
4. To squat, assume a sitting or crouching posture quickly, which may
be maintained for any leng^ of time.

0. N. klappa, to stroke or pat, to strike, to smite ; S. G. and Sw. D. hlappa ; A. S. clap-
pian. Ihre's remark on the vb. is that it implies ' a motion or action of the hand, whether
for the purpose of patting or caressing, or of inflicting a blow.' As to the sense in defini-
tion 3, Wedgw. observes that the word itself * is an imitation of the sound made by the
collision of hard flat things ;' an observation which is, perhaps, hardly borne out by
the facts, as neither of the Northern words quoted above seems to imply the sound pro-
duced as well as the action producing it. The sense in question proceeds naturally from the
other, as in many similar cases, knocks crack, See,

2. * Clap ho'd, mun ;* catch hold quickly.

* T' cau'd clapped til her breeost, an' she went off intiv a wearing.'

4. * Ah seen t' partridge run t' length o' this busk, an' then it clapped;* or squatted.

Clapperclaw, v. a. i. To assail, or use violence, but with the open
hand in opposition to the closed fist, the nails being employed as well
as the hand proper. 2. To abuse, scold, vituperate.

Perhaps the word might be properly written — as it is certainly sounded — clapper-clore,
from O. N. and Sw. D. hlora, to scratch with the nails. Still we have claw, vb. in Toumel.
Mysi, p. 149.

* Then the skalp shalle I clefe ! lyst thou be clawdV

and Pr, Pm, * CUtwyn, or cratchyn. Scalpo :' with which comp. O. N. kl€ea, Sw. kla,

Clart, V. a. To daub, smear, make dirty. See Clarty.

* T' bairn's bin an' getten his feeace darted*

* Tak* heed, mun I Thoo '11 clart tha' new beeak.'

Clart, sb. i. A spot; either of dirt or other substance that adheres.
2. Insincerity, outside show, flattery.

1. * Loo' thee I there's a gret clart o' snow o' tha' neb;' a great snow-flake on your
nose.

a. 'It's all clart;* not to be depended on, as mere profession, or compliment; what is
on the surface only, and not in the substance.

Clarted over. Flattered up, propitiated by smooth and compli-
mentary language.

I02 GLOSSARF OF THE

Clarty, adj. i. Unctuous, sticky; the idea being always of moist
substances that are apt to stick. 2. Dirty, with the implied sense that
the object or person qualified by the adj. would be likely to make dirty
by contact.

Jam. in v. Clatty (with the same signification, and no doubt the same word, essentially),
quotes S. G. kladd, filth, contaminating dirt, with the phrase, hladda dg ned — in the Clevel.
remacular, * to muck one's self up/ He also notices S. G. lort^ filth, ordure, and O. N. leir^
which, besides its primary meaning of clay^ signifies mire^ fi^^ mud. There can be
scarcely any doubt that the latter word is the origin of dair^ dairy, dart, datbery, or slad-
dery, sdl words of like meaning, and more or less in use in Line, and ancient Northumbria,
as also of glair, glaur, and glairy, meaning dirt, filth, a muddy puddle, and mucky. And
just as the addition of 5 in the former case, of ^ in the latter, forms the derivative in ques-
tion, so — even if elarty be not identical with ge4eir-t — a prefixed k would give our present
word.

I. ' Ah've bin amangst t' honey, an' ma' hands are jest that darty wiv it.*

* T* pudden' 's sair and elarty.*

' It 's gi'en agen a bit, an' t' rooad *s getten varry elarty*
a. ' A elarty hussy ;' a dirty, dauby slut.

' Clarty deed ;' doings or circxmistances such and so dirty, that some of the dirt may be
expected to stick to any one concerned.

Clash, V. a. and n. i. To clap, or shut suddenly with a bang, as
a loose door does. 2. To cause a door to shut suddenly and with noise.
3. To throw down, or cause anything to fall, so as to make a noise.

Comp. Dan. hladdt, sb. ; and hladdte, v. n.

I. * Whah, there 's street deear elasbin' agen. Wheea 's left it lowse ?'

a. • Nay, marry. It *s yon neer-do-weel JOahny, elasbin* *t fur spoort.'

Comp. * With kene dobbej of \>zt dos >ay elat^ on )>e wowej.'

E. Eng, AUit, Poems, B. 839.

Clash, sb. I. A blow or bruise, the result of a fall or any intended
violence. 2. The noise of such a blow or fall, or of a loose door, &c.
3. Common talk or gossip ; in the pi., news.

I. * ** Thou's getten a sair eltab, Thomas." " Aye, Ah hes. Ah's dinged ma shackle
oot ;** dislocated my wrist.'

3. ' It was lang t' elasb o* t* country side.*

Clash, sb. A large or considerable quantity or number.

Welsh elasg, a heap or collection ; elasgw, to aggregate, collect.

* A elad> o* good things.' Wb, GL

* ** dadftt o* brass ;" lots of money.' Ih,

Clashing, sb. A shaking or jolting, as in a roughly moving convey-
ance ; the application of a blow, or the striking of one object or substance
against another.

Clat, V. n. To talk fast, with but little meaning ; to chatter or prate.

Mr. Wedgwood's remark on the word elator is, that it is * from the imitation of the
sound of a knock by the syllable dot, equivalent to dock or dap,* The present word feemt

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 103

to be simply a vulgar abbreviation of clatter^ in its sense of loud« empty talk, and to supply
the verb answering to such a noun. Comp. Sw. D. kladra^ to prattle, as a child does ; and
observe that we have * clai or clatte* as synonymous with * clappe or clakke of a mylle' in
/v. Pm,

Clatter, v. a. i. To beat so as to make a rattling noise. 2. To beat
or chastise.

Jam. quotes Teut. hUttem^ fragorem edere, retonare, concrepare. Comp. also the A. S.
sb. clatrung^ anything which makes a clattering, a rattle. Bosw. Both these words testify
to the former presence in the Northern languages of others formed from the same origin,
and in which our present word also took its rise. We meet with it and its derivatives in
Early English writers in sense i ; and also, more frequently, in the sense of falling noisily,
or coming down with a crash or rattling sound For instance, in sense i ;

* So harde sautes to the cite were jeven.

That the komli kemeles were io^latend with engines.*

Will, and tU Werw, 103.

In the other sense, this, from the account of the Fox-hunt in Sir Oawayn, and descrip-
tive of the * crash' when the fox was viewed by the pack : —

' When alle |>e mute hade hym met, menged to-geder.
Such a sorje at )>zt syjt [>ay sette on his hede.
As alle >e clamberande clyffes hade clatertd on hepes.' (1. 1720.)
Again,

* Sodomas schal ful sodenly synk into grounde.
And )>e grounde of Oomorre gorde in-to helle.
And vche-a koste of |>is kyth claUr upon hepes.'

Early Eng. Allii, Poems, B. 910.

» • per as claUrand* fro |>e crest J>e colde borne rennes,

and henged heje ouer his hede in hard ysse-ikkles.'

Sir Gaw. and Or, Kn. 731.

Clatter, sb. i. A blow accompanied by resonance or rattling sound,
from a fall or otherwise. 2. Noise or din; hence chattering talk, loud
and idle gossip.

* Caypbas, Weynde furthe in the wenyande

And hold still thy clatter* Townel. Mysi. p. 257.

Cf. ' And the women that her herde speke held her for a fool and untrewe, and clatered
it aboute.' Merl. p. 12.

' Every one crieth and clatereth what him likith.' Chaucer's Tale o/Melibaus, p. 149.

Claut, V. a. To scratch with one's nails.

Cf. * HweSer [>e cat of helle claurede (clacbte, elabte, in other texts) euer towarde hire.'
Aner. Riwle, p. 102. Cr, Gl, gives c/at/c3/ = scratched, clawed ; a word exactly coincident
in form with Jamieson's * claucbt = snatched, laid hold of eagerly and suddenly ;' both, as if
from some verb the present of which is lost. It is observable that O. N. kid, hlaa, klaja,
to claw, to scratch, makes its imperf. kl6, and befi hlegit in the pret., and so furnishes a
word very like ours in form and sound, while the formation of a new verb from the pret. of
an older one is not by any means an unprecedented proceeding.

I04 OLOSSARy OF THE

Clawer, sb. A rabble; a numerous and not very orderly asaem-
Wage.

Possibly the same word as caleevert which is given by Ferguson as meaning obstreperous
conducty the vb. signifying to make a riot^ and which are referred by him to O. N. gidlifi,
light-headedness, dissohiteness ; giaifra^ to make a riot. To me it would seem, however,
more likely to be allied to £. cleave^ Dut. kleverig, sticky ; cf. also Germ, kleben, Sw. D.
klebbig, &c. ; and descriptive of the assemblage, or quasi-cohesion, of the individuals who
collectively constitute the Clavrer.

• Glowers o' folk at your tail.' Wb. 01.

Clawer, v. n. To climb, as one does a hill ; or as a child does on to
its father's or mother's knees.

O.fi.klijra; S.G.kli/wa; Dan. Havre; Sw. D. klMva, to climb, scramble up, using
both hands and feet. See Molb. in v. Khvre, The Dan. use if ' at klavre op t et tree,* to
clawer up into a tree.

Cled, adj. Clad, clothed.

O. N. kladdr, clad, clothed ; Dan. klade, to clothe ; £. elad. Sec,

• They wur beeath weel fed and weel cled* Wb. Gl,

* ffor |>aire knaues ware cledde in clethyng full clene.' Rel. Pieces, P* 93*

' Some clowde, for sothe, that stame has cled
From us away.' Townel. Myst. p. iSi.

• A lytter redy cled* lb. p. 133.

Gleeas, sb. Clothes, garments.

* If thou gif me mete and foode
And close to body.' Toumel. Myst. p. 46.

The same form occurs again at p. 292, and our present word is just to that form what
our steean, beean, &c. are to stone, bene, 8cc.

Cleg, sb. The common horse-fly (HcBmatopota pliwtalis),

O. N. kleggi; N. klegg; Sw. D. kldgg, kldgge. I give O. N. kleggi on the authority of
Rietz. The idea is that of sticking, adhesion ; and certainly no other insect sticks so close
and so tight to the animal it attacks as does the Oleg.

Cleik, sb. A hook, fixed in a shaft and intended to catch things
up with.

The proper spelling of this word probably would be Oleeak, as the Clevel. form of the
word cloke; as in Ancr. Riwle, p. 10a, * And drouh al ut |>et bodi efter mid clokes of
crokede and of kene vondunges.' Cleik is properly a Sc. form. Comp. our Click, and
HaUiweU's cleke.

Cleik-hooks, sb. Four hooks of three inches in the bend, set back
to back, affixed to a rope and used as ' drags,' or to feel for and attach
themselves to things at Uie bottom of a pool or other water.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. J05

Clem, V. n. and p. To suffer from the eflfects of hunger. Another
form of Clam (which see).

* there company was clemmed: and much cold did suffer ;
water was a worthy drmke : win it who might.'

Percy's Folio MS. i. p. 225.

Cf. ' Et this whan the hnngreth.

Or whan thou clomsest for cold

Or clyngest for drie.* P. Plough, p. 276.

Clep, V. a. To call, name, designate.

A. S. clypioHt cleopian ; Dut. klappen^ to speak, call, say. An older and frequent use of
the word seems to have been to cry aloud to or for a person or thing ; as in Pr. Pm. Clepyn
owte, depe to mete,

Comp. also * pctc he kneles and callej, and elepes after help.'

E. Eng. AUit. Poems, B. 1345.

And, * And he ryches hjrm to ryse, and rapes hym sone,

Clepes to his chamberlayn, choses his wede,
Bo3e3 forth, ouen he wat3 boun, bly|>ely to masse.'

Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 13I(X

Clep, sb. Name, description, kind or species.

From dep, to name or designate : a transition of sense similar to that exemplified in
* description,' * species,' our word xnak', and the like.
' It was of a queerish clep* Wb, Gl,

Cletch, sb. I. A brood of young birds, especially domestic birds.
2. A collection, set, or party of persons.

O. N. klekja, to sit, as a bird ; to hatch ; Sw. kldcka ; Dan. klctkhe, id. The vb. itself
appears to have been in use in Yorkshire in former days, and in its full sense of to rear or
foster young, equivalent to the Dan. kl<Bkke op ; at klakke et lam op : to foster a lamb, the
mother of which is dead.

Comp. * Thou art best on thi wax that ever was clekyt* Townel. Myst. p. 31 1.

deugh, sb. (pr. cleuf). A narrow rocky glen, or ravine.

Cf. O. N. kleyft fissura rupium, Hald. ; Sw. D. kl<h/, a breach, gap, chasm, hole or den in
the rocks ; A. S. clougb, a deft of a rock. Cf. Pr, Pm. clyff", and Sc. cleucb,

Clioky V. a. and n. i. To snatch, to seize quickly. 2. To shrivel up
or contract in folds, as leather or parchment under a hot iron.

There seems to be some little uncertainty as to the origin of this word. Wedgw. would
refer it to an attempt to imitate sound, and together with Mr. Morris (Gl. to E. Engl. AUit,
Poems) quotes Sw. or O. Sw. kldncka, kl'dngat to snatch, seize, as allied. These verbs are,
it would seem, more closely connected with our Clinoh ; and the Jutl. expression klakke
ved, to stick tight to, to hold fast by, corresponds more nearly to our Cliok, especially
when we find it occurring in the phrase, oliok ho'd, more frequently than in any other single
allocution. In E. Eng. AUit. Poems the word occurs in the sense of take = get, acquire,
become possessed of; but more frequently in the sense of taking or rather catching up,
more or less of quickness seeming to be implied in the action spoken of: thus Abraham,

P

lo6 GLOSSARY OF THE

after desiring his wife to be * cof and quyk at J»is one3* in her preparation of food for his
angelic visitors, and ' saying to his servaunt J^at he hit se)>e faste/ himself,

• To be bare-heued buske3 hym thenne,

Clecbe^ to a clene clol>e and keste3 on J»e grene.* (B. 631.)

Again, of Lot it is said, at 1. 857, that, —

• He went forthe at J»e wyket and waft hit hym after,
pat a clyket hit cU^t clos hym byhynde/

In the lines, —

• and whyle i>zt watj clet^ clos in his hert

J^ere wat3 no mon upon molde of my3t as hym selven,'

the sense is evidently the passive of the Jutl. word given above ; viz. held fast.
In Toumel. Myst. p. 324, last line but one,

* Fro dede you cleke in cloke,'
the sense is seize, snatch, lay grasp upon, which is coincident with ours.

Cliokum fair. * It was got at Clickum fair / Wh, GL = purloined,
stolen, taken without acknowledgment.

Glinoh, V. a. i. To clutch or grasp with the hand. 2. To meet with,
or come upon a person suddenly, so as to arrest him in his course.

S. G. klanga^ to seize or grasp with the hand ; kldncka, to snatch, seize. Comp. Dan.
klinke, to fasten together the parti of a broken plate, &c. by means of klinker, or flattened
rivets.

2. * I just clinched him at the comer.' Wb, GL

Clip, V. a. To hold close together, to compress.

O. N. hlipa^ to squeeze, gripe, compress, catch ; Sw. D. hlipa or hlif ; N. hlipe ; Swiss
hlupen.

Cf. • Power hem failleth

To clucche or to clawe.

To clippe or to holde.' P, Plougbm. p. 359.

* Sonmie sayde they lovyd a lusty man
That in theyr armys can clypp them and kysse them than.'

Percy's Fol. MS, i. p. 109, note.

Clip, V. a. To cut short off; to shear, of sheep.

O. N., S. G., Sw. D., N. klippa ; Dan. klippe; A. S. clypan. Dan. ai klippe baaret, to cut
the hair; ai klippe faar^ to clip, or shear, sheep. Pr. Pm. * Clyppyn, Tondeo.*

Clip, sb. A short piece cut off; e. g. a pattern of cloth or calico.

Comp. Dan. klip^ a cut made with a pair of scissors ; O. N. klippa^ a piece cut off.

Clipping, sb. The act, or occasion, of a general clipping of any
farmer's flock (see Sheep-olipping), in which his neighbours are in-
vited to assist, and which terminates in an entertainment: the farmer,
in his turn, holding himself ready to return the same office to those
who have been his assistants. The same system holds good with
respect to the Pig-killing about Christmas.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. I07

rtime, sb. The time or season for shearing sheep. See

Clip.

* Laban ferde to nunen kep.

In dippmg-dMe to hise sq).* Story 0/ Gen. and Exodus, p. 50.

Cloam, dome, v. a. (sometimes pr. claum). i. To clutch, vdth both
hands at once : or, simply to clutch or seize with decided grasp. 2. To
pull or make tugging efforts, with both hands engaged, as in pulling
a sack, or the like, along ; to pull about rudely or roughly.

I hzre little bfCsitatioD in referring this word to O. N. Uambrur, a vice ; that whidi grasps
firmly, holds in a tight dutc^ ; N. Uhnbr, Sw. Uamma, Dan. Jdamnur, 8u, themselves
dcriratiTes ftom verbs signifjing to grasp tight, compress, squeeze.

Clock, sb. A general name for a beetle ; for instance. Black-dock,
the conmion black-beetle. Water-dock, the water-beetle {Dyiiscus
margtnalis) ; and Ijady-clock, the lady-bird (Coccirulla sepUm-punctaia),

HakL gives bnmn-UtUa, commonly but incorrectly written brun-Jdukka^ as the name of
the Dytiteus. The word is, therefore, an exact equiraknt to our 'Water-dock. But I
meet with no other instance in a Scand. tongue, in whidi the word kluia, or Uvika, which
must be the origin of our present word, occurs. Gamett, howerer, PbiJ. Etsays, p. 68,
tpcfks of it as * a genuine Germanic word, and of remote antiquity, as is shewn by the
ancient gloss published by Gerbert — ** ehuleich, scarabxus." It appears from Schmelkr
that kieUek was the Bav. appellation for the uaralKtta sUrcorarius, late in the seventeenth
centnry.* He also names the insects called Bracken-dock, wiUow-dodk, Sec,

dock, V. XL To cluck as a hen does.

Sw. D. kloUka, Uakka, kltMa ; Dan. klukke ; N. S. ilvkken ; A. S. doecan ; Ux. gloeire.

* Sely Capyil, oure hen, both to and fro

She kakyls.
Hot beg3m she to crok.
To grojme or to clok.
Wo is hym of our cok.

For he is in the shekyls.* Townei. Afysf. p. 99.

Clook-aeves, dock-aiyes, sb. The sharp-flowered rush (/uncus
acutiflorus). Described as the black-headed bulrush in Wh. GL from
Marshall, but mistakenly. (Other plants may be included under this
name, but I am not able to ascertain.)

Aasen quotes klekk, as applied to grass and plants, and meaning soft, flexible, yielding (as
opposed to rigid, hard or harsh). This is the character oi the leaves of the Clook-seaTe ;
and the existence of the distinctive local name 'Wire-mah, given in Wb. Gl, as synonymous
with • the seaves of the moors and wastes,' and really denoting the so-named * hard-rush' of
the botanists {Juneus glaueuM), might be sufficient to decide the origin of the prefix in
Glook-aeaTea, were it not that Rietz gives klak, klak, klok, a word also applied to plants
or vegetation ; as klak sad, aker, luxuriant com, or cornfields ; kldk sad, kick stut, klbkt bam ;
the word in the two latter instances implying well-grown, vigorous. He also gives Uak,
klag, synonymous with N. klekk, connecting it with O. N. klokkr, flexible, yielding. It is

P 2

Io8 GLOSSARy OF THE

not clear, however, that the two words, given by Rietz as separate, are unconnected.
There is certainly no inconsistency between the meanings ; luxuriant growth is apt to jrield
soft herbage ; and besides that, the special application of the N. and Sw. D. words seems
sufficient to do more than hint a relationship.

Clod-olags, sb. See Clow-olags.

Clodder, cludder, oluther, v. n. To collect in a close group, as
chickens round the hen; to be closely packed, as people in a small
room ; to cluster together.

Gamett, Essays, p. 165, quotes Welsh eluder, heap, pile ; clutUiriaw, to gather in a heap,
as the origin of ^s word. There may be also a relationdiip between both and the O. N.,
N., S. G. klot, Sw. D. klotr, the main idea in which probably may be of concretion, or
agglutination. Comp. Dutch klotteren, coagulare: and * cluttered blood' is an expression
met with in Holland's writings, as well as elsewhere ; e. g. * Cloteryn, as blode, or other lyke.
Coagulo* Pr. Pm.

* " They were all cluthered up ;" of a number of people collecting in a room comparatively
only small.' Wb, Gl.

Cloddy, adj. Thick and short ; full-fleshed.

O. N. kl6t is the pummel of a sword, and, generally, a rounded lump ; that in which the
idea of length gives way to that of thickness. Dan. klod, klode, Uods, all have the same
characteristic kind of application. Hence our oloddy.

Clog, sb. A log, block of wood. See Hag-olog, Yule-olog.

Comp. Dan. klods, Sw. klots, a block, log, clog ; also Germ, klotz, bach-elotz, a chopping-
block, Hag-olog. Sw. D. klakk, a lump, L. Germ, hlak, come nearer still to our form, and
to Pr. Pm. * Clogge, Truncus*

Clogged, adj. Suffering under oppression of the breathing-tubes;
wheezy, asthmatical. See Closed.

Cloggy, clogging, adj. Causing satiety or its consequent loathing ;
heavy, indigestible.

Clogs, sb. Ancle-shoes of thick leather, with wooden soles strength-
ened with iron at the heels and edges.

* From clog in the sense of a block or clumsy piece of wood.' Wedgw. Comp, Germ.
klotZ'Scbub, a clog or wooden shoe, Dan. klods.

Cf. * His luddokys thai lowke like walk-mylne elogges,* Tounul. Myst. p. 313.

Closed, adj. Experiencing much difficulty in breathing, as in pneu-
monic affections.

I do not find this word in any of the north-country Glossaries, nor in Hall. It is, how-
ever, together with Closing, of extremely frequent occurrence in this district.

* *• How is Willy T. to-day?" " Desper't* sair closed, an' like to lose his wind rccght oot,
a' tahms." '

Close-neived, adj. Niggardly, stingy, parsimonious. See Neif.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. IO9

Closing, sb. i. A difficulty of breathings produced by cold or
pneumonic affection. 2. The producing cause itself; pneumonia,
bronchitis, &c.

I. • " What is the matter with your baby, mistress?" " Why, it *s a elodtC ; it 's getten
a sair cow'd an* Ah 's frcc'tn'd o* lossing *t." *

a. ' T' au'd man *% getten a closin* on 'im, an' it '11 fare te gan hard wiv 'im.'

Cloty sb. A clod, lump of earth.

A. S. clud; N. S. fdoot, &c. ' A clotte^ cespis, oecarium. A dottynge malle, ocecUo-
num.* Catb. Ang,, quoted in note to Clodded Pr. Pm, * Ane dot of heui eoi^.' Ancr,
RiwUt p. 140.

' That cursyd clott of Camys kyn

Forsoth was I.' ToumeL Mysi, p. 328.

the reference being to ' a lothly lumpe of fleshly syn/ as Judas describes himself as having
been in his mother's womb.

Clotrbiiry sb. The biirdock (Arc/ium iappa),

' Clot-bur, in Chaucer and Pr. Pm. dote, sometimes spelt incorrectly clod-bur; A. S. date.
Germ, dette, a bur that sticks to clothes.' Popular Names of Br, Plants, p. 49.

Cloth, To draw the. To remove the cloth when the meal, during
which it has been spread, is done.

* So she ete tylle mete was done,
Tylle they drew dotbes, and had wasshen,
As is the gyse and maner.'

Sir Oawan and Dame Ragndl, quoted in Percy's Fol. MS, i. p. X15.

Clour, sb. A lump or bump ; an unevenness ; the swelling occa-
sioned by a blow.

Perhaps transposed from Su. G. kullra, decidere cum impetu, says Jam. Hall, quotes
' Bareyn dowris,* from Lydgate, as an instance of the sense, * hollow ground, or a field,'
and gives the word as A. N. I believe that in Lydgate as well as in the North, the idea
implied in dour is that of unevenness, Hald. gives klur, coarse, rough, unfinished, uneven,
as a word which, in its metaphorical sense, implied a servant or slave, from the contrast of
such an one's clownish, or boorish behaviour with that of a free-bom gentleman. Super-
ficial roughness, whether of conduct or manner, or such as may be left by a bad climisy
workman, or by a lack of pains in removing unevennesses, seems to be the radical sense of
the word, and it is more than probable that our word is the same, scarcely altered in either
sound or spelling.

Clout, sb. A blow, or stroke, as applied to some limited area or
surface.

Jam., imder this word, quotes Teut. klotsen, pulsare, pultare ; but under the word dutter-
mg he gives Teut. Uoteren, kleuteren, tuditare, pultare, pulsare crebro ictu, in which the
affinity seems even closer than in klotsen.

IIO GLOSSARy OF THE

Clout, sb. I. A cloth of limited size. 2. A patch or piece put over
a ragged place. 3. A rag.

Garnett gives Welsh clwt, patch ; clytiaw, to patch, as words which * appear to be of Celtic
origin/ Pbil. Essays, pp. i6i, 163. Ihre gives klui in our third sense, a rag ; alleging also
A. S. elut, cleot in its sense of a seam as the origin of our Engl, eloui, to patch : adding that
from this the conjecture is a reasonable one, that the ancient and original signification of
clut must have been a scrap or segment of material applied to the repair of worn garments.
Certainly, besides A. S. clut, ' a little cloth or clout,' (Bosw.) we have Sw. D. Uui,
O. N. klutr, N. klut, Dan. klud, in the senses of — a portion of material, or a part of the
dress, as clotb in £. neck-clotb, &c. * Clowte of clothe, (doute or ragge.)' Pr, Pm»

1. Cf. Chaucer's ' An herin clout to wrappe me in,' Pardoner's TaU, p. 135.

* In clowtis he was wondene.' Rel. Pieces, p. 41.

2. * Vor a lute clut mei lodlichen swuOe a muchel ihol peche;' for a little clout (patch)
may very lothly impair a mickle whole. Ancr, Riwle, p. 256.

3. ' Thou wald nowthir in purpure ne byse

Be lappede, ne in nan o)>er clothes of pryce.

Hot in vile clowttes for to couer thi body.' Rel, Pieces, p. 63.

* And when she of this bill hath takin hede
She rent it all to cloutis* Marcbaunt*s Tale, p. 71.

Clout, V. a. I. To patch, to mend a hole or ragged place, in a
garment or the like, by the apposition of a patch, or piece of fresh
material.

Pr. Pm. • Clowtyn, sarcio* The word was anciently employed to express what was rigid,
as well as what was pliable, like leather or cloth. Thus * " A clowte of yme, crusta ferrea,
et cetera ubi plate." Catb. Ang. In Norfolk the terms cleat and clout signify an iron plate
with which a shoe is strengthened. A. S. cleot, clut, lamina.' Note to ' Clowte of a schoo.'
Pr.Pm.

* Uxor. Yei, Noe, go cloute thi shone, the better wille thai last.' Townel, Myst. p. 39.

And in Ancr. Riwle, p. 356, where directions are given to the recluses to be very careful
of what they say, on rumour, touching a sister, the writer proceeds, ' Cause the person who
bears the message to repeat it often in the manner she is going to report it, that she may
not report it otherwise, " ne ne clutie nanmore J^erto." *

Clout, V. a. To Strike, to inflict a blow or blows on any given part
(see preceding word); no doubt from the idea of applying a blow as
one claps on a patch.

* Clout his heead for 'im.' * Gout him weel.'

Clowen, p. p. of to Cleave. Stuck together by means of some glu-
tinous substance ; in a state of cohesion.

Comp. Sw. D. klabbed, cohering, adhesive ; hl'djed, sad, heavy, doughy ; of bread, &c.

Clow, V. n. To work laboriously, to labour or strive at anything
with much exertion.

Cf. Sw. hluddra, N. and Sw. D. klatra, to toil, to work with trouble and pains, to labour
tediously and wearisomely, or to poor purpose. It may, however, be noted that the
Sw. D. word klor, to make slow or laborious progress, by combination with maw « myra.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. Ill

an ant, takes the signification of a laborious person who labours perseveriugly like an ant,
only very gently or deliberately ; a sense which corresponds rather more nearly to that of
Glower.

Clow-olagged, adj. Having their own dung adhering to their hinder
parts, dried and clotted : said of sheep and cattle.

This word may be derived from O. N. klof^ femorum intercapedo, oi fori; which word
Hall, defines ' as the lower half of the body/ adding that^ the haunch of a deer was called
zfork:* this, with clag^ furnishes our word. Cf. Pr, Pm. * Clyfft cl^, Sissura, rima:* and
in the note, Clift = la fourcbeurt. Walter le Biblesworth.

Clow-olags, sb. Dried masses of dung adhering to the wool, or the
hair, on the hinder parts of a sheep, or other animal. Another form of
the word is Clod-olags.

Clow-olaah, sb. Disturbance, or confusion; such as occurs when
a house is turned inside out in the process of the spring * cleaning.'

See Glow, Glower.

QLower, sb. One who works or labours at his occupation toilingly
or heartily.

• " A dower at a trencher ;'* a hearty feeder/

A dower efter pelf/* a. striver after money.' Wb, GL

t ((

Cloy, sb. Nausea, inclination to vomit, or the sensation of it.

O. N. kHa, to feel sick : kliot nausea ; kliu lakningar, emetics. Comp. Sw. D. klo,
risings from the stomach, heartburn ; found also in composition, as va//«ii-ib/o— answering
to our 'Water-brash ; Cr, GL watter-taums ; Halliwell's water-springs or water-springe —
and brdnnvins-klo, the regurgitation after drinking brandy. The idea involved in this is
probably the origin of the expression ' as drunk as cloy.' See Gloy, v. a.

Cloy, V. a. To glut, satiate to the pitch of repletion, or rejection
of more.

In the expression ' as drunk as cloy' (see Wb. GL in v.), is not our verb the word
employed ? This would surely be a preferable explanation to, ' as drunk as Chloe/ which
has been suggested by some. See Gloy, sb.

Clubster, sb. The stoat {Musiela erminea).

Called dub-tail in Line, and elsewhere — A. S. steort^ Fris. stert, Dan. stiert^ Sw. stjert, 8cc.,
a tail — a name which leaves the origin of our word not at all doubtftil. The merest com-
parison of the short stiff tail of the animal named, with, e. g., the flexible one of the rat,
is a sufficient illustration of the appositeness of the name.

Cludder, cluther, sb. A cluster, close group ; a large quantity, or
mass of anything, gathered together. See Glodder.

• " A rare dutber of money /' a great sum.' Wb, GL

112 GLOSSARY OF THE

Clue, sb. Thread, string, cotton, worsted, wound, whether into a ball,
or upon a bobbin or card.

Wedgw. says * the origin of this word seems to be a form of the same class with Welsh
c/o6, a lump ; Russ. eluh\ a ball, pellet ; Lat. globus, a ball or sphere. The b readily passes
through V into z w or t/.' Comp. Dut. klauw, klouwe, a ball of yam ; Sw. D. klavse, klauUt
hl'dvse; Dan. D. >/at/s ; all with the same meaning. Rietz seems to refer these words to
the vb. kliova^ to cleave, to separate, as their stem-word.' Possibly, however, Pr, Pm. * Clow-
cbyn, or clowe, clewe. Glomus^ globus, indicates a guttural as the origin of the w or v.

Cluniy oliimby adj. Tenacious, viscid, sodden, doughy, sticking
toughly together ; of heavy or clayey soil when trampled upon in a wet
state ; of heavy, ill-baked bread. See Clung.

Comp. N. Fris. klum, damp, sodden ; Sw. D. hlam, applied to snow when moist enough
to be compressed into a compact mass ; Dan. and N. Sax. klam ; O. N. kramr, id.

Clung, adj. i. Heavy, tenacious; as clayey soils become after satu-
ration with wet, especially if trampled or otherwise kneaded while in that
state. 2. Very tough, tenacious, unyielding; of extremely close-grained
wood.

A. S. elingan seems rather to express the toughening or stiffening process which is the
result of gradual drying of things which have been wet, as in the case of the Sussex phrase,
a clung bat, for a clung stick. Wedgw. Cf. * Whan ^ou clyngesi for drie.' P. Plougbm.
p. 276. On the other hand, the idea of drying or withering is wanting in the Scand. forms
of the word, and simple adhesion or coherence seems to be involved : as in Sw. kldnga, to
cling, stick to, adhere ; Sw. D. kldng-borre, the bur-dock — literally, cling-bur ; and in Dan.
klynge, a cluster, or knot ; klynges, recipr. v., to collect or cluster together. This approxi-
mates more to the idea of tenacious cohesion, which is the characteristic of our word.

Clunter, v. n. To walk or tread heavily, so as to make a noise with
the feet.

Comp. Dan. hlunttt, awkward, lump-like, or in a lumping way, from hlunt, a block, a
lump, which, there is little reason to doubt, suggests the original of our word. Wedgw.
quotes Dut. hluntet and klunt in the same sense as the Dan. words.

Clunter, sb. Confusion, disarray, disorder.

See Olunter, v. n. The idea may be due to that of awkwardness or clumsiness.

Coal-ooop, ooal-ooup, sb. A coal-scuttle.

Comp. O. N. kupa, a circular vessel or pail ; Sw. D. kubOy a round or oblong basket with
two ears or handles ; pdre-kuba, a potato-coop ; also, Sw. D. and N. kupa, and Sw. D. kypa,
gryn-kypa ; with similar or analogous significations. Comp. Ass-ooup. See Coup.

Cobble, oobble-Btean, sb. A roundish stone of moderate size, such
as may be used for ordinary paving.

Wedgw. says, * from the sound of pebbles rolling on the beach.* Comp., however,
N. koppel, a oobble-stone ; while Sw. D. has both kobb, a lesser rock, such as is not quite
covered by the water, and kobbel, a Mere or boundary-stone. The latter may probably
be a derivative from, if not a form of, O. N. kumbl, a pile, a Buok ; while ^e former,
as probably, is nearly related to 00b in our Cob-stone, oob-nut ; eob » head ; and to
cop, a mound, the top or summit. Sec, See Hall. The idea seems to be that of a rounded.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. II3

up-itanding surface, like that of the upper portion of the human head, and the word itself
to be referrible to A. S. cop^ copp, the top, culmen ; Fris. and L. Germ, kop, the same ; and
the hke. Wedgw., however, takes cob as meaning * a blow, and thence, as usual, a lump
or thick mass of anything,' referring the word to W. co6, cobio, Comp. Pr. Pm,

* Cobyllstone, or cherystone. PetrUla^ lapis cerasinuSf ceramus*

Cobble, V. a. i. To throw stones at, pelt with stones or dirt. 2. To
pave with Gobbles or rounded stones.

Gobble-tree, sb. A swingle-tree ; the bar to the ends of which the
traces of a draught-horse are attached before the plough or in double
harness. Comp. Stretcher.

This may be simply couple-tret; Dan. kobU : as swingle-iree, from Dan. svingel.

Gobbling, sb. A stoning or pelting with Gobbles and such like
missiles.

Cobby, adj. Brisk, lively, hearty ; in good health.

Comp. Sw. D. kopugur, vigorous, lively : a word applied to the sea when the waves move
briskly and with consequent sound.

Coble, sb. A kind of boat peculiar to the north-east coast, in use
among the fishermen and pilots, with sharp bows, flat, sloping stern, and
without a keel; used also as a pleasure-boat at the various watering-
places on the said coast.

Welsh eeubal, a boat. From this source, perhaps, the A. S. word cuopUt a coble, small
ship, navicula (Bosw.), originally proceeded.

' And ^a be ofstag in lytlum scipe t in cuople :* and when he ascended into a little ship
or coble. Nor thumb. Gospels^ Matt. viii. 28.

Cob-stones, sb. Stones of a size to be thrown, or which may be
applied to paving purposes. See Gobble, sb.

Cock-light, sb. (pr. cock-leeght). Day-dawn, the hour of * cock-
crow,' when the first gleams of light shew themselves.

Comp. ' The cock^ that horiloge is of thorpes lite.' Assembly o/Fotiles, iv. 204.

* The image,' it is said in the note, ' brings before us the little remote village, or thorpe,
and the hinds called up in the early morning by the crowing of the cock, their only horo-
loge or clock.'

Cockly, adj. Unsteady on its basis; easily moved or overthrown;
wavering. Brock, gives the form * cogly.'

The origin of this word is probably the same as that of Dan. htgle, and Germ, kugel,
a ball ; kugeln, to roll ; O. N. hogla^ id. ; and the idea is that of a standing body, but stand-
ing on an unsteady basis, as a globular one would be. Wedgw. derives the word from

* cock^ a rapid movement,' which he connects with Du. kokelen^ to juggle, * from the rapid
movements of a juggler's tricks.'

Cock o' t' midden, sb. One able and disposed to assert his supre-
macy.

114 GLOSSARy OF THE

Cook-shut, sb. The twilight hour at the close of the day. Comp.
Cook-light.

Cod, sb. I. A bag, of leather, as in Fireood; natural, as in the
scrotum. 2. A pod; the shell or outer envelope of peas, beans, &c.

A. S. codd, a bag, sack, cod. Comp. Welsh cod, ewd, the same ; Bret. k6dr gdd, a
pocket ; O. N. koddi, a cushion { i. e. a bag with special contents ; Sw. kuddg, a cushion,
but also the bag containing it ; a pod. CoUate pod with Dan. pudi, a pillow, as well as
cod wi^ O. N. ioddit Sw. kudde, Wedgw. is of opinion that there is a near connection
between the words in question, as in OaeL plod or dfocfs English elod or clot,

Cf. Pr. Pm. * Coddif of frute, or pesecodde. Siliqua'

* O belie ! O wombe ! And O stinking cod

Fulfilled of dong and of comipctoun I* Fardomm^t TaU^ p. 134.

In the following extract, TwmA, Mytt, p. 84,

* For even or for od I have mekylle tene.
As hevjr as a sod I grete with myn eene.
When I nap on my cod, for care that has bene,

And sorow,' —

the sense of the word is pillow, bolster. Cf. * i senricale cum cod&ir oontezta.' Fr, Finch,
civ. ' Coddt a pillow or cushion.' Brockett.

Coif, sb. A woman's cap or head-dress, of a style which used to be
worn in days gone by.

O. N. qocif, a hood, a covering for the head. Comp. O. N. hilfr^ a species of female
head-gear. Hald. Allied to h^fa, Sw. hufua^ Dan. hue, A. S. huft. The S. O. form of our
word is hwif; Sw. D. hv\v. See Ihre and Bosworth. Oa^c seems to have been the name
for the head-covering of the tonsured clergy. Note to Cappc, Fr, Fm, Also, note to
Cqxfc — ' A coyfe, piUius, pilUoiut, PiUiut cttjyvmunit pcrcgrmumqui galtrum*

Collar, sb. The leathern Head-stall, or halter by which the horse is
secured to its stall in the stable. See Head-stalL

Collier, sb. The swift or deviling {Cypselus apus).

CoUop, sb. A sliced piece of meat or bacon. Used also figuratively
to express, according to the connection, the ideas of costliness, distaste-
fulness, &c.

Ihre quotes the word koUops, slices of meat, well beaten and softened before cooking, as
common to the O. Sw. and English tongues. ' From clop or colp, representing the sound
of a lump of something soft thrown on a flat surface,' says Wedgw. Dire is more cautious :
* If,' says he, * the word originated in the kitchen, I should not doubt its connection with
Uappa, klopfm* Probably, however, the source of the word is more distant, and not un-
connected with the root of «oXo/3ut, a cut-off piece ; ico\ofi6o», to cut short, to mutilate.
Richardson's derivation is * Collop, by corruption from the obsolete collow or colly, to make
black with a coal, and then applied to anything of similar form and shape to a collop* (!) It
is worthy of notice, as at least a curious coincidence, that while Ihre mentions Or. «dXAo^,
pars spinae bovis, — and this word, in its metaphorical sense, means ' a youth hardened in
debauchery' (Donnegan), — in Wb. 01. we find that ' a young spendthrift is pronounced to
be a costly collop to his parents.*

CLEVELAND DIALECT. II5

Example of metaphorical tense : — * " It will be a costly coUop to him " = prove a very
expensive undertaking.' Wb. Gl,

* " A sau*t coUop ;** something irritating or disagreeable or hard to put up with.* lb,

* " Ood saue the Queene of England," he said,
** for her blood is verry neshe.
As neere vnto her I am

as a colloppi shome from the fleshe." ' Percy's Fol, MS, i. 141.

CoUop-Monday. The Monday before Lent, a day on which the
customary dish is CoUops — ^i. e. rashers of bacon, and eggs.

* The poor in the country now go about and beg coUops for the feast, of their richer
neighbours.' Wb, GL

* A cock and bacon are, in some farm-houses, boiled on the day after CoUop^Monday,
Shrove-Tuesday, or Fasm's-eve ; and if any one omits to do justice to the dish, Hobthrust
is sure, at night, to cram him fall with bigg-chaff.' Brockett, in v. Hobthrust,

Come again. To, v. n. Of a ghost, or the spirit of a deceased person.

Comp. Dan. gjtn'gangtrt a ghost, that which goes again ; gjm^ard, an apparition or
ghost ; Sw. gengoMgare; Sw. D. gm-Jard. The south of England expression is * to walk.*

Come-away, v. n. (pr. cow-away, or cow-wa). To be on the move,
leaving one's present place of tarrying or resting.

Comp. Do-way, as in the passages below : —

* Angtlus, Do wa, Joseph, and mend thy thoght ' Toumtl, Myst, p. 79.

* " Mak, with youre lefe, let me gyf youre bame bot vi pence."
Mak. • " Nay, do way : he slepys." ' 76. p. 1 14.

Come by, v. n. To move on one side, so as to be out of the way of
one passing by.

Come-by-ohanoe, sb. An illegitimate child. Called also Chanee-
baam, Love-begot, &c.

Comp. O. N. laun-gftitm^ furto genitus, stealth-gotten, as another instance of the spirit
which prompts the coinage of such names.

Comen, p. p. of to Come.

* " Gan and see, bairn, gin Jossy be eomen** '

* What tydings hast thou brought me, child ?

thou art eomin home so soone to me.' Percy's Fol, MS» i. 183.

Comp. ' ouer eomim* R^. Pieees^ p. 43.

Commother, sb. A godmother.

Comp. Fr. eomnUre, A. S. evm-padeTf godfather ; the latter given by Bosw.

Company, sb. Any assemblage of persons for a special purpose ;
attendance at public worship, for instance; or at a concert or lecture.

Conceit, v. a. (pr. consate). To suppose or assume ; to be of
opinion.

' I nmaU you'll be firte Lunnun.* Wb, Gl.

Q 2

Il6 GLOSSARF OF THE

Conceited, adj. (pr. consated). Somewhat flighty, weak, apt to
entertain silly notions.

* " A consated body ;** a person given to foolish notions or of nervous tempenuncnt.'
Wb.Gl.

Conjuror, sb. One able to exorcise the devil or to lay ghosts.

The power involved here is, or was until lately, held to reside in the dcrgy ; and I haye
myself been applied to by a woman, who was sane enough in most points, to lay certain
spirits which pertinaciously disturbed her : one the ghost of a deceased * minister ;* another
the evil one himself. But the power of the Churoh-priests, or clergymen of the Churdi
of England, was held to be light, or almost nothing, in comparison with that of ^ Roman
Catholic priests. See Ord's Hisl, of Cleveland, p. 30 x.

Conny, adj. Neat in person and figure; pretty, pleasing to look at;

nice-looking.

Comp. Sw. D. kinn, korm, hynn, kdn, neat, pretty, handsome, pleasant and pleasant-
looking ; Dan. kJ9n (in the pi. kjanne) ; Old Dan. and Jutl. kOn. Comp. also- the mod.
Dan. use : en hjan pige, a conny maid ; saa lader en hone kjwU i et buus^ in the ClereL
vernacular, * a misthress i' t* hooss *s conny t* see ;' * den gaard bar eostet hj^nne pmge ;•
that farm cost a conny lot o' brass ; or Anglice, * a pretty penny.' See Oanxiy.

Con over, v. a. i. To consider, think over. 2. To persuade or

talk one over.

O. N. kenna; S. G. kanna; Sw. and Sw. D. kdnna ; D. kiende; Fris. henna, hnma; Germ.
henneti ; A. S. cunnian. The signification of the latter word is to enquire, seardi into, eon;
of the others, generally speaking, to know, to take knowledge of. In O. Sw. Henna, and
in Sw. Dial, kdnna, there are senses almost exactly coincident with ours. Thus, as to sense
2, swa l'<Bnner nod nakna hono spinna : necessity teaches or persuades the naked woman to
spin, quoted by both Ihre and Rietz. So also of O. £. ken.

Consumpted, pcpl. Suffering under consumption or phthisis.

* T* doct'r says he *s heavily consumpted '

Coom, cum, sb. Dust, fine dirt ; also dust or scrapings of wood
produced by the saw, or in other modes. See Saw-oom.

O. N. kdm, a speck or spot of dust, soot or smut, &c. Comp. Sw. D. hdm, doll, at bri^t
metal becomes by the lodgment of dust, or corrosion ; Dut haam, particles of mould on
beer or vinegar ; Germ, kabm, the same.

* Comys, of nialte.* Pr, Pm, • Cummynge as malte, germinatus* Catb, Angl. (note, iJ.)

Coop, coup, sb. A vessel of wood, possibly made with staves, and
something of the pail description, though not necessarily so now. See
Ass-coup, Coal-coop, &c.

* Coupe or coule for capons or other poultrie ware.* Pr, Pm, note to Cooude, A ccmU

is a tub, and coope or coupe synonymous with it.

Cooscot, sb. The ringdove (Columha palumhus),

A. S. cusceote. The name takes a variety of forms — cowscot, cowsbol, etisbai, eusba'doo.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. II7

kowsebot, aucbetti, dec. Brock, suggests that the name is due to * A. S. eusc, chaste, in
allusion to the conjugal fidelity of the bird/ pigeons of all kinds being understood to be
particularly faithful in their loves : whence Chaucer's notice of the turtle-dove, —

* The wedded turtelle, with his herte true.' Bell's Cbaucer, iy. 204.

Cordwainer, sb. A shoemaker.

Pr, Pm, * Cordwaner, Alutarius, Cordwane, ledyr.'

* His shone of cordewane.* Rime of Sir Tbopaz, p. 145.

* & doe me of thy cordiuant shoone.' Percy's FoL MS, i. 185.

And in the note to the same, — * Cordivant : proprie cordwane, corium denominatiun a Cor-
duba, urbe Hispanix. The same as Morocco leather, i.e. cordovan. Cordouan, properly
a goat's skin tanned. Cotgr.' * Of felles of gheet, or of the bukke make men good
eordewan* Note to Pr, Pm. (ut supra).

In St. Olafs Saga (Flatey. ii. 34), when the author gives an account of Olaf 's visit
to his mother and stepfather. King Sigurdr S3rrr, the latter being busy in the harvest field
when the visit is announced, and not in fit array consequently to receive so distinguished
a visitor suitably, this is the notice given of his toilet : — * Then sat King Sigurdr down and
caused draw off his ordinary shoes and drew on hose of cordovan {kordunobosur), and
bound on his gilt spurs. Then took he off his cape and kirtle and put on a robe of fiir,' &c.
Whence cordovan was evidently a portion of what the Cleveland folks call their * Sunday,
or bettermy cleeas.'

Com, sb. A single grain or particle of any substance or article
usually found aggregated; e.g. of sand, salt, wheat, shot, &c.

Comp. Sw. D. kom (dei som or sm&ttt anything that is little ; bierte-kom being used as
a word of affection or petting). Especially observe the Dan. use of the word — ' any quite
small and round, or nearly round, object.' Molb. Gtddet Jindes undertiden i kom : gold
may be occasionally met with in corns. Sand-horn^ bvede-korn ; senneps-kom, mustard-corn ;
senepes-^om, A. S. and N. Gospels ; bagel-kom, hail-com ; peber-kom, and many other like
compounds are in continual use. Leeds Gl. gives corns of tobacco, affiled to the shreds
left in an exhausted tobacco-box.

Ck>rp8e-yatt, oorpse-yett, sb. A lych-gate.

Corruption, sb. Pus, or matter from an ulcer, boil, &c.

Corve, ctirve, ^sb. A small waggon, wheel-less, but having iron
runners, in use in the coal-pits.

• Corf, a large basket made of strong hazel-rods, called corf-rods, in which the coals are
drawn from the pits.' Brock. Our Corves, though now made by the carpenter and shod
by the smith, yet retain the old name. Cf. O. N. harfa, kiirf; Sw. korg ; Dan. kurv ; N. S.
and Dut. Icorf; Germ, korb.

Cot, sb. A man who does those ofl&ces for himself which are usually
done by a female in a house.

Mr. Wedgwood connects this with • Cotqucan* (which he also spells quotquean), * an
efifeminate man, a man interfering in women's concerns. Du. kutte ; Fin. kutta, kuttu, the
distinctive feature of a woman ; thence as a term of abuse for a feeble womanly man.' But
the old Sw. word kalisquinna, a stnmipet, from S. Q. kdt (salax, lascivus), Ihre — Sw. D.
kdt, kdter, and Dan. kaad, having the same sense still — suggests another origin for cot-quean ;

Il8 GLOSSARY OF THE

and 1 do nol tee »ny very evident conneciioc between out Cot and ihe Hue lenie of
tol-jvnin, I should be more iaclined to refer it to the lime sonrce with Sw. D. tufur,
iStur. kyllar, a pan r lodger in a cottage; O.N. Imtimgr: O.N. and S.G. hol-iarl, t poor
cottager ; the KCondary or derived meaning being, a miierablj poor or wielched being, who
would natuially be oUiged to do ereiything for himself, whether woman't work or not.
See Cot tb., and Cf. Fr. Pm. CoUnllt and note,

Cot, V. n. To cook for one's self; to do one's own household work.

Cote, sb, A building, hovel or shed, ihe customary dwelling of some

species of domestic animal ; e. g. Pig-oote, Sheep-cote, Hen-cote, &c

O.N.^.- S.G.Iralt; Sw. D.ltdta; Dm. D. ioddt ; S.}atl.iid: Finn.toM: A.S.edM,-
N. Fril. andN.S. jtoH; M. H,G. *oU,' Dut, ^of.&c; Wall. civH; Hind. Jvf^r,ta^,- Sinter.
*0M, Ww. Pr. Pm. ' Ooo«, lytylle howie (cosh, eosche. coiihe). Casa.' See Cr. 01.
Casi.

Gotten, cotton, v. n. To think and feel with another; to agree with
him; to take very kindly to him.

HaH. [peaks of thii word as ' a common archaism,' by which he probably means that it ii
commonty met with in old writeis. Rich, layi ' it ii, perhaps, merely, — to be. or cause to
be. like cotton, u soft, as easy, as yielding as cotton ; and thus to lake anything easily or
quietly 1 ... to yield, to accede, to agree to.' It it more probable that, springing Tram
the ume toot as canon, it simply implies the idea of intimacy, harmony of sentiment and
feeling, ai a derivative from that of coherency or slicking together, as dotted wool, or lock*
of hair. Sic,, do. Comp. our ootter, and eof, a fleece of wool matted together in in
growth. Wedgv. Comp. also Germ. lolt, the knots on a fleece, clotted hair or locks ;
Sw. laia^i number of hairs sticking together. Hilpert, See example to Oolter. and note
cottar*, refuse woo) so clotted together that it cannot well be pulled asunder. UalL
Comp. alto S. G. ioiu, amicus.

■ " I cannot caOm to him :" yield to him ; give up my views for his.' IVb. Gl.

' We can't eolUit together in any shape.' lb.

Cotter, V. n. I. To become entangled, to run into a confused twisted
and interlaced mass, as string, thread, or worsted, carelessly handled,
does. 2. To contract or run up, as a woollen fabric does under the
action of moisture.

See To aott«n or ootton. Comp. Lang, ct
clotted locks of wool from near the tail ; WaU. n
lock of wool; iotal, shaggy, oottered. &c.

t. ' All lettered and caatrtd like a wild colt'l back,' Wh. 01.

' CaUTtd up into snock snarls.' Ih.

Cotterils, cotterels, sb. Goods in general ; money, cash, { Wh. Gl.
adds, ' materials.')

May not the idea be of that which has. so to speak, grown together.— of acereliiins of
subitan«. — and which therefore has come to form one lot or mass ? See Gotten, Colter.

Coul, sb. A wheal or lump on the person, such as rises after a blow.

Sw. D. hil, a lump, knob, hump: 'ba i» hit p& lygg"! ■' he hat a hump on his back ;
Sw. Ma. a bump; O.N. tula.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. II9

Coul, V. a. To scrape or rake together ; to pull towards one with
a rake or other instrument.

Fr. eumlUr, seems to propose itself to our notice here. The Sw. dialects have kyllar or
ijoUdr, to tie a lot of things together ; kylU or kjoUs, a promiscuous mixture of things of
dUferent sorts ; iylta, to bundle things together carelessly ; but I doubt the connection with
our word. It is possible that it may be connected with O. £. cowU, a tub or vessel, the use
of a smaller specimen of which for collecting matters together is conceivable.

* Tommy has spilt some o' t' flour oot o' t' poke, an' he 's couling it oop wiv his hands
again.' Leeds Ol,

* He 's getten a stick wiv a gib tiv it, to coul thae flowers oot in t' beck.'

Couler, sb. A wooden scraper, with a long shaft, used for pulling
mould, &c. towards one.

* Reach me here yon eouler, David ;' spoken by a sexton who was about to use the
implement designated for the purpose of pulling the up-cast earth back into the grave.

Coul-press, cowl-press, cow'-prise, sb. A lever of wood, or staff
capable of being used as a lever.

* Mr. Malone says, that in Essex, eowl is used for iub; and hence that eowl-staff'n a itafF
to carry tubs or baskets' (A. S. cawU eowl) * by the handles. Holland (in his Pliny) renders
fitttes by bostons, clubs and coulsiaves* Rich, in v. Caud,

*Take up these doathes heere, quickly. Wher's the eolwU^i^aStV Merry Wives of
Wind. Act iii. Sc. 3.

It is more than open to question if our present word has any connection with eowl, in
either sense, tub or basket. It is met with in the forms eoupraise. Hall. ; eowpress, eow-prise
Cr. Gl, ; as well as in those given above, all of which seem to be corruptions of the com-
pound word coul'press or -prise (comp. Colpieke, Pr.Fineb. Iii; Colptee, a lever, Hall.),
the first member of which is due to O. N. hylfva, S. G. hy\fva, Sw. D. hyUa, hyla, kolva,
a club, a strong, thick stick ; Dan. kolU, M. H. G. hale, N. S. kUde, Germ, keule : the latter
to O. N. pressa, O. Sw. persa, Dan. perse, N. S. pcarsen. It should be observed that, until
a comparatively recent period, the press depended upon leverage for the power of compres-
sion <^tained, and the majority of the dieese-presses in this district are made on that
principle still ; as are also not a few presses of other kinds, the printing-press, copjring-press,
&c., not excepted. But suppose for a moment the relative positions of ihtfiderum and the
point d'apptd inverted, and the pressing power becomes a prising, or in our dialect, paaing,
power: the latter word resulting from the form perse — comp. persevere always pro-
nounced passevere, or pa'sivere, ODul-preta or Coul-prise, therefore, seems to be simply,
wooden lever.

Coul-rake, sb. A rake or scraper for collecting or scraping up
manure, dirt, ashes, &c.

Pr, Ptn, * Code rake (col rake). ResteUum^ batiUum' * Cowyl rayk de ferro.' Finch.
Pr. ccxcix.

Cotims, sb. Hollow-lying places recessed among the hills or banks
running up to the moor: a local designation of not unfrequent occur-
rence.

Welsh cwm, a valley ; whence comes the term comb, a low place enclosed with hills,
a valley ; quoted by Bosw. in his il.<9. Diet.

I20 GLOSSARF OF THE

Coup, V. a. I. To. barter, to exchange one article for another in the
way of bargain or trade. 2. To overset or overturn; a cart, e.g., so as
to empty, or for the purpose of emptying it.

0. N. kaupa ; S. G. kbpa^ to traffic, to barter. It must be observed that the ancient
kaupmaiSr or kopman must have conducted much of his business on the principle of barter ;
and these verbs just named, with their aiulogues in the other Northern tongues and dialects,
all carry the meaning of /o excbange^ as well as that of buying and selling outright. Thus
in Ihre is quoted the phrase, — kbpajord ijord; to coup land against land ; and again, — idpa
til bdttra ocb ej till sdtnbra : to change for the better, and not for the worse. In fact, in
coup we have what Rietz calls the general meaning of concluding a deal or exchange ; as
in Cliap we understand his straitest sense (inskrdnktaste bemdrkelse) of an out-and-out
purchase. Sw. kopa^ Sw. D. kaupdt kepa, Dan. Jgmbtt A. S. cedpian^ cipan^ O. Germ, kaufian.
Germ, kau/en, &c., are other verbs cognate with those already given. From the sense of
to exchange, to cbop (another form of coup : comp. O. Germ, cbouf, and the imp. and sup.
of Sw. D. kepOt viz. kjdjfie, kjdffi), that is of one dealer turning over articles to another, so
that the articles in question change place as well as hands, comes the sense of a literal turn-
ing over, or over-setting, as in 2.

1. * Will you coup seats with me?*

* I '11 coup thee ;' = I '11 exchange with you.

Coup, ooup-oart, sb. A cart with a pole, but only two wheels, to
which oxen were customarily yoked. See Hopping-tree.

Brockett defines Coup-cctrt as ' a short team, closed with boards.' In Fincb. Pr. Invent,
p. lii, the entry, * i coupe bodi pro fimis ' occurs. Coupe-wagons are also specified in the
same documents, whence the editor objects to Brockett's definition, and assumes that
the bodies were * cooped' or planked at the sides, instead of, as more customarily, railed.
Cf. coup or coupCf our Coop a pail or wooden vessel.

Couping-word, sb. The final or decisive word which establishes the
bargain or other transaction.

Comp. O. Sw. kbpumal, kbpmal, the verbal part of making a bargain ; Sw. D. kaup^agd,
Sw. kbpslaga, to strike a bargain ; kbp-dagan^ the completed strilong of a bargain. Ihre
quotes Germ, kauf-scblagen^ that (obligation, namely) which if supposed to arise from
shaking-hands on completing a bargain.

Coup over, v. n. To fall or tumble over,

* " He couped ower heeads an' tails ;" he threw summersets.' Wb, Gl,

* Puir lahtle bairn, it 's couped ower, an' hotten itsel'.'

Couther, v. a. i. To comfort by the aid of refreshment and warmth,
or other means. 2. To make better of a sickness by the use of remedies.

I am inclined to refer this to cuiSe the imperf. of A. S. cutman, to know, to be able, as the
origin of the O. E. adjective coutbe, with its gradation of meanings, known, familiar, affable,
kind, comforting, comfortable, and so, refreshing. The word is of continual occurrence in
the old writers in the four first of these senses, and Jamieson gives examples of the others :
thus, ' the spence was ay coutbie and clean.' Jam. Popular Ballads,

* A mankie gown of our ain kintra growth
Did mak them very braw, and unco coutb* Galloway*s Poems,

* Cleanliness is coutbie^ said the wife, quhen she turned her courche.' Sc. Prov.

And, the adjective once in use in these senses, a vb. might easily be formed from it,
admitting of analogous application.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 121

Covins, ouwinB, sb. Periwinkles or pinpatches ; the common sea-
snails, eaten with the aid of a pin to extract them : (Turbo liitoreus),

O.N. Hfungr, hufungr, and kufSungr; N. D. kuvungt kuungje, the sea-snail or peri-
winkle : more generally a snail-shell, ft-om O. N. kufr, convexitas ; N. kuv, ku, a small
round promiilence or bump ; Sw. D. kuv^ a small rounded heap, or knob on an otherwise
even surface, which express the idea suggested by the form of the pinpatch in its natural
habitat.

Covin-soar, sb. The low flat expanse of rock especially, where
Covins, or pinpatches, are found in quantity. See Soar.

Cow, V. n. I. To subdue, render tractable. 2. To bend or twist:
hence 3. To walk with the foot atwist, or turned awkwardly inwards.
See Pow.

O.N. kuga, cogere, adigere; O. Sw. kufwa; Sw. kufva; Sw. D. hugga; Dan. hu§t to
constrain, subdue, make to yield, to bend : * <U brn, som hues under vaxten :* children who
are taught to obey while young. Molb.

I. • His wife will cow him, I *11 a-warrant her.* Wb, Ol.

a. ' Cowed shoes ;' shoes worn down on one side ; twisted by awkward walking.

3. ' " To cow and pow ;" to walk atwist, or with the toes turned inward.' Wb. Gl.

Cow-byre, sb. The farm-building appropriated to the use of the
cows. See Byre.

Cow-olags, sb. Probably a corruption of Clow-olags ; which see.
Cowdy, adj. Frisky, frolicsome, pert.

O. N. hdtr; S. G. hht, full of life and spirits ; Sw. D. hdt, k&ter, h&d; Dan. kaad, lively,
frolicsome, wild with overflowing health and spirits. ' Ret som man seer den kaade dreng,
dei nys er sluppen ud fra tvang og skole:' just as one may see a eowdy lad, newly escaped
from constraint and school. Molb.

Cower, V. n. (pr. coor). i. To crouch down, to squat, to stoop low
by bending the knees, or sitting on one's heels, or the like. 2. To be
or become submissive.

Wedgw. is in doubt whether to consider the r as intrusive, marking a frequentative form
of the verb, or as an essential part of the root. In support of the latter view he quotes
' the Celtic and Finnish relations,' instancing Welsh ewr, a comer, nook ; cwrian, to squat,
to cower; Esth. kddr, crookedness; Fin. kaari, bow, curvature. But the purely Scand.
relations are omitted or unnoticed, and they surely settle the question. Thus, referring
en passani to O. N. kura, to maintain a crouching posture, expressive of abject sub-
mission, misery or despair, we find S. G. kura, to hide oneself, bending the legs in
order to do so; Sw. D. kura, to bow oneself down for the purpose of concealment, to sit
bowed together with the head on the breast ; Dan. D. kura, to hide oneself by ducking
one's head down; N. kurOt to bow down the head on the breast, to remain quiet and
cowering. Molb. quotes * kure, som en bone paa ag eller kylling .*' to cower, as a hen
over eggs or chickens. Further, the phrase, gammel bwnd tit kwra, for an old hound
to cower, is given in Molb. Dansk Gloss. The second sense follows naturally as a derivative
from the fint.

3. < I '11 mak' thee coor under me.' Wb. Gl.

R

122 GLOSSARy OF THE

Caw-footed; adj. Having an awkward gait ; of a person who walks
with the toe turned in and on the outer side of his foot. See Cow, vb.

Cow-gate, sb. Pasturage for a single cow. See Gtate.

Cow-grip, sb. The channel in the floor of the cow-house just behind
the part where the cows stand, intended to carry off the Mig, or urine,
&c., of the cows. See Grip.

Cowl, V. a. To clip, or cut close.

S. G. itdla, verticis capillos abradere ; Sw. D. kulla^ to clip the hair ; kuuU^ the same ;
and to cut the wool off, a sheep, namely. Comp. also O. N. koUr, bald-pate. Cott in Jam.

* I 'U eowl his topping for him ;' Wh, GL ; — explained mistakenly by the compiler as
meaning, * I '11 pull his hair for him.'

Cow-lady, sb. The lady-bird {Cocctnella hipunctata or sepiemrpunctata).
See Lady-dock, Lady-oow.

This is a curious inversion of both name and sense ; the name being curious, to begin
with, as presenting an interesting analogue to continental words. The Fr. names are
Vache a Dieu, Bite a Duu^ and Bete de la Vierge ; the Germ. GoUephMtin, little cow ;
Gottes-kdlb ; Herr-Gottes-thitrchtn^ Marim-kdlblein or kdlbcbm; and then come in the
counterparts to our £. Lady-bird, viz. Marien-vbglein {Herr^ottes-voglwi, also), Mariem-
bubn. Unsire Henm-bubn serves to introduce Dan. Vor Herrts Hmng; and MarU; or Mori'
b^ntt corresponds to two of the Germ, names aheady quoted. Germ. MaruH'kqftr answers
to our Clevel. Iiady-dook, and the south-country Lady4nig, *Just as in the case of
divers plants and stars,' says Grimm, speaking of these names, * so here the name of Mary
seems to have superseded that of Freya, and Maritb^fu in old dajn was FriXfubtuta, whi(^
also lies at the root of our Frauen-bmn«y Frauen-kublein* It does not seem absolutely cer-
tain that the old names of two beetles (Cbrysomda and Coecinella) have not been confused
in the list above given ; for in Upper Germany the little Goldkd/er {Cbrysomda), is called
frauMbudt or liebt froue benje, in antithesis to berracbudo (the Lady4nrd or coccindla) ;
though, as Grimm remarks, the names probably alternate between both the beetles specified.
This remark is illustrated by the fact that he quotes Sw. Jungfru Mart* nyckdfiga, the
Virgin Mary's key-maiden, as the Gold beetle, while another aumority makes it to be the
Lady-cow, In spring time the Swedish girls let them creep about their hands with the say-
ing,— ' Now, you shall show me my bride's glove.' Should the insect fly away, then, what-
ever direction it may take, from that quarter the bridegroom will be sure to come. Thus
the creature has evidently been regarded as a messenger of the Goddess of Love, or Freya.
But an augury of another kind, also, has been drawn from the number of spots on its wing-
covers. Should they be more than seven, com in the ensuing year would be sure to be dear ;
if, on the other hand, fewer, a plentiful harvest might be reckoned upon. Our own^

' Lady-bird, Lady-bird, fly away home,
Your house is on fire, your children will bum :'

or, as others read it, * your children do roam,' or, ' thy children are flown,' may be set tide
by side with the Germ. ' Mary chafer, fly away 1 Your house is on fire I Your mother if
crying, your father sitting on the door-step. Fly off, either to heaven or hell I' German
cUldren have also another address of the kind. Taking either a cockchafer or a Irfklj^
oow, they set it on their finger and question it thus x—

* May-bug, May-bug, tell this to me,
How many years my life is to be ?
One year, two years,' Ac.,

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 1%^

' until the little beetle, whose home-place is the sunnj air/ says Grimm, * flies away and
settles the question/ In Switzerland, it is further added, the children place a gold beetle
on their hands, and say,

* O chafer, O chafer, fly oflT and awa'
For milk and for bread and a silver spoon bra.'

* Chafers in dajrs of yore,' concludes the eminent philologer, * must have been regarded as
the messengers and confidants of the gods/

Cow-leech, sb. A cow-doctor, a veterinary surgeon, or * Horse-doctor'
of the South.

Cow-pasture, sb. A pasture-field near the farm-stead, always kept in
grass and always fed ; never mowed, that is.

Crack, v. n. i. To give a loud or resonant report, like a thunder-
clap. 2. To boast or talk of in self-gratulatory tone.

* Hunteres Wjrth hyje home hasted hem after,
wyth such a eraikatuU kry, as klyffes haden brusten.'

Sir Gaw. and Or, Kn, 1 165.

Comp. Oerm. kraeben, to crash ; der kraebtn des dormer, the burst of thunder. The
word is also applied to the roar of artillery or the report of a single cannon. Cf. ' But when
they heard our great guns erakkt* Perc/s Fol. MS. i. p. 1 a6. Comp. also Sw. D. dont*
tkrapp, crack of thunder. In its second sense, which results easily from the first, the word
was in extensive use in archaic, and in even more recent, periods. Thus, Townd. Myti,

p. 85 :—

' Both bosters and bragers God kepe us fro.

That with thare long dagers dos mekylle wo.

From alle bylle hagers with colknyfes that go,

Siche wryers and wragers gose to and fro

For to crak*

Chaucer's Miller (Reew^s Tale),

' Cracked host, and swore it was not so /

and Tnrbenrille, quoted in Rich., says —

' Then cease for shame to vaunt
And crowe in craking wise/

a. ' To hear him eraek, yan 'd say he wadn't own t' Queen, wiv her crown ov her h^ead,
gin she cam' tiv 'im and said, *< Hoo is't wi' thee, Tommy?" '

Craok, sb. i. A crash or peal (of thunder). 2. (And especially in
the pi.), chat, talk, news.

Pr. Pm, • Crakke, or dyn. Crepitus, fragor*

I. ' A flaaysom' ihoofmex-craek, for seear. T' wur fit t' brust yan*s ears 1'

3. * MOiat eraekt, lad, doon i' t' low-sahd?'

The second sense flows from the first— or rather, from the general sense, sound — by the
arbitrary limitation of that kind of sound which is produced by the human voice in ordinary
conversation.

Cracky, adj. i. Not quite sound of intellect: equivalent to the more
Southern * cracked.' a. Given to or fond of retailing gossip, talkative.

R 2

124 GLOSSARY OF THE

Crafty, adj. Ingenious, skilful, inventive.

A. S. eraftig, ingenious, skilful. Bosw. * The A. S. eraft,' sajrs Molb., ' signifies know-
ledge, cunning, or skill ;' and our present word is an interesting instance of the preservation
of the original signification of a word which otherwise would have retained only an invidious
sense. However, while in Sir Gaw. and the Gr, Kn, we read

' The stif mon . . \>e stel hondelei.
Dubbed in a dublet of a dere tars,
8c sythen a crafiy capados,'

where erafiy » * skilfully made ;' and in Early Eng, Allit. Poems, A. 888,

' Now)>e-lese non watj neuer so quoynt
For alle |>e era/Uj |>at euer >ay knewe,
pat of >at songe myjt synge a poynt ;'

and in Pricke of Cons, 9084, of heavenly ' wards' that were

* Clenly wroght and craftily tayled
Of clene sylver and gold enamayld ;'

remembering besides Demetrius' craftsmen^ Acts xix. 24 ; and such compounds as ieieb-eraft,
witcb-erafit &c. — it will not be out of place to remark that the Scand. sense of the word,
i. e. power t migbtf appears to have been at one time not unusual in Northumbria. Thus,
only three lines below those just quoted from Hampole, we find, that those same * wardei of
the citd of heven'

* £r mare eraffy and Strang >an any kan neven ;'

and in Early Eng. Allit. Poems, C. 1 28, the Divine rousing of the storm which was to cause
the throwing overboard of Jonah is thus described : —

' For ]>e welder of wyt, )>at wot alle )>ynges,
pat ay wakes and waytes, at wylle hat3 he sljrjtes ;
He calde on )>at ilk crafie he carf with his hondes ;
** Eurus and Aquiloun, |>at on Est sittes,
Blowes bo]>e at my bode upon bio watteres." '

* He wur a crafty chap at fost fun oot thae sun-pictur's.'

Crake, cruke, sb. The common or carrion crow (Corvus coram) :
sometimes improperly applied to the rook (Corvus /rugtlegtis).

O. N. krdka ; S. G. kraka ; N. kr&ka ; Dan. krage ; O. Qerm. kraia, ehrha ; M. Germ.
kr&t kraje; A. S. cr&vet &c.

Crake, v. n. To cry, or utter its note, as the crow, or as the land-
rail, does.

Comp. O. S. hria ; Br. krid ; Sanscr. krue,

* Bot begin she (a hen) to crok.
To groyne or to dok.

Wo is hym of oure cok.' TWim/. Jifyst. p. 99.

Crambaszle, sb. An old man exhausted more by vicious indulgences
or habits than by age merely.

It is not easy to derive this word, which I meet with only in Wb, Crl.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 125

Cramble, v. n. (pr. crammel). i. To be halt or infirm on one's feet;
disabled by natural causes. 2. To hobble along, or walk with much
difficulty.

We have the word crump-fooied ^ club-footed, O. N. k!umbu'Jbtr, quoted by Wedgw. ;
arump-hcuk, erttmpt or erookt, Nomenclator, p. 44, quoted by Hall. ; also crumple-footed,
having no motion of the toes, lb.' ; all closely connected with A. S. crumb, crump, erymbig,
trom a possible or probable A. S. vb. crimpan, cramp, crumpen, to force together so as to
cause flexures and wrinkles ; see Rietz in v. Krimpa and comp. O. N. krbm, sickness, last-
ing and severe, from kremja, used of sickness in the sense to afflict, to oppress. Just as
GaeL crub, to crook, has as an offshoot, crubach, a cripple, so cripple itself follows on
erimpcm, crump, there being an actual form, moreover, still retaining the m, viz. crump-
ling, a diminutive or deformed person. Hall. Sw. krympling, a cripple, one who hobbles
or moves badly or awkwardly, also retains the m, while in the dialects it seems to be quite
dropped. Comp. hypling, krbpplingr, krbbling, krevling, kruling ; as also O. N. hypplingr ;
N. krupel; Dan. kroHing; Germ, kruppti; Dut. hreupel. Our Clevel. D. corresponds with
the Sw. in keeping the m. S. G. krympling is given as ' paralyticus, cujus membra ita con-
tracta sunt, ut ambulare nequeat, sed reptando se promoveat;' a kind of action which
would be almost exactly described by our participle orambling. Comp. also Sw. D. krum-
md-fingrad, having the fingers numbed with cold, so as to remain bent or curved ; krummel-
bdndt, with a crooked or deformed hand.

* T' aud man 's aboot nutched to get him crammel* d alang.'

CrambleSy sb. (pr. cramm'ls). The larger boughs of trees, of gnarled
and twisted growth ; such as are frequent in the oak.

Comp. S. G. krammel, Sw. D. krammel, a piece of wood used in keeping down the flax
during the process of steeping ; a pole used in keeping the hay from shaking off the load :
otherwise krammel or krdmil, and kremmel. These words are referred by Rietz to the same
origin with krum, crooked ; krumma, to bend ; krummei, crooked or twisted, &c.

Crambly, adv. (pr. crammelly). Hobblingly, lamely, with difficulty;
of personal motion. See Cramble, vb.

Cramp-ring, sb. A ring made from old coffin-tyre, or the metal
ornaments of decayed coffins, and worn as a preventative of cramp.

Cranchy v. a. and n. i. To crush any substance, which gives a crepi-
tating sound in the process, with the teeth; to crush the stones and
gravel, with the attendant harsh soimd, as the wheel of a heavy waggon
does on a hard road. 2. To break up with a cracking sound, as s^t or
large sand, or a cinder, under the foot on the floor.

Probably a derivative from crasb, like cruncb from erusb, the insertion of the n contri-
buting to a more efficient expression of the resonant action implied. Cf. Pr. Pm, ' Crasebyn,
as tethe. Fremo,Jr<mdeo, etrideo*

Cranohy, adj. Gritty, apt to give a cracking sound in the process
of breaking or crushing.

126 OLOSSARY OF THE

Cranky^ sb. A checked linen fabric^ blue and white, much in use as
material for aprons some years ago.

Comp. erankf an ann bent at right angles for turning a windlass ; crank, vb., to mark
crossways on bread and butter to please a child. HalL CringU'erangU, a zigzag. lb. The
first idea is that of bending : O. N. hringr, O. S. kringer, Sw., N., Fris., Sec. bring, a circle,
a bending round ; and then follows that of crossing, from the new direction the bent part
takes in relation to the unbent. The idea of crossing is pushed much further than the limit
of material transverseness in the Northern tongues, as indeed it is in our own phrase ' cross
purposes.' Thus Dan. krange, Sw. D. krdnga, is to turn inside out ; * blir du viUad . . si
hrang trojan d las Fader vdr avigt:* if you get bewildered (or lost) turn your jacket and
say your Our Father without ceasing. Krdnga is also to be obstinate, cross-grained : or,
full of tricks, in Sw. vara krankUg : comp. £. crank ^ jest, trick.

Cranky, adj. Ill able to move, whether from debility originating in
sickness, or from stiffness the result of an injury, or of local ailment, or
of age. See Grenky.

O. N. krdnkr; O. Sw. krankir, kranck; Sw. D., Dan., and N. krank, sick, weakly, infirm.

CrapSy sb. The shreds of fatty skin left after rendering the fat of
pigs into lard. See Tallow-oraps.

The prominent idea expressed by this word is that of contraction, the shreds in question
from the combined action of heat and partial drying becoming shrunken and shriTeHed, and,
to a certain extent, even crisp. Comp. O. N. kreppa, to make to shrink, to contract ; krepHr
I6fi, a contracted or shrunk hand ; N. krcppa, Sw. D. krappa or krdppa. The Dan. adj. trap
is applied to twine or cordage-work, wrought so tight that it breaks too easily, becomes, as
it were, crisp or brittle. Note also Sw. D. krapp, Dan. D. krap, shrunk, scanty. There is
another derivation possible which perhaps involves the Pr, Pm, word * Crappts, or gropys of
come. Acus, criballum* These are what fall out (see note to Crappe) or are rejected.
Comp. ' Scrap, remnant, refuse, leavings, what is scraped off. Sw. afskrap, skrdp, refuse,
rubbish ; Dan. skrab, scrapings, trash.' What Pr. Pm. craccbyn is to scratch that crappe
may be to scrap, and our Craps may be simply scraps, Cf. Pr, Pm, * Cracokc, relefe of
molte talowe or grese (crauche, crawke or crappe). Cremium* The editor connects the
word with IsL and S. G. krak, quisquilisB, from krckia, to throw away.

Cratohet, sb. The crown or upper part of the head.

Is this a mere cant word ? Or does the same root give origin to it and to Or. itpiit,
Kpdros ?

Craw, V. n. To caw or croak ; said of the crow and rook.

A. S. crawan; M. G. brukjan; Germ, kraben, to crow like a cock ; krdcbztn, to croak or
caw ; Dut. kracyen : * a direct imitation,' says Wedgw., * of the cry of different birds.'

CSreaker, sb. A rattle ; a child's toy. See Night-oreaker.

CSreakwamer, sb. A watchman's rattle : called also Night-oreaker.

Oree, oreeye, v. a. To set to soak, soften and swell. Said of rice
and wheat ; of the latter, in course of preparation for making Formity.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 127

The grain, when duly prepared, is put into cold water and set by the
fire to grow warm (or hot), but short of actually boiling.

I believe this obscure word to be closely connected with the Sw. D. word krava, to fer-
ment, which is applied to the earth when subjected to the influences of spring — moistened
and warmed. lola kravar seg : the earth is becoming creed ; lola dogtr inte te r<lg, Jbr
ho kravar: the earth is unsuitable or unprofitable to the rye before it is oreeved.

Creel, sb. i. A basket or pannier ; especially as intended for the
reception or conveyance of fish. See Fish-oreel. 2. A lathed frame
upon legs, used to place the slaughtered pigs on after they have been
scalded ; or living sheep during the process of salviiig.

Jam. makes reference to Ir. kril or crr/m, a basket, or coffer ; Gael, erioit a chest or
coffer ; and to S. G. harlt a dish or vessel ; adding that O. N. kurla is to cut twigs or osien.
There is no connection between the two words last named, if between k'drl and the Celtic
words. O. N. krUa is to weave, to plait ; and may suggest an origin for Creel, if it be not
rather referred to Ir. kril,

Creepings, sb. The peculiar cold sensation which often terminates
in a shiver, and is usually a symptom of an approaching inflammatory
cold.

* " I believe I have got my erupings ;** have caught cold.' Wb. Gl,

Crewels, sb. (pr. crules or crewls). Fine worsted of various colours,
used in a species of embroidery, and especially in covering balls for
young children, or for indoor use.

* Properly, a ball of worsted. Germ, kndutl, PI. D. klevel, a ball of thread. The inter-
change of liquids in this class of words is very common.' Wedgw. Ferguson refers the
word to N. kruUat to blend or mix, to curl.

Crioket, sb. A small, low stool ; which may serve as a milking-stool,
a foot-stool, or a child's seat, indifferently.

N. krakk, a little stool, without cushion or back-rail ; Sw. D. kr<ikkt a form or stool,
originally formed of the end of a cleft fir-tree, and then furnished with three legs supplied
by the boughs of the same. Rietz. Comp. Sw. D. kranka, a little stool ; a bench to set
tubs or casks on ; Fin. krenkku, a four-legged form.

Crob, V. n. To revile, worry with bitter scolding ; to hector or bully,
by word.

Comp. S. G. krtpsk, morosus ; Sw. D. kripituk, krippajtuk, captious, ill-tempered ; N. S.
knbbisebt passionate; kriNfdn, to provoke; Dut. kribbigt vexatious. Ihre assumes the
word kribbtn, irritare, as the origin of kribbiseb; and kribbeln is a popular Germ, word, as
also krUbil'kop/, a passionate, or enraged man. Rietz says comp. Lat. in-cri^re. Note
also O. N. grobba, to brag ; grobbtttn, a braggart. Our word is another interesting instance
of the way in which old words are crystallized in local dialects, like twigs in amber.

Crook, sb. (pr. cruke, or crSwk). i. A nook or comer; such, e. g. as
is formed in a field by the sudden and considerable curvature of a stream.

f

128 GLOSSARY OF THE

2. The iron hooks on which gates, doors, &c. are hung and swing.

3. A disease in sheep which causes curvature of the neck. 4. Distor-
tion or curvature of the hinder legs of an animal, originating in weakness
or disease, or from injudicious confinement. 5. A crotchet, whim, piece
of foUy.

O. N. hrdhTt a crook or hook, a comer ; O. Sw. kroker, a hook, a bending or crook,
a deviation from directness, wile, stratagem, trick ; Sw. D. krok, generally, whatever is
crooked ; a hinge or hasp ; a comer or angle ; an underhand device, a trick ; a poor,
miserable or wretched object or being. We have here all the meanings of our own word
included. Dan. krog is used in most of the same senses ; thus, at boUb krogen for d»ren :
to fix a crook for the door ; veim gimr en krog : the road makes a crook ; krog4oVt crooks
or quirks of the law, &c. Note dso N. krok, Sw. D. kroka, is to fix crooks or hooks for
the hinges of a door.

a. * Ex f smith t' coom an' fix thae deear-«rM/b an' yzt-crwhs t' moom's moora.'

' Yee, hangjrd be thou on a erukt* Tewtui, Myst, p. 249.

4. * Pigs has getten t' ertuk sairly, lira bein' ower close kept iv a cau'd cote.'

5. * What fond crvke 's he on t' waay wiv noo ? ' Wb, Ol,

Crook, V. a. and n. To become or to make crooked.

O. Sw. kroka; Sw. D. kroka, to make crooked, to become crooked.

' For I can nawthere erowke ne knde.' Townel. Mysi. p. 163.

Orookt, adj. (pr. cruickt or crSwkt). Crooked, bent, twisted out of
the straight line.

O. N. krdkdttr; O. Sw. krokoUr; Sw. D. krokn^ krokot; Dan. krogit.

* A vast o' stidcs to choose frav, but he 's nobbud piked a ertdki jran efter a 's deean.'

Crop, sb. A joint cut from the ribs of an ox, and with the bones
shortened.

O. N. kroppr, truncus corporis ; m krop utUn boved, a headless trunk. Hald. ; Sw. kropp,
Dan. kropt with same limitation of sense. In the expression, quoted by Molb., at varm$
mtd sin uld bans nmgnt Und og krop : to warm one's naked loins and crop, the meaning at
least appears to be more restricted still, and « that part of the body at large which lies
between the head and the loins.

Cropen, oroppen, p. p. of to Creep ; perf. oreeped.

A. S. eropen ; a form which appears in the imp. and supine of almost all the Scand.
tongues and dialects : e. g. Sw. kriopa, imp. krdp; Sw. D. hype {krop, krbppe) ; O. N. kriupa
{kraup, kropit) ; Dan. kryht (krmb, krmb§t).

CrosB-gang, oross-gate, sb. A cross-road; a foot-, or other path
across a field or common, such as to shorten the distance in passing
from one point to another.

CrouB, oroiuie, adj. Brisk, lively, frolicsome, pert. Also spelt
orowse.

Jam. suggests S. O. krus, krusig^ Qerm. kraus, Belg. kras, all signifying curly, frizsled,
crisp, as the possible origin of this word : * the primary allusion, indeed,' he says, * seems to

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 1 29

be to a cock who is said to be erouse when he bristles up his feathers, so as to make them
ap|>ear as if eurUd, Dan. kruse, adomo, concinnum paro.' Ferg. adopts the hypothesis.
But neither of these authors observes that kruSf krustg, kraus, all have precisely the applica-
tion supposed in the languages they belong to. Under krepsk, Ihre quotes hraushopff and
knubufvud; and under krust krusigtbu/tnid, as signifying a cross, irritable or excitable man.
Sw. D. krus-buvud seems rather to imply angularity of character than mere pettishness or
, irritability. Sw. hrusa bears the meaning of * to be highly complimentary/ and Sw. D. kru-
9€ra, * to be very polite.' The idea of crispness, curliness, smartness, lies at the bottom of
all these expressions (which might be multiplied), and our own word gives another instance
of a like and almost still more natural transition from the original and material con-
ception.

' As fresh and as erous
As a new-washed louse.'

* ** As erowse as a lopp ;" as brisk as a flea.' Wb, GL
' Quite erowst and hearty.' Ih,

Crow-berries, sb. The fruit of the crow-berry {Empeirum nigrum).

Crowdle, craddle, v. n. To crouch, to huddle together in a crouch-
ing manner, as frightened chickens about the hen, or folks over a fire
that has burnt low.

' Crowd, Curd. A crowd is a lump or mass of people ; eur^ or eruds, as it was for-
merly written, are milk coagulated or driven into lumps ; to cruddlt, to coagulate or curdle ;
to crowd or huddle. To croodlc, to draw oneself togedier into a lump from cold or other-
wise, to cower, crouch.' Wedgw. Comp. S. G. kroia, conferta turba ; A. S. cru^S,

Crowdy, sb. Oat-meal porridge, made thick enough to turn out of
the containing basin, like a pudding, when cooled.

* This word is very ancient, and claims aflinity with a variety of similar forms in other
languages ; S. G. grod, O. N. grautr, porridge, made of meal and water, mixed and then
boiled.' Jam. Note also Dan. gr^d, Sw. grot, Comp. A. S. grut, grit, meal ; £. groats,
husked oats prepared for making gruel. Sec. ; grout, coarse meal. Jam. ; ground malt. Hall.
Belg. gruttc. Germ, gruss. Sec.

Crow-ling, sb. The common heath (Erica cinerea),

Crowp, V. n. i. To croak, as toads do. 2. To rumble or murmur,
as one's bowels do when full of wind, or when one has been too long
without food. 3. To gnunble or murmur, as a discontented person
does.

A word radically identical with roup, which see : one of the many instances of * the
facility with which an initial g, h, w, or /is added or lost before r* Wedgw. O. N. brdpa ;
S.Q.ropa: M,Q,bropjan; Dan. raabe; Sw. ropa. It may be observed that, in either
form current in Clevel., it is taken to express a hoarse sound or cry, as is also the case with
croupt the fatal infants' disorder. Neither is the distinction noticeable m the use of the
Scand. word, as specified by Molb., observed with us. His remark is : * Both man and beast
are said at skrigc, to scream ; but raab is applied in respect of man only.' Cf. Pr. Pm.
* Crowkin as cranes. Gruo : as todes, or frosshes (froggis). Coaxo ;' as also O. N. ropa,
Dan. rabe, to belch.

S

t<)0 OLOSSARr OF THE

Orowping) sb. t. The croaking of toads or frogs, a. The rumbling
in one^B bowels induced by flatulence.

Orowpy^ adj. Apt to grumble or repine; given to the expression of
discontent.

Orud) V. a. To coagulate^ to induce the formation of curds : chiefly
used in the passive.

rhMn the <Mtf totm of lh« pretcnl twmi, Stt Orowdl«. Cf. Pr, Pm, CurtU, cnidde,

Oniddita^ v. n. To curdle, become coagulated.

$e« OMtrdll«v with which it wemM ttem to bt csMntiiny cotnckknt.

Orutdtfta^ v. a. and n> t« To crush, or jam; as a person's body
by a waggon against a wall d« To push, crowd, or thrust one against
aiMther, as in a throng of sight^^eers, or people whose curiosity is excited.

This <» )f»6wihly M Mtctmelkit fonM befwc«n O. £. cromC. to push, sboTc; Pr. Pm.
^^t^MswIl mi'th n b<irdw;^ ni^ irmh^ Wki sctrvs to conoect the litter with ^ fonner.
A«M)lht^ fMiii\ is tpwudt^ See OtiialL

Cru^sb. Curds.

Oruk^ sb. THe common rook ; or die carrion crow {Corvmx frugi-

l^m or C e(}rm(\

A. S. \fr^, AvM>lh«t fftiiNin«e in whkli the initial r h«s tkken m r or jr hefore it. Tlie
iKren^ t^ the M|4nite w<y«M in WMiny <3Mes «hiiMi cAdci ^k same lesah as the prefixing
^ I «r I'. See OltMMs OvlMViliiC^ We4gw. is inclined to refer N. £. cnti^ a crov--
irtiMher i(>elK«|g <^ <ym w«rd— ^ «rMiJK •> expressing dx sound of ^ac tod's cry.

OhlMk,sb. The hoarse <Ty or croak of tiie raven or carrion crow.

O.N. #riiid^ ctmMi^; *nteA«, to <M>riL ^ CHwrf or rrwMe. To 07 ISce a crane or
lieeMi. Lfth. hwtki, to maice a hanli mnte, «e sunt, croak ; inmkimtL, kramkuuL, to
«fMik.* Wedlfw ; a woird farmed by ^ iaseition of an m, so as to pwc a more na»]
YMWi^ In «r««l or crdk ; as in the case of <»«»&, ertmdi, from cnosi, eruA. Pramik,
fNmkh^ are KaslerfiOoMities names for ^die common henw : ] heliere, sin^y hecsose
tliefe is some resemblafioe in the srord to ^le soimd of tiie hircTs ay. ObieiTe ^ use of
t)ie n in this case alto.

V. 4, To tumble or nni^p>Ie Hnen, iu^, so as to cause it to
feim creases.

* The inleN^itte of fi^ and mI is so ftoqoem that we can hard)}' sqMDste enmk from
■fMli^^ On. wl^OPiMMn from iv. ^^im^wi, £. trutUt from nt'intfiM, ^fecigw. iuis prmcniie
^mmM Mi% «s in <coitia<<t at onoe with Sw. D. krivi^a, to press togi^ier so as to form
ureases or inrrinkies ; tmt there seems to me a simpler nnd profoabK- more conect way of
yoce^M. K. ffMky /rA^ifif, 4^ are of the closest relationship to S«'. krmgla^ ^h«^,
Dan. «m*Sf<^, Sw.D. ^trmfi, hingwl^ krmf^, 0/N. hrimfrr or hrmfp-, ifcc. ; and what
E. 4rMh h to ^. h>it^^, ^trit^^ihtiK k a curvature or fieacure in etexy fold or crease
<»rwHfiMeimi<c thei>ameisowr4awai>:l^to^.*yx»<b. O.X. *rD»r.Dau.4>ry".Jto..toSw.D.,

CLEVELAND DIALECT. I3I

O. N., and N. krokna : and, be it noticed, this word in one Sw. district takes the foim
krbnkdn : — ryggen gdhhom ba kronJmd : the old man's back has grown crooked. Further,
Sw. D. krokli, other forms of which are krokla, kroklot, and O. N. brokkin, have the sense
of wrinkled ; in other words, are equivalent to enmkUd^ the Sw. word expressing which is
skrynklig. We have here an interesting sequence : the b of brokkin changing into k pre-
fixed to r, the first of the two medial Vs nasalised — collate Dan. rynkt, O. N. brukka, to
wrinkle; brokka^ to shrink, of cloth — and then, as it would seem, an initial s assumed
before all, as in not a few other instances, some of which will be fully noticed below.

Crash, sb. A crowd or throng of people ; thence, a country enter-
tainment ; as a dance, or other merry-making. See Crudge.

Cry up, cry up and away. A phrase used in connection with bees'
and applied to the peculiar note or tone of their buzzing within the hive>
which, to a person knowing in bees, notifies that they are on the point
of swarming.

• They'll be awa* inow ; they *s crying oop this ha'f-hour. *

Cuddle, V. a. and n. To embrace or hug ; to interchange affectionate
pressure. See Crowdle.

* The existence of forms like eruddle and cuddle, one of which begins with a mute and
a liquid, and in the other the liquid is omitted, in the same or in related dialects, is a phe-
nomenon of frequent occurrence,' says Wedgw. ; and he proceeds to quote many instances
in point ; e.g. cuffamd duff, to strike ; Du. konkeUn and kronkelen, to crinkle ; E. speekU,
Sw. spreckla ; E. speak. Germ, sprecken ; Eng. pin, Sc. prin. Sec. He also quotes from Prior,
who speaks of the partridge, when a falcon is * towering nigh,' as

* Cuddling low beneath the brake.'

Still this is a very unusual manner of appljring the word, the next quotation serving far
better to illustrate the more prevailing application of it as met with in the South of England :

* They hopped from spray to spray.
They billed, they chirped all day,
They cuddled close all night.'

So far as my own opportunities of observation extend, the idea implied in cuddle is that of
two or more individuals in close and consenting contact ; in the South, in a recumbent or,
at least, crouching posture ; here, in any posture whatever. The man cuddles the woman,
who puts his arm round her as they walk or stand side by side ; the child, or grown person,
sitting on another's knee and held dose to the supporter, is cuddled ; and so on : and the
idea in all this is but a far-off derivative from crowd, eruddle. It is at least open to question
if the word be not rather, as Jam. suggests, a derivative from Teut. hidden, coire, or some
like word.

Cuddy, sb. The hedge-sparrow {Accentor modular is).

Of cuddy, as the popular Sc. name for the ass. Jam. says that it is * most probably a cant
name.* Still, I believe, that so-called ' cant names' frequently have some very respectable
origin ; and, almost certainly, the names of our more familiar birds may be referrible to
something beyond mere slang. I cannot, however, suggest anything as probable in the
present instance.

Cuffidaft, sb. Light or easy talk, badinage, such as people indulge

s 2

13a GLOSSARY OF THE

in when they unbend among their friends, and are in a happy or
jesting vein.

The latter half of this word may probably be a connection of the Sc. word daff, to jest ;
dqffin, jesting, light or sportive taXk, It is less easy to suggest an origin for the former
element. Perhaps the idea involved may be that of light or quick interchange of words,
and either A. S. ea/t quick, rapid, or the same source which supplies Eng. ctff, might ori-
ginate it. The former word is met with three or four times in E, Eng, AUit, Poems, 6.,
in the sense of quiek, bandy. The etymology of the latter word seems uncertain. Wedgw.
refers it to elap. Ihre refers S. G. kuffa, verberibus insultare, to kiffwa, to quell, intimidate ;
and on Mr. Wedgwood's principle, alleged in the same page with the word cuff, E. cuff
and Sw. knuffl should be set side by side, and the latter used as an index to the origin of the
former. If cuffi in our word be related to E. cuff, the idea would be very like that implied
in the expression * to bandy words.'

* He was fain for half-an-hour's euffidaft; and for myself I like to blow my horn when
1 Ust.' Wb. Gl.

Cumber, sb. (pr. coommer). Care, trouble, inconvenience, obstruc-
tion.

O. S. kymber; Sw. D. and Dan. hummer; Germ, hummer; Dut. hammer, hombre, Molb.
quotes it as of Germ, origin.

For the vb. note the following : —

* 8c then they tooke him out againe,
8c cutten all his ioynts in sunder ;
8c burnt him eke vpon a hyll ;

I-wis the ded him curstly cumber,* Percy's Foi, MS, i, 197.

* pay ware cumbyrde in covetyse, >e caytifs had care.' Rei, Piecet, p. 9a.

Cumber-ground, sb. An useless person or thing; one that is un-
profitable, or good-for-nothing.

Comp. * Cut it down ; why cumberetb it the ground ?' Luke xiii. 7.

Cuprose, sb. The poppy of the corn-fields (Papaoer rhceas^ &c.).

Currant-berry, sb. The common currant {Rihes rubrum). For
Black-currants (Ribes nigrum)^ see Blaok-berries.

Cushat, sb. The ringdove {Columba palumbus). See OooBOot.

Cush-love, (pr. coosh-loove). A pet or coaxing term of address to
a cow.

Comp. Isl. husa, hussa, husla, to address a cow coaxingly.

Custard-winds, sb. The cold easterly winds prevalent on the N. E.
coast in spring. Probably a corruption of ooast-ward winds.

Cutter, V. n. To talk in a low and confidential tone ; to whisper ; to
make private communications in an undertone.

S. G. huttra, garrire ; Sw. D. huttrd, to talk low and in secret. Other forms are hudrd,
kdudrd ; huttra 1 bop, to hold confidential communications ; N. S. quadem • Brunsw. (H. G
Dial.) hoddem ; Dut. hoeteren, to talk slang ; Swab, hudem.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. I33

Daoity, sb. Capacity, ability or fitness for a position, duty, or office ;
also activity, energy.

Probtbly connected with died nearly as triekty is with triek. Hall, gives dossity, which
is probably only another form of this word. Dotonu signifies thriving, likely to do well ;
dndy is industrious, notable ; deedily is actively, diligently ; while, in the opposite sense, we
have d§edUs8, dadliss, Comp. Sw. D. d&dios, O. N. dadloMt,

Daddle, dadle, v. n. To trifle, move lazily or saunteringly, to be
listless. Also written Daudle.

This word is supposed to be a diminutive of dctu, a sluggard, which is referred to O. N •
dd, S. G. dd. See Datt,

* A (UUdlingf sauntering body.*

Daff, sb. A coward, a dastard, a fool.

Cf. Pr, Pm, * Dafit or dastard, or he kzt spekythe not jm tyme.'

One of a numerous family of derivatives reappearing under various forms, and with
various shades of signification, but all implying a want or a £iiilure of some power or quality.
Hire remarks of the probable root-word (dd, deliquium animi), that it is ' like the stock of
a felled tree which has pushed forth a great many shoots.' Among others, our Clevel.
words daffle, daft, deai*, dowly, &c., are referrible to this stock, descending through
the forms ddf, dofha, da/ha, ddlig, &c. In Sw. Dial, we find duven, benumbed ; ddven,
powerless ; divna, to become powerless or inert ; and, in O. N., dqfi, inertness, want of
energy ; do/inn, feeble, faint ; in M. G., dtvan, to become feeble ; Sansk. div, to be heavy,
sluggish, &c. ; and, just as in these words privation or loss of feeling, vigour, energy, and
the like is implied, so in our word that of moral energy and vigour, or courage, or intdlect.
In the old writers it usually means fool.

• " Thou doted daffe,** quod she,

•• Dulle are thi wittes." * P. Ploughm. p. 23.

' For lat a dronken dajfk
In a dyk falle,
Lat hym ligge, &c.* /(. p. 337

Chaucer, however, uses the word in the sense, cowardly fool : —

* He auntrith him and hath his nedis spedde.
And I lie as a draffe sak in my bedde ;
And when this iape is told another day

I shall be hold a dajfk or a Coknay.' Rmn^s Tale, p. 33.

Daffle, V. a. and n. i. To confuse, disturb one's mental powers, as
by noise or disorder. 2. To become stupid or confused. 3. To grow
weak in faculties, forgetfiil and childish, from old age.

See Daff. Comp. Sw. D. ddvle, N. dauwUg, both of which adjectives involve or imply
at least a part of the above significations.

I. * Ah 's just that daffled wi' thae bairns' din, Ah 's nae use o* ma heead.*
8. ' He fails fiut and begins to daffie^

J 34 GLOSSARY OF THE

DaflOy, adj. Half-imbecile, weakened in faculties, forgetful and
childish ; of old people, often.

* He's becoming quite daffly.* Wb. Gl,

Daft, adj. i. Simple, half^silly, 'not all there.' 2. Flighty, giddy,
thoughUess. 3. Foolish, stupid, dull of apprehension.

From its fonn possibly a p.p. from the vb. daff. Jam., it will be seen, gives that vb. in
the sense, ' to be foolish ;' but he derives daft from O. N. daufr, fatuus, or at least from its
neuter dauftf quoting also S. G. d6/, stupidus.

I. * Send daft Willie. He 's nobbut hau'f theear ; but he's canny eneugh aboot sik an
earrand as yon.'

a. * T' lass has gaen clean daft. She weean't mahnd her ain neeam lang, a' this gate.*

3. * As daft as a goose ;' * As daft as a deear-nail.' Wb. Gl.

Daftish, adj. Only of very moderate quickness, or ability and sense.

* A daftisbt dizzy soort o' body.' Wb. Gl.

Dagg, degg, v. a. and n. i. To sprinkle with water. 2. To drizzle.

Sw. D. dagga : O. N. dbggva^ to bedew, sprinkle ; )»a'S doggvar, it drizzles ; Sw. dugva,
to sprinkle or splash ; Sw. and Sw. D. dagg, O. N. dbgg, Dan. dug, dew.

1. * Gan an' dag thae claithes, Marget. Ah '11 mind t' bairn.'

2. * A fine dagging rain.' Wb. Gl.

Bagged, adj. Wet, bedaggled.

* She 's getten her sko'ts finely daggtd*

Dainsh, densh, adj. Fastidious, dainty, nice.

This word occurs in the forms dauncb, daneb, doneb, deneb. Hall, and Lads Gl. The
last word has for its second meaning ' Danish.' The same meaning is given for Densbe. Hall.
It is at least open to question whether this is not the origin of the word — if it does not
bear with it a reminiscence of Danish assumption and haughty self-preference. * So long as
the Danish supremacy lasted (in England),' says Worsaae {Mindir, p. 187), *the Danes
naturally could only carry themselves as lords in a conquered country. Their innate taste
for magnificence and luxury was abundantly fostered, and their pride was flattered by the
subjugation of the Anglo-Saxons. The old English chronicles contain bitter complaints
touching the humiliations the natives were exposed to. Thus if an Anglo-Saxon chanced to
meet a Dane upon a bridge, he was obliged to wait in a posture of lowly reverence — nay
even, if he were on horseback, he was obliged to dismount and wait, until the Dane had
crossed over.' Verily the Dane might be looked upon as 'particular,' or *nice,' under
such circumstances, and his generic name, Dansk^ pass into a word expressive of such charac-
teristics. Further, it may be observed that the Sw. D. word bdnskat — a derivative from
bbjt a (or rather the) ci^ or town, and signifying, 1. To use fine or *city' language, to
talk big; fl. To set oneself up, or Tto expound dialect by dialect) to be bumptious —
assumes the form of ddnsk, ddnska, dinska, in different Sw. localities, and thus fiimishef
a term identical with ours in form, and closely approaching it in meaning.

* Over dinsb by owght ;' far too nice or fastidious.

Dainah- or densh-gobbed, adj. Dainty about one's eating. See Cak>b.
Dale, sb. (pr. deeal). The distinctive name of the valleys which run

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 135

far up between the high moorlands of Cleveland and the adjoining dis-
tricts, each with a small rapid stream, or Book, running through it from
Head to End, where it empties itself into the larger stream : in Cleve-
land, into the £sk, which runs along £sk-dale.

O. N. dalr^ Sw. and Dan. dcd. Comp. A. S. dal. That Dale in Cleveland is a purely
Danish word, to the entire exclusion of any A. S. intermixture, can scarcely be a matter of
doubt to any one who gives a moment's thought to the nature of the prefixes which dis-
tinguish the various dales — all of them Scand. — not to mention the very important part
filled by the same word in local Scand. nomenclature, especially in Iceland.

Dale-end, sb. The point at which the Dale attains its full expansion,
and, so to speak, terminates ; debouches or ends in the central or main
Dale.

Comp. O. N. dalt'tnynni, os vel fauces vallis. Danby- or Dale-tfm/, Fryup-eiu/, Glaisdale-
end. Sec,

Dale-head, sb. The upper portion of the Dale at or nearest its
narrowest or commencing part amidst the moorland hills.

Dall, daid, dawl, v. a. and n. i. To tire or weary. 2. To grow
tired, to become weary. 3. To become depressed, low-spirited. Also
spelt Dowl.

Comp. Sw. D. dala d, ddla d, to become weary, heavy with sleep ; the primary meaning
of the word being to fall, the first derived meaning to tend towards setting, as the sun does.
Cf. Dan. dale, to sink, to wane. Note, also, in another direction, O. N. dvali, torpor,
swoon ; and Old H. G. twelan, to be overpowered with sleep.

I. * It dauls me sairly, diz this thravellin' by t' reeal.'

8. * Ah 's dauTd o* t' spot. Ah can't heeaf tiv it naekins way.'

* Ah 's dauFd o* my meat.'

' Ah 's very dauled: it 's bin a dree ganging.'
3. * Ah 's fairiings dowled to deeath.' Wb. Gl.

Dame, sb. (pr deeam). One's wife, the mistress of his house ; also
applied to an aged woman.

Dander, v. n. To tremble or shake with a tremulous motion, as a
house does from the passage by of some heavy vehicle, or the like.

O. N. dja (imp. dudt), to shake, to totter. Comp. also O. N. datta, with a similar signi-
fication. Sw. D. dandrd likewise has very nearly the same meaning.

Danger, sb. Probability, risk.

•"Ah's doo'tfiil WiUy'U not cast this aihnent; hell dee." "Weel. there's a danger
on t.

DangeroiiBy adj. In a state or condition of danger ; of persons.

* «* Mrs. Dale 's very ill, they say ? " *• Ay, 'Doctor says she 's dangerous." '

(

136 GLOSS A Ry OF THE

DanglementB, sb. Fringes, tassels, or any such easily moveable
pendants to a garment, &c.

Dap, adj. Clever, dexterous, handy. See E. dab.

Wedgw. says, * A dab-band is one who does a thing off-hand, at a single blow. Note also
Langued. iapa, to strike, to do a thing skilfully and quickly.' See Dap, vb.

Dap, V. n. To move with short, quick steps.

* He goes dapping along, as if he were on springs.'
' Dapping up and down stairs.'

Dark, v. n. To listen insidiously, eavesdrop, seek for information in
underhand ways, or with an insidious intention.

Hall, sajrs, * to watch for an opportunity of injuring others for one's own benefit. In old
writers, to lie hid.' Our word scarcely implies the malicious intention, but doubtless the
sense of lying hid contains the germ of its actual meaning ; to conceal oneself for the pur-
pose of hearing without being suspected as hearing, and thence, to hear in an insidious way.
Brockett gives us the form dart, Comp. Pr. Pm. * Daryn, or drowpyn, or prively to be
hydde (privyly to hydyn). LatUo, lateo* See also note to the same. The connection of
our word is with this and not with £. dark. See Wedgw. in Dart,

* They dark and gep for all they can catch.' Wb, Gl,

* What are you darking at ? ' lb.

Darr, v. a. To dare.

•Hoodar*ye?'

* Ah darr'd him tiv it, an' he wur fleyed 'o tryin'.*

Cf. ' This gere may never faylle, that dSor I undertake.' ToumeL Myst,p.2'j.

Dased, dazed, adj. (pr. deeaz'd). i. Astounded, stupefied, struck
with amazement or terror. 2. Suffering from the effects of cold, numbed,
lifeless. 3. Dry, sapless. 4. Ill-cooked, ill-baked ; from the oven being
too slow, or the fire not properly kept up ; or, perhaps, ill-leavened ; the
result being, in either case, that the bread is scarcely palatable or fit for
food ; and so of the meat, whether dried up, burnt, or not sufficiently
cooked.

Comp. S. G. dasa, O. N. dasadr, dasasi, exhausted, to be worn out. Ihre supposes ddr$
and ddse to be essentially the same word, in which case the sense of *stupef3ring' would
come in. Comp. Sw. D. dasa, to be utterly lazy and inert ; Dut. datun^ to be beside oneself;
dwaasMt to be foolish; A. S. dwas^ N. S. dwes, dwas; Dut. dwaas, dull, heavy, stupid.
Pr. Pm. * Dasyd. Vertiginosus ;' and dasyn, applied to the eyes, to become dull. O. N.
dasazst {Flatey. i. 536), is applied to the joint effects of cold and exhaustion.

I. * What 's wrang wi* thee, man? Hast ee getten a gliff ? Thee luiks dttaind like.'

* I das* and I dedir
For fcrd of that taylle.' Toumel. Mysi. p. 28.

a. * It's nobbut a poorish cletch ; bud maist o' t' eggs gat duazid wiv t' aud hen bein'
aff sae lang.'

3. * Ay, it 's a strangish frost : t' com an' grass 's fairlings ditaud wt' 't ; an' Ah 's about
detazed wi' t* cau'd mysel.'

4. * T' breead-leeaf 's dttazMd:

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 137

Daflement, sb. See Dee&sment, Dased.
Dauby, adj. Dirty, slovenly, untidy.

Comp. Sw. D. dabbOt a ragged, slovenly woman of ill conduct ; dabba, to make dirty,
daub; d<d)ba ug, to feed oneself dirtily; dabba U, to make anything dabbigt, that is,
dftaby.

* Dauby folks' are people who are ' slovenly in household matters.' Wb, Ol.

Damn, sb. A portion or share, with an implied idea of smallness.

Sw. D. dom, a small piece, a morsel. The word is connected with the verb-family.
S. O. dima, O. N. dami, A. S. demon, Sw. domma, &c., to judge, decide, sentence. The
idea is evidently that of portions allotted, or assigned at the judgment or will of another.
See Dtaaot vb.

' ** It was a dear daum ;" a dear morsel ; very little for the money.' Wb. GL

Damn, v. a. To deal out or allot, with the implied sense of sparingly,
almost grudgingly.

* *' Daunud out ;" dealt out in small or scanty allowances.' Wh, Gi»

Comp. * For David demys ever ilk deylle,

And thus he says of chylder 3ring :' Toumel, My$L p. 160 ;

where the sense of dSrmys seems to be nearly that of dividtt in the expression, * rightly divide
the word of truth.'

Day-nettlOy sb. (pr. deea-nettle). The common hemp-nettle {Gale-
opsis ieirahit). Common in corn-fields, especially where the soil is very
light and the crop thin.

* Labourers in harvest are sometimes affected with a severe inflammation of the hand, or
of a finger, which they uniformly attribute to the sting; of a Day-nettU, the name by which
this plant is known among them.' Botany of Berwick-on'Tweed,

Daytaly adj. By the day ; applied to a labourer who works * by the
day,' or to the work done by him.

Comp. O. N. dagaial, a diary, day-book or register.

Daytal-many sb. A man who works, and is paid, by the day; in
contradistinction to the Farm-servant who is hired by the Term — the
year or half-year: May-day to Martinmas, or to May-day again — and
paid at the rate of so much a year, in addition to his food (see Meat)
and lodging.

•"What is your father, Robert? A farmer?" " Nae, sir, nobbut a workmg-man."
•* What, a farming-man (farm-servant) ?" " Nae, sir, on'y a daytal-man** '

Daytal-work« Work done by the day-labourer or Daytal-man ; in
contradistinction to work done by the piece — as a job of draining, or
mowing or harvesting— or by the duly hired Farm-servant.

T

138 GLOSSARF OF THE

Deady sb. (pr. dee&d). Death.

* Ah 's harrish'd te deecui;* * dauled to deetut, &c.

Comp. * He walde be-come mane, and for vs suffire >e de<U in |>at swete manhed.'
Rel, PUceSf p. 41.

* With an Iron forke made of Steele
he held him downe wondorous weele

till he was scalded to the dead,* Percy's Fol. MS, i. p. 100.

* How hee saued her from deaden lb, p. 461.

Deaf, adj. (pr. deeaf). i. Barren, blasted, without produce, hollow or
empty; thence of the soil, barren, incapable of producing. 2. Tasteless,
insipid, without flavour or pungency; and thence, 3. Without power
to sting.

The varying applications of this word are curious and interesting, all of them implying,
however, deprivation : see Daff. A. S. dtaJ<om is simply barren corn ; O. N. daufegf^cdSr
is dull-edged, blunt ; dauf-fingra^r^ one with imperfect use of his fingers ; dauf-mmitr^ one
who talks indistinctly ; dauf'skygn^ of defective sight ; daufr-liir, a dull or not easily distin-
guishable colour. S. G. dof-vidr is a non<productive tree; dauf-jord unproductive soil.
Besides which O. N. daufir is vapid or savourless, and Sw. D. d&ven the same ; while
S. Jutl. dov corresponds precisely in meaning with our word — barren, blasted. Thus, in
Clevel., * A dtaf ear of com* is one which contains no grains or pickles, or Ckyrns. ' A
deeaf nvX* is a nut which contains no kernel within it. Compare the saying, * He does not
look as if he lived upon deeaf nuts,' with the precisely like S. Jutl. expression, ' Ham lever
int* ved daw nodr;* literally, *he doesn't live upon deaf nuts.' A good sum of money,
or any other tangible benefit, also, is said to be * nae deeaf hmX*

I. * Ay, yon 's a deeaf spot : nowght niwer grows iv it.*

* It 's a varrey bad year wi' t' bees. Maist feck o' t' keeam (comb) 't deeaf;* contains
no honey.

a. * Ay, t* peers (pears) 's past their best. They 's amaist a' deeaf noo*

3. * Niwer heed him, bairn. He wean't nettle thee wi' yon : it's nobbut a deeaf ntttle,*

Deafly, adj. (pr. dee&fly; also written deavely). Lonely, solitary, in
the sense of remote, out of the world.

O. N. daufligr^ sad, melancholy. * Its neut. daufligi signifies gloomy or saddening soli-
tude: einum ifikkir daufligt soman; a lonely life is a sad life.' EgilU. N. dawvteg is
synon3rmous with our word, and nearly identical in form and sound.

* They live in a far-off deeafly spot.' Wb. Gl,

Deaf-nettle, sb. The dead-, or dumb-nettle : (genus Lamium).

Pr. Pm, * Deffe nettylle, Archangelus.' * The plant lamium, or archangel, known by the
common names dead or blind nettle, in the Pr., has the epithet dejfit evidently because it
does not possess the stinging property of the true nettle.' 76. note.

Deary, deeary, adj. (Pr. of doory). Minute, smaU, puny.
Deave, v. a. (pr. deeav). To deafen, stupefy or stun with noise.

O. N. de)fa ; Sw. dqfva ; Sw. D. dova ; N. dmyva^ to stun or stupefy.

* A din fit t' deave yan.'

* Ah 's fairlings deeav* d wiv 't all : wife callin' (i. e. scolding) an' bairns skrikin'.^

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 139

Deasementy deeasmeiity sb. (Pr. of Basement). The effects or con-
sequences of continued exposure to cold ; the sensation of being chilled
through which is often the fore- runner of a heavy inflammatory cold.
See Based.

* Ah 's getten a sair deeas*Tnent*

Beeath. (Pr. of death).

Beeath-smear, sb. The clammy moisture of approaching dissolution.

Beeath-stmokeiiy adj. On the verge of dissolution ; said of one on
whom the signs of closely approaching death are fully apparent.

Beeathy-groats, sb. One having a death- doomed look, evidently
claimed by death as an early victim.

From O. N. dat^i, and grd^i or groiSr, a shoot, or production.

* T* ane is a fahn, fat baim : t' ither was allays a puir dowly dteaiby-groats*

Beed, sb. Doings. A word of most frequent application, and more
easily illustrated than defined.

* Mucky dud;* a greeting from one walker to another when the roads are in a very dirty
condition : or, when a very foul pigsty (or the like) is being cleaned out ; or, in short, when
anything is proceeding which is emphatically * a dirty job.'

* Bonny deed;* usually in an ironical sense, nearly equivalent to the south-country
• a pretty to-do.*

* Dowly deed;* applied in the case of a person or persons whose condition is one of
depression, whether arising from sickness, or sorrow, or misfortune, or ill-luck, or even want
of emfdoyment. * It 's dowly deed for t' working man when there 's nae wark t' git.'

' Went deed;* great stir or excitement, as at a great * coming-of-age' feast, or the
festivities at the wedding of the squire.

* Great deed* — * great deed for the lawyers ;' — an election which gives them plenty of
woric

' Great deed at t' new hooss ;' a grand housewarming.
'Great deed about nowght;' a great to-do about nothing.
Also, * sad deed; * gay deed,* Sec.

Beedless, adj. Helpless, inefficient, feckless. Hall, writes the word
' dadless.'

0. N. ddtSlam, alike unable and unwilling to help oneself; Sw. D. d&dlos, dSlos, dilaus,
&c. A. S. has dadlic, deedlike, active, but no d<Bd4cBds.

Beft, adj. i. Pretty, neat. 2. Handy, clever.

A. S. datfte, convenient. Hall., Brock., and Todd's Jobnton, all look on this word as
obsolete except in the North : wrongly, as I think.

1. ' A deft sight ;* spoken ironically, says Wb. GL, and equivalent, or nearly, to * a pretty
sight, indeed.'

Beftly, adv. Cleverly, dexterously.

A. S. daftliee, fitly, conveniently.

It was all very deftly done ;" dexterously managed.' Wb. Gl,

T 2

( ((

140 GLOSSARY OF THE

Degg. See Dagg.

Delve, V. n. and a. i. To dig. 2. To work, labour hard. 3. To
indent or leave a permanent bruise or indentation in a metal vessel,
or other object capable of such impression, such as a hat, a tin
box, &c.

A. S. del/an, to dig ; Dut. delvtn. In its original sense, to dig^ the word is scarcely used
at all in Cleveland. Qrave is the word in all but exclusive use to express that operation.
The derived sense, * to labour or toil at anything/ is more frequent, but, in nine cases oat of
ten when the word is used, it is applied in the third sense. Comp. Sw. D. dalpa, dolpa, to
vault or arch over, to turn over or upside down ; dtdpa, a hole or unevenness in the road,
especially one produced by the inequalities of a heavy snow-fall, or by the continoed pas-
sage of heavy loads ; datpig, uneven, holey, — spoken of a sledge-road over the snow ; Dut.
d'dvtt a hole or pit. There is a curious mixture, or succession, of ideas common to our
verb and its Sw. double ; digging is turning the soil dug upside down ; the piece dug leaves
a hole and forms a kind of vault ; the hole or rather indentation in a pewter pot or a tin
box, looked at from the other side, also forms a vault. The coincidence is extremely
interesting, and makes one anxious to trace the history of the lonely Sw. word ; for it
seems to have no fellows in the other Scand. languages.

a. * He 's allays delving at it, gan when ye will ;* always hard at work at the specified
task.

The vb. is in frequent use in Cbaueer, Townel, Mysi,, &c., in the sense to dig, and in
Religious Pieces, Percy's Fol. MS., Sec, in that of to bury ; e. g.—

* All quicke shee shold dolven be.'
Comp. * He rasyd Lazare out of his delfe* Townel, Mysi, p. 330.

Dented, dinted, adj. i. Notched, serrated, resembling the teeth of
a saw. Comp. ' The woodpeckers have a tongue which they can shoot
forth to a very great length, ending in a sharp, stiff, bony tip, defUed on
each side.' Ray, On the Creation^ Pt. i. 2. Indented, impressed with a
sunken mark; applied to soft substances, as the flesh, dough, &c., as
delved is to harder ones. There is a stitch in use among tailors which is
called dinting, which is done by passing the needle nearly but not quite
through the stuff, so that the stitch forms a small depression on the other
side.

Denty, dentyish, adj. Fine, genial, inspiriting.

Coincident with E. dainty, but with a more limited application.

* A gay fine, denty morning.'

* A deniy day this has been, partic'r'ly for t* tahm o' year.'

Derse, (Pr, of Dress.) See Dress ; * durse' in Hall.
Desperate, adv. (pr. despe't'). Used as an augmentative.

* A despe*f bad cold ;' * a despe*t* awk'rt spot ;' * a despe'i* fahn miss,' a very smart young
lady ; * a despe't* grann' hooss.'

CLEVELAND DIALECT, I4I

Bess, sb. I. A layer or course in any pile or mass that is heaped or
built up by degrees. 2. The entire pile or mass so built.

0. N. dSf», a hay-stack ; dys^ a tomulus, or grave-hill ; S. G. dds, a pile made as described
in the definition, a stack ; Inm i dyss S4StHa : to put com together into a heap ; Sw. D. dos,
doUf piled heaps of stones : * these sten-dosser have usually bieen heathen altar-piles,' Rietz ;
also dossf, a stack of hay or straw. Cf. Pr. Pm, Dese.

1. (^>oken by a working-man while engaged in excavating a tumulus or grave-hill,
Hone.) * Wheeah ! it all ligs i' disses;' it is all laid in layers.

9. * A dSns of stones.' Wb, OL

Pr, Pm. *Deti, of hye benche,' denotes 'the seat of distinction placed on' the dais
proper, or * rais^ platform always found at the upper end of a hall.* Note to Desi,
In TowHii, Myst. p. 4, speaking of Lucifer and his beauty, * Secundus malus Angelus,*
fays,—

' He is so fayre, with outten les.
He sem3rs faHe welle to sytt on des ;'

where the meaning of dgs corresponds with that of Prompt, dese. But at p. ao the word
evidently bean a sense nearly or quite coincident with that of grade, degree, Lat. gradus,
and thus connects itself with our word : —

' Of alle angels in brightnes
God gaf Lucifer most lightnes,
Yit prowdly he flyt his des^
And set hym even hym by.

He thoght hymself as worth! as h3rm that hym made.
In brightnes, in bewty ; therfor he hym degrade.
Put hym in a low degre soyn after.'

DesSy V. a. To pile up in an orderly fashion, or layer after layer.

* Gan thoo, William, an' dess that hay oop i' t* chawmer (hay-loft).'
' Here 's a vast o' boxes, lad. Thee weeant get 'em a' in, wivout thee dess 'em oop
canny ;' pile them up orderly, in regular courses, in opposition to throwing them in a con-
fused mass.

Dessablyy adj. Orderly, in respect of arrangement. Wh. Gl,
Diby V. a. and n. To dip.

Used in the same senses as the standard word, and identical with it. Comp. Sw. D. dobb,
to dive, dip oneself; and Dan. dyb, deep, &c., in which 6 takes the place of p, as in our
word.

Diby sb. A depression in the ground, scarcely amounting to a Slack,
and much less to a valley.

Didder, v. n. (pr. dither). To thrill or shiver from the effects of cold
or fear.

Comp. Pr, Pm. * Dyderyn for colde ;' Catb, Ang, * Dadir, to whake.' Dut. sitUrtn ; Germ.
zUiem ; and also O. N. /i/ra, to shiver, tremble with cold or fear. Dodder or dother,
as also dander, a nasalised form of dadir, together with our word, are connected with
O. N. daiia, to vibrate ; palpitate, as the heart does ; Sw. D. daiia, dutta ; and these probably

142 GLOSSARF OF THE

with Haldorsen's dua (imp. dudi), to be in a state of motion, or tremulous. Comp. also
E, totter,

* I dase and I dedir.
For ferd of that taylle.* Toumel, Myst, p. 28.

* She dithered and shu'k, yan thoght she wad ha' tummled i* bits.'

Didder, diddermenty sb. Trembling, shivering, thrilling of the body
from cold or fear.

* Ah wur a' iv a ditberment, 't wur sike a flaysome skrike.'

Differing-bout, sb. A verbal dispute or quarrel.

* Him and me had a sairish diff^rifC-bout along o' thae sheep at was worried.'

Dike, sb. i. A ditch, a channel for carrying off water. 2. A bank
or long earthen mound, a fence. 3. A pool, or small pond. 4. A rude
stone wall on a dike-baek-top.

O.N. diki; O.Sw. eUke; Sw. D. dike; A.S. die; Dan. dige; Hind. d»ln. The O.N.
word seems to be limited in signification to a ditch, a water-channel. The S. G. dike has
both the meanings — ditch and bank. A. S. dic^ as Bosworth seems to think, means pri-
marily a bank, a mound, which is the case with Sw. D. dike or dige ; while New H. Germ.
deicbt and Beng. diki both signify a pond, a dam, as well as a mound. Ihre remarks that
the contrariety of these meanings is easily accounted for when one recollects that the earth
dug out in forming the dike, in the sense ditch, being laid on the sur^ce at length, forms
the dike, in the sense mound. Grimm's remark is that the sense of the word seems to
depend upon the principal motive or object in doing the work, whether the sinking of a
trench or the raising qf a mound. A dike in the Scottish dialect, it may be observed,
means a stone wall or fence ; * a slap in a dry stone dike' is a breach in a dry stone wall.
Probably the gender of the noun may originally have decided the sense ; a presumption
that presents itself in more than one instance analogous to this of Dike. See Dike-baxiky
Dike-oaxn, Hedge-dike, Hedge-dike-side, 'Water-dikes.

Cf. * Twen heuone hil and helle dik,* Gen, and Ex. p. 9.

Dike-back, sb. The bank which forms one side of a dike or ditch.

Dike-caniy sb. The bank of the Hedge-dike.

Dike, V. n. i. To be engaged in the labour of making a dike. 2. To
cleanse out, by digging, the dike at the foot of a hedge bank, using the
material dug out to repair the bank where necessary.

* And he wold thresh and therto dike and delve.'

Prol, Cam, Tales, The Ploughman,

* Syche bondage shalle I to theym beyde.

To dyke and delf, here and draw,
And to do alle unhonest deyde.' Toumel, Myst, p. 57.

Dill, V. a. To give ease in pain ; to allay or assuage pain ; to soothe.

Perhaps connected with O. N. dUla, to lull or soothe as a nurse does a baby, with a
derived or secondary meaning.

* Ah 's aboot deead wi' t' teethwark. Ah wad gie* owght for somethin' t* diU it.'

* Maria, My son? Alas, for care I

Who may my doyllys d^f Toumel. MyU, p. 136.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 1 43

Ding, V, a. i. To push or thrust violently. 2. To hurl downwards
with force, or dash down. 3. To strike forcefully. 4. To batter or
bruise. 5, To surpass, out-do, be superior to, in respect of achieve-
ment or argument, &c.

O.N. dengia; O.Sw. dtenga, to dash, thrust, bang; N. dangjt; Dan. dange; A.S.
dtncgan ; M. H. Germ, ttngtn ; Sansc. tung.

I. • Puir hihtic bairn I Didst'ee get dinged (or dung) off t' cheear ? *
a. * Tak' heed, man, or he '11 ding thee doon t' steears.'

Comp. * 34 of my Next Cozens

will helpe to ding§ him downe.' Percy's jPo/. MS. i. 236.
See, also, TowntL Myst. pp. 249, 141.

3. * He dang X* geeaveloc reeght upo' mah foot.'

Comp. ' Fast upon his face I dangt* Percy's Folio MS. i. 359.

Cf. Towntl, Myst. p. 960.

4. * Wheeah, he 's ding§d a hole reeght thruff t* skell-beast, he struck sae sair ;' of
a Idcking horse or beast.

5. * *• I 's ding him foirlings ;" I shall beat him entirely.' Wb. Ol.
In Townsl, Myst. p. 141, and P. Plougbm. p. 395, —

* Oreatt dukes downe dynges for his greatt aw

And h3rm lowtys :'

* Down dyng of youre knees

Alle that hym seys :'

* Neither Peter the porter
Nor Poul with his fauchon
That wole defende me the dore
Dyngt I never so late :'

the usage is of a vb. neuter.

Ding, sb. The crush and confusion of a crowd, as it sways and
pushes in different directions ; or the disturbance which always accom-
panies a crowd.

• What 's aU this ding and dordom about?' Wh. Gl.

Dingle, v. n. (pr. dinn'l.) To thrill, tingle ; expressive of the secondary
effects of pain or cold or a blow.

Comp. O. N., Sw. dingla ; Dan. dingU ; Sw. D. dinged. The primary meaning of these
rerbs is to ribrate, to move as any pendulous thing does, whether more or less quickly.
The transition is easy to the sensation which is described by Brockett as * if of a tremulous
short motion in the particles of one's flesh.' Hall., Brock., Wb. G/.all spell the word as
dindlt or dinnlt, dinntl ; with which comp. Pr. Pm. * Dyndelyn, tinnio,' and collate both
with the Scand. verbs given above, and with E. iingU, which Rich, says is the same word as
HnHe, and which he defines * to sound, or cause to sound, — as metal stricken ; to ring, cause
or emit the sound of bells when rung ; to feel a tremtdous, jarring sensation, like tbe
ruling of metal when stricken* Comp. also Dut. tintden, to tingle. This view of the
essential identity of the forms in g and in </ or / receives confirmarion also from the meaning
the verb bears in some parts of the North — ^to tremble or shake, as well as to reel, to
stagger. The word is used metaphorically in Lowland Scotch : — * Ane aye thinks at the
first dinnle of (the sentence that they have heart eneugh to dee rather than bide out the sax
weeks.' Heart of Mid-Lotbian.

144 GLOSSARy OF THE

Dinnot, dinna, deeant'ee. Forms of ' Do not/ ' Do not thou/
used entreatingly or wamingly.

Dint, sb. The greater part or proportion. Wh. Gl. says, * it is a
word we have never heard applied in the sense given, but which, it is
stated, was formerly in use hereabouts to signify the greater number as
compared with the less; "the dint of our town in those days were
smugglers/' '

A. S. dynt; O. Sw. dynter; O.N. dyntr. Our word takes an indirect sense derired from
the original meaning, a blow, a push, the exercise of power or force, that is ; just as * by
dint of argument' is by force of argument. Comp. a ' power of folk,' * a power of beasts,'
&c. ; and also the use of the word given by Jam., * an opportunity ;' * Stown tUnts are
sweetest:' Ramsay's Sc, Provtrhs; where the meaning probably is a stroke of chance.

Dinting, sb. A stitch in use among tailors. See under Dented.

Dither. Pr. of Didder.

Dizzy, adj. Simple, half-witted or deficient.

A. S. (fysf , dy^g, dysg^ foolish, weak, ignorant Bosw. quotes Low. O. ^Sai^, and Dut.
duisdig. The Soind. tongues do not seem to have any corresponding word. Hall, gives
* dizzardly, foolish, stupid ;' and Leeds GL gives dizzy as a noun : * What a dizzy (i. e.
simpleton) he is.'

Docken, dock'ns, sb. The common dock, or dock-sorrel, genus
Runux : particularly the species R, obiusifbltus,

A. S. docce ; Pr, Pm. Dokkewede. See Sour-dookens, Bur-dooken.

Do-dance, sb. i. A roundabout way to a place, or to the accom-
plishment of a purpose. 2. A fool's errand or bootless mission.

Cf. Haldorsen's dansar, mocking rhymes ; S. G. dant, mockery, making a fool of a person.

* ** They led me a bonny do-dance about it ;" gave me a great deal of unnecessary or
roundabout work in the matter.' Wb, Gl.

Dodded, adj. Without horns. Wh. Gl gives it as applied to sheep
with short horns.

Pr. Pm. * Doddyd, withowtyn hom3rs ; doddyd, as trees. Decomatus, mutUtu* The
same authority gives also the vb. doddyn, to lop, cut short, which, of course, is the source
of our dodded. Hall, quotes dod^ to lop or cut as a tree ; and also, to cut or clip wool
from, or near, the tail of a sheep ; the name for the locks so cut being doddings. The
word is also applied to a person who has had his hair cut very short ; whence dotty'polMt
Toumel. Myst. p. 145, applied in reference to the tonsured priests of pre-reformation times,
Comp. *Xe schulen beon i-dodded four si'Sen ilSe jere, uorte lihten ower heaued ;' you shall
be dodded — i. e. have your hair cut — four times a year for to disburden your head. Aner,
Riwle, p. 432. See, also, doddunge, hair-cutting, lb, p. 14.

Dodder, v. n. (pr. dother). To be tremulous; to tremble or quiver,
with age, or with cold, or fear.

O. N., Sw. D. datta ; Sw. darra. See Didder.

* Puir au'd carl I He dotbers mair an' mair.'

CLEVELAND DIALECT. I45

Doddemmfl, sb. (pr. dothrums). Tremulousness, trembling; im-
plying both condition and accession.

' Ah thinks he 's allays i' t* dotbrums, noo/

' He tmk a fit o' t' dotbrums, afore Ah 'd fairlings getten him tell'd/

Doff, V. a. To take or strip off clothes or wrappings.

.In the following passages the origin of doff is sufficiently evident : —

* All my bloodye armour q^me was done* Percy's Folio MS, i. 362.

• When |k)u comest byfore a lorde
Yn halle, yn bowre, or at )>e horde.
Hod or cappe |>at ^ou of do

Xer |)ou come hym allynge to.* Ih, note i. p. 189.

• Doff the duds, Marget.* Wb. Gl,

• Doffx* bairn's wet cooats, wilt *ce.*

Dog, V. a. To set a dog after sheep for the purpose of driving them
off when straying where they have no right to be ; to drive them off by
such means.

Doggers, sb. The globular concretions or nodules met with in
certain geological formations, usually containing each a fossil, and which
are applied to the manufacture of Roman cement. See Scar-doggers.

Comp. Haldorsen's doggr, a projecting object of conical form, which may perhaps be
soggestire.

Dog-jumps, sb. The fruit of the wild rose, or common dog-rose
{Rosa cantna, and other varieties). * Dog-hip' in Scotland.

Marshall gives * Choops ; heps, the fruit of the rose ;' and Hall, the forms cboup^ sboup-
Note also our Oatt^Jngs. I look upon jump^ jug^ cboop or cboup^ and sbo/up^ as merely
▼ar3ring forms of the same word, and dependent on Sw. bjupoftt N. bjupa, kjupa^ A. S.
biop, &c.

Dog-whipper, sb. A parish official, whose duties consisted in ex-
pelling any dog or dogs which might intrude into the church during the
performance of any service.

The office was usually joined with that of sexton and pew-opener, 8cc. ; for one person
discharged many offices in our remote and primitive-mannered moorland churches. The
short, stout dog-whip was a regular part of the Dog-whipper's equipment ; indeed, a
quasi badge of office ; and his duties, where the land is subdivided into a very great number
of small freeholds or farms, and where each farmer has a Sheep-stray on the moors, and
consequently keeps one sheep-dog at least, often more, who are used to follow their masters
00 all occasions and into all societies, was really not a sinecure. In Danby Church the office
has existed down to the year l86a, and had become almost hereditary in one family, having
been held by Richardsons, father and son, through three successions. Written dog-noper
by Hall., and dog-nauper in Letds G/., both corruptions of Dog-knapper,

Doit, sb. A jot, an atom, a fraction.

• Ah deean't care a doit aboot 't.'

Comp. Dan. dbit ; ' Jtg hryder mig ikke en doit derom ;' exactly equivalent to our example.

U

146 GLOSSARY OF THE

Dole, sb. (pr. dooal). A distribution of money or food, at a Burial,
to the poor. See Arval, Bid. Sometimes applied in reference to the
entire preparation of food, &c., which is partaken of by — ^in a sense,
therefore, distributed among — the assembled throng. In Leeds GL it is
quoted as applying to the distribution of bread among certain poor per-
sons in church after morning service. By Brockett it is limited to
* Alms bestowed at funerals.'

0. N. deila ; O. Sw. dela ; A. S. dalan, to divide, apportion. The custom of giving
Dooals at the funerals of persons of substance is only just extinct (if quite so) in the
Clevel. Dales. The origin is doubtless connected with the old Scandinavian practice of pre-
senting all (or most) of the guests at an Arval with suitable gifts. Thus when the cele-
brated Arval in honour of Hialti was held, not only are we told of his sons, * peir hudo
bllom bofdingiom, oc vdro \>eir tdlf bundrut bodsmen ;* but also, * oe vdro aller virdinga
menn med gebfum brotileidder ;* all the principal men were let go with presents.

The following extract from Toumel. Myst. p. 30, Noah's wife being the speaker, gives
a hint as to the object of the dole, at least in Roman Catholic times : —

* Lord, I were at ese and hertely fuUe hoylle.
Might I onys have a measse of wedows coylle ;
For thi sauUe, without lese, shuld I dele penny doylU*

Dollop, sb. I. An awkward or clumsy-looking portion of anything,
as of bread or meat. 2. A quantity or number of individuals forming
a shapeless whole.

Comp. Haldorsen's doilpr^ a shapelessly fat brute; Isl. dolpungr, a round, fat baby or
puppy ; though it may be, perhaps, open to question if the words be connected.

1. *Weel! thee's getten a fairish dollops thee has. It'sawem-fu* fiir tweea as big
as thou.'

a. • Yon troot's biggest o* t* dollop by owght.'

Dolly, dolly-tub. sb. A washing-tub in the form of a barrel, fitted
up with an interior cross-headed shafl, terminating at its lower end in an
object which is not imlike a small four- or six-legged wooden foot-stool.
Used for washing blankets and other large and heavy articles, the shaft
(see Dolly-stick) having a kind of semi-rotatory motion communicated
to it by means of the cross-bar at the top.

DoUy-stick, sb. The shaft or interior instrument of the Dolly-tub.
Don, adj. Clever, dexterous, apt.

O. Dan. dannes folk, dannes m€en, or danneman, is a word or title implying some kind of
distinction in the persons to whom it is applied. The prefix also occurs separately. Thus
we have O. Sw. * en bofwelig riddare ok vol damt ;' a noble knight and a finished ; as well as
a Sw. D. word dann. Comp. Old D. and Dan. dannes ; Dan. and N. Dial, dan ; side by
side with which may be placed the cognate words of Germ, origin — O. Oerm. iban^ ifroM ;
A; S. ge^on ; Germ, getban, &c.

* Ay, he 's a don hand, yon chap ; he 's welly oop tiv owght.'

Don, V. a. To put on any portion or the whole of one's clothing.
See Doff.

* Don thy bonnet.' * Don tha' clacs : sharp, lad f

CLEVELAND DIALECT. I47

Donk, adj. Damp, charged with moisture.

Identical with E. dank, Comp. Sw. D. ddnka; Dan. D. dBuht, dynke ; Germ, dunken,
to make damp, cause to be moist. See Wedgw. under Zhnk, for the connection between
closeness and dampness implied in this word.

* As donk as a dungeon.' Wb, GL

Doxmot, doxmet, sb. i. A thoroughly worthless person; a Gtood-
for-nowght. 2. A designation for Satan; probably as the chief Gk>od-
for-nowght.

* Donmi is derired by Brock, from d<Mtaugbt,* says Ferg. ; * but in Cumberland donnti
also means the devil, and do-naugbt would be a very inappropriate title for the ever-busy
author of evil. It is evidently dow-not, not good ; corresponding to ** evil-one." ' But
naught means bad, evil, as well as notbing ; and thus the objection to Brockett's derivation
falls to the ground. However, the origin of the word is due to the verb duga, as Ferg.
suggests, with a privative suffix — cf. Dan. d^genigt, a good-for-nothing fellow; Germ.
tOMgtmcbtt ; so that, as dugtig means able, eminent, excellent, Donnot means the exact
converse, good-for-nought, and eminently such. Comp. Ihre in w. Dugan, Danneman,
and note the phrase, ' That o' t' donnot,' that which belongs to the devil, human or other.

* *' That 0' f donnot's never i* danger ;" what belongs to the devil ** is not in trouble as
other men." * Wb, GL

* That au'd donnot,* or, * T' au'd donnot;* Satan himself.

Door-oheek, sb. (pr. deear-cheek). Either of the side-posts of a
doorway.

Door-ganging, sb. The doorway; the means or space of passing
in or out afforded by the door.

Door-sill, sb. The threshold of a door.

Door-stead, sb. The site or place of the door itself, or doorway, as
opposed to the space or means of passage in and out. See Stead.

Door-stone, sb. (pr. deear-stan, deear-steean). The flag-stone, usually
a single one of some size, placed at the going-in of a door. In the
plural the word denotes the flags or pavement along the entire house-
front.

Door, To get to the. To be able to get out or into the open air :
of an invalid recovering from his illness.

Doory, adj. (pr. deeary). Diminutive, pimy.

I look on deearj as being to doory what Deeaar is to door, Soheeal to tcboot, &c.
Doorj may perhaps be due to the same origin as the Scot, dearcb, dercb, droicb. See Jam.
Hald. gives drdg, homuncio, which may mean either a manikin or a scamp : probably it
means both, as Jam. quotes Gudm. Andr. as explaining it by minutissimum quid et fugid-
vum. In this case, without need of resort to O. N. dvergr, Sw. dvarg, A. S. dwerg,
dweorb, by the common transposition of r and its preced.ng vowel, we should have a
word dosely resembling our doory in form and sound, and exactly coincident in signifi-
cation. Cf., however, Isl. durgr (derived from O. N. dvergr), a puny wretch.

' A lahtle deeary bairn ;' a weakly or puny child.

* A lahtle deeary bit ;' a very small piece or shred.

U 2

148 GLOSSARY OF THE

Dordiun, dtirdmn, sb. Uproar and confusion ; tumultuous or riot-
ous proceedings. Also spelt dirdiim, dirdam, d^n^dum.

' I take this word/ says Ferguson, * to be from O. N. dyra-d6rttr, thus e3EpUined by
Mallet : ** In the early part of the Icelandic Commonwealth, when a man was suspected of
theft, a kind of tribunal, composed of twelve persons named by him and twelve by the
person whose goods had been stolen, was instituted before the door of his dwelling, and
hence called a door-doom ; but as this manner of proceeding generally ended in bloodshed,
it was abolished." Hence the word might become synonymous with the tumult and uproar
which, it appears, generally characterized these proceedings/ Still, note N. dur, an uproar,
with the corresponding vb. dura.

• The street *s a* iv a durdum*

Dorze, v. n. (pr. dozz, duzz). Of grains of com; to fall from the
ear from over-ripeness, whether by the shaking of the reapers, or under
the influence of wind.

Sw. D. drosa^ drdsa, drosa, dr&ssa ; * Kama var s'd dgjodt d& vd sidr, ait a drossi hodt
t rui nea marh'd :* the com was so ripe when we shore it, that it dorzed out on the land.
Dan. D. drase^ drdse ; * Komet drdsede of negene :* the com donud out of the sheaves.
Comp. Dan. drysse; N. drysia; A. S. dreosan. Another instmctive instance of the trans-
position of r and its succeeding vowel under dialectic changes.

Dossel, sb. I. A bunch of ears of wheat, selected for their size, and
with their straw sliped (stripped of the exterior sheath), applied as an
ornament or finial at the apex of the completed Corn-pike. a. A
homely kind of doll made of a quantity of rags tied up together,

Pr. Pm. * DotelUf stoppynge of a vesselle : dossell. Ducillus^ ductildiis ;* probably ' a
cormption of ductulus, which in the Lat.-Eng. Voeab. Roy. MS. is rendered ** dosselle,"
from the Fr. dosil, doucilt or, according to Cotgr., doisil* lb. note. Hall, gives dosseit

* a wisp of hay or straw to stop up an aperture in a bam.' This supplies the connecting
link between the meaning of our word and that given in Pr. Pm. Wedgw. looks upoo

* a bunch of something thmst in to stop an orifice' as * the fundamental idea/

DoBted, pcpl. Dimmed, having lost its gloss or polish; dirtied;
depreciated in appearance.

This is, perhaps, a corrupt pcpl. of the verb dersiy given in Hall, as implying to dirty, to
spread dung, &c. The Clevd. pronunciation of dersted would exactly give dosttd: other-
wise there seems to be no clue to the origin of the word.

Dotterill, sb. A silly old man ; a doating old fellow ; a dotard.

Pr. Pm. * DotreUe, idem quod Dotarde.* From the same root, probably, as the Scotch
doited, doted, doittrie, dottar. Sec. ; Belg. doten, to be of enfeebled intellect ; Dan. D. dode,
stupid, doting ; which are, in their turn, traceable to O. N. doda, dodna, 8cc. Grimm,
however, D. M. pp. 987, 988. suggests another connection : * A. S. ist dyderian, htdydirian,
illudere, incantare ; womit vielleicht das H. D. tattern, dottem (angi, delirare) zusanmienhangt/
Comp. * dusie men \ adotede* Ancr. Riwle, p. a 2a.

Doubt, V. a. To entertain an apprehensive conviction ; to believe,
when believing is accompanied with pain ; to fear apprehensively.

* " If your father docs not leave oil drinking, he '11 kill himself." ** Ah doo*ts it, Ah's
seear/' '

CLEVELAND DIALECT. I49

Comp. * " Beshrew his hart," says Litle John,

*• that bryer or thome does doubt** * Percy's Folio MS. i. 48.

* For he will come this ilke night
Sc into the forrest slippe anon
for to waite thee for to sloen ;
but herof haue thou noe dowht* lb, 484.

Doubtflil, adj. i. Entertaining an apprehension, or unpleasant con-
viction. 2. Implying the same.

I. • " It will rain before night, Peter." " Ah 's doo*t/ul it will." '

a. • " He'll certainly be convicted, and hung," " It *s doo*tful^ for seear." *

Douce, adj. Decent, sober, well-conducted, neat.

' Fr. douxt douce, mild, gentle, quiet, tractable ; from Latin dulcis,* Jam.

Douk, V. a. and n. i. To depress one's head, or the upper part of
one's person; to bow down. 2. To dive or plunge under water, as
a water-fowl does. 3. To bathe or wash in the water.

Comp. O. Sw. duha, to press or put down ; Sw. duha under y to yield, to submit ; Sw.
dyha, Dan. duhhe, to dive, duck under water. The succession of ideas is plain enough.

Doup, sb. I. The buttocks or posteriors. 2. A heavy, indolent
person,

0. N. deft the hinder parts of an animal, from the common interchange of p and /, is
naturally suggested as the direct origin of this word. It is, however, at least open to ques-
tion whether dbf itself, as well as our Doup, be not referrible to the same source as Sw.
doppa, N. dyppa, duppa^ Sw. D. duppa, dolpa, A. S. dyppan, to dip, to (rfunge into a depth ;
O. N. djupTt deep ; O. N. dypt, dypu N. dypt, dyft, &c., A. S. deop, depth, profundity, the
deep. The English word for the specified part of the human body involves precisely the
same idea, and it is easy to note by what transition. By a like transition again, among
those who use very familiar or coarse and vulgar terms, a lazy, heavily- or reluctantly-
moving person (and especially if somewhat * Dutch-built,' or * heavy behind,') is apt to be
saluted by some appellation expressive of that peculiarity. Of Doup, thus applied, it is
enough to say, that it is a great deal less vulgar than most of its synonyms. The word
dolpTy Hald., an unwieldy or grossly fat beast, may suggest a derivation for the word in its
second signification, if the above is not regarded as satisfactory.

' Loo' thee I there's a gret fat doup V

Doup, dowp, sb. The carrion crow (Corvus corone).

Dour, adj. i. As applied to the aspect; sullen, gloomy, sour-look-
ing. 2. To the temper; stem, morose, repellent.

Jam. gives Lat. durus, O. N. ddr, with a nearly coincident sound, and with a signifi-
cation partly coincident, and partly correlative, may perhaps be as near the mark.

1. * He looked as dour as a thunner-cloud.' Wb. Gl,

a. ' He 's nobbut a dour 'n t' dee wiv ; baith stifif an' hard ;' inflexible and without
feeling.

DouBO, sb. A blow, as with the fist.

' Gie him a douse in 's chops.'

15©

GLOSSARy OF THE

Douse, dowse, v. a. i. To drench or saturate with water, whether
by plunging into the water, or throwing a quantity over a person or
thing. 2. To strike ; thence to strike out, as a light ; to strike off or
down, as feathers or finery from a girl's bonnet or dress.

It is posiible that douM miy be nearly allied to dash. The Sw. Diil. Jmhi, with Iha
lamc ligniGcitioni (except Ihit, in cmuiection with walei, it is applied to Kifl or gentle
and inlennitting raio-showen), wili iti cognate words di'sa, dusia, dusi, is referred to
Same. dAs. DtatI, a dtiiiling rain, doitln, to drizzle, ate words used in the Tyrol. The
connection with daib would supply tbe ntiooaie of the second meaning. But see
Wedgw.

1. ■•■Thou's geliensiir donned, Mally. Wheeah, tliou's "a" binthtuff t' beck, Ah lay." "

1. • She 's doustd a' ber realhen.' Wb. Gl.

Dousing, sb. i. A drenching, a. A blow, a beating or thrashing.

1. ' ■■ A good douciHg;" a thorough soaking.' tVh, Gl.
1. ' Ah '11 gie thee a doufing, ef thee dizn'I heed.'

Dout, V. a. To put out, to extinguish ; to do out.

Wedgw. luggeils a doubt of da out being the origin of this word. His remaiki cerUiolj

Dout, sb. An extinguisher, wherewith to put out — ' do out' — a candle.
Wh. Gl.
Dove, V. n. To dose, t

O. Sw. dofuia. to hare

D be heavy and sleepy.

ine's umn dulled or stupefied. <

: Sw. dtiva, ii

Doviug-drink, sb. A sleeping draught.

Sw. dof-Jtyti. Dan. dnit-dn'k, an anodyne draught. Comp. dmvf'in Jimieson.

Dow, V. n. I. To thrive, prosper, be successful ; of either persons or
things. 2. To mend, improve, become better, in respect of health,
growth, circumstances.

0. N, duga, 10 be strong, to be strong enough, or able ; O. Sw. duga^ doga, to be good.
or fit for ; A. S. dugan, to pioSt. avail, be good for ; Frii. duga. Comp , upecially, Dan'
i6w, S. Jull. dogi, in which two woidi not only docs the ptonundalion approxiuuta very
closely to ours, but the sense also : a remaik thai is likewise irne of O. N. dafita. The
Scottish use of the word, which we do not appear to have preserved in Clevcl., if In N.
England at all, and which is strictly consonant with Ihe simple meaning of these old rerbi,
is well illustrated in this sentence fiom the Black Duarf:—'tiit single man can keep
a lower aeainst twenty. A' the men □' the Meami rfonmi do niair than they doui.' But
the transition of idea from this' sense to that involved in our word Is so simple and nec«-
siry — like that in vaito, from I an strong or abli, lo / am tuill in btallb or body, and in
our words itroiiK. wenk, slUy, — that there is no need to seek dllTetent derivations, as
Jam. does, for dau, lo be able, and don/ in our lenie.

1. ■ "He rfoits bravely;" lhri»o or prosperi exceedingly well.' Wh. Gl.

' " March grows, never datiii;" applied lo bloiiom shewing ilself looeiily, or to any pre-
mtture spun of regeution.' lb.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 151

* He'll never dow^ egg nor bird/

a. * ** He nowther dees, nor dows ;" neither dies nor gets any better.'

Comp. North. Gospel form in — * HtuBt forfSon deg dnegum min^ gif be all rmddangeard

gestriona* Sec, : what shall it therefore profit a man, if he gain, &c., Matt. xvi. 26, with

* Soe mote I tbo^* Percy's Folio MS, i. 97, and

* Come thou onys in my honde,

Shaltin thou never the* Coke's Tale of Gamelyn^ p. 40.

* Evil mote I the* lb. p. 40, &c.

Dowled, dulled, adj. Dead, flat, vapid ; of liquor which has grown
flat by exposure to the atmosphere.

I refer this word to dall or daul. The succession of ideas is from weariness or dis-
taste to want of spirit or buoyancy, in the person ; and thence easily to want of savour or
sharpness in the liquid. Cf. the O. N. idioms dofnad ol, do/had vin, vapid or stale ale and
wine, with their precisely analagous Dan. equivalents, doveni •/, thven vin, and the various
applications of deaf in our and the Scand. dialects.

Dowly, adj. i. Of persons; poorly, heavy with sorrow or anxiety,
low or depressed in spirit. 2. Of things ; lonely, melancholy, wearying
or harassing. 3. Of the weather ; dull, gloomy, depressing.

0. N. ddUgr, hapless, wretched ; dauflegr, low-spirited ; S. G. ddleg. Ihre quotes dauf-
ligr as cognate with this ; Sw. didig, Sw. D. d^lig^ dbllig, dblig (the g silent in all three),
Dan. daarlig,

1. * Ah 's doo'tfii' its nobbut a puir dowly bairn : its nowght like dowin'.'

* She 's varry dowly. Sir. She 've nivver mended sen she getten her bed ;' lay in, was
confined.

* *" He 's as dowly as deeath ;" so ill, and looks it.' Wb, Gl,

a. * ** It's a desput dowly, deeafly'spot t' won in;" it is a very lonely, out-of-the-world
place to live in.'

CL Daufligt ]inkir bonum |>ar : he thinks it very dowly there ; of a man in hiding in a
lonely cave. Flaiey, i. 136. See also p. 384.

' Wiv her man off on 't, an' tweea bairns down wi' t' throat-sickness, an' on'y a silly body
kersel', she 's had a dowly time on 't.'

* Its dowly deed carryin' on wi' sikan a lot o' feckless folk.'

* Ay, it's bin a dowly day, this yan : but we've wan thruff it wi' t' Loord's help.'
3. * Its nobbut dowly weather: it owther rawks or rains ilka deea.'

* On'y a dowly seed-time. T' land 's sae doom' t' seead weean't hap.'

Comp. * Now es the wedir bright and shynand.

And now waxes it all douiland.' Pr. o/Consc. 144a.

This is the reading of the Coti, MS,; MS, Harl, reads domland; and MS, Lands, gives
the word droubelmde. With our use of the word dowly (cf. Dan. ddrligt veir, bad
weather) there can be little doubt of the correctness of the reading douilland, although
the question is suggested, is douilland a pcpl., and if so, what is the verb ?

Down, V. a. To fell, as a tree ; to knock down, as a man, or an
animal; to level or pull down, as a wall or building.

Down-oome, down-ooming, sb. A fall in respect of condition or
circumstances.

* She 's had a sair down-come, she hev. Yance she war ower-mich set oop t' mak' her
ain meat : she '11 mebbc be matched t' come by 't noo.'

"53

Comp. ' ■' Thou n

GLOSS A Ry OF THE

.icinglc now, lad," he tafd;

10 wilhoul hoTsc-sheet md :
it alike," ' fl/ac* Diearf.

Down-comer, sb. The pipe (of iron or other material) which re-
ceives the collected eaves- drainage, and conveys it down the side of the
house to the ground.

Down-dinner, sb. An afternoon meal, intennediate (as usually
understood) between dinner and tea, but in which the beverage tea
forms an important constituent.

It ii [caccelj possible to doubt that thit ii simply i comipIioD of the word still current in
N. W. England in the form aandom, rmdon, orndooras. undtrn. Sic. Piofissoi Wot-
uae unheiititingly cUinu thii word a> coincidenl wiih the S. Jutl, oadtH, mid-diy Riiil. or,
a> it li written by Kok, undent. By ibe lalttr it is dtfincd as middagi-maaltid, mid-day
ffieal-tiine, dinncr-tlmc, and derived diieclly from O. N. uitdorn. In a passage from the
Vbluifd four divitlons of the day are named : ' morgin, mSijaa-dag, tindont oh aptan ;'
morning, mid-day, uadom and evening. lu ttriel accordance with this the Fiidand onrfoi,
and Sw. D, uadurn, unduH. imply a meal taken in niid-aftetnoon. mid-eftiasmad. In the
Kxr disiriel (S. Jutl.), where tindem is the mid-day meal, or dinner, Jortaidtnt and tfiir-
amierii txptcn respectivd}' ihc meali intermediate between bieakfait and diimei, and dinner
and supper. But what is much to the purpoie, in coniidering the detivatian of ondont, or
our Down-dlimer, ai a corniptioa of it. ii this, — that O. N. uHdara a coincident with
Miu/ont, but with a special application to droAmg. Egilss. Now the luoal equivalent for
Down-dinner at present cuneni in lome pailt of the Dales is pHnVing or Drinklng-
time. Hall, gives 'Drinking, a collation between dinner and supper j' and adds. 'that the term
ii now applied to a refreihment betwixt meals taken by firm-bbourers :' while doundriiu
is 'afternoon diiokingi' in Derbyshire, and laradtr is * foienaon diinking' according to
Thoresby, and 'afternoon' according lo Orose. The Lads GI. alio gives 'drinking' [n both
these applications. In collating these words it it icaccely possible to escape noticing the
connection which exists between the term omdim, aaiidom, mnirm, and the idea of driiii-
ing, or drbtkiitg-tinu ; and thus one ii ahnost led lo assume that the Dales term for the
mid-afternoon meal— Drinking or Drinking* — can be nothing else virtually than ■
of the O. N. andarn. The form of the word Down-dlmi«r is probably due

a confusion or misconception about the word of which its prefix it a
with the conception that the repast meant Ii in a sense subsidiary, nl. at least, i
lo dirtaer. I have souieuihere teen i hint thrown out that the first syllibte of eamlam
may be due to Dan. andtn, second, the next. This, of couiie. is out of the question.
Jam. gives a long discussion about the word, wUch is well worth considetaljou. In
Chaucer, undtrn, vndrtn, imply a certain hour of the day; early in the morning at pp.
<)8, 171 ; and possibly a later hour al p. 104.

Dovni'gang, sb. A path, or any similar means of descent from a
height, such as the cliffs above the sea, or a very precipitous moor-bank.

Down-Ugging, sb. A lying-in or confinement. See Lig, Get
one's bed, Siokening.

Down-ligging-time, sh. i, Down -Ijing- lime, bed-lime. 3. The
lime of lying-in or cliikl-birlh.

Down-pour, sb. A very heavy fall of rain, the drops both large and
very thick. Comp, droppy and deling.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 1 53

Dozzen'd, dosen'd, dozand, adj. Of persons ; wrinkled or withered,
shrunk, effete, feeble in mind and body, shewing the effects of age. Of
things ; (apples or other fruits, &c.) having lost all firmness and round-
ness, withered, wrinkled. See Bwizzen'd.

No doubt identical, radically, with dazed or dased. Comp. D. Dial, dose, to be
heary, listless ; dote, to be numb in sense and faculty ; Dan. dm§ (pqd. dmsendi), to be
drowsy, heavy or dull with sleep ; S. G. d&si, &c. Hall, and Jam. give the vb. dozens to
slumber : our word is probably only the pres. pcpl. of this vb., and a kind of inversion of
sense or idea has come to pass with it In Essex and other parts of S. England a pear
or other like fruit, which has entered upon the first stage of decay and has become
spongy and tasteless, is said to be deepy^ just as in Denmark ale or wine that has
become vapid is termed doven or dovnandi. So with our word there is an analogous
transition of sense, but in such a way as to convey rather the physical than the psychical
consequences of age.

DoBziL Pr. of Drossel or Drasil.

Draff, sb. i. Dregs, refuse, especially brewers' refuse, or grains.
2. Mere rubbish or dirt.

0. N., O. Sw. draf. Ihre conceives the primary sense to be drtgs, lees of wine or beer.
The secondary sense in the Northern tongues, as in our dialect, seems to have found its
peculiar application in denoting what was intended to be food for swine, and specially what
we understand by the word grains, Comp. Sw. D. drav, a mixture made with meal for
swine or fowb; N. drav^ grains. Comp. abo A. S. drabbet dregs, lees; Germ, trabert
husks, grains, refuse. Again a derivative meaning, and we have the sense of mere rubbish ;
* the offscouring of &11 things.'

1. * Looks t°ec 1 thoo gi'e t* best o* t* draff te thae tweea gilts. Deeant *ee mak' spare
on t.

• Ah *s gannan t* brewer's wi' t' draught, fur a leead o' draff, an' Ah '11 fetch t* toom barr'ls
along.'

2. * She 's nobbut a mean 'un. She 's bad as draff-* utterly worthless.

Drape, adj. (pr. dree&p). i. Not in milk, or dry. 2. Not with young
at the usual or proper time ; of cows and ewes : often used in application
to the former as a noim.

Brock, gives Sax. drtpen, to fail, with the comment ' having &iled to give milk,' as illus-
trative of the origin of this word, and adds, * drape sheep, oves rejicuUt, credo ab A. S.
drape, expulsio ; draped, abactus : Skinner.' It seems to me that this is rather putting
effect in the place of cause. The probability appears to be that drape, and drepe, to
speak slowly, and with effort — as if the matter to be spoken came forward very falteringly
and slowly — are from the same source, and that probably the S. G. drypa, to pour in by
drops, O. N. driupa, A. S. driopan, drypan, Dan. draabe, supply that source. Comp.
E. drip, to come in very small quantities ; and the word dropmele, by driblets, or portions,
coming in drops. The idea thus suggested tallies exactly with the marks of a drape cow.
The imlk comes in less and less quantities, until at bst there is 'such a drop' only, that it
is not worth while to continue to milk her ; and strictly expressive of this condition is the
word drape. It was then natural enough that the word ^ould be applied to express the
condition of an animal, which in farmer's phrase was * nowther in milk nor in calf,' or quite
unproductive at the proper time.

* An' nivver a dreeap amang 'em a'.' Cleveland S<mg 0/ Solomon, iv. 3.

154 GLOSSARY OF THE

Drasil, droBsel, sb. (pr. dozz'l or duzz'l). A sluttish female.

By metath. the word becomes dorsel^ and then, by tiie tendency of the dialect to slur
the r, dossel or dozzel. Comp. Sw. D. drbsla, drosUj a lazy, slorenly female ; droda, to
be lazy and sluggish over one's work. Mr. Wedgw. collates Dan. D. draaself a dull, inac-
tive person, and suggests a possible connection with Isl. dragsl or dragsli, a slut. Rietz,
however, quotes O. N. drosla, and N. S. dryseln, dneuln^ to be sluggish or lazy in moving.
Comp. also Isl. drdg, a poor jade, and dusUl-bross ; both, moreover, applicable to persons.

* " A dizen'd dozzU;** a tawdry slut.' Wb. Gl,

Drate, drite, v. n. To talk slowly or hesitatingly, to drawl ; to speak
thickly and indistinctly.

Hall, gives drootj one who stutters, and drotyne, to speak indistinctly, to stammer ; both
from Pr. Pm. The derivation of the word can hardly be doubtful. It is a derived offshoot
from the same root which produces the verbs, O. N., O. Sw. draga, A. S. dragon, 8cc, ; and
though I do not meet with any derivatives expressive of slow or drawn-out speaking (except
E. drawl), yet there are so many implying slowness and halting in respect of this or that
action, that it would have been strange indeed had not some of the £unily come to be
applied as the present word is. I may instance O. N. drattr, procrastination, delay ; Sw. D.
tb^attf advance by short uncertain steps ; dratta, with corresponding meaning, &c. Comp.
drepe, with the succession of ideas which it illustrates.

Draught, sb. A team of horses or oxen, together with that which
they draw, whether cart, waggon, or plough.

* T' surveyor wants a' t* draughts he can git t' moom, to fettle oop t' rooads about
t' new brigg.'

* Willy Franks 's getten' t' Langlands Farm takken, an' he 's boun to have 's pleeafing>
deea t' moorn. He reckons he '11 have mair an tunty draughts on.' See Floughing-
day.

Dream-holes, sb. The slits or loopholes in church-towers, stair-
turrets, &c., to admit air and light.

A. S. dream, i. joy, mirth, rejoicing : 2. what causes mirth ; harmony, melody, song, in-
struments of music. Froift these senses the usage in the early writers passes on to that of
loud noise. In Halt Meid. p 21, * Ah al is meidenes song unlich )>eose wi'S engles imeane,
dream ouer al |>e dreames in heuene,' the meaning is simply harmony, melody, song.
In Ancr. Riwle, p. a 10, ' |?e prude bee's his bemares, drawe'S wind inward of worldlicn
hereword, t eft, mid idel ^elpe, puffeS hit utward, ase )>e bemare deS, uorte maiden noise, —
lud dream to scheauwen here horel,' the sense is a loud noise, but still such as is made by
an instrument, — a trumpet namely. In Lay. i. 43, —

* l)a he mihte ihcre :
)>e bihalues were,
muchel dom, muchel dune :
muchel folkes dream,*— ^

the word is simply clamour, confused noise of a multitude. And so again, iii. 220, in a
spirited description of a battle and the dreadful din and tumult of it, this phrase occurs : —

* drem wes on uolke : dream was among the folk ;

|)a eor^e gon to dunien.* the earth began to din.

The application of the word to the openings in church-towers, belfries. See, is simple
enough.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 1 55

Drearisome, adj. Dreary, dismal, lonely, wearying.

* A lang drtarisomt road.* Wb. Gl.

Dree, adj. Tedious, long-continued, wearisome.

Sec Jam. Teut. draegb, slow, lazy ; Goth, drig, driugr^ long drawn out ; O. N. drcBgr^
of • what can be drawn out ;* S. G. drbja^ to be long over a thing. Comp. Sw. dryg-mil,
a long mile ; drygt arbete, a wearisome piece of work ; en dryg bok, a heavy book ; sc. to
read; Dzn, dr»i, long-continued; en drmit arbeide, a tedious piece of work; and S. Jutl.
dr»g, which has not only the signification of our dree but also almost the same sound.

* Ah *s got t* lecas* this coom ; an* a desper't dree job it be : *biggest pairt on *t *s nobbut
sleean an* popple, or owght.*

* ** A dree droppy rain ;" a rain that comes only a little at a time, but continues without
its ever becoming quite fair.* Wb, GL

* A desper't dree bit o* road, yon, for seear.'

* ** A dry, dree preachment ;'* a dull, uninteresting, tediously spun out discourse.' Wb. 01,

Dree, adj. Sad, doleful, cheerless.

The sense of this word might seem to be a secondary meaning of the last : but with the
old Northumbrian noun dre^ sorrow, misery, suffering ; —

' Yhit sal thai that dai dre hafe :* Pricke of Conscience, 5373 ;

and the vb. dregbe, drigbe, to suffer, endure pain or sorrow, —

* For thai sal haf a dai thare
Als mykel bitter payn or mare,
Als a man mught thole here of penaunce
A yhere, and fele as mykel grevaunce ;
And als mykel drigbe thar fourty days
Als fourty yhere here ;* —

both of which, as well as A. S. dreorig, probably depend on A. S. dreogan, to bear, suffer ;
it springs from a totally different root. Comp. the phrase, dreab and atbolde : he dreed
and tholed ; suffered and bore. Lye.

* Ay ; it 's a dree life to live, when yan *s parted wiv a* yan*s frin*s.*

Dree, v. a. To deliver slowly, droningly, tediously.

Originating probably in the adj. dree, rather than otherwise.

* ** He dreed a lang drone ;" delivered a tedious dissertation.' Wb, Gl,

(As far as I have been able to ascertain, the ordinary sense of dree, v. a., to endure, to
bear, is not now recognised in Clevel.)

Dree, v. n. To endure, to last.

See Dree, tedious, and Drith ; noting the extract from the Toumel, Myst, The vb.
occurs several times in Gen, and Ex. in the forms drecben, dregen,

* She 's dreed on sae lang, mebbe she *11 win thruff it now ;' said of a person who has had
a long illness.

Cf. * Ther was never a freake wone foot wolde fie.

But still in stour dyd stand,
Heawyng on yche othar, whyll the myght dre
With many a bal-ful brande.* Reliques Ancient Poetry, i. 13.

Dreely, adv. Slowly, tediously.

* He talks very dreely,*

X 2

156 GLOSSARY OF THE

Dreesome, adj. Tedious, wearisome ; with nothing to give any plea-
sure, zest, or enjoyment.

Drepe, dreep, v. n. i. To drip or drop slowly and sparingly.
2. To talk slowly and haltingly, to drawl. Brock, gives the form
' draup.'

0. N. driopOt O. Sw. tkypa, to fall by drops, &c. See Drsx>e.

1. ' Gan thee, lass, and hing't oot t' drtpe*

2. * Ay, puir au'd chap, he gans dreepin* on, bud it's varrey dree discoorss.'

Dress, v. a. (pr. derse). i. To set in order, make neat and orderly.
2. To apply any matter to the surface or outside of a thing, with a view
to improving it in any way. 3. To soil or make dirty. 4. To beat,
chastise, thrash.

1. ' T' kirk's a' i' good fettle, an' Ah's derse oop kirk-garth, an' sike, back end o' t*
week ;' in anticipation of a rural dean's visit.

* Wad ye like t' land amang thae berry-trees dersed ower a bit?' the soil among the
gooseberry bushes lightly dug or stirred.

2. * Get yon heap o* soot an' soil dersed ower the grassin', John.'

Drink-draught, sb. A brewer's dray or waggon, with the horses
drawing it. Wh, GL

Drink-driver, sb. The driver of a brewer's waggon.

Drinking-time, sb. The time of the afternoon refreshment. See
Down-drinking.

Drite. See Drate.

Drite-poke, sb. A drawler; one who speaks indistinctly or hesi-
tatingly.

I only notice this word further, in order to observe that it presupposes a noun, drite^
slow, or drawling discourse, which noun does not remain in any Glossary, as far as I am
aware.

Drith, sb. (pr. dreet). Endurance, lastingness, substantiality.

A curious and expressive word, which I have seen printed nowhere save in Wh. Gl. It
is a derivative from the old vb. dre, to continue, to abide, to remain in being, from A. S.
dreogan. The vb. is also given by Ray — dree, perdurare. See Dree, v. n.

* Lovyd he my Lord in will and thoght,
That his servant forgettes noght.

When that he seys t3rme ;
Welle is me that I shalle dre
Tyllc I have sene hym with myn ee

And no longer hyne.' Townel. Myst. p. 156.

The sense of dre in this passage, which is part of the expression of the aged Simeon's

CLEVELAND DIALECT, I57

feelings on being told by an angel of the infant Christ's coming to the Temple, is exactly
coincident with that of our word in the example given below.

* Ill-gotten gear carries nae dritb ir it.' Wh, Ol,

Cf. * I trust your grace will doe me noe deare

for spending my owne tnw gotim getrt.*

Percy's Folio MS. i. p. 509.

Broke, sb. Wild oats, or so-called darnel

The name, like so many other local names of plants, is applied loosely or indefinitely.
Dr. Prior gives ' Bromus Uerilis, Avtna foUua,* &c., as among the plants intended to be
designated; Pr,Pm, * Drawk§, wede. Drauca;* Cath. Ang, 'Drake or damylle.' Ac-
cording to Forby, drawkt or drake in Norfolk and Suffolk is the common damd grass,
LoUum perenne; according to Gerarde it is Bromus stmUs. Comp. Dut. dravig, Wdsh
drtwg, Br. draoh, darnel, cockle, &c.

Drop, V. a. i. To knock down, to fell with a blow. 2. To shoot
a bird, on the wing or otherwise, so that it falls immediately.

Probably a direct bequest from S. G. drcBpe, to kill ; drUp^ death-stroke ; drypa^ to smite ;
and allied words. Bosw. refers drepe, a slaying, a violent death, as occurring in A. S.
writers, to the O. N.

Drop-dry, adj. Of vessels, &c. ; water-tight, not admitting the
passage of so much as a drop of water.

Droppy, adj. Wet, rainy ; a weather term, used when the rain-drops
are of full size, and fall freely. See Deg and Down-pour.

Hald. gives pluere as one of the significations of driupa (perf. befi dropid) : driupr ttdr,
the droppy canopy, is an epithet for the sky ; and drupd, in Sw. Dial., means * to rain.'

* ** A vast o' rain fa'n lately. Tommy." ** Ay ; its bin a desper't droppy tahm sen
Mart'nmas." '

Droppyish, adj. A diminutive of Droppy.

Drought, sb. (pr. drowt). Dryness ; usually, not to say always, with
an intensive sense ; continued very dry weather. See Drouth.

Pr. Pm. * Drowte, ticeitas* Rich., following Tooke's leading, sa3rs this word is drouA
or dry'tb really, from A.S. drygan, drugan, and ought to be spelt— and he himself spells
it accordingly — drougib. The A. S. word is undoubtedly drugatSe or drogc^t ; but it is
idle to assume thence a law for the orthography, and, still more, for the sound of English
words. It would almost seem as if drought or drouth were originally rather two different
words, than two different forms of the same word ; the one having a distinct passive sense
(so to speak) — that which is already made dry ; the other, drouth^ an almost active sense —
that which makes dry. And it is noticeable that Rich, writes, * drought is that which
drieth, the 3rd p. s. &c.,' adding, the moment after, * Wallis says, dry, siccus ; drowth,
droughtht dryUh, siccitas ;' but ttecUoi is that which is already made dry. It is also worthy
of note, that in both the passages from Chaucer adduced by Rich, the word is drought, and
has distinctly the passive meaning :

' When that April with his shoures sote
The droughts of March hath perced to the rote ;'

158 GLOSSARY OF THE

where drougbu is certainly not an agent, but what is acted on. Comp. the following
extract from Spenser : —

* Let streaming floods their hasty courses stay
And parching drouth dry up the crystall wdls ;'

where drouib is as clearly the agent. And the same remark applies, with more or less
exactness, to nearly every instance of usage given ; while, in respect of the eleven instances
of the word occurring in the English Bible, eight of them bear the passive sense. See also
the instance in Jam., in v. Drouib, I may add, that dry occurs in the Toumel, Mysi. in
the sense of drought,

Droiighted, To ba, v. p. To be troubled or oppressed with thirst.

Droughty, adj. (pr. drowty). Very dry indeed; used as a weather
term, and especially as descriptiye of long-continued very dry or parch-
ing weather.

Drouk, V. a. To drench, soak, saturate with water.

O. N. dr^hja, O. Sw. droinka, Sw. drdnka, Dan. drukne, to immerse, to drown ; O. Sw.
drunknot O. N. drukkna, Sw. D. drukkdn, drakkja, S. Jutl. dr<gkne, to be plunged into
water, &c.

* I'm doubtful yon lime 's aboot wasted. It 's sair drouVt wiv all this wet.'

Drouth, sb. Thirst, dryness in that sense. See Drought.
Drouthy, adj. Thirsty, more than usually so.

* Weel, Ah's desper't drootby, Ah's seear. 'Seems t' me there's nae sleek i' t' watter ;' it
seems as if water had no power to quench thirst.

Druoken, adj. Drunk, drunken.

O. N., O. Sw., Sw. D., S. Jutl. drukken. Sec,

Dubler, dubbler, sb. A deep earthenware dish of some magnitude.

Dr. Rietz, under Dulara, quotes Welsh dwhler, and compares O. N. dallr, I do not,
however, find dwbUr in Pughe's Welsh Dictionary. In Pr, Pm, the word stands in the
forms dobeler, dubler,

* I wisshed ful witterly
That disshes and doubUrs
Bifore this ilke doctour
Were molten lead in his mawe.' P, Ploughm, p. 251.

Duffll, sb. A kind of coarse or shaggy woollen cloth, chiefly manu-
factured in Yorkshire

Dulbard, dullard, sb. A stupid person, a blockhead, one of slow
or deficient comprehension.

Hall, gives dulbar as one form of this word, and adds, that * dulberbiad is also used in
the same sense.' I look upon dulberd or dulbard as most probably a colloquial contraction
of dulberbead. Pr, Pm, gives * Dullard, Duribuccius, agrtstis* Jam. gives O. N. dul,
foolishness, and biria, to evince or shew, — a possible but not probable compound.

Dump, sb. A deep hole in the bed of a river or pool of water.

* Ich leade ham into so deop dung j^ ha druncnet^ )«rin.' Siini Marb. p. 15, translated

CLEVELAND DIALECT. T59

by the Editor — I lead them into so deep (a) dump that they drown therein. Dung or
dingt^ he says in the Gl. to S. M., * by letter change Dump, a deep bole in water feigned at
hast to he bottomless. (Grose.) Germ. DumpfeU a deep place in a riyer or lake ; a deep
puddle^ pool. By throwing off the liquid, A Dub, a pod of water. Rennet's MS. Cf.
Low G. Dobbe:

Dunderhead, dundemoll, sb. A blockhead.

Jam. suggests a relationship with donnart, hedundered; and a comparison with Dan.
dummerboved; side by side with which, moreover, Sw. dumbufvud may be placed, Both
these words simply signify dull-bead or stupid-bead; * mrniskuU,' in short. Perhaps, how-
ever, we may suggest a different origin for the prefix in our words, and one that presents
an analogy to the words tbick-bead^ jolter-bead^ See, which are used in the same sense. In
other words, dunder may really imply abnormal or excessive bigness. In the Sw. Dial, the
prefixes dunder, dunner, donner, are of frequent occurrence in this application; and we
probably have another corresponding instance of usage in the word tbundering as frequently
applied colloquially ; e. g. * a thundering big one,' * a thundering great lie,' &c. Wb. Gl,
gives dudemoll, which must surely be a misprint

Dungeon, sb. In the phrase, ' he is a dungeon of \vit/ Wk. Gl, ;
that is, a person of great natural shrewdness or of much depth of under-
standing.

* She is a dungeon at breaking ;' of a careless, crockery-breaking girl. Communicated by
author of Wb. Gl.

Dungeonable, adj. Shrewd, possessing some depth of thought.
Dunty, adj. Stunted, dwarfed, stumpy.

I connect this with dumpty, dumpy, dubby, short, slumpy. Mr. Wedgw. says, * from
dab, dub, a blow.' Dint, dunt, in like way, implies a blow.

* ** i>un/y-homed kye ;" short or stumpy-homed cows.' Wb. Gl.

Dwalm, sb. (pr. dwawm or dwam). A swoon, suspension of the
senses.

A word which has its correlatives in all the languages of Gothic origin. Ihre, quoting
himself from Stiemhielm, defines dwala as a kind of intermediate state between life and
death, such as files under the influence of cold, and swallows Ij^ng (as supposed) at the
bottom of the water during the winter months, experience. They are said * ligga i dwala*
He further gives dwalm, in exactly our sense, as occurring * apud Willeramum in Cant. Cant,
p. 1 4 3.' Comp. M. G. dwala, a fool ; dwalmon, to be out of one's mind; A. S. dwelian,
dwolian, to be mistaken ; Dut. dw<elen, to play the fool ; doima, said in Smoland of one
who is neither wide awake nor fast asleep. Comp. also O. N. and O. Sw. dvali, Sw. dvala,
Dan. dvale, Sw. D. dvblu ; O, Germ, iwelan, to be torpid ; Germ, tvalm, a swoon or trance.

Dwalmish, adj. (pr. dwammish). Somewhat faint, or as if likely to
swoon.

Dwine, v. n. i. To pine away, waste, become attenuated; of a per-
son or creature under the influence of sickness, &c. 2. To wither, fade
away ; of a plant or flower.

O. N. dvina ; Sw. dvina ; A. S. dwinan. Pr. Pm, * Dwynyn awey. Evaneo^ evanesco.*

l60 GLOSSARy OF THE

* Tharfor a man may likend be
Til a flour, that es fajrre to se,
Than son after that it es forth broght,
Welkes and dwyrus til it be noght/ Pr, of Consc, 704-707.

' He dunned away til an atomy/ Wh. Gl.

Dwiny, adj. Puny, weakly.

Bwiny-Toioed, adj. Weak-voiced, speaking in only feeble tones.

Bwizien'dy adj. Withered, wrinkled, shrunk. See Dozsen'd.

Essentially tiie same word as Dosand or DozBen'd. Comp. A. S. dw<zs^ dwasnes,
dwaenys, doll, duUness, Sec,

Dwizsen-faoed, adj. Thin-faced, with a shrunken countenance.

E

Earn, sb. An uncle; a familiar friend, a neighbour, intimate acquaint-
ance or gossip.

A. S. earn, an uncle ; Germ, obm, obeim ; Dut. 00m ; Fris. iem. Spelt ««m, «m#, in
Chaucer ; em, erne, in Sir Genu, and Gr. Knigbi. See Eem, and the note to it« in /V. Pm.

Earn, v. a. (pr. yearn). To curdle milk or cause it to coagulate.

Jam. takes this word to come from * Oerm. gtrinmn, Su. O. rarnia, Belg. rannen, A. S.
gerunnon^ coagulare. This use of the verb is retained in Scotl. : when milk curdles, we say
that it rins. But as the A. S. verb signifying to run is often written yman, the word earn
resembles it most in this form.' Cf. air, buttermilk, given by Hald., and which must be
connected with earn.

* One did aske her (a noted witch) advise touchinge one of her k3me whose milk did earn
in the galling.' Fork Catde DeposiHons, p. 9, note.

* This informant could not get butter when she chirned nor cheese when she earned*
lb. p. 38.

Earning, sb. (pr. yearning). Rennet, the substance which is used to
turn or curdle miUc.

* Bishop Kennett notices the sense of earn, as used in the North, which is given also by
Brock, and Jam. ; " to earn, to run as chees doth. Earning, chees rennet." ' Note to
• Emyn, as horse,' Pr, Pm,

Ease, V. a. To splash with mud, or bemire. Chiefly used in the
passive.

Hall, gives * easings, dung, ordure.' I find no other provincial word connected with ours,
which is due to O. N. esia, boggy or miry soil.

* «* You hae gotten sair eated;" sadly bemired.' Wb, Gl,

CLEVELAND DIALECT. l6l

Basement, sb. i. Alleviation of, or relief from, pain. 2. Any remedy
or application which produces such a result.

* Nor att that word shee sayd noe more,
but all good tatenunit I had there/ Percy's Fd, MS, i. p. 362.

Easin'By sb. (Pr. of evesings). The eaves of a house or other
building.

A. 8. rfttt, eaTes of a house ; qfmm^ ^ftdan, afesian, to cut in the form of eaves.

' Orcheyardes and erberes
Evntd wel clene.' P, Ploughm. p. 460.

Mr. Marsh's note to this b ' tvisid should mean provided with eave-troughs ; perhaps,
here, sheltered with arbours, roofs, or awnings.' More likely, it would seem, with the
eaves proper neatly or ' clenely' trimmed. Comp. also O. Dut. ovest, Fris. ou, eaves ;
O. N. vfi, ups; O. Sw. o/f, ups; Sw. D. bd/s, oft, okt; D. D. aas, out.

Easter-shells, sb. The pinpatch or periwinkle. See CoTins.

These articles of food * are considered to be in season from Easter to Ascension Day.'
Wb, Gi, Hence, the name, no doubt.

Een, eyen, sb. i. Evening. 2. The eve or vigil of any feast or
saint's day.

A. S. a/en; O. N., O. Sw., N., and Sw. D. qfian; Sw. afton; Dan. often; O. Germ.
dpandt dhant; Oerm. abend.

I. ' To moom at een;* to morrow at evening.
a. ' Kessenmas em ;' * Mark's «v«n,' &cc.

L-holes, sb. The sockets of the eyes.

Comp. Dan. me^mle, Oerm. augen-bobie.

Bfter, prep. After.

O. N. eftir, eptir; Dan. efter; Sw. ejier.

* Eftyr his lufe me bude lang.' Rel, Pieces, p. 84.

Effmoon, eftnooxi, sb. Afternoon.

* I swere you, sir, by son any moyne,
I com not here by fore eft none

Wheder ye be leyfe or lothe.' Toumel. Myst, p. 71.

Egg, v. a. To incite, urge on, provoke.

O. N. eggia, to incite or provoke ; Dan. egge. Comp. Sw. uppagga, and Dan. D. tgse.
The Dan. use of the word is exactly equivalent to ours ; e. g. * bm forstod ai egge bam
$aa lange, til ban endelig blev forbittrei paa manden:* he persisted in egging him until at
last he became bitter against the man. Comp. ' He was egging the other man on to
fight.'

Eldin% sb. Fuel, the material for supporting a fire; peat, turf,
wood, &c.

Sw. eldning, fuel, from O. N. elldr, S. O. and Sw. eld, Dan. ild, A. S. «/</, &c. It may

Y

1 62 GLOSSARV OF THE

probably admit of a question whether our word be more than simply a contraction from
a Scand. compound such as Sw. D. eldtajine^ with same sense.

' We are getting in our winter eldin* Wb. Gl.

The word often occurs in the form Fire-eldin, with one of those reiterations of name*
due to different language-origins, not uncommon in our tongue, and especially in names of
places.

Eller, eller-tree, sb. The alder (Betida alnus),

O. N. dfd, dlan, din ; S. G. and Sw. al; Sw. D. ala-bdska, alder-bushes ; Dan. d, iU, dU,
glUtra ; A. S. air, celr ; Germ. #//«*, trie, &c.

EU-wand, sb. A name, incorrectly used, for the yard-measure.
See Yard-wand.

Elmother, sb. A stepmother.

*£1-, ell-, ele-, ae!-, prefixed to words denotes other, strange, foreign, alius, alienus; as
elland, foreign land ; ellend, foreign ; alfyle^ foreign folk or people.' Bosw. A, S. Diet,
Hall, gives our word, and Brock, also, with the spelling ellmotber; and it occurs in Wb. OL
In Pr. Pm. both el{d)/adyr and eldmodyr or elmoder occur; and tifadyrt ddmodtr in
Catb. Ang. I think Janiieson's derivation of ilmotber, referred to in the Pr, Pm, note,
from A. S. ealde-moder, avia, is mistaken. There is no sufficient authority for the asser-
tion that elmotber ' must have properly denoted a grandmother,' and the noTarying
usage of the North, together with the Pr. Pm. and Catb. Ang. words, fairly establidi the
true meaning of the word, which as denoting strange or foreign mother is sufficiently
expressive.

Elsin, sb. A shoemaker's awl. Comp. Frioker.

Jam. quotes Teut. cdsene, elsene, to which may be added Dut. else, els,

Enanthers. See Ananthers.

Endeavour-for, v. a. To labour or work, as one does for one's
wages or living.

Endeavouring, adj. Industrious, laborious, careful

• He *s a stiddy endiwerin* chap, but he 's hard set t' mak' a living.'

Endlang, adv. Along or forwards in the direction or to the extent
of the length of an object or person.

Comp. Dan. D. endelangs, along, or along the side of, a thing : — * A vil kaast «i groh
engelangs e raaling ;' I shall dig a gutter all along the side of the premises. Molb. refen
to the meaning, ' without intermission,' given for our word in the HaUanubire Ql., and
conceives it to be mistaken. Hall, gives the form endlande^ with the explanation * along,
straight forwards ;' O. Gl. gives ' along, directly forward ;' and Wb, Gl, ' as long as from
end to end,' which is perhaps both short, and aside of, the full meaning. The example in
the Gl. last named is, * I tummel'd endlang : I fell down my whole length.' I beliere,
however, our definition is nearer the exact meaning of the word, and the Danish lexico-
grapher's criticism to be a just one. The word ocairs in both Townel. Myst. and Pr, of
Conscience. In the former the passage nm<; thus :—

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 1 63

* Benste, benste, be us emang

And save alle that I se here in this thraug.
He save you and me overthwart and endlong
That hang on a tre/ (p. 85.)

Here endlong is joined with overthwart in such a way as to make its meaning abun*
dantly evident as a meaning of direction, not of continuousness ; although in the Glossary
the word is explained as * continuously ' as well as * straightforwardly.' It is the same
idiom again, in Hampole : —

* Ffor the devels sal, ay, on j'am gang

To and fra, overthewrt and endlong (^581) ;

which is rightly explained * from head to tail,' A. S. andlang, and Germ, entlang being both
quoted ; to which may be added Sw. enlangs, Dut. onlang.

Endways, adv. (pr. endus). In a state of progression, whether as
regards motion, or approach towards completion : often occurring in the
form Even endways.

* Weel I Ah 's getting end*us wi 't noo ; bud its bin a parlous lasty job.'

* They spent all they had even endways.* Wb. Gl.

Eneiigh, adv. (more guttural in sound than as if spelt enew).
I. Enough, suflficient. 2. Sufficiently cooked, enough done; of any
article of food.

Mr. Carr speaks of enew^ enow^ as * applied to numbers, not to quantity,' illustrating the
statement with the example, * I have cake enif, an' apples enew* He then adds that * Piers
Ploubman is the only writer I have observed who applies this word to quantity, as

** Alle the people had pardon ynow** *

Out of countless instances to the contrary I give two from one book only;^^

* Then notes noble in-no^e

Are herde in wod so wlonk.' Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 514..

* W3rth dayntes nwe in-nowe* lb, 1. 1401.

In fact there is no definite rule which, in old writers, marks off enetu from enough^ and in
Clevel. ' there 's eneugh,' or * there 's mair an eneugh' is said alike of cake and of apples.
Marsh, Lectures, 1 Ser. p. 492, quotes Gil (who published in 1 6 19), as remarking that,
* in the common dialect, enough was often pronounced enuff, instead of with the guttural ;'
so that really enew, or rather our !Eneugh» is the true representative of the one original
sound of the word. Cf. the forms anog, ynog, ynug, as well as * grene oliues bog,* w'l^-drog,
the last rhyming with ynog, from Gen, and Ex, ; and inouh, inouz, from P. Ploughm.
{E.E.T.S,) p. 81.

Enow, adv. For the present, presently, by and by. See Inoo.

* This seems to be a contraction of even or e*en now,* Or. Gl. That is possible ; as also
that it is the Clevel. equivalent or analogue of Dan. i-et-nu, directly, presently.

* " Do you want anything else, Henry ?" ** Neea : that *s all enow,'* *

* Gan thee, honey, an' tell *im Ah 'U be on inoo ;* I '11 be with him presently.

Entertain, v. a. To occupy the attention of an auditory, by preach-
ing or serious speaking, quite as much as in any other way.

* Ah wur at D — church last een an' Ah 's seear Ah wur weel entertained'

Y 2

164 GLOSS ARy OF THE

Entry, sb. The space just within the principal entrance to a house,
of whatever dimensions.

Ept, eptish, adj. i. Ready, handy; both in an active sense. 2. Neat
in eicecution, as a skilful workman is ; nice, accurate.

Simply another form of E. apt.

* He 's eptisb at his book-lear.' Wb, 01

Esh, sb. The ash (Fraxinus excelsior),

O. N. tski, askf Sec.

Esk, ex. Forms of the vb. Ask or Ax.

Estringlayer, sb. A manufacturer of string, ropes, &c. ' A term
which occurs in a local docmnent of the fifteenth century.' Wh. GL

Ettle, V. a. (sometimes pr. airtle). To aim at, intend, attempt.

O. N., O. Sw. <etfa, to think, to propose or purpose.

* " What are they all atrtling at?" what is their aim or purpose?* Wb. Qt.

* Now if a kyng of a riche kyngryke
pat had a doghter . . .

pe whilk he luved specially

And tgbtild to mak hir qwene of worshipe.' Pr, ofConse. 5780.

* The whilk he egbuld to coroun qwene.' Ih. 5800.

* This word is sometimes written attUd^ tyt^d, agbttld* lb. Gloss.
The Scand. use is precisely analogous.

Even, V. a. To compare, to liken.

* What schulde ]>e mone l^er compas clym,
6c to eum wyth )>at wor)>ly ly3t

pat schynej vpon )« broke) brym?' E. Eng, Allii. Poitns, A. 1071.

Even-down, adj. Down-right, direct, perpendicular.

In the description giren in Sir Gaw. and tbi Or Knigbi of breaking a deer, the author
says,—

* So ryde ]>ay of by resoun bi )>e rygge bonej,
Ewinden to )>e haunche, )>at henged alle samen,
8c heuen hit yp al hole, and hwen hit of \tete.*

The editor's questioning note on euenden is < evenly (?), perpendicularly (?).' It is pro-
bably only our present word as anciently sounded.

Even-endwasrs, adv. Uninterruptedly, straight on from end to end.
See Endways.

Every-like, adv. From time to time, now and then.

Hall, gives this word, and I find it in Wb. Gl. Hampole also uses it :— * A dametelle
wysc and wele toghte >at mene calles Qelosye, )>at es ay wakyre and besy nurylykt wele for

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 165

to do, sail kepe ^ orlogc* Comp. * They kq>t playing the music every-liki* Wb, Ol.
Cf. ' Me set's upon ancren, )>et euericb mest haue'5 on olde cwene to ueden hire earen :'
men say of anchoresses that every most (almost every one) has an old quean to feed her
ears. Aner, Riwle, p. 88.

{Evirly, with nearly the same signification, given by Jam., is no doubt the same word,
but ours retains the older form, and may be collated with A. S. anlic, only, that is, one4ike :
§yiry4ik9 being thus several-like.)

/, V. a. To suppose, assume, take for granted.

Eye, sb. (pr. ee in i and 2). i. An eye (pL Een or Eyen). 2. A
spout; perhaps, more properly, the orifice or aperture of the spout.
3. An open hole, as a pit mouth, &c. 4. A way or passage through,
a clear road. 5. The bud or sprout — more accurately, the site of the
bud or sprout — upon a potato, scion, or plant more generally.

0. N. auga ; S. O. bga ; Dan. •!> (pi. •ten or mne) ; A. S. fdgo, 8cc. * Metaphorice de-
notat foramen,' observes Ihre : as, bio kwemstein til augans : he cut through the millstone to
the very eye ; and Molb. remarks that the Dan. word is used for anything which has any
resemblance, more or less, to an eye ; as the eyes (buds) on trees, sluubs, 8cc., from whidi
shoots, blossoms. See, issue, the eye of a mill, or in the upper millstone ^ough which the
com £ills to be ground, 8cc.

1. * He gloores wiv a pair o' good een* Wb. Gl,

2. * T meeal fa 's ower hct fira t' mill-**.'

4. ' ** A clear eye ;" a clear road or passage, e. g. to a counter-side in a shop.' Wb. Ol.

• «• Go in when there's a clear eye;" no crowd in the way, to interfere with free passage
and dispatch of business.' lb.

Cf. * Sire, )>us ich pleide, o'Ser spec ine chirche : eode o9e pleouwe ine churcheie :' sir,
I played or spoke thus in the church; went to the play in the eburch-eye; i.e. church-
yard; (?) the open space in which the church stands. Ancr. Riwle, p. 318.

Fadge, sb. i. A bundle, a burden in which thickness predominates
over length, 2. One that is short and thick in person,

Wedgw. connects ^fadgy^ corpulent, unwieldy, and Sc. fodgel^ plump, fleshy,' with *fagt
to flag or become flaccid.' Jam. lefets/odgel (without apparent ground) to Teut. voedsel^
food, and also g}ve»/adge, i. a bundle of sticks; a. a lusty and clumsy woman, referring
the former to Sw. fagga, onerare. I would rather refer sb. Fadge to W. jffagod (Gamett
refers it to Welsh ,^1^, a bundle) ; and vb. fadge to the same source zsjidge^jidgei. Hall,
gives figt which is probably the more ancient form of Jidge, and Wedgw. quotes Swiss
figgen^ to rub, shove, or move to and fro, to fidget, connecting it with ^.fiket and there-
fore with our llok and Cumb. feeh. Still there may be a connection with the Old D. and
Dan. D. fage, quoted by both Molb. and Kok, which implies the ideas of haste and rest-
lessness both, as in the instance, de ere fage til cu bevise ondt, which might be construed
* they are fidgetty, or they fadge, to devise mischief.' Again, in detfager «f , there's no hurry
about it, there is a very near approach to the second meaning of our verb. As to sb. Fadge»
the idea of a short, thick bundle or fagot easily passes on to that of a short, squat person ;
as, indeed, is the case with the word bundle itself in the West-Midland district.

l66 GLOSSARy OF THE

Fadge, v. n. i. To move along or about with short, irregular steps,
as a corpulent person does. 2. To move about irregularly, as a fussy
person does. See sb. Fadge.

Fadgy, adj. Corpulent, imwieldy, stumpy in person.

Faff, faff, V. a. and n. To blow in puffs, as when a person blows
chaff away from corn held in his hands, or the wind when it causes brief
puffs of smoke to return down the chimney.

Apparently only another form of puff. Jam. quotes Oerm. pfufftn (not in Hilp.) in the
same sense ; and certainly, in this district, Wedgwood's remark that * the sound of blowing
is very generally represented by the syllable pu^ usually with a terminal consonant,' might
be very well applied with the substitution of the initial sound of/ or ^ for that of ^.

Faffle, V. n. To play or flap idly or gently, as a sail when there is
not wind enough to fill it, or a loose garment, &c., just stirred by a
momentary breath of air. See Faff.

FaflELe, sb. A wavering or intermittent blowing of a light wind.

* The boat will not sail without a regular breeze ; there is only a puff and a fqfflg*
Wb.Gl.

Fail, V. n. To grow weaker and fall off in general health and ap-
pearance ; to shew evident signs of bodily decay.

* T' au'd man 's not lang for this world : he 's sair /ai/f</ of late.'

* He's z failing man, and has been for lang.'

Fail off, V. n. To shew signs of approaching dissolution ; e. g. in-
creasing debility, loss of flesh, diminished energies, &c.

* He *$ failed q/f desper't sharp sen last back-end.'

Fain, adj. i. Very willing, ready, fully disposed. 2. Glad, rejoiced.

A. S,fcBgen,fagn, S. O. fagen^ joyful, glad, with a willing heart ; O. N. figinn. Comp.
S. G. fagna, to be glad, joyful, fain ; Sw. fagna ; Sw. D. fdgna ; O. N. ftigna ; A. S. fag-
nian, Pr, Pm, * Fayne. Libens*

* Apon land here anone that we were, /oyn I wold.' TowneL Myst, p. 34.

I. * Weel, Ah *sfain for my dinner, any ways.'
3. • T' lahtle lad 'sfain to gan.'

* ** I hope it will be fine to-morrow." ** Ay, there *s many '11 he fain if it ho'ds fair ower
t' moom." •

Cf. ' Cristene men ogen ben to fagen

So fuelles am quan he it sen dagen,

t^an man hem telleth so'Se tale

Wid londes speche and wordes smale,

Of blesses dune, of sorwes dale.' Siory of Gen, and Ex. 1. 15.

Wedgw. derives the word in sense i. differently, but I think inconsistently with old usage.
Cf. *fayn of |>i felawschupc,' P. Plougbm. {E.E. T.S.) p. 34.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 167

ip, adv. (used intensitively). Altogether, utterly, entirely.

* Ah niwer seed sikan a lahtle cat for laking : its /air wild/

There is a remarkable coincidence of sense and application between this word and the
Dan. D. adj. and adv. /<sr, /<sre, quoted by Molb. and explained as meaning * greatly, in
a high degree, remarkably ;' e. g. bun var fcere smykket : she was extremely pretty. The
same word is used in Jutland to intensify a negation, ikke fcer signifying * not at all,' * never
a bit.'

Fair, fair-up, v. n. To become fair weather again ; to leave off rain-
ing, and grow clear or bright.

* " Weel, it 's been a sharpish downfall while it lasted ; but Ah thinks its boun X*fair
now." " Ay, its like /airing oop." *

Fairish, adj. Passable, pretty good ; often used intensitively, or with
a species of irony.

* Fairish off for brass ;* tolerably well-to-do.

' Thee'd hev z fairish crop, bairn, gin t' swedes wur as rank as t' fooal-foot.'
' He *i fairish on for bairns : he 's getten three mair wiv his new wife.'

Fairlings, adv. Fairly.

Comp. Mostlings, Hardlings, Nearlings, &c.

* Ah *s fairlings bet wiv it.'

ir to see. Easy to be seen or perceived.

* T* rooad *ifair to see*

Cf. * a /aire path ;' • a well /aire path: Percy's Folio MS, i. 488.

* Its vinyfair to see whilk on 'em is biggest favourite.'

Fairy-butter, sb. A species of fungus (Tremella arhorea and albida)
found growing on dead wood, and even yet believed by many to be the
produce of the fairies' dairy.

A well or spring in Baysdale is mentioned as the site of butter-washing by the fairies, and
Egton Grange has (as alleged) been famous within the memory of living persons for the
nocturnal proceedings of the said elves ; one of their pranks being to fling their butter so as
to make it adhere to the gates and doors of the premises.

Fall, V. n. I. To happen, to betide. 2. Of lime; to become fine
and powdery, in consequence of having been slaked.

Fall away, v. n. To waste in corporal substance ; to grow thin, or
become attenuated.

Comp. Sw. D./a//a dv^falla samtnan^ to become lean or thin.

* Ah thinks Ah niwer seen a man sae failed afore ; he 's/a'n awa* to nowght.'

Fall in, v. n. To meet with, light upon, prove successful in a quest.

* " I hear your brother's /a'n in weel." ** Ay, he 's getten all he wanted, an* mair." '

* He Ml be yamm by neeght. if in case he/a's weel in at Stowsley.'

l68 QLOSSARY OF THE

Fand, fund, pret. of Find.

Comp. O. Yi.fitna, imp, fann ; O. Sw. Jinna, fan ; Sw. D. Jinna^ fann ; Jinn, fan, &c. ;
Dzn. J!nde,fandt, &c.

Fantiokles, fiekrentiokleBy ftoitioleBy sb. Freckles on the skin.

The first of these forms is simply the shorter or clipped Pr. of the second and third, and
these are closely connected (the r being transposed) with O. N.y^whw, S. G.frekna,frakna,
freckles; O.N. frekknoitr, S,Q. freknoi, freckled; Sw. frakm, frdknig ; Dzn. fregm,
fregmd, &c. ; the termination being a diminutive of tiok, a mark made with a pencil or
other means ; a word in frequent use both as vb. and sb. in CleveL

Far, adj. Further, more remote or distant.

S. G. Jgdr, JSarrt, adv. ; O. }i,Jirr,far; A. S. ftor, fir, fim ; Dan./f«r», adj. and adv. ;
O. Yi.ficBr, adj. ; %v.figrran, adj.

• T far side o' yon field.'

' Si thee I Yon's a hare liggin': o' yon far land ov a', anenst t' gatesteead.'

Cf. ' )>u steorest te sea stream j) hit fleden ne mot^ )>an ^ markedest.' S, Marh, p. lo.
Note also that O. Sw,j}dmur,J}drmeti; O. 'S.firn,fintr, are adj. although the positive in
either case is an adv.

Farantly, adj. i. Decent, well-behaved, respectable, a. Neat,
orderly, with regularity.

This word occurs as an adv. in E, Eng, Allii, Po»mt, C. 435 :^-

* Farandely on a felde he (Jonas) fettelej hym to bide.
For to wayte on )>at won what schulde wor)>e after.'

The more usual form of the adj. is farrand, faraad, or flEhrrant. Both Lads and
Wb. Gl., however, give the. word as above, — *a farrantly body,' • fim-antly folks.' The
2.d].farande is met with several times, in much the same senses as belong to our word, in
E. Eng. AUit. Poems :—

* Lest les thou leve my Ulefarande:' (A. 1. 864) ;

* If )>ay werfarande and fre and fajrre to behold :* (B. 607) ;

' pe solace of i>e solempnet^ in )>at sale dured
Of \>%ifarande fest, tyl fayled the sun :' (/&. 1757) ;

and the same expression, farand* fest, is found again in Sir Gaw, and Or, Kn, In refe-
rence to the origin of this word. Jam. says, * I have sometimes thought that we might trace
this term to S. O. and Isl. /ara, experiri; as Isl. wil ortbun farin signifies experienced in
speaking ; lag-faren, skilled in law.' Ferg., however, is rather inclined to refer it simply
to O. N. farandi, a traveller ; one who has seen the world, and, therefore, presumably,
knows how to behave ; has learnt to be polite, well-conducted, decent-mannered, and so
forth. Morris, Gl. to E. Eng, Allii. Poems, simply quotes Gael, fdrranta, stout, brave,
which is the more worthy of notice, inasmuch as neither of the Scand. tongues or dialects
seem to assume any sense for /ora, or any derivative from that word, very nearly approach-
ing, or even suggesting that of our farantly or Jamieson's farrand. As for die word
fiurand or farrand, as occurring in our au'd-farrand and Sc,fairfarand,f6ul'farren,
euil-farand. See, I cannot but look upon it as distinct from farrantly or farrant, in the
sense decent, orderly, well-behaved. I take it simply to be the obsolete form of the pcpL

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 169

^i to fartt to behave or conduct oneself, to seem or appear. See Fare. It may be ob-
lerred that Jamieson's explanation of * the maist semely farrand personage/ Doug. VireU,^
ti ' one appioring as the most seemly personage,' is more than open to question ; as wiU be
seen by a reference to the passages quoted above. And the same remark applies with more
thtfi equal force to his interpretation oifarandt in the passage quoted from Barbour : —

* Tharfor thai went till Abyrde3me,
Quhar Nele the Bruyss come, and the Queyn,
And other ladyis fajrr and /oroiu/,
Dkane for luff off thair husband ;' —

the interpretation in question being * they fartd from home' — travelled forth — * animated
by love to their husbands.' * Fayr zndfaroMd,* '/aroMdi and fayre to behold/ seems simply
to have been a sort of * household word' to express fair seemliness of person and array.

Far away, adv. In a great degree, beyond comparison.

• Far away the best/

Fare, v. n. i. To go, to proceed. 2. To approach, draw on, or
near. 3. To get on, or succeed. 4. To behave or conduct oneself.
5. To seem or appear.

0. N. and S. Q.fara, Sw.fara, Dan. /art, A. S.faran, to go, proceed, make a journey.
Ihre further gives, * agere, agendi modum sequi,' as a secondary sense of the O. Sw. fara,
and quotes a vb. fara (with its cognates, Al. /artn, IsL/ora), * to acquire, experience ;
whence, trfara^forfara^ 8cc, Comp. Dan. erfaren, possessing experience. Rietz charac-
terises Sw. D.fara, as possessing many of the qualities of an auxiliary vb., and some of the
instances adduced by him are such as to present a strong analogy to the applications of our
own vb. : e. g./ara/HleSt to begin to proceed, literally ; with which comp. our * he/ar#s te
gan slowly.' Indeed this very idiom also occurs: — as fara g&; Hio/ara laup, to fare to
run, &c. In Finland, he adds, /ora is used somewhat in the way of an expletive {utan syit-
turligt hemarkdu), but certaiidy so as to present a significant likeness to oiu: own usage,
especially in that sense which led Jam. to explain the word as meaning *to seem,' and
firand as ' seeming, having the appearance :' thus han far a dger : he fares to be dying ;
be far & val ilaki: that £ires to be all wrong. Further, the word, with a particle joined,
seems to take the sense of to proend to (an action or endeavour, namely), besides other
various {s'dr dtUta) usages not easily classified.

1. ' An' seea ht fartd zwzy*

* >enne /art forth.' E. Eng, AUit, Poitns, B. 929.

3. • T* coo font a cawvin/

3. ' He /am nobbut ill, atwixt his wife an' 's maaster.'

Comp. * pe rauen raykei hym forth )>at reckes fill lyttel

How alle fodej /ar#, ellej he fynde mete.' E, Eng, AUii, Poems, B. 464.

4. * He/ar«t like a feeal ; an' a feeal he be/

Comp. *.My frendej, your fare is to strange/ Ih. 861.

5. -* Yon chapy^«f fond, Ah think.*

Fare, sb. That which happens or proceeds ; chance, or lot.

• Weel, Ah mun tak' my fare*

* ffeele folke ware thi frendes >are )>ou ferde froo.
And for to frayste of thi fare )« to^r ware fayne.' Rel. Pieces, p. 91.

Z

^•'

'^^

170 OLOSSARY OF THE

Far-eniL A point near the close of a matter or action. Of pet^
petual occurrence in the form at the tea end, and as varied in applica-
tion as frequent.

*A7, he'sdesper'till: he'll be aboot t' far §ind. Ah hy ;* at the end of his life; likdjr

to die.

• " Ahnof t done your task, WUy ? " " Aye, Ah 's aboot t'far and o* 't." *

* ** They say he 's got thruff all his money?** ** Whyah, Ah's donbtful he's nighhand

r far §iHd o"t:* '

FarlieSy sb. i. Something strange, unusual, or wonderful a. Pecu-
liarities of conduct or character; thence, failings, foibles, weaknesses, or
faults.

A. S. fcerlice, ftrlie, sudden, unforeseen, startling, frightful ; S. O. faarlig^ periculosus ;
O. 'S./drUgr, id. ; ffrlegr, monstrous, horrible. Sw D./arUga and Dtn. D. (Jvd.)/arl^
are used principally as augmentatives, exactly in the same senses and applications as our
parloiis. Old Dan. /ar/«s comes nearer to our present word, signifying sudden, unfore-
seen. Farlies more seldom occurs with us in the first sense, in which £ere is a marked
deviation from archaic usage.

* If he >an haf drede, it es na /<r/y.' Pr. of Qmse, 3955.

* For >er zftriy bifel |»at fele folk seien.* E. Eng. AUit. Poimt, B. 1529.

* Mo/erlyM on >is folde han fallen here oft

ptn in any o^ )>at I wot.' Sa^ Oa0, and Or. Kn, 23.

Besides instances of this kind, which are innumerable, /My sometimes seems to stand in
active sense, as in the following passage from E, Eng, AUit. Poems, A. 1084 :—

* I stod as stylle as dased quayle

For ftrly of >at french (?fr<sch) figure.'

Our present usage is seen in the example from Wb. CU.: * ** A spyer out of other folks
farluM;" a censorious person.'

Famtioled, adj. Freckled.

Farriflh-oiiy adj. Pretty well advanced; of people in years, or at
their cups^ Sec.

Far-side. The off or right-hand side in riding or driving ; the other
being the Nar-side.

Comp. Sw. D.jgarmer oeh ndmmer; bogtr oeb PmHtr, tumfonpSmda dragart: right and
left, of draught-animals when yoked ; Dan. D.JUmumi; Jttrnur in Sslland. In the Dan.
provinces narmant answers to Jiermant, as tuurmir to fitrmtr. See Rietz, and Molb. Dansk
Dial, Ltx.

Fash, V. a. and n. i. To occasion trouble or inconvenience, to
worry or annoy, a. To take trouble, or put oneself to inconvenience.

Jam. concludes that ' we have borrowed this word immediately from the Fr. ; and there
is no evidence, as far as he has observed, that it is more ancient than the reign of Mary.'
Still, there is ' reason to believe that it \% originally Gothic ; S. Q.fcM being sometimes used
with the passive termination, as han ti ar god at faas vid; of a passionate man whom it is

CLEVELAND DIALECT. ^ I7I

not prudent to meddle (or fash) with.' The * borrowing from the Fr.' mty perhaps seem
questionable to any one who considers the currency of the word over all N. England,
though the deriration from a Gothic source will not. Carr quotes an expression from
Archbp. Spottiswoode, ' to put one in great faibtrti* Comp. with this Dan. D.Juuttrt^
bothering over snull matters, a word which Molb. looks upon as allied with Sw.^si^,
jUua, to give oneself unprofitable or useless trouble ; Jiatka^ tarde drcumcursase et parum
proficere ; alleging also E. Juu, The Sw. D. has both J}dt and j^os, as well as the yb.
JSotk, the ud}.]gettiug,jSotiu, Sec,, all bearing in their significance more or less likeness to
fitth. It may be observed that Wedgw. quotes JuuMtri, fids^ Jiatka, 8cc, in connection
withjua, while Rietz, with some hesitation, collates them with the Sw. adj.y«s, hasty, pre-
c^tate. To me, however, Dan. D.fcuse, to seek with trouble, to toil and trouble oneself
after a thing, presents a stiH doscr analogy.

* NtTver heed, lad I Deean't thee/uft theesel' about it.'

Fash, sb. Trouble, bother, inconvenience, annoyance.

TaahotUEi, adj. Troublesome, annoying, vexatious. Comp. Fr.
/acieux.

* K/atbtm sort of body ;' * zftubout job.' Wh, 01

Fast, adj. At a standstill, unable to proceed.

• " Why, you don't get on with that job, Henry." " Neea ; Ah 's about /as/ wi 't" *

* FoMt for want of materials ;' the miller, fati for lack of water ; the sower, for want of
seed; ^e workman, with bad or unmanageable material ; and so on.

Fasten out, v. a. To turn the Moor-sheep to the moor for the
season, ezchiding them for good from the enclosed land.

The phrase is often used figuratively ; e. g. of a person whose opportunities for fruther
action in any special direction are summarily cut off, or who has been desired to abstain
from further visits to any given house : thus,<— ' So-and-So 's getten hissd' fauntd oof, noo»
hooiwer.'

Father, V. a. i. To impute, to ascribe to or charge with, 2. Of
a child, and in a reflective sense ; to suggest its own origin by a strong
personal resemblance to its father.

Comp. O. 'S.fidra, patrem indicare, pronuntiare.

X. ' Ay, 't wur a mean act : but he fatbertd it mainly on 's wahfe ;' his wife insti-
gated it.

* Has'n't 'ee beared at Mally Fawcett lays her bairn on Tommy Stone'us ?' imputes it
to him. * Ay, an' shell get ixfaibertd on him at Oisburli, Ah lay ;' afiUiated to him.

a. * Weel, t' lahtle 'n faa&trt hisself anyways. There's nae need t' ex wheeas bairn
he be.'

Fat-rascal, sb. A kind of rich tea-cake compounded with butter or
cream (or both), and with currants intermingled besides.

Faugh, v. a. (pr. fawf)* To fallow.

Faugh, ftaghing, sb. Fallow land; the portion of a farm which
lies uncropped although duly tilled.

E,/8lhm, with the same sense as our Fsufh, is ordinarily referred to A. S./«afo,/M/tiw,

Z 2

172 GLOSSARy OF THE

pale reddish or yellowish, dun, fallow ; from the ordinary colour of the toil in land turned
over by the plough, and suffered to dry and become paler in colour by exposure to the sun
and air. Whether such reference is well-grounded may be open to question. If it be, the
Dan. D. word /alle,/€elU,/€eldet otfcelgt, must have been borrowed by the ancestors of the
present Jutlanders, as was certainly the case with other words of decided A. S. derivation
as opposed to Scand. But many distinguished writers (see Koi, pp. 7, 8, and note, p. a a)
would oppose this view with great energy, and not without reason ; and it is certainly more
than possible that prov. Dan.^/tf,/<e/£r, and £. fallow are either coordinate, or the latter
derived from the former. But further, Molb. contends that the true form of the word is
falge, and not fedde (whence feelU)^ adducing the A. S. word ftalga, a harrow, and N. Sax.
falgm^ a field once ploughed and left to mellow, as corroborative of his view ; and if to,
in the g of the word in question we probably have the origin of the gb in our vroxd-r-fidght
fdgb ; the / being dropped as in Oftu'f, our pronunciation of ccif, I should therefore look
upon Faugh {Sc. faucb) as radically the same word as E, fallow, Cf. Pr. Pm, Fahoe; and
O. E. some with Dan. sorge.

Faltering-iron, sb. (pr. faughtering-iron). The instrument used for
separating the awns from the grains of barley; in form a square
iron frame with cross-bars set lattice-wise, and a long vertical shaft or
handle.

* To Falter; to thrash bariey, in the chaff, in order to break off the awns.' Marshall's
Rur. Eeon, p. 318. See Hall. also. Probably an arbitrary application of the standard
word, connected with the interrupted or up-and-down motion of the instrument when in
use. See Falter in Wedgw. ; Faltryn, cespito, Pr, Pm,

Fault, V. a. To blame, or lay the blame on; to charge with an
offence or fault.

Feared, To be, vb. To be afraid, in dread or apprehension.

* I am ivXXeferd that we get blame.' Townd. Myst. p. 1 1.

* We zrefeard of yonder fowle : $0 feircly he fareth.*

Percy's Folio MS. I 350.

The vb. is used also impersonally : —

* for all the words he spake in that time,

nothing it feared the Knight Sir Grime.' lb. 378.

• Ah 's feared its te nae youse* (use).

Fearful, adv. Very, exceedingly; constantly used as an augmen-
tative.

Conip. the use of Dan. D. farlig, Jutl. farleg, Sw. D. farliga, — all meaning, literally,
fearful, Enfalle god dreng : a fearfiil good Ud ; falle rik, fearful rich ; both given by Kok.
The Dan. usaee sometimes makes the word an adj., as en farlir M, a fearful heap (of
money, namely) ; enfaale kaal (farlig harl)for ct alter : a fearful cSap for the altar — mean-
ing an excellent priest; farli^a fin ; vacker : fearful fine or small ; prAtty. Ihre also obsenres
on this use of the word farltg.

Fearsome, adj. Awful, frightful.

^ather-fUlen, adj. Crest-fallen, dispirited, subdued in demeanour.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 173

Vtether-lbwly sb. (pr. feather-fewl). Birds, ' fowl of the air.'

Rietz gives Jjarfogjdt J}ddtrboMa, as the provincial name of the wood-grouse or Caper-
cailsie. Our word is simply a Northern form of * feathered fowl.' Comp. the form /M€,
Rtl, Pkus, p. 79.

Itetly, adv. Neatly, dexterously, properly.

' He hat/ttfy in face fettled all eres.' E. Emg. Attit. Poeriu, B. 585.

' Faiy hym kissed/ Sir Gaw, and Gr, Kn, 1758.

From ' O. Fr. faiet, Fr. Jait, a deed, a feat.' Gl. to E, Emg, AUit. Poems. The prov.
Dan. fiU, neat, pretty, handsome, may be put side by side with S. G. faitt ready, handy,
of which Ihre says he cannot affirm that it is not borrowed from Fr. /ait. Comp. also
Sw. D.faUtr (same sense), which takes the tormjatt in the neut and flan. (Rietz).

Feok, sb. I. Activity, ability, might. 2. Number, quantity, mass.

Jam. r^rds this word as ' of very uncertain origin.' As implying quantity or space,
' it oorre^Kinds to A. S. /ofc, space, interval, distance ; Qtim./aebeH, to divide into equal
^ces ; facb, one of these spaces.' As meaning * the greatest part,' ' it seems to have more
analogy to A,S,/tob, Teut. ve^b, opes.' As implymg ' of value,' or * deserving consi-
deration,' * it probably claims a different origin, and is nearly allied to Fr. bommt d§ piu
^tfiet, a weak and witless fellow.' I would ratiier regard it as formed upon the model of
E. sb. might and its analogues in the Northern toneues ; O. N. md^ makt; Sw. md, magt;
Dan. maa, magt; Germ, mag {mogeii) macbt; A.S. mttg, mtbti^-iht imperf. of the vb.
being, in every case, the intermediate step. So O. N./i (imp.y^i^) ; S. Q,fi^flt^fkk^f<ek ;
Dan./aaf,^; Sw. D.fi^fiiik^ &c., fullv supply both the form and the sense of our Peok.
As to the latter point, Molbech's remark on Dan. faoM — a remark more or less applicable
also in the case of the other Scand. tongues and dialects — is that it generally assumes the
meanings ' to own,' * possess,' ' enjoy,' * feel and sufier,' besides several others more or less
corresponding with ' to suit (be suitable to),' * to retain,' * to receive,' ' to acquire,' * to
earn or become entitled to ;' and in the various instances of usage we meet perpetually with
cases in which ability, power to make, to obtain, to keep, is the prominent idea. Like cases
of the formation of a sb. from the imp, of the vb., and with perfectly analogous transitions
of sense, are by no means rare. It is at least open to surmise, that the Jutl. word JOtht^
a purse, a pouch, may be of similar origin.

Feckless, adj. Feeble, weak, incapable of helping oneself or others.

F^ed, V. a. and n. i. To fatten; as a beast or pig. 2. To become
fat; of an animal or a person.

Comp. Dan. >SrdSr, to fatten, make fat, the vb. f%d* signifying * to give food to, or feed ;'
as also do O. N. /oka, S. G. foda^ Ac The Dan. idiom at fid* kriattirt, tvim, gtu, &c.,
corresponds precisely with our own, and the passive form jrields our second signification :— >
Embver, torn vil tdv ftdn af den Jiok, ban burds fnU og vogtt : every one who desires
to become fat throu|;h the flock, must needs fised and tend it. See also Sw. D. f^ta, to
become fat ; O. V.futa, to make fat.

Feft, V. a. To secure to any one in a formal or legal manner.

' 0,V, Jt, A. S, Jtobt &c., cattle, riches, money, adopted into the Romance tongues,
became prov. /»,_/&», Yt.fiif. Latinized, it became /nM/»m, signifying the property in land
distributed by the Conqueror to his companions in arms, as a reward for their past services
and a pledge for their rendering the like in future. Hence the term /ir, in En|^ish law, for

174 GLOSSARY OF THE

the entire estate in land ; fioffment^ from the ft.Juffer, to convey thtjief, or./ir, ta t liew
owner/ Wedgw. The existence of our word is a curious instance of the origination of a
new term by a slight corruption.

' Ht fiJUd his wife on so much a year/ Wb. Ol.

* AUe )>is Riche Retenaunce* bat Regneden with Fals
Weoren bede to ^ Bruyt<ale* on Bo two |>e sydes.
Sir Simonye is of-sent* to asseale ^ Chartres,
pat Fals o|mr Fauuel* by eny f3m heolden.
And Fefi Meede ^-with* In Manage for euere/

Skeaf s P. Plougbm. p. 19.

Feftment, sb. Property legally secured; an endowment, or enfeofment.

Pr, Pm, * Ftftmmt, Feofamentum/

/ Now Simonye and Siuyle* stonde)» for)» bo)»e,
Vn-foldyng >e Ftfftnunt >at Falsnes made/

Skeat's P. Plomgbm, p. ao.

Feg, sb. I. A dead grass-stem. 2. Anjrthing without worth or value.

Wedgw. connects ftg wiih/og, defining it as ' grass not etten down in the summer, that
grows m tufts over the winter/ With us the two words are, in usage, veiy distinct : Tog
denoting the fresh, bright green growth of grass (not possessing, however, any correspond-
ing amount of nutriment) which springs in the meadows after the severance of the hay^
crop. Peg, on the other hand, is in Westmoreland rough dead grass, and here, as used
widi the indef. article, a single dead grass-stem. Wedgw. collates yi^driMm, winter pasture
in the forests, and adds, * perhaps from fag, to flag or wither.' In E, Eng, AIUl Poems,
B. 1683, it is said of Nebuchadnezzar, that

* He fares forth on alle faure,y^^« wat) his mete ;'
but, as the next line runs,

* A; ete ay (hay) as a horce when erbes were fallen,'

probably Joggi does not mean dry natural herbage. The Ol., however, gives ' fogge, dry
grass. W. jwg;' and it may be observed that Oamett, Essays, 165, quotes Vf.J^sg as
tiie more than probable * Celtic origin' of Jog (which he makes equivalent to * Yorkshire
sddisb, sc. moss'). In this case, the assignment of one distinct sense to fog, and another
to ftg, must be looked on as arbitrary : at the same time, it is far from unparalleled, or
even unusna ; simiUr cases being of frequent occurrence in our own dialect.

IPele, V. a. (pr. feeal). To hide or conceal.

O. N. fda, to hide, cover, conceal ; Sw. fsla; N., Dan., O. D., and D. T>,,JUstt; Sw. D.
Jfala,jgJa; A. S.f9olam,j9olbaH. Both Rietz and Kok look on the word yb/ih— the equiva-
lent of E. fait*, faUsbood — as derived from the imperf. of the O. N. vb. (See Riets in v.
Fals; Kok, p. 177). Comp. Dan. }xtt, Jiaii sig, to hide oneself, with oun in the example.
Comp. also. Dm btUsr bsdst som selv bar fiaki : the hider is the best finder ; Dsi hmmstr
up i t9, som sr JMsi i stut : what's hid in the snow, 'U turn up in the Thow. Not« alto,
prov. Dsn^JlaUHskag, hid-beard ; Angl. blind man's buff; Dan. UimMuk,

* Oan an' get iheejftlt, bairn ;' go and get hid.

' He yoused (used) to fih his hammer, an' sike as that, iv a hole i' t' steean wall.'

* My counsellars so wyse of lare.
Help to comforthe me of care.

No wyt from me ytfds' TowisA, Mysi, 67.

Rietz considers the word to be allied to Lat. vtian, si^irt, Ace.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 175

Fell, V. a. To knock down or prostrate ; used both literally and
figuratively of men, animals, &c.

O. H.JtUat to prostrate, knock down, cut down ; S. G. /atta; Sw. /alia; Sw. D. filla,
to fdl timber ; Dan,/aldt, Sec,

* Ht JtlTd him m he wad an oz ;' of a man who had knocked another down.

* UtfdTd em, stoups, rails, and a'/

' *' FOUd wiv his aihnent ;" prostrate with sickness.' Wb. Ol.

IPell, sb. A skin of an animal with the hair on it, an undressed
hide.

O.H.fill^fillar; the former only in composition. Hald. Sw.Jall; Qorh,J!lli; Qerm.
fill: A. S. fill; Dutch vtl. Dan. pds. Sw. p^, A. S. pylea, pylet, as well as Lat. ptUa^
are probably due to the same root as our Pell. In O. E. it seems often to hare meant fiir
or dressed skins. Thus in Qaw, and Gr. Kn.,

* a mery mantyle mete to )>e er)>e
)?at ymt^/urrtd M fyne wiihfilU^* (1756.)

And * a mantyle f^yrt fiand wjrth-inne wiihJtiUi of the best.' lb. (880.)

In other cases it is applied to the human skin, as in HampoU, TVwom/ Mysi., Sec, as

* He shalle be fon in Galale
In fleshe Mid fillt.'

FeU, sb. A hill, bleak, barren, and lengthened in outline ; a long
moorland summit

O.'S.Jiall; S.G. Jail {dicitxa proprie de jugo montium, atque in specie illorum, qui
hodie Norwegiam a Suedft disterminant. Ihre) ; Dzn, J^tld, Sec,

Fell, adj. i. Eager, keen, energetic, striving, vehement in exertion.
2. Of the ploughshare and coulter, when the former is set so as to enter
the earth too deeply, the latter so as to ' take too much land.'

Wedgw. quotes Ital. fillo; Fr. filU, cruel, fierce; filon, cruel, rou^ untractable: and
the editor of Pr. of Come, also adduces the Utter two words. In the Ol. to E. Etig. AUii,
Poims, however, he quotes A. S.fill, cruel, severe ; while Bosw. collates Fris.yU. Wedgw.
thinks ' the true origin is probably to be found in the Celtic branch : Welsh gwall, defect ;
Bret, gwall^ bad, wicked ; fitU, id.' Perhaps the connection is rather a case of affinity than
of extraction. It is possible that fell may be connected with O. N. fida, to terrify, to
shock. Comp. Dan. fid, which, says Molb., expresses that degree and kind of hideousness
which in^ires dread or repulsion. Comp. also Sw. D. fil, fiU, terrific, frightful, which
Rietz sets side by side with Dan. fiel (taking a like sense), with A. S. ficr, and with Dut.
fil, grim, fierce, fri^tful. But, whether of Teut. or Celtic origin, the word is of very
frequent use in E. Eng. writers in the forms fil, fiXU, fill, and meaning * fierce, bold,
furious ;' and also in the adv. forms fiUy, fiUdy, fiercely, boldly, cruelly. See Pr, Pm,
* FdU. Severus, ferns, atrox.'

* T' au'd horse trails mair an hau'f t' draught. He 's owct fill by owght.'

' T' young un 's keen ; but t' au'd chap — he be fdl. He weean't be bet wiv a Uhtle ;' of
« young man striving to outwork an okl one.

Fellon, sb. i. A painful disorder of rheumatic nature to which cows
(chiefly) are subject. 2. A painful disorder of the hands or other

176 GLOSSARF OF THE

members of the human body, of the nature of an abscess. See BOI10-
feUon, FeU.

Pr. Pm. ' Filont. soote. Anirax, carbuncutia,'

• Som, for envy, ill hif m Hi' lyms
Ali kyllH lod filauHs and ipoilyrai.' Pr. 0/ Come, 1994.

Felloti, Bone-, sb. A painful swelling, frequently in a finger, or
other part of the hand, arising from an abscess, which suppurates and
breaks after a time, and very frequently, then, is accompanied by the
passage of particles of the bone. This, the bone, is consequently
assumed to be the seat of the disorder, which is usually intensely
p^oful.

There on be scarcely any doubt t2ial, in al leail the vait majorilj' of niei, the booe
become! diieiied fiom the adioa of the confined matter. Thete ii utually an almrut
iniuperihle rcluclince among the people to call in the aid of the luigeon. ConMquently,
for dayt after the absceii requirei opening the matter temaint peat up ; and, too often, if
the medical man be etenlnally called in, the mitcbief ii already done, and the unfonunite
practitioner geti the credit of having inflirted it. In iti finl lUget, that, which in the end
becomei Bone-feUOD. ii a veiy manageable ditoider.

Fellon, Joint-, Skin-.

' The animal ihows lonie (tiUhets in moving, and if the band ii ptetied on any put of
the back, the bcait will ihrink at if from pain. This it catted C3>int-fitloH in many
part) of the cDuntiy:' in Clevel. Sktn-fellon. 'Generally, in two or three dayi, the
animal appeirt iliff in the joinli ; these aflerwaidi begin to twell, and ate evidently painful,
pattieularlv when he atlemplt to move. Sometimei the iiilTheii eittendi all over the body,
and the beatt ii unable lo riie without assistance. Thii it termed yiunl-fiUoH.' Claler^i
Calili Doclor, p. 59.

Fellon of the Udder (pr. yuer).

The udden of cowi are ftequently thickened

1 in the piogreii of the diiorder.

Fellow-fond, adj. Enamoured, in love ; said of a female.
Felly, felve, sb. The felloe of a wheel; one of the curved pieces,
several of which go to make up the rim.

PluforPlowf.

Felly, V. a. To break up fallow land.

Dan. D, [J"''-) f"!'^. f<*tl' or ftlgi ; faitt elsewhere ; to break up sward ; to plough
tightly and for the Grit time, before the deepei ploughing fur the Kcd,

Felt, pcpl. Hidden, concealed. See Fele.

Felter, V. a. To entangle, to clot or cause to intertwine and become

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 177

mixed and confusedly coherent ; of hair, wool, &c. : chiefly used in the
passive.

A,S./tlt, clotted hair; Genn/e/z; Dut.vtli; Dzn.fii; and Sw.y?//. Molb. connects
the Dan. sb. with O. N. fell, fdldr; and Morris, Ol. to £. Eng, Allit. Poems^ collates
W,gwalt, Gael./a//, hair of the head. The later Lat writers, says Ihre, seem to have derived
their ,/Scnmi, feltrum from the Goths and Alemauni, the older Lat. allied form being villus.
There is scarcely room for doubt that prov. Dan. atJUte sammen; atfite penge satnmen : to
ccnpe money together in a miserly way, involves a figurative use of the same word. The
L§ids Gl. affords another illustration of our word : ' The wheel gar (got) ho'd 'n his brat
(pinafore) an'Jklter'd an' draew him in, poor bam I '

* With a hede lyke a clovrdt fdterd his here.' Towtul. Myst, p. 85.
Of Nebuchadnezzar, it is said, E. Eng. Allit. Poems^ B. 1689,

' Tzxt/yliered and felt flosed hym umbe
That schad fro his schulderes to his schyre wykes.'

From the notice of the casting of the devils from out of heaven, lb. 334 :

* Fylter fenden-folk forty daye3 lenc)>e
£r )>at styngande storme stynt ne myjt.'

' FdUred locks ;' quoted from Fairfax's TVisso by Brockett, Carr, Morris.
' As shaggy and rough as zfeltered foal.'

Feltrios, sb. A disorder to which horses are liable, in which great
thickening and hardness of the skin and the integuments beneath take
place, and the hair becomes matted and staring. See Felter, to entangle,
clot, as hair or wool does.

Felve, sb. See Felly.

Femmer, adj. Slender, slightly made, weaL

Another instance of a word preserved accurately as to form, while its sense is simply
transitionary or derived from its original sense. Comp. Sw. D.femnur, D. D,fimmtrtfim,
quick in one's movements, active, dexterous or handy, light. Tlie next sense would natu-
tally be what is given above as the meaning of Clevel. femmer.

Fend, v. n. To be careful and industrious ; to strive or labour, or
employ oneself; to manage or make shift.

Dan. D.fanUyf*nt% oxfinte, to seek, try to acquire, with care and toil ; atfint^for noget:
to give oneself trouble to obtain anything. Molb. adduces the Eng. D. ^otd fend^ fend for
<m€stif \n his notice oi fcmte oifente; zs zUo ]utl. fond 2nd ff.fcEngte. 'The latter ap-
proaches more to the Sw. D. iormfdngta. FdntOt however, also occurs. A Dan. example
is, fetnis om foder HI kreatureme til foraaret, naar vinterfoderet er gcuut op : to fend for
spring-fodder for the stock when the winter supplies are consumed. Fending for fodder,
here, seems often to be done by means of a kind of indirect begging from the neighbours.

* ** He tries Vofend at all points ;" he is industrious in a variety of ways.' Wb. Gl,

* I assayed him, and heffended weele.' Percy's Fol, MS. i. p. 365.

Fend, sb. Careful and provident action or labour, contrivance or
management; industrious striving, activity in one's business or employ-

A a

J 78 GLOSSARY OF THE

ment ; speaking generally, efforts to assist oneself and provide things
needfiil.

* They make a good fend for a living.'

*^No moTt fend than a new-bom bairn ;' of a helpless person. Wb. GL

Fendable, fendible, adj. Active, industrious, notaUe, contriving.

Fend and prove, v. v. a. To argue pertinaciously ; to defend oneself
in the way of imputing blame to others.

*Fendt from Fr. defendre, to forbid, defend, protect; defense, prohibition, protection^
fience.' Wedgw. ^Fender, i.e. defender; that which fends, defends, guards.' Rich. He
also quotes from Beaum. and Fletcher :

' Your son, an't please you, sir, is new cashiered yonder.
Cast from his mistress' favour ; and such a coil there is,
Such fending and such proving,*

* The landlord was to hold a court.
And there his tenants were attending,
Sundry debates preuving and fending* yocthSer. Diseottrse, p. 24.

Fend-heads, sb. Matters of dispute or contention ; sources of strife^
verbal or physical.

Fendible, adj. Admitting of defence or justification; capable of
being maintained or made good by argument or proof.

Fent, sb. An opening, or slit, purposely made or left, in any article
of clothing. See Vent.

F seems sometimes to take the place of v in our dialect, as in this word and in Ftfsom, a
word given in Wb. GL Observe also Pr. Pm. Fenie, and note.

Fent, sb. The binding of the edge of a garment or other article.

The ' binding ' is a narrow strip of material sewed on to the edge in question for the pur-
pose of protection, and, secondarily perhaps, ornament. The narrow strip, however, seems
to supply the idea of the word, which is exactly correspondent to that in Dan.^&tl», ex-
plained by Molb. through the word strimmel, a strip.

Fent, V. a. To bind, or sew an edging on to a garment, &c. See
Fent, sb., Fents.

Fents, sb. Remnants of cloth, calico, &c.

Comp. O. D.finie, which Molb. defines as, ' a ^small strip of land lying alongside other
lands, taken in former times from one farm and laid to another.' Our word most frequently
occurs in the phrase Fents and fag-ends ; but it is also used simply. See Font, v. a.
and sb.

Festy V. a. To bind as apprentice.

A word of undoubted Northern origin, which is probably what Molb. {Dafuk Dial. Lex.)
means when he says of fastemand, fastenm, fastensgave, fcestensml that they are gamle og

CLEVELAND DIALECT, l79

<Bgt€ Dansie ord^ old and genuine Danish words. Ihre defines y<e5/a, * firmare aliquo modo,
ph3rsico aut morali :' in the ecclesiastical sense, however, it means, * sponsalium solenni ritu
sponsam sponso addicere ;' whence /<£s/«mo, an engaged or betrothed maiden ; faUeman^ &c.,
the man she is engaged or betrothed to ; fcBsteninge-ring^ the ring of betrothal. In the
forensic usage, he adds, it varies in sense ; as fcesta ed, to stablish an oath by some security
given ; fasta kdp, to confirm or make binding a bargain ; from which comes the term
fctste-pening^ the money-pledge or deposit which is given in token of future completion of
the said bargain. See Festing-penny. In O. Dan. also (see Kok in v. Fctste^l)^ f<Bste
means to pledge oneself, to betroth oneself. Rietz gives fdsta in the same tenses as Ihre
and Kok quote for the verbs just mentioned, but also in the further sense of to engage or
hire : as fdsta tjenstebjon^ to hire farm-servants ; fdsta sjoman^ to engage or ship sailors ;
and this almost exactly coincides with the usage of our present word. Ihre's idea seems to
be that the term is derived from the customary practice of band-fasting over a bargain.
Others think there is simply the notion of making fast oijirm involved. Ihre's suggestion
is tlie more probable, and Kok certainly errs in his derivation.

FeBtiiig-x>eniiy, sb. Earnest-money paid to a servant on concluding
the hiring-bargain. See Hiring-penny, Gk>d'8-peniiy, Aries.

S. G. fcBSte-pening \ O. H . festi-peningr ; Dan. fcBstepenge. The first of these words is
explained under Fest. In Jutl. the Dan. word — under the prov. form fcebstpeng* — has ac-
quired a special meaning. There land was — if not, is yet — held under a kind of hereditary
tenancy, which came to be designated by the term fcBste : and, on the entrance of a new
tenant in the course of hereditary succession on one of these farms, he paid down a certain
fixed sum once for all ; which payment is called fabst-ptn^. But there are several words,
either derivatives from or compounds of the vb. fcBsta^ or fcBste^ which, like O. Sw. fasii*
pening, imply a gift, of whatsoever kind, made in the way of earnest at the time of forming
the contract whether of future marriage, actual marriage, or what not. Thus festandafai
is mentioned by Ihre; faestensgave by Mo\b. {Dial. Lex.) ; faestefa^ fastningfcSt festendefig,
fcestnedefa in Dansk Gloss. — all meaning the gifts of money or the like presented by
the betrothed lover to his mistress at the time of betrothal. Kok mtntions fcestensgjav,
and Rietz fistning, in the same sense. Clevel. Festing-penny is as completely analogous
as possible: and the fact, that if a servant who has been duly hired and received her
Hiring- or Festing-penny, wishes to cancel her bargain ; as for instance on account of
an unlooked-for offer of marriage ; she always sends back the Festing-penny with the
notification of her altered plans, shews the force or bindingness yet attributed to the giving
and receiving of the coin in question. Two instances of the kind have occurred in this
parish in the course of the Spring hiring-time of the present year, 1865.

Cf. * \>essa skikkiu kaupir Hauhr oh retdir \>a firir festarpenning ok gengr 1 brott ok efter
ftnu ;* this habit cheaps Haukr and deposits the festing-penny^ and gans forth and afler the
money. FlcU. i. 577.

Fetch, V. a. i. To carry anything with one, when one goes to a
place or person. 2. To draw the breath painfully.

• Wants a speead, diz he ? Tell *im, Ah '11 be on inoo, an* Ah 'II fetch yan wi' me.*

a. * And se iSe ys uppan bys buse^ ne gd be nyiSer f5<Bt be dnig \nng on bis buse fecce.'
A.S. Gospelst Matt xxiv. 17.

Fetch, sb. A catch, possibly a painful one, in drawing the breath.

* " I have z/etcb and a catch ;" a pain or stitch in breathing.' Wb. Gl.

A a 2

l8o GLOSSARy OF THE

Fettle, V. a. i. To adapt, arrange, fit up. 2. To prepare, equip,
get ready, supply. 3. To contrive, accomplish or manage a thing.
4. To put into a state of repair. 5. To beat, thrash, overcome or
conquer.

In his notice of the Sw. D. word fossa, Jissa, to scour, to fiirbish up, Rietz collates not
only N. S.JUtjin, Germ. Dia\.foseln, to rub, polish, dress or trim up assiduously ; M. Germ.
ftitm, to make neat or pretty; M. G./eitian, id., but also our own fettle. Morris, Gl. to
E. Eng. AUit. Poems, also gives PI. D.Jisseln, with the sense * to bustle about,' and Goth.
fiitian; but quotes besides O. Fris. Jltla, to adorn, and N.^/a, to labour at a thing to get
it right. Wedgw. also gives most of these words, adding * PI. D.fissd-maken (fettle-maid),
an under housemaid.' But he seems to halt between this derivation — founded on ' the light
work required to finish the preparation of a thing,' — and that which assumes as ' the funda-
mental idea, that of binding up, binding together, from A.S./etd, a girdle, Svr.faetill, a
firdle, band, handle of a sword, the equivalent of Qena.fessel, a thong, ^om fassen, to hold.'
give the following from Landnamahoh, p. 409, explanatory notes on one of the * songs '
in the text, * Fetill ligamen, mitella, et in specie, tania qud clypei snspendunhtr. Hinc et
fetill metonymice pro clypeo vel armis, adhibetur.' If for arms generally, why not for entire
equipment ? Valeat quantum. Certainly the transition of meaning from that of * buckling
to,' — ^accingendi se ad aliquid, applying oneself to a matter — to arranging or completing
the matter itself, is rather less natural than the converse : from busy and diectual activity,
that is, to resolute effort and application. I should, therefore, be inclined to adopt Rietz's
view. The word is of continual occurrence in our older North Eng. writers : e. g. * yUtfftyld,*
in Toumel. Myst. p. 309. Again ; —

* Now alle |>ese fyue sy)>e3, forso|>e, were fitied on |>is knyjt,
8c vchone halched in o))er, |>at non ende hade,
& fyched vpon fyue poyntej, >at fayld neuer,' Sir Gaw, and Gr, Kn, L 656 ;

in which passage the sense seems rather to approach to that of S. G. fit^a, colligare, with
which /<e/{7 is closely connected. But the sense may preferably be that these five specified
* *y\>^'i ' — graces or moral excellences — were, so to speak, a khid of vesture or array, nicely
fashioned and fitttd—fetded — upon this knight, rather than simply united in him or his
character. In the following, however, —

* When hit (the ark) wzt^/etdtd and forged and to ^ fiiUe gray)>ed,'

E. Eng, AUit, Poems, B. 343 ;

* And he )>at fetly in hct fetded alle eres,' Ih, 585 ;

* Fetded in on (one) form,' spoken of Patience and Poverty (C. 38) ;

and * farandely on a felde he/ettele^ h3rm to bide,' lb, 435 ;

there can be no mistake either as to sense or the general turn and run of the idea. Comp.
the following examples : —

I. • •♦ A bnyt\y fetded house;" well furnished.' Wb. Gl,

* Ah fetded t' lahtle chap a spot i' t* au'd cau'f-pen fur 's rabbits.'

3, • ** We are just fettling for off;" getting ready to start on a journey or expedi-
tion* Wb. Gl,

* " Fetde me that, an ye please ;" to a shop-keeper, the speaker presenting at the same
time an order for goods.' lb,

' We'll be leading to moorn's moorn. Gan an' get pike-bottom y>///#(/.'

3, * Ay, Ah aims y/e*\\ fettle it for him ;' get something managed or arranged— e. g. get-
ting a boy into a situation, or out. of a scrape, and the like.

4. ' I wish you con\d fettle me my coat a bit.' Wb. Gl.

* Ah lull' \\m\ fettling '» au'd sled.'

CLEVELAND DIALECT. l8l

5. • Ah 11 /#///« *m an' Ah get grip ov 'im.*

• Noo, young un : thou *\\ fettle t' au*d cock, yit ;' of two cocks fighting.

Fettle, sb. i. State, condition: the precise sense qualified by an
adjective, or by the application or connection of the word.

• Nobbut in bad fettle for work ;' of animal or man, when out of condition, or poorly.

' Ah 's feared he 's in bad fettle^ poor chap ;' of a man whose circumstances are supposed to
be but poor or bad.

' In primtfetde ;* * out of fettle;* of man, animal, machinery, tool, instrument, &c.

Pew, adj., but used substantively. A quantity or number: if un-
qualified by an adj., a small quantity or number. Comp. the use
of Vast.

k.S.feawa; O.fi. far; S.Q.fa; Dan. /aa, &c. Some unnecessary ingenuity has been
aj^lied to explain the idiom ' a few broth.' A specimen may be found in Leeds Gl.^ where
the explanation is made to depend upon the pieces of meat boiled in making the broth, or
upon the pieces of bread broken into it preparatory to * serving it out.* The Or. G/., how-
ever, seems to be much nearer the mark, by suggesting that the word brotb is ' generally
used as a noun of number ;' and Rich, gives a quotation in which it is actually used in the
pi. : ' When they exceede, and haue varietie of dishes, the first are their baked meates, and
then their brotbes or pottage. Hackluyt, Voyages, vol. i. p. 496.* Cf. * Brewes is derived
from the plural of A. S. ftriw, jusculum.' Pr. Pm. note to Brotoesse, browes. The further
exi^anation depends upon the substantival use of the word few, analogous to that of Hide
in the phrases, ' a little water,' ' a little bread,' &c. Comp. the usage of paululum in Latin,
tm peu in French, &c. It is worthy of remark that O. N. far is used in almost exactly the
same manner: thus, far jotunn, a few giants ; fdss erfrdtSum vant, of but a few (<:= little)
is there want to the wise. The neuter, /a//, also is used absolutely, exactly as our few is;
e.g. fdtt er tU, nema . ., equivalent to our there's nobbut . . to do this or the
other.

' There was a good/w at church this morning.' Wb, Gl.

• There was nobbut a poorish few,* lb.

' There 's a gsiyfew side-awa3rs amang thae whoats.'

' Not a good crop of apples, but a canny scattering /n& amang t' trees.*

• Nobbut a hht\e few.*

Pey, V. a. To cleanse, or remove impurities.

At first I added to the above definition this more, — ' hence to winnow, the ordinary wind
being the agency employed ;' but I am inclined to think it would be an error to confound
fey, to winnow by aid of the natural wind, with the present word, which originates in
O.fi.foBgja, to cleanse, to scour. Comp. QeTm.fegenf to cleanse, &c. ; M. Germ, vegen;
ff.fegja; \>z\\.feje, to sweep, clean up. Comp. also O.fi. fdga, fa, both signifying to
clean, to brighten. See Fey, to winnow.

A curious adaptation of the word is given in the following example, taken from the lips
of an old lady remarkable for her ' " Yorkshire'* undefiled :* —

• Fey out thae sheep out in t' garth.*

Pey, V. a. To winnow, or clear com from its impurities, by aid of
the natural wind.

Rietz gives fo{g)a or fba, and faida, in as nearly as possible the same sense as our word ;
viz. to sift corn in such a way that the refuse is removed from it. Foge^dll. is then given

1 82 GLOSSARY OF THE

as a finer kind of sieve, or a winnowing-fan, while Molb. gives fne sad, /tie af lo as
a customary N. Ssll. expression for to cleanse com, by aid of a sieve, after thrashing,
and removing the coarser impurities by other means.

Fezzon, v. a. i. To seize with fierce eagerness, whether on food, as
with the avidity of extreme hunger, or as a bull-dog on a bull. Hence
2. To fight, engage in active strife.

Possibly a mere vernacular corruption o{ fasten; especially as in Wb, Ql, it is given as
only used with the prep, on following. Thus * they fairly faxamd on' is explained, • they
got at last to blows.'

Fike, flck, feek, v. n. To move restlessly, or fidget, with the feet
and toes, as an infant does ; applied to any restless action of the feet,
whether purposeless and unconscious, or otherwise, and of both man
and animal.

O. fi.fka, to make haste, to bustle ; S. G. fka ; Sw. D,J!ka,Jiga ; O. Svr.Jikia: D. Dial.
Jige; Switz.Jicbten — all implying more or less of haste, bustle, fidgetty eagerness, and the
like. Our word in process of time has come to bear a somewhat varied, but still closely
allied signification.

' T' puir bairn nobbut Jicks wi' 's taes a bit He 's not yabble to meeav else ;' of an
idiot infant.

' He /eek*d an' he fteVd^ while he gat t' boong oot ;* of a hot-water bottle, in bed,
namely.

Comp. ' He Hang yan (a cracker) upon my breeks.

And truly, sir, it burnt my leg
And garred mitfeik like hen with egg.' Joeo-Ser, Disc. p. i8.

* He louped t' yat' an' nobbut /?tfAr'(/ a bit wiv his hind feet ;' of a pig, which jumped over
the door of the sty, all but clearing it.

Cf. * ffor they rcysedc J>e crosse with |>i body,

An^fychede it in a tre mortasse vyolently.' Rti. Pitces, p. 66.

* The kynge Boors redressed hym in his sadelle and fieched hym so in his steropes so
harde that the iren bente.' Merlin^ p. 338.

Pile over, v. a. To smooth over, wheedle, cajole, whether by dis-
arming suspicion, or applying flattery.

In Aner, RiwU we have fkelung, flattery ; JikeUs, vikeltH, flattereth ; wi^es, wiles, pass-
ing into wibeles, wUUs^ all connected with A. S. wigelungy gewiglung^ deception, juggling,
enchantment. Contraction from the form wi^eUs, retaining only the interchangeable/ or v,
gives us our present word with unaltered sense. Comp. Fris. JUcbeln, to flatter, give good
words ; and with it again the S. Marb. and Aner. RiwU (onnjlken, to deceive, impose on.

Find, V. a. (pr. finnd). To find (pret. fand, fund ; p. p. fan).

Finks, sb. The residuary substance left after the extraction of the
oil from the blubber.

Comp. Sw. D.Jinkir, sb. pi., i. various small parts from the interior of the goose when
cooked : a. The fat of pigs cut into small pieces in order to be melted ; ttdg'foikir.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 183

Riet^ quotes also Dut vinker, small angular bits of meat. Note also Dan. D, father » shreds
of apple, and Dzn.fatker, a dish of minced meat, especially of the liver and lights of the pig,
cut up and cooked with vinegar and seasoning.

Fire-oods, sb. Bellows. See Cods.

• " Blast it up wi' X*fae^ods;" take the bellows to the fire.* Wb. GL

Fire-eldin, sb. Fuel generally. See Eldin.

Ftre-fanged, adj. i. Of food; burnt, or 'caught/ in the prepara-
tion. 2. Of a person; fierce or vehement of disposition or tempera-
ment.

S. G. fesnga ; Sw. D. fdnga ; Dan. fcenge ; N. fengja ; N. S. fengen^ anfengen ; Germ.
Dial, anfangen ; Mid. Germ, vanlten^ venken — all, but the last, signifying to take fire, as well
as to set fire to, to kindle. Our word is a direct p. p. from the original Scand. form, and
as O. Sw. famga is doubtless derived from fanga, to catch, to take, — see Ihre in v. Fcenga^
and Molb. in v. Fcenge^ — ^the coincidence in sense between our word, and the prov. Eng.
word caught is interesting. Sw. eld-fdngdt inflammable or hot-tempered, coincides with the
second sense of our word precisely.

Fire-flaught, sb. i. The flaming coal which sometimes leaps from
the fire with a report. 2. Any luminous appearance which seems to
shoot or dart through or athwart the sky; meteors, Northern lights,
lightning. 3. Metaphorically a hasty-tempered person.

Jam. says this * is evidently from Su. G./yr^ Teut. vier^ ignis, and vlaeken^ spargere flam-
mam ; vibrare instar flammae, coruscare.' Rather from Sw. faoga, or some Dialect form ;
c. g. Sw. D. flauga,flyge,flyg,fluug (imp. flaug) ; O. Sw. flh^a, fliauga; O. N. fljuga.
Comp. the forms vlubt, Ancr. Riwle; jflubt. Halt Meid. ; flaugb^ for flew^ Percy's Fol. MS.
i. p. 71. The idea is simply that of fire or flame in flight or motion.

3. * " A regahr fae-Jlaugbt ;** a hasty-tempered person.* Wb, Gl.

Fire-foddery sb. Fuel ; aliment for the fire.
Fire-porTy sb. A poker. See Fire-pote.

Dan. purre, as, at purre ved ilden : to stir, or poke the fire ; N. S. pttrrtn^ id. The Dan.
word is used figuratively, much as £. poke is in so-called slang, and sHr in more formal
speech ; thus, at ptirre ten, to remind one ; at purre folket ud^ to rouse or stir the people up.
Jam. gives * por, a thrust with a sword,* and quotes Teut. porren, urgere.

Kre-pote, flre-poit, sb. A poker ; the instrument used for poking
the fire. See Feat or Fote.

Fire-smatchy sb. The savour or twang which accompanies an
article of food which has been burnt in cooking, or * caught.' See
Smatch.

Fire-stead, sb. The place appropriated to the fire.

First, adj. In the sense of next, applied to a day of the week ; as
• Sat'rda' first,' for Saturday next.

184 GLOSS ARF OF THE

Fishing-gady sb. A fishing-rod. See GtocL

Fishing-tamn, sb. A fishing-line. See Taxun.

Fit, sb. A season, a defined portion of time characterised by some
distinct peculiarity of the weather.

* A strange dry Jii we 've had for secar. A lahtle soop o' wet *d dee a vast o* guid.'
Similarly, * a vrelfit;* * a blowy ^/;' • a tempesty^^* &c.

Fit, adj. Disposed to any given course or proceeding; likely to
adopt it, or to be led into it.

* Well, Ah 's zhooX fit for ma dinner, for yan.*

* He wurfil to fell 'im, he war ; he wur that fell.*

* Fit fiir bed ;* tired, and wanting to go.

' Fit to drop ;' from weariness or exhaustion.

* Fit to boggle ;' disposed, or shewing symptoms of being about, to shy ; of a horse.

Fizzle, V. n. To be in a state of bodily restlessness ; to fidget.

Rich, refers this word to fisk. Comp. Sw. ffdslta^ to fidget. But note also Sw. D.
fissla^ to twist up or entangle, which seems to involve the same idea ; while fissa means to
be in an excited or restless condition, znd fissa d dansa explains itself.

Flacker, v. n. i. To flutter, or move the wings quickly as a bird
does. 2. To be in quick or palpitating motion.

S. G. flachoy circumcursitare. Ihre adduces O. N. fidka^ adding that Gudm. Andr.
assigns to that word the meaning of having a fluttering motion (pendulum motari). Molb.
gives O. N. fl'dgra as the etymon of Dan. fiagre^ which latter coincides precisely in sense
with our word, and to which it is obviously co-ordinate. Comp. also Sw. D. fiagra ;
Pr. Pm. * Flekeryn^ as ionge byrdis. Volito, nideo*

Flags, sb. Flakes, laminae; applied alike to the flat or flag-stones
used for paving, and to snow flakes.

Sw. D. flagy fiaky thin flakes, such as loosen and separate themselves from iron ; any
thin and small matters which separate from the mass in the form of scales. Comp. the
(orm jdmflag with our form Snow«flag. Other forms of the word SLTefiagatfiagu^flagd
or fiag'd; N. flak; fi.S. fiag.fiage, a flat surface; CS. fiaga^ a chip, a scale. Either
from the Sw. verhfidcka, to divide, separate, oifiaga, to split (Rietz); the prevailing idea,
in either case, being that of separation in the form of flat scales or laminae. The Danes
keep snee-fiage as we do, implying by it, also as we do, the large woolly-looking flakes
which fall when the cold is anything but intense; som den /alder ved balv /• : as it falls in
a half-thaw. Comp. also fiag-torv, fiag, fiage, flat sods of turf peeled off the surface of
grass-grown land. These are used in some parts of Jutland, says Molb., as a covering for
peat and turf-stacks ; and Kok adds, as materials for roofing : just as they are in Cleveland.

Flakes, sb. (pr. fleaks or fleeaks). i. Hurdles, or stack-bars ; pro-
perly such as are composed of wattled-work, or sticks interwoven
together. 2. The hurdle-formed quasi-shelf suspended horizontally
below the ceiling in old-fashioned houses, and used to support bacon-
sides, or the like.

Sw.D.flahe^ wattled matters, hurdles or moveable fences of wattle, or made as a gate

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 185

ii ; other fomu being, flagt, flahe, Jldkt; N. S. flak*, flake; N. Fris. flagt^flaeht, Rietz
adduces also O. N. jidM, any expanded and level surface, and D. flage, which seems to me
to be in oversight of the true analogy of the word. For this, comp. Germ, flecbten, to
interweave, to wattle; flecbt-werk — the exact equivalent of Sw.flcU'Verk, used by Rietz to
explain flake — wattle-work, basket-work. The true O. N. -etymon surely is flcekia, to
entangle, thence to interweave ; intricare. Hald. Comp. also Dan. D. flage^ which Molb.
illustrates by Dut. vlaak^ N. S, flake, but, like Rietz, refers to O. fi.flaga, a chip, scale.

Flam, sb. Flattery ; sometimes, if not always, with the implied idea
of falsehood rather than simple hoUowness.

Wedgw. says of flim-flam, under Flam, that it is evidently of an * imitative character,
probably representing a flapping motion with some light implement,' and compares fiddle-
faddle. Germ, fick-fack, &c. There is, however, Sw. D. flam, yet current in some parts,
* almost obsolete in others, signifying both the buffoon, fool or jester, and also a jest, a piece
of buffoonery, such as the professional jester or fool might display or indulge in. The
transition thence to our sense is simple enough, and even in a sense necessary. Comp. also
Sw. D. flams, loud, noisy talk, chatter, loudly-spoken nonsense; flamsa, flatnser, the corre-
sponding vb. and ^person.

Flam, V. a. To flatter, to beguile by the use of flattery.

Flan, V. n. To spread or expand more widely towards the top, as
a vessel or utensil with sides sloping outwards.

Hall, gives 'flan, broad and large. North ;* and Wb. Gl. gives ' To flan, to spread wide
at the top, to expand upwards as the sides of a bowl or scuttle,' — an O. Dan. word, un-
altered in form and sense. Molb. {Dansk D. Lex.) ^vesflane, l. To gape, to stare ; 2. In
a sense closely analogous to our own : * It is said of a waggon whose wheels do not
stand upright, or parallel with each other, on the axletree, so that the space between them
above is greater than where they touch the ground : thus, den vogn flaner for meget og er
vcelienem : that waggon flans over mich an' 's like t' ower-welt.' The occurrence of the
Sw. D. words flana, an unsteady, thoughtless girl ; flane, a downright fool ; flanun, un-
steady, flighty, tottering; flanka, to be unsteady, I. as to conduct, and 2. as to stability;
several of which words, as well as Dan. D. flane, an unsteady, flighty, easy-going female,
being referred to O. ^.flan, thoughtlessness, flana, to be heedless, inconsiderate, rash, leads
to the inference that our own word and its O. Dan. original are due to the same transition
of idea which gives force to the expression 'unstable as water thou shalt not excel;' first,
unsteady or unstable of character ; then unsteady or unstable in the physical sense ; thence,
narrow at bottom and wide at top, so as to present the form of instability.

Flappery, sb. The various small appurtenances to one's personal
equipment.

^appy> adj. I. Wild, unsteady; applied to a person. 2. Light;
marked with levity or unsteadiness ; of a person's ways or manners.

This may, of course, be simply a derivative from flap, * the extremity of any loose and
pendulous garment or the like ;' but it should be observed that Sw. D.flabba, a slut, flabber,
a sloven, and Dan. D. flab, a silly, pert, immodest girl, suggest the possibility of a more
direct origin ; and also that Rietz distinctly refers Dan. flab, as well as the Sw. D. words,
and the Sc. flaff, a fool, or noodle, to Sw. D. flabb, the lip, mouth ; and that to Lat.
liArutn,

Bb

l86 GLOSSARy OF THE

Flatch, sb. One who wheedles, or tries to gain his ends by^the arts
of flattery. Generally applied to children.

There can be little doubt that this is simply another form of Sc. flneb ot fleieht to
wheedle, flatter, or fawn. Ci, Sw. D. fleha^ to caress, fondle, fawn ; O. Sw. fickra, to
flatter; 'H.flikra; Dzn. D. Jlegn, Old Gtrm. Jleeben, Dutch vlnJM, come very neat
our form : while Old S^.flikore^ O. Gcna^flecbaret Dut. vUijer, one who flatters or fawns,
are essentially the same as our word. Molb., in v. FUgrt, collates O. H.fladr, dissimulation,
wheedling, adulation, deceit, and its correlative y^odirari; Dan. D,Ji<Bgs oxfi<Bgr.

Flatter-oap. See Hatch.

Flatim, V. n. To flame, blaze, shine out.

* It flaumed out hau'f-way across t* rooad ;' of a certain mysterious blaze of light.

* As wexe and a weke
Were tjiryned togideres.
And thanne a %x fletumynge
Forth out of bothe.' P. Ploughm, p. 360.

Flaumy, adj. Tawdry ; * vulgarly fine in dress.' Wh. GL

Sy/, D, flafnmi{g), on flammsHg): som alskar pralande dragi; of a womao fond of
showy or gaudy dress, — another noteworthy instance of a Northern word preserved in the
Clevel. as well as in a Scand. dialect.

Maun, sb. A custard baked in paste ; * egg-pies' (Cotgrave),

• Yx. flans; Germ, flader; Dut. vlaede. Of imknown etymology. Cotgr. sajrs — Flans,

flaunts, custards, egg-pies.' Rich. — ' The origin of the word seems to be the sound made

by the fall of something soft, represented by the syllable ^a</ or blad; Sw. ko-iladd§; Prov,

Dan. k(y-blat; G. kubfladen, a cow dung.' Wedgw. — Unsavoury, if true. But A. S.

flene or flyne, what is made soft, batter, is, of course, the origin of our word. See Pr, Pm,
Flawne, and note.

Flaup, sb. Idle, meaningless talk, flippancy.

O. N. flapr, vana verba, inconsiderantia ; fleipr, apinae, fatilia verba ; fliipra, efiiittre :
Hald. Comp. Sw. D.flepa,fldpa, to talk and tattle sillily, to talk stuff; Yi.fteipe, id.

Flauping, fl%upiBh, flaupy, adj. i. Given to light or meaningless
words; thence, insincere, fawning. 2. Given to levity of conduct or
demeanour, or to tawdrily showy dress or adornment.

The Sw. D. ^d],fl£pug,flepi(g\ give our form, but vary in sense. The xkonniflip,fltper,
fldper,flap, &c., current in different districts, give approxinute senses, if not exactly coio-
cident ; but, of course, our adj. is due to our sb. Flaup.

Flawter, flowter, v. a. To flurry or make to flutter; to put into a
state of trepidation ; to alarm or frighten.

O. N. /fy/fl, accelerare, festinarc ; Sw. D. flita sej, to make haste, to be in a flmrry or
bustle ; N. flyta, to quicken or urge to haste ; flitta, v. n., to be in haste or in a hurry.
Both the O. N. and the Sw. D. words seem to take the active and neuter sense alike, and it
would seem that our word, if not still, yet at an earlier time, has done the same. In York
Castle DeposUions, p. 154, I find — • And then the thing that did cry like a hen, did fiawttr

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 187

with the wingt against the bords of tiie floor ;* whtse flawtir seems to imply the signs of
trepidation or haste made by a winged creature, rather than the haste or trepidation itself.
SpktflougbUr in Leeds Gl, ; flouier by Carr ; fiowter by Brockett.

' His maister an' him 's had a few words, an* he 's tuAy floughtertd* Leeds Gl.

Flay, fley, v. a. To frighten or terrify, to deter.

Morris, in the Gl. to Pr, ofConse.^ refers this to O. N.^tf/a, to put to flight, to terrify,
giren by Egilssoa, and rightly. Jam. merely suggests that O. N,/ila is used in the same
sense as flay, but it » scarcely likely that a word in such general use in the Northumbrian
dialects from the thirteenth century downwards should be without some distinct original.
Comp. Sw. D,flB, to drive forth precipitately.

Flay-boggle^ sb. i. A hobgoblin, an apparition* 2. Also a scare-
crow. See Flay-cmke and Boggle.

Flay-oroWy flsy-cruke, sb. i. A scarecrow; any dressed-up object
set up in the fields to frighten the crows. 2. A grotesquely-dressed
person.

Flaysome, adj. Inspiring fear or apprehension; qualified to frighten
or terrify.

• " A yzny flaysome thing ;" terrifying to look at.' JVb, GL

Fleoked, adj. Pied, spotted, streaked.

O. H.fleeka^ to spot or -stain, fleekr, a spot, fleekoUr^ spotted, pied ; Germ, fleck, fleeken,
a spot, stain, yb.fleeien, to stain; Dut. vleeke, plaeke; Dzn. D. flageret, flagret, not of
the same uniform colour, spotted, blotched ; S. G.fleek, sb., fleeka, vb.

Flee, sb. A fly : the turnip-fly (HalHca nemorum\ particularly.

The name is sometimes written ^^a, which might seem to be due to the active flea-like
skips made by the insect when disturbed. Bnt I think it is more the Pr. of the word, than^
any intended difference in orthography.

Flee-by-sky, sb. A flighty person; always applied to a female.
Brock, says * a siily, flirting, absurdly-dressed, giggling giri.'

* A flowtersomey7tf«-6«-si(M.* Wb, Gl.

FleeoOy sb. Bodily condition, or fatness: applied to persons who
are or have been ' fat-fleshed,' and signifying such flesh or fatness as
may be easily stripped off*; e. g. by sickness, privation, or * training.'

* " He carries a T2ie fleece;** he is very fat.* Wh. Gl,

* ** He has shaken a bonny fleece this last bout ;** he has lost much flesh this last illr
ness.* lb,

Tleeing-aithery fleeing-eather or ethery sb. The dragon-fly. See
Tleeing-ask.

Jam. says ' we find fleonde naeddre, i. e. a flying adder, given as synonymous with otter
eoppe* However this may be, the name now implies the dragon-fly throughout a very wide
area in the North. Hall, quotes it with the word NorA subjoined, as also Adder-bolt, from

B b 2

1 88 GLOSSARY OF THE

various dialects. Brockett gives it for Durham and Northumberland, while Jam. gives
Fleetng-adder for Roxburghshire, Atber and Atber-biU for Clydesdale, and AAer^ap or
Natter-cap for Fifeshire. Brockett's short comment on the name is this : * the vulgar are
afraid of being stung by it,' which is equally true in Clevel. (as is implied in both the names
given above), and I doubt not elsewhere. Whether the idea now is not perpetuated by the
name, as, in the first instance, the name must have followed the idea, is a matter of doubt.
It is curious, however, to observe the different forms the original word (A. S. at^, ator;
O. Sw. etir, etter; O. N. eitr; O. D. et<Er; Dan. edder; Oerm. M/«r, venom) has assumed
in the name of this insect, inclusive of the S. English form, adder. A Sw. D. name for this
insect is trollsnaU^ snail being the name for a lizard ([Clevel. Aaky "Slak, or Haak), so that
troll-sndll seems to embody both the ideas involved in our two names, eather and aok.
The Sw. name, sldnda, contains a very similar idea to that implied in adder-bolt,

Fleeing-asky fleeing-esk, sb. The dragon-fly : (genus LiMlula).

Fleeing-nedder. See Fleeing-aither, and comp. ' Tanging-nadder/

Hall.

Flesh, flesh-meat, sb. Butcher's meat generally, in opposition to

bacon or pork.

* Ah deean't think at AhVe tzsted Jlesb going iv tolf weeks.'
*Nobbut bacon an* taties; nzt fle^meat*

Mesh-fly, sb. The common blue-bottle fly.

Pr. Pm. * Flescbe Flye. Musco.'

Flet, sb. Live coals, embers yet glowing, sparks of fire. Wh. GL

adds * Flaught,' as another form.

These can scarcely be only variations in form. The idea in Flaught is of fire or flame
in motion ; in Flet, of fire as simply visible or evidently alive. The word tdettt in the
first text of Lay. iii. 33, replaced hy Jure in the second, establishes Flet as an old word
(Sir F. Madden makes it floor ; A. S. flet, fixed residence, hall, floor), with the sense still
preserved in Clevel.

Flick, sb. A flitch ; of bacon, namely.

O.X)^n. flyhhe, et stort kimdstykke; /. ex. en svineside: a large piece of flesh; e.g. the
side of a pig. * 40 flocke flesk : 40 flitches of bacon ; mentioned in an account of a wed-
ding-feast ; ftyche off swyn, succidia.* Moor's Suffolk Words also has flick, explained as
* the flake or flank of a hog :* A. S. flicce or flice. Prov. Dan. flidske, to shear off with a
great knife, is, by Molb. and Outzcn, adduced as cognate. Comp. Dsin.fl<£kke, to split into
flakes or slices ; Sw. D. flakka av, to cut oflf flakes, or thin chips from wood ; with which
£. En^.fleacb or fleecb, a sawn plank, may be compared.

Flicker, v. n. To shew or look more or less derisively, as a person's
countenance does who rather makes believe than really tries to suppress
his laughter. See Flire.

Mr. Wedgwood says, 'flicker, to flutter as a bird, or flame ; to fleer, or laugh wantonly
or scornfully. From a representation of the flapping or tittering sound.'

The sense and usaee of the word, combined with the existence of the Sw. D. yrordsJUk-
kar, to deride, to make a fool of; jflikker, flekker, ridicule, derision, mockery; O. Sw.fltktr,
adulation, more or less insincere, of course, together with Rietz's reference of these words

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 1 89

to^da,— tee Flatoh, with the Dan. D. and Oerm. analogues to Sw. D.Jleka — lead me to
adopt a rather different view. Fligger is another form ; see Wedgw. in ▼. Fletr.

* HeJIiektr^d and Ayttd lahk a giming cat.'

Flig, V. n. To fly.

* An lamech droge is arwe ner
And let etflegen oOSe streng.' Oen. and Ex. 1. 478.

A,S,/le6gaH,Jli6gaH: V.S.Jlegen; Fris, Jlega; That. vUigtm ; Qtrm. flUgen, See.

Flig, sb. A young bird sufficiently feathered to be on the point of
flying.

Dan.^^, ready to fly ; of the young of birds, Molb., exactly corresponds with our word
in form and sense, and resembles it in sound. Comp. Sw. D. Jlyg, flygd^ ftygg*^* id** sind
also fl6t[-f6r. Rietz quotes also A. S. flycge, which, however, I do not find in Bosw.
O. ^'Jitygr, able or ready to fly, seems to be the original word.

' *' Are they Jligs or gorps?" feathered nestlings or mere gorpins naked from the
egg.' Wb, GL

FUgged, adj. Fledged, feathered, ready to fly.

Wh. Gl. gives Jlig^ v. n., to fly ; but Cr. G/., Jligg, to fledge, with the example,
* *' He 's flig^d and flown ;** said of a person who has absconded.* An example from ^
Lttds GLii* A nest of sparrows Hi Jligg* d an' flown.' The word is a p. p., coincident with
JUdgtd. Comp. Flig, and Pr. Pm. • Flygge as bryddys. VdatUis*

FlipOy sb. The brim of a hat.

Dxn. flip, the tip, comer or extremity of a thing; e.g. handkerchief, garment, collar;
Sw. D. Jliibbf id. Comp. O. N. JUpi^ a horse's under-lip ; N. S. Jliipe, id. The word is
nearly related to E.^ap, flabby, &c.

* Touch yoxaflipe: Wb. Gl.

flipe, V. a. To remove or take off, with a kind of brisk action, as •
dust from one's shoes, or a fly from the wall.

Closely connected with Flipe, F., flip-flap; Dzn. flab, mouth, lip; Sw. D.^o^fr, flap,
loose-hanging corner or end, and expressive of the action of such a loose-hanging end or
flap. Comp. Sw. D.flika af, to undress oneself very quickly : to slip one's clothes off*, from
fltk, a shirt, or other loose-fitting garment. Mr. Wedgw. xikits flick, flip to be * forms repre-
senting the sound made by a jerk with a whip, the comer of a towel, or the like. Flick, a
smart, stinging slap: Forby; a slight, sudden blow: Hall. Hence ^^ti. flig, flip, the imple-
ment with which a blow of the foregoing description is given, the comer of a handkerchief,
apron, &c.'

Flire, flyre, v. n. To manifest the feeling or spirit of mocking or
scornful ridicule, without actually laughing out.

Brockett's definition is, * to have a countenance expressive of laughter, without laughing
out.* Comp. E. fleer. * We should have no hesitation,' says Wedgw., * in considering it
as a contraction oi fligger ox flicker, to laugh scornfully or wantonly, were it not for parallel
forms with an n instead of an r : Sw. flina, to shew the teeth, sneer ; Prov. Dzn.fliru, to
wry the mouth, smile, sneer; 'Norse flina, as well zsflira, to titter.* Still there seems to be
a difference in sense between the forms in n and those in r. Thus, Dan. D. flim is ' to

190 OLOSSARy OF THE

smile, or else to laugh loudly and long, and with twistings of the face ;* as is the case also
with Sw. D. Jlin, flina and flira : while flire is * to smile (smidske), or laugh slily, as when
one is inclined to ridicule or make a jest of anodier/ Molb. also quotes from Ihre,

* £.Gothl. ^ira, indicat risum petulantem ;' and "S.JUra comes under the same remark, and
thus all these words exactly correspond to our Aire. See Flioker.

Flirtigigs, sb. A giddy or flighty damseL

Flisk, sb. A slight blow or tap, as a fillip with the finger.

Comp. Jiick, Jlip, fillip, * Flisk, to flick with a whip, to skip or bounce. HaL Fiek,
fisktfiicktjlisk, all represent the sound of a cut with a switch or the like ; then rapid moTe*>
ment to and fro.* Wedgw. Cf. Sw. D. fiiska, to bustle about, a derivative from ^loto, to
flow, to fleet

Flit, V. a. I. To remove one's goods, household furniture, and gear
generally, in the process of removing from one tenement or residence
to another. 2. To aid a person in such removal, by conveying or help-
ing to convey his goods, &c. 3. To remove, as tenants or occupants
of a house or farm, &c., do.

0. N. flytht vehere ; S. G. flytta^ fiy^fo* transportare ab uno loco in alterum ; neutr.
positum notat migrare. Ihre ; Dan. fiytU, a. and n. ; Sw.fiytta, a. and n. I look upon this
vb. as essentially an active verb ; as, consistently with its O. N. derivation, it should be. Cf.
Pr. Pm. * Flyttin ; amoveo, transfero.' It seems almost always to imply the removal of
something ; e. g. of the out-going tenant's moveable property. Thus, a tramp, who is
constantly on the move personally, is never said to flit from one place to another ; nor a

* navvy,' who goes from one railway, &c., to another in search of work. If, however, the
employer were to remove the navvies from one part of the work to another, he would be
spoken of as flitting them. True, the farmer or other tenant, who goes from one iaxm
or residence to another, is spoken of as flitting, as * throng wi' flitting' {Wb. G/.); but
there is something beyond personal removing always implied, as there is in —

* But, or thay (the children of Israel) ^y// oght far us fro.
We shall them bond twyse as fast.' Townel. Myst, p. 6a.

As to such instances as —

* God gaf Lucifer most lightnes,
Yit prowdly heflyt his des

And set hym even hjrm by,' lb, 20,

where the sb. d!ft ( = Lat. greubit, and thence grade, rank) is clearly the obj. case after the
yeih fiyt; and

* For )»e fiite (of the cross) ^y made a pit,

Ffor no man suld it ^)nnfiU;' Harl, MS, fol. 83, —

there can be no room for doubt

1. ' Aye, Thomas ^tttM/ his stock and graithing, an' his family an' a', a week S3me.'

a. *" Whose goods are those?" (to a man driving a waggon-load of furniture, A^.).
" Wheea, they 's MUes Dale's. We *i flitting him fra' t' Deeal Heead t' Stangho'." *

3. • •* Weel, ye' re flitting then f ' The reply came from Hob out of the chum : — •• Ay,
wc's flatting.'" Phillips' yorksbire, p. an. The author notices the •phy on the
vowel ;' and Egilss. remarks that the Western Icelanders sound the verb fluttja. Pro-
fessor Phillips does not, however, give the rejoinder as I have heard it : — * Weel, an thou's
ganning teea. Ah 'U just awa' back agen.*

CLEVELAND DIALECT. I9I

Hit, flitting, sb. I. A removal from one place of residence to
another. 2. A flight, a runaway or clandestine departure.

I. * Faather says t* flitting *i to be Saturday first, an' he wad like to ha'e your draught.'
a. ' Didst hear stunt Willy 'd maad a moonlight^ iv it? He 's sloped for seear.'

Hit-fold, sb. A moveable sheep-fold, capable of use wherever it may
be wanted.

Elite, flyte, v. n. To scold, or engage in a quarrel of words.

A. S. flitan, to strive, contend, dispute, quarrel. Pr, Pm. ' FlytiH, or chydin. Con-
Undo:

' Stynst of )»y strot and f^ne XoflyU
& sech hys bly)>e fill swefte and swy)>e.'

E, Eng, AUii, Poimt, A. 35a.

* Thar thou nowther^/« ne chyde.
If thou tend righte thou gettes thi mede.' TWimI. Myst. p. 14.

FLite, fliter, sb. A scold, a scolding or abusive person. '
Slithers, sb. The common limpets.

I look upon this as simply the Clevel. pronunciation, with tb hard (S), oi flitter— comp,
Dowfher for daughter, ditiier for didder, dother for dodder, 8cc. — zndfliliir to be radi-
cally the same word as Dzn. flitter , Qerm. flitter, spangles, small scales of metal; and I am
inclined to connect these words with O.H.flisja, to shce off, take flat pieces oflf; "N.flisa;
DaiLflise, to split pieces off; Sw. D.flisa^ to shave or slice thin pieces or scales off. Rietz
gives flittja, to cut chips off with a hatchet, and also as a sb., the chips so cut off; and
refers the word to O. "S.flysja or flisja, just quoted, * by a transition of the s into /J (Jbvarvid
t bfifergdtt till t'). On this ground, Flithers {^flitters) implies objects that can be sepa-
rated, in the form or fashion, so to speak, of spangles or scales, from the places or matters
on which they are found ; which is simply true of the limpet.

Flither-girls, sb. The women, usually the daughters and other
female connections of the fishermen, who collect the Flithers to ser\'e
as bait; often walking considerable distances for the purpose, and
bringing back their spoils in baskets poised on their heads : while alike
by their distinct peculiarities of physiquiy and their costume, they seem
to be marked out as a class apart — perhaps even, as almost a race
apart.

Flitter-mouse, sb. The bat or rere-mouse : (genus Vesper iilio). See
Back-bear-away.

Svf.fliidar-mus; Qttm, fleder-maus.

A name derived from the motion of the creature's wings and its mouse-like body. Comp.
O. N. flagvr-mus, Dan. flager-muus ; flagre^ to flutter. Both these names, as well as
Flitter-mouse, are as nearly synonymous as possible with rere-mouse, which comes from
A. S. breran, to agitate, move rapidly, and mus^ a mouse.

Elobbed, flobby, adj. Puffed up, turgid, i. As the body is in cases

J 92 GLOSSARy OF THE

of dropsy; a. In manner or bearing; with conceit, namely, or self-appro-
bation.

Probably a co-derivative with, or altered from, flab, flabby, and its sense also derived from
the usual senses of that word. It is noticeable that Sw. D. flahbiger has a secondary mean-
ing very like our second sense ; viz. ' given to boastful or unseemly talking ;' and Dan. D.
flUber comes under nearly the same definition.

She was not fat, hnxflobbed up ;" of a dropsical person.' Wb, Gl,

* u

Floss-docken, flous-docken, sb. The plant fox-glove {Digitalis
purpurea). Also Fox-docken.

Irish Celt, luss-mbor, literally great herb ; the name of the fox-glove or fairy-finger. Fie-
tions of the Irish Celts, p. 92. The Welsh equivalent of luss is llys; and just as Llewellyn
in Shakspere becomes Fluellen ; JUydd, Floyd, in E. attempts to enunciate Welsh lA, so luss
or ll^s becomes flous. The word presents a curious instance, one of many such, of the
retention and composition of a name long after its true meaning has been lost sight of.

Floss-seave, sb. The plant cotton-grass : (genus Eriaphorum),
Flourish, sb. The blossom on fruit-trees.

Cf. O. "S.flur, flowers, blossoms, blooms ; flwradr, abounding in flowers or bloom.
Comp. the use of the word as a vb. : —

' then Phoebus full faire : flourished out his beames
with Leames full light.* Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 227.

Flowter, adj. Excited, nervous; shewing signs of mental disturb-
ance.

Brock.,* Leeds Gl,, and Cr. GL, all give flowtered in nearly the same sense ; and the
latter also gives flouter as a noun, with the sense of ' a fright.' See Flawter or Flowter.
Also comp. Sw. D. flojta, to move about without any definite purpose ; flojta, a light, vain,
frivolous, coquettish, or unsteady female; together with its corresponding zd].,flojted:
Svnssfldute, a coquettish girl, if not really worse.

Flowterment, sb. Loud and eager talking, such as would be heard
from a person in a state of excitement.

Flowtersome, adj. Excitable, flighty, frolicsome or skittish.

FLuffed, flufHsd-up, adj. Flighty, conceited, tumid in manner.

Either from fluff or flue, fine or downy feathers, down, downy or coherent particles of
worn woollen material or the like ; or, more directly, from O. ti.fliuga, to fly, or some of its
Scandinavian congeners. The sequence is not difficult in the former case ; viz. firom down
OT fluff to an object covered with either — a young bird, to wit — which looks puffy or puffed"
up; thence, by metonymy, to tumid in manner, and thence to conceited. But just as
flighty, both in sense and form, is derived from A. S. fleogan, so fluffy or fluffed, alike
in sense and in form, may spring from the other source indicated. The Dan. equivalent to
O. N. fljuga is flyve, where the / of our word is fully represented. Comp. Dan. plov from
O. N. plog, and Clevel. pleuff ; while Sw. D. furnish ^t/uv (pret.^ouv, sup.^io/t), and^wv,
(flbuv,flugi); besides transitionary forms, illustrated by the imperf. of O. Sw. fliuga; viz.
flogb (phflughu). Thus fluffy would be a Northumbr. equivalent to E. flighty.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 1 93

ElufCy, adj. Covered with down, or downy feathers.

Fiom Jltff^Jlue. Wedgw. quotes Welsh lluweby motes, flying dust, or the like, and
adds a little further on, ' fundamentally the same with A. S. fleogatty PI. D. flegen^ to fly»
whence flog, Jld^t whatever is light and flies in the air. Lancashire fiook, waste cotton.
Probably Welsh plu, pluf, feathers, down ; Bav. flden, to float, or move to and firo in the
air; dteflaen^flawentflaiwm, chaff that flies away in winnowing com, flue, or light dost
that settles on clothes, may be a parallel formation.*

Fluked, fluky, adj. Maggot-eaten, eaten into holes by maggots or
Worms.

Flukes, sb. Properly the creature — animalcule or larva— found espe-
cially in the liver of diseased sheep. Applied also to the large maggots,
or gentles, found in dead animals, the larvae of the Flesh-flies. Other-
wise spelt. Flocks, Fleuks.

* The liver of rotten sheep always contains the well-known animal the fluke, so named
from its striking resemblance to a flounder.' Book o/tbe Farm, ii. 387. A. S. fldc, flooc, a
flat-fish, plaice, sole.

Flumpy, adj. Short and fat; squat

Probably coincident with lumpy, clumpy, Comp. N. lump, a block, a thick piece, with
Dan. Hump, a lump; O. N. klumpr, hlumbr; Sw. klump.

Fluflhy-flEU^ed, adj. Rubicimd, carrying a high colour.

* A person looks flushed, or flushed in the face when he has a flow of blood to the face.'
Wedgw. Dan. D. Jluse, to flow or stream forth in volume and force ; blodet fluser ud of
saaret: the blood streams or flushes forth from the wound. Wedgw. also alleges Dut.
fluysen; H.flust, abundantly, »ndflus, liberal, open-handed.

Fluster, flusterment, sb. i. A state of excitement and consequent
heat. 2. A determination of heat to the skin, in whatever form, red-
ness, spots, perspiration, &c. 3. A puffing, high-flown advertisement.

Rich. looks upon this word as *a corruption of flush;' and Wedgw. as 'closely allied
with bluster:

Flying-eagle, sb. A paper kite, the boys' toy so called.

Comp. Dan. papirs-drage, Sw. pappers-drake.

Foal-foot, sb. The plant colt's-foot (Tussilago/ar/ara),

Sw.D. filafotter; Dzn. Jbllejbd ; these words being supplemented, as it would appear,
by the further names hdsthof, hestehov, respectively. Cf. E. colfs-Jbot,

Fed, sb. A bundle of straw tied up after thrashing for foddering
purposes only.

This is, no doubt, HalliweU's/u/. The sound is that of our ho'd for bold, fo'd foijbld,
where the sound of the vowel as in the E. words is nearly preserved, though shortened
inPr.

C C

194 GLOSSARY OF THE

Pog, sb. The aftergrowth in meadows when the hay has been cut
and removed.

Wckh^^. See Feg.

Foist, foisty, adj. i. Smelling of damp or mouldiness; musty.
2. Damp and mouldy.

* To foist, /eisi^JSzzU, are all originally to break wind in a noiseless manner; . .^ . Oerm.

fist, a foist ; Dut. veesi, vijst, flatus ventris. The origin it plainly an imitation of the noise.

O. N.ytsa, to blow, also to break wind. Foi$ty, fusty having a dose, disagreeable smell.*

Wedgw. AddSw. D./fs; N. S.y&s/; Bav./fts/; the verbs being, Sw.D.^a,/afsa,y!i/sa;

N. ^. fysten, Jisseln ; Lat. vissire; Gr. <pvaay.

Fold-garth, sb. (pr. fckl-garth). The farm-yard; the enclosure pro-
perly so called : otherwise, Fold-yard.

Folk, sb. People, persons : a word in perpetual use, and very con-
stantly as qualified by some prefix ; e. g. House-folk, the people of the
house ; Foot-folk, the people walking, or on foot, &c.

O. N.yb/*; Dan. and Sw./o/*; A. S.folc; Germ. vo/*.&c. With Sl. polh, pulk, a troop,
comp. O. N. ^Iki. The Scand. word is met with in maltitudes of instances entirely ana-
logous to the compounds noticed above: — Sw.fotfblk, Dzn. fbd-ffUk, infantry; Sw. 71ml-
folk = the Antiquary's * woman-kind ;' Dan. qvindefblk ; agiefblk, married people ; besifblk,
cavalry, &c.

* Folk says.'

* Maist/o/*;' or. * maist o' folk.*

* Folks is fit to say so and so ;' are already beginning to * talk/ and well disposed to ' talk*
more.

* A deal o* folk hasn't getten their hay yet.'

Fond, adj. Simple, in the sense of half-silly ; foolish, weak, doating.

O. N. fdni, S. G. f^ne, Sw. fiine, Sw. D. /a«#, a half-witted person, a fool. Wedgw.
quotes Gael./zom, vain, foolish, idle; Lat. vanus, Comp. Sw. D. fania, to play the fool,
with its variations, fjanta, pantos, and O. N. fdna. Germ. D. fatajAn. In Sw. D. fantt,
fjante, fjanter, j^ont : DsLn.fante, a fool, or simpleton ; and Sw. D. JSanig, Jjantig, JganHd,
jjonted, J^yntedt Dan.j^an/f/, — we have very close approaches to our fond, which, it may
be, is really a participle. Wedgw. quotes

' thou shalt begin to fbmu
And dote in love,'

from Chaucer ; zndfbnnyd is met with in WicklifTe's Bible: while

* Herk, syrs, yefbn,* Toumel. Myst. p. 94 ;

and * Soyn shalle vrefbn hym,' lb, p. 199,

give us the vb., both as a. and n. See Befounded.

Fond-cruke, sb. A crotchet, foolish whim, piece of absurdity.

Fond-hoit, sb. An exceedingly foolish person, a fool twice over.
See Hoit.

Fondness, sb. Folly, foolish or silly conduct or behaviour.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 195

Fond-plough, sb. Part of the procession which used to accompany
the Sword-Dance performers. See Floiigh-stots.

Fond-talk, sb. Spoken absurdities, foolish discourse.

Fondy, sb. A fool, a simpleton, an idiot.

Comp. Sw. D. ^antig, J^anted, J^antg, JS^f^g* foolish, fond ; and Sw. D. farUe, JjarUe^
Jjbnt^ Dan. fcmitt — all with the exact sense of our word. Note also —

* Maria. Thus longe, where have ye lent ?
Josepbe, Certes, walkyd abonte, lyke z/bn^
That wrangwysley hase taken apon ;

I wyst never what I ment.* Toumel. Myst. p. 80.

Foot-ale, footing, sb. An entertainment, or its equivalent in money,
given by a person — workman or other — to his companions on entering
upon a new place or employment, &c.

Foot-falling, sb. Parturition, childbirth; the act, rather than the
season, simply.

Comp. • Footing-time, the time when a lying-in woman gets up. Norf. * Hall. Sw. D.
has the same combination in the form of an z6].—f6tfallen or fotfdUsen, applied to a per-
son who is lame and scarce able to move, or almost deprived of the use of his feet by some
other agency, as that of drunkenness. There is a close analogy, and our term wants some
such analogy to explain it.

Footings, sb. The first layer of rough or unsquared stones laid in
the foundation of a wall, on which is placed the first course of the actual
masonry.

Footy, Aity, adj. Damp; with a bad smell such as follows from
being long damp.

Dzn.fugtig; Svr,/uktig; A.S./ubt; N.S, Jucbt,/ucbtig; Germ, fmcbt, damp, decay-
ing ; Jugtig lufi, a damp or footy smell. Molb. Comp. Sw. D. /«*/, fdk, O. N. fitgt, Jukt^
a smell, a stench ; O. Gtim, fubtjan^ to give out a damp or bad smeU.

Fooze, foze, v. a. To clip the projecting ends of wool on the fleece
of a sheep so as to make it even all over.

The etymology of this word is probably the same as of feaxM, to unravel, untwist, render
fuzzy or fozy. See Brock. Comp. Germ, fasen^ fasem, to fuzz, feaze, unravel ; and
fasy fctSt a fringe. The idea is sufficiently obvious. The orthography, however, is rather
doubtful. Wb. Gl. gives it as fooaz ; and in the Clevel. Version of the Song of Solomon
occurs the expression, ' Yows at 's weeUfboazed,* Wedgw., however, gives a totally dif-
ferent form and fundamental sense ; viz. ' Force, to clip or shear. Forcyn, or clyppyn«
tondeo. Pr. Pm. To force wool, to cut off the upper or most hairy part of it. B. Fr,
forcer de la laine, to pick or tease wool;' which, however, is a thoroughly different
operation.

Forboden, p. p. of Forbid.

* And in )»is conmiandement esforbodene vs alkyne mysbeleues and all mawmetryes, &c.*
Rei, Pieces, p. 5.

C C 2

I(j6 GLOSSARy OF THE

Fore-anent, fore-aneiiBt, prep. Over against, opposite to, in front

of. See Anenet,

Forby, prep, and adv. Besides, over-and- above, moreover.

Dan. forbi (prep, and adv.} ; Sw. forbi Cp"p.) ; Ocini. mrbei, past, beiidei, over-and-

u. and Gr. Xh. 6ii.

Fore-eldeM, sb. Ancestors or forefathers

Dan. foraldri. Sw. foraldrar. parenti. Molbcch's definition ii — ' Only in the pi, ; the
falhn and mother of a child when both are ipoken of coincidcnlly :' thui, ■ bun bar laiaM
bigge iiat foraldit:' she has lost txilh her pireuu, O. N. JOitlldrar hu the ume lioiita-
tion of lenie; bat Jbnlldri lak" beiidej the seoit ' forefather! ' or 'ancHtora;' while
Ihie allegei Iliit majorei is the proper signilicaiion of S. G. faratdrar, observing that the
diitindiou ii clearly made by Sturleion. In O.Dan, alio the ninning is clearly ' ancestori'
or ■ fijtefathen ;' thni, — ' arffuigodz oc losiSrt, lom band baffdt tnltn arffiiit iptbtr fadir
tUtr modfr, brodtr, <U<r tp&fr nogm bans Jbraldre :' heritage and moveables which he hat
derived from either father or mother, brother or any one hii fore-eldei ; where the lame
diilinetion that Ihre adverts lo ii obviously made. Aiiolhei iiisUnce quoted by Molb.
{Dand QI.) ^ya fiiraldtrts gimiaghrr in the full sense which ' anceilTal deeds' would
convey.

■ They "v

■ Ah deal

Fore-end, sb. The commencing part; that which comes near
beginning of a season or epoch.

Cf. Din, forendt, the foremott part of a thing; aniith. to bagmdt. Molb.
Back-snd.

■The /or,.

'He I

spring;

IVh. Gl.

See

Foreign, To gan. To go to foreign parts, to emigrate,

Porkin-robin, sb. The common earwig (Forfimla auricularis).
Twitchbell.

Forks, sh. The centres in the timber-work of the roof of a shed,
bouse, or other building ; commonly, ' a pair of forkB.'

■ The Pr. /biireba. fircbti, forrti were applied to different kinds of forked itraclurei, M
a gallows, a piir of sheari. For the same reason we call sirars the tall gallows used for
□iistini; ihipi.' Wedgw. in v. Fnrci.

Forwoden, adj. In a wasted or desolate condition, whether by the
presence and ravages of vermin, or by the consequences of simple
neglect.

O. Dan. fondi. lo waste, ravage, btiiij; In luin, or lay desolate : — ban vil vorl land
fortdt: lie will out land lay wasU; O.ti.foreyda. Tht simple wutd h O.N, fiJa, lyda.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 1 97

Sw. oda, Dan. mdi, to waste, consume, spend. A. S. farwyrd, destruction, is derived iiom
Jbrweor^an, to become nothing, to perish, to die ; an utterly different word in root and
sense.

* " They are lost an' fbrwoden V muck ;** dirty and disorderly in the extreme.' Wb. Gl.

* Fzifly farwoden wi' rats.' Jb,

Voaa, force, sb. A waterfall or cascade.

O. N. firs. Joss; Sw. forsi Dan. Jos; N. Joss; Sw. D. Joss, The word exists with us
in many local names, as well as in local language ; e. g. Thomasson's Jiass, Falling^bst, See.
See Spout.

Foul-flngered, adj. Of thievish propensities, and given to indulge
them.

Fonlmart, sb. (pr. fou'mmart or fummart). The pole-cat (Mustela
putidus).

* Properly the beech-marten, but commonly applied to the polecat. Fr. fouine, the
foine, wood-marten, or beech-marten ; Joine, the foine, or polecat. Cot. From Joiner Jain»
(Lat. /oj^ma), beechmast. Wall. /arce, beech ; /aw^, the beech-marten. The E./otimor/
is a compound of Fr. Jouine and marten or marten, but the meaning of the former element
being lost in £., the instinctive striving after meaning converted it into Julmerd, JvUmartf
when applied to the strong-smelling polecat, as if the name were taken from the fotd
smell of the animal.' Wedgw. Mr. Bell refers to the names founuxrt, fulmart, Jvlimert,
* as contractions of Joul marten^ a name given it (the polecat) in contradistinction to the
swett marten* The existence of the name sweet marten, no less than the distinction for-
merly made between ' beasts of sweet Jligbt* and * beasts of stinking Jligbt, in which second
dass are placed the JuUtnart, the ficbat otjlteb, &c.' (Strutt, quoted by Jam.), and inde-
pendently of the old orthography, leads one to think that possibly the blunder of con-
founding the polecat with the beech-marten may not in reality have been made. Certainly
a confusion of names exists. See Man. Vocab. p. 282, and note to Pr, Pm., Fulmare,

Pout, fowt, sb. A fool, a stupid lout

O. H.Jauti, fatuus homo ; Jautalegr, fatuus, insulsus.

Fout, fowt, sb. A petted or over-indulged child; a mamma's
darling.

The Lat. definition of Pr. Pm, Cocknqy — ^which * appears to imply simply a child spoiled
by too much indulgence ' (Note) — is carijotus, cucunellus, Jbtus ; and the Lat. word twice
employed in the d&nition surely gives the origin of Fout.

Fouty, adj. i. Poor, mean, unseemly. 2. Hence (as applied speci-
fically to an article of dress) misfitting, ill-made, awkward to wear or
look at.

Sw. JutHg, mean, paltry, of no moment or weight, miserable, in quality or properties,
namely. Prov. {oiroiy Jotted, Jdte, J6tt.

Fox-dooken, sb. The plant fox-glove {DigUalis purpurea). See
Floss-dooken.

Fra, frav, prep. From.

O. N./ra; Dan.^a; A. S., O. Germ., and M. G.^a; ]}xi[. Jra, Jrd ; N. and SmW.Jrd;
O.Dzn. Jraa; S.G. Jrd; Svf.D.Jra. * A with a stroke over it, as d, is sounded like av

198

GLOSSARV OF THE

iron; c. g. fi-d (f:om) tai fiat, liip (pith, ilroiglh) Ma^' Kisk'i Ictt. Or. by Datenl,
I. G. And ititl, before a Towel. it ii amilly loiinded J>iiv; before > cora-Jrau 01 Jro.

■■■ What 'so' dock?" '■ Fro yui tiv hiu'f efier." '

■ Ah ihowght Ah (uddn't ha getlen 't fiav 'xm.'

' Echelde mefi-a^cfyre of hellt' Rd. Pitett, p. 76.

Fra'-by, frebby, adv. Beyond, above, in comparison with.

O. Din, frtmbi, in Jatl.framki

F«p..' »yi Molb., 'jomelimei hard in lini ot/orbi'i'
a ndc, Dr drive, ot sail past or beyoad one ; to pais one by. in thfl
forth. Wb. Gt. wtitet \X/rebby 01 frombj, the latlci form involving

w»y of oegli

■This is goodfitbby that." Wi. Ol.

Frack, adj. Forward, bold; the boldness having rather a spice of

insolence in it.

O. a.fiich; energetic; eomf.JraUnH, sirenuus, fottii. See also S. O./rai, 1. tumidiu,
inloleni; i. alacer, itrenuiu ; Sv.D. Jhilr. fraki. vigorous, active, ilcong. bald; N. /rat,
yiM*, doughty, energetic; O, Din. >n*, bold, valiant, iictive; Dan. /'"'«*; Din. D. fraUrs,
fioS- fi"? • Swi" yrwii fresh, sound, vigoions; O.Gam. fribi M. Gtim. vrecb ; ScoL
fi-ai, Jreii.

Frag, V. a. To stow closely so as to fill ; to cram, or fill to Tulness,

Cf. E./riigbl.Jraugbl; Gena. fracbl: Dia.fragl; Sw. frail. May not Jraugbl point
to a I051 vl).. except out wotii should be a surviving form? 1 meet wilh it oiilv in Wb, Gl.
Mnlb. seems to regard fragi, freight, ai of Germ, origin, or, ai kait, iniroduction. RieM,
however, gives ft^a sig, to be well off, well provided, in need of nolhing ; and Jraila(il),
well ptorided, having wd< eaten, gotten enough, at Prov, Sw. 1 and Eras corresponds clotely
in Biage. See Wedgw. under Friigbl, for derivation.

■ A full-^offff''* house." Wb. &.

' " Ah 's gelteii ma' kite •uttXfraggtd;" have enjoyed a full meal ; got a bclly-fulL* lb,

Framation, sb. Facility or power of contriving ; skill or readi-
ness of minagement ; bandiness in planning and commencing any
work, &c.

' of a dcrgyman who c«minly had not the knack

' Wheea. he 's nae framatiait wiv '\a
of conciliating hii parishioners.

'There wur nie framation "bout t'
entertaining the customary large galhcri

Frame, v, n. To set to work upon or begin anything, in ihe way
of work or occupation ; to apply oneself in the way of essay or attempt ;
lo try one's ' 'prentice-hand.'

* Tofrotm. To contrive, to effect. " And he said Sibboleth, for he could not frann 10
pronounce it right." Judges xii. 6. A. S. frmmiw, lo form, make, effect. O. N. frtma,
\o bring lo pass, itaaifiatum, X>an.frtm. forlh, forwards.* Wedgw. To this may be added
Sw. D, yrnnin, lo execute, accomplish, discbarge; of an cttand, mission, intent; O. Sw.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. I99

fr^emja^ promovere; Dzn, /remme, to forward, put in the way of being done, be the cause
of a deed or action going forward ; A. S. Jremian^ fremman ; O. Germ, vremjan.

• " Well, how *8 that colt o* yours likely to turn out ?" *• Wheca I 't frames weel." '

* inoh )>e mai suggen : Enough he may say
])e soO wule urtmmen* That sooth will frame.

Lf^y- »• 543-

The new servant * frames well,' when appearing likely to fill her place well ; the appren-
tice to a trade ^framts well,* or ' ill,' as the case may be, and so on.

Fratoh, v. n. To squabble angrily, quarrel, chide with another.

Pr. Pm. *Fracebyn^ as neu cartys.' * Freate, fremere* Man. Vocab. C. aia. 'It seems
to be derived from A. S. freot^an, fricare* Note to Pr. Pm,

Fraunge, v. n. To indulge a frolicsome turn ; to be ' up to any lark/

0. Gl. gives ^fraungty to fling, to wince ;' and also the noun in our sense, ' a frolic'
Hall, quotes frangy^ as a Line, word, meaning * irritable, passionate, ill-tempered, fretful.*
Comp. Isl. frenjulegr, procax ; impudent, indecent, audacious or insolent. See Wedgw.
Franzyt Frangy,

Fraunge, sb. A frolic or freak ; the being engaged in * a lark.'

Free, v. a. To take off grazing-stock from the meadow-land in the
spring, so as to give the grass liberty or freedom to grow against the
coming hay-time.

Freeholder, sb. A yeoman; an owner of landed property, and
farming it himself : a term antithetical to ' tenant,* and equivalent to
* statesman' in the western part of the county.

From, fremmedy adj. Strange, unknown, unfamiliar.

O.li. framandi; O.Sw. fr^Bmende, framede, fromede, fromande; H. fr amend; Sw.
frammande; Dzn.fremmed oxfremmei; Sw. D. frammad^ frammtd, frdmmad (the latter
word applied precisely as our Eng. * little stranger* is) ; O. (3eTm.framadi,framidi,fremede,
fremid ; A. S. fremd, frcemd^ fremed ; Dut. fremmit, vremmed,

• The one was a near neighbour, the other nobbut zfrtm body.* Wb. Gl.

Fresh, sb. i. The additional or new water in a stream which has
become swollen after rain in the district it drains. 2. The swelling of
the stream itself; a flood.

Fresh, adj. i. In good health, in good condition and spirits; ready
for exertion or w^ork ; eager, in that sense : applied to both man and
animal. 2. In good condition, in the butcher's sense, fat, or approach-
ing the state of fatness.

1. * He 's a dtsper*tfresb man, ov 'is age.'

• T* au'd meear 's *sfresb as ivvcr : she *s good for a vast o' wark yet.'

a. ' Thae beeas's zbootfresb; they dune weel sen they wur shifted intiv Langlands
Garths.'

aoo GLOSSARF OF THE

ProBh-wold, sb. (pr. fresh-wo'd or -wood). A threshold, of wood or
stone; the flat stone that covers the ground in the Door-stead of a
cowhouse, stable, or other hke building.

Corrupted from ibreshvold: cf. fimti, ihiisly. HaL. ; a-/ursl, P. PI. pp. 176, 183 ; and,
far the converse change, itm, from, Wakifiild GI.; Ibrongb, in Hall. A.S. ^ic-ald,
^tnc-vKdd, JwoTK- or ^yrcctmld, Bu. Conip. rodt-wold. Cm. and Ex. p. 8, aad arebMnald,
re. pp. 17, tS. Boib Mi.Wedgw. and Mr. Monii look apon the bller clement in the word
u A.S. utaldtWold! Pl.D. wold, wood; and the Tonnei remaiki, with respect to the Rrit
syllable, ' how rDueh the ideu of threshing and treading are mixed up together ; and indeed
the primiiire mode of ihrohing wai treading out by cattle. Bav. drtscbim, to tramp.'

Fridge, v. a. To rub up or chafe; as when the skin is abraded by
friction, or excoriated.

Comp. L±t,Jrico, the lense pauing from nibbing or chifigg to Its effect!. Rich, quotes
from Slooner, ' to fiidgt 01 frig about, fiom k.^.fricaa to dance,' adding that ' it ii from
lufrtgare, LaL fricart, to nib.' Hii eitamples are — ' The little motes ot alomi that fridgi
and p^y in the beuns of the sun :' and, ' The meer fridging up and down of the parti of
an extended substance changing their place and diitince.' Cudwotth. Our *b., boweret, ia
•Iwayi active ; — ' Fridgt, to fray, to wear away by rubbing,' Cait ; 'fridgi, 10 rob, to fray,"
Hall. : 'fridg4d, chafed, excoiiated u the skin ii.' Wb. Ql.
Cf. ' The bore hit tayle wrigges,

His rump also hefriggis
Against the hye bcncbe.'

Skelton, quoted by O. Cockayne, Sle, Marbtrilt, p. 81.
Note also/rif = fuluo. See irruBgan.

Frightoiied, adj. Apprehensive, fearful of a possible contingency-

' Mi'ifrietia'd it 's gannan t' thoonner.'

' ■■ Hive you enough?" " Ah "ijVeU'a'rf there'll be a want."'

Friszle, v. a. To toast (rathei than roast) bacon or meat before the
fire, or over the coals.

Under the word Fricmstt, Mr. Wedgw, uyj, ' Fr.frieasier, to fry. hiLfrigtri./rixuni,
from the hissing sound.' Sw, D. have.^-dssa. to cook in bullet, and thence, to hits, u meat,
when it is being so cooked, Joes ; and .fl«, the hissing noise made by the meal: with which
latter word Riets collates O. N.frai, a hissing or tustluig sound.

' " Cou'd ye eat owghl, Willie?" ■' Ay. Ah thinks Ah cou'd dee wiv 1 bit o' frialid
mutton." '

Prog-fty, sb. Toad-spawn.

. Fr.

e on which a house stands, or has formerly
FroBt-hag, froHt-harr, sb. Ste Hag, and Harr.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 20I

Frowsy, adj. i. Of a sour or forbidding countenance; Sl-tempered
looking, a. Ill-tempered, cross, peevish.

Syr, fru; O. N. Jreyja; Dan. fhte; Sw. D. firoa; O. Germ. fr6wa^ frouva; M Germ.
vrwiwtt vrou; N. ¥m,/rouw; Dut. vrouwt 8cc. Hall, says of /row that it is * still in use
in the N. of Engl, for a dirty woman, a slattern, a lusty woman ;* and the idea of a forbidding-
looking one follows easily, and thence our adj. and its meaning. It may be observed that
/hUt frut frouft like pnnde, koru, originally implied a title of honourable distinction. Comp.
Eng. quenn. Our Clerel. Wean preserves more of the original sense of qvinde or hone,
inasmuch as it means a wife, or a female generally, without derogatory implication.

Fmggan, sb. A curved iron scraper or rake to stir ashes in an oven
with, or on the hearth.

Wedgw. says, ' As firip and firieh are found in the sense of light movement to and fro,
Jhib and firug seem to represent movement of a heavier nature. The last-named root,
frugt in Uie sense of to rub, to wriggle to and fro, has many relatives in Eng. friggU^
VfriggUt &c. :' to which add our Clevd. fridge, « to chafe, to rub; Pr. Eng.>^, = futuo,
probably identical ynxh frigge, to wriggle: Hall. 'But it appears most distinctly in
\X.frugare, to wriggle up and down, rub, burnish ; and with inversion of the r, mfimgart^
to fumble, grope for, to sweep an oven ; furegonit a groper, also an oven-sweeper.
Fr.Jburgon, "E, fruggcM, Jruggifif an oven-fork, by which fuel is put into an oven, and
stirred when it is in it. Cot.' It may be added that Hall, quotes the form furgon also, as
an arch, form, from Tundale. The ioTTnsJrogon,Jrogun occur in Inv, Fincb. Priory,

Fudge, fudgy, sb. A short, stout person ; one of squat or stumpy
build.

Comp. Fadge, a. Also Sc, Jodgel^/udgii, Jam.

Fudgeon, adj. Squat, short and stout.

Folly adv. Used intensitively, as in the expressions full sair, very
sorely ; ftdl soon, very soon, much sooner than usual, &c.

Comp. */uU delitable,* Pricke of Consc, ; 'ful synful,' /&., &c.

Follook, V. a. and n. i. To project, in shooting a marble, with the
impetus of the hand as well as of the thumb — a trick which is not con-
sidered * fair.' 2. To give way under a pull, so as to come home with
suddenness and force.

The form fidh is given by Hall., and it seems not unlikely that the word is due to the
same radical form zi flick. Leeds Gl. states that our word has come to designate any unfair
action, and gives as an example, * Thah 's noan bown to fullock it through me ;' impose on
or overreach me.

Fulth, sb. Repletion, satiety, utter fulness.

• Tak' an* eat yer/ultb on 't.' Wb, Gl,

Comp. Drith from vb. dree, tiltb from till, bealtb from bealy and the like.

Fun*, Pr. of p. p. of F(nd.

• It's on'y new/un' out.*

Dd

202 GLOSSARV OF THE

Purp, sb. (pr. furrh). A furrow.

A.S. Jur,Jurb; Dzn. Jure; Sw.fara; Svr.D./Sr; O. N. and O. Sw. /or; O. Germ. yWr^,
furhi.

Furtherly, adj. (pr. fo'therly). Forward, early; of the season, pro-
duce, &c.

A. S.foHS, forth, further, directly, forward ; for^er^ fin^er^ further, more forward. The
simple addition of ly forms our adj.

FuBome, fosimiy adj. Handsome, of a good appearance, neat. See
Viewly, Viewsome.

Fostilugs, sb. A fat, gross person, properly a female ; any person
of unpleasant or forbidding aspect.

Hall, says, ' A big-boned person ; a fat gross woman. Exmoor, ** A fustilug, or rank-
smelling woman." Howell/ Fustilariaftj he adds, is used by Shakspere as * a cant term of
contempt ; a fusty stinking fellow.* Probably our word is of like origin.

Fuzz-ball, sb. The fungus, of a round or nearly spherical form,
which, when mature, emits its spores in a cloud-like dust on pressure
{Lycoperdon pratenscy bovisia, &c.)

G

Gab, sb. To speak vainly, idly, falsely.

Dan. D. gahe : a word used to express over-free or chattering talk, says Molb., * and he
who indulges in such propensity is called a gaber, or gahflah* He also collates our present
word, as well as Brockett's ' Gab, gabbing^ idle talk, prating.' Closely allied with O. Dan.
gabbe, to mock, make a jest of; O. N. gabba, O. Sw. and Sw. D. gabba (and gabb^ sb.) ;
A. S. gabban.

* TTfomas. In allc youre skylles more & les for misfownding faylle ye,

Might I se Jesus gost and fleshe gropyng shuld not gab me.
Novenus Apostolus. Lefe Thomas, flyte no more but trow and tume thi red.
Or els say us when and whore Crist gabbyd in any sted.'

Toumel. Myst, pp. a88, 289.

Under the word gabble, Wedgw. quotes, —

* ** Forthwith a hideous gabble rises loud
Among the builders : each to other calls.
Not understood ; till hoarse and all in rage
As mocked they storm." — Milton :*

and well remarks that the passage * shows the natural transition from the notion of talking
without meaning to that of mockery, with which the idea of delusion and lying is closely
connected.'

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 203

Gktbber, v. n. To talk idly, to repeat long tales without much point
or sense,

Comp. Dut. gahheren, to joke, to trifle ; Fr. gaher : Pr. Pm. * Oahhar or lyare.' See
note, ib,

Qabriel-ratchet, sb. (pr. Gaabrl-ratchet). A name for a yelping
sound heard at night, more or less resembling the cry of hounds or
yelping of dogs, probably due to flocks of wild geese {Anser segetum)
which chance to be flying by night, and taken as an omen or warning
of approaching death to the hearer or some one connected with him.
Odinsjagi of S. Sweden.

' Gabrielle rache, bic camalion* Calb. Angl, Pr, Pm, ' Ratebe, hownde.' The name,
then, is one of great antiquity. Comp. Dan. bdrakktr, a sound heard in the air, very like
the baying of hounds ; and, when heard, taken to presage death and wasting. Thiele, Over'
trmsht Mining, p. 1641. Dan. D. rakke is a hound-whelp large enough to yelp or bay,
from O. N. rorih', a hound of a large-footed species. Ihre gives racba, a bitch, collating
M. Lat racba, A. S. rcecce^ Sc. racbet N. Fr. racchez, and noticing the prefixed b which
appears in O. E. braebet or bracbete. Dispensing with the said 6, our Clevel form appears,
met with ako in Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 1603, other forms being raebe^, racbcbe^, ^acbes,
bracbe^. As to the origin of GcUfrielle, Gabriell or Gabriel^ see below. For long I surmised
that it must be the name of a person, and as such take rank with the hosts of other names
attached to the Wild Huntsman legend, but involved in more obscurity than the most of them.
See Grinmi, Z). JIf., Art. Wiitendes Heer, for these names, Scand., Germ., Engl., and French.
It should be observed that there is another notion in Clevel. connected with the term
Qabriel-ratcliet. This couples with the name the figure of a mysterious bird, with large
glowing eyes, hooked beak, and an awful shriek, which appears to, accompanies, or is heard
by the death-doomed. With this comp. O. Dan. bel-rdkhe, a bird with a large head, staring
eyes, crooked beak, sharp claws, which in days of yore was believed to appear only as a
harbinger of some great mortality {imod stor dmd)^ but then to fly abroad by night and
shriek aloud (fiansk Gloss.) Other forms of the name are Gabriel-ratcbes^ rttcbes, or
retcbei, and Gabriel-bounds (bounds being simply £. for racbes^ rakker^ &c.). Mr. Hen-
derson, Folklore oftbe N. Counties, states that the Leeds Gabble-retcbet is held to be ' the
souls of unbaptised infants, which are doomed restlessly to flit around their parents' abode ;'
adding that, * in Scotland, such unfortunates are supposed to wander in woods and solitudes,
lamenting their hard fate;' and that in Deronsh. a notion prevails that 'the souls of
unbaptised babies wander in the air till the Judgment Day.* This is another bond of con-
nection with the Wild Huntsman legends. See Grimm, D. AT. p. 872. And yet another
appears in the tradition yet current in Clevel., that the Gabriel-ratohet originates in the
ill deed of a gentleman who once lived in the district, and who was so inordinately fond of
the pleasures of the chase, and so jealous about the hounds who had ministered to them,
that, on his deathbed, he gave orders they should all be killed and buried with him, that no
one else should benefit by them as he himself would be no longer able. See Grimm,
p. 873. For the element ^a6rie/, the entry in Pr. Pm. under * Lycbe, dede body,* gives a
clue for its derivation, and dispels the notion of its being a personal name. The entry in
question is, * Funus, gabares, C. F. et UG.* — C. F. and L'G. being abbreviations used by the
compiler to indicate two older vocabularies, severaUy cited as * Mirivalensis^in campo florum,*
and * Uguitio in majori volumine* — • in Gabriel dicit gabarett, vel gabbaren.* Gabaren or
gabbaren, then, would appear to have been convertible terms with Gabriel, as well as mere
variations in form of gabares, just before given as identical in meaning with */unus,* and
' dede body.* Comp. * Gabbane, vel Gabbares, cadavcra apud ^gyptios poUinctorum arte

D d 2

a04 GLOSSARY OF THE

delibuU. mhzlji, et a camiptione immuiili, mummin.' Faeiiolali Ltxicon. Hence
Gabritllt-ntcli ippeari to be i\mfly ^ahbarii-raehe. E. eorpst-bmrnd. Camp. HdraUt,
lemembermg thit the pielix Hil is due to Hs/n, the Scmd. goddess of ileath, and place
lidc by side with it the Dan. liigbvalf, liigimad, with the atialogoui folk-lore notiont con-
nected with them.

Ctad, sb. 1. A tapering rod or wand of some length. 2. A tapering
rod, lilted with a leather thong, to serve as a whip in driving a team,
oxen especially,

Sw. and Sw. D. gadd; N. gadd; O.Dan. »nd Dm.D. yorfd — all meaning anything
pointed, a thom, a prick, the iting of an insect: M. G. gatd: O. H. Qerm. garl; Gael.
galb. Mi. Wedgwuod't remark is, ' The lost of the r in gad and goad (which differ only
in the mote or less bioid pronunciation of the vowel) conceals the fundamental identity of
the word with Germ. gtrU, E, yard. The primitive meaning ii a rod or iwitch." M. Q.
gazd, at whip or icourge, doet not imply poinledness, but A, S. gad, gad, gaad, a point of
a weapon, ipeai, or airaw, a iting. prick, a( well as the Scand. etymons, sccmi diipoied to
ignore the idea of length in favour of that of acutenesi. O. E-gad; ai in Pr.Pm. •Gad.oi
gode, Oenaa, Seuliea; Oad, to mele wythe toad. Dtcempeda. ptrtica,' Ihe contrary.

Oae, V. n. To go. Used especially in the imperative, and orien in
the pret See Qaed; and also Oan, which is in much more con-
dnual use.

Gaed, geed. Forms of the preL of Gae.

'Mywo'd) Bud he f'lUil sharp I ' he went, oi moved, with great speed.

Gflg, V. a. r. To strain or wrench ; a limb or joint, namely, j. To
apply a very powerful bit, such as is used in breaking young horses or
governing restive ones. See Gog-bit.

Mr. Wedgwood refen E. gag to the ioirticulate sounds ' made by one endeavouring to
speak while lufferiog from impediment!,' either lulurai or due lo external violence. Tooke
refers it to A.S. tttggioH, to shut fast, to lock ; thence lo block up, or confine, from speak-
ing. Welsh ctgiaw. to choke or strangle, from ag, gtg, gag. the mouth, an opening or
entrance, is, however, the immediate origin of the word. Fr. Fm. gives " Gaggyn, 10
streyne by the throte. Suffoeo,' I am very doubtful if our gag, to strain, is al all con-
nected with this. I am more inclined lo think that it is not ; but that it it lather dependent
on the sense which stjnds second in Ihe definition. In this lense. Dan. D. kiagil (properly
Hxvt-ttl. tays Molb.. the (trap which is fuleiied below Ihe jaw-bone in a horse's head-
collar) lervei to connect the word with Pr. Fm. ' Kntt, oi kevyl, for hort. Mordatt,
carnal,' and with Manip, VoctA. ' Ktwti, sb,, a brake for a horse's mouth ; vb., os oAifrun.'
Mr. Way. in his note, niggeits the connection with O. E. tbaiyl (tee Choft. Olmp), and
(juotei From Jam,. > KiuJ, a halter brought under the jiiwi of an unmanageable hone, and
paued through hit niouth.' Now Levins' ib. Wujr, like our Ons-blt, iiippotet a strain
npon, or wrench of, the hone's jaw or mqulh ; and it is poiuble the idea in our Gnl mean-
ing it thence derived; perhaps more ' . . —

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 205

initial k. In the same connection comp. * Keck, to make a noise in the throat by reason of
difficulty of breathing:' Wedgw., kik in Sw. kih-ixtsU, &c., with E. gag,
I. ' Ah trod iv a lowse steean an' gagg*d ma feeat sair.'

Gkig-bit, sb. A bit of a very powerful description, used for breaking
horses, &c.

Gkd'n, Pr. of Gam or Gkdm.

Gain, adj. i. Direct, and, in that sense, short and near. 2. Near
at hand, and so, handy, convenient

0. N. g9gn^ over against ; O. Sw. gen; Sw. D. g'djn, direct. * In our mediseval tongae,'
sajTS Rietz, ' we have many compound words due to O. Sw. gen, which do not at this day
occur in our standard language, nor are met with in the dialects.' In Cleveland we keep
two or three of these compounds. See Gain-hand, Gain-way.

1. * We '11 gan the gainest way.'

' This road is a vast gainer than the other.' Wb» OL
a. ' Ay, its gay and gain for t' market.'

Gkun-hand, adj. Near, easily reached, convenient.

The suffix, band, is not uncommon in Clevel. Comp. Nigh-hand, or Near-hand,
and Maiat-hand ; as also * benden sichem,' Gen, and Ex, p. 53 ; ' benden tSor-bi/ * fSor bende*
Ih. p. 96.

' It Tigs fair gain-band;* of farm lands with respect to the fiirmstead ; of a road with
respect to a house ; of a railroad to a town, &c.

Gfdnly, adj. Conveniendy near ; and so easy of access. See Gain.

Comp. O. N. gignilegr, commodus ; Sw. D. or O. Sw. genligber, genliker, short, direct.

• A gainly soort ov a spot.' Wb. Gl,

G^unly, adv. Conveniendy, handily, without having to go far or a
roundabout way.

Gains, sb. Advantage ; saving in distance or time.

• He 's getten nae gret gains wiv takkin' t* law.*

' There '11 be maist gains that 'n a way iv ony way ;' either time or distance being in
question.

Comp. Jutl. gadning ^pr. ganning), from vb. geta; er bun ikke din ganningbe, da
bederjeg, at du flyer mig len bid igjen : if the girl I send be no gains to you, I beg you will
send me her bade again ; N. d'a ikje gagn i da, or, '/i di: there is no gains in that.

Gkun-way, sb. A short or direct route to a house or place.

Dan. gjen-vei, a short cut. Comp. Sw. D. adv. gena-vagen, straight, directly.

• Gan t' gainway t'rufT t' fields, honey.'

Gaim, gam (often pr. gai'n), sb. Woollen thread, worsted, yam.

O. N., O. Sw., Sw., Dan., &c. gam ; A. S. geam ; Germ, garn. See., For Pr. comp.
N. gann,

• There is gam on the reylle other, my dame.' Townel, Mysi, p. 37.

Gkdm-windles, sb. (pr. gai'n-winTs). The instrument used for

GLOSSARy OF THE

winding woollen yam into baUs, consisting of a light rotating wooden
frame -work.

Svi.D. ganvinda, gamvinna, garnvingai Oia. garmindi -. Gam. garnwinde.

Oait, gate sb. (pr. geeat). i. A street in a town. a. A road, a
way gone. 3. Way or manner of action or demeanour.

0. N. gala. Bw. gala, Dan. gade, a jtreet, a path ; Golh. gattio. A. S. geai, gal, Genn.
gaat. ' The original meaning seems 1 narrow opening ; O. N. gat, a hole, an opening ;
^Bfo, to petfoMle.' Wedgw. Note also, Sw. D. gall, an opening, means of trantil j also,
and thence, mouth of 1 bay 01 of a deep gulf; as norra galltl, sodra galttt, in F«ro
Soutid ; talltgaH; Hii:d. gal, an opening or passage. From the gali which gare access to
the street proper, the name passed over to the latter, unless we look on Hreets as, la Ihre'f
words, > apertnr^e her quas Iransitar,' From street, the tianiition seems to be to road, path,
way gone ; und thence, ' meiaphorically, to the way, means, or manner of doing a thing,*
Wedgw.

1. ' Ah seed him gan oop loonV^aM, lahk yau wud ;' o( a country village with one sole
street m it. It is sufficient simply lo advert to the numbers of (tretts in York, Whitby,
Leeds, Hull, Lincoln. Boston, Sec, diilinguished by the name ' Gate.'

1. '" He'i ganging a downward glial;" declining in respect, abihly, proqietity, or

■ Let him gin his ain gali.' Comp. Sw. ban giti tin egtn gala : he went his own geli.
3. ' What for did you behave in that gail T ' Wb, Gl.

Gait, sb. I. Right or privilege of stray and pasturage for cattle, &c.,
whether free on' common land, or purchased, or otherwise acquired by
special arrangement. 3, Pasturage, simply, for a specified time. See
Cow-gate, Ox-gate.

Cf. Ew. D. gala, gjdla, gjcia, &c , N. gjala. to watch 01 teat cattle when graiing, to
attend cattle 10 their pasturage ; S. G. goto : ' Gia/n a mid birda, si quii pecui luum, in
ilienn tylvi patcens cuttodiat (Ihre) 1 O. N gala, to watch, look after, derived firam O. N.
ga, to give heed or attention to, look after a thing or peison. The connection is nthet
with this class of words than with Oait or Oate. a way gone, &c. Of course, in Ihe dan
anterior to the creation of fences, and to the destruction or enclosure of the fbresti, the
presence of some one to watch or tent the pasturing stock would be indispensable: henee
the Sw. T>. forms gjilart, tenter : gilar-piji, leoting-boy ; gjtiar-ilini, tenting-girl, &c.

1. ' All ither common-recghu, an' gail for a hoonder sheep.'

a. ' Oaii for tweea lahtle coos, fiir, mebbe, tolf weeks.'

Gtait, V. a. To set up clover in small sheaves, or bundles Ued at
their extremity, to dry into hay, by aid of the free percolation of air
through the sheaf below the ligature.

Jamieion's idea is — ' As the sheave is opened towards the bottom, both for drying it and
making it stand, perhaps from Isl. gal, (otameu, j'lUa, pnToiare;' and Wedgw., aftei quoting
O. N. glila, N, gUtt, an opening among clouds : gliim, glyaa, to peep, to make an open-
ing ; glyll, glolt, an opening, hole, clear place among clouds ; goes on to say — ' The ou of
the t (as in some foregoing examples) would give a cool gal, gil, signifying what admits
the light lo ihine ihtough, open, separated ; cxemplilicd in E. galloalbta, in O. gaUtr,

CLEVELAND DIALECT. %0^

gitUr, a lattice, partition with open interstices, and in O. N., PI. D., and Dut. gat, a hole.' It
is curious if there be a connection between the much-vexed * gat-tothid ' and our north-country
word gait, to set up in single sheaves ; but the idea is evidently the same in either word.

Gaitings, sb. Small sheaves, or bunches tied at their tops, of newly-
cut clover set up to dry ; single sheaves of com set by themselves instead
of being stooked.

Gfdtage, gateage, sb. i. The charge per head for pasturage of
cattle. 2. The pasturage itself.

Qallao-handedjgaulio-handedjadj. Left-handed, awkward generally.

Also written gallook-handed, gallio-handed, gaulish-handed, and gauk-haxided»
which may be either a contracted form or dependent upon Gauk or Gawk. Comp Fr. gaucbe
and our Eng. gawky ; also Sw. D. kajtbanded, kjevbdnd/er, kevbdndl ; Dan. keitbandet ;
D. Dial, kavbacmd^ havbaandet; N. kjeivbendi; but the coimection is obscure. Mr. Gamett
derives gaucbe from gawk^ and gawk from awk; Pr. Ptn. * Awke, or wronge. Sinister; with
the prefix ge* It is possible, however, that O. N. skidJgr, obliquus ; Sw. D. skalg, skjalg,
awry, crooked, may be nearly connected with gallao, as well as with the Scand. prefixes
just noticed. For the omission or addition of s, comp. Germ, or Germ. D. link^ glink, slink,
left; Sw. klander, O. E. sclander or sclaunder,E, slander; and kjiilgt kjalg, with the natural
tendency of the / to be merged in the following consonant, as in our au'd, bau*d, oau*d»
oau'f, Sw. D. kdVf calf, &c., is not far from kjdvt kjev, kav, on the one hand, nor, with
the / retained, from gaulio, gallao, ultimately gawk, on the other. Comp. the parallel
forms, O. N. skeifi", N. skjeiv, D. skjav, Sw. D. skjeva, skjaiva, left hand, with N. kjeiva,
Dan. D. kei, kau, kav, Sw. D, kaja, kjdva^ kjev, kjep, &c. The Sanscr. word is sayja, which
Bcnfey surmises was originally kb'avja.

Galloway, sb. A stiff pony. Any horse under the size of an ordinary
draught horse, and especially if generally used with the saddle, is called
a Gkdloway.

Jam. thinks this word is ' properly Scotch,' and to be usually connected with the Scotch
county of the same name : but, he adds, *■ it may be merely the S. G. and Germ, word
waUacb, corresponding to E. gelding, from gcUla, O. N. gelda, castrare.* Ihre, however,
thinks that the name originated from the Wallachians, who, he says, were the first to use
horses of this kind. On this ground there is no reason why the Galloway should be limited
in size — * not more than fourteen hands high.* Youatt says ' a horse between 13 and 14
hands in height is called a Galloway, from a beautiful breed of little horses once found in
S. Scotland, on the shore of the Solway Firth. There is a tradition in that country that the
breed is of Spanish extraction, some horses having escaped from one of the vessels of the
Grand Armada that was wrecked on the coast in question.' But even as early as temp.
Edward I, this district abounded in horses, as he adds, * it supplied that monarch with a
great number of horses.' Comp. the terms, ' an Aldemey,' ' a Shetlander/ 8cc.

Gallowses, sb. Men's braces, or * suspenders/

'Braces are in some parts of England called Gallows,' zs in Germany barrels, as the
implement by which the trowsers hang.' Wedgw.

Gally-bauk, sb. The iron bar across the chimney a little above the
fire, from which depend the pot-hooks or Bekkon-orooks.

Literally gallows-balk ; as it were a composition of the Dan. galge, O. N. galga, and

GLOSSARY OF THE

cinccr \i menlinned (Wiimdocb H^irif. 473) ii hiving hanged iaaae'ii ' pA gali-Eliiigtit vid
gnijvan :' upon the giUl-tlSng by ihe he»t^.

GttHk, sb. I. Sporliveness, playfulness; of young animals, &c. 2.
Mockery, ridicule.

Cnmp., foi bolh lense and sound, S.G. gam-nan, i. IzCilia; 3. iiriiin; O.N. gamna
jocus; Dan. gammon, I. full, sport, playfulness; 1. mockery, jeiting al another j
K.gamoMi O.Gam. gamoH; A.S. gamen.

I. ' Ov all t' joung thingi at iwei Ah lecd, l' young fox beats owghl for gam.'
' I am 10 fare and blight,
Ofmeconunyialllhiillght,

This gam and all this gle.' Towitel. Mysl. p. 3.
). ■ Tbey did nowght bud mat" gam' o' nie.'

Comp. O. Dan. ibe Jom/ninr giordi aff htnni gannntn : the niaidrni then made game of
her. Molb. Dansk. Gl.

Qamashes, sb. Gaiters, or leggings, to be worn over the stockings;
properly short ones covering only the inslep and part of the leg; but
often applied to longer leggings that are worn over the modern trowser
instead of the more ancient hose.

■ From W. gar, the ihank. is Lang, garamaebo, a legging, and ihcnce (rather thin from
It. gamba. the teg) It. gamascii (for gramasat, as Sc. gramaibli. Jam.), F[ gamacbts,
E. gamasbtt. A further corruption converted gambagts into gambaJoti.' Wedgw.

OAmmflr, v. n. To love play rather than work ; to idle or trifle,

0. N. gambra, to tiille, to gossip or prate idly. See alto Qiuli for the derivatives, lo
jvhich might be added, O. Dan. gammtit or gamtn, i. pleasure, making onfself glad;
opposed to sonaw or heaviness : 1. jctt, joke, fun ; oppoied to enmest or seriotunett.

Gammer 'Stags, gammer-Btang, sb. An idle or rude and wanton
wench.

Gammiah, gamsome, adj. i. FlayTuI, frolicsome, i. Inclined to
take one's pleasure or amusement, whether ' in sport' or otherwise,

1. ' Al gamiomi as a youog fox.*

3. '" He's rather a bit^mMufr," with a turn for sport or p1eanire,iitH] not too d«roted
W buiineis only,' Wb. Gl.

Qan, gang, v. n. r. To go; the form gan being by far the most

usual. 2. To walk ; in contradistinction to to ride, or to stand up.

A. S. gan. or gangan : O. N. gdnga, ganga : O. Sw. ganga ; Sw, D. ganga : O. Gwm.
gangan ; O, Sai. gangan or g&a ; Ftii. gan : Sai. fiix. Qrifimi considtTs M. Genu, gan
> contnction of gangcn, O. Germ, gangan. Bopp, founding on Sanscr. g&, looks u[>Dn gun
■I the pnmilive fomi. Rietx.

I. ' Gan thi' lin gate;' do at you like yourself

' Oan yer ways;' go away, or go on.

' Oan tiv t' grund;' to relieve natu

' Qan awa' yamm ■' go off home.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 2O9

* OoH all te nowght ;' to watte away, of a person wasting with sickness, or of anything
that loses bulk greatly by keeping or exposure.

a. ' He can nowther gan nor stand.'

* Are you gangmg or riding ?'

* pus uses yhing men all new gett.
And \>e world \>zi all awkeward sett,
Thurgh swylk uncomly pomp and pryde,

pat )^ schew whe>er )>ai gang or ryde.' Pr, ofConse. 1540.

' And seknes tuk him in the way
And put him in sa hard assay
That he micht nouther gang na ride.' Barbour, 81.

• Sometimes he went, sometimes he ran.' Percy's Foi. MS. i. 40.

Comp. S. Jutl. ban ham gdngtnd; and N. koma gangandi: he came on foot ; to come
afoot. * TTftr kaam gangmd en mMer mand: there came on foot a miller man. Kempe-
Fiser.

Gang, sb. A way or road; a term not applied to a highroad or
Turnpike, but with a limitation of meaning conveyed by the prefix,
making it a definite piece of road, or way. For instance. By-gang,
Gross-gang, Down-gang, Out-gang, Up-gang. Wh. Gl.

O. N. gdngr, Dan. gang, the act of going, the way or means of going, the way gone, &c. ;
D. Dial, gange, a narrow road, or lane, leading to a village or farmstead. The passage or
entrance from the stable to the chaff-chamber (sitenh, only found in old-fashioned farm-
steads, however) is called ganget, the gang.

Gang, ganging, sb. A set; the complete nmnber of anything;
usually limited to an animal's feet or their belongings.

Dan. D. gang, a set ; applied to the number of traces requisite for a pair of horses, to
trace-ropes, and to the seals or Haines, pertaining to the collar or Barfaxn ; not otherwise,
Molb. says.

• A gang o' cau'f 's feet,' or • nowt's feet.'

' A ganging o' shoes ;' when a horse is shod all round.
' ij ganga et dimidia de fclies de fraxino.' Pr. Fincb. lij.

Ganger, sb. A goer, usually, if not exclusively, applied to a horse.

S. O. gdngare, equus tolutarius, qui tolutim incedit. * In poetry, and in writings of old
date,' says Molb., Dan. ganger means ' a horse, a riding horse, as distinguished from a
charger or war horse {strtdsbengsttn) ;' and he adds that it is 'a current saying of a horse
that steps well, ai den er en god ganger, that he is a good ganger* Comp. example :

• As good a ganger as ever went upon four legs,' Wb, Gl. ; explained by the Gl., but I
think mistakenly, as simply * a good trotting-horse.'

Gangerill, gangrill, gangril, sb. i. A vagrant, whether a beggar
or a pedlar, &c. 2. A toad.

From Qang, Qanger — comp. O. N. gaunguma9r, a vagrant or beggar — in reference to
continued moving forwards or about, to vagrancy, in other words ; and then transferred
to the toad, from its seemingly idle, listless, vagrant-like mode of locomotion.

Gangings-on, sb. Proceedings, doings, course or line of conduct.

E e

2IO GLOSSARy OF THE

Gant, adj. Small, thin, poor or puny.

Comp. the Essex word — Hall, gives it as Eastern-Counties — fanty-guiUdf thin-bodied
and thin-bellied. Pr. Pm. gives * Gavmte^ slendyr, GracUis,* as well as ' GawHi^ lene.' Mr.
Way suggests, from A. S. gewant, p.p. oi gewanian (tabescere).

Gantree, gaiintree, sb. i. A wooden frame with legs, or stand,
to support barrels. 2. The timber framework which, in lieu of an
embankment, is employed on some railways to support the permanent
way.

* From Lat. caniberius^ a hone of burden { then applied (as in modem languages, a horse,
ass, or goat) to a wooden support for various purposes. Cantberius, a prop for a vine,
rafter of a roof, trestle, or borse to saw timber on. Littleton. The Germans use hoek, a
goat, in the last of these senses. In like manner we speak of a dothesr^orsf ; and Fr.
cbevaletf a little horse, is a painter's easel (G. Itf/, an ass), the frame which supports his
work.* Wedgw.

Gap, sb. An opening at the Bank^top through which a path or
track winding up the steep BankHSude finds its way on to the open
moor.

O. N. gap, an opening, a chasm ; N. gap; S. G. and Sw. D. gap,

* Hunter's Oap ;' ' G«>rge Gap ;* both in this parish.

G«pe, V. n. (pr. geeap). To bawl, or shout loudly.

Just as E. gapt, from the action it implies, takes the sense, — ' to express astonishmeot
throu:;h wide open mouth and staring eyes,' so also in the present case there is a derivative
meaning of the same kind, and not unknown in the Scand. D. Thus, Sw. D. gapa takes
the meanings to talk big, to talk fiist ; and Dan. D. gabi the same. From O. N. and
O. Sw. gapa, &c. See Yowp,

* He geeaps an' hollers lahk a ploughman on a moor.' Wb, Gl,

Got, v. a. To cause, or make ; to lead to or induce any given
action.

O. N. gira, gbra ; S. G. gbra; Dan. gjwn; N. gjera; Sw. D. gara, gera, gar^ &c. It
should be remarked that an equivalent usage to that of our word is rare in the N.
languages.

* It was fit t' gar a man hang hissel*.' Wb. Gl,

* It gars me great pain.' lb.

* For my part I shall garr two oxen and two horses maintaine me all my lifetime.*
Fork Casde Dtp, p. 151.

* Bere we hym furthe unto the kyrke.
To the tombe that I gard wyrk,

Sen fiiUe many a yere.' Tmond, MyU, p. 333.

Gktrb, V. a. To bedeck, to array in a gaudy fashion ; almost invari-
ably implying tasteless or vulgar finery.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 211

Gkfffits, sb. Entrails, garbage ; sometimes with a more limited sense,
as denoting only the edible portions from the inside of a goose or other
fowl.

From garbage (conupted into garbisb), by the interchange of b and /. Comp. O. N.
gamir, ilia ; N. goH, the head and guts of small fish.

Gkurlands, sb. i. Wreaths of ribbons enclosing a white glove, for-
merly borne at the funerals of young unmarried women. See AnraL
2. Hoops bedecked with ribbons hung at the mast-head of whale-ships
returning to port after a successful voyage.

G«rsel, sb. Hedge-sticks ; usually applied to dead sticks and under-
wood from a hedge and its bank. Brock, says, ' small branches cut for
the purpose of mending the hedge ;' and Wh. GL extends the meaning
to whins or furze set apart for burning. Spelt also, Gkurcil, Gkonily
GkmsiL

Oardsd, arbores, ex quibus sepes constniuntur ; gdrdsel gdrd, hedges constructed of trees
and boughs of trees. Ihre. Sw. gdrdsU, edder, materials with which a fence is made ; Dan.
gierdsilf materials for making a fence, whether of spray or brushwood, or of wattle woiic
(Molb.) ; S. Jutl gcerdsel; O. Sw. gat^a, materials for hedge-making. The Sw. dialecti

five instances of compounds formed with this word : e. g. gardselsto, the line or mark in a
eld which long remains to shew where an old hedge has once stood ; gdrdsd-stok^ the
fragments of hedge^takes, &c., remaining after the destruction or removal of a hedge-fence.
These Scand. words, one or other of them, seem to take in all-sized hedging materials, from
trees, to brush ; which may account for the somewhat varying, or fluctuating, meaning of
our word.

Gkurthy sb. i. An enclosure generally; the specific object of the
enclosure being specified by a p]:efix, as Stag-garth, Kirk-garth, &c.
2. An Intak% or enclosure (on sufferance) by a cottager from the
common, as a substitute for a garden.

O. N. gariSr; S. Q. gird; Sw. g'drdt; Sw. D. gard; O. Sw. g(Br^ gar\>€: O. Dan,
gartbt gaar, gaard ; Dsin.gaard; A,S,geard. Molbech's remark upon gaard^ applicable
to all the above-given words also, is * Originally — but now obsolete — an enclosing (with a
hedge or fence, namely), a hedge, a place or spot enclosed with a hedge {mbegnt() ; hence
abildgaard, an orchard ; kaalgaard, kale, or vegetable garden (kaU-garib^ or yard in Sc.) ;
kirkegaardf churchyard (our Kirk-garth) ; urtegaard^ vegetable-garth ; Imnsigaard,
fowl-yard, &c' The word, in sense a, often takes the prefix ' Potato.'

Qauby, sb. A heavy, vacant lout, an oaf, a simpleton; one awk-
wardly silly rather than simply a fool See Gkauvey, QauYison, and
Gaup.

These words are all nearly connected with O. N. and Sw. gapa^ Dan. gabe, &c. O. N.
and O. Sw. gapa is equivalent to, to stare with open mouth, to gaze wi^ stupid astonish-
ment ; which is nearly the meaning also of the Dan. word ; whence the prov. saying, den
ene abe faaer den anden tU ai gate : if one be an ape, he sets another to gape. Comp.
^* g^'^P* ^ gahy, an oaf; Sw. D. gapuger, of a heavy stupid lout with gaping mouth and

E e 2

!Zia GLOSSARy OF THE

staring ^yes, and Dan. D. gahenar^ a Quuby or Gauvey. It inay be added that in very
many instances, especially in prov. Pr., the sound of Dan. b passes into that of v or/. Thos,
in luhke et gab, to stop a gap, Molb. gives gauv as the prov. form, or sound of gab. In like
manner, Kok gives gjaff as the Pr. of gcebbe, gjaff for that of gabbe; gbjh for gobn,
a Oowpen ; S)b/ for bob, hope, &c. Hencfe Gauvey and Gauby are, it may be said,
identical.

GBufer, sb. A kind of tea-cake or crampet, of a square or rect-
angular form, made of batter.

* And wajres pyp3mg hoot out of the gleede.' Miller's TaU.

* These were probably the Fr. gaufres, whence the word waftr, gu and w being
convertible, as Walter from Gualtier. They are usually sold at fairs, and are made of a
kind of batter poured into an iron instrument which shuts up like a pair of snuffers. It is
then thrust into the fire, and, on withdrawal, the wafer'— ^r Gaufer — * is taken out and
eaten/ Note to Bell's Chaucer,

' Gofer. A species of pancake pressed into a square form by irons.' Lineolnsb. d.

Gauk, gawk, gauky, sb. An oaf, a stupid, an awkward fool.

Comp. S. G. gdieh, geek, a fool, foolish, stupid; O.N. gich, gikkr; Sw. gdek; Sw. D.
gdkkigf foolish, buffoon-like; O. Germ, goucb; M.QcTm. gocb, giege; Germ. D. geckig;
A. S. geoc, rash, foolhardy ; Welsh coeg. Mr. Wedgw. would connect prov. E. gawi,
gawky, an awkward person, Fr. gaucbe, with O. £. awke, E. awkward. See his remarks
under Awk. The assumed connection between Gaiik or Sc. gowk, and Gowk, a cuckoo,
receives no confirmation from the words quoted above.

Gkmk-handed, gawk-handed, adj. Left-handed, awkward, clumsy.
See GkQlao-handed.

Gauky^ adj. i. Awkward in mind, foolish, blundering. 2. Awkward
in body or motion, shambling. See Gauk.

Gaum, V. a. . To understand or comprehend ; to give heed or pay
attention ; to consider ; to know.

O. N. gaumr, S. G. gbm, N. gaum, care, heed, attention. O. N. geyma, S. G. goma,
N. gauma, O. Dan. g9me, Swiss gaumen, gomen, A. S. gyman, geomian, O. Germ, gou-
men, Dan. D. gaue — all, to give heed, attention, forethought, or the like. Rietz connects
Sw. gomma, to take care of, to lay up ; Sw. D. g&jm'd, gdma, gimma, with this word.
Comp. the thought in the words, — * But his mother kept all these sayings in her heart.'
Luke ii. 51.

* " Ah dinnot gaum ye ;" I do not understand you.* Wh. Gl.

* It 's te nae use speaking ; he dizn't gaum nae mair an nowght.'

The form in P. Plougbm., King Horn, Townel. Mysi., Rel. Pieces, is yeme, ybeme or
yeme.

* He \>zt )>ise twa wele ^emes all \>e tene commandementes forsothe he fulfilles.' Rei.
Pieces, p. 7.

Gaum, sb. Attention, heed, observance.

* Ah gav' 't nae gaum ;' I paid no attention.

* Niwer heed : he '11 give you nae gaum ;' he will pay no regard to what you say.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 21$

Comp. O. Dan, * TTbg gamla fedber gaff ieg ey gbtn, for skemt oc gamen tba bolt Ug
Attn :* to the aged then gave I no gaum, but held them sdl for jest and scorn.

* Em gt/aigi gaum at mir :* but gave me no gaum. Flat. i. 554.

Gkramiflhy adj. Intelligent, acute.

GkiumlesSy adj. Stupid, unintelligent, vacant or half silly.

Qaup, V. n. To stare vacantly, to stare with open mouth, as at any
novel or surprising sight.

0. N., O. Sw., Sw., Sw. D., N. gapa, to stare with open mouth, to gaze with stupid
astonishment. Comp. N. gapen, of one who gazes and stares at any new thing.

Qaut, sb. A narrow opening, whether in a row of houses, or in the
soil, sufficing to afford a passage, for men, &c., in the one case, for water
in die other. Spelt also Qawt, Gk>te.

Comp. Sw. D. g^e, a strait or confined passage between two houses, in which sound as
well as sense is almost exactly coincident with that of our word. Rietz gives the word in
question as connected with gatt, gat, or gad; O. N., N., and Dan. D. gai, an opening, or
hole through. Comp. Hind, gat, a pass or defile. There are several Gauts or Ghotes
at Whitby ; as Horsemill-^aw/, Fbh-^au/. Wb. Ol.

Gkiuve, v. n. To stare vacantly or wonderingly, but with the wonder
of stupidity not intelligence. See Qape, Gauby.

Gkiuvey, gauvison, sb. A simpleton ; one that is half silly, or with
less than his proper proportion of wits. See Gauby.

Qauving, adj. Awkward in manner, given to stare in a stupid kind
of way. Probably the pcpl. of Gkiuve originally, but by usage passed
into an adj.

Gavelook, sb. (pr. geeavlok). A crow-bar, an iron bar of sufficient
dimensions to be used in moving weighty masses of stone, &c.

Gamett quotes Welsh gaflacb, a fork, as the origin of Gavelook. Besides which we
have O. N. gaflok, S. G. gafflak (which Ihre refers to W. gaflacb), and A. S. ga/eluc,
gaueloc, all meaning a javelin, or missile of that description, the shaft of which could of
course be used as a bar or lever. It is observable that Gavelook is not applied in the case
of a large and heavy crow-bar : that is simply a Bar.

Gkiy, adj. i. Fair or fine to look at; hence, fine, considerable in
size or quantity, worthy of consideration or regard. 2. Lively, cheerful,
brisk ; hence, well in health.

1. * A gay denty morning,'

' A gay bit o* land ;' a large piece, a good deal.

• ** A gay few ;" a good many.' Wb. Gl.
1. * I am quite gay, thank you.' 76.

(14 GLOSSARy OF THE

Gayish, adj. Fairly or reasonably good.

'Ag-fljiiAcrop.'

■A gayhb sample;' a f»ir1y good tptdmen, not open to objection on the score of
|ual[ly.

Gayly, adv. In good health, very well, satisfactorily or prosperously.

ee of profperitj.

Gear, sb. i. Equipment in general, the special kind being usually
indicated by a prefix, as Mill-gear, Horse-gear, or -gears, &c. ;
dress or array. 2. Property in general, goods of whatever kind.
3, Matter in hand, or business. The general idea of what is made
or being made, seems to run through all the signiRcations of the

Mr. Wedgwood collalei O. N. gtrji, and A. S. gfom/a, habilimenli, adding, ' whileTcr 1*
TCquired to let a diing in ictioo :' but I am more dUpoted to adopt the riew which giva
vbat maj be called > pauive leiue to our word, that which hu taken, or ii taking, (orao
miking, prepatiog, or acquiring, previoui to use or employment. And it ihould be ob-
•erved that gtarwa itself is Engliihed by Boiworlh with the word ' prepatalion.' ai well at
■ck)lhingi' while gtdro, gtarv, giane, agmnea, gart. ready, piep»red, paratui, only
comet by that meaning in virtue of the peculiar or proper sense of the p.p. which faratvi
ii. Comp. O. D. givd, gird, O. N. girK, which hai the meaning, I. of buiinest, work in
hand, what it going on, precisely like our sense 3 ; and, 1. a sum prepared, and then paid
for a given purpose ; quoted alto, in this latter tense, by Molb. as parallel to A. S. giara,
provitio, apparatus, impenia. And this second sense, moreoTCi, has many more points of
resonblance iLan of discordance with our first Further, Sw, D. g'ari, a doing, buiineii,
that which it being done or carried on, very nearly cotretpondt with our word in form and
part of its meaning ; and its secondary meaning, ' that which Is made by band, as spinning,
knitting, &c„' brings it nearer itill. The word, at an O. E. word, early gave rite to ■
derivative verb, and the part, gind, in the senses, arrayed, dressed, equipped, disposed, Sec.,

I. ' f e bur ber to hit baft Jiat btasle all her giri ;' of the ship.

E. Bug. Allil. Fo4ms, C. 1. 148.
' 1 tarry fulle lang fro' my watke, I traw :
Now my girt wille I fang and thcderwatJ draw.' Toaml. Myil. p. 16.
' Miche wat) te gyld gin hat glent l^r alofte.'

Sir Qaur. and Gr. Kn. 1. 569.
' Alle ))« godlych giri l>it hym gayn schulde (lai lyde.' Ji. L 5S4,
In both these latter instances the reference is to the various pieces, Htlings and veitmenit
which went to the full equipment of a knight in complete armour,

■Wait while Ah gets mi' nor tegilher, an' Ah '11 be wi'ye inoo;' wait until I coiled my
tools, &c.

J. ■ Ill-gotten gtar:

• How are they off for giar T ' Wb. Qi.

3. ' F'en ar lay synliil hemteirand tulped (polluted) al logeder,

Bo>e god and his jr<n' E. EHg. AUil. Poina. B. IJi.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 21^

* Noab. The top and the saylle both wille I make.

The helme and the castelle also wille I take,

To drife ich a naylle wille I not forsake.

This gtre may never faylle, that dar I undertake.' Toumel. Myst, p. 17.

' Nae, Ah '11 nat mell : let him wark his ain gtar,'

Gee. The word of command to horses in a team to turn to the
right ox from the driver ; substituted for the older word Bee.

Jam. spells this word jm, and refers to Sw. gH * as signifying both to budgt, and /o turn
rounds' which is certainly true, with the limitation that it is so applied in respect of the
motion, or going, of matters which move only in the way of turning. Still there is little
doubt that the origin of gee is in gi and its etymons. The occasional use of a particle
or word in addition — as gee-baok — suggests the possibility that gee may be an elliptical
mode of expression. See Hauv, Hyte, Bee.

Geeiiy gien, gi'n. Forms of the pret of Give.

Geld, adj. Barren or not producing young at the usual or expected
season ; of cows and ewes. See Drape ; which is the word more com-
monly in use.

Sw. D. galduTt barren, of a cow the year she bears no calf; otherwise, gald^ gall, galla,
gild. Of ewes also; gold #. O.N. geldr; O. Sw. galdtr; Dzn. gold; as en gold ko;
Dan. D. gield; as m giddko ; N. guid; Sw. D. gahPto, gallh^t gaUku or gdll-iut See,
Comp. our GKeld-oow.

Geld-coWy sb. A cow that does not produce a calf in due time.

Gen, gim, v. n. i. To grin; i. e. to part the lips so as to shew the
teeth, whether in displeasure or anger, or in mirth : hence, to shew signs
of displeasure or discontent. 2. To snarl, to give vent to discontent,
to repine. Sometimes Qenu

Here again the orthography is uncertain. I scarcely think there is but one word simply
resulting by metath. from grin, but rather that there are, in reality, two words ; the one
coincident with Sc. gim, and E. grin, and the other descended from O. N. gina, hiare, os
deducere ; gin, rictus, oris diductio. Comp. gin-ldofi, a spasmodic tension of the mouth, or
grin, and especially Sw. D. ginnds, to cry, repine ; gjdnnds, to grin, try to bite, as a horse
does ; which Rietz connects directly with O. N. gina. Note also O. Germ, gin&n, ginin,
and A. S. ginan, with Or. xp^i»€i», to gape, to open, as the mouth in the act of grinning.
I. * Thou gtns lahk a Chesshire cat eating brass wire.'
a. * He gims all t' flesh off his back the day tiv an end.' Wb. Gl,

• A genning sort o* body.' lb,

Gep, V. n. To seek intelligence or knowledge of what is going on
in a furtive manner; e. g. by listening or eavesdropping.

Probably a derivative from E. gape. Any one listening closely or intentiy is apt enough
to do so with his lips parted, possibly with a mouth sufficiently wide open. Comp. Sw. D.
gepa, to chatter or prate ; gifa, to talk without discretion or thought, to chatter ; both
frequentatives from gapa.

* They are always watching and geppimg,' Wb, Gl,

2l6 GLOSSARY OF THE

G'erse, g'ess, sb. Grass. In the pronunciation of this woid the r
is, in eflfect, dropped, and a faint sound of i — not unlike the Jutland
* help- vowel' — is heard before the short e,

Comp. A.S. gears f gears, grass.

Gtersingy g'essing, sb. Grass land, or rather land in grass; pas-
turage.

G^rt, greeat. Forms of great.

Gtesling, sb. A gosling, or immature goose.

Sw. D. gosling; O. Sw. gceslinger; Dan. g<Bsling, As gosling from goost (A. S. gds), so
our word from the diminutives of Scand. gds, gets, &c.

Gtet, sb. (pr. gitt, g hard), i. Offspring, what has been begotten by
any one. 2. A breed or variety among creatures that are begotten. See
Mak', as applied in nearly the same manner to things without life.

O.N. geia, to beget, to conceive; A.S. geian, gitan^ O.N. gHnadr, that which is
gotten, produce or offspring.

I. * To Abraham I am in dett

To safe hym and his gette.* TounUl, Mysi, p. 73.

' Isaac. Fader !

Abraham, What, son ?

Isaac. Think on thi gci :

What have I done ?* lb. p. 39.

3. • " Ha* ye seen Willy R.'s new pigs ?" " Ncca. 'S they ony particular giif" '

Qetf V. aux. See examples.

* We '11 get shoren by nee*t ;' shall have finished reaping by night-time.

* Get sided up ;* get everything put in order.
' Get peed, honey ;' to a young child.

Cf. ' En Sigmundr gat skHdit upp :* but Sigmundr managed to crawl up (got crept up)
on the shore, namely.* Flatty, i. 559.

* E/ Olafr gati unnit Lunduna bryggiur :* if Olaf should succeed in winning (could get
won) London Bridge. lb, ii. 22, a6.

Gtet, Able to. Able to reach a given place.

* Ah wur gannan te Whitby to-moom, but Ah know n't an Ah sal be yabble te git.*

Qet a-gate, v. n. To begin or make a start with a piece of work of
any kind. See Agait.

Qet away with, v. n. To get forward with a piece of work ; to be
doing it quickly and well.

Gtet one's life. To. To be fatal in effect, induce death.

* Ah 's dou'tful 't 'U get bis life;* of sonow, calamity, sore sickness, &c.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 217

Gtet the length of, v. n. To get as far as, to reach, this or that
place or distance.

* It 's as much as he can do to get the length 0' t* garden-end/

Comp. saa gik bun et par agerlangder bar og flyttede htrene : so she went the length of
a couple of fields and shifted the kye. Gamle Danske Minder ^ 2nd Ser. p. 139.

Gtetherer, sb. The person whose business it is to rake the com as
it is mown into separate lots or bundles for the Binder to bind into
sheaves. See Bandster.

Gtetten, p. p. of Gtot.

* He, Godd and man bathe in a personne, was sothefastly of [»at blessyde maydene, Godd
geiyne of his ffiidire be-fore any tyme/ Rel. Pieces, p. 4.

* Wrangwisely to halde ]>zt at es getyne.* lb. p. la.

Qew-gow, sb. (g hard). A Jew's-harp, or trump.

O.N. giga; Sw. giga; Sw. D. gajgd; Dan. gige; Germ, geige; a kind of stringed
musical instrument ; a fiddle.

' Sir Thomas Brown states that a brass Jew's-harp, nchly gilded, was found in an ancient
Norwegian urn. If so, Sutherland may be indebted to the Norwegians for its favourite,
almost national instrument.' Notes 0/ Travel in i860, p. 151.

Gib, sb. A hook, such as is artificially formed on a walking-stick,
or may be due to natural growth.

Comp. E. gib, to start back or aside ; Dut. gijpen, of sails, to turn suddenly ; E. gibe, to
turn from one side or course to another, of a boat under sail before the wind when her
course is altered without tacking, the sails being shifted from one side to the other. Comp.
also O. Fr. regiber, to wince, start back ; Sw. gipa, to wry or twist the mouth.

Gib-stick, sb. A stick with a hook at the end, whether natural or
formed by hand.

* Noo, lads, it 's owther scheeal or a taste o* mah gibstieh ower yer shoothers.' An old
Dales yeoman's account of the way in which his sons had come to be ' sae rigler at
scheeal.'

Gf en (pr. gin or geen), p. p. of Give.

* A geen bite
Is soon put out o' sight.' Wh, OL

Gif, conj. If

A. S. gif, gyf, Ihre's remark on S. G. jef, doubt, hesitation, is * habent linguae cognatse
particulam dubitativam ^, si ; A. S. t/, gif; Ang. if, quibuscum convenit M. G. jahai, jau,
et gau* Another conmion archaic form was y^,

GifT-gaff, sb. The interchange of familiar or unstudied conversation
on cursory topics.

One of the frequent instances of reduplication of consonantal sounds with a change of
vowel. Comp. O. N. gifr, babbling, tattling, and A. S. gaf-sprcec, a babbling.

Pf

21 8 GLOSSARV OF THE

Giglet, giglot, sb. A giddy, laughing girl.

* G^^. Jig* Giglet. The fundamental idea is lapid, reciprocating, or whirling action,
whence the O. £. gig, a top.

" To sec great Hercules whipping a gig** Lovis Labour Lost,

To jig is to move rapidly to and fro. Fr. gigue, gige, a jig, or rapid dance ; gigtter, to
run, leap, jump ; gigues, a li^t, versatile girl, a giglot or gigUl, QigUt FortutUt incon-
stant fortune. Cymbeline. Swiss gageln^ to joggle; g€^lit a girl XhaX cannot sit still.*
Wedgw. Cf. also Sw. D. gikkdl^ to raise or build up any thing or stmcture, so that it shaU
be likely to topple down if touched ; gikiel, that which is so raised or put together. Note
also giga, to put up frail or tottering fence-work.

Gilder, gildert, sb. A snare or running noose, made of horsehair,
and used for catching small birds.

O. N. and O. Sw. gilder, a snare, a gin ; O. D. giider; as Riven gaaer ei to gange paa
eet gilder: the fox doesn't walk twice into the same snare; Sw. D. giUra, to set gilders;
Sw. giller, a snare, trap, gin.

* Falsehede or okyr, or o)>er gelery* Rd. Pieces, p. I a.

Gilevat, guilevat, sb. (pr. gahlfat). i. The tub or vat in which
new-made ale or other liquor is set to ferment. 2. The fermenting ale,
&c., itself.

* N. gil, ale in a state of fermentation ; gil-kar, gU-saa, the tnb in which the wort fer-
ments ; Dut. gbijlen, to boil, to effervesce ; gyl, gyl-bier, beer in which the fermentation is
going on. T* bier stoat in *t gijl; the beer ferments * Wedgw. Add also Welsh gU, fer-
mentation. Gam. p. 165. Probably the Sw. D. gel, gal, gU, brisk, excited, &c., with the
string of etymons given by Rietz, is nearly connected Hall, gives ' Gail, a tub used in
brewing ; gail-clear, a tub for wort, spelt gcUlker in Hallamsh. Gl. p. 147 ;' with which
comp. N. gil-har ; ' gaU-disb, a vessel used in pouring liquor into a bottle or cask ;' and
also * gidile, of liquor, as much as is brewed at once ; guil-fat, a wort-tub ; gyle, wort.* iZ/-

^t is Uie Shropshire form, gilefattes in Fineb. Pr. Inv.

Gill, sb. {g soft). A half-pint.

* Gylle, lytylle pot, gilla, vel gillus, vel gillungulus. Pr. Pm. GiUo, vas fictile. Oloss. in
Due. Vascula vinaria quae mutato nomine guillones aut flascones appellantur. — Paul. Dia-
conus in Due* Wedgw.

Gill, sb. {g hard). A ravine, a narrow valley or glen, with pre-
cipitous or rocky banks properly, and usually with a stream running
along the lK)ttom.

O. N. gily montis fauces, chasma profundius, geil; N. g'd, gjel, gjyl, a deep and length-
ened glen or fissure in a mountainous district ; Sw. D. gUja, a mountain pass, or glen ;
M. Germ. giel. Comp. Hind. gU, a pass ; Pers. gileb, id. A word of continual occurrence
here, and furnishing a name to many different families, though second in number to the
* Dales.'

Gilliver, jilliver, sb. A loose or wanton woman : Wh. GL adds
* in the last stage of her good looks,' which is probably only a local
restriction of sense, if really existing in any entire district. Cr, GL

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 219

simply gives it * an old woman of loose habits/ without reference to
' looks.' Hall, gives ^ gillivery a wanton wench.'

Carr suggests * corruption from gU-flurt* Is it not as likdy to be in reference to the
giUyflower — gillofgrt gillo/re — in its redundant or ptusSe stage ? Or the connection may be
withQiglet,;t/r(?)

Gilt, sb. A female pig of any age under maturity. When herself a
mother she becomes a ' sow.'

Sw.D, gyllta: 1. a spayed sow; 2. a young, half-grown sow pig, which has not yet
borne pigs ; also gyllt^ goUta, gyllter, &c. O. N. gilta^ gyltr^ gulta^ a sow ; Dan. D. gyU,
a young sow, the first time she goes with young ; A. S. gilte; O. Germ, galza, gdza, &c.

Gimmal, sb. A narrow passage between two houses. Wh, GL
* Ginnel' occurs in the Leeds and Cr, GL with the same signification.

O. N. gima^ an opening, fissure, gap ; Sw D. gima^ gimman or gitnmen, the mouth of an
oven ; giman, an opening into a hoop-net. But O. N. gimald, with the same signification
as gima, gives our exact form. For Ginnel^ comp. O. N. gina, to gape open, as a ckft, or
the mouth, does ; ginOf chasma nubium ; A. S. ginan, geonant to yawn, gape, be wide open.

Gimmer, sb. A female sheep, from the time of its first being clipped
to that of its first bearing young ; otherwise, to that of its second shear-
ing ; usually termed Shearling-gimmer.

O. N. gimbur, gimhla^ an ewe lamb ; O. Sw. gimmer, ovicula, quae primum enititur ;
Sw. D. gimher^ a young sheep that has not had a lamb ; N. gimbrt gytnbr ; Dan. D. gim-
mer, id. Molb. quotes our Engl, forms from Brock., and Ihre gravely supposes that Ray
must have been joking when he suggests * possibly from gammer-lamb. Gammer is a con-
traction of godmother, and is the usual compellation of the conmion sort of women.* Rietz
adduces Syr. emer, a lamb, and bids compare Gr. x^fx'po'* X^f'^P^* ^ she-goat.

Gimmer-hog, sb. An ewe-lamb, from the time of its being weaned
up to the time of its first shearing, or Clipping. See Hog.

Gimmer-lamb, sb. An ewe-lamb : a term applied until the animal
is weaned.

O.N. gimbrurlamb; N. gimbrdamb; Sw. D. gimmerlam, gommerlamt gommaldm;
Dan. D. gimmerlam.

Gin, conj. If, in case, even if, although.

* Gin is no other than the participle givm, gi'en, gi'n,' Tooke ; — a statement as much open
to doubt as the similar ones made in the case of g^ It is likely there is the same relation-
ship between gin and an * if, in case, that there is between gjf and if, Comp. S. G. and
Sw. on, if ; as, on om sd vote: what if it were so. Note also M. G. an, and O. N. end.

Ginner, adv. Rather, more willingly.

The derivation of this word would suggest a different orthography— ^frn«r or gemer —
but that thence would arise the sound go*nner — like Bo'd for fnrd, Wo'd for word, 8cc.
Comp., however, the Pr. of girl, — Qe'l; and gen, to grin, snarl. The word is due to
O. N. gjam, gim, willing, ready ; Sw. D. gem ; A. S. geom / O. Germ, gemi, gem.
Sw. D. presents also the forms geren, gerun, gj'dntn,

* Ah 'd ginner gan than stay.* Wb, Gl,

F f 2

3i20 GLOSSARy OF THE

GHm, V. n. To grin; to snarl; to give vent to displeasure or dis-
content. See Gen,

Give, V. n. To yield on tension, to stretch ; of cloth, leather, &c
To give way, or move a little, to efforts to shake or dislodge ; of any-
thing fixed : as, a stopper in a bottle, a nail in a wall, &c.

* New gloves always give a bit/

* Ah can't stor it. It weeant give nae mair an nowght.'

Give again, v. n. i. To relent, soflen in feeling or intent 2. To
thaw.

I. * " Ah thinks he 's ommost gi^n again about it ;" relented, relaxed his opinions on the
subject/ Wb. Gl.

a. ' Aye, it gfes again;* it thaws a little.

Give back, v. n. To recede or shrink from, an encounter or at-
tempt, for instance.

* He 's not o* t* soort t* gi* back : he 'd dec ginner/

Give in, v. n. i. To tender or make an offer; as, for a contract, or
a farm, or a given piece of work. 2. To throw up, or rather to give
notice of intending to quit, a farm or house, &c.

Give out, V. n. To cease or fail, as a supply of any given article.

Give over, v. n. To leave off, to discontinue : of continual use
imperatively.

Glazzen, v. n. To glaze or put glass into windows ; to ply the craft
of a glazier.

The adj. glassen, A. S. gl€Bsen, is used by B. Jonson ; and in the West of Engl., according
to Hall. Pr. Pm, gives * Glasyn wythe glasse. Vitro*

Glazzener, sb. A glazier.

Glead, gled, sb. The kite {Milvus regalts),

Glease, v. n. To run rapidly in sport or frolic, as children in pursuit
of their companions in any game.

This word would seem to be nearly related to O. E. glace^ to glance as an arrow turned
aside ; Pr. Pm, * Glacynge, or wrong glydynge of boltys or arrowis.*

Comp. * Her fygure fyn, quen I had fonte,

Such gladande glory con to me glace^
As lyttel byfore J>cr-to wat3 wonte/

E. Eng. AUii. Poems^ A. U 170.

Or it may be more directly connected with Sw. D. glisa, glysa^ glesa, &c., to glance, dart
through, as a ray or gleam of light does ; O Germ, glizan ; A. S. glisian. The transition
in meaning would be simple enough, in order to arrive at that of our word.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 221

Gleasing, sb. i. A sharp or rapid act of pursuit. 2. A suit at law,
or rather the damages incurred by the loss of it. 3. Loss or damage
generally. Wh, GL

I. * " I have had a good gleasing after him ;" a sharp run in pursuit' Wh, Gl.

a. * " He has had to bide a bonny gleating;** sustain heavy charges in a law-suit.' lb,

Comp. ' Uxor, It were a fowlle blot to be hanged for the case.
Mak, I have skapyd, Jelott, oft as hard a glase*

Toumel. Mysi. p. 106 ; see also p. 201.

Gleg, V. n. To cast side-looks, to glance furtively.

Cf. O. N. gluggTt an opening, a window, the eye ; Sw. D. gittgg, glogg, id. ; titta uuntr
glugg : look askance, cast side looks ; Itaita sneda bliekar. It would appear that our vb.
has been derived directly either from this, or from the vb. gloggva, videre, quoted by Ihre.
Note N. D. gl9g. The Leeds form is gUg; a word used of a horse who turns his head
sufficiently to enable him to see his driver, notwithstanding his blinkers.

• They go prying and gUgging intil every body's neuk.' Wh. Gl,

Glent, glint, sb. A glimpse, or mere passing sight or glance.

Grimm, says Rietz, in v. Glinia, or gl'drUa, * supposes a lost strong vb., glintan, glani,
glufUun, to shine, glance with light, and probably this word which remains with us is the
word in question.' Sw. D. glintan gldrUOt implies I. to slip, to slide, or fall from slipping
on smooth ice ; and a. to slip from one, to miscarry, to miss. O. E. glent bears both the
meanings, to glance or shine, and to slip or fall : thus, —

* Miche wat3 ^e gyld gere )>at glent )>er alofte.'

Sir Gaw, and Gr, Kn, I. 569.

* . . . red ryche gold naylej

pat al glytered and glent as glem of the sunne.' Jh, 604.

* f'e gyltyf may contryssyoun hente
& be ]>ur3 mercy to grace )vy3t ;
Bot he to gyle )>at neuer glenU

At in-oscente is saf and ryjt.' E, Eng, Allit, Poems, A. 1. 668.

The editor explains the word in this last passage by ' slipped, fell ;' but it would equally
well bear the meaning, turned aside, which is nearly coincident with that of our Clevd. vb.
glint. Comp. Welsh ysglentio, to slide. The sb. gUnt occurs in Sir Gaw, and Gr, Kn,
1. 1 290 :

* penne ho gef hym god-day, and wjrth a glent la3ed,
& as ho stod, ho stonyed hym wydi ful stor worde3.'

* Ah nobbut gat a glint ov 'im.'

Glep, V. n. To stare vacandy or as in astonishment See Glop.

Gliff, gUft, sb. I. A short or hasty glance; a mere passing sight.
2. A glimpse of something startling or terrifying; thence, a fright or
startling, or scaring. In Wh, GL Glift bears the second meaning, and
Gliff the first : but there can be no doubt the words are essentially
identical.

Note the usage of O. E. vb. a. and n. gliff, glyfi,

* pe god nun glyfte with )>at glam and gloped for noyse.'

E, Eng, AUU, Poems, B. 1. 849 ;

• Sir Giviyae gljifiis on ihn gome wilb a gUde wiile.' Mvrti Arlh.f. m.

Note alio the adverbial foim, agtyfti. Camp. Dan. glippt, lo miu. lo wink, to >lip:
E. glib, and also N. gltpfxi. Low Genu, glipptn. Sec. Sec Wedgw. in v. Glib.

I. ■ Ah nobbul gal a y/j^ on 't i' a mere pasiing glance.

a. '"Ah gal a laic gliff:" 1 got a loie waring, or "saw something." as the phrase
goes.' Wb. OI.

Qlint, V. n. i. To glance, or shine brightly but transienily. a. To
glance, or turn on one side after impact. See Qlent.

1. • T' shol-cooms glialid aS its wings, iihk lain aff a duck's back.'

Comp, ' Gawayn gtaybely hit (the blow) bydc^, and gltiu with no membrc,

Bot node iiylle ai t>e Eton. ot>er a slubbe autet,

fat rajjcled is in roche grounde with rotes a hundrelh.'

Sir Gam. and Gr, Kh. I. li^t,

Qlip, sb. The result of negligence or want of care or vigilance:
a word occurring in the phrase ' to give glip,' in use among boys, and
meaning to let one escape or pass vmcaught in the course of any boyish

O. N. glap, glof, iocnria, inconsideiautia ; glappca. imptudenter Tacere; gt«Pf, failure,
unluck; Dan. glip, glippi, as, — Ai goat glip of nogtl: to Tail, or miti attaining a thing.
a.D.glipt. Cf. lifvYvrbitnuiliaiUgluffiiS: oi )cmlis gliffm : if through hcedlrisness
you blunder. Ancr. RiwlB, p. 46.

Glisk, 1

To glisten or glitter.

D- glas!

a.glysa; O. Girm. gliza».

Gloftming, sb, The transitionary state between light and darkness
at evening ; twilight.

A. S. ghniKHg, glommung. A word very nearly connected with Chanccr's glombt, and
m\hgloiimitinE.EHg.Allil.PiH7ni,C.\.gi:

' Oute lyte tytlci, he sayi, on sege 10 hyje
In his glwande gkiiy. and gloumbu (ul lyllel,
pit I be nummen io Niniuie and Inked dispojled,
On tode rwly lo-ienl. with rybaudet many 1'
where the idea is 10 take terious or coniidermg notice. And here we may comp, Sw. D.
glamina, gldma, to gaze at one allenlively. 01 with ttedliit cyei ; glimug, one with great
eyei and gixing wilh them intently. From intentness or ieiiouine» of obscrvalioii the idea
(cems to pais to tliat of ftowoing or (uUeii looking on or al : as wben Fortune
' . . . whilome woll of folfce smile.
And glombi on hem another while.' Cbauctr.
Mr. Morrii obtcrves. 01. to S. Bag. Allil. Ponm, that ' it seenu 10 be connected with
O. N. glampa, 10 glitter, ^ine,' Rieit coniiecti the cognate glomma with Sw. D. ^lo, 10

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 22^

shine, to glitter ; O. N. gloa, A. S. gldwan, O. Germ, glojan, E. Dial, glow, to stare, &c. ;
and, through some cognate form to glomma, we get Dan. D. glum, fear-inspiring, scowling ;
glummende, nearly answering to our glum, gluxnpy ; N. S. glummen, to look sullen or
vengeful ; glum, thick, of the water or the atmosphere ; gloomy, therefore. Mr. Wedgw.
adds, * Prov. Dan. glomme, Swiss glumsen, to glow in a covert way, as coals beneath the
ashes ; E. gloom ; a condition of covered light : gloming or gloaming, the time of day
when the light shines obscurely from below the horizon ; like a person looking out from
beneath his brows.*

Gloore, glore, v. n. To stare with fixed look, to gaze intently.
Spelt also Gloar, Glower.

Sw. D. glora, to stare, to gaze intently ; N. glora, to stare. The original meaning of
O. N. glora is to glare, as with excess of light, to glow as burning coals; in which sense
N. S. gl'oren, Dut. gloren, Swiss gloren, glaren occur.

* He gloored vfV baith een.' Wb, Gl.

Glop, V. n. To Stare open-mouthed as in astonishment.

O. N. glapa, to stare, gape ; N. glipe, gl^ype, to gape, stand wide open ; Sw. D. glipa.
Rietz considers these words as allied to gliopa, N. glupa, &c., I. to gulp down, to swallow
¥nth an effort ; 2. to have the mouth open. Mr. Morris collates O. Fris. glupa, to look, to
peep ; Dan. glippe, to wink. Compare also O. N. gUpa, caligiuem oculis infimdere. The
word also takes the form Glep. Note —

* I'e god man glyfte with )>at glam, and gloped for noyse,'

E, Eng. AUit, Poems, B. 1. 849 ;

of Lot, at Sodom, when required to give up his guests, where gloped is explained by,
* was terrified, frightened, amazed.' Our usage supplies an equally applicable sense ;
as in, —

* What are you standing and glopping at?* Wb. Gl.

In Toumel. Myst. p. 146, where glope occurs as a sb., the sense is that of glad surprise.
Relievetfty the suggestion made to put all the * knave chyldren of two yerys brede, and
withe in' to death, so as to be sure to include the one dreaded one, Herod exclaims —

* Now thou says here tylle

A right nobylle gyn t
If 1 lyf in land good lyfe, as I hope.
Thus dar I the warand to make the Pope.
O I my hart is rysand now in a glope I*

whereas before his expression had been —

* My guttys wille oute thryng,
Bot I this lad hyng.
Withoutt I have aveng3mg

I may lyf no langer.'

Gloppen, V. a. To startle greatly, to terrify.

See Glep, Glop, from which this is a derivative.

* Thou wenys to glopyne me vrith thy gret wordes.* Hall.

For agesten, Ancr. Riwle, p. 21a, the 7V/ws Version reads glopnen, in the sense of
terrify :—* J^e ateliche deouel schal glopnen ham mid his grimme grennunge.'

- - - - --

224 GLOSSARY OF THE

Glor, sb. Utter or mere fat.

Hall, gives * Glur^ soft coarse fat, not well set. Applied to bacon.' He also gives
* gloar-fat^ immensely fat/ and adduces the expression, 'not all glory-fat' from Fletdier's
poems. O. N. gollr is the ' leaf* of a sheep, or accumulation of fat about the kidneys and
neighbouring parts ; and gollur-sikinn^ the pericardium. By metathesis this becomes glur,
Qlop.

* " All of a glor and a jelly ;" trembling with adiposity.' Wb, GL

* " G/or-fat ;" loose fat.' /&.

Glor-fat, adj. Excessively fat. See Glor.

Glum, adj. Sullen-looking, gloomy. See Gloaming.

' As glum as a thunder-cloud.' Wb, Gl,

Gliimps, sb. Sulks ; the condition of being sullen or gloomily out
of temper. See Gloaming.

Gliimpy, adj. Sullen, out of spirits and temper.

Glut, sb. A large and thick wooden wedge, used in splitting blocks
of wood, &c.

Pr. Pm. * Clyte^ or clote, or ytggt (clete or wegge). Cuneus.* * Gluts, wedges. Norib.'
Hall. Cf. N. D. glytta. Possibly connected wi^ N. gloti, an opening, a space between,
a rift; Sw. D. gluft; and thence with O. Dan. glut: — din er tdtid god som gluttm fyllder :
all is good which fills the glut ; the relationship being like that which characterises DikOt
a ditch, and Dike, a bank. The original connection may be with A. S. elifian, clwfittHt
Sw. D. kliova, to cleave, split.

Gnag, nag, v. n. To assail pertinaciously with reproaches or re-
marks tending to irritate, but all of a petty nature.

O. N. gnaga, rodere ; nagga^ litigare ; nagg, vilis et tsediosa contentio ; Dan. nagt,
to gnaw, to annoy ; Sw. and Sw. D. gnaga ; Sw. D. gnag&, gnaga, gnava, &c. ; A. S.
gnagan ; O. Germ, nagan ; Dut. knagen.

* He 's alla's hiaggin* an' knaggin\ fra moom to neeght.'

Comp. * Gubbtn gnov pa mej frh mdra tt kvalt :' the old fellow gnaggtd at me from
mom till even.

Gnarl, v. n. To gnaw, as a mouse does.

Comp. Dan. D. gnalde, gnaldrt, to gnaw, or nibble, or rasp with the teeth at the edges
of a thing ; as, musen bar gnaldret a/osten : the mouse has gnarled (nibbled) at the cheese.
The word is a frequentative of gnaga, gnava, &c.

Gnarr, sb. A knot in, or from, a tree. See Knarr, Enorr.
Gnarr, v. n. To growl, as a dog.

Sw. hnarha or knarra, to grumble, to growl ; Sw. D. gnarlta, gnurka, gndrrds, gnarrat,
id. ; N. S. gnarren, to creak, to murmur, to grumble ; gnurren, to grumble, to bellow, to
growl. Comp. O. N. knurr, murmur ; knurra, to murmur, to growl ; Dan. ibiafiTfii, and
A. S. gnyrran, to gnash.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 2^5

Gnipe, v. a. To crop, or nip off with the teeth, herbage, &c., in
short lengths. See Enipe, E[nep.

This form is given in Wb. Gl., and by Hall. It is no doubt identical with Knipe.

Gk>al, gole, v. n. To blow in strong currents or blasts, as the wind
does when acted on by some peculiarity of local configuration, or of the
buildings, &c., it meets with in its course. Also spelt Gk>iil, and some-
times pr. gawl.

O. N. goia, to blow, as the wind does, in blasts ; Sw. D. gola, or gala, to blow softly or
gently.

Gk>b, sb. The mouth.

Gael, gob, the mouth ; ' ludicrously applied,' Wedgw. The real meaning seems to be
an opening, especially a wide one ; and the word is probably fundamentally allied with
ga^, O. N. gapa, Dan. gab. Sec.

Gk>bble, v. n. To reply insolently to anything said, but with the
insolence of sullen discontent rather than passion : probably implying
as much the action of the mouth, as the words employed.

* To gobble* says Wedgw., ' is to eat voraciously, from the noise of liquids pouring down
the throat. In Dut. gobelen, Fr. degobiiler, O. N. gubba, to vomit, the term is applied to
the rush of liquid upwards instead of downwards.' Similarly, our word — unless it be taken
as allied to O. N., and Sw. D. gabba. Sec., to mock, treat with scorn or insolence — will be
formed from the peculiar oral action employed and the sounds originating in it.

Gk>bstring, sb. A bridle.

Go'-'oab-ye. An imprecation,

Qod-'en, godden. A salutation, contracted for * good e'en,' or * good
even.'

• I give you godden,' Wb, Gi,

Gk>d-shild, interj. (pr. God-sharld). God avert, God forbid.

God shield, God defend, or God protect, originally.

' pus sal )>ai ever mar contynuely
Haf parfite payne )>ar, withouten mercy,
Fra whilk payne and sorow God us sbtlde 1 ' Pr, of Consc. 1. 9469.

* God sebilde hise sowle fro helle bale.' Gen, and Ex. p. 73.

* God sbdd the, son, from syn and shame.' Townel, Myst, p. 44.
In Chaucer the phrase occurs in our neuter sense of Crod forbid, pp. 66, 103.

Gk>d's-penny, sb. Earnest-money, given to a servant on concluding
the hiring compact : customarily half-a-crown.

S. G. Gudspenning; O.Sw. Go^s p€tnmngar; O.Dan. Gudspenning, Gudzpenning,
earnest-money given on completion of a bargain or contract ; Dan. Dial. Gudspenge ;
Sw. D. Guss-penning, earnest-money given to a servant on concluding an engagement to
serve a master for a term ; Germ. GoUes-penning ; N. S. QadUgeld; Fr. demer de Dieu;

Gg

2l6

GLOSS A Ry OF THE

ll, dtnario di Dio; Deaariui Dei, in Du Franc; also Htitigis Gtiiiis p/enaiag.
qual« ihe following curious passage fi-om ' Lament. PeiH Dialogui de mlua :' ' Saera-
mutlil ar oss gifail UkaKiis ton ni Gudipenning, illtr, torn wi nu stiji, a fesUpttnmg tUl
fomjo otb itriik:' the Mcrameni is giftn us liltt as il were a Go^s-ptnny — or, u We now
laj, a feiting-peiinj' — unto concind and charily. See Festrng-peuny.

corde,

With tliat he cast him ^ orfs ^nny,' Percy's JW. MS. \. Ijg.

Qoke, sb. The central portion of anything; as the core of an apple,
the inmost part of a hay-stack, the yolk of an egg, the harder or more
solid mass in a boil or ulcer which does not come away like the Quid
pus, &c. ^

Comp grmdlt'crJit, defined by Wedgw. as ' a remnant of an old uiom-down gtindstoue {'
by Ball, as ' t wom-down grindslone." ll is essenlially the rare — so lo speak — or centra)
portion of the original stone, and (educed tQ its present shape and dirneiuioni by weir.
This w<iid cote, coli or eolti, and our Goke are rimpi)' forms of one and the same word.
The foUowiug pauage ii, then, injlmctive ; —

■ For alle erihe by skille ttiay likend be

Till

undeappclofi
n in myddci hit i eoltt:
1 it may be tille an egge yl
■a Imydwird

pt yhoike of |>e egge. when il es hard,
Ryghl swa es helle pille, lis clerkei IFlles
Ymyddet frc crthe,' Pr. of Cons. 644,1,

of tl

rd-boiled Egg, or the receptacle of the seeds of the ai^le. The 1
It which would, or which actually does, fill up the place of such a central hollow. Thut
e word comet to mean the hard yolk, ot ihe yolk in any condition, of the egg ilsdf, the
itral remnant of the grindstone, the inneimosC portion of a hay-stack, the Bltfaat or
re of an uh»!r which remains when all the matter else is diichaignl ; and even the entiit
jnd oTum or pellet uf roe from the {pawn of a Gih : for I think there can be little doubt
It Kelk is essentially the same word as coOt or coU. Mi. Wedgwood quotei GaA
xb, empty, caocbag, a nut without a kernel. Comp. Dut. Mi, a pit or deep hollow,
d Sw. D. killp-djup. of the same meaning, which Kietz thinks may very postibly hive
en in its original form kdlk-djtip. ' Roten at the caiit' occurs in Toumd. MyU. p. )8l.

t of the

Ooldens, gouldens, ((uldens, sb. The dry, charred s
ling left afier burning the moor.

The orthography of I hi;
plaincil at ' hural heath 0
a coaL' Of ihe ling, howe
ttem, which is black eiioug
gives way to the influciicei
or yellow, or i

ward is micertain. In O-. Gl. it appean as ling-collin'f. ex-
ling. prob;ibly /ififiroaJiM/fs. the ling being burnt as black u
T, nothing whaterer it left save the thicker part of the m^
for a space next afier the fire; but erenlually the charred part
r rain and wealhei, and the colour, from black, becomes btown
Here the initial consonant it certainly
ile land.

C(. Dan. M gM bidi, a barren heath ; gold grand,

Oomerill, sb, A fool, a natural bom.

gonniril ii\i goniitl ; Hall

ic form g-winn-Aenrf; while )an

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 227

refers to Sibbald's derivation of the word from Fr. goimpre, goinfrt, and then to Grose's
^gamnur, to idle; gomerill^ a silly fellow; and gamentangs, a great, foolish, wanton girle.'
Possibly, what wisgacrt is relatively to wise, that Q-oxnerUl or Qaumerill is to gaum.

Gk>od, adj. Used to qualify words expressive of quantity or number ;
as a good few, a good little ; meaning, respectively, a tolerable num-
ber, neither very scanty nor very numerous, and a quantity that is not
very large without being at the same time really small.

' Gudi, adjectivis adverbiisque additum, significationem intendit. Sic gudi nog est,
oppido satis.' Ihre, in v. Oud (Deus) ii. This is curious when set side by side with the
usage above noted.

Goodies, sb. Sugar sweetmeats for children; the 'suckers' of the
South.

Sw. D. guttoTt sweetmeats ; Swiss guteli, sugar sweetmeats for children. Comp. Sw. D.
g(ktte, raisins.

Gkxxllike, adj. Having a good appearance, goodly, well-looking,

O. N. godlikr, bonus, praestans, eximius : Egills. Sw. D. godlik, golik, goodly, excellent.
• There *s many a goodlike nought :' Wb, GL, — a variation upon • Nulla fronti fides,' * All
is not gold that glitters,' * Nimium ne crede colori,' Sk.

Gtorp, gorpin, sb. A featherless or unfledged bird, as when just
hatched.

A word of uncertain derivation and orthography. Hall, gives got, Westm., and gorbii,
Yorks. ; Jam. gives gorbet, gorbling, gorling, gordlin, gorbel, gorb and garb ; besides
gorlin-bair^ the hair on young birds before the feathers come ; and gorliftt bare, unfledged.
Wb. Gl. gives gorp, gorpin ; but neither Leeds Gl., Or. G/., nor Brock, give the word at
all. Noticing the word garfwa, to curry, to dress or prepare leather, Ihre says it is derived
from Germ, gerben or garben. He then adduces Finn, earvari, with the same meaning,
adding, that in the same tongue * carwoan means to clear of hair, which conducts us to
earwa or carwan, which in that tongue means bair, fur* Probably Gorp, Gorpin, &c.,
are connected with ccanoa and its relatives, even if garfwa^ gerben^ garben be not : the idea
being of doum ox fur opposed Xofeatbers,

Gossamer, sb. The soft white downy filaments seen suspended on
the herbage or floating in the air after a continuance of fine summer-like
weather in the early autumn.

The Germ, tommer-faden, summer-thread ; tommer-floeken, summer-locks or flocks, ex-
pressive of the light filmy form of the substance— cf. scbnti^lock, a snow-flake ; sommtr'
webe, summer-web— our Clevel. Muswipe or Mxuweb, as also Marten fadm, muir Ueben
Frauin fdden^ Marten-gam, all point to the idea of a fabric, of what is spun or vnwtn.
Hence Carr's suggestion that summer-goose, as a North prov. name for gossamer, may indi-
cate the origin of the word, is not an unreasonable one — summer-goose, that is, summer*
gauze; and thence, by an inversion of the component elements, gossamer; or gossamer, as
Mr. Wedgw. writes it, with the explanation * properly God-summer.' The names Marten
fdden, unserer lieber Frauenfaden, are derived, he adds, * from the legend that the gossomer
is the remnant of our Lady's winding-sheet, which fell away in fragments when she was
taken up into Heaven. It is this Divine origin which is indicated by &t first syllable of the

Og 2

228 GLOSSARF OF THE

E. word/ Comp. the like practical ellipsis of the legend in the Genn. names db* sommer,
fliegende somnur. Still, Gost^GoeTs is not in itself satisfactory, and the form sumnur-goose
makes decidedly against it. Goose, corrupted fh>m gauze, and contracted into gas, as in
gosling, is clearly more probable.

Gtotherly, adj. Kind, of a kindly or warm-hearted disposition,
affable.

Cf. M. G. gadiliggs, a friend ; O. Germ, gafulinc, geteling; M. Gterm. geteUne, gedUng,
a friend, companion, diosen or kindly associate ; A. S. g€BMmg, a companion. But espe-
cially comp. Pris. gadelik, N. Fris. gadlik, M. Germ, getelik, N. Sax. gaadHieb, suitable,
agreeable. Note also Sw. D. g'dding, gadung ; Dan. D. ganning or gantUng; 'a word,'
says Molb. {Dansk D. Lex.), * of frequent use and rarious applications, almost invariably
in conjunction with the verb to be, and taken to signify what is serviceable or profitable,
what is suitable, or according to one's manner of thought, taste, or convenience : as, det
er min ganning, or det erjust min ganning : that is just what I like.' Add li.gade, gading,
a fellow, an equal, a mate ; giete; te gietes; te gietna's : after one's convenience or liking.

• A heart-warm, gotberly set.' Wb. Gl.
In the passage, Townd, Myst. p. 8,

' Gedlynges I am a fiille grete wat,
A good yoman my master hat,
FuUe wellc ye alle hym ken ;' —

the word gedlyng seems wrongly explained by * an idle vagabond.' A. S. gadeling supplies
its real origin, with perfect suitability as to sense ; viz. mates, comrades. Comp. the term
of address used two or three lines before — * felowes.*

Gtoupen, gowpen, sb. i. The hollow or containing part of the
hand. 2. The quantity that can be contained or held in the hollow of
the hands. Also called Gtowpen-ftill.

* Gopn, manus concava, O. N. gaupn, Apud nos, utplurimum usuipatur pro tanto quan-
tum simul nunu capere possis.' Ihre. Sw. D. gapn, the hollow hand when the fingers are
about half closed ; also, a handful, both hands employed. Rietz. Other forms are goppem,
gokken, gofh, g'opa, gdffen. Also S. Jutl. gobn (pr. gown or gofh), the two hands laid
together and partly closed. Molb. (D. Dial. Lex.) gives S. Jutl. gmve or gmwe, the hollow
hand, and other forms, gauf, gimben, gimbn, besides these two from Vendsyssel, giwvn, gievm.

* " Double gowpens ;" as much as the two hands put together will contain.' Wb. GL

• *• They gat gold by gowp'ns ;" soon became rich.* lb.

With this last comp. det er int* godt at grave gull med gobn : it is not well to dig gold by
gowpens, quoted by Kok ; and at gribe guld med gievner: to grip ho'd o' gou'd by
gotvp'ns,

Gk>upen-flill, sb. The quantity which can be contained or held in
the hollow of the two hands placed together.

Comp S.Jutl. en gobnfull bakkels*: a gowpen-full o' chop, i.e. of chaff; Vendsyss.
gieben-fuld. Swab, gaufel, a good handful, &c.

Gk>wk, sb. The cuckoo {Cuculus canorus).

O.N. gauhri Sw. g6lt\ Sw. D. gaitk, gok, gauk; Dan. geg; A.S. geae; M. Qerm.
goucb; Nass. gaucb.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 229

Gk>wk, sb. A fool ; one who is awkward in mind and body. See
Gauk.

(Rowland, sb. The corn marigold {Chrysanthemum segeiunC). Spelt
also Gtolland, Gtoiiland.

Comp. gittUAAommor^ the Sw. D. name for the same flower. This is connected by
Rietz with guld^ gold. Either it, or ^u/, yellow, furnishes the derivation of the present
word.

• " As yellow as a gowland ;" jaundiced.* Wb, 01,

Grace, sb. Benefit, advantage, good results or fortune.

A curious use of the word, not yet quite obsolete. Comp. barde ^oce =: misfortune.

' First he wounded me in the face ;
My eyen were safe, that was my grace * Percy's Fol, MS. i. p. 359.

' For the devil is oft disguised
To bring a man to evil grace,* Plowman's TaU, p. 189.

• " Ye've kessen yer gre't coat, than ?" " Aye, Ah hes ; an* Ah's getten nac grace wiv
it, nowther." ' Wb. Gl.

Gradely, adv. See Graithly.

GriEift. sb. I. The depth reached by one act of digging, a spit.
2. The portion of soil, peat, &c., turned up by one application of the
spade. See Spade-graft.

0. N. grbftr^ S. G. grift^ Sw. D. grofi, Dan. grefi; literally, that which is dug, exca-
vated. See V. a. Q-rave.

1. ' Ah 's duggen a' mah garth tweea grafts deep.'

2. • Get a graft up fra* t* bottom, an* \tvk what *t *$ like.*

Grafting-too], sb. A long, narrow, concave spade, or digging instru-
ment, used in draining.

Grain, sb. A separate, linear portion of a thing, whether still at-
tached, or detached from Uie rest ; as the branch of a tree, the tine of
a fork.

O. N. greutt Sw. gren, Dan. green^ a bouffh, that which grows separately from the rest
of the tree. Sw. D. gren is the angle (yinkel) which two shoots or branches of a tree,
springing from the same point, form with each other ; also the crotcb or fttrk of the thighs.
The O.N. vb. is greina, to divide, separate; not including the idea of to sever, necessarily.
Rietz collates Mply€tv, to discriminate, lay separate.

* And as he rode still on the plaine.
He saw a lady sitt in a graine* Percy*s Folio MS, i. 75.

Graining, sb. The fork, or division of a tree into branches.

Comp. Sw. D. gren, grajn, the fork, or angle made by two coincident shoots of a tree,
or by the thighs ; greinar, the two thighs, with the angle between them.

Graith, v. a. To furnish, provide or equip : occurring most fre-
quently in the p. participle ; as, bonnily giaithed, ill graithed, both

2y> GLOSSARY OF THE

applied to dress or clothing ; a well graithed table, a table nicely or
handsomely set out, &c.

O.N. grei^a, to straighten out, unfold, prq)are, work out, make ready; N. greida,
greia; Sw. D. grej{d), g^^JW* greda, grta, id. Comp. the various meanings of the O. E.
▼b. below.

* I shall graytb thi gate,
And fulle welle ordeyn thi state.* Townel, Mysi, p. 47.

* Ful gray>ely got; >is god man (Noah) and dos godej hestes
In dry3 dred and daunger, )>at durst do non o)>er.

When hit (the Ark) wat; fettled and forged and to >e fulle gray)>ed,
pen con dryjttyn hem dele dryjlv ^yse wordej.*

E. Eng, Allit, Poems, B. 1. 34 1 .

* When Guenore fill gay gray\>ed in l>e myddes
Dressed on )>e dere des.' Sir Gaw, ami Or, Kn, I. 74-

* There gode Gawayn watj gray\>ed, Gwenore bysydc.
And Agravayn on )>at o]>er syde sittes.' 76. 1. 109.

' A cheyer by-fore ]>e chemn^ ....
Watj grayed for syr Gawan, gray|>ely with clo^cj.* Ih, 1. 876.

Graith, graithing, sb. i. Equipment of any kind; furniture, cloth-
ing, &c. a. In a more general sense, belongings at large.

See Graith, vb. Cf. O. N. reidi, the tackling of a ship ; N. greidt, grtia, id. ; Sw. D.
greja, grejer or grdjer, effects, furniture, collection of goods and chattels ; G^hn. gtni,
naval tackling ; Dut. gereidi, gtrei, furniture, chattels, goods, equipment ; Germ, geraib,
implements, goods, &c., whence Dan. geraadt bus-gtraad, household goods and furniture,
with which comp. Clevel. Tea-graiihhig for tea-equipage at large. In O. £. writers the
word seems often to stand for despatch, quickness, or readiness in that sense. Thus,

* The rav3m, durst I lay, wille com agane sone,
He may happyn to day com agane or none

With gratb,* Toumel, Mysi, p. 3a.

Graithly, adv. Decently, in order, menseftilly.

See Graith. The word in the O. E. writers seems often to take the meaning, readily,
preparedly or speedily, rather than any more like its meaning with us. Thus ;^

* pis gret clerk telles )>us in a buke,

" Benalde," he says, ** graytbely and loke,

Herbes and trese j>at ]>ou sees spryng.

And take gude kepe what )nie forth bryng." ' Pr, 0/ Conse, 1. 644.

Still, our meaning also is met with : —

* A cheyer by-fore |>e chenm6, J>er charcole brenned,
Watj gray)!ed for Syr Gawan, gray)>ely with clo))e3.*

Sir Gaw, and Gr, Kn. I. 875 ;

* And sy)>en Inir; al \>t sale, as hem best semed

Bi vche grome at his degre gray\>tly watj semed.* lb. 1 1005 ;
that is, decently, fairly, fitly.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 2^1

Grane, v. n. To make the sound which accompanies a great effort,
such as lifting a very heavy weight, or the like : not infrequently sounded
as gaim.

Sw. D. grdnot to emit a dull sound from within : whether of person or thing, as a tab,
a door ; O. N. grenja^ to rumble, bellow. See Grene^ Hall. There seems to be a distinction
between this word and groan, the pq>l. of which, in Pr. of Consc, 1. 798, takes the form
granand.

Grass-widow, sb. A woman of loose character, a prostitute.

Hall, gives as the definition of this word, * an unmarried woman who has had a child ;*
and in Moor's Suffolk Words and Phrases, Graee^widow is * a woman who had a child
for her cradle ere she had a husband for her bed ;' and corresponding with this is the N. S. or
Low Germ, gras-wedewe. Again, Sw. D. grds-dnka, or -enkat grass-widow, occurs in the
same sense as with us — * a low, dissolute, unmarried woman, living by herself.' The
original meaning of the word seems to have been (see Ihre) * a woman whose husband is
away,' either travelling, or living apart The people of Belgium call a woman of this
description bceek-wedewe, from baeken, to feel strong desire. * Similarly gr<Bsenka seems to
come from gr<Bdesenka, from gradig, esuriens.' It seems probable then, from the ety-
mology taken in connection with the Clevel. signification, that our word may rather be
from die Scand. source than from the German ; only with a translation of the word tnia
into its English equivalent. Dan. D. grasenki is a female whose betrothed lover (Jastman)
is dead ; nearly equivalent to which is Germ, sirobwittwe, literally straw-widow. Compare
* man of straw.'

Grave, v. a. (pr. greeav*). To dig, to use a spade, or Spit, for
either digging or paring purposes. See Spit, Turf-graving, Grove,
Groven.

O. N. grafa; O. Sw. grafa, grava, grafwa; Sw. grafva; Sw. D. grdva, grdva; Dan.
grave ; O. Germ, graban ; N. S. graven ; A. S. grcfan ; M. G. gn£an, — all meaning to
engrave, to dig.

' Ah 's bin greeavm* t' w'oll deea i' t' priest's gaarden.'

' He 's awa' 't peat-moor greeavin* ptzU*

Greasehom, sb. A flatterer or sycophant.

* The farmers have a cow's horn, filled with grease, slung to their carts, for oiling their
axletrees.' Wb, GL The allusion seems apparent.

Great, adv. Used augmentatively, as in the expressions, great foul,
of great or huge size ; great likely, very likely, extremely probable, or
* to be sure.' See Hall, in v. * Great-like.'

* A great-(ou\ ox.' Wb, Gl,

* A great'ioMl cart-rut.'

Great-likely (pr. grete-likly). Very likely, almost certainly.
Gree, v. n. To agree, come to an understanding or concord.

2^2 GLOSSARf OF THE

Oreed, sb, i. Greediness or avarice. 2. A greedy, covetous, or
avaricious person, a miser.

The word occuis in both meanings in Chaucer, O. N. eriiitr. greedinos, in both >eniei ;

Greet, v. n. (pret. gret or grat, p.p. gretten). To cry, lo weep:
silently, rather than with any loud outcry.

O.N. grdla (pret. gril): 0. Sw. grata (pr. gnl ar gral); Sw. grdlai Sw. D. grSta
(imp. gril or gril), grata (pr. grel), grila (pr. f o/) ; Dtn.gradi; M. G. grittaii A. S.
gralOH {pr. grel. p.p. gralin); O.Six. griolaa, arc.

Grenky, adj. Out of sorts, unwell, t
especially. See Cranky.

1 the latter sense

O. N. h-iinkr. sick

Diu.iratJt: Grmi. :

■ Ah reels grenij a'

onl of sorts; O, Sw. iranlier-. Sw.
ani. Conip. Sw. D. kraMig, poor,

vn.Gi.

-, but on a small or

Qrifi*, sb. A deep narrow glen or valley ;
gentler scale.

The idea involved is ptobibly that of a space hollowed oat or excavated, id which loue
— the excarition or hollowing, however, being on a smaller scale, ai well » actual oi done
hy band — we have O. Sw. grip, gript, grift, as well ai Sw. gri/l, a gnve. an excavation io
the earth, and gropa. to excavate or hollow out. Comp. S.Jull. grov, Dan. grmji,
O. N. gr6/. &c. The word is preserved to us in more than one local name. Skianing-
grove, on our coatt, in a docutnent of the date 1171 ii wiitten Slriniugrivt : Shma-grniM,
41 Edw. IIIt and othenrisc ShTinirgrtJi, Stc. Mulgrave. again (often corrupted into
Mtil-grdvts) in Domesday standi as Ori/, and later forms are Mulgrnl, Moitgm*. &C.

Grime, sb.

Sw. D, grima, 1

Soot, or soot-like matter.

spot Of speck of loot on the face; N. griiHa. a spot or imut, etpcdallf
on inc race; uan. grime. Id.: O.Sw. grima, a mask for the face; O.N. grima, id.:
A. S. grima. Id. ; N. Frls. grimt, a mask, or tilack spot, or smut, on the face ; Dan. D. grim
or griiiH, the set black, or hardened lool, on a pot. It seems scarcely posslile to doubt the
cloie connection between OrlniB in its seme, soot, smut, black, and grima. a maik. The
transition teenu to have been from an arliRcial covering for the face or part of the face, te
any incidental and removable discoloration, i[f arent discoloration, or cause of apparent dii-
coloration of the face or countenance, and whether in man or beasL Thni N. grima, Dan,
jrnM a a halter or bridle, that it, a dark band covering part of the horse's head : but the;
also ilgniiy a dark coloured patch on a creature's head : whence also Sw. D. grimig, applied
to catSe with while stripes on a dark bead ; albeit Dan. grimtl meant, with a white head
and dark stripes or blotchei. The bst step is to the Uack oi smut on the face ; and thence
to the bUck or smut itself.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 233

Grime, v. a. i. To blacken, or daub with sooty matter. 2. To
blacken metaphorically, to defame or vilify.

Moth gives O.Dan, grime, to blacken, daub with black; and Molb. {Dansk Oloss.)
quotes grimett blackened, marked with black ; from burning, namely ; as applied to trees
situate on boundary lines and having burnt or blackened spaces on them to mark them out
from others : as, oeb sa copp ath ti>en tnosse, som ibei grimed tract staar, oeb sa fra ibii
tr<Bt See, Rietz has no doubt that a corresponding word — grima — signifying to make
black, smutty or dirty, to pollute, has once existed in the Sw. tongue. But I do not know
any analogous usage of the word to that presented in our second sense. Cf. Blaok« to de-
fame, slander, vilify.

Griming, sb. A slight covering with a matter that can be sprinkled
or scattered evenly and slighdy, as snow ; a sprinkling.

This word is probably due to the (apparently) original conception of the word grhm.
See Grime, sb. I scarcely think that it is immediately connected with O. N. hrim in its
mere sense of pndnat except in so far as that is connected with grima, ros congtlahu; but
rather with the thought of a disguising, but, at the same time, removable covering.

Grimy, adj. Slanderous, given to blacken or defame a person.

A grimy tongue ;" a slanderous tongue.' Wb. OL

» »t

Grip, v. a. To take hold firmly, to grasp or seize quickly and
strongly.

O. N. gripa, to hold tight with the hand ; O. Sw., Sw., and Sw. D. gripa, Dan. gribe,
to catch hold, grasp, hold tight with the hand ; O. Germ, grifan, er^an ; A. S. gripan.
In N. gripa, vowel-sound and sense are both exactly as in our flprlp.

* He wur jest £»llin' off t' cart when Ah gripped him by his daes.'

* Grip ho'd, man.'

Grip, sb. A trench or furrow hollowed along the surface ; a channel
or snudl ditch.

O. Sw. grip, an excavation made by digging, a grave ; Sw. D. grip, a ditch, channel, hole
dug ; Sw. grop ; Sw. D. gr&>, a ditch, channel ; Dan. D. gr<A), grcv ; O. N. grdf, grof;
O. Germ, grdba ; A. S. grctp, grep, a grip, furrow, ditch. Note Pr, Pm^ • Growpe, where
beestys, as nete, standjm.' See C^w-grlp.

GMpe, sb. (pr. grahp or graip). A dung-fork; or, more generally, a
fork which may be applied to digging purposes.

S. G. gnpi, a three-tined fork for stable purposes, &c ; Sw. grtpe, dynggnpi, id. ; Sw. D.
grtM, ding-grtp; Dan.ir«6, mmg-greb,

* A three-grained, or three-grain grahp*

* I grape de ferro pro fimis.' Fincb, Pr, p. lii.

Grip-hold, sb. (pr. grip-ho'd). A handle, or any projecting part of
an object which may be conveniently and firmly grasped.

Comp. O. N. greip, a handle ; Sw. D. grep, id., dorr-grep, the handle of a door ; N. grip.

Hh

234 OLOSSARr OF THE

Grob, V. n. i . To search or examine by the sense of feeling, as
with the hand in any dark place, or where the assistance of sight is not
available; a pocket, e. g., or a dark hole, or drawer. 2. To be desultory
or unsettled in occupation or haunt.

A very near connection of E. grope, itself closely connected with a large number of words
in various languages and dialects, the primary idea in all of which is grasping, taking with
the hands, whence also, feeling or fumbling with the hands as in preparation to take or
catch hold of. Comp. Sw. grabba; Bret, kraban, the open hand ; Sw. D. graUbhaiag, krab'
hatag, a taking with tiie whole hand ; besides many other like words, all derivatives from
gripa, Comp. also, —

' The sext (pain) is swa mykel mjrrknes
That it may be graped, swa thik it es,' Pr. o/Conse. 1. 6566;

where the idea is more than possibly a transitionary one to tl^at of feeling, from that of
grasping ; as certainly in * Crrope and fele flesh and bone and forme of man.' Towiui, MyU,
p. 383. See also Aner, Rtude, p. 314.

Grob, sb. A small-sized, insignificant-looking person; one whose
appearance is the very reverse of imposing or personable.

Comp. Welsh erob, crwh, what is shrunk into a round heap ; a hunch.
A lahtle groh ;" a diminutive person.' Wb. Gl.

c tt

Grobble, v. n. (pr. often, almost as if written groflSe or gruffle).
I. To poke about, as with a stick in a hole, or among a nimiber of
objects. 2. To feel about among a nimiber of things for one in
particular. 3. To loiter or hang idly about; to be long over one's
work, or any job in hand.

* Grdfla proprie fodicare notat, sed usurpatur fere de iis, qui, aliquid qnxsituri, res sursnm
deorsum vertunt :' properly signifies to dig into, to stick m—fodicart lahu, * to give one a
dig in the side' — but is usually applied to the action of persons who, when looking for an
object, turn things upside down. Ihre. Comp. Sw. and Sw. D. grabbia, to take hold of a
thing, but uncertainly, as if not quite able to grasp it. There is an Eng. D. form grabble.
The O. Sw. form is twice interesting, as not only being a parallel word, but also as giving
the /form of it, like the Clevel. Pr.

Grose, v. n. To save up money, amass substance.

M. Germ, grozen, to become great, sustain accessions ; grazen, to make great, add to.
Sw. D. grosa, to exalt or magnify above measure, exists, and is considered by Rictz to be
analogous, at least, to the Germ, words above quoted. Our word is one which does not
appear in Hall, or the'Northem Glossaries generally. Wb. GL, however, has it.

Groser, sb. A saving and thriving person, one who has the gift of
accumulating money.

Grossy, adj. Thriving, vegetating rapidly and vigorously, full of
growth. Perhaps an oral corruption of Growihy.

Comp. Dut. groese, vigour, growth ; Dan. gr^de, growth of plants.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 235

Ground-work, sb. The preparatory work in laying the foundation
'of a building, on which the mason-work proper is laid.

See Pr, Pm. note to GroumtU, where the grottnd-werh of Fotheringay Castle is men-
tioned, but as iht foundations rather than in the sense given above.

Orouty, adj. Soiled, dirty-looking, begrimed.

The complete meaning of this word is doubtless ' smeared or coated with sediment/
grouts, grounds; and thence — as sediment is usually thick, muddy, dirty — ^the general
meaning given above. * Dut. grueUt gruyte, dregs ; the grainy or lumpy matter left in
decoctions or infusions, as the grains in beer, or the grouts (corruptly grounds) in coffee ;
.... grouty, dreggy, thick, muddy. Dut gruyten, to mud, or clean out canals.' Wedgw.
Comp. also N. grut, dregs ; gruttn, thick, muddy ; Sw. D. grossel, dregs ; grosslig, turbid,
thick, dreggy : the stock, in these latter words, being grut, grud or gryt, gravel, small
stones, grits ; the connection between which and the small sedimentary matters which con-
stitute * dregs' is not hard to recognise. See Wedgw. in w. Grits, Orots, Grout,

Qrov, grove, sb. The Pr. of Groove.
Orove. Pret. of Grave.

Comp. O. N. graja, pret. gr6/; Sw. D. grdva, grov; Dan. grave, grov; M. O. graban,
grof, &c.

Ghroven, growen. P. p. of Grave.

O. N. graja, p. p. grqfinn,

Qrow-dAj, sb. (pr. the ow nearly as in how). A day peculiarly
suited to promote vegetation, mild and warm after showers, or during
their continuance. See Grow-weather.

* A desper't fiihn grouhday for seear ! '

Growihy, adj. (pr. gr5thy — the 0 like the 0 in both, and the sound of
the M almost merging into that of ss. See Grossy.) Full of growth,
luxuriant, growing rapidly and to a large size; of vegetables, growing
crops, &c.

Grow-weather, sb. Weather such as to promote rapid and vigorous
vegetation, moist, genial and warm. See Grow-day.

* Gr6drar-vedr, aer tepidus, humidus : tfarmt og JugAg vsjr, som sr beqvtmt for Jord"
vcenttmt : warm, moist weather, such as is calculated to promote vegetation' (Hald.) ; also
Dan. D. grmde-^wr, and et gr^dtiigt vtir; and the S. Jutl. expression, dtt er got grmdt i s
wfr : there 's a vast o' grow i' t' weather.

' Its tahm we hed a lahtle grow-weatber,*

Grub, v. n. To be affected or injured by grubs ; of growing crops.

* T' com *s ssai grubbed V mony spots t' year.'

H h a

23^ GLOSSARY OF THE

Grue, adj. Grim or morose-looking ; lowering, dark, dismaL Spelt
Grou in WA. GL

Wedgw. gives * Grow^ to be troubled. — B. To grow or gry, to be agaish ; grotuonUf
fearful, loathsome. — Hall., Dan. gru, horror, terror ; gru€, to shudder at ; Germ, gratum,
to have a fear united with shuddering ; Dut. grouwen, grouweUn, horrere.'

* So agreued for greme he grytd with-inne,
Alle )>e blode of his brest blende in his face

pat al he schrank for schome >at )>e schalk talked.'

Sir Gaw, and Gr. Km, 1. 2370.
Add Sw. grufva ag^ O. Sw. grufva sik, Sw. D. gruva uj: to be troubled, to shew signs of
trouble in countenance or manner, to be * down in the mouth,' look dismal, &c. ; O. Germ.
griien, ingruen^ Mid. Germ. grUwen, id., N. gruva, grui, to be in dread, to be frightened ;
Sw. D. grusam or gruvsam, dejected, dismal-looking, frightened or horrified.

* He looks as grou as thunder.' Wb, Gl,

* " The sky looks black and grou;** threatening rain.' Ih.

* '* A grou morning ;" a dull morning.' Ih,
The adv. gryle occurs in TowneL Myst. p. 137.

Gruff, V. n. To express discontent or vexation : hence, probably, to
grunt, to snore, which is the meaning given in Wh, GL

Identical with O. E. grueb^ only with a guttural pronunciation. Comp. Clevel. thraff«
through, Slafter=: slaughter, FleufT^ plough, thof— though, watt^ toughs Bcc, Note also
Sw. D. groffa or groffd, to grunt, to utter low sounds of discontent either in the way of
grunting or crying ; and comp. Sw. D. gruhbla, to mutter, give half-audible expression to
discontent or vexation. See Grutcbyn, gruebyn, Murmuro. Pr, Pm, ; and Fr. grugmr^ to
grieve, repine, mutter ; also groucbier, groucber,

* For )>ae trow nathyng bot )>at )>ai se.

But grocbes when |>ai dredful thyng here.' Pr, of CoHse, L 296.

* OJ>er jif my lege lorde lyst on lyue me to bidde,
0)>cr to ryde, o]>cr to renne, to rome in his emde,
What gray)>ed me >e grycbebyng bot grame more sechc?'

E, Eng, AUit, Potms, C. 1. 51.

* Johne, be thou buxom and right bayn.

And be not grucband in no thyng.' Townd. MysL p. 168.

In E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 809,

* Loth lahed so longe wyth luflych worde)

)?at |>ai hym graunted to go, and gru^t no lenger,'

we have the pret. of grucb, which approximates to our gruff. Comp. * No man wit hard!
to grucebe (e]>er to make pryuy noyse, muHrt — Vulg.), ajenus the sones of Israel,'
WiclifT; and, * let them wander up and down for meat, and grudge if they be not satisfied,'
Ps. lix. 15 ; the latter quotation retaining the old word in exactly the same sense as our
gruff, while in the former it has given way to * moved his tongue ;' the Greek word in
the Sept. being 7pt;£« in Ex. ii. 7, and iypv^t in Josh. x. 21 : * And none moved his tongue
(gniched) against any of the children of Israel.'

Grund, v. a. To grind (pret. grand or granded ; p. p. gninded
or gninden).

Grand, groond. Pr. of Ground.

* Gati to grund;* to relieve nature.

* Tew for t* grund;* to be anxious to put feet to the ground, of an infant.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 237

Gvundage, sb. Ground-rent for leasehold property. Wh. GL

Gmn'staii', gnumlstan*, sb. A grindstone : the first form merely
that of pronmiciation, and possibly 3ie second also; grindle-Btone
being the micomipted form.

The form grinddstantt ocean in two of the MS. copies of Aner, RiwU; grindttm^
in the copy printed from, p. 333.

Onmti V. n. To grmnble, to vent one's discontent; to speak dis-
contentecUy.

He that is sick ' mei wd >enchen bute euer on of his secnesse, and gronen nor his eche
(ache), and grutUm nor his stiche (stitch, pang) more >en nor his smmen.' Ancr, RiwU,
p. 316.

Gmntle, v. n. To emit a low sound expressive of indisposition or
discontent See the word in Halliwell.

Guider, sb. A tendon or sinew. See also Leader.

Guisard, sb. A person strangely or grotesquely dressed, for the
purposes of disguise or pastime.

Fr. guise; Wtlthgwit; Br. giz, kiz; Qerm. unisS, &c. Comp. disguisi, to change
one's fashion or semblance.

Gutter, Eaves-, sb. The eaves-trough, or trough affixed below the
eaves to receive the water from the roof.

' In z petris plnmbi emptis pio i guiUr* Fineb. Pr, Inv,

Gumption, sb. i. Intelligence, readiness of wit and hand. 2 As-
sumption, impertinence, petty insolence of speech.

See Gaum, from which this is a derivative.

1. ' He was a man o' some gumption;* of intelligence and information. Wh. 01.

2. ' O'i* us noan o' yer gumption* lb.

Habliments, sb. Corruption of habiliments.

* Noo ye've getten yer babUmenis on. Ah '11 awa' an' knoll t* bell ;' the derk to the
clergyman about to officiate at a funeral, of the surplice, scarf, &c.

Hack, sb. A pick-axe with one arm, described by Wh. GL as ' half
a mattock ;' by Brock. ' as a strong hoe used in agriculture.'

Dan. bakkt, pick-axe, mattock ; Sw. backa, a hoe, a chopping tool used in agriculture.

%^8 OLOSSARY OF THE

Haokle, v. a. i. To dress, to trim or make neat or smart. 2. To
dress or trim the gromid.

Dan. bigU, to hackle, dress : flax, namely ; Sw. bakla, Sw. D. bdkkal, id. ; derivatives
from bage or bake, a hook, in reference to the principle of the hackling or hatcheling
instrument. Both the Dan. and Sw. words convey also the meaning of scolding or repri-
manding— as is the case also with E. drtss. TUs is also true of Clevel. sb. Heoklingy
although the vb. itself is hardly preserved.

Haokle, heokle, sb. i. Feathers, wool, hair; the natural covering
of any feadiered or hairy creature : specially applied to the long pointed
feathers of a cock's neck. 2. An artificiaJ covering, clothes or equip-
ment, with the implication that their quality is good.

The primary idea in this word seems to be of what wiU admit of separation into its con-
stituent fibres or quasi-fibres, as the flax does under the baekU or batebd. Hence it
comes to mean wool, hair, or feathers. The hackles of a cock's neck moreover are not
only separable from each other, but also into their own constituent rays or fibres, in a
different way from the other feathers, the webs of which naturally adhere, though slightly,
to each other. In reference, however, to our second sense we must notice A. S. bactla^
baeeU, baciU, bacUi, a habit for a man of war, a cloak, a mantle ; a coat, cassock or under
garment ; a word probably due to a different source, and perhaps suggesting the propriety
of distinguishing Haokle with this sense, from the present word.

a. * ** He has a good baekle on his back ; he does not shame his keeper ;" of one who is
stout and well-looking.'

* Under ureondes buehl;' under the cloak, that is, sembhnce, of a ^end. Ancr, RiwU,
p. 88.

Haffle, V. n. i. To stammer or hesitate in speech. 2. To hesitate
in reply as if unwilling to speak the truth ; to prevaricate. 3. To hesi-
tate in action or decision, be slow or reluctant in making up one's
mind.

Hall, gives beffli, to hesitate, to prevaricate, and Wedgw. connects also Halliwell's bqfir,
to stand higgling ; baJtrtHt unsteady, wavering ; and buffle, to waver, to blow unsteadily,
with our word ; also Dut. bapertn, to stammer, hesitate, stick fast, and Sw. bappla, to
stammer. To this add Sw. D. bapld, to do what some one else has just done, to try
to imitate any one in word or deed, but all in a helpless, blundering, hesitating sort of
way ; bappla, id., and also to stammer, to hesitate in speaking ; bablda, to stammer, to
stumble. Collate E. bobble,

1. * " To bc^e and snaffle ;" to stammer and speak through the nose.' Wb, Gl,

2. * A baffling sort o' body ;* a stammering, prevaricating person.

3. * Don't bc^e about it, but finish it at once.' Wb, GL

Hag, sb. A white fog or mist such as sometimes occurs coincidently
with frost : whence Frost-hag.

Perhaps dependent on the same root as O.N. bagall, Sw, bagel. Dun. bagel, bagl ;
N. bagl, A. S. bagol, bagle; O. Qerm. and Oerm. bagel, hail ; N. bagla, to hail, to fall in
drops, to trickle ; bigla, to fall in fine drops ,* bigl, drizzling rain or snow : the termination
el or / being added to convey the idea of spherical or globular form, the other circumstances
remaining the same.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 239

Hag, sb. Wood, or coppice: often as growing on wild broken
ground, or on a broken or rugged bank ; a hanging wood. Cr, GL

Hall, says, ' A certain division of wood intended to be cut. In England, when a set of
workmen undertake to fell a wood, they divide it into equal portions by cutting off a rod,
called a Hag-staffs three 01 four feet from the ground, to mark the divisions, each of which
is called a Hag^ and is considered the portion of one individual. . . . The word was also
applied to a small wood or endosure. The Park at Auckland Castle was formerly called
the Hag.' Wb. GL gives * Hagt a coppice ; supposed, says Mr. Marshall, to be the wood-
land set apart by the lord of the soil as fuel for his tenants.' In either case the reference is
to the act of cutting, or chopping, as almost appears on the surface in the sentence quoted
by Jam. from Dumb. Stat. Account : — * The oak woods are of such extent as to admit of
being divided into 20 separate bags, one of which may be cut every year.' Comp. Sw.
byggi, felling of trees ; and O. N. boggva, Sw. bugga, Sw. D. bagga, bogga, Dan. bugge,
to hew. Note also Qerm. bag, a wood, forest, thicket, grove, &e connections of wUch,
however, are with E. bow, be<^e, &c. It is more than possible that there are two words
confused together in our Hag, one corresponding to Sw. bygge, and one to Germ. bag.

\y sb. Wild and broken ground, such as may be met with in
boggy, and therefore uncultivated, lands. More generally, a broken or
rugged bank.

Jam. defines bag as ' Moss-ground that has formerly been broken ap ; a pit, or break in
a moss ;' and refers the word directly to boggva, bugga, to hew ; Sw. D. bagga. The idea
of hewing, chopping, certainly passes on easily to the abrupt ed^es or nocks induced by the
action, and thence naturaOy to such a broken surface as is intended by the word Hag.

Hag-berry, sb. The fruit of the bird cherry {Prunus padus). Some-
times applied to the shrub itself. See Egg-berry, another form of the
word ; and * Heck-berry,' Halliwell.

Sw. bagg, the bird cherry, the shrub ; Dan. bttg or bagg, id. The fruit is called
b€egge-4>€ar or bagtbar; qf bvis safi laves viin: from the juice of which a sort of wine
is made.

Hag-olog, sb. A chopping-block ; any largish mass of wood used
to chop other wood on.

Sw. D. bagga, to chop, hack, hew. Comp. Qerm. badKhiz; Sw. D. bugg-stubbe;
Sw. buggkubb, buggbhck, buggbock, buggstock. See Olog.

Haggle, V. n. To hail.

O. N. \kX baglar, it hails ; Sw. bagla, Dan. bagli, A. S. b€^dan, bagoloHt to hail.

* It baith baggltd an' snew.'

* It baggies sair.' Wb. Gl. Comp. Dan. det bagUde starki i marges: it hailed severely
in the morning.

Haggle, V. a. i. To cut unevenly, or so as to leave jagged edges.
2. To tease or worry, to banter.

Probably a derivative — as joggle from Jog, &c.^-from bttg, to hack, chop ; a mode of
cutting not conducive to regularity or evenness of edges, &c. ; whence^ the second meaning
follows. Rietz gives Sw. D. bugg-ol, mocking or bantering words, in which the analogy
is complete as to sense, the 0/ being simply a prov. corruption of ord, a word.

24°

GLOSSARF OF THE

Hagsnar, hagsnare, sb. The stub left in the ground from which
coppice-wood has been cut; a projecting stump or knot of a tree.

I take tbii definition, with slight verbal alteration from Wi. Gl. If it had been ex-
plained as the designated jtubi collectively— that is, if it were applied to a loiality where
eoppice-wood had been lately cut down — the derivation and preciie meaning would have
been appaient. Sw. snar or mar it a coppice ot wood where the nnderwood and trcei
grow dose enougb to make tianiit difficult ; N. snaar, tnitr, id. The prefix hag would
limply imply the act of calting or chopping, in this particular caie, lately pait oi done.

Hogworm, sb. The common viper, or adder {Pelfus berus).

O. N. boggormr. Sw. buggorm, Dan. bugorm, the viper ; colubtr btnii. Molb. and
Dalln. m. Gl. desnibei the HoEWorm at * the common make of the woods :' Hall, at
' K tnalie {' Cr. Ql. ai ' a snake, or blind worm, haunting the bag or hedge. A. S. bag,
tepcs;' Brock., as ' Ihe common make, CtHubtr nalrixi' — mistakenly in every case, as 1
beliere. The Clevel. usage of the word is simply in the sense of viper. The common
make (C tturix, Bell't Nalriii lorqiiata) ii called Ihe Q^mHi-BIiake, and the s
blind-worm {AnguU fiagilis), is also specially dittiuguished. The word E
jtriking-snake — ii descriptively accorale.

Hair-breeda, sb. Small gradations, slow degress. See Breed.

■ " She 'i dying by hair-brads ;" by very slow degrees.' Wb. Gl.

Halt, hayt, hyte. The old word of command to the horses in a
team or the plough to turn towards the driver, or to the left: now
replaced by Harve or Hauve. Also spelt ' height' in HalUwell.

■ The Northumbrian Bid.' lays Mr. Gnuld, Scam, 8cc., d/IciI. p. iSfi, ■ is Ihe Icelandic
^y- P'- baiHr.' Foi hoit. hjte. however, Sw. D. bit. bUjl, a word eiaclly equiiralent in
sound, uie, and tense, suggeiti another origin. Comp. Dan. j^d, hither, this way.

' Sir, lang time he had cast an eye
Al winsome maisiriii Property.

But the would neither byti nor ihee.' JacaScr. Disc. p. 19.
' This carter imool. and ccyde at he wer wood,
Hayl, brok ; bayl, Scot ; what spate ye for the stoones ? '

Friri's Tait, il p. 98.
' HarrcT. Morelle, io fbrthe, byH,

And let ihe ploghe ttand.' TiAimd. Atyil. p. g.
Halliwell's explanation of ' neither height not ree ; i.e. neither go nor drive, laid of (
wilful person,' is erroneous : il simply means will not obey initrucliont, even to fit ta to
turn either 10 the right hand or Ihc left.

Hake, sb. A greedy or pertinacious asker or beggar; a grasping,
avaricious person.

Ihre gives bait, nebuli
Seieniui in Dictionar. Angt,, quote la garamal bi
levilement. and Ihal Eng. on old bag is similarly applied; but that according Io ili deriva-
Ijon and original application there certainly wat nolliing of contempt or repulsion involved
in the latlei word. He then mentioni the term lialbalH, as applied to men posseised of
great powers of body and employing them Io Ihe oppression ot injury of others : O. N. Mir,

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 24I

a powerfiil, coarse fellow ; baki, a tea-king ; Sw. D. bake, an energetic, resolute man. In
these words, as it would seem, we have the origin of our and S. G. beike : the ideas of per-
tinacity, greediness, regardlessness of moral or other restraints, are each of them involved
or implied in their various meanings. Possibly, the original thought may have been con-
nected with bake, a hook.

Hake, v. a. (sometimes pr. heeak). To persecute with enquiries or
petitions, and so to tease or pester or worry.

This vb. and the next may possibly be coincident, though their connection is obsctire.
This may be a derivative from sb. Hake. In the example the connection would seem to
be with bake, a hook.

* He bake$ my very heart out.' Wb, OL

Hake, v. n. i. To loiter, to go about idly, to lounge: thence to
hang about pr3dngly, to sneak, or aim at getting at information, &c., in
an underhand way.

Comp. Sw. D. baktOf to stay, to deUy.

To go baking about;" prying, seeking indirectly for news.' Wb, GL

t «i

Hale, V. a. To pour or empty out, as water from a vessel by in-
clining it to one side, or otherwise.

S.G. baila, balla, i. to incline, tilt ; as a vessel : a. to pour out, as liquid from a tilted
vessel ; thus, bdlla watn pd ndgot: to pour water upon anything ; O. N. balla; Dan. belde
or btidde, to incline, to pour out, or take out by dipping, or let run out slowly by indining
the containing vessel ; to fill another vessel by pouring from an inclined containing vessel ;
as, ai belde valden afosten : to pour the whey ft-om the cheese ; at belde olie i lampen : oil
into the lamp ; at belde een over med vand : water over any one. The word has an exten-
sive application through the shades of meaning connected with inclination or leaning : as,
Mtifen er saa beld, glasser staaer saa beldi : the ladder, the glass, is on the brink of a fall ;
belde, a steep place down which one can easily slip or fall ; and so on, inclusive of Clevel.
Held» inclination, proclivity.

Hales, sb. The handles or ends of the plough-stilts : usually in the
compound form Plough-hales.

* n€d, paxillus, davus, in primis ligneus.' Ihre. H<bI, tyrbtd, t^grbal, a peg, tether
peg. Molb. Dial, Lex,; O.N. bttU, a crook or hooked peg; Sw. D. bai, bel, a wooden
peg ; N. bid, a tether peg ; Cdt. boel, pin, peg. Comp. Sw. D. bandbel, the equivalent of
our Hale.

Half-baked, adj. Deficient in intellect, silly, slow or stupid.

Comp. the Dan. idiom ny-bagt, new-baked, as applied to any mushroom quality or
dignity : as, ny-bagt excellence ; en ny-hagt riddersmand, a new-baked nobleman, &c.

Half-marrow, sb. One who, in connection with work, is looked
upon as but half a * man ;' an apprentice not yet out of his time ; one of
two whose joint work is looked upon as a unit, the two being both boys
or under age. See Marrow.

Comp. Dan. D. balf-mUtmand or balv-neismand, a man who borrows another man's nets

I 1

GLOSSARy OF THE

Half-nought (pr. haaf-nowghl). Half- no thing ; anything— price or
consideration — too absurdly small or inadequate to be worth men-
tioning.

Hall. wriiBs thii balf-neuil. and explains it by ■ half-price.' Ii is simply batf-nolUng.
' " Wlial did you give foi it ?" ■' Oh I jesl about ba/t-HOUrgbl." '

' Ah'd ding Iha' au'd hetid »ff fur baaf-natugbt. Ah widV spokcD by a man Irritated to
Ihc very verge of violence.

Half-rocked, adj. Silly, iFh. Gl. gives as the meaning, ' ill-trained,
only half-nursed ;' but the idea is that of deficiency of wit, rather than of
cultivation.

HaJf-there (used adjectively rather than adverbially). Deficient,
half- silly, simple -witted.

' Pnii lilly gomcrill 1 He 'i nobbal bauf-lbire.'

HoUooked, adj. Teased, worried, bullied.

Bild. gives baUoii; Itoni ballr, bowed, inclined, i
jugum missus ;' wilh the eiample, oft bifnil sa tr bolt
nvengei hitrisilf j wfaeacc, probably, our word.

HoUooking, adj, Idling or wandering about desultorily.

' HallacUiig, generally ciiupled with tloil : " A gurt hallacking itoit." To go biUiui-
mg about, wandering up and down giddily without > direct »ini.' Leidi Ol. Hill, eivei
■ HallacUag, idling, feaiiing ; making meiry. HaUaeH, an Idle feUow. North :' and Jam-
gives ' HalMil, OT ballacb'd. 1 . crazy or half-witted : a, giddy, fooliih, hatcbrained ; often
implying the idea of light behaviour." Cf. the latter word with our bftllookedi and
Halliwell's ballaclti wilh Jamieiou'i baloc, a light, thoughlleu gill, which he coimects with
A.S. bixlga, levii. inconstani, ai a possible origin. In the Eastern Counties ImHrhig sig.
niGes not only heavy, lumbering, is in the eiprestion ' a great hulking chap,' but alto
loitering lazily oi heavily, a> in the expteisinn ' hulking about :' and thus it may be co-

I, sb, (pr. lieeams). The appendages of iron or wood fitting
over the collar of a drauglit-horse, or Barfiun, and to which the traces
are attached, The ' seles' of the South.

■ Attelej. the baumis of a draught horse'i collar.' Cotgr. ' Esleles, iaiiwj.' Gi. on G. di
Bibtlttu/, Mr. Wedgwood tays, ■ the origin of the word banit is seen in the Wall. Mm,
a iplinl, or thin piece of wood, corresponding to Oerm. icbitnt. a iplinl. band to keep thiiigi
ckne.' He alio []uolei PI. bam, a horte-collar ; and Jam- givrs the form boi-bamrit,
iaimi or a collar for a cow, from Kilian. While ' batialx^agh, a coaiie hone-collar, made
of teed or itraw. Devon.' given by Hall., remaini to ihew relationihip tc

one is diiappoiiited at finding to few tncei
tongue and iti diilecli. I believe we End a c
l|dintcr-bar, iwlngle-lrce, which ii conncctct

form Eoma except in our own older

;icii wilh bammla. to hL;ad down, to

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 243

pollard, or poll ; O. N. bamlat a small pole or stake ; Dan. bammti^ N. IxBmmelt splinter-
bar. Probably also, bambe {Dansk, Gl,), described by Molb. as ' an unusual and to himself
unfamiliar word, which seems to signify either cross-pieces of wood, or curved or crooked
(hooked) pieces, employed on quays or ships' bulwarks,' may be nearly related. In the
passage,

* We are so bamyd,
For-taxed and ramyd.
We are made hand-tamyd

Withe these gentlery men ;* Toumel Mytt, p. 98,

the word bamyd is probably a vb. derived from the sb. bamt or bam (him in a passage
quoted by Jam.), and implying forced to submit and labour for others* profit, as the draught-
horse is. See BarflEtm.

Hammer, v. n. To stammer, hesitate in speaking.

The two words bammer and stammer are frequently joined together in use ; and the idea
is simply that of repetition, as with the blows requisite for driving anything home with
a hanmier. It should not be quite overlooked, however, that S. G. and Sw. bappla is to
stammer ; and that bampa and bappa, to happen, to chance, are coincident, as alto that Ihre
recognises the connection between E. bamper, to entangle, and Sw. bappla: while from
bamper to bammer is a very easy transition, in our dialect especially.

Hamp, sb. An article of clothing, which may have been worn next
the skin, or, at times, over the mider-clothing.

Dan. D. bempe, a farmer's jacket, or smock, toga rustica ; O. Sw. bomber, bampntr,
bampn, vestis, indumentum (Ihre) ; thence, ilosters bamher or bampner, monastic habit ;
kladb i closters bampn aUar cUfitum, clad in the cloister bamp or habit ; Jiadar bampn^
a suit of feathers ; O. N. bamr; N. and Dan bam; A. S. bama^ boma, bom; N. Frit, bam;
M. Q. bama, bam. See-, generally an envelope, involucre, covering ; more specifically, the
secundhuB or afterbirth, that in which the fcetus had been enveloped. Comp. also with
our word Germ, bemd, shirt ; siegbemd, victory-vest ; glueks-bemd, luck-garment ; goldne
bemd, Beow.; fridbemede; all mentioned in Grimm, D, M, pp. 105 2, 1053. I believe the
word which occurs in Sir Gaw, and Gr. Knigbt, p. 157,

* Heme wel haled, hose of |>at same grene,'

is a very close connection of G. bemd, A. S. bama, &c. I have met with the word Hamp
in two versions of the well-known Brownie rhyme, current here ; the one given first asso-
ciated with Hart Hall, in Glaisdale : —

' Gin Hob mun hae nowght but a hardin' bamp.
He '11 come nae mair nowther to berry nor stamp.*

The second is from a tradition connected with a locality in the county of Durham, and it
defective : —

* A bamp and a hood I
Then Hobbie again 11 dee nae mair good.'

Hampered, adj. Beset with difficulties. But, besides this meaning
which is common in all parts of England, the word bears another
which is peculiar, — beset or overrun; with vermin, namely, as rats, or
beetles.

Mr. Wedgw. looks upon this word as connected with ' Dnt. baperen, to stammer, heti-
tate, falter, stick fast; baperwerb, bungling bad work; bapmmg, stammering, boggling,

ii2

bindiance, obiticle. The i

1) the fail

entangle' In E. Eng. Atlit. Poems, B.
■ Wj'Ih alle h

linng uti», 3

GLOSSARY OF THE

il Pi. givei Se. bsrnp, tc

r, lUo to hill in walking, ti
) cauie to stick, to impeih

raclilire ;

1:84, iprakiiig of the plnndi
and costly things taken, il it taid that all theie,
H of Jiat hous he bamppred logeder :'
word, iptinging from a lotally different origin, furnish the origin of our word T

nd »e have juit the thought implied in am Hamper. Rich. luggeiti a con-
jgh a metaphor, with bamtli or bamblt, la lime the hami ; and thus derives

genera] sigiuGcalion.

' " They're a uir bamptrid family ;" bame down with expenses, or by the lonlu of

improni

liifortnne.' Wb. Gl.

' We 're sairly bamptrid wi r

lb.

Ham-ahookle, v. 3. To restrain or impede the motion of an animal
by Tastening its head to one of its legs.

■ They have bam-ibacUal and knee-haltered me till there ii scarce a thing 1 can do ;'
ipoken by a steward suspected of malpractices, and consequently acting under stringent
istrainti, in reply to some application from one of ihe tenants. See Fair Maid c/ Ptr^
ii. 3"-

Hand, bear at. To lay to one's charge, or hold one guilty of a
thing ; thence to owe a grudge to, to bear one in mind as having done
an injury, possibly with the wish or intent to return it.

' I bare bin an boitd he hi

My dame Uughle me thi
' And wenches wold 1 beriH ibem or.

Whan that fur seek ihay might ui

ikee.' Prol. Wifi o/BaA'i Tal:

oun wrought,
in this thing.'

Mail of Lams Tal:
In Tuuiatl. Mysl. the tiotdfiddy ii Joined: —

' Nathrr in dcdc ne in taw can I fynd wiihc no wrang
Wherfor ye shuld hym diiw, ar btrt falsly on band
Wiihe ille.' {p. aoj.)
Cf , £>i if t«r btrr )«< lU banda at )» ^lazsl af noHamni manna (wr^ lids : but If it
thoaU] occur to you to think you have need of a livi men's help. Flat. i. 115.

Hand-dout, sb. A towel. See Clout.

Comp. Dan. D. baandkladir. banilar, bandU-r; Sw D. bontUr, baaiU, hand-clolh«,
i, e gloves {■ without fingrr!,' Kok) ; banJUadt, a while pocket handkerchief; while
O. N. bandHadi, N. bmdila. Sw. I), bandUaibi 01 boHilUadbi. mean, like oui word,
limply a towel. Line, iandtlolb. Iiowcver. is a handkerchief. Hall.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 245

Handhold, sb. i. That which may be gripped or taken firm hold
of by the hand, a handle or the like ; as a projecting part, of adequate
size, of anything. 2. The grasp taken, or act of gripping.

0. N. bandarhaUd; D. bandbold; Sw. D. bandbaU, bannbSlL

1. • " Can't ye stor it ? " " Ncca, Ah can't git nae bandbold iv it" *
a. * Ah couldn't ho'd mah bandbo*dt strahve as I moud.'

Handle, v. a. To deal with, or treat.

* And tent him away shamefully bandUd' Mark xii. 4. * Handla,* says Ihre, * manu
tractare, Alem. bantolon, A. S. bandlian, Angl. bandle : idque vel physice, quo sensu botuBa
saepe occurrit in Scriptis Isl., vel moraliter, uti dum dicimus bandla wdl tntd en, bene cum
quopiam agere, cujus contrarium est nussbtuuUa* So Dan. bandle; — as a/ bandit sine
klcEtder ildi : to misuse one's clothes. Sw. bandla is used with prep, med or pd. The
Clevel. usage is that of the Bible, or as in the Dan. example, carried out with greater
license.

* He 's been desper't'ly sair bannled wi' t* fever.'

* A chap 'f lahk t' be parlously bannled gif he giti intiv t* haands o' thae low-wen
(lawyen).'

Hand-mnning (used adverbially). In succession, one after another.

* I did it seven times band-running*

* He stopped away three weeks band-running and niwer went til his work at all.'
Comp. bandpai, fluent; bandsmootb, quite flat; band-^vbile, a moment, a short while.

Hall.

* I may not syt at my note

A band long whUe.' Toumel. Myst, p. 109.

Handsely hansely sb. i. The first money received by a seller, any
day, or at commencement of business. 2. The first use of anything,
from a shop to a new implement, of whatever kind.

O. N. bandsalt an engagement, promise, or undertaking sanctioned by contact of hands ;
S. G. bandsol, mercimonii divenditi primitix : first takings for goods sold retail ; Sw. D. band^
sol, earnest money ; Dan. bandsel, the first money taken by a seller in the morning ; hence,
at give een bandsel : to turn over the first money to one (Molb.) ; A. S. band-selen, a putting
into another^s possession. * The formation of the word,' says Wedgw. {band, and A. S. sy/-
lan, ullan ; O. N. sella, to give, bestow, deliver), ' has been commonly misunderstood as if it
signified delivery of possession, giving a thing into the hand of another. The real import
is a striking of hands in token of conclusion.' See Wedgw. in v., and cf. the following
extract : — Oh eiga ^eir at ^essu bandsal ok binda ^eir sua fast mna nuddaga : and at this
(meeting) they give bandtel, and so bind hsl their contract. Flat. i. 109.

Cf. * Of up-holders an hep* erly by )>e morwe

3iue >e gloton with good wille* good ale to bonsel,*

P. Plougbm, (JE, E, T, S,) p. 61.

Handsel, v. a. i. To make use of anything for the first time, from
a new house to a pocket-knife, &c.

O. N. bandsdia; A. S. band^yllan, to deliver up.

346 OLOSSARy OF THE

HandfltaflF, sb. The handle or shaft of the flail. The other parts
are named the Swippla, that with which the com is struck ; and the
Cap, the revolving leather fitting at the upper end of the Hand-Btaff, to
which the Swipple is attached.

Comp. Sw. D. banmiiil. banntial, baitnni, bandol, bannel. &c. ; Din. D, baadvol, banilel,
banial. Sw. plijilsiafi giv» our own terminalion.

Hand-tum, sb. A single act of doing, of one's business, occupation,
work ; almost equivalent to the phrase ' stroke of work.'

' Ah't niwer deem » bnad-la'a sen Mirti'mai;' spoken by a perion inaipiciUted by

Handy, adj. r. Dexterous, ingenious, clever with one's hands.
Thence, 2. Suitable, well adapted, convenient.

S.G. bandig, igitit; O.N. bfntugr; Sw. bindig; Sv.D. baadig, boHiUig, bannetig,
biinHug, ivitMt, eaiy to use with the hand : dcvei or dcxlcroiu : Swiu bandlig, bantu ;
Din. bandig, btbandig; Sw. D. bandugcr, deileroiij, expert, in a hindicraft, namely.

I. ' A dtsper't Jondy chap wir a tpcead;' oragun; or a hoisc, &c.

1. > T' tpol 'i nat that bad : it 's bandy enough.'

• T' new cho'ch ligs fait an' bandy for 1' town.'

Hangedly, adv, Reluctantly, despondingly, (

■ Ha left home this lime very bangidly.' tVb. Gl.

a a downcast way.

;-mind, sb. (pr. hinging mind). An inclination or desire for
this or that line of action or particular doing.

The Sw. idiom bdnga tfitr nagan appcoichei the (en>e of oui phrase ai well ai the COT-
leiponding Dan. one. Molb., however, quolci the wonl bang, inclination for, or aiming at,
a thing, ai a word only latdy introduced (rom the Germ., and not, to far. much uied : —
Vi arvt upoaniivlilig an ntu, maatiH mdog tl bangi til al syndi : beyond doubt we
inherit a capability, poisibly eren a propeniity, for tinning. Riela givec bang, bing, eigei,
desiroQi, and collatet O. N. bang, desire, as well as Germ. £011;.

' Ay, he 't had a Unging-miitd tiv it, ivver syne hii brither gaed furrin'.'

Hank, sb, i. A rope loop, or latchet, for securing a gate, move-
able stack-bar, &c. a. A skein or knot of thread, yam, string, Ac.

O.N. bauni, hanki, fonicnlusi S. G. banli, annului vimincut. qua conttringuntur luitei,
«ep«m conlinenlei ; Sw. D. haai. that with which anything ii hung, lignla. habena orbico-
lala: Sw. ban^, string, band for tying. We have in these words Ibe exact meanings gi*en

Honk, v. a, I. To fasten or 'hang' a horse: as, by passing hia
bridle, or halter, over a gate, a hook, or what not. 2. To hold a horse
in light, to check him by drawing bridle.

From Hank, sb. Comp. O. N. baxka, lo bind 01 fatten with a rope.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 247

I. * And when they had hankt their horses, they stood all on a bare spott of ground.'
Fork Casde Dip. p. 103.

* And bcmkt him (the colt) to a stobb.' lb. p. 197.

3. * Ha-a-aw, Landlord ! Hanch your naig a while ;
For I hae ridden full lang twa mile
Out of my gate, to overtake ye.' Joeo^er. Disc, p. 9.

Comp. the use of the vb. in the following extract : — ' Dedely synnes gastely slaa ilke
manes and womanes saule )>at es baunkedt in alle or in any of thayme.' Ru. Pieces, p. 1 1.

Hank, To be in a. To be in a state of perplexity, or trouble.

Hank, To have one in. To have, or have placed, a person in such
circumstances that he is in a state of perplexity, trouble, or anxiety; or
that he is imable to extricate himself.

Comp. O. N. * Hann a baunk uppi bakid d >^ : he has a hank upon the back of you ;
obligatione te habet ; du er ham forbunden :' Hald.

Hank, To have things in a. To have one's circiunstances of action,
or connection with another, much involved or perplexed.

Hankie, v. a. i. To entangle, or cause to twist up together, as silk,
thread, &c. Hence, 2. To entangle in some piirsuit or proceeding ; to
inveigle or entice.

A frequentative from vb. hank.

a. * They bankUd him on intiv t' matter.'

HanUe, sb. A considerable quantity or number ; a great deal.

* spelt also banket, which Jam. rightly conjectures to be correct. Hancle, a great
many. Hall. Not from band/ul or bandtal, but from the notion of holding together. Germ.
benkd weinbeeren, a branch of vine with a number of bunches on it N. baank, cluster of
things hanging together.' Wedgw. Add Sw. D. bdngla, banka, to be sweet on one, and so
stick close to her ; bdngla, to be pertinacious in attendance on any one ; banker, a suitor,
hanger-on in courting.

Hap, v. a. To cover, by placing or heaping clothes, &c., upon the
person, straw and earth over potatoes, earth over the dead, and the
like.

A word of tolerably frequent occurrence in the Early Northern writers. We meet with
it twice or oftener in Sir Geno. and Gr, Kn., and as of^en in E, Eng, AUiL Poems,

Mr. Morris' Ol. note is ' Happyn or wbappyn* yn clo)>ys.' * Lappyn' or whappyn' yn
clo)>ys (bappyn togedyr, S. ; ivrap together in clothes. P.) Involvo* Pr. Pm. Wedgw.
supposes it ' a corruption of wbap from ulappe!

* " Are you well bappedT* defended from the cold by clothing.' Wb. Ol,
' All 's white and bapped up.' lb.

* All 's dune, now : thou mun bap him oop.' To a sexton after the grave-service was
completed.

* Lord what these wederes are cold and I am ylle bappyd*

Townd. Myti. p. 98.

248 GLOSSARY OF THE

Hapy sb. Chance, fortune, luck.

O. N. bapp, success, luck ; N. beppa, luck, of whatever character ; O. S. bapp, chance,
luck ; Sw. D. bapp, fortunate occurrence, good luck.

' pus tumes sho obout oft hir whele,
pe whilk )>er clerkes noght elles caOes
Bot bappi or chaunce |>at sodanli falles/ Pr, o/Consc. 1. 1381.

In E, Eng. Allii, Poems, wherever the word occurs, it seems to denote good luck, or
prosperity, or happiness.

In Clevel. the word is usually qualified, as in ill hap (comp. O. N. and Sw. D. dbapp),
Bttange hap ; but we also say by what hap, or the like. Cf. * good bapp,* Percy's Foi.
MS. i. 361 ; and ' o)>er bappes mony mo.' lb. 420.

Hap, V. n. To befal, chance, happen.

* Hap what may ;' or, ' bap what bap may.'

* It bappid on a day.' Kmgbfs Tale, p. 10.
Comp. N. beppe, to chance, to befal.

Happen, v. n., and often used actively, in the sense of, To meet with,
to incur. A very frequent usage of the word is in the sense, Possibly,
perhaps ; being either impersonal, or elliptical for ' suppose it happen,'
or a similar form.

S. G. bappa sig, bampa sig ; Sw. D. bahha sig, bappas, bappa te, bdpa sej, bobba tej, to
foil out unexpectedly, to chance or befal ; bappa, to happen, to fall out ; babbii, id.

* " Do you think it will rain ?" " Happen it may." '

* Ah '11 think on, bappen Ah gans.'
In the active sense : —

' Puir gell I she 's bapp*n*d a misfort'n ;' had, or going to have, an illegitimate child.
' Ah seen a hare liggin, an' Ah bappWd (t') misfort'n te knap 't o' t' heead.'

Cf. < An vncoth land he bappened in.' Percy's Fd. MS. i. 367.

Happing, sb. i. A covering of any kind, whether in the form of
clothing for the body, or what is laid over matters which require pro-
tection. 2. A coarse kind of coverlet. See Bed-happing.

Haps, sb. Overclothes; rugs, shawls, great coats, &c. ; anjrthing
which may be used as a defence against the cold, by happing, or
enveloping the person in it.

• " Have you plenty o* baps ?" " Aye, Ah 's tweea shawls an' mah thick cloak, forby
t' roog." '

Harass, v. a. (pr. harrish). To weary ; distress through the inter-
vention of annoying or vexatious calls or circumstances.

* Ah 's barrisbed nearlings te deead by 's ragally gannin's on.'

Harass, sb. Distress, worry, trouble.

* It 's been a sair barrisb tiv* *im.*

Harbour, sb. Shelter, lodging, a home.

O. N. berbergi, a place of reception and rest, an inn, also a chamber ; O. S. barbeergbi.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 349

hirhergu a guest-chamber, a store-room ; Sw. bdrberge, id., with the fuller meaning attached
to the expression ' mine inn ;' A. S. bereberga, a station where an army rested on its march,
a harbour ; O. Germ, beriberga, beriperga, a halting-place, an inn ; M. Germ, berberge,
Sw. D. bdrberge, barbare, bdbbar, a store-chamber, a guest-chamber ; Dan. D. berberg, in
Jutland the men's chamber or sleeping-apartment ; generally a room off the stable : also a
lesser room or chamber, within or beyond the chief apartment ; O. Dan. berberg, a chamber,
apartment ; Dan. berberg, an inn, or place for repose and entertainment ; lodgings, or a
temporary home in any house. A good old word, and in O. English one of frequent occur-
rence : in Chaucer repeatedly.

' For I hungerd and yhe me fedde,
I thrested and at drynke yhe me bedde ;
Of berber grate nede I had,
Yhe herbered me with hert glad.' /V. o/Consc. 1. 61 51.

* I be-seche )>e, lorde,
8c Mary, |>at is myldest moder so dere.
Of sum berber, \>et hesly I myjt here masse/

Sir Oaw. and Or. Kn. 1. 753.

' Gode syr, quoth CTawa3m, wolde; )>ou go my emde
To )>e hej lorde of )>is hous, beH>er to crave.' 7&. 811.

* " Cleared out of heck and barbour ,*" reduced to the want of both food and shelter.'
Wb.Ql.

* A gret family, like to eat him (the father) out of heck and bcarbour*

Hard, adj. Sour; of beer or ale.

Sw. D. Mr</, bil, bed; as, drikkat a bdrdi : the drink (ale) is sour.

Hard, adj. Difficult, not easily influenced. See examples.

* Hard te to'n ;' not easily induced to deviate from a course or plan.
' Hard te finnd ;' difficult to be met with.

Harden, v. a. To encourage, infuse spirit.

* He bardened him on tiv it ;' of a person reluctant or afraid to act, but encouraged by
another to the venture.

' Poor lahtle chap I he ommost brak' out when tahm cam' te gan i' aimest ; but he bar-
dened hissel' oop an niwer grat nae mair an nowght ;' of a child going away to school,
and resolute not to cry.

Harden-fiaced, adj. Lowering, stormy-looking, threatening in appear-
ance ; of the weather, or the sky.

Comp. O. N. bardindif dear times, hard weather, anything that renders life or man's lot
heavy or trying ; S. G. and O. N. bardna, to grow hard, severe or tour.

* The sky looks a bardm-faced look.' Wb. Ql.

Harding, sb. A coarse linen fabric used for making wrappers, &c.

Hards, coarse flax, the refuse of flax or hemp. Greites de lin, the bards or tow of flax.
Cotgr. : Hall. Also barden, hemp. Forks. Dial. 1697 : Hall. A. S. beordan, beordas, hards,
the refuse of tow. The derivation obvious : O. N. bar, borr; N. borr; Dan. b^r; Sw. D.
bar; O. Germ, baru, baro; M. Germ., Austr., Bav., bar; Kam. Mr, flax. Comp. D. bor-
tave, the fibre of flax. See Hamp, for a curious old rhyme containing the word. Hard
baites in E. Eng. Attii, Poems, B. 1 209, and K. Alex. p. loa, is referred to this same word
by Mr. Morris.

Kk

GLOSSARY OF THE

HardlingB, adv. Hardly, scarcely.

We hive tcvenl ndvetbs with the termination -I
c»o scarcely help comparing Ihem with the Sci
aratoHgi {S. Jut].), bickwjids.

And I think il nii

IS nearllngt, miMtliiiBa ; m.Svt
an formi in tangs, n baglaaga,
be obwrFcd, thai while in these
be implied, a limilar iia ii alwayi
an idea of molioii. progreuion or
■ccctnon.

Hard of bearing, adj. More or less afflicted with deafness.
Hard-set, adj. Almost overtasked, tried to the verge of power or
endurance, scarcely able or capable.

ard-ul wir a family.' Wb. Gl.

'The'

all EC

lb.

1 ihe idoE o:

;i bard-HI wi' work ;" overtasked.' 76.
Cf. Pr. Pm. ' Hardeall (or obslynat) yn wyckyduesM, |)>l oeotr wjUb chawnge.'

Harled, adj. Mottled.

Hall, gives iarlt. hair or wool. Narlb.; ai also bari, to entangle. Hurlyd, tn the line—

' Hii tiede is hlce a stowke, biirlyd ac hoggei,' TWml. ntyii. p. 313:

Ihe Editor*! glotiarial note on whidi is, ' Hurt, (taring, rude, unkemd. brinlie. horrid, like

> wild boarti head. Coigr.,' ii doubtkic nearly allied to larl; hair or wool; and possibly

l«rl(. in the paisage subjoined, may indici ' .- - • .. -. ^ ..

' pe mane of |>at mayn hoii much to hit (his rider's ■ much bi

h,i,) irte

Wei ctetped & eemmed wyth knotlei ful mony,

Folden in wyih STJore aboute he fayre grene.

Ay > bnir of tit here an o^er of golde :' Sir Gaw.
unleit, indeed, birli be taken to be allied to burl, urbirl, and to mi
taking it in coimcction with the ideas of hiihineu and craping,
the eumple under HaHe in Cr. Gl.—- Sho 'i a fearful hask barltd
hinh, rtarmg. Infted hair, — Ihe ricw above indicated is at leail a f
idea of (taring, or tufted hair, ihere might be a transition to that of
on a creilore'i hide alwayi hai, at leul apparently, t diffefcnt hue from
parti or the body.

Ham, sb. Coarse linen, of rough texture and not closely woven.
Probably an oral .abbreviation of Harden or Harding.

Harr, sb. A strong fog, or wet mist, almost \erging on a drizzle.
At limes occuring in frosty weather. See Frost-hag, Frost-harr.
Written ' Hare," ' Harl,' by Brockett.

Comp. III. or, pnlvii minutliiimiii. atomut in mdiit inlaribus. The Horr it simply (he
■uemblage of a vast hoil of minute particle), and Ihe word niiy easily have berii taken to
denote the mist by Imniiiion from one idea to the other.

Harrow, To trail a light. To have but few of the burdens a

nrf Gr. K«

18

;

«mplr a

Iwii

L But

I with

;' ihat is.

Ihe

■owha.

bable one

F

umlho

t mottled,

chhait

m that 0

the sleeker

crosses of life upon 0

■ " He If ails <i light barrm

; to be tolerably free from cares and

JTCrs his fimity ;" of
Wb. Gl.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. %^l

TLsLrVj hauve. The word of command to a horse, or horses, to turn
to the left, or towards the driver, who always has the team or Draught
on his right hand as he walks by its side. Replaces the older word
Halt, Haaght, Heit, or Hyte.

Hask, adj. Coarse or rough or harsh to the senses of taste or
touch: the coarseness or harshness of too great dryness, as well as
austerity or roughness of taste, being included.

Pr.Pm, * Harske, or baske. SHpUaut poritieus* Jam. gives barsK bars, basky; and
other forms are basb and barrisb. S. O. barskf austems, tetricus ; Sw. biirsk, rank, rancid ;
Dan. barsk ; Germ barscbt hard, rough, austere.

' Hask bread :' — the comparison sometimes being * As bask as chopped hay.* Wb, Gi,

Haugoed, adj. Tainted, beginning to be ofifensive, as meat or game
which has been too long kept. Wh. GL

Fr. baui'goui.

Haunt, sb. A custom, habit, or practice. See Haunted.

* Of clothe-makyng she hadde such a bawu
She passed hem of Ypres and of Gaunt.' Prcl. to Cani. Tain,

Haunted, To be, v« p. To grow used to, or become accustomed.

The ▼. a. is of frequent occurrence in O. E.

* Fr. batUir, to frequent, haunt, literally to follow a certain course.' Gl. to £. Eng, AUU,
Poems,

' pay ar happen also |>at baunU mekenesse.' 76. CI. 1 6.

' For swilk degises and suilk maners
Als yhong men now baunUs and lers.
And ilk day is comonly sen,
Byfor )>is tyme ne has noght ben.' Pr. ofConse, 1. 1524.

' To use and to baunU chiualrie.' Merl, p. 326.

' )?e |>irde es ydellchipp )>at ouer mekylle es batmUdt* Halt Meid, p. 33.
' ** He got baunted to it by degrees ;" gradually habituated to it.' Wb, GL

Hause, sb. The throat, or neck.

O. N. bah; O, Sw., Dan., A. S., Germ., M. G., Dut. bals^ the neck.

Hauve, v. n. To stare or gape with stupid wonderment

Most likely a mere aspirated offshoot of awf. See Auviah, half-witted; and comp.
oaft a simpleton, a blockhead, — ' formerly more correctly written auf, oupb. When an
infant was found to be an idiot, it was supposed to be an imp left by the fairies in the room
of the proper child carried away to their own country.

" These when a child haps to be got,
Which after proves an idiot.
When folks perceive it thriveth not,

The fault therein to smother.
Some silly, doating, brainless calf —
Say that the fairies left this aulf

And took away the other." ' Wedgw.

K k 2

252

GLOSSARy OF THE

Iblpeniroliib, olpelrulseb. atbtrdrulub, &*!.)

1 dbt ineaa aagilban habm, luas somi aticb

Ho» EiaiicH btiat : tlvtui leiebu :' by the wotdt specified ii meant in awkward, sddle-

headed timpletoa, luppaied to have been bewitched by the elvei, otherwise expieiied by

iluiii. auvlali.

' " What are you tauving at?" itariQg stupidly and imaiedly at?' HTi. Gl.

HauTey-gauvey, sb. A rude or stupid lout, an awkward down,

slow-witled and slow-handed,

HauTiBh, hauTing, adj. Simple-witted, half-stupid.
Haver, sb. (pr. hav\'er). Oats.

O.N. bafi (pi. bnfrar), bafn:
sing.); Sw.D. ii^rii, bagro; Sw
Germ, baffr. babir : O. Sax. bmori

bnfrt:

; Wall, ha/ar.

Haver-meal, sb. Oatmeal.

Haw-buck, sb. An ignorant country clown, an uninformed lout.

Hay-bauks, sb. Loose sticks or poles, of oak commonly, laid side
by side, with spaces between, above the stalls or standings in the cow-
or ox-house (Owb-'ub), on which is laid the hay for the present use of
the beasts below.

Hays, sb. Enclosure fences, often doing duty as boundaries, in
which sense the word exists in several local names.

O.N. hagi; O. Sw. bagb; N. bagji, baga; Sw. D. bag. bagi, baga, bain; Dan. ban:
M. Germ. bai. btge; A. S. bag; Germ, iiy-; M. Fris. bag, bage. But our word it pro-
bably more directly due to the Nurmiu form. ^I'a, or baia. ' When the Daniib aod
Saxo-Norinan monarchs organised hunts on a large scale, the cyitem of netting was foDnd
ineflieiinl. and a combination of nialeriils, in which nets were iubtnrient to hazels and
underwood, was Tonned, whereby a larger number nf beasts of a dangeroui chiiactei could
be entrapped. These hedges, which the Saxoni were probably taught by the Normuu to
construct, received Ihe Norman appellalioH of Haia' A . SoJt. Honu, p. 365. See Du Cangc
in V. Hma, Spelmin's Gloss.

, V, a. (pr. hezzle). To beat, chastise, especially with a stick.

Ihre givt

batsia, which signifiei lo mark out, or enclose a space for ■ duel, with
, — ' En tr MMH bvomM in hum ttO^, tr vollriit var baalalSr, ^a vom
|Mr sillar u/ bnli ilmgr dU til ulmerkja ^ar tr id ilaVr var, tr orroslan diyldi vtm :' when
the men came to thai place where the lists were boitlltd, there were set up there haiel rods
in order to mark out where llie conibit was to be. This is another dcriv. use oF the vb.
luwel ; and possibly even, obvious as the derivation of our word seemi, there may be in it
a fefcreiicc to the good liaid blows which would be interchanged in the VoU baslilSr.

Hozeling, sb. (pr. hezzliiig). A beating, a caning.

Haslod, adj. (pr. hazzcld). Speckled red and while, ■
the hairs of these colours inlcmiixcd. so that it is liard U

r rather with
say in some

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 2$^

cases which predominates. According to the preponderance of red or
white the beast is dark-hasled or light-hfl^led. Otherwise, roan
or roaned.

Hazy, sb. i. A contention, quarrel or scolding-match. 2. The
abusive language made use of on such occasions.

Hall, gives baut to breathe short. Line. ; with which comp. Sw. hmja^ to breathe labo-
riously, to pant. From scolding to panting is not a difficult or unwonted step.

Head, sb. i. The upper part of a Dale where it just begins to form
among the hills. 2. The higher portion of the reclaimed part of a pro-
jecting spur of the moorland heights where it begins to verge on the
unreclaimed part, or moor.

0. N. bqfiid: O. Sw. bovo);>, buvu\>, bovod, bofd, Ihre gives bu/umd, i. Quod in qua-
cunque re primarium est : a. Promontorium. Sw. hufvud; Dan. boved. Sec, Sw. D. gives
fors-bduv, the commencement of a Force or Fobs ; an application of the word exactly
analogous to that in our Dale-head. Also bovde, the commencement of a fence where
it starts out from connection or union with another, wherein the idea is very much the
same.

1. * Dznby-bead;* * FTyvLp4>ead ;* * Glaisdale-^Mkf,' &c.

2. * Ainthorpt-bead ;* * V/ediindsrbead,* The latter name, in a deed bearing date 1246,
is written Wbayttlands bevid.

Head-gear, sb. i. Head-dress and what appertains to it. 2. The
inner equipment of the head, good sense, ready wit, information, &c.

2. * He 's a knowfii' chap, yon. Ah wad lahk weel t' ha' 's stock o' beadgtar' '

Head-rigg, sb. The headland of an arable field, or that part at
either end on which the horses in the plough are turned, and which is
not touched by the plough until all the rest of the field is turned over.
See Bigg.

Head-stall, sb. The halter, or head-gear, of a horse, by which it is
secured in its stall, or led out to water, &c. ; made of hemp. The
Collar, on the other hand, is made of leather.

The latter component of the word is from O.lf. stattr, a basis, pedestal; Svr. stall;
O. G. stall; Germ, stelle; A. S. steal, a stall, room, place, &c. Comp. Germ, ktmstal, the
place which holds kernels, the core, and Eng. D. finger-stall, which is analogous to our
Head-8taU.

Head-tire, sb. Head-dress generally, with its belongings and deco-
rations. See Tire.

Heap, sb. i. A quarter of a peck in measure. 2. Measure, in the
sense of the quantity measiired, generally; yet only in the mode of
saying given in the example.

Brock, mentions beap, a wicker basket. It would seem most likely that the name
originated in a special quantity or measure ; whether a quarter of a peck, or more, or less.

GLOSSAR}' OF THE

ridge/

tntc of » cetiain or definite quaniiiy, unly not
measure : il is ' a calleclion of lix sheaves o:
e Stock, TrttTe. So also S, G. bop, pottLo

3 h'"

an eiptession Toe bid measuie of ill n

Pret. of Hear.

j. (pr. heart-bnissen). Heart-broken, overwhelmed

' " They gi' siiorl biiaps ,'

Heared (pr. heerd).

Heart-brufiten, a
with grief or concern.

Heart-eased, adj. Having experienced great relief under distress or
anxiety.

Hearten, v. a. To encourage, inspire with hope or confidence.

Heartening, sb. Encouragement, the confidence imparted by hope
or strong expectation.

' ■■ The dotlor gave him good btarlinbig:" gte»l hopes of recovery.' Wb. CI.

• ■• Bad biarUmng ;" pool protpecl of amendjiienl held out.' lb.

• •• No biarlining it all ;" no hopes whatever.' lb.

Heart-grown, adj. i . Very fond of or strongly attached to a per-
son or thing. 2. With the expectation or desire strongly set upon
anything future.

Cottip. Sw. bjcrtaigi; Sw. D. hjirlt-lmnt, a term of endeannent to one't child, iweet-
hearx, wife ; Din. D. bjerulillt, id.

2. * " They were no ways btarf-groion in the matter;" not ovrt sanguine of suc-
cess.' UT,. Gl.

Heart^sick, adj. (pr. heart-seeak). Sad at heart, desponding, out of
heart, wearied with ' hope deferred.'

Heart-warm, adj. Of a kindly disposition; feeling, and ready to
shew, kindness.

' Hfarl-vmrm, porheriy folk." See Qotherl?.

Heart-whole, adj. (pr. heart-w'oU). i. Right-hearted, true, honest.
2. Not hurt by Cupid's shafts; not in love.

I. ■ A decent, bmrl-utboU kind of a man.' Wl. Gl.

Heave, v. a. i. To pour com from the scuttle, or other bam utensil,
so as to expose it to a current of wind, by way of partially winnow-
ing it.

Heave and throw. To retch and end by vomiting.

Heave the hand. To give alms, to bestow charity : usually apphed
in an ironical sense, to a person, that is, who only gives in dribblets.

■ " Ay, ay." it is said, '■ he has btavn! bii band: he is a generous John." ' Wb. Gl.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 255

Heave-up, v. n. To retch, to suffer the first symptoms of approach-
ing vomiting.

Hebble, sb. The wooden hand-rail of a plank-bridge.

Hall, explains this word by ' a narrow, short plank bridge/ with a reference to HaUamsh.
Ol, p. 113. In Clevel. the word bears the meaning given above. It is possibly a corrup-
tion of a Scand. word formed from O. N. band and volr^ a staff, pole. Comp. Dan. D.
bdndvolt passing first into bantUl or bantul^ and then into baid. Molb. D. Lex, Suppose
the V changed in prov. Pr. into its cognate b, and b^>bU results as easily as baiel.

Heck, sb. i. A half-door or hatch-door. When a door is made to
open in two parts, the upper half which fastens with a latch, is the
Heok. The lower part fastens with a bolt or bolts, and is sometimes
called Half-heok. 2. The inner door between the entry and the
Hoiise-plaoe or kitchen.

A. S. b€Bea, a hatch. This word and the word Heok, a rack, are, there is little doubt,
offshoots of the same root, if not actually the same word. But I have thought it better,
inasmuch as local usage unites ideas with them which are not very plainly connected, and as
they appear to descend to us from two different sources, to give them as separate words,
widi each its specific origin.

I. ' Good wyff, open the bek, Seys thou not what I bryng?

Uxor, I may thole the dray the snek. A, com in, my swetyng.'

Townel, Myst, p. 106.
a. ' Steck t' beck, bairn ;' latch or fasten the inner door.

Heck« sb. A rack, to hold fodder for horse or cattle. See Stand-
heok, Water-heck.

O. N. bagi; O, Sw. bag; A. S. bag, bege or begge; Dan. bctk or bakhe. The original
meaning in most of these words is a fence or hedge made with boughs and sprays cut from
trees, to serve as a retaining boundary to pasture-grounds. Then the words bage, bagi,
came to mean the pasture-ground itself. The transition of idea from these two meanings
to our word Heok, and the exactly synonymous Dan. b<tk or bakke, the wooden fence or
enclosure which keeps in the provender of the cattle, is natural and easy. Hall, speaks
of beek-door being * an inner door not closely panneled but only partly so, and the rest
latticed.' If this were so generally, or had ever been so, it would tend to connect that
word very closely with the word now under notice.

' ** Cleared out of beck and harbour ;" reduced to want of both food and shelter.' Wb, Gl,
' To eat one out of beck and harbour ;' of a poor man's finmily with good appetites.

' Thare provand, sir, forthi, I lay behynd thare ars.
And tyes them fast by the nekes.
With many stanys in thare bekes* Tcfwnd, Myst, p. 9.

Heckling, sb. The receiving of a reprimand, a scolding. See
Hackle.

Hedge-dike, sb. A fence consisting of a bank with- a hedge on it.

Hedge-dike-side, sb. The bank of the Hedge-dike which lies
towards the water-channel side.

2^6 OLOSSARy OF THE

Heeat. A mode of pronouncing Hot. From this, by a somewhat
stronger aspiration of the A, the sound of e€ being simply sharp or
distinct, and not at all prolonged, the Pr. yat follows, as in yat yune
(for une or ugn), hot oven.

Heed, v. a. To be anxious or concerned, to mind (in that sense).
Chiefly occurring in the expression never heed = don't concern your-
self, never mind.

Heeze, v. n. To breathe badly, making a wheezing or hoarse sound
in doing so. See Hooze.

Comp. Sw. D. bassja or bdsjat to breathe badly or with difficulty ; bisa, to wheeze,
to whiz; N. basa, to pant, be short-winded; bds, hoarse; Sw. bet^ id.; O. Sw, beser;
O. N. bds; A. S. bas; Germ. beistTf &c. Cf. E. wbeezM, For a converse mode of dealing
with the initial unsound, compare Clevel. wheeze « ooze, w'oUs whole, Whots stoats,
&c. Comp. also Sw. D. bwdsa, to breathe with difficulty ; as also, gvasa, and O. N. bvasa,

Heeze, sb. A catarrhal disease incident to pigs, in which they
breathe hard or wheeze much, cough, &c.

Comp. O. N. bast ; Sw. D. bisa, hoarseness.

Heezy, adj. Audibly labouring under the effects of cold, hoarse;
or, with animals, wheezing, breathing badly. Otherwise, Heasy.

Heft, sb. I. A handle, as of a knife, &c. 2. A pretext or excuse :
thence, pretence, dissimulation, deceit. See Whiteheft.

A. S. bafit a haf^, handle ; Germ, beft, id. ; S. Jutl. befit id., also a knife-handle ; Dan.
bajiet befie, hilt of a sword, handle. Sw. and Sw. D. b'dfta is to catch hold, hold fast,
couple together ; O. Sw. bapta^ bafta, to hold fast, to retain, whence b^ipta^ brnpH, b€tftt^
bafti^ a prison ; O. Germ, befijan^ to bind, to make fast ; O. N. befU^ a taking, ^e act of
taking or holding captive, captivity. In all these words the idea of bolding — the vocables
themselves being frequentatives of ba/va or bajwa, to have — is fundamental ; whence the
easy transition to our first meaning ; and thence, just as in E. bandU, to the second.

Heft, V. a. I. To put a handle to, or fit with a handle. 2. In the
passive, to be fitted with or become accustomed to. 3. To be, or get
into trouble, difiiculty, * a fix ;' perhaps as the consequence of a bad
bargain. See Heft, sb.

a. * She 's (a man's wife) nobbut a bad 'n. Ah doo'ts he '11 fYnd hissel' Mir biJUd
wiv her.*

With this comp. the instances given by Ihre, — b€Bfia for skuld^ sere alieno teneri ; and,
med sjukdom bebafiadt be/ted wi' 'n ailment ; and, * be ba/de i^d sd^iee 4hmt strangnt
\>eofman geba/ine, se wets genemned Barabbas:* he had then truly a strong (notorious,
notable) thief imprisoned who was called Barabbas.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 2^^

Heigh-go-mad. An expression indicating indulgence in riotous or
mad froKc on occasion of any festivity or merry-mafing, Wh, GL ; or a
state of great excitement, from anger or other cause.

• They went beyond all bounds ; they played the very bey-go-mad* Wb, Gl,
Hall, defines it rather as an adj. : * in great spirits ; highly enraged.'

Cf. * he made me dance, de^te my head,

among the thomes the bey^oitt;*

corrected by Percy to bty-gty-beat, Loost and Hum, Songt, p. ao.

Heigh-how, v. n. To yawn, as when weary.

Ly hine, adv. Hence, away: often used imperatively; be off I

O.lf.bSdan; Sw.bddan: Sw.D. bonne; Dzn. beden; Dan.D,btnne; A,S. beonan;
Alem. bina ; Dut. ben, benen ; hence. Comp. the use of the Dan. D. benne, which takes
the force of a vb. and is inflected as one. Thus ; drengen bar btnnet nud sax : the lad has
made off — ^literally off-ed — ^with the scissors.

* Welle is me that I shalle dre

TyUe I have sene hym with myn ee,
And no longer byni* Townd, Myit, p. 156.

The word very often occurs in the form bitben : thus, —

* Naked we come hider, and bare

And pure, swa sal we bt&en fare.' Pr. ofConse. 1. 508.

* Fra babin: lb. 1 6007.

* On wy))er half water com doun )>e schore.
No gladder gome be)^en in to Orece

pen I, quen ho on brjonme wore.'

E. Eng. AUU. Poenu, A. 1. 230.
• " Emi away I" Be off.' Wb. Gl,

Held, sb. Inclination, proclivity. See Hale.
Helder, adv. Rather, preferably.

O. N. baidr, potius ; S. O. b€Btta, hdder. Comp. Sw. djisi: Sw. D. bdlati; O. Sw. mi^
last; N. bdlni, bdsi, iHui; all superL, as if ftom a lost comp. answering to b^dr or
baldir.

' Ah wad bddir gan an' feght an stay an' be ta'en by t' poUis.'

Helm, sb. A shed in the fields for the shelter of cattle when turned
out; a hovel or hut

O. N. bjalmr, I. A covering, envelope : a. A hehnet : 3. Any vaulted or quasi-vauhed
over-cover ; as, $<ilar bjalmr. Sit sun's helm, i. e. the heavens or sky ; O. S. buelmir, buel'
mer, balm, a helmet ; A. S., O. Qerm., O. Sax., Fris., Dut., N. Sax. Mm, a hehnet ; Dan.
bjelm, a helmet, a moveable roof on stoups or posts, to keep com, &c dry ; Sw. D. bjelm,
an envelope, the seed-husk of oats, a detached shelter or roof under which com or hay may
be kept dry. In the last two cases a very near approximation to our meaning presents
itself.

l1

258 GLOSS A RV OF THE

Helter, sb. A halter.

* j belter.* Pr. Fineb, ccxcix.

Hemmel, sb. A hand-rail, such as is usually fitted on one side or
both of a planked or wooden bridge.

Dan. bamniel; Sw. D. bammel, a piece of wood fastened by means of a bolt transversely
across the waggon pole, to the ends of which are attached the svringle-trees by which the
horses drag the waggon (Molb.) ; O. N. batnla, a pole or small beam ; N. bammel, id.

Hempy, adj. Mischievous, of a character likely to bring the pos-
sessor under the penalties of the law.

* " A bempy dog ;" a youth disposed to practices which may end in the hangman's
hemp.' Wb. GL

Henbau'ks, sb. A hen-roost.

Comp. Sw. D. bana-bjelke, the uppermost cross-beam which holds together the spars of
the framework of a roof; deriving the name from the circumstance that the fowls com-
monly fly up and roost upon it at night (Rietz) : also bana-balke; N. Sax. banebalken.

Henbird, sb. The domestic fowl.

* Where t' partridges rase, Ah heered a cheeping lik' a young benbird;* a cry like that of
a young chicken : — which it was, in fact, the hen partridge having by some chance sat 00
and hatched the egg of a common fowl.

Henpen, sb. The manure made by fowls, as removed from the
hen-roost.

Hen-8crats, hen-scrattings, sb. Small streaky clouds of the cirrus
form, known by other names, as Pilly-tailB, but deriving this name
from some resemblance to the marks in dust or light soil left by a
scratching fowl.

Heron-sew, hem-sew, sb. The common heron {Ardea a'nerea).
Incorrectly written herriag-sew or -sue, and that spelling ignorantly
supported on the utterly mistaken ground that the bird 'pursues the
herrings,' which as a wader it cannot do.

* Fr. beronceauj a young heron, gives E. beronsbaw* Wedgw.

Hesp, sb. A clasp or fastening, especially to doors or windows : the
button which turns on a central pivot and so clasps or fastens a window,
&c., is specially indicated.

A. S. bcepSt a latch, clasp, bolt or lock of a door ; Sw. baspa or baspe^ a latch or hasp ;
Dan. busp or btispe^ a latch or bolt on a door ; O. N. bespa ; S. Jutl. be&pe, id. A further
meaning in most of these latter words is a reel to wind yam, &c., upon.

Hezsel, hezz'lin'. Mode of Pr. of Hasel, Haseling.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 259

Hig, sb. Offence taken, usually implying petulance rather than
serious indignation; the feeling of petulant or half-passionate dissatis-
faction, and its manifestation. See Pet.

Cy*. Gl, gives bigf i. A passion, a violent commotion of the mind: 2. A temporary
hurricane ; meanings which serve to connect the word more directly with Sw. D. bigay to
covet greatly or intensely, to strive to obtain vehemently; N. bika; Dan. bige; Dut.
bijgen ; A. S. bigan^ contendere. Quaere is Dan. D. beg, a person whom no one can endure,
connected?

* They took the big at it.' Wb, Gl.

nighty, highty-horse, sb. A childish appellation for a horse.

* Cotgr. explains estre en ses gogues, to be frolic, lusty, all a-boit, in a merry mood, /i
est a cbival, he is set on cock-horse, he is all a-boigbt* Wedgw.

High-up, adj. Belonging to the nobility and gentry of the coimtry ;
of rank or position. See Quality.

* "Who's your new landlord?" " Wheeah, he's some desput bigb^p chap, a lord, or
mebbe a duke, or such as that." '

Highway-master, sb. The surveyor of highways.

Hind, sb. An agricultiu-al servant, hired by the year or term, having
a house rent-free in part remuneration and expected to find other labour
besides his own — his wife's, or grown-up daughter's, possibly — at cer-
tain seasons of the year. In some instances, if not sdl, the Hind has
some of the responsibility of the Bailiff but works with his own hands,
which the Bailiff does not, or at least need not.

Hing, V. n. To hang. Simply a mode, and an ancient one, of Pr.
Conversely, a is sometimes found in the place of 1, as Btang= sting.

* He says, what es man in shap hot a tre
Turned up >at es doun. als men may se.
Of whilk ^e rotes ^at of it springes,
£r >e hares >at on >e heved bynges* Pr. of Conse, 1. 67a.

Hing-by, sb. A hanger on, a toady or sycophant.

Hing for rain, To. A phrase applied to the general appearance of
the clouds and atmosphere when rain is evidently approaching.

' Ah aimed it wad be wet : it 's bin binging/br raan ivver sen sunrise.'

Hinging-mind, sb. An inclination, a strong disposition to do this
or that.

Hipe, v. a. i. To push or strike with the horns as cattle do. 2. To
censure, assail with insinuations or accusations ; to attack in reputation
or character.

Both Brock, and Leeds Ol. make bipe, * to rip or gore with the horns ;' Wb. Gl., simply
to * butt or strike with the horn,' which is probably the more correct explanation of the

l1 2

26o GLOSSARY OF THE

two. Rietz gives bypa, to strike, inflict a blow, and byp, a heavy blow or stroke. Hypa
also, and Dan. hyppe as well, signify to pat the earth up against growing potatoes — * earth
them up' — or other crops that require such aid or protection. It is curious if the
Northumbr. dialects have preserved this word (otherwise lost), in its sense of striking, in
common with the Sw. dialects. Rietz quotes no correlative word besides Dan. byppe just
noticed.

I. ' Som gas tatird als tatird folet.

Some gase wrynchand to and fra,

And some gas ^ixP^'"^ ^^ ^ ^•' /V. q^Constf. 1 1 537.

a. ' They are always biping yan at anither.* Wb, Ol,

Hipe, hype, v. n. To make mouths, as in * grmning through a
horse-collar ;' to make ridiculous gestures as well as faces.

Probably nearly connected with Sw. D. bipa, to gape, to make open mouths in wonder
or amazement ; Imp, to draw one's breath hard in astonishment over anjrthing. See also
O. N. giipt absurdity, spoken, or acted, which would appear through gUpr, hums, apertos,
to connect itself with Sw. D. bipa and our hipe.

Hiper, hyi>er, sb. A mimic, or one qualified to contend in grimacing
or making faces, &c.

• A rare byper,* Wb, GL

Hippen-ho'd, hipping-hold, sb. A place where gossip is wont to
be held, a loitering-place, a comer where folks are apt to lounge and
talk.

I connect this with O. N. gdipa, effutire, to chatter, to talk fast and vainly ; g^p^ spoken
vanities, or nonsense, chatter. See Hipe ; also comp. N. bipetif eager or gr^dy, curious,
the Dan. being nys-gjerrig, literally news-craving — a highly appropriate qualification of a
gossip, or gossiping-place.

Hippings, sb. Napkins (for infants).

Jam. gives this word as * Hippeti, a kind of towel used for wrapping about the b^ of an
infant,' which would be a much more satisfactory explanation if folks in N. Eng. and Scotl.
were more in the habit of using the word bip rather than bttie or buekU. Still Hall, gives
' bippany, a wrapper for the hips of an infant. East.*

Hippie, sb. A small hay-cock, or rather a small heap of half-made
hay, the drying process being not as yet quite completed.

Sw. D. bypa, a small heap of hay or clover ; and as a vb. the same word means to set
clover in such heaps. It is a derivative or diminutive from bop, a heap. Grimm suggests
the former existence of the strong verb biupan, bdup, bupun, congerere, tumere. RMts,
p. 261.

Hiring-penny, sb. A piece of money, usually a half-crown, given
as earnest-money, on concluding a hiring-engagement, by the master to
his future servant, and which establishes the bargain. See Aries, Fest-
ing-penny, Gkxl's-penny, &c.

Hirings, sb. A statute fair, at which agricultural servants of both

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 7,6l

sexes are engaged for the term, or the year. A fruitful source of rustic
demoralization.

Hirple, v. n. i. To shrug or stick up the back as an animal does
in inclement weather, when standing under a hedge in an open field, in
the vain hope of finding shelter. 2. To be dull and inactive from the
effects of severe cold, or illness. Hence the meaning to creep, to go
slowly as if lame. Written also Hurple, Herple, Hurkle, Hurtle.

One can hardly help suspecting a confusion of two words here, one in p and one in h,
although it is certain that in some cases, as where articulation is imperfect (as in young
children) or defective (as in some adults), /, >, and p are in a certain sense interchangeable ;
and a like interchange may arise out of careless or provincial peculiarities of pronunciation.
Wedgw. refers burkle, as well as burcb (to cuddle), to bug or higgle, £. equivalents to Dut.
buck, in buekscbouderen, to shrug the shoulders, bucken, to crouch, Sw. buka sig, sitta buka^
Dan. sitt$ paa bug; assuming * the introduction of an r (always useful in the expression of
shivering).' In this connection comp. Sw. D. birra, to shiver t>r shudder, whether with cold
or sudden fright, to which the Dan. D. burre corresponds ; btming, shivering or shuddering,
and birrug, which implies tottering, stumbling, as well as bewildered or frightened, and
so, liable to shiver or shudder. Leeds GL gives ' burkle, to contract the body and become
motionless ; burple, to shrug up the neck and creep along the streets with a shivering sen-
sation of cold, as an ill-clad person may do on a winter's morning ; as, ** goas bwpling
about fit to give a body t' dithers to luke at him." '

Hirsel, hirale, v. n. (pr. hossle). To move about restlessly, to
fidget

Jam. gives a different explanation of this word. Ruddiman's is * to move or slide down,
or forward, with a rustling noise, as of things rolled on ice, or on rough ground.' Sibbald's,
more approved by Jam., * to move oneself in a sitting or lying posture ; to move without
the common use of the limbs.' ' It seems properly,' adds Jam., to denote that motion
which one makes backwards and forwards on his hams. Thus we say that one birsiUs
down a bill when, instead of attempting to walk or run down, he moves downward sitting.'
In Clevel. the word is applied to cattle quite as frequently as to human beings, and expresses
a general sense of uneasy restlessness. Hall, gives birsel, to move about, to fidget. Norib. ;
and bursle, to shrug the shoulders. Cumb. It scarcely seems to me that either Ruddiman's
A. S. byrstan, murmurare, bristlan, crepere, or Jamieson's * Teut. aerselen, Belg. aarzeleH,
retrogredi, quasi culum versus ire, from aert, podex,' have any real bearing on the word.
Definitions are sometimes framed, at least turned, to meet a derivation, a slight suspicion
of which may arise on reading both those given above. To me the word wears the appear-
ance of a frequentative, with an analogy to josde (from joust, to push: Wedgw.); and I
would much more willingly refer it to dialect-corruption of a word like Arusi than to either
of the sources suggested in Jam.

Hiss, V. n. To express discontent venomously ; to be cantankerous.
See Siss.

* T' au'd chap sissed and gruffed mair an a lahtle at t' parish tak'ing 's pay off;* reducing
or withdrawing his allowance from the poor-rate.

His-sel', his-sen, pr. Himself.

* his halfe brother dwelt there, was feirce and fell,
noe better but a shepard to the Bishoppe binfsdl*

Percy's Fcl, MS. i. 510.

262 OLOSSARy OF THE

Hitoh, V. n. To move a short distance in any direction ; to hop.

* Hitch, motion by a jerk. Swiss gebotzelt seyn, Uughing till one shakes ; Bav. butteben,
to rock, to hitch oneself along like children on their rumps ; Du. butsen, butsden, to shake,
to jumble ; Fr. bocber, to sluke ; Swiss botscben, to hiccup ; boseben, to knock ; botterm,
botzen, botzMm, to shake, jog, jolt.' Wedgw.

Hitoh, Jamie ; hitoh, Jamie, stride and loup. The bopsh play
or exercise of * Hop, step and jump.'

Hither-go-there (used substantively). A digression, wandering
from the subject in hand.

* He's a dree au'd chap to talk wiv ; his discoorse 's amaist nobbut biHfir-go-^hens*

Hoast, sb. A cough. See Heeze, Hooze.

Hdsti, tassis (Hald.) ; at b6sta, to cough; Dan. bosU; A. S. bweosi; Dut. boisU, a cough.
Pr. Pm. bost, borst,

Hoaving, hoavish, adj. Stupid, silly, clownish. See HauYlng,
AwfLsh, Oaving, &c.

Hob. The appellation of a spirit, or being of elf-nature, who must
once have occupied a prominent place in the belief or popular faith of
the people of the district.

Probably, like the nisses of popular faith in Denmark, there were many Hobs, each
with a ' local habitation and a' local * name.' Thus there is a Hob Hole at Runswick, a
Hob Hole near Kempswithen, a Hob's Cave at Mulgrave, Hobt'rush Rook on the Fam-
dale Moors, and so on. Obtrush Rook, as well as Hob Hole and the Cave at Mulgrave,
is distinctly said to have been ' haunted by the goblin,' who being * a familiar and trouble-
some visitor to one of the farmers, and causing him much vexation and loss, he resolved
to quit his house in Famdale and seek some other home. Very early in the morning, as
he was trudging on his way with all his household goods and gods in a cart, he was accosted
by a neighbour with "I see you are flitting." — The reply came from Hob out of the chum,
" Ay, we 's flitting." — On which the farmer, concluding that the change would not rid him
of his visitor, turns his horse's head homewards. The story is in substance the same as
that told on the Scottish border and in Scandinavia.' Phillips' Vorksbirtt p. 210. I give
also Professor Worsaae's version of the legend as current in Denmark : — * Once when I was
in North England the conversation turned on the mischievous tricks of the Nisse, and I
went on to relate our Northern legend of a Bonder who was teased and worried in all kinds
of ways by a Nisse. At last he could stand it no longer, and he determined to quit his
farm and go and take another somewhere else. When ne had brought almost all his goods
away to his new farm, and was driving along with the last load, he chanced to turn round,
and what should he see as he did so ? Who but the Nisse himself, with his red cap on, sit-
ting quietly on the top of the load I Says the goblin to him quite confidentially, " Ajre,
we 's flitting" (Nu fiytt% vt). One of the persons present then stated that in his youth he
had repeatedly heard the legend, almost word for word, told in Lancashire.' Mindtr out
de Danske, 8cc. p. 1 2.^ Hob of the Cave at Runswick was famous for curing children of
the Kink-oough, when thus invoked by those who took them to his abode :

' Hob-hole Hob I Mah bairn 's getten t' kin'-cough :
Tak' 't off! Tak' 't off I'

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 263

Hob at Hart Hall, in Glaisdale, was, as the legend bears, a farm-spirit ' of all work,' thrash-
ing, winnowing, stamping the bigg, leading, &c. Like the rest of the tribe who ever
came under mortal eye, he was without clothes — ^nak't — and having had a Harding-
■xnook made and placed for him, after a few moments of — it would seem, ill-pleased —
inspection, he was heard to say, —

* Gin Hob mun hae nowght but a hardin' hamp,
He '11 come nae mair nowther to berry nor stamp/

I look upon the usual derivation of Hob as mistaken, if not absurd. * Hob, hoh^luncb^
a country clown. Hal. A boh or clown, piedgris. Sherwood. Hoh-gMin^ a clownish
goblin, a goblin who does laborious work, where the first syllable is commonly taken as the
short for Halbert or Robert.' No doubt Hobbie, Hob, is the short for Halbert ; but has it
actually and popularly been the short for Robert? It seems much more likely that just as
Oberon comes through the intermediate form Auberon, from Alberon (Grrimm's D. M,
p. 431), so Hobs 'Ob comes through aub (comp. Clevd. Awf), from alb^tlf. See Hob-
trush.

Hobble, V. n. i. To move with difficulty from having the feet or
legs entangled or tied, or from lameness. 2. To move as a hare or
rabbit does, when undistm-bed, with desultory hopping movements, and
almost as if with its hindlegs tied together.

See Haini>ered, Hopple, and comp. Sw. D. boppe, a hare. * The idea of insufficient,
impeded action,' says Wedgw., * is commonly expressed by the figure of imperfect or im-
peded speech We have Sc. babble, bobber, to stutter, to speak or act confusedly ;

to babble a lesson, to say it imperfectly ; Du. bobbelen, to jolt, to rock, to stammer ; Sc.
bobble, to cobble shoes, to mend them in a bungling manner ; PI. D. bumpeln, to limp, to
bungle ; Sw. bappla, to stanmier ; Eng. bopple, to move weakly and unsteadily. Then, in
a factitive sense, to bohble or bopple a horse, to hamper its movements by tying its legs
together.* Still, note £. bammel, bamble, Sw. D. bammla, to lame by ham-stringing, or
some like cruel process ; thence simply to render lame, or able to move only in a hobbling
kind of manner.

Hobble, sb. A condition of trouble, perplexity or distress, from
which extrication may not be very easy or practicable.
Comp. Hampered, and see vb. Hobble.

HobtaruBh, a word occurring in the designations Hobtrush or Ob-
trush Rook (a tumulus on the Famdale Moors), and Hobtrush Hob, a
being once held to frequent a certain cave in the Mulgrave Woods, and
wont to be addressed, and to reply, as follows : —

* " Hob-trush Hob I Where is thou ?"
" Ah 's tying on mah left-fuit shoe ;
An' Ah '11 be wiv thee— Noo I" '

* Hobthrust,' says Brock., ' is a local spirit, famous for whimsical pranks. In some farm-
houses a cock and bacon are broiled on Fassen's Eve, and if any person neglect to eat
heartily of this food, Hobthrust is sure to amuse himself at night by cramming him up to the
mouth with bigg-cbaff. According to Grose he is supposed to haunt woods only : Hob o* f
burst* Certainly, it is not impossible that Hob-thruah, as well as Hob-throBt, may be a
corruption of this assumed Hob o' /' burst — for I suspect cousinship between it and the
various derivations, glanced at below, which used to be suggested for Howdie — but I scarcely

364

GLOSSARy OF THE

tee it likely. Hill, quoin the following ; — ■ [f he be 00 bob-tbrusb nai no Robin Good-
fellow, I could finda wilh »ll my he»rt lo tip a lillybub with hini.' Tuio Lane. Lova-t,
1640; from which it Kppean that two hundred yean ago the form Mobtbrusb prevailed
u il, 01 Obtnab. itill doei here. Qrimm. who seemt lo hare been acquainted wilh the
fomi Hoblburst. or Groie'i form with ihe nurfcs of eliiion omitied, haaardi a lurmite —
one. however, which might h»ve been advanced more decidedly had he known the forms
Hnhihrvib. Hoblrusb, Oblrusb — that it maj be connected with O, N. fiuri, a being not
etientially diitinct from the Scand, gianL This ii, at least, more probable than Grose'i
etymology. Bohlrush U, doubtless, Uie more ipeeial Yorkshire form of Hoblbrmb. Cotap.
our Amlhrop, Aint'rup foi Ahithorpe, troiiB for throna, Stc, I conceive the Hob
to be equivalent to Gothic alb, oaf. O. N. idjr, Eng. rif (lee Hob) ; and, u to the entire
word Sobthruah 01 Hobtnuh, there ii a inggeitive limibrily in form and sound
between it and olftalrviicb, tlptnlrolub, albcrdrulicb, and the I3ce ; and certainly there
is no startling incongruity in the lenie ihui suggested; for it is eliiub. E. dviib. Clevel.
e umlafon ,n our case ,0 .t. primary meanrng-o or ^ on^ng l^o ^n

-i, half-bred
pant, or ogre.

Ho'd, V. a. 1. To retain, keep, or keep back ; of a cow which refuses
lo yield her milk ; or in reference to her connection with the bull, 2. To
contest or resist strongly so as to hold the competitor or co-slruggler to
a continuance of strong effort. 3. To wager.

t. *T' au'dioan coo bo'ds her milk. We'll hev to quit 'r ;' part with her.

9. 'She't been Ic l" bull, bud Ah queithun ef she bo'ds,' Sometimet, 'bo'ds t' bull."

3. ' Ah '« bo'd thee a crown on 't.' See Upho'd, and comp. Wad.

Ho'd, sb. I , Grasp,
I. '" He'll ho'd his io'rf,"
a. - " He has hit land undi

. Tenure, holding,
got.* Wb. 01.

Ho'd fiaip, V. a. To remain or continue fair weather,

' Better weather tu>w ; but Ah quetshun an it '11 bo'd /air while neeght.'

Ho'd off, V. n. To keep off, not to befal ; of something probably
impending, as a fall of rain, a change of weather, a fit of illness or pain.

Ho'd on, V. a. To hold fast, hold tight, without relaxing either ten-
sion or firmness of grasp.

Ho'd slock, V. a. 1. To relax the pressure or tension of one's grasp
especially the latter, as in pulling or holding on to a rope. 2. To relax
for a time in attention to business or closeness of application.

4. '"We're bo'dding dad i tAti" goui[4ng awhile, holding talk when there is nothing
elie to do.' Wb. Gl.

Ho'd talk, V. n. To chat, converse readily, gossip.

■ A good hind at ba'dding lidk.- Wb. Gl.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 265

Ho*d-talk, used as a sb. Chat, gossip, commonplace talk.

* We *re j«f t having a bit o' bo^d-talk: Wb, Gl.

Ho'd up, V. n. To remain up and about, antithetical to giving way
to wealcness or indisposition, and lying down, or going to bed.

* Match'd t* bo*d up;* scarcely able, with all effort, to bear up against weakness or
illness.

Hofe, sb. (pr. heeaf). i. A residence or abode; a person's home
for the time being. And thence, 2. A haunt, the place where a person
or creature may usually be met with. Written ' howflf ' by Sir W. Scott
in Guy Mannering and Heart of Mid-Lothian,

Cf. O. N., S. O., A. S. hof^ a dwelling, den, &c. Comp. Low. G. bof^ bove^ a farm-
stead ; Dan., Sw., Germ, bof; Sw. D. bove. The O. N. word seems first to have denoted
the holy house or temple, and then to have been transferred to the residence of the local
magnate ; after which it came to denote simply a residence or abode, a house, a farmstead ;
and similarly, in the other tongues or dialects noted, there is a gradation of sense betweeq
the court, of a prince or nobleman namely, and a house or residence in the country.

I. • " A man's own beta/;" own home.' Wb, OL

a. * Nat at yamm ? then mebbe he '11 be at Willy N.'s. That '$ a noted bnafo* hisn.'

Hofe, V. a. and n. i. To abide, lodge, or live. 2. To cause to live
or abide ; in a place, house, home, &c.

I. • " Where do you beeafztV* where do you lodge or live?* Wb. Gl.

* Deeavid ha* left t* au*d spot, an* hes beeafd wiv yoong John Garbutt at t' Grains sen
Marti*mas ;* of a farm-servant who has taken service in a new place.

a. ' Ay : Guinea-fowls is desper't' bad to beeaf;* in reference to their unwillingness to
forsake the old home and adopt a new one, if the owner chances to * flit.*

Hoffle, V. n. To shuffle along with slow and impeded gait, whether
from lameness or infirmity. Probably coincident with Hobble or
Hopple.

Hofiki, sb. Hoofs or hooves ; not infrequently applied, especially by
a cleanly housewife on the entrance of muddy boots into her clean
room, to human feet.

* " Clarted bojffk ;** feet dirty with walking.' Wb. Gl.

Hog, sb. A male of the pig kind.

* Bret, boc'b, bouc% swine, from bouc*ba, to grunt. So Lap. snorkeset, to grunt ; snorke,
a pig ; Fin. naskioy to make a noise like pigs in eating (G. scbmatzm) ; naski^ a call for
pigs, a pig.* Wedgw. It is, perhaps, not irrelevant to remark in reference to the *call
for pigs* just noted, that the invariable call or sunmions in Clevel. to the pigs (while as yet
suffered to ramble about in the day-time) to come to their food at nightfall is * Jack, Jack,*
many times repeated in a high-pitched and sustained note.

H m

266 GLOSSARY OF THE

Hogy sb. A sheep of a year old.

' A one-year old sheep. Norm. Fr. bogetz.'' Brock. * From lix months old till being
first shorn : some say from a lamb ; others, a sheep of a year old.' HalL * Qu. A. S. bogan,
to take care of; because, on account of their tender age, greater care is required to rear
them.* Cr. OL Comp. Wedgw. * Hog, Hoggel, Hoggrd, Hogget, Hoggaster, A young
sheep of the second year. Devonsh. bog-colt, a yearling colt. Dut. bokkding, a heifer,
a beast of one year old. From being fed in the bok, or pen. Honde-hok, a dog-kennel :
Scbaapen-bok, a sheep<ote.* The sheep called bogs are, however, not fed in pens, neither
is there any special care lavished upon them. I suspect that the last of the forms quoted
by VftAgyr.--^ggaster — affords a clue to the derivation of the word. A. S. bagsttald
implies a bachelor, a virgin, novice, coelebs, tyro ; O. Germ, bagastalt, bagustalt, id. ; Dut.
bagestdt; Sw. D. and N. bogstall, a widower. Bosw. collates also O. N. bagst€Bdr, tem-
peratus, although the word would seem to be due to a different originaL But in all
the other words the idea seems to be that of continence, whether from being yet single,
or having become a widower. So, it is at least conceivable, that Hog simply implies that
the animal so called is yet virgin. It may be a matter for enquiry, is not the sense of con-
tinence, or restraint, involved in the prefix of the words quoted above ; A. S. b€Bg€t a fence ;
M. Germ, bac, bege; N. baga; Sw. D. bag, 8cc.7 Also, may there not be a connection
between this word and Ihre's bogsl, which he seeks to derive from a corruption of
osculumt

Hoidle, V. n. To play instead of working ; to lose time, or waste
time carelessly or wantonly. Possibly a corruption of * idle.'

Hoity V. n. To play the fool, and with a sort of implication of osten-
tatiously. To engage in some evident absurdity.

' Germ. Heyda 1 beysa ! exclamations of high spirits, active enjoyment. Hence E. bey-
day, the vigour and high spirits of youth ... In the same way Sw. bojta, to shout, explains
E. boit, to indulge in riotous and noisy mirth : to bite up and down, to run idle about the
country. — Hall.' Wedgw. The Sw. D. b6jta, byyt, bdja, boa, signifies to shout to cattle in
order to collect them; to cry shrilly, as in a forest, by way of signal, or for help, and
the like.

Hoit, sb. A simpleton, a fool. Leeds GL says the word is more fre-
quently applied to females and implies awkwardness as well as silliness.
Scarcely so in Cleveland.

Hold, V. a. To occupy, find occupation for, lay an abiding claim or
detainer on.

* A job at '11 bold him mair an yah year, or tweea owther.'

* He '11 nivver cast it. 'T '11 bo*d him fur as lang as he lives.'

Hold, V. n. (pr. h6'd). To last, to continue : in reference to the
weather.

* Ay, it *s faired oop noo, but Ah question if it '1 bo'd*

Holding-ewes, holding-stook, (pr. ho'dding-yows, -stock). Ewes
or stock intended to be kept on through the winter by the farmer or
owner, as part of the permanent stock of the farm.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 267

HoU, V. a. (chiefly used in pass, pcpl.) i. To make hollow; to
cause to pine by starvation. 2. To make lean or emaciated; thence
hoUed, as in the example, puny, without growth or the power of it.

O.N. hdla^ to make hollow, hollow out; O. Sw. bda; Dan. bult; Sw. bala; Germ.
2. • " A lahtlc boird thing ;- a puny child.* Wb, Gl.

HoU, adj. I. Hollow. 2. Deep, in the same sense in which the
^ depth of winter' is spoken of, and in that sense used to qualify
the word * time.'

O.N. bolr, hollowed, empty; N. bol; Sw,D.bdl, hollowed out, concave, deep; A. S.
boi; O. Oerm. bol; Germ. bobl. Comp. Sw. D. bdlskog, a large, deep forest.

I. * Dere brother, I wille fayre

On feld ther our bestes ar.
To look if thay be bolgb or fulle.' ToumeL Mysl. p. 15.

a. * ** The boll time of night ;" the dead hour of the night' Wb, Gl.

HoU, sb. I. A deep narrow depression in the surface of the land or
place, of no great longitudinal extent See Howl or Houl. 2. The
depth of winter ; sometimes applied also to what is called the ' dead time
of night.'

0. N. bola; O. Sw. bol; Dan. bul; Sw. biU. Dan. bul, in one of its senses, takes much
the same meaning as our HoU or Honl, namely a hollow on the earth's surface ; and I
have a note of O. N. boH, in connection with the word ndit, night, but the reference
omitted, which would answer exactly to our HoU of the night. - Under * Howl, a hollow
or low place,' Brock, quotes the sajring, — * Wherever there 's a hill, there 's sure to be a
howl ;' and then he adds * Houd-kite, a vulgar name for the belly ;' which is scarcely true,
for O. N. and O. Sw. bol is specially applied to * venter, vel pars corporis cava :' the O. N.
distinguishing between the upper and lower cavities, or those of the breast and the bowels.

1. In local names, frequent: e. g., Houlsykt, otherwise spelt Howhyktt Holdsyke; Howl-
dih; both in Danby parish.

2. • " The boU of winter ;" the depth of winter.* Wb, Gl,

Hollin» sb. The holly {Hex aqm/olium). In the pL, Hollins»
boUy-trees.

A. S. boUgn : O, E. bolyn, bcUen ; W. cdyn,

* In his on honde he hade a bdyn bobbe,
pat is grattest in grene, when greuej ar bare.'

Sir Gaw, and Gr, Kn, 1. 906.

Holm, sb. Low-lying land by the side of a stream, which in time of
flood may become more or less insular, and which at an earlier time
may have been completely so, former channels or hollows having been
filled up by alluvial matters.

O. N. b6lmi, bdlmr, a small island ; N. bolm, bolnut id. ; also a spot distinguished from
the surrounding land, as a bit of grass among com, or viet vers& ; a little unmown meadow ;
Sw,D,b6lfne; Dan. D. bolm, id.: also, in S. Jutl., any rather more elevated plot in a

M m 2

368

GLOSSARy OF THE

meidow : A. S. and N. S. bilira, a tmalf idand, upecially in a rirec ; also a inull clrratiaTi.
or quiii flat bill ; O. Sw. bolmber, boimi. a small island, a place or spot fenced off front the
adjacent lands. We have icreral local namei now ending in balm, but Utterly without coo-
nection with the present word : e. g.. Maaribalm, the Dometday orthography of which il
Sioribnium, which ii simply the dat.pl. Dr.Vor«iiii; Ltalboim, which the Whitby Glottaclfl
refers to laal, little, and io/m— assuming mistakenly, that the latter means trooi— but which
in Domesday stands at Laeliim, Ltltim. Again. Nnobelm neat Whitby a Neutbam in the
same record. It is sometimes diflicuU to say what the Domesday spelling really points to,
and perliapi Laelum, Lilum is a case in pninl. I do not, however, think that balm is dis-
guiied under the final syllable, whether that be Inm or bib. The woid F~' ■=■_!_-

s-ignalmg tor
strict. See n<

of Ian

; to Holm in Pr. Pm.

Holy-bizen, sb. (pr, holy- or hoo%-bahz'n). A tawdrily- or absurdly,
dressed figure, only fit to be a spectacle fo wondering beholders. A
rerercnce, probably, to the tawdry, tasteless bedizcntnent of images of
saints, &c„ still extant in Popish countries and districts. See Bizen.

Holy-dance, sb. The extravagances and evidences of excitement
manifested, perhaps aimed at, by one or more religious sects at iheir
public services, have caused this name to be given to their proceedings.

Holy-stone, sb. (pr, hooSly-steean). A stone with a natural perfora-
tion in it, supposed to have peculiar virtues in propitiating luck, and
efficacy as against wilch-power and mischief. Suspended by a string
from the bed-tester, or attached to the key of the house-door for the
safety of the inmates ; hung above the Standing of the cow, or over
the stall of a horse, especially one that is found to sweat much at night,
for the several security of those animals, — it was, even is yet, imagined
to set the witch's malice at nought.

Comp. the following. War. Dg Wird. p. 357; — ' Upon the border-landi between Eul
Qoihland and Nenkc. [he people still continue itie practice of hanging round a child's neck
imall stones of tmooth trap which are niiiked either by water-wom indentations or holes
through. These are called AlCsUma, became they are held to be remedial aga'mit the
child's aihnent so called (a kind of iulemiittent), which is supposed to be caused by
the Elves. In this very ancient popuhir custom, as also in the Scanian practice of hanging
upon the necks of children the so-called Qomnama-Omar (Qanunon't-stonei i from Oimo-
dm, or Karmttodm, a local name for Thor}, which correspond exactly with the OiAtm^
anar or iSofarsttiiar of Warend, we Rnd not only an analagoui usage, but also a simple
but clear illustration of the piactice of wearing mere stones as amulets upon the breast ot
hung ftoni the neck. For these Gobonden's or Gofii's stones ate limply small white lionet
which, when the lightning has struck any spot, are sometimes found upon the land there :
they are perfectly smooth, and about the size of the yolk of an egg. They are beneficial in
many ways: — thus. Laid in the syle. 01 milk-rtrainer, they are a certain prevcnt»ti»e
agailut the milk being spoilt or in any way damaged by the witch (XrtJlbachmY Thot,
■lias Qofar, Gobonden, Gomoden or fConimoden, in the old mythology was the dreaded
etteniy of all the Troll-kind — the progenitors as well ai predecessors of the more modem
witch ; and when he — the Thunderer— used his heavenly artillery they fled In otier dismay.
Hence the efHcacy of these stones: the witrh recoils in fcir and impotence before Thoi's

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 269

Home-oome, home-ooming, sb. i. The arrival of a person at his
home after an absence, whether for the day's work or longer. 2. The
time of such arrival. 2. The reception or treatment at such arrival.

Comp. O. N. behnrh>ma, O. Sw. bemkoma, return home, or Home-oome ; Dan. bjetn-
iommen, having returned home ; Sw. hemkomst^ home-coming.
' Hwen he beo9 ute ; hauest ajain his bam-cums sar care t eie.' Halt Meid, p. 31.
a. * He 'II be here about bome^ome*
3. * I shall have a bonny bome^oming about it with my wife, depend upon it.* Wb. GL

Honey. A term of endearment, more fondling than ' dear.' Often
used as a prefix, as in Honey-bairn. Often used also by the aged in
addressing those they feel both respect and regard for : a kindly clergy-
man or lady-visitor often gets the appellative Honey, and even Bairn.

• ffarewell my bony, farwell my sweete.* Percy's Folio MS. i. p. 1 5 1.

Honey-flEdl, sb. A wind-fall of a more than ordinarily pleasant kind ;
a piece of great and very acceptable good luck.

***They have had a brave boney-faU lately;" a great deal of property bequeathed.'
Wb,Gl

Hood-end, sb. The flat surface, or hob, at either end of the fire-
grate, on which the kettle, &c., is customarily set.

O. Gl. gives ' boodt the place behind the fire : bood-end, comers near the fire, either of
stone or iron.' I surmise that in older days the sort of enclosure made near the fire
involved a kind of arched covering;, which originated the name Hood. See NeuUn.
Jam. quotes ' ** O. £. Hood, the back of the fire, North." Grose. O. £. budd* must cer-
tainly be viewed as originally the same, though used in an oblique sense, as denoting what
covers the fire during night.'

Hooze, V. n. To wheeze or breathe with difficulty and noise. See
Heeze, which is coincident.

Cf. Pr, Pm, • Hoostf or cowghe (host, 6r boost).'

Hop. A word of command, formerly in use by the drivers of oxen,
and answering to the old word Bee, or the more modem Gtoe, as used
in driving horses ; i. e. directing them to turn to the right or from the
driver. Sometimes Hop-off.

Molb. gives bop, an exclamation employed either to cause any one to move briskly, or to
stunulate a horse ; and byp, the word of command employed to cause a horse to go forward.
In his Dial. Ltxicon, however, bop dig is given as the word employed (in Bierre) when the
horse is desired to back. * It is usual to cry to a stumbling man or beast. Hop I Hop ! —
Kiittner,' quoted by Wcdgw. Hop I is thus widely used ip directing by voice the move-
ments of a draught beast, and as bop in different parts of Denmark has a different intention,
so there may have been an arbitrary use of it in Clevel., meaning. Move to the right, as in
Denm. sometimes forward, sometimes backward.

270 GLOSSARy OF THE

Hopper, sb. The basket suspended by means of a strap passing
over one shoulder of the sower, and containing the seed-corn it is his
business to sow.

'Eofftr. » seed bitket. ■' A sedelepe or a bopirt:" MS, Egcrton, Bag.' Hall. Perhips
a iimple adapIalioD from hopper, Ibe ucd-recdviug and deliveiing pottioD of ihc mill (T)
Pr. Pnt. givei ■ Hopyr of a raylle,' and ■ Hopur or a leedlepe."

Hoppet, sb. t. A s

I all open basket.

. The gaol or prison.

Wb. Gl. niakes boppir aoJ boppi.
boppil, 'a liltle basket;' Leeds Gl,
bo^r, ' a hand basket — For. dial.' uid ais
in ;' bctidci boppil, ' i small field, gcnctally

; bul, I think, incoitectlf. Cr. Gl. gives
»icT basket, wilh a bow handle :' HalL
diih used by miners to meiture tbcir at
ir a house, or a square form — Esttx.'

Hopping-tree, '.

Comp. Dan. D. boppt

The pole of a couf
1/ boppe en vagi : to back
uid Inv. Surl. Soc. i. 104.

See Conp-oart.
on. See Hop. ' A bofpyng

Hopple, V. a. To tie the legs of a horse or other animal together in
such a way as not to prevent all motion from place to place in grazing,
but still BO as to render straying to a distance exceedingly dilTicult and
slow. Brock, gives ' hafile' with this signification ; and ' hobble' is the
equivalent word in othei districts. See Hofflo, Hobble, Hamper, &c.

Horse-block, horse -mount, horsing- stonea, horse-steps, sb.

The steps, usually of stone, with a small plalfomi above them, for con-
venience in mounting one's horse ; especially to a female.

Time are of frequent occurrence in the Dales, at the lop of the steep hotte-tracki leading
up the hill-iides or Bonks to the loadt acrosi the moor. a> well ai al the chnrchjud

HoTSQ-oouper, sb.
horses. See Coup.

Comp. hoTSt-couTSfir, froi

Ahorse-dealer;

e who buys, sells or exchanges

iir, a broker, talesman. See Wedgw.

HorBe-godmotfaer, sb. A great, ungainly female.
Horse-gogB, sb. A fair-sized but highly astringent blue plum which
grows abundantly in the district, and sometimes even in the hedge-rows,

Comp. guaai-g'^Si ^ goowberries.

HOTSe-knops, sb. The plant black knapweed (Cmtaur^-a nigra).
Also called Hard-heads. See Knop.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 2^1

Horse-trod, sb. A track or path used as a * bridle-road.' See Trod.

Host-house, sb. (pr. wost-hus). The inn at which the farmer or
countryman puts up in the market- (or other) town he visits.

HostLe, V. n. (pr. woss'l). To put up at an inn.

Ho't Pr. of Hurt.

Hotch, sb. A bungle, an ill-managed affair.

Probably convertible with Intcb^ and in somewhat the same sense as when we say ' there
is a bitch in the affair.' Sw. D. boia is to fiimble, to be irresolute, to hesitate, and may be
connected ; as also Swiss boodscben^ botseben, to crawl like a toad, shuffle along, do any-
thing in a dawdling, untidy way.

Hot-pots, sb. (pr. heeat- or yat-pots). Pots of hot spiced ale brought
out by the friends of a newly-wedded couple to be partaken of by the
bridal party as they return from church. See Bride-door, Bride-
wain, &c.

Hotter, V. a. and n. i. To shake, or even jolt, as persons or things
in a springless cart driving over rough roads are shaken up and down.
Thence, 2. To move with an uneven pace, limpingly or lamely, in what
is called in some places *a dot and go one' style; and 3. To throw
together confusedly or in a jumble, as things conveyed in such a cart
would be. In this sense, used chiefly in the passive.

Wedgw. connects this word with buddle. He says, * the primitive image is probably the
bubbling movement of boiling water ; Sc. botter, soiter, for the sound of boiling or simmer-
ing ; to botter, to simmer, shiver, shudder, to walk unsteadily, jolt. It*t aU in a botur^ all
in movement; batter^ a multitude of small animals in motion; bottle^ anything without
a firm base, as a young child beginning to walk/ I conceive that the original idea of
to botter is involved in the meanings to sbiver^ to shudder ; whence the meanings of Hacon
Grizzlebeard's * HutetutetutetuV Dasent's Norse Tales, p. 46, and *He was to be sure to
lie still, and not to shiver and call out butetu, or any such stuff.' (p. 47.) In Sw. D. we find
buttra, huddra, bdddra, bbdra, bddra, bddda, to tremble or shiver with cold, to have one's
teeth chatter ; Swiss bottem, to shake, to tremble ; Dan. D. huddre, to shiver from the
effects of cold or fever. Cf. also O. N. bossa, quatire ; boss, mollis quassatio.

1. • We went hottering in the cart all the way on.* Wb, GL

2. * Hottering on, nae better an a lamitcr.'

3. * ** All botter* d up ;" jumbled together, confused, crowded.* Wb, Oi,
With the last example comp. Jamieson's instance : —

* 'Twas a muir-hen an' mony a pout
Was rinnin', botterin' round about ;'

where the idea is not of being jumbled or flung together in a confused heap, so much as of
voluntary crowding.

Hottery, adj. Uneven to walk or ride upon; as a bad pavement,
a rough and ill-kept road.

27a

GLOSSARy OF THE

Hone, sb. 1. A sepulchral tumulus, or barrow. 2. A natural hill.

O.N. baugr; O. Sw. baogr, bogbtr; S. G. biig; Din. t»j; S. Jut). i«f (pr. iy ; theji
much as the Ft. u); N.Jull. byr i a Winulus or tmiU hill riaed by hand, in conlradii-
liiiclion )□ a natural hill oi eminence. Molbech's ddinilion U, tn JorbtMng paa jordtns
ovtrjiade: a hill or heap raised on the inr&ce of the earth. He notei alio the phraso at
hall, 01 opIraM en bmi : to throw up a houe. Ea Jordbai is used ai antithetical to m
tandbaHt ; baMi illtr banii bruga sadvanSg om slarr* og natarligt bnt. Man Bgtr
aldrig, m opiasul bakki : the word baiki or banti ii uiually applied to larger hiDi of
natural origin. No one ever says a thtovm-ap baiit. The special application or O. N.
baugr, O. Sw. bSgbir, Dan. bti, Sw. bag. Bcc, is to a lepulchial tumulus ; sometunei id
specified, as in Dan. gravbti, Sw. aiubog, O. Sw. alar-bSgbir : whence Ihe nanics, Dan. i»i-
fali, Bw. bog-JoU, N. Jntl. byvfoth, be, for the dwarf tribe, O. N. dvergar. who were held
to bare their dwelUngi in these old sepulchres. In CleveL Ibe word, with about two excep-
lioni, deooles the grave-hills on the moots, many of which t hare opened, and all of which,
at 1 bcbeve, belong lo an exceedingly remote epoch.
I. Black-^ouu. Herd-touf, &c., to any number,
a. The Bout, near Castleton. Parker's Howt, near Cruiiktey Gill.

Hool, howl, sb. A depression in the surface of the ground, of no
great lateral extent or length ; scarcely amounting to a valley, and not
nigged or precipitous Uke a Gill. See Holl.

Hound, V. a. To set on ; to make an opportimity for a second
person and induce him to use it.

i lake this word and ihe next from the Wb. GL. * valuable and tnislwortby collection
Bi regards the words ibcmselves, iheir (oftenlimei phonographic) forms, and their appli-
' "" ■ ■ there given is — ■ Punned, in the sense of one person

o tlie'

h is dIRicull tc

1 clear.

of making is

slid lo have beei

Hounding, sb, An advantage obtained for anotlier person by re-
commendation, or by creating an opportunity for him. tVA. Gl.

See Hound. The extract from Wb. Gl. thereunder given is thus continued :— ■ also,
a sideaway recommendation in any one's behalf it called a bmmdirig for another's bcne£l.'

House-f^ist, adj. Confined to the house, the result of personal indis-
position, lameness, incapability of locomotion, &c. Comp. House-kept^
and see Bed-fest.

House-folk, sb. The people belonging to a house. See Folk.

Comp. O. N. bui-foU. I. domestic servants ; a. lodgers.

House-kept, adj. Confined to the house, the result of having to
tend closely on a sick person, or the like,

Housen, sb, pi. Houses, house-property.

Several plurals in m are retained in Clevel. Comp. Een or Etso, Ovnoa (oxen),
Boun, &c. Of, taun (ashes), in Chaucer; flan, olm, P. Plougbm.

• And after that (a thounder) com a walei so sharply, that drof down the biAi/iyngt and a
grete pirtc of the pcplc' Mtrl. p. 153,

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 273

Hoiue-plaoe, sb. The principal living-room in a house.

Housiii'-staf^ sb. Household furniture, inclusive of all kinds.

Hout, interj. Strongly expressive of incredulity or dissent : not so I
nothing of the sort I impossible I

S. G. butf apage : particula, qti& canes imprimis facessere jubemus (Ihre) ; N. but^ cry to
silence a dog ; Welsh bwt, off with it I away I * Huta ut en,' says Ihre, * is to expel any
one with indignation and contempt, as if he were a dog; Welsh hwUio; Finn, budtan*
Wedgw. gives Fin. butaa, to shout, to call ; N. bussa, to frighten or drive out with noise
and outcry. Add Sw. D. bussa, to shout or shriek ; also to set on or incite, as a dog on
any one.

Hover, V. n. i. To hang over or be suspended: thence, 2. To
wait or remain stationary : and 3. To be in a state of suspended action,
of either bodily or mental kind. 4. Sometimes used as v. a., to stay or
suspend an action. See Over.

This word in the form boue, or bove is not infrequent in O. E. In Clevel. it takes the
form Ower ; and one of the sayings most frequently quoted as specimens of our dialect to
puzzle or astonish the South-country hearer will be found below. Hall, quotes bcve in the
senses, i. to stop or hover: 2, to float on the water, as a ship, &c.; and the derivation
seems to be from Welsh bqfian, bofio, to fluctuate, hover, suspend or hang over.

* 8c he (the raven) fonges to |>e fly^t, 8c fannes on )>e wynde3,
HoMi hy^e vpon hy^t to herken tyt^jrugej.'

E, Eng. AUii. Poems, B. 1. 458.

* On ark on an euentyde boue^ the dowve.' lb. 1. 485.

* pe bume bode on bonk, )>zt on blonk boued*

Sir Oaw. and Or. Kn. I. 785.

* Yet boved ther an hundred
In howves of selk,
Sergeantz it bisemed

That serveden at the barre.' P. Plougbm. \. 418.

a. « " I rather bovered a bit ;" waited awhile.* Wb. Ql.

* " Titter oop t' spmnt mun oiver a bit ;" the one that is first (soonest) up the hill must
wait a bit.' lb.

* My lord, this care lastes lang,

And wille, to Moyses have his bone ;
Let hjmi go, els wyrk we wrang,

It may not help to bover ne hone.' Toumel. Myst. p. 64.

3. ' " Hovering for rain ;" cloudy, threatening to come wet.' Wb. Ol.

Hover your hand ;" stop, hold, e. g. in the act of pouring water.' lb.

t {<

Howdy, sb. A midwife.

O. N. j6d, that which is bom, ako the act of parturition, is almost certainly the origin
of this word. But comp. S. G. jordgumma, Sw. jorde-gumma, Sw. D. jor{d)mor, Dan.
jordemoder : the latter also occurring with the orthography gjordemoder. * By some,' says
Ihre, * it has been supposed that the reference is to the custom of depositing the new-bom
babe on the ground, whence it was to be raised by the father, if he thought it worthy of
being reared, and given into the care of the female attendant. Others have referred the

N n

GLOSSARy OF THE

n of the word ta binla, ta take i

re of, wait upon, pointing 10 the midwlfe'i cue ind

tace •ould come Ihe word bjiirdpimma. Bot my
lid that the word originallji wai — not jan^umma,
I. for thildbirth : Jidsal the pangi of lilwur.' The
iuccas Mttiidiug gueises at derivatioa: Hadii, in
e foe the caul a diild u somctunn bom with; bow

Howk, V, a. To dig out, to scoop, to work with digging toots in a
hole, or in making a hole.

Jam. well reruarki that ' E. dig does not properly convey ihe idea expieised by Howk,
Fm the laltei lignifiu to take out thE middle, leaving the outside wbole siving the apei-
tuic' In bet. in ordinary usige, the word sometimei, but coiruptly. jtpproacbes in unte
W too*. Under boli or Mi, a hollow straw or reed, Molb. {Dot. Dial. Le*.) quotes
b6lir, a ipout, a hollow leed or cine, a pipe ; and adds, Sw. boli, ' in genere notat ligiitun
cavalam — radix, bolia, cavaie.' Ihre, he tiirther says, derivM it from bblja. to make hol-
low, in like manner ai daii from diiljii, Comp. also bullit, brmnd-buHi, a wooden coTCr
or pioteciioti over the mouth of a well; where the idea is itill of that which it made hol-
low— had iho iniide howked out — so as to become a suitable cover for something else.

Howly, sb. A street game played by boys in a town, one of them
hiding behind a wall or house-end and crying ' Howty' to the seekers.

It hai been suggested, though not very probably, thai 0!i — ' the commoneit Chriiliin
name in Norway' — may be the foundation of this cry, Leeds Gl. gives Hid/fy a the name
of the same game ; • ihe seareh-slgnil employed in the game Is " HiJdy I" and not " Hidtl"
ai common.' 'Whnopl' is the South-country lignal.

To bale or dip out w

r other liquid. See Oubo

HowsomiTver, howa'iwer, conj. Howsoever, or however.

EubblQ-shew, hubble-ahoo, sb. The tumultuous movements of

a somewhat excited crowd ; a state of commotion, or disturbance.

Jam. rcfttt this wi
lut lyllable may bi

anembled to tee someining mat excites attention." is it not at i
Sw. D, bo*al. bovtt. bovoll .- N. biball. bobbalt. bobboll. bivoU, m

the inn (Boat, Baidtr) is higheit, may hare tome connection with it? Ihre, who eives
the (arm bogbaU from one Sw. dislHct. and bogbalt from another, takes the word to bare
oriKiually denoted dm boge Balibr, the high Balder ; or, as it were, the high and powerliil
suns special season. It it matter of history that ihii leaion was lirom extremely remote
times celebrated by the piling and burning of mighty £rei on the hills in different districts,
at which almott the entire population were assembled, with feasting, dancing aiid diiukiiig,
continued throughout the night. Herein we certainly hare the main elementi of what ii
ihui exprctied by Jam. : — • It' (the word ffub6(Iicio») ■ suggests the idea of a multitude
running and crowding together in a tumultuous manner (without necessarily implying that
there is any broil).' For the last tyllable compare mappinxbma or aafpiiiicbaii.

Huokle, sb. The hip. See Huke-bono.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 275

Huff, V. n. To become swollen and puffy, as the flesh where a blow
has been received.

Mr. Wcdgw. gives * Huff, Hoovt. To puff or blow, as wbiff, or G. baueben, to breathe
or blow, from a representation of the sound. To buff up, to puff up, swell with wind.
** In many birds the diaphragm may be easily buffed up with air." Grew in Todd. " Ex-
crescences, called emphysemata, like unto bladders puffed up and hooved with wind." Hol-
land— Pliny in R.* The examples are unexceptionable, but Sw. D. bdvna, bauna, bdvna,
N. bovna or bovne, to puff up or become swollen ; bdven, baum, bdven, swollen, huffed ;
bcvdse, the condition of being swollen ; Dan. boven, swollen ; bovenbed, condition of bein^^
swollen ; bcevelse, id. ; also rising or tumour, — are all distinctly referrible to hdva, beyja,
bave, to heave, raise, cause to be risen ; and it is scarcely doubtful that Clevel. Huif is a
very close relative.

* Her eye buffed oop in a minute ;' after a blow received.

Cf. with the extract from Wedgw. the following : —

* Th^ buft & puft with many heaves,
till that th6 both were tyred.' Loou and Hum. Songs, p. 35.

Huf^ sb. The feeling of dissatisfaction or displeasure excited by
a slight or petty indignity ; o£fence taken on some such groimd.

Probably a simple metaphor from huff, to swell or be swollen. Comp. the exactly
analogous applications of Lat. tunuo, to swell with anger, to be puffed up with vanity or
pride, &c. Mr. Wedgw., however, derives it from ' the puffing and blowing of an angry
person.'

• " They took the ^^at it ;" they were offended by it.* Wb, OL

In the foUowing extract from Chaucer : —

' *' Now, sirs," then qlS this Oswolde the Reve,
" I pray you alle, that ye nought you greve.
That I answere, and somedell sitt bis boufe,
For lefull it is force with force to shoufe :" ' Rivis Prologue, p. 30,

it would seem, from the general sense, that the phrase in italics may probably mean excit«
his ire, rather than only be quits with him, as suggested in the Glossary. In that case our
Huff might have a different origin from that above suggested. Comp. the phrases ' Set
one's cap,' * Cock one's bonnet' or * beaver,' 8cc,

Huffle, huffil, huwil, sb. A finger-stall, a cot; a protection for
a hurt or sore finger.

O. N. bufa, cap, hood. Comp. also Sw. D. buv, a covering ; a small circular roof; O. S.
buvtr, thatch, roof; O. E. bow, boovt, and ' Hmtn, bowui,* Pr. Pm., a hood, from whidi
this is a diminutive.

Hug, V. a. To carry, the hands, arms, or back being specially em-
ployed in the act. The idea of effort is oftentimes implied, but cer-
tainly not quite necessarily, or without exception.

Comp. Germ, bochm, to take upon one's back. The same vb., as a v. n., is to squat or
crouch, which probably brings it into connection with Sw. D. buka, to squat, or sit with
curved back and knees ; Dan. sidde paa bug, O. N. buka, N. buka, bukje, Dan. bug; which,
besides the preceding meaning of sitting wi3i bent back and knees, has also that of walking
with a bowed back and head poked forward ; in other words, the very form in which one
hiigt a heavy burden on his back. We have thus, it would seem, a connection reopened

N n 2

ayfi GLossARy of the

belwcen boc\m jind bugi, through the intetvinlion of Clevel. Hug. Wh. 01. gives Hug,
to carry ai if toiling with a ciunbiom load, and, as an example, ' " Ah 's bmsleii wi' hug-
ging on 't i" buiBling or out of breath in contending with the load,' But the word is often
applied also in the case of loidi which do not require such contending wilh. Peoi^e hog
tmill parcels ai well ai heavy burdens.

Hu&e, sb. The hip. See Huokle.

Conip. bivck. the hip-bone of a cow ; bticli, in beef, the part between the shin and the
round (Hdll.) ; bug-bont, bvctU-boHi, Sec. See Huke-bone.

Hoke-bone, sb. The hip-bone,

Comp. bug-boiw, differently shortened into bubbaii and buggai ,* buck, bucklt, ailch-bont
or edgfboia ; all of which are probably eonneclcd, and of equally uncerlain derivation : unleu
Sw. D. buU, a small but higliiih projecting point of hnd oi proniontorj, jutting into the
sea; Dan., Fiii.. N. Su. but, a cornel or projecting angle; Dutch boti.H.; also a smill
promontory, supply a suggestioa, as I conceive they do.

Huke, To crook. To sit down ; to bend the Huke so as, or in
order, to sit down.

■ 1 have never eruil^d ray bull the whole of the day," in Wb. Ol., it explained by the
compiler by ' t hare never crooked my bip to sit down.' However, one never ' ciooki one't
hip" for that or any other purpose. The word ii only another or pros form of bougb or
boci, ' Had, the joint of a horie'i leg from the knee to the fetlock ; bougb. the bactt of
Ibe knee ; A. S. bob, the heel, ham (call, poplei, luffiago)' (Wedgw.) : thus the meaning
of each word in the phiaie becomes at once apparent. Ckjcnp. ' 1 nae often wondered that
any atie that ever bent a knee for the right purpose should ever daur to crooi a bougb to
fyke and fling at piper's wind and fiddler's squealing.' Htarl of Mid-Ltlbion.

• She laid there was a tough iinew in an old wife'i bougb.' Vartt Castit Dtp. p. 101.

Huker, V. a. To barter, huckster.

• G. b'nit, boier, a higgler, huckster : " a retailer, rcgialer, one who sells goodi, especially
victuah, in small quantities, a petty dealer. Dut. botchtr, bveitr, eaupo, propola." Kil.
Bay. bugitr, bugiltr, bughur. Swab, buker. buJilir, a petty dealer, huckster. It is esien-
tiaDy the same word with G. umcba: Dut. viaeelur, otcker, botcktr. Sw. bodur, O. N. 0<lr,
interest, utury, properly increase, from the same source as Lai. augirt, Goth, aucaii. A.S.
taeoH, to increase. The O. H. Q. lUKociw ii applied to the iucreaie of plants ; rrdt-auachir,
the fruit) of the earth." Wedgw. Cf. oi«r»S, oJan, AHir.RMt. p. 3»6. Sec Peddle.

' He bnlnrtd them (labbil-tkins. eggs, &c., picked up oi collected by the Badger at
home) at Sunderland Market.'

' She halh holdcn buUitry, AI hire lif tyme.' P. Plougbm. p. 90.

Etdigi dm mylbiika iuthir.istAdiibigtH badt mnmshtMiumfl i iropptn m blall idtJilUg
ufptiAardst-fonn. J dodm aflttiiddti nuttm'siaii dttia lill/alliga bhlji : according to the
(before-mentioned) mythical view of nature, the body nmply serred the human being is
an accidental means or fashion of external manifestation. At death this ■ccideiil or exler-
iC (bidji) wai stripped off. Hefe we hate Sw. bbljt used in almost exactly the tame
a OUT Hull, Note O. N. bylja, S. G, boija. velare, operire ; 0. Sw, bylja, Sw. D.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 277

balOf Dan. b€^, N. bela, O. G. belan, Mjan, buljant A. S. belan, M. G. buljan, all meaning
to cover, envelope, conceal, hide ; and also A. S. bul, bula, hull, shell ; Pr, Pm. * byllyn,
operio, tego, m/o. Sec. ;* * Hooli, of pesyn, or ben3rs, or o)>er coddyd fhite.'
• Pea-*tt//s ;' * Nut-*«/fc,' &c.

Hull, V. a. To Strip the outer covering, shell or pod off anything
which has such an integument ; as peas, beans, &c.

Hummel, v. a. To detach or break off the awns, or portions of awn,
that still adhere to the grains of barley after it is thrashed. See Hum-
mel'd.

Hummeld, hummerd, adj. Without horns, applied to a cow espe-
cially ; more rarely to hornless sheep.

I am disposed to refer this word, as well as hummel* Hummeller, to O. N. bamla,
to mutilate, curtail by cutting, lop ; O. Germ, bamalon ; A. S. banulan, to hamstring ;
E. bammel, bangle; Sw. D. bammla, i. originally to hamstring, though that sense is obso-
lete now: 2. To lop or pollard a tree, whence bammlad, polled or pollarded; and also,
3. To strike, drub, thrash. Another form is bdrnnda, to strike, flog, whence b6mmd,
blows, stripes, a thrashing ; O. Sw. bamhla^ to render any one helpless by lopping off his
limbs. In this last word we have a kind of combination of ideas not unlike what is ex-
pressed by hummeld as applied to an animal whose means of defence are in its horns.
The expression, to hummel barley, also takes significance from a like explanation.

Hummeller, sb. The instrument in use for remo\ing the awns, or
pieces of awn, still adherent to the grains of barley after tlmtshing.

Hunger, v. a. and n. i. To suffer from hunger, to be famished or
starved. 2. To cause to suffer from himger, to starve; by withholding
the necessary food.

I. * Ah's about bungtred to deid.'

a.* And mifSfSy bt gef<Este fnwtrdg daga andfiowirtig nabta, afttr "Son gihyticgtrde,*
Nortb. Oosp, Matt. iv. a.

a. ' 'Twur a cruel act, bungerin* thae poor bairns, as she did, fra yah week's end tiv
anither.'

Hurple, V. n. See

HuBSOcks, sb. Large tufls of coarse grass (see BullflEUses) growing
in boggy places in low pastures, or Carrs, often nearly or quite two feet
high and twelve or fifteen inches in diameter in the dry, pillsur-like growth
of root and stem above which the herbage flourishes.

Pr, Pm. * Hassok. Ulpbus* * In Norfolk, coarse grass, which grows in rank tufts on
boggy ground, is termed hassock.' Jh, note. Tussocks in Essex.

Hutter, V. n. To stammer, stutter, have a difficulty in getting one's
words out, so as to speak more or less imintelligibly.

See Hotter. * Dut. boddebek, bodddbtik {bee pour bouebi — Diet, du bas Lang.), a stam-
merer.' Wedgw. Note also Swiss budem, to speak quick and confusedly.

%y8 OLOssARy of the

I, prep. In.

O. N., Sw., Dan. t, in.

* He *s i t' hoos.' * / 1* thick on't/

loe-shoggles, ioe-Bhogliiis, sb. Icicles.

N.Fris. is-jokkd, jdkel or jogel; lf,is-jukel: Dan. D. egel or egle; Sw.D, ah-tUkd;
A.S. ises^gicil; Dut. ijs^kegelt kthd. * To jog, shag or sbog is to move sharply to and fro,
Bav. gigkeln to shiver, to move rapidly to and fro.' Wedgw. Comp. Clevel. nhoggiet to
shake, with the present word. Mr. Wedgw. derives the idea of a pointed object from rapid
angular motion ; Germ, ziekzack, * whence zaeken to jag, dent, slash, and, as a noun, any
pointed or tapering object ; ds-iakken^ an idde.' Comp., however, Sw. D. *<mn9-4kkd, the
quick of the horn of an ox, goat, &c., where Mel, meaning simply a prick, point or pointed
object, may be collated with the terminal part of Sw. D. is'StHkel, U-pigge, The word it
written ice^backU in Litds 01.

lokles, sb. Icicles.

Dan. D. egel, egU, an icicle, appears to be used absolutely as our iMt is (Molb. D. D.
Lex.) ; and Bosw. gives gicel as signifying an icicle without the prefix ises. It may be
observed, moreover, that in O. GL me word ickU stands for a sUdacHu — the usage of the
Sw. D. ikkd reproduced.

If in case. A redundant expression for ' in case/ or ' if/ simply.
Tlk, ilka, pron. Each, every.

A. S. tde ; Dut. de ; Pr, Pm, Hke, or eche.

* I saw him tZit other day.' Wb, Gl,

* For Uka thyng \>zX God has wroght.' Pr, of Come. 5a.

* Ilk man that here l3rves, mare and lesse.' il. 89.

Ill, adj. Bad, evil, evil-intentioned.

O. N. air; Sw. D. UUr; O. Sw. Uder (neut. Ut); Dan. ild; N. ill, Comp. the Germanic
forms :—0. H. G. uhil, upU; M. G. and G. vhel; A.S. ubbU, ubU; O.E. j^/U, •ofd;
E.evU.

* Thou art an ylle quelp, for angres.' Toumd. Mysi, p. 95.

* He 's nobbut an ill *\m ;* of a bad disposition.

* An ill deed as ivver Ah kenn'd.'
Comp. iUe^dy, To%im«L Myst. p. 330.

Hl-olep'd, adj. Ill-conditioned, surly of address. See Clep.

Comp. illspokent in the sense addicted to the use of abusive or ill-tempered speech ; and
also, ill'COfUrived, bad-tempered, perverse, selfwilled. Hall.

ni-flare, v. n. To fare badly, meet with ill-luck or ill-success.

* Odds bobbs I what 's here te deea t mah best an' iU-fared man t
Ah 's seear there 's bin foul pleea. Speak fer and clear yer sen.'

Sowerby Sword Dance Rediatton.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 279

Comp. Sw. D. tlt-fdtt^ luckless, onfortanate, our word having much the same Pr., so that,
in the ahove rhyme, the word, as written on phonographic principles by an unlettered tran-
scriber, is spelt UUfi,

Hl-gaited, adj. With awkward action of the legs, possibly arising
from malformation or from injury leaving permanent lameness.

niify, V. a. To defame ; to seek to lower one's reputation or take
away his character.

Comp. O. Sw. iUat Udta, to vilify, slander, defame.

ni-put-on^ iU-putten-on^ adj. Badly dressed, shabby.

ni-tented, adj. Badly looked after, or nursed ; neglected, ill-cared
for. See Tent.

Hi-thriven, adj. i. Without the appearance of healthy growth ; pimy,
poor-looking. 2. With the healthy part of one's disposition undeveloped ;
ill-conditioned, cross-grained.

ni-throdden. See Hl-thriven, Throdden.

Sw. Ul-irivas (imp. ill'irwdes), to thrive badly.

ni-throven. See Hi-thriven.

Imp, sb. A ring or circlet of the same material, fabric and diameter
as the beehive, but of varying height, intended for insertion beneath the
hive so as to enable the bees to add to their combs. If of three folds
or pUes in height, it is a three-wreathed imp; if four, a four-
wreathed imp, and so on.

A. S. mpoHt impian (p. p. impod, ge^mpod), to imp, engraft, plant ; Welsh imp, a twig,
shoot or scion ; Dan. ympe^ id. ; Sw. ymp, a graft, a twig ; Oerm. impftn ; Dan. ympe,
Sw. ympa, to graft. Ihre explains the latter word by inoeulare, instrert : the simple mean-
ing of our word is just an insertion or thing inserted ; and Hall, gives ' imp, to add ; to
eke out : also, an addition, insertion ; one length of twisted hair in a fishing line. Norib.
In hawking, to insert a new feather in the place of a broken one.' Ihre's remark is,
* a posteriori parte vocis impod, Dani pode formarunt, quod inserere notat. Belg. impoten*
Mr. Wedgw., on the contrary, looks on podt as the original, and impan, impod the
derivative : — ' The origin is Dut. pote, Dan. pode, PI. D. paoi, a shoot, slip ; whence PI. D.
paten, inpaten, Du. pooten, inpoolen, to plant, to set ; Dan. pode, Limousin empeouta, Bret
embouda, O. H. O. impUon, impten, A. S. impan, O. impftn, to graft. The total squeezing
out of the long vowel is remarkable.' Ihre's surmise can scarcely be right. Kok looks
upon S. Jutl. pode, I. to graft: 2. to plant, as allied to putte, and due to an O. N. source,
perhaps pota, to prick ; while Welsh imp, a scion, impio, to graft, seem to point to inde-
pendence of the word pode or pote. Any way, however, imp, in the sense of scion, is
simply an insertion.

28o OLOSSARy OF THE

Inear, sb. The kidney.

O. N. nyra, S. G. njttra, Sw. njure, Dan. nyrt, Oenn. nhrm. Or. QL gives the form
nur, quoting also Suff. and Northumb. eoTy and Sc. ears, while Lonsd, Cfl, gives nurtes.

Ing, sb. I. Pasture or meadow lands, low and moist. 2. A dis-
tinctive name for some field or other in a farm, which field originally
was a low-lying, wet or marshy meadow, although now it may have been
long drained and become arable.

O. N. engi, eingi; Dan. eng; Sw. dng; O. Oerm. angir. Dan. eng is used in a sense
antithetical to agtr, or arable land ; and the prominent idea is that of low-lying land too
moist for ordinary tillage.

Ingate, sb. i. The means of entrance, to a house or building, en-
closure or other place. 2. The entrance-way, path, &c., itself. 3. The
act of entrance.

* The lady Drede is portere . . . and so speres |>e jatis . . . |>at none evylle hafe none
ingate to \>e herte.' Rel, PieeeSf p. 53.

Ingle, sb. Fire, fiame. Sometimes used with the definite article, and
then equivalent to * the fire,' * the fireside.'

Gael, aingealf fire, light, sunshine.
* A body's ain ingU^ a person's c

own fireside.

Ingle-nook, ingle-nookingy sb. (pr. neuk or neukin'). The inner
comer or recess by the fire-side. See Neuk, Neukin.

Inkle, V. a. i. To form notions, guesses or projects. And thence,
2. To form wishes or inclinations, for this or that gratification, to wit.
See Inkling.

I. * He's inkling o* nowght at 's good.

a. * He inkles after this an' that, and can take nane iv 'em when it cooms till ;' of an
invalid who fancies things, but can't take them when brought to him.

Inkle, sb. A narrow linen fabric, or kind of tape, formerly used for
shoe-ties, apron-strings, and the like.

Mr. Wedgwood's derivation is ingenious : — ' Inkle, tape, linen thread. Fr. ligneuU lignol,
strong thread used by shoemakers and saddlers ; Ugnhcl, shoemaker's thread. From the
first of these forms are E. lingel, lingle, lingan. The second form, lignivol, may probably
explain O. E. liniolf, Lynyolf or innidf, threde to sow with schone or botys. Indula,
Ucinium. — Pr. Pm. The loss of the initial /, of which we have here an example, would
convert Ungle into ingle or inkU, From LaL linum, flax. Fr. linge, Sc. ling, a line;
Fr. linge, linen, cloth of flax.' Add O. N. lin. Germ, lein, and compare Clevel. Lin, flax,
and liln, linen.

Inkleweavers, sb. Weavers of the fabric called Inkle, who, on
accoimt of the narrowness of the web they produced, were able to sit
very close, thus giving origin to the proverbial expression ' as kind'
(see Kind), or, * as thick as inkleweavers.'

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 2^1

Inkling, sb. i. A notion of, or guess at something, formed from
some hint or faint whisper of intelligence; a hint or suspicion. 2. An
inclination, desire or tendency; as, to some line of action, or in-
dulgence.

* Parallel with E. bum^ O. N. has uma, to resound, ymta^ to whisper or rumour : hann
ymti a tbvi, he gave a hint, an inkling of it. Dan. ymtt^ to whisper, talk softly, secretly of.
Sw. bafva hum om n&goi^ to have an inkling or hint of something. For the change from .
jmt/e, to Unit compare •mmet^ ant. Inkling is from a frequentative form of the same root,
O. N. um/, Dan. ytnmd, murmur, ymple, to whisper, to rumour — whence E. inkling, by a
change analogous to that which holds between O. simt^and E. sink; G. scbrun^fm and
E. shrink.' Wedgw. Another instance of the change of the m into n is seen in Sw. omka,
ynka, to be compassionate, the latter being the customary spoken form of the former, which
is the true or accurate form.

Inmeats, sb. The edible viscera of any animal, four-footed or
feathered.

Comp. Sw. innttmdte ; allahanda smdti steki innamdte a/ g'dss : various small cooked
inmeats of geese.

Inoo, adv. Presently, just novir. See Enow.

Comp. Dan. i et nu ; i tt nu v€ar han forsvundtn : he had presently, in a twinkling, dis-
appeared.

Insense, v. a. To give any one full or sufficient information or in-
struction upon any subject or point ; to make to understand.

A good old Shaksperian word, and in frequent use with us still.

* I was not fairly insensed into it.' Wh. Gl.

* Ah couldn't insmse him intiv it, dee what Ah wad.'

Inses, sb. Additions to make up full weight as well as full tale ; the
articles or portions ' given in.'

No doubt from the expression * a dozen and one in* and the like ; the one in coming to
|;ive a substantival force to the particle in.

Insides, sb. Entrails, the viscera generally.

'A desper't' pain i ma' insides;* (the i ma' being pr. immjt, the final a as in aside,
again, &c.)

Intak', sb. A piece of land taken from the common, and enclosed
for the purposes of cultivation : applied in the case of small plots taken
up at will, and without any reference to, or power derived from, any
general enclosure act.

O.Sw. intaka; Sw.D. intag, intaka; Sw. intaga, oskift mark som inhdgnas till odling :
common or undivided land which is enclosed for the purposes of cultivation. The Dan.
word is indtagt.

Intil, prep. Into. See Til.

o o

282 GLOSSARY OF THE

Intiv, prep. Into. See Tiv.

Inward-flts, sb. An infants* disorder, a mild convulsion-fit

Inwards, sb. (pr. innards). One's entrails, bowels, inside generally.

Note * Sux Jonas wtes in daes huales mnaH.* North. Oosp, Matt. xii. 40.

* Sec fzmne hflBf> on innolSe ;' * a virgin shall have in wombe.' A. S. Qotp., and Wy€i,
Transl. Matt. i. 33.

* De of hyra m6dor innofSum cunia|> :' * the whiche ben thus born of the modris wombe/
lb. Matt. xix. I a.

Possibly these words suggest a different orthography for filwarcU.

Iv, prep. The form the prep, i usually takes before a vowel. See
Intiv.

* Tolf iv all ;• • Iv oor hoos'.'

Ivin, sb. The common ivy (Hedera helix),

Comp. the form HoUin or Hollen, holly.

Jack, sb. A quarter of a pint measure, or the quantity contained
by it.

Comp. black-jack, a large leather can, into which the beer was drawn in oUl times.

Jack I Jack I The call of summons to tbe pigs of a farm to come
home and be fed and housed for the night: a call which is willingly
responded to by the herd.

All the animals on a Dales-farm are used to a summons from the human voice, and give
immediate obedience. The cows, as milking-time approaches, may often be seen waiting
for the call ; or, if not, the moment it sounds they turn and move towards the gate whence
it proceeds. In winter weather, when it becomes necessary to give the sheep, which are
still abroad, a small ration of hay, a high-pitched and prolonged, and, as given by some,
very musical cry, is used to summon them to the fodder-bearer's presence, and is at once
acknowledged and replied to by them. See Ob-ee f, Bty !

Jaded, adj. Placed in circumstances of almost inextricable difficulty^
straitened on all sides: a transitional sense, probably, from that of
wearied to exhaustion, and so, incapable of further exertion.

Jannook, adj. i. Even, level. 2. Fair, even, equitable.

O.'N.jq/n; O.Sw. J{Bmn, Jemn, iampner; Sw.jdmn; Dzn. jevn otJovm; Sw. D./omm,

jiimner, jiivn; M. G. ibns; O. Germ. eb<in, epan; O. Sax. ebban; A. S. tfm^ mvm. See,

The presence of the ^ in the O. Sw. form leads the way for the entrance, by substitution, of

a k ; and accordingly, in Ihre we find the form jamka^ to render even or levd ; in Sw.,

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 283

jimka, and in Sw. D.,jdnkayjanka,jdnk^ id. ; and this is nearly coincident in forni with our
word.

1. ' T* cloth deean't ]ig jannock. Draw yon end your-hand way.'

2. * '* That now is noX jannock ;** unfair, uncandid.' Wb. Gl.

Jaul. See JoiiL

Jaup, V. a. and n. i. To agitate water or other fluid sharply in a
vessel, so as to cause it to dash against the sides ; to cause impact of
one substance or surface on another. 2. To move or dash against the
side as the shaken water in the vessel does.

Hald. gives gidl/ra^ with the example, bit gicdfirar at landi : hie terrain allidit sequor ; and
gidlfr, allisio maris ad littora, with the additional forms gialpa and gialp^ in which words
we have, very nearly indeed, both the sound and the sense of jaup, and no doubt also its
origin. Jowp is simply another form.

Jauping, adj. Wide, spacious, gaping. Spelt also jawping and
jaupen.

Equivalent to, not rather to say, identical with £spiii|^ Comp. the form yavm with
A. S. ganian, cinan^ geonan, Dut. gbtensn. Germ, gienen,

Jawer, sb. Idle talk, prating, flippancy.

Comp. Gab, Gkkbber, and see the remark on Jmxjpinff; note also, Dan. D. biabrg or
babbre, to chatter fast, and without forethought, to let the tongue run ; the person who has
a disposition this way being called a biabbtr. Collate "E. jabber.
Give us none o' your jawer ;** hold your tongue.' Wb. OL

« M

Jealous, adj. Apprehensive, ready to anticipate something, whatever
it be, more or less unpleasant in its nature.

* •* Think you that wall will fall ?" " Aye, Ah '$ very jealous on 't." '

* Ah *s jealous he 's efter nae guid.'

Jenny-howlet, sb. (pr. jinny-hullot). The tawny owl (Syrnium
siridula).

Jenny-spinner, sb. The long-legged insect called the crane-fly.
Otherwise Tommy Long-legs. The name seems to belong to the
genus Tipula at large.

Jill; sb. A half-pint measure, or the quantity measured by it. Spelt
* Gill' in Pr. Pm.

Jill, V. n. To drink intemperately, but in small quantities at any
one place.

* ** He guajillmg about ;" drinking his half-pints at different places.' Wb. Ol.

O O 3

/

^84 OLOSSARF OF THE

Jimp, adj. I. Slight, elegant in figure; applied especially to ii lady's
waist. Thence, 2. Neat o^ elegant generally. 3. Small, scanty, deficient
in measure.

Jam. looks upon Sc. gymp oxjymp^ a witty jest, or taunt; a quirk, a subtUty, as origi-
nating in S. G. skymf^ O. N. skymp, ludibrium, sport, Germ, sebimpft Belg. scbimpt a cavil,
a jest, and with much probability. In like manner he considers Sc.gymp or jimp, with the
fiame meanings as dur jimp, as undoubtedly due to O. N. and S. O. skantt skami, short,
scanty, sk€emma, skamta^ to shorten, curtail. Comp. Cr, jimp, to indent.

Jin. A common, rather fondling, abbreviation of Jane.

' Oor Jin ;' the daughter bearing the name Jane.

Jobber, sb. A small spade or iron tool for cutting up thistles from
their roots.

* Byllen or jobbyn as bryddys, jobbjm with the byl. Rostro,* Pr. Pm, Comp. Nut-
jobber^ the nut-hatch {Sitta EuropcRo), a bird which digs into nuts and the like with
repeated blows of the bill ; not simply pecks, but blows given with the whole force of the
body. Mr. Wedgw. quotes, as allied, Bohem. dubati, Pol. dziobai, to peck, dziob, Gael.
gob, the beak of a bird.

Joblijook, sb. Anything tending to interfere with domestic comfort
or peace ; e. g. a smoking chimney, a scolding wife, &c.

This is a familiar name for the cock-turkey in some districts, and there is probably a
connection of idea in the Clevel. application of the word.

Jodder, v. n. (pr. jother). To be tremulous, like jelly when shaken.

No doubt nearly related to jog or jock, jot or jotter, joile or jfnul, jolt^ all of which,
through jog or jock, may be connected with Sw. D.jukka, to move up and down ; Dan. D.
juke, jykke, to ride about on a stumbling horse, one that communicates an up-and-down
kind of motion to its rider ; O. N. jacka and Sw. jueka, to be in a state of shaking motion.
See Wedgw. in v. Jolt, from which our word is an easy frequentative. By the suppression
of the /, as in au'd, cau'f, bau'd, fau't, Sec, jo't ensues, and thence jotter, Jother,
jodder.

Jodder, sb. A state of trembling or quivering, like that of jelly.

* " Well, how did you like your ride on the railway, Mrs. B. ? " (a very stout, unhealthily
fat woman.) '* Wheea, sae badly. Ah 'U nivver gan in van o' thae nasty vans nae mair.
Ah trimml'd and dither'd while Ah wur all iv zjotber.** *

Jodderum, sb. A tremulous mass, like a jelly.

Joggly, adj. I. Unsteady, or easily put in motion; of an object
which does not stand firmly or evenly. 2. Rough ; of a road, causing
things carried over it to move unsteadily.

«

Jollment, sb. A large jug or pitcher-full. Wh, GL

I have not met with this word elsewhere. The compiler gives it thus : — * A jorum or
jollmtnt, a large pitcher-fuU : a rare jorum of broth.' I do not think it necessarily excludes

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 2^^^

the idea of the containing vessel, but the contrary, as in the case of Jorum. I connect it
with the prefix in jolly^hoai, * The original meaning is probably as in Fr. jalle, jalayer
a bowl, Dut, jolUken, a trough/ Wedgw. See his Diet, also in v. Gallon.

Jollous, adj. In good case, well-fed, jolly-looking.

I do not feel quite positive that the connection here is not with Jowl, the fleshy
appendages of the jaw and throat in a fat person. I incline to think it is, rather than that
the word is merely synonymous with jolly — fat, showing tokens of good living. In the
latter case it would connect with N. and Sw. D. jula, to live jollily, as folks do at Yule,
DuLjoelen, id.

« A flushy-£aced,7oWttt sort o' body.* Wb. Ol.

Joo&n. Pr. of John.

Jotxun, sb. I. Any large pitcher-like vessel; or the contents of the
same. 2. A large or considerable concourse or assemblage of people.

Julbntm, in the Leeds Gl. — * a bonny 7»/f&r»m ther' is ;* * zjutbrum o* folks' — is probably
a purposed corruption of the word Jorum, unless, indeed, it be essentially the same word
as our Jodderum, with the implied sense of a concourse shaken together and still shaking,
as it were, with {vessure and swaying motion.

Joul, jowl, V. a. I. To jolt or shake roughly, as a heavy springless
cart passing over very rough roads does those who ride in it. 2. To
bring into rough contact, as when a person knocks the heads of two
boys together. 3. To strike with a hockey-stick, viz. the wooden ball
or Knorr. See Jowls, Shinney or Shinnop. Sometimes pr. jaul.
See Jodder.

1. * Ah's ibootjauled te deid wi' riding i' t* cart.'

2. * Ah *\\joul thah heead an' t' wall tegither.'
* He jaul* d their heeads yan agin tither.'

Jowl, sb. I. The jaw. 2. The fleshy appendages which, in a fat
person, hang down from the jaws, forming, as it were, part of the flesh
of the throat.

A. S. eeolaSf the jaws ; geagl, a jaw ; geaflas, geahlat^ the jaws. Mr. Wedgwood's re-
mark is that E.jowl may be as much indebted to Fr. as to A. S. for its origin; quoting, in
support, O. Fr. gole, golle, geule, Fr. gueule^ the mouth, throat, gullet * Specially applied
to the head of a fish, as a joll or geotdes of sturgeon. ** The ehowU or crop adhering to
the lower side of the bill." — ^Vulg. Errors.* Wedgw.

Jowls, sb. A game played by boys, much the same as hockey, and
taking its name no doubt from the mode of playing, which consists in
striking a wooden ball, or S^norr, from the ground in any gWen
direction with a sufficiently heavy stick, duly curved at the sti^ng
end.

Jowp, V. a. and n. See Jaup*

286 GLOSSARy OF THE

Judy-cow, sb. A name for ihe lady-bird {CaccintUa scpUm-puncIala).
See Cow-la(^, Iiady-cow, Xrfidy-clook.

This name cm scaiccJy fail to be a comiplion. I (mpect Fi. vacbi a Dau. biu a Dini, a

JuntOOB, adj. Given to take offence, ill-tempered, sullen.

Allied, u il would seem, with O. E. sctninl, lo turn aside wilh a quick niotian, to twetie,
10 flinch.

• pe vyH wat) war of lie wylde (the (ox), and warly abidts,
& braydej out )ic bryjt btond. and it te best cajiej:
& he sebum lot \>t tchaip. and schulde liaf areted,
A rach iipei hytn to, lyjt er he my^t.' ^I'r Gaw. and Gr. Kn. I. lyoo:

the fox started aside, swerved, fiom his swift course u the sword flashed neat him

would have turned back on hk uaclu but wai caught by a dog. And the itionl action of
taking offence may be iilly likened 10 this same physical action expressed by the word
sbuiU, from which to jiiiitOU* would not be a wide or a difficult leap. Jam. gives
joimdu, jmdii, a puth with the eltiov. with the example, ' If a man's gaun down the biae,
Ilk ane gi'es him » jandU;' and he coniiden it allied to O. N. siuRifa, tettinni eo prxceps;
Sw. liynda, to hasten, to push forward i which brings tis lo A. S. Kyndan, of like siguifica-
lion. and the probable original o( scbtrnl, with its more arbitrary tense of lo move quickly,
but to DOC side.

* " Ajaalia ton of a body ;*' a person not very approachable or appeaieable.' Wh- OI^

KafCy. Sec ChafE^, Cauff, &c.

Kale, sb. (pr. keeal). Broth, gruel, porridge ; applied to liquid food,
whether prepared for human eaters, or for any among the domestic
animals ; the purpose for which it is destined, or its nature, being
usually designated by the prefix; as Flour-keeal, Wotmeal-keesl,
'Eeeal' or ' Eeeal for t' cauves.'&c; the latter being made with
a mixture of flour and linseed-meal, for use when there is a scarcity
of milk.

O.N. idl; S.O. kSl: Dan. iaal; Sw. i&l; A. S. caul; O. G. tot; Genn.ioU; &c.
The primuy meaning of all these words hat been cabbag4 in general ; but in S. Q., Sw.,
Dan., and Dial., it came lo include other sorts of garden herbs, and then, as Sit Jai. Sndiir,
quoted in Jam., uyi, ' At many heibi were put into the Scotch kind of broth, hence tail
came to tignify broth.' Molb., however, Umili it to all the edible kiodi of Ihe genut Brat-
tita, and the broth made by dreiting them ; lufpm rim dtriffiogn.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 287

Kale-pot, sb. (pr. keeal-pot)/ A pottage-pot; meaning especially a
large semi-globular or full-bottomed iron pot on three spiky legs, used
for cooking the !Kale in.

An old custom, ol>solete rather by failure of the conditiont than otherwise, has been to
hold a female servant who had remained seven years in her place entitled to claim the
Elale-pot as her own.

Kame, sb. (pr. keeam). A comb.

O. N. kambr, S. O., Sw. and Dan. kam, a comb.

Kame, v. a. (pr. keeam). To comb.

KaxLOf cane, v. n. (pr. keean). To sustain the formation of a scum
or 'head,' as liquor in a state of fermentation, ale turning sour oi*
become mothery, milk when turning sour, &c. See Keeans.

Kanes. See Keeans.

Kave, V. a. and n. (pr. kee&v). i. To rake, or separate by raking,
the short straws and detached ears from the thrashed com on the barn-
floor. 2. To move restlessly, to paw, as a horse does; to be uneasy
under constraint, to plunge.

O. N. kd, fsenum explicare rastro, and kd/a, to turn over, or upside down ; kd/a i beyi :
fsnum volutare ; N. kava^ kaava, to use a rake, turn over, of hay,'&c. ; move thij^s fidget-
ingly. Besides, Jam. quotes Teut. kaven^ eventilare paleas, which he refers, but mistakenly,
to kaf^ kave, chaff. The N. word takes the furtl^er meaning, to be cumbered with toil or
care, to strive or moil ; whence our second sense. Spelt keave, keeve, in Hall. Sw. D. kova,
Dan. D. kdute, imply restless and continued action with the hands or feet, or both ; as in the
actions of supporting oneself in the water, gathering small objects together, maintaimng
one's seat on horseback, striving to extricate oneself. Sec.

Kavings, sb. (pr. keeavings). The short straws and other refuse
matters separated from the thrashed com by the process of keeaving.

Kead, keead. Pr. of Ked or Kade, the sheep spider-fly (Melophagus
avtnus),

Keek, keoken, v. n. i. To emit the sound consequent on choking,
which is neither a cough nor simply interrapted respiration, but partakes
of both. 2. To decline with loathing, aversion, or. disgust, as offered
food. Thence, 3. To be fastidious.

Comp. Germ, keicben, keucben, to gasp, breathe asthmatically, cough ; keucb-busten, the
whooping-cough ; Dut. kicben, to pant, cough, sob ; Sw. kikna, kikbosia, &c. Wedgw. ad-
duces Lap. kakot, kaklot, to nauseate, * properly, doubtless, to retch ;' and refers keeker,
squeamish, to this original. See Keoken-heaarted, and compare O. Dan. kiekkem, squeam-
ish, with our present word. . .

288 GLOSSARY OF THE

Keoken-hearted, adj. Squeamish; loathing the sight of food;
thence, over-nice.

Jam. spells this word kigben-hearttd^ kicken-bearted, and defines it ' faint-hearted, diicken-
hearted/ See, however. Keck or keoken ; and note especially O. Dzn,- kiekken, squeamish,
nice, hard to please or satisfy. In the sense squeatiusb, the word is still in use in the Sjidl.
and Jutl. dialects, as applied to cattle.

Keokle, v. n. To laugh boisterously or loudly.

• Teut. kekereUf cachinnari, immoderate ridere ; Kilian.' Jam. Comp. Germ, kiebem,
kiekem, to titter, Lat. cacbinnari, as also E. caekU, cackling, applied to discordant laughter.

Kedge, v. n. To be set on edge ; of the teeth.

Comp. V. a. edge, similarly applied. Our word may be connected with Suffolk kgdge,
brisk, elate, full of life and spirits; Sc. caigy^ kedgy; Pr.Pm. kygge; S,Q,kdck; O.N.
kjcekr, &c. ; but rather with our kegged, oaggy.

Kedge, v. a. To fill, stuff full ; especially in respect of eating.
See Kedge-belly.

• Hasn't thou getten thyself kedged yet ? * Wb* GL

Kedge, sb. A voracious or gluttonous person ; one who stuffs him-
self with food. See Kedge-belly.

Kedge-belly, sb. A voracious or gluttonous feeder, who stuffs him-
self full to repletion.

Comp. N. kaggje, a keg or small cask, a close-packed heap or mass, as of hay in a mow ;
figuratively, a big belly, a thick-set person.

Kedging, sb. That which goes to fill, the stomach especially; food

generally.

• They love good kedging* Wb. GL

Keeans, sb. (Pr. of Kanes or Canes). The white scum which forms
on the surface of ale when it becomes what is called * mothery ;' or on
that of milk when turning sour, &c.

Possibly due to Gael, cean, head, the metaphor being identical with that which expresses
the froth upon porter or ale by the word * head.'

Keeaving-rake, sb. The rake which is used in the process of
kavlng or keeaving ; a barn-floor rake. See Kave.

Keeaving-riddle, sb. The riddle or large sieve used in completing
the keeaving process, or separating the fragments of straw and broken
ears from the newly-thrashed com. See Kave.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 289

Keek, keik, v. a. i. To raise up so as to make more or less erect ;
to throw back, of the head and neck ; to tilt or prop up, of a cart, so as
to be handier for unloading; to rear, as a horse. 2. To be brisk or
in great spirits, elated, puffed up, in a state of exaltation.

0. N. heUtiaz, recurvari ; kiikr^ erectus animo et corpore. Hald. Egiks. gives gtkk keik,
corpore rq>ando incedebat, of a woman advanced in pregnancy. Note also especially
N. kJMk, bent back rather than simply upright or erect ; kjetka, to bow or bend back, or to
one side. Note 1>esides, Dan. kiak, Sw. kiick, and N. kjik, in the sense brisk, energetic,
brave, resolute.

1. * Kitak oop yon cart, an' get t' stooff oot.'

a. * He did nowght bud winch and kttak oop on *s hln*-legs ;' of a vicious horse.

Keen, adj. Eager, strongly desirous ; excited, in the pursuit of any-
thing, to wit; energetic, active.

S. O. kon, kyn ; O. N. kdn {Kok, p. 339) ; O. Dan. kjon ; Jutl. kon, brave, bold, vigorous,
energetic ; Oerm. kubn ; A. S. con, cem. Comp. auf etwcu kubn seyn : to be keen after
something; kauf-kubrtt eager to buy: see Wedgw. En kempe kdn, a keen champion
(RUmkr, 64) ; en belt saa kdn, a hero so keen. Ihre quotes kdn til goda rada : keen after
good advice. In Jutl. the word is applied to the right hand, den kon* band: see Kok. In
our own old writers the word occurs in much the same applications : —

* With kene clobber [>ay clatj on ]fc wowej.*

E. Eng. Allit. Poena, B. 839.

* Kene kyng, kayser of vrj>e.' Ih, 1593.

* He wex as wroth as wynde,

So did all )>at )>er were,
pe kyng as kene bi kynde,

pen stod )>at stif mon nere.' Sir Otnu. and Gr. Kn. 319.

* T' lad 's vtrra keen o* gannan te t' scheeal ; mebbe he 11 be as keen t^ coom yamm agin
inoo.'

* He 's ower keen o' mak'n' brass, to mak' 't fairly.'
' Aye, he 's a keen fisher an' a guid yan.'

* He 's getten te t' age to be keen efter t' lasses.'

Kegged, adj. Affronted, displeased, disposed to be resentful.

Comp. Caggry* Hall, gives our word as current in Lancashire. Cf. Sw. D. kagg^ an
ill-disposed or fll-tempered man ; kagemev, a troublesome or annoying person.

Keld, sb. A spring or fountain.

O. N. keida, S. O. kaUa, O. Sw. kiOda, Sw. kalla, Dan. kilde.

Keld, kell, sb. i. The amnion or membrane which envelopes the
foetus in the womb, and sometimes adheres to it at birth : called a * caul'
in the case of a human infant, and Foal-kell or -keld, Calf-kell, &c.,
according to the variety of animal concerned. 2. The inner mem-
brane of a sheep's carcase, with the fat it envelopes, forming the tallow-
chandler's material ; called Sheep-keld.

Radically the same word with catd, with which comp. Welsh ca»d, a maw, calf's-maw.
Possibly there may be some connection between Kell and M. O. kU^ei, womb, matrix ;

Pp

290 OLOSSARy OF THE

inkil^fo, pregnant. S. G. kilt means also sinus, or * the lap/ as an enveloping means or
means of carriage. So also, nuts might be spoken of as borne 1 Mtu, as well as a child or
baby. Collate D. D. tjald, the * receiver/ or Barrow, into which the newly*bom child is
received. Sw. D. kyl, kojla, a bae, a small sack ; kylla, koll, the scrotum ; O. N. kyliir,
with both senses ; A. S. eyl, eyll, a leather bag, the belly. Sec, ought not to be passed with-
out notice.

Kelk, sb. A blow, buffet, or thump.

Probably from Oliok, by transposition of the / and the k. Comp. the expression, * a click
on the head.' * C3ick. A blow. East.* Hall.

Kelk, sb. A separate ovum, or particle of roe, in the spawn of a
fish.

A. S. gcolea, gioleca, the yolk of an egg ; Wall, cbauke, germe de I'sBuf. See Wedgw.
under Coke, and our Goke.

Kelps, sb. I. The iron pot-hooks hanging from the Gkillibau^k in
the chimney. See Be'k'on-OTOoks. 2. The hinged or moveable
handle of a Kail-pot, or the like: Bow being appUed to a fixed or
hingeless curved handle.

Cf. Sc. clips, clyppys, grapi^ing-irons, an instrument for lifting a pot by its ears. Our
word is O. N. kilpr, ansula, qua manubrium mulctri annectitur, Sw. D. kalp, kjdp, handle
of a bucket, and the Sc. word differs only by metathesis. See Pot-kelp.

Kelter, sb. i. Condition, case, circumstances: thence, 2. Money,
or rather, perhaps, in strictness, property.

Wedg^v. defines this word as * readiness for work ;' which is one of our meanings, and
possibly the primary one. He also adopts Skinner's suggestion, quoted by Ihre, that the
Prov. Sw. (Gothl.) kiltra sig, to gird oneself up, as in readiness, or making ready, to work,
may be im ntioned pertinently to our to be in Kelter. Rietz gives kutrd si(g), to gird
oneself up, limiting its application, however, to female garments. If this be the origin of
the word, the transitions of meaning are from personal readiness or preparedness, to readiness
of thing or instrument, to fitness or readiness of equipment, and thence to the equipment or
state of being furnished itself.

* That drill is out o' kelier.'

* " In good kelter;** aU right, sound.* Wb. Gl.

Kelter, v. a. To care, or provide for ; to supply.

Kelterments, sb. Belongings of no great account; odds and ends
of property. Wh. GL

Kemp, V. n. To strive in order to outdo a competitor ; to * strive
for the mastery.'

Sw. kampa, Sw. D. kampa, Dan. kampe, A. S. campion, M. O. kempfen, &c., to fight,
contend. The Sw. D. word is used in exactly the same sense as our own.

* They kemfd sae at t' shearin'. Ah was fairlings fleyed they 'd dee thessel's a ho't ;'
they strove so hard to outdo each other in reaping, that I was afraid they would injure
themselves.

Comp. ' *) wel ha dar hopein to beo kempen ouer mon |>at ouercom engel.' Halt Meid.
P- 43.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. %i)l

KempS) sb. Hairs among wool.

Kdmpasdd, in Sw. D., is rye and oats sown, and of course growing, together, under the
belief that thus they thrive better, each as it were striving (varande i kamp) to outgrow the
other. Perhaps a similar idea may have given origin to our word, the stiff or elastic hair
refusing to lie comparatively smooth as the wool does, but sticking up as if in strife or
defiance ; or, the word may be connected with Kaine» kemp't, combed. Cf. Kempt.

Kempt, p. p. of Kam^. Combed.

Ken, V. a. To know, be acquainted with, to recognise, notice or
observe with assured conception or certainty.

O.N. kenna; S.G. k€Bnna; Sw. and Sw. D. hanna; Dan. hjende; Fris. kinna; Germ.
kennen ; A. S. cenan ; Sec,

' A weel kenned man.'

' Ah kenned him fail fra day to day :' spoken by a father of a son lately dead of decline.

The vb. seems to have quite lost its one-time sense, to teach, direct, guide, as in the
instances —

• He kende me to >e place,' P. Plougbm, (E. E. T. S.) p. 68.

* Bote kenne me, quod )>e kniht, and I chul conne erie.' lb. 75.

Ken, kern, v. a. and n. To churn.

O. N. kima; S. G. kema, kama; Dan. kjeme; Jutl. kjoma; Sw. kdma; N. and Sw. D.
kinna; A. S. ceman; N. S. kamen; Dut. kemen, &c. The occurrence of both forms, ken
( — N. and Sw. D. kinna), and kern, in our district, is interesting. Strictly speaking, per-
haps, the word ken is more a variation of Pr. than aught else, and might be written ke'n,
as bo'd for bird, to^ for turn, &c.

Ken, sb. A chum.

Sw. D. kannd; N. kjinna.

Ken-ourdle, ken-oruddle, sb. A churn-staff.
Ken-milk, sb. Chum-milk ; that is, buttermilk.

Sw. kammjoUt; Dan. kieme-melk; N.S. kam-melk; Dut. keme-melk; Sec,

Kenning, sb. Knowledge, recognition.

O. N. kenning; O. S. ktenning; Sw. D. kanning,

Kenspack, kenspeok, kenspeckle, adj. i. Easily recognisable,
easy to be distinguished. Thence, 2. Easy to be seen, conspicuous.

S. O. kannespak, qui alios facile agnoscit ; a spak, sapiens ; Sw. D. kHnn^spak; N. kjenne-
spak; Dan. kjende-epag, Rietz adverts to the mistake made by Carr and Jam. as to the
derivation of this word, giving their definitions in full, and notices the corresponding use of
the word spak — O. Sw. spaker, O. N. spakr, wise, knowing — in other words belonging to
the Scand. tongues and dialects, instancing in Sw. D. minnes-spak, good of memory, apt to
anticipate events or wishes. Tlie word katm-spak is applied to both men and dogs ; to the
latter in country dialects only ; as, bongana a id kdnn^aka : the puppy is so good at recog-
nising, or knowing. There is, as Wed^^. remarks, an inversion of sense in the word, but
there can be no doubt that the latter member is utterly unconnected with Eng. speck or
speckle.

As kenspack as a cock on a kirk broach ;' on a church-spire.' Wb. Gl.

P p 2

• «

Zgi GLOSSARy OF THE

Eeuspeck, v. a. (chiefly used in p.p.) To mark so as to make easily
recognisable, lo make conspicuous.

Kep, V. a. To catch, as a ball is caught, or anything else that may
be thrown from one to another ; or as any falling liquid may be caught,
by placing a vessel in a suitable position.

O. N., S.G., Sw. D.. N. *ij^, to snatch, atch hiMily: Did. iifpi: A. S. wpan; Welsh
dp. i iudden saalch or pull. The lapid action implied in caiching a ihrown ball, ot other
□bject, U Ihe original action implied in the Terb ; and thence the other and itower actitmi
lignitied.

' Swyfte swaynes fill twylhe iwqKn |>er-tylle,
Kyppt kowpcj in honde, kynge; la leme.'

E. Eng. Aim. Foans, B. 1509.

Eem, sb, A churn. See Ken.

Kern, To get the. To sever the last portion of standing corn in
the harvest-field and bind it in the last sheaf; lo finish the actual
ehearing'or harvesting labour. See Kem-supper.

Kem-baby, sb. An image, or possibly only a small sheaf of the
newly cut corn, gaily dressed up and decorated with clothes, ribbons, .
flowers, Sec, and borne home rejoicingly after severing the last portions
of ihe harvest.

Kem-Bupper, sb. A supper given to the work-people by the farmer
on the completion of Shearing, or severing the com, on a farm.

■ Bui our most characttrinic fejtive rcjoicingj," tayi Mr. Hendenon. FolUort ofN. Eng-
land, p. 7. ' accompiny the harreit — the mell-iupper and the kem-bab)'. In the northeni
pan of Northumberland the reitival taku place at the close of the reaping, not ihe
ingadiering. When the (idde is laid down and the last iheaf of golden com set on end,
it u said that they have " got the kem ;" the reapers announce the fact by loud shouting,
and an image, crowned wiSi wheat-ears and dressed in a white fioek iimI coloured riblioDi,
i( hoisted on a pole and carried by the tallest and strongest man of the party. All circle
ronnd (his iim-iaby, or Harvest-queen, and proceed W the bam. where they set the image
up on high and proceed to do justice to the haivett-tupper.' This harvest-supper Mr. H.
calls ' the kem-feast' a little lurlher on. and adds that ■ the mdt-supptr (in Durham county)
is closely akin to the NorlhunibriaD itm-fiasl.' 1 hare reason to belicTc that when the
harvest-festivities were fully carried out iu days now gone by. the Kem-BUiiper and the
Mall-aui?per both formed 1 part of themi the former being given on completing
the levering of the com. the litter on finishing the leading or ingathering. At least, such
is the infomiation 1 have collected here, and it is confirmed by Eugene Aram's statement,
quoted by Brand, vol. ii. p. 1 1, that the ' itrs or cbnnt-aipprr was different from the unit-
nfptr, the foimer being provided when all was shorn, the latter after all was got in. 1 am

Ihau to com. at Mr. Henderson does. Aram's statement is that from ■ immemorial limes it
was customary to produce, u a cbwn, a quantity of cream.' which formed part of the meat
It is added in a note that the custom survived atmut Whitby. Scarborough, and Gisbunie.
Sec. in Aram's time ; but that in other places cream hat been commuted for ale. Here, a
large china bowl in some houses replaced Ihe chum, and new milk, or even lunnity, did
iluly for Ihe cream. See Kem-baby, Hell-supper, Sec

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 293

», keslopy sb. The substance used for inducing coagulation of
the milk in cheese-making, &c. ; ' rennet/ usually the stomach of a calf
properly prepared. Also spelt Cheslip.

A. S. ceselibt eyslibt milk curded, curding; Teut. kai94ibbe; Dut. kaasUb, kaasUhbt;
Switz. kaslab, kaslebb. The Sw. D. word is kdse; O. N. kasir; N. kJ€Bs§sz*lope, stycke of
en kcdf-maget som hegagnas for cut fa mjolktn att lopna* Rietz. Wedgw. considers the
word to be * derived ^om a Finnish source. Fin. kasa, a heap, whence kasa-Uipa^ old
bread, bread kept for a year. The Lapps prepare much of their food by la3ring it in a heap
till it becomes rancid or half-decayed. . . . From them the practice seems to have been com-
municated to their Scandinavian neighbours, who treat their fish and coarser flesh in this
manner. . . . The use of the word k^ssirt rennet, shows that the Icelanders recognise the
identity of the process going on in viands subjected to this process with that which takes
{dace in the formation of cheese.' But may not Lat. caseus, taken in connection with the
prefixes eys or cese, kaes, kaas, kas, O. N. kasir, Sw. kdse, &c., suggest one common origin
for all, quite independent of the Lapp practice referred to ? The suffixes, lib, libbe, leb, lab
are all near connections of O. N. Uaup, S. O., Sw. and N. lope, Dan. hbe, 8cc., rennet, pre-
pared calf's stomach, and of our Clevel. loppered.

Kessen. Pr. of oasten, p. p. of To oaat

* ** You hae kessen your great coat." ** Aye, Ah hes. An' I fed to hae getten nae grace
by it ;" no advantage by doing so.' Wb. Gl.

With this comp. * Beboerne feler at tUenfor dem er sneen kastet ;' the inhabitants become
sensible that outside their district (Throndhjem) the snow is already kessen, Ame, p. 1 1 7>

Kess'mas, kess'nmas, sb. Pr. of Christmas.
Kess'n, v. a. Pr. of Christen.
Kess'nen', sb. Pr. of Christening.
Kester. Pr. of Christopher.

Ket, sb. Carrion ; also, meat that has become tainted or offensive.

O. N. kot, kjot, ket; S. G. kott; Sw. k'ot; Dan. kJ9d, flesh, meat

Ketlock, sb. The plant charlock {Sinapis arvensis). See Bunch.

* Carlock, Charlocke, or ebadlocke, in Gerard.' Note to Pr. Pm. Carlok, herbe.

Ketty, adj. Carrion-like, offensive, putrid.
Kevel, sb. A large ^mmer used in quarry-work.

The name of this instrument seems to be due to its handle or staff, which is both large
and long enough to require to be wielded by both hands; O. N. kejli; S.G. kajle, a pole,
a stout staflf; words which, as well as the O. Dan. form kavle, were specially applied to the
handle, or hilt of a sword. Comp. Scot, kavel, kevU, a rod, a pole, a long staff. Jam.

Kevel, V. a. To work stone in the quarry with the large hammer
known as the Kevel.

294 GLOSSARY OF THE

Eixnlin, sb. A large tub, applied to bread-making among other
purposes.

Wedgw. gives this word under the forms kemlm, kimnel. In Chaucer, MiIUr*s TaU, it
occurs in the forms ktmelyn, kynulin. Wedgw. connects it with Dut. kam, kamnu, a
brewery ; O. Fr. ecmibe, a brewing. Mid. Lat. camumt a drink made from barley, ginger,
and other like hot ingredients. Rietz, however, gives Sw. D. kimma, a tub, or large
wooden vessel with a top to keep meal, butter, or the like in ; whence, he adds, comes the
word btr-kimma, ale-cask, and he further quotes A. S. eamb, a vat, dolium, from Bosworth,
— a reference I have not succeeded in verif3ring. Rietz further connects kimma with kitnbt
a stave of a barrel ; with which compare Engl, cbimb or cbimbe, ' the prominent part of the
staves beyond the head of the barrel.' Halliwell.

Kin, kyn, sb. Kind, in the sense generally of species, sort or speci-
men, as well as of race or family.

A. S. eyn, eynd; Sw. D. kynnt^ k'onn; O. Sw. kon, kyn; O. D. kyn; D. D. kynd; N. kynd,
all with the same sense as our word. Collate A. S.,;&c-cyii, fi^kind; 0,Sw.aUebanda
Jiska-kdn^ O. E.fele kynjiscbez. Note also the forms, O. Sw. aUkyns, bwarskyns, nockyrkyns;
O. Dan. alkynSf allskyns^ mangkyns^ &c. ; O.E. alle-kynnes. Many instances of correqwnd-
ing use in the genitive occur in our dialect ; as aaa-kyna, other-kixiB, 8cc Aikyn, how-
ever, is of frequent occurrence in HampoU, and nokyn is met with in Townil, Myti,, with
which comp. O. Sw. mangskyn. Molbech gives no example of this kind.

* ** An ill kin ;** a bad kind : ** a bettermy kin;** a superior sort.' l^. G/.

Cf. * Vude kunnes kunde.' Ancr. RiwUt p. 390.

* What cunnes )>ing is kuynde ?
Kuynde, quod he, is Creatour of all kuniu beestes.'

P. Plougbm, {E,E, T,S,) p. ill.

Kin, V. n. i. To chap or crack, as one's hands do when ill-dried
after washing in cold weather. 2. To have chilblains form. Frequent
in both senses in the p.p.

A.S. cinan, einean, to split or crack, shew fissures or gape; Sw. D. kima; O. Germ, cii-
nan ; M. Germ, kinan.

Kin, sb. I . A chap, or crack in the skin induced by damp and cold.
2. A chilblain.

A. S. cina, cinu, cyna, a chink, fissure ; rima.

Kin'-oough, sb. The whooping-cough, or the Kink-oough ; that
is, the cough which is attended and characterised by Kinks, or
kinking.

Comp. the parallel Dut. forms kink^xasi, kick-boesi, and see under Kink.

Kind, adj. On very friendly or intimate terms.

Like Skill, crafty, witty, and many other Clevel. words, this adj. preserves an-^perhaps,
the — ancient sense which has passed away from the current £. word. Comp. the appUct*
tion in the sentences following —

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 295

* Knowe)> me kynddy* P. Plougbm, {E, E, T, S,) p. 16 ;

' Hit is a kuynde knowynge* )>at kenne|> he in herte
For to loue H louerde/ /(. p. 13 ;

' Teche me ]>e kuynde craft* for te knowe )>e false/ 7&. p. 1 7 ;

with Clevel. * Him an* me *$ varry kind.*

Note also O. Dan. kynd, known ; at gimn sig hyndt med dommenn : to make oneself
known to the judge ; S. Jutl. kynne, to make acquainted, whence kynngon or gort kynn, to
make known ; N. kjend, keni, well acquainted with a person or thing, and also well known
to another; as Gudfar og Ame var vel kenie: Godfather and Ame were very kind,
Amt^ p. 71.

\
y

sb. (pr. kin'lin'). Easily ignited materials, suitable for
lighting a fire ; small twigs or brushwood, and especially the long Ling
from the moors. Distinct from Eldin, which imports the fuel proper or
material support of the fire when fully lighted and burning.

O. N. Idndr^ kyndr^ fire ; kynda, kinda, to kindle ; O. Sw. and Sw. D. kinda, kynda^
kvdnda ; M. G. kiinden, kunten^ zunten. Comp. also Sw. D. kvinsle, kvinstl, and N. kvende,
the exact equivalent of our Kin'lin*.

Kink, V. n. i. To laugh hysterically or convulsively; thence, loudly
and immoderately. 2. To labour for breath through such laughing, or
especially under the paroxysms of the whooping-cough. See Kin'-
oongh.

* Sw. kikna, to have the respiration stopped : to pant or gasp ; kikna af skrattt to chink
wi^ laughter.' Wedgw. But see also Kink, sb., as an instance of the 2nd meaning.
Comp. * Peasse, I pray the, be stille, I laghe that I kinke,* TowneL Myst, p. 309.

Kink, sb. i. A twist or turn in a rope or cord, &c., which prevents
the same from running freely. 2. A violent or convulsive fit of cough-
ing or laughing, interrupting the passage of the breath: in this sense,
a paroxysm. 3. Rheumatic stiffness of any part : e.g. * a stiflf neck.'

O. N. kmgr, keingr, t crook or bending ; kingia, to wry or twist the neck ; N. kyngfi,
id. ; Sw. ki^t a twist in a chain, such as to prevent its running ; Sw. D. kimka, a similar
twist in string or rope ; N. S. kinke, id. ; Dut. kink. Next note A. S. eincung, violent
laughter, a paroxysm of laughing, which is surely connected with the above, the transition
of idea from the twist which hinders the free passage of the chain, rope, or string, to the
effects of the paroxysm, whether of coughing or laughing, which interferes with the free
passage of the breath, being both simple and natural.

Kipper, adj. Light-footed, nimble, lively, frisky or in good spirits.

Molbcch, Dansk Gloss., quotes the couplet —

Heist naar nuendene dem styrke derudi,
Blijffve de kihhre, oc puckefri:

and remarks that the word kihher is unknown to him otherwiae, but that he concludes it
bears some such meaning as daring, bold {dristig), or pert, saucy (mundkaad). These

296 GLOSSARy OF THE

meanings meet our definition very well. Comp. Welsh cipgatt snatching, rapacious, and
N. kfapt, briskly, impetuously. Perhaps connected with O. N., O. Sw., Sw. D. k^pa, whidi
as we have seen under Kep implies briskness of action.
* As kipper as a colt.' Wb. Gl.

:, sb. A church.

O. N. kyriia ; S. O. kyrka ; Dan. kirhe ; Bcc,

Kirk-garth, sb. The churchyard.

S. O. kyrke-gdrd; Dan. kirke-gaard.

Kirk-master, sb. A church-warden; more frequently caUed the
Kirk-, or Ohiiroh-wamer.

Eirk-wamer, sb. A church- warden ; sometimes Churoh-wamer.

Comp. O. Dan. kirkewertt Sw. kyrko-vard, Sw. D. kyrki-varji, kyrka-varjarit O. Sw. Mr^
kiu-vcerjU kirkiu-vcariandit N. kyrkja-virjot Dan. kirkt-V€Brgi.

Kim, sb. A chum.

Kirsty. Pr. of Christie, short for Christopher.

Elist, sb. A chest, of whatsoever kind.

O. N. kista^ S. G. kUta, Dan. kiste. Germ. kUH, A. S. eyU, eitt, Welsh eitt. In O. Dan.
the word kiste, without prefix or taken absolutely, signifies prison, cell of a dungeon, whence
the popular expression, at ligge 1 stocken dler kisten, Comp. Eng. cant phrase, ' to find
oneself in the strong box.' Wb, Gl. gives ktrh-gartb kist^z coffin.

Kit, sb. A small tub or dipping-pail, with one of the staves continued
above the rim and fashioned so as to serve for a handle.

Dut kit, kitte, a small tub or pail. See Fosskit, for the various applications of Kit.
Perhaps connected with Sw. D. kiUte, a small boarded-off space in a room, which tometiiiiet
takes the form kitt, kett ; O. Sw. hBtta^ to enclose, encompass.

Kite, sb. The belly, or stomach.

O. N. ih^'Sr, S. G. qwed, O. Sax. qyi\fer, quidbtr^ quider, Sw. D. kwifS, O. Dan. gundbt
qvtytb, M. G. gvi^us, qvitbi, A. S. ewHS. Most of these words imply, I. the stomach or
belly : a. the womb or uterus. A. S. cwifS seems to be limited to the latter.

Kithy sb. (pr. kyth). Acquaintance, connections; properly anti-
thetical to Kin = blood relations.

A. S. CM^a, * one known, an acquaintance, a familiar fnend, a relation.' Bosw. It is
most frequently, almost unvarjringly, heard in the phrase * kith and kin.'

* both kitb 8c kinn I wiU for-sake

bonny sweete wench, to goe with thee.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. 243.

f, sb. Food, provisions ; a supply for the Kite or belly. See
Kite.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 297

Eitlin's, sb. The young of the cat, kittens. See Cat's-whelps.

O. N. hitUngr. Comp. Sw. D. h'dUa, kdssla, kissla, kittsla, and N. kjetla, ij^Oe, to
kitten ; and Dan. kattthiUing, a kitten.

Kittle, adj. i. Ticklish, easily excited physically. Thence, 2. Excit-
able, nervous, fidgetty; requiring delicate or judicious handling or
management; uncertain; difficult: and, 3. Easily moved from standing
or place, unsteady, ready to yield or give way before a touch.

Sw.D. kitaU, hjetaU, kJUaU, kbiUig, hjikklig ; Sw. kittlig or ketUg; N. hitaU, hidug;
Dan. kUden, Comp. the fonn kfikJdig with our Engl kicJd€, kicklub. See Wedgw. in w.
KicHe, KittU.

Kittle, V. a. To tickle ; to stimulate or rouse.

O. N. kida; S. O. kitila, hUda; Sw. kitda; Sw. D. kiUa, kisla, keta; N. kida, kidi, kUa,
kjeta; Dan. kildre; A. S. citdian; Germ, kitzeln; Dut kittdtn; &c,

Kity, adj. Having a large or protuberant stomach or belly.

Kisen, kizzen, v. a. To dry the moisture out of anything ; to parch
or dry up. Used most frequently in p. p.

Cf. O. Sw. and Sw. D. kysa, which, among other meanings, takes that of to suffocate, to
choke. Besides this, however, Dan. D at fyse •/, mdk, &c., implies to ' take the chill' off
them, by setting them to the fire. Carry the idea a step further, coincidently with that
involved in to suffocate, and the drying, parching effect of fire presents itself to the thought.

Knaok, v. n. To talk in an affected way, to ape refinement in
language.

Wedgw. defines knack, * a snap with the fingers ; a trick, or way of doing as it were at
a snap ;' and quotes Ir. cnog, a knock, crack, &c. With our word and E. kmuk collate
S. O. knaeka, Sw. kniicka, Dan. ktuekke, to crack, to break with a sharp noise. As to the
peculiar sense which our word takes, and about which there is a forcible or graphic fitness,
an example quoted by Molb. affords a curious illustration : — * Den (talen) klmgtr som naar
bids nmddtdtaller man huskker :* his talk sounds just like cracking empty nuts.

* She knacks and knappers like a London miss.' Wb. OL

Knap, v. a. i. To knock or strike ; to strike so as to crack or break.
2. Simply to crack in pieces or break any brittle matter, as a stone,
earthenware, a dry twig or stick, &c.

S. O. knappa signifies both to give back a sound, and to strike, says Ihre, as Belg. knap-
pen does ; also to break or crack, as hueppa nodder, to crack nuts. The idea of a sharp
blow, or of the sound as of such a blow, seems always implied in the word. Sw. D. has kndpp^
to fillip or strike smartly with the fingers ; while S. Jutl. knep is used exactly as our sb.
Knap is : as, De er inge konst aa daae knep far kongen : no power to strike a blow for
the king; banfek et demt knep: he gat a sair knap; ^e corresponding verb being kneppe.
See Molb. and Kok.

* Knappin ' a few flints fur t' rooads ;' breaking stones for road-metal.

^ GLOSSARY OF THE

M^m^ ^ ** ^ ^P> ^^ smart blow of slight force. 2. A crack, or
>;^;k juk) jonK^ficial fracture.

\ Hr ^ <ctt«u « sair knap ower 's knuckles.'

i^ U \ w^4 b>wken, only a bit of a knap.* Wb. GL

KMi^ ^ A person of more than questionable integrity ; a knave.

- K^kAvtw A. S. cnapa, G. knahe, knappe^ a boy, youth, servant ; a depredatory term of
^jigiVM^ h> AU iuferior. Du. knegt (the equivalent of E. kmgbt\ t boy or servant, as well as
In^j^ )uv« acquired a depreciatory sense analogous to E. knal^, Hy u ten knegt, ten
|,j|^ ^ is a roffue :' so far Wedgw. Our word is curious as preserving the original ortho-
M4^>i^*<^Xi*P' /mopfs b: male-children in Gen, and Ex. p. 74 — at well as continuing the
£|H^uih>ry sense ; for Ihre gives the word as applied to servants of a lower or more con-
l^ui'if* |{f*de (inferioris ordinis). It is curious, however, that in the Scand. tongues the
%>M\I av\)uired and retains a sense the reverse of depreciatory ; O. Dan. knabe being classed
^ith kenrer and /drster, lords and chief estates ; Dan. D. kni^, S. G. knapa, being a noble
s4 K»w«r rank ; Sw. D. knape, a well-to-do, substantial man ; and hu^er4ferre, what we
«^KmUU call one of the local nobility or hereditary gentry of any given district.

Xnapi V. a. To cheat or overreach. Wh. GL

Due, probably, to Knap, sb., a knave, a cheat; although another origin is forcibly
mgffested by Molbech's notice of the popular usage of the verb knappe, to make less or
•tralter ; as, at knappe af, to retrench ; at knappg af i buusboldning, or, i sin levemaade :
to reduce one's household expenses or mode of living ; and thence, a/ knappe i maal, or«
i ¥0gft to be stingy or skimping in measure or weight, to give short measure. One short
step further and our sense follows. Comp. the usage in the lines following : —

* Bot riche and ille-dedy,
Gederand and gredy,
Sor napand and needy

Youre godes forto spare.' Toumd. Myst. p. 320.

Knapper, v. n. To talk mincingly or with affected distinctness of
pronunciation. See Knack.

A similar application of another word of like original signification. It is noteworthy,
also, that Sw. D. knappdr implies the peculiar action of the teeth and lips used by a hone
champing on the bit, and the like.

Knappers, sb. i. A shield or protection for the front of the thighs,
composed of a flap of leather strengthened with vertical pieces of flat-
tened wood, and worn when the Turf-spade is being used; the cross
handle of the latter resting on the Snappers, and the forward or cutting
motion being mainly given by an impulse from the thighs. 2. In the
sing. ; a knocker on a door.

Knappery-ware, sb. China, earthenware, crockery.

Knappy, adj. Testy, snappish, cross.

Comp. the expressions * quick tempered,' or * quick of temper,' * hasty,' &c., and also our
word, with O. N. knappr, Sw. D. and N. knapp, Dan. knap, speedy, hasty ; tenacious,
grasping, niggardly.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 299

Knar, knor, sb. A small ball of hard wood used in playing Spell
and Knor.

Cf. O. N. hnoitr, Dan. knort, N. knurp. Spell is, of coune, O. N. spil ; ai tpila, Dan.
spU; spUU, a play or game; to play; and the probability is that the game is a lineal
descendant from the Ball-play of the old Danes or Northmen and Icelanders. The game is
called Spell and Knor, and the word Spell has come to be understood as the desig-
nation of the peculiar kind of trap used in it. But surely ' Spell and Knor' is a corruption
of * Spell a' Knor' = * the play at ball.' In Lincohish. — see Spki in Hall. — the game is called
Nur-ipdl, the element Knor standing first; that is, simply ball-play, therefore: which
name, taken in connection with the fact that the game here is called ' ^)ell and ICnor,' and
not * Knorr and Spell,' is significant. The object in the game is to exceed one's competitors
in the distance to which the ball is driven. On the liboation of the spring of the trap or
Spell, the ball, previously whitened all over with chalk, is struck in mid-air with the
Tribbit-fltiok, and the place at which it falls being noted by the lookers-out, the distance
firom the trap is measured in spaces of twenty yards each, or Scores. There is one day
m the year---Shrove-Tuesday — when the play is customarily practised, though not quite
exclusively. The Tribbit-stiok is elsewhere called Primstiek, GtlsHck, BucksiUk, TrippU,
Treviif Sec, *

Knarl, v.n. To be intertwisted and entangled, to run in knots; of
twine, thread, silk, &c.

Comp. Sw. knorla, to curl, to twist up ; and Funen knmli, a knot or exaescence on the
fingers ; as if something curled or knotted up into a lump.

Enee-bass, sb. A hassock, or cushion for kneeling on at church.

Knee-halter, v. a. Toc apply restraint to an animal's motions by
means of tying. In the case of a bull, the cord is passed through his
nose-ring after being secured to his knee. In a sheep, it passes from
the knee and is tied round the neck.

Knep, V. a. To crop the herbage in small bites, or quantities, only ;
to bite or crop short herbage, a£fording litde hold for the teeth. See
Knipe.

S. G. hnappra, leniter admordere ; Sw. knapra, Sw. Dial, knappar, Dut. knappen,

Knipe, v. a. Nearly identical in meaning with Knep ; which see.

Comp. Dan. knibt, to nip, firom O. N. bniupa, knipa, to twist, to wring ; N. and Sw.
hnipa; Germ, kneipm; and E. nip; in all of which the notion of the peculiar action of the
teeth of a grazing animal is at least latent. Comp. also E. nippers^ a horse's firont teeth ;
Dan. knibiiand. See also the Scand. words quoted under Knep.

Knodden, p. p. of Knead.

Knoll, V. a. and n. To toll ; of a bell, especially the passing-bell.

Cf. S. G. knallt sonitus ; Sw. and Sw. Dial, knatta, to give a loud sound, to strike so m
to cause a sound; M. Germ, knillen {kncU, knulUn, geknolUn)^ to resound; A. S. cnyUamp
to sound a bell ; Welsh cnvl ; N. gnell, gnoU, shrill or loud sound ; Dan. knaldi, to rever-
berate.

Qq 2

300 GLOSSARY OF THE

• Weel, they 's hnoOmg tot aa*d WiUie, then/

• Wad *ye lahk me t* knoa t' beU a bit, while t* ckik cooms?' that is, nntO die derk
comes.

Knop, sb. Any spherical, or nearly spherical, termination of or pro-
jection from a thing, in the shape of an ornament, to wit; or the boss
of a knitting-pin ; or the round flower-bud of a plant, &c.

O. N. htappr, a small knob, a button, a pommel ; S. O. and N. knopp, the bnd of a tree ;
knappf a button, Sec. ; Dan. knap, Sw. knapp, Dut. knoppe, knoop, a knot, a bod. Comp.
Dan. bumla knop, the blossoms of the hop, with onr Knops of the sweet marjoram, 8cc.

Know, sb. Knowledge, presence of mind and thought.

' He 's qniet aff 's know, an' talks quiet raffly ;' of a man in great distress of mind ooci-
sioned by the death of his son, killed, when drunk, on the railway.

KnowfUly adj. Possessing knowledge; well-informed on various
subjects.

* A knowful kind o' body.'

* He wur very skillful and hmwfid: Wh. 01.

Kye, sb. Cows.

This can scarcely be said to be the plural of cow. A cow, in Clerel., is called a Ooo»
giving the oo nearly the sound of o in do. Comp. O. N. ku, A. S. cti, with their respective
plurals kytf cy,

Kye-byre, sb. The Cow-byre or cow-house.

Kyle, sb. (pr. kahl). A boil, imposthume, or carbuncle.

O. N. hyli, S. G. hda, Sw. D. hfU, N. hjyU, a boil, carbuncle, or carbuncuUr swelling.

Laan^ sb. A lending, loan.

O. N. /(in, Sw. Mn, Dan. loan, A. S. Ian, N. Sax. /«m, &c.

Labber, v. a. and n. i. To dabble about in water, as with the hands,
or welter as a fish when caught, or a person who has slipped in unawares
and rolls about in his surprise and random efforts to escape, a. Also,
to make wet. In this sense, chiefly applied in p. p. ; as, to a person who
has been walking through long wet grass or com or turnips, or over
very wet and muddy roads.

Comp. Sw. D. lahha, to take with the hapd ; to meddle with, mix oneself up with
anything, itself connected with /a66, a large hand or foot, and with O. N. lomt, a hand ;

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 3OI

N. labb. Dm. lab, the foot of a beast ; Gael Uanb, Ir. lam, hand ; Welsh Uauf, the pahn
of the hand — see Iioof : whence the meaning given in Wb, Gl. to our word, * to dabble
with the hands in water/ is, doubtless, correct. Comp. also N. hMa, to tramp along, to
walk with hasty, heavy steps. Rietz also gives labha in the sense * to dirty,' ' to make un-
clean,' collating Gael, lab, filth ; but the meaning may well be a derivative from the former,
as in our second sense.

' But if syke priviledge can do,
They 11 labber in our swine-troughs too.' Joeo^ir, Discourse, p. 54.

Labberment, sb. A dabbling in water, as opposed to the regular
working in water which a * washing-day' presupposes ; and so, a small
or inserted wash. A * slap-washing/ Wh. GL ; * slop-wash/ Halliwell.

LabouTSome, adj. Entailing labour or toil; laborious in the sense
of fatiguing or distressing with toil.

' " We have a king, laboursonu hill to climm ;" a fatiguing ascent to surmount.' Wb, 01,

Laoe, V. a. (pr. leeace). To mix spirits with tea or coffee ; otherwise
called * lining' it.

Laoer, sb. (pr. leeacer). Any thing or person distinguished for size
or proportions.

To lace is to beat, thrash ; as also, to lace <me*s jacket; and, in the same way as other
words signifying to beat, furnishes another word implying superiority in size; as wbop,
wbopper, tbump, tbumper, hang, banging (in * a banging great one'). See Switcher.

Laoing-mob, sb. (pr. leeacing-mob). An old-fashioned woman's cap
or head-dress. Wh, GL

Lad-louper, sb. A forward girl ; one who makes the first advances,
or does not wait to be wooed.

Lady-olock, sb. The lady-bird or lady-cow. See Clock, Cow-lady.

Lady-oow. The lady-bird, or lady-bug of the South (Coccinella sep-
Um-punctata), See Cow-lady, Judy-cow, &c.

LaOy lee, sb. (pr. lee&). A scythe.

O. N. Ijar (in Grdgds, le) ; O. Sw. le, lee; Sw. lie; Sw. D. le, lid or Ijo; Dan. le. Ice;
N. Ijd; N. Sax. lebe; N. Fris. lee.

Lae-sand, lee-sand, sb. Fine but very sharp sand used for sharp-
ening the scythe. It consists of minute portions of quartz, and is found
in nodules or blocks of a species of sandstone possessing scarcely any
coherency. In some specimens the separate quartz grains are as large
as tares or small peas ; but others are very fine. See Strickle.

^04 OlOSSARF OF TBE

l4j|«r« «K The entire number of eggs hM, or to be hSA, by a hen,
^\H>^ A\\ befoit^ sitting. Applied also in die cise of women iHio have

INiss^. «(>«« ifeMT lOtm tamtmz O. GL Imt. » a Sdalk fioK; mtA bodi qwle 'Tent.

Jlw>.{^ ^ Idtt^ ^hftran^ «^t«:&t A )mb ooBOBBes k^a^* to wUck Sv. Bgg4ti maj be
aXM^ V^tt^ii^ 4^ ^^«» iiMitr » X Donet faim. The A. S. i^fam rngtm^ to bj tggk» as
>h^ 4\ %4KCkJL v^HM «Ntt ti^ cbnge of the prttunl into a faUit k KflAar.

* A^ 4UMX xiHr v ^i^^ W 2qfiv.-' of a beo.

^h\\^>^t«Mut6Stfn..e»jaB. But I hope tbe'f laid her iq^ aw ^T vokn bj die

1i<fffi (<pX. Wearied, exhausted

V >icii^AU\« mm tbe onfinaiy sense of E. iag, to trail behind, to
' S9UI •^cws<^ v^*' bi>S8;i>>g sikan a big bairn/

X»»Kl cA adj. Applied to a person who from iOness or odwr disaUe-
uiM^ttt li incapable of working as usual.

litdA out, laid forth, adj. Decked out, arrayed, 'got iqp.'

* ImJ OMi lahk lamb an' sallit ;' i. e. dressed up with a great amoont of pcnoaal inoy.

liaid to, adj. Resorted to, for aid or supply, as a wdl, a mrdirinal
*pring, &c.

* T* well wur despe'tly laid to Y tahms past/ Wb, Ql.

Lait, late, v. a. To seek, search for a thing.

O. N. leyta; O. Sw. leta, laita; Sw. Uta; Sw. D. UUorlaii; N. UUa; Dan. IhIk.

* " Lait it while you finnd it ;" until you find it.' Wb, GL

Cf. Jeg bar letet dig i beU naU, with Geyel. * Ah 's laitm thee t* 'heeal ne^L *

Lake, laik, v. n. (pr. lay-Sk or ley-Sk). To play, to sport

O.N. leiia; O. Sw. and Sw. Uka; Sw. D. laika^ laka; Dan. lege, to play, sport, pby
on an instrument; A.S. laean, Idcan; N. Fris. leeeben, Uege; M,Q,iaikaM; Mid. Gcnn.
Meben.

Laker, sb. A player, or rather one who plays.

Laking-brass, sb. Money given to a child to spend on its own
amusement ; in toys, &c., as it may be.

Lakin's, laikin's, sb. Things to be played with, toys at large.

Lalder, lolder, v. n. i. To lounge or loiter; to move listlessly or
as if with no special object, or with nothing to do. 2. To sing hymns
or psalms in a loud or noisy and ranting maimer.

See lialling, and comp. Sw. D. lalla, to wander about with no occasion, to idle abont,
as with nothing to do and no purpose.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 303

Lalderiflh, adj. Lounging, listless, lazy-gaited.

lulling, lolling, sb. Loud, lively or spirited singing : * ranting psal-
mody/ W^. GL

There are two offshoots of the same family of words, with collateral meanings, concerned
here, the ideas peculiar to each of which seem to hare been, so to speak, intermingled, and
a new one caused to result from the union. On the one side we hare O. N. laU, the first
imperfect walk of a child ; laUa^ to toddle ; /a//i, a toddling infant ; loll, loUa, loUi, slow
moving, sloth; S.G. and Sw. loUa, a silly, foolish person — that is, one slow of mind;
Swiss lobli, a booby; Fin. loUi, lelli, wiih both meanings, slow of body, a sloth; and
slow of wit, a clown. On the other, O. N. lalla, to sing low as in IvUing a child
to sleep ; Dan. ItdUt Sw. IvUa, id. ; Dan. laUt, to speak imperfectly, as a young child
beginning to talk, to prattle ; Sw. laUa, id. Then we come to O. E. loll, a word
* specially applied,' says Mr. Wedgwood, ' to the idle life of persons wandering about
and living at other men's cost,' appending the following quotation from P, Ploughm.
p. 514 (Wright's ed.):—

* For an hydel man thou semest—
Other a spille tyme.
Other beggest fliy lyve
Aboute ate meime hatches.
Other faitest upon Fridays,
Other feste days in churches ;
The which is Lollentu life.'

' In this sense,* he continues, ' the term (Lollard) was applied to the devotees mentioned
under Bigot, who in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries went about preaching reforma-
tion of hit, and excited the indignation of the Church by not joining the regular orders.
** Eodem anno (1309) quidam hypocritse gyrovagi, qui Lollardi sive Deum-laudantes voca-
bantur, per Hannoniam et Brabantiam quasdam mulieres nobiles deceperunt." ' In this
passage it is hard not to connect Deutn-iaudantes with Lollardi, as an explanation, rather
than simply— or, at least, as well — as a synonjrm ; in allusion, that is, to the loud, ranting
sing^gf or Tialting, employed in the lauding. Compare also the connection of the word
quergstur with the name LoUar in the following extract : —

Pr, Damon, * Now thou art myn awne quirtstur,
I wote where thou wonnes ;
Do telle me.
TuHtfillus. I was your chefe tollare.
And sithen courte rollar.
Now I am master LoUar,

And of sich men I melle me.' TounuH, Myst, p. 310.

And in this imposition of a further but cognate meaning — singing loudly instead of lul-
lingly — on a word which also expressed ano&er section of the peculiarities of the persons
whose doings were to be characterised by it — ^namely loitering, idling, leading a slothful,
Tagrant life — we find the origin and the explanation of our present word : — * Lollardism,
the party designation given to certain religionists in former times, who were much given to
singing, or lolling, as loud, lively singing is here popularly called.' Wh, GL And it may
be further observed that a word very nearly related to laU or loU, namely lult (probably
both the ancient and Northumbrian form of the more modem lUt, to sing loudly, merrily)
is used to express the uttering of loud outcries or shouts and shrieks of alarm in E, Eng,
Aim, Potms, B. iao7 :—

304 GLOSS A RF OF THE

* ]zj (the besieged) std oat od a ttjlle nyjt er anj steoen rywd.
And harde buries )>un l>e oste, er enmies hit wyste,
Bot er Hjr at-wappe ne mojt ^ wach wyth oote,
Hije skeh watz l^e askry ]>e skewes an-Tnder
Loode alarom upon launde IttUed was Kenne.'

Cctnp. also Dan. D. IcUle, ISle, to laise a complaint, make an ontoy, cry goods lor ttle.

LallopSy sb. A lounging or lazilj-moving person ; usualty applied to
a girl, especially if un-neat or slatternly in her work or in person.

Lallopyy adj. Lounging, idle and slovenly in gait and habits.

* A lang laUopy hu, as laxy as she's lang.' Wh. Gl,

Lamiter, sb. One who is lame permanently; a cripple.

Land, sb. In ploughed fields, the space between furrow and furrow;
the * ridge' or * stetch' of other districts.

Land, v. n. i. To arrive, or reach one's destination. 2. v. a. To
divide a field in the process of ploughing into given spaces or widths,
* ridges' or * stetches,' there being however no fixed or definite measure
for each Land.

In connection with the first meaning comp. the metaph. use of O. N. and Sw. D. /ibmIs,
O. Sw. landa, ienda, to bring, or be brought, to a conclusion, to hare an isme or ter-
mination.

I. ' He landed seeaf hame last neeght efter dark.'

3. * T' far field 's landed despe'tly oneven.'

Landlouper, sb. One who flies the country to escape his debtors or
the penalty of his crimes; thence one who leaves any part of the
country without paying the debts he owes in it. See Loup.

O. N. land-hlauparit a vagabond, a wandering knave ; Dan. landUber, a vagrant, one
with no fixed residence.

* Get I those land lepars I breke ilka bone :' Townel, Myst, p. 144 ;

where the word is applied to Joseph and Mary when they fled with 'the 3roang child'
into Egypt.

' None renneris aboute,
Ne no leperis ouer lond" ladies to shryue.'

P, Plougbm, {E, E, T.S.) p. 13a.

Langavised, adj. Having a long visage or face, long-faced.

Hall, gives the forms avise, avize, to see, to observe, to look at, as well as ms, nsagi, ikt
front, face or countenance.

Langoanny. A word implying the idea of having reached the limit
of endurance, or exhaustion. It is difficult to classify it. Usage appears
to make it alternately an adj. and a sb. The thought is simply identical

CLEVELAND DIALECT, y>S

with that in * as long as I can/ as in such a sentence as * I have endured,
or carried (a weight, namely) as long as I can/

Comp. Sw. D. lanken, to walk with difficulty, or haltingly. Rictz supposes a lost verb
Uiika, to bow down, to be in a tottering condition.

* They are almost at langcatmy point ;* i. e. their means or resources nearly ex-
hausted. Wb. GL

* Ah fdt at langcatmy wi* t' weight on *t ;* nearly exhausted by the weight of my
burden. lb.

Lang-himdredy sb. The hundred of * six score/ or one hundred
and twenty.

Comp. O. Sw. sior bundrade, Dan. en siort bundred, O. N. bundrad (= lao). Oc vdro
Mr ioif bundrai bodsmen : and there were there (at Hiallti's Anral) 1440 bidden men.
LttHdnam. p. 217. See Hald. ako. Kok, moreover, mentions the long hundred as yet in
use in Jutland.

Lang-last, adv. At length, at last, in the end.
Lang-length, adv. All along, full length.

* ** I tumml'd doon a' mah lang4engib;'* fell my whole length.' Wb, GL

* He was ligging his lang4engtb o' t' fleear.'

Lang-ma'-last. Used adverbially and adjectively: possibly a con-
traction of long may 't last ; at last ; or equivalent to the very last.

* He 's always lang'ma*4ast at his meals ;' i.e. lingering over them so as to be quite the
last. Wb, GL

Lang-pnnd, sb. The long pound, or pound of twenty-two ounces,
by which butter was sold in former days. The pound of butter was
long in shape also as well as in tale, as still existing butter-baskets
sufficiently prove. See Lang-hundred.

Lang-sen, lang-syn, adv. Long ago, long since. See Sen, Syne*

Sw. langtstdan ; Sw. D. langsan, lang&san,

Lang-settle, sb. A long wooden seat, of the * form' description, but
with back and elbows ; the back often high and boarded instead of con-
sisting of a simple rail ; the seat itself usually occupying one side of the
capacious fireplace in old-fashioned houses. See Settle,

Langsome, adj. Tedious, wearisome, long in passing.

Comp. Auntersome, Fearsome, Flaysome, and the like, the number of Clevel.
adjectives with this termination being very considerable, and characteristic of the dialect.
O. N. Idngsamr, O. Sw. langsamer, Sw. langsantt Sw. D. Iang-s6mnuli(g), Dan. langsom,
Kok remarks of this termination, ' Som (O. N. samr, Sw. sam from sama, s6m, O. N. to
suit, beseem) usually expresses either adaptation or adaptibility to something ; as in S. Jutl.
fremiom ■> suited to promote or further ; belsom « having healing properties ; marksom,

R r

306 GLOSSARV OF THE

vogsonit &c. Comp. O.N. kappsamr, contitstSt; /rXsamt, pacific; i^^itamr, Apo.; Sm,
ledstttn, fit to weary (the same word as onr E. loatbsonUt with a different idea impoced) ;
trdttsantt skrytsam ; N. vdgsam ; O. Dan. gamgsom^ lykttm, ivhibom, Acc.

Efter monige t longsum t monigfal sninnise tides coom "Sara ISeana drihtai, Aec* Lit
After much or longsome or manifold tarrying time came. Sec, ; after a long time die lotd
of those servants, &c. Matt. zzy. 19.

Lantered, adj. Delayed, made late; in beginning a journey, to wit;

and so, belated, or benighted.

I find this, as a written word, only in Wh, Ol., where it is recorded alto Sn die fimn
helantered. It would seem to be rather an interesting word. Mr. Wedgwood icmaikik
under Loiter^ Lounge^ that * the Teutonic dialect! abound in verbs of a frequentative form,
which are used in the first instance to signify the flapping or shaking of loose things (fre-
quently also the dashing of liquids), then to trgnu a slack and unstrung way of doing
anything, or simfJy a total absence of activity or exertion. Hence are filmed noons (to
which the loss of the frequentative element often gives the appearance of radicals instead of
derivatives) sigoifjring die fluttering object, a stothful, negligent penoo, or adjectives
of corresponding meaning.' He then proceeds to sive several illustntions, among which
I shall only notice PI. D. luddem, to be lazy ; Du. aoiderwn, to dawdle, cnnctantcr agere ;
PI. D. luggentt luHgiTHt to lie in bed, indulge in sloth. * The addition of the nasal, as in
these words,' he continues, 'converts Swiss lotsehen into IwUtdfen, to hang flapping and
dangling, to move lazily ; Westerwald lonzen, lunzem, to be in bed out of season ; Bav. Am-
ZM^ lunzdn, to slumber ; lunzig, soft, limber ; Prov. E. linge/ (spelt iu*gy in Hall, and
explained idle and loitering). On the same principle our present word will be anqily
a derivative from a nasalised form of Idie, and exactly coordinate with load, hdaUd,

Lantern-light, sb. (pr. lante'n-leeght). The horn or glass panes.of
a lantern.

Lap-band, sb. Hoop-iron.

Lap up, V. a. and n. i. To wrap up, to cover or enclose in wrap-
pings or other enveloping matters. Thence probably — inasmuch as»
when a thing that has been taken out of its coverings for use or in-
spection is done with, it may be covered or wrapped up again, 2. To
give up, or desist from, any work, occupation, or labour.

/v. Pm. * Lappyn or whappyn in clothes. Invdvo ;* ' PUeo, to folde or lappi* ' To lap is
to bring the lap or flap of the garment round one, die forms wiap and flap correymdiag
together as in Du. vnrempen and £. Jrump* Wedgw. O. N. U^P^^ ^^r, Sw. and Sw. D.
lapp, a piece, patch ; a lap or border ; A. S. lappa^ O. Qerm. k^pa, id. ; Dot. k^, Sw. D.
lappa, to patch or piece, to lap.

The * stele of a stif staf,' of a battle-axe, was * waunden wyth ym to |>e waodQ ende,' and
* a lace lapped about.' Sir Gaw, and Or. Kn, 1. 214.

Again, * penne set >ay )>e sabatoim3 vpon )>e segge fotej

His lege3 lapped in stel vrith luflych greu^.' Ih, 574.

a. * It 's about over'd for to-day. Ah may as well lap oop^

* Lap oop, man, lap oop;* hold your tongue, say no more : to a contentious perMm, fcr
instance.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 307

Lare, sb. (often pr. lee&r). Lore, learning.

O. N. and S. G. Utra, to teach ; Sw. Idra, learning, lore ; Dan. lart ; A. S. lar, Uar ;
Pris. lart; Oeim. Ubre; Dut. len-; &c.

* How does our lad get on wiv hit Itar V Wb, Gl,

Lared, adj. Learned, instructed, informed.

A participial, from O. N. and S. G. lara, Sw. lara, Dan. Ian, A. S. laran, to teach.

* " He was after all a mensefuUy Uartd man ;" had a decent amount of information, or
ordinary learning.' Wh. GL

* Wharfor ilk man, bathe lertd and lewed,

Suld thynk on >at love pat he man shewed.' Pr, of Conse, 1. 1 1 7.

Lare-ftither, sb. (pr. leear-father). An instructor or schoolmaster :
thence one whose example is fit and likely to be, or perhaps has been
already, efficient in influencing others. Sometimes written Lsy-ftither.

O. N. Uarifadir, doctor, praeceptor : the former word qualified by the Dan. interpretation
hhrhfadtr; Sw. larqfader, a teacher, instructor; Dan. lartfader, a ghostly teacher, spiri-
tual pastor and master. Biskoppen tkal var§ en tmsUr, Ittrifadtr og raadgtvtr bos hongtH :
the bishop shall be a master, spiritual pastor, and counsellor in attendance on the king.

. La'rook, sb. The lavrock or sky-lark (Alauda arvensis).

A. S. lafnrc; PI. D. Uverkt, Uunrh; Dut. iauwerik, Uittwrik; Germ, lercbi; Sw. lerka ;
Dan. lerkt; Sc. laverok, Uaarok,

La'rook-heeled, adj. Having projecting heels, like a negro's; in
allusion to the long hinder claw of die lark.

Lasty, adj. Durable, lasting well in spite of wear and tear.

A derirative from the verb to last. A. S. l^Bstan, geligstan, 1. to observe, fulfil, execute :
2. to follow, pursue : 3. to last, continue, endure ; Germ. Uisten, PI. D. Uesien, losten, Dut.
lysten, Fris. lasla, id. Wedgw. remarks, under L<ut, — *Prop^y, to perform, but now
confined to the special sense of performing the duty for which a thing is made, enduring.
When we say that a coat will last for so many months, we mean that it will serve the
purpose of a coat so long.' It would seem, however, that the £. word early took its
present meaning. Thus, * while halyday Usitd* occurs in Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 805 ; and
E, Eng. AUit, Points give two or three instances of the sense * to follow :' e. g.

* I loked among his mejrny schene.
How )>ay wjrth lyf wem lasts and lade,' A. 1 144 ;

where the thought is precisely that expressed in the CoUect by the words ' prevent and
follow us.'
' A piece of raal guid, lasty stuff.'

Lathe, sb. A bam. A word seldom used now, but remaining, as
Hays does, in divers local designations.

O. N. blada; O.Sw. lalw; Sw. lada; Sw. D. la(jd}a, Iddd, lodu, lo; N. hdi, lodo, lade;
Dan. lade.

Latt, sb. A lath.

Comp. Germ, latte, Dut. latte, Fr. latte; and also Sw. liickte, lakte, lekt.

R r 2

3o8 QLOSSARY OF THE

Lax, sb. Diarrhoea, looseness of the bowels : often called T* ooontry
complaint by the Dales-folk.

Lay, V. a. i. To put down land for grass ; that is, to sow with grass
seeds in the intention of letting it remain in grass for a continuance;
otherwise, to lay down« 2. To impose or levy, as a rate or Cess.

Comp. Sw. Idgga till dhsr, or till iing : to tow with grass seeds, lay down to meadow".

Lay-beside, sb. A female bedfellow.

A word used in the Egton Sword Donee Recitation. Comp. loteiye, P, Plough, (E, E, T. S.)
P« 35f and see Gloss, in Wright's edition.

Lay-past, v. a. To lay up, or on one side, whether for future use,
or as not wanted for present use.

Lead, v. a. i. To cart, or carry by means of a cart or waggon; as
hay, com, coals, stone, &c. 2. v. n. To walk arm-in-arm witib; of a
young couple when courting.

Cf. O. N. leida, which, among its other senses, means to cany forth a dead body for
burial, and also to conduct or accompany ; as does S. G. leda also.

1. * Ah 's on leading hay. Ah aims we '11 get led afore neeght.'

Cf. ' And make Ii3ere a long cart* to leden alle Hs o^ure

Fabulers and Faytours* ]>at on Fote rennen.'

P. Plough, {E.E. T.S,) p. 2$.

2. * Seea, mah Mally an' thah JO&n 's leadin* f

Cf. * the Erie tooke Gryme by the hand,

to the pallace th^ yode Leadand* Percy's Folio MS. i, 393.

Lead, sb. Direction, course.

Comp. the use of N. leed^ Sw. led, way, course ; as in * RattsyU, solrSUt, rdtt eUer med^
or hvad som gdr i samma lid som soUn :' the words rdttsyls, sblrdtt, rdtt or nud imply
motion in the same direction — lead — as the sun (dut is to say, from the East by the Sou&
to the West, or from left to right). War, oeh Wird. p. a88.

Lead-eater, sb. India-rubber.

Leader, sb. A tendon ; also called Guider.

Leaf, sb. The internal layer of fat in a pig's carcase, enveloping the
kidneys and adjacent parts.

* The radical meaning seems something flat' (Wedgw.) — a remark whiph may explain this
use of the word.

Learn, v. n. To replenish the rock of a spinning-wheel with the
carded flax or tow ; probably the same word as leani «= to slip or glide,
in reference to the slipping or gliding of the tow from the hands as it is
taken up by the rock,

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 309

Learn, leme, v. n. To slip or slip out, as ripe nuts do from their
husks.

A. S. Uoma, a ray of light, a glancing or shining ; Uoman, to shine, to glance as a ray
of light, or the sunbeams ; radically the same word as gleam. Note also O. N. /foma, fill-
gere, splendere. In E. Eng, AUit. Poemst A. 107-iao, the writer describes a river which
was so fiill of gems — * Emerad, saffer, o>er gemme gent' — ^that all its bed ' Umed of Ijrjt/
And again, at 1. 104a,

' Such ly3t >er lenud in all )>e stratej.
Hem nedcte naw)ier sunne ne mone/

A natural and easy transition from the sense of gleaming or glancing as light, is to glancing
or gliding as some moving object does ; and we meet with this very adaptation in the same
poem at 1. 358 : —

* Hys (God's) comforte may >y Ungour ly)>e
& >y lure3 of lyjtly Unu ;'

i. e. move or glide lightly away. Thence the step to slipping is a very short and easy one.
The general usage of the verb is with the preposition out subjoined.

* *• Are the nuts ripe ?* ** Aye — they learn oot o' thessels." '

Learners, lemers, sb. Nuts which, being quite ripe, slip freely from
the husk.

Often called Brown-leamen. See Iioam.

Learn, v. a. To teach, to give practical instruction.

* He learrU him that trick.'

* In St. Marberete we have the verb Lear, to teaeb^Gtnn. Lehren =s Moesog. Laisyan*
Sax. Eng. Lxran ; the passive of this is Leakn, which our fathers' tongue, welling up ever
from its deep sheer springs, has given us since the age of bookish ^Ifric. There was a
time when this verb was confounded with its original active ; " Lead me forth in thy truth
and learn me." Ps. xxv. 4.' St, Marb, p. 91.

Lease, lese, leaze, v. a. To pick out, to separate by picking out; to
pick out or up, and make a separate parcel or bundle ; to glean. See
Popple, Sleean, &c.

M. G. lisan, lesun, to gather, pick up ; A. S. lesan, to gather, choose, lease ; Germ. Uten ;
O. N. Usa, colligere, lesa ber, to pick or gather berries; Dan. late; Sw. Idsa^ properly to
gather, to collect ; secondarily, to gather or put together letters, to read. Dalin. It is
worth noticing, that in all these words, as in Lat. legere, the secondary meaning (often so
far the prevailing one as to throw the other into 5it shade, as in the case of Dan. loMi,
Sw. Idsa) is * to read.' Dan. D. latsi or /««r, however, keeps the original meaning ; at
leesse erter : to gather peas ; bveden #r som den var latset : ^e wheat is as if it had been
picked clean. With us to lease, as applied to wheat, implies to look or pick out the
Slane and Popple— the smutty ears and corn-flower seed-pods — from it previously to
thrashing ; or, more generally, where com has grown, two or more sorts intermibgled, to
pick out and separate these sorts, sheaf by sheaf, before thrashing. Comp. Germ. Usem
abren, to glean.

Leasing, sb. The act of picking out or separating com in the sheaf,
when two (or more) sorts — as wheat and barley — ^have grown together
or become mixed.

310 GLOSSARY OF THE

Loathe, v. a. To soften, to render that which is rigid more or less
soft and pliant, by emollient applications, friction, or otherwise; as in
the case of a swollen part or member of the body, &a

A. S. /i^, hli^, lithe, tender, mild, gentle ; lif^an, to mitigate, soften, give ease. Comp.
the O. E. vb. in the following extracts : —

' Quen pryde schal me pryk, for prowes of aimes,
)?e loke to )ns luf lace schal /#)« mjr kert :'

Sir Gam. and Gr. Kn, 3437 ;
soften it, render it less turgid or puffed up.

* When heuy herttes ben hurt W3rth he>yng o)>er elles,
Sufiraunce may aswagend hem 8c ^ swelme U\f€,'

E, Emg. AttiL Po$mi, C. 3.

* Lome mennes Umes* weore ly^i ^t tyme.'

P. Plougbm, {E.B. T.S.) p. 84.

Leathe-wake, leath-weak, lith-weak, adj. Supple of limb or

joint, flexible, limber.

A. S. li^Sewac, pliant. Cf. the form UtiMut, lithe-bending, S, Marh. p. 16, and Pr, Pm.
* Letbyt or weyke. FUxibilU.*

Leavelang, levelang, adj. Longer than broad ; oblong.

Comp. Pr. Pm, Auelonge, awelongt, avehnge, which the editor seems to connect with
A. S. aivobt oblique; Sw.D. avdang, N. auhmg', avlaanget O.N. (^dttgr, Sw. t^Uiig,
Dan. aflang. Germ, ablang. Sec, Our word is apparently only a corruption of atr^angt
Cf. Hap, Lap ; as also I^kle, lingtl, where the / is lost instead of assumed.

Leave loose. To let go, or discontinue holding, anjrthing which
restrains or detains another thing or being.

Leok, V. a. To sprinkle water, or let it fall in graduated quantities.

O.N. leka^ to fall in drops; Sw. laia, Comp. Dan. kekkt, to leak; Oerm. lieftm; &c.
In Clevel. the word has a causative sense, * to make to drop ;' as is the case alto with
Sw. D. laka, komma nagot cut rimta : to cause anything to run ; laka ur, to leok oat; taka
pi, to leok on ; laka bjorktlag, to cause the birch-juice to flow, or draw it off.

Leok on, v. a. To pour, or cause to flow, on : of most frequent
occurrence as a brewing term, and meaning to add water to the mash.
The opposite sense of pouring off or withdrawing water is expressed by
* leek off' in Craven. See Leok.

Lee. Pr. of lie, a falsehood.

Lee, sb. The thin watery discharge from a fresh wound or sore, as
opposed to matter or Corruptioii.

There can be no reason to separate this from the standard word lye, lixiyium, infeiion of
wood ashes ; A. S. liab, Germ, laugi, Dan. lud, Sw. ItH, &c. The word takes the tense
uritu, either in the combination cbamber-4yt or -la, or by itself: see Halt It occius in

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 31 1

Fork Castle Dip. p. 30 : * They searched the body of the saide Mary Sykes (an accused
witch), and founde upon the side of her seate a redd lumpe aboute the biggnes of a nutt,
being wett, and that, when they wrung it with theire fingers, moisture came out of it like
/m;' and the Gloss, explanation is, * urine ;' but I believe the true meaning to be that given
above in our definition.

Leef, leave, adj. Willingly, in the sense of ' as soon ;' often expres-
sive of simple consent rather than of interest, and, much less, of prefer-
ence. Of frequent use in the comparative.

O. D. /ft/, Sw. /it/, N. Sax. lief, A. S. liof, beloved, dear, desirable ; Dut. lief, id.

' Bot hit ar ladyes in-noje, |>at leuer wer now>e
Haf )>e hende in hor holde, as I ^ habbe here,
pen much of )>e garysoun o|>er golde ]>at bay hauen.'

Sir Gaw. and Gr, Kn. 1351.

' pam war livtr be depe in helle )>an,
pan com byfor )>at domesman/ Pr. of Conse, 5058.

* Nay yit were I Uxffer* Toumil. Myst. p. 37.

' I had as leevi go the one way as the other.' Wh. Gl.

* I had lover go than stay.' lb,

Leeghts, sb. Pr. of lights = the lungs.

Leister, sb. (pr. loister). A kind pf barbed trident used for striking
salmon with.

O.N. IjSstr, from Ijdsta, to strike, thrust against; N. IJotir, IJmir; Sw. IjuUer, Sw. D.
liaustur, lystn, O. Sw. lystra; D. D. lystir. The pursuit of 'leistering' is usually prose-
cuted by night with the aid of artificial lights. In the Northern countries it would seem
leistering is not confined to the capture of salmon, nor to be followed by the human species
only ; — * Shtndom fdo" man dfven om ndttema te ett liut blots fara ofver sjon ; del Or dd
** troUguhben som or ule och Ijustrar :" ' at times one may see at night a little fiame moving
about over the sea ; that is just the troll, who is out leisUring.

Len, sb. Loan, a lending.

See lioan. The forms leyn, lenys of the old vb. approach this somewhat nearly.

* For bi h]rm that me dere boght

I traw that he wille leyn me noght.' Toumd. MyU. p. 10.

* Lenys he me as com thrift apon the so ?* lb.
The editor of Prieki of Consciinci quotes the form lin, pr. lint.

Length of, The. The extent or distance or limit of so and so.

* He ran /* lingtb o* tweea fields afore we catched him.'

' ** Hoo mich mun Ah give, faather?" " Wheea, bairn, thoo ma' gan /* lingtb 0' tolf
pan.

Comp. the Danish idiom — * Hun gik it par agirlangdir bir ogflytttdi ktnm : she went
a couple of field-lengths — tbi lingtb of two fields — and flitted the cows.

Lesty-day, interj. An abbreviation, no doubt,- of ' Alas, the day T

312 GLOSSARy OF THE

Let, pret. of To light, v. n.

' He fell down and let upon his head.' Wb. Gl,

Cf. the forms bigbt and beU, Percy's Foi, MS. i. 443 :— ' 8c bigbt her both gold and fee f
' he bett her gold for euer-more.'

JiOtten, p. p. of To light, v. lu
Letten, p. p. of To let

* T' farm ha' mostlings been Uiten for mair by owght.'

Levit, V. a. To lift or raise by mechanical means ; applied to any
heavy body which is scarcely capable of elevation by any ordinary means,
or with one's unassisted strengdi.

Probably a simple derivative from lift, with a somewhat arbitrary tense imposed. Comp.
Fr. lever, to lift, to raise, and level, the loud blast of a trumpet ; the sound raised in that
way.

' *' She is so heavy we are matched to get her leviited up stairs ;" of a sick or helpless
person.' Wb. Ol.

Lib, V. a. To castrate : especially applied to lambs.

Dan. D. (S. Jutl.) live; ai live en kalv, to geld a calf. Molb. collates N. Engl, lib, libber,
Dut lubben, and glib from the Winter's Tale. * To capon, to geld, to lib, to splaie.' Fhrio,
p. 5. * Libber, a man who libs or gelds.' lb. 89. * Itm. p. lybbyng porcorum . . . zd.*
Wbitby Abbey Roll of Disbursements, quoted by Young, Hist, of Wbitby, ii. 934. The
operation of libbinff consists in removing, with a dean cut, the lower portion of the
scrotum and extracting the testides through the opening so made. Cf. Sanscr. lup, sdndere.

Liberty, sb. i. The extent of one's territorial right or jurisdiction,
whether personal or rented. 2. A manor; sometimes appUed also to
any piece of freehold property.

* This extensive territory the monks of Whitby denominated their liberty ; and their
other lands and possessions were said to be extra libertatem — " without the liberty." '
Young's Wbitby, p. 272. The Iiiberty here specified is coinddent with the district 'since
called Wbitby Strand,* the boundaries of which are strictly defined.

I. * Lord D.'s Liberty;' * Squire W.'s Liberty,' &c.

The word thus used includes both the moor or common and landed property, as r^ards
the right over each.

*You may shoot and wdcome all over my liberty;* terms of permission given by a
Freeholder.

a. • Danby Liberty ;' • Skdton Liberty* &c.

Liblab, sb. The result of much beating or whipping, in the case of
cream, or trifle, &c. ; the smooth soft superstratum in such preparations.

Comp. Dan. D. lubber, the Vendsyssel term for anything which takes on a curdled (fevret,
loppered) or jelly-like condition. Comp. also Esth. lobbi, sleet, a mixture of snow and
rain ; Du. lobberen, to trample in wet and mire ; Sc. lappie, a plash or puddle ; Oael. laib,
slaib, mud ; O. N. slapp, limus, lutum.

* All of a froth and liblab.* Wb. Gl.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 313

Lioh-gate, lyoh-gate, sb. The roofed gateway into the churchyard,
where the corpse is set down until the clergyman is ready to commence
the funeral service and precede it through the churchyard into the
church.

A. S. /iV, lice^ liehama; Germ. Ineb, leichnam; O. Germ, liehamon; Goth, leik; Dut.
lyht lykaam; O. N. lik; Dan. liig, ligeme; Sw. /tit, the body; a corpse, or the dead body,
especially. Comp. Pr. Pm. * Lyebt, dede body. Funus, and Oorpse-yat ; also lyebe-
beUs and lieb-road or Uacb-way^ mentioned in note to Lyebe, Pr. Pm,

Lich-wake, like-wake, lyke-wake, sb. The watch, vigil or waking
held over a dead body. See Lich-gate. Also spelt Late-wake,
Lake-wake.

I have met with instances which bring the custom of waking the dead, as practised in
this district, down to almost the present time. Mr. Hylten Cavallius relates a Warend
legend of two friends who made a compact that the survivor of the two should watch by
the grave of the other through the first three nights after his interment. The devil came
to the grave each night, seeking the first night the entire body, the second craving only
a single limb, and the third willing to content himself with only a thread from the shroud,
which would have given him the power of haunting the old familiar scenes and persons.
* Connected with the notion involved here,' continues Mr. Cavallius, ' is the old mediaeval
custom of waking the dead until such time as their bodies can be conmiitted to the ground.
The purpose of the Wake-nights {Vake-nattar) has ever been to prevent Satan from taking
away the dead person bodily, and not a few histories of such attempts on his part are to be
met with in Warend folklore. Lights, prayers, and sacred hymns were especially efiSca-
cious in repelling his assaults.' Passing by the fact of the adoption of the practice by the
Church in mediaeval times without conmient, the writer adds that * even yet a relic of the
ancient notions may be recognised in the almost universal custom of laying, the moment
the breath ceases, a pair of scissors (or other steel instrument), together with a psalm-book,
upon the corpse as a safeguard against evil spirits and all kinds of Troll (witch) practices.
These amulets are removed as soon as the soul, in virtue of the death-knell (jgaia-ring'
ningen), has been taken under the protection of Holy Church.' War oeb Wird. p. 480. In
other cases, however, the idea seems to remain that the soul does not take final leave of the
body until after the burial (Jh. p. 457)» and it is with this notion' that the Iiioh-wake is
essentially connected.

Liok, sb. A mere wipe with a damp cloth, antithetical to a thorough
washing.

A curious instance of the conjunction of two not merely synonymous words, but words
which are merely variations in form of one and the same word, occurs in the example.
Comp. E. lick^ and O. N. sleikia, Dan. slikke, to lick.

' A lick and a slake ;' otherwise, ' a lick and a promise.'

I, sb. A thrashing, or beating.

* Welsh llacb, a slap ; llacbio, to slap, to thresh ; llacbbren, a cudgel.' Wedgw.

Lift, V. n. To raise the coffin on commencing the funeral procession
to church.

The custom usually is to bring the coffin out of the house,, when all is ready, and set it
on chairs before the door. Then when the mourners and other attendants are arranged in

S S

314 OLOSSARy OF THE

their places, two line! of a psalm or hymn are given out, the coflin is lifted as the singing
begins, and so the procession begins to move on, the appointed verses being snng ^oa|^
as the premises are left.

Lig, V. n. To lie down or along, to be situate.

O.N. liggia, Sw, ligga, Dan. ligge, M.G. Ugan, A.S. licgan, ligan, liggtm, PLD.
liggen. Germ. lUgeitt &c., to lie, to lie down or along.

* It ligs very fair for t* sun ;* of a garden, or other plot of land, with a sunny aspect.
' He oft ligs doon a bit, back pairt o' t' day.'

Tiig, V. a. To lay down, put down. Used principally with the per-
sonal pronoun after it. See Lig up to.

0. N. Uggja ; Sw. Idgga ; Dan. lagge.

* Lig thee doon, lass.' * Ah 11 Hg me on t' squab a bit, wi' your leave.'

* He ligg*d it doon as gin 't 'd brunt 'im.'

liig-a-bed, sb. One who lies late abed, a sluggard.
Lig een on, v. a. To see; of persons.

* Ah 've niwer ligg'd een on 'im syne ;' I have never seen him since.

' Ant lef me 'p ich mote Uggen ebnen uppon ]>e lu9ere unwiht "p weorrelS ajein me.' Seintt
Morb, p. 8.

Light, V. n. (pr. leeght). i. To alight, or settle, as a bird does, dis*
continuing motion and taking a setSed or fixed place; thence, to
descend or come down; and thence, to fall down. 2. To come in
contact with, to fall in or meet with.

1. • It flew away and lit upon a tree.' Wb. Gl,
a. * He fell down and let upon his head.' lb.

Cf. * fler is on hem bi-siden ligt,

fele it brende and made o-frigt.' Oen, tmd En. p. 104.

Light, adj. (pr. leeght). i. Of no great or comparative depth:
applied to a furrow in ploughing, to a shallow land-drain, and the
like. 2. Of no great, or of insufficient strength for a given purpose;
of a horse, man, boy : or, of inanimate objects, especially implements,
as a spade, a cart, a plough, &c. 3. Mealy, floury, as applied to
a cooked potato.

Light, adv. (pr. leeght). To, or at, no great depth.

* Yon field abune t' carrs 's nobbut ploughed Uegbt.*

* It 's varry Uegbt-drzintd, i* "heeal farm thruff.*

Lightening, sb. (pr. leeghtnen'). Barm or yeast, leaven, or any
other substance capable of application in the same way, or for the
purpose of making Paate or dough, light, or rise freely.

Lightening, sb. The first peep, or break, of day.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 3x5

Light on, V. n. (pr. leeght on). To prosper or succeed, without spe-
cifying whether well or ill, unless a qualifying word be joined.

* How will yon light on, think you ?' Wb, GL

* Has he UtUn on pretty well ? ' lb,

laightskirts, (pr. leeghtskirts). A female of questionable character,
or easy virtue.

Lightsome, adj. (pr. leeghtsom'). i. Affording or receiving abun-
dance of light; of a window or apartment. 2. Cheerful, lively;
antithetical to dull, low-spirited, dowly. 3. Gay, frolicsome, full of
life and spirits.

3. * " A Ueghtsonu fit ;*' a change from sadness to joy or serenity.' Wb, Ol
3. * " A Ueghtsomt, lilty sort of a body ;" light-hearted, inclined to dance.' Ih,

Lig up to. To proceed towards, to lay or shape one's course to ;
sc. a given place, house, village, &c.

An elliptical usage of lig, v. a. ; O. N. Uggja, Dan. l<tggi, &c.

' Weel, Ah mun awa' an' lig oop t Casselton.'

Cf. Olafr konungr heUt \>a austrjirir Sui\Hod ok lagdi inn j Ldginn . . . bann lagcU aUi
upp til Sigtuna ok la vidfamu Sigtun : King Olaf then held eastward to Sweden and put in
at Ldginn. He liggtd up all (the way) to Sigtun, &c. Flat. 1 1, p. 16. So also Worsaae's
Erobr, p. 135, two Viking fleets, having effected a junction, sailed to the mouth of the
Seine and lagdi op til Rouen,

Like, adj. i. Likely, to be expected. 2. Equivalent to, the same as.

See Mr. Wedgwood's able remarks on Liiit Likely,
I. ' Ah aims he 's like te coom about Kes'mas.'

* It 's like to rain afore neeght.'

3. • Why, it 's like nowght, bairn. It 's nobbut 3rah bite o' breead tiv a hungered man.'

* It 's like;' an expression of strong or hearty assent : — * " It 's dree work, teaching those
that are not willing to learn. It tires one sadly." " Aye, it 's like. Mass I It 's like," '

Likly, adj. Likely, probable. See Great likly.
Lile, adj. (pr. leel, or sometimes lahl). Little.

Dan. lilkt S. Jutl. liUe; whence lilling and liUdom^ childhood, the period of littleness;
liUman, a cottager, the holder of a small plot of land with a cottage on it ; Sw. liUe, lilla,

Lillilow, sb. A bright flame, a blaze.

O. N. logi, logt Sw. l&ga, Dan. lue, A. S. lig, lag, a flame, a blaze ; Dan. en lyt lue :
a bright flame, a Iiillilow. Probably the former part of the word is a simple consonantal
reduplication. Wb, Ol, characterises it as * a child's designation of the fire, or a light in
general ;' of a bright blaze, would be nearer the truth.

Lilting, lilty, adj. Light, frolicsome, gay-: as applied to music;
lively, in quick time, merry. See Lalling.

* Lilty tunes at yan could dance til : nowght like t' music yan thinks suld gan wi' t'
cho'ch.'

S S 2

3l6 GLOSSARY OF THE

Idmber, adj. Pliant, yielding to slight pressure or other force which
tends to bend the object qualified.

O. N. /impfoz, to become relaxed, or slack, to fail in strengdi. Comp. also Swiss lamptn,
to hang loose ; lampig, loose, flabby ; Swab, lumrndtg^ hanging down, having lost its stiff-
ness. Note also S. Jutl. lempleg, moderate, poor ; of little strength of character.

* As limber as a willow wand.' Wb, Gl,

laixnxners, sb. The shafts or thills of a waggon or other carriage.

O. N. litn, limi, a bough, branch of a tree. Worsaae, speaking of the many words com-
mon to N. England and to Jutland, but not otherwise met with in Danish, remarks that
* in N. England the shafts upon the carriages there in use are called Umnun, a word
which is evidently due to the same source as Jutl. Item, a broom ; inasmuch as both of
them are derived from O. N. limi.* Minder om de Danske, &c. p. lao. Ferguson observes
that in all probability the first rude cart-«hafts were little better than boughs roughly cot
from the tree.

laixnxner-horse, sb. The horse of the team which is placed between
the shafts or Lixnxners.

Lin, sb. (pr. line). Flax ; the plant {Linum usitcUtssimuni),

O. N. lin; Sw. lin; Dan. lUn; A. S. lin; Germ, lein; 8cc,

Lin, sb. (pr. linn). Linen ; the fabric made with the fibre of flax ; in
contradistinction to the plant itself, which is sounded Line.

S. Jutl. * Line, b0r, og bvad deraf gores ;' flax, and whatsoever is made with it (Kok) ;
Dan. D. /m-/o, a generic name for flax and its fibre ; lin-tmi, linen fabric, generally.

Linch, V. a. To flog or thrash, to beat with a whip or flexible cane.

The idea seems to be of flogging with an instrument which twines or links itself about
the person of the floggee. Cf. Lith. linkus, pliable, linkes, bent, linkti, to bow or turn,
which Mr. Wedgw. looks on as ' connected with O. N. bleckr, a chain ; N. lekk, a link,
a tether, especially one made of withy ; O. Sw. leek, Idnk, a link ; no doubt from its bent
form.' Another connection is suggested by the same writer's remarks under Limp.

Lin-clout, sb. Linen rag.

Comp. Dan. linklade, O. N. lin-kladi.

Line, v. a. To mix spirits with tea, &c.

Lineseed. Pr. of Linseed.

Ling, sb. The heather of the moors {Calluna vulgaris) : sometimes
applied as thatch ; frequently in the manufacture of Besoms or brooms.
By the name BlBok-ling it is distinguished from Crow-ling {Erica
cinerea) and Wire-ling (Empetrum nigrum).

O. N. ling, heather, any small shrub of like growth ; D. lyng ; Sw. Ijung.

Ling-berry, sb. The seed capsule of the Ling or heather.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 317

liin-iiail, sb. The linch-pin of a wheel.

S. G. lunta^ luntsHeka ; N. lunnstikh ; Dan. lundstikhe ; Belg. londse ; Dut. lunstt Itmdscb;
Germ. Icbne, lundse.

laipper, sb. A kind of dancing motion of the sea— or the surface
water itself when in the state of such motion — distinct from the regular
flow and roll of the waves, and probably due to the meeting or inter-
section of two sets of waves moving in different directions ; the leaping
wavelets themselves being often topped with spray.

Wedgw. quotes the Sc. fonn, lopper^ as allied to /06, and to Dut. lobberen, to trample in
wet and mire ; labberen, to shiver in the wind. Jamieson, however, suggests a connection
with O. Sw. laupa, I'dpa^ O. N. blaupa, &c., to run, to leap, and adduces Germ, lauffen,
laufft as well as O. N. blaup, laup, S. G. /op, as actually applied to water in motion.
Cf. Wyclifie's form lippidt * we han sungen to jou, and ^e han nat Uppid* Matt. xi. 17.

* There 's no great sets o* wind, but a great deal o* Upper on.' Wb. GL

Iiisk, sb. The flank, the groin.

O. N. lj6sM^ pubes vel locus pubis ; Dan. lysk$; Sw. Ijumske; Sw. D. Ijuske^ Ijdska^ hike,
lyvsJeje, &c.

Lit, V. n. A contracted form of light, v. n. ; used in the expression,
Soa'd lit on 't, &c.

Lite, V. n. i. To depend, or trust to. 2. To be kept in a state of
expectation or waiting, and so, to be delayed.

0. N. ///a, aspicere, to look towards or at ; O. Sw. lUat videre, with the secondary mean-
ing, * cum oculos convertamus a eos in quibus fiduciam nostram collocamus, ita notcU
quoque confidere ;* with the example, ' AUas ogon lita till dig : the eyes of all wait upon
thee. Ps. cxlv. 15' (Ihre) ; Sw. /t/a, Dan. lide, but used only in the simple tenses. Dan. D.
lide coincides in sense with our meaning a; as, leg bar Udi henge efier dig: I have
looked for, or expected, you a long time. The corresponding A. S. word is vdiian ;
M. G. wlitan.

1. * " I suppose, then, I may lile o* you ;** may trust to your word.' Wb, GL

• You will be to be lited on ?' lb,

2. * I have been liting o* you this half hour.' lb.

Lith, sb. A limb, a member of the body, a joint.

O.N. lifSr, articulus; A. S. lif$, Fris. liib, Germ, glied. Sec.; O.Dan. liib€B, to dis-
member or cut limb from limb. * Sound in liib and limb ;' * allir okrir Udir oh limir erv
miukir buerr til sinnar ^ionustu ;' all our lilbs and limbs are compliant each to their several
service : Flat. i. 433 ; • hele you litbe and lym :' Toumel. Mysi. p. 337. Comp. O. N. * ai
lemja einn allan i lifSo ;' to lunb or shred one up into joints. The joint itself, or articulus,
seems to be thought of in the expression lith and limb. Cf. Kith and Slin.

Lithe, V. a. To thicken, broth especially, and by the admixture of
oatmeal or flour-paste, made for the purpose. See Lithing.

Jam. connects this with A. S. litbian, to mitigate ; liAew€ecan, to become mellow. There
is a certain degree of likeness in the idea of a fluid thickened until it assumes a sort of
smooth yielding consistency— ^omp. Welsh llytbw, to render or become flaccid, soft — and

3i8

GLOSSARy OF THE

t Ilth-wake. Bui whether thne i)
nlence Jam. quolM from Olaut Mign.
_ It flowly in their work— iuad fydur
grauOiam gtnia: how gel you on io liliiag ihc crowdv? — ii perhaps another queilion,
Ihre gives Ud, potut ioebriaiu. ticera, and collalei Itiiha hi drigHd, siceritn noa bibel
(Ulph. Luke i. 3s) : bul he itites thai the drink inlended was dicerie riom bolh wine and
mead. In fact, it was a * compounded drink, a wine mingled with iwetl things' {Parfchunl,
Hesychiui), and as loch, probably thickened, or lithed. A. S. /liS must iutelj be nearly
uectcd with the M. G. liilba ; ibe tense assigned to it, bowevei. by Baiw. being that <^

ban the

iquor I

Ziithing, sb. A smooth paste of flour or oatmeal and water, pre-
pared for the purpose of thickening or giving body to broth.

Litle, adj. (pr. lahtle or Ifilde). Litde.

than ordinary interest, as aUnost certainly originating in
S. lylit. lylte. ' The sborl oi unaccented A. S, y it con-

tepreienled by modem English words of Ihc tame
myHcry, duly : — lyslan, fylil, lyndir. Set.' Boiw.

with the accented or long i. Marsh remarks, thai

Thisteer

o. N. una

taincd in the following words, which
signification, having the y sonnded ai
On the other hand. O. N. llrdi is writ
' it is an observation more familial
English long vowels are nearly all diphthong!, thai is, the proper long sound hi combination
wi& that or I, (the Conlineulal i.) or in tome cases H. Thus our o m rfny, and even in
/alt, is really a, (the Continental «,) -n. The diphthon^l character of our lone vowelt,
though obvious enough in the case of n and (, is less so in o and u. where the lubordinata
element is the obscure il, but it is very palpable and conspicuous in the long i, which it ■
true diphthong, consitting of the a in /alber followed by i. and in many Continental lan-
guages the time or a very timitar sound it lepretented by the combination oi.' Ltthirts os
Eng. Long. 1st Sei. p. 4S1. This is very nearly the sound of the 1 In oar lltle. The
compiler of 1**. Gl. tccks to represent it by nai m laabdt, and by or in torzoii {^ bizni)
and tiorw ( — sbive), but really the sound intended il nearer that of the Or. oi, or, 11
Mr. Marsh says, of ' the a oi fiuber followed by «;' and while this circuDittance connect!
our word with its O. N. origin, il cfFictually separates it from A. S. tyltl. As bearing upon
the nature atul elements of our dialect, this remark is of tignificance. Contrast the short ■
in bind, find, wind (the vb,). mind (the vb.}, &c., pronounced bvt»d, Jiiuid, viiaiul,
mimd. Sec.

LitB, sb. A spring, or source of a stream.

Iiiver,

lb ; Hi (in the pi. Hi

. a. (pr. livver).

To dehver, to hand over.

Comp. Dan. and N. Itvert, which Molb. refers to Germ, tii/em. lo hand over, to deliver ;
as. Itg Uvrtdt bant brtvtl i tgm bamd : I livered him the document into his own hand ;
do- sial Innrn hundridt Im ba lit di Dongiligi uaidt : there shall be llvered a hundred
loads of hay for the royal stables.

'is lhe>hipIivMr(rff At what whiifis she /jvwruty T' IVb. 01.

laveraooe, sb. Liberation, release.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 319

Load-saddle, sb. A wooden pack-saddle, by the use of which
a horse or mule might be made available to carry the luggage which,
now-a-days, he usually draws. Of constant use, in days not yet so very
long past, in this district when horse-traffic was the only traffic possible.
See Causeway, Bow-bridge.

Lobster-louse, Lobstrous-louse. The common wood-louse, or
* sow-bug' {Oniscus armadillo).

Hall, quotes Hob'tbrush4ouse as a name of the * Millepes/ by which name, no doabt,
tiie wood-louse is intended. Dr. Adams {Proceedings of d>e Pbil. Soe. p. 1 7) refers to the
name ibrutb-louse, and proposes an expUuiation of it; as also, at pp. 9, ii, he does with
our Iiobstrons-louae. He thinks the name is due to * the root Ich-, impljring ** the slug-
gish moyer." * Any one who has ever noticed the plates on the lobster's tail, and compared
with them the scales with which the back of the wood-louse is protected, might perhaps
think there was another derivation not quite so &r-fetched and equally probable.

Logging, sb. A bimdle or truss of long-straw.

Hall, quotes ' loggin^ a bundle or lock. North;* and it seems not unlikely that the con-
nection is with Dan. D. loge^ a handful, lock or small wisp or bundle, of flax, wool, &c.
Molb. suggests a relation between loge and lok or lokhe. This is, probably, preferable to
supposing a connection with log, impl3ring looseness, or the motion of things that hang
loose, site Wedgw. in w. Log, Logger.

Lone, loan, sb. A lane, a narrow passage.

Dan. D. laane or lane, a bare place in fields of rye, from which the com has perished ;
Sealand lane, an open place, left unplanted, or deprived of its former growth ; Fris. lona,
loan, a lane or narrow passage. Molb. collates Eng. lane^ and Scot, loan, loaning, with
the words just quoted. In the account of the Heavenly City, E, Eng, Allii. Poems, A.
1. 1064, the writer says, —

* pe )ates stoken wal3 neuer 3et,
Bot euer more vpen at vche a lone ;*

where, in the Gloss., Mr. Morris collates the Fris. /omo, lana, and suggests a pouible con-
nection with O. N. leyna, to hide, to conceal ; as also does Ferguson.

' Li^tliche Lyjere* leop a-wey ]>ennes,
Lurkede j^orw loner toAoggitd of many.'

P, Plough, (E,E, T,S,) p. a6.

* Clarisse of Cokkes lone,* Ih, p. 61.

Loning, loaning, sb. (oflen pr. lonnin', or lo'nin', with a sort of
suppressed r-soimd before the first «.) A lane, a narrow roadway, but
antithetical to a * highway,' or the Turnpike.

• A brant, rutty lonnin', Wb, Gl,

• West /oniun'-end ;' a local designation in Danby. ' Scheeal lonnin*,* 8cc,

Loof, Infe, sb. The open hand or palm.

Hald. gives Iqfi, vola manus, rendered in Dan. by luen 1 haanden, Comp. Welsh Uau, the
hand, llawf^ the palm of the hand. Rietz gives the Sw. D. word lahh, a large open hand,
Ir. lam (pr. lav. Jam.), with which he collates Uauf, O. N. Idmr, Comp. also M. O. lofa.

• Oie us thy luje, not thy fist.' Wb, Ol,

320 GLOSSARY OF THE

Look, V. a. To pick out the weeds from among the growing com.

• " Whar's Nanny?" " Awa* i' t* far sahd o* Langlands loukin* t' wheat." *

There is a curious instance of an editorial mistake in the Gloss, to Vork Casile Depo-
sitions, in connection with this word and a fonner (if not still existing) use of it. Two
women are chaffering about the price of some eggs, and not being able to come to terms,
one of them desires the other * to sitt downe and looke her head, which, accordingly, she
did. And then the said Anne lookt this informant's head. And, when they had done, she
went home.' (p. 19a.) The fact is, these two women were mutually relieving each other
of certain occupants of their hair, as monkeys are said to do. The Gloss, note is, ' knotted
or tied. This was thought to be the work of witches or fairies, and the knot placed the
victim in their power.' * The said Anne' certainly was informed against as a witch by
* this informant,' who alleged that she was ridden by the other — Shaving been first changed
into the shape of a horse — ^to the unhallowed rendezvous of the witches and their master :
but it is odd the editor did not notice that the victim also * lookt' the witch's head, and
not the witch only the victim's.

Iiooks-t'ee 1 For * looks thee/ or * lookest thee/ and equivalent to
* look you !' or, * do you see ?' according to the mode of application.

• Looks-fee I yon 's t' coUonel : him o' t' grey Galloway.'
•"Whilk'shim?" "Wheca, yon! Looh-feeV

Iioose-gaited, adj. Conducting oneself unsteadily or immorally.

, Loose-i'-f-heft, sb. A person of loose principle, or none at all;
idle, dissolute, not to be depended on. See Heft.

Loosing, pr. pcpl. Moving idly about from place to place, as one
that has no tie and no occupation ; leading a vagabond life.

The unvarying Clevel. mode of pronouncing £. loose, namely, lowse, or even lowse,
effectually separates between it and our word, as also our pronunciation of lose — that is,
loss— does with respect to that word. Iioosing is most likely connected with the old
word loself as it with loreL Cf. Pr. Pm. * Lorel, or losel or ludene. Lurco,* and see the
note, in which the forms lozzdl, lozell, as well as losel are quoted from many sources, and
as equivalent to lorel or lorell, Comp. O. N. Ura, lora ; tetilari, a degenerate person, one
of lost character ; Sw. /brlora, with which collate the synon3rmous Sw. D. lisa, Sw. fbr-
lisa, O. Fris. forliasa, W. Fris. Jbrliezien, N. S. verlesen, O. Sax. forleosan, A. S. forledsan,
ledsan. Sec,

* He gans loosing about.' Wb. Gl,

Loo' ye ! For * look ye,' and equivalent to * see !' * take notice !' or
to * you see,' * you observe.'

* Loo' ye I noo. Ah said he 'd dee it ; an' he hez.'

Lopp, sb. A flea {Pulex trritans),

Dan. and Dan. Dial, loppe, Sw. loppa, A. S. loppe, all from the cognate vbs. lobe, Ibpa,
blaupa, bleapan, to leap. The quaint sayings, both Clevel. and Dan. Dial., involving the
name of this insect, are noteworthy for their coincidence as well as their wit. Thus, De er
eetf meer end en lopp* i en do leu : they are nobbut a Lopp in an empty bam, is almost
literally rendered by our Iioat like a Lopp in a Kirk, said of a person living in a house
far too large for his requirements. Wb. Gl, Again, Han a som en lopp* poo en glob : he is

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 3^1

Hke a laopp on a hot cinder, is similar in idea to the expression, peert as a Lopp, used of
a person nimble and active in his movements. Cobby as a Iiopp is also said of any one
in the briskest good health. It may be a question whether in Townel, Myst, p. 62, the
word lopp does not take a wider meaning. Speaking of what is usually called the Plague
of Lice, the complaincr says, —

* Grete loppy% over alle this land thay fly,
And where thay byte thay make grete blowre,
And in every place our bestes dede ly.*

And it may be observed that Bosw. gives a second meaning for A. S. loppt^ namely, ' A
silkworm, bombyx.' Comp. also Sw. sugf^a-loppe, a sow-bug.

Loppered, adj. i. Coagulated or curdled; of milk: thence, prob-
ably, the derivative sense of 2. Extremely dirty, filthy, as if by the
deposit of dirt in cakes or lumps upon one's person, &c.

O. N. blaupa, to run together, to coagulate ; Sw. D. lipa, Sw. lopa ibop, lopna, Dan.
Iwhit &c. ; the corresponding nouns being O. N. blaup or blaub, S. G. lopt, Sw. and N.
lope, Dan. l9be. Germ, lab, M. G. lap, Dut. leb. Sec, all meaning ' rennet,' or calf's stomach
prepared to produce coagulation of milk. * What is implied to our sense by this word,'
says Ihre, * is simply the concretion or condensation of fluid matters. Thus of milk, which,
becoming acidified, is coagulated, we say mjolken Ibpnar ; and I'dpen mjblh is curdled milk.
Also of the water in a pool or lake which is congealed into ice we use the expression
idupenJ Comp. our loppered milk and the old use of lopett as in the following : —

' par duellid man in a myrk dungeon.
And in a foul sted of corupcion,
Whar he had na other fode
Bot wlatsom glet & loper blode. Pr, of Come, L 459.

And again, from Gaw, Douglas, ii. 6a I :— >

* And of his mouth
The lopprii blude in ded-tfaran voydis he.'

Wb, GL gives ' Loppard* flea-bitten ;' but, I think, incorrectly, except in %o far as the idea
of infested with fleas falls in with that of extreme dirt ; the example being,—
' *' Loppard and lost ;" thoroughly infested with dirt, as a house or an individual'

Loss, V. a. Pr. of Lose.

* Tak' heed, man. Thee 'U loss tha' muckinger.'

Cf. ' And forthi )>ay lose mekill tyme, and louts hurc meede, and ekes thaire pa3me
gretly. Sec* Rel, Pieces, p. 51.

* We losse \>e lordechipe of >is worlde.' lb. p. 31.

Lost, adj. Overwhelmed; in an almost hopeless state.

* " Lost V muck ;" filthy to a degree.' Wb, Gl.

' " Lost i' thrang ;" over head and ears in oppressive business.' lb,

Iiound, adj. i. Still, calm, quiet; of a day or season. 2. Sheltered,
out of the reach of the wind ; of a place or position.

O. N. lygta, to cease to blow, to become calm, logm, cainmess, stillness of the air ;
S. G. and Sw. Ivgn, id., lugna, to make calm ; v. imp. to grow or become calm ; also,

T t

322 GLOSSARV OF THE

reflective, in the same sense. The corresponding Dan. adj. and vb. are luun, lune; Dan. D.
ft/tin, as, luun vailav, still weather ; S. Jutl. logn, pr. much as our word is, or with the d
almost suppressed, and signifying sheltered from the wind, as in our 2nd meaning. Comp.
also O. N. bldna^ N. lanat Sw. D. lana, to become mild, to intermit, of rain, pain, &c.

I. * A fahn, cawm, loum* daa ;' a fine, temperate, still day. See Calm.

a. * T' hoos ligs iv a lown* spot eneugh.'

Cf. Dan. et luunt sted, a sheltered place ; and S. Jutl. e bus ligger i e logning : the house
lies in a lound place.

Lounder, v. a. To beat or thrash severely ; to strike with heavy
strokes.

Jam. gives this word, as a vb., with exactly the same sense as ours, and, as a sb., meaning
* a severe stroke or blow ;* and also, * loundit^ p. p. beaten ;' of which last he says, ' this
seems to be the origin of launder; although I cannot even form a conjecture as to the
radical term.' Halliwell's form, however — * /oiw, to beat, to thrash. Nor A* — almost desig-
nates O. N. blunnr, N. lunn, Sw. D. luna, a staff, a coul-staff ; O.N. blunnar, Sw. D. lunnar
or Idnnor, the rollers by aid of which a boat is drawn up from, or down to, the sea, as the
origin. The thick staff would give the heavy blows.

* " Lounder his lugs ;*' box his ears soundly.' Wb. Gl,

Loiindering, sb. A sound thrashing, or chastisement.

* You deserve a good laundering* Wb. Gl.

Loundering, adj. Heavy, severe ; of a blow.
Loup, V. n. To leap, bound, jump.

O. N. blaupa, bleypa, O. Sw. and Sw. lopa^ Dan. hhe, M. O. blaupan, A. S. bUapan,
Germ, laufen^ Fris. blapa.

* They say t' hart louped forty-tweea feet at yah loup.'

* " Do they rise at all?" (to a fisherman.) " Aye, t' beck's fair alive wiv 'cm loupin*" *

* *' To loup and beat ;" of the pulsations in the human frame.' Wb. Gl.

Loup, sb. I. A leap or jump; the act. 2. The distance leaped, or
space covered, in or at a leap.

Low, sb. Flame, or blaze : in contradistinction to live coals or
embers. See Lillilow.

O. N. I6ga, to blaze, log, a flame, a blaze ; O. Sw. logo, Ihga ; Sw. l&ga ; Dan. /m ;
Germ. lobe. Dan. en lys lue, a bright blaze.

Lowance, sb. i . Portion or allowance ; particularly in reference to a
stipulated or customary quantity of drink. 2. An unqualified or decided
beating or thrashing.

Lowse, V. a. To make loose, untie, &c.

O. N. leysa^ to loose, or make loose ; Sw. I'dsa; Dan. l9se; A. S. liesan (in the comp. vb.
on4iesan) ; Germ. I'osen. May not our word come directly from O. N. laus, released or
loose, free, itself a derivative from leysa t The sound of the ow is so distinct, and 00 in our
dialect is so different— cf. Soheeal, Feeal for scbool,/bol, 8cc. — that it seems hard to
account for the form except from the O. N. forms.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 323

Lowse, adj. i. Loose. 2. Free from one's indentures, having ful-
filled the stipulated period of service.

0. N. laus, free, released. Comp. Dan. l»se/blk, those who are not in service, or tied to
a master.

Lowse, lowze, sb. i . A disclosure, or revelation, particularly of a
startling or unexpected nature. 2. A throwing off of restraint, moral or
other ; a breaking loose. 3. A lunge, or attempted blow or other stroke.

1. • " What a lowze I** — a strange disclosure or revelation.* Wb, Gl.

2. * He 's made a strange lowse out in 't : getting tweea lasses wi' bairn ;*' of a young
widower, who had broken loose in the way specified.

3. * Ah made a lowze at it (a crossing hare) wi' my stick, but Ah miss't it.' Wb, Gl,

Lowsening, lowzening, sb. i. A liberation or setting at liberty;
of scholars, at the end of school-hours ; of an apprentice, at the end of
his time, &c. 2. The feast or entertainment with which the apprentice
celebrates the expiry of his indentures.

Lowse-out, lowsen-out, v. a. To unpack goods ; open a shop in
the morning; take a horse or horses out of a carriage, or from the
plough, or other trailing work ; to let the cattle out of the Byre, &c.,
for watering or other purposes ; to liberate the children at a school, at
the hour of closing ; to dismiss the congregation at church, &c.

Iiucky-stone, sb. A stone or pebble with a natural hole through it.
See Holy-stone.

Lug, sb. I. The ear, of man or animal. 2. The ear or handle of
a pitcher, iron pot, or the like.

Wedgw. says, * The lug of the ear, the flap or hanging portion of the ear, and by exten-
sion, lugt the ear itself. The origin is seen in Swiss lugg^ luck, loose, slack ; luggen, to be
slack. Hence lug is applied to what flaps, or hangs loose, as in E. to the flap of the ear,
and in Sw. to the forelock ; lugga, to pull one by the hair, as E. to lug a sow is for a dog
to pull it by the ears.' This supposes the ear * to flap or hang loose,' which it does in some
modern species of dog, and in some pigs. But the rule is that the ear is stiff and erect ; the
pendulous ear is the exception. I should much rather discern a likeness between lug and
Ihre's laggt extremum cujuscunque rei : . . . . necnon de ultim& parte lignorum in rasis ligneis
quae extra conmiissuras eminet ; a word which, in D. Dial, takes the form lyg or hg, with a
little variation of sense. It should be observed that in stave-made wooden vessels the end
of the stave which projects above the rest and is perforated to serve as a handle is the Jixtg,
The Fot-lug^i, again, are the perforated ears of metal rising above the edge or brim of the
pot and receiving the ends of the moveable Bow or the Kelps. The O. N. form of
the word is loggt defined by Hald. as * margo, vel incisura vasis lignei a fiindo.'

Lug-ends, sb. The tips or extremities of the ears.

' It was like a low, or lahtle flame like a candle light at lug-ends o' t' horse ;' of electric
lights playing about the ears of the horse and the rider's hair on a dark, thick night.

Lnmberly, adj. (pr. limimerly, or rather, loommerly). Awkward,
heavy, cumbrous ; of either persons or things.

T t 2

OLOSSARF OF THE

Uabble, v. a. To dress alone roughly with the hammer or stone-
axe, instead of dressing it smooth with the chisel, or tooling it.

Probably identicil wilh m

miner, to mumble, ' The icriii Kemi lo be •pplied,'
1 impediment! j' and oue of the iaiuncet quoted ii,
' iDinme mifflid with the moDth. Depoi. Ric. ii. p. 19.' Cf. Sw. D. m/uvln. mjiuvla.
Wedgw. eTpUins ma^t by ' to itiminer, to (peat impfrfeetly, or move the jawi like ■
young child. The action of the toolhleu jawt of infancy or age ii repieieated by virioui
cambinatiom of the labial articulatloni, ba, /a, ma. Du. maff^tn, moffilen, lo Hammer, to
inoye the jiwi ; Bav. maffih, to mumble, chew with toothiesi jaw*.' Now the action in
hammer-dressing a itone i> in fact veiy timilar to that of ihe loothleii jaw in mumbling oi
attempting la chew, not to mention imperfect articulation. It ii a leriei of repeated peckt,
w lo speak, and any one who hai noticed the action of the under jiw of an aged peiion
when he (or ihcl hid an intractable mouthful lo deal with, might Teiy well tranifer hit
tupieaion for tuch action to [hat of the iharp-pointcd ilonc-axo in the operation called

Maddle, v. a. and n. i. To confuse or bewilder, a. To grow con-
fused or become bewildered; to talk incoherently. 3. To be foolishly
fond of, or in love, with a woman ; to be ' mad in love.'

and, apparently. a>

' But hit ii no ferly (laj a fole maddt.
And ^nlTi wilci of wymmen be wonen to lot^t,'
Comp. alio. Swill madiln, to mutter ; Prov. Germ, madtn. to chatter.
I. ' Ah wai fairly maddUd wi 't, lik'an a din an' clatter ai 't war.'
3. ■ Ah miii'd t' reeghl track an' Ah maddlid alang o" t' rulci;'
Ihe fog.

3. ■ He rum maddling efler hei w

Wii bewildered in
neTer-gi»e-ower." Wb. CI.

fool' of the Sword Dance

Uadge, madgipog, sb. The clown
party, or Plough-HtotH.

Hafted, adj. t. Stifled, oppressed for want of air, overdone with
heat and closeness, as in a crowd or under excess of clothing. 3, Beaten
out of breath by having to contend with a snow-blast.

Thii word occurj in both Wh. Gl. and Lttdi 01. The definition in the latter ii, ' To be
deprived of air, wheihet by leaion of too much clothing, or of an overcrowded room, where
It ii difficult to brcilhe." Probably the connection it with Dut. ma/, lulliy. Collate alio

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 325

Mainswear, v. n. To take a false oath, perjure oneself.

A. S. mdn-twirioHf to forswear ; mdn'swora, mdn-swara, a perjurer. Comp. Sw. twrja
ng men, to forswear oneself; Dan. meensvcerge, used principaUy in the p.p. meentvorent in
the same sense exactly as our xnanswom; O.N. meinsceri, perjury, meinsitrismadr,
a manswom man ; from O. N. miin, Sw. men, Dan. mun, A. S. man, all signifying what is
hurtful, bad, wicked,

Mair, comp. adj. More.

Cf. O. N. miiri, meir, A. S. man, Dan. mar or min, &c,

Maist, sup. adj. Most.

0. N. msitr, Dan. mist, A. S. moii, &c.

Maist-hand, adv. For the most partly, chiefly. See ITear-hand.

* Maist-hand all ;' nearly all.

Mak', sb. I. Make, fashion, design. 2. Kind, sort or species.
See Manders.

1. * It 's a queer mak\ yon drag-harrow o' Willy's.'

a. * " What mah*i hae ye?" what kinds or Tarieties ; for sale, namely.' Wh, 01,

Make, sb. An equal, or fellow : thence a companion.

O. N. mahi, an equal, a fellow, a consort, conjuz ; S. O. maikt, socius, par ; Dan. magt,
that which is like another such, which may be compared with another of the same sort
for likeness or congruity, hence the adj. mage, like, matched, fellows, as of stockings ;
Sw. make, id.; fem. maka, a woman who is connected with a man by marriage, his
fellow, that is, or consort. In this last sense the word is of frequent occurrence in Early
English: as —

* *' Woltou wedde )»is wommon," quod )>e kjrng* ** 3if I wol assente ?
Heo is bLjn of >i felawschupe' for to beo >i make,** '

Skeat's P. Ploughm. p. 34.

' Se)>|>en lawe ha)> I-loket* Jntt Tche mon haue a make
In nuriage and matrimoyne* I-medlet to-gedere.' /(. p. laz.

* Thi wife, that is thy make! Townd, Mysi, p. 23 ; see also p. 5.

Chaucer uses the word in both senses ; for instance, in the sense of consort, for wife,
Marcbcnmfs Tale, p. 67 ; for husband. Second Nannie Tale, p. 117 : in the sense of fellow,
match, in the Knigbts Tale, p. ao : —

' And if so fall, that the chieftain be take.
On either side, or ellis sleen his make*

The same sense is implied in unimake. Lay. iii. 85 ; makeles, makelese, S, Mark, pp. 1 1,
17 ; and * makeles of mercy,' Percy's Folio MS, p. 314; — ^matchless, that is, without equal
or fellow.

Mak' meat. To prepare food for the family meal ; a duty devolving
on the mistress of the house, in farm-houses as well as others.

Mak' muBio. To perform on any musical instrument.

326 GLOSSARY OF THE

Mak' out, V. n. To succeed or arrive at an end or object

' He nobbut meead badly out V yon business ;' met with but bad success.
' Mcbbe he mai*s out to addle his living by 't.*

Mak' sharp ! Make haste 1 Be sharp ! Be quick 1 See Sharp.

Mak' spare. To be saving ; to use things sparingly or economically ;
to deal out grudgingly.

* Deean*t mak* spare on *t. There 's mair ahint ;' of the eatables on the table, for
instance.

Mamlocks, sb. Small fragments of bread, such as children, who
have more than they can eat given them, are apt to crumble or break
the excess into.

Moor gires mammock^ * to cut and hack victuals wastefiilly' — a word I knew bo& as sb.
and vb. in Essex, but applied there not only to cutting or haggling, but to breaking and
crumbling any article of food that admits of such treatment. * Manunock,' sajrs Wedgw.,
* a piece or scrap. Properly the remnants of eating, what has been mamhUd or munMed*
It is observable that we keep the / in our form. Wedgw. connects the word with
O. N. tnumla, Dan. mumle, S. G. and Sw. mumla, to mumble, to mutter or speak indis-
tinctly, or as between the teeth ; whence the action implied in the other sense of £. mumbU,
to work with the jaws or teeth in the way of eating, but not with downright biting.

Mamsfout, sb. A much petted child; the one which is its 'mammy's
pet/ and which is surely, to a certain extent, therefore, spoiled. See
Pout or Powt.

Man, sb. A husband ; or rather the husband of the woman speak-
ing or spoken of: sometimes used of the man who is to be the
husband.

• Unto my lady stable, true and sure.
Faithful and kind, sith first that she began
Me to accept in service as her man,* Court o/Lovtt p. 130.

Comp. Dan. mand in such sentences as bun vil ikke have bam til mand : she will not
have him to husband ; at give sin datter en mand : to give his daughter a husband. The
Sw. usage is similar.

* Me an* mah man *s gannan.' It might be said by either a married woman, or one that
simply had a sweetheart who purposed marrying her.

Manders, sb. Varieties, different sorts, such as go to constitute any
mingled mass.

Simply a corruption, 1 believe, of manners, a word of perpetual use in old writers in as
nearly as possible the same sense and application.

*"Have you many different sorts of things?" "Aye, Ah warr*nd ye! a* ma*ks an'
manders." *

Comp. * Mony maner marchaundise.' Skeat*s P. Plougbm. p. 58.

* Of so many maner men* >at on molde liuen.' 76. p. 35.

* I haue seyn hym in so many maner formes.' Merlin, p. 302.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. Jfl^

Mang, sb. A mash of bran, malt, &c.

O. N. nungat A. S. mengean^ Germ, mengen^ Sw. manga. The S. Jutl. dialect has the
word mSng, signifying * a mixture of chaff with wash, or with bruised com that has been
macerated in water :* a word, in other terms, ahnost exactly coincident with ours in both
sound and sense.

Mang, V. a. To mix up, to intermingle ; mainly of matters to be
used as food, whether by man or beast.

* They wad fain mak' the'r ain meat. But 't wur nobbut a manged oop mess when a'
wur deean ;' said of the dinner of a Benefit Society, which had been provided and cooked
by the members themselves, instead of by the landlady at the inn, as usual : (the landlady
herself being the speaker).

Manifold, manifolds, sb. (pr. monifaud). The bowels or intestines :
sometimes applied, it would seem, to the stomach. See Wh, GL in v.
* Moneyfawd.'

Mannish, v. a. (Pr. of manage). To work a farm ; to apply manure.
See Mannishment.

Mannishment, sb. Manure ; this being the sine qud nan for good
management of land.

Comp. the follo\if ing : — * O. E. tnanuri^ to occupy or cultivate land, in modem times
confined to the single operation of laying on dung or substances adapted to give '* fertility." '
Wedgw.

* Poor crops ? Aye. What can yau luik for else ? There 's nae mannisbment V t* land,
t* heeal farm thruflf.*

Mannnr. Pr. of Manure, both v. and sb.

Mantel-tree, sb. The long, massive, but narrow wooden shelf (al-
most a beam) crossing just above the wide opening of the old-fashioned
fireplace, replaced in modern houses by the chimney- or mantel-piece.

Mar, V. a. To injure, damage, spoil.

A good O. £. word, fast going out of use.

* Yon chap 's mich mair lahk (like) t' mar an t' mend 't ;' of any matter in unskilful hands.

Mar, sb. A mere or small lake.

S. G. mar^ lacus, mare ; O. N. mar, mare ; Dan. mar, the sea — almost obs. except in
compound words; O.Dan. m<Br; Dan. D. man, a low-lying, water-logged place; A. S.
mere, m<sre, a mere, lake, pool, marsh ; Germ, meer, a lake. ' If L. mare be the same as
Sanskr. vari, vari does not mean sea, but water in general. . . . Mare is more likely a
name /or dead or stagnant water.* Max Miiller's Cbips, ii. 48.

Mark's-e'en. The eve of St. Mark's Day. See Ass-riddliag,
Cauff-riddling.

The usages, formerly much observed on this night, are perhaps scarcely extinct even
yet. The watch in the church-porch, for the purpose of ascertaining who among the
parishioners is to be carried to his long home in the churchyard during the ensuing year,
is still spoken of as matter of recollection, if not of these days' practice. The duly gifted
watcher, according to some, would see all his fellow-inhabitants proceed into the church.

32«

GLOSS A RV OF THE

iiiJ defile ihente igain in long procfssioi
to dcith before anatlict Uark'a-e'en: n
would be foimed only of the tliapei of th<

1. leiving only luch behind them u were aunsd
ccoiding to DihcTE, the proceuion into the church
E doomed onei, who pui into the church, but do
not reiutn laence. Anatnei tofoi ot me nation it. to watch bj a window which CDminindi
the Ohorob-Toad, when the figures of ihoK who are to die within the year wiil be seen
to pus It if boun for oho'oh. Should the watcher, however, fall atleep al the myitic
hour of riiion (midnight) he ii hunielf imang rhote whole death is auned. A remuk-
able itory of this kind It still told of one who must have been ' a remarkable woman,' and
who tiinnally practised this observance (at a window yet pointed out at ibe wuidow she
resorted to for the purpose), to the effect that, having fallen asleep al her post, the an-
Qounced on the following morning bei own impenduig decease, and added the strictest injunc-
tiont — under the penally of her coming ssoin if they were disregarded — thai, wbatevei
the trouble or difficulty, she wis to be carried to the chutcbyard by the Obnroh-road.
Tbe injunctions were obeyed, moreover, although the bearers hid la wade through atmott
impassable accumulations of snow, which the Cturoli-road, leading over a moorland
plateau of 1,000 feel elevalion. with tremendoas Books on cither tide, rendered all the

ances is merely a remnant, and a small one, of the ideas and uiages involved in ihe Sw.
phrase, alt gi in-ging (literally, t" Boe t* yoBra-Bang). ' This usage, or healben
mystery,' layt Hylien Cavallius. ' is mainly grounded, in the popular belief, on tbe powerfiil
inAuencet which characterised the holy High-tide nights, or the nighti which preceded
the commencement of a fresh sun-ihift,' War. och Wird. p. 393. One very instruclivB
account of the objicit aimed at I alto tianslale ai follows: — ' An ancient and ttiU well-
known practice in Wiirend has been att p3 baglids-nalliraa gi Iri-gSag, in order to be-
come possessed of preternatural wisdom or knowledge of divers torti. It is emphalicall]>
stated that when any one lia< gtsad for six years, attending strictly to all the nqnisits
observances, it comes to pass, when on the last day of the tevcnlh year he gtSN yet
again, that he encounters one riding, out of whose Ibtoal proceed vivid flames, and who,
in his mouth, holds a mne-staJFor wand. If now the " years-gang ganger" is both dating and
active enough to spring upon the rider and snatch the wand from his mouth, it is said that
in virtue of bis acquisition he will become so wise and far-kuowing as to be able to answer
whatever enquiries may be propounded to bim ; nay, even to see nine ells deep into the
earth. Most evidently the rider wilh the rune-slaff in his mouth is none cite than beatbeo-
veneraled Odin, who, as all folk-trow holds, ii always out. mounted on his sable charger,
on just thoie nighti when those who are booit atl gi iriglng must needs be about.'
lb. p. »i3. Comp. alto the following : — ' First they — the gfters — go to the churchyard
(provided only they can win thither and home the same nighl — a particular which probably
helps to illustrate our window-watching) and there Ihey tee a Vsat of strange things, espe-
cially if heavy mortality be impending in the coming year; for then they tee the digging

of many graves continued the nighl through, and a gieat concourse of folk On

coming to a court {gird, » laim-stcading, yet built in the form of a court), if they knock
gently on the wall and ask " Is any one here to die?" the doomed one, if then be any
lucli, will reply ■' yes j" if tbeie be none, the answer is " no," given without delay, whether
the inmates be asleep or awake." lb. 393. Many other signs or tokens ate mentioned, u
of coming war, fruitful harvest or the reverse, floods. Sec. ; these, together with the dbterr-
■oces to be specially attended to by ihe gasn, though deeply inteietling, t onul h iiot
pertinent to our word.

Uanisli, sb. A marsh,
liable to be flooded.

O, E. nnrnu, mnris, marisi, m
Eiig. martb. a contracted f^irra.

or low-lymjr ground more than ordinarily

irisb; A.S. mirst : N, S. biotk*; M.G. mnn'saws;

CLEVBLAND DIALECT. 3^9

Marrow, sb. i. A fellow, one that is a pair or match to another;
of both persons and things. Thence, a. One that is like to or re-
sembles another. See Maugh, Make.

A word, the derivation of which seems very obscure. It has been referred to Fr. mari,
mariie; and Jam. suggests a relationship to S. O. mager, magb€Brt affinis, a relation ; but
it is not yery apparent.

* ** A fine eagle, that, Robert." ** Aye. An' Ah tried main paart ir a' month t' get t'
marrow tiv it. 'T wur t* bigger bo'd o' t* tweea." *

* •• Looks-tee I Ah *ve fun a glove." ** Aye, an* here 's t* marrow on *t.** *
a. * Mass I but they *re like. T* ane *s t* very marrow o* t'ithcr.'

Marrow, v. a. To match, to produce a pair, or a like, to any person
or thing.

* '* Marrow me that, an' ye please ;" match me that — the article shewn, namely.' Wb, GL

Marry, interj. Usually expressive of assent, and as frequently oc-
curring in the form ' Ay, marry 1' as any.

Richardson's comment is, ' properly written maiy. A vulgar oath ;' Molbech's, * This
exclamation, one of the bequests of popery, may sometimes, though rarely, be heard still
in Sealand, but more frequently in Jutland, whence, indeed, it proceeds, inasmuch as Marri
is the Juttish pronunciation of Marie*

"* It is coming on rain." *' Aye marry t it is, seear enew." ' Wb* GL

Mash, mash-up, v. a. To break up, or into pieces.

* There 's been a deal o' gran' pankins a' masbed up here.'

Mashelson, mashelton, sb. A mixture of wheat and rye, usually
grown together, and applied to the purpose of making brown bread.
Called also * Maslin,' ' Meslin.' Written by Brockett * Masselgem ;' in
Cr. GL ' Masslegin ;' in Leeds GL * Mastlegin.'

Jamieson quotes Teut. masteluyn, Belg. masUltyn, farrago. The corresponding Dan.
term is hiandingskom^ which is exactly equivalent to our MasheUon.

Mask, V. a. To infuse ; more especially, to pour water upon the tea,
and set it to * draw.'

Dan. maskt; at m<sske til •I: to infuse the bruised malt in hot water; a/ maske til
brandnnin : to pour hot water on the com, preparatory to fermenting and distillation ;
Sw. mOska, id. ; Dan. mask, the substance left after expression of the hot water in the above
instances. Molb. collates O. E. masebyn, Oerm. meiscben, Lat. misceri,

•AfosWat.' Pr. Fincb, Ittv. p. W).

Master, sb. (pr. mee&ster, ma&ster). The head of the household or
family; a term equally employed by the poor, and the yeoman or well-
to-do farmer.

* Our maasttr 's not at home. He 's awa' ti' t' hirings ;' the fiirmtr's, or cottager's, wife,
of her husband.

U U

330 GLOSSARY OF THE

Masterman, sb. An artizan or tradesman who emplo3rs others Under
him: antithetical to a 'journeyman/

Matched, pcpl. Put to the extreme limit of one's power or ability ;
almost overtasked.

DeriTcd directly from the expression that so and so is ' fully a nuUdf,* or * more tiun a
match,* for such and such another.

* He '11 be matched to win there while neeght.'

* He *11 be matched to dee *t, ony way he can frame *t.*

* They 're sair mcUched t' mak' a living/

* Matched to sit oop on eend ;' of t person weak from sickness.

Matter, v. a. To care for, value or regard.

* Ah dean't matter him, nat t' valley ov an au'd naal.'

Maugh, sb. (pr. mauf). i. A brother-in-law, or near connection.
2. A partner, co-mate or colleague in any business or pursuit

O. N. magr, a relation, mag, a relation, mdg, a son ; Sw. mc^, a son-in-Uw ; O. Sw.
magr, magher; Sw. D. mage, the groomsman; A. S. mceg, maeg, mag, a relation by blood,
a friend or neighbour ; Dan. mage, an equal or fellow, &c. Another instance of the tran-
sition of the guttural gh into / in Pr. ; as in Baurgh, argh, &c. The existence of
two forms equivalent to Dan. mage, &c. — viz. Make and M^TigT^ — ^is also worthy of
note, and makes the relationship of Marrow still more a nutter for consideration.

Maum, adj. Mellow, possessing the softness of maturity or ripeness.

Jam. observes ' that Teut. itKlm signifies rottenness ; caries, et pulvis ligni cariosi.'
Rather, one would say, dry decay, such as in wood produces dust. Malm is, according to
Ihre, sandy or dry soil ; and he quotes besides (in v. Moln) Alem. m^m and Belg. mo/Mi,
both signifying dust. And it should be observed that both Ghrose and ff^. GV. explain
maum as signifying ' mellow with a degree of dryness.' Wh, GL also adds, ' smelling
fusty.'

Mau'mass, monunass, sb. (Probably the Pr. of maul-mass). A mass
of any substance intended for food, but evidently not prepared with any
great regard to cleanliness.

Maund, sb. A large open basket.

' Fr. mande, manne, a maund, open basket, pannier having handles : . . . N. Fris. moMJtm^
a turf or wood-chest. Perhaps from W. mown, turf.' Wedgw. Pr, Pm, * Maumd, sl^rpe.
Sportula.*

Maunder, v. n. i. To murmur, to talk idly or without point, to
make purposeless digressions in talking. Hence also, a. To wander
in a vacant kind of way.

Wedgw. quotes Bav. maudem, to murmur, mutter, be out of temper ; and Gael, manndadf,
manntacb, lisping, stuttering, as possibly related to or giving a clue to the relationsh^ of
this word. But may not ^e word originate as maundy does? Hall, gives * maund, I. to

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 33 1

command: a. to beg; an old cant tenn. MawmUng, asking. Dekker*s Lantbome and
CdndUligbt, ed. i6ao.' The transition of thought from the poor persons concerned in the
obseryance with which the words mandatum pauptrum were connected, to poor persons in
the character of beggars, is natural enough ; and once the idea of ' begging,* or asking u
a beggar, is introduced, that inTolred in the word maunder follows, as naturally, again.

Maundering, adj. Muttering, dissatisfied, discontented.

* A maundmng sort of a body.' Wb. GL

Maimsell, mannwin. A fat, dirty woman. Wh, GL

Surely a corruption of Mademoisdlt, • The ideas of foreign females taken up at Whitby
would naturally be from specimens not likely to be characteiised by more than ordinary
national regard to cleanliness — ^being the ladies of the skippers of French and Flemish
trading vessels — and the current word used in speaking of them might, without difficulty,
take on such a meaning as that above.

' A great mucky mmtnUU' Wb, GL

Mau'n't, mu'n't. Pr. of mun not.

Mawk, sb. i. A maggot; the larva of a Flesh-fly. 2. A whim
or foolish fancy.

0. N. ifiaOir, a worm, a maggot ; S. G. nuUk^ madk, mdit; Dan. madiki, maddik; Sw.
nuuk; N. makk; Germ, modi; M. G. maiba; A. S. mdtki,

1. * As white as a mau^,* Wb. GL

Mawky, adj. i. Maggotty. a. Given to fancies, or absurd whims.

Meal, sb. i. Flour for ordinary household purposes, not so much
dressed as ' fine flour.' 2. That which results from the grinding of the
mixed com intended for pig-feeding, just as it falls from the stones.
See Fig-meat.

Mean, adj. Of only moderate or indifferent character or conduct :
seldom applied to stinginess, or illiberality in respect of money matters,
&c., but' always as implying badness of some sort, and not mediocrity
in any sense.

A. S. mdHt sinful, wicked, moit, sin, wickedness ; O. N. tmin^ an ulcer, a hurt, pain, &c. ;
Dan. ffiMW, a &ult, injury, pain ; S. G. and Sw. nun,

* He 's nobbut a mean un, yon chap ;' a person of very indifferent character or reputation.
' It 's rarra nuan deed, living as he lives ;' vile, disreputable,

* Mtan behaviour ;' downright objectionable or wicked conduct.

Meat, V. a. To provide a workman or other person his necessary
food; of the person at whose house the workman is employed, or the
person sojourning, &c.

* We mioU em a' ; lodgers, an' daytal men, an' a'.*

U U 2

33^ GLOSSARY CF THE

Meat, sb. The daily food of a person employed by any one in any
capacity, and, in addition to a stipdated sum in money, going to make
up the amount of Wage.

* " What wages are you getting now, James?" ** Wheea, aighteen pence an' ma' mioi's
aboot t' mark." *

* He gets 's meat at 's dowther's ;* boards there.

Meat-whole, adj. (pr. meat-heeal). Possessing a hearty appetite;
fully ready for one's food.

Meeaster, maaster. Pr. of Master.

Mell, V. a. To meddle.

Fr. meslert nudler, meUltr^ mUer; M. Lat. sb. tndleia; Fr. mdie; O. E. medU;^^' and
so be-gan the medle on bothe parteis, crewell and fellenouse.' Merlin, p. Ii8. The vb.
occurs in Chaucer and in Toumel. Mysi,

Mell, mell-supper, sb. The harvest-supper, or supper given by the
farmer to his work-people on the conclusion of the harvest; that is,
as regards reaping or cutting the com, not the leading or carrying.
See Eem, Kern-supper, &c.

Mell, sb. The wooden mallet used by masons ; also, any wooden
mallet or beetle.

Fr. mail, Lat. malleus, Eng. mallet, Fr. maillet, Pol. mloi, mallet, hammer, beetle.
Comp. also mall, maul,

' pe neghend is dyngyng of devels hand,
With melles of yren hate glowand.' Pr. ofConte, 657 1.

A Mell was customarily used in connection with the Frommity-trow, in die prooeif
of preparing the wheat for use in making the Furmity.

Mell-doors, sb. The space between the outer door of a house and
the inner, house- or kitchen-door, called the Heok or Heok-door; tiie
said space forming a kind of lobby or entry.

O. N. milli, d-rmllum ; O. Sw. millan ; Dan. mellem. Comp. Dan. melUtiuhr, a door
intermediate between two others.

Mell-'head, sb. A blockhead,*an oaf.

Mell-sheaf, sb. The last sheaf of the harvest, which used to be
formed, on finishing the reaping, with much observai^ce and care.

This was frequently made of such dimensions as to be a heavy load for a man, and,
within a few years comparatively, was proposed as the prize to be won in a race of old
women. In other cases it was carefully preserved, and set up in some conspicuous place in
the farm-house. The origin and the meaning of the preiix in this word, and in Mell-
■upper, are alike uncertain, and have given occasion to many guesses and attcmptf at

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 333

derivation. Thus the word Mell, in Mell-supper has been referred to Fr. nUUr^ Teut.
mMt meal, O. N. mdr, wild com, sand, sand-heaps, nuU^ a hammer, a pounder, to hmo/,
to * an old word for a contest, namely nuUi (Fr. nulee) * ; and even to O. N. atmlU, In
Mr. Peacock's Gloss, it is said, * " To get the mell" in prize-ploughing is to obtain a

malUt as a prize for the worst ploughing The mell is fixed upon the winner's

plough.' The practice probably depends upon the existence of the expression, instead of
explaining it. See M^-supper, Kern-rapper; and Henderson's Folklore, p. 67;
Brand's Pop. Amiq, II, 1 a, 18, &c.

Melt, milt, sb. The spawn of the male fish or ' milter/ See Kelks*

Comp. O. N. milti, the spleen, Sw. mjdtt, Dan. mili, A. S. milt, Fris. milie. Germ. milT:, Sec,
Mr. Wedgwood remarks that probably ' the name is derived from milk, and is given for
a similar reason in both applications. The same change of the final i to / is seen in O. N.
mjaltir, N. mjdu, a milking ; and a name slightly altered from that which signifies milk is
given in many languages to the soft roe of fishes, and to other parts of the bodily frame of
a soft, non-fibrous texture. Pol. mliko, milk ; miticz, milt of fish, spinal marrow ; melczko,
sweetbread, or pancreas of a calf; Bret, leaz, milk, Uzen, milt; Du. melcker, rmltt; ....
while in Germ, and Sw. the name is simply ^sb-milk*

Mend, v. a. andn. i. To make better in the sense of to cure; of
the skill of the medical man. 2. To become better, or improve in
health ; of the patient.

We find the word in an analogous sense in E, Eng, Allit. Poemt, B. 764.

* " Now a)>el lorde," quoth Abraham, " onej a speche
8c I schal schape no more \>o schalkke3 to helpe ;

If ten trysty in toune be tan in )>i werkkej
Wylt ^u mese )>y mode & mtnddyng abide?" '

And again the sb. mendei, lb, A. 351. Chaucer also uses the word. It does not, however,
seem to be of very frequent occurrence in Old English in either of its senses.

' T' Cropton chap — he mended me reeght on eend.'

' My son 's nicely. Sir, thenk ye : mending gey an' fast.'

Mends, sb. Improvement, growing better; whether in the way of
health, conduct, circumstances, or position.

* Yj mende^ mounter not a myte,

paj >ou for sorje be neuer bly>e.' E, Eng, AUit, Poena, A. 351.

* ** Is your wife no better?*' ** Nae, Ah sees nae mends iv her. Ah thinks she worsens,
if owght." '

* He 's been gannan a strange gate ower lang. It 's te nae use leuking for mends*

* Shee wished her to take a little salte and old yroa, lay it under the cow, and pray to
God for mend: Fork CastU Dep, p. 9.

Mense, sb. Decency, civility, propriety of conduct ; in short, beha-
viour becoming a creature such as man is.

O. N. mennskr, humanus. Haldorsen's second definition is, ' capax moralitatis,' capable
of the behaviour which is becoming to a human being. On S. G. manniska, homo, Ihre
remarks that it must originally, from its form and use, have been an adj. Note Sw. men"
niska, Dan. menneske, A. S. mennise, M. G. mannisk, O. Germ, menneeco, mennisk. Germ.
menscb, N. S. minsk, Sanscr. manusbab, manmscbi; the leading idea in all seeming to be the

334 OLossARy of the

human being with his distinctive attributes. Our word rests upon this idea ; and in fact
is the living embodiment of the spirit of Haldorsen's words given above. The O. Eng. form
is ever tnensk or menske, with the meanings respect, civility, honour, grace, Tnns, in
Townel, Myst,, Jesus salutes the Doctors with —

* Masters, luf be with you lent
And nwuk be unto this meneje/

Again,— * jTenne )>e lorde of )>e lede loutej fro his chambre.

For to mete wjrth menske ]>e mon on ))e flor.'

Sir Oaw, and Or. Kn. 851.
And of Gawayne himself it is said, 1. 914, that

* 63rfore alle men vpon molde, his meiuk is [>e most.'

In £. Eng, Allit. Poems, B. 646, the idea is just that yet preserved in several Northumbrian
expressions. Thus, the angels having been entertained by Abraham :—

* penne thay sayden, as >ay sete samen all >rynne.
When l>e mete watj remued and ))ey of miemsk sptken,
'* I schal efte here away Abram," [ay sayden.'

Comp. the Cumb. expression when a man gives a civil or polite invitation which is not
responded to in the same spirit : * He has saved both his meat and his meiue* * These
words' (mense, vb. and sb., menseful, &c.), says Ferguson, ' have no exact equivalent in the
English language. Their origin is in that natural feeling of politeness and propriety which

makes a man do the thing that is right Altogether this is one of the TOod old

words which is a loss to the language. How hollow is polUenns, and how shallow if
civility^ compared with the word which has its origin in the innate proprieties of man.*
' He has nowther mense nor sense.' Wb. GL

* Nane that 's owther mense or sham' wad dee it.'

* You 've spoilt his mense;* of a horse, the tail of which had been cut too short.

Mense, v. a. To make neat or becoming; to add a grace or deco-
ration to a thing.

* ** To mense this merry day," is applied in The Bridewain to doing proper honour to a
wedding,' says Ferguson, who also quotes the following :—

* The sattle neist was thrown aside —
It might ha' sarred me and mine ;
My mudder thought it mensed a house.
But we think shem of auld lang syne.'

' A ^ttVmensed house or chamber.'

Cf. this, from E, Eng, AUit, Poems, B. 139, touching the man who * had not on a wed-
ding garment* : —

Say me, frende," quoth >e freke with a felle chere,
** How wan )>ou into )>is won in wedej so fowle ?
pe abyt >at )>ou hat) vpon, no halyday hit menske^ ;
pou bume for no brydale art busked in wedej.'

< tt

** t

Menseftil, adj. i. Of good and becoming conduct or behaviour,
neat, orderly, tidy, cleanly; of persons. 2. Decent, becoming, appro-
priate, neat and clean, &c. ; of things.

I. * A mensefid chap, enew.*

* Memtfid manners ;' * Mensefid behaviour.*

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 335

3. ' A mtnstfid funeral/

' Mifuefid dothingt and a' things nunse/ul,' Wb, Oi.

Menseftilly, adv. Becomingly, suitably, decently, fitly, neatly.

* Te gan menstfidly thrnff t' warld, an' at last eend be menstfuUy brought out/ Wb, OL

* " MtHsefuUy Ured ;" suitably instructed.' Ih.

* MtnsrfuUy clad, mannered, &c/ Ih,

MenselesB, adj. Without regard for, or sense of, what is becoming
or proper; imtidy, disorderly, ill-behaved, &c. See Mense, MensefoL

Mere, mere-stone, sb. A boundary-mark or stone. See Bounder.

O.N. ffuen, landa-mari; S. G. man, limes; A. S. medre, genuere, a mere, boundary;
Fris. mare, a border, limit, maren, canals which bound a district; Dut. meert; Fin.
mddrt; Lap. mtn, or, as Ihre writes it, mtarre; Dalm. nura; Pol. miara.

* The ancient marks, mirt'StoHes, and bounds as are mentioned in antient surveys and
perambulations.' Perambulation of Danby Parish, 1 750, 1 75 1 .

* his wiffe and children being there,
barfooted and bareheaded with-all
did walke about from mtrt to mere,* Feicy^s Folio MS, i. a8o.

MerlB, sb. The game of Merelles, Merrils, or Nine Men's Morris.

Other names are — Five-penny Morris, Nine-penny Morris, Three-penny Morris, or Five-
pin, Nine-pin, Three-pin, Morris or Merels. * This nme was sometimes called the Nine
Men's Merrils, from merelles, or piereaux, an ancient Fr. word for the jettons, or counters,
with which it was played.' Brand's Pop, Antiq. ii. 353. Morris is probably a corruption
of merrils; as also miracle must be in the name Nine-penny or Nine-pin miracle.

Merrsrmeat, sb. Any kind of meat said to have the effect of stimu-
lating the animal propensities.

Wedgw., under Merry, quotes * Sc. merry-begotten, a bastard, a child begotten in sport or
play :* I would substitute * in lust or passion/ Cf. the sense of mstribe, merry, in the follow-
ing passages : —

* Ac murtbe and mynstralcie
Amonges men is nouthe
Lecherie, losengerie.

And losels tales,

Olotonye and grete othes.

This mur&e thei lovyeth/ P, Plougbm, p. 1 76.

* Swiche werkes (of lust, namely) with hem
Were nevere out of seson.

Til thei mighte na-moore ;

And thanne mmrye tales.

And how that lecchours lovye

Laughen and japen.

And of hir harlotrye and boredom

In hir elde tellen.' Jh, 267.

Met, sb. A measure or quantity of two bushels*

A. S. mytt, a measure, bushel, mitta, id. ; PI. D. mud, mudde, a measure of about four
bushels ; Geim. mutt, mudd, mud, mu^, a dry and liquid measure ; Dan. maade, Sw. mdtt.

33^ OLOSSARY OF THE

O. N. matt, z measure. * Met, A bushel. Some writers say two bashds. Mti-poh.
a narrow bag to contain a nut.* Halliwell. Our Poke is still understood to be a narrow sack
holding two bushels. Comp. A. S. tnet-/ai, a measuring-vat» where the feet is evidently a
definite measure or quantity. Note also nutt of herrings, Jam.; mH^ard, Percy's Fol,
MS, i. 58 ; and, * 6e mones ligt is monelS met,* Oen, and Ex, p. 5. The special subject of
the names of measures and quantities in use in North England is well worth investigation.

* ):?enne orppedly in to his hous he hyjed to Sar6,
Comaunded hir to be cof and quyk at )>it one) :
pre m«//f 3 of mele menge & ma kakej,

Vuder askej fill bote happe hem byline :* E, Eng. AUit, Pomm^ B. 623 ;

yfhat mette is simply equivalent to measure in the Engl, transl.

Met'poke, sb. A narrow sack calculated to contain the measure or
quantity of two bushels, of com, e. g. See Met.

Mew, sb. A mow, a stack of hay or com.

Mew, pret. of to Mow.

Mioh, adj. Much : a very old form.

* He dwelled )>er al >at day, and dressej on >e mom,
Aske3 erly hys arme), 8c alle were [>ay brojt
Fyrst a tule tapit, tyjt ouer )>e flet,

Sc nucbe watj ^ gyld gere [>at glent )>er alofte.'

Sir Oaw, and Gr. Kn, L 566.
Of frequent occurrence also in Townd, Mysi,

Miokle, adj. ; often used absolutely also, or as a sb. Much, large ;
a quantity, a large quantity.

O. N. mikUl, S. G. myeken, M. O. mikils, O. Germ. micM, A. S. myeel, nued, Cf. Scottish
meikle, mekyll, mttekle, Sw. mycket, Dan. meget, See.

* It cost a mickle o* money.* Wb. Gl,

* " Went miehle;** a very great deal.' Ih,

* Miehle wad ha' mair.' lb,

Mioklish, adj. Pretty large ; of something in which the quality of
* mickleness' exists, but not to a striking degree.

Midden, sb. A manure or muck-heap, a dunghill. Also applied to
any place or receptacle for mbbish and dirt.

Dan. mmdding, for m^g-dynge, muck-heap ; O. N. myhi, fimus, ordure of cattle, muck,
dyngia, a heap or pile. O. Sw. mock, dynga ; Dan. D. maag, mog, mok. The correUtive
A. S. word for mygi, mtg, mock seems to be myx, meox ; Germ, mist, Fris. mese, Dut. mm,
mist, whence the forms mixen, missel, mistaU, The latter word occurs in York Cast, Dep,
p. 39. N. mokdyngje, Dan. mmdding, O. N. moddyngia seem to be of different origin.
Myddyng and mydtfyng-pytt both occur in Pr, of Consc,

Middenstead, sb. The place or position of the manure-heap or
dunghill : often inclusive, in its sense, of the contents as well as the
place.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 337

Midge, 8b. A minute insect of the sand-fly description; any small
gnat or gnat-like fly.

Bofw. gives A. S. tniege^ ^yg^t fnyggt, myeg, together with P1..D. f^^g* ^^gg^* I^ut.
mugt O. Oenn. mueea. Germ, mueke, * as comprising not only gnais and Juts, but nearly all
two-winged insects/ The Scand. words, however, seem more restricted in their sense.
Ihre gives mygga, culex ; Dalin, mygg or mygga, a species of two-winged insects with long,
straight proboscis, which it uses to pierce (the skin) with so as to obtain the blood, culex ;
Molbtch, myg, with much the same definition, and CuUx fipimi as a specific instance of
the creature meant. Comp. N. tnygg.

* Mm dir hmp tnigmaur og der stakk mygg. There crept the ant, the fmdgt there stung,
Og kvissen var stygg og kUggen mygg* The wasp was fell, the cleg dose clung.

Arm, p. 6i.

Vig, sb. Liquid manure; the fluid which runs away from the
Kiddexii or from the stall-drains of a cow-house, Sec.

N. mig, urine ; O. N. miga, S. G. miga, Dan. D. mu or mige, to make water, mingere.'
Used by the commonalty, say Molbech and Kok, almost all over Denmark. A. S. tnigam, id. ;
migga, mig^, nuega, urine ; Fris. migt, N. S. tnigm, mingere.

Milk-oan, sb. A milk-pail ; the vessel into which the cow is milked.
See Can.

Milk-honse, sb. (pr. milk'us). The dairy, meaning of course the
room devoted to the reception of the milk.

Milk-lead, sb. A shallow milk-cistern, in which the meal of milk
is deposited, having an orifice at the bottom, stopped with a wooden
spigot (see Thabble), on the removal of which the milk flows away,
leaving the cream covering the bottom of the vessel.

Milkness, sb. The dairy, meaning rather the contents of the dairy,
or dairy-produce.

Hall, gives a further definition, — ^ any white dishes made with milk.' O. Ol. defines it
•imply * the produce of the dairy.' Comp. birdmesst, the herds, or cattle collectively, for
a similar instance of sufiSx and sense.

* Ten si'Ses "Sus binnen .vi. ger,
Shiftede iacob birdmisse her.' Oen. and En, p. 50.

Milk-tin, sb. The metal vessel in which the milk is set to cream.
MiU'd in, adj. Shrunk, collapsed, withered. Wh. Gl.

* ** He has very much tnilVd in of late ;" grown aged, or shrunk in appearance.' Wb. 01.

Mill-ee, sb. The hole or spout through which the meal, or ground
com, falls into the bin set to receive it. See Eye.

X X

33^ GLOSS ARy OF THE

MUl-gear, sb. The machinery, or mechanical equipment of a miH
See Qear.

Mill-race, sb. (pr. mill-reeas). The channel which conducts the
current of water to the mill-wheel: often understood as implying the
current itself.

Milner, sb. A miller. The man's name ^filler, is frequmdy q>ek

and pronounced INIibier stilL

O. N. mylnari^ O. Sw. moiMort, Sw. mjoinarr, moiMort or moOman.

Minglement, sb. A mixture, or mixed mass made up of divers
ingredients : applied in many senses, literal and metaphorical.

Mint, V. n. i. To purpose, intend, aim: thence, 2. To aim a Mow
or strike. 3. To make a feigned attempt at, or pretend to do,
a thing.

A. S. myntan, to dispose, settle, appoint, propose. In B. Emg, AWL Foam^ B. L 1617,
Belshazzar says to Daniel, —

' Goddes gost is )>e genen )>at gyes aOe |>7nges,
& |K>a imhyles vch hidde ^t heuen kjog mjmte;*
where the sense is coincident with that of oar first dcfinttioQ. In Sir Oam. amd Gr^ Km,
2274, oar second meaning is seen : —

* Naw^er fyked I, ne fia3e, freke, qnen Inni myiUtsi;'

while, at 1. 2290, as only the seeming of the blow was afibrded, the stroke tudf being with*
held, we have our third sense : —

* ** Haf at >e ^enne," quoth >at o>er, and heue) hit (the aze) akfte.
He myrUe^ at hym majtyly, hot not \>e mon rjnr^

With-helde heterly his honde, er hit hart myjt.'

Comp. ' He did not strike me, bat he muUtd at it.* Wb. Gl.

Mire, sb. A marsh, a boggy place or expanse.

Frequent in local names, as Pundermire, Tranmire, &c.

Mirk, murk, adj. Very dark, or lightless.

O. N. myrhr^ tenebrosus ; Sw. mork, dark ; Dan. mmrk; A. S. mire; PL D. murht marh;
Pr. Pm. * Myrkt, or dyrke (mirke.) Obseurut*

Mirk-night, sb. The depth or darkest part of the night, midnight

L, V. a. To apply opprobrious or abusive language, or rather,
epithets, to any one.

Misfit, sb. Something according ill with existing circumstances;
a misunderstanding, failure in keeping an appointment, or the like.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 339

. Misken, v. a. To mistake one person for another; to mistake in
point of knowledge or recognition ; to misconceive.

The word seems to have a wider range of sense or application further Korth. Thus, in
Joco^ir. Disc, p. 14,

* I ken this county weel eneugh :
Miskenn I teU'd ye ;*

the sense is • take no notice/ * ignore,* or * aifect ignorance/ Cf. also, • Were I you, I
would be for rmskmning Sir Duncan ;' Meeting not to know him. Ltgtnd of Montr, p. 179.
Again, Joeo^er. Disc, p. 25,

«

* Till in conclusion it befell
That Property misken*d hersd*.

And needs would be the better woman ;'

the meaning is simply * forgot herself/ Our sense corresponds more nearly with that of
Dan. misJ^mde^ to misjudge, have a mistaken opinion of a person's character, purpose,
conduct ; and Sw. miskdnna,

* *' I misktmCd you ;" did not recognise you, or took you for another person/ Wb, 01.

Mismense, v. a. To interfere with or destroy cleanliness, decency, &c«

* The paint is sadly nusminud with the dust.' Wb. Oi,

MJBtall, mistal, sb. (pr. mistle or mis'l). The cow-house.

Probably from A. S. miox, myx, and stall, steal, stal, a place, stable, stall, from obvious
considerations, none the less apparent when what may be called the original system of * box-
feeding' was — as it is yet in some districts of N. Europe — in vogue.

Mistetoh, sb. An ill or awkward habit acquired through insufficient
or injudicious training.

* This tcecbe had Kay take in his norice, that he dide of sowke.' Merlin, p. 135.

* But the tale ne of hym deviseth no more here saf only of a teeebe that he hadde, that
when he aroos he hadde the force and myght of the beste knyght, &c/ lb. p. i8a.

Cf. also ' the people he tetcbe a new law/ T\mn$l. Myst, p. 191 ; and —

* Lamech ledde long lif til 9an
"Sat he wurS bisne, and haued a man
"Sat ledde him ofte wudes ner.
To scheten after Oe wilde der ;
Al-so he mistagte, also he schet.
And caim in i)e wude is let/ Gen, and Ex. p. 14.

Mistetohed, adj. Ill-trained or mistrained; having been allowed to
acquire bad habits.

adj. Subjected to irregularity as regards seasons of
refreshment, especially sleep ; as in the case of an attendant upon a
sick person.

Mistryst, v. a. and n. i. To have a meeting with what is alarm-
ing or terrifying, and exerts its properties. 2. To miss an appointed

X X 2

340 GLOSSARy OF THE

meeting, or tryst, ajid so to put to inconvenience or perplexity. Chiefly
used in the p. p. in both senses.

nain. We meet with the ib, rriUur o»
1 in hunting; u, Toienti, Mysl. p. Jio,
' 1 st»D(l at my tristur when other mtn shonei ;'
but how that word originales appein to be obscure.

' " 1 have been sairly mislrysud :" loiely peipleied.' Wb. 01.

Mitts, mittens, sb. Long gloves, either of strong leather or yam,

made without any division for the separate fingers.

The word first given leemi to ippioach more nearly to Sw. mudd. > mitlen, N. midd,
modd, a wrap of fur, which Wcdgw. connects with Lapp, mudda, than to Ft. aitOM*,
miJon. a winter gloTc.

Holder, V. a. To bewilder, to perplex.

Hill, gives the word ai 'to diitract o[ bewilder. AUo lo labour very hard. Kartb.f'
and igiin, ' moUbtrtd, tired out. Glout.;' and Wcdgw. reren it to maiidtr, to mumble,
iROunifn-. to mutter, wander in talking, adding, > moilba-ed is one who ii confuted, or made
to ipcak conEusedl/, by orer-work or the tike.' Molbech'i ma or mod. needful, important,
Jull, mo or mml, a (Large or conunitsion of moment, or that requires hiile oi toil, with
which another Dan. D. word, mm at modi it collated, and which, at an adv., bean a kow
very nearly corropondent with that of our word, lecms to be nearer the mark. Jtg bar
sun modi might almoit (if not quite) literally be rendered ' 1 am lo moideted.' Moreover,
Ihre gives the word miida, molestia ; adding, ' usurpatur tarn de antmi zrumnis, qoam dc
corporis fatigatione,' together with the examples, margtn i Suvrigt ihtl mOdar ; that it *
trooble to many in Sweden .- i mydioi b/drlam modho : in great trouble or worry of i[nrit.
He also compares mod or modd, lassut, and bimoda, btigare. modosma, moleslus, aod
Germ, nudi, retnii, O.N. mada. labor, diflicullas, madr, lassus, Belg. moiitt, labor,
and Sax. moil.

Hoit, sb. A small or minute parUcle.

No doubt this is radically, if not rather identically, the tame word ai milt — ' the tmaUeil
of coini. for minuli, perhaps from a contracted way of writing mi», as M*> for miitriis.'
Wedgw. Wa find in Ltidi Gl., ' moiliiig, a process in the maiiulacluce of cloth, by which
the wool, subsequent to being scoured (ihe fitil ptoccsi). and prepatilory lo its pasting

through the " Willey," is clcaiued from moils, oi sfcw. n ' " ""

foreign tubttanccs.' In TWimJ. Myil. p. 8g, we lind
Paitoi' to Ihe babe Jesus, this :—

■ Haylle, maker of nun 1 haylle. iwetyng )
Haylle, so at I can, haylle. praly mylyngl'
where mylyng bears the tame relation lo myU that lunlyttg does lo autu, shewing that th«
contraction from mynul — 'two myiH/ii, that it, a farthing.' Wycliffe'i TraHsl. — had
already taken place when rauwl. Myil. were wntten.

' The meat wat eaten up, every woi*.' Wb. 01.

' " There wat nowther head not hair on 't, moil nor doit ;" every fragment had di>-
tppeaied.' lb,

MolG-rat, ib. The common mole. See Mou'dio-rat.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 34I

Moor, V. a. i. To cover up or smother; thence, .2. To crowd, or
fill too full ; as a room. 3. To impede, hamper, or bring to a stand-
stiU.

By the removal of the initia] s, imoor becomes moor. We have perpetual instances of
the suppression or addition in the Northern languages and dialects of several consonants, «
among them ; and this seems to be another case in point. See Smoor. I also connect
with this word, * mood'^pt crowded ; " ye can hardly stir yer fit, t' roum 's seea mood-up :*' '
Cr, 01, ; and * mooid out ; when a tradesman has more than an ordinary amount of work
on hand, more than he knows how to get through, he says that he is ** mooed" or crowded
"out."* UtdsOL

* " The fire is over much moond up ;" over-heaped, so as to prevent its bummg.'
. Wb. GL

Comp. * ** Moond up reight here, howiwer ;" middle one of five in a bed loquitur ; in
a fair way of being smothered." ' Leedt Gl,

Moor, sb. I. The uninclosed, ling-covered surfaces of the exten-
sive hills of North Yorkshire. 2. The Ling growing on the moors,
particularly when in blossom.

O. N. iiu^r, peat, turf, heath or ling, or a growth of the same ; S. G. mor, tern palu»-
tris, also, under-growth of wood ; Dan. and Sw. mor, a tract of fenny land ; Dan. D. moor,
or m&r, land where turves may be cut Comp. our Turf-moor, Feat-moor, and Haldor-
sen's definition ' ericetum,' with our second sense. Note also A. S. mdrt waste land, a
moor, heath, Du. moitt Germ. moor.

Moor-bird, sb. The common or brown grouse (Tetrao lagopm).

Moor, Burning the. The process of burning off the Lingy in order
to prepare the surface for paring away the Turf, or to induce a growth
of younger Ling, and other moor herbage more suitable for pasturage
than the old, woody plants. The burning usually takes place in the early
spring, and if on a large scale and suffered to proceed by night, presents
a grand spectacle.

Moor-end, moor-edge, adj. Rustic, rude, unrefined.

* Ye mun't luik for owght na* better fra sike moor-end chaps as yon.'

Moom, sb. Pr. of Mom, for morning. See T' moom.

Moor-stone, sb. A large stone embedded in the soil of the moor,
but with its upper side, or surface, exposed. The moor being, on many
of its surfaces and slopes, covered with such stones, probably indicates
glacial action.

Moor-titling^ sb. (pr. moor-tahlin'). The meadow pipit (AtUhus
praiensisy.

This little bird is the most frequently seen upon the moor of all small birds, flitting from
ling-stem to ling-stem, creeping among the plants, living and nesting on the moor as its
home. O. N. Slingr^ a name applied to several small birds, with or without qualification.

342 GLOSSARy OF THE

Moozy-flEtoed, adj. Downy-faced : referring to the incipient stages

of the growth of the beard.

Hall, gives * mosey, rough, hairy. Suffolk. '* Incipient harba, a yomige moocie bearde."
Elyot. "Ed. 1559;' and Jam. has mozy, which he explains — perhaps mistakenly — by *daik
in complexion ;' as the instance he gives, a black mozy body, is, it is Hkely, a daik hairy
person, and not simply ' one who is swarthy.' His suggestion is that O. N. motOt to dye*
or stain with lichen, may fiimish a derivation. Mosi, mots, ini|^t be nearer the maik.
Not a few of the etymons of this word, as Du. mot, moteb, Sp. mcio, D. DiaL mtttk, ngpify
mould as well as most, and the growth of that substance presents no very inapt likcneii to
the so-called mooEy state of the hce. Comp. Mosed.

MostlingBy adv. Mostly, usually. Comp. Nearlings, Flatlings, Ac
Mother-naked, adj. (pr. modher-nSkt). Stark naked.

Jam. quotes the Teut. compound word moder-nah. See Btone-mothflir-ai>kl» and cL
Chaucer's belly^aked. Starke belly naked, in Loost and Hum, Songt, p. 34.

Moud, V. aux. (pr. as would, could). Might, with a potential sense.

Probably the imperf. of mun, O.N. muni (imp. mundi),0, Sw. mona^mtma: * a vb. anz.
which, alone, has no signification,* says Uire, ' but conjoined with verbs if equivalent to
Gr. fUX\€i»:

* *' Could you not do so and so at the same time?" " Ay, mebbe Ah momd, bairn.*

* *' I wish James knew." ** Whah, Ah mud gan an' tell him.*'

Mou'die-hilly sb. A mole-hill.

Mou'die-rake, sb. An implement for spreading the mole's castings
— the mould from its hills — with.

Mou'die-raty sb. The common mole. See Mouldiwarp.

Mouldiewarp, mouldiwarp, sb. (pr. moddiwarp; the 0 as in ^hold').

The common mole {Talpa vulgaris).

O. N. moldvarpa, from varpa, jacere, mittere ; S. G. muU-warpel, Dan. mmkhnrf^ Sw.
mullvarp, Germ, maulwurff.

Moxinge, sb. i. To chew, employing much action of the jaws in
the process. 2. To murmur or grumble, to mutter whiningly.

Radically the same word as £. muncb. Comp. Lat. manducare, Fr. manger, O.E.
to eat greedily, Palsgr. ; munge, id., Hall. Hall, also quotes * mounge, to whine, to Iow»
North,* and * munger, to mutter, to grumble. North* Comp. the various words for mou^
O. N. munnTf Dan. mund. Germ, mund, M. G. munths, &c. ; also, Dan. D. mtmde, to use
the mouth, mundes, i. to scold — ^Eng. Dial, to 'give mouth,' from the exaggerated action
of the mouth and jaws in both cases : 2. to afford a subject for talk or remark, or to be
talked about.

Mou'ter. Pr. of MiQture.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 343

Mout-out. To break into holes, as cloth that is worn to thinness.
Wh. Gl.

Simply another application of to motUt — * properly moutt Wedgw. — muU or mew. Jam.
gives * mout away (pr. moot), v. a. To take away piecemeal ; tnoutii, p.p., diminidied.
from whatever cause ; scanty, bare. ... It is probably a metaph. sense of S. moti/, E. nundt^
to cast the feathers. Nor can any resemblance more fitly express the idea of decrease or
diminution than that borrowed from the appearance of a bird when moulting.' Comp.
Germ, mausettt mussen, nunutemt PI. D. mutiti, muiem, Du. muiten ; — words which are con-
nected by Wedgw. with N. fiNito, to lurk or seek covert, musta, to whisper, mutter, sulk.
Swab, mausen, to conceal oneself, to steal away, Swiss musin, to mope. Sec, from the
habits and condition of birds when moulting.

Moy, adj. Reserved, close, uncommunicative, unsocial.

Jam. has this word, which he exphins by I. Gentle, mild, soft : 3. Affecting great
moderation in eating or drinking ; adding, ' may is used in the sense of demure, A. Bor.
Gl. Grose. Rudd. derives it from Fr. mol or mov, Lat. mollis; Sibb. from Teut. moyt
comptus, omatus. I suspect that it is radically the same with meek; for S. G. mjui seems
to be formed from Isl. mygia, humiliare.' It is not impossible, however, that Dan. muggen,
sullen, reserved, a word which in Prov. Dan. takes the form mtmeH, may be nearer. Comp.
also Dan. mudt or mut, sullen or sulky, lowering in look, from O. D. mude, to look sour
or sulky.

Mozed, adj. Having the surface overgrown with matted water-plants,
covered with the felted or filamentary green matter which forms on
stagnant waters.

Certainly a derivative from O. N. mosar. Cf. mosa-wutinn^ mossy, moss-begrown ;
Dan. moSt Sw. mossa^ A. S. meos^ Germ, moos^ Dut. mos, moseb. See MooEy-faoed.

Muck, sb. I. Dirt, filth, generally ; especially, excrement. 2. Rain
or snow, as the constituents of ' foul weather.'

O. N. mykif fimus, excrement, manure ; Dan. m9g, O. Sw. moek, N. mok^ Dan. D.
maag, mog ; fatmaag, cattle-dung, stoll-^naag, stable-manure, horse-dune.

a. * *' It hovers for mnek;" it threatens a change, to " nasty weather, namely.' Wb. Gl.

The Dan. proverbial saying, E^maag Uger e bro poo e bard: it's muck that sets the
bread on the board, may be worth citing.

Muok^ v. n. To void the excrement.

Muck-about, v. n. To clean an apartment or room, &c., by the use
of besom and duster.

Muok-olout, sb. The housemaid's duster, or any cloth used for
dirty purposes.

Muok-gripe, sb. A dung-fork.

Muokinger, sb. (pr. muckinjer). A pocket-handkerchief.

Hall, gives the word * muekinder, a handkerchief: also called a muekinger^ or a muekiter;*
adding, * the term is still in use, but generally applied to a dirtied handkerchief.' Wb. GL
simply gives * muekinger, a pocket-lundkerchief.' Wedgw. refers ' mueketer, muekemler to

344 GLOSS ARy OF THE

Sp. mocadero, a handkerchief; It. moecare, Fr. mouebir, to wipe the nose, to snuff the
candle, from It. moeco, Lat. mucus, the snuff of a candle, the secretion of the nose; Gael.
miigacbt snuffling, smugt snivel, phlegm, smugadair, a muckender, or handkerdiief.'

Muok-juiy, sb. A committee or quasi-jury assembled to inspect or
decide about public nuisances.

Muokments, sb. Filthy things : the contents of any receptacle of
dirty matters.

Muok-midden, sb. The manure -heap, any receptacle of dirt,
manure, refuse, &c. See Midden.

Muok-out, V. a. To clear away the manure, &c., from the cow-
house or stable ; to remove or clear away dirt, &c., generally.

O.Sw. muckot stabula purgare, fimum auferre ; Dan. nutge, Sw. moeka, Dan.D. mogt, id.

Mucky, adj. i. Foul, dirty, filthy; of very general application to
both persons and things. 2. Foul, bad; applied to the weather.
3. Foul, abusive, vile ; as applied to the tongue or one's words.

1. • T* rooads 's desper't mueky*

* " A mucky bahz'n ;" a filthy, tawdrily dressed woman.' Wb, Gl.
' Mucky deed ;* of very dirty walking, or if the house be encumbered with dirt and dirty
things.

2. * A mucky deea, as iwer Ah seen.*

Mugger, sb. A travelling dealer in earthenware.

Muggy, adj. Thick or cloudy, damp and close ; of the weather, or
atmosphere.

O. N. mugga, caligo pluvia, vel nivalis, thick, damp weather ; Welsh mwygi, tqnd, sultry,
mwg, smoke.

Mull, sb. (Pr. of Murl). Dust, fine dry mould J dusty refuse from
a turf-stack, whence Turf-mull. See Murl.

Multure, sb. (pr. moutiu* or mooter). The toll or fee, in kind, taken
by the miller as his payment for grinding the com sent to his mill for
that purpose.

Mid. Lat. mo///t/ra, whence Fr. mouture.

Mump, v. a. and n. i. To strike the face or mouth of another with
the fist 2. To chew, or attempt to chew, as a nearly toothless person
with a hard substance.

O. N. mumpa, to take within the cheeks ; of a greedy or voracious eater. The word
also occurs in composition : as, mumpuskcelur, the distortion called wry-mouth. Note also
Swiss mump/elriy to eat with a full mouth, Bav. mump/en, to mimible, to chew, mumpfd,
the mouth ; and comp. mumps, glandular swellings in the neck, PI. D. mumms. The first
meaning may have reference to the swelling likely to be produced by the blow threatened

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 345

or given, as in the menace^* Ah '11 gie thee a mump*d month an ye deean't heed ;' or
simply to the fact that the face or mouth is the part aimed at in the action of mumping.
The second meaning must come from the motion of the mouth in the action of chewing,
especially of eating voraciously and with the mouth fiiU.

Mun, aux. v. Must : used both simply and intensitivelj.

O. N. mun^ O. Sw. mona^ mima, vb. auxiliary. See Moud. Jam. renurks that * Sc
and N. Engl, mun, is more forcible than O. N. mun. The latter respects the certainty of
something future ; the former denotes not only its futurition, but its certainty.'

* Wed, Ah mvH gan ;' when a person after tarr3ring with another, on a visit or in passing,
for a space, is about to move.

« " I don't think I shaU go : I don't like it." " Aye, but thee mm, man." ' Or, « Gan
thou mun: Wb. Ol.

Murl, V. a. and n. i. To rub or cause to crumble into small pieces
or quasi-dust 2. To fall into small fragments or powder.

Wedgw. collates Welsh mwrl, a crumbling stone ; Fin. murrtUa, to break, murtf, a frag-
ment, broken bit ; Sw. mor, tender, friable ; Germ, morseh, friable, brittle. Ferguson gives
the form muU, for Cumb. and Westm., as also HaU. for West, which almost precisely corre-
sponds with the S. Jutl. word mulji (pr. muUi), derived from mila, mal, muUtm, to crush or
break up into pieces, to crumble, and signifying, i. A broken or crumbled piece (of bread,
for instance) : a. That which, when separated, is seen to be made up of numerous consti-
tuents. Kok also asserts that Dan. smul sb., crumb, and smuU vb., to crumble, are from
the same root. Molbech's muU or mulU, mttUfinker, viands or articles of food depending
upon or consisting of fragments in some shape or other — nudje-brmd, in Kok — are the same
word or compounded with it ; and probably, mull, mulm, mullet veir, O. N. moUu-regn,
soft, drizzly rain, or weather, are all connected. See Hald. in w. myl (at mylid), myldSm,
myldi, myldr, &c.

Mush, sb. The dusty or powdery residue or refuse of dry decay ;
in the case of wood, &c.

N. musk, powder, dust ; O. N. mosk, id., also, husks, Shivs, motes. Kok quotes also
Sw. muska, which I do not find in Dalin. Molb. gives musk, mould, musien, mouldy, and
collates N. Eng. moskered, rotten with dry rot, mouldered or reduced to dust. Comp.
D. D. muske, muskregne, to drizzle, from the fineness or dust-like size of the rain-drops.

* It all fell away into musb: Wb. Gl,

Mush, V. n. To decay or fall away into dry dust or powder.*
Muz-web, mxus-wipe, sb. Gossamer. Comp. Spinner-mesh.

Jam. gives the forms mooseweb, mouseweb, with the definitions, i. Gossamer: 2. Impro-
perly used as denoting spiders* webs. * Sibbald,* he adds, * refers to Fr. mouscbe, a fly,
q. a fly-net. But mousse, moss, mossy down, would have been a more natural origin.'
Putting this aside as of no great weight, the more reasonable account seems to be that the
word is simply a corruption of mesb-web. We have the few6 in one of the two forms
given, as also the mesh in the word 8pixmer*meBh. Cf. Sw. spindel, a spider, spinddwaf,
Dan. spindelvav, spider's web; O.N. moskvi, a mesh; Sw. maska, Dan. maske. Germ.
masebe.

My song I A corruption of an ancient oath, * La Sangue,' or * La
Sangue Dieu.'

Yy

346

GLOSSARy OF THE

Hab, sb. 1. A rocky headland, or projecting point on the coast.
a. An inland hiU, with a bluff face or end projecting into the valley at
its foot.

8. G. nabb, piomontorium ; ' certiini)' belonging lo the same stem ai itabb, rodium ;'
Que. O.N. mbb. ntbbi. Dan. nab. Sw, niibb; A. S. ntb, tubb, PI. D. nibbt. nif, &c.
S« Rietz, hovfevei, in v. Onavp, a word neatly equivalent to our Nab (eipHnally in iw
Kcond lense), which has other formi, gnajp, gnvk, Itnuv, and wilh which he coUatet
O. N. gniipr, id., nii^, gnlpa, gnypa oi nypa. E. dill, knap, lop of a hill, Sc. *BD/, anj
prominent point, and N, kiiabb, hill-top or inland bluif.

Nack-reel, sb. A measuring wheel or reel of considerable diameter,
formerly in use to aid in measuring and winding off the yam produced
by the spiiming-wheel, and intended for use in weaving. See IVh. Gl.

Sw. D. n3ci4, a hook oi curved projection on the exterior pari {vingtn) of a tpinning-
wheel: War. aeb Wird. p.314. note; Dan. nol or noiki, id., except that («n, ipindle, takes
the place o( sfiimrodi, >[HnniQg-wheel. in CiTallius' definition; Sw. rocI. a little curved pro-
jectioa on the reel, sp'uumciirulli, for the yam, S. G. nntki, deniiculi in coin, qni fill
diicrimJnanl, ne implicentur ; S. Jutl. noHi, the unall cuived pegs fixed on the edges of the
(pindle {Imimgtrni), and on lo which ihe thread or yam is by degrees mofcd. Kok.
Civallini introduces ibe word in jpeaking of the Wirend names for cetuin birds aud other
animals, and the omens connected wilh them. The goat-sucker {Caprimulpa Enropam)
ii called ' SpSttakaringtn, the old crone that spins, and from it omens as to the flai crop
tniy be drawn. If it ohuTTa for long tpscei together, or, at the comitiy folk expreu it,
S[nns long hanks ; spinnar lAitgi nicia- : iiiHi being also the designation of the quantity
of yam upon the red between the several removals of it ; then Ihe fibre will be long in the
incoming crop.' The Wb. Gl, tieicription of the Naok-reel, an instrument distinct from
the spinoing-wheel proper, is as follows : — ' A wooden wheel about two feel in diameter
[nrotled upon a perpendicular stem, and with a projection of rim sufficient lo admil several
tkeuu of yarn-thread oti to its circuniference, in order to be wound off for weaving purposes.
AAer the winder, who sat before il, had made the wheel 10 turn for tome time in forming
his clue, the reel emitted a stroke with its luck or hairuner, and the operator looking at ttw
figured index on Ihe top of Ihe wheel-post, with its elock-Uke pointer, which was adjusted
to the machine's revolutions, then knew Ihe exact quantity of line he had so far wound.'

Naekins, adj. Of no kind, none at all. See Otherkina, AUkms.

' With the shal no man fyght nor do the no Iryn wtike.' Townet. Myil. p. aj.
' Ah can't hceaf te l' spot natkins form i' I can't settle in my new place.

Naff, sb. I. The nave or central portion of a wheel, a. The navel.

no/, Dan. nm, A,S. nafa, najii (Molb. quotes also naba). Germ. nabi. Du. and

"* ' rersenesi, rather than doubleness. of meaning wilh

ily. Thus Ihte. who says that the modern accep-
a wheel, defines il cavilas. with the rcmirk that

Thett
-d which has led Ic

1 kind of cc
) some perple
0 the nave 0

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 347

become folly persuaded that it was so from the ciramistance that Wachter entertained the
same opinion.' Wedgw., on the other hand, says» ' the radical meaning of the word is knob,
the nave of a wheel being originally merely the end of the axle projecting through the solid
circle which formed the wheel : O. N. nabbit a knoll, hillock ; W. cnap, a knob, boss, button.
The fuwel is the remnant of the cord by which the foetus is attached to the mother's womb,
and appears at the first period of life as a button or small projection. It is thus appro-
priately expressed by a diminutive of now, navel.* Still, in the absence of precise confirma-
tion of Mr. Wedgwood's theory, and bearing in mind that the idea connected with the navel
is always that of a hollow— /ordy&mii^ ; Molb., in v. Navle — I would suggest that the word
may very possibly be analogous to such words as Dike, which takes two meanings almost
exactly converse to each other ; namely, the ditch, and the bank formed in digging the
ditch ; in other words, that it may mean both the concavity, and the converse, otme other
side (so to speak) of the concave surface. That Hire's eavitas is justified by facts there it
no question, independently of his reference to Hebrew, to the W. ntf and the Fr. mf,
Eng. nave (of a church). Naf or naff, pudendum muliebre, would thus be explained, as
well as our second sense.

Naff-head, sb. A blockhead, or stupid person.

Probably simply equivalent to wooden-bead, bloekbead, from the material and spherical
appearance of the Naff of a wheel. Cf. S. G. naf, caput, and O. N. n^^, the head or
extremity of a beam or timber.

Naffle, V. n. To idle about, or trifle away the time.

* Ni/le. A trifle. " I weigh them not a nifie** Optick Glasse of Humors. 1639.
** Nx/fes in a bagge, de tout nifies.** Palsg. '* Trash, rags, ni/les, trifles." Cotgr. Nff-nqfi,
trifles, knick-knacks. Niffy-nafff^ a trifling fellow.' Halliwell. Comp. also * Nibble, to fidget
the fingers about,' lb., with Dan. D. nevre, to pluck or pull or fidget at anything, nebbre,
nibbre, nahre, to pull the stumps out of a plucked fowl, to work with the bill as birds do
among their feathers when ridding themselves of insects, newer, fidgettily busy, newre,
to fidget at anything, to do a thing fussily ; Sw. noppra, to work busily with die finger-
tips, in taking off small particles ^om doihes, &c. Kok connects S. Jutl. nahre directly
with the bill of the bird, nab. Comp. our Nibble quoted above. Under Nap. a. Wedgw.
says, * It seems that the origin of the word is the act of plucking at the surface of the doth,
whether in raising the nap, or in nipping oflF the irregular flocks.' The general meaning of
the whole class of words, however, soon passes over into the expression of fidgetting, desul-
tory, trifling action.

* *' He goes nqffling and shafHing about ;" trifling from place to place.' Wh. Ol.

Nail-passer, sb. A gimlet.

Nak-i'-bed, naked-bed, adj. Utterly or entirely naked; as folks,
in old times, were wont to go to bed.

Nakt, adj. Naked, without clothes.

* They watched while darkening, an' when he coomed they seen he wur nakt;* from a
legend of a Hob domiciled at Hart Hall, related to me by an elderly Dalesman.

Nang-nail, sb. A corn ; on the foot.

Brock, gives the form * Angnails, corns on the feet : Cumbr. ;' Leeds Gl. gives ' Nang-
nail, an ingrown nail of the foot.' Hall, gives Cumb. angnail from Grose, ' a com on
the toe,' and agnail, * explained by Howdl, ** a sore between the finger and nail ;" a hang-
nail, either on die finger or toe ;' while Carr, Or. GL, quotes Cotgr. for Correi, * an agnaiU,

Y y 2

348

GLOSSARV OF THE

or little come upon a toe.' Cf. A. S. angruBgl, an agnail, a whitlow, a tore onder the nail ;
dolor ad unguium. Bosw. The general meaning and application of the word seenis to be
that which gives pain or annoyance in connection with, or near to, the nail ; whether com*
whitlow, or piece of hanging ^in.

NanpiOy sb. The magpie (Pica caudata).

Carr gives also the form Nan-piannot, The prefixing of Christian names to the names
of birds is a subject not without interest. Many, perhaps far the most, are feminine ; many
are most clearly dictated by thoughts or feelings connected with the ideas of fimdliari^,
affection or regard, pity or interest, and the like. It is not a little canons, however, diat
a bird which, from its time-old association with Odin — being one of the birds sacred to
him — is the object of so much superstitious observance and regard (not to say appre-
hension) should also be made the bearer of names which betoken a feehng of what may
be called familiar friendship on the part of the name-givers, belonging, as they must, to
the class among whom the superstition just referred to is most rife and reaL ' We 's a'
Nans an' Bets here ' is a customary mode of expression as to the homely constitncnts of
the female society of the district, and Nan is the name, as we see above, allotted to the
magpie among ourselves. In Sweden and Norway the * observance and r^ard ' is great
enough to act as a protection to the bird. ' In Sweden, neither the magpie, its nest,
nor its eggs, is ever touched ;' Yarrell's Br. Birds, ii. 1 1 ^ ; while in Norway the bird * is
upon the most familiar terms with the inhabitants, picking close about thdr doors, and
sometimes walking inside their houses; making its nest also upon the churches and
warehouses. Few farm-houses are without several of them breeding under their eaves,
their nest supported by the spout. In some trees close to houses, their nests were
several feet in depth, the accumulation of years of undisturbed and quiet possession.'
That, notwithstanding the testimony of our name to the old feding towards the bird,
is not the case here now. The magpie is bitterly persecuted, and its nest and eggs
pitilessly destroyed, principally by the gamekeeper and his mjrrmidons, but also by any
others who have the opportunity. And yet we hear from time to time of a perMn raising
his hat, or making a bow, if a magpie crosses his path ; nay, even taming back finom m
commenced journey or expedition for the same or some like reason : like, that is, as being
connected with the appearance or action of a magpie, or more than one.

Nap. See Knap.

Nappery, nappy. See Knappery, Knappy.

Nar, adj. Near (compar. narr, nearer; superl. narrest, nearest).
Also Neist.

O.N. ndy fusrriy rusrstr; A. S. ruab, near, nebst, nyhst; Dan. iKsr,.
Eng. former y and our hettermy = h€ttermor§ — futrmesi; Sw. ndra, nar (compared as in
Dan.) ; O. Sw. msr.

* The land of Vision is ful far.
The thrid day ende must I be there ;
Myn ass shall withe us, if it thar,
To here our hames les and more.
For my son may be sla3m no nar.* Townd. MysL p. 37*

Nar-side, sb. The left-hand side (of a horse or team) as being
nearest to the teamsman who walks with the Draught, or team, on his
right.

Comp. Dan. D. mgrbaand^ same meaning and application.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 349

Hatter, v. n. To complain fretfully, to repine.

Dan. D. gnaddrig, fretful, peevish, cross; Dan. gnaddrt, to grumble, repine, growl;
Sw. gnata^ to grumble, murmur, grudge ; Sw. D. gnataktig^ gnahger^ gnatuger, gneiuger,
gnatu, peevish, fretful, repining, gncUiTf gneier, a fretful, repining person.

• *< Qenning an' natUring l* day tiv air end ;" grumbling the day through.' Wb, Gl,

Hattery, adj. Fretful, repining, discontented.
Nattle, sb. A ' kernel' in the fat of meat

Cf. Dan. D. gnai, gneuHng, a morsel, a crumb, a small bit; en gnatHng smor: a morsel
of butter; en gnatting hrmd: a bite o' bread; Sw. D. gneta^ gmid, gnatta or gnaita, id.
The kernel in meat Is a quasi-separate small portion or granule.

Nattle, V. n. To give a light rattling soimd, as when two hard but
small substances are struck or shaken together,- or as a mouse behind
the wainscot

Comp. Sw. D. gnattdr or gniitdrt gnaddra, to emit a low sound as in tittering, playful
screaming, or the like, gn<mla^ to give a low neigh, or a low scream, gnattOt v. n., to
gnaw — neuter, probably, in reference to the sound, rather than to the nibbling action.
Hall, gives ' Natde, to strike, to knock.* Brockett's definition, however, is much nearer
the truth : ' to hit one hard substance against another, gently and quick ; to make a noise
like that of a mouse gnawing a board.' A person may nattle with his finger-ends at a
door or window-shutter, and the noise made by the mouse running quickly behind the
wainscot is nattling.

Naturable, adj. (pr. natfrable). i. According to the nature or
quality of things; such as may be expected, therefore. 2. Of a kindly
disposition, benevolent

I. * She takes on sadly after her poor lost bairns. It 's nowght but ncUtrahUt howivver.'
a. ' A canny, naif table weean as ony Ah kens ;* of a kindly, motherly woman.

Nature, sb. (pr. nater). Natural good quality or qualities, goodness,
virtue; of things.

Hay exposed to much rain in the process of making has had ' a' t* nahir wessh'd out
in 't.* Back-end grass or fog exposed to severe frosts and dried np by heavy winds ' hat
n't a bit o* naier left iv it.'

Naup, V. a. To strike, inflict a blow ; on the head, imderstood.

Leeds OL quotes Naup as ' to give a person a cracking rap on the head with the clenched
knuckle : a dight rap with a stick. A '* naup-stick," a stick with a knob at the end,
though it has come to mean a short, thick stick of any kind, with many. " Naup," also, any
kind of knob.' I am doubtful whether to r^fer this word to the same origin as knap, or
to O. N. nopt the head, S. G. naf (for nabb), id. I am inclined to prefer the laUer, and
to look upon naup as to strike a blow on the head — nob in some dialects— or at least to
strike a blow with a knob-Vikt instrument, whether knuckle or stick. Wb. Gi, unites both
these ideas by definins * Naup or norp, a blow ; a knock over the head with a knob-stick.
Naup him ; i. e. knock him on the head.'

350 GLOSSARF OF THE

Naup, sb. A blow or stroke; it being usually understood, with
something globular in form, or on the head.

Nauping^ sb. A thrashing or beating.

Nay-say, sb. The refusal, or option of refusing; a bargain, to wit,
or an article offered for sale.

* " I should like to have the first nay-say of the bargain ;*' the opportanhy of bojrnig or
rejecting as I may be disposed.' Wb, Gl.

Naszed, adj. Somewhat the worse for liquor; partly intoxicated.
See Naszy.

Cf. the form nozzeVd in Leids GL

Nazz-noll, nazz-nowl, sb. A stupid person, one whose wits are
confused. See Nazzy.

The original idea seems to be that of the confusion of intellect or sense induced by in-
diligence in drink : it then passes on to that of confusion absolute.

Nazzy, adj. Drunk, intoxicated.

I connect this with Germ, nass^ wet, moist ; and, probably, the application tioM in the
same manner as our own application of the word wet in the expressions ' a wet night,' m
night in which much drinking goes on ; to ' wet one's whistle,' See. Comp. «m natter
bruder, a toper, tippler ; sein geld an nasse waare Ugen : to lay out one's money on wet
wares, i. e. drink ; das beilige nass, wine. Note also A. S. bnese, soft, moist ; L. S. mUt, wet.

Neaf, neif, sb. The fist ; more incorrectly, the hand.

O. N. bnefif hnefi^ O. Sw. nafwe, Sw. n'dfve^ Dan. tueve^ pugnus, the fist ; a hand, more
particularly the closed or doubled hand.

* A blow with the doubled neaf: Wb, Gl.

* Beeath moves full.' Zb.

* When >at bolde Baltazar blusched to )>at mue.
Such a dasande drede dusched to his hert,

pat al falewed his face & fayled \>e chere :*

E. Engl. Attit. Poems, B. 1537 ;

where the reference is to * the hand on the wall,' designated a paume a few lines abore.

* Ther is noght in thi nefe, or els thi hart falys.*

Townel. Myst. p. aoi.

Neaf-ful, sb. A handful of anything.

Dan. navefuld^ Sw. en nafve-full.
' He 's getten a bonny guid neaf-ful ony waays.'

Liha som ndgon bad kastet tre nAfuar mull pd fonstret : as if some one had cast three
neaf-fuLs of mould at the window ; where nafva is used in the same sense as nafve^fuU,

Near, sb. A kidney. See Inear.

Carr, Cr. Gl., spells the word neer, quoting as etyma Belg. nier. Germ. mere. He adds
that in Suffolk and Northumberland the form ear is met with, which is also given in the
pi. ears, by Jam. * " Neare of a beest, roignon." Palsgr. — ** ren, a nere." Nominale
MS.* HaUiwell.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 35 1

Near, adj. Parsimonious, stingy or dose, in respect of money.

Comp. Dan. narig^ covetous, stingy ; * properly/ says Molb., ' greedily eager in seeking
one's food — of a fowl, e.g. ; saa fusrig torn en mMrbmns : as greedy as a miller's chicken ;
but generally used to express a selfish eagerness for gain, or covetous wa3rs in petty matters.'
Sw. Horigt id. Comp. also O. N. bnoggr, parcus, and A. S. bmaw, sparing, niggardly,
covetous.

Near-handy adv. i. Near by, close at hand. 2. Almost, ail-but,
nearly.

* He (Christ) may say, " lo ! here, yhe may se stande
Jerusalem, )>at es ntre bande,
Whare I had for yhow many buffet.
And with sharp skourges sare was bette." ' Pr. of Conse. 1. 5201.

* Neat'band yon roan cow.*

2. * All his hair ntnband white was.' Cott, MSS. Oalba, E. ix. fol. 33, quoted in Ol. /&.

* Madam, it is ngr-band passyd prime.
And me behoves al for to dyne,

Bothe wyn and ale to drjrnke.'

Romance o/Atbelston, quoted by Halliwell.

'"Don't you want your dinner?" "Wheea my wame says it's nsar-fymd dinner
time." '

Cf. iSor benden^ there^hand, close there : —

* Men sei9 "Se treen "Sat tSor benden (by 9e dede se) ben
Waxen in time, and brimen, and "Sen,
Oc quane here apples ripe ben,
fier-isles man mai 9or-inne sen.' Gen, and Ex. p. 33.

See also Percy's Folio MS, i. pp. 359, 362, illustrative of both our senses.

Nearlings, adv. Nearly, almost.

Comp. Mostlings, Hardlings, &c., and bal/lvnget Ancr, Rhvle, p. 354.

Neat, sb. An animal — or individual — of the ox-kind. In the pi.
Nowt.

Pr, Pm, * Neei, beest. Bos, Styrk^ neet (or heefer).'

Neavil, nevel, v. a. To pummel, or beat with the fist.

See Neaf or Neifl Comp. also Dan. D. knmvle, to overpower, master, * lick ;' although
this result is not supposed to be arrived at without a struggle : — ban knwdede bam dog : he
neavilled him though, as, i navekampt in a boxing-match.

Neavilling, nevilling, sb. A pummelling, or beating inflicted with
the fist.

Neb, sb. I. The beak of a bird. Thence 2. The human nose.

O.N. nebbi, rostrum avium; O. Sw. nM>, naf; Sw. ndbb; Dan. nab; A. S. neb, nebb,
also nabb, a face ; PI. D. nibbe, nif niiff, * In the different dialects this word denotes what
is prominent :' Bosw. ; hence f^om beak to nose, and from nose to face, countenance, head
generally; nebb witS nebb: face to face, literally, nose to nose; more literally still, bill to

35^

GLOSSARV OF THE

bill. Comp. the following, ftom Molb. Dan. Dial. Lex., with our CIctcI. iutlanu given
bciow : — Dt slort htobtr. dt sliiii altid nabbmi (tUtr. bavedemt) sammtH : ihuc great
fblki, they ilwiyi itick their atbs — oi. ■ lay their heads '—together.

■"Do not poke your wb into olhet folks' poitidge ;" do not pry into other people's
»ff»irs.' Wb. Gt.

' Face it a Latinisin, and the Siion English neb, nebscliaft were used in the most serioui
way: Se brihte iihte of Godet nebscheft Ancr. Riwlc, fol. it, b. 14. Tbi brigbl agU
(/ Ood't nAihip.' S. Marb. Gloa. p. 106.

' Oilende mihi radem tuam. Scheau to me H leone nib,' Aner. Rivilt, p. (gS.

Nebbing, sb. The peak of a boy's 01 man's cap. See TSeib.
Comp. O. N. 'ntjhiorg, the part of the helmet which piolecled the note.' Ihre.
If eck-about, sb. A neckerchief.

■ Any linen or garment about a woman'i neck. Sbeffidd.' Hatliwell.

XTeckingar, sb. (pr. neckinjer). A neckerchief. Comp. Mnckisger.

Hall, givei the fotm ■ nteiing. Eatt.'

•• Ah 'j

Pr. of Nay.

a bad sayer □' naa, when like 's
i in the way.' Wh. Gt.

" I iind it difhcult li

inclination
ITeea-tnatterB, Not very much, in no great quantity,

■ '■ Has he getlen a vasl fra f au'd lidy?" •■ Neea, Jirto-matffrj; nal mich, i* 01
' Ntta-mtUltrs wiselike, Ah shed leea ;' not very judicious. 1 should say.

B'eedcesBity, sb. Necessity, a state or condition of need.
ITeedfuI, adj. Needy, necessitous ; of persons and things.

' T" puir au'd man '• varry nttdfa' ; he 's oftent matched le addle a bite o' bread."

' A varry ntidful case, indeed : tiim tick, an' 't wife teek'ning wiv her neent' baitn.'

■ Ah fell nttdfiil, an' Ah gaed l' gel 1 bile o' breead.'

Thii word preserves the original tense, as in common niage E. ntidful deviates from tl.
Comp the adjectives formed with the tufGx -fid in the passage below. Aner. RivAt, p. 30I :
'Scbrift shall be laniful, bitter, mid tcomwe, ihol, naked, ofte imaked. bibfiil, tiraoA,
uhtemefiil, dridfid -^ boptfid ; the meaning of all being well illustrated by th>t of dnifidl,
Qunely full of dread, in a Hate of dread, in the line —

' When I tall qwake and dndfijl be.' Rd. Piteti, p. 77.

Cr. also cartfii!.tnygblfiil,drifiil.Sx., all as applied to pertoni, in Z^iyiiNio'i, P.Plimgbmn
Toantl. Myil., Gen. and Ex., &c.

Ke'er-do-well, ab. A person of conSnned bad habits.
Neeat, adj. and adv. Nest.

Comp. OwBen, AbmI-W*

le. BtOTTBlOT, for '

'o«cn,' ■ixlelrce," "Slokcsley,' Set.; unleji.

indeed, it be preferred lo reft

[ it directly lo A. S.

nibsl, nybsl.

■whiiBwaf m.ai.

• Ne gi«:e «u ..ogt Cin -erf

..Sing;' and cove,

: not thy neighbour's goods, Gm. and E*.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 353

Neeze, v. n. To sneeze.

O.N. bnjosa (pres. hnyt)\ Dan. nya; O. Sw. nyta^ njusa; Sw. nysa; A. S. nUsan;
O. Q. fifMiiM» mustn, niosm ; Genn. hmmm ; Dut. niexMH,

Keeziiig-bout, sb. A continued or violent fit of sneezing.
Nesh, adj. Tender, soft, delicate, weak.

A. S. hmse, bnyse, msc, tender, soft; bnescian, anescian^ to soften, make effeminate.
' Properly moist. Qoth. natjan, Genn. btnetzenf to wet ; Genn. nass, Dut. not, wet ;
Fin. fuste, moisture; nuoska, Esthon. nusk, wet; Lat. notus, the (moist) South wind.*
Wedgw.

Ness, sb. A cape, or projecting headland; of the coast.

O. N. n$8f O. Sw. fUBs, promontorium, vel angusta terra in mare prooirrens ; Sw. nds,
Dan. nas, A. S. fuesse, PI. D. nose, N. S. msi. Comp. Essex nazi.

Nether, v. n. To be chilled, or starved with cold.

O. N. notra, tremere, frigurire ; to shiver with cold. It is remarkable that O. N. notr
means futtle, as well as trembling or shivering, which Wedgw. connects with ' the sense of
tingling with pain' that results from being nettled, or stung with nettles.

Nettle, V. a. To sting with nettles. Chiefly used in the passive.

:^ »

Pr, Pm. * Neilyn (with netl3rs). Urtieo, vel urtieis uren, Nidyng, UrdeaeioJ
* Puir lahtle chap I He 's getten hissel' nettled o* baith legs.'

Neiik, sb. A comer, nook, angular part of field, room, box, bag, &c.

Dan. D. noggf an angle or comer made by the winding of a river or Beck : a sense exactlv
coincident with ours in one application of the word. Wedgw. quotes ' Fin. nokka, the beak
of a bird, nose, point ; moan nokka, lingula terrsB, a nook of land. Esth. nukka, a tip,
comer, nook ;' adding, ' the radical meaning is a projection either outwards or inwards, and
it is essentially the same with noek, notch *

You mun get it at t' neuk shop ;" yon must buy it at the comer shop.' Wb. 01.

i i«

* ** Put it i' t' poke-Mt^;" put it into the bottom or comer of the bag.' Ih.
• " Where 's your father ?" " Agin f beck. Ye '11 finnd him i' Mr. W.'s neuk;" ' a mea-
dow of angular shape, and almost Siat in by the windings of the Beok.

Neiikin', sb. The deep recess or comer on either side of the
expansive fireplace in old-fashioned houses; of the 'fireplace,' not
the ' grate,' for the fire was always on the Hearth-stane, and fed with
the countiy fuel. Feat and Tuzf .

Nibble, sb. A nipple; of a woman's breast, or of a gun.

* A diminutive of neb or nib,' Wedgw. says of nipple. Our word presents the original
form of the diminutive. ' Neble of a woman's pap, bout de la mamdle.' Palsgr.

z z

czirrEuixi) nuucr.

Vk GBL fvm

VDBOCMBC

T. JL ukd &. I. To ciac^ i;>
cncii i|» oa die sK*, » s^eiL ^ To ^(iSl

X.T0 nke or

or

^J&rK.* A.

^ A

IP*** %■ ■••» **

r, »

Pt.

«Hililpl«l» V« :ftHS «C IAk

T.tt. To

.or

^«5«5-

^IK9»

or

sb. A

10 sbO|3B3KpaS

Jbc^of

T.A. To SD»di {M, dm^ 1^

V »

liloWbte^ fiK Fksbt mxwbis oi

Aiei aik &ik. 9uE <9ia«)i » be

tt 1

354

GLOSSARV OF THE

Nibbs, sb. The wooden handles affixed to the shaft, and by means
of which the scythe is wielded.

Sw.D. tnapfar. the wooden handle on l icylhe-shaft, which is graiped with the light
hand, Imap. a dolhes-peg, or anything of tht i»me sort, inappi. a peg, lo TuleD a door,
ot what not, with ; O. Sw, htaptr, knapptr, inoptr, Sw, knaff, O. N. Iniappr, Sec, a knob,
button, Knop, Sec.

ITicker, v. n. To neigh, to wlrinny,

O. N. gnala. gniggja, Sw. gnagga, A. S. hiugan, kmtgaa. PI. D. niclrtn, luilirn, Dut,
grmniiat, ntijen. O. N. gnaia leemi la be a deiiritive from gfggja, and implies a
ihriiler or more ctriduloiu ioddi! than it. Observe, also, the hard t-$aund in the Dut.
word. Din. D. gi'ggt. or gnagge, to whinny, as when the hone wants food or tecogniHi
some one coming into the stable. In tome instaocet the word ii used of the thrill, exdied
neighing of a itillion.

Ififlbr, V. n. To haggle, to bargiun in a tenacious or hard spiriL

Wb. Gl. giTcs this word ai precisely synonymous with niggln and Wedgw. cxplatis
niggU by ' to irifie, nibble, eat. or do anything mincingly,' connecting it with Swiss mggOi,
operam luani in re pan's mannaiii collocare. naggli. to gnaw. Sw. nagga, to gnaw or
nibble ; N. gnaga, to gnaw, toil assiduously with little etftct ; gniko, lo tub, work in >
slow 01 petty way. This would lead one to connect our word with IfafBe. Nlfle, ITiff-
nktr, &c. But the local usage and sense of the word seems scarcely consistent with the
idea of such connection. It really harmonises mote nearly with the sense of O. N. iri'r^
humo paicus minutias qnxiens ; mrfln. mmutim opes corradere ; which, on the snppasitioa
thai niffpi- is simply a phonographic form, may suggest the origul of that word,

TSiS-TiaS, sb. A trifling thing or matter, a trifle.
Ififfy-naffy, adj. Trifling, undecided, hesitating in action.

' " A ni^na^ sort of a body ;" a person possessed of the opposite to bniineu hitutt.'
Wb. Gl.

Kifle, V. a. To trifle time away, or spend it in doing trifling things.

la Ludt Ql. the word signiSes lo pilfir, and by an easy transition. Brock., hawerer,

gives the word nigit with that sense. See NalBe,

' You run about, nifling away all yonr time." Wh. Gl.

TSiSo, sb. A trifle, a thing of no worth or importance.

Niggle, V. a. and n. i. To deal out grudgingly, or in minute por-
tions ; to concede reluctantly, either in bargaining or paying, a. To be
tenacious over trifles; to spend time trifling!/; lo trifle or mince.

See the quotation ftom Wedgw. under Wiffor. One might reasonably say ihe idea leaned
10 be of giving ont such portions as might be giHtwed nlT, Comp. xaggti. Ilalliwell.

Nigh, adv. Nearly, almost.

' Nigh a hundred.' Cf. - He was so full of sornwe that neer he wente oule of his witM,
and lepte to hoise wilh alle the peple that he hadde, and were ttygb xv"'- wde umed.'
iVffJiW, p. ajS.

As a vb. in — ■ There myghl noe man night him nere.' Percy's Foi. MS. i. p. 367.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 355

\ sb. A watchman's rattle.
Nilder-nalder. A term implying hesitation or indecision.

Wb, Gl, gives nnUr-sauniir as usually associated with it ; * Nilder-naldmng and Sinter-
taunUring* bein^ equivalent to ' idling and trifling/ spending time or walking in a slow,
hesitating, undeaded way ; and sometimes applied to the hesitating, uncertain steps of an
infirm or aged person.

Nixn, V. a. and n. i. To catch up quickly. Thence, a. To take or
catch up on the sly, to steal. 3. To walk with quick or mincing steps.

O.N. nema, Dan. tuemme or mmme, to take, seize, grasp; M. Q. tUman, ganiman,
A. S. tUmant geniman, Fris. nimat Germ, nebnun, to take, lay hold.
Pr. Pm. * NymyH, or takyn. Aecipio*

a. ' " Nimmed up ;" taken up hastily on the sly, stolen, snatched.' Wh, Gl.
3. * " The old lady goes nimming along ;" moves with agility.* Ih,

Nim, adj. Nimble, agile, active.
Ninnyoook, sb. A yoimg lobster.

Mr. Wedgwood, under Ninny ^ gives Sp. luTIo, an infant, a childish person ; niSlear, to
behave in a childish way. In Paris and in most parts of France prawns are called salieoques.
It is not unlikely that iht suffix in our word is cognate with Fr. eoque, and perhaps coqv€
is related to teox-t ff^JXt* ^^> eoneba, A. S. coeea. Sec, ; while the element mnny bears a
meaning analogous to that of the Spanish et3rmons ; so that the entire word would signify
young or baby-shellfish or lobster.

Nip off, V. n. To run away, or otherwise remove oneself hastily.

Cf. * If the flok be skard, yit shalle I nyp nere.' ToumeL Myst. p. 105.

' pa hit wes nppen non : When it was afternoon
pa sunne gon to nipen.' Then sun gan to set.
Lay. iii. 276.

Kip-raisin, nip-soreed, nip-skin, sb. A niggard; one who gives^^
stingily or grudgingly even that which is due : applied to shopkeepers
apt to give the least possible measure, &c., but also to stingy folks in
general. Comp. * nip-cheese,' ' nip-farthing,' ' nip-squeeze,' &c., of other
districts.

Nip-raiain is illustrated in Wb. Gl. by * one who will -cut a raisin in two ;' Nip-ooreed
by ' one who cuts beyond the edge of his own cloth.'

Nip up, V. a. To snatch (a thing) up quickly or hastily; ofteii
with the implied sense of dishonest p}irpose.

* He nipfd 't oop, *tahm Ah wur niwer heedin'.'

Nither, v. n. See Nether. Nidder is another form of the verb.

NiYver. Pr. of Never; as in the expression Kiwer heedl equiva-
lent to the * Never mind' of the South.

Nobbins, sb. Fleshy portions of dried salt fish, small enough to be
sold by measure. Wi, GL

Comp. * mobbly, ronnd, u pebbles, See. Var, <Sal. Nobbli, a lump of anything. East,

Z Z 2

35^

OLOSSARF OF THE

HilliwclJ. Nuibly in Eaex u nearly cmnddcnl with HiUiwdl'i
ith nob, ihe heid; and it with Imab, any round termination
DT projcCDan,- of which sgiin Knop ii another Toim.

Nobble, V. a, i. To pelt or throw stones at. Thence, 2. To strike,

or strike down with any missile, so as to get that which is struck down
— or shot, say — and bag it.

Lndi ai. gi?ei ' Kobbli, to throw itonej al,' with the example, ' ■' Ther wur a poor aikard
(eft, newt) ajide o' I' pond, an' thou nobbltd it to deealh. Shaain o' yetseiu 1" " Wih,
we wur nobbling it 'cos we wur fllayed it ad ipit ai us." ' Cf. nohbiy, ai applied to pcb-
blei or round tlonet ; th>l ii. to what is rouoded in fuim, ot kiiob-Ulce, and lo adapted to
be thrown as stones are thrown ; and camp. Cobble, vb.

1. • •• Ha' ye gcHen onny thing ? " (from one ihooler lo another on the other lide of
a thicit hedge.) -'Ay. Ah've nobbltd yats." '

Nobbut, con;. Nothing but, only, simply.

' & if hit cheue |ie chaunce rncheryit ho (she ; a pearl) waij>e,
tat ho blyndei of ble in hour her ho lyggej,
No-bol waich hir wyth wourchyp in wyn at ho askei,

Ho by kynde schal becom cleret |>en are.' £. £1^. Allil. Foems, B. I II J.
See O. Gl. for two qnoUIioos from Wichf'a Bible. The form ii of frequent uie in oU,
and especially in Northumbr. English.

' ■■ Wheea 'i within!" " Nobbui me and moother." '

' He 'II come, nabbul he can i' he 'II be sure lo come if only he has the opportunity.
Cf. ' Na newi but good :' Percy's Fat. MS. i. 49 : ' Did but smoked :' Towiul. l^U.
p. ifi ' Ifoibia,' lb. pp. 131,191; ' Neuer 6h( well :' MirUn,p. 369;
and ' Blcs>id be alwcy Ihe lewde man.

That naugbl bvl only his belefe can." MiUir's Tal; p. a?.

Kodder, v. n. To tremble or shake, in head or hands, whether from
age, palsy, or cold.

A derivative from nod, as noddlo also Is. Wedgw. refers nod ti
to and fro, which it vay nearly coincident with our n ' " "
O. N. baioda, to hammer.

IfodcUe, 1

See Hodder ; coincident ii

n meanmg.

Noggin, sb. i. A quarter-pint in quantity, or the measure contain-
ing it. 3. A small mug or jug.

The tatter it doubtless Ihe original meaning of the word. ' tfaggin. a mug ; Qid.
enagairt, a knocker, a gill, noggtii, quart-measure ; cnagnrt, a Utile knob, an earthen pip-
kin.' Wedgw, ; who also institutes a comparison between ^iij^ tndjr>g,jub and job, as aualo-
0 the apparent relationihip between the above OacUc words and Oaei. cnag, knock,

aknol

peg 01

J

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 357

iioctioDS, fo of the nointed person, for eril courses and an evil end. Cf. nofn/, in the sense
to beat severely, which is curious and with a kind of rude wit about it ; and in Essex it
suffers one more decapitation, namely, * I 'U Int your bones/ or * your skin for you.*

* ** A nomad youth ;" a youth apparently destined to, or determined upon, evil courses.'
Wb.Ql,

Noxii adv. Presently, immediately. See Anon.

No-natdon, used as an adj. Strange, remote, out-of-the-way ; scarcely
known, geographically ; and, hence, uncivilised and rough.

• 4t

A no-nation spot ;" an odd or out-of-the-way part of a neighbourhood ; a sort of law-
less locaUty." ' Wb. OL

None, used adverbially (pr. nOne, nOan or neean). Not at all. See
None-8he.

* He *s none fiuled ;' of a man mistakenly supposed to be giving way to the effects of age
and infirmity.

Cf. * nom innocent,' from Chaucer ; and

* in the world was none so foyre thing.' Percy's Fo/. MS» i. 354.

None-she (pr. neean-sheea). Not she; used in denial of any charge
or action imputed to a female.

This is noted as probably intimating a former prevalence in the district of the form sboo
(Northumb. icbo) for sbe. The Pr. given is that of nane'SbOt as Steean from stone,
Heeam from borne, &c.

NooatiBh. Pr. of Notice. Wh. GL gives * Nooatage' as represent-
ing the soimd.

NooB-and-thans. Nows and thens, chance times, odds and ends of
time. At noos and thans, occasionally, as opportunity offers.

' '* How have you found time to do this ?" ** Wheea, she 's dune it at noos an* tbans, at
neeght-tahms an' holidajrs ;" ' of a little school girl who had knitted a heavy hearth-rug.

Nor, conj. Than.

' Better nor him onny deea i' t' wttkJ

Jam. thinks this use of the word nor is not very ancient. Na, he adds, * is used in the
same sense by our earliest writers,' and he refers it to Welsh, Gael, and Ir. no, than. It is
as likely a transposition of aa.

Noratdon, sb. A row or uproar, such as is made by children on
being released from school.

HalL explains this word by * rumour, speech. Var. dial' It may be nothing more than
*n oration. Comp. Notomiie.

358 OLOSsARy of the

Notifled, adj. (pr. nooatified). Well or publicly known, of some
celebrity.

He wur a nooatified man in 's deea ;" renowned in his lifetime.' Wb. Gl,

t «i

Notomize, sb. A skeleton.

A quaint corruption of anatomy , atomy ^ in the same sense. See * Anatomy,' Halliwell.
•Atomy/ Wb, Ol,

* As thin as a notomize.* Wb. Gl,

Not to fail. Without fail.

* Saturda* fo'st, not to fail,'

Nought, sb. (pr. nowght). |. Nothing: a word in perpetual and
various use. 2. A worthless perton. 3. A person of no importance
or consideration, a cypher. *

1. ***Nowgbt o* t' soort;" nothing of the kind; or, equivalent to "it is not so."'
Wb,Gl,

* ** Nowgbt sae sure ;" there is nothing so certain.' Ih,

2. * *' He's a nowgbt, you may depend on it;" a good-for-nothing fellow.' lb.

3. * " They always set him down for a nowgbt;" reckoned him as a cypher.' lb.

Nought but weeL Altogether good or well ; usually in connection
with the vb. * hear.'

* Ah nivver heared nowgbt but weel or 'im.'

Cf. * Bot ]>e da3mt^ )>at >ay delen for my disert nysen,

Hit is )>e worchyp of your-self, )>at noyt bot wd connej.'

Shr Gaw, and Gr, Kn, \, 1 266.

* No tbyng but goode :' Tovmel, Myst, p. 69 ; Cokt's TaU, p. 48.

• Why, sir, alys you ogbt bot goode V 76. p. 1 1 2.

* I here you say notbynge but well of this that ye desire to vndirtake.' Merl. p. 253.

Noiightpenny, adj. Bringing or earning no remuneration.

* ** A nougbtpenny job ;" work for which there is no pay.' Wb, Gl.

Nought 't dow. Used substantively. One who does not succeed or
thrive in what he undertakes ; a Ne'er-do-weel as to success.

This is simply nougbt at dow, the at equivalent to to, and the dow genindial. See Atg
Dow. Hall, writes it nougbt-a-dow,

Nowt, sb. Cattle, used collectively of animals of the ox kind.
See Neat.

O. N. naut, Dan. ntd, Sw. not. It would almost seem that we keep both the Scand.
and the A. S. forms of the word, as Ne»t, in Chaucer nete, A. S. nedt, is still in use m an
appellative for, generally speaking, an individual of its class.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 359

Nowther, conj. Pr. of Neither. See Owfher.

I have heard the same story told by an old farmer here as is current in other parts of the
kingdom about the mode of pronunciation of this word. ' *' Is it neetber or nlitft Mr. So
and So ?- " Weel, Ah sh'd seea, 't wur nowther.'

»f >

NuddlOy V. a. To huddle up, squeeze together or compress, as a
bundle that is carried under the arm.

Mr. Wedgw. connects * familiar E. nuxzlty nuddle, to creep closely or snugly, as an infant
to the bosom of its mother/ with N. snttskaf snusla, to search for something to eat;
O.N. snugga, stmdda, to snuff, search out. N. nuska, synonymous with snuskot just
quoted, bears the same relation to it and to snugga or snudda that nuddle does to famUiar
£. snuggle; and snuggle, says Wedgw., * is to nestle, to lie close, like an infant pressing
itself to its mother's bosom.' Pr^rve this sense, and make the verb active, and our
middle results.

Numb, adj. Without life or animating spirit, insensible, dull, heavy,
blind, awkward, bungling.

* Nobbut a numb hand ;* of a person slow and awkward at his work, shewing neither
intelligence, handiness nor energy.

* Numb luck ;' luck coming by blind chance ; as in finding an object of search by the
merest chance after lengthened and most diligent seeking all to no purpose.

Nursery, sb. A plantation of trees; applied when the trees have
attained large size as well as whilst they are young.

Oaflng, adj. Stupid, silly, foolish. See Hauving.

Oafish, adj. Half-witted, foolish, silly. See Awvish.

Oaf-rocked, adj. Weak of intellect from infancy; ill-trained or
spoiled in bringing up. Comp. Half-roekedL

There may be a tacit reference here to the changeling notions or superstitions as to which
Wedgw., under Oaf, writes thus : ' When an infant was found to be an idiot it was supposed
to be an imp left by the Fairies, in the room of the proper child carried away to their own
country : whence an idiot is sometimes called a ebangeling, a term explained by Bailey,
a child changed, also a fool, a silly fellow or wench.

These when a child haps to be got
Which after proves an idiot,
When folks perceive it thriveth not.

The fault therein to smother.
Some silly doating brainless calf —
Say that the fairy left this aulf

And took away the other. Drayton, Nymphidia in R.'

It is more than possible that oaf or awf-rocked is the real orthography of half-
rooked.

GLOSSARy OF THE

for the g«ie which, hiving ipenl the day i-lield are wanted it
be fed and hound for the night. At the fini lound of the call

instant motion, with abondanl cackling, and if they have iome
turn they are ai likely to be leen taking wing ai not. The o ii
1 both tyllablei are accented, the Erst raojt. The ciy ii high-
uin't voice, and ii nol onmuEical. For the corresponding call or
; Jack. The snmmoni lo the work-people, ploughmen, weeden,
I the fieldi at tome dittance from the famitlead, li a high-pitched
usually given by the miitrcss or her lervantJiii it the hour of 1 1,
r an hour or more before the day — draws on.

The call or lummoni
home in the evening ta
they put themselves inli
diilance over which to ci
louuded ai in ' hold,' an
pitched, in a boy't or wt
ttimtnom to the ptgi k
reaperi, Sec., employed i
long-drawn shout or cry,
' Dalei-lime' — that ii, hi

Oddments, sb. Odds and ends, heterogeneous matters, such ai
remnants and scraps, things that match or pair with nothing else, and
the like.

' Ah wai hiling up a few oddmatli (paymenu of imall debtl, or billt dne) an' Ah uid,

Od rabbit 'em, od rabbit lit on 'em, od rat *em, ods 'art,
ode 'otinds. Various forms of a profane use of the Maker's name,
sought to be disguised by the omission of the initial consonant

Of, prep. (pr. off). In the same sense as 'by' in ' a son by his wife;'
or 'out of in horse- or cattle-breeders' phraseologj-.
' H*'» getten aoithet foal offx' aud meear.'

Cf. ' And had of tut a wicked Baaie.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 456.

Nole also, ■ Etlen has honey lakyn o/a hyfe.' Tmimil. MyU. p, a86.

Off, Off, sb. A descendant, one of the progeny, or, of the family.

A. S. erf. yrf. Thb word, applied by O. £. writers, at well at in A. S., 10 cattle— the
eipccial portion of a man'i lubstance or property — might thence put on in application to
the human belongingi of ihe owner, and to originate our word : — ' Firit and foiemoit came
the father's right of prnpetty in his children, Thit right is common 10 the Infancy of all
conununitia, and ciitti before all law. We leek i> in viin in codn which belong to a later
period, but it hat left traces of iuelf in all codes, and, abrogated in theory, ilill often eiiiti
in pnctice. We Gnd it in the Roman law, and we find it among the Northmen,' Diient'i
Burnt Njal, Inirod. p. Xiiv, See Ihre in t. Urf for erf; laU tUl harn or/ oi vrf: let
iDch child take arf and urf, or hereditaments and good) and chiltcli, Cf. tbalttU, cattle,
Orf:-

■ Ilk kini

id of erISe on werlde her,'

OSbldment, offolment, sb. i. A thing, or things, of no value;
refuse matters, i- A worUiIess person, one who is simply good-for-
nothing.

\ Skd). S£&iBe-lSb£, it^oniiless, idle ; of bodi persons

anddangfi.

»nj« oSrL, ^k &I1 of -fiir ka£. wnid&QE id sn ardard, broken stkks in m wood, jfcc^

OflUlj; adr. O, bsdDj- : ia ooBBopofixticm, as ' oOkllyHmide,' iB-made,
or faa<% fhaped ; ' oflhOj-kxiidng/ lookmg £ke ibe scorn or refiise, of
pec^de ordnnp; Azl

Qir«iid-oii. I. Used adjecth^ilj; nDoestaza of purpose, vadlla&Bg.
a. Used adidsallj; julaufitjji]^, at Taiioos limcs.

I. 'Wltfca, lie's soidntt ss tf^^^ toott o* do^ talflam act t* besL*

QflTona'flliesd* Ootof one's vits, miki, defiiioiis.

It h appBed iwtiyihnricayDy « wdl as BtgaBy. TbBi,of«& old ana in his dettinactenc*,
a vajr fron Ins booM; I vas tdd be wm —

OtttmX, Poodf , out of sorts, out of bealtfa.

' If J famfaand's dcapo^t ^<m% Sk. He wad gn txv % waik, bod be wsr 9«eui ibroed
t* lap oop aod OBOB ava jrjsun

Qfteofly adr. (pr. ofiens or oflTns). Oftm, oftentimes.

QftOTy adr. More ftequeodf , ofiener.

Oldaiif ▼. iL To take on or acquire the )o6k of age,

' He Mau h^L' Wh. Gl,

Ommosty adv. At all, or akogedier.

I aaxcety tbmk tbit it the sane word as aiamtmt; wba em

Gamtkffptr. • Ha' ftm oaoj partrid^ oanaocc, tbis jcar?* Flvwmr, * Amaist nine,'
In the qoestioo the acoeot was 00 the fiist sjOable; in ^ answer, on tbebtft 'Ommt,
Comb. Sercril of the gkMsaiies hare omnosr.' HaUiweO.

On, adv. i. Present, here, on this spot : joined with some part of the
vb. to be. 2. Onwards, forward.

I. ' Ah aims bell be o« afore oeeght.'

' He wnr on a wedc sea, an' at me aboot 't.'

3. * Tahm 's gettan' <m noo ;' it is growing bte, or the time fixed is aU but passed.

On, prep. Of; used before words beginning with a \*oweL

' Yon 's jran <m 'em.'

3^

362 GLOSSARY OF THE

Onny-bit-like. (Pr. of ' any-bit-like.') Tolerable, pretty well ; in
health, namely: tolerably fair; of the weather: civil; as to manner or
treatment: &c.

• " She shall come if she be onny-bit^ike ;" if there be any fitness or appearance of ability
to undertake the journey.* IVb, Gl.

Onstead, sb. (pr. oansted). A single farm-house ; the buildings, &c.,
of any one farm.

• Onset, A dwelling-house and outbuildings. North. A single farm-house is called an
onstead.* Halliwell. * A. S. on, and sted.* Jam.

On with. To be. To be engaged upon, or with, a thing or
person.

' They 's on wC shearing, by noo.*

• Folk says at Mally 's rued, an* he 's on wC t* it^er lass ;' Mary has changed her mind (in
love matters) and her man is courting the other girl.

Oppen. Pr. of open.

Orf, sb. Scurf on an animal's skin, as on a horse after the appli-
cation of a blister ; scurf, generally.

This is, without doubt, a parallel form to ont, which we find in Aner. RhoU, pp. 294,
1 86 : * blod om adun on euerich halue ;* and in Lay. i. 213, as well as repeatedly elsewhere.
What A. S. yman, uman are to rennan, and Semi-Sax. om to E. ran — that is, * the same
word, only differing by the transposition of the r* (Bosw.) — that is or/ to A.S. breo/, a scab,
scurfiness; O. N. bru/a, scab, scalincss. Comp. also Scottish reif, eruption, the itch, Swiss
ru/et riefe. Germ, ruf, rufe, N. S. roof, &c.

• Yon sheep fleece is full of or/" as can be : it *s had a desper't shrift i* t* winter.*

• That bairn heead 's as full o* orfzs ivver it can ho*d.*

Orlingy sb. i. An ill-grown, or stimted and sickly child. 2. An ill-
thriven young animal. See Underling.

Hall, has ' orling, an ill-grown child. Urled, starved with cold, stunted. Urling, a
dwarf.' Can- gives * Url, to be pinched with cold : urled, spoken of those who do not
grow. Ray : urling, a dwarf. Idem.* Leeds Gl. varies the form : * Urpled, starved ; ttrp-
ling, starvling : " a little urpUng beggar.*' * Whence the variation it is hard to surmise.
I connect the word with Dan. D. orrevrogel, a misshapen, stunted person, a child of that
description; in Germ, knirps, wecbselbalg, a dwarf, a starveling. Outzen, on whose
authority Molb. seems to give the word, adds in another place that the term is also applied
to animals. It consists of two elements, the latter of which corresponds — not to *ay, it
coincident — ^with our 'Wreokling, Dan. D. vraag, S. Jutl. vrdssel (Molb. also quotes a
Germ, form, wrak) ; the former might furnish the origin of our word, seeming itself to be
dependent on the privative particle or. Comp. oreie (Molb. Dansk Gloss.) or oregbe, to
letum oneself a pauper ; orvid, deprived of sense, insane or idiot. The Or. sense, starved
or pinched with cold, is an easy derivative, formed on the same principle as in many other
like — in starved itself, for instance. But see Urling.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 363

Oskin, sb. An oxgang ; a quantity of land varying in different places,
as might be expected, since the quantity of produce — per acre, say —
varies widely in varying districts, and a measured space of land which
would barely keep one ox in this place might well keep two in another.

Othergates, adv. Otherwise, in another way, by other means, by
another road. * Othergets,' ' Othergaits,' in Brockett.

• For he has ever yit beyn my fo,
For had he my freynd beyn,
Otbergates it had beyn sejm/ Townel, Myst. p. 10.

OtherkinB, adj. Of another kind or different sort. Comp. All-
kinSy Nae-kinSy &c.

* ** He has gone an otberkins geeat ;*' a dififerent road to the one alleged or supposed.'
Wb, Gl.

Othersomey adj. Of another sort, others, various.

* " An otbersome lot ;" a different or separate set.* Wb, Gl,

* " At oibersonu times ;" at various times.' Ih.

Ought, sb. (pr. owght). i. Anything, anything at all. 2. Anything
whatever, implying almost everything. 3. Used adverbially in the sense
of ' at all.'

I . * " Owgbt or nowght ;" something or nothing.' Wb. Gl.

* " He 's owther owgbt or nowght ;" either vrith an occupation or profession, or not, as
it suits.' Ih.

a. * ** He 's up tiv owgbt;** ready for any * spree,* extravagance, venture, &c.

* Mair by owgbt ;* more by any conceivable quantity.

* Now, and hi ogbt that I can witt

He semys fulle welle theron to sytt«' Townd, Myst. p. 4.

3. ' If my knife prove ought sharp.' Egton Sw. Dance Recit.

* Petrus. Dere master, is it ogbt I?* Townel. My it. p. 180.

* I wote welle if ye knew me ogbt* Ih, p. 66.

' Heo nan land bafde \>e bim abt to gehyrade :' she no land had that to him ought
belonged. Thorpe's Diplom. p. 337.

Oiuse, owse, v. a. To take out water, or other liquid, from a con-
taining vessel, or a pool or stream, with some suitable instrument, such
as a ladle, dipping-dish, bowl, or the like. See Howse.

O. N. ausa, to dip or ladle out water ; O. Sw. and Sw. bsa, bosa, Dan. Bse, N. Sax. osen.
The Scand. words were applied to the act of washing or * baptising* an infant as practised
by our heathen forefathers. Thus, as one instance out of many : — ' Sa sueinn uar nefnndr
Olafr er bann uar uattnne ausinn. Hrani ios bann uattne : the lad was named Olaf when
he was oused with water. Hrani oused him.' In this connection, the following trans-
lation, as illustrative of certain baptism folklore-notions which still maintain their existence
among ourselves — one, for instance, that if a male and female infant are to be baptised
together, the boy must not be baptised first, lest the girl get the man's beard and the boy
the female voice— may not be out of place : — * When a child is newly born, it must without

3 A 2

364 GLOSSARF OF THE

delay be washed in water. That is called, in Warend, dm fonta logiH, the primary wash-
ing; and answers to the old heathen washing with water (vatten-bsningen), which only
took a new form in Christian baptism.' This ' primary washing' has special efficacy against
all kinds of * witching,' and very curious particulars are given of its virtue in special cases,
each requiring a special means for communicating such virtue ; generally summed up thus :
* Whatsoever the mother, while pregnant, has seen, or been concerned with, that might
occasion harm to the child, something or other connected with it must be put in the water.
On the same principle, other things must be put in which have efficacy as touching the
child's luck in life. Hence the mother's wedding ring must be put in ; white money, or
silver articles inherited from ancestry ; this will help towards the child's becoming rich. If
a fresh-laid egg is put in, the child will have a fair complexion ; a red rag, on the other
hand, makes its rosy ; if chips from a chopping-block, then the child will never come to the
block ; and so on.' War. ocb Wird. p. 403.

Out, outing, sb. An excursion from home, a pleasure trip.

* I hope you have had a pleasant out,'

* A bit of an ouHng: Wh, Gl.

Out, adv. Fully, quite. Comp. All out, Outly.

* " How old is she ?" " Not three years out:* '
' Four years out next grass.'

Cf. * So |ong 8t so ^epe, as je ar at \>\s tyme.

So cortayse, so knyjtyly, as je are knowen oute,*

Sir Gaw. and Gr, Kn. 1. 1 510.

Out-by, adv. Not far away, a little way off.

* " Is your master at home ?" " Neca. But Ah '11 call of him : he 's on'y just out-by.'* *

Out-end, sb. i. A projecting part or end of a building. 2. The
outlet or means of egress from any place.

Out-gang, sb. A road or passage out of or from a place ; an outlet.

Out-ganger, sb. One who goes out of a place or country; an
emigrant.

Out-gate, sb. A way out, a means of egress.

Cf. Pr. Ptn. • Owte gate. Exitus.'

Out in. Equivalent to * out of : in constant use.

* I shall be able to get a coat and a waistcoat out in that piece of cloth.'
' She war luiking out in t' window.'

* There's no getting nowght out in him.'

Outly, adv. Thoroughly, completely.

Out o* fettle. I. Out of repair, unfit for use. 2. Out of health,
unwell, poorly.

Out o' t' road. Out of the way : i. In the sense of inconvenient to get
at, or remote. 2. Removed from an inconvenient or inappropriate place.

1. * An 0(4* 0' f rooadt dceafly spot.'

2. • Ah aims we 'II get dune by nceght, an' a' t' muckmcnt an' owght oot 0* /* rooad an* a'

.» _» »

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 365

Out-thrust, sb. i. A thrust forth or out, from a house, door, or the
like* 2. A projecting part of a building.

Out-thrusten, adj. (pr. out-thrussen). i. Thrust out or forth, turned
out. 2. Made to project or stand forward ; of a part of a building, for
instance.

Ouzely sb. (pr. ussel). The blackbird {Turdus meruld) : often Blaok-
UBsel.

A. S. osltt sui ousel, a blackbird. Comp. Germ, anud, Dan. drotsd, Eng. tbrosde^ A. S.
trostUy in all of which the element ouul seems to find place.

Orerplushy sb. The corrupt Pr. of * overplus.'

Overquarty overthwart, adj. Perverse, contrary, contradictory or
contentious. See Quart, Owerthwart

Cf. ^wtrtouer, S. Marb, p. 10, Aner. Rhule, p. 82 ; ovir iwbart, Toumel, Myst, p. 85.
* peos two treon bitocneiS )>et o treon )>et stod upriht, and tet o'Ser ek )>et eode jnoari-
ouer, of l^e deore rode/ Ancr. Riwle, p. 40a.

Oversaily sb. The course of masonry — of no great thickness, but
each stone covering the entire width of the wall of a house or other
building — which is laid last and receives the wall-plate and rafters which
are to support the roof.

Jam. gives ottrsyle^ ouersyle^ wtrsile^ to cover, to conceal, without suggesting a deriv-
ation ; and oversailyie without a definition, but with this extract : — * Robert Lermont,
being to rebuild a waste tenement, obtained an act giving him liberty to oversailyie the
close, having both sides thereof, and cast a transe over it for communicating with both his
houses, &c.* Cr. Gl. gives owersculy sb. projection; and vb. to overhang, or project
beyond the base : erroneously, in both cases, I believe. Mr. Carr adds, ' this may be a
corruption of overseil^ used by Sylvester in his Translation of Du Bartas, though in a some-
what different sense :

* And overseiTd the famous work of Pharie.'

* Ere I my malice cloak or overaUe* Id, Judiib, by Hudson.'

Hall, gives ' oversail, to project over ; a term used by bricklayers. North,* which is probably
copied from O. 01. Pr, Pm, • Ovyrslay of a doore. Superliminare,* gives the true mean-
ing and connection. It is, itself, by metath., simply ovyrsayl. Mr. Way*s annotation is, —
' The following passage occurs in Gaut. de Bibelesworth, Arund. MS. 220 ; —

" Al entr4 del bus est la lyme (the therswald, al. threshwald),
Et outre la teste la suslynu (the ouerslay)."

In Sir Thomas Phillipps's MS., ** ouerslauth ;" in Femina MS., Trin. Coll. Camb. B. 14, 40,
" le suislyne, \>e ouerchek.'* '* Superliminare^ ouerslay," Vocab. Harl. MS. 1 7, C. xvii.
" Superliminare, overlytys." Med. Horman says, " I hjrtte my heed agenst the soyle, or
transumpt (bipertbyron, superliminare)** * In soyle we have the sail of our word, which is
coincident with sill, in window-st//, door-sill, &c. ; in connection with which I cannot do
better than quote from Mr. Wedgw. : — * Sill, the threshold of a door or window. PI. D.
SI///, Germ, scbwelle, Fr. seuil. It. soglia, a threshold. Sw. syll, Dan. syld, base of a frame-
work, building, ground-sill. N. £. siles, the main timbers of a house ; soil, rafter, window-
sill. Hall. W. mil, syl, a groundwork, foundation, base ; seill-dor, door-sill, threshold,; go-
sail, an underpinning or ground-silling. Gael, sail, a beam; sail-bbunn {bonn, sole.

36S GlOSSARy OF THE

tbnndilioa, base), tbe lole, lower beam of a partition.' Ai in go-sail, saH-bhunn, OTeruil
takes its especial meaning: in poiul o{ fact, it ii limply a lilcrii translation or npflimi-
ttare. The meaning of lo bult oc concial, at in the quolatians above, it limply a secondary
meaning and a nalural onr. The O. 01. miilakc it not altogelha excusable : the Over-
soil really does frequently project, from hilf-an-inch upwards, beyond the rest of the
misanry, but it is eipecially lo the part which does not project that the meaning of Over-
sail, strictly speaking, is limited.

Overthrow, sb. An upset, or overturning. See To tiirow over.

' Fo[ jif he ne liie tc ia|teT' and lanhte to |ie steorne.
pe wyot wolde with te water- (* Bot ouir-irroue:

Ekeat's P. PloHgbm. p. 104.

Overwelt, sb. A fall, such that the results are that the fallen being
or thing lies on its back or upside down.

See Weltor, Welt, and comp. Sw. vdll, a roller, valla, to roll, Sa.
' " The sheep has getten an ovier-atll ;' of a sheep which has got laid upon its back iik
a gutter or hollow, and cannot get up again.' \Vh. 01.

Owe, V. a, To own, to have belonging to. Otherwise swe. Of
most frequent occurrence in the forma Wlieeas' aw, or, wheea'a
owght, or aught, this or thatP See Awe, Wbeeas' a', Wheea'a
owght.

Ower, V. n. i. To last through or endure to the end; of a given
time. 2. To come to the end, in the sense of closing or finishing, to

cease or discontinue.

1. ■ He wur desper'l bad, for seear. Ah thowghl he cou'd nivver ha' ouiertd t nee^t.'
a. ' Wed, it 'i Duiir'd wi' 'ni noo, puir au'd chap 1' it hat come to an end : he is dead.
I scaicely look upon this word ai merely a vaigar uiage of the prep, over, but rather u
anothei form of Hover, with a continued sense : comp. the examples. ' " Hovtr yoot
hand :" stop or hold, at In the act of pouring water," witb ' " It ounrtd a Kl ;" it (the rain)
ceased a little.' Wb. Gl. The mcining in oui first example, taking over at bnv«r,
would depend on making the rb. neuter iostead of active, and the word nigbl the case of
time. In the second example, the idea mutt be of stopping or suspending an actiim for
good. Pr. Pm. gives ' Hovyn on hone, and a-bydyll. Siroc'mo' aud iu the notes occut
' Havyngt afar off," ' bouyngi at Blaekheath,' in either of which cases a case of time might
be subjoined. In F. Plougbm. the comp. form oiwr.ioiD'ii occurs.

OwBT. Pr. of Over : the (WC as in ' hour.'

The word it in perpetual use to express the idea of excetiicenett or superfluity ; at, ' he it
ouw-fond for owght,' loo foolish for auything; 't' ho(u"s ouw-big for us,' the house
ii too large to suit us: but in all these cases it ought properly to be contideied at an
ioteparable particle, answering to the Dan.yiir. as in /ornugtl, ower-miokla : Jorbaard,
excessively hard, owM-hwd, &c.; or talhei, perhaps, to A. S. prcpotitire r/<r, at in
ofir-mod, over-proud ; or to Qerm, ircr.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 367

Oweranoe, sb. i. The upper hand, or authority; over a person.
2. Control; of money or a household.

1. * " She fairly ha*cs t* owerance owcr him ;" she completely rules him.* Wb. Gl.

2. * She had t' owerance o* t' au'd man's money, an' he knew na' mair an owght what he
had i' t' hooss.*

Ower-anenst, prep, and adv. Over against, opposite to.

Ower-gate, sb. The stone stile of the country, or means of getting
over a wall which happens to cross the line of a path or footway.
Stones sufficiently long to project eleven or twelve inches beyond either
face of the wall — ^which is constructed without lime — are built into it, at
convenient relative distances, and thus form steps or stepping-places for
the passengers.

Ower-kessen (Pr. of Over-oasten). Overcast ; of the sky.

Pr. Pm. • Ovyr caste, or over hyllyd. Pretectus, contectus ;* the idea being of a covering
thrown over the sky.

Ower-many, adj. (pr. ower-monny). Too strong, not to be resisted.

• " He *s owermony for me ;" in argument.' Wb, GL

• Deeath *s owermony for us a'.* Ih,

Ower-miokle, adj. and adv. Overmuch, too much.

Pr, Pm. * Ovyr-myhylle (ouer moche). Nimis, vd nimius* Comp. Dan. for-meget,
A. S. ofer-imBst.

Ower-nioe, adj. Fastidious, dainty, shy, backward; not liking to
Vmake oneself at home.'

• Noo, you munnot be shy an' ower-nice, but mak' a lang airm to what you like best.'
Wb. Gl.

See another form of homely, hospitable invitation to the good things upon the table
under Beaoli to.

Owerquart, owerthwart, adj. and adv. i. Across, in a direction
of angular opposition. 2. Thence perverse, contrary, contentious or
given to contradiction. See Orerqiiart.

Owerset, owersettexiy p. p. i. Overdone, tasked beyond one's
strength or ability. 2. Overturned or upset; of a vessel, a car^ a
boat, &c.

Pr. Pm. • Ovyr settyn, or ovyr comyn. Supero, vinco : Ouer seitynge, Oppresao*
• " Is she seriously ill ? " " Neea, nobbut ower-setten wiv gannan t' Whitby an' 3ramm
agen same deea." '

• T* chap 's getten 's cart oiwjuf, Ah '11 lay.'

368 GLOSSARy OF THE

Ower t' moor. i. Used adjectively ; living at, or situated in,
a place which lies beyond or at the other side of the moor-district.
2. Expressive of destination; of a journey or purpose of journeying.

I. So and so is * an ower t* moor body.'

• They cam* fra some o* t* ower ( moor spots.' Wb, Gl.

a. * " Where *s t'e boun, Willy ?" " Ah 's gannan* ower t moor Vt a bit." '

Ower t' way : as in the expression below.

• " Ah gav* him ower t way wi' 't ;" I met him with a rebuke or reproof.* Wb. GL

Owerwelt. See Overwelt.

Owerwhemmle, v. a. To overturn or upset ; to throw topsy-turvy.
See Whemmle.

Owse, sb. Pr. of Ox. Plural, Owsen.

In S. Jutl., says Kok, p. 99, h before s is usually changed into j, v or s. Thus %hse
becomes q/s; ohsel^ ovsel; Stoksberred, Stovsherred; Sec, Comp. our StowBley for
Stokesley, Bousby for Roxby, &c.

Ows'us, sb. (Pr. of ox-house). The Byre or Beast-house.

Comp. Dan. D. rws (• long) or fwds, * without doubt from nmdt a neat, animals of the
ox kind, and contracted from fwdbuus;* N.j^m, from fiebuui; &c.

Owther, conj. Pr. of Either. See Nowther*

' And whene [k)u heres Haly Wryte ow]>er in sermone or in priue collacyone.' Rti,
Pieces^ p. 32.

* For owtber I will all gete or all lese.' Merlin, p. 366.

Oxgang, sb. See OskixL
Ox-prod, sb. An ox-goad.
Oxter, sb. The arm-pit.

A. S. oxta, oxHf the arm-pit or arm-hole. No doubt connected with O. N. oxl, the
shoulder; Dan. and Sw. axel, A.S. eaxle, O. Q. absal. Germ, aebsel; acbsd'grube, the
arm-pit.

Faoe-eggs, sb. Eggs boiled hard and stained of divers coloiu^, and
possibly also in streaks and patterns. These, on Easter Monday and
Tuesday, serve first as playthings for children, and secondly as a viand.
They roll or troll them on the ground, in the fields, or elsewhere. At
Whitby there is or was a 'children's fair held in the space between

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 369

the parish church and the abbey' on TroU-egg-days^ or Easter Mon-
day and Tuesday. Wh. GL

O.N. pdskiTf paska, Sw. pisk, Dsui. paaske. Da. paescben, Fr. pdqta, &c.» from Heb.
pesacb, in its Greek form w^gx^^- Our Faoe-egg is exactly coincident with Dan. paaske-
<^gt Sw. pdsk-dggt an egg commonly eaten on Easter Eve, hard-boiled, coloured with
various tints, and which, in the Greek Church, and especially in Russia, is mutually pre-
sented and accepted by persons meeting each other. Dalin. It is not easy to ascertain
when, or by what steps, the hard k passed over into c soft. In P. Plougbm. p. 338, the
form is ^057^, and in TowneL Myst. p. 179, it is paske. In Merlin^ p. 104, however, the
forms pascbt passb occur, whence eventually our form Face. By a further corruption the
word has also taken the occasional form Faste-eggs. In some parts of E. Yorkshire
the children go to the top of some of the Wold bluffs to troll their eggs down, and each
boy resorts, year by year, to the same point, trolling his egg down some shallow or
turfoce-gully which is reserved to him solely by a kind of prescription. Their word for the
eggs is * Soul-eggs.'

Pack, adj. Familiar, tame, domesticated.

A somewhat obscure word. Jam. (who alone notices it) seems to have misunderstood
its application, or, at least, connection, in the extracts below : —

'Nae doubt but they were fain o' ither
An' unco pack and thick thegether.' Burnt;

* Twa tods forgathert on a brae.
They war auld comrades, frank an' free.
An' ptuk an' thick as tods could be.' NieoTs Poems, ii. 89 :

for he says, ' Its connection with tbick would suggest that it properly signifies closeness or
contiguity, from Germ, and S. G. paeke, sarcina, &c* The word tbick is, however, used
simp^as a cant word, or as in the phrase * as thick as thieves.'

' She did not, as she wont before.
Hector and scold him out o' dore.
But soberly forbore her flyting.
An' e'en became the kindest Icyting,
The packest thing and the best willed.
The gentlest bird that ever billed.' JoethSer. Disc. p. 30.

Pack, V. n. To collect together in large flocks or assemblages, as
the grouse do in October and later on in the season.

Pack, sb. The package of small wares usually carried by the
pedlar.

Packman, sb. A pedlar, or itinerant vendor of small wares such
as may be carried in a pack. Comp. ' Bagman,' a commercial traveller.

Paok-rag Day. The day after Martinmas Day, or 23rd November,
when Farm-servaiits leave their places, and consequently have to pack
up their clothes and other belongings. Wh. GL

In other districts it is a different day. In LincoUishire it is Old May Day, 12th May,
and Forby gives the name to Old Nfichaehnas Day. See Halliwell. Comp. Brockett's * Pack-
ing'penny^ay, the last day of the fair ; when all the cheap bargains are to be had. Newc'

3B

J7Q GLOSSARy OF THE

Paddle, V. n. To walk or go on foot; often with a kind of impli-
cation of shortness in the steps, like a child's; or of slowness or some
amount of difficulty, as with a poorly or infinn person. See Patter.

■ They Wid hae setlen me wi' f gillowi' ; but Ah Mid Ah *id nuk' out t' paddU ui'

dbyai

letly fcm

a hou» nearly two mUei

■ Ail leen 1' lu'd nun paddlin' about t' tooadt yestreen.'

Paddy-noddy, sb. A long or involved history about nothing;
' a cock-and-bull story ;' Wh. GL The Cr. Gl. gives ' perplexity, em-
barrassment,' as the signification : but here and in Leeds district the
only embarrassment is that of a confused and blundering narrator.

1 ihould conuecl thii with palinadt. t iiying back, or unsaying of whit has beea said
before, a process often leading to confusion and embilcisinieiil. surely, with even the belt
inlentioni. The word would thus take clau wilh ftraoy-varsey, Mlthiidate. and two
or three others in use in Cleveland.

' " A lang paddy-noddy about nowght ;" a long lale about nolhing.' Wb, Gl.

Pafty, adj. Pert or impertinent, saucy ; of a servant, or ill-trained

Comp. Dan. D. pta, chatter, impertinence,
chatleringly. Il is possible there may be i
Brock, ha. pagiing.

ptau, to speak or talk flippantly.
Here may He i relation between Iheie words and pafty.
ing ; with which comp. Sw. D. pmla, lo talk confusedly or

■ She has grown orer pqfy for htt place.' Wb. Gl.

Pally-ully, sb. i. A game closely resembling "Hopscotch' or
■ Hopscore,' if not identical with it, played in the same way by the
help of a small flat piece of earthenware or the like, and an oblong
figure with many angular compartments chalked or otherwise marked
out on the pavement or a piece of level ground. 2. The piece of
earthenware or tile used in the game.

Palm, V. n. (pr. paum). To ascend a tree, or pole, without assistance
from side branches or unevenness, but simply by the use of the hands,
arms, legs and feet. The same as ' swarm' in other districts,

Falm-oross, sb. A decorative cross, composed of the peeled sticks
of ihe willow, and dressed with the calkins or Fabns. Suspended from
the ceiling, or some high projection, about Palm- Sunday.

Palm-crosa Day. Palm Sunday, or the Sunday before Easter. See
Palm-orosB.

Palma, sb. The soft or downy catkins of the willow tribe. Often
applied, in the singular, to the willow itself.

Dan.D. palmer, the long downy catkins upon certain trees; especially on the differeiil
species of willow in S. Jull. ; Sw. D. palmfr. iJ. Molb, adds that the willows Ihenisclvo

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 371

are called palm-trees ; and Rietz also gives goslings as a Sw. D. name for the same catkins,
coincident with goslings^ a name familiar in Essex and Suffolk. Note also PI. D. paltne^
catkin of willow, hazel, alder; Fin. palmu, catkin of willow; Pr.Pm. * Palme of wuUe,
or loke*. Palma* *The branches of the willow are carried on Easter Sunday' (or, the
Sunday before Easter ?) ' on account of the name, to represent the Palm-branches of Judea.'
Wedgw. See Falm-oross, Falm-oross Day.

FaLm-treey sb. A name for the species of willow which furnish the
Palms.

Falsy-strokey sb. An attack or fit of paralysis : often expressed by
using the unqualified word Stroke.

Fan, V. n. i. To fit in or correspond well, to agree or tally. 2. To
suit a place, or shew aptitude for an occupation.

Hall, gives < Pan, to unite ; to fit ; to agree. North ;' and * Panable, likely to agree ;'
quoting, under the former, from Douce's MS. Addititms to Ray: —

' Weal and women cannot pan.
But wo and women can.'

With us the latter part of the second meaning is most usual, and is coarsely illustrated by-— >
' Thou pans like a hen to piss.' Comp. Dan. D. p^nje, to work with the hands, to be
careful, to be handy ; which may possibly be connected with our word. Jamieson's sug-
gestion, giving only the meaning, * to agree, to conespond,' is, * perhaps, from A. S. pan,
a piece of cloth inserted into another.' Pr. Pm. gives ' pane, or parte of a thynge ;' which
of course ought to fit, or fit in with, the rest. * Forby observes, that in Norfolk a regular
division of some sorts of husbandry work, as digging or sowing, is called a pane ; and that
curtains formed of narrow stripes of different colours are termed paned. In the indenture
for building the church of Fotheringhay, 1435, it is directed that the steeple should be
square in the lower part, and, after being carried as high as the body of the church, *' hit
shall be chaungid, and turned into viij. panes" * Note to Pane, Pr, Pm. See Halliwell's
* Post-and-pan-House, a house formed of uprights and cross-pieces of timber, which are
not plastered over, but generally blackened as many old cottages are in various parts of
England ;* and, it might be added, many houses once of great pretensions also. To this
mode of building may, it would seem most likely, the phrases in the succeeding part of the
above note (at least in part) be referred : — * " A panne of a house, ^amui ;" " Pane of a wall,
pan de mur. Panell of a wall, pan de mur** Palsgr.' Comp. Dan. D. p£umiv€erk, patch-
work, clouting ; at gaae paan paa, is ' to go to pieces,' which pieces may of course be
fitted together, or be made to fit in or suit in patching ; whence the former word. Possibly
also Jamieson's word pane, to labour, to work, may he related to p9nje, above quoted.
* He pans badly.* * How awkward you pan* Wb. 01.

Fan, sb. A vessel for containing water, not necessarily or usually
shallow; for instance, the ordinary garden water-pot is always called
Water-pan.

Fankin, sb. i. A deep earthenware vessel or pot, smaller at the
bottom than at the sides. Often qualified by a prefix; as Water-
pankin, Cream-pankin, Ac, 2. Sepulchral urns from the ancient
Celtic tumuli, or Hones.

Comp. * Panebeon, a large broad pan. West. ;' and ' Pankin, a small pan.' Halliwell.
Elsewhere, pannikin,

3 B 2

37« GLOSSARF OF THE

Fankin-diBb, sb. A large deep dish of brown or slone'earthen'

Fankin-pot, sb. Much the same as pankin.

Fannel, sb. A pad, or saddJe without the wooden- framework, or

Fanmertnan, sb. The person in charge of a packsaddle-laden
horse or company of horses ; in the old days of horse-traffic, espedally.

laies. each ladni
len in company,

ixtecu years since long it
D ihit district. There wi

ngE of mulei or f
e generally two

An old flagged, or roughly paved, narrow
cross the Woors in the direction of Staithes from Castleton,
enty or eighty years ago, was the horse-road or Causey, is so

driving the

Pamu

roadway
which, se
called.

Parlatic, adj. Paralytic.

Parlous, adj. Perilous ; but used with the special or arbitrary senses
of clever, acute, ingenious ; suspicious, or of questionable character or
appearance; and the like. A word of perpetual occiurence and indefi-
nitely varying meanings or shades of meaning,

' A. S. /arolic, firlic,' iiyi Ihre, ' notit id. quod improriium. insolitum est. Et fattc
hinc est, quod iiamoi farlig waciir, mire piAcer, fartig god, mire bonus, quo eodem scosu
ItlmiifiTUg uiurpant.' Nate also Dan. Cfiirllg. ' a wmd in very general use among the
conunonilty io Denmark in order to express greatness of quantity or size, or a high degree
of anything, and particularly in the inteQutive sense ofmuch or great; u Eh farlig bob pngt :
a very great heap of money; ta/arlig alor fcj.- an exceedingly large cow; infartig rig, or
farlig god mand: a surprisingly rich 01 good man. The S. Jutl. Bonders use the word to
signify gieat clerical power or ability in their priests ; ts, Dt a tn fault kaid (fn farlig htrl)
for a allir : a parlous chap for the altar.' Molb. Kok gives alio the examples. &111 tan
faUf Ifariig) sirivt : he can write parlous well ; trbanrikt Ja.faUt: Is he rich? Aye.
parlma. The standard Dan. word farlig corresponds as precisely with the Engl, ptrilout at
the telatiouship between Scand./ira, /Lira, /lir, and LaL Jurieulum is close. Still, the exict
couiddetiee between the dialect use of the seteral wardi farlig and parlous is very cutiolu

" He looks a parlovi kind of body ;" a fe
" Parltnii walking :" slippery from the ici
'^ It *s^arioifs kind o' stuiT;'* of poison.'

ookitig fellow.' Wl. 01.

ParlouB, adv. Extremely, wonderfully, sorely ; used in a great variety
>f senses, but always intensitively. See Parlous, adj.

' Kparlout good speaker,'

' Parlom rich.' ■ Parlout cold.'

' Pariota bad ;' of pain, or of a sick person'* coiidilioii.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 373

Parpen', parpen'-wall, sb. (Pr. of perpent). Mason-work, or a wail,
one stone thick ; usually from nine inches to a foot. The inner or par-
tition-walls of stone houses are usually built thus.

* Perpeni-ttone, Perpinder, Perpyn, Fr. Pierres a diux paremmU: ... a large stone
reaching through a wall so as to appear on both sides of it. . . . In Gloucestershire, ashlar
thick enough to reach entirely through a wall, and shew a fair face on both sides, is called
Parping aMar, ** Perpins — ^Perpenders or perpent stones ; stones made just as thick as
a wall and shewing their smoothed ends on either side thereof." Cotgrave. " pro xxxvii.
ulnis de perpent* acbillar. 1450." Hist. Dunelm. Scrip, tres cccxvij.' Parker's G/osf. of
AreifUeciuri, p. aSi.

Partner, sb. One's wife.

Pase, paie, v. a. To force, as a lock or door, by the application of
leverage.

By metathesis from prist, through pint or perse to pase. Comp. O. N. presta, O. Sw.
persa, N. S. persen, and see the remarks under Ck>tilpreBS. Wedgw. derives prise from
* Fr. prise, a taking, seizing, any advantage — Cot, what enables one to hold, a purchase in
nautical language. Manx prise, a fulcrum; as a verb, to raise by lever on a fulcrum.'
Brock, gives Fr. peser, to weigh, as the derivative.

Pash, V. a. i. To dash or crash; to smash, or shatter, or break into
fragments. 2. To force one's way as through a crowd, or a fence that
can be made to yield a passage. 3. To speed one's way by using
more effort.

Cf. Dan. bask, a sounding blow, as, det gav et bask : it gave a bang or crash ; baske,
I. To strike with the flat hand : 2. To give a sound as of a slap, as, batten basker tned vm-
geme : the cock claps his wings ; Swiss batscben, to strike with the hand, bdtseben, to give
a noise as of a slap, to fall with a crash ; Germ, patscben, I. To clap, flap, smack, to fall to
the ground with a heavy sound : 2. To dabble, slosh, paddle, in mire or liquid mud. From
the noise and action of the blow the idea passes to the effects, thence our application
of the word.

* Deeth cam dryvjrnge after.

And al to duste passbed

Kjmges and knyghtes

Kaysers and Popes,

Lered and lewed.

He leet no man stonde

That he hitte evene.' P. Phugbm, p. 431.

1. * They pasbed the door down.' Wb, GL

a. * ** Pasb your way in amang 'em ;" make your way in among the crowd.' lb.

3. * Pasb on, or away ;' walk quickly.

The Or. Gl. says, * We have many other compounds of this verb, as, to pasb at, to pasb
in, to pasb by, to pasb through or over ;' the idea of * vehemence of action being preserved
all through.'

Pash, sb. I. A crash or smash. 2. The fragnients produced by
the smash. 3. A heavy fall of snow or rain. 4. What results from
such a fall, when the snow is half melted, or the roads and fields are

374 GLOSS ARy of the

in a state of liquid mud. 5. Anything soft and oozy, like rotten
matters, &c.

Hall, gives 'pasb, to strike with violence so as to break to pieces. — ^Palsgrave,' with the
following quotation: — * Comming to the bridge I found it built of glasse cunningly and
curiously, . . but yet so slenderly, as the least weight was able to paA it into innumerable
pieces.' Greene's Gwydoniut, 1593. Here we obviously have the originating idea of our
second meaning. There is then, it would seem, a transition of thou^t to that iti^ch is
rotten, and so, frail, and embracing both dry and moist rottenness, or dry decayed wood
and rotten vegetables ; and thence, by a further step, to that which has a certain sort of
resemblance to moistly rotten matters, as melting snow and the slush which results from it.
Comp. Germ, patsebe, plash, mud, sludge.

1. * Ah fell doon wiv a pasb.*

2. • It 's a' iv a pasb;* of wood affected with dry rot.

3, 4. * We had a desper't pasbt a week gone, wi' snow ; and then it gev agen.'
4. * As rotten as pcuh*

PaBsimere, sb. The pismire, ant, or emmet.

Pr, Pm. * Pysmere, Formica* N. S. miere^ Dut. mien, pismiert, A. S. mirt, myn, in ant,
pismire ; Dan. myret O. N. maur^ Sw. myra, N. migmaur, Finn, nuturaifum, Welsh mor,
myr. * An insect very generally named from the sharp urinous smell of an ant-hill. Dut.
mier-seycket an ant, seyche^ urine ; PI. D. mieg-emke, miegin, mingere ; Fin. ibmoMM, hui,
urine.* Wedgw.

Past, adj. Beyond, not capable of, not submitting to. A word used
with great variety of application, and its sense best seen in instances
oi usage.

* Past holding ;' not to be held or restrained, of a horse or other animal.
*Past work,* or ^pcut working;' worn out, incapable of further work.

* Past digging ;' of the ground — too hard, or too foul with Wioks, Sec, to admit of
digging.

Past all (pr. past a', or past aw). Exceeding in everything ; usually
in a disagreeable sense, but sometimes simply expressive of wonder or
astonishment.

* Yon woman's temper and ways 's pcut a* ;' outrageously violent and bad.
' Weel, that 's past a\ I nivver beared sikan a teeal afore.'

Past biding. Beyond endurance, intolerable.

Paste, sb. i. The pastry part of a pie or pudding, both cooked
and uncooked. 2. The dough of which the bread is to be made and
baked.

I give an extract from Wedgw. here on account of the relation of his remark to the
special sense of our word, which gives it the character of a provincial word. * Diez inclines
to the derivation from Lzt. pastus^ food, though with some hesitation, arising from the
relation between Sp. plasta^ and Gr. irXour/ia, anything moulded. And here, doubtless, he
touches on a truer scent. As long as bread is in a state of paste it is not food. The essen-
tial characteristic of paste is its sticky, plastic condition, like that of moist clay or mud.'
Pr. Pm. • PasU of dowe. Paua:

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 375

Patter, v. a. To flatten or beat down with frequent footsteps; as
newly-tilled soil, snow, &c.

A frequentatire from pat^ a light tap, or to tap lightly, and applied to other iteration
besides that of light blows or touches, as to the ' vain repetitions' of such and such a number
of prayers or forms, or simply of a number of words. See the examples in Rich., and the
extract from Palsgr. in Halliwell. With us the sense passes on a step further, ft-om the repe-
tition of light blows or pressures, to the effect produced on matters susceptible of such effects
from such cause. There may possibly be a connection between paw, Dan. pot* (from
Germ, pfote), Dut. pooU, Fr. piuu, and pat; in wliich case the meaning of our word would
follow more naturally still.

Patterings, patterments, sb. Foot-prints, the marks of feet in
light soil or the like.

Paut, peat, V. a. i. To kick gently, or move with the foot. 2. To
move with a stick, or push at anything with either the hand or some-
thing in it. 3. To push or strike more heavily ; to use heavier action
of the feet; to walk heavily or uncertainly, as an aged or infirm person,
so as to require the aid of a stick.

Hall, gires poat, to kick, as a Devon word, as well as Northern pote, to push or kick.
Dan. D.pote, however, has for its meaning a sense altogether analogous to our third signifi-
cation, and is probably the origin of, or very neariy connected with, our word. It is * to
stamp or pound the earth, as, for instance, round anything set in it.' Or. GL gives paut,
as * ** to paui off t' happin," to kick off the bed-clothes ;' and *poit, to push with the feet.'
Leids 01., * paut, a puny kick ; e.g. an infant's;* while Brock, has * paut, to paw, to walk
heavily or awkwardly, to kick,' and * paut, a stroke on the ground with the foot ;' while
pawt, in Lincolnsh., is said of a servant * who makes a show of working, puttii^ out her
hands and doing in fact nothing.' Halliwell. It is remarkable how many of our Northern
words vary their signification with their locality. Comp. S. O. potta, * digito vel baculo ex-
plorare : . . . pronunciamus p^a, et ita quoque scripserit, qui usum magis quam analogiam
respexerit.'

a. * " He now gans poating about wiv a stick ;" uses a walking-stick.' Wb. 01,

Pawk, sb. Impertinence, almost insolence; uppishness, or an up-
start spirit. See Pawky.

* ** They hae sadly owermickle pawh for then- spot ;" as people too independent for the
station they fill.' Wb. 01.

Vsmlsjy adj. i. Impudent, semi-insolent. 2. Lively, bold, not
abashed by strangers; of a yoimg child.

* Arch, cunning, artful,' in Grose's Gl. Jam. quotes ' pauky, witty, or sly, in word or
action, without any harm or bad designs ; Gl. Rams.' Further, he inclines to connect the
word with A. S. pctean or paccan, to deceive, lie ; p€eca, a cheat, a dissembler ; O. £. pack-
ing, pache, pateberU, * words nearly allied in sense.' Certainly, we have instances in which
the meaning of a word has deviated further from its original sense, than from Ijring to artful,
thence to d^, and thence again to sly in its other sense, espiigU,

I. * As pawky as a pyet.' Wb. Gl.

a. * A bonny, pawky, peert lahtle chap as iwer Ah seen ;' of a fine, handsome, lively,
un-shy child of twelve or fifteen months old.

37l5 GLOSSARy OF THE

Fea-hulla, sb. The shells or empty pods of peas. See Hulla,
Swads.

Fea-Bcalding, peasood-scaldmg, sb. A kind or popular festinty,
at which green peas scalded or slightly boiled with their pods on are
the main dish. Being set on the table in the midst of the party, each
person dips his peascod in a common cup of butter and salt, made
fluid by the heat of the steaming mass, and extracts the peas by the
agency of his teeth. iVh. Gl.

Feasood, sb. The pod containing the peas, with the peas still
in it.

Feascod-swads, pea-Hwads, sb. The pea-shells, husks or pods,
after the peas are removed. See Swadf, Hulls.

Feoh, V. n. (pr. peff). To cough in a subdued way, or with short,
dry, faint coughs.

CoinddeDt with Cumb. ind Sc. pich, to pant, pufT. breathe hard oi labour m breathing,
and aoolber instance of the tnaiiiinn of the gutluni cb inta^in our dialef t. Jam; loalci
DpOD ptcb at radially the lame as Sw. picia, Xo palpitale. To give out i law lound, U
I repeiler waich ; Dan. piklu, Qemi. pocbea. Sibbald, he adds, looks upon ihc word
as fonntd from the sound : an idea which the character of the word )Bstiiiei much more
than in some caiei Id which such formation is assumed.

Fdddle, v. a. To sell in small quantities instead of in the lump or
by the piece.

Mr. Wedgw. quolei Pr. Pn, ' P/ddt, idem quod panere, calalhus : ptddan, catathiriui ;'
and alio ' Ptddrr, revolut, negociator,' from Calb, Aug.; both in immediate sequence to
Norfolk ptd, a pannier or wickei-baikel : from whence he deiivei ptddir ot ftdtar. Our
vb. moil be derived from Ihii noun, ai docriptire of the kind of traffic carried on by the
ptdlar.

■ What few beeis we hae at this lahm o' year, v
■pollen by a Dales farmer in Augusi lait, in aniwei to i
opening the cattle markeli again.

Feen, adj. Thin, fine, attenuated.

Dan. ptta, pan, slender, slight, nipped in ; Sw, D. ptn, pan, id. ; Sw. ptn. the small end of
a small oi hand hammer, opposed to the hammer face. A curious word: Molbech'i
remark upon the Danish fttn being that it does not occur cither in Islaiidic oi O. DuUih,
though met with in East Oothland. Its occurrence in Yorkshire becomo. (herefbrc, nry
noteworthy. It ii one instance — by no means a singular otui either in the Cterel. D. — of
the many in which a word, from not having been writleu. has practically dropped, or been
bit. out of the parent language, but has been preserved in the descended longuet or

■ Tak' f pitn c

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 377

FSrohing, peerohing, adj. Piercing, penetrating, nipping; of the
cold, or a cold Wind.

Hall, gives * perebe, to pierce, to prick/ and Pr, Pm., ' Ptercynge or borynge (^percbinge^
or perringe). Perforacio* Comp. the sound oT It. perciare, to pierce. The forms ptrsb^
ptneht occur in Mtrlin, pp. I55i 327 ; ptrcbe in ToumeL Myst, p. 209, and R9I. PUcis,
pp. 42, 85.

Feert, adj. Brisk, lively, spirited.

There can be little doubt of the near connection between this word and petty and between
ptri and perk. See Wedgw. under To perk, to pert, peart, pert. Cf. to perk up the head,
and also, in a passage quoted by Wedgw., to pert up the head; peark, brisk, also peart,
brisk. Welsh pert, smart, dapper, fine ; PI. D. prick, id. Cf. E. prick up the head.

Feffing, adj. (Pr. of peching). Short, husky, subdued or faint; of a
cough. See Pech.

* A bit of a p^g cough.' Wb. 01.

Felt, sb. The skin of an animal, as removed from the carcase.

Lat. pellis, a skin ; M. Lat peUicium, peltis ; A. S. pylce, Oerm. pelz, Dan. pels, Sw. pels.
The more ordinary use of the latter words is in the sense of prepared skin, and thence of
a garment of such material.

« T heeal (whole) on 't, horns, tail an* pdt.* Wb. 01.

Fepper-oake, sb. A kind of gingerbread baked in large and thick
cakes, or flat loaves.

At Christmas, and on occasion of the birth of a child also, one of these cakes is provided
and a cheese ; the latter is set on a large platter or dish and the pepper-cake upon it. The
cutting of the Christmas cheese is done by the master of the house on Christmas Eve, and
is a ceremony not to be lightly omitted. All comers to the house are invited to partake of
the pepper-K»ke and cheese, the form of invitation seldom varying mudi : — * Noo, ye mun
taste our cheese.' Wine or spirits are usually offered too ; and the etiquette is to offer the
* good wishes of the season,' or the congratiilations and kind words for the occasion, as the
cheese and its concomitants are taken. Comp. Dan. peber^age, a cake of wheaten flour,
spiced and sweetened with pepper and honey ; the honey taking the place of the treacle in
our cake.

Feroeivanoe, sb. Notion, conception, knowledge or acquaintance
with.

* ** I had no pereeivanee about it ;" knew nothing of the matter.' Wb. Gl.

Feriflhment, sb. The action and consequences of severe cold, a
thorough chill.

* He sat knapping flmts a' thruff that blustery, droppy day, while t' rain ran off iv him :
an' he 's getten a periabmeni o' cou'd.'

Fet, To take. To feel oneself affronted and shew it by the manner
of one's actions ; usually applied where the ground of offence is trifling

30

378 GLOSSARY OF THE

or nonsensical, or the action of the aggrieved party evidently pettish,
or influenced by irritation or temper.

* '* Wheea, Jossy 's tteaVn pet agen, folk sez. What 's it aboot, noo ? " '* Aboot amaist
nowght, bairn. He 's alla's takkin* pet, ye knows." '

Fettle, V. n. To nestle close, or cling, as a child to its mother, when
averse to going to another person.

A derivative from pet, fondling, a favourite child or aninltl.

Piok, sb. Pitch.

0. N. bik, Sw. beck, Dan. beg, S. Jutl. pik, O. Dan. pick, p^b, A. S. pie, O. Oerm. peb.
Germ, pecb, PI. D. pik, pek, Gael, pie, Welsh p^g, Lat. pix, Gr. rcrra, wureei, pitch. Note
also Gael, bigb, glue, gum, birdlime. Pr. Pm. * Pyk or pycke. Pix, pissa* See Wedg-
wood's remarks on the connection between the notions of stickiness, sticking, and piercing
or pricking.

' And yhit l>e fire hat bryn }>am sal,
Sal gyfe a Strang stjmk with-alle.
For it sal be fiille of brunstane and pyk.
And of other th3mg )>at es wyk.' Pr, of Come, 1. 6691.

* Anoynt thi ship with ^ and tar without and ab Within,
The water out to spar.' Toumel, My si, p. 93.

* As black as pick*

Pick, V. a. I. To throw or pitch, to push, to shove, so as to cause
to fall. Thence 2. To let fall or drop prematurely, to *cast'; of a cow,
mare, &c., in reference to her young.

The Northumbr. form of Eng. pitch, and once, probably, the only form. Note A". Pm,
pykk/orke, pyketoalle or gabel, and comp. * )Mf^'piicbed roof.' The original idea is of
a pointed thing, Dan. pig, Sw. pigg ; O. N. pikka, to prick ; Welsh picell, an arrow or dart ;
Fr. pique : and from thence to throw a pointed missile or dart ; — ^Welsh piciaw or pieio.
* To pick a lance was to throw it.' Wedgw. ' I holde a grote I pycke as farre with an
arowe as you.* Palsgr.

* he tooke me from my father deere,
8c keeped me within his wpone
till I was able of my selfe

both to shoote and picke the stone.'

Percy's Folio MS. i. p. 33 j.

1. • They picked me down.' Wb. Ql,

* He picked him intil t* beck*

2. * T' au'd roan cow 's picked her cau'f.'

Pick at, V. a. To make small attacks on one in word, to speak
provokingly, to assail one's character.

Piok-fbrk, sb. A pitch-fork, or fork with longer shaft than ordinary,
used in loading com, or stacking it, Ac.

Pr. Pm. * Pykkforke. Merga.'

* wi8 heore pic-forcken : with their pick-forks

hco valden heom to grunden.' they felled them to the ground.

Lay. ii. 483.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 379

Fickle, V. a. (^metimes pr. pikle). To take only small quantities of
food into the mouth at once; to eat small quantities of food without
apparent appetite.

Clearly z diminutive from pike or pick. S«e Pike, vb. Hall, gives piflt in the same
sense, while we hare that word in the sense to pilfer, to take small matters dishonestly.
There is the same sort of relationship between pifle, pOde or piokle, as between pecb
and peff, grucb and graff, buckle^ huggle and hiiffle, &c.

Fickle, sb. A single grain or kernel ; of com, rice, or the like.

The primary idea (see Fiok) of the words pig^ P^gg* piceh See,, being that of pointed-
ness, a diminutive from any one of these words might most easily come to mean the mere
point itself, and thence any small matter, grain, or point in the abstract seoie. Jam. accord-
ingly gives not only the definition given above, but also, * a single seed of whatever kind ;'
and, * any minute particle, as a grain of sand,' with an example, — * pickles of dust and ashes
of a burnt and dissolved body.'

Fickling, sb. A kind of fine canvas, used for covering meat-safes,
and other like objects.

Pr, Pm, * Pykelynge, Purguhcio.' See also Pykyn, lb., and note. It is probable that
material of the kind specified in the definition, being employed for cleansing purposes —
Hall, defines pichling as ' used for sieves ;' and sieves are used for purification of both dry
and liquid matters — ^the said material may have itself received the name of Fiokling from
the circumstance.

Pick-mark, sb. The mark on sheep, impressed with an iron stamp
— usually of the initials of the owner — ^upon them when newly shorn ;
a mixture of hot pitch and tar being the matter into wluch the stamp
is dipped.

Fick up, V. n. To vomit, throw matters up from one's stomach.

Hall, gives * Pick, an emetic ;' and adds, * we have pyki in the same sense in Nominale
MS.' Leeds OL gives pick simply, to vomit : — * He wur pikking awal t' neet.'

Fie, V. a. To store potatoes in the open fields, where they are
intended to lie through the winter.

A heap of thirty or forty bushels is made of a low or blunt conical form ; this is then
covered with straw to the thickness of four or five inches, and over the straw earth, dug
from the surface surrounding the Fie, is regularly laid and afterwards smoothed over with
the spade, so as to form an even-sided cone of three, or three feet and a half high, with a
base of nine or ten feet

Fie, sb. The heap of potatoes as stored in the fields for the winter.
See Fie, vb.

Fie, V. n. To pry, look about inquisitively.

* Pie. A magpie. (A. N.) Hence a prating gossip, or tell-tale. Wilypie, a sly knave.'
H alii well. But I think no one who has ever noticed the sly prying way in which a magpie

3C 2

380 GLOSSARY OF THE

looks into every matter coming within the scope of its obtervttioii, but mittt have been
struck with the characteristic of curiosity as developed in the bird fiilly as much as wttfaits
chattering propensity ; and hence, surely, our vb. Tie.

* ** A piwig sort of^body ;" an inquisitive kind of a person.' Wb. Ol.

Piet, pyet, sb. The magpie (Pica caudakt),

Comp. Piatiott pyannet, fymt. Brock.

* " A pawky young pyitf* a saucy young person.' Wb, 01,

ifle, V. a. To pilfer, to steal small matters. See Fickle or Flkle.

Figgin, sb. A small tub or dipping-pail with an upright handle.
See Kit.

* Gael. pigBt an earthen jar or pitcher ; pigtan, a little jar, a potsherd.' Wedgw.

Pig-Trilling, sb. Not only the actual slaughter, but also the occasion
(or day) on which the stock of pigs kept on any farm are killed.

A large number of pigs is always a part of the stock of a Dales farmer, and tlic Pic-
killing is a kind of high-day at which the neighbours are invited to be present aad to
assist, concluding the day with a social party at the inviting farmer's house. Cf. OUpping.

ig-meaty sb. A name given to the crop of mixed com, usually Bigg
and oats, sometimes with a proportion of wheat among it, specially
grown for consumption in fattening the pigs.

Pig-swajth, sb. The rind or skin of bacon. See Swarth.

Pike, sb. A stack, of corn usually, of circular form, pointed, and of
no great size.

From its circular form and conical or pointed top : Dan. pigt Sw. piggt a point or pointed
object ; Welsh pig^ &c.

• It (the wind) wapped t' top o* t* pike off by t' easins.'

Pike, V. a. To pick or gather ; of stones on the land, a flower or
spray, &c.

Comp. Pr. Pm. * PyhyR^ or clensyii, or cuUyn owte the on-dene. Pyhfd^ or purged fro
fylthe, or o]>er thynge grevows.' ' I pyke, or make dene, it ruttoye, I praye you pyke
my combe. I pyke sa^ome or any floure or come whan I sorte one part of them from
another, le isplucbe. All men can nat pycke saffron, some men must pyke pes3m. Palsgr.*
Note, 7&. A. S. pycan, to pick, pull, eruere; PI. D. pikkin^ bihken; Germ. /Mim; Dan.
pihhe ; Sw. picha, to peck, pick ; Welsh pigo^ to prick, pick, choose, pig^ the biB or beak
of a bird, as well as a point or prick. Pyke or pykyn was also used in reference to the
arraying of the human person and dress, as if in reference to the action of the bird in
preening its feathers.

Pillow-slip, sb, A pillow-case.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 38 1

Fin-a-show, pinny-show, sb. A childish peep-show, formed of
a box with coloured pictures pasted inside, and a circular eye-hole at
one of the ends to look in at.

The cry of the owner, according to Leeds Gl,, is, —

* A pin to look in,
A very fine thing :*

the charge for a peep being a pin, or perhaps, for a very fine show, two. The derivation
thus beoMnes sufficiently simple.

Finchery, sb. Niggardliness, the condition of denying oneself, or
foregoing the necessaries of life.

* They wur living i parlous pinebery, for a' he 'ad brass i 's kist.'

Finder, sb. The official in charge of the Finfold or pound.

Fine, v. n. To shrink, contract, or become less in dimensions, under
the influence of cold, drought, sickness, Ac, ; used of both persons and
things.

O. N. pinot to punish, to torment ; Sw. pina, Dan. ptne^ A. S.pitum, Germ, pehun, N. Sax.
^nen, Du. pijnen, Piinigen, Gad. pianam ; Gael, pictn, pain, pang, torture ; W. poen, BreL
poan, O. Sw. pina takes the secondary meaning etyaretaret corossare ; Finn, painan, id.
(Ihre), a meaning to which ours approaches very closely ; in either case the object pined
goes into less room.

or

^^««i» ■■■.r^y ^^ftmtm a v^v^asa.

Finfold, sb. A pound, or enclosure for the reception of straying
trespassing cattle.

Pr. Pm. * Pyn/blde. Inelusorhtm; Pyndare of beestys, pjmnar. Ineltaor, melusmiui;
Pynnyn, or put yn a pjmfold. Intrudo, detmdo* Mr. Wedgwood's comment on Pmfold,
Pindar^ is — ' Pinfold is conunonly explained as a fold in which strajring cattle are tempo-
rarily penned or confined ; pindar, the officer whose business it is to place cattle in the pin-
fold. But on this supposition there would be nothing distinctive in the name, inasmuch as
every cattle-fold is a fold for penning cattle. The real derivation is Du. pond, G. pfand^
a pawn or pledge. P/andstaU, a pinfold ; p/andung, the act of seizure ; p/ander, a dis-
trainer, a pindar. The owner of cattle taken in damage wu obliged to give a pledge to
make good the amount before the cattle were released.

Fro the Pouke's (Devil's) pondfalde no maynprise may us fetch. Piers PL*

This, however ingenious, is neither satisfactory nor consistent with the O. E. usage of the
words involved. Thus in Aner. Riude^ p. 128, * ase swin ipund ine sti uorte uetten;' and
again, * auh moni puni here worde uorte lettenrao vt,' Id, p. 7a; no possible doubt can
exist either as to the meaning or the origin of ipund, puni — ^A. S. pyndan, indudere, cer-
tainly, and not Germ, pfand, 8cc. : while in explanation of the prohibition of all cattle, * bute
kat one,' to anchoresses, the sentence {lb. p. 416) ' vor )>eonne mot heo )>enchen of ^ kues
foddre, and of heorde-monne huire, oluhnen hdward, warien hwon me puni hire, i lelden,
)>auh, [>e hermes :' defend herself when men pound her (the cow) and pay, nevertheless,
the damages ; leaves just as little doubt of the special application of puni to putting in the
Pinfold. Hence Mr. Way's note to Pyndare is conchisive :-— * To pynd, to pound or

382 GLOSSARY OF THE

impound cattle. Dunelm. Sax. pyndan, indudere (See Bosworth). Hence in these
midland parts the money that is given to the heyward, or to any person who locks or un-
locks the pound-gate, is called Pinne-Iock.'

Fippiiiy sb. The pip or seed of the apple and like fruits.

Pr. Pm. • Pypyne^ of vyne, or grape (pepyne of wyne)/ P^^t a pippin, or kemell, the
seed of frute, the stones of grapes. Cotgr. Comp. Dan. pifling^ a variety of apple, a pqipin,
pippe^ to shoot or germinate, as a pip or other seed does ; whence pip^tkUtg, the first
growth of a young man's beard.

Firly piirly sb. A reel or winder for cotton, silk, wool, &c.

Pr, Pm. *Prylle, or whyrlegygge, as chylderys pley; or spylkok, priUe of chyMrys
pleyynge, whyrgyg. Giraculum;' * dsewhere written phrlU'* (note to PryiU). Wedgw.
collates It. pirlare, to twirl, pirlo, a top.

Fisle, V. n. (pr. parzle or pahz'l). To saunter or lounge about lazily
or heavily.

Wb. Gl, gives * Parxling, sauntering and piying about at an mdofent penon.* Sw. D.
pisla is to walk heavily as a person does when indisposed, and it e^edally applied to women
when pregnant and able only to move with some inconvenience or diffiaihy 00 aooonnt of
their condition. The adj. pisli(g) means poorly, out of sorts. Comp. A. S. pUUe, heavy ;
a word which illustrates the idea in the Sw. D. words and our own pikle.

Fit, V. n. I. To match, or be about equal a. To act in a way
calculated to provoke another to hostilities ; to quarrel

This seems to be an instance of a purely reflective usage of a verb. To pis^ in the
standard sense, is usual enough : then follows the idea of a man pining himtdf, against
another, namely ; and thence the second meaning above.

1. * Thae tweea dogs *s wcel pitted*

2. * They 's allVs pitting yan at anither.'

Pit, V. a. To spot or mark with spots ; as the rain does in the case
of silk, the small-pox to the face, &c.

Fit, sb. A mark or spot left by any cause, as rain upon silk, the
small-pox, &c.

Fit-marked, adj. Marked with the pits or scars left by the small-
pox.

Fit-mirky pit-murk, adj. Intensely dark ; of a very dark night, or
hole, when or where the darkness is so thick as to seem black.

Fize-lit-on't (pr. pahs-lit-on't). Pox light on it.

May not the origin of * Pox take it' be * Powke take it ' ? The meaning of O. N. Pfiki,
with the article suffixed, PHikan, as also of O. E. Powhty with the definite article prefixed,
is the Devil, or the Evil one. Cf. Sw. D. ta mig Poeker,

Flaoingy sb. Service, going out to service.

' My dowther 's gone to placin* sen Marti'mas.'

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 383

in, V. n. To complain, be querulous.

Pr, Pm, • PUynyh. Conqutror, cattsor.'

* For povcre men may have no power
To pliynt hem, though thei smerte/ P. Plougbm. p. 53.

' Go pleyn thee to Sir Ca3rphas, and byd hym do the right/

Towntl. My St. p. 188.

* Fr. piaindrt, from Lat. planger§' Wedgw.

* They are always plaining poverty ;" complaining of being poor/ Wb, GL

Plainer, sb. (pr. pleeaner). A complainer; one very ready and apt
at setting forth his or her woes or grievances.

' Au'd Mally 's been at me wiv a parlous teeal. She 's a desput guid pUeamr.'

Plaint, sb. A complaining, a pitiful tale.
Plash, V. a. To splash.

Dan. piadsi, to pour, as rain does, pltutsh, to splash, in reference to the sound as well
as to the sharp stroke or foil upon the water surface ; Dan. pladsregn, Du. plasregin. Germ.
platzregtn^ heavy rain ; Sw. ^aska ; Dut. plasscben, to paddle, splash ; Germ, pldtscbem,
pladdim, id. ; Dut. plat, plascb, a plash, or puddle, left by rain or flood.

Plate, V. a. To clench ; of a nail, or the like.

Pr. Pm. • P/fl/, or pleyne. Planus. Plaily, Plant:

* Pemele Proud-herte
PlatU hire to the erthe
And lay longe er she loked.' P. Plougbm. p. 81.

The prinury idea of the word is to flatten down, and the letters p, 6, and / interchange
remarkably in words connected with the expression of that idea. Thus, in Dan. only : —
plat, flat, plad, a leaf, that is, a flat surface ; fiadt,\o pare off in slices. O. E. plat, flat;
* a ^at playn/ E, Er^, Allit. Poems, B. ; Germ, platten, to flatten, to beat flat ; «nd
probably in A. S. plattian, to strike, alapas incutere, the idea of flatness, flattening, or hy-
ing flat, was the object of expression, whence it proceeded to striking simply, and striking
or cutting off; that which was struck off still continuing the idea by lying along or flat ; as
in * his hand he of plat,* * plat of her hedes ;' E. Eng. Allit. Poems, B. 15, 1265, and Gl.
Comp. also Sw. platt, flat, platta, to make flat, blad, a leaf, &c.

Please, v. a. To pay for or return the value of anything.

Pr. Pm. * Payyd, and qvemyd, or plesyd. Placatus. Quemyfi, or pUsyh (elsewhere,
pesyn). Paeiflco, placo, paeo.* To please, thence to content or satisfy, demands or what
not. There is a Sc. form appleis, explained by Jam. by * to satisfy, to content, to please ;'
which does not, however, seem to correspond with our please in usage.

* Maaster says gin you '11 be sae guid as let him hae a bottle o* poort wine, he *11 please
you for't ;' a request continually recurring in a district like this where wine is seldom seen,
except as specially procured for some special occasion.

For the parallel usage of ^y in the sense of please, note the following extracts : —

' Locrin ipaid was : Locrin pleased (contented) was,
for wise men radde.' for wise men counselled.
I^y. i. 99 (JSecond Text).

384 GLOSS A RF OF THE

* Ich am wel ipaied euerichon sigge, &c. ; I am well content every one ihoold ny, Sec'
Aner. Rtwie^ p. 44.

* pu seist [>at muche confort hauetS wif of hire were |>at beoO wel igedered t eitfer ii
alles weis paied of ot$er.' Hali Meid. p. 27.

* To my lord sche schal be brought :
When he her with eyen schal sen.
For wel payed woll he ben.'
Weber's Metrical Romances^ vol. ii., quoted in Marsh's Leehtres, Second Series.

Flenishy v. a. To furnish, fit up, supply.

Pleniflhing, sb. Household furniture, goods or properly generally.

She has brass tiv her fortune, an' lots o' plenishing ;" both money and stuff; that is.

• t(

goods.' Wb, GL

Floady V. n. 1 . To wade laboriously through mud as well as water ;
to make striving efforts as one half-bogged must. Thence 2. To exert
oneself or strive laboriously in any pursuit or occupation. Comp.
* plowding' in Brockett.

Dan. pladder, mire, mud, or anything resembling it, pladdn, to have to do with tocfa
matters ; Dan. D. plutte, to splash about in water ; Gael, plod, plodaeb, a puddle; Oerm.
pladdem, to dabble. * The primitive sense of plod or plad is to tramp through the wet,
and thence, figuratively, to proceed painfully and laboriously.' Wedgw.

Floader^ sb. One who labours and strives energetically and per-
severingly in any pursuit.

* " A ploader after pelf;" a laborious striver after gain.' Wb, GL

Float, V. a. To strip off or pluck, the feathers from a fowl, the
clothes from one's person; to plunder or rifle.

Tconnect this word with ^uck, in virtue of an interchange of the ek or kk sound and the
/, as in several cases already noticed, and in such words as butt, buck, the loonds of which,
says Mr. Wedgw., in v. Buck, * approach each other very nearly. Comp. E. rebuke with
Fr. rebuter; Icel. butr, a log or trunk of a tree, and bukr, the trunk or body of an animal.'
Note the form * pligbte, pulled, plucked,' and also, Norm, plucottr, to pick up grains,
as fowls at a bam door. Comp. the Norse words, pitla and pilka, to pick, and both with
N. plikka, plukka, to pick or pluck.

* They ploated the house from top to bottom.' Wb, GL

* " They 'U ploat him ;" fleece him.' lb.

Fledge, V. n. To wade or walk through water with high or con-
siderable action of the feet. Comp. Flesh, Flash.

Fleek, sb. A pimple, small blotch, scab ; especially on the face, but
also on other parts of the person.

* Ploucbs, pimples, Kennett MS.: Plowkky, covered with pimples, MS, Lincoln, MmL
f. 294.' Halliwell. This word may come under the class mentioned by Wedgw. in y. Pluck,
wherein * the root appears under a double form, with an initial p and pi respectively ;' that

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 385

is, poek and pioek or Plook. Cf., however. Sw. ploek, anything small and trifling, such as
may result from plucking into minute pieces, and odier like words ; as also Dan. pietter,
pimples. Jam. quotes Gael, plucan^ as the origin.

Plooky, adj. Having pimples or small blotches on the surface.

Flooky-flEtoed, adj. Having pimples or spots on the face.

Flosh, V. n. To plunge on, in very wet and dirty roads, &c., through
wet and mire. See Flash, Flodge.

Flesh, sb. Puddle, liquid mire, like the sloppy mud on a road after
much rain.

Fleshy, adj. Miry, muddy; the mire or mud being understood as
being in a very fluid state; puddly.

* Plosby walking ;' * A plosby spot ;' * Plosby weather.' Wb. OL

Flother, v. a. i. To bring into a state of mud; as must needs be
the case with soil, or a soft roadway, in wet weather, by the continuous
treading of cattle as they pass to and fro. 2. To commit seed to the
ground when the latter is so wet and soft that the necessary treading of
man and horse brings it into a soft kneaded or muddy condition.

Dan. (ladder, mire, mud, fiaddrt, to move or work among mire ; D. DiaL fHutU, to stir
or splash among water, liquid mud. Sec, ; Germ, pladdim, to paddle, dabble about in sludge
or dnsh ; &c.

3. * *' Have you finished sowing ?" ** Aye, we '$ getten 't pioibirtd in efter a soort.'

tt f

Flethery, pluthery, adj. Miry, puddly, foul with fluid dirt.

* ** The roads are very plutbefy;" miry.' Wb. OL

Flough. See Fluf.

Floughing-day, sb. The day on which the farmer who has taken
a new farm asks, and receives, the assistance of his neighbours' Draughts
in getting the necessary ploughing done.

On a farm of 100 or lao acres sometimes as many as thirty or thirty-five ploughs may
be seen at work at once. The ploughmen are liberally entertained by the fimner, and their
masters are not infrequently present also, and make it a day of jollity. The custom used to
be, when the men lowsed out at * diimer-time,' to ride a race to die fiumstead, or where-
ever the refreshment for man and hone might be provided, on the plough-horses. The
rivahy now seems rather to be which of the men shall turn out the best piece of
plouriiing.

* James B.'s gannan t* ha'e 's pluqfing'-daa o* Monday fo'sL'

Floughixig-iroii, sb. (pr. plewfing-, or pleeafing-aim). The coulter
of a plough. See Tlvf.

0,f1. pidgidrm, UtM. phtgmt, DulD.

3I>

386 GLOSSARr. OF THE

Plough-stotB, sb. (pr. plewf-stots, pleeaf-stots).

On Plough Monday, or the first Monday after Twelfth Day, there used to be a proceiiioa
of young men trailing a plough, * with Uieii shirts over their jackets, and with sashes of
ribbons tied across their breasts and backs, and knots or roses of the same futened on to
their shirts and hats.' They accompanied a band or party of sword-dancers, and ahrays
had one or more musicians with them. Egton Bridge seems to have been fismons for the
observance of this custom some score of years or so since, and I have heard mention of one
famous year when upwards of a hundred took part in the procession, there being a three-
fold band of sword-dancers, with their full complement of clowns, or Madgipegi» and
when an actual furrow was drawn by the FIoii^ and its Btots, all the way down Blue
Bank (the road off the moor from Kirby Moorside into Sleights) along the side of the road.
See StotSy Sword-danoe, Madgipeg, &c.

Pluf, plufe, Otherwise Plewf or Fleeaf, sb. Pr. of Plough.

O. N. pUgTy O. D. plog, ploug, Dan. plov, Sw. plog, A. S. plog, N. S. ploog. Germ, gfiyg,
Dut.ploeg. *The Jutl. Pr. of the word corresponds with the ordinary English:' Molb.;
the ordinary Dan. more nearly with our Cleveland Fluf.

Plugger, sb. Anything distinguished for dimensions comparatively
i^-ith others of the same kind.

Among the words quoted by Wedgw. as connected with plug, a peg or stopper, are GteL
ploct to strike with a club ; pluc, beat, thump. In like manner Ihre gives as an O. N. sync-
nyme for plugg, paxillus, fleigvr, from fleigia^ flmnga, percutere: and it has been before
noticed how words implying or expressing the action of striking, are also used to express
the idea of magnitude. Probably Flugger may be thus accounted for. Le§ds 01. gives
' plonker^ an article having extraordinary substance,' with which comp. * plunk, to give a fair
and full hit, in playing marbles,' and * plunker, a large marble, one that can hit welL' Ih:
Note also the like usage oi plump, plumper, which, as well as plunk, plunktr, should be col-
lated with plugger. But what is the probable parentage of Brockett's *poomer, anything
very large * ?

Plum, adj. Perpendicular.

* Plum doume, Cotgr. in v. Escarpi* Halliwell. Pr. Pm. * Phimbe, plummt, of wryhtys or
masonys. Perpendiculum* From the ball of lead, Fr. plomb, Lat. Rumbus, mspended by
a line to shew the perpendicular.

* Yon wall *s not plum by a vast.*

* It 's t' yatt-stoup 's i fau't ; it 's a strange bit oot o* plum.*

* The water $yn she com,
Of depnes plom.
Is fallen a fathom.' Toumel. Mysi. p. 33.

Plunder, sb. The profit made by a tradesman or contractor in the
way of business.

* He 's putten it in sae low, he '11 get nobbut a lahtle plunder oot in 't ;' of a tradesman
who had engaged to supply a clothing-club at very moderate prices.

Pluther» sb. See Plother. Wh. Gl. gives as the signification, * the
thick filthy water of a drain :' but it is not another word.

Comp Dan. D. pludder, mud, mire ; the black sludge of a peat-hole, a bog.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 387

Fluthermenty sb. Water and mud stirred up together by recent
agitation or n^otion.

Foat) pote, v. a. See Faut.

Feat, poit, sb. A poker : usually in the compound form Fire-poat,
or -poit. Cf. * Plouh-pote,' in P, PUmghm,

Dire looks upon pottt^ to stir or push with the finger or a stick, as corresponding to, not
to say coincident with, * Engl.^^«, which from pik^ baculus, PI. D. poieren^ piuttrtn;* which
is another illustrative instance of the interchange of k and / in words belonging to the same
root and keeping a common signification. See Wedgw. in v. Poke, He also quotes
* W. pwHot to poke, to thrust, Sw. pita^ to turn up the ground, feel in one's pocket ; petOf
to poke the fire.' ' Mending the fire with the &tt-poite* Fork CasiU Dtp, p. 51.

Fook-arr, sb. The mark or scar left by the small-pox. See Arr.

Pr, Pm. * Pokke, sekenesse. Porrigo, variolus, Pokbrokyn, Porriginosus* A. S. poe,
poect Germ, pocke, PI. D. pok^ Dut. pok, a pustule, pock, push ; O. Sw. koppa, a pustule,
Sw. koppor, the small-pox ; Dan. kopper^ id. * In these Sc. words the consonantal sounds of
the root are transposed :' Wedgw. ; and, somewhat curiously, they seem to have returned
to their places by a re-transposition in Dan. D. and O. Dan. pokktr, Dan. D. b^mt-pokker,
kue-pokker, and in our present word, which is surely the Dan. kop-ar.

Fock-arred, p. p. Marked or pitted by the small-pox.

Comp. Dan. koparrei, S. G. kopp€Brig, variolis notatam fadem habens.

Fodge, sb. A fat, and at the same time short, individual; one of
the pursy sort.

* Pocbii, a pollard- tree. Line* Halliwell. Comp. Dan. D. pog or paagt an unshapen log of
wood, such as a man can just carry. Here we have the ideas of shortness and clumsiness
both involved. Pog, a big loutish lad, almost alwa3rs used in the way of ridicule, slighting
or contemptuous mention, may, however, seem to be a more probable connection. The
Dan. D. word prog, also, has a sense exactly coincident with ours, * a small puffy person.'

Foint the ground, To. To put one's feet to the ground ; also, to
put a stick on the ground in walking. Wh, GL

Foity sb. A particle, a minute fragment or portion.

Comp. Doit, Moit, words with precisely similar sense and application. Probably from
pwnt, a minute dot.

Foke, sb. A narrow bag of the sack description, and equal in length
with a sack, but containing only about half as much. See Metpoke.

Pr, Pm, • Po6k§ (or poket, or walette). Saceulus* O. N. poki, saccus ; Dan. D. paage,
a bag used as a weight for fishing-nets, being filled with stones ; poog, a swelling, con-
nected by Molb. with O. N. poki, the connecting idea obvious ; S. Jutl. poke, a blister
inside the hand — the same idea again ; A. S. poeca, poebcba, PI. D. pukke, a bag, a poke.

Foke-blowiiy adj. Having a distended stomach ; so that any exertion
leads to a state of breathlessness.

3 i> 2

388 QLOSSARF OF THE

Foke-fdll, sb. A bag-fiin, a budget

Poke-pnTSOy sb. A canvas or brown-hoDand pane, ^irith a divisum
in it so as to make separate receptacles for gold or ^ver, square or
oblong in form, and with a string-sUde or tie to close the mootfa.

Popple, sb. The conmion com cockle {AgrasiemMa gtikago).

It has been, if it is not yet, the custom in this district to laaaa out the Popple and
Bleean from the wheat previously to thrashing. Johnston's leniaik, imder A. giAagnt
is in the form of the following quotation : — * What hurt it doth among came, the ipoyle
ynto bread, as well in colour, taste, and mwholesomeness, is better known dian deflied.'
Jam. obsenres that ' Teut. pt^pd is used in a different sense, signifying the heib malknr.
However C. B. (Welsh) pcfpU is given as synonymous with our word.' From Hilpett,
however, it appears that Gam. pa^H is applied as the name of divcn plants.

Porr, sb. A poker.

Dan. pyrre, N. S. ptarem, to stir, move, stir up ; a/ ptarrt 9td 3dm : to poke the file ;
Germ, pvrren, to stir up, set on.

Porrmger, sb. A pipkin, an earthen vessel of coarse ware with a
loop or handle on the side, and which may be set on the fire if required.

* Simply a corruption of pottage, what is boiled in the poL Fr. poiagit, pottage, pof<-
ridge. Cot. From porridge is formed porringer (as messenger from nsnsage\ a vend
for holding porridge; more coirectly called poiUnger in Devonshire.' Wedgw. Comp.
Pr. Pm. * Porre, or purre, potage (pese potage),' which may, perhaps, suggest a doabt of
the * greater correctness' oi poUtnger; a form which is also met with in Falsgr.

Porriwiggley sb. The tadpole, the young of the frog or toad in its

earlier stages of existence.

Pr. Pm. * Polwygle, wyrme.' In a note, Sir Thomas Browne is quoted as using the
form * porwigle or tadpole;' Forby, as giving purwiggy and poUiwig (the latter is the
Essex name also) ; and Moor as adducing poUrwiggU as the Suffolk name — rather a Soflfolk
name, as poUiwg is also current in that county. Poled, or poU-bede, poMkad^ polbtdt
arc besides mentioned, other forms of which are po4fead, po-hied, powbead. Brock. ; ^odl^
Halliwell. Jamieson gives podle as well as powbead; and I remember a Berwickshire word
which sounded podeJddel, but was probably podMfead, although HaU. gives poi^adies,
Pole-bead partly answers to Dan. baletudse, as it is simply iailJbead (the tafl ot an otter
is technically called its pole), and is the origin of pouhbead in all its forms. PodBr is pro*
bably connected with Dan. D. paide, O. N. padde, a frog ; Dut. podde, padde, a toad ; S. JntL
padde. Polwiggle, poUiwig, porufigle, and porriwiggU again seem coincident forms, and
I conjecture the pol to be identical with pole in pole4>ead, and the wiggU not essentially
different from wag, waggle. Comp. Wagtail, and the old nursery riiyme, —

* Wiggle-waggle went his head,
Up went his tail.'

Mr. Wedgwood's view is different. He regards the w^ in earwig as due to * A. S. VMX)0«
a parallel form with wibba, a creeping thing, .... Esth. waggd, a worm, grub ; v^ch
last may be compared with erriwiggle, a provincial name of the earwig, and poO-wiggie^
a tadpole, a creature consisting of a large poll or head, without other body, and a taiL' I
think the compounds ^e-^oJ — * polbevedes, znd fro^es and podes^ile:' Gen, and Em.
p. 85 — and Dan. bale-tudse, are decisive against taking the element pol or poU as eqoiTalent
to poll = head.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 389

F0S89 V. a. To dash or agitate anything vigorously in water.

Pr, Pm, * Po5f0»i, prnson^ or schowe togedur. Trudo*

* For a cat of a contree '
Cam whan hjrm liked.

And overleep hem (the mice) lightlice
And laughte (caught) hem at his wiUe,
And pleide with hem perillousli
And passed about/ P. Plougbm, p. 10.

* Thus possid to and fro.' Chaucer, TVot/. and Cnss,
Comp. Fr. pousser, older form potdser, Lat puUari,

FoBsingy sb. A vigorous manipulation of linen, especially heavy
articles, such as sheets or table-cloths, which is carried on in the Fosskit
by the aid of ' a staff with a thick knob at the immersed end, and a cross-
piece for a handle at the other end, which is worked through a hole in
the lid, in the manner of pestle and mortar/ Wh. Gl. See DoUy-tub.

FoBsing-Btiok, poss-Btiok, sb. The staff employed in connection
with the Fosakit. See F0889 Fosakit, Fossing.

FoBskity sb. A large tub, of barrel shape, in which heavy articles
which have to be washed are posBOd. See Fossingy Kit.

The word JhV, meaning generally a hooped wooden vessel, takes very various senses,
illustrated in Wedgw., Hidl., Leeds Gl.y Brock., and Cr. GL, as a pail, a beer-can, a tub for
receiving pickled salmon, 8cc. Suffixed to the vb. poBS, it forms our word.

FoBty sb. A mass of rock in a quarry of some considerable depth or
thickness, so as to be suitable for quarrying purposes.

Fost and Fan; used adjectively, and applied to describe the old-
fashioned houses built on such wise that their timbers show outside in
a framework of perpendicular and cross beams, the spaces between
being filled in with plaster.

* Pan, in stone houses, the piece of wood laid on the top of the wall, and to which the
spars are fastened/ Kennett MS, * Panne de 60/5, the piece of timber that sustains a gutter
between the roofs of two fronts, or houses.' Cotgr. The cross-beams in the Fost and
Fan house must of course be the Pans, the perpendiculars the Posts. Comp. D. Dial.
pandetra, the horizontal beam on which the front portion of the chimney rests. In a wood-
cut of the timber framework of a bondegaard (farm-court), given in Molbech's Dial. Lem-
eon, the intermediate horizontal beams are called in Sealand ttdebaand, a word which
may possibly prove suggestive.

Fost-hotuse, sb. (pr. post'us). The post-ofl5ce. Wh, Gl.

Fot-blossomBy sb. Spots on the face arising from habitual intemper-
ance; * grog-blossoms.'

Fotherment, sb. A source of petty trouble or perplexity.

Another of the frequent derivations in meni which characterise our dialect. Cf. Mingle*
ment, Oddment, &c.

390 OLOSSARY OF THE

Pot-kelps, sb. The moveable semicircular handle, or Bow, of the
porridge- or Eail-pot.

Brock, gives the simple word * Kelps, iron hooks from which boilers are hung;' and
Cr. Gl. the same, with the addition, * the loose handle of a kale-pot is called poi-kelps ;' and
elsewhere * pot-kelps, the moveable handles of an iron pan/ Brockett's seems to be the
only Gloss, instance of the use of the word out of composition. Kennett gives the form
pot-clip, and Brock, pot-cleps; adding, *Ray says, from clip or dap, because they clap or
catch hold of the pot.' But that is a misconception, dip or cUp is only kelp with two
letters transposed. The origin of the word is O. N. hilpr, ansula, qua manubrium mulctri
annectitur, which in Sw. D. becomes hdlp, kjelp, handle of a pail or bucket — ^a word as
nearly as possible coincident in sound as weU as sense with our Kelp.

Fot-liig, sb. I. The handle of a jug. 2. The loop on the margin
of the porridge-pot, one at either end of a diameter, in which the end of
the Bow, or handle, is made fast.

See Iiiitff and comp. the explanation of Fot-kelps.

Fot-sitten, adj. Burnt in the cooking ; of any article of food which,
for lack of stirring or other precaution, has remained long enough in
contact with the bottom of the pot to have been unduly acted on by the
fire. See Fire-flEUiged.

Hall, gives *pot-sitten, ingrimed. Vorksb,' a sense which I have not fallen in with any-
where else.

Fotsker, sb. A potsherd, a broken piece of earthenware.

Dan. potte-skaar, O. N. skeriia, to destroy the entireness of a thing.

* Ye brayde of Mowlle that went by the way.
Many shepe can she polle, but oone had she ay,
Bot she happynyd fiille fowlle, hyt pycher, I say.

Was broken ;
" Ho, God," she sayde,
Bot oone shepe yit she hade.
The mylk pycher was layde.

The skartbis was the tokyn.' Towrul. Myst, p. 88.

Pottering, adj. i. Slow, fumbling, awkward; of a person. 2. In-
volving or causing apparent slowness or awkwardness or inefficiency;
of a thing, an occupation or piece of work, to wit.

Wedgw. looks upon the vb. potter as a frequentative of poai, pote, or pott, Sw. pdia, peta,
to poke with a stick, push about. See Foat.

Fow, sb. The poll or head ; of a human creature, however.

Pr. Pm. * Pd, or heed. Caput* Dut. pcUe, p6l, head, top, crown of the head. Comp.
D. D. poid OTpuld, a little hill— an ant-hill, to wit.

Fow, V. n. To use the feet awkwardly, or turn them in, in the act of
walking.

Cf. Dan. D. poie, to walk shufflingly, awkwardly, or laboriously, to be heavy, lumbering.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 39 1

in gait or action. ' Hence/ continaes Molb., *pm4>tnii (pow-legged), of one who has such
a gait, especially applied to fowls with very short legs, and whose manner of going is conse-
quently awkward and unsteady. Ptnfad (pow-foot), poiskank (pow-shank), poikok* — ^the
kok, I take it, as in our familiar * Old Cock' — ' are idl words of jesting mockery applied to
a person with such a peculiarity.' Comp. N. S. paje/bot, and padjen, to walk with short
steps.

Power, sb. Security for money advanced, lent, or deposited. See

* Ah 's got power for tweea hunder pund i' ma' pocket.'

Preachment, sb. A tedious discourse or holding forth, whether from
pulpit, platform, or in one's arm chair.

Present, v. a. (pr. present).

* They priunt'd him wiv a watch.'

Gf. * & thus he ietted towards louly London

to present Queene Katherine.' Percy's Fol, MS, i. p. 43.

Pricker, sb. A straight-shanked awl, whether a carpenter's tool, or
other artisan's. See ElBin, the curved instrument, of the same class,
used by the shoemaker.

Prick up, V. a. To erect, hold up ; of the head.

* Prick up your head, bairn, and deean't luik sae cow'd.'

Pricky-back urchin, sb. (pr. pricky-back otchen). The common
hedgehog {Erinaceus Europceus),

Priest, sb. A Church-of-£ngland clergyman : not infrequently called
a Church-priest.

Princod, sb. A pincushion.

O. N. pri^n^ filum ferreum, acus capitata ; S. O. pren, coelum vel instrumentum quodvis
acutum; Dan. preen, a thin pointed instrument for pricking holes with; A. S. preon;
G. pfrUfMy an awl, piercer, bodkin ; PI. D. preem, preen, an awl ; Dut. priem, a bodkin ;
Gkiel. prine, a pin ; Sc. preen, preyn, prien. There can be no doubt that this is the origin
of the first element of our word, and the other is evident. See God.

Prod, sb. An object with a sharp point; a skewer, a stick with
an iron spike, a stick with one end sharpened, &c. See Ox-prod,
Stack-prod.

O.N. hroddr, aculeus, a point, piercer, javdin; S. O. and Sw. brodd, cuspis, aculeus.
Dire mentions the use of the word to express what we call sharpening or firosting
a horse's shoes by the use of frost nails, and also as applied to the first spike or shoot of
germinating com. Note also Dan. brodde, frost nails, brcuid or brod, the sting of an
insect, the point or tip of the tongue; Gael, pruidim. The definition in IVb, Gl. is
* an iron point at the end of a stick,' which is insufficient to give the real meaning
of the word.

39^ OLOSSARV OF THE

Prod, V. a. To prick, or push with any pointed object.

O. N. hrydda, acuere, to form a point ; A. S. bryrdan, onbryrdoH, to goad ; Dan. D.
brodde, to goad (in the metaph. sense), to incite or urge on; as, ban broddide bam
$aa lange til ban gjordi dit : he goaded him on to doing it.

Froddle, v. a. i. To prick gently but frequently with a pointed
object. 2. To poke or, as it were, feel about in a hole with a stick or
other pointed instrument. Thence 3. To trifle or idle ; to * poke about'
without special object. A frequentative from prod.

Frofibr, v. a. To make offer.

* Now wylle ye se what I profer.' Toumd, Myst, p. 104.

* " Ye, leue pers," quod >is pahners* and profr§diH him huire.'

Skeat's P. Ploygbm. p. 69.

' Bot )>at puysone to profe that prouddeste in paUe,
Profirde it two presoners was puneschede in P3me.' Rii, PUets, p. 93.

* Ah proffered him a hau'p'ny an* he wadn*t tak* *t.'

* He proffered me t' price o* yan/

Propped-up, adj. Having one's vital powers subsidized by every
sort of precaution, medical or other.

« (I

He was nobbut a propped-up body ;" a person of delicate health, kept aliye, as it ¥fere,
by the use of every salutary precaution and support.' Wb, Gl.

Prosperatioiiy sb. Prosperous condition, or prosperity.
Pross, sb. Friendly or familiar talk or gossip.

Cf. Sw. D prAssa, to jest, to play the buffoon ; and with it Dan. D. pros, haughty, proud,
praaSf * stuck up,' conceited, and also, as a sb., foam, scum, yeast, that which rises to the
top— a continuation of the idea in the adj. One step further, and it would be light* tnper-
ficial, and might easily be applied to light or familiar talk, chat or gossip, or as in the
Sw. D. word. Molb. connects praas with the sjmonjrmous words prtmtk, prynsk^ pratuk,
applied to a horse as well as to persons, and these again with prmdsi, praiut, pnu^, to
prance, toss the head, &c. Again, comp. £. prank with Dan. D. prank, chatter, gossip,
light talk, and both with the words just before quoted. See Wedgw. in tt. Prank, Ptana.

* We met and had a bit o' pross: Wb, 01,

Frovand, proven, sb. Food, provender, provisions.

Pr, Pm, * Provmder, benefet (provendyr, benyfice : prebend, benfyce : probender, ben-
fice). Prebenda, Prouender, for hors. Migma, avma {prohtndum): From Lat. prahtnda,
becoming in Fr., provendt, thence provendre, Dut. provtndt, provisions. See Wedgw. in .
V. Provider,

FroYidance, sb. (pr. with the 1 long). The matters or supply pro-
vided; to wit, the meat and other eatables for a burial entertainment;
the caJkes, Spiced-bread, tea, &c. for a Tea-party.

* There was nobbut a mean providana, for sike folk an' a'.'

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 393

Prow. A driving word, used only in driving oxen, equivalent to our
present Hauv, or Hove, and to the old or obsolete Heit, Hite, Halt,
Hyte, used in driving horses. Sometimes varied to Prow in. Hop,
or Hop off, was the word answering to present Ctee, old Bee.

Mr. Carr says, under Prow, ' I do not know of any combination of letters that will give
the exact sound, as it is spoken by drovers ;' a remark which separates between his word
and our Prow. There is no difficulty in either speaking or writing the latter, while, as to
the drover's pr-r-r-r-rugb, it is about as faithfully represented by letters as a laugh by
* ha-ha-ha I ' or the rider s or driver's encouragement to his horse by ' tzech I '

Bubble, adj. Plump, stout and fat.

Wedgw. points out the connection between the two senses of flump, first, as rounded,
full-fleshed, second, as expressing the sound of a compact object falling smartly into water,
or the fall itself. * He smit den sten irCt water, plump ! seg dat : he threw the stone into the
water : plump I it cried. Germ, plump, rounded, massive.' Similarly, there is a strong bond
of connection between the ideas of bubble, as a "Water-bleb or bladder, and as a swelling ;
because, as Mr. Wedgw. says, ' a bubble is taken as a type of anything round or swelling.'
Fr. bube, a push, wheal, blister, watery bud, hunch or bump. * Burble in the water, buhette :
a burble, tumor aquae.^ Note to Burbulle in Pr. Pm, I take pubble to be nearly con-
nected with bubble, and the sense of tumour, swelling, roundness, simply modified to that
of plumpness.

' As pubble as a partridge.' Wb. Gl.

Pudding-linked, adj. Having a twist or obstruction in the bowels :
probably the familiar name for introsusception of the bowels.

Paddings, sb. Bowels, entrails; perhaps, the viscera generally.

The idea is evident :^* the essential character of a pudding, being that it is food dressed
in a bag,* Wedgw.

Pule, V. n. To sleet, or to fall a mixture of snow and sleet, not
heavily, but so as to thicken the atmosphere.

Dan. D. puis, any thickening either of the atmosphere or in water ; as, through smoke,
dust, fog, or, in the latter case, muddying, or blundering; pulse, to steam or reek, to
become diick from damp or the like. The word is also applied to the making dense or
thick of the air in a room by a smoking chimney, or assiduous tobacco-smoking. Doubtless
connected with S. O. pul, molestia, labor, O. N. pula, trouble, a bog, swampy place. I do
not find this word recorded elsewhere. I give the example as taken down verbatim from
the speaker's lips.

' Ah deean't lahk t' look on 't, 't pules an' snaws sae. There ll be mair snaw.'

Pulls, sb. The shells or chafif of rape, turnip-seed, and the like.

Dan. D. pol (pi. poller), the shell or husk of beans, peas, and the like ; at pole arter ud:
to shell peas. Cf. also Sw. D. p^s, skin, hide ; &c.

Pulsey, sb. A poultice or cataplasm.

Probably no more than a corruption o( poultice, written formerly pultis, pultes, and given
in that form in Or. GL It might, of course, be formed directly from pulse, pottage. See
Halliwell. Comp. Lat. puis, a kind of pap or pottage made from flour, pulse, &c.

3K

394 GLOSSARy OF THE

Pum, V. a. I. To beat with the hands. 2. To paw about and mess
over with the hands.

Molb., Dan. D. Ltx., gives pomret or pomntiret, as applied to the hands, and meaning
plump, also as implying puffed up, swollen; and also in the form punaret; as ansigtti tr
ganske pumret af kuld: his face is quite poffjr with cold. Hall, gives pum, to beat, to
thump, and the idea may be derived from the swelling apt to result from blows.
Pum-jum is a word I have frequently heard as applied to a messy substance, or matter
which has been brought to that condition by working or pawing it about with the hands :
as, a cake originally solid or hard, made soft and sticky, almost pulpy, by a child's saliva
and manipulations.

Pun^Bton*, sb. (Pr. of poundstone). A pebble, or Cobble-stone, of
as nearly twenty-two ounces weight as possible. In old days butter was
sold by the Lang-pund, or pound of twenty-two ounces: and when
meat was sold in the shambles by * weight of hand' or * by lift,' instead of
by ascertained weight, we can easily imderstand the selling of butter by
an approximate, rather than an exact weight. Moreover the Laag-
pund was sold at 4^. per lb. See Wh. GL

Purely, adv. Very well, in a state of good health.

• " How are you ?" " Purdy, thank you." ' Wb. GL

Put-about, V. a. To incommode, or occasion inconvenience to ; to
disturb, distress or annoy. x

Put-oflf, V. a. I. To put to death. 2. To undress oneself.

1. * Hev ye beared at au'd Mally at t' work'us has putttn herself offf*

• Hast'ee putten t' au'd dog off, Jamie ?'

2. * " Betsy, gan thoo te 't shop." " Neea, mother, I *s jest putUn off. Let Jane Ann
gan."*

Putten on, p.p. i. Arrayed, dressed, a. Imposed upon, or hardly
dealt with ; oppressed.

1. • " She is bravely putten-on;*' well dressed.* Wb. GL
Comp. * Decently put <m enow.' Heart of MU-Lotbian,

2. * Sadly putten on, he is, for seear, wi* thae lang lalloping lasses o' his.'

' Putten on wiv his wife, an' a' body besides. Ah think ;' iU-used, tyrannized over.

PuzEom, V. a. To poison.

Brock, gives an intermediate form between poison and our word, namely puszom.

* I want summat to puzzom rations wiv.' Wb. GL

* Fit to puzzom yan.'

Puzzom, sb. Poison.

PuzzomftQ, adj. i. Poisonous, a. Filthy, infectious; from extreme
dirt.

a. • " T' hoos wur parfitly puzzom/ul;*' perfectly, or thoroughly Elthy.' Wb. Qi.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 395

Puzzomous, adj. Poisonous.

Pyet. See Piet. Applied also to a pert or forward and chattering
child.

Q

Qiiality, sb. People of distinction, gentry and nobility. See High-up.

' ** What sort of folks are your new parson and his wife?" ** Wheea, Ah deean't knaw
mich aboot 'em yet : but they're quite quality folk Ah aims.'

t* •

Quart, V. a. i. To thwart, or go contrary to. 2. To plough a field
in a direction transverse to that of the first ploughing. 3. Used also in
a neuter sense for to disagree, to fall out.

Cf. the Germ, forms quert queer, zwercb, the O. Germ, being duerab, twerbt M. G.
tbwairs, iratus, and theA. S. \nveorf \>wer, inintr; and collate O.N. \fver, ^vert^O.Swr.
tuf'dr, twdrt, twert, Dan. tv€er, tv€eri, twars. Sec, Tht E. vb. to cross illustrates the verbal
meaning given to our Quart, as the Germ, quer does its form.

Queery, sb. A strange or curious circumstance ; a queer thing.

* And that wur a queery, onny ways ;' spoken by an old man in reference to one of the
many strange things related of the famous * Wise man o' Stowsley' (Stokesley).

Quiet. Pr. of Quite.

Quit, V. a. To send off or dismiss ; to get rid of a person or thing.

* To quU, — ^to leave or go away from ; Law Lat. quittare (Du Cange, Spelman), i. e. to
leisve quietly, to give up peaceable possession.' Rich. Hence 'notice to quit' a form or
tenement ; and from thence, a coerdonary sense imposed upon the verb ; and, next in suc-
cession, an application of it in other senses besides the formal one — the landlord Quito a
tenant ; the master Qtiits a servant or employi; and thence, our general sense as given in
the definition. Comp. the use of the word in the following extract : —

* The said Roger shott him in at his back betwixt his shoulders. And after he had shott
him he fell upon, beating and cutting of his head in severall places with the pistoUs. And
he prayed him for Christ Jesus' sake not to beat or cutt his head with the pistoUs, and he
would quiu him all that he had in the world freely.' York Casile Dep. p. 2^.

Quite-better. Perfectly recovered.

' Ah 's quite-better now, thankee, Sir.'

3^2

39^ GLOSSARY OF THE

B

Rabble, v. n. To read or speak hastily or confusedly, so that utter-
ance and sense are alike indistinct.

Dut. rabbeleHf to gabble, garrire, blaterare, precipitare si^ confundere verba, rabbel-Uud,
gibberish, jargon ; Germ, rabbeln (in familiar or popular language), to prattle, to talk non-
sense, rcAMeit idle declamation ; Swiss rabeln^ to clatter, make a disturbance, rabdiilA,
a loose assembly of young people ; Swab. rappUn^ to talk quick and undearly, to be wrong
in the head. Comp. our raffle, raffly, Lat. rabulare, to bawl, make a noise ; and O. N.
rabbt and rabba, joculari. * The original sense is a noisy confusion of voices ; then a noisy
crowd :' Wedgw. — a remark which has a good illustration in the use of the word in the
following passage : —

* per as he herd >e howndes, )>at hasted hym 8wy)>e,
Renaud com richchande [>ur3 a roje greue
& alle ]>e rabel in a res, ryst at his helej.'

Sir Goto, and Gr, Kn. 1. 1897.

* Thus, Father Travis, you may see my rashness to rahle out the Scriptures without pur-
pose, rime, or reason.' Fox in k., quoted by Wedgw. Dan. D. rabki or r<Bppi is applied
to the confused croakings of frogs.

Rabblement, sb. i. Confused or random talk; an idle, purposeless
discourse. 2. A mob of low people. See Rabble.

* And after all the raskall many ran
Heaped together in rude rabblenuni.
To see the face of that victorious man.*

F, Queene, Bk. i. Canto I a.

Babble-rote, sb. A confused rehearsal of a long rigmarole, or
roundabout story.

This word and the one which follows it may be one and the same. Wb. Gl. gives them
as two words. Hall, quotes only this one, and elsewhere I do not find either. Still, while
the element rabble is the same in either word, rote and rout may be different, the former
being the same word as in * to learn, or to say, by rote*

Rabble-rout, sb. A confused crowd of low disorderly people.

Rack, sb. Light, thin, vapoury clouds driven by the wind in such
a way as to give them a distinctly different appearance from the ordinary
clouds; these latter being frequently, indeed usually, visible behind the
Rack.

The word generally occurs in the expression the Rack rides. See Soud, which, how-
ever, is not coincident with Back in sense, but applies to a lighter, fleecier, drifting vapour,
moving nearer to the earth.

O. N. reha^ to drive, reh, drift, motion, skyrek, the rack, or moving, drifting dotids.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 397

Baddle, v. a. To beat severely, with a stick or other hard object.

Hall, gives raddle, apparently from Or. G/., * to weave or wattle/ presupposing, therefore,
the materials for weaving or wattling, small or pliable sticks, or the like. Besides, he gives
the sense, * a hurdle ;' adding that * Kennett has raddles, small wood or sticks, split like
laths to bind a wall for the plastering it over with loam or mortar. ** In old time," says
Harrison, p. 187, *' the houses of the Britons were slightly set up with a few posts and
many radeU," In Sussex the term is applied to long pieces of supple underwood twisted
between upright stakes to form a fence, or to slight strips of wood which are employed in
thatching bams and outhouses. Also called radcUings* Again, note rades, the rails of a
wagon. Probably our word is simply a derivative ^om the name of the instrument em-
ployed in the action, as haseling from bazd, rodding from rod, 8cc, The words radel,
raddle, raddlings, may all spring from A. S. unratbiaH, to wreathe, weave, wattle.

* Raddle his bones for him.' Wb. GL

Baddling, sb. A severe beating.

Baff, sb. A low kind of person, the reverse of respectable.

* To raff was formerly used in £. in the sense of scraping or raking ; and also of a
scraping together, a confused heap. Hence raff, riffraff, scrapings, scum, refuse, the refuse
of society ; rq^ (like rake), a debauched, unprindpled person.' Wedgw.

Baffle, V. n. To lead a loose, irregular life ; to indulge in disorderly
habits.

A derivative, it would seem, from Haff. Hall, gives raffle, to live disorderly : hence
raffle^oppin, a wild fellow. Comp. our Bal&e-paok.

Baffle, V. n. and a. i. To become confused in one's intellect, so as
to speak unconnectedly or without reason or sense. 2. To entangle
or confuse, put into a state of disorder.

See Babble* of which this is simply another form with a definite variation of meaning
assigned to it. Comp. Sw. rapflen, to talk quick and unclearly, to be wrong in the head,
and also Dan. vrwide, to talk nonsense. Hall, gives the further forms ravel, to talk idly,
ravelled, confused, mixed together.

I. * ** He is beginning to rtxffle;** to lose his memory, become imbecile.' Wb, GL

* He wur raffling on iv a strange way t' neeght thruff, about yah thing or anither.'
a. * ** The books were in a raffled state ;" of disorderly accounts.' Wb, GL

* A raffled hank,' or skein of thread, wool, twine ; often applied metaphorically of trouble
or perplexity ; as * A desper't rcffled hank he *s in for.'

* Yon big wind, last week, 's n^ed t' thack' o' t' hay-sUck desper'tly.'

Baffle-paok, adj. Low, disorderly, of loose lives and habits.

Baffling, adj. Disorderly, riotous, dissipated.

Baffly, adj. Of confused or weakened intellect; apt to talk incohe-
rently, or as one whose faculties are failing or passing away does.

* Puir au'd chap ! He 's getten quiet raffly o' late.'

* He alla's talks iv a raffly soort o* way.*

' Nobbut a rt^y chap at t' best o' tahms ;' of a wild, witless, hasty, harum-scarum sort
of person.

398 OLOSSARf OF THE

Bagsbasli, ragabraah. sb. i. A low, disreputable fellow, a. Ai

assemblage of such; a ' tag-rag and bobtail' company.

Perhaps only i combinilion of rag. and brasb. tubblsh, refute, what it vile »nd worthlen
' ' • " -jrftah, braahy. Btoek, i - >

the lame nation; he siyi, 'Rublnsb is uied ii
tynooynioui with ragamuffiiu'

I. ' He 'g nobbut > ragahriab chap.*

), ■ They 'le ill ragaboib: Wl. 01.

RagaUy, ragilly, adj. Of no, oi
cipled, worthless, beggarly.

• A ragally loort o' chip, a1 wid nowthct wa

' A ragally sqmd.' Wb. ffl.

Bagel, ragil, sb. A dissolute, vagabond fellow ; an abandoned good-
for-nothing, a wretch.

: both miy be si

rather of ill, chaiactei; unprin-

noi wint;' would tteil. or da inything

There are ihice woids which mi
leparate,— our Bagel or Hagil, E. i
'acMe, rude, unruly, unmanageable,
ail-nimed it refertible lo O. N. rai
raka, to run about, run wildly, and

/ lead to confiuion if care be not Taken lo keep Ihein
nd M. E. ratcbill. lud N.W. Engl. (Cumh. and Wertm.)
which is the same wotd ai O. E. raiti, raeiyt. The
?Jt, fortis, itiennui, itself »ery probably connected with
cnngeneri. RatibiU ariginatet in the nunnei indi-

cited in the following passage from Atcham quoted by Wedgw. : — ' Such an ungradou*
couple (Domitian and Commodus) as a man (hall not find again if he ralttd all i(U fat
them.' Comp. ' PI. D. bolUnbiam, hell-besom, Du. belUvitg [yngin, lo tweep). lenni of
ibtiie, especially far an angry, violent woman, a ihrew. a viien.' But I think our word
ihould be referred immedialdy lo O. Sw. raktl, homo nihili (Ihre), Sw. raid, i vorlhleM
Fellow. Din. raliil, a word of contempt for a mean or upstart fellow. Perhaps it may be
thought by lome that the olden use of the word TaliiitU points to a Scand. oiigin rathet
than to a confusion • in qui olden writers between raiehttl and Ft. raeailU for riical."
Wedgw. Pr. Pm. has ■ raeart, of a pytte {rakari of a cyte). Merdifir. fumarivi, Jima-

temptible work.

■ " A sad rogil:" * very loose fellow.' Wb. GI.

Bag-river, sb. One addicted to decided romping, a tom-boy,

Bagrowtering, adj. Romping, risking the damage of clothes by
nide or rough personal handling in play.

Bag-well, sb. A spring of supposed or real virtue or efficacy in
any given class of disorder. Rags from the clothes of those who re-
ceived benefit were woniedly hung up in honour of, or gratitude to, the
patron-saint of the well.

which used lo be practised in conneclion with ihesi
shift), on being thrown into the well, happened to
if il sunk, he (or she) would die.' H^. 01.

V shin (or

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 399

Baitoh, sb. A white line or mark down a horse's face.

S. G. raekOf ordo, series, Sw. rdeka, t linear stretch or row ; Sw. rak, Dan. D. and
O. Dan. rag, straight, direct ; as, tU statu rag op : to stand erect ; Ude plater rag ryg :
a straight back ploughs badly; i.e. a man, to plough well, must stoop to his work.
Cf. also PI. D. rig€, rtke. Germ, rtibe; Dut. rtektn, to stretch ; and Cr, Gl. rait, given as
S3monymous with, and really another form of, Baitoh.

Baited, pcpL Injuriously affected by exposure to the influences of
weather; of hay from the outside portion of the stack; of the straw
of standing com, split by the action of wind and wet. Also said of
straw intended for diatching, and which has been steeped long enough
to cause it to split longitudinally, and soften or become more flexile.

A word which is not distantly connected with rot, rotten. O. N. rotna, to decay, to be-
come rotten, also means to become bald, as from a supposed decay of the hair. So Dan.
raadden has a near ally in rode, applied as in a/ l^ge bmr. Men, hamp, i rmde : to lay flax
or hemp in steep, or, almost literally, in rotting ; the intention being to induce partial
decay of the stalk : which is in fact just what has taken pbce in raited hay, and in the
straw laid in steep preparatory to using it as thatch, and even in the damaged, though still-
standing, corn-stems. N. rayta is as nearly as possible coincident with rait in all respects,
as rayte bamp, rmyte skinn. Sec. Comp. *ret, to soak in water, as in seasoning timber,
hemp, &c.' Hall.; also Pr. Pm. * Rettyn tymbyr, hempe, or o]>et lyke: ret3m tymbyr,
flax or hempe. Rigo, in/undo,* The editor, in a note on this word, quotes Flemish ' bet
viae Reeten, to hickle, bruise or breake flax : een Reete, a hitchell with teeth to bruise flax.'
Still, I think our word is connected as mentioned above, whatever the connection of the
Fl. words may be. See Molb. Dan. D. Lett, imder Rade a. where reve or rebe barren is put
in contradistinction to ai rade barren,

Bakapelt, sb. One addicted to vicious indulgences, a man of disso-
lute life and habits.

Comp. Dut. raepalje, Fr. raspaiUe, the scum, dregs of the people, Lang, raspalia, to
sweep ; and note the raJke in rabebell, Bret, raka, N. S. raoken, to scrape, scour off.

Bam, adj. Fetid, offensive, high-scented.

O. N. ramtnr, bitter ; Dan. ram, of strong and offensive smell ; Sw. rams, ramdok, wild
garlic {Allium urdnum), from its strong, disagreeable odour. Pr. Pm. * ramzys, herbe
(ramniys, ramsis, ramseys).' Gerarde states that the Allium ursinum is called * Ramsies,
ramsons, or Buckrams. The broad- leaved garlic is commonly termed ramsons; in Cr.
Dial, rams, or ramps.* Note to Ramzys.

Bamble, v. n. To clamber or climb, as a boy up a gate, or the like.

Comp. It. rampare, to ramp, clamber ; Fr. ramper, to climb ; Germ, rammeln, * which
when used of children signifies tumbling and tossing about, throwing about the limbs, and is
also applied to plants in the sense of shoot, spring, sprout.' Wedgw.

Bammen, ramming, adj. Huge, very big : an augmentative in re-
spect of size.

This nuy be simply an application of the participle ramming, in a way analogous to that
of thumping, wbop^ng, thwacking, &c ; or it nuy be connected with O. N. ramr, fortis,
robustus, Dan. ram. The latter word is not infrequentiy used in a like manner with ours.

• Gift ri

GLOSS A RV OF THE

cntiiive : — u, ramnK alvar, downright e
id Vockihirc'

Bamp, sb. The perpendicular rise in a wall built on sloping ground,
which, being repeated as frequently as the inclination requires it, enables
the builder to maintain a horizontal line with his coping without sacri-
ficing the height of the waU.

Sw. ramp, the strp between two levels of » Will ot Icirjce. This, hlie out own wotd no
doubt, it due to Fr. rampt, with which alio It coiineclccl 0. E. ramp, to leip, lo be
ratnpanl: Hall. : 'to ramp in nunnei with both iheit feel upon the dead.' North's Plul,
quoted by Wedgw.

Bampage, sb. (pr. with the second a long, and the accent on it).
Riotous and reckless living, unbridled dninken idleness and excess.

' The It. romioziara, rombtggian may be idenlilied with M. H, G. rambnm, tpriog
wildly about, and with Eng. rampagt, to be liolou;, tcout up and down; rampadgtam,
a furioui, boistetous, quarreltome fellow.' Wedgw.

■ He '( been on the ranpagi t' 'heeal o' t' week.'

BaouoftUiou, sb.

Wb.al. quotei -IS ran

One whose person is so filthy that he is offensive.

Bamshaokle, adj. Out of repair ; disjointed, fit to fall to pieces :
thence, of irregular or loose and disjointed habits, unsteady, not to be
depended on : applied to persons in Clevel., as elsewhere to structures

or

Sbackti hat probably the ume relationthip to stoii that bruokle or braoble has li
briat; aud rirai, it ii likely, is closely connected with Pcov. EnEl. ratals. r<
•anoldrnnuiof a house:' Wedgw.: Dan. D. rami, aid grisi which has re
ground to long ii lo become dry and worthlesi. Comp. ramn, the dried iiallts of beani,
peai. potaloei, Sec. ; alio the relics of a branch iFter the leavet ate oS: Hall, j ram^, tnb-
biih, especially bricklayer's rubbish. Alio, ■ vb., to ramimO, or moulder in piecei, at
sometiniei mud-walls or great miuei of (tone will do of themselve); Halliwdl. Wcdgw. tlta
quotes, beiidei other ap^icationi of the Sw. rammtt, rattle, ramla, to clatter, ramla omiuU
lom « mur.- to tumble down u a wall. From these two elements our word is easily
and lignificautly formed, and the secondary sciue in the example ii curioni but not

It loiiline to any par-

uhave

of a body ;" oi

Wb.GI.

Bandan, sb. Unsteady and riotous conduct persevered in for some
continuance. See Rampage.

Pr. Pm. • Random, or long lenge of wurdyi, ot other thyngyi. Haringga :' the note W
which is. ' Haringga seems here lo be given for bartnga. or artaga, a public dedaqiatjon.
Randon, in its primary signlfinllon, appears lo be synonymous with O.Fj. randan, violence.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 4OI

impetuous speed, a sudden shock. Thus Sir John Manderille relates that at the Court of
the Chan, on occasion, ** thei maken knyghtis to jousten in armes fiille lustyly, and thei
rennen to gidre a gret randoum, and thei fnisschen to gidere fully fiercely.'* p. 286. Holinshed
describes £e onslaught upon the Duke of Somerset, at the battle of Tewkesbury, ** with full
randorC* as made by certain spearmen. ** AlUr a, la grand randon, to go very fast. Ran-
dontur, to run violently." Cotgr. Elyot gives " Decursio, iustes as at the tilte or randon.**
In a secondary sense this word seems to have implied an array or line of combatants, or a
continuous flow of words, as in an harangue.' * Sang respandu a gros randons : blood spilt
in great gushes.' The transition to the sense implied in our word is easy.

* He was half-drunk already this morning. He intends to be upon the randan for the
day.' Wb, GL

Bandle-balk, rendle-balk, sb. (pr. rann'l-bau'k). A cross-beam in
the chimney, on which are hung the pot-hooks.

Dan. D. raan^ raane or rdn, rane^ raande, the space below the roof in the Fremmers,
The FremtnerSt in old-fashioned country-side houses in several parts of Denmark, was a pro-
jecting end or portion of the building (whence the name) which contained the oven and
gave shelter to one cow or more, besides some sheep and the fowls. In some cases the
great or cooking fire of the establishment was also in the Fremnurs, and where this was
the case, meat, salt or fresh, fish, and the like, were hung t rckut ; besides which the fowls
also (as mentioned above) had their roost there. Hence, in Jutland, rane, rain or raan
denotes most frequently the sticks or stakes {stangtnt) which were put up as aids to the
fowls in reaching their roost for the night. Hence again, bonse-raan ; and such expressions
as nor t tons fiyuM U raan, kokktn paa bans raan. A few lines further on Molbech con-
tinues, * In the various Northern Dialects in which rant or raan occurs, it seems to have
two especial significations ; the one of the space just below the roof of a house, the other
either of an individual stake or perch, especially as fixed in the upper part of the building,
or of a loft or a bedstead made of spars, and sometimes found in that part. In some places
the word thus comes to be applied to — what we in Clevel. call the Hay-baa'ks — a rough
support of loose poles or boards for hying the hay on. In a collection of words from Vend-
sjTSsel, rane is explained as a pole, or Bau'k, fixed at some height in the chimney, to hang
meat to smoke on. Elsewhere, in Sweden, rander, randi and rdndtstangtr ; and then, our
Baanil-bank is quoted from the Cr. GL Vendsjrssel forms, also, are rane, raane,
raandif i. for the fowls to roost upon at night, and 2. a platform of boughs or Bau'kB
for the hay to lie upon over the cow-stalls ; as, at konune bm paa raanden : to lay hay upon
the Hay-baaHui.

Bandle-peroh, sb. The same as Bandle-bau'k.

Bands, sb. (pr. reeands). The borders romid fields left unploughed
and producing rough grass : applied loosely to the grass in question.

O. N. rbnd, the border, margin, boundary of a thing ; Sw. and Dan. rand. Germ., PI. D.,
Fris. rand, id. ; A. S. rand, a rim.

Banged, p. p. (pr. reeanged, g hard). Striped, waled, as the flesh is
after the iniUction of sharp blows with a cane or stiff whip ; streaked, as
one's face, or a fair cloth, might be, by drawing the dirty fingers down
or across it.

O. N. raung, rang, costa navis, the rib of a ship ; Sw. rang, id., also a pole or Stang ;
D. D. ranh, shores, stays. The ribs of a ship are ranged in parallel order ; so are the rungt

3'

402 GLOSSARY OF THE

(or, as called iq some places, rot^s, roongs) of a ladder. Comp. Richardson's * Rangt in a
kitchen — so called, perhaps, from the ranks or rows of bars.' His quotation from Chaucer
is more to the point still as shewing that in that poet's time the word rangt was used in
the sense of row— one line parallel to another.

• And in two renges fayre they hem dresse.'

On rondin, S. Marb, p. 6, Mr. Cockayne remarks that * he believes it to be only another
form of Rendin. Otherwise it should mean Rod, strike wUb Rod; Rod == Round » Rung =
M. G. Hrugga, fi&fi^ot : the first three are equivalents in O. £. We seem to have such a

word in the unexplained Radrond of the Emsiger Busstaxen Radrond achte pan-

negar A rod-round eight pennies.' I would suggest that, assuming * round = rung'

(cf. N. rang, rib of a ship, with rdnd, a stripe, rdndut, striped, marked in strokes), our form
ranged or reean^d — comp. BdheetH^ school, IPeeiX'^Jbol, &c. — ogives an apposite
explanation for both rondin and radrond, namely, slash with long straight cuts (a ' sweord
scharpe' being the instrument used), and wale or wheal, the results of a blow with a rod or
switch.

Bank, adj. i. Close or thick together; of persons, growing plants,
ftc. 2. Numerous, abundant, of frequent occurrence ; of almost general
application.

Pr. Pm, * Ranke, Crassus : Rankenesse. CrassUudo.*

* Of many iron hammers beating rank.* F, Quune,

* From this quotation,' says Wedgw., * we readily pass to the sense of frequent, closely
set. And generally the image of vigorous action' (which he assumes as the fundamental
notion in rank) * supplies the senses of strong in body, luxuriant in growth, fully developed,
&c.' It is certainly worthy of notice, in this connection, that Dan. rank expresses the idea
of tall ; en rank b«g, gran, pile, a tall beech, pine, willow tree. Mangen Jette . . . der nu
ttaaer rank : many giants who stand towering ; lad . . . of den sJnevhenede den ranke lee og
grins : let the tall and well-grown laugh and mock at the bow-legged. Dan. D. ranke is to
grow upright, become thrifty, of plants ; as, kaalplanteme som vi satte igaar ranke sig efter
regnen : the cabbage-plants we set yesterday stand well up after the rain.

a. ' T' flee 's desper't rank on thae swedes. They '11 get 'iem a'.'

Bannaok, sb. A wild unsteady person, a dissolute spendthrift, a
vicious rake.

Comp. Dan. D. rangla, to totter, to be unsteady, to reel about like a drunken man ;
N. rangla, to revel, riot, wander about ; Sw. ranka, to stand unsteadily, to totter or reel,
rankigt, unsteady ; gS rankigt, to have an unsteady motion or gait, rankning, tottering
from one side to the other ; Germ, ranken, rankem, rdnkdn, to run wildly about, tumble
about, be unsteady ; ranken (of the sow), to be brimming.

Banty, adj. Excited ; wild with passion, drink or excitement.

Cf randy, boisterous, noisy, obstreperous : Hall. ; and also, having the sexuil passions
ckcited ; of both sexes, in the Eastern Counties, constantly. Note also, rant, to drink or
riot : Hall., to speak or preach vehemently ; Germ, ranzen, to be on heat, or in restless
or excited motion, ranten, to be noisy, to play tricks ; Swab, junger rande, a young ranti"
pole; Du. ranzen, to be on heat. * In Franconia and Silesia rant is noise, uproar :' Wedgw.
p. D. ranti or rante is a guild or gay party with music and all sorts of fun ; rannie, to
flirt and comp, to behave as rustic wooers do.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 403

Bap, V. a. To snatch, seize, take by force, rob or plunder.

As this word is seldom if ever heard except in the phrase To rap and ree, or reeve*
it is not too easy to frame an accurate definition. Wb. GL explains the phrase by * to
cater after or obtain an advantage for your own or your favourite's benefit. ** They rapped
and reed for him all that they could lay their hands on ;** availed themselves practically of
everything they could compass in his behalf. This remark is often heard as applied to a
fond parent who tries to enrich in particular a favourite child above the rest of the family.'
In point of fact, the phrase is one of very varying form ; * robbe ne reve' is met with in
Chaucer (Urry, p. 2c 5), and also * repe and renne/ Ih. p. 1 26 ; * heo rupten heo rzfden/
in Lay, ii. 16, first text, is parallel to * Hii rupten hii refden' in the second; while Aneren
RiwU gives the form * arepen and arechen,' with the various readings * repen and rinen,'

* ropin and rimen.' Ihre quotes * Ang. rap, rap and ran, per fas et nefas ad se pertrahere,'
and Mr. Wedgwood's remark on the phrase is, that in it rap is * joined with the sjmo-
nymous O. N. ran, rapine;* to which he adds * / rap or rtnde, jc rapine. — ^P^sg* To rap§
cmd rennt. — Chaucer. To get all one can rap and run. — Coles in Hall.* The Or. GL
form is * ramp and reave ;' Ainsworth gives * rap and run for,' while in Miege it is * rap and
ran,' the example ' whatever he can rap and ran' being rendered by tout e9 qu*il peui
attraper, O. N. rdn ok hrifs, quoted by Mr. Wedgwood as * used in the same way' as

* rap and ran ' or ' rape and renne,' is more than simply illustrative ; for brifit robbery by
violence, plunder, is from briffa, to seize, quoted by Bosworth as the O. N. form of A. S.
rypan, ryppan, trypan, to tear quickly, to sweep hastily together, on which word Lajra-
mon's rupten, Ancr. Riwle arepen, certainly depend. The forms reefden, refden, reve, which
seem to differ mainly from arecben, by the substitution of a labial for the guttural, illustrate
our ree or reeve. The reading rinun must be a scribal error, run for and ramp are both
corruptions, while rohhe, repe^ rupen, rap, ropin are all varying forms of the same word.

Baps, sb. News, country-talk.

* The syllable rap is used in the first instance to represent the sound of a blow or hard
knock, and then to signify whatever is done with the violence or quickness of a blow.'
Wedgw. Comp. our (dash, * to clatter or cbp as a door, to bring down, or let anything
fall, with violence ;' and as a sb. * a fall, knock or bruise.* Wb, Gl. And next comp. the
sense of Baps above with Clash, olaahes, news, reports, country-talk.

), pret. of to Rise.

* They rase all together ;' of partridges taking wing.

Basp, sb. A raspberry; the fruit of the common raspberry-shrub
(Rubus tdaus).

Formerly raspis, raspiu or raspite'berry.

Batten, sb. The common rat

Pr. Pm. * Raiun, or raton, Rato, soren,* Sw. r&tta, Dan. roite.

Baum, roam, v. n. (pr. reeam). To shout, lift up the voice, use
much effort in speaking.

O. N. breimr, a sound, breima, to resound, rymia, to roar, shout, raise an outcry, rautnr,
a man with a powerful voice, romr, a shout, a voice, roma, to publish abroad ; Sw. rdma^
to bellow, rumor, a shout, exclamation ; A. S. bream, a clamour, crying out, briman, bryman^

ZIF 2

404 GLOSSARY OF THE

notnian, to cry out, vociferate; Germ, rubrntn; O. H. G. ruamen, ruomen: PI. D. romm,
Dut roemen, Comp. Sw. and Dan. herommat beromme, to boast, extol.

' And romyes as a rad ryth \>zt rorej for drede.'

E. Eng, AUU, Poems, B. 1543.

* Thee rnnn reeam intil mah kig. Ah deean't gaum thee ;' spoken by a man who was
somewhat deaf.

Baw-gobbed, adj, Rude and coarse of speech ; utterly without any
refinement of language. See Gk>b.

Bawk. Pr. of Roke.

Comp. D. D. forms raag, rag.

Bawp, sb. Pr. of Rape {Brasstca napus). Called ' coleseed' in the
South.

BaXy V. a. i. To stretch or strain, to try the tenacity of anything.
2. To strain; of one's joints. 3. v. n. To stretch, as one does when
rousing oneself, or moving from a constrained position.

* He (Sleuthe) bigan Benedicite with a bolk.
And his brest knokked.

And raxed and rored.

And rutte at the last.' P. Ploughm, p. lOO.

Rich, makes raxed in this passage the perfect of * reach,' or equivalent to O. E. raugbie,
rap, rape. Wright, Gl. to P. Plougbman, on the other hand, with as little reason, makes
it the perfect of raxen, to hawk, to spit. In

* Carles wha heard the cock had crawn
Begoud to rax and rift,'

quoted by Jam. from Ramsay's Poems, i. 270, raxing and rt/Hng, or stretching and belch-
ing, are connected, as also in P. Plougbm,

* I raxled and fel in gret affray :' E. Eng, Allit. Poems, A. 1 173,

where the speaker is rousing up from his dream, is an intermediate form. Comp. also,
A. S. wraxlere, a wrestler, wraxlian, to wrestle ; Fris. wraxlia. Dot. worsielen.

1. * Riving and raxing like a sailor at a rope.' Wb. Gl.

2. ' Ah happen'd badly an' raxed ma shackle' (wrist).

3. * He rase an* raxed^-or raxed hissel — tiv 'is full height.'

Bax, sb. A strain, a wrench or twist of a limb or joint

* ** Ah stauter'd an' gat a sair rax ;" stumbled and got a bad sprain.' Wb. GL

Bazzle, v. a. To cook meat at or over the fire, only superficially ;
to brown or scorch the outside, the interior remaining uns^ected by
heat.

Surely connected with rasber; Bav. roscbp/ann, a frying-pan, geroscb, a fritter, reseben,
to fry ; Germ, rdscb, crisp, hard, crackling, roscb, applied to both meat and bread in the
sense of cooked enough. Rasbed, in Hall., means * burnt in cooking, by being too
hastily cooked ;' comp. rdscb and Bav. roscb, reseb, id., with G. roscb in this light. • Pudding
rasbed in the oven ;' * beef rasbed in the roasting :* Halliwell. Possibly Dan. Dial, rem, to
half dry, or half smoke (of clothes or fish), may be not unconnected.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 405

Beaoh, v. a. To hand, bring or fetch, a thing to another, namely,

* Rtaeb me the salt, please.'

* Reach me yon strickle, lad, will 'ee.'

Comp. ' bualc monn is from tub, gif bis sunu bine giuia blaft eidiSestu be iSone st&n bim
rSc^ t* if his son ask him bread, think you he reaebes him a stone. Norib, Gosp. Matt,
vii. 9.

* & wapnen him arabte;* and weapons to him reacbed. Lay, ii. 14.

Beaoh to. To help oneself at table.

* Now reaeb to an' mak' yersel agreeable ; an' an ye deean't like 't, lay back ;' help your-
self, and to what you like best ; and if it is not to your liking when you 're got it, put it
back.

Comp. ' Put to your hand, eat what you please.' Joeo^er. Disc, p. 13.

* No raccheolS to borde : Nor reacb they to board
buten bned ane.' But bread only.

Lcry. ii. 403.

Bear, v. a. To raise, to raise up and place in a standing or quasi-
standing posture.

* Rear thae steean stoups oop on end an' lean 'em agin t' hoos' end.'

* He 's getten t' farm buildings reared desper't sharp an' a'.'

Cf. ' Wilt thou rear it (the Temple) up in three days ?' John ii. ao.

• many men there they were
the 2 stones vp to reare,* Percy's Fol, MS. i. 468.

Bear, adj. Not sufficiently cooked, under-done, half-raw.

Pr, Pm, • Rere, or nesche, as eggys (as ejre, tyyrt), MoUis, sorbilis ;' • " reer, raw, as
the meat is reer, a reer roasted egg." Kennett MS. Forby and Major Moor notice the
word as retained in East Anglia. It is not unconmionly used by old writers. Thus Andrew
Boorde, in his Breviary o/Healtb, says, '* Maces and ginger, rere eggs, and poched eggs not
hard, theyr yolkes be a cordiall ;" and he recommends for Satyriasis, to eat two or three
** new layd egges rosted rere." '* Reere, as an egg is, mo/." Palsgr.' Note to Rere in
Pr. Pm. O. N. brdr, A. S. brire,

Beaye, reve, v. a. To tear away, carry off, plunder.

A. S. reafian, breqfian, N. S. roMM, ro/en, Msbso^. raiUfon; Dan. rwve, Sw. rdjva; 8cc,
The word seldom occurs except in the phrase rap and reve, wherein it ako takes the
form reo. We have no noun current answering to Sc. reiver. See Bap.

Beckan-bau'k, sb. (Pr. of Beek-aam-balk). The bar-part, or
horizontal beam, of the Beek-aim ; the Gallibaunc.

Beokling, sb. See Wreckling.

Bed, V. a. To put in order, to set right.

Ihre gives reda, explicare, expedire, ordinare, and Dalin reda, to separate and lay straight
what has been confused or in disorder, both of them quoting O. N. greida, explicare, eno-
dare, as the origin. Besides, note Dan. rede, O. N. reida, Dan. D. rede sig, to come right
and straight, and especially N. reda, as in bun giUk at rede scengen min : die went to red
up my bed. Ame, p. 63. This, notwithstanding the Dan. idiom, a/ rydde op i «sr stite.

406 GLOSSARy OF THE

exactly equivalent to our Clevel. to red up t' ho08*, probably decides the origin of red.
If so, the reda group of verbs furnishes us with both reet and red (see Beet, Beeting-
comb) ; a case not without parallel, as may be seen in Shill compared with scale, vb.,
and with skel in Bkelbeast.

Bed rud. See Bud : an iteration of sense.

* her rud was red as rose in raine/

Percy's Fol, MS, i. p. 361 ; see also p. 391.

Bed up, V. a. To make orderly, to remove all traces of disorder or
confusion, to set everything straight or in its place.

Bee, V. a. See Beeve.

Beead-yat, adj. Red-hot.

Beeght, or Beeht. Pr. of Bight.

Beek, v. n. To smoke, to emit visible vapour.

O. N. reykia, rjvka, fumare, S. G. ryka, Ihre adds, after coUating roka, * this difference,
however, between the two should be observed, that ryka always means to emit smoke,
rbka^ to dry by smoking, roka kott, to smoke meat, from rdk, smoke.' Sw. ryka (v. n. and
impers.), Dan. r0ge (v. a.)> ryge (v. n.), A. S. recan, O. H. G. rouebittt O. L. Q. riobben,
Gorm. rducberif Fris. reeken, PI. D. rooktn,

* He reeks like a sod-heap ;' of a person smoking tobacco so vehemently that he is ob-
scured by his own smoke.

Beek, sb. Smoke, smoke-like vapour.

Pr. Pm. * Reek^ or smeke. Fumus,' O, N. reykr, O. Sw. rrf*, Sw. rbk, Dan, ri»^, A. S«
rdct roec, Germ, raucb, O. H. G. rucb, Fris. rect rek, PI. D. rook.

Beek-aam, sb. (pr. reckon or reckan). An iron crane on which are
suspended the pot-hooks, and which, being hinged at one end to the
masonry of the chimney, will move in any direction over the fire ; being
in this respect unlike the Bandle-balk, which is fixed.

I think this is simply a contraction of reek-iron^ Clevel. Beek-airn, the iron fixed amid
the smoke. Cf. Baksta'n.

Beek-aim-crooks, sb. (pr. reckon-creeaks). The pot-hooks; the
series of iron hooks working on the Beek-aim-bau'k, and employed
in suspending the ketde, pots, &c., over the fire.

Beek-airn, To ring. ' A person is told he may ring the reckon,
when any long-delayed or unexpected good fortune has befallen him :
the performance consisting in striking the rekkon with the poker as
often as one sees good.' Wh. GL

Beeky, adj. Smoky.

Beesty, adj. Rancid, discoloured and having a bad taste.

Pr, Pm. * Reest, as flesche (resty). Rancidus. ReestyH, as flesche. Ranuo,* * The
radical meaning seems to be stale or overkept bacon, as chars resUz (remnantf, broken

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 407

meat) is glossed in Bibelesworth by rtsiy flees (resty flesh), and resty or rettive (from Fr.
resUr) is pronounced rea&ty in the N. of E.' Wedgw. * I reast, I waxe ill of taste, as
bacon.' Palsgr. Bure asuz resiif stale or rancid butter. ' On the other hand, the word
may be the equivalent of G. rdscbt rdss, rassig^ sharp-tasting, harsh. Sw. rds, over-salted,
sharp, biting, harsh in taste:' Wedgw., whose whole comment on the word should be
studied.

Reety V. a. To comb and otherwise arrange the hair.

S. G. reda, explicare, expedire, ordinare; reda ut sit bdr: crines pectine ezplicare;
Sw. reda bdr; Dan. at rede sit baar med en ham: to reet one's hair wiv a Keeam or
Kaixn ; O. N. greida, reida. See Bed.

* Get your hair reeled out.' Wb, GL

Beeting, sb. A combing, or making straight and smooth; of the
hair, with the Beoting-comb.

Beeting-oomb, sb. (pr. reeting-keeam). The comb used for reetmg,
or combing out and adjusting the hair: applied to a pocket-comb
simply, or to the comb used by females to their long hair ; but not to
such combs as the small-tooth comb.

Dan. redekam, a comb, the teeth of which stand moderately wide apart, with which the
hair is reeted (baaret redes) ; distinct from, or in contrast with, em tat kam ^ our small-
toothed comb. Molb. Cf. Sw. D. re-kamm, ree^tomm^ ree^dmm, a coarse comb to reet
out the hair with.

Beeze, v. a. To become rancid.

See Beesty. * What is the usage at present in other districts, or in this formerly, I am
not prepared to say ; but at present we never, as far as my observation extends, use reasty
in the sense ot'raneidt but always reezed; or, as it is sometimes heard, reez-dy, Tim Bobbin
has reeast or reest, the outside of bacon.' Cr. GL under Reasty.

Beist, V. n. To be restive, to display stubbornness or obstinacy.

Fr. restif, stubborn, drawing backward, that will not go forward. Cotgr. Fr. rester, to
stop, remain still, draw back, from Lat. restore,

Beisty sb. Restiveness, stubbornness, obstinacy.

* ** It took reist;'* an unmanageable fit, which a horse will sometimes manifest.' Wb. GL

Beisted, adj. Restive.

Bemmon, v. a. and n. i. To remove; transfer from one place to
another. 2. To change one's residence, or remove.

Pr. Pm. * Remoum or remevyn (remowne, remouyn, or remeujm). AmoveOt removeo*
O. N. ryma^ to make room, give place ; S. G. rywfl, v. a., to remove, put out of the way ;
Sw. rymma^ v. a., to remove, also v. n. as, rymma bus far en onnan : to vacate a house in

408 GLOSSARy OF THE

favour of some one else ; Dan. ramms, id. ; A. S. rytnan, Genn. raumen. Ihre collates also
Al. rumen^ and Belg. ruymen.

I. * Remmoning a cam;' taking away the earth, &c., once constituting the Cam or
bank.

• " Remmon yourself;" get out of the way.* Wh, GL
a. * They have remmoned into another spot.' lb,

* To rtmmon house ;* to change one's residence.

Bemmoning, sb. A removing, the act of removing.

Cf. Dan. form rmmning, withdrawal, removal.

Bender, v. a. To cause to melt or become fluid by the application
of heat ; especially applied to the preparation of lard, or Saim, from the
inner fat, or Leaf, of the pig.

O. N. renna (pr. renn), to flow, to be made liquid, to be melted, as, malmurinn nnnr,
the metal is smelted ; renna (pr. renni), to pour out, to smelt, as renna kopar, to smelt
copper. Comp. Sw. Ijuset rinner, the candle runs, that is, the tallow melts ; Dan. lyset
rinder, id. Comp. also the expressions to run bullets. Bun-metal, &c.

Bendered-flat, sb. The fat or dripping, which is usually the cook's
perquisite in a family.

Benderment, sb. The mass of melted fat which is obtained by
rendering any available pieces of fat all together.

Benky, adj. Tall and well-made, athletic; having the personal
qualities of ' a man.'

* Then ra]>es hym ^ renk, and ryses to )>e masse.'

Sir Gaw. and Gr, Kn. 1. 1558.

The word is again and again applied to Sir Gawajm, noble knight and distinguished
warrior ; and the Gl. explanation is * a man, originally a warrior.' A. S. rine, a soldier,
warrior, a valiant, noble or honourable man ; O. Germ, recke, reebe, rink, a hero, a giant ;
O. H. G. bringa, a prince, a governor. Dire gives O. Sw. ring, vir praestans, eximius, col-
lating A. S. rinc and Welsh rben, satrapa, and referring it to O. N. reke, recke, heros,
athleta, * for anii is often inserted, as is illustrated elsewhere.' Comp. Dan. rank, tall, well-
grown, N. Sax. and Dut. rank, rang. Is it not possible that in the ' nursery-rhyme' quoted
by Molb. Dial, Lex, in y. Rank,

* Rie, o rie, o ranke,
Stor Hest og Blanke*

otherwise, ' Ride, Ride, rtmke,

HeUen heddtr Blanke,
Hesten bedder AbUdgraa,
Den tkal iaie--Hde paa,*

or * Ride, ride, Ranke,

Fra Borring HI Blanke,' &c.,

we have the rmtk or nnke of Sir Gaw, and E, Eng, AUii, Poems (passim) ? Our word
wo«dd Mkm m an adj. from either of the words quoted above, or might even derive
diftctlj from Dan. rakk. The forms ryngey, rynke^, also occur in E, Eng, AUii, Poems,
and riigt lynl in Sir Qam, and Gr, Kn,

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 409

Beahefl, sb. The hard rush (/uncus glaucus) ; the stiff, rather dwarf-
growing rush met with in uncultivated places.

Pr, Pm, * Rytebe, or rusche. Cirpu8,juHeus*

• " For oftc have I," quod he,
** Holpen yow at the barre.
And yet yeve ye me neyere,
The worth of a risshe," * P, Plougbm, p. 75.

A. S. rise, arise, ries, a rush ; PI. D. rusk, asirusk, riseb; Sc. roiifs.

Bere- shaft, sb. The shaft or handle of a hammer or axe,
of whatever kind, made thickest at the head-end, and inserted from
the upper side of the axe or hammer-head, so as to be removable at
pleasure.

I take this to mean, fundamentally, the shaft that fastens, secures, or, so to speak, rivets
itself, prevents itself from ' drawing,' as a nail that is riveted. There is a Sc. word roow ,
rttve or ruiff, to rivet, to clinch ; and, in the example given by Jam., the word is applied to
the flattening out of the ends of a bar of iron an inch in diameter to prevent its drawing or
returning from its place. Cf. Fr. river, to double back the end or point of a thing, to rivet
or clench a nail ; Or, OL * rebbit, to clinch, to rivet.'

Beszel, sb. The conmion weasel (Mmiela vulgaris).

It is not impossible that this name may be derived from the sharp chattering cry of the
animal. Jam. gives reissU, to make a lond chattering noise, as from Teut. rysselen, A. S.
hrisdan, crepere, strepere, S. G. rasla, crepitare.

Biok, sb. A stack of larger dimensions than a Pike, and not neces-
sarily circular in shape.

O. N. bnmkr, strues aridorum, A. S. hreaik, 8cc. See Book, vb. and sb., of which this is
simply another form with a special application.

Bidding, sb. i. A clearing; in the American sense especially.
More frequendy met with in local names, or in documents, than in
modem expression. 2. A clearing or clearance in a more general
sense.

0. N. ryiSja, to fell trees, to clear a forest ; rydja tri, or rydja morh; Dan. rydde sktnjord,
to dear forest Und ; ryddingsland or rydddtmd, land obtained by such clearing ; S. G. * rodja,
terram incultam, excisis arboribus demtisque saxis, ad cultum redigere: Ant. rydia;*
Sw. rodJa,

1. *Kate Ridding,' in Skelton parish; * Ridding Swang,' on Danby-Side above the
enclosures.

3. ' We have made rydyng thragh oute Jure,

Well wyt ye oone diyng, that mordered have we
Many thowsandes :' Totim^. Myst. p. 156 ;

where the reference is to the Slaughter of the Innocents.

30

4IO GLOSSARy OF THE

Hiddle, sb. A large coarse sieve ; more especially, a frame of thin
parallel iron bars arranged in close order, for sifdng cinders, or like
matters.

A.S. bridM, I iifve. riddle. Welsh rhidyll, Qlel. ridtai, Bret, ridil. Ihre add> S. G. m»d
>nd Belg. r**, r»d«r, rtylir; »nd Wedgw.. from the ineviwble sh»fcing of the lieve when in
UK, ci>nneclt it with O. N. rida, to tremble. A, S. hritbadl. Dut. riddi, a le<er or ihiking
Hcfcneu 1 Tcut. riidtrtn, rgtrin, rijtiin, lo ihiver with Tevir or cold. Comp. rti. Ut ihike
com in i lie™. lo thit the ch»ff collects in one pbce ; Hall. ; Sc. m, i imiU riddle liigei

vhich are among it ; done with
Note also Pr. Pm. • Rydyl, of co
Urium, vituilt^nim,'

d froi

1 elcnsynge (ridil for wynwyn of ct

sieve cotn. Hall.

Biddling, sb. A riddle, an enigma.

Bide, To let, v, a. To project or throw with force or impetus ; to
throw or hurl, as, a missile at any object; to shoot, with the intention of
striking an object.

O. N, raVa cot onlj' signiliei lo ride in oui sense, but to be bome along, or otherwise
moved, with impetus. Thus it is applied to the brandishing of a iword, to the motion of
vessels driven by foiee of wind or current. ' The original meiiiing of ridt would teem to
be to come ruitling, trickling or tattling down, then to be botne lapidly along a surface :'
Wedgw. ; and hence the mcaninK in our phrase. Camp, the parallel expreisioni to /■( drhii.
to l,lfy.

■ " 1 Ut ridt at it ;" 1 shot at it.' Vin>. Gt.

BidBome, adj. Admitting of expedition in doing, quickly de-
spatched ; of a task, piece of work, special occupation.

A derivative from lo rid, O. N. rySja, lo remove, clear out of the way. Set Bidding.

BUb, adj. Ready, apt, disposed, sharp c
paration, to wit.

• Were I brought «-bedde,
• le no ryngynge d(

quick, at learning or pre-

Er I were rifn u

me ryse
P. Pttmgbm.

Comp. Germ, rii/; ai das r'i/i alltr. ripe age ; das tacbt isl nocb nidi nifl : the affair
ii not yet ripe. Mr. Wedgw. notices a North, form of ript for rift given by Hall., which
makes onr rifa the more interesting.

■ •' J!i/e for a row ;" ready for a riot/ Wb. Gl.

' " CtHne, be rif; and let's be o(Fi" make hiite, and let ui be going.' lb.

Bift, V. n. To belch ; to throw up air from the stomach.

Cf. Dan. rabt. lo belch, Sw. rapa, O. Germ, rofaii.

Bigg, sb. I. The back, of eitlier man or animal, a. The ridge,
edge or back of any object, as of the roof of a house, the raised stripe "
in a knitted slocking, &c. 3. A ridge or long narrow hill. 4. The

1

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 4I I

parts of an arable field which, in process of ploughing, are laid up
higher than the rest. See Head-rigg.

Pr, Pm. * Ryggtf of a lond. Porca (aggtr) ;* O. N. bryggr, donum, tergum ; O. Sw.
rigg, ryggf Sw. rygg, Dan. ryg, the back, the highest portion, bnt always with an implied
idea of extent or length, of a thing, as, of a field, of land, of a house-roof (Molb.). The Sw.
word has nearly the same extent of meaning, while in bergsrygg or dsrygg it fully corre-
sponds to our definition 3. Cf. also, A. S. bryeg, bricg, brycee, brice, O. H. G. brukka,
ruggt, rukke. Germ, rueken.

I. ' Ah 'U lig thee on tha' rigg;* knock you flat down on your back.

a. * Ainthorpe Rigg;' * Castleton Rigg, Sec.

Bigg-bone, sb. (pr. rigg-beean). The backbone.

Pr. Pm. * Ryggi bom of bakke (rigbone or bakbone).'

Bigged, p. p. Laid on its back, cast ; of a sheep which has rolled
into a hollow place, as a furrow between the Lands of a field, turned on
to its back, and is unable to get up again without help.

Rigging, sb. The framework of rafters, &c., supporting, or, in their
degree constituting, the roof of a house.

Pr. Pm. * Ryggyngt of howsys. Porcacio* Dan. rygnrng, the uppermost portion of a
house ; the roof generally.

Bigging-tree, sb. The main longitudinal spar along the ridge of
a roof in which the various pairs of rafters meet.

* ** The man astride the rigging-tree;" the person who holds a mortgage on the pre-
mises.* Wb. Gl.

Bight-on-end, adv. i. In a straightforward direction, straight on
before one. 2. In a straightforward manner, without halt or deviation.

1. * It Ugs reet-^m-end before you.' Wb. Gl.

2. * ** He 's now mending of his ailment reet-OH-end ;" going on quite prosperously in
the way of recovery.* lb.

Bight up, V. a. (pr. reeht oop). To set in order, or arrange, as
accounts ; to make neat and tidy ; to reduce to obedience or bring to
orderly behaviour.

• ril rigbt ye all up, if you don't behare.' Wb. Gl.

Cf. * he rigbt the Girthes, and sadled the steed.'

Percy's Fol. MS. i. 389.

Bim, sb. The membrane enclosing the intestines.

A. S. rima, margin, edge. * The rime of the sea was used for the surface of the sea ; '* the
weeds streamed three or four fathoms upon the ryme of the sea." Hawkins' Voyage, p. 116.
It is perhaps in this sense that the membrane enclosing the bowels is called the rim.*
Wedgw.

302

GLOSSARy OF THE

surface.

To scratch slightly, i

itcis E. rippli with r

i only just to ruffle the

mpli, [efEniug to A. S. brymptl. Du.

Mr. Wedgw. i
rimpe, rimp^, rampe, romptl, i vsiakle, ruiDple, pucker. Me arl<l£» ' the gentle louncl ot
■mall waves breikiiig on the shore ii repreienled by the word rippU, which Is thra applied

rimplmg of the brook." Crabbe." Bui I doubt whether our word is coiiiddent with E.
ripplt. or should rather be looked on ai a frequentative from rip. Is tear, and <o neirlj
allied to O. N. bri/d. V/ urape. ri/a. to tear, Dan. rivt, and O. N. riga, to rake, turn haj
with a rake. Ac. In the latter case it may be looked upon ai viHuaUy another form of oar
rufile, which eorrnponds very nearly with it in signiGoHou. Conip. S. Jutl. rivling, that
which ii scratched up.

Biae, v. a. To raise, cause to rise, flush or cause to leave a state of

rest, and fly, as a bird; or run, as a hare, &c.

docnutii erigere. Hald. In the same way Dan, reist, Sw. ».<a. tike the active lenie at well
u the simple neuter one of ' 1 rise' (to my feet, e.g.; or otherwise), as, al riia Mrv, to Kt
up turvN, back lo back, to dry ; al ran mindslHti, to erect a iDonunienl, Sec, So that dut
word may not be limply a prov. misuse or abuse of the E. ri'ie, taken for rain, at lay often
ii, in S. England, for lii. Sic. The vb. tikes both rose and raae ai its pret. : the latlet
is, I believe, the true or old one, in general use before the effects of schools and Khool-
masters became so sensible. Cf. Touml. Mysl. form rcat, piet. of ris< T. n.

' There, Ah TOM him agen r ofatrout.

' 1 rosi a covey of partridges and a brace and half of hares in LonElaads meidow.'

' Ah was miiched to gel it riun again,' of something that had fallen down.

■ Ah quesshun if he'll ria so much;" money, namely.

Rise, sb. A steep bank rising abruptly from a road, or other level
surface.

Comp. ' Til at te last he wat; to mat, he my^t no more renne.

Bot ill he hasi hat he rayjl, he to a hole vi^noej
Of a ram. by a rokk. hei renne; )k borme.'

Sir Oau. and Or. Kh. 1, 15(8.
' Raist, a cairn of stones. Anciently, any raised mound or cmiDeiKe.' HalliwdL
Bive, V. a. i. To rend or tear asunder, to split 2. To pull or tug
vehemently, either with the result, or as if with ihe intention, of tearing
asunder,

O. N. rija, TJAfa, lacerare. rifa, rima. Iissura, rifna. lacetari ; 0. Sw. rifii/a, icindere, r^.
luptura, Iditdirif, rending of clolhes; Sw. rifiia, Dan. rivt. Bosw. gives rypl, rift, riven,
tom. The pret. is ravi or row, and the pqd. rovuin.

i. • " He w>< lit to rnw swarth ;" to teat up the ground with vexa^on.' Wb. Gl.

Comp. To Itar iht moor, to get roaring drunk. Halliwell.

Road, Out in t'. Equivalent to S. Engl. ' Out of the way."

Roan, roand, adj. Red and white, the colours rallier intermingled

than distinct as in a mouled or spoiled animal; of ihe ox tribe. Sec

Hiuled.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 413

Bode, sb. Pea-sticks, sprays for supporting the growing garden-pea.

Boil, V. n. To romp or play boisterously, to make a petty disturb-
ance by riotous play.

O. N. rugla, confiindere, turbare, rugl^ confiisio, ineptue, gerne ; tricks, chatter, noisy
play. Wedgw. quotes Brockett's * Rile^ to render turbid, to vex or disturb/ To rile water,
in Essex, is a common expression for to make it muddy, which Mrs. Baker gives as roiled;
and Forby quotes a riled complexion, as one coarsely ruddy. An instance in which the
sense is coincident, or nearly so, with that of our word occurs in Skeat's P. Plougbm. p. 132 :

* It (religion) rot/«|> and stefui|>,
* pat out of couent & doistre* coveiten to libboi.*

Boke, sb. (pr. with a vowel sound intermediate between oa in ' oak'
and au in 'laud'). A thick fog; much the same as what is called a
* sea-fog' on the East Coast.

Pr. Pm. * Roke, myste. Nebula (mepbis)* Dan. D. rag, fog or thick mist, which in
the districts about the West Sea rises from the sea, at the close of a hot sunmier's day, an
hour or two before sunset, under the influence of a cold wind : otherwise bav rag, sea roke,
ra{ig, S. Jutl. rdk, from O. N. rakr, damp, moist, raki, dampness. Other forms are rawk,
Wb. GL, rook, rouk. Brock., rook, Cr, GL Cf. Teut. rooek, vapor, and note the use of the
word in the lines foUowing : —

* To-ward sodome he sag Ht roke.
And tie brinfires stinken smoke.' Gen, and Ex, p. 34.

Bokes, It, V. imp. It is very thick, or foggy.

• // rokes sair on t* moor ;* another form being, * Ther* 's a dcspcr't* roke on, for seear.'

Boky, adj. Foggy, thick, as when a Boke prevails.

* ** Thick roiy weather ;" a damp, misty atmosphere.' Wb. GL

Boll, sb. A circular pad, more or less annular in form, worn on the
head by females who have to carry or support a heavy weight with that
member : otherwise Wreath.

BoU-egg-day, troU-egg-day. Easter Monday, or Easter Tuesday;
or, rather, both. See Faoe-eggs.

Book, ruck, sb. A pile, a carefully made heap, of no great size ; of
turves, stones, &c.

O. N. breika, bruga, to pile or heap up, braukr, a heap or pile, cspedally of fuel, brvka,
bruga, a pile ; Sw. rok, O. Sw. rdge, roge, roke, rank, all signifjring what is piled or heaped
up, as hay, com, turf, peat; D. D. raage, roge, S. Jutl. roke; as roge, mmg-roge, the little
heaps of manure deposited on the land as teemed from the dung-cart ; r^ge, torve-r^ge,
a rook, turf-rook; N. reyk, rouk, a little pile, especially of turves ; A. S. breac, rieg (see
Biok); Dut. rock; Pr. Pm. * Reek or golf (reyke, golfe or stak). Areonius, aeervus,*
This word occurs frequently in local names : as, Obtrush or Hobtnuh Buck, or Book
a remarkable Houe or burial-hill on the Faradale Moors ; Staae-rook Hill« 8cc. In
coiutant ose also in the compound form Turf-rook.

414 GLOSSARY OF THE

Book, V. a. To pile up in heaps, generally with an eye to orderly
arrangement, in contradistinction to throwing together into a heap
promiscuously.

See Book, sb. and note Dan. D. rmge^ to set turves on piles, small stacks, or Books.
' Gan an' rook thae to*v's, lad ;' go and stack or pile the turves.

Book, V. a. To sit, as a bird upon her eggs, to incubate.

Dan. ruge^ to incubate, or sit as a hen, or bird, does ; Sw. rugOt id. Molbech's remark
on the Dan. word is — ' Of uncertain origin ; possibly related to O. N. hruga, to heap up or
pile together ; bmga, a pile or heap. The fundamental idea seems to be, to rest or lie
above anything for the purpose of covering or concealing it : and Overtrow speaks of the
Dragon which rooked over (rugede over) its hoard of gold and treasure.' Mr. Morris, in
Ol. to Pr. of Conse,t in v. Ruck, which, together with the preceding word, rouke, I take to
be coincident with our word, refers to O.N. bruku, to squat, Dut burken, to crouch.
Hruku must be a misprint, and I do not find any like vb. with such signification either in
Haldorsen or Egilsson. I think, with Molb., that the primary idea is, as we familiarly
express it, ' to sit all of a heap,' to make a heap of oneself, as a sitting bird does, and as
a crouching bird or person does, scarcely less. Comp. Pr, Pm, ' RuU^uHt or cowre down,
curyn down, crowdyn downe ; ruckyn or cowryn downe. Ineurvo*

' pai sal for threst )>e hevedes souke
Of >e nedders [»st on |>am sal rovke, Pr, of Conse, L 6764.

Boughen, v. a. To make rough ; to check looseness of the bowels
by the administration or action of astringent medicines. Wh, GL See
Slapen, which implies action of the contrary kind.

Boundy, adj. Of good size, free from small or refuse coal : applied
to the coal of the district when obtained in masses instead of in an
almost pulverised state. Applied also to separate lumps or pieces.

Pr, Pm. * RowruU gobei, of what so hyt be.' * Round, full, large. Norib: Halliwell.
' Rund, largus, liberalis. A. S. rum, unde rumedlice, liberaliter ; rumgyfa, liberalis, muni-
ficus. Fenn. runfas* Ihre. He adds that he it doubtful whether to refer the origin of this
word to the same source as that of rund, rotundus, or to rum, spatiosus, amplus. The
A. S. word, he thinks, inclines to the latter, particularly as the Saxons of his own day used
the expression ruum meUn, to measure out with a liberal hand. Molb. gives Dan. rund,
collating it with A. S. rum, rum-gyfa, and adducing also Sw. rund, in the sense of liberal,
abundant, overflowing, as rund baand, liberal hand ; lyksaligbetbens runde giver : content-
ments [sufficing or] abundant gifts; love rundt, to promise kirgely; rund arving, a rich
inheritance, all of which phrases illustrate our word.

• They *re getten some gey guid coal at t' pits, noo : a'most a' roundy yans ;' or • roundy
biu.'

Boup, sb. Public sale or auction.

' A roup, in Scotland, — a canting or outcry :' Ritson, quoted by Jam. Roup, rowp, rope,
to cry, to shout : thence to expose to sale by auction. Teut. roepen, clamare, N. S. ropen,
A. S. breopan, O. N. brdpa, S. G. ropa. See, See Jam. in v. Roup, Cf. also Dan. raabe,
at raabe noget op [til udg"] : to put anything up for sale at an auction, where the appli-
cation of roup becomes at once apparent.

Bouped up, To be, v. p. To be suffering from any bronchial affec-
tion which renders hoarse, and otherwise interferes with the clearness of

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 415

the voice ; to be scarcely able either to speak or whisper from hoarse-
ness and loss of voice.

* Roup occurs in a peculiar sense, either as denoting an incessant cry, or perhaps hoarse-
ness of voice, as the adj. rou^ is now used.

" The rauin come rolpand quhen he hard the rair."

Lyndsay's Warkist 159a, p. 307.

*' Thir slaves of Sathan, we say, roupii as they had bein ravenis." Knox's Hisi. p. 33.

RouPt hoarseness Some derive this from Isl. broopt beroopt vodferatio, because

this is frequently the cause of hoarseness. The idea has great probability.' Jam. Scarcely
so, I think. There can be little doubt in connecting Boup, roupy, with the same root as
O. N. brafkt S. O. rafh^ ramn, A. S. bra/en, r<e/Sw, Eng, raven. Cf. Dut. ravtn^ to croak,
ravt in PL D. nagt-ravt, the goat-sucker, ' from the croaking noise it makes at night'
Wedgw. Note also Dut. raqf, ravt. Germ, rabi, a raven, Finn, raiiwyn, the croaking of
crows or rooks, Lat. renmSt hoarse ; and, besides, comp. Dan. D. r€ebb€ or rappe, to creak,
as frogs, roppe, to quack, as a duck, and the example under Boupy.

' Ah 's jest aboot rouped oop ;' scarcely able to speak for hoarseness.

Boupy, adj. Hoarse, not able to speak properly, from the effects of
cold.

• As rcupy as a raven.' Wb, GL

Bouse, V. a. To turn out, or remove from their accustomed places ;
as the articles of furniture in a room.

Bouse-about, v. n. To run or career about from place to place.

Comp. Germ, rauscbeitt to bustle, rush, to do things noisily or bustlingly ; as, der wind
rmueb in den buseben ; also the phases, * a rousing he,' ' a routing fire.' Note also Sw.
ruta, to proceed with impetuous action, to rush, rusa till tin forderf: to rush on his own
ruin ; rusa bort, to rouse forth ; also, ruta, ned, up, ut, Sec, ; Dan. D. russe, to rush about,
to be in haste.

Bouty V. n. To go about from place to place, to wander or stray.
Most frequent in the connected form rout about.

S. G. ruia, vagari, discurrere ; buHxr tolkin flock % bafimt ruiar: where a like swarm [of
light pirate vessels] infests, wanders about, the sea. Hire collates Welsh rbodio, vagari, Sax.
ruteren, Dut. ruyten, * Routed. If an animal strays and is pounded, it remains, when
unclaimed, three sun-sets and three sun-risings in the pound or pinfold. Afterwards it is
taken to the roiiZ-yard till the owner can be found, and is then said to be routed. This
term is specially used in the neighbourhood of Homcastle, and it is no uncommon thing

to see in the provincial papers advertisements beginning thus : — '* Routed, at B , two

pigs ; &c. Line.*' ' Halliwell. Routed is simply * strayed/

Bout, V. n. To bellow, or low loudly, as cattle do when uneasy or
excited.

Pr. Pm. * Rowtyn, yn slepe (rowtyn or snoryn). Sterto. Rowtynge in slepe. Stertura.'
See also Chaucer, Revest Tide, p. 3a.

* He raxed and rored
And note at the laste.' P. Plougbm. 1. 3270.

Cf. O. N. Hta, rftOy gninnire, as ivinid riiir, sus grunnit ; bridta (pres. br^t), ronchos ducere.

4l6 GLOSSARY OF THE

sterfere, N. rjota, rautft Sw. ryta, to roar as a lion or other beast, to grust savagely ; Hi
ryiandt svin : a fiercely gruating hog (JViir, och Ward, p. 563) ; Dan. D. (S. Jotl.) ryd§t M
at rydt som en ho: to bellow as a cow does ; O. Dan. ryUxB, rydbet; tn rydmdbi lojfioe,
a roaring lion ; Sw. D. rota,

Bout-about, V. n. To go about from place to place, turning things
out or over, as one might do in search of anything that was lost

Bouter, sb. i. A turmoil, a hasty confused moving about, as of
a crowd ; hasty or excited movement of a single person ; hasty or eager
movement, as of a person seeking for something. Thence, a. The search
itself, or investigation.

See Bout-about, the vb. in which formula famishes a derivatiTe for this sb.

• A street router.' Wh. Gl,

* ** He jamp up iv a great routtr;" started up in a great hurry or fury.* lb.

Bouter, v. a. To turn out, with a sort of implied decision, as if it
must needs be done; of the entire contents of a room at Cleaning-
time. See Bouter, sb.

Boutering-time. The period, usually about the month of May,
when the house and everything in it undergoes the process of thorough-
eleaning.

Bouting, sb. Bellowing, or loud lowing of cows, oxen.

Boving, adj. Wild, unsettled, inclined to be stormy.

Probably only a special amplication of the ordinary E. word.
• " It 's roving weather ;'* stormy, violent.' Wb. Ol.

Bowen, p. p. of to Rive. One use of it is noticeable : * rowen fira
tegither,' torn asunder, and so destroyed.

Comp. O. N. rofitutf solutus, ruptus.

Bow, v. a. To form the ridges, in the process of preparing land for
the turnip-crop, or of setting potatoes, and the like.

Bow, V. n. To use vigorous exertions, to labour or work hard.

O. N. roga, moliri, niti. I connect this word with O. E. roggen, rf^g or rugg, the
primary idea of which seems to have been to pull with effort ; as in P. Piougbm,

* And I hadde ruthe when Piers rogged.
It gradde so rufulUche.' p. 335.

* Als lyons, libardes and wolwes kene,
i>at wuld worow men bylyve.

And rogg ]wm in sonder and ryre.' Pr. of Consc. 1. laaS.

This conjunction of verbs is still preserved. Thus Brockett, after giving • Rtig, to poll
roughly, Teut. ruekent detrahcre,* adds • rugging and riving, pulling and tearing.' With
us the combination is to row and boow, a phrase which miplies all the effort and bustle,
pulling and pushing, of the spring- or Thoroiigh-oleaning. S. O. and Sw. rycka, Dan.
rykke, Qerm. ruchn, as well as O. N. ryekja, are probably nearly connected.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 417

Bowan-tree, sb. (pr. roan-tree or roun-tree). The mountain-ash
(Pyrus aucuparta). See Witoh-wood.

O. N. reynir, S. G. rowi, runn^ Sw. ronn^ Dan. r^n, ronne. Danish and Swedish folklore
speak, the former of flyvende rmn, and the latter of flug-rdin, or fldg-ronn (JS.flog-rogn),
as of especial efficacy for the purposes to which wood of the rowan-tree is applicable ; that
is to say, as a prophylactic against witches and their power, elves, and all that company.
Rietz describes Jlug-rdin thus : — ' A rowan-tree which is found growmg upon lofty old
walls is so called, and is supposed to be attended with good fortune to such as carry a
bit of it about their person.' Under Fldgronn he says, * A rowan of such kind as is found
growing on stumps or on other trees. The original intention no doubt has been to desig-
nate the mistletoe, but it has been superseded by the rowan-tree.' Thiele mentions fly-
vendt r^n as a means applied by Danish housewives to ensure a fortunate churning, a pin
thereof, in the form of a cross, being inserted in the chum. On St. John's- night, he further
says, to be safe against the witches who are riding Blocksberg-ward, pins or plugs of rowan-
tree are carried about the person and also stuck up over all the doors of the house and
premises. Besides which, a piece of rowan-tree, cut in May, and carried in the mouth,
is a certain protection against all the wiles and the power of the elf-race. In Clevel. the
rowan-tree is held of fully equal efficacy, but it must be gathered with peculiar observances
and at a particular season. The and of May, St. Helen's Day, is Bowan-tree-dsy, or
Bowan-tree 'Witoh-day, and on that day, even yet with some, the method of proceed-
ing is for some member of the household or family to go the first thing in the morning,
with no thought of any particular Bowan-tree — rather, I believe, it might be said, till
tome Bowan-tree is fallen in with of which no previous knowledge had been possessed
by the seeker. From this tree a sufficient supply of branches is taken, and (a different
path homewards having been taken, by the strict observers, from that by which they went)
on reaching home twigs are ' stuck over every door of every house in the homestead,' and
scrupulously lef^ there until they fall out of themselves. A piece is also always borne about
by many in their pockets, or purses, as a prophylactic against 'Witching. Not so very
long since, either, the farmers used to have whip-stocks of Bown-tree wood — Bown-
tree-gada they were called — and it was held that, thus supplied, they were safe against
having their Draught fixed, or their horses made restive by a witch. If ever a Draught
came to a stand-still — there being, in such cases, no Bown-tree-gad in the driver's hands,
of course — then the nearest Witohwood-tree was resorted to and a stick cut to flog the
horses on with, to the discomfiture of the malevolent witch who had caused the stoppage.
• Not long since,' says Mr. Carr, * as a farmer in my neighbourhood was driving his plough,
the horses suddenly became restive. The whip was vigorously applied, but without effect,
for the horses remained perfectly motionless. The farmer fortunately cast his eyes on
a wbicken-tree which was growing in the adjoining hedge, from which he speedily cut a
twig, the gentlest application of which broke the spell, and caused the horses to proceed
quietly with their accustomed toil.' Such histories are rife enough throughout the country
side. I append the following sentence from York Casde Depositions, p. 309, a ' noted
witch' being the speaker:—* I think I must give this Thomas Bramhall over, for they tye
foe much wbigben about him, I cannot come to my purpose, else I could have worn him
away once in two yearcs.'

Bownd, sb. The roe or spawn of fish.

O. N. brogn, S. G. ron, rom, rog, Sw. rom, rdm, Daiu rogn, N. S. rogbn, Dut. roggen,
rogben, rogbe, Sc. raun, rawn, roun ; rauntr, rowanmr, the female fish, salmon especially ;
Welsh grown.

Bowty, adj. Rank or thick-growing, coarsely luxuriant.

• Routbt rowtb. Plenty, abundance in whatever respect ; hence, routbie, plentiful.' Jam.

3 n

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 419

understanding come to or agreement made. 2. To decline or refuse
to complete a bargain, of whatever kind.

Pr. Pm. • Ruwyfi, or for-thynkya. Penitio, vel penitei, Ruynge, for a th3mge (rvyn, or
forthynkynge). Penitudo, peniitncia*

• " What 's George D. not wed yet ?" " Nay. Folks says he '$ ruid,** or, " ryed on "t." '

* " Rued an' run off;" regretted his bargain and refused to complete it.' Wb. GL

Bue-bargain, sb. i. A bargain repented of and cancelled. 2. A
sum of money (or other consideration) paid by the party who mea for
the permission to be off his bargain or return his purchase.

Biiffle, V. a. To raise the skin slightly by abrasion.

O. N. bruflot cutem laedere, bru/l, hrufla^ cutis exigua laesio. In the Dan. definitions
attached to Haldorsen's Latin ones, hrufla is forrive buden lidi : to scratch up the skin a
little, wherein the simple vb. rive is, almost beyond doubt, related to the O. N. vb. Comp.
PI. D. ri/eln^ to streak, to furrow, Dan. rifles to groove a column, rifle a gun. Germ, raffen,
to scrape or rake, Dut. rijffeln, to scrape, rub ; as also Sw. ri/wOt to scratch, tear, the near
relative of Dan. rive. Wedgw. gives a very different history of E. ntffle,

Bmnbustical, adj. Boisterous, noisy, overbearing.

Wedgw. classes this word, together with rumpus and rumbustious, Sc. rummyst, to bellow,
roar. It. rombazzo, a clatter, Swiss rumpusen, to pull one another about, to contend in
sport, all under one head, collating O. N. rumr, rymr, clash, noise.

Biixntion, sb. A row or commotion.

This word too must be referred to O. N. rumr or rymr : rymia (pret. befi rymi), to
nuke a loud noise or outcry. See under Bauxn or Boam.

Bun-a-country. Used adjectively. i. Itinerant; applied, according
to Wh, GLy to a travelling quack. 2. Fugitive; applied to one who
leaves the country or district secretly to escape the payment of his debts
or other obligations. See Land-louper.

* *' A run-a-country fellow ;" one who goes about from place to place announcing his
wares or his nostrums ; a quack.' Wb. Gl.

Bunoh, sb. The wild mustard plant, the Ketlook, or charlock of
other districts (Sinapis arvensis),

* Runeb, a word that in Scotland means " crunch," Fr. ronger, gnaw, and is applied to
a strong raw-boned woman, as a " runebie quean," in reference, as Jam. thinks, to a coarse
wild radish so called, the jointed charlock {Rapbanus rapbanistrum).' Prior's Pop. Names
o/BriHsb Plants. In Clevel. it is a name applied to the common charlock, and the jointed
charlock is distinguished as ' white runch.'

Bung, sb. A step, or round, in a ladder. See Binfifd.

Bun-metal, sb. Cast-iron, having run into its mould, instead of
been forged into shape. See Bender.

Bunnel, sb. i. A small stream of water; but applied also to the

3 H 2

A<-^

OLOSSARF OF THE

channel it runs in. 2. A funnel for pouring liquids into a bottle, or other
narrow-mouthed receiver, with.

D. D. rmnnel, a little chtnnel or small water-ooarse ; S.JutL ryndd; Sw. roion?, id.;
O. N. rende^ Dan. rende, A. S. ryndt.

Bun-out, adj. Impoverished, exhausted; of land that has been
badly farmed, over-cropped, and insufficiently manured.

* It 'f nobbut a moderate tak*. T' land 's mostlings sair run oot*

Bunty, sb. Short and thick-set

A little separate heap of anything, stones or wood, in Falster is called a ryttM, while in
Fimen rutUe is a small load, thick and stumpy in comparison to its height ; also a leaping-
pole with a thick lower end. Wedgw. quotes Sc. runi, trunk of a tree, Prov. E. nmi,
stump of underwood, dead stump of a tree, the rump. And thence, he compares Germ,
rvm^with strutnpf, trunk, stock; and Prov. E. stnmt, a bird's tail with slnmty, coinci-
dent in meaning with our runty. We have not the idea of withered, old, or lean, how-
ever, associated here : rather the reverse. See example.

' ** A Strang, runty lass ;'* like many of our hardy-bred moor-maidens.* Wb, GV.

Bun wicks. To. See Wioks, To run.

Bush, sb. I. A crowd, or thick assembling of people; any festivity
at which a great attendance or concourse of people is expected.
2. Herbage or plants that have grown up in niunbers, and very thick
together, from the vegetation of a quantity of seed dropped in one
place, or analogous causes.

O. N. rusk, strepitus, turbatio, S. G. rusk, strepitus, ruska, to move oft, cause to shake ;
thence to give forth a sound as of shaking, shuddering, rustling, or to move on with force ;
Sw. ruskoi id., ruska, a bough with a tuft of foliage upon it ; Dan. ruske, to shake, agitate ;
N. rusk, noise, uproar, sudden movement, ruska, to rattle, do things bustlingly, to throw
into disorder ; Dut. ruysscben. Germ, rauseben, to make a noise or bustle, to rush, to make
a rushing noise. Cf. the words race, ryssden, in the passages following : —

* Soe that her followed all that day
of Harlotts a great rae§
to fyle her body.' Percy's Folio BiS. i. 445.

' anon th^ (the dragons) ryssden out of their den.' lb. 469.

Busselled, adj. Withered, wrinkled; of an apple. Given in the
form * rossilled' in Leeds GL, and as signifying * rotten,' which is not
the case here. It is further said to be * used only of the apple,' by the
same authority.

Comp. Germ, runzdn, to shrivel, as fruit, runzdig, runzUg, as rumligtr apfel, bim, &c.,
a shrivelled apple, pear, dtc. ; Low Sax. krunkei; O. S. winch; A. S. vnrincle: and so Dan.
rytike, Sw. skrynkla, also.

Buttings, sb. The entrails of any animal. Wh, Gl.

Buttle, V. n. i . To breathe with a rattling or broken internal noise,
as a person does when suffering under bronchitis or asthma. 2. To emit

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 421

the last breathing sounds just before death — the death-rattle. 3. To
laugh in a suppressed way, so as to produce a sound of a somewhat
sinular nature. Wh, GL See Buckle.

Brock, quotes Teut. roUlem, murmunre. But I have no doubt this word is coincident
with ruckle. There may be two forms of the word, but the meanings are all connected.

Butty, adj. Deeply furrowed with cart-ruts.

* A brant, rutty loaning.* Wb. GL

s

Sacrament-piece, sb. A half-crown taken from the oblations made
at offertory, exchanged for thirty penny-pieces collected from thirty dif-
ferent people, widows properly, then drilled through so as to admit the
passage of a ribbon, suspended on which it is to be worn round the
neck as a charm against epilepsy.

It has occurred to the writer once to have a formal request made to him for such a half-
crown, and by one of the most respectable and well-to-do farmers in the parish. The
Saorament-pieoe should, to be very precise, be * walked with nine times up and down
the church aisle.' Wb. GL I do not know that this part of the formulary was intended to
be observed in the case I have referred to. For comparison I adduce the following, the
first from Brand's Pop. Antiq. i. 87 ; the others from ' Choice Notes : Folklore* * In Suf-
folk the superstitious use of cramp-rings, as a preservative against fits, is not entirely aban-
doned ; instances occur where nine young men of a parish each subscribe a crooked six-
pence, to be moulded into a ring for a young woman affiicted with this malady.' This
Suffolk usage seems to vary in different places, or else the correspondent of Notes and
Queries is not entirely accurate, which internal evidence indeed leads one to suspect, for
one may be quite certain there is some mystic — at least, very definite — number, and that
the indefinite 'ten or a dozen* will not fit in to any real folklore notions. 'If a young
woman has fits, she applies to ten or a dozen unmarried men (if the sufferer be a man, he
applies to as many maidens), and obtains from each of them a small piece of silver, of any
Idnd, as a piece of a broken spoon, or ring, or brooch, buckle, and even sometimes a small
coin, and a penny. The twelve pieces of silver are taken to a silversmith or oth^ worker
in metal, who forms therefrom a ring which is to be worn by the person afiBicted. If any
of the silver remains af^er the ring is made, the workman has it as his perquisite, and the
twelve pennies also are intended as the wages for his work, and he must charge no more.'
(p. 114.) The Norfolk recipe is a ring made from ' nine sixpences freely given by persons
of the opposite sex,' and taken to a silversmith to be manufactured. In some cases, it
would seem, besides the sixpence, each giver has to contribute i^d., and the is^d. so re-
sulting is the payment to the worker in metal, (p. 36.) But the next extract is most to
the purpose : — ' A young woman, living in the neighbourhood of Holsworthy (Devon),
having for some time past been subject to periodical fits of illness, endeavoured to effect a
cure by attendance at the afternoon service at the parish church, accompanied by thirty
young men, her near neighbours. Service over, she sat in the porch of the church, and
each of the young men, as they passed out in succession, dropped a penny into her lap ; but
the last, instead of a penny, gave her half-a-crown, taking from her the twenty-nine pennies

M*

GLOSSARY OF THE

K^hii'h v^tf tmd iilrcAdy received. With this half-crown in her hand, she walked thiee
fhnfi f<«HfMt ittfi Communion-table, and afterwards had it made into a ring, by the wearing
(tf ffUUU itiit t««Ueves she will recover her health.* (p. 173.) Extracted from the Times of

Hwli »<!]• Heavy, that has not risen properly; of bread: doughy,
♦fOJMioilM; of a pudding, or other like article of food: solid, waxy, in
ff((t'<'^'^l^''^ ^ mealy, light; of cooked potatoes.

( >(«Mi|*. (). N. taddr, satur, saturatus, and note the O. E. usage in the senses sober, serious,

Httdden, V. a. and n. i. To consolidate or make firm and hard; as
niMiw by treading upon it, and in similar instances. 2. To become firm
fif»(| consolidated; of any matter or substance that has been soft or
(ilfiiitic and becomes harder and more consistent.

0adly-begone, adj. (pr. begawen or begaun). Woe-begone, dis-
ifttuned ; otherwise sairly-begone, shookingly-begone.

The word was applied to the expression of his own feelings by an old man who had
f#ttdercd a slight service to a stranger lady, had asked for a kiss in requital, and had then
4iM:avercd that it was the sister of the newly-come parson of the parish : — ' Ah war sadfy'
btgawn* Cf. *So rychely she was hegon* Percy's Folio MS. i. p. 115; 'Welle is me
higoU* 7i&. p. 1 17 ; * all of beaten gold begon,* lb, p. 397 ; and, bia misbegaas biora onsione :
they disfigure their faces ; Matt. vi. 16.

Sae, adv. So.

* pou was get3me of sa vile matere and sa gret fylthe, &c/ Rel. Pieces, p. 16.

Sag, V. n. I. To hang with bellying weight, as any heavy matter in
a pendulous bag does. 2. To be protuberant, but as if with contained
matters that seem to cause the protuberance to hang, or to appear
likely to drop.

Mr. Wedgw. connects E. sag with suck and its cognate words, explaining it by ' to sink
gradually down, to be depressed ; properly to sink as the surface of water leaking away or
sucked up through the cracks of the containing vessel ; Sc. seg, seyg, to sink as liquids in a
cask in consequence of absorption. The roof of a house is seggit when it has sui^ a little
inward. Jam.* Under Sway, however, he quotes * Sw. swegryggad, swankruggadt swayed
in the ba^k ; swaying, a hollow raking of the back-bone ;' and under Swag, * Swiss scbwab'
beln, scbwabben, to wabble, swag like loose flesh.' The relationship of sag, however, would
appear to be with swag and sway, rather than with suck. Comp. D. D. svak, a hollow, a
Slaok, a depressed or low-lying place, under which word Molb. quotes West. Goth, svaeka,
from Ihre, and also svak-ryggad, of one who has a crooked or inbent back, in Dan. D.
sveirygget or sveibaget, a g being dropped from the end of the first element of the word,
which is sveig or svei, a low place in a field (Liland). Sag is to svak, sveig, sweg. See,
what Dan. sort is to Sw. svart, O. N. svartr. Germ, scbwartz, 8ic. There is first the idea
of sinking or bowing or bulging (see example) ; then follows that of motion of the bowed
or sunken part from side to side, or otherwise.

* " A sagged out wall ;** bulged out at the side.' Wh. Gl.

Said, p. p. Directed, persuaded by words.

* " In spite of all I can do, she won't be sayed;** guided or persuaded by what I say.*
fVb, Gl.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 423

* Wheea, an he wean't be said, he mun gan 's ain gate, an' lig on 's bed as he mak*s 't ;'
he must go his own way and take the consequences.

Cf. • Nevjrrtheles hys barons hym sedde.

That he graunted a wyff to wedde.'
Marsh, Eng. Lang. p. 228, quoted from Weber's Metrical Romances, vol. ii.

* Then smd Richmond this reakne : with all the royal cuntrye/

Percy's Fol. MS. i. 214.

Saim, sb. Lard, rendered swine-fat. See Seam.

* per in saym & in sorje )>at sauoured as belle
per wa3 bylded his hour.' (Jonah's in the whale's belly.)

E. Eng. AUit. Poems, C. 275.

WeUh saim, grease. Saim, seam, the tallow fat or grease of a hog. Cotgr. Lat.
u^^ina, fat, fatness produced by feeding; connected with 06.TTU, to stufi', fill or cram;
<r<&7fia, stuffing. From the Lat., Sp. sainar, to fatten beasts, tain ; Prov. sagin ; Champ.
sabin ; It. saime, grease or fat. The coincidence of the Welsh word is curious, and leads
to the enquiry how we came by our word — whether through the channel of the Romance
languages, or through that of the Welsh ; perhaps even, whether we owe it to Welsh or
Welsh to English.

Sair, adj. Sore ; in all its senses.

* " A sair spot ;" a sore place, wound, &c.' Wb. Gl.

* A sair loss ;' * a sair ho't ' (hurt), or, ' damage ;' &c.

Sair, adv. (always used intensitively and with great latitude of appli-
cation). Sorely, exceedingly, extremely.

* A soir-missed man.* Wb. Gl.

* Ah 's been sair favoured wi* my health ;' spoken by a remarkably hale old man of
ninety-two or ninety-three.

Cf. Faderen var sdre stolt berav: his father was sair proud of this : Ame, p. 27 ; and,
' iS'on' ofrigt ;' sair frightened. Oen. and Ex. p. 64.

Salrly, adv. Sorely, severely.
Sairy, adj. Sickly, helpless, weakly.

* *• A poor sairy body ;" a weakly or diseased person.' Wb. Gl,

Sam, V. a. i. To cause to coagulate, to make to curdle. 2. To
compress or knead together; of clay, or other matter of like censis-
tency.

Leeds Gl. gives sam, * to gather. ** Sam up that com ;" * Cfr. Gl., * to collect together ;*
and both speak of the word as common, adding that they know no instance of its use as an
adverb. Brock, does not give sam at all, but quotes the compound word sam-cast, two
ridges ploughed together. O. N. saman, together, in comp. sam ; S. G. sam, * praefixum
Gothicum, quod sociatum notat, et ex pluribus ita conjunctum, ut unum efficiatur ; hinc
sdmja est unio, sams, concors, unanimis :' Ihre. Dan. sam, samman, Sw. sam, samman,
the former word in either case being used simply in composition. The Old E. word is
samen, to assemble, to consort with, A. S. samnian, to assemble, collect ; O. Germ, semun.
Germ, sammeln, co-ordinate with Sw. samla, Dan. samle. The present meanings of our
word follow immediately from the original signification. There is a collecting or assem-
bling of particles when the * milk is sammed,' Wb. GL, and a still closer assembling when
either the curds or clay are subjected to compression, so as to make the particles coherent.

424 OLOSSARV OF THE

Sand-oom, sb. A grain of sand. See Com.
8ap-tree, sb. The rowan-tree or mountain-ash.

The element tap U probably a corruption of, or in some way connected with, Sirviee or
sorb. * Sorb, L. torbus, from sorbeo^ drink down, in allusion to a beverage made from the
fruit/ Prior's Pop. Names of Br. Plants, Service-tree (JSorbus domesdea) ; wild service-
tree {Sarbus aueuparia)^ the rowan-tree. * Service, from L. eerevisia, its fruit having from
ancient times been used for making a fermented liquor, a kind of beer ;

Et poculi laeti
Fermento atque acidis imitantur vitea sorbis. Virg. Gtorg, iii. 379.' lb,

Sark, sb. A shirt ; also a shifl or chemise.

0. N. strkrt toga, tunica, indusium ; Sw. siirkt a shift ; Dan. s^erk, a garment worn under
the armour in former days, a woman's shift ; A. S. seres, siree, a shirt ; Sc. sark.

* Stripped tiv his sorihsleeves.'

Sarkless, sb. Without a shirt to one's back, destitute in the matter
of clothing.

Sarra, v. a. i. To serve or supply, as a customer or applicant.
a. To supply food to ; as to pigs or other animals.

* Sarrani, a servant. Somerset.' Halliwell. Cf. Pr. Pm. * Sorry, or savery. Sapidms*
An analogous suppression or absorption of the v seenu to have taken place in our sarray
otherwise spelt laxrow

1. ' ** I doubt I cannot soma what she wants ;" furnish the article needed.' Wb, Gl,
3. * " Has thou gitten t' pigs sorrowed f** fed.' 76.

Sarrowings, sb. Supplies suitable for the swill or pig's tub.

* " 'Pig-sorrowings;" slops for the hog-trough.* Wb, Ol,

Battle, sb. The same as Settle, which see.
Sanf, adj. Sallow, bilious-looking.

Cr. OL gives ' Satif, saugb, willow or sallow,* with quotations from Scott's Mmstrelsy
and Guy Mannering, and another from 7^ Gende Sbepberd. Jam. gives * Sasteb, saugb,
a willow or sallow-tree.* The Clevel. dialect, as usual, replaces the cb or gb sound by the
/ sound. This eb or gb is represented by g in A. S. salig, cb in Gael. setUaeb, g in Welsh
Mx^* ^ in Pin* salawa, g in Sw. sdlg, eb in O. Fr. saulcb, * in Lat. solix. But a similar
sound exists in the origin of E. sallow, dirty or unwholesome-coloured — A. S. salowig,
salwig, PI. D. sSlig, and the «ame vocal processes which in the one case result in saugb or
saucb, sou/, in the other likewise would terminate in sauf. in Pr. Pm. it is * Saluhe, of
colowre,' and also ' Salwbe, tree. Salix.*

Sau'mas Iioaye& Soulmass Loaves, or bread, to be eaten on All
Souls' Day, 2nd November. * They were sets of square farthing cakes
with currants in the centre, commonly given by bakers to their cus-
tomers; and it was usual to keep them in the house for good luck.
Dr. Young, in his History of Whitby^ mentions a lady as having one
above a hundred years old.' Wh. GL

Sau't. Pr. of Salt.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 425

SauYe, V. a. (Pr. of Salve). To apply ointment, as in the process
of smearing sheep. Salves of various kinds, or composed of various
constituents, have been in use.

Sauving, sb. (Pr. of Salving). The act of smearing sheep.
Save, sb. (pr. seeav'). A saving, or piece of economy.

* Yah setav *s neea seiav* :* Wb, GL ; one, or an isolated, act of economy is no economy
at all.

Sayelicks (pr. seeavli'ks). A schoolboy's name for the canker of
the dog-rose.

The notion connected with the name is that carrying one of the objects denoted is a safe-
guard against a caning from the master.

Saw-oom, saw-oum, sb. Saw-dust. See Coom or Cum.
Saw-horse, sb. A saw-pit.

Soafe, skafe, sb. A wild, thoughtless person ; generally of a lad or
young man.

* Seafe, To run up and down ; to wander ; to lead a scampish vagabonding life ; thus
they say, " Am't ye ashamed o' ye'sen, uafing up and down about the country?*' Line*
HalliweU. ' Skmf^ wild, fearful,' is given by Ferguson, who refers it to O. N. skidl/a, to tremble,
Mdl/t tremor. From wild, taken as in part synonymous with fearful, easily frightened, to
tvt/(/«' unsteady, is not a difficult step: but I am more disposed to look upon our word as
connected with O. N. skei/r, Dan. skiav or skiev, and as implying therefore one whose
proceedings are perverse, awry, out of the right course. There are several applications of
the Dan. word, both provincial and authorised, which are of a like kind. Thus D. D.
tUgvs, adj. and adv., is used to imply awkwardness, crookedness, perversity of both gait
and behaviour ; as, de goer show : he proceeds after an ill fashion ; de bar aaltier vaar*
§n tkiovi kneii : he has always been a wild or ill-conducted chap, knave. Again, Molb., in
Dansk. Ordbog, gives not only skietfi, to be awry, to shew a deviation from the right line,
but as meaning also to go awry, wrong ; ai skitvejfra veim : to deviate from the right path.
Again, D. D. ski€tvl signifies not only one with ill-shapen or mis-shapen body or limbs, but
one who goes awkwardly or crookedly, and Mwtd is an awkward person. Comp. also
Germ, sebie/gr kopf: * a wild, rambling, odd, eccentric head.' Hilp. A very slight change
of the metaphor induces the meaning of our word.

' " A thoughtless young sca/e;** a wild youth.' Wb. OL

Soaldered, To be, v. p. To be in such a state that the surface peels
or comes off in scales ; as, parts of the human body under the influence
of leprosy or similar affections, or of what produces a blister, and the
like ; or as stones that have been burned, metal that has become super-
iicially oxidised, &c.

The first of a very numerous family of words, alike interesting and diversified in the
ramifications of meaning which they take. See under Soale. The more immediate con-
nection of this word is with E. scald-head, * Seall, scurf in the head ; sealled or scald
head, a scurfy head. Dut. scbelUn van't boo/d, scurf of the head :' Wedffw. ; that which
parts from the head in the form of scales, that is. Pr, Pm. * Seallyd. CHabrosus : Scalle.
Glabra:

31

4^6 GLOSSARy OF THE

SoaLdexings, sb. The limestone nodules found among lime; not
having been sufficiently burnt to become lime, but yet so far subjected
to the influence of heat that, when exposed to the weather, the smface-
coat scales or parts from the mass.

Scale, V. a. i. To scatter, disperse, spread about or asunder, a. To
cause to disperse, as a swelling or tumour. 3. To dissipate, or cause to
be absorbed, the milk in the female breast

0. N. sMUjOt discriminare, discemere, Sw. skilja^ to sqnnite penons or HoDgi from ooe
another ; as, skUja f&ren ifran gettema : to separate the sheep from the goats ; Dan. skSU^
id. ; D. D. skaalt (die priest is said at skaaU the Confirmation candidates, when he selects
those who are to be presented for Confirmation), skielte, to separate, part from one another ;
as, ikielte sine egne faar Jra en andens flok : to pick out one's own sheep from a neigh-
bour's flock ; A. S. seylan, to distinguish, separate, &c. ; PL D. $ebeUu, to be distinguished ;
Frii. scbeelen, to differ ; Dut. scbeelen, scbiUen. Cf. Mxso-G. skaidan, whence Genu, teheideu,
and Lith. ihetti^ skilti, to split, burst, skalus, skiUus^ easy to split. Brockett and Carr both
notice the passage from Coriolanus, —

• I will venture
To seaU 't a little more ;'

and there can be no doubt with entire correctness. To this same origin must be referred
the words Boaldered, Soale-dish, shale, aheal, shill, akeely, Skelbeut, skill,
&c., occurring below. A curious usage of the word is found in the following lines u—

' They jobbed a sharp whittle in behind.
And after that his baggs skaiUd wind.' JoeO'Ser. Due, p. 24.

1. * Gan an' scale t* mannur i' t' meadow ;' spread or scatter it over the land.

* Scaling t' moudie-hills ;' spreading the soil of the mole-casts.

a. * My doughter 's getten a sauv frav o'er t' moor, an' its nighhand scaled t* swellin' awa.*
3. * T' bairn 's dead, an' they 're on wi' scaling t' mother's milk awa'.'

Soale-dish, sb. A milk-skimmer, a shallow dish or pan (of metal)
to separate the cream from the milk.

Comp. D. D. skalgryde, a skimming-dish for milk. Molb. collates our word from
Brockett.

Soallibrat, sb. A passionate, screaming child.

Connected, probably, with skirl or skerl, to scream, which again is, it is likely, rdated
to squall.

8oamp, V. a. To do work in an insufficient and dishonest manner ;
to do anything perfunctorily, or so as to make an outward Aow while
really it is unsatisfactorily, or even badly, done.

Scant, adj. Insufficiendy supplied; in need of more.

* " Ah 's scam o' brass ;" in want of money.' Wb, GL

' Scant o' mense ;' * scant o* claes ;' * scant o' wind,' out of breath ; &c.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 427

Soar, sb. (sometimes pr. scaur ; or rather with a vowel sound between
that of 0 in 'or' and au in Maud'). The face of a precipitous rock, or
stony bank ; the precipitous rock, or line of rocks, itself.

O. N. skar^t a cliff, abrupt rock ; S. G. skdr^ rupes ; Sw. D. skdr, N. skar, an abrupt
iissure in rocks. The fundamental idea is of that which is cut away, which presents a sur-
face such as would be left by cutting off, &c., from O. N. sit^a, scindere, laniare. Cognate
with this is Scarth {skar^ the common proper name of all this district: as also Scar-
borough, originally ScariSaborg, the Castle of the Scar.

' That she and Jane Makepeace, of New Ridly, had trailed a horse of the said George
downe a great Scarr^ and that they have now power of a quye of the said George which
now pines away.' York Castle Dtp, p. 196.

Soar, sb. A rocky surface, at the foot of the sea-cliffs, or below the
narrow beach, and lying, as regards the water-level, nearly awash. See
Cuwin-soar.

O. N. Uter^ scopulus maris, syrtes ; Dan. si/Vsr, N. si(;«r, a rock which rises to the level of
the water-surface or a little above ; words which have a near relative in the numerous small,
low rocky islands on the coast of * Scotland and the Isles,' distinguished by the name
• Skerries.'

Soar-dogger, sb. Globular concretions occurring in the Lias shales,
and applied to the manufacture of Roman cement Some fossilized
substance usually forms the nucleus. See Scar, and Dogger.

Soart, p. p. of Sorat ; whether another form of soratted or scrattity
or a phonological variation, I am uncertain.

* Ah got me tcart oop ;* spoken by an infirm old woman, who could not rise from her bed
without a ' clawing' use of her hands.

Soau'd lit on't. May scald light on it; 'scald' being the same
word as in * Scald-head ;' an eruptive sore, with a tendency to form
scabs which perpetually scale off, or separate.

Soau'py sb. (Pr. of Scalp), i. The bare head or skull. 2. The bare
unproductive spots, on a hill-side for instance, where the rock shews
its head, to the exclusion of any presence of soil, and consequendy of
vegetation.

' Words signifying shell, peel, husk, are commonly derived from the notion of scaling,
peeling, or picking off' (see under Scale), * separating the outer, useless portion.' Wedgw.
Hence the primary idea in E. icaUp^ taken as the skin of the head, or skull rather, is that of
removable, as the N. American Indian operation of ualprng suggests. Thence there is a
transition to the bare skull itself, or to that which presents more or less resemblance to
a bare skull partly by reason of elevation, partly bareness. D. D. skalpt the pod or shell of
leguminous plants, peas and beans, for instance, illustrates the former part of the statement,
the second definition of our word, the latter. Comp. also S. G. skalpt a sheath for a sword.
Gad. igttUb'ebrtag, a splintered or shelvy rock.

3 I 2

GLOSSARy OF THE

Boau'py, adj. Bare, naked, as a stony hill-side ; rocky, as a field that
lies on a steep hill-side, or Bank.

Sclate, Bclatar. Currenl forms of Slate, slater.

Soomflsb, Boumflsb, v. a. Chiefly used in the passive : To put to
sore inconvenience or to oppress v/ith heat or smoke; to half suffocate
or choke.

JamietOH-i idea is thai Ihii word nu)' be • radiciUy allied to O. N. iafiia, S. G. hifiM,
ju/qfaa. to suffocite, O. N. iof, tulTocatioii, i being prefixed, which is tery commoa in the
Goth. Iinguigc;. and m imerted.' Thii ii perhapi ai probable as hii olhei mppoiition, that
' it Diay be an oblique teme of the ancienl word signifjnng id discarnfil.' The farm acomfil
occurs, Boo* o/lbi Knigbl of La Tour-Landry, p. 55.

Soonce, sb, A screen; the piece of kitchen furniture, lined with
some reflecting metal, which is set before the fire when a joint is
roasting.

'j'eonM, 1 small fort.' O.N, ihans, S.G. and Sw. ntuni, munimentum. Dau. tihiiufM,
GeriD, scbantzi, Dut. scbaaisf, 1 rampart. Otrm. ubanMtid, tnnjlaied ■ 1 canvas screen
drawn round a (hip 11 the lime of an engagement to prereut the enemy from teeing,' by
Wedgw., and ' a scieen. tirgel fenEe, quarter-cloth, boatdlng-nelting.' by Hilpeil. ' To
inwff or tnscoHce oneself is to post oneself behind a fcieeii of jomc sort.' Oar Soonoe
is simply a screen available agaliut the fire.

Sconce, V. a. To beat, especially about the head ; to box the ears.

' Semui. The head, a cant term. " A head, a pate, a nole. a skuicti" Florio, p. 81.'
Halliwell. Hence the origin of our vb., by no means tbe only instance of a verb of beating
fuiniihed by the name of the pan asiailed. Skinner would connect icOHU — head, with
tcnna = Xai%, defence, bulwark, shelter (see Rich.); an idea not inconiittent with the ex-
preuioni occurring in many languages, such ai ' to hide one's head.' a roof to ' cover one's
head,' a ■ shelter for his head,' ' defender* caput,' and the like. And ftom this lecondaty
meaning. Rich, derives a funhei one; viz. > (0 pat. impose; upon tbe head, umdy;
a charge. 1 fine: and hence to fine;' as in, 'to icotio. to impose a pecuniary mulct. Oi>iM.
Kennctt MS,,' quoted in KaU,, and which 1 adduce as illustrative of our use of the verti.

Sconce, v, a. To bear tales that are untrue or magnified in order to
obtain one's own ends.

AI first I was inclined to look upon this word as identical with the preceding one, its
meaning being simply an extension of the meaning ' to beat,' carried out in Ihe direction of
atiailing or atlecUng : and, even yet. it does not appear certain thai such an explanation it
not the best. Hall, however, gives ' Seoaa, to conduct a jocular warfare of word) ; to carry
on good-humoured raillery. Norlb.' and, again, ' 10 eat more than another, WmIm. Ken-
nctt MS..' while Jam. has ' Scancf, tcarui. to make a great show, or ottentatiout display :
to magnify in narraiion. When one li supposed to go beyond the truth, especially in tbe
language of ostentation, it it said, "Ht'i stOHciii" ' (see Toumd. Mya. pp. 17, 199): note
also. ' jwoHK. to excite another by inidue means,' One cannot doubt that these words are
all connected, and Ihe leading idea, which is also the connecting one. is of rivalry — out-eating,
nut-lalking, on t-liughing, out-boasting. One step further and Ihe exaggeration implied loset

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 429

its character of playful or jesting, and becomes malicious, and with that step we arrive at
the meaning of our word. The same goal would be reached by starting from the idea of
attack; only, it entirely inverts the original or fundamental notion of sconce, i.e. of a shelter
or refuge or protection. Jam. refers sconce to O. Sw. skbna, to beautify. Germ. seboneHf
and he collates S. G. htskona. Germ, bescbonen, causam suam omare verbis.

* Garcio. We, out upon the, thefe I

Has thou thi brother slayn ?
Caym. Peasse, man, for Godes payn !
I saide it for a skaunce*

ToumeL Myst. p. 17 ; see also, p. 199.

Soopperil, sb. i. The perforated bone disk which forms the nucleus
of some sorts of buttons. 2. The same, with a wooden (or bone) pin
put through the hole, and so converted into a kind of teetotum. 3. • A
plug put into an issue, or a seton inserted in some part of a diseased
animal.' Wh. GL

* " A scoppering, or scopperell, a little sort of spinning top for boys to set up between the
middle finger and thumb." Kennett MS. The term occurs in a MS. Dictionary dated
1540.' Halliwell. There is surely a connection in idea between this word and the word
mouldt applied to designate the same object; the name of the button complete being
mould-hutton. In other words, I look upon Soopperil as a derivative from O. N.
skapa, Sw. skapa, Dan. skiU>e, Maeso-G. skapan^ A. S. scap<m, &c., keeping the hard sk of
the Northern words in contradistinction to the scb sound of the E. word. Comp. Dan. ska-
berevne or skaberUd, the power of creating, originating, shaping or forming, skabeltm, the
mould or lines of a ship, &c.

Soopperil-spinner, sb. The kind of teetotum made by sticking a
wooden peg or pin through the hole of the perforated bone disk from
the inside of a button.

Soouoe, V. a. To inflict chastisement, on a child say, by boxing the
ears, or nipping the neck, shaking him, &c. Wh, GL

Comp. Dan. D. skusse, to take hold of a person and shake him, probably connected with,
if not rather the same word as, skodse, skosse or skusse, to project or cause to move — as when
a marble is * shot,' or a stone urged forward — which, in its own turn, is derived from skytU,
to move, push, project, shoot. Thus any smart or sudden application of gentle ' violence*
may be included.

SoouoixLg, sb. A punishment or chastisement by such modes as
boxing the ears, pinching or pulling the ears, shaking, &c.

* Give him a good scoucmg* Wb. OL

Soourging-topy scourgyy sb. A whipping-top.

* " Every night I dream I am a town-top, and that I am whipt up and down with the
scourge-stick of love, and the rmlal of affection." Grim the Collier of Croydon, ap. Dodsley,
xi. ao6.' Halliwell.

43© GLOSSARY OF THE

Soout-lanielB, sb. Purging, diarrhoea ; of animals.

The latter portion of this word is obscure. The sctmi is nearly coincident with seutur of
the Northern Glossaries, elsewhere skitter^ or skite^ skit, and nearly allied to the vulgar word
for exonerare alveum ; related also to scooter, a syringe or squirt, starter, id., skirt, and so
forth. See Scutter.

Scow, sb. The sheath of a horse's penis.

D. D. skjaver, skJ9d, skab, the prepuce of a horse ; Sw. D. skbve, id. ; N. skau, the horse's
penis ; Sw. D. skap, skaby O. Sw. skap, skapt, O. N. skau/, id. Comp. A. S. geseeapu,
£. shape, pudendum muliebre, Dut. scbaft, M. Lat. scapus, membrum genitale. The words
here collated seem to separate effectually between our word and the forms skawberke,
skaberke. Merlin, pp. 340, 347.

Soow, sb. Confusion, disturbance, bustle; with a special application
to that which is incident on preparations for an expected event

Sw. D. sk6j, disturbance, uproar ; skdja, to make a noise, bustle : vdsnas, sdsom skojare
fora stoj. Rietz.

Soowder, sb. Confusion, turmoil, bustle. See 8oow.

Cf. O. N. skotra, skotta, frequenter cursitare ; D. D. skaaie, to make a noise, racket, up-
roar, to provoke loud laughter, &c.

Soowderment, sb. Confusion, bustle, turmoil. See Scow, Soowder.

Soraffle, v. n. To struggle or strive, as in forcing one's way through
a crowd, or the like.

Varying from scrabble and scramble little more than in apparent form, and directly con"
nected with O. N. skreflaz, to keep one's feet with difficulty, skrifiaz, to make way hardly
through difficult places, D. Dial, skravle, to move with difficulty, with laborious steps,
as a sick or infirm man does ; as, den gande er skravlet til netste by ; the old man hai
soraffled to the next village ; whence skravl, S. Jutl. skrobleg, crippled, weak, lame.
Wedgw. also connects S. G. skrajia, to chatter, Sw. tkrafla, to rattle, with our BOraiBe,
and no doubt rightly, since N. Fr. skrablin, to rattle, is also * used in a secondary tense for
struggling, working laboriously.*

' ** I came scr(^ing my way through the market ;'* working my way, or shouldering
my way, through.' Wh. Gl.

Soran, sb. Food, victuals.

' Skranne is a word used in the western extremity of S. Jutl. for a butcher's shop ; '* Qerm.
sebrangen, fleiscb-scbrangen, macellum, skran, nostris dictum," about Ribe. Skran and
Skrange, in Moth's Dictionary, is ** a counter or a huxter's shop for the sale of eatables ; a
^provision shop." ' Molb. Dan. Dial. Lex. Another singularly curious instance of the trans-
jdantation and careful preserving of a word in Clevel.

• " iSeraii-time ;" meal-time.' Wh. Gl.

3orat, sb. The devil, the evil-one. See Au*d Sorat

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 43 1

Sorat, V. a. and n. i. To scratch, i. To labour hard for small
returns.

Pr, Pm. * Scrattyh^ or scratchyii (cratchyn). Scrato, in ualpo^ grado* O. N. krota^
cselare, sculpere, krassa^ perfricare, dilacerare; S. O. kratta, scalpere, radere; D. kratttt
kradse, to scratch; Dut. krassen^ to scratch, scrape, kratsm, to scratch, scrub. These
words represent both the / and the cb final, and the passage to the form with the initial s is
too common to need special illustration : ibna/, skrcU ; cratcb^ scratch.

* To labour with hard endeavour ** to get scratted on in the world," or to obtain the
means of subsistence.' Wb, Gl.

* Ah *d hard a' do t' get me seart oop i bed ;' spoken by an infirm old woman who
could only get into a sitting position in bed with great difficulty if unassisted. I have in
several instances seen a rope hung from the bed-head or a hook in the ceiling to assist
bed-fast people in such case. The a' do, I believe, » at do, and soaart is another form of
soratted.

Sorat, sb. A scraping, or scratching together, with pains and toil.

* They ha*e to mak* a hard scrat for a bit o* bread.* Wb. GL

Sorawm^ v. n. i. To make irregular marks with a pen, or other like
instrument, on paper or other surface. 2. To grope or feel about as
if to find one's way in the dark.

Wedgwood's remark about scrawl — * to scrawl or scroll is used in two senses ; first, to
be in general movement ; and secondly, to write or draw ill, to make irregular, Hi-formed
scratches,' may, allowing for a slight variation of sense, be applied with equal accuracy to
aurawui, which belongs to the family of words represented by E. scramble. Hall, gives
the words, all more or less related and with a common family likeness, scramb, to puU or
rake together with the hands ; scramp, to catch at, to snatch ; scraumy, thin and ungainly,
said of one who is ' all legs and wings, like a giblet-pie.' Line. ; besides scram and scrambed^
distorted, awkward, deprived of the use of a limb by nervous contraction of the muscles,
and so making motions more or less like those of a badly-guided, or altogether unguided
pen. It must be observed too, that our sorauin would be applied to the vagaries of inky
fingers, as well as pen, &c., over paper or the like.

Sorawt, V. a. To scratch ; probably only a broader pronunciation of
Sorat.

Scrawty, adj. Apt or likely to scratch ; as, of a hard pen. Wh. Gl.

Screed, sb. An edging or border of any material. See Cap-
screed.

S. G. skrada^ O. N. skarfSa, to cut, remove pieces by cutting or otherwise ; A. S. screadian^
to shred, cut, &c. ; Low O. scbraden^ M. G. skreitan^ Old Dutch scbrooden. Comp. O. N.
skraVur^ fragmenta, skar}St a rupture, separation, separated surface. The idea in our word
is of a narrow piece such as would result from cutting longitudinally from a broader piece
or fabric.

Screeding, sb. A rending or tearing ; a separating into Screeds ;
usually applied to a contention between female champions.

Screeve, v. a. and n. i. To mark metal or wood with an instrument
that scratches or cuts some of the material away. 2. To make the

43^ GLOSSARY OF THE

harsh sound which the use of such an instrument upon a metal surface
occasions.

Hall, writes the word gcrive, inasmuch as he gives the form seriving'iront an instrument
used for numbering trees for sale. It must of course be classed with the family of words
represented by Lat. seribo^ more than one of the derivatives from which word were anciently
written with a v, as in Pr, ofConse, 1. 1896 : —

* pus sal dede visite ilk man.
And yhit na man diseryvi it can ;*

and again, two or three lines lower, —

' Bot ^ payn of dede )>at al sal fele
A philosopher )>us diserivid wele.'

To inscribe also means not only to write on, but to grave or scratch on, as in ' inscriptions'
on stone, metal, Sec. Comp. Gael, sgriob^ to scrape, to draw strokes or lines on a surface,
sgr^obb, to write ; Bret, shiva, to write, skraba, to scratch ; Welsh ysgra/ell, Bret skrivel,
an instrument for scratching, a curry-comb. I look upon our second meaning as a secondary
and derivative one ; but I am not at all sure that it does not form a link of connection
between the family of words already mentioned and another to which D. D. skrave, to give
forth a harsh sound, to cry discordantly, belongs, in another form skr€^, to screech as a
goose does, skrav^ hoarse, raucous, skrawel, inordinate and intolerably noisy chatter ; Sw;
skrdpa, skrafva^ Sw. D. skrawa, to chatter loud, to make much noise. The primary
meaning of all these words may easily depend on the penetrating, harsh sound of one hard
substance scraping and scratching upon another, as metal upon metal, or upon stone or
hard wood, and the like.

Scribe, sb. Marks made with a pen, writing.

* " I never see the scribe of his pen ;*' I receive nothing in the shape of a letter from him.
Wb.Ol.

Scrike^ v. n. To scream, shriek, bewail oneself loudly.

O. N. skrika, to cry or shriek oneself hoarse, skraka, to shriek ; S. O. skrika, vociferari,
Dan. skrige, Comp. Welsh creeb, ysgreeb, shriek.

Soriking, sb. Shrieking, screaming.

' " There was sike tkrihing and shouting ;'* such screaming and bawling, as in a street
commotion.* Wb. Ol.

Scrimp, adj. Short in measure, scanty, given grudgingly.

Comp. D. D. sbrimpe, the body, or lower part of the body without the head, skrimp or
sbrimpe, a miserable, half-starved, emaciated or withered animal, as en gammel skrivnpe : a
miserably poor cow, for instance ; or of any animal worn down by starvation and exposure ;
N. skrumpet, emaciated, Germ, tcbrump/en, to shrink, become contracted, Welsh crimpio,
to pinch, fold or crimp.

Scrimp, v. a. and n. To grudge, give grudgingly, curtail or give short
measure.

Scrimpy, scrimped up, adj. Curtailed, contracted in dimensions.

Scrogs, sb. Stunted bushes, low-growing brushwood.

Neariy related to, indeed almost coincident with, scrag, what is lean, angubr, and thence

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 433

twitted, iD-grown. Cf. Dan. tirog, a shriveUed, dried-up carcase, D. Dial, ttratf; skrag,
a twitted, stunted branch ; Gael, sgrog, to shrivel, withei up, sgrogag, anything shrivelled,
a stunted tree, useless, old timber. The Dan. D. word is terub, identical with E. $erub,
A. S. tetybe, Comp. also serogglingSt small worthless apples, not good enough to gather.

Sorout, V. n. i. To sprout, to grow as shoots from a plant. 2. To
Jengthen or grow longer, as days at the fore part of the year.

A word which may owe its form to a substitution of ter for s^, analogous to the inter-
change of spr and str in tprain, strain ; or possibly there may be another mode of accounting
for it. Mr. Wedgwood's remark upon Sprout, spurt, spirt, is — • The distinction between
i^urt as applied to the spouting or projection of liquids, and sprout to the springing of
vegetable life, appears to be a late refinement, the two forms being used by Cotgr. indif-
ferently in either sense. " Rejailler, to spurt or sprout (as water) back again." " Drageon
fonrcherain, a shoot that spurtetb out between two branches.** In like manner Bav. sprutzen,
to spirt or sprinkle, also to sprout or spring, as a plant, and Dut. spruiien, to sprout, is iden«
tical with Sw. spruta, to spirt, sprinkle, squirt* We may in like manner assert rather more
than a coincidence between Dan. D. skrotte, to bubble up, throw up small spurts, as boiling
water does, and our sorout, to sprout, make shoots.

I. ' " A fine scrouHtig time ;'* a good time for young shoots.* Wh, GL

a. * The days are beginning to serout out.* lb,

Somfl^ sb. I. Sctirf, dry scales or flakes, from the skin, head, or
the like. 3. Anything that rises to the surface and may be removed as
an impurity, as sciun, &c. 3. The rabble or refuse of society.

• The more original* form of scurf. See Wedgw. in v. Scroff, refuse of wood. * Scruffy
• kind of fuel, which poor people, when firing is dear, gather at ebb tide from the bottom
of the Thames about London, consisting of coal, little sticks, &c. Scrawf, refuse. HVs/."
HaUiwen.

Soruifin, sb. An instrument with a long shaft for cleaning or clear-
ing the bottom of an oven. Wh. Gl, calls it a * mop/ Halliwell gives
* Scuffin,' as nearly or quite equivalent to Fraggan, which is an iron
scraper-fashioned instrument appUed to the same purpose.

* Seuffin, Same as Fruggan.* Halliwell. Comp. the parallel forms scuff, scruff, of the
neck, namely ; scuffle, serufflc, a personal contention ; scuffUr, seruffltr, a horse-hoe, for use
among ridged crops ; scufflings, Soniff, Soruflhients, scroff, refuse of wood, fuel, &c.
Scuffin is related to shovel, Dan. dhtffe, a drawer (in a table, &c.), buul-scuffe, a barn-shovel ;
Sw. skujiada, a drawer. Dan. D. skydsd is the name of the implement employed in putting
bread into the oven or withdrawing it ; E. oven-ped.

Soni£Ble, v. n. To strive, wrestle or contend ; to make one's way in
a crowd, or through obstacles that seriously impede progress ; to shuffle
along by the aid of the hands and feet.

' ** Scruffled through ;' as way is made through a crowd, or a tedious bi^inets.' Wh, Gl,

Soruffle, sb. A scuffle, a contention, a struggling effort or series of
efforts.

434 awssjtRy of the

SCFufiBer, sb. A horse-hoe for working between the rows or ridges

in, or on, which potatoes, turnips, and the like are planted.

Hall, ducribet ihe icufitr, which it a parallfl name foe ihc umc implement, ai ' »
lott of plough, with a shiie lomcthing like an anow-head, drawn by a hone betwixt the
lidgn where turnips bavc been drilled, to root out the weedi. thus acting like a Dutch-hoe,
but on 1 larger icJle. Lme.' The atiow-shaped share U, however, accompinied by at leatt
two cutting tines, one on either lide, and curved so that the cutting edges shall not ontr
pare the sidei of the ridge, thus cutting under, and oS, any weedt which may have grown
there, but alto complete the work of the share by completely undercutting the lidei of Ita
track. These side knives are replaceable at will by simple chisel-poiiiled tinet with thciT
edgei curved forward, so at to thoroughly stir Ihe ground bclwcen the lidgei. This adap-
tation more properly conitilutes the SorufdeF or SoufQar.

SomSVnents, sb. Worthless or unclean siu-face -matters, or r^ee/anea,
generally. See Scruff.

Sonmoheons, sorunchingB, sb. What is left after a meal of more
than ordinary pretensions, as a set dinner or supper; that with which
the table is ' coldly furnished forth' the day after the feast.

The iVh. Gl. definition of this word is 'the remaiiu of ■ feast, the "crumbs of the table," '
which, perhaps, may be the correct, or. at leitl. the original meaning. Ai generally used,
however, the word ditlincliy conveys the notion of ' good ihiiigs,' and not that of mae
■ crumbs from the table,' oris or leavings. I think it must be referred lo tcnaicb for criMcb,
the implied seme benig thai of broken pieces, parallel with (hat of the word med id every
ease in the Norlb. Gospels for ■ the fragments that remained' of our version ; itiodf ctaalia
JvUo Vtrra tcrimlunga : Matl. xiv. ao. In A.S. Ooip. (Botworlh) it is Itetlf wyliaa fiiU*
Vara gtbryistna. in Wyclitfe. ' the relifis of broken lobetis, twelve cofyni ful,' where the

lA^a nf wh>1 ■> hr.-.lr..n rtr ^,.r,.Mf^ r^n'.,^^ (l^aJ of wHit Jt thfCd lO JVoTft. Gotf., Of Wfaftt

Sory, V. a. To perceive, descry, observe.

' I red the nolury by ion and by moyn.' Toivial. MjtI. p. 149.
D. D. ihvu, to weep, cry ; O. Fi. icria, to shriek ; N. S. ahrijut, Qerni. stbrtitH, to cry,
to cry aloud, lo shriek. Onr word ii a tinipler — ralher thin an abbreviated— fomi of
descry, ' 10 make an outcry on diicovering something for which one is on the watch, then
limply 10 discover.' Wedgw,
' I seritd it Ung afore I com at it.* Wh. Qt.

Scud, V. a. To remove a superficial covering ; of dirt from a floor
or pavement, as with a Spittle ; of weeds or turf with a spade or like
cutdng tool, from a bed in an ill-kept garden or a grass-grown spot ;
and so forth.

I suspect Halliwell's ■ Scud. To clean with lalivi. yori$b.' 11 foundctl on a mituke —
the miilake of taking Yorkth. Spittle in Ihe sense of saliva, whereat it ii ilmfAj ■ kind
of ipide-like implement. So far as I am able to ascertain. Miad always means to remore,
tomelhing or other, by the aid of an edged spade-like tool or spade, and only in a (econdarj
tense, ihetefoie, lo clean. 1 connect the word with the prefix in Dan, D. sked-lurv or *h(d-
Itm : * turvn grKTSd or cut (i/rr gravet tllir start!) with Ai ifadi. 11

J

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 435

districts of N. Jutland :' Molb. Dial, Lex. It is added, on Schade's authority, that the
origin of the name is * doubtless that they are shifted (or more literally, shoved ; skydes)
from the place where they are graved to the drying-place by means of wheelbarrows.' 1 do
not think it can really be so, especially as under Skue Molb. gives skue-^rv as equivalent to,
if not rather another or phonetic form of, skud- or skod-t^rv, explaining it as simply denoting
thin turves cut with an ordinary turf-spade {krum-spadet a spade havmg turned up cutting
edges, as well as the ordinary cutting edge in front) and available for different purposes ; as,
for instance, being trodden down into manure. Skuw is another form of the same word,
and means flat turves, cut with an obliquely-held spade and used to cover in things with.
I believe the skud or skod simply has reference to the action employed in cutting a sod or
turf from the surface of the earth, in contradistinction to that of digging or graving it from
out of a hole or excavation ; the very action, in fact, employed in driving a wheel-barrow,
in scudding the mud off the flags, the weeds off the garden surface, or grass-sods off a
piece of grass-grown land; Dan. skyde, to shove, push, project with force, Sw. skjuta,
O. N. skdjta. Comp. E. seud, as also D. D. skud, tidskud, poor inferior creatures rejected in
making a bargain on account of being so ' ill-favoured and lean fleshed,* — literally, tbovtdt
out-thovtd.

Soud, sb. A kind of drifting vapour of less density than cloud, and
often seen crossing the sky in a diflferent direction from that of the clouds,
and with greater rapidity of motion. Comp. the definition of Back.

• A teud of nin is a violent shower driving with the wind,* Wedgw. — tbcvid along, as it
were, by the wind. Comp. D. D. skuddervom veilau, squally, unsettled weather. The
origin and connection of our word are equally apparent. A derivation suggested by Gamett
for send, to move hastily, is of a different character : Welsh eudt motion, thence ys-gudaw,
to move hastily.

Souff, Bonft, sb. The back part, or nape, of the neck.

Mr. Wedgwood*s explanation is * the loose skin hanging about the neck of a dog like the
collar of a coat or cuff of a sleeve. Dut. uboef, collar of a cloak, replicatio, reflexio togae.
KU.*

Souf&ng, sb. An infliction upon the nape or back part of the neck,
whether in the way of nipping or otherwise.

Soug, V. n. To hide, conceal oneself. Sometimes used actively, or
with an object specified.

O. N. skyggja, to overshadow, to darken, tkuggit shade, darkness ; S. O. tkugga^ umbra ;
Sw. tkygga, to give shade ; Dan. skygge. From the idea of shade to that of darkness, from
that of darkness to that of the conc^dment afforded by it ; whence our word and its mean-
ing. Molbech, Dial, Lix,, quotes S. Jutl. skyg, tkygge, a sun-bonnet, as connected with
Sc. 9aig, seoug.

Sctig yourselves away ;*' go and get hid.* Wb, GL

t tt

Souggery, sb. A state of concealment, secrecy.

* '* In seuggery ;'* in secrecy, hidmg, concealment.* Wb. GL

Souryy-oomplaint, sb. A general name for cutaneous affections
characterised by roughness or scaliness of the skin.

3K 2

436 GLOSSARY OF THE

Scutter, V. n. i. To 'have diarrhoea. 2. To gutter as a candle does,
so diat the liquid tallow drops or is projected, by a jerk or otherwise,
from the wick. See Scout-lanielB.

Scuttle, sb. A circular or oval open basket with wide mouth and
small bottom, used in gathering potatoes and like operations. Also a
sheet iron utensil of like shape and purposes : usually qualified by the
prefix * Iron.'

A. S. seulilf seuttel, a scuttle, platter, charger : whence the idea of a shallow basket ;
PI. D. ubotul, D. scbottd^ a platter or dish ; Germ, sebussel, a hollow dish, a hollow but not
very deep receptacle of other kinds, an acorn-cup, &c. ; O. N. skuiilt skutuUt a small table
on a foot, a dish. See Bosw. in v. Scutel and cf. Lat. scuUllOt scutula, from seutumt
a shield.

Seam, seeam, sb. The Pr. of Saim, lard or melted fat.

Sea-tang, sb. Sea-wrack : a species of sea-weed growing with long
cylindrical stems and terminating in broad ribbon-like fronds or leaves
(Laminaria digiiatd). See Tangles.

Seedlip, sb. A hopper or sowing-basket See Hopper«

Pr, Pm. * Liipt or baskett.* * Whanne sche my^te not hde, >anne scfae toke a leep of
segg, and bawmede it with tar and picche, and puttide the jrong childe wi]>inne :' Ex. ii. 3 ;
Later Wiekl. Version, * Leap^ in Yorks., a large osier basket bore between two men, for
the use of carrying com to be winnowed, &c., commonly called a wheat-leap :' Kennett MS.
Seed-ieap or lip : Wilts. ; a leap or /16, half-a-bushel : Sussex ; a seed-leap or Ub, a basket to
carry com on the arm to sow : Essex ; seed-Up, id. : Suffolk. See Bctrly lepe, Berimge lepe,
Pr, Pm, Comp. Sw. D. hdr4bp, O. N. laupr, a basket, a measure or quantity of butter*
in time past, as also still in Norway, seventy-two pounds in weight, placed in a basket formed
of bark : Hald. ; N. Ump, a basket, sS4aup, a sowing-basket ; D. D. Iwh, 7«v, whence also
sadlmb, saae-lwh; Sw. D. laup, lop, lap, si4&p, sd4db, sde-lob, sae-lov, sdja4bpe; A.S. ledp,
sed-l<ep, s€ed-lap, sad-leap, Rietz refers the entire class of words to laup or lop, bark, and
its homonyms; whence O. Sw. loper, a basket, originally made of bark; and collates
Gr. X^vit, K4wo$ and K6wo9,

Seeing-glass, sb. A looking-glass or mirror.
Seen. Pret. of to See.

* It 's mebbe tweea months sen Ah smii him.*

Cf. * She sayd, ** I may praise my heauenly king
that euer I s$ene this vile traytor die.*' *

Percy's Folio MS, i, p. 197.

Segg, sb. A bull castrated after it has grown to maturity. See
Bull-aeg.

Sw. D. sigg, a castrated hog or sheep ; Dan. D. seeg or sag, a hog castrated after having
arrived at maturity as a boar. Gali, on the other hand, means a hog castrated whilst yet
but a pig. Mo)b. collates Brockett's segg. Under the same head he also includes se^ gr
seg, a dawdler, a lazy, sleepy-headed, sk>w-moving lout ; whence the verb sege, as ia

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 43?

ai g€uu og sege i arhttdet : to go and lazy or dawdle over work. This may give the
leading idea in the application of the word to a creature castrated after full growth, from
the consequent change in its ways and almost in its nature.

Segged, To be, v. p. To be in a swollen or distended state, and
with consequent hardness.

If the hardness consequent on a diseased thickening of the tissues be the fundamental
notion, the connection of the word will no doubt be with O. N. sigg, callus, thickened and
indurated skin : otherwise the connection will be with saff, which see.

SeggnimB, sb. Common ragwort {Senecio JacobcBa),
SegSy sb. Sedges : a family name for the genus Carex,

' Sedge, segg, or ugs, originally the same word, A. S. ueg, which is identical with saeg
and seax, a small sword, a dagger, and was applied indiscriminately to all sharp-pointed
plants growing in fens. Their sense is at present limited ; Sedge being now confined to the
genus Carex L* Prior's Pop, Names of Br, Plants,

Selly, sb. The sallow ; probably Salix cinerea^ but applied loosely.

Semmant, semmit, adj. Slender, yielding, in opposition to stiff or
rigid ; pliable, supple.

There can be scarcely any hesitation in referring these words, which are simply varying
forms, to O. N. sind, uimr, ductile quid, anything that admits of extension, or is pliable ; as
hrendr seimr, gold (Hald.), whence Dan. sime, a cord or rope twisted out of hair or straw ;
a fishing-line. Molb. gives the word also among the Dial, words as meaning any thin or
slender line, and collates the Sw. D. simme, sima, the latter from Hire's Diai, Lex, Brock,
gives the word as semant, semmant, slender, weak ; Carr, as simmit, smooth ; and Hall.,
semment, soft, silky; semmit, limber, supple; while IVb. Ol, gives semmant, slender, and
semmit, pliable, supple, with the examples given below. It is almost superfluous to remark
that these several senses shew the most natural connection with «ach other.

* As tall and semmant as a willow wand.' Wb, Gl.

* As soft and semmit as a lady's glove.' lb.

Semmanty, adj. Flexible, gracefully formed ; of the human person.

* ** A smart semmanty body ;" a tall and gracefully formed person.* Wb. Gl.

Sen, adv. Since.

O. N. sfdian, exinde ; O. Sw. sidan, sindan, sedan, Dan. siden, A. S. siiSen, siiSfkut, syfSikm.

* For sen Crist, als I sayd befor, had dred
Of the ded, thurgh kynd of his manhed.' Pr. 0/ Conse. 1. 2a I a.

Sen-sine, sin-sine, adv. Since such and such a time.

Comp. Pr, Pm. * Sytbe tbyh (siyin, sythyn, sythen). Postmodum, postea* Jam. observes
that * sen syne may be viewed as a tautology consisting of two words radically the same ;
and, in fact, including no other idea than what is conveyed by sen ; although the latter pre-
serves more of the form of A. S. sitb-fban (after tben), being immediately contracted from
sytbyn* But is it quite accurate to say that sen syne * includes no other idea than what is
conveyed by sen*? Jam. himself explains sen syne by * since that time,' sen by ' since.

438 OLOSSARV OF THE

seeing/ expressions which appear to convey distinctly differing senses or ideas. The
example in Wb. Gl. is * *' It is now getting to look long tenstne;" since the occurrence of
the event alluded to ;' of which event it might be said ' it was done long ten,* bnt not, as I
think ' lemg sen-sine.* Were the expression * it was done long sen-sine,* employed, I believe
it would necessarily imply the doing of some still former action, to which doing the one
spoken of was subsequent.

Serve, v. a. To supply ; with food, as pigs, geese, or other domestic
creatures ; to help any one to food, at table ; to supply any petitioner
with what has been asked for, or is needful. See Sarra.

Servers, sb. Two young women whose office at a Bnrial is to hand
the cake and wine, or like refreshments, round among the guests, and
whose place, in the funeral procession, is in front of the coffin. See
ArvaL

Set, V. a. To accompany any one over the whole or a portion of his
journey: perhaps with the implied sense of assistance with horse or
carriage.

* I will set you home ;' * I was setien part of the way.' Wb, Gl,

* They set me wiv t* Gallowa* as far as t* toon-end.*

Cf. • A)>ulf weop wi]> ije,

And al ]>at him isije.
To lond he him sette.
And fot on stirop sette.* King Horn, I. 755.

Set, V. a. To let, at a given rent.

* He set him t* farm at a hunder* pun*.*

' Ower high setten for *m t* mak* a living out in *t.'

' Sum biredes ealdor wcsn, se plantode wingerd, and betynde byne, and sette ^ear on vfin^
wringan, (f getimhrode &tme stypeL, and gesette ^&one myd eor^^tylion* A, S, Go^ls,
Matt. xxi. 33.

Set, sb. Impulse, attack, force.

Hall, gives the vb. * set, to push, to propel. Newe, ;* and there is the common phrase
* to make a set,* * to make a hard, or a desperate set,* with which I connect our word.
Wb, Gl, gives it in another application (under Lipper), which deserves more special
notice than it seems to have obtained. The example referred to is, * There *s no great seU
o* wind, but a great deal of lipper on,* in which the meaning seems clearly to indicate a
close connection or identity with the word and phrases quoted above. See Jam. in v. Set,
His examples are, * a s«/ of the toothache,* * a s«l of the cauld,* 8cc,

Set a day. To. To appoint or fix a day for some definite object.

* Ha]> he set me any day
Ajenes ]>at ihc me gre)>i ouy ?*

Assumpeioun de notre Dame, L 1 19.

' appointed day of fight
was agreede 8c sett,* Percy's Folio MS, i. 501.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 439

Cf. * where as the place was sygnyd and sett thenn :' Percy's Foiio MS, p. 1 1 1,

with * in "iSone tnSr, iSer f$e Halend '8<em gesette :' in the mountain where the Lord had
appointed them. North. Gosp. Matt, xxviii. 16.

* He Ml me a day, an' Ah muu seear to please him by then ;' to pay him by that time.

Set agate, v. a. To set in motion, to originate and put into action,
to prompt, to excite.

Setter, sb. A seton, or issue inserted in an animal. The plant
setter-wort, or setter-grass {Helleboms /cBtidtis) was— perhaps is still —
used in forming the Setter, whence probably the name.

* *' Husbandmen are used to make a hole, and put a piece of the root (of setter-wort)
into the dewlap of their cattle, as a seton, in cases of diseased lungs ; and this is called peg-
ging or settering." The word is a corruption of seton. It utone^ a large seta, or thread of
•ilk.' Prior's Prov, Names of British Plants.

Setter, v. a. To insert a seton in an animal.

Settle, sb. A long seat or form with a high wooden back.

A. S. utlt gesetl, a settle, seat, bench, stool.

* Opon >e setil of His (Christ's) magest^.* Pr. of Conse, 1. 61 a a. '

Settle, V. a. and n. (pr. sattle). i. To lower or to be lowered or
lessened; of prices, rents, &c. 2. To receipt a bill.

I. * Corn's sattled a vast sen last market.'

' Ah 's quit at May-day gin he weeant sattle me a bit. Wi' sikan a rent. Ah can't frame
t' mak' e'en a sent for a livin'.'

a. * Oan an' pay John Lewis' bill, an' mahnd an' git him to sattle 't.'

Settled, To be, v. p. To be satisfied — in the opposite sense to
* dissatisfied' — about any matter ; to be acquiescent if not contented.

* Weel, it '11 ha'e to be sae. Ah aims ; but Ah 's not sattled about 't ;' not satisfied or
contented.

Cf. the expression in the passage following : — ' And jif )>e ueond bloweV bitweonen ou
eni wrelSl^e, o$er great heorte, er heo beo wel iset nouh non uorte nimen Godes flesch
& his blode.* Ancr. Riwle, p. 256.

Set-pot, sb. A large iron boiler or copper, not removable at plea-
sure, but a fixture.

Setten-on, adj. Short or stunted in growth. Wh, Gi appears to
have mistaken the application and sense of the word.

* ** A little setten^n sort of a body ;" dusky-yisaged, as if set in with dirt.' Halliwell
giyes * Setton-on, short in growth. North*

Set up, V. a. To make elated or proud. See TTpset.

440 GLOSSARY OF THE

Seve^ight, sb. A rush-light.

Seves, sb. Soft rushes. A name applied indiscriminately, I believe,
to both /uncus effusus and /uncus conglomeraius^ the pith of both species
having been customarily applied to candle-making purposes.

O. N. sev, jirncus, scirpus, S. G. saf, juncus, anindo, Sw. soft scirpus, Dan. sii/, a name
given to several water-plants, e.g. Scirpus lacustris, Juncus conglomeratuSt &c. ; O. Sw.
$ka/t D. D. s&Vt tev,

Shab, V. n. To slink or sneak ; to behave meanly or sneakingly.

Seabf an ape, a baboon, metaphorically, a poor worthless fellow. Sbabt the itch in
animals. In O. E. a scab. Halliwell. Fr. skab, the itch. Hence, scabby, shabby^ mangy,
itchy; and thence mean, contemptible. Back again from which comes sbab; sbab ojf^
'to fly from one's word unhandsomely, or with mean excuses,' Wb. GL; *to abscond,'
Halliwell ; sbab in, ' to slink into a place unobservedly,' Wb. Gl.

Shabby, adj. Bad and unpleasant, without being utterly stormy or
inclement ; of the weather.

* Nobbut a wet, sbahby day.' Wb. Gl.

* As shabby weather as ivver Ah seen. Nowght but muck ower-heead an' under-feeat.*

Shab off. To fall away from one's engagement ; to sneak out of an
undertaking; to get out of the way, or abscond, in a dishonourable
manner.

Shackle, sb. The wrist.

O. N. skokidl, the pole of a cart or waggon, penis equi ; Dan. skagle, a draught-trace,
the connection between the treadle of a spinning-wheel and the cxaxun of the axle; Sw.
skakdt temo ; A. S. seeacul, seacul, a shackle, ligamentum, nervus, sveor-scacul, an iron
collar ; Dut. scbaeckel, the link of a chain, step of a ladder, mesh of a net, scbak^gn, to
link together. Mr. Wedgwood's remark is, that it is ' not easy to see any connection of
meaning with the Dan. and Sw. sense, shaft of a cart.' Possibly the connection may be
simply in the idea of what links or couples two things together. The fundamental notion
seems likely to have been of a straight object that sticks out, as in O. N. skbhtU, Cf.
Sw. D. sk6t, a waggon pole, N. sk&k^ Jutl. skakher (pi.), id., and O. N. skdga, prominere.
With the sense * penis' of skakull the ideas of ' connection,' ' coupling' have been joined
for time out of mind. In like manner, the waggon-pole is the means of connection of the
team with the vehicle ; the Dan. skagle, of the crank and the treadle ; the rung of the ladder,
of side with side. So too, at least probably, sceacul, sbacJde, at first applied in connection
with the sense of fetter, may have implied the bars which formed so important a part of
the ancient fetters. Comp. Rebecca's description of the armorial ' shackle-bolt/ in Ivanhoe, —
' something resembling a bar of iron.' The idea of connection or coupling once introduced*
cases would soon arise in which that idea would over-ride or supersede alike the original
notion of a straight prominent object, and the secondary one of a straight connecting bar.
Thence would arise the sense a link, a collar, and also that of our word, the wrist, that is,
the connection between the hand and the arm. On the same principle, Ihre's saaal,
plectrum, admits of explanation. It may be noticed that Dean Rietz deals with Sw. D.
skakt a link, a chain, under a different head from skagel, collating Dut. scbakd, chain,
with the former, as though it, with Eng. sbaekle, in the same sense, were simply derivatives,
and unconnected with Sw. skagel, O. N. shokuU.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 44 1

Shade, sb. A shed, a lightly-constructed building put up for tlie
purpose of affording shelter from either the sun or bad weather.

I hesitate about looking upon this word as merely a phonetic corruption or variation of
E. sbed; our Hemxnel corresponds more nearly with it, and I am much more disposed
to refer Shade to a common origin with sbed, to separate, divide, than to either E. shade
or sbed. Just as the back of the duck or other water-fowl sheds the rain or other water-
drops whidi fall upon it, so the Shade sheds the rain or the hot rays of the sun which fall
upon it, and would, without its interposition, fall upon the animals beneath. Certainly
there is a distinction in the mouth of the Clevelander between a Shade and a Hemmel :
those words are not merely two varying names for the same individual object, as in the
case of Limxners and Thills, Sec.

Staff, sb. Pr. of Sheaf.

Shaffle, V. n. i. To be undecided in plan or action, to vacillate or
waver. 2. To spend time in trifling idleness, as one who gives himself
to no set occupation. 3. To shuffle or move with short awkward steps.

PI. D. schufdn, to shu£Be, or act in an underhand way ; to do a thing by desultory efforts,
as in small pushes ; to shuffle in action. Comp. D. D. ski»vl, an awkward person, especially
a female, skiatd, an awkward walker ; Dut. schoffel, a Dutch hoe — used by repeated shoves
or pushes forward ; Bav. sehufeln, to scrape the ground with the feet in walking. Jam.
gives * shoehlingt used metaphorically, apparently in the sense of meant paltry ;* as also
shacUe, sbochle^ to shuffle in walking, wherein the eh is no doubt equivalent to OMxff, and
his reference is to the same family of words as D. D. skiavl, mentioned above, belongs to ;
viz. ' Teut. schahl, sehehl, obliquus,* D. skiav. Sec. Cf. E. shuffle, with its corresponding
senses.

3. * *' A little shqffling fellow ;" of a person walking with a short, quick (and as it were
impeded) manner.' Wb. Gl.

Shafflnent, sb. The circumference of one's wrist.

A. S. scceft-mund, a measure, from the top of the extended thumb to the utmost part of
the palm. Bosw. The measure thus taken is nearly coincident with the measure taken
round the wrist.

Shalt, sb. The straight handle of anything, as of a fork, hoe, rake,
hammer, spade, &c. ; straightness and length, be it more or less, being
the two necessary ideas in the word.

O. N. skapt, manubrium, S. O. skaji, id. Hire adds that the word is chiefly applied to
such manuhria as are long and slender, as in the case of spears, javelins, and the like ;
Dan. shaft, that wherewith a thing is to be held by hand, especially when it is of a length-
ened cylindrical shape ; A. S. sceaft, sceft, a shaft, handle, spear, dart, arrow ; Germ, schaft,
O. Germ, seefti, arrows ; PI. D. and Dut. sehaft, sehecbt, a pole, shaft, arrow, reed, rod ;
Pr. Pm. * Schafte, of a sperc or o>er lyke. Hostile.* — With us the Shaft of a fork, rake,
broom, spade, Sec. ; but not the shafts of a cart or waggon : they are, almost invariably,
Iiimmers ; Thills being applied in case of the waggon, at least occasionally.

Shaft, V. a. To put a handle to any object which requires a long
one, such as a hay-fork or rake, a besom, a spade, &c.

3^

aiOSSARF OF THE

Sha'k'-back, sb. An unsteady, vagabond kind of person.

Shabe, sb.
n any wood.

' He >hal n

..' Halliwtll. Coin[

r split in deals c

orihlcsi vagibond ; $bact-a-baeli, the
liog. 10 move off ot iw>y.

■ fir-wood, or, more generally,

; bwke

iMil:' Mall. xii. jo(HVt^ Ven.); -a
with the legi apart, ikiiJfa, stajid, id.

1 the bam for lifting the

Comp. Sw. D. sJrtia,

Bha'k'-fork, sb. A wooden fork i
thrashed straw and lightly shaking it, that all the grain may fall through
on to the barn floor.

■ A scbak-fiirln, pailiiiitum. MS. Did. 1540." Hilliwell.

ShaTt'-ripe, adj. i. Utterly ripe; so ripe that s. shake will bring
the fruit from the tree, the corn from the ear, &c. 2. Ready to fall,
so that a shake will be likely to precipitate the crash; of a wall, or
building.

Shale, V, n. To fall away in thin fragments or laminK; as exposed
strata of a schistose or shaly consistency do.

See undei Soole; the idei of tepaiition, parting, being u proniiiieiil in Ihii woiil ai in
any olhet of the family.

Shandy, adj. Wild, unsteady; thence crack-brained, half-crazy.

if cattle when inclineit to lun ; lometinin alio, I bciieve. of a piofligite

Dan. I

Shandy, adj. Lean, poor-looking, in person o

make,
hink, incoi
Dicing, 1

Wb. ai. places this under ■ Sbandy. wild, unHeady; but, u 1 think, inioncetly. Cf, D. D,
MndiiHg, siiniing, a mi»iably thin or poor, and consequently ill-looking, initiul. eip«cu11y
of young hones. In Ritw il implies an old, starred-looking, wom-oul cor. Connected
wilh this — and turaing onr ey« tatbet awiy from E. iWimy — is tijiaidt ag, to becoma
lean, poor-looking, povetty-itriiken u to look, ind applied tn both mm and juiimili, with
which collate Dan. sijande or siimdi, to tpoil, wane, Sw. D. sidnda or j*uiino. O. Sw.
sianda, 0. Gemi. iciman, scanljait. Germ, scbiinden. Dut. icbtndit, A. S. ietHdan. to ipoil,
itroy: O.K. sbtndtn, the usage of which vb. Ind ill dertralives is such al lo sliggetl

Then!

leby.

,r adjec'

Shank-nag, shanke-nag, sb. One's

I personal means of loco-

Shank-nag, ehanks-nag, v. n. To go on foot, or walk.

■ ■■ 1 intend lo ibank-nag it ;" to wilk the dis»n<e.' Wb, Gl.
Cr. ' Thir fathin ridi but on Our fill.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 443

Shank-weary, adj. Wearied with walking, or being on foot ; leg-
weary.

Sharp, sharpen, v. a. i. To turn up the ends of a horse's shoes to
obviate slipping on ice-covered roads : generally used as if the horse and
not the horse's shoes were the object. 2. To stir up to greater speed.

I. • " It 's desper't skpe to day." ** Ay, but Ah *s gcttcn t* gallowa* sbarpt,"* *

Sharp, adj. i. Quick, active, rapid; of one's movements, or per-
sonal characteristics. 2. Acute, intelligent.

I. * Gan for t' doctor, lad 1 Oan 's sharp as th* can, for tha* life.'

Shatim, V. n. To warm the knees and feet by silting close to the
fire. Wh.GL

Hall, gives shams, gaiters, Line., and Jam. quotes Sc. sbams, legs, connecting it imme-
diately with Yi.jambes, Can it be that our word is a kind of cant application of the same
foreign vocable ? Cf. Haagoed, MaunseL

Shaiiming, sb. A warming, obtained by sitting close in front of
the fire.

Shear, v. a. To reap, to cut com with a sickle.

Pr. Pm. * Sebiryn, or repe com Meto. Scberynge, or repynge of comys. Me&sura, mes-
sio ' O. N. sk4ra, scindere, laniare, hom-dtira, messis, skiri, falx, a sickle ; S. G. sk<Bra,
metere, falce secare, sk<ira sctd, to shear com ; Sw. skdra ; Dan. skare or skjare ; as, at
skare komei af mid en segl : to shear com with a sickle ; A. S. sceran, seiran, seyran ;
O.H.G. ekerran. Germ, and PI. D. scberen; Fris. scera; Dut. scberen, scbeeren; Welsh
y^gor; Old Fr. sebirer; Sec. Our word is never applied to removing the wool from sheep ;
that is always dLipping.

Shed, V. a. To part, divide ; of the hair of one's head.

A. S. sceddan, Dut. and Germ, scbeiden, to separate, divide ; N. S. sebeden, Dan. skede,
Sw. D. skeda, id.

* They hezn't shed tha' hair straight, baira ;* to a child whose hair was parted unevenly.

' And the sonne to sebede be day fra )>e nyght.* Rel. Pieces, p. 60.

*) alle cynne bi^on befora bine gesomnad, *) be tosceades bia bem beiuib, sua iSe biorde
tosceades seipo/rom tiegenum. North. Gosp. Matt. xxv. 32.

Sheean, sb. Pr. of Shoon, pi. of Shoe.

Sheep-ked, (pr. ship-kade or keead.) The sheep-tick. See Eed.

Sheep-smout, sb. An opening, big enough to allow the passage of
a sheep, left in the dry stone walls of the district, especially those which
part the enclosures from the waste or moor, to permit the flock to pass
in or out, at pleasure. See Smout.

Sheep-stray, sb. The right of pasturage for sheep on the common,
as well as (if not rather than) the pasturage itself.

3 1-2

444 OLOSSARy OF THE

Shelder, v. n. To walk with an idle or lounging gait, as if indi£ferent
about getting over the ground.

The Leeds words * sballoch^ to move slowly, trailing the feet from mere laziness ; sbaU,
to walk without lifting the feet/ are probably nearly connected with our word, and, together
with it, with Pr. Pm. * Scbaylyn or scheylyn. Disgredior, in his note on which Mr. Way
adds, * " To schayle, degradi, et digredi. Catb. A fig.'* " Schayler that gothe a wrie wiA
his fete, boyteux. I shayle, as a man or horse dothe that gothe croked with his legges,
Je vas escbays. I shayle with the fete, JentrttaUle des pUds" &c. Palsg.' Sw. D. skjala,
to walk with the feet awry, connects our word immediately with skfiUg, crooked, awry,
O. N. skjdlgr, &c. The primary meaning then, is, to walk crookedly, awkwardly, badly,
with the feet ; and thence shufflingly, and thence lazily, or loungingly. See Sbale, in Cr, OL
to drag the feet heavily, to loiter.

Shibb'n, sb. (Pr. of Shoe-band). A shoe-string, lace or fastening
for the shoe.

* It is observable that in compound words the latter member continually loses the accent
belonging to it, and oftentimes to such a degree that the vowel itself becomes, so to speak,
absorbed; e.g. JErv9V (our Arval) ' JErl^ H0S9I, Hosl, a garter.' Kok, D. FoUup. in
S. Jylland, p. 44. Another case in point with us is Midden {mmd-dyng)^ constantly
sounded * midn ' in Middenstead.

Shift, V. a. To change one thing for another ; of somewhat general
application.

O. N. sJdpta^ mutare, skipta litum^ to change colour ; Dan. shifte, to exchange, or take
one thing instead of another, shifte-bam^ ski/ting^ a changeling; Sv/. skifiot to exchange,
alternate.

* Tha' cleeas are wet ; gan an* sbifi thee, man.'

Cf. Du skal give mig din dacUteTy eller skifte dine lande med tnig: you shall give me your
daughter, or else change lands with me.

Shifty, adj. Tricky, versatile but not to be trusted.

See Shift. Given to change, or able to turn one's hand in various ways, taken in a bad
or invidious sense. See Wedgw. in v. Sbift.

Shill, adj. Shrill, whistling; from which, as descriptive of a winter
wind, comes the connected or imposed sense of chilly, cold, penetrating,
which is the apparent usage of the word here.

•

Pr. Pm. ' Scbylle, and scharpe (schille, lowd). Acutus, sonorus* Sbirl, sbyrl are other
forms, sbrill the modem one. Shryked sbyrly : Morte d'Artbur, 11.350, qupted by
Halliwcll. Cf. N. skjelle, i. To give a shrill sound : a. To blow hard, of a sharp cold wind.
Rietz gives skdll, simply * cold,' as applied to a wind or the air ; as (fa a skdll bldst ; luft d
shall; and also, binden a skdll: the sky is cloudless and cold.

* A sbill, shy wind.' Wb. Gl.

Shill, V. a. To separate, or cause to separate : i . To curdle milk, so
that the curd separates from the whey ; to cause the small particles of
butter to separate from the cream by the process of churning : a. To

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 445

separate peas or other leguminosse, &c., from their husks or pods; to
shell, or hull, them.

Fr, Pm. * Sebale notys^ and o)>er schelle fnite (schalyn or schelle fnite ; f calyn or shillyn
nottis). Envelio. Scbyllyn owte of coddys. ExsUiquo* O. N. skilja, Dan. skUUt Sw. skUja^
&c. See under Scale. Dan. melken skUles ad^ or, er skill ad: the milk is shilled, or
curdled ; at ikUU nulk ad : to curdle milk ; O. N. boV skUst, or skilr sig, id. Comp.
Wb. GL *Sb*al or sbill^ to sour milk for curds by the usual process. SbtUed, curdled.*
Further, * Scalft sbalt, sbeU. Dut scbade^ bark, crust, shell, scale ; scbdle, bark, shell, skin,
scale. Germ, sebale, a shell, bark of a tree, cover of a book, peel of fruit, shale or mineral
that separates in flakes. The radical signification is something that splits, or separates, or is
picked off. The ibale or husk of fruit or vegetables, or scales of fish, are what is picked off
in order to eat it. The sbaiUs of hemp are ue bits of stalk that have to be picked off from
the fibre.' Wedgw. The extract from Pr. Pm, is interesting as connecting the forms sdbale,
scale and sbilL

Shilly sb. That which is separated or separates itself from the mass ;
a scimi rising to the surface from a liquid set to stand, &c.

Shill-oom, sb. A blotch or pimple with a hard point or head, under
which there may be but little matter, but which causes or is accompanied
by the formation of a series of scales parting from the skin in succession
till the spot disappears.

Shillocking, sb. A process or stitch in knitting performed with
large-sized wooden pins, and leaving wide loops. Called also Shil-
lotixig.

The word depends upon the idea of separateness in the stitches ; the loops are large and
the wool or yam consequently lying apart rather than in contiguity or close texture as in
ordinary knitting. In the Dan. D. word skilagHg, disunited, divided — as in the phrase,
* divided against itself' — the same element is similarly applied.

Shim, V. a. To cut with a glancing stroke, or slip, of the tool, so as
to damage or disfigure the article that is being shaped. Wh, GL

Inclined at first to look upon this word as a parallel form of 8kiine» as shill is of
scale, I think now it must be referred to Sw. D. dHmmpa^ to cut off large pieces in a care-
less manner from a loaf or aught else, another form being skimmsa. Skimmp also occurs,
as, * skimmp int 6pp beeld skinnd ;' don't cut the whole skin to bits ; * b6kenfa dag skimmp
6pp I'drtd sdddana:* who told you to cut up the linen like that? — in either of which
instances the sense of our shim is implied. Probably the sense of cutting with a slashing
or oblique stroke lies at bottom. See Bkiine, and collate scbimmende in the extract
following : — * ant het ... j^ me hire heauet wi'S scbimmende ant scharp sweord to twemde
from )>e bodie :' S. Marb. p. 19, where Mr. Cockayne renders the word by shimmering.
May it not rather be the word which is preserved in our shim P

Shine, sb. The iris, or pupil ; of the eye, namely.

' Desput inflSmation o' yan iv his een. He 'd gettcn a shiv in, which stack fast, reeght
i' t' sbine on 't.'

Ihre gives bgnasten, pupilla oculi, quasi diceres lapillum oculi, with the following com-
ment: * I shall just remark that by Isidore Hispal. the "pupil of the eye" is rendered by

446 OLOSSARF OF THE

augin sebuH, whence I suspect that the original form of bgnasUn was ognasJuH, that is, ijfe-
tbinif since the pupil is the brightest (lucidissimum) part of the eye.' He then goes on to
observe, — * I believe, however, that in the passage in question, we ought to read idnm
instead of sebun, for I see that in ** Lipsius' Glosses" the pupil of the eye is called stm
ogutit besides which Sumner quotes A. S. seon-eagan,* Perhaps our word may serve to
confirm the accuracy of the learned Swede's conjecture as to the original form of ognatim.

Shine, sb. A row or disturbance, perhaps ending in a fight

Shinnopy v. n. To play at hockey, or a game greatly resembling it
See Jowls.

Sbiniy is defined by Jam. as * an inferior species of Oclft generally played at by young
people. Shinty is a game pUyed with sticks crooked at die end, and balls of wood. In
London this game is baekie (Qu. hockey ?). It seems to be the same which is designated
Not in Gloucest. ... It was adso called Cammoek.*

Shirly V. n. (pr. shoU, (? as in 'doll'). To slide, upon the ice espe-
cially ; but also down a rapid slope, or any declivity.

Sw. D. skriUot skrela, to slip, slide, as ban dtrdade pd isen : he slipped upon the ice.
Another form is skriil or skreU. Rietz looks upon the word as coincident with tkritOa,
a frequentative from skrida, to glide, slip, slide. The word affords another characteristic
instance of dialectic influence exactly parallel to dou or duBiy the Pr. of dine,
which see.

* Us Uds wur sbcttin* doon a stie ;' slipping or sliding down a ladder, as a lamplighter does.

Shive, sb. (pr. shahve). A slice, the flat, comparatively thin, portion
cut or sliced off anything, as a loaf, an apple, a turnip.

Spelt 'sharve' in Wb. GL, and another instance of the di{^thongal character of our i:
see under IJahtle. O. N. Mfa, to sli^e, ski/Ot a slice, thin board, scale or thin plate of
anything ; S. G. skifwa^ diiiindere, in tenues laminas secare, tki/wOt a slice, or thin flake, as,
skijwa brody a slice of bread — with us, a Bharve o' Breead ; Dan. ikive, vb. and sb.,
as, en skive brmd, smmr : a slice of bread, butter. Comp. Germ, scbeibe, Dut. scbijwt broodst
a slice of bread ; and * pudding-shives,' Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 217, note.

Shivs, sb. Particles of husk, or outer envelope of the grain of com
itself; small particles of chaff or other like matters.

Dan. skiavy ski€eve, a minute portion of straw or chaff; especially applied to the particles
of the flax-stalk or straw which are detached in the process of * swingling :* Molb. ; S. G.
ska/, festuca ; Sw. D. skdv, the refuse flax from flax-dressing.

Shoe, sb. The drag, or iron object applied to a carriage- or waggon-
wheel in descending a hill, so as to prevent its rotation, and by increased
friction lessen the downward tendency of the vehicle.

Shoe-cross, sb. The sign of the cross made with the wetted finger
upon the toe-part of one's shoe, to cure cramp, or * life,' in the foot.
Wh. GL

I believe the word admits of further application. An aged woman was buried at Egton
in the course of the autumn of 1865, of whom I was to4d that she never either entered

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 447

a house or left it without marking a cross with the toe of her clog— oa the Doontone,
before entering, or on the Threaho'd, before going forth. The same woman always made
a cross with her thumb before putting her hand on the Thumb-latoh, or Door-sneok
on entering a house ; and, when going to early mass — for she was a Roman Catholic — fast-
ing, of course, on meeting any one who might possibly be suspected to be a witch, she
alwajTS made the sign of the cross before her to avert evil influences.

Shog, V. a. To shake, with a somewhat rough or jolting motion.

Pr, Pm. *Seboggyh\ or roggyn*. Agito* *Forby gives the verb to sbug^ signif3ring to
shake, in the Norfolk dialect. " I shake or shogge upon one, je saebe" Palsgr.' Note
to Seboggyn'. The same vb. is given in a neuter sense also, with vadUo as the equivalent
Latin ; as also scbaggynge, scboggynge or wavering. Palsgrave's notice of the word seems
to be in the latter sense ; and Hall, gives also the meaning ' to slink away.* In Shakspere
and Percy's FoUo MS. i. p. 218 it simply means, to be moving, or going; a sense preserved
in the colloquial ' I '11 be jogging,' ,or * jogging along.' Wb. 01. merely gives * $bogf^dt
shaken, as by the jolting of a cart.' See Shoggle.

* Quartus Tortor. Sbog hym welle and let us lyfte.*

{Crucifixio) Townd. Myti. p. ail.

Shoggle, V. a. To shake, or cause to move, with an unsteady motion.

In explaining sbog Wedgw. says, * To jog, to joggle, or make to vacillate :' collating
Swiss tcbcttiggin, scbaggeut to jog ; and, as Gamett also does, Welsh ysgogi, to wag.

ShoggUng-ahiie, ahuggy-shaw, sb. A swing, whether of greater or
less pretension.

Jam. gives sbutt both vb. and sb., as an independent word ; the former, * to play at see-
saw,' the other the game of see-saw ; and also * sbuggie-sbue, a swing ; from sbog and sbtu.*
He offers no explanation or derivation for sbue; it may possibly be connected with Sw. skof,
Sw. D. skuv, interval, turn, bout, coming in succession, as the ups and downs of the players
at sbu€ do.

Shool, sb. A shovel.

• ij seboylis* Invent. Pr. Fincb. p. ccxcix.

Shool, V. n. I. To spunge upon another for food, or other matters;
to get or obtain by indirect begging. 2. To insinuate oneself for the
purpose of gaining by the act; to drop in at any one's meal-times in
the hope of being asked to partake.

Or. Gl. gives this word as meaning, first, ' to drag the feet :' and a second meaning,
' to beg ;' to go a sbooling meaning * to go about begging any liquor, or to go a begging
with a forged certificate of losses.' Hall, gives the word as meaning, i. To saunter about :
a. To beg. Sbool is besides an ordinary Northern contraction of sbovel, and Cr. Gl. looks
upon our vb. as a contraction of the word which Latimer writes shoveling; * they beard him
quietly without any sboveling feet, or walking up and down.' That word, of course, is none
other than our E. sbuffling^ which, besides its meaning as applied to the feet, to cards, &c.,
is also applied to express underhand, indirect conduct or proceedings. In our word there
seems to be a combination of ideas, namely of shufifling, or lounging wandering about, and
of indirect or shuffling practices, adopted to obtain the end specified.

44? GLOSSARF OF THE

Shooler, sb. One who intrudes himself unasked at another's meal-
times; or who seeks to get some gain or benefit in indirect ways.
See Shool.

Shoon, sb. The pi. of Shoe.

Shoot, sb. Looseness, or diarrhoea in cattle. See Soout-lanieLif
Skitter, &c.

Shoot, V. n. To come forth into the ear ; of growing com.
Shore, v. a. To frighten, scare, intimidate ; to threaten.

* Sboo, sbve, to scare birds, to drive away fowls. Oenn. scheucben, to frighten.' Brock.
* i^^oo, a word used for driving away poultry. ** To cry sbooiy sbooe, as women do to their
hens." Florio. Forby has also sboo, to scare birds.' HaUiwell. ' Short, to threaten. Norths
lb. * Sboor, to frighten with voice and gesture the birds from the corn-fields. *' Shoo t
Shool" ' Wb. Gl. Cf. Sw. Dial, skoia, to shout, cry aloud, cry shrilly, D. D. sHU, skaa^,
to romp noisily, with a deal of noisy laughing and shrieking.

Shoren, p. p. of to Shear. Reaped.

Shorts and overs (pr. shoorts an' owers). Short spaces and longer
ones ; an expression somewhat analogous to ' the short and the long of
so and so. For Ower see Hover, Ower.

* " They were at our house at all sboorts and owirs;" both for short times and over
times, or long times ; at all opportunities and occasions.* Wb. GL

Shot, adj. Quit, released, free, unmeddled with; usually with the
addition of the particle ' of,' or * on' in the place of * of.'

Or. Gl. gives the word as sbut; Brock, sbot, sbot-of; Wb. Gl. sbot-on. It may be ' shut*
in origin ; but it is surely shot with us.

* Ah 's noo getten fairly sbot on *em ;' quit of them, or freed from them.

* Willy caan't get sbot ov 'is meear, nae ways ;* can't succeed in selling her.

* Leave that sbot ;' leave it without frirther mention or reference.

Shot-ice, sb. Ice in sheets, or rather sheets of ice ; as on the surface
of a road, or elsewhere.

Shrift, shriftedy adj. Of an animal, as sheep especially, the hau:
(or wool) of which begins to fall coincidently with improvement in its
condition after a hard winter-experience.

* Yon sheep 's sbrifi,* or * sbrifttd*

Shrift, sb. The state or condition of an animal, a sheep especially,
or a young horse, when, having been badly kept during the winter, on
beginning to mend in condition in the spring, it also begins to shed its
wool, or hair.

* Yon sheep has got a sbrift*

Probably an accommodation from the sense of the old word, released from the conse-
quences of hardship undergone, as the sbriven man from the guilt of his sins. Cf. to sbriv9
trees, to prune them. Somner (in Rich.)

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 449

Shrink, v. n. To start, or 'jump' involuntarily, as one does in
deep, or as a dying man.

An ob?ious adaptation of the sense of the standard E. word.

Shudder, v. n. (pr. shouther, the w as in * should'). To shake, move
tremulously; of things.

* T' heeal place sbudtUrs agen when yan o* thae express-treeans passes ;* of the platform
and buildings of a large station.

* T hooss sbudder'd wi* 't ;' under a heavy storm of wind.

Shuft, sb. A large number of individuals collected into a moving
flock or crowd ; possibly with a tacit reference to a still larger assemblage
of which it forms a constituent part.

A somewhat curious and almost isoUted word both as to form and sense. I have, how-
ef er, met with it in intercourse with Clevel. people sufficiently of^en, and always in the
same apph'cation. It is probably due to the same origin as sbi/if a change, a succession,
a division, and perhaps differs from it in little more, essentially, than the not uncommon
substitution of u for t. Wedgw., under Sbifi, speaks of the * identification of that word
with Germ, sebiebt, a part or division' (share or portion), quoting tint rede in drei tbeilen
uhUhUn : to arrange, or divide, a discourse in three parts, and noticing its application to
a definite period of work, as when the day is divided into three parts, frub-, tage-, nacbt-
tebiebi, the morning-, day-, and night-shift. * In the same sense PI. D. scbuft, ubuji-ticd^
Das kann ich in einer scbufl thun, I can do that' (at one ibifi^ or) * without resting.' A
similar use of the Dut. word sebofi^ scboff, also prevails. And more or less analogous is the
use of our Bhuit. The expression in which I have heard it most frequently is * A I but
there's a bonny sbu/t ir 'em,' speaking of grouse when packed and wild, and when conse-
quently the sportsman may at times walk a considerable distance over a well-stocked moor
without seeing a single bird. Then, suddenly, on reaching a point from which a new ex-
panse of moor is visible, a large pack of grouse is seen to take wing, and the attendant's
exclamation is somewhat in the above form. But I have never heard it applied to the
birds as seen before they take flight, as they may be when the moor is whitened with snow.
It is the fljring rout, or pack, which is so designated, and consequently the idea of section
or division, and that of change of place, may both seem to be present : * there 's a bonny
lot of 'em, and they are shifting their place ;' — much indeed as it would be said of a body
of men who had been working the night- or day-shift, * that is the night-shift (or day-shift)
leaving work.'

Shy, adj. Keen, piercing; of the wind.

* A natural origin of the word sby may be found in the interjection of shuddering sebu t
uhuehl (Grimm, 3. 298).' Wedgw. 'There is no seeming difficulty in the way of con-
necting the said or a like syllable with what makes to shudder or shiver physically, as a
cold, piercing wind ; and our shy consequently may be co-ordinate with O. H. G. seiuban,
to make to fear, and to, to tremble. Cf. the first syllable in sbhir, Pr. Pm. ebyveringe or
ebymiringe, ebher, ebtver in Chaucer, ebytteryng, quivering, shaking for cold: Huloet;
in Dut. sebtiirm, tremere, O. N. skial/a^ Dan. siuBlve, A. S. icylfan^ to tremble, to shake.

Sickening^ sb. The quasi-illness attending a confinement, or the
child-bed.

SideawasTB, sb. The Tartarian or black oats, which grow with the
grains all depending on one side of the head.

450 QLOSSARy OF THE

Side-lang, v. a. To fasten the near-side fore and hind feet of a sheep
together to prevent it from straying.

Side up, V. a. To arrange or make tidy, to put in order or adjust
things to their places.

* Ah '11 coom, lad, as soon 's AhVe getten things sabded oop a bit.'

* Noo, Mary, thou sabd oop t* kitchen, wilt *ce.*

Side-wipe, sb. An indirect censure, a remark conveying implied
blame or rebuke on a person not specially spoken of or to.

Sidling, adj. Fawning, aiming at ingratiating oneself.

A special application, apparently, of the pcpl. of the vb. to sidii,

* A sideling, wheedling soort o' body.' Wb, Gl,

Sie, V. n. To drop, to mark by dropping.

Liquids which are strained through a sieve or percolator fall in drops ; whence onr rb.
ale, to drop, to fall in drops, and sb. de, a drop, Halliwell. Germ, uihen or seigin, A. S.
seon, to filter or strain by percolation, are nearly parallel forms, as also is Dan. sie, to pass
through a strainer, sieve, O. N. sia, to filter, percolate, all closely connected with S. G. sila,
Sw. sil, O. N. saJd, salda, Dan. sold, salde. Sec, Bret, til, and the like. See Bile.

* Not stained, but tied all over.' Wb. Ol.

Sie, sb. A spot or mark, such as might be left by the mere dropping
of clean water upon any delicate surface; thence, more generally, of
other slight marks or stains.

* There were hardly the signs of a si* upon it.' Wb. 01,

Sie, V. n. To stretch, or yield to tension.

Cf. O. N. seigr, lentus, and seigla, to stretch, in the same sense as our word ; Sw. seg,
Dan. sei, O. Dan. seig, of that which admits of stretching, or jrields to tension, in whatever
direction, without breaking or material injury to its parts. Connected with Germ. zObe,
tough, tenacious. Comp. Germ, zieben also ; das leder, das feder-barz ziebl sieb : leather,
India-rubber, stretches ; G. Dial, and O. Germ, zacb, zebe, A. S. fob, PI. D. iaag, taa, Sc.
teucb, E. iougb,

Sieter, sb. (pr. seeter). A sieve or riddle; a strainer or colander.
Spelt also Seater or Seatre.

O. N. ugti, Dan. sigte, Sw. sikt, a sieve, sikia, to sift.

' " As thin as a secure ;" worn into transparency or holes, as doth when it grows thin.'
Wb,GL

Siff, V. n. To make a sound something like that in sighing, but
more expressive of pain, by drawing in the breath more sharply, and
between the teeth.

Essentially the same word as sigb, the gb having been exchanged, according to rule, for^
See Wecigw. in v. Sigb.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 451

8ik, Bike, adj. Such.

Wb, GL gives siker also, which is probably a misspelling for sik*-a. Comp. the use
of Vcbt a :

* Hi^e hille) on vcbe a halue.* Sir Gaw. and Gr. Kn. 1. 74a.

* Wele waxe) in vcbt a won in woride. Ih. 997.

Under SwiUt, Jam. quotes A. S. swUct stvylc, talis, adding that * Sc. sik, sic, is evidently
corr. from this, as the A. S. word is contr. from M. G. swa-leUi, id., from swa, so, and leik,
like, similis.' I would rather say that our aik or Bike is due to similar changes with those
that resulted in E. sueb, only preserving the hard or J^ sound and the long vowel.

Sik-an, adj. Such; di£fering from sik-a only in coming before a
vowel. See Sik, sike.

' Ah niwer beared a man threep lees ak-an a gate afore ;' I never heard a man perti-
naciously go on telling lies in such a way before.

Sik and mk-like. Such and suchlike ; * much of a muchness.'

Sik-like, adj. Suchlike, similar.

Sile, V. a. and n. i. To strain, to pass liquid through a sieve or other
strainer in order to eliminate impiuities. 2. To rain fast ; as when the
rain falls in a thick succession of drops, as strained liquids do. 3. To
drop or fall ; thence to faint away, and, to fleet or glide past.

Cf. Sw. sUa, coinciding exactly with our first meaning; N. sila^ to strain, drip, rain
fiut, tilla, to drop fast, coincident with our second meaning ; O. N. sid, to filter, strain ;
Dan. si>, id., PI. D. stlen^ to draw off water. Wedgw. looks upon N. sila, silta, as fre-
quentatives from siga, to percolate, to sink in, with the intermediate form siilot to trickle,
Dan. tagU, to drivd. N. siga, Sw. siga sig, to sink, to go down, S. G. siga, delabi, con-
ddere, are, however, cognate with A. S. Hgan, to fall down, fail, O. Germ, sigatif to sink,
to fall, Fris. siga ; and a secondary meaning of S. G. dga is thus given by Ihre : — * De
hominibus usurpatum notat labare, sensim pedem referre ;* and the word in this sense is
collated with the A. S. and other words just quoted. So that, thus, we arrive at our third
meaning. Comp. the following from the account of the Marriage Supper, E. Eng. AUit,
Poims, B. 1 39 : —

* Then he (the king) bowe^ fro his hour in to )>e brode halle
& to >e best on )>e bench, and bede hym be myry,
SoUsed hem with semblaunt and syUd fyrre.'

' With that the segge all himselfe silis to his chambre.*

K, AUx. p. 5, quoted by editor of E. Engl. AUit, Poems,

3. • " To sile down ;" to faint away.' Wb. GI.

Cf. Pr. Pm. * Syynge dovme, or swonynge, and the O. N. and Dan. forms, given above,
with the Sw. and N. forms.

' " To sae past ;" to glide by/ Wb. Gl.

Mr. Morris, Gl. to E. Eng. Allii. Poems, suggests a different origin for O. E. ^e.

Sile, sb. A strainer; especially a utensil for straining milk, which
consists of a basin with a hole at bottom and a piece of fine canvas
stretched over it.

Sw. si/, Sw. D. sitelf Welsh, Bret, st/, stnuner. L'dggas de i silen, niir man siler mjolk,

3 M 2

45^ GLOSSARY OF THE

S& dro di ett icJtmrt tnedel, aii ej mjblken hlir ofdrcUg: if they — small white pebbles distin-
guished by the names Ocbonda-stenar or Oofarsienar; that is to say, Thor's stones — be
placed in the siU when the milk is siled, they are a sure means of preventing the milk from
being bewitched. War, ocb Wird, p. 232.

Sile-brigg, sb. A wooden frame with two long sides held together
by two cross-pieces, on which the Sile or milk-strainer is' set, over the
milk-dish, when the milk has to be transferred from the milk-pail to
the latter.

The corresponding Dan. (Fabter district) utensil is called sub^r, or mb^ar. The fine
canvas of our Biles is represented in like manner by siektud, sile-cloth, and the Sile itself
is sie-kar, when the utensil is earthenware, sii^tte, when it is of wood. Molb., Dan. D,
Lexicon.

Sile down, v. n. To drop or fall ; thence, to faint away. See
under Sile.

Cf. Jeg tenhtt jeg bavde siget fud, der jeg siod: I thought I should ha?e siUd (or md)
<ib«/ff, where I stood. Arm, p. 120,

Sill-horse, sb. The shaft horse ; the horse whose place is between
the Limmers, Sills or shafts, or next to the waggon.

Sills, sb. The shafts of a waggon or other carriage. Compare Thill :
see also Limmer.

Merely a vocal corruption of Thills ; otherwise it would be connected with st7<fs, soSs,
rafters, beams. But it is identical with Thills (another form of which is JlUs) frx>m A. S.
|>t/, a thill, a board, a plank.

Silly, adj. Weakly, in delicate or poor health.

* Is there anything you would fancy, as your health seems but silly t* Heart 0/ Mid'
Lothian.

The first meaning of the word is blessed, happy, A. S. salig^ Germ, selig ; thence, from
the union of innocence with happiness, innocent ; and from innocent, as in the case of that
word itself, simple, in its invidious sense of silly, foolish, weak ; and from * weak' we easily
reach the meaning of our word. See Wedgw., and the instances of the old word sely, col-
lected by Mr. Carr in Cr. Gl. Note also the transition in the extracts below : —

* iSu stondes seli stede up-on :' Gen. and Ex. p. 79 ;

* Vnseli men quat haue ge don ? ' lb. p. 66;
ad(dressed to Joseph's brethren when overtaken with Joseph's cup in their possession ;

* First to brenne the body
In a bale of fiir.

And sythen the sely soule slen.

And senden hyre to helle.' P. Plougbm. p. 490.

* We sely shepardes, that walkys on the moore.
No wonder as it standys if we be poore,

For the fyhhc of ourc landes lyys falow as the floore,
As ye ken.' Toumei. Myst. p. 98.

* We sely woodmen are mekylle wo.* lb. p. 99.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 453

Sind, V. a. To wash out, to rinse.

Cr. GL gives also the meaning, to wash down ; * " To sind down yans meat," to drink
after eating ;' and Jam. gives the same expression, with the escplanation to * dilute one's
meat,' which has no meaning. Brockett simply and truly szyi, * to take a drink after meat.'
I think this is a curious and interesting word, though materials for its full illustration are
wanting. I connect it immediately with the O.N. form iund, swinmiing, iund-dyr, a swim-
ming animal, sund^magi, swinmiing-bladder, &c., the connection of which with smmOt
swimma, swim, is of course clear. Mr. Wedgwood's remark upon Swim is, * this word
seems originally to apply to the movement of water in agitation, to move or flow like
water,' whence the secondary meanings to be carried, or to move along, on the sur&ce of the
water. Now this original sense of the word is just what is preserved in our sind. The
only strictly parallel form I can be certain of is Bav. uhwenzMn, to rinse, which however
Wcdgw., * through the softening of the final 6 to m in schwabbtln,* places side by side with
O. N. svamla, to spUsh, dabble in water, N. svabbat id., Bav. sebwaiben, id., Swiss sebwabMn,
to splash. Germ, sebwemmen, to wash.

Sine, adv. Since. See Sen.

:-hole, sb. Any cavity or hollow place in which the drainage
from a Middenstead, or other form of liquid manure, collects.

Sinter-saunter, v. n. To be idle or indifferent about doing anything,
to loiter or dawdle time away.

Sipe, V. n. To ooze out, to soak through any containing matter or
object, and drain away slowly.

Comp. the consonantal changes in these cognate and synonymous words, O. N. stgia,
Dan. sigte, Sw. sickta. Germ, sicbten, sieben, Dut. ziften, A. S. mftan, E. siji, and note the
like succession in O. N. siga, O. Sw. and Sw. siga, to soak or sipe away, Dan. D. sige, to
drip, trickle, ooze, O. H. Germ, gnieby a rill, a slow stream, a Byke, Dut. ziptn, door-zifen,
to drip, trickle through, PI. D. stptn, siptm, to ooze, trickle, and our N. E. idpe.

* ** It is all siped away ;" gone away drop by drop imperceptibly, as a liquid from a
vessel.' Wb. GL

Sipings, sb. Oozings, drainings, leakage to a small extent

Sipper-sauoe, sb. A sauce, or other provocative to the appetite;
that which is used to give zest or relish to one's meat.

One can hardly disconnect this word, in thought, from sup, sip, and when one finds such
a remark as Ihre's, — * Variat vero mirifice hujus vocabuli {supa) sensus in dialectis Gothids :
apud M. Gothos, supan est eondire (Marc. iz. 50), qui supuda, quo condietur ? Apud
A. Saxones, supan et sypan denotant gustare,* one is ftiither inclined to think that the origin
of Bipper-aauoe may be here. Again, sipp implies the taking in a dainty way, or as if
affecting indifference or disinclination for what is taken, of food or drink (Dire in v. Sipp :
cf. £. 51^). Germ, saufen, moreover, is to take greedily, revellingly, drunkenly, of liquids ;
which word Ihre rightiy connects with O. Sw. supan, used in the same sense. But again,
A. S. sufely sufl, su/bll, sujul, O. N. sujl, S. G. sofwd, something to be eaten with bread,
whether potage, or ought else, Dan. suui, Dut. suyvd, O. E. suwdle (Mapes, quoted in
Marsh's Origin and Hist, of Engl, Languagt, p. 241), smui {Aner. RiwU, p. 19a), all in the
same sense, that is, something to be eaten with bread, a relish, are not all these connected
with, ahnost other forms of, M. G. supan, S. G. supa. Germ. soMfin, See,, the continually

454 GLOssARy of the

[ecurnng change of p into itt (quiritent /or t>, being all that ii required to generate c
word from the olhert? Again, Lit. apaanium or obioaiunt, with iti origin S^w, i/ti. more
than probably belong to Ike ume family ; a (light riielathetical diange and the posiible root
of the Gothic word* is revealed, o4i,o()i-io^ = »/,»/, nw. It i» curioni if our Qevel.
sipper be llie meani of suggesting such clainu to telationibip.

Sitfast, sb. The more tenacious
purated parts of a boil or carbuncle,

8I-tIiee, Bo-tbee. Exclamations, claiming attention; the first being
equivalent to * See thou I ' the second to ' Saw thou ? ' Corop. Lo' thea '
= look thou; Iiookst'ee = lookest thou ; SeeBt'ee = seest thou; &c.

1 prayer), lo take ajid retain

Sit on one's knees, To. To kneel (as
the kneeling posture.

An eipreision of great antiquity. Cf. 1 be aas gt/tarrad from bim, sua micU tlium
warp is, ^ mid giselnum cniemm gihad: and he was rcmaved from them as much at ■ ttone'i
cast, and with itl kneis prayed. Norlb. Gosp. Luke xxii. 41. Note alto, —

■ feos here-hringei tneo : Those chieftains three
eomen to ban kinge, come to the king,

& letten an hcore cneowen : and sil on Ibeir iiuit
biforen titn kziieie,' before the kaiser.

Lay. ii. 506.

■ pis holi maide nal atiuo : j hire ejeu lo heuene caste.'

Stiiui Marg. p. ja,
' Malcbus herde (les wordes. he stilt bim aciu.' Meidan Martgnit, p. 41.
Chaucer aUo uses the expresiion repeatedly ; thus —

• And down anon he iille bim on bh few." Sampnour't Tali, p. 93,

■ She on her hues btr silU,' Clerk ofOntn/ords Tale. p. 104,

■ On Iher *n«j Ibef satat hem adoun.' Sicrmd Nonni'i Tale, p. 1 18,
Comp. alio ' And he a iw ginfalU:

He SUU him a Jmraelytig

And gtet wel |ie gode kyng.' King Horn, p. 11.
■ |jer he lai on cntoae ibede : there be lay on hue in prayer

and cleopede auere touwird gode." and called ever toward God.
Lay. iii. 184.
The O. N. idiom seemi to be Uanda a huanum ; ihoi—konmgrinn baiazsl vid illdrinn
. . . ol Utndr a huanum 0* lylr miag er bami baiar bringsfaliniir oi axilimar oi fir upp
^ioin miog : the king was warming himself at the liie, and it Uanding on bii inut (kneeling
down, on clothes laid for the purpose} and louli (itoopi forward) much at he warms hu
breast and shouldeii and his posteriori stick up greatly. Flat, i. 161 ,
So also in tiane :—^lod modirm pA hu : hii mother knelt down. Arm. PP-3J.98.
Our phrase, which octun also in Fort CauU Deponlion$. p. 5B, is unmistakably O. Eng-
lish, and its occurrence in the Norlb. Gaiptti is nolewonhy.

Sit up on end, To. To sit upright, in contradistinction to reclining
or lying down.

' Matched to til up an md;' of a peison sutfeiiiig from weakness, the teiull of illness, or

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 455

Skafe, sb. (pr. skeeaf, skeaf). A steep broken bank; an abrupt pre-
cipitous face rising from any level or plane surface ; a semi-precipice.

Coincident with Bkufe or Bkulf, A. S. scife, te^e, a precipice.

Skare on, v. a. To apply and fix one piece of wood to another (as
in piecing or mending the broken bar of a gate) by the process of
splicing, or removing obliquely portions of each of the two ends to be
laid in apposition, so that when applied to each other there shall be no
increase of thickness at the junction.

Dan. D. (S. Jutl.) ' $karre, to apply to one another, to join or unite two pieces by means
of a groove, tenon or otherwise ; a/ skarre ved dUr samtnent f. ex. naar man fmier to paa
skraa afikaame bidke-fnder sammen : to skare on or together ; e. g. when one adjusts and
unites ihe ends of two pieces of wood previously cut obliquely. O. N. skara, Sw. siarfva'
Ihre also gives skarjwa, segmenta coagmentare, segmentare ; and N. skare corresponds in
sense and form precisely with our Skare,

Skeel, skell, v. a. To tilt, or fix in an oblique position. A cart is
Bkelled when the body is raised from the shafls in front, and, working
on the axle-tree, is fixed so as to slope down backwards, to facilitate
unloading. Sec,

O. N. skcela, detorquere, sk€eldr, awry, twisted, askew, sk€eli, a wry mouth, skidlgr,
obliquus, paetus, qui limis est oculis ; Dan. skele, to squint, skeehut, skew-eyed ; S. G. skalg,
obliquus, transversus ; A. S. seel, sceol, in the compounds sed^e, seeol-eage, squint-eyed ;
Germ, scbel, L. Sax. shell, Dut. scbeel, oblique, awry, crooked. Hence our vb.

Skeel, sb. A kind of pail, for milk or water : in some cases cylin-
drical or nearly so; in others, having its bottom of greater diameter
than its mouth ; and in lieu of the iron Bow, or handle, one of the
staves rises higher than the others and is fashioned so as to facilitate
holding it.

Jamieson refers this word to O. N. skdl, Dan. lAoo/, Sw. skSl, but erroneously. Brockett
suggests O. N. siidla, a milk-pail, and rightly. Note also Sw. D. skjula, skyHa, id., and Fio.
hiulu, collated by Rietz.

' Tereius Pastor, Ye hold long the skayUe,

Now let me go to.' Townel, Mysi, p. 90.

' i sheyll* Invent, Pr, Fineb. p. ccxcix.

Skeel-oalf, sb. A calf fed by hand, and consequently having to take
its food out of the SkeeL

Skeel over, v. a. To overtiun, to tilt to such an extent that the
equilibrium is disregarded, and the thing skeeled is turned quite over.

Skeely, adj. Full of knowledge or experience.

Another of the numerous words which depend upon O. N. skUja, and its cognate words.
See under Scale. Only in this case there is a nearer connection with the dass of ideas
involved in the E. skUl, skilful^ &c., than with those in to«le» shiU, Skel-beMt, &c. : in

GLOSSARr OF THE

a ii rither of disi

45*

Other words, the fundanicDU) natioD ii rither of discrimioition than of a
In Mi. Wedgwood'i woidi. ' the tadicil »nfE ii separation, then diflerence
cemment, lasan, inteUeetual oi minual ability. O. N. sUl, tcpantion, diit
lutioa. Gi>ra tkil, to do whit U right and )iut,' that Ji, discriniinitcd ani
what it wTong and t '

ditliuction, dif-
iction, disciinu-
sepa rated from

" Vary sitt!y and fcnowfiil ;" reiy deret.' Wh, Gl.

Skel-beast, sb. A boarded partition between stall and stall in a
cattle-shed, or Byre.

■ Stall-boosi, the head of [he italii of cittle.' O. Gl. Hall, aolicei thii word, but doei
not appear «tis£ed with it, or with its definition; and reaionibly. There it no prehcn-
lible meaning in it. The same author giiei * Boom, Malls ;' and Brocitelt, ' Booie, batu,
fiuH, an ox DT coff-itaU ;' adding, ' proper!]' the. place beside the italret where the foddei
lies,' which I think is mislalcen. But stiU, baaa being equivalent to slall, itnll-iooii ought
net to have presented any diflicully. It it. of course, the parting or separating of — or par-
tition between — standing uid standing, or stall and stall. fVb. Gt. defines onr word correctlj
as ' the partitions of a citlle-stall.' Comp. Dan. D. itillibali, a partition, or ttuterlal divi-
sion, e.g. in a barn; also the line of higher stubble on a com-edd, whereat the cutting-
ttrolce of the workmen commenced, and which remains to show the line of donarcation
between one man's work and another's. Notf also the use of Sw. tiiUi, at follows -.^-fyrt
arkt Qch dial tmtllan airami ; four comer-itones at baundary-marki

een the tick

IVdr.

P-34.

Skellit, sb. A fonn of BklUet.

Skelly, V. n. To squint. Wi. Gl. gives ' Skeller' as another fonn of
the word.

O. N. al MSla lUiUgl augam .- to squint ; S. O. sJMila, id. ; Sw. iMa, Dan. iMt, ai, at
iMi mtd aintia (cf. " tkellies fearfully with one eye ;' part of the description of Balfoiv
of Borlcy, in Old Morlalily), ilttiuil, ot stal-mUl, iquint-cyedi t^.S. settltn.Qam. lebitttn,
A. S. Kil-agt. Sec. See under Skeel, vb.

BlieUy, sb. A squint, distorted vision.

Skelly-eyed, adj, Having a squint, with distorted vision.

Skelm, sb. A scoundrel, a good-for-nothing fellow.

' Scbttm originally drnoiei a caiease. ctiirion :' Ihre ; thence ill application to a tile ot
rasciUy person ; S. Q. iieln. O. N. Mlmir. a rascal ; Dan. scbitlm. Germ. seMm, id. ; Dnt.
acMn, a carcase, a plague, a scoundrel ; 0. H. G, lalmo, walmo, pestilence.

Skelp, V. a. I. To smack, or strike with the open palm. a. To
move rapidly, to walk or run very fasl-

' Itl. tM/a it occationilly used in the very time lease at onr ite/^ ; peicello, Kritlnitag,
OL; dtUa. id. Rasiiilla. podicem minu vcibetare; Gl. OrlmeyiJtgaS. vo. iM/a.'
Jam., under SMp, vb. Gael, igidp, i stroke, it however alleged by Gamett as the possible
origin of the word.

Skslper, sb. An unusually large individual, or speciinen, of a class.
Once igiin. from the deiignition of a blow to (hat for a targe-iiied individual, as before
remarked on.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 457

Skelping, adv. More than ordinarily large.

Skepy sb. A basket of willow or flag-fabric, of different shapes in
different districts.

Formerly used as a measure in Cleyeland, as in the Eastern Counties a ' Bushel-skip' is a
familiar term still ; the prefix also being sometimes dropped. Wh. Gl. defines the ' Skep '
as ' a round-bottomed willow basket, without a bow :' Brockett, simply as ' a basket made
of rushes.' O. N. skeppa, modius ; Sw. skdppa, a dry measure ; Dan. skjeppe, id. ; A. S. seep,
sciop, a skip, basket, tub ; O. Germ, scbaff. Qerm. kieptt Pl.D. ib^, hup^^ are collated with
uip by Bosworth.

Skeughy skew, sb. (sometimes pr. skeuph). A spot or place the
natural features of which are more or less oblique or twisted, partly from
the contour of the surface, and pardy from the direction of the water-
course which runs through it ; a crooked dale-let with enclosing banks
that do not look as if they were pairs.

A word which occurs only, I think, in local names, as in Skelderskew, and which it has
been proposed to refer to O. N. skogTt Sw. skog, Dan. skov, a forest (properly a forest of
pine-trees : Sw. buli is a forest of deciduous trees). But it seems simply absurd to fancy
that, when the general character of the whole district was that of being utterly overgrown
with forest, as we know from Domesday (independently of other testimony) it was, a small
and insignificant nook of the whole should be distinguished by a name which, if appropriate
at all, must have been applied to the district in its entirety, and which, moreover, actually
was so applied, in its English form, in the case of ' Danby on the Forest.' I am therefore
disposed rather to look upon the name as locally descriptive in some other respect ' Skew,
skeugb, or sbcav,* says Ord, Hist, of CUvtl. p. 244, more suo, * means a wooded dell, and is
still universally employed in Scotland to signify a dingle or dell.' Jam., however, does not
give the form skew, nor do I believe it exists ; and scbaw or scbagb he defines as ' a wood,
a grove,' without even the slightest reference to ' dingle or delL' What he does say that
may have a possible application in our instance is, that scbagb or sebaw ' seems also used in
the sense of shade, covert ;' and that this seems ' to be the primary and proper sense of the
word,' for that it ' is evident that it is the same Goth, word which signifies a shadow and
a wood. Thus S. G. skog, sylva, cannot be viewed as radically diflferent from shugga,
umbra.' Still this seems to be only apparently applicable : for we keep skug or scug in its
own proper form and appropriate sound, both as a dialect-word and a local name---^cff^-
dale. On the whole, therefore, I prefer the explanation of skeugb or skew given in the
definition, and refer it to O.N. skidlgr, skei/r and the cognate words.

Skew, V. a. and n. i. To twist round, move oneself angularly so as
to face in a different direction. 2. To throw with an angular or sweep-
ing movement, as the hand-sower does his seed. 3. To twist or wrench ;
in this sense with off subjoined.

O. N. skei/r, obliquus, curvus ; Sw. tkef, Dan. skjev, id., skjave or sJ^eve, to wry, twist ;
N. S. scbeev. Germ, sebief, Dut. ubeef.

• To dtew off; to twist or forcibly wrench off.' Wb. OL

Skill, V. a. To distinguish or discriminate, to know or comprehend,

GLOSSASy OF THE

another

r thing).

< iHm ikjllU

O. E. noun stil, it in the following piisagc i

'lougbm. p. 340:

' And why thai con iheef on the a

Railiei than that oothet ihecf.
Though thow voidest appOIe,
AUe the derkes undet Ciiil
Ne kouthe the ikilti astoUe 1'
e lUai not rimply impliei reaton {Pr. Pm. ShylU. Racio), but the n
o[ ditcrimination. Comp. alio the phraw ' It skills Dol' =it matter

' Ay I we 's hard chaps f sUU ;' a stiitence addre
examining a Houe or luniului on iheie mooit, t
perplenily a> to what the ohjecl of tuch labour in lui
we making _a railway there ?■

Comp. sa tn'dl ban hiiuit skilut dim pi sltrrehtn :
guiih between Ihem) by the iize. Arm, p. 6S.

id by one of a parly 1 had at woil
a migraling ■nitvy; who, in utte
a place could be, had asked, 'Wer

.0 far ai he coutd siitl ihcm (diitin

Skillet, sb. A small metal pot for the fire, with a long handle.

Hall, mentions the 'long handle' in hii definitioii ofthe word, « also (VJ. GI. Wedgw.,
however, defines ikilUl or tMltl as ' a small vessel with feet for boiling,' and coiiaects it
with It. tquilla, a little bell, Oemi. scbdle, id., O. Lat. dtilla. • Shlttla, in old Latin re-
cords, a little bell for a church steqile, whenre our nssels railed dtUleU, usually mvle of
bell-metal.' Philip's ffta World of Words, 1706, quoled by Wedgw.

Skime, v. n. (pr. skahm). To look from underneath knit or lower-
ing brows ; which may give an appearance of obliquity 10 the vision.

' To Scant) or Skime. to squint slightly ; more in the way of knitting the brows than
from obliquily of the eyes." Wb. Gl, Cf. O. N. ikinui, ocukis ciitTimfeir*, oeulis emitsitiis
uli, ikima, a chink, sufficient to show ■ gUmmering of light. Comp. alsD S. Q. shmiigd,
()ui obscure videt. losciosus ; A. S. seiman, kiduor, to be dazzled, weak-eyed, lippos esse.
Then meaning! are held by Wachtet to flow from tcbiimtn, to shine faintly, to throw a
glimmering light. Germ, tcbitamtm. But one ought not to overlook the tact that a du-
ring light has more effect on the eyes, and on the action of him who uses hit eyes under
its influence, thin a weak or glimmering Ught, and that A. S. icinson also means, and as its
tint meaning it would seem, to fitter, to shine; which it also irue of Germ, icbimmmi,
PI. D. sbtmirm. Sw. lUmra, Dau. D ifaWf, &c. It is not, therefore, passible that the
appropriation of skime, in O.N. and our Dial. 10 the action ofthe eyes, aklmmer, lo the
light itself, niiy depend on the acknowledgment of tuch eflects of a dazzling light?

/. n. To shine brightly; as the morning sun, when it
shines into the eyes, so to speak: to glitter or throw out bright rays; as
a. bright object in the simshine.

O. N. ihumi, ^lendor. nilor, S. G. stimra, radlire, Dan. D. sliimrt, to give out rays of
ligbt, A.S. scymrian, id.. Germ, ubi'mmtra, lo sparkle, to be dazzling. PI. D. sitmirm.
abeiufrii. la daj.tle. E. sbimmtr is apiJied lo a glaniiUR and feeble, rjihei than britlianl.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 459

light— our word to a brilliant light such as nearly horizontal (as opposed to vertical) rays
afford, as in the example subjoined.

' " A fine, skimmering morning ;" a splendid dawn, betokening a fine day.' Wb. Gl.

Cf. N. aftenskumringt the dusk of the evening.

Skimmering, adj. Bright, sunshiny, brilliant; but applicable only
in the morning, before the sun has attained much height in the heavens,
or when its rays shine more into the eyes, so to say, than later in
the day.

Skirl, V. n. To scream, to emit loud, high-pitched notes or sounds.

Ihre collates E. shrill with skriilla, to emit a harsh sound, as broken pots, 6cc., do :
thence, to give forth any harsh, discordant noise. Jam. quotes O. N. skralla^ sonum stre-
perum edere, Dan. dtralde (misprinted skralber), a word applied, says Molb., to higher-
pitched sounds than the words breige, buldre, dundre ; e. g. to the peculiar sound of the
thunder that accompanies a leyin-bolt ; to a screech, in short. O. N. skndla^ to give forth
a sound such as over-dry things do when touched, S. G. sirall, skrdll, skorl, vociferatio,
come nearer still to the sense of our skirL Dan. D. sknU^ dissonant, and skralU, a loud-
tongued woman, a scold, also approach nearly, while in ikryU^ S. Jutl. skraaU, to screech,
to shriek horribly, to cry aloud, or bewail, we have the exact counterpart of our word by
simply allowing for the continually recurring transposition of the r.

Skirling, sb. Screaming, the sound of shrill, high-pitched cries or
notes.

' The skirling of the sea-gulls is said to be the forerunner of a gale.' Wb. GL

Skit, V. n. To sneer at or reflect upon a person, to ridicule in-
directly.

Skittishy adj. Given to, or characterised by, a tendency to indirect
satire or reflection.

• SkitHsb, satirical.' * Wb. Gl.

SkiverSy skiyvers, sb. Meat- or butchers'-skewers ; splinters or
spKt pieces of wood.

* Skewer, In Dev. called a skiver, probably identical with sbive or sbiver, a splinter of
wood ; Dan. skiave, PI. D. sebeve, a bit of straw, or of the stalk of hemp or flax'— comp.
our Bhiv — *Prov. E. skeg, a stump of a branch, peg of wood.' Wedgw. Comp. also
ebives — a cbive of garlic, cbi/e, a fragment, Fr. ebippe^ ebtffe, a rag, a jag,

Skraty sb. See Sorat.

Skrat-besom, sb. A broom or besom worn to the hard stumps by
long or severe usage, so that when applied it will rather scratch than
sweep. See Sorat, vb.

Skrimp, skrimpy, adj. Scanty, short in quantity, dealt out grudg-
ingly.

Rietz supposes a lost strong vb. skrimpa, to become dry, shrunken, smaller, of which the
p. p. skrumpen and sup. skrumpit yet remain current, collating Qerm. D. sebntmpett, to

3 N 2

460 GLOSSARy OF THE

wrinkle, N. S. scbrumpelnt Dan. skrumpe^ id., A. S. serimnum, to become dry, lean. To
this vb. he refers the Sw. Dial, words skrampt lean, poor, of a horse, dkramptTt D. D.
skrampel, an old skrile or poor horse, skrimp, a poor meadow, tkrompt to becmne less or
shrink, skrompen^ shrunken, See.

Skrimp, v. a. To be sparing with, to dole out in scan^ measure.
See Skrimp, adj.

Skrudge, v. a. To crowd or squeeze close ; to compress by per-
sonal contact ; as in a crowd.

Cf. scrouget to crowd, to squeeze. Scroodge^ a crush. Halliwell. * Sentse, to preu or thrust
hard,' quoted in Wedgw., together with a line from the F. Queene : —

' Into his wound the juice thereof did scrvzg'

Fr. escrager, escraseTf to crush.

SkufOy skuff, sb. An abrupt or rocky bank, a precipitous rise from
a plain. See Skafe.

Slabber, v. a. To wet the thread with saliva in the process of spin-
ning, using the finger and thumb for the purpose.

D. Dial, slabber, the dribblings of saliva from the mouth, also the glairy discharge from
the vagina of female animals before parturition ; N. slabba, to dabble, to spflU Comp.
Germ, scblabbem, to slobber, scblabber-tucb, a bib ; PI. D. slabbem, to make a noise in
water with the bill, as ducks do. Dut. slabberen^ slabben, to slobber ; 8cc.

Slabby, adj. Slight, unsubstantial.

O. N. slapa, flaccere, pendere, slapp, laxus, remissus ; S. G. slceppa, relaxare ; Dan. dap,
not tight, relaxed, flaccid ; N. S. dapp. The Dan. word takes much the same sense, meta-
phorically, as our word ; as dappe tider : times characterised by laxity of principle or action ;
slappe grundsatninger : loose, slight, unsubstantial foundations ; &c. Note also O. N.
dappr, nugz, Dut. slobberen, to be loose and flabby, Pol. daby, faint, weak, feeble, Sc.
daupie, flaccid, flabby, inactive.

* " A poor dabby job ;** as a slightly constructed building.' Wh. GL

Slack, sb. A hollow, a place where the surface is more depressed
than the surrounding area ; a bottom between two slight rises.

Comp. Dan. dag, hoUows of some length and breadth in a road or track ; D. Dial, davg,
id., daag, hollows in sand banks, occasioned by the removing action of the wind. Mr.
Wedgw. remarks that our word — ^Sc. dach — * may he explained by N. dakkji, slackness,
a slack place in a tissue, where the surface would swag down.'

Slafter, sb. Pr. of Slaughter. Comp. the sound of * laughter.'
Slain, slane, sb. (pr. sleean). The smut of wheat (Uredo caries),

Comp. Sw. dd-sdd, seed which will not fructify ; Dan. D. f/«t, shrunken, withered, of
com ; as, et mgar er dmit: the rye is pined ; S. Jutl. d9g, poor, having no vigour. I be-
lieve the fundamental meaning of all these words is, * deficient in vital force or vigour.'
They are applied to men and animals as well as to seed (or com), and the congruity of
sense, taken with the similarity of form, is sufficient to justify a reference of our word to
them as its origin.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 46 1

Slair, V. a To idle or lounge about; to realise the idea of a lazy
sloven.

The first of a numerous class of words all apparently connected in form, and yet with
considerable diversities of meaning, but running through the notions having to do with
what is wet, dirty, or slimy; being idle, lounging, or gossiping; being loose, imsteady,
unstable, not to be depended upon. Mr. Wedgw. regards all these words, met with, more-
over, through all the Northern tongues, as closely related to each other, and, it would seem,
rightly. Our more prominent words belonging to the specified class or family, are slair,
slairy, slathery, slatteiy, slidder or slither, slithery or slithering, slidderish,
slowdy, Sluther, Sluthennent, sluthery, and the number of almost coincident forms,
with at the same time strikingly analogous, if not fully coincident, meanings, that are met
with in the Northern tongues and dialects, is sufficiently remarkable. Under Slattern, Mr.
Wedgw. remarks that ' the act of paddling in the wet and the flapping of loose textures
are constantly signified by the same words ; and the idea of a slovenly, dirty person may
be expressed either by reference to his ragged, ill-fitting, neglected dress, or by the wet and
dirt through which he has tramped.' It might be added that there is a like connection
between the ideas of passing over slippery surfaces or slimy substances and of general loose-
ness or unsteadiness of gait or conduct, as in £. slippery, our slithery, ^^-ith^rfTig. It is
of course difficult in such a case to allege of this or the other word in the family, that it is
more nearly represented by this or that Dan., or Dan. D., or Sw. word, and so forth. Still
in many cases the coincidence will be seen to be sufficiently striking. In the case of the
present word, comp. Eng. slur, PI. D. sluren, to be lazy, deal negligently with, slurig, lazy,
lifeless, indolent (which seems little more than a contracted form of sludderig or dod-
derig), Dut. slodderig, slovenly, indolent, negligent, from which again sloore, and thence
darken, a lazy, dirty, slovenly wench ; S. G. dore, andlla sordida ; Dan. D. doie, a careless,
slatternly female, duddrig, slovenly, negligent, indolent, dter, a slut, shttem ; S. Jutl. dud
(pr. diinr), anything about which one is careless, whence dudre, to shuffle, go lazily,
darre, id.

Slaary, adj. Slovenly, sluttish.

* ** Very dairy and slinky ;" both slovenly and skuUdsh or idle.* Wb. Gl,

Slaister, v. n. To do a thing idly, or in a slovenly manner.

Closely connected with the Blair group of words. Comp. the succession in Dan. duddrt,
to prate, gossip idly, trifle, be idle, dude, to be lazy, slovenly, indolent over one's work,
dudske, to do anythmg idly, carelessly, in a slovenly way.

Slaister, v. a. To flog, chastise with a whip, or other very flexible
instrument.

A frequentative from O. N. da, ferire, percntere, verberare, whence dasa, Isedere, vulne-
rare, dasadr, Isbsus, S. G. dd, ferire, percutere, diss, inter se decertare.

* ** I '11 daysier thy shoulders," or, " 1 11 give thee a good daistering:* ' Wl. Gi.

Slaisterer, sb. An idle, negligent, slovenly agent.

Slake, V. a. i. To lick. 2. To wash or cleanse imperfectly, just
wetting and rubbing off again; such cleaning as could be done wiUi the
tongue.

O. N. deikja, to lick, dikfa, to nib, levigate ; Dan. dikh, to lick, to rub. It ts obferr-
able that one form of the word yet lingering with us 19 alairk, which it probably doe to

46a GlOSSAKr OF THE

iHf VV N. I<^iik iMNk C^Ntti^ tbtt vKCttWMal Ft. of laik, namelj lairk, from Uykia.
ik^ 4^^ tK« ^»kft ttM>)l>» b>v »> mmjM an immhiiI one, may be doe to siiifa: compare lahtle

tNMkiK ^ ^V tkku a were make-believe in the way of cleansing.

\ hv^ #^ 4 iM»c*^ a MCf« wiipt and not a thorough cleansing.' Wh. GL

» **

HMIk^ltQi^^l^ $K That part of the equipments of a blacksmith's
^|f[y i^ Ht^^ ihe water used for plunging the hot iron in is kept

Hkta^ V. tt. To go, or do a thing, with speed. See under Slap

lU^l^pi^ a<Q« I. Slippery, smooth, as applied to surfaces of even or
v^uU^m c<vnsistency, or to thick or viscous fluids, as Kale for the calves,
Vhivk «i^ui\ Ac. a. Slippery, in the sense of not to be trusted, treacher-

ON. Wm^. lubricuf, iliipa, slipperiness, SlapenoM. Comp. S. Q.tlapa, O. Sw. ti^ to
\\4\\ itluttn uid (iround ; D. s/ifrf, to grind or polish anjrthing, so as to make it smooth, and,
mIMumuIYi iU|)p(iry or slapet Dan. D. debM, debber, slippery; slab, slabe, the plough-
iMi«>i iMuUrcid imooth and slippery by constant friction.
« A I Wf<^ »» gUii.' IVb. 01,

* A I W^# »» M\ aeMall.' lb. : often applied metaphorically to a person who cannot be
MuO«>»<i n(m) 10 ii calltd a ilape an.

* And who so wille do after me
Fulle tlapi of thrift then shal he be.' Toumd. Mysi, p. 17.

Hinptf-flngor^df adj. Letting slip, or apt to let slip, through or from
MM^t'ii Aiigc^rH or grasp.

ii H^ d$pp\fingr, in acquirendo vel attingendo mfelix. Dire gives slapp4fatuli as

Hllipoil, v. a. I. To render slippery, to make smooth or even. 2. To
\hA^uts action of the bowels, by the administration of laxatives or ape-
9\iih^i fif rathar to render them active.

f'MHif lu*i ^Hb$t to noliih, and so make smooth, slippery; Sw. dipa^ id.

I " mm Wf/f^M \m nil the batter if she had her inside slaptiud a bit ;" of a cow.' Wh. OL

NI#f^l»'(Niftlpi Mil. (pr. Blape-scau'p). A plausible, unprincipled person.

NtHf^if'MtfDd, adj. Having shoes on with such under-surfaces that
nWin^Uiii ^^ f hdfii^i^d i especially of horses whose shoes have been worn
4ti tiftihtMi llmt thay afford no hold on ice or pavements.

M(#f^l» f^yiVU4»d, adj. Fair-spoken, smooth-tongued, plausible.
Nl#f^ ^If, V M. To go off or away hastily.

thttht l^lllf»fif* 1M» »*y»i • prtJprie lignlficat relaxare : s/<0^ tfttr, d<2ppa Ids, A.S.dipan,
Hi thffifl I*' »/#/>/«{ i ♦/fli//i !»««»• remisius.* • Thence it denotes,' he proceeds, * to let
!fitt fii lu M*M/M|I* ((^>i\^!f wii Iha part of a custodian. Slm^ horU d^^pa in, to be accessory

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 463

to an escape, or to any one*s obtaining access to a prisoner.' Our word or phrase may very
possibly have a near connection with the Swedish idiom. In other words, I think the rehi-
tionship is not with the E. idiom * a slapping pace,' but rather with that of ' slipping away.'
See Sldpa, in Ihre ; O. N. sleppa, efiugere, elabi.

Slappy, adj. Sloppy, puddly, watery.

* " Shppy weather ;" rainy weather, causing accumulations of water and puddles, &c*
Wb.Gl,
• " It *s dappy walking ;" wet, puddly, under foot.' lb.

Slaps, sb. Slops; dirty water only fit to be thrown away; washings,
rinsings.

Slap-stone, sb. i. The sink in the kitchen, a shallow but broad
stone trough, with a drain from it, for the various culinary or domestic
cleansings to be performed over. 2. A hollowed stone, perforated or
with a grating let into it, over a drain, for slops to be thrown upon
or into.

Slap up, V. a. To eat, or drink, anything up very expeditiously.

* Swiss ichlappin, shbben, to slap, lap or sup up food with a certain noise. O. N. slupra,
Dan. slubrt, PI. D. tluhbem, to sup up soft food with a noise represented by the sound of
the word.' Wedgw. Comp. Dan. D. slappi or tlabbe, to lap, as a cat does milk, which is no
doubt the more immediate relative of our word.

Slathery, adj. Wet, rainy; of the weather: miry, puddly; of the
roads : but the idea in the speaker's mind is often composite of both
these.

* Slodder, slotter, sluther, slud, shidge, slutch, slosh, slush, are used prorindally or in fami-
liar language for wet mud or dirty liquid, melting snow, &c.' Wedgw. Our word forms
another addition to the list. See under Slair.

Slattery, adj. Of slovenly dirty habits; almost synonymous with
slaiiy.

Comp. F\,D, sludderig, indolent, inactive, with durig; Dut, dodderig, slovenly, with
doore, a slovenly wench ; and, in the same way, set slattery side by side with alairy.

Slaup, slope, v. a. To eat or drink greedily and coarsely, or with
much accompanying sound.

O. N. duprot Dan. dubre^ to sup up liquids ; PI. D. dvbberm, id. ; Du. dobbntn, to sup
or swill up liquids coarsely, or to swill in liquids as pigs, ducks, &c , do, dabhtn, to lap, to
slobber ; Dan. D. dappe or dabbe, to lap, as a dog or cat.

Slaver, v. n. To eject saliva from the mouth; or to suffer it to
flow, voluntarily or involuntarily. See Slabber.

Comp. O. N. slqfra, lambere, dqfr, linctus.

Slaverment, sb. Sycophancy, fawning, insincerity, * lick-spittle' per-
formances.

464 GLOSS A Ry OF THE

Slook, V. a. I. To quench, appease, moderate; of fire or what is
hot, diirst, passion, the caustic qualities of lime, &c. 2. Also used ab-
solutely or without an object, in the sense of to quench thirst or allay
dryness.

Pr. Pm, * SUhkyh (sleckyn or whechyn). ExHnguo*

* pe first es fire swa hate to reken

pat na maner of thyng may it sUken* Pr, o/Contc. 1. 6557.

* It sal slek )>aire thrist for ever.*

MS, Harl. 4196, fol. 51 (quoted in GL to iV. ofConse.)

0. N. slokva^ extinguere ; also to be slack or remiss over a thing ; S. G. ddcka^ extin-
guere. Ihre remarks that * from its form this verb appears to be a factitive, and that the
simple verb must have been an obsolete dahot one cognate to which the English keep in
dakt, signifying to allay (sedare)/ He also quotes doeknot extinguere. Sw. dockna, how-
ever, i& to cease to bum, to be extinguished. Dan. dukke, like Sw. ddcka^ is — i. To extin-
guish that which is burning : a. To allay thirst, sorrow, &c. From Ihre*s dockna no doubt
proceeds our form slooken. A. S. dcecian is neuter, like Sw. dochna^ signifying to become
slack, or dull, and conveying what is doubtless the radical meaning of the word.

' It (light claret) is desper^t good te deck wi' iv a hot deea.'

* To ddt my thrist ye war fiille fre.' Toumel, Myst. p. 316.

Sleok, sb. Drink; especially of any kind well calculated to allay
thirst.

• Good deck* Wb. GL

Sled, sb. A sledge.

A means of carriage often used in time of snow to carry com to the mill, turnips from
the field to the OwshuB ; also in leadinfif peats or other moor-fuel down the extremely
steep tracks or roadways which, in many places, are the only routes to or from the moor,
and are utterly impracticable for loaded wheel-carriages. The Sled is also used for the
transference of harrows, ploughs, &c., from the farmstead to the field, or from one field to
another. O. N. sledi^ traha, esseda ; S. G. s/adia, Dan. dade, O. H. Germ, s/i/a. Germ.
scblitten. Out. dedde^ didde. Cf. Gael, daod, a sledge ; Prov. E. dade, to drag on a sledge,
sledt to drag the feet.

Slem, adj. i. Bad, untrustworthy, ill-done ; of work done. 2. Bad,
idle, untrustworthy; of a workman, but also with a general application
to persons.

Dan., Sw., N. denit bad, vile, wretched or worthless ; O. Sw. denU}er, demer ; Sw. D.
demmer, i. originally, crooked, awry : a. bad, vile, shameful ; N. S. dimm, awry, crooked,
bad, dishonest or underhand ; Germ, scblimm, Dut. s/tm, &c.

1. » Look'd wcel enew, but desper't dem V t* wark ;* of a pair of shoes.

* Nobbut a slem an ; his wark wam't te trust tae.*
a. * A slem chap, as mean as he 's lang.'

Slem, V. a. and n. To slur over, to do imperfectly or perfunctorily.

' An idle, lang-backed chap, demmin* and slithering, an' deein nowght te nae yowse.*

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 4^5

Slew, V. a. and n. i. To turn or twist round; to cause to swerve.
a. To swerve or turn oneself aside or round. 3. In the passive; to be
intoxicated.

I. * " He ne^er diws his throat over his shoulder when he kens a full can ;" never turns
away his head when he sees a full cup.' Wb, GL
a. ' Sleu^d all a yah sahd ;' twisted all to one side.

Slidder, v. n. (often pr. slither), i. To slip or slide. 2. To walk
in a listless sort of way, as if it were too much trouble to lift one's feet
from the ground ; to slouch along ; to slip away quietly, so as to escape
notice, or nearly so.

Pr, Pm. * Slydtryh (slidyn). Labo vel labor, Slydyr (or swypjrr as a wey). Luhricus*
A. S. slideriant siidrian, to slidder, slide ; Sw. diddrig, unstable, slippery ; D. Dial, dudre, to
go with a shufiBing, listless gait ; Dut. tlidderen^ dedderent to slip, slide, foil, didderen,
to creep, wriggle along the ground. Comp. Wekh lUtbrttw, to glide, slip, llitbrig, slippery ;
O. N. didra, torpor, pigrities, didruUgr, lazy, inert.

3. ' There he gans, dithering alang, as gin it wur wark t* gan ;' labour to walk only.

' " Sliddered away ;" slipped by, gone aside.' Wb, Gl,

Slidderish, adj. Slippery, in the sense of not to be trusted.
Slight, adj. Smooth, sleek, glossy.

0. N. dittrt sequus, planus, glaber ; Sw. dot, laevis, politus ; Dan. det, even, level,
refined; Germ, scblicbt, sleek, smooth, level, scblecbt, plain, smooth, level; Dut. decbt^
dicbt, id.

Slinky, adj. Apt to slip one's duties ; evasively negligent.

Slip, sb. I. A pinafore for a child. 2. A case for pillow or bolster;
of linen or cotton.

Slip, V. a. I. To forget, to let slip from one's mind or recollection.
2. To let pass without notice or attention ; perhaps, wilfully. 3. Also
used impers., in the sense of to forget.

Ihre, as remarked under Slap, observes that the fundamental idea in S. O. dappa is that
of laxity, in the first place literal, then metaphorical, so that it comes to mean to let pass,
whether by reason of nq;ligence or intention. O. N. $l^pa also takes the meaning to let
slip, as, a word from the mouth, or an occasion of action. Again, S. O. slippa has the
meaning to escape, to slip out of liability or responsibility, while Dan. dippe takes all these
meanings as well as that of E. dip in * so and so slipped from my hands,' and that of hap-
pening suddenly or unexpectedly. The meanings of our word are closely allied with those
of the Scand. words where they imply ' slipping out,' as a word from the mouth ; the
thought slips from the mind in like manner ; or again, in * letting slip an occasion.' And
the imp. use follows directly.

1. • Weel, Ah 've dipped it, ony how ;' forgotten to execute a commission.

a. * He 's slipped mair fiirs nor yan ;' of a piece of badly ploughed land, where strips have
been left unturned by the plough.

3. * It dipped me altegither;' escaped my recollection.

30

466 GLOSSARY OF TffS

Slipe, V. a. i. To strip, or take off any superficial matters with
a rapid action; the skin off one's flesh; the feather or web from a
quill; the tiles or thatch from a roof. 2. To cut slices off with rapid
or decisive action.

A. S. slifan, to cleave, to slice. Wedgw. quotes slive, sther, a large slice, from Mrs.
Baker ; and in Pr. Pm. we have not only * Slyvyn asundyr. Fmdo,* but * Slyvyngt^ cattynge
awey/ and ' Slyvynge of a tre or o)>er lyke. Fissula ;' in which we recognise senses pre-
cisely identical with both those conveyed by our word. Comp. also Oenn. seUeifim, to
level or rase, to puU a building or a ship to pieces, which is liktwise a near connection of
our word.

Slitherings slithery, adj. Slippery, untrustworthy, apt to play false
or deceive. See Slidderish.

Slive, V. a. (pr. slahve). To slip on hastily and without heed to
adjustment ; of any article of dress, especially a loose-fitting one.

Connected with Pr, Pm. * Slyp, or skyrte ; Sloppt, garment. MtOOiorium ;' Pr. £. slop,
smockfrock, 8cc. ; O. N. sloppr, a loose linen outer garment ; our own Slip in both its
senses ; Fris. dupe^ Dut. dook, an outer cover for a piUow ; and more nearly, in form, with
sleeve J that which one slips an arm into. Note also Fris. dief^ Swiss tebtauf, a muff; Swab.
anscbliefen^ to slip on, atisscbliefen^ to slip off.

Slocken, v. a. To quench ; applied much in the same senses as
sleek. Also to drown or saturate with water.

Pr. Pm. * Slocknyh^ idem quod sleknyn ; dokkyn, dehkyn* Cf. S. O. doehma. See
under Sleok. Any place in a field where the water has stood for a long time, whether
from fault, or want, of drainage, to the damage of the herbage, is said to be dodkanadt
as, * w'olly dockenedj' * w'olly docken'd wi* watter.*

Sloke, sb. The scum or slime which rises to the surface of stagnant
water.

I connect this with dough, of a snake, of a suppurating wound; that which it cast
or thrown off from anything; which is the essential characteristic of our Sloke; Mr.
Wedgw. refers slougb to A. S. dog, perf. of dean, to cast, and collates d6g, the rejecta-
menta of fish in preparing them for food, as also what is called ' the dougb of falling
stars,' * a gelatinous growth found in wet weather, popularly supposed to be cast to
the earth by the falling star.' Comp. A. S. d<scan, to put off; Dan. D. dug, the thick
refuse left after making fish oils.

Slope, V. a. and n. i . To defraud, wrong or cheat ; to evade the
payment of one's just debts. Thence, 2. To abscond, to go away
leaving one's debts unpaid.

A near connection of slip, slippery, in its metaphorical sense, and slape. (Comp. tlape-
tongued). Cf. Germ, scbluppen, to slip away ; PI. D. dupen, id. A slight variation in

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 467

form, with the invidious sense of slip (almost coincideut with that of slink) arbitrariljr
affixed, gives our word.

Slopy, adj. Apt to cheat or deceive.

Slot, sb. I. A bolt; a fastening to a door (or the like), of metal or
wood, which is kept in its place and does its work by means of rings,
staples or grooves, a. A cross-beam or bar, running from one side-
timber to another in any construction, as a Sled. 3. The hollow tuck
or fold in a cap, or other garment, in which the slide-string runs,

Pr, Pm. * Sloott 01 schytyl of sperynge. Pgssulum. Slot, or schytyl of a dore.' Jam.
refers the word to S. G. dutOt claudere, and cognate words, all applied no doubt to shutting
or closing the door, which may be supposed to include, but does not by any means signify,
fastening it with bolts, or other like means of security. But he also quotes ' Teut. slot,
Belg. s/tfy/, sera, obex, pessulus,' words which are unquestionably connected with the origin
of Slot, but not so certainly connected with duta, duM, 8cc. I think the idea fimd&-
mentally is of that which slides, as a bolt or bar of a door does in its rings and into its
socket ; thence, that which is like a bar in form ; which, thinking only of the primitive
wooden sliding bar or bolt, the Slots of a Sled, harrow (see Jam.), &c., are (comp. Dan.
Dial, dud, a large staff, a thick bar) ; and thence, lastly, to that simply in which th^Slot
or bar moves, considered as a lengthened ring or tube. Comp. Germ, sebloi, a drain, a flue
of a chinmey.

* Attempted to break in by opening two doiis or bolts.' york Casdt Dep. p. 49.

Slot, V. a. To run a slide into a garment, or rather into the hollow
tuck or Slot prepared for its reception.

* Get thae slide-strings a' dotted in.'

Slough, sb. (pr. slufif). The outer skin or husk, as of a gooseberry
or currant ; the cast skin of a snake or Hag- worm. See under Sloke.

Slowdy, adj. i. Flabby, flaccid, soft; applied to fish, when out of
season. 2. Long and thin, lanky, ungainly; in person.

Jamieson gives the word duddery, s3monymous with ours, and also with Sc. diddery,
which he d^nes as * hard to hold, escaping one's grasp.' Teut. doddtren, flaocescere,
seems to be probably the source of the word, or connected with it. Cf D. dodderen, to
hang flabbily, PI. D. dodderig, loose, flabbing, which connect not only Dut. dodde, a dirty
sluttish woman, dodderig, slovenly, PI. D. dodde, a dirty sloven, Swiss seblodig, careless in
dress, with our word, but, through them, also D. D. doidagger, a slut, doiet to be sluttish,
dmdder or dmtter, a lazy, dirty sloven, and possibly also another didder, which signifies
simply dirt, filth, swinishness. Our second sense must flow from the first, or, in other
words, from the application of the word to such an object as a lanky, attenuated fish out
of season essentially is.

Slumber, v. n. (pr. slommer ; the <? as in * woman'). To sleep in a
comatose manner; of a sick person approaching death, or under the
pressure of his illness.

302

468 QLOSSARV OF THE

Slush, sb. Puddle, half-melted snow.

Comp. ProT. E. slud, sludge, Pr, Pm. * Slutbnes. Cenoutat; Slutte, Cenosus: Other
forms are Sluther, slutcb. Slosh. Comp. Sw. slask, muddy liquid ; Bar. scMoU, sdUotL,
mud, thaw or its consequences.

Slush on, V. n. To go on steadily, through Slush or whatever lies
in one's path: thence to go plodding on, through all changes and
chances, in one's line of life or business.

Slush-pan, sb. A cavity or hollow place in a badly-kept road, filled
with water and melting snow.

Slushy, adj. Sloppy, covered with puddles, or liquid mud ; or espe-
cially with half-liquid snow.

Sluther, slutherment, sb. i. Any slimy or viscid matter; 'the
jelly about the heads of the larger kind of fish when boiled.' Wh» G/.
2. Thickish or slimy dirt.

Comp. Pr. Pm^ * Slobyr^ or blobur of fysshe and o|>er lyke ; Slcbur, or tlobere» Fteee*
imtnunde,* with Dan. D. slabber, slabber, thick or viscid slime, from whatsoever source
proceeding, the mouth, an animal's vagina, 8cc., and both with our Sluther first, and then
with D. D. sUdder, dirt, viscid or sludgy foulness. It is hard to keep these 6's and tTs
apart. Mr. Wedgw., under Slidder, slither, slide, collates Dut. sledderen, slidderen and
slibberen, as also Dut. slodderen. slMeren; and, in more than one or two of our words
beginning with si, and having the following consonants dd, tb, or bb, pp, w, it seems almost
impossible not to suppose that these double letters were at least interchangeable in certain
cases in words expressing certain ideas.

Sluthery, adj. Covered with slimy or viscid dirt or mud.
Sly, adj. Clever, ingenious.

O. N. slcegr, vafer, Dan. slug, slu, Sw. slug, Dan. D. slmu, dw, N. dmg, O. E. sleecbe.
Germ, scblau.

* He war a desput sly chap wheea fo'st thow't o' thae sun-pict'rs.'

* parfor me )>ynk he es unslegbe

pat mas hym noght redy to deghe.' Pr. o/Conse. 1. 1939.

* Christ bad his priestis pece and grith.

And bad hem not drede for to die,
And bad hem be both simple and slie

And carke not for no cattell.' PloumuuCs Tale, p. 180.

Sly-cakes, sb. Cakes which, with a plain-looking exterior, contain
abundance of rich material within.

Smelly, adj. Little, puny, undergrown.

Directly from A. S. sfnealic, small, slender, thin. Cf. also S. G. smal, gracilis, tenuis,
quatenus opponitur lato, O. N. smar ; as, Hanns syner vdro \>eir Sigurdr oe piirkell, lider
men oc smaer : his sons were those two, Sigurd and Thorkell, men of small stature and
undergrown. Laftdfiam. p. 152. Comp. Germ, scbmal, scbmaler leid, a puny body.

• A poor, ftnally creature.* Wb. Gl.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 469

Smatoh, sb. A savour, flavour or taste. Also figuratively. See
example.

O. N. smekTt taste, savour, tmacka, to taste ; S. G. smai, Dan. tmagt A. S. snuee, O. H. O.
stnaebt gesmag. Germ, scbmack^ PI. D. smakk, Dut. smiiak, Fris. snuk, Pol.' smak. See
Wedgw. in v. Smack.

* He has getten a smatcb o' London in his talk.' Wb. Gl,

Smere, sb. A patch of membrane, about the size of the palm of
a hand, found covering the nostrils of a foal at birth.

* Smerewortb (? snurewori). The round birthwort, or the herb mercury. Phillips.' Halli-
well. ' Called birthwort from its supposed remedial powers in parturition.' Prior. A. S.
smering-wyrtt snuort-uyrt, smert-wyrt. This is the only word that seems to have any
relationship or likeness to our word. Cf. Gael, stnur, sm^, a blot, spot, a meaning which
might be extended to that in ' patch.'

Smiddicom, smithicomy smittioomey sb. The refuse matter ac-
cruing from the exercise of the blacksmith's handicraft; the scales and
dust which result from the process of forging. Comp. Saw-oom, Coom
or Cum.

Smiddy, sb. The forge, blacksmith's shop.

O. N. smiiSja, smithy, 8cc.

* Al |>es world is Goddes smi^iSe, vorte smeot$ien his icorene. Wultu )>et God nabbe no
fur in his smit^e — ^ne belies — ne homeres?* After, Rtwltt p. 284.

Smity sb. Infection ; infectiousness.

Dan. smitte, infection, D. D. smedt id.; der er snud i den mands gaard, i den staid:
there is infectious illness in such and such a man's court (farm), or among his cattle, &c. ;
Sw. smitta ; A. S. smiting , contagion, infection. The connection with E. smite is apparent,
and of course with A. S. smitan, 8cc,

Smitoh, sb. A black ; a sooty particle such as falls from the smoke
of the chimney, or from the flame of a lamp that is turned up too high.

Comp. Smudge; also * Smutcb, stain, smut, dirt.' Halliwell. Sw. smuts^ inquinatio,
sordes, Dan. smuds, filth, dirt, both due, probably, to Germ, scbmutz, O. G. smiz, Comp.
also A. S. smitta, smut, macula, PI. D. smitte, Dut. smet. See under Smudge.

* iblsBcched he hsefede his licame : he had blackened his body,
swulc ismitte of cole.' as if smutted with coal.

Lay. ii. 318.

Smitting, adj. Infectious.

Smittle, V. a. To infect, to communicate an infectious disorder.

Dan. smittet Sw. smitta, to convey or communicate infection. Our word is simply a
derivative.

Smittle, sb. Infection.

Smittle, smittlish, adj. Infectious.

470 GLOSSARy OF THE

Bmook, sb. A shifi, or chemise.

Ihre'i comment under Smeg is — ' liraogs kladt properly lignifiei i girmenl which U
pnt on through an opening for the neck, called in Latin colloln'vm ; a garment foi which
the A, S. wotd ii smoc, Itl, imciga a iik Uadt meins to put one's heid through the open-
ing of the gitnient and so to put it on.' O. N, imoUr, i ihiit without arms. ' tn Udigo-
laiid imotk it a womin's shin.' Wedgw. 0. N. tmoita ur in: to iiiKil oneself into (one't
shift oi imock). See Bmock-tumiiig.

■ Atte Ihj chamber dore thy Lord can knocke,
8c thou didesi on thy smocki
& was lOie ifrayd, &c.' Fetcy'i Fol. lOS. i. p. 45S.

Bmook-tomii^, sb.

' for luck.'

Puttii

.rag I

1 one's Smock, or shift, inside out.

' The piactice of the wives and sweetheatu of tailors and fiihermen jnitting on their ihini
inilde out for luecest and a fair wind.' Wi. 01. • Foi luck,' originally attumcd or impoted
M a ditguiK, hat long siuce obscuied ot even destroyed the pertouit identity of the welter,
not to lay, in many cues, received a kind of factltioui life at the expense of the wcarer'i
eiiitence. In Ihii particular initancc, the wearer originally woi a practice or cbiervance .
good as againtt the supemilural poweri of itie Elf. Troll. Witch, and other niemben of the
fame uncanny host, and depending upon the same principle at the notions about doing
various actions involving rotation, 10 that the motion should be with ot agaiiirt that of the
tun, at might be requited in the special case or need concerned. The best explanation at
theie notions I have met with is in the following extract fiom Hyllen Cavalliut' Warmd
oeb Wtritmu, p. 188 : — ' Rattsylt, stUratt, rail or mid denotei motion in the same direction
as that of the tun, that is to taj, (torn Eui to Weit, Ihini the left to the light, from within
to without, from below and upwards. Whatever it may be that one deiiret to proceed fbr-
tunitely and happily must go raff or ratlsyli. A houte which standi lolrati, that is with
its gablci East and West, is believed in Wiirend to be luckier for tlie inmalet tliin one the
gables of which point North and South. When a perton ii bu>y (pinning, windiag. arrang-
ing the threads for the warp, twisting cords, spooling. Sec,, it must always be done ratlfift.
The Can and the Tankard must without fail circle 01 cross ihe board riitttyls. Nay eren,
in settling a bargain, the hand-shaking must be done from bdow and upwards, or the
bargain is sure to be unlucky. On the other hand, whatever goes forward in a direction
contrary to tlut of the tun'i movement, or from West lowar£ East, from right to left,
from without to within, from above and downwards, is said in the dialect of Wiirend to be
done ofuyfi, afmgl, oral or bid/.' (Comp. Widdirtbint. A direction contrary Id tlie course
of the sun, from right to leA. Halllwell. Also employed iu Tbi Aniipimy.) • Nothing
which is done with a motion of that sort can protper or be attended with luck. If any one
winds a ball of twine afvigl, the belief Is that he will be, 10 to ipeak, handthackled. when
it conies to a light with the Evil one. In point of (act. no action of daily Ufe may be done
OMy/i, oriui or a/tdgl. Still, however, popular belief connects with luch molion the idea
that it has a peculiar counleiacling influence against, or even is able to dissolve or temove,
all kinds of witchcraft or other evil tpellt. Should any one iherefoie desire to elicit the
holy flame— the Onid^d or Need-fiie — it must be done by whirling a peg of dry 01k in the
muy/i direction against some other wood. If he would charm away a ity in the eye ot
the pain of a wtench the magic turns mutl always be done ansji/i. The kink-cougb it to
be cured by drinking water that has dropped from a millstone turnmg ataylt. When anjr
tidcnett it to be charmed foith over an earth-fatt tlone, the wise man or conjurer officiating
must always ciicle the itone oiiiyfa. To turn one's jacket, or any other portion of the
clothing, inside out {o/vigl) it of bcncfll agiinil the bewildennent occauoned by the Fotci^ ]
fay or any other evil influence originatrng in like bnngt.' So here. It it held, or was

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 47 1

lately, that turning one's apron was a sore defence against the mysterious power of attrac-
tion attributed to the Will-o'-the-wisp. * A charm against Fairies was turning the cloak/
Brand's Pop. Antiq. u. 289. Thiele also, and Grundtyig, frequently mention the same or
a like remedy for witchery or bewilderment.

Smoor, smorr, smurr, v. a. To smother; thence, to suffocate.

Mr. Wedgw. looks upon tftiMr as * probably a contraction from smother, which itself is
provincially used in the sense of smear or daub.' That our smoor or Bmorr is a like con-
traction, or possibly a mere co-ordinate form, of smother, is still less open to doubt.
Smoulder, again, in Clevel. Pr. would first drop the /, and then suffix an h to the d, or drop
the d sound almost altogether, and so melt into smoother, or smoor. And I feel no
sort of confidence that our smit, smitUe, Smitcli, smudge are not also nearly related to
■moor, and so to smother, smoulder, llie idea conveyed by smit is rather of what is
tangible, than of what is merely palpable ; something as capable of being actually conveyed
on the person or the clothes as the Smitdh itself; the one fundamental difference being
that, in the one case the eye is capable of discerning the object denoted, in the other not :
something, that is, very different from merely a blow or stroke, whether sharply inflicted or
not. Again, Sw. D. smet, something which may be smeared upon anything, Dan. D. smid-
else, id., with the conesponding verbs, smeta, smide, seem to connect smit, smsU, Smitch,
smuds or smuts with smear, smmr, smor, &c., and this without going into the corresponding
analogies presented in Oerm., PI. D., and Dutch, as Dut. smodderen, to daub, dirty, smooren,
smeuren, to smoke, suffocate, smoor, vapour, smoke, PI. D. smudderen, smuddem, smudden,
to smear with dirt, daub. Germ. D. sehmorren, to smoke — tobacco, namely, Bav. schmudrig,
close, smothery; of the weather. Comp. also Gael, smiir, smiur, a spot, blot, smear,
smuidre, smuidrich, clouds of smoke, dust or smothery vapour, smuidir, smmdrich, to smoke.
Comp. Smudge. There is, however, an analogy in the case of Dan. smide, Sw. D. smeta.
which ought to be noticed. E. strike is used provincially in the same sense, as e. g., for
* to butter bread ;' also in HaU., for * to anoint or rub gently.'

Smoor'd i' t' keld (often pr. smod-i-keld). Of a foal suffocated in
the amnion, no help having been present at the time of birth.

The amnion of the mare is said to be much tougher or more tenacious than of any other
of the domestic animals, so that the catastrophe implied in 8mod-i-keld is one not
unlikely to happen if the mare foals unexpectedly.

Smoot, V. n. i. To hide the face, as a shy child in its mother's
dress. 2. To be shy in courtship; to abstain from open courtship, only
prosecuting it when unobserved.

We find Dan. smut hul, a place of concealment, or out of observation, smui vei, a retired
or secret path, smutte, to withdraw oneself, more or less quickly, into concealment, which
words Molb. connects with smug, a sb. which, by prefixing the prep. 1, can t>e used as an
adv., and signifies secretly, hiddenly, or the like. And these words are all connected with
Sw. smutt, smuga, a strait or narrow opening, Sw. D. smuta, smota, the opening for the neck
in a shirt, &c., Dan. D. smutte, a narrow passage, between houses, or the like, and through
them with our Smout, Smout-hole. The primary idea seems to be that of hiding, or
getting into hiding, as when it is said of the mouse, * smuttede ind i htdUt:* it scuttled into
its hole ; and so our first meaning follows simply and naturally.

Smooth, V. a. To iron ; linen, namely.

472 GLOSSARY OF THE

Smoothing, sb. The act of ironing ; or perhaps, more generally, of
getting up linen.

Smooty-faoed, adj. Shy, bashful, shame-faced.

Smout, smout-hole, sb. A hole or opening in the bottom of a
fence, through which hares or rabbits may pass; or, of a Dry-stone
wall for sheep.

Dan. smutte, a private means of egress or entrance, Dan. D. smutte, smou, an opening,
a small passage or entrance into a place, or means of egress from it ; a narrow passage
between houses. Sec. ; a small entrance or opening in the roof of a shed or bytt through
which hay may be put in, 8cc. ; Sw. D. sm'dta, smuta^ smuU, tmuga, a strait or narrow pas-
sage. See Smoot.

Smout-stone, sb. A large flat slab of stone used to stop the
Smout-holes in a wall.

Smudge, v. a. and n. i. To smear, as a boy may his copy-book;
or, of any action which leaves a smear or stain behind it. 2. To emit
smoke, as a smouldering fire does, or a fire before it breaks out into
flame.

Dan. smudset Sw. smutsOt to smear, daub, dirty. For the connection of the second defi-
nition see under Smoor, Smitoli, &c.

Snag, V. a. To trim or cut off" the branches of a tree when it has
been felled.

Jam. gives sneg, sneck, to cut with a sudden stroke of a sharp instrument, and quotes
Teut. snocken^ Germ, scbnecken, scindere. I do not find the latter word in Hilp., and it is
probably Old or Prov. Germ. He collates also S. G. snygg^ O. N. snoggt which latter
is explained by Verelius as * having the hair cut or cropped ;' and also O. N. snaugg klattU,
torn clothes. There must have been an O. N. vb., which has been lost, signifying to cut,
chop, truncate, and with which O. N. and S. G. snicharet Dan. sntdktr, a carpenter, one
who has to do with cutting and shaping wood, were connected. Comp. N. smcka, to cut,
whittle, Fl. snocken, id., Austr. scbnegem, to whittle, Gael, snagair^ to carve wood. But
D. D. sn9ge is, as nearly as possible, coincident with our snag, in both sense and form,
meaning to trim off the side branches of a tree.

Snahl, sb. Pr. of Snail.

O. N. snigill (whence our ab or cu sound), S. G. inigelt O. Sw. tnigil, Dan. smgl, A. S.
srueglt sntgl.

Snahzling, snahzly. Pr. of Snizling, sniBly.
Snake-stone, sb. An ammonite.

* Tradition asserts these formations to have been living snakes with which Whitby was
infested before the days of the Abbey ; but by the prayers of St. Hilda the foundress, and
the outstretching of her miraculous wand, they were swept over the Cliflf and turned into

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 473

Stones! Three " Snakestotus'* on a heart-shaped shield constitute the Whitby arms.'
Wb.Gl.

* Then Whitby's nuns exulting told
How, of a thousand snakes, each one
Was changed into a coil of stone,

When holy Hilda prayed ;
Themselves, within their holy bound,
Their stony folds had often found/ Marmion, canto ii.

Snap, sb. A round, crisp gingerbread cake or * nut'
Snape, v. a. To check, to snub or put down.

Cf. O.N. sneipa, pudorem alicui suf!undere. D.D. snevit vuwet tncewit I. To snip off, lop
off: 2. To check, put down, snape. Molb. collates Sw. D. snijia, which puts sneve in con-
nection with snidoftf as a frequentative. £. snub, Dan. snibbe, to check, put down, snubbe,
to dock, cut short, and several other words of cognate form and significance, belong to
this class.

' She began to say so and so, but I very soon snaped her.' Wb. OL

Snarly, adj. Chilling, bitter. See Snahzly.

* )re snawe snitered fill SHart, ^t snayped )>e wylde.'

Sir Gaw, and Gr. Kn. 1. 2003.

Hall, gives * snarily, severely, sharply,' and Mr. Morris quotes O. N. mart, cito ; but the
connection is with N. sn^ere, to blow, applied especially to a cold, searching wind, snoa, id.,
tnarif a cold wind or breeze, from the valleys among the mountains ; Sw. D. mo, vb. and
sb., id. Rietz looks upon this last word as connected with Sw. D. mo, to twist, turn round,
and it with O.N. mua, sneri, mmt; a notion which may receive confirmation from the
N. word, sncere.

Snayvle, v. n. (sometimes pr. with a sound of/", or nearly so). To
snuffle, to speak through the nose.

Mr. Wedgw. quotes PI. D. muff, muffe, nose, snout, in connection with the words muff,
miff. In like manner, S. G. snabd, O. H. G. mabul. Germ, sebnabd, Dut. mabel, may be
placed side by side with our word. Comp. also * nevelyngt with the nose,' Pr. Pm., with
Sw. nabb, nasus, and cognate words. There can be no question of the near connection
between the nouns signif3ring nose and the actions intended by BnavTlttf muffle, miff, smft,
muff. Sec.

Sneok, sb. The latch, or small bar of metal which acts as a fastener,
of a door or wicket, &c.

Pr. Pm. * Snekke, or latche. Clitoriutn, pessulum*

* Mak. Good wyff, open the hek. Seys thou not what I htyng ?
Uxor. I may Aolc the dray the mek. A, com in, my swetyng.'

Townel, Myst. p. 106.

Cf. Manx meg, a latch. Jam. says, ' I know not the origin if it be not Teut snaeken,
captare, captitare, q. what catches.' Comp. our 8neok-dog, and Sc. ' mack, to snap or
bite suddenly, as a dog.' No doubt the word is a close ally of map, match, inaek, many
instances of the convertibility ofp and ck having already been met with.

Sneok, v. a. To fasten or secure ; by aid of the Sneok, or latch,
namely. See Heck, Sneck, sb., Thumb-sneok.

3P

474

OLOSSARy OF THE

Bneok'bBnd, sb. The string, one end of which is fastened to the
Sueck or latch, and the other passed through a hole in the door, and
which, when pulled, raises the Sneck and permits the door to be
opened.

Sneck-dog, sb. A lurcher : sometimes applied to a greyhound.

See under Bnaok, sb. The dog vhose peculiai functioa it snatching. Hiding, catching.
11 oihen dcpfnd on llieit tcenl for btiiigmg their master up to hii game.

Snever, anevver, adj. Slender, slight.

S.G. snafwiT, atctus i of thai which meeH with difficully, as a Barment thai is too nnall.
Ihie connecti this word with O. N. nafr. jtctus.
lig, Sw. D. lu^fra, arctiie, impedire. "-egg. cuii
Sw. inof. itrait, conliacltd. But Dan. snetur i
tenK at well n, fona : for bciidei strait, tight, [i<

big enough, it m

us ilender, pined.

Sniokle, sb. i. A snare or 'wire,' such as is employed for the
capture of hares or rabbits. 2. A smaller and thinner snare for bird-
catching.

Mr. Wedgwood's deHntlion of mieili, — ' a snare for game, a knot that doles with »
mdden map ot spring,' in the second part of it teems founded on » misconception. 1 do
not think that the notiao of a snip oi spring: is in the least degree involved. On the con-
tiiiy, in fad ; as the action of a snare it euenliaUy apposed to that of a Epiing-tiap. There
i> no Euddenness in il, but a gtaduallj increasing tension and constriclion. Our Snook-
snarl is allied, the Leeds form of which i> miciinaH. LteJi Gl. also gives eiUtlle as
another form of sniciU, and Carr adds that Colgr. girei mi/It, a runuing knot, t look
upon the d u the rundamenlal form, and should refer the word to the same root as sntg^,
a snail, mUan, to creep, Biuxcba, limax, 8cc., in reference to ihc comparatively gradual
action of the snare— comp. Dan. ofgli, lo advance or move gradually, as a snul doci —
imless indeed it may be supposed, as Wedgw. sayi ii the case in mar*, there may be a refe-
rence to the twisting of the wire or hair employed io forming the au'eU: 01 Dan. awgl,
Molb. remarks that, used adjeelively, il eiprestes the idea of spirci. which is precisely the
idea on which the material form of a snort depends, and this view is lo a certain degree
confirmed by [he wold snici-inarl or Snookaawl. See Wedgw, in vy. Snort, Snarl.
Observe also that D. D. tnog is eilher a form, ot a synonym, of Dan. iiior, Iwiue — the equi-
valent of E. mart.

Snickle, v. a.

hares, or rabbits, t

required.

V. n. To sniff, or snuff up audibly as people with a cold
; that are too dirty and too lazy to blow their noses when

mofEiig. s«-;^ ptov. E. sni/J.
8iiift«rer, sb. One who baa the unpleasant habit of sniftering, or

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 475

Snig, V. a. To drag wood out from the place where it has been
felled, by the aid of a horse or horses yoked on to the end of a chain
fastened round the butt.

A. S. snican^ to creep, N. snikja, to sneak, insinuate oneself, Dan. sniget to cause to move
in a gliding, unobtrusive manner, to move in like manner oneself. Molb. remarks of the
word, that either it is wanting in the allied tongues and dialects, or that O. N. snuuga,
A. S. smugan, serpere, represent it. The adaptation from a gliding, unobtrusive, sneaking
manner of procedure, or motion, to that of simple gliding motion along the ground, as of
a tree drawn by a horse or horses with the application of no machinery save the chain which
supplies the means of traction, is simple and natural.

Snig-ohain, snigging-ohain, sb. The chain employed in the pro-
cess of snigging timber, or dragging it out from where it was felled.

Sniggle. The same as Sniokle, which see.

Sniggle, V. n. To laugh in a suppressed way, but derisively.

Simply another form of snigger, or snicker, to laugh in an absurd or contemptuous way.
Wedgw. says that Cotgr. understands sneer in this sense : but it is possible that it may be
rather our snire or its equivalent that he speaks of; and snire has always appeared to me
rather a contraction of, or resulting from elimination of the g in, snigger, with a limitation
of meaning, than in any other light. Comp. Germ, scbnaken, to jest, to quiz.

Snire, v. n. To laugh, not loud, but derisively ; to make merry, mali-
ciously or provokingly, at another person's expense, and with an affected
quietness. See under Sniggle.

Snirls, snirrels, sb. (pr. snolls). The nostrils : the first form a con-
traction of the second.

There can be no doubt that E. snore (A. S. snora, sb.) fs closely allied to this word. Swiss
tebnerre, PI. D. snurre, the snout, nose, present a still closer relationship and family likeness.
The words, Germ, scbnarcben, Dan. snorke, PL D. snorken, snoren. Lap. snoret, snorret, all
meaning to snore, no less than Sw. snor, the mucus from the nose, seem to indicate the
former existence of words of like form with our Snirrel, Swiss scbnerre, PI. D. snurre, and
with the same signification of nose, meaning nostrils, and with which snore would be closely
connected.

Snite, v. a. To cleanse, to wipe, to ' blow,* the nose, namely ; but
without the use of a handkerchief, at least, necessarily.

Pr. Pm, * Snytyn* a nese or a candyl. Emungo, mungo* O. N. snUa, emungere, S. G.
snyta, Dan. snyde, A. S. snytan, id. ; PI. D. snitjen, to snuff the candle ; Dut. snuiten, emun-
gere ; Germ, sebnduzen, sebneuzen, id. A parallel S. G. form is snoppa.

* Snite thy nose ;* or, • SniU thy snolls.* Wb. Ol,

Snizling, snizly, adj. (pr. snahzling, snahzly). Chilling, pinching,
penetrating ; of the wind.

Hall, gives ' snizy, cold. Cumb,,* which is doubtless related to our words, and Cr, Gl, has
*snitbe, cutting, sharp, applied to the wind,* which. Skinner speaks of thus; ' vox elegantis-
sima ; significat ventum valde frigidum et penetrabilem, ab A. S. snidan, Belg. snijden, to

3 P 2

47^ GLOSSARY OF THE

cut/ Hall, also gives the three fonns tnatbe^ snaze, tned, to prune trees (the third with the
additional meaning, to lop), which Mr. Wedgw. connects not only with * Westerwald scbna-
sen^ scbnaselrif Cimbr. snoazen, snozen, snoazeln, to prune, to lop trees,' but with * O. N.
sneiSf branch or twig of a tree ; afsneisot to cut off branches, to prune ;' which again finds
a connection in O. N. and S. O. snida^ to cut, D. D. medt^ to lop, cut side branches off, as
well as in Bav. scbnaiten^ to prune, lop, A. S. snidcm, &c. The forms med (midan), snadfe
taken conjointly with maze, illustrate Cr. snitbi as collated with Cumb. snizy, and our
snizly. See, however. Snarly, which is grouped with *SnarzIy' by the Wb. OL, though,
as I think, incorrectly.

Snobble, v. a. and n. (often pr. snowle). To entangle, or be, or be-
come entangled.

This must be a derivative from O. N. tnarat to twist, turn, or smta, id. ; Dan. snoe, to
twist or twine, as a rope or string is made ; S. G. snor, snore, a rope or twisted cord.
I look upon it as almost co-ordinate with E. snarl, * to ruffle or snarl like overtwisted
thread.' Cotgr. ; snarl, a snare. Hall. ; Sc. snorl, a snare, snurlU, knotty. In fact the
interval in slovenly or prov. Pr. between snowle and snorl is not very wide.

Snobble, sb. (often pr. snowle). i. A confused or intricate entangle-
ment, as of thread, wool, twine, &c. Also metaphorically, 2. A muddle,
a state of perplexity or difficulty.

Snooks, sb. Intertwistings and entanglements in thread, wool,
twine, &c. See Snooksnarls.

Snocksnarls, sb. The knots, or complicated intertwistings and
entanglements of thread, string, silk or other twisted articles, when care-
lessly handled and suffered to wind themselves up, &c., at their own
pleasure.

See Sniokle. Snarl is a common South-country word, both vb. and sb., affiled in the
case of twisted and entangled string, thread, silk, &c., and its connection with £. snare,
O. N. snara, Sw. snore, sno ; N. snare, to twist round, &c., is obvious.

Snod, adj. Smooth, even, trim.

O. N. snodinn, glaber, N. snoydd, made smooth or bare. S. G. snod, nudus, and D. Dial.
sffde, to chop the small boughs off a tree, or trim it, will no doubt serve to indicate a con-
nection with O. N. and S. G. snida, to cut, chop, A. S. snidan, &c. The word in our dialect
usually accompanies the word snog ; — as, * ** Snod and 5110^ ;*' smooth and compact.'
Wb, Gl. Comp. * Thou wouldst be a mettle lass enow, an thou wert snog and snod a bit
better.' Heart of Mid-Lothian (addressed to Jeanie Deans, whose bonnet had been violently
torn off).

Snog, adj. Tidy, trimmed, * in apple-pie order.'

O. N. snbggr, glaber, depilis, S. G. snygg, smooth, not hirsute, trimmed, Dan. D. snmg,
neat, tidy, trinmied, smoothed ; as, Han <e saa snog som en aalam : he 's as snog as an ewe
lamb ; of any one who has been deaning hiflsel' ; namely, washing his face, shaving, and
so forth. In some districts it becomes snok. The N. word, snygg, affords an interesting
instance of a varying but not divergent sense, as in * Kvessen var stygg, og hleggen snygg :'
the wasp was cross and the cleg stuck close. Arne, p. 61.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 477

Snoke, snook, v. n. To smell at, with a strong or audible inspira-
tion of the breath ; to snuff at.

S. O. snoka, insidiose scrutari, to try and smell out a thing ; Dan. snage ; O. N. indfa ;
Dan. D. sn9kke, to smell after, or out, to spy out ; Sw. D. /d mufven of nigot : to get
scent of something ; at sn^kke i nctsen : to snook with the nose ; * To snook, wind, search,
or smell out :' Cotgr. ; * Nicto, to snoke as hounds dooth :' Ortus, quoted in Halliwell ;
PI. D. snukken, to sob, Dut. snicken, to sniff, scent out, Fris. snucke, sn'dke, to sniff.

SnoUfl, sb. Pr. of Snirls, short for Snirrels.

Cf., however, N. sndldt sl snout, nose.

Snoork, sb. Pr. of Snook or snoke.

Comp. Dan. snorke, to snore, O. N. snarka, N. S. snorken.

Snow-flag, sb. A snow-flake. See Flag.

Snub, V. a. To check with sharp speech, to reprimand or chide.

O. N. snubba, snuggOf S. G. snubba, increpare, corripere ; Dan. snvbbe, to clip, curtail,
dock a thing ; also to cut it short, in the sense of bringing it to a dose ; Dan. D. snyppe ;
Fris. snubhe, snobbe, to snub.

' But it were eny persone obstinat,
Hym wolde he snybbe scharply for the nones.'

Chaucer, C. T. Prol. 99.

Snubbing, sb. A chiding, a reprimand, a check.

Sob, V. n. To emit or produce a sighing sound, as the wind does
when calmer weather is superseding a blast. See Sough.

Sook, sb. The ploughshare ; especially if of Bun-metal, or cast-
iron.

* Socke of a plough, soe de la cberue :' Palsgr. ; * Soe, the coulter or share of a plough :'
Cotgr. ; Gael, soc, snout, beak, front part of a thing, a ploughshare. W. sttfcb, snout, point,
sweb aradr, snout or sock of a plough. Comp. Germ, secb, a coulter, which, however,
Hilp. looks upon as connected with sdgen, to cut with a saw.

Sodden, v. a. To steep, soak, soften by placing or laying in water.

The p. p. of uetbe, with the derivative sense of * soaked,' converted into a vb. of vary-
ing form and with an active signification. See Sodder. D. D. smden, in the compound
word lapseden, wet to the skin, soaked, drenched, corresponds precisely with E. sodden in
the sense soaked, saturated.

Sodder, v. a. (often pr. sother). To steep, or keep long immersed
in water, as a washerwoman's hands are ; or things that are laid to soak.
Chiefly used in the passive. See Sodden.

Soddered, adj. Affected by long-continued immersion in water;
rendered white and wrinkled, as a washerwoman's hands are.

47«

GLOSSARy OF THE

Sodgy, adj. Fleshy, of large si

; of the p

e person, or a person.

Comp, Soggie. faO oCSeik. Northumb. Halliwell. The word may pouiblj be a varying form
of "'ggy. figging. See Sat. Con.p. ' Sir Rowland Ruisei-coat, their c!jd. goes iogg-iJ*
eveiic day in his round gascoynes of while coltou.' Pitrct Ptniltsit, quoted in Halliwdl
' Whal a sagging gail he hu ;' of the heavy, laborioui walk of a corpulent man.' Block.

Bod-beap, sb. A heap of weeds, sods, &c., laid togedier for burning,
0 dUigeotly u to enTclope

Sods, sb. Parings from a grass-grown surface, cut with a turf-spade,
or like instrument, and used as temporary coverings for heaps of pota-
toes just after they are raised, or for a shed or the like.

Dm. D. sodd oi saadd, four-square tunes of grais. used to lay on the lop of Hone-
walls. &c. ; FriE. tad, lalba, whence lad-diik, fences or walls made with sods. On oar
Cleveland moon, ill case of enclosure, the Dikes or fencti ate made ejiclly ibui ; thai ji,
with squire aud tbickiih sodi built upon one another, the giasi or Ung sides downwards.

Soft, adj. I. Wet, rainy; applied in the case of a wet day, or wet
weather, not lo a casual shower, a. Wet and muddy to walk over;
of the roads in wet weather.

A. S. loft, tifi, BoEW., after noticing the various correlilivet of (his woid — viz. PI. D.
lagt, taglt, Dut. lacbt (tacbt, tafi, Wedgw,), O. DuL iokIi, co/t. Germ, sanfi, tatbt,
O. Germ, lamfl, stmfii, itnfl, Sw. aoAle, O. N. ufa. lo mitigite, taften — goes on to observe
that ■ Adelung thinks the word related lo the Germ, aft, sap ;' lo which add O. N., Sw.,
and Dan, u^, id. Il surely mutt be from some luch source thai our word acquires its
peculiar and continually recniring sense. Soft weather, A soft day. It's aott walk-
iag, Boft deed, are the greetings which, on a downright wet day, one is apt to meet
with from nine out of ten of all the passengers he fills iu with. It is a sense which followi
latuially from none of the ordinary variations or shades of meaning belonging lo the
itiDdard word.

■ ■■ It \ boun lo fall soji;" it is going to be rain.' Wl. Gl.

' " It 'i iq/l tramping ;" the roadt are muddy to walk on.' Ih,

Softish, adj. Disposed to be steadily wet or rainy ; of the weather.

■ ■' A ioJIUb night ;" a rainy nighl.' Wb. Gl.

Soonest, used adjectively. Quickest, shortest, nearest : used also tn

the comparative.

' Ah s'al gin t' low road l it 's mich t' lootrnt gaiigin'.'

■ Gan the nomit way Ibee can.'
Cf. 4 7ix'"V ^^•

Sort. sb. {often pr. soort). A number, or a many, coUecied together.

■ " There was a good loorl there ;" a good many assembled.' Wi. Gl.

Cf. ' There on a diy as he pursued the chace,

He chanced to spy a sor/ of thepheid grooms.

PJjying nn pipes.' Spenser's F. Quuai {'\iiolcd hy Wedgw.),

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 479

S088, V. a. and n. i. To fall with force, or a splash, as anything of
weight falling into water does. 2. To cause anything to fall so into
water. 3. To lap water, &c., as a dog does in drinking.

* Souse or toss is used to rq>resent the sound either of a dull blow or of dabbling in the
water.' Wedgw. * Souse, vb., to fall upon, to fall with violence.' Brock.

S088, sb. Puddle, muddy or turbid water or other liquid.

So88-pot, sb. A guzzler, a toper, a drunkard.

Sough, V. n. (pr. both soo and suf!). i. To sob or sigh, as the
wind does when blowing fitfully, or declining in force after a hard blast
2. To sob or pant for breath, as one does who is distressed after long
running or violent exertion.

A. S. swogen, swegen, to sound, to make a noise, as swegde switSlie wind : cum strepitu
imiit vehemens ventiis ; swegdon watera : sonuerunt aqu«. Ps. xlv. 3. Pr. Pm, * Swowyn
or sowndynge, as newe ale, wyne or o)>er lycure. Bulbio, bilbio,*

* I was wery for-wandred,
And wente me to reste
Under a brood bank
By a bournes syde ;
And as I lay and lenede,
And lokede on the watres,
I slombred into a slepyng.
It sweyed so rourye.' P. Plougbm, p. I.

* From dede to lyfe thou rasyd Lazare,
Sen stalkyd stylly hi the see swogbe.
Both domb and defe thou salfyd from sare.' Townel. Myst, p. 188.

See also the examples given in Hall, of the occurrence of sufougbe, swowe, swouynge, the
transition from which forms to our later sougli is simple, and indeed necessary. Comp.
also Sc. sought soueb, swoucb, a rushing, whistling sound ; the * low melancholy tones of the
wind which precede and prognosticate rain.' Jam.

Sound, V. n. To swoon.

A. S. asunman, to swoon, a word closely connected with aswindan (p. p. asumnden), to be
weakened, to languish, to fail in vital energy, swindan, id. We meet with the sb. swoume in
Pr. o/Consc. 1. 7289 ; swone in E. Eng. Allit. Poems, A. Swogb occurs as a sb. in Townd,
Myst.f and swough in Chaucer; iswowen, or bi-swoie, in Lay. i. 1 30, = in swoon. The pcpl.
swowinde appears in Ancr. Riwle, p. 388. From it would spring the form simmnd, and from
swound, our sound, as sougli, sucb, sike, sowl from swougb, swueb, swilk, wriU, 8u,

Sotmd, sb. A swoon, a fit of insensibility.

* And shee breathing upon the said Aime, immediately the said Anne did falle downe in
a sound.' York Casde Dep. p. 197.

Sound, sb. The swimming-bladder of a fish ; principally of the cod,
Cod-BOunds forming a regular article of trade.

O. N. sund, swinuning, sund-magi, swimming-bladder of fishes ; A. S. tund, swimming,
floating ; Dan. D. tuun or turme, file swimming-bladder of fish. The Shetland toum is
intermediate in form between tund and sudm.

480 GLOSSARy OF THE

Soup, V. a. To soak, saturate or drench with water.

Simply another form of sop. Comp. Dan. D. soppt^ to wet oneself by walking through
long wet grass or in boggy places.

* They gat fairly souped through.' Wb. GL

Sour-dooken, sb. The common sorrel {Rumex acetosa). See
Dooken.

The A. S. name for this plant is seearpe doeee. The origin of the prefix, therefore,
would seem to be rather O. N. syri, sur^ Sw. sur, 8cc., than the corresponding A. S. sur.

Souter, sb. (pr. sowter). A shoemaker, a cordwainer.

Dan. D. sudder^ O. Dan. suth<Br^ suder, N. Fris. suiter, O. Sw. svtare, Sw. D. sudare, a
shoemaker. East Fris. sutber is a tailor (Molb.). The word is connected by P. E. Miiller
with O. N. suda, to fasten together. Wedgw. derives the word * immediately from Fr. save-
tier. It. ciahattiere, a cobbler, souter or clouter of old shoes/ connecting it thus with
Fr. savate, sabot, sabato, Sp. Tuipdio, Sec. He adds, ' Finn, suutari. Lap. sutar, are supposed
by some to be corruptions of Germ, sebuster. They also remind us of O. N. sutari, a tanner,
from suta, to tan.' Surely the Finn, and Lap. words may rather have been derived from
the Scand. ; while the latter can scarcely have been borrowed from a Romance source.

Sowl, V. a. I. To move or pull forcibly about in water so as to
agitate it strongly ; of anything which it is desired to cleanse. Hence,
2. To duck, to wash by immersion.

* Soufl, to plunge in water. '* Oi'e theesen a good sowling" to a dirty child. '* Sowl it
weel ;" duck it well.' Leeds Gl. * Sowl, to agitate in water for the purpose of cleansing.'
Wb. Gl. I think there can be no reasonable doubt that this is simply another form of
swUl. * I swyll, I rynce or dense any maner vessell.' Palsgr., quoted in Halliwell. ' Swill,
to throw liquid over anything.' lb., from A. S. swilian, to swill, wash, swUing, a liquid to
wash the throat, a gargle. The conversion of swill into sowl is amply paralleled in Sou^
from swougb, sound from swound, soom from swim. Sec.

Sowling, sb. A ducking, a rough washing by immersion once or
oftener repeated, and with accompanying agitation.

Spade-graft, sb. i. The depth a spade reaches in the act of dig-
ging. 2. The quantity of earth or soil removed by one application of
the spade in the act of digging.

Spane, v. a. (pr. speean, spean). To wean.

O. N. speni, Sw. spene, A. S. spana, an udder, the breast. The Germ, spimen, has exactly
the same application as our word. Comp. the word spane, in Cr. Gl. ; * Com is said to be
in spane or spaan when it just begins to detach itself from the parent grain.'

Spang, V. a. and n. i. To project with more or less force ; to fling;
to shoot, as a boy does a marble. 2. To move oneself with force or
velocity ; as in wdking or leaping forth from a place.

Mr. Wedgw. says, * From the sound of a snap also must be explained the Sc. sense of the
word {spang) to leap with elastic force, to spring,' the same idea having been, but some-
what hesitatingly, put forward just before to explain the forms, Dut. spang, O. N. ^ong.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 4^1

a clisp, N. Fris. spungin, to snap. Jamiesoa's idea is that the word is connected with
' O. N. tpitma^ Genn. tpannin, signifying to extend ; tpamundM, elasticity ; tpangen, the
clasps of a book, because they extend from one side of it to the other.' Assuming that
ipimgiH is connected with spawun (a connection which Ihre does and Hilpert does not
appear to admit) still it might have been a happier suggestion to notice the application of
Dan. tp€Bndi, Sw. tpanna, O. N. tpiima, to the act of stringing a bow, or putting it into
that condition whidi causes that

* The arrowis flee spangand fra every stryng.' Dougl. VirgU,

Certainly, as we have /o tpin along, and to spank along, in the same sense of rapid
motion, spang may be connected with one or both of them, particularly if, as is possible, the
fundamental idea is that which connects rapid motion with the glancing of light, as in
the case of glance, glint, glide, gleam. Comp. Sc. spunk, a spark, Gael, spang, any glitter-
ing or shining object, W. yspoftc, a skip or quick bound— and thence, a smack ; Bav. ^an^
gin, to sparkle, like effervescent wine, where the two senses of motion and glittering or
gUncing are combined. Note, however, that Aascn gives two vbs. spenna, one a strong vb.,
tignifjring to move oneself with more or less of elasticity, and the other, to kick or thrust
forcefolly with the foot. The hitter he supposes to be connected with A. S. tptaium,
B. spurn. The former may be connected with our vb.

Spangy sb. A leap, a bound.

* It nobbut gav' three spangs, an' it wur aff t' rooad an' ower t' dike ;' of a fkUow-deer
headed by a passenger along the road.

SpangheW) v. a. To project, or cause to move with force or
velocity.

Leeds Gl, and Cr, Gl. give the form ' Spangwhew,' the hitter giving the verb ' Whew,' to
throw, in a kter part of we book.

Spanker, sb. A big one, ' a thumper/ ' a whopper.'

Of course from spank, to inflict blows, 6q>ecially with the open hand.

Spanking, adj. i. Of great size, bulky, a. Of considerable speed,
rapid.

* A great spanking fellow.' Wb, Gl,

Spared, p.p. Left over, remaining, not consumed. See Mak' spare.

* They 's all had enew, but there 's a vast spared;* of the cake and other provision made
for a school-feast.

' Eat what thee liket, an' what 's spared tak' awa' yimm fur t' bairns.'

Spate, sb. (pr. speeat). A heavy shower, or sudden downfall of rain.

Comp. Sc. spait, spate, speai, a flood. Jam. quotes, from MmUrtity, i. 174—

' And doun the water wi' speed she rins.
While tean in spaits fa' fast frae her e'e ;'

where the sense is Hke that of the CleveL word ; as in jr qpeeat o* rain.' The word is
probably connected with E. spii, A. S. tpakm, O. N. ^yia, N. sputta, See, Cf. wattr-epout,
and the idea involved.

3Q

GLOSSARy OF THE

Spattle, sb, Spittle, saliva.

Spau'd, sb. The shoulder of a pen, the part bounded by the
split in the middle and the sloping cut on either side from the nib
upwards.

Under Spjala. Ihte connecti with cpj^ M. Lit. ifoUa, umus, wbence Fc. tspaalt, O. P[.
ttpaldt, ind V/ dsh y ipold ai yspavid, the thoulder. Hence also tpadt-boat (or blade-bone)
of a ihoulder of mutton. Wedgw. gives also ' M. Lat. tptUula, ipadula. schulder, ichnldei-
beia ; spahdoius, hiving wide and large ihoulder-bladcj.' From ttie M. Lat. come, beiide*
the Ftencti wordi. Port, eipalda, tspddra, Pior. tspalla, Grii. tpmBa. But the M. Lat void
must ascend to a fu higher souice, itself cognate with the origin of S. G. ipiala. Dan. D.
spilke. O, N. spilkr, oui spaUca, Germ, cfalltn, to (plil, &c. Our word is spell ■ spoid,'
■ spord,' in Wi. Gl.

Spaulder, v. n, (pr. spawder). To sprawl, to spread out the legs on
either side in walking, 'like a spider' says Wk.Gl. Also applied,
on the same authority, to a natural malfonnation incidental to young
birds, when their legs are splayed outwards or jterhapa in a direction
opposite to the natural one.

This may be direclij derired from Bpau'd, in lefetence to the sprawluig appearance of
the nibs of a pen when preswd hard down npon the paper, or the like ; an instance in which
the vb. a tometiniM applied. Or it auy be a descendant from Dan. D. spaaldi. to split up
a Gsb without actually separating the halves, otherwise spoldi. SptlU is to cut wood up
into flal chips, a near relation to the two words before quoted. The sprawling look of qdil

Speak, vb. Often used actively, in the sense of To address.

' Ah seed 'im, but Ah didna sptai him.'

' Nay, Ah nirvcr ne mich as ipoit him t' 'heeil diay ihniff."

Spear, v.n. To put forth the germinating sprout; of com, in [
sheaf in a wet season, or after it is sown.

Pr. Pm. • SpyryU'. as come and oliet Ijke. Spin ; Sfirt, oC come ot hetbe, SailtiL

• Spyrt of come, barbi du kit' Pilsgi. 'Spear, to germinate, ai barley.' Halliw

• Apud hortulanos noslros, spirtr vocantur cymata. ciui a ciulis bratsicB lempore »ei
putlulant.' Ihre. Dan. spiri, exactly syuonymaus with our word : N. S. tpitr, the ihoot
sptoul from newly gefnilnaling com.

', sb. An overlooker, or inspector, of work done,
Pr. of Spoke ; of a wheel, namely.

of stores,
Speeak, :

I

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 483

Speir, V. n. To make enquiry, to ask for information. See Spur-
rings.

O. N. spyria, investigare, quserere ; S. O. spbrja, Dan. tpwgt, A. S. spyrianf O. H. G.
spuren^ Germ, spuren, Dut. speureit, bespeuren, sporen, opsporen, Sc. spftr. Pr, Pm.
' Speryn, or aske after a thing. Seissitor, percunetor, inquiro* The O. N. rb., in use,
frequently takes the meaning to learn, ascertain, hear, as the result of enquiries made : a
remark partly true also of Sc. speir,

Spelder, v. a. To spell ; to work out syllable by syllable.

* To spells to tell the letters of a word one by one, pointing them out with a spSl, or
splinter of wood. Lang, toeo, la touche, biichette dont les en&ns se senrent pour toucher
les lettres qu'ils dpellent : Diet. Lang. Toucbe, a fescue : Cotgr. Fe$ttu, to spell with,
festue : Palsgr. In Yorkshire it is called to spelder, from sptiUUr or spildert a splinter. Fris.
spjealdy a splinter; letterspjealdingy spelling; Dut. tpdU a splinter; ipeUen, to spell.'
Wedgw. Ihre conceives that * E. spell is derivable from O. Sw. ^ala, to divide, or one of
the numerous words cognate with it; as also Germ, spdlerit Fr. ^peUr; for the act of
q>elling is simply the dividing of a word into its component sjrllables.' Does not the Fr.
dpder rather tend to confirm this hypothesis?

Si>elder-beiik9 spelder-beeiik, sb. A spelling-book.

Speldering, sb. The act of spelling; the art of spelling.

Spelk, sb. I. A long splinter, a long thin slip of wood. 2. A splint,
in the surgical sense.

O. N. spelkuTt tibidnes, radii, supports or stays for any fractured thing, applied so that
it may not hU asunder ; at sitia vid spdkur : to apply splints, in the surgical sense, spialkt
a splinter ; S. G. spidlka^ to separate into splinters or split parts ; Dan. Dial, tpilke (pi. sptlier),
synonymous with O. N. spelkur, and especially affiled to the Splinteirs of the surgeon.
Hence spilke, vb. ; at tpUhe et been : to set a leg— e. g. of a Iamb — by the aid of Sp^|ks
or Splinters ; A. S. ^e, a little rod by which aujrthing is kept straight, a splint used for
binding up broken bones ; Dut. sp<dk, a splint or splinter; O. Dut. tpalk$; A.S. speUean^
to support, fasten with splints.

Spell, V. n. To endeavour to obtain without direct application or
request ; to let one's wish or desire be seen without however avowing
it, or evidently seeking to shew it

I refer this word to speU, a charm, incantation, A. S. tpdl, the sixth definition of which
in Bosw. is * a spell, charm,' and the example, |mi ongunuon Uasi nun wyrean spell : then
false men began to work spells. The meaning to endeavour to obtain by magic observances
instead of by direct or avowed effort or request, easily passes into that of endeavouring to
obtain indirectly in another sense.

Spelly sb. I. A splinter of wood, a longish and thin slice. 2. A
cross-bar ; in a ladder, for instance.

S. G. and Sw. D. spjale, lamina lignea, qua trabium intervalla in cdibus ligneis opplentur ;
Dan. and Dan. D. spile, small slips or splinters of wood, applicable as pins to keep any web,
or the like, out-spread ; also, the cross-ban of a ladder ; N. Sax. spyU, a thin slice or splinter
of wood ; North Fr. spiU, spiUje. Ck>sely alHed to Spelk. O&er forms are ^aUt spawl,

3Q 3

484 GLOSSARV OF THE

^tat, ipeall, iptil, tpeli. spill, spoil, Ac. ■ The transTerie pL«ei of wood at the bollom
of m chiir, which ilreiigihtQ and keep together the Jegs, are tailed spells. Line.' Halliwell.
With lu Ihcy are Btowera. Comp. Geim. sfeilir. skewers, O. N. tptir, Ultice-woik.

Spell, sb. A turn, or period, of exeriion, labour, amusement, &c.

■ Spdl, a lum, a job. Sfill. quintily, to). North.' Hallivell. ' A tpill at the pumpt :' ' ■
ipiU of work,' one man's, or one gan^s lol 01 torn. ' To gim a spell, lo be ready to work
m another's tootn ; Jresb spell, when the roweri arc relieved hy another gang,' quoted io
Wedgwood, who observes that ' the sense, like that of job, is a portiou or tepanle pieee."
O. Sw. sfjiUa, to divide, part, separate : O. N, spUlda, a severed portion of 1 thiog : PI. D.
>pid, spall, a certain portion of land ; S. Juil. spoil, that which is cut oS or severed. Probably
D. Dial. j^nf. the ladialiiig splits or fiinirei iu oak or beech-wood, is related, at also tpi^Ud,
tpitldil, ipiatu, applied 10 a cow with separate bands 01 divisions of a different colour oa

Spell, sb. The trap used in the game called Spell a' knoir.

I give this word as ■ nbttaotive and with its received meaning, although I conceive it
to be simply due 10 confiision or misappreheosion. There can be scarcely i doatx that
O. N. and Dan. ipU, Sw. spd. Germ, spiti, 8k., is the origin of the word. It is cnrioui loo
that the Old Scand. word primuicli (see Itire) is preietved in some districts (see LhA QIJ)
u a designation for the striking instrument in this game.

Spell and Knorr. More correctly, Spell a' knorr=gaine of or at
ball. See Spell, Enorr.

Spic-an-span, adv. Utterly, perfectly; always used jn connectioii
with the adj. ' new.'

See Br&ndnew, to tlie remarks under which 1 need only add that Dut. ip^t-ninr.
spit-speldtr lu'eiu, Dan. splinUniy, Ew. spUlerslny, introduce two new elenienls in addition
to the Jfail, a chip, in O.N. spnanjr. Germ, span, a chip. 1 shaving; namely, the tptUt,
spdder, ■ splinter, 1 shiver of wood, cognate with our SpIU, apelder ; and spik, coinciding
with N. ipH, a chip, splinter, Sw. 1^, id., D. D. tpiggtr, splhitet-like, thin. The idea Ji
•till ' tce^ from the hands of the workman.' Wedgw.

Spice, sb. Confectionery in general ; ' especially gingerbread arti-
cles." Wh. Gl.

Spice-bread, sb. Plum-cakes of a plainer description; much in
vogue at Sohool-f easts, or entertaJrmients for the village school-
children.

Spioe-oalies, sb. Tea-cakes enriched with currants. See Fat-

Spinner-meali, sb. A spider's web.

1 spider, tpindd the Sw,, and tfhiiU-niU

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 485

Spinner-web, sb. Spider's-web ; the gossamer of fine Autumn
days.

Sw. spindd-vaft spindei'Wd/, Dan. spindii-vav, Dut. sptHtu-web, Pr, Pm, * Spitmar
wibbe. Tela arana*

Spit, sb. I. A draining-spade, or digging instrument, long and
narrow in form, and with a concave blade. 2. A spade of peculiar con-
struction, with a turned- up cutting side, for digging or cutting peat:
usually styled the Turf-fqpit, as the former tool is called a Dreeaning-
spit. 3. The quantity of earth raised by one action of the spade in
digging. 4. The depdi reached in or by one such action.

Radically almost the same word as spatU. * The type from whence the designation was
originally taken seems to have been a splinter of wood (or flint, &c.), an object of finer
point and narrower shape being indicated by the thin vowel in spitt as compared with the
broader a in speUtlt, spade* Wedgw. However, too much stress must not be laid upon
this, as Mr. Wedgw. presently remarks, quoting our third meaning, and Dut sptiten, to dig.
Still the general idea in Spit is that of a narrower digging tool than a spade ; and it is
observable that the peculiar triangular knife on a long hamUe used for cutting hay out of
the stack is always a Hay-' Spade,' not ' Spit.' The more inmiediate connection of
Spit, therefore, is with the class of words represented by Dan. tpid, spids, tpydig, &c.,
a point, pointed ; Sw. spets, spetsig ; N. spyta^ a spit, a pointed nail ; O. N. epUa, a peg,
pointed piece of wood ; O. H. O. spiz^ Germ, t^ess ; Dut. epU, *pi^t ^>

Spittle, sb. A small instrument of the spade description ; an iron
blade fixed to a staff, and forming an instrument suitable for scraping a
floor or the pavement in muddy seasons.

A diminutive from Spit ; as spaide through M. Lat. epadmla, spatula, is from spade,
Comp. A. S. wad'Spidt an instrument to set woad.

Splauder, v. a. and n. i. To sprawl about, spread out one's arms and
legs widely. 2. To display ; to make a vulgar show. See Splaudered.

* Splaye^ to spread abroad, to unfold' — ^for display—' hence the terms splay-foot, splay-hand,
splay-mouth. Sec* HalliweU. ' SpUaaed, spread out.' lb. Splauder, of course, is a deri-
vative from splay or splawd,

Splaudered, p. p. Gaudily or ostentatiously dressed out ; bedecked
so as to make a vulgar display.

Splauderment, sb. i. Vulgar display, or personal ostentation.
2. Extravagance in expression, or manner of speaking. Wh. GL

Splaws, sb. The nibs of a pen : the parts which expand are ' splayed,'
or 'splaw' or splauder out; under pressure, namely.

Spletten, splitten, p. p. of to Split.

Sponge, sb. Leaven ; a portion of leavened dough reserved to ' raise'
or lighten the next batch with.

4^6 GLOSSASr OF THE

Spool, ab. (pr. spoil, in some cases), i. The small wooden reel or
winder on which cotton, silk, &c., is usually wound, a. The reel, to-
gether with what is wound on it.

Pr. Pm. ' Spolt, ot (cylyl, webnatcs instrument. Spolia.' S. G. ^cU. ioitmmentuni
toxtoriuni, Dan. spdi, N. S.. Dut. ipoli. Gemi. spul; O. Ft. npmdit, &c.

Spout, sb. A Poroe, Foss or waterfall, in a stream of no great
volume of water,

O.N. J^M, S.G.apula, Vlta.spylU, lo project liqnid from the mouth; N. tpulra, to
ipurt. spout out. sputr, a itrcim of liquid tpouting out ; Dut. ipuyln. lo ipit out, (pout.
The ipplicalion to a imall waterhU piojeeting itself forward (so to speak) io iti fail hom
the ledge it runs over as very apparent. The word occurs in several local dcaignaliooi,
and the desciiption given of one of the cascadei so designiled, namely. Millyan Spout
(Mauley Spout; the manor in which it it situated having originally belonged to the
De Mauleys), is inch ai to illustrate the meaning of ibe word. It falls 'from a perpen-
dicalir rock too feet in height. The itreim' — not one of any considerable volume —
' glides gently in a ligiag course about half-way down the precipice, when, falling from a
point more prominent than the rest, it becomes broken info streams like threap in tha
fonn of a ibower-balh,' Graves' HUl. ofClevilanJ.

Spraggy, adj. Abounding in bones ; thin in condition, so that the
bones seem to preponderate over the flesh,

This it another word which stands by itself, and I am uncertain which ii the fundamental
idea in it out of two. The two fundamental ideai in question are, first, that implied in the
word ' refuse ' as applied lo matters compiritively worthless or unfitted for economical uiei
or application ; second, thai of a mere assemblage of splinter-, 'prig: dry-tlickJike matten.
Corop. Dan. D. sfrtggtl, applied lo hay which is so much oterdiied as to hive become
brittle or splintery, and of course useless or comparatively so as to all nutritive quatitici.
Fris. Mpriig is nearly equivalent. Closely connected with tpraggd il s^rwUir, ilj twigf,
snch as have fallen to the ground through natural decay or fracture by violence, fit only to
be burnt. There it an analogy — not to say, a ictemblance — between a bundle of bones and
a bundle of dry twigs. Comp. sprig, sprag. a small, thin nail. The whole class of woidi
will be ultimately referrible to the tame origin with Sw. ipricka, lo burst fort, tprachi, 10
ibatter. break into tplintert, Dan. spraiit, id., Swisi 'pryggtn, to iplinter, 'pryggdi, a muQ
spllnier. &c., and with oar own epreaUe, aprent, Bcc.

Spirent, sprint, v. a. and n. i. To sprinkle, scatter water about
2. To spurt or fly about as water does when compressed or smartly
struck or agitated. 3. To spot or spatter.

We hale had many imlaiicet before ut in which ( and h, 01 a representative of 1^, are
clearly interchanged, ot in which, to express il differently, parallel and synonymous, or
neatly synonymous, formi from one and the tame stock, take, the one a t, the other ■ (.
Comp. brittlt and bniokle 01 brooUs, ptrk and ptrl, fa and fiuh, &c. O. N. tprtngia,
Sw. ^emga, Dan. tprangi, A. S. sprtngan, all mean to dash or ihaltet mto Eragroenli,
whence comet ihe secondary or derivative meaning to cause inch fragments to fa!) in
ihowers. ihcnce to spatter, splash, as in S. G. tprmgn, conspergere, iprinkle, Geim. ^imgat,
id. Take Ihe p. p. of one of these verbs, as Dan. sprang; that it, ipraagi, and «re
have what, if not Ihe actnal form which our vb. presents, yet that which inevitably pano
into it through Ihe supprestion of the g before d or /; and it would be quite reaiotsible to

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 487

derive oar word through this channel, and to confirm the derivation by numerous analogous
cases. But perhaps it may rather be regarded, in virtue of the / change, as a parallel form
with the verbs above quoted. It should, however, be observed that Jamieson regards
Sc. sprent as I. a passive participle; and a. a preterite verb. With us it is a regular verb,
sprent, tprtnUd.sprerUit, As a pcpl., or pret. vb., it is simply the Dan. spr€Bngt, Sw. sprankt.
Sec, Cf. N. f^eita (synonymous with our sprent), where the n has given way to a /.

Sprent, sb. i. A spring; such, for instance, as that at the back of
a pocket-knife. 2. The hasp or staple-plate of a trunk- or portmanteau-
lock which falls over the face of the lock, and through the staple of
which, when pushed home, the lock of the bolt passes on turning
the key.

S. O. sprint^ obex, vel quicquid inditur, ne juncta separentur. There is no radical or
essential difference between this word and Sprent, a spot. That is the trace of * what has
sprung,' this is ' what has sprung' itself. First to dash into bits, then to fly or spring as
those bits do, lastly to leave marks where they fall.

Sprent, sb. A spot, the mark left by what has been sprinkled, or
has spurted, over anything.

J, V. n. To relax or become flaccid in the parts about the
Barren, or 'shape,' when the time of calving is drawing close on;
of a cow.

Spmnt, sb. A hill, a steep road, or road up a hill.

Richardson gives ' tpruni, adj. sharp, keen ;' and * vb. to spring forwards and outwards.'
He sajTS, ' Sprunt is, probably, by mere transposition of the r, spurn* d, spumi. A spurn in
Holland (or as it is now more usually written — spur) is any sharp, hard projection.' But I
think the word is much more likely to be a cognate form with sprint, sprent, and like
them to originate in a word or words cognate with Eng. springs the sense being that which
springs, from a plain namely, or from any level towards a higher one. Comp. the idea in
the term sprtr^-Hdet in the idiom day-springs and in the phrase ' the hill sprites directly
from the plain.' Note also sprint ^ to run on the toes, Luds Gl. ; S. Jutl. spryde, Sw. spruta,
Dan. sprude, Eng. sprout, all of which Kok supposes betoken the former existence of
a strong vb. spridta, spraut, sprutinn ; the last word containing alike the elements of both
the form and the sense of our Sprunt.

' Titter oop t' sprunt mun ower a bit ;' he or she who reaches the top of the hill first must
wait for the other.

Spmnt, adj. Steep, sharp in ascent.

Spurrings, sb. The publication of the banns of marriage ; the being
'asked' at church.

An immediate derivative from speer, speir, even if not directly from O. N. spyria,
S. G. sporja. See under Speir, and cf. the u forms below.

' the Erie took Grime into a chamber soone,
8c spurred him gentlye,
" Sir, beene you marryed in your countrye?" '

Percy's Fol, MS, i. p. 394.

Jeg spurts aUefolk : I asked every body. Arm, p. 58. Spyrja, imp. spurdi, 8cc,

488 GLOSSARF OF THE

SpuT'Whaxig, sb. (pt. spur-weeang). A spur-strap or thong. See
Whang.

Squab, sb. A kin3 of rude sofa, or long broad bench with a cushion-
covering, met with m most houses, and standing along the wall at one
side of the fireplace end of the room.

' A sjunb Id sit on, futvitus, mBlliallui: Coles, quoted in HilHwell. ■ Anything Ihick
and 10ft ; a toft jtuffed cnshion, a thick f« man or woman, in unBedgtd bird or aeitling ;
from a repreieiiuiion of the louDd made by the (ail of a loFt lump.' Wedgw. I tcaicdy
conienl 10 the derivation. RJets cannecti Sw. D. iJnabb, loose, flabby Tal. tivahba, a fat
woman, ilhiabba, to shake or be tiemulaut from fatneu, with N. akvalia. to shake, be tco-
mnloui, which again will join on to Piov. E. uabbl4 or wobbU. Sec.

Squaiy, adj. Of sufGcient size and compact, without straggling ends
or comers.

' A syuorji piece of wood ;' ' A nice iqtiary-tizci room." Wb, 01. Comp. Btnmclr »i
applied to coil.

Staok-bar, sb. A hurdle.

Staok-garth, sb. (pr. staggarth). The stack-yard, or enclosure in
which the stacks are placed.
O. N. aacigardr, fraule, septam Tzni congesti, slakkehavt being the cquWalent Dan. D.

Staok-prod, sb. A stick of twenty to twenty-four inches long,
sharpened at one end, and used for sticking into a stack in the process
of thatching to secure the Thack-bands to. Called also Theak- or
Thack-proda. See Frod.

Staddle, sb. i. The structure of posts and cross-beams or Ballu,
bmlt for the reception of a stack ; the object being to keep it off the
ground, and so out of the reach of damp or vermin, a. A per-
manent, or quasi-permanent, mark or stain left on anything after that
which has caused it has been removed. 3, Stains or marks of dirt,
&c., which might perhaps have been removed by more diligence in
washing,

A. S. ifotW, tIa'Sal, slaKuI, a foundation. ba>is ; 1 (iluation or station, a word with mtny
connection!, both in the tlandard language and in the dialccti, as well as in the related
tonguei. See Stalth, Btead, Stkddle-atsad, and comp. O. N. siaJdr, conititutui, slad-
fiU, ■ (ettlement. filed residence, bimslcad. Uada. ilalio. maniio, Dan. sradt. stand, station,
&e. The transition from out lini meaning to the second and third it perfectly natural lod
direct

Btaddlestead, ab. A permanent stain or mark left after the pro-
ducing cause has ceased lo act or been removed ; as, spots on ihc skin

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 489

after an eruptive disorder; stain-marks on iron left after the removal of
rust, &c. See Staddle.

An instance of tautology more marked than in many cases wherein the synonymous
words conjoined belong to different languages, or to very different dialects of the same,
from the fact that in this case the two words employed are, in one sense, scarcely so much
as divergent forms of the same word. Still there is a difference. Staddle seems to be
essentially A. S. UcC^tl or s/a9o/ (comp. however O. Sw. stSUbil, domicilium) ; and Stead
in this district must be regarded as essentially Danish. See Stead, and cf. girdle sited :^^

* her mantle downe for heat shee did
full right vnto her girdle steed.* Percy's Folio MS. i. p. 148.

Staddling, sb. The kind of fomidation prepared on which the stack
is to be reared, made of Breokens, straw, brushwood, or what not.

Stagy sb. A gelding of over a year old.

Hald. gives steggr, vulpes mas; item mas plurium ferarum. Our dialect retains the
word, wiSi slight variation in form, as the distinctive name of the males of two several
species of creatures, namely, the year-old horse and the gander. See Steff. E. stag, as
the male of the red-deer, gives place with us to the word Hart ; a word yet remaining in
local names, although the animal itself has been extinct for, probably, nearly a hundred
years.

' And at the latter end of summer they went unto the moore to seek theire staggs againe.'
Fork CasOe Dep. p. 149.

Staith, sb. (pr. steeath). i. A quay, a permanent stage or platform
by the water-side to faciUtate shipping or landing goods. 2. An em-
bankment, or sea-wall.

Pr.Pm. 'Siaibe, waterys syde. Siacio^ O.N. siod; skipa-stdd, skipa-stada, static
navalis, item, portus ; N. stod, a landing-place, a shore ; A. S. s/aO, s/at$, a shore, a bank,
Ua/d-weallt shore-wall, the shore; Dut. stcude, statio navium; Germ, gestade, the shore,
bank, beach. Bosworth refers A. S. sia!^ or s/a9 to ' O. N. stada, stadr, consistentia rei,
staddr, constitutus, what is firm, as meaning something of consistence or fimmess, in oppo-
sition to the water.' Wedgw., on the other hand, looks upon staiib as ' properly a place
where ships strike the shore, when they come up to land. Sw. s/o/a, Dan. stmde, to knock,
strike against,' quoting ' sioia infrdn land, to quit the shore,' which, however, surely makes
against the theory adopted, as the reference dearly is to the simple action of ' pushing off.'
I believe the true idea is sufficiently expressed in the word itself, as also in the Latin defi-
nition employed by both Hald. and Kilian — * statio navium' — the place where ships come
to ' a stand,' and remain * at a stand' or stationary. This must be the primary idea in all
the numerous ^unily of words, stad, sted, stadt, sUad, Sec., and it is not easy to see why it is
not sufficient in the case before us. See Stead, From Staith— cf. especially N. stdd —
in its first meaning, naturally, almost necessarily, follows the idea of a ' quay,' an artificial
one being the necessary successor to a natural one ; and thence also the more general idea
of an artfficial sea-wall, or embankment.

Staitliy v. a. To embank, or protect from the encroachment or
wasting influences of water by building earthen walls, Sec.

490 OLOSSARr OF THE

Stall, V. a. I. To satiate, cloy, fill fiilL 2. To weary, tire out

* To ttauf. To glut, to dog, to be restiTC, to refuse to dnw (Cr. Gt) ; to itay, to
binder ; slaud, fasfated, tired. Hal. Stalled^ fixed, set fast in a slough, satiated, cloyed.
Mrs. Baker. There can be little doubt that the foregoing ttaU and ttaw are radically the
same, and the common course of Northern pronunciation wouU lead us to suppose that
siaw was a mere corruption of si4dl. But we are led in the opposite direction by Qcrm.
itaucben, situtsn, to stow or cram into a cask or vessel, stick in the mud ; F1. D. $tatiem, to
pack, &c.' Wedgw. There can be no doubt diat stall is the word, and not always cor-
rupted by Northern pronunciation. Thus Wb, GL gives * StalTd, satiated with good eat-
ing. ** We were ttalTd with good things f ' and Utds Ol. * StalTd, tired out,' with the
Leeds pronunciation indicated by the spelling ' stawal'd' in two or three czampAes, one of
which is remarkably to the point firom the presence of a word in which tiie / is suppressed :

* am stawal'd a tawaking (tsdking) tul tbuh.' Brodcett gifct the focm tiaud, and Cr. Gl,
(as noticed above) $taw; and it is not impossible, ccrtamly, that there may be, in effect,
another form, slow, and cognate with Germ, and PL D. tUmmi, But it ought to be observed,
that the next word to Mtaw in Cr. Gl. u wtmthfkd^ with two separate mtmings : i. * Fed or
filled to satiety : a. Fed in the stall.' And just as we hare, in the English Version, the
expression ' stalled ox,' in the sense of the ox fed to fatness of course by the continued
process of being fed to fulness or satiety — so, by a simple turn, the ideas of * fulness' or

* satiety,' and consequent disinclination for more food, or * loathing,' easily arise ; whence
the transition to ' wearied' follows immediately. In like manner the idea of 'fixed,' ' set
fast,' whether in a slough, or any other source of difiicult moving, follows easily from that
of the ox, or other creature, confined, set fast or fixed, in its itdl. Comp. die thought
and the expression in

* The 6it oxe, that wont ligge in the stall.
Is nowe fast stalled in her crumenaL'

Sbepbtrtts CaUndir, September.

* As stille as a stone oure ship is slM:* T<mH§l. Mysi. p. 33 ;

of the Ark brought up upon Mount Ararat.

' And there they stalUden and foughten the ton vpon the tother,' Merl. p. l6l ; where
the idea is ' stood their ground, became stationary,' instead of continuing to ran away.

Stamp, V. a. To beat or break the awns from the Bigg, or four-
rowed barley.

The word exists yet in a couplet connected with a tradition localised in the district
concerning a Brownie or House-spirit — ^with us, a Hob. I give the meaning above hjrpo-
thetically, but with very little doubt of its correctness. A somewhat analogous operation
in Scotland is — or was— called * knocking' the bigg. It consisted in beating the grain,
slightly moistened for the purpose, in a stone trough so as to loosen, and &cilitate Ac
icmoval of, the outer skin or husk, preparatory to subjecting it to any cooking process.
But Stamping was a process pursued in the barn apparently, as the services rendered by
Hob appear all to have been confined to out-door operations, or to those pursued in the
bam. The couplet in question is, —

* Gin Hob mun ha'e nowght but a hardin' hamp.
He '11 coom nae mair, nowther to berry nor stamp*

See Hamp, Berry. * Knocking* was a domestic matter, rather than belonging to the
farm ofiices.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 49 1

Stand, V. n. To be stopped, not to be going ; of a dock.

Stand-heck, sb. The large square rack for straw or fodder, stand-
ing on four posts, and for use in the farm-3rard. See Heok.

Stand in for. To represent, fulfil a duty for, another.

* Miles Deeal's churchwaroer this year, but Tommy Trattlet Uan*t in for *im*

Stand-ups. The godfathers and -mothers on occasion of a public
baptism.

DffltUi av ditsi gmttr bavde ban stitt faddtr til; far ban stod faddtr td dm balv4
bygd: the most of these lasses he had stood &ther to ; for he had stood up for half the
township. Amit p. 71.

Stang, sb. A pole, a long stake.

O. N. stmmg, pertica, S. G. stdng, Dan. Mtang, A. S. stmig, tUngM^ styng, a bar of wood,
dob, stake, pole ; Oerm. stangt, O. H. Germ, stang, Dut. stang. In Landnamabok, from
time to time, in describing the explorations made by intending settlers, and their decision
to take np this or that district of the island (Iceland) as their future property and home,
the expression, |>ar setti bann nidur siaungr bdfa, occurs as descriptive of the formal act of
taking possesrion. Perhaps this observance or ceremony may explain tiie origin of such
local names as Stang-end, Stang-houe, &c., which occur not infrequently in tiiis district

Stang, V. n. To shoot or throb with pain, or as pain sometimes
does.

O. N. stdnga, I. pungere, or to gore as a bull does : a. to distress, give mental pain ; as,
bvad stdngar ^igf what is it which pains you, distresses you? (Sm example.) So also
Dan. stangt is to prick with a sharp-pointed instrument, to gore ; Bw, stdnga. The reten-
tion of the a in our dialect to the exclusion of the A. S. i or y (stmgan, tiyngan)^ is signifi-
cant. See Teng, which is our equivalent to E. sting,

* It stangs to my heart like a knife.' Wb, Gl,

* It stangs an' warks desper't sair ;' of pain like tic, or tooth-ache, Stc,

Stang-flflh, sb. A small sea-fish, the spines of which, if a person's
hand happen to be pricked or struck by them, leave a severe and painful
irritation behind them, the weever {Trachinus draco, Yarr.)

Stang, To ride. To take a kind of Lynch-law notice of the offences
of an adulterous or brutal husband ; in doing which the effigy of the
offender — in rather more lawless times, it would be the offender him-
self— is carried about, astride, on a long pole, with the accompaniment
of music (or clatter) of the marrowbones and deaver description, and
with the frequent recitation of some doggrel — ^perhaps composed for the
occasion — setting forth the offences of die culprit. Of frequent occur-
rence, even yet. Possibly the whole ceremony ends with a bonfire and
the burning of the offender's effigy.

3 R 2

49^ GLOSSARY OF THE

Stai>e9 V. a. To incline or make to slope; of a stone or plank set to
lean against a wall, a barrel or tub tilted to allow its contents to flow
more easily, of a cart when skelled, &c.

O.N. sUypa, deturbare, mvertere; S. G. stupa^ supinus; Sw. stupa, to cause to stoop,
bow down or lean, as stupa in tunna^ to tilt a cask. A. S. stupian, Dut. stuypen, to stoop,
bend oneself down, are nearly connected ; as also are N. stbypa, to cast down, to &U, ttupa,
to faU.

Stark, adj. Stiff, rigid, unyielding.

O.N. sterkr^ styrkr, fortis, robustus; Dan. stark^ possessing strength, vigour, power to
resist or to overcome ; S. G. stark, rigidus, immobilis, as wdl as fortis, stitHka, to make
stiff or unyielding ; A. S. stearc, stere, stark, hard, rough, allied to Germ, starr, rigid ; PI D.
<^i^,'Fris. sierik, O. Germ, starb, starabt iiarcb. Germ, starkt strong, sturdy, stout, unyield-
ing ; Pr. Pm. * Stark, or styffe. Rigidus*

* " I am stark in all my limbs ;" of the body when stiff with cold or rheumatism.' Wb.Ol,

Starken, v. n. i. To stiffen, to become rigid. 2. v. a. To increase
the tension of rope between any two points of fixture.

O. N. stcrkna, congelare, rigescere, Dan. sturkne ; Sw. siarka, to become strong or stiff,
and, to make stiff.

* Boiled treacle or rendered fat starkens as it cools :* Leeds GL ; and starkening is used of
a man's limbs after a day of toil. The Dan. vb. is applied to blood in a clotted state, and
the like.

* Starken t* raap ; tighten the rope.* Or. GL

Starkly, adv. Stiffly, hardly; of anything which moves badly or
with difficulty, as a door on its hinges, a person with rheumatic joints.

* The door goes very starkly,* JVb. GL

Start, V. n. To commence, get agate : of very frequent use.

* Well, t* cooch 's started roonnin', then ?*

' Ah aims we '11 get started mowing t' moom.*

* " How long has he been ill?" ** Why, he started throwing yestreen;*' * he began to
▼omit yester even.

StanratioiLB, adj. Cold, chilling, inclement, fit to starve one with
cold.

* ** A starvatious spot ;" a cold or unsheltered situation.' Wb. GL

Starve, v. a. To cause to suffer from extreme cold : of frequent use
in the passive, as well as in the participle present.

A. S. stearfian, to starve, fame vel frigore perire, steorfan, to die, starve, perish. The
instance, stcerf of bungor, starved with hunger, given by Bosworth, would be sufficient to
shew, if needed, that 8ie word originally had not the absolute sense we attribute to the
English word starve. The phrase, • sUrved with cold,' proves the same. In fact steorfa
is given by Bosw. as meaning • a plague, pestilence, murrain, slaughter/ N. starva implies
to walk with a feeble and tottering gait, like a very feeble, or sick person ; and also, to die.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 493

to perish. Kok, in his Introduction, claims N. starva as essentially Scand. : Imndtmt
dybt intU imdUm fitldtnt (the peasant fanners deep in amid the fells) ose it. O. N. has
tiarfut laborare, and starf, labor, or toil. Molb., however, regards the word stervbo^ the
property left behind him by a deceased person, as ' a corrupt and half-Oerman word ;' and
it is probably in reference to this that Hole's remark takes the acid form it does : but it
would prove the existence of an Old Dan. form sttrve^ to die, if there were no other record,
as there is. And this old word has taken two almost absolute senses, each a Uttle divergent
from the other, viz. that of our word, and that of £. Uarvt,

Staup, V. n. To walk heavily and awkwardly, to lift the feet high
and set them down clumsily in walking.

O.N. stappa, to fill, cram, by aid of an effort like that of a stamping foot; stappa
mdr Jbtum : terram pedibns pulsare, stappa urn, to tramp, walk heavily ; N. stappa, to
stuff, stamp down, Dan. stoppt. Note also N. stabba, stabla, to go slowly, to stagger,
S. O. stapla, id. — a word which Ihre regards as a frequentative from ' an old word, stapan,
incedere, which,' he sajrs, * the A. S. dialect retains. We say, in the same signification,
thipa, iHBsten stupar, equus titubat.' Ihre, kad zher him Wedgw., trace a connection
between these words and £. stammer, stuirMt,

Stawter^ v. n. To stumble, to stagger or totter, especially when
walking, or in motion generally.

Pr, Pm, * Stakeryn\ or stotyn. Tiiubo, Stotyn\ or stammeryn. Tituho, biattro.* The
Sc. form is sioit, stot, stoiter, to walk in a staggering way, to totter. Just as O. N. siappa,
N. stappa, to pound or press down, N. stahla, to stagger, Sw. stapla, to stumble, to stam-
mer, are all near relations, as also O. N. stakra, to totter, Sc. and North Prov. £. stacker,
stacker, to stagger, Germ. Dial, staggeln, to stammer ; so O. E. stotyn, Sc. stoit, stoiter, our
Stawter» £ngl. stutter. Germ, stottem. Germ. D. stattern, stotzen, to stutter, PI. D. stotem,
id., S. G. stota, to push or thrust against, with these same variations of sense, all hold together
in a class.

Stawving, adj. Clownish, awkward, staring. Wh, GL

Cf. this word with stawp, implying awkward, lumbering, and so, clownish action, as
ttawvixig does awkward, clownish appearance. It is a word which stands by itself, no
other Glossary including it, and the nearest approach to it seems to be Sc. ' staive, stcUver,staver,
to go about with an unstable and tottering motion, to stagger, to walk as one in a reverie.'

Stead, sb. A set place ; the true or peculiar place for a thing. Of
perpetual use as a sufSx ; as in Front-stead, Gk^te-stead, Fire-stead,
Door-stead, Farm-stead, Midden-stead, &c.

Pr, Pm. * Stede, place. Situs;* O.N. stada, statio, staddr, constitutus, stedia, statuere,
firmare ; S. G. stad, locus, ' unde eldstad, focus, quasi diceres, locum ignis.' Ihre further
goes on to collate M. G. stads, statbs, A. S. steda, stede, a place, stead, station, situs, Dutch
Mteede, O.H.G. and Germ, stat, O. N. stad, with the remark, ' idque a st3, stare, quum locus
sit id, in quo statur.' In its secondary sense he defines the word as meaning * vicem alterius'
^-comp. £. instead, A. S. in stede, on stede, O. £. istede; and next, * mansionem, locum sta-
bilem ;' Dan. sted, O. Dan. stad, statb, stadh, a definite place, whether marked out in any
way, or occupied by a special object ; Sw. stad, PI. D. steede, Fris. stede, * Germ, statt is
originally the same word as siadi, a town. In later times they were separated in their sig-
nification, and distinguished by their orthography' (Bosw.) ; a remark which holds ^ood m
other instances beside the German one.

494 GLOSSARF OF THE

Steoky V. a. To shut, close or fasten, a door or Heok, namely.
Often written * steek.'

We have this Terb in Semi-Saxon (Aner, RiwU), and Early English (P, Phughm,)
writings, but without any A. S. word to which it can be distinctly refen«d as merely a form
varied by use or lapse of time. Thus : — * Loke> "p te parlors beon euer neste on euericfae
halue, and eke wd istekens ;' Aner, RiwU, p. 50 ; and again at p. 6a : ' Lonerd Crist, ase
men wolden ttehen veste everich |mrl : uor hwon ? i^ heo mnhten histtkm dealS Kerote.'

* And alle that hoped it myghte be lo
Noon hevene myghte hem holde,
But fellen out in fendes liknesse
Nyne dayes togideret.
Til God of his goodness
Oan stablisse and stynte
And garte the hevene to ttekU
And stonden in qniete.' P. Plougbm, p. 33.

In the Gloss., Mr. Wright explains stMe, by * to stick fast,' which is nonsense, and, in his
usual imsatisfactory style, assigns it to an A. S. origin, without reference or remark.
Beyond doubt the meaning is 'close,' 'shuL' Mr. Wedgwood is undoubtedly right in
saying, * To stick or «/«!», to stab, to stitch, to fix or fasten, and thence to close, to shut,*
Germ, siechen^ to stick into, to stick fast, to close or come to an end, Dut. stelfn, id.,
O. N. stika, to dam, Dan. stOtht, Sw. sft'cita, A. S. sltcon, N. S. siteivis, &c., do not seem to
present any applications of decisive analogy to our itaok, Sc. 9tttk,

* Steck t* heck: Wb. Gl.

* ** Steck him to t' bonny side o' t' deear ;*' to the painted side, or outside : cxdude
him.' lb.

Suck thy een ;" shut your eyes.' lb.

• i«

Stee, stegh, sb. A ladder.

Variously spelt Uic or stey. Brock. ; s/m, LutU GL ; iiHt ^gh* Cr, GV. O. N. atigit
scala, trames, kadal-stigi, a rope ladder ; Dan. stigc, a ladder, D. D. (S. Jutl.) sti, steps up
and over a wall, a ladder ; Sw. sttg, steps up, or down, to or over a place ; A. S. UigJ,
a stile, gradus, scala ; Dut. sieiger, steps by the water side ; PL D. Ucgd^ Fris. tidbit
Germ, sieigc. From the corresponding verbs, signifying to ascend, O. N. and Sw. stiga^
Dan. itige, A. S. stigan. Sec, Note Semi-Sax. sHen, Pr, Pm, * Steyyn' up. ScandOt asoftao,'
Collate also * Sty, by pathe. Simitar callis.* We have instances of tiie use of the word
in this sense yet extant in local names ; as Hunters-stee at Westerdale, applied to what is
even yet a narrow as well as steep bit of road, leading up from the old bridge to the
village, and which sixty or seventy years since must have been a strait and difficult
ascent enough.

Steead. Pr. of Stood
Steean. Pr. of Stone.

Steer, sb. An ox, under two years old.

M. G. s/t«rs, juvencus ; Germ, stier, a bull ; Prov. Germ, sidbr, stier, a ram ; Bav. s/fr,
stirw, O, H. Gorm. Hero, id. Hilp. and Molb. both look upon the Germ, word as con-
nected with O. N. (yr, Dan. iyr, Sw. tjur^ a bull (comp. taunts), possibly with Germ. Ibf<r,
a beast. See Btirk.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 495

Steg, sb. I. A gander, the male of the common goose. 2. A stupid,
vacant-seeming person, a rude lout, or clown.

O. N. siiggr, vulpes mas, item mas plurium ferarum. Mr. Wedgw. quotes ' O. N. sieggr,
it^gg^t A gander or drake.' Note especially, however, N. ii^ggt the male of any pair of
birdb, as, gdstuiegg, iht gander. See Staff.

Steg, V. n. To be vacant-looking, to seem stupid, to do foolish
things; to be rude and unmannerly, or awkward in gait.

Probably a deriTative from Steffi gander, just as goon is continually applied as an
epithet betokening silliness or stupidity.

* Siegging, vacant looking ; or ** as foolish as a goose." ' Wb, Ol,

* Where are you going Utggmg and hauving to ?' lb,

Stegly, adj. Unsteady, skittish ; of a horse, or a girl of somewhat
light character.

Probably connected with E. ttagger and its cognate words. Dan. D. supplies stegU, to
(all head over heels, also to stumble, to be near falling but to make stumbling efforts
to recover oneself, and itiggil or sUgl, rough, uneven (of a road or path), calculated there-
fore to cause to stumble ; with which comp. Dan. D. stagier stagge, to stumble, to be near
falling, Sw. D. $tagrt. The first meaning of our word would be unsteady, with a material
unsteadiness, as a stumbling person, a thing standing on a tottering basis, or the like ; then,
by a change of though^ imsteady in act or thou^t, of living creatures, a horse or a girl.
Cf. Sw. D. Mkakal, N. skiUI, applied to a road, and meaning uneven, rough, causing what
is carried over it to shake ibont.

Stell, sb. I. An open ditch or drain of some depth and width, with
or without water constantly in it, or running.

* Siiil, a large open drain in a marsh.' Brock. ' A large open drain. Cumb.* Halliwell.
There can be no doubt that this is merely the abbreviation of wattr^stdl (water-stead, the
bed of a river, Hall, still exists), A. S^ wteter-Ueal, a water place, a lake, marsh. There
are several analogous instances of the use of the word Stellt as, * Stdl, a fold for cattle.
North* (Hall.), * SteUing, a place where cattle retire to in hot weather;' stell being
simply place, place set apart, for this or that purpose, A. S. steal, a stall, place, stead, borsa-
tttal, a place for horses, or a stable — stable itsdf being a similar instance of an absolute
meaning arbitrarily imposed upon a word which originally had a much wider or more
general meaning. Comp. also O. H. G. stall, Oerm. steUe ; kemstal, the core of an apple or
other fruit, literally the kernel-place. Wedgw. quotes also Bav. kerxsnstall, a candlestick,
and burgstall, a place where a castle stands, or has stood.

Steven, stewen, v. a. i. To shout at the top of one's voice, to lift
up one's voice to the utmost. 2. To roar or bluster as the wind does.

O. N. stefita, in jus vocare, to summons ; Dan. stavne, Sw. stdmma, O. Sw. statima, to
cite, to fix a definite day for an appearance ; A. S. stefnian, to call, cite, proclaim. From
the measured and elevated pitch of the voice in making the judicial summons or citation
a transition would be easy to any loud calling, crying, or shouting ; and thence to any loud
sound produced by the voice-organs, or the air through which they become operative.

* " To storm and stewon ;" to scold and bluster.' Wb. Gl,

* " It stevtfOHs and stoors ;" it blows hard, and the dust, rain or snow, drifts with the
wind.' lb.

49^ GLOSSARV OF THE

Steyen, stewen, sb. A loud shout, or outcry.

A word of very frequent occurrence in old writers :

' pa umbe stunde : Then after a while

sie/he >er sturede. Stevens there stirred :

wide me mihte iheren : Wide might men hear

Brutten iberen.' The Britons damour.
Lay. iii. 134.

The parallel reading in the second text is siemne—cf. O. Sw. stdmna. In Atur, Riwle
the form is ste/ke or steuene, where the general sense is crying alond, calling with an eager
or loud voice. Again,

* He (St. Paul) says, ** Our Lord sal come doun fira heven
In Goddis bydd3nig, and archaungel Steven^

And in )>e son of Goddes awen heme,

Alle \fe world )>an for to deme.' Pr, of Corue, 1. 5040.

* Abelle. God that shope both erth and heven

I pray to thee thou here my Steven' Townel, Mysi, p. 14.

In ' Mi dere Fader of heven, that . . .

From ded to lyfe at set stevyn rasid me ;' Ih. p. 284,

we have the judicial idea — that of the formal appointed day — presented. Comp,

* For all day mete men at unset Steven :' Knight's Tale^ p. 13,

O. N. stefna, at fara siefnu : to put in an appearance ; Dan. stavne, id. But the usual
sense is more coincident with that of A. S. ste/ent stejh, st€e/en, stejhe, a voice, sound,
noise, with which Bosw. collates PI. D. stemme, Dut. stem^ Germ, stimme^ O. H. Germ.
stimmat O. L. G. sternmi^ M. G, stibna, vox. In Percy's Fol, MS, i. p. 395 the word
occurs, in a slightly different, but still parallel, application, namely of an appointment as
to place, if not the place itself : —

* then forth went Egar and Pallyas
where the steeds & stetten was.'

Stiokle-haired, adj. With the hair rough and bristling; of the coat
of a neglected horse or colt.

Sw. stickelbdrig, having short, stiff, semi-erect hair. Dan. stikkel-baaret seems, however,
to be applied to a horse in whose coat grey hairs are seen interspersed with the rest of a
darker hue. D. D. stingelbaar, stegelbaar implies stiff rigid fibres in wool. Germ. sAcbeU
baarigt stubby-haired, bristly haired, with a special application in the case of a horse,
ruhican. The latter word is perhaps the source of the other two, and is immediately con-
nected with sticbeln, to prick, stick, stitch, sticb, puncture, pricking ; A. S. sticelt PI. D.
stekelf a prick, sting. Bosw. remarks of Dan. stikkel, Sw. stickelt that they are * generally
used in compound words.'

Stiokly, adj. Bristly, rough, prickly.

A. S. stieelt sticels, a prick, a sting, stician, to prick ; S. G. sticka, Sw. stingo, O. N. stinga,
Dan. stikket O. H. G. stecban, O. L. G. steeeban, steban, PI. D. stehen, O. D. stdeban, Dut.
steken, O. Lat stigare, stigere, Gr. ariytiy, Pol. szytcb, W. ystigaw, Ir. steacbam, Gael, stig.
From the idea of what pricks to that of what stands up in shape and appearance like to that
which pricks. The application of the Sw. sticka to the act of knitting is another illustration
of the idea in a different direction.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 497

Stiddy, sb. (often pr. stithy). An anvil,

O. N. sM0f\ O. Sw. stadba, Sw. stdd, Dut. stutt. Probably nearly connected with A. S.
$dfSf si^t finn, fixed, O. E. sHtb, stUbe^ strong, stiff. Comp. Dan. and Sw. stadig^ steady,
•olid, fixed.

' ij siitbts,' Invent, Pr, Fineb. p. ccxdx.

* The smith
That forgith sharpe swerdis on the siitb* Knigbfs Tale, p. 16.

Stife, adj. Close, oppressive, occasioning difficulty of breathing;
applied in the last-named sense to a still, frosty morning when there is
much damp in the air, as shewn by the deposit of rime or hoar-frost.

There can be little doubt that Mr. Wedgw. b right in connecting this word with stijie,
side by side with which word he places O. N. sHfla, to dam or stop water, sHfla, a stoppage,
as of the nose, or of water. Fr. euouper, to stop, to close, esiouffer^ to stifle, smother, choke,
E. Uufft Xo ram, to thrust in, are also collated ; to which latter word might have been added
ProT. Eng. stuffy, close, suffocating, oppressive, as well as stife and stifey. This brings our
word into connection with a new class of words — Qerm. stopfen, PI. D. stoppen, to stuff, to
•top, ttofft dust, * the choking material ;' Wedgw. * For when they should draw their
breaths this stuffing air and dust came in at their mouths so fast that they had much ado to
hold out two days.' North's Plut. quoted in Wedgw. Comp. Dan. stwve, the minute, im-
palpable atoms a dry body may be resolved into ; Sw. stoft, O. Sw. stof, O. N. dupt. The
idea in our word is always that of (so to speak) an implied material closeness, of air
rendered difficult to breathe by the presence of impjdpable, but still material, particles. The
atmosphere of a room or diurdi where sulphurous smoke has been given out by the fire
from bad coal, or imperfect ignition, is stife or stifey, as well as the vapour-filled air of
a frosty morning in a low-lying, naturally somewhat damp or partly airless place. Comp.
Dan. st&ve, to hunt by scent, N. S stoffnrn, id., where the reference is to ^e impalpable
particles of the odoriferous matter secreted by animab of the chase ; abo D. D. «/ot#, to emit
a strong or bad smell ; of mankind.

* As stife as a dungeon.' Wb. Gl,

* A close stife smell.' Ih,

StiJPsy, adj. Close, suffocating. This word has rather more of what
may be called an active sense than stife.

dflf, adj. I. Firm, resolute, obstinate, self-willed. 2. Short and
stout, with the appearance of considerable strength ; of the person.

* }pt flddeste broker :
Locrin was ihaten.
t'e wes |»e wiseste :

pe wes )>e warreste. (most tvar, aware, wary.)
}pt wes |»e strengeste :
Stifht wes on ^onke.' (in thought, purpose.) Lay, {.'89.

0. N. styfir, durus, rigidus, obstinatus ; Dan. stiv, rigid, stiv-sindet, resolute, inflexible, lite-
rally, stiff-spirited or vtiffHiispositioned ; S. O. styf, robustus, en styf karl : homo validus ;
A. S. stif, stiff, hard, inflexibilis ; Germ, steif, steifer-kopf, stubborn head, steifer smn, in-
flexible spirit : PI. D. stief, Fris. stef Dut. s(y/.

1. * Yell finnd folk very stiff about 't;' resolute, indisposed to yield or give up their
usages, or the like.

3«

498 OLOSSARr OF THE

Cf. * And whan he lifte Up Lazar,
With sH/vois hym callede :
Lazaret veni/bra$.
Dide hym rise and roine.
Right before the Jew«i.' P. Plougbm. p. 348. -

a. • Neea, nat that renky, but a sHff sort iv a tfaap ;* not very tall and athletic, but
strong-built.

Stiller, sb. A piece of wood, flat and usually circular, set to float on
the surface of liquids when carried in a pail or the like, to obviate the
leaping tendency of the fluid.

Stinging-spittle, sb. An unplement employed in the process of
thatching a house, &c.

* Sting, to thatch a sUck. North.* Halliwell. It may be presumed that the term is
derived from the process of insertion — »tinga, pungere, to prick, stick in— employed in
North-country thatching, not only in the case of the Stack- or Theak-prodB, but also
with regard to the inner ends of the straw employed at thatch.

Stint, sb. The act of sparing; sparingness, stinginess.

Pr, Pm. * Styntynge, or cesynge. Pausacio, descittentia* A. S. stintan, to stint, stunt,
S. G. stund, stutt, participial forms from stympa, to crop, truncate, cut short; O.N. shMr;
O. Sw. stunta, abbreviare, to stint or stunt ; Dan. D. stynte, to cut shorter, stwUe, to be
over-short, or scanty, stunttr, short woollen stockings without the sole part. From the
simple idea of shortened, or cutting short, to that of cutting off the supply, sparing, denying,
and we have the meaning of our word.

*' ** He has nae stint about him ;" the reverse of greediness.^ Wb, Gl.

Cf. • & they will sHnt nought,

till thou be to ground brought' Percy's Fol. MS, i. p. 476.

Stirk, sb. Properly a heifer, between the ages of one year and two.
Sometimes loosely applied to animals of either sex, as in Scotland.

A. S. stire, stiorc, styrc, Oerm. starke, PI. D. starki, sterh, Dut. stiirict a heifer. There
can be little doubt that * stirke, starkt are the feminine of stitr, a bull :' Bosw. Pr, Pm,
* StyrJt, neet or hecfer. Jttvenca*

* xxi stirhetH quorum . • . . zj femellse.' Invent, Pr, Finch,

Stither, v. a. To steady, or make steady.

See under Stiddy. A. S. itithe, stithelie, hard, rigid. Note also Sw. D. stydd siframm,
to walk with pains, supported by a stick, O. Sw. Uydbia, Sw. sloda, to push, lean on
a stick, &c.

* " Stitber thyself;" walk steady.' Wh. Gl,

Stob, sb. I. The stump of a tree. 2. A short post, or piece of
wood that may be stuck or driven into the ground. 3. A splinter
of wood, which may stick into the flesh ; the natural spme or prick of
a plant, as of a thistle. WA. Gl,

Dan. D. stap^ the stub or stump of a tree which has been cut down ; especially the pro-
jecting part which is left above the ground, stabb, the stump of a sapling ; also a short pin
or splinter, Sw. stabbe, id., and Engl, stab, resembling each other in form, but seemingly

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 499

divergent in meaning, are fairly brought together by our present word, which embraces the
ideas expressed in eadi word. So also does Gael. s/o6, a projecting stump, a stake, a prickle,
which, as a vb., signifies also to stab, to drive into the ground or other penetrable substance.
Dan.s/!u6, again, implies not only the stub or stump of a tree or sapling, but also the stumps
of any matter which has been cut off, and which are left standing up ; as, of grass after
mowing, of the straw when the com is cut. Comp. Sw. sfu6fr, stipula, Uubbe^ truncus,
stipes, £ stubble, and also O. N. Uubbr, Sw. stuhht^ N. stabbt^ A. S. styh^ stybb, a stock, stump,
PU D. stubbi, Fris. tiobbi,

* First on the wall was paintid a forrest,
Wyth knotty-knarry barrein treys old,
OfMtubbis sharp and hideous to behold.' Kmghi*s TaU, p. 16.

Stoby V. a. I. To stick Stobs, or small posts, or quasi-posts, into
the ground for the purpose of defining the limits, or the shape, of any-
thing, as a railway, a house, an enclosure. 2. To prop up or strengthen
by 3ie use of shores. 3. To confirm or strengthen, any one in his
opinions or purposes.

I. * Weel, they ha'e getten t* new parsonage-house siobbed out.'

3. ' " They ttobbed him up in his own belief;" strengthened him in his own opinions, by
assenting to him or otherwise.' Wb, GL

Stob oflf, V. a. To cut or lop off branches from a tree, or the top
brush from a hedge, but not so close as not to leave Stobs or stumps
behind.

This is by Wb. Gl. confounded with stoo or stove, whidi, however, if properly a
different word. Dan. siubbi, to lop, cut short off, Sw. ttiMa, id., a frequentative from
stujwa, amputare, O. Sw. Uyfwa, Ihre.

Stock, sb. A beam, or Balk of wood ; especially applied to those
pieces of wood which constitute the frame of die bedstead. See Bed-
stooks.

O. N. Uaekr, a beam, a staff, a bedstead ; Dan. itok, a beam, or Balk of timber, a staff;
Sw. Uoekt trat», caudex, sponda, vel pars lecti anterior ; A. S. s/ior , sA>cc#, a trunk, block,
stick ; O. H. O. siocb. Germ, ttoek.

Stodge, V. a. To fill (oneself^ namely) full with food, to produce re-
pletion by continued eating.

Hall, ^ves this word with the more general sense, — * To stuff, to fill, to distend, to
squeeze tightly together.' Cf. Germ, tlaucben, stctuen, to thrust, to stow goods together in
packing.

Stone-horse, sb. (pr. ston'us). An entire horse, a stallion.

Stone-mother-naked, adj. Absolutely, utterly naked. See Mother-
naked.

Stoo, V. a. Pr. of Stove. To lop or chop off.

Stooden, p. p. of to Stand

' How wad it ha' Uoodtn gin Adam had n't sinned T A question proposed in the public
room of a small inn.

38 2

500 GLOSSARY OF THE

Stook, sb. I. Twelve sheaves of com set up in due order in the
harvest-field : the ' shock' of the South. See Thrave. 2. The straw
from the same.

Welsh ysiwc^ shock of com. Gamett, Phil. Essays, p. 164. Wedgw. quotes * Rouchi ttoc,
esioque, a shock or stook/ and ' Bohem. stob, a heap, a hay cock.'

Stock, V. a. To set up the bound sheaves of com in StookB, or
shocks.

Store, adj. and adv. Much, greatly, to a great or considerable extent
Chiefly used with the word 'good' prefixed.

From the mode in which this word is customarily used I think it must be looked upon
not as a sb., in the sense of supply, abundance, but as an adj. or adv.; in which case
O. N. stor, stor^ O. Sw. shtr, Sw. and Dan. stor, A. S. stor, Fris. sior, PI. D. stmtr, great, vast,
huge, is the origin. Comp. O. N. stor-illa^ fearfully bad, sioraudigr, immensely rich, s/or-
tnikilly very big, with the examples, observing that the phrase employed is simply an inver*
sion of stor-god used adverbially.

* " He likes the situation good store;** that is, very much.* Wb, Gl,

* " I was afraid in the night, good store ;** sorely frightened.' lb,

* " They are well off in the world good store;'* have wealth in abundance.* lb.

Store-pigs, sb. Pigs reserved or kept on the farm over the winter
for the purpose of being fatted and killed during the ensuing winter.

Hall, mistakenly defines the word by * pigs nearly full grown.' See Holding-ewes.

Storm, sb. A fit of continued hard weather, with its accompaniment
of snow lying without melting.

Stot, sb. An ox; but rarely applied except to one that is not
very old.

S. G. stut, Dan. study juvencus, a bullock : ' nos fere vocem usurpamus de juvenco cas-
trato.' Ihre.

* And Grace gaf Piers
Of his goodnesse foure stottes ;
Al that hise oxen eriede,
Thei to harewen after.* P. Plougbm, p. 411.

Stothe, stooth, v. a. To plaster the walls of a room or building with
the aid of Battens and laths, instead of by applying the material
directly to the stone face.

* Stotbe, the slay of a weaver's loom. Also, a post or upright in a wall.* Halliwell.
Pr. Pm. * Stotbe or post (of a howse), slo]>e, Postieulus, postulus.* The Battens or small
posts, placed vertically along the walls at intervals of eighteen to twenty-one inches, and to
which the laths are then nailed, are naturally the prominent feature in the process of ttoth-
ing, and thence doubtless the name. A. S. 5/y9, s/ui$, a post, pillar.

Stothing, stoothing, sb. The plastering of the walls of a room or
building, as applied upon laths instead of upon the stone-face of the
wall itself

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 501

Btotuid, sb. I. The first sensation of a blow or sudden injury; a
sudden sharp sensation of pain. 2. A heavy blow.

Mr. Wedgw. says, * Properly a blow. A. S. stunian, to dash, strike. Sc. stound (a stab),
a sharp pain affecting one at intervals,' and connects with it O. H. G. stuni, a moment ;
Germ, stund, O. £. stoundmeU, to which may be added stunde, Uonde, of repeated occur-
rence in Layamon, A. S. Uund^ stond, O. N., Sw., Dan. siund, Dut. stand, a stound, space of
time. Bosw. remarks, that ' Ihre derives stund ^om Sw. stunta, to shorten, cut off, lessen :
so that Uund, according to him, would signify a separated part.' Of the two, the balance of
probability would seem to me to rest witi^ the latter supposition. A sudden blow or shock
or pang marks time in a certain sense ; but still more the succession of shooting pains or
pangs, stabs of pain, which is almost always the actual idea implied in the word as com-
monly used. Pain in a tooth, which comes in starts, is said to come in Stoundi ; the
shooting twinges of tic, in the same way ; and so forth. True, Jam. quotes O. N. siynia,
doleo, sttatde, dolui, but it does not appear that the word really applies to bodily pain at all.
Haldorsen's definition is ' ingemescere, suspirare,' and Dan. sitnne, whidi is given as equiva-
lent, simply means to sigh deeply, to sob, to groan.

Stound, V. n. i. To come with sudden violence; of pain. 2. To
ache badly but intermittingly.

Stoup, sb. A post, either of wood or stone ; to a gate or door, or
standing singly, or in lines or groups.

O. N. stoljn, columna, S. G. stolpe, columna ; * habemus vocem banc cum veteribus Belgis
communem :' Ihre ; Dan. siolpe, a thick post, used as a support or underprop for anything.
To a similar definition of Sw. sti^pe, Dalin adds the word ' a pillar.' The Dut. word referred
to by Ihre is sifdpe. Common in the compounds Qate-stoup or Yat-stoup, Bounder*
stoupf as well as in continual use as a simple word, as in StoupB and Bails, &c.

Stoup, sb. A measure or vessel for wine or other drinkable fluids ;
a large drinking-cup or vessel : apparently of variable dimensions, and
sometimes made of wood.

O. N. staup, poculum, S. G. stop, measura liquidorum, Dan. D. stob, stou, a drinking-cup
of wood, stob, staab, a large wooden drinking-vessel, a measure, containing two hander, or
four potter : ihe Sw. stop containing about three pints (Bosw.) ; A. S. stoppa, steap, stop,
a stoop, pot, vessel ; O. H. G. stoupb, stucf. Germ, stauf, a large drinking-cup ; PI. D. stoop,
a large drinking-cup containing a gallon; Dut. stoop, a measure containing four pints.
Pr, Pm, * Stoppt, boket. SUtda, baustrum, Stoppe, vessel for to mylke yn.' Jam. is, it
would seem, justified in saying that stoup ' denotes a vessel, used as a measure, of indefinite
size :* in fact it is continually qualified in O. £. ballads, as well as in Sc., by some prefix, as
in ' pint-stoup,* * mutcbkin^oup* &c.

Stoury v. n. i. To drive, or rush along with violence, as dust, falling
or drifting snow, in a strong wind. 2. To rush out of the chimney and
fireplace ; of soot and fine ashes under the influence of a down-blast in
stormy weather.

This word must needs be closely related to E. stir, A. S. styran, stiran, styrian, astyrioH,
to stir, move, excite. Comp. O. N. styr, styrr, bellum, Sw. stora, to trouble, disturb. The
word exists also in the comp. Dan. word forstym, with an intensified meaning, to disturb.

5oa GLOSsARy of the

trouble, harass, to the point or pitch of spoiling, mining, destroying. Collate also Germ.
stbren, to disorder, disturb, violate — the peace, namely ; O. H. G. sturan, storan, P. D. storen.
It should be noted that styran takes the absolute sense to steer, rule, govern — comp. S. G.
styra — and thence that of to restrain, to inflict punishment. So also ttbrtn is simply to
create confusion by rununaging or ransacking, as in search of an3rthing. And in like man-
ner our stouT takes its special meaning or application, of rapid or forcible motion or rushing
of fine particles.

Stour, sb. I. Dust, in quantity and in motion. 2. That which looks
like dust; fine snow driven by the wind; fog. 3. Also, commotion,
stir, disturbance.

Hall, gives ' Stoun, battle, conflict (A. S.),* but it really is O. N. styr or siyrr which
bears that meaning, so that our third meaning preserves the original sense.
' " They raised a great stow about nowght ;" a violent contention about trifles.' Wh. 01,

* And she that helmid was in starke stouris* Monkt'i TaU, p. 164.

Cf. styrendes vesen : a disposition to make a commotion. Ame, p. 106.

Stour, Btower, sb. i. A stout piece of wood, bar, or pole; a stake,
for instance, a hedge-stake. 2. Cross rails or bars, between post and
post in a fence, between leg and leg, in a chair, between the end frame-
pieces of a gate, or the sides of a ladder, &c,

O. N. and O. Sw. siauTt fustis, sudes, S. G. stor, vallus, palus, siormdl, the intervals between
the stakes which support a fence, gdrckgdrdstbrar, hedge-stakes, Sw. sia/wer, Dan. tt4wer,
are all closely ^allied. D. D. starre, the staves or BtoiiTB inserted between the timbers in
the wooden framework of a wall which is intended to be plastered or coated with day.
Comp. stavre (pr. staure) a word applied to the long separate-looking beams or rays some-
times cast by ^e sun, and understood to presage high wind.

Stoury, adj. Characterised by driving dust or snow ; of the day or
weather.

Stout, adj. Well and strong.

* Why, I am glad to see you looking so stout again ;' to a convalescent.
' Aye, lahtle 'an 's reeght stout agen, noo, thank'ee.'

Stoye, V. a. (pr. stoo; comp. *doo' for 'dove'). To cut or lop the
branches of trees ; to cut down a hedge which has grown too high, but
so as to leave a fence, formed by the stumps ; to sever a small tree or
sapling from its root, or at the siuface of the ground.

O. N. sto/ha, styvot Dan. stcevne, to lop, cut branches from trees, cut close to the ground
as osiers are cut ; S. G. stujwa, styjwa ; Sax. stuven, a/stuvMt to crop, lop, cut off. Hire
connects stub, stubbe, stuf, stump herewith. See Stob.

Stoven, sb. i. A stool, or stub of a tree that has been cut down.
2. A shoot growing from such stool or stump.

O. N. stqfk, caudex, truncus, S. G. stuf, pars cujusque rei amputatse residua, parallel with
which is O. N. stqfr; Dan. Dial, stoun, the stool of a tree that has been felled, as, gjwr ikkt
stounen forlang : deean't mak' t' stoven ower lang. Note Dan. stavne skov, a wood of

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 503

brush, fo mudi of which is cot down year by year so that no tree can grow in it. Cf.
btuuktr^Uu/num^ bandarsiufunum, Flai, i. 185, 193 (the definite dative), applied to the
stump or stumps of a man's arms whose hands had been cut off.

Straighten, v. a. and n. i. To put in order or make neat; to remove
extraneous matters and lay appertaining things in their places ; after a
piece of work done, for instance, occasioning litter while doing, and
requiring various implements and appliances in the doing. 2. To ex-
amine and settle the accounts between any two parties.

I. * Finished t' job, an* UraigbiMed a' oop.'

Strait, adj. Narrow, confined, scarcely large enough, constraining ;
of a road or lane, clothes, a room or other space, &c.

Pr. Pm. * Striytbe, streyt or streight. Stricius, angustus, artus*

* T' strati lonnin' ;' the name of a lane between Ainthorpe and Danby National School.

Stramash, v. n. To dash, or smash to pieces, with violence, occa-
sioning much clatter and din.

Comp. stram, i. A loud sudden noise : 2. To beat, to spring or recoil with violence and
noise ; to dash down. Dtwm ; Uram^HiHg, violently, startlingly. Devon ; stramnur, a great
felsehood ; Uramming, huge, great. WeU : Halliwell. ' PI. D. stramm, O. ttrqffl tight,
stretched. Violence of action is expressed by reference to the noise which accompanies it.'
Wcdgw.

Strand, sb. i. The border of the sea, the sea coast. 2. With a
local application at Whitby ; the sea-coast between Bleeawyke — Blawych
in old deeds — and East Row Beck, or Thordisa Beck, near Mulgrave,
together with a considerable inland area, is what is implied in the ex-
pression Whitby Strand.

O.N. strond, ttrond, ora, littus, also a stripe or strip; Sw., Dan., A. 8., Germ., Dut.,
n. D. strand,

Streek, v. a. i. To stretch, to extend. 2. To lay out; of a dead
body. 3. To array, deck out, bedizen.

Sw. siracka^ Dan. strakks, A. S. streecan, O. H. G. strsccban. Germ, stricken, PI. D.
strekken,

3. * Streaked out : laid forth in dress or display, garbed out.' Wb, Gl.

Strength, sb. Security, in the legal sense.

* I have strengtb in my pocket for £600 ;' spoken by one among a party of creditors
met to decide on plans for realising their deceased debtor's estate and meeting the demands
on it in the best way, and meaning due legal securities.

* So and so 's got t' au'd woman's brass, but Ah has the strengtb for 't all reeght ;' by
a person acting in some sort as trustee for an old lady whose money was out on loan.

Stretcher, sb. A bar of wood, used, when horses are pulling at
length instead of abreast, to keep the trace-chains at their proper width

504 GLOSSARY OF THE

apart; the Stretchers being inserted, one in the rear of each horse,
and held in their places, by the simple process of passing each end into
a loop of either chain. Comp. Cobble-tree, Swingle-tree.

Strickle, sb. A four-sided implement of oak, some twelve or four-
teen inches long (without the handle), and tapering to a point, the sides
of which are greased and then dressed over with Lae-sand, for the
purpose of whetting or sharpening the sc3rthe.

Sw. sirykstikka, strykspdn^ Dan. strygespaan. Comp. also Dan. Urygt-tand^ a kind of
sand used upon the stryge-spaant with our Ijae-aaiicL From Sw. stryka, O. Sw. and O. N.
strjugOt Dan. stryge, Dut. stryk§n, PI. D. striken^ Fris. stricat to rub, stroke, rub one thing
or surface against another. A. S. strican, like Germ, stnicben, wants the meaning just
given as that of the cognate verbs specified, and signifies ' to go, to continue a course,' as
also do O. N. strjuka, aufugere, elabi, and Sw. stryka. Germ, streicbtln, however, is to pat,
caress, stroke in a petting way, and PI. D. striken takes the meaning to sharpen a tool. Mr.
Wedgwood looks upon the meaning to go, to continue a course, as a secondary or derivative
one : it is, * to take the course of a stroke, to sweep or move rapidly along a surface, to
graze or touch lightly.'

Stride-a-kirky stridykirk, adj. Large, long-legged ; Wh. GL Given
there as applied to a disproportioned female.

* A great stridykirk lass.*

Stridlings, adv. Astride or straddling-wise. Comp. MosUings,
NearlingSy Sidelings, &c.

Strike, v. a. (but used as n.). To kick, as a horse does.

* Tak* heed, honey. Deean't gan ower near yon meear. She strikes'
Cf. the usage in —

' Ladyes manye a one
wringing, 8c wayling, and riuing there heare,
strikmg, & crying with voices ^11 deere.*

Percy's Fo/. MS, i. p. 389.

Strik'-stick, sb. The stick which is passed along the rim of the
corn-measure for the purpose of sweeping off the excess of com and
giving the exact measure.

Pr. Ptn, * Strek, of a mesure as of a buschel or other lyke. Hostoriutn* Comp. ' stricUe,
a piece of wood used in striking off an even measure of com.' Halliwell. Strike, strickUss, are
equivalent forms — StrikiUe in Nominale MS, * In oeconomic matters the vb. stryka is
used to express measuring com by the aid of the strike-stick. Hence struket mat or strick-
measure (see our Btrip-measore) is antithetical to rogadi^mdl, heaped measure.' Ihre.
Sw. stryktrd, Dan. strygetrce, Dut. strijckstock, a Btrike-Btiok or strickle.

Strip-measure, sb. The measure that is given in a standard bushel,
or half-bushel, for instance ; the heaped-up com being stroked or stripped

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 505

off by a flat, straight-edged piece of wood passed evenly over the rim
of the measure.

Ihre notices struktt mdi, or ttrike-measure, as antithetical to rogadi mdl, or heaped
measure, and strip is a parallel form to strike. See Wedgw. in w. Strips Stripe. Pr. Pm,
* Strekyn or streke^mesure, make playne by mesure, as bushell, &c. HosHo.*

Starongy adj. (pr. Strang.) i. Hard, severe; of a frost. 2. Stiff,
heavy, tenacious, clayey; of land. 3. Weighty, bulky, oppressive; of
a load or burden.

O.N. ttrdMgr, severus, indemens, as, strdngr vetr, hyems tempestuosa; Dan. str€tng
vitUtr, Sw. strOng vinter, striutg held; also strdngt iirbeie, laborious work, strdngt straffs
severe punishment ; Dan. strengt liv, a hard life, streng fasten a strict fast ; A. S. strange
stnng, strong, severe, rigid ; PI. D. streng, severe, sharp ; Fris. strong. Germ, strenge,
O. H. O. streng, severus, indemens. Comp. * GoiS nu );>eonne gledluker by stronge wei ant
hitumufule :' go ye now, then, along the hard and toilsome way. Aner. Riwle, p. 188 ;
and again, at p. iia, the sufferings of our Lord are termed 'stronge deorumr^e pinenj
Cf. also * strengest bore,* Kn. de La Tour-Landry, p. 84 ; dnne strangne ^eofman : a strong
thief, namely, Barabbas, A. S. Oosp. Matt, xzvii. 16.

I. * A strong frost ;' * a strongisb frost ;' a hard frost.

3. * Wheea, ye 've gitten a strongisb leead (load) laid on.'

' A strong back-burden;' a heavy pack borne at one's back.

Starother, sb. Haste, bustle, hurry and stir.

Under A. S. strudan, Bosworth remarks, * The proper sense of this word is to employ
bodily power or strength, to endeavour, to take pains by exercise of bodily power or
strength, and is formed from the noise made by these exertions. Adelung.' This would
seem to be entirely descriptive of the idea implied in Btrother, which is most likely a
simple derivative from the A. S. word with the common dialectic transition of d into tb, as
in diddBTf dither, dodder, dother. See. In E. Eng, AUit. Poems, A. 1. 1 13, we find —

' In )>e founce >er stonden stonej stepe.
As glente )>ur3 glas |at glowed and glyjt.
As stremande steme) quen strode men slepe ;'

where the editor questioningly suggests ' bold, fierce,* as the meaning of strode. May not
our word suggest that the meaning probably is active, laborious, diligent or bustling ?

Stmoken, p. p. of to Strike.
Stront, sb. The tail.

Hall, says, * of a bird properly ;' Brock, gives ' tail or rump ;' Wb. GL * the tail of an
animal.' To strttnt is to dock, to cut off short ; strunty is short, docked. The idea seems
to involve that of shortness. Cf. stuntisb, dumpy : North. HaUiwell. Sw. D. stunt, short,
squat, O. Sw. stunter, id. Halliwell's strunt, a the penis, might originate in A.S. strynan,
strynd, that which is begotten. Ihre gives strunt as meaning the earliest sprouts or ^oots
of the beech and the pine in spring, referring it to the same A. S. verb. Collate also Germ.
ttrunk, and Dan. D. strunk, a stump, as in the case of a cabbage stalk when the cabbage
has been cut. But probably the relationship may be with stunt. Cf. Boraffler, scuffler,
SorufT, scuff. Sec.

StrontiBh, stronty, adj. i. Short, stumpy. 2. Sullen, obstinate.
See Stront, Stunt, Stanly.

3 T

5o6 QLOSSARF OF THE

Strut-stoiir, Btxut-stower, sb. A prop or support, consisting of a
piece of wood or timber, one end of which abuts on the object requiring
to be propped, the other is fixed in the earth.

See Stoiir or Stower, a word which, in the one before us, is simply combined with
E. sirut^ in the sense, prop, stay, support. Comp. not only Dan. D. stred, a prop, or strut,
but strutte, to stick forward, to stand stiffly out. See also Pr, Pm. Strowtyn, Turgeo.
The word is not unlikely connected with S. O. sirida^ certare, O. H.O. stritan. Germ, streiten,
a class of words, in all of which the idea of one thing or person thrusting or pushing or
exerting strength against another is involved.

Stuff, sb. Material, produce, goods, furniture : a word of very com-
mon and varied use and application.

* There 's a v^ast o' stuff eta t' land, surely ;* growth or produce.

' He 's a deal o' stuff on hand, noo ;' a ^ery large stock in trade.

* Weel, they 'a' getten a gay bit o' i/M^tegither, Ah lay ;* have accumulated a good deal
of money or property.

Stuffy, adj. Close, suffocating ; of the atmosphere of a room that is
over-heated or over-filled ; of the atmosphere, on a damp, sultry, close
day. See Stife.

Stunge, sb. The heavy pain from a blow or injury lasting over a
certain space after its infliction; the stunning sensation produced by
a violent blow.

* Stunnub. To stun ; to sprain. Loitc.* Halliwell. A. S. stunian^ to beat, strike against,
stun, should supply the derivation of this word, and probably the Lane, form furnishes a
suggestion as to the step or steps by which the derivation proceeds.

Stunt, sb. A fit of obstinacy; the being obstinate or mulish.

Sw. D. stunnt; taga stunni, exactly coincident with our tak' stunt. Comp. also A. S.
s/Mit/, foolish, stupid, stundie, like a fool, stuntUci, foolishly, stupidly. Possibly Dan. D. stutt^
short and surly in speech, gminpy, may be connected, and rdationship with etunt, short,
be suspected. See Stunt, adj.

He would not learn his lesson, but took Uunt;" became obstinate.' Wh. OL

t (t

Stunt, adj. i. Short and thick, stumpy. Thence, 2. Hard to be
bent; strong, in the sense of stiff; inflexible. And thence again,
3. Unyielding, obstinate.

S. G. stunt, shot, truncatus, brevis, O. Sw. stynt, O. N. stuitTt id. ; Sw. ttunta, to shorten,
cut short, Dan. studsi, id., Dan. D. stynte, to cut short, stutUe, to be too short. See 8tunt»
sb., Btrunt, Sec,

I. * A stunt stick.'

3. * He 's as stunt as a burnt whang : there 's no turning him.' Halliwell. As inflexible
as a burnt leather-thong, which has lost all its pliability and may break, but cannot bend.

Stontiflh, adj. Inclined to obstinacy.

* " Rather stuntisb ;" inclined to be obstinate.'

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 507

Stunty, adj. i. Short in growth or stature; of Ling, or any other
shrubby plant: of a person dso, who is short in stature. 2. Ill-tem-
pered, obstinate, sulky. See Stunt, adj.

Sturdy, sb. (pr. sto'ddy). A disorder of sheep, arising from the
presence of hycktids in the brain: the animal affected losing power
over its limbs to a greater or less degree, and seeming to be bereft
of sense.

• Sturdy. Provincially, giddy, sulky and obstinate ; also a disease in sheep in which the
animal becomes stupefied. Cr. Gl. Sturdy or stubborn, tstourdy, Palsgr. Gael, stuird,
ttmrdean, vertigo, a disease in sheep, drunkenness. Macleod. It. aiordirt, to make dizzy or
giddy m the head. Fl. Sp. aiurdir, to stupefy, confuse.' Wedgw.

Sturken, v. n. To stiffen.

Simply another form of starken. The meaning giiren in Wb, Gl. it illustrated by a
reference to the solidifying of melted grease when set by to cool. Hall, gi^es the meanings,
' to grow, to thrive.' It should rather be to grow in strength, to become stiffer, in the sense
of strength.

Sturten, v. a. See Sturken, of which it is, as it is given in Wk. GL,
another form.

Stut, V. n. To stutter ; to stammer, or hesitate in speaking.

Pr. Pm, * StotyH* or stameryn. THtubo, blaiero* * To stut or stagger in speaking or
going.' ' I stutte, I can nat speake my words readily, je besgue.* Palsgr. Cf. Germ. Mtot-
ttm, to stutter ; also to stumble. Mr. Wedgw. connects the word with Germ, stossem, to
kick, thrust against, atutoss, a stammering or stuttering, PI. D. stoot, a blow, stotem,
to stutter. In like manner S. G. stut, a blow, ttuts, rebound, are not only equally related,
but have the same form as our word.

Sty I Sty ! The cry to pigs intended to cause them to go away, to
frighten them out, or the like. See Jack I Jack !

Suoooury V. n. To rest or lean, to find support or stay.

A very curious instance of the application of a word, in a sense not only not inconsistent
with its original sense, but strictly congruous with it, only to inanimate, non-sentient objects
instead of to living, sensible, appreciating ones.

' " Let the ladder succour against the wall ;" rest or lean.' Wb. Gl,

Suflbr, V. n. To be deprived of life, to be killed or to die; under
extremity of want, cold, or the like.

• A desper't lang storm. It 's doubtful a vast o* t' moorbo'ds 11 «j^;" of a long continued
wintry fit, with the snow l3ring deep upon the moors.

• A deal o' t' young pa'tridges would tufftr i that heavy downfa' i' t' foreend o' July.'

• Yan o' thy yows has suffered, James. Ah seen it ligging i' t' cleugh.'

Sugar-scot, sb. The same as Sweet-soot.

3 T a

5o8 GLOSSARY OF THE

Smnmer-binks, sb. A summer-house or garden alcove, fitted, as
usually, with benches or low seats round the interior.

Smnmer-oolt, sb. The seeming undulation of vapour near the sur-
face of the ground, or along the line of a wall, &c., on a hot sum-
mer's day.

* See how the Sammer-colt rides/ Wb. 01, Or. GL gives * Summer-goose^ an exha-
lation from marshes ;' but with a reference to gossamer , whidi is defined as ' down of
plants, cobwebs, or rather yapour arising from boggy or marshy ground, in warm weather.'
Again towards the close of his remarks upon gossamer^ Mr. Carr uses the words, * this down
or rather exhalation ;* which leads to the conclusion that he simply adopts the notion ex-
pressed in the quotation he gives from Skinner, to the effect that gossamer is * the early
morning dew solidified by the sun into the likeness of the webs of spiders :' rorem ilium
matutinum divino sole exsiccatum, instar telse aranese ; a notion so remote from fact, that
any real comparison between Summer-oolt and Summer-goose is of course out of the
question. Jamieson gives summer-, or simmer-couts, with the definition, — * The name
given to the exhalations seen to ascend from the ground on a warm day ;' adding, * perhaps,
q. summer-eoltSf in allusion to the undulating motion of these vapours, which may have
been thought to resemble the frisking of young horses.' The example given above, and
quoted by the Whitby glossarist from Mr. Marshall's Rural Economy of Yorhhiret 1796,
proves that Jamieson's surmise is correct, and sets at rest the question as to the etymplogy,
or rather, origin of the word. See Qossamer, MuBweb, &c.

Sump, sumph, sb. A bog, a cesspool, a drain.

Hire gives sump, palus, sumpig, paludosus, collating O. H. O. sunft, Dut. somp, as also
£. sivamp, swampy. O. Sax. swamp. Molb. gives Dan. sump, and collates Oerm. sump/,
A. S. swamp. From that which b calculated to suck up water, and hold it when sucked
up, to a spunge, or vice versa, is easy and natural. Cf. then also O. N. svampr, spongia,
O. Sw. swamp, Dan. svamp, M. O. swamms, A. S. swam, a fungus, O. Germ, swam, suam.
Germ scbwamm, PI. D. swam, swamp.

Sunder, v. a. To expose to the air and sun, to air; of hay, says
Halliwell : but of more general application in Cleveland.

Compare "Winder, to winnow, to expose to the action of the wind. I do not think
that this is simply a use of the E. vb. sunder, in the sense of to spread, to separate in that
sense. There seems always the implied thought in the speaker's mind of exposure to the
sun, and not of mere separation or opening out.

* Lay them claithes oot to sunder a bit ;' where the use of the verb is gerondial.

Sundown, sb. Sunset, evening.

Sup, V. a. To drink by sups, to take liquids by the aid of a spoon.

*Supa: I. sorbere, sorbillare: usurpatur de cibis jurulentis; A. S. supan; Al. suphan;
Belg. soepen, suypen: a. Sorbillatim bibere,' to drink by sups. Ihre. He adds that his
* countrymen make this difference between supa and dricka, that the latter signifies to take
a copious draught, the former only small quantities or tastes of the liquid,' and compares
E. sip, Dut. sippen, Welch sippian.

To sup sorrows by dishfuls ;" to have frequent occasion for grief.' Wb* 01.

« II

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 509

Sup, sb. A small quantity of any liquid : of very frequent use, in
clivers modes of application.

' A lahtle soop o* brandy/

* T' mak' a lahtle soop o' watter/

* Ah 'd be glad t' beg a soop o' poort wahn o' ye.'

* He lahks t soops^ t' au'd man diz.'

* We *$ lahk t' get a soop o* wet, Ah think ;* likely to have some rain.

Suppings, sb. Liquids for drinking : usually with the implied idea
of to be taken a little at a time ; whether as drams, for instance, or by
aid of a spoon.

Swab, sb. A sot, one who drenches himself with drink.

* The radical meaning of the word is to sop or slop, to splash in water.' Wedgw. Ihre
gives swabb, a sort of mop used on shipboard, and cdled a swab, deriving it ^om A. S.
swtbban, to swab, swabber, used by sailors. Dan. tvabre, to swab, to cleanse a ship's decks
by aid of a swab, svaber; Sw. svabb, svabba, svabd, svabla, two nouns with their corre-
sponding verbs, of like signification ; N. svabba, with its varying forms sabba, subba, to
^ill or splash water over, to dabble in water ; Dut. zMoabber, xwabberen. Germ, scbwabbeln,
tebwappen, to splash, dabble, swab. The ship's swab sucks up a quantity of liquid : hence
the application. Rietz connects the word with shnmpa, and so with E. swamp. See,

Swad, sb. A hull, or outer shell or husk; of peas, beans, hazel-
nuts, &c.

We have parallel forms— the d replaced by p or b — in O. N. sveipr, Dan. svtb, a husk,
pod, wrapper, envelope. Our word must still, however, through swaddli, swaddUng-
elodbes, swadtUing-band, be closely related to swatbe, to wrap, to enfold. Comp. swaib-
bonds^ swatbe-bands, swatbing-clotbes, with swaddling-clothes; and this helps to explain
* swatb, to tie up com into sheaves ; " swathed or njade into sheaves." Cotgr.' Halliwell.
And thus in swatbe we have essentially the same idea as in 8w»d ; namely, of that which
enfolds or envelopes something within. See Wedgw. in v. Swad,

Swag, V. n. To sway on one side or other, as a cart with an exces-
sive or ill-packed load is wont to do ; to hang down, and swing side-
ways, in motion, as Falstaff 's belly might, or a sack with only its bottom
part filled with weighty matters, and suffered to hang loose.

Swag, says Ihre, ' among the Upland folk means a low or hole-like place ; perhaps from
O. N. sueigia, inclinare. £. swag-down, propendere.' Dan. D. svaek, id., Sw. D. svaeka,
svak-ryggad, having a sunk-in back ; Dan. D. svakke, to bulge out or lean out of the per>
pendicular ; of buildings. Our word seems to combine the notion of protuberance, or of
what sinks to the bottom of the containing hollow, with the idea of lateral motion. See
also under Ba^.

Swagger, sb. A pennon or vane, a flag.

Cf. Dan. vagir, with precisely the same sense. The vimpei, pennant, is hoisted at sun-
rise, but at sunset it gives place to the vager, which Molb. calls * a short vimpd* The
vb. vagt is applied to express the rising and falling motion of a ship upon the waves, and
a ship is said ai vage godi when she rises well to the sea and ships but little water ; bttn
pqger som en maags i slorm : she rides like a mew in a sea. There is the idea of con-

510 OLOSSARF OF THE

tinuous motion in either the riding chip or the floating pennant, and there wonld be some
inconsistency in connecting our word either with our Swaff or E. sufoggir, which latter
word Wedgw. defines by * to walk in an affected manner, swajring from one side to the
other.' For the implied idea in both these words is weight, properly loose weight, put into
motion — in the one case material weight, in the other assumed importance. As regards
the initial s in the Cleyel. word, and its want in the Danish, comp. Dan. svo^, veg or vaag,
Sw. swag, wek, O. Germ, swaeb, weib. Germ, scbwaeb, weicb, Dut xwai, wtek, PI. D. swakf
week, weak, tender, infirm. See Bosw. in v. Woe, waae, weak.

* ** They carry a tight swagger upon a rotten mast ;" make a great show on little means ;
or, a hollow display.* Wb. Gl.

Swaimishy Bwaimous, sb. Hesitating, diffident, bashful or shy.

O. N. sveima, to wa^er, fluctuate, as a flexible body does under the action of nmning
water. Comp. Dan. stmmme, Sw. simma, 8cc. The transition of sense from material
motion of a weak or yielding body to the undecided conduct of a hesitating character is
simple and natural enough. Mr. Wedgwood, howerer, gi^es the proyindal forms sweamisb,
weamisb, squeamish, modest ; the former of which is probably only another form of our
word, and of which he sa3rs that they * must be explained as rasily turned tick or morally
disgusted,' connecting them with E. gtio/m, Dan., Sw., Germ, qualm, Dut. walm. Sec, But
possibly the vb. sweatmn, to grieve, to put to shame, which occurs four or five times in
Aner, Riwle, may suggest another connection for swaimish. In * he ne mei nor rcoutSe
wemen hire, ne sufeamen hire heorte mid wemynge,* make her heart ashamed, or backward
or diflident about asking again, through denial, appears to be the meaning. But no deri-
yation is suggested. Pr, Ptn, also gives ' Swemyn, Moiestor, mereo ; SwHtn, swemynge or
momynge. Tristieia ; Skeymowse, or sweymows or qweymows. Abbominathms,* with * sweam
or swaim, subita ssgrotacio. Gouldm.,* in a note. Note also the word in — ' Of paradis
hem tSenkelS swem.' Oen, and Ex, p. I a. See also p. 56. Taking all into consideration,
it seems almost certain that O. N. sveima, with its etymons (which all, though varying in
their individual significations, have yet a general bond of connection running through them),
S. G. svima, D. D. svime, A. S. swiman, to be dizzy, to have a swimming in the head, Bav.
sebwaimen, to hover in the air, wander or wave to and fro, Gkrm. sebweitntr, sebwemmer,
a name for the windhover or kestrel, are all cognate. Note also swaymous, Cumb., swam-
ous. Or. Gl,

* ** I felt swaimisb at asking ;" diffident, or reluctant to make the request.* Wb, 01,

* '* Don't be over swaimisb;** do not be too backward.' lb.

Swangy sb. A low, damp or — as usually — somewhat boggy, tract of
ground.

O. N. svangr, lacuna, a hollow place, O. Dan. spang, id., Sw. D. sv&nga or svonga, id.,
connected by Rietz with the v. a. svinga, svank, a hollow, and also exactly synonymous
with our word, connected by the same authority with the v. n. svinka, to swing, to shake,
to quake (as a bog does).

Swank, v. a. To support or lend strength to ; to back up and make
strong, so as to render more equal to any trial, or to exertion generally.

Cf. A. S. swinean (pret. swane), to labour, toil. The idea seems to pass from the act of
labouring to the strength requisite for the act, or from * to find strength,' to * to get or
supply strengtb. The example in Wb. Gl. is, * He can now swank his navel with a sood
bMf-steak ;' fortify his interior, as we might say. The various applications of the Northern
forms swanking, swanky, namely, * large,' * hearty,' ' strong and strapping,' confirm this

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 511

view; and the ptstage qutfted by Hall, from Morte Arthure furnishes additional con-
firmation:

* He swounande diede, and on the swarthe lengede,
Sweltes cwynne swiftly, and twankt he no more ;'

where the sense clearly seems to be, he found strength no more, not even to move himself.

Swanking, adj. Large, strong and strapping, hearty.

SwapOy sb. A spring, or beam (of whatever size) suspended on such
a principle that the inequality of the counterpoise may assist in the lift-
ing of weights ; as of the heavy pestle in pounding, of the grocer's knife
in cutting sugar, and so on.

• A great poste and high is set faste ; then over it cometh a longe beame whiche renneth
on a pynne, so that the one ende havjmge more poise than the other, causeth the lyghter
code to ryse ; with such beere-brewers in London dooe drawe up water. They call it a
9Wttp9, Elyott;' quoted by Halliwell. *Swap«, the handle of a pump. Nor/,* Halliwell.
* Swiptt the crane-like contrivance for drawing water, consisting of a rod unevenly balanced
OD a post, having a weight at the short end and bucket at the long end.' Wedgw. The
sugar-cutting machine seen in grocers* shops is supplied with a strong spring, in lieu of
the unevenly balanced beam; the principle, however, being precisely the same in either
case. Dut. wip, or wipgalge, from wippen^ to vibrate, at once suggests O. N. nnpa^
vibrare, to swing about, as a sword, cudgel, S. G. swepa, vagari, Sec, as the inunediate
origin of our word.

Swart, adj. Dusky-looking, black.

O. N. tvartTt Sw. tvart^ O. Sw. noart^ Dan. tor/, M. G. swarts, A. S. neworf, twari,
twtort, wunrt, O. Germ, tuarz. Germ, tcbuntrz, PL D. and Fris. suHtrt, Dut. zwart. Yet
preserved in some local names, but in rare use odierwise.

Swarth, sb. i. Skin, rind. 2. Sward, the surface part of grass
land.

O. N. tvariSTt svariSr, as klujii svoriS i bo/fSi bonom : they cut a gash in the skin of his
head, tpar^leysa, ground or soil without Bwarth or turf, tvarfSrmp, a hide rope ; S. G.
mKtrd, cutis crassior, thick hide and hairy, whether that of the human head, or pig-skin —
comp. our Fig-swarth ; Dan. cv«r,^<esifr«-svcer, hide, rind, grmnswar^ greensward ; Dan. D.
tmir, 9ord^ rind, skin ; A. S. sweard, skin of bacon, grass. Germ, tcbwarii, id. ; PI. D. tuKUtrd,
swan, grdnswaard; Fris. swardi, skin ; D. ZMvoord. See Bive.

Swash, V. n. To dash about in waves, as water strongly agitated in
a pail or like vessel does.

See Bobs, with which this must be nearly connected. Comp. swasb-4>uekUr, awasb, to
Muster, swagger, with Sw. tvoMta^ to strut, swagger, talk big, and Dan. Dial, tvaitig, given
to talk freely and self-approvingly.

Swat, sb. A portion or limited quantity; a supply : of most frequent
use in connection with liquid, or drink.

If we were right in looking upon 8w»d as, fundamentally, that which envelopes, enfolds,
tufoibit something ; swatb, as so much com tied up into a sheaf, or as so much grass, &c.,
bundled up together by one action of the scjrthc, or by the continued action of the scythe.

512

GLOSSARY OF THE

Bwftt may rutunllf be taken lo denote a uken portion, oi limited qiuintily, a
Dt sDbitance ; just as Swatoh is an object, ittelf cat out from a larger fnece, an
in lome initancci (see BwKtch)— intended to bive a piece cut ont of itielf for '
of facilitating recognition. Comp. ' Swiss scbvitai, su much of a fluid or soft i
ihiown down at once, iben a lot oi quanlit)' of tbiugs. as of apples.' Wedgnr.
PI. D. nudJ. aualt, swathe of grass. For the imiDediate origin of out word co
shrall. a nnill portion or quantity, ' a Utile," as m thiaU tad, mjol ; a Utile e
Sv. iqudll, Sw. D, sivap or ihitp, ' a little drop,' a Sup.

' Weel, tbon mon fetch me anilher neat;' to the landlady or waiter at an

■ Ah think Ab 'U lak' i

Swatch, sb. A wooden tally.

In the days of spinning-wbeels and home-woven cloth, Sec, it was customary lo affix
BwatohsB 10 the various rolls of cloth sent to the dyer's, which in this pari of Clerelaiid
were marked with the initials of the tender. According to the Wb. OI. another mode of
recognition was by cutting out a portion of the Siratch, and returning it to the bringer.
This, when the dyeing was completed, on being fitted into the gap left, enabled the Dwnci
goise hi) own piece of cloth, or what not. See under Svad, Swat, Ball, definet

. bind, t

: shred c

o think the applies

tion theieirom without the introduction of the

movement of the flesh of a fat person.' Wedgw.

* In [he Noithumberlaod Household Book it '

:o the baker " the stoke

n part of the tally), and the " niiacbt"
pantlet.' Pr. Pm. note to Tidy.

Swathe-bauks, sb. The ridge of mowed grass which, being at the
extreme limit of the sweep of the scythe in mowing, is cut and, so, left
standing, somewhat higher than the rest of the stems. Extending right
across the meadow, tliey def5ne the several widths mown by the several
labourers. See Bauks.

Swath-eheep, sb. (pr. swarth-sheep, a as ii
breed of sheep as opposed lo Moor-Bheep-

r'). The Leicester

O. N. smHTr, ■ ram, a sheep, N. taud (pi. iaudi. sautr. sau), Sw. D. taii{d). M. to (p[.
iSor, Mtr), td, Sciu or liiii, &c. Aaien remarks that sUHif ii properly a fnatcniine noun,
but thai in oiual application is to ibecp in general without reference to Ki, s»y<Q>i- ">"<
being the word applied lo an ewe or Q-immoT. Rietz, ttttt collating O. Sw. itilvr, tayir.
lodi, Bret. Kmud oi laovl. tbe O. N. synonym, and M. G. Hints, an ofTerinff. creature olicied
in sacrifice, goes on to say, — ' It seemt probible Ihai the original signification of O N. laydr
bi> been the sodden (or lecihed) fleth of a sacrificed animal, or burnt offering (hraiuioffiry,
and on ihis biiis it is that t have taken leave to arrange this very old word and its con-
nections in this place ;' that ii, under the claii-wotd lioOa, to »«lhe, boil. In local papen.
schedulet of lallie-ihowi, advertisements of sales. *c.. the word is ipell ■ Svrarlh^heep.'
I have eiduded the r )i not really belonging to it.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 513

Swatter, v. a. and n. i. To splash about in water, as a duck does
in taking flight, as geese and ducks do in washing ; thence, simply to
throw or splash water about, in showers or drops, and thence 2. To dis-
sipate or waste.

Comp. S. O. aqw€ttta, liquida diiindere, tqmUtra, ipargere, dinipare, sqwiUtra bort ptH-
mngar : nummot prodigere. Dart connects these words with E. seatur and Oenn. zetttm,
dispagat. Of tguatter Wedgw. remarks, that although * not generally recognised in our
dictionaries,' it is fully understood by every one. Jam. defines swcMtr^ tquatttr, * to move
ijmckly in any fluid substance ;' HalliweU, ' to spill or throw about water, as geese and
ducks do in drinking. Also to scatter, to waste.'

2. ' They twattertd their money away like dike-water.' Wh, Gl,

Swattorments, sb. Scattered portions of liquid, drops flung about.

Sweets, sb. Sugar sweetmeats; 'suckers' or soluble sweetmeats, of
whatever description.

Sweet-BOot, sb. A preparation of sugar and butter melted or boiled
together over the fire, and laid out in shsdlow-pans to cool and harden.
See Sugar-0oot» ButterHKX>t or -eootoh.

Swelt, V. n. I. To faint, to fall in a state of syncope, from whatever
cause, whether sudden shock, grief, exhaustion, &c. 2. To be overdone
with heat and ready to sink.

0. Flem. umIhot, deficere, langnescere, exactly corresponds in meaning with our word.
Note also O. N. tvdta^ O. Sw. swalta, to suffer, or cause to suffer, from hunger, to stanre
OQtridit ; Dan. swito, titlit (the former archaic and almost obs.), id. ; Dan. D. tvdit, to
perish or die m a lingering fashion ; O. Qerm. nalinon, to perish by heat ; M. O. twtUan,
to die.

* Manye a lonely lady,
And lemmans of knyghtes,
Swowned and MWtlttd
For sorwe of hise (Death's) dyntes.' P. Plougbm, p. 431.

1. * She UuXymdUd when she heard it' Wb, 01.

Swerd, s'erd. Pr. of Sword.

Comp. Pr. Pm. ' twmiit* * tumrdbiran,* See.

Swid, v. n. To tingle or smart, as a wound or bum, &c. See Swidge^
Swither*

O. N. sviSa, dolere, an^^ sviVt, dolor intensns vulnerum, ignis, et frigoris ; S. O. wnda^
dolere, as wBret tnmdtr : the wound swidfl or iwidgeSy smarts, is full of pain. Ihre re-
marks that ' O. N. tuida first implies the act of burning, then the pain of the bum.' Dan.
tvU expresses the sense of pain after burning, from cM, or from the action of a cutting
wind upon the face. With the meanings of O. N. tvifia comp. the corresponding meanings
of urtrt. O. H. Qerm. trntUm is thoi^ht by Hire to bear the same two meanings.

* Cam him no fieres wndSe ner :' Om. and Ex. p. X07 ; of Aaron, when the fire burnt
the 350 men with censen, Nnmben zri.

3U

514 GLOSS ART OF THE

Swidden, v. a. (often pr. swithen). To bum superficially, or singe
off superficial matters; as hair or wool from a skin, laing from the
moors, &c.

O. N. sviiSa, adurere, svi^na, aduri, torrescere ; Sw. sveda, to bum or singe off, O. Sw.
tweda^ id. ; Dan. svide or svie^ to bum superficially, to singe or scorch off, as hair, one's
clothes, &c. It is applied also to the parching or scorching effects of great heat upon grass
and the like. O. N. sv«^Vi, to flay, take the skin off, is probably allied.

Swidden, swiwen, sb. Any place on the moor fi'om which the Ling
and other herbage has been burnt away, and which still shews signs of
burning.

Simply a noun formed from the p. p. of the original verbs, O. N. mffimi, Dan. suedem,
Comp. Sw. svedjeland, land on which the brush and other wood has been cut down and
burnt by way of fertilizing as well as preparing it to receive a com crop.

Swidge, V. n. To smart, to tingle with pain.

This must be looked upon as a parallel form to iwid, iwitlier, rather than as coinci-
dent, as in Btound, Btunge, bit, bilcb, Fote or Foit, poke, pot (applied to the beUyX
Podge, 8cc. Probably swiszen, another form of swidden, through iwitlien, is die
immediate bond of connection.

Swill, V. a. To throw water, out of a pail or the like, over anything,
as a floor, a carriage, for the purpose of washing or cleansing it ; or
without any such definite object. See Sowl.

A. S. stuilian, to swill, wash. * I swyll, 1 rynce or dense any manner vesselL' Palsgr. in
HalliweU.

Swill, sb. A shallow open willow or wicker basket of veiy light or
open construction.

Perhaps connected with some or other of the Gothic names for the sallow or osier-plant
— O.N. telja, Dan. ielje, Sw. salg, A.S. sealb, seai, salb, salig, O.H.Germ. tait^a. Fin.
salawa, (Gael, uul, taileog). The Germ, name sabl-vmde (sallow-withy), * may be allied to
uU, that is, band, a tie.' Hilpert. All the names just quoted are * different forms of a word
that implies a shrub fit for withes, A. S. sal or scd, a strap, tie or band. Sal, a hall, in
O. H. G. a house, G. saal, seems to be of the same origin, and to tell us that our ancestors
dwelt in bouus of wicker-work* Prior, Pop. Names of Br, Plants. The italics are mine,
and I siispect that the same connection whkh exists (or may exist) between sal, sail, saal,
salig, &c., and wicker-work is the connection upon which our word Swill deppids for its
origin. How easily the w is taken up or dropped is patent Comp. Sw. simma not only
with E. swim, but with Dan. svmmme, O. N. svema ; £. sucb with O. E. swue, swucb, A. S.
swulc ; our sound with E. swoon ; &c.

Swine-saim, sb. Hogslard. See Saim.

Swine-swill, sb. Slops of various kinds, which may be thrown to-
gether to aid in the sustentation of a pig.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 5\^

Swine-thiBtle, sb. The com sow-thistle {Sanchus arvemis).

The * ScwthystyUi or TbowAystyUt, Rostrum poreinum* of Pr. Pm., Dr. Prior i6ca-
tifies as Sonebus oUraeeus, * TbowtiystylU, A. S. \mfe\fistd or \fu\nsteU O. G. dutistei^
qproQt-thistle, from ]>tt/et a sproat, an indication of the plant having been valued for its
olible sprouts ; altered to Sow-ibisili through its name in the Ortus sanitatis, C. cxlviii,
9uw§-distel, or, in some editions, saw-disttlf a corruption of its A.S., and older German
name.' In this case, our word would seem to be a further corruption— or rather, change —
still; and it applies to the S. arvensis, a weed sufficiently troublesome to the farmer
and gardener from the vitality of its trailing root. But is it quite consistent with the above
explanation that we have not only Germ. sau-dUtd {S. (deraceust and Carline-thistle), and
Sw. 8»m-4uUiL (JS, oUraciut), but also Dan. svinedild^ sviruHld, as well as svinetidssl t Rosing
also gives the synonymous svme-mtlk, Molb. explains svinedild, svinetidsd by * a conomon
garden weed which pigs willingly eat,' and on the whole I do not think (whether Molbech's
be the right explanation or not) that so general an application of the word sow or swifu
can have prevailed through a mistake or corruption, and prevailed moreover to the entire
rapplanting and loss of the original name in all North Europe.

Swingle, v. a. To beat flax ; that is, to go on with the first, or
roughest, process in dressing it, in order to detach it from the * hards.'

. Pr, Pm. ' SwengyU for flax or hempe. Excudium ;' A. S. swingett a whip, PL D. swinge,
a board for beating flax or hemp ; swengsi, a swipe or swape ; Dut. swengd. Germ, sebwan^
gd, sehwengdt a swipe, swing, flail, scbwing-stochf a hemp-brake or swingle ; Dan. svingel,
a whip, svingelspaan, a swmgle ; Sw. swangel, a swape ; all depending on the swinging or
vibrating motion which belongs to them when in action. Comp. Pr, Pm, * Fleyle swyngyl,
TrOndum' Switigsl, that part of the flail which falls on the com in the straw. Halliwell.

Swingle-trees, sb. The bars which hang at the houghs of the
horses in drawing a plough, the harrows, &c., and to which the traces
they pull by are a&xed. See Cobble-tree, and compare Stretcher*

Dan. D. svingd-troir, Sw. D. svimgsi. Germ, scbwengd,

Swip, sb. The personal image or representation, a likeness ; as in
our common expression 'the very image oV another.

O. N. nnpr, look, countenance, flishion of features. See also svipadr, vultu similit,
tsfiplikr, id. ; svipgdrr or ndpkdrr, of a fieree countenance, svipbnugginn, dejected looking ;
Sw. D. svepa, to be like another in appearance or countenance ; N. suip, look, face, with
the implied idea of likeness to another, svipa, to be like or resemble another.

' He 's the very tvnp of his father.' Wb, Gl,

Swipple, sb. That part of the flail with which the com is actually
beaten out.

O. N. svipOf flagellum, tv^, to swing, as in the act to strike, tveipa, percutere ; O. Sw.
twepa, scutica ; Dan. sv9bs, id., svippe, to strike with a whip. Comp. O. N. stnpall, a poet,
name for Odin ; properly an adj. signifying mobilis : Egilss. A. S. swips^ with the cognate
words, all signify a whip, a scourge. Our Swipple is the swutgyl of Pr, Pm,, swingel of
Forby. Cf. the use of simi^ below.

* th^ swapi together with swordes soe fine ;
th^ fought together till they both swett.'

Percy's Fol, MS. i. p. 31 1.

3 U 2

5l6 GLOSSARY OF THE

Swirreli sb. A squirrel. See OatHsrwirreL

Brockett says that * SwtrU is applied to express the gliding of a stream of water. A small
rumer in Sandgate, Newcastle, was anciently called the Swene ; now corrupted into tpurrd*
With us the ' corruption' proceeds in the other direction, as also in sunri for squirt given by
Brock, in the next page, and in our Bwot.

Switohed, adj. Drunk, intoxicated

Switcher, sb. One which outdoes another, a thing that is large, con-
spicuous, noted, specially excellent

Again the passage from the idea of beating to that of eminence in size or weight, of dis-
tinction or superiority generally.

* A smtebtr at spiking.' Wb, 01.

Switching, adj. Great, extensive, noted, remarkable.

The verb is quoted in Luds Gl, as being still in use : * This, or the other, thing switches
that ;* outdoes it.

* A great iudiebing place ;' * a twitebing tpeaktrJ Wh. Gi.

Swither, v. n. To smart, to ache, to tingle with pain. See Swid,
Swidge.

* ** It ukes and twUbirs;*' itches and tingles.' Wb, Gi.

Swithering, sb. The act of smarting or tingling.

Swittle, sb. A wire or cylindrical rod of iron heated to bore holes
with in wood.

This word seems not to be applied otherwise than in connection with the idea of being
heated, that is to say, that a wire adapted for use as a Swittle would not be termed a
Swittle unless actually used for the purpose of being heated to bore holes with. And this
leads to the conclusion that it must in some way be connected with the O. N. svida, adurere.
Comp. svid, the magic circle; ai marka svid: to draw such a circle, within the limits of
which ghosts are to be circumscribed, on pain of burning, svid, what remains after a heap
of wood has been burnt. Svida also seems to have meant some kind of pointed weapon,
a lance or spear probably as well as a fire ; and it is possible such a weapon may sometimet
have been employed as a Swittle.

' A reed-yat swittU;* a red-hot borer.

Swiszen, v. a. To singe, to bum superficially. Se^ Swidden, and
Swidge.

Swissle, BwiEBlement, sb. Drink, of whatever kind.

Comp. Sobs, N. ntda, to paddle, dabble in water ; iquitb'^qwub, noise made by the feet
when walking with shoes full of water, or over a soft water-covered surface, of a swamp, for
instance ; tgtuub, to si^sh.

Sword-dance, sb. An ancient performance, probably of Danish
origin, still kept up in many parts of N. England, and- enacted about
the period of the new year.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 517

Sword-danoers, sb. A party of performers consisting of six dancers,
a king, one clown or perhaps two, called Bessy, Madge, or Madgipeg, a
musician, and possibly other actors, who together practise the sword-
dance. See Plough-stots, ICadgipeg, Fond-plough.

Sword-Blipings, sb. Open, if not actual, hostility : a nearly equiva-
lent expression to ' Daggers-drawings.'

See Blipe. The word simply means diping^ or drawing, the sword from the sheath, pre-
paratory of course to a downright fight.

* ** They are h,\x\y at sword-diptngs wi* t* ane t' other ;" ready to draw the sword iqxm
each other.' Wb, Gi.

Syke, sb. A streamlet, a rill of water; a small run draining out of
a boggy place.

O. N. i£b', Ucuna aquosa, djk, tijke, riyuhis aqos ; O. Sw. tike, S. O. tiga, defluere, per
tacttos meatus et rimas peimeare ; D. D. tigtt a damp or moist place, a low place in the
land where water collects and stands the winter through, mk, syk, a marshy or boggy spot ;
A. S. ticb, a furrow, gutter, water-course ; O. H. O. geuebt stagnum. Comp. the aw. names
Alttkt, OroHtike, with our HoulsykOy Sec.

T

Taal, V. n. To settle, to accommodate oneself to new circumstances,
habits or home.

A varying, but interesting form of the more ordinary thole. Comp. Dan. taale, to put
up with, submit to, as derived from O. N. )>o/a, as also Sw. tSUa, Sw. D. tula, tyla, to be
patient, accommodate oneself to what requires patience to do or bear ; N. /d/a, ida.

* Thor sheep deean't taal weel te their new heeaf.* Wb, Gl,

Taokets. sb. Tacks, small nails.
Ta'en, takken, forms of p. p. of to Take.

* Bot bi )>e name of ded may be tofu.
And nnderstanden ma dedes )>an ane.' Pr. of Come, 1. 1680.

Ta'en tiy, p. p. of To take til, or tiy ; to yield to personal attrac-
tion, become attached to.

* Thae tweea ha' ta^tn tU ilk other str&ngely.*

Cf. ' to soOe he hit wende.

)>at ArSur hit wolde for-saken :

and nawiht to )>an fehte taken* Lay. ii. 57a.

Tag, sb. A twist of long, freshly-cut grass. See Tag, vb.

Comp. Dan. D. tag, long straw, rushes, &c., employed for thatching. Sw. D. tab, used
as a designation for Artmdo fhragmUet, Of course these meanings d^end on the original

51 8 GLOSSARY OF THE

mranmg of the word inyolyed, that of covering, which tbatebing implies. Hence, * ibaeh^
the covering of a house : the original meaning of the word being straw or rushes, bnt after-
wards extended to slate and tiles,' quoted by Molbech (i). D. Lex,) from HaUanub. GL
Since tag or tak thus comes arbitrarily to imply reeds, long straw, or grass, it may afford
a derivation for our word. On the other hand we have in Hall. ' tagioek, an entangled
lock ;' and * tag^ to cut off the dirty locks of wool around the tail of a sheep,' in both of
which words the same idea is latent as in our word, namely that of twisting or wisping up.
or together so as to cause coherency. Cf. A. S. Hge^ a tie, or that which may be tied.

Tag, V. a. To flog or flagellate with Tags, or wisps of long fresh
grass hastily cut and twisted together.

In former days when a considerable number of mowers or Bhearers chanced to be
working together in the same harvest field, one of the men was not unlikely to be desired
by his fellows to wet — ^that is to kiss — some young woman or other, either on the ground
of some jesting sarcasm or reflection on their power of working (as likely as not vented on
purpose), or for some other reason. If he demurred about doing as he was bid, or did it
but not to the satisfaction of the others, the penalty was to tag him, or belabour him with
twisted wisps of long grass.

Tagreen-shop, sb. A 'marine stores' shop; a shop at which all
kinds of second-hand articles are bought and sold.

Probably iaker-in, contracted in Pr., accounts for Tagreen. Comp. the * leaving-shop' of
Our Mutual Friend^ for the idea.

Tak, sb. A marked or peculiar flavour.

If two articles of food are cooked together, and the stronger flavoured one conununicates
a taste to the other, it is said to ' have a taJe o' t' ither.' Anything burnt in the cooking
and so flavoured has a taJt. See Takt.

Tak', sb. A taking or hiring, for a set rent, of land or premises;
almost equivalent to lease, except that taking for a set term of years
is very seldom implied.

* Wecl, he *s getten t' faarm, an' a desper*t good tak* an* all.*

Take, V. a. and n. (but with the object unexpressed), i. To bite
readily, rise at the bait ; of fish. 2. To be attractive, to lay hold on
one's interest or regard.

1. * " Wecl, d' they taJ^ at all, the moom?" ** Neea matters. Ah rose a few, yah bit,
bud they 's gien ower agen, noo." '

2, * Foals 's takkin' desper'tly noo. It's main thing at a vast o* shows;' spoken by an
Agricultural Society committee-man in support of an additional class or two of foals to the
schedule.

Tak' hold, v. a. To undertake ; an office, or specified performance
or duty, namely.

* He wur ex'd t' stan' judge, last Cattle Show : bud he wur desper't shy o' takkin' bo>d*

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 519

Takken by t' heart. Grievously afflicted with sorrow, or mental
pain.

* So : — give na mair, she 's got her part ;
She 's weak ; 'twill takt her by the heart* Joeo^er, Disc. p. 49.

Takken by t' heeacL Under the exciting influences of drink, pas-
sion, fancies, &c.

Takking, sb. i. A capture, a haul; also a swarm of bees. 2. A con-
dition or state of concern or agitation.

I. • " A brave takking o' bees ;" a Urge swarm.' Wb. Gi.

* ** A rare takking o' fish ;" a good catch, a heavy haul.' lb,

a. * ** He 's in a bonny takking;" in great anxiety or agitation.' lb,

* ** A sour takking;** an ill humour/ lb,

Tak* off, V. a. i. To mimic, to represent another's personal pecu-
liarities or action in a laughable fashion. 2. To proceed upon some
journey or expedition.

a. * He 's ta*m (or takk'n) offto $ez;* run, or gone, away to sea..
Are you just takking offz bit?" walking out a little.' Wb, GL

I ((

Tak' of^ sb. i. A satire or piece of personal ridicule; a laughable
representation of one's person or manners. 2. A mimic, one apt at
hitting off personal peculiarities or laughable incidents, a practical
'quiz.'

Tak' on, v. a. To retake, or take again ; of a farm, house, &c., which
may have been given up — as to notice, that is.

Tak' one's flare. To take one's chance or luck ; to risk what may
happen.

Tak* on wi*, op wiv. To engage, or engage oneself to, another, to
enter into a personal arrangement or understanding with another ; of a
workman and any given employer, of a young woman with a swain as
her * follower,' or to walk with, &c.

* " Whcca, Jossy *s takVn on wiv 's au'd maaster ageean ?" " Ay." '

* Folk ses at Bessy Longbum 's takken on wi' James Gill, an' leads wiv 'im reglar.'

T&kt, adj. Having a marked flavour ; usually applied in the case of
an acid liquid.

Tack, A smack, or peculiar flavour. Halliwcll. I connect the word with O. E. taebe,
peculiarity, blemish. See under Mistetdh, and comp. the use of the word in the following
extracts:—

* Gentilwomen and nobille maydenes comen of good kyn ought to be goodli, meke, wele
taebed, ferme in estate, &c.' Knigbt of La Touriandry, p. 18.

* But yef the husbonde perceiuithe of the wiff sum leude tacbet in her gouemance or
behauing. Sec* lb, p. 24.

* Some folks Hulk's their botchet sweet. We allays mak's wem takt*

5aO GLOSSARY OF THE

Tak' tent. To pay special attention, give watchful heed; as for the
purpose of reckoning or keeping count of objects passing in succession ;
e.g. sheep passing through a gate, bushels of com measured out, or the
like. See Tent.

* ** Mind an' lak* tint on *em ;" count them at yon go on.' Wh. 01.

* Com fiirth, Adam, I shalle the leyd.
Take tent to me, I shalle the reyd.' Toume!, Mytt, p. 6.

Tak* up, V. n. i. To become fair; of the weather. 2. To reform
one's ways, manner of life, behaviour.

1. * Ay, it 's been a droppy time ; bud Ah thinks its gannan t' tak* oop noo.'

2. * He 's nobbud bin a ragally chap ; bud mebbe he '11 tak* oop yet'

Tale, sb. A specified ntmiber or quantity, of an article. See TelL

* For there shall no straw be given you, yet shall ye deliyer the tale of bricks.' £xod.y.i8,
« He 's Uirered 'em aU, t' fuU tale,'

Tallow-oraps, sb. The scraps of skin, &c. left after melting down
the tallow from the leaf — or inner fat which surrounds the kidney — in
the sheep. See Craps.

T' ane. The one, one of two : replied to by t' tother. See Ana.

Tang, sb. The tongue of a buckle, the prong of a fork, the prong of
a knife or other article which runs into and is fixed in the handle.

O. N. tdngi, that part of the knife, sword, &c. which runs into the handle, Sw. D. tinge,
Dan. tange (quoted by Molb. from Moth). All three of these words also signify what in
£. is called * a tongue' of land. The connection of our teng with the present word is more
than probable, the Lincolnsh. form being tang; and the relationship of either to sting, the
not unusual suppression or addition of s being understood, is at least a matter of possibility.
Rietz supposes a * lost strong verb' tinga (tang, tungit), to stick fast, be firmly fixed, and col-
lates A. S. tingan (pret. tang), to press, drive, and connects with it the words tanga, the
fibrous portions of roots— -cf. E. tangles, tang, sea weed — tange, the quick of an animal's
horn, tunga, tongue, and tUnge before quoted, which, besides the applications already
noticed— especially knhHAnge, syl-tange, haft of an awl, — takes those of any projecting
part or point of the human frame, as, ue os eoeeygis, the pointed (solid) part of an animal's
tail, the dead projecting branch of a tree, especially a fir-tree, &c. Cf. also Oerm. tangd,
needle, or pointed leaf, of the pine, fir, &c.

Tangles, sb. Sea-wrack. See Sea-tang.

O.N. ]>aungtdl, fucus, caule maximo lignescente, phycodendron. Molbecfa's remark
under the word tang is, that it serves as a common designation for a variety of different
kinds of salt-water plants and sea-weed, as fitcus serratus, fiteus vesievlosns, and others,
besides more especiaUy ZBstera marina.

Tangling, tangly, adj. Slatternly, untidy in dress, ragged and
slovenly as to one's clothes and appearance generally; of a female, most
commonly.

* A lang, tangly lass.' Wb, Gl,

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 521

Tantle, v. n. i. To dawdle or loiter, to walk slowly or lazily. 2. To
walk totteringly or uncertainly, like a child who has only just begun to
run alone ; to walk feebly or slowly.

Genn. tdndiln, to dawdle, to loiter ; also, to trifle, toy, dally. With the second meaning
comp. the Lincolnsh. tantling-jobSf small or trifling doings or occupations ; tantrth, defined by
Hall, as idle persons. Closely connected, as Mr. Wedgwood shews under D<ide, Dading-
siringi^ are Sc. dandtr^ dantillt to saunter, to go astray through idleness or inattention ;
dandtr, to talk incoherently; while dade^ doddle^ toddle present further forms for the
expression of our second signification. Comp. also dandle, applied to a child, and Cumb.
dmder, to hobble. Halliwell.

Tantrely tantrill, sb. An idly wandering person ; a desultory wan-
derer or vagabond ; thence, a gipsy.

* Thinkst thou I'm in necessity —
To turn thy /an/r£/rs-tail on met' Joeo^er. Disc. p. 26.

The explanation given of the word in this place being, * a bold, impudent jade.'

Tarn, sb. A largish sheet of water, a lake : properly an upland lake
or large pond.

O. N. t;om, stagnum, palus. The Sw. D. presents several varying forms of the word,
some of which are ijdm, tjdr, tjann^ tfinn, torn ; N. tJBnn, iJBnn, Dan. D. kjam. Professor
Worsaae mentions twenty-seven names of places in North England ending in tarn, three in
Yorkshire, fifteen in Westmoreland, and nine in Cumberland, as illustrative, as well as those
in -by, -tborpe. Sec., of the influence of the Northmen in naming, or re-naming, places in the
districts occupied by them.

Tastxill, sb. A passionate or violent person ; a termagant ; properly
of a child. Leeds Gi. gives as the meaning of this word * a mischievous
child ;' adding, that it is often used in playful wise as applied to a child.

Probably from A. S. t^an, to tear, rend, and pers. sing, tyrst. Leeds Gl. spells the
word * tarestrill.' A person is said to be in a tearing passion ; and a violent person to be
a iearer,

Tate, adj. (Pr. of Tart). Sharp, acid.

A.S. teart, tart, acid, severe. Teart, in Herefordsh. and other parts of the West, is applied
to pain, smarting, &c. Applied here as to beer or other liquor or matters that have acquired
a ^rp or acid flavour.

Tattling, sb. Apparatus, equipment, things necessary for any pur-
pose. See Tea-tattling.

Simply a corrupt form of Taoklintf, which is also in use and perfectly interchangeable.
* Ah aimed they wad ha' been wed by now. Ah beared they 'd getten t' tatding a week
syne ;' of the marriage-license and weddng-ring.

Tamn, v. n. To swoon or faint ; to fall from weakness or sickness.
Hall, adds, * to fall gendy asleep.' The word * over' or * ower' is cus-
tomarily added.

CSr. 01. collates Fr. tomber, Gael, taom, and Sc. dwaum, the first and last of which can
by no possibility come together. There seems to be little doubt, however, that tattm and
dualm are radically the same word. Comp. the O. H. O. ttvalm with O. N. and O. Sw.

3X

^%2 GLOSSARY OF THE

dvcdit Sw. dvcda^ Sw. D. dvolu ; and for the suppression of the v or w, both letter and sound,
note Sound and swooHt come and quomot swylc and sih, swougb and sough, &c. See
Dwalxn.

Tave, V. n. (pr. teeav). To make restiess motions with the hands or
feet, or both ; to sprawl or fidget about, especially with the feet. Applied
also to the action of picking at the bed-clothes, as a delirious or dying
person does.

The Lincolnsb. Gl, gives tetve, to rage ; taving-ahota, restless (through delirium), fidgetty.
Hall, also, besides meanings more or less coincident with those given above, gives to rag§
as one sense borne by the word. Assuming this as the first or principal meaning, we seem
to be referred to A. S. ^efiaut to rage, given by Bosworth with a single reference. Other-
wise it might have been connected with Sc. iaave, taw ; teuiyn of Pr, Pm, ; E. tiw (of
leather), &c.

Tawm, sb. A line; specially a fishing-line. Also spelt 'taum'
' tome,' * tam.'

O. N. taumr, a bridle-rein or thong, a rope, a fishing-line ; Sw. /dm, Sw. D. taum,
D. fmmet N. taum.

Taylieur, sb. A tailor.

* hosebondes hit vsen ;
Trewe tilieris on er>e* taUlours & louteris.
And alle kyne crafty men.' Skeat's P. Plougbm, p. 131.

Team, teem, v. a. and n. i. To empty out, to pour ofi" or away; of
solid matters as well as liquids. 2. To pour or rain heavily.

0. N. /«ma, to draw out, to draw fiilly out, exhaust or emptv ; Sw. tomma, Dan. t^mme,
Pr. Pm. * Tamet or attame vessellys wythe drynke or o)>er lykurys : Tamym or emptjm
vessel with licour. Attamino, depleo : Temyn or makyn empty. Vacuo,*

1. * Gan an' help James team yon manner i t' tolf-acres.'
* Half an egg 's better an a team'd shell.' Wb, Gl.

2. * It rains and teams on ;' * it teams doon/ lb,

Tea-graithing, sb. The equipage for the evening meal or tea ; the
' tea-things.' See Graith, Graithing.

Tea-party, sb. An institution in N. Yorkshire in connection with
Sohool-feasts, Chapel, or Mechanics' Institute matters, and the like.

Sometimes the object is to raise a fiind, when the tickets of admission are paid for : in
this case the viands may be provided by a committee, and the profits only be available.
But frequently — and invariably in the case of a school-treat — the provision is made gra-
tuitously by the farmers and well-to-do people in the district : and a richly-spread board sudi
tea-table is. In the writer's purely agricultural and thinly-peopled parish, considerably above
four hundred guests, a very large proportion adults, have on occasion of a Christmas-tre«
School-treat, or Harvest-thanksgiving festival, more than once partaken of such a tea in the
National School-room ; and yet abundance of cakes of various kinds and other good things
have been ipared for distribution among the aged poor who were unable to be present.
And once a party of more than nine hundred assembled at a similar entertainment pro-
moted by the local Mutual Improvement Society.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, ^%^

•

Tear-baok, sb. (pr. teear-back). A romping, hoydenish person.

Tea-tattling, sb. The tea-things ; whatever is necessary to the due
setting out of the tea-tray or -table.

Teaty, adj. Testy, peevish, touchy. Cr. GL gives * teathy,' Jam.
and Brock. ' teethy.' Comp. Totty or Tutty.

Jam. suggests * quati shewing the teeth ;' which, however, can scarcely be much to the
purpose, as /O/, a petty passion, a petted child's freak of temper, besides Halliwell's * totfd^
excited, elevated,' proves the word to be independent of either tooth or teeth. Our form
teaty probably suggests a form toty or /oo(x— comp. doory, deearj} 5lon«, Stee«i, &c.
— Mty being die form employed by Chaucer —

* My hede is totfy of my swink this night :' R§v*t TaU, 1. 1 145 ;

and it is observable that, in the quotation from MS. Rawl. C, given by Hall., the form as
used is ioty : —

' So ioty was the brayn of his hede.
That he desired for to go to bede.'

Note E. totttTt Pr. Pm. tateryn, to jangle, jabber, speak without reason, and totie, a fool.
Wedgw. suggests the connection of the Pr. Pm. word.

Tedious, adj. (pr. tiddious, tidjous). Restless, fidgetty, uneasy,
requiring constant attention; of an infant or young child when teeth-
ing, or poorly; or of a sick person of mature age who gives a great
deal of trouble to his nurses, from restlessness or fractiousness and
impatience.

Tell, V. a. To number, count, reckon up.

O. N. telja, O. Sw. telja, t€elja, Sw. D. tdlle, told, Dan. tallt, A. S. teUan, N. S. tellem,
Dut. telUn, Germ. zdbUn, to reckon, to count or number. Hence Tale, that which is
reckoned, a number or quantity. In the Nonne's Priest*s Tale, Chaucer has the line —

* And therfore litill tale he therof tolde
of any dreme ;'

and again, a few lines lower —

* And I say farthirmore,
That I ne tell of laxatives no store :'

where the sense of the vb. is reckon, esteem, value. In earlier English still, the vb. is used
in the same sense, but absolutely. Thus, Ancr. Riwle, p. 352, * I none J>inge ne blisse ich
me bute ine Godes rode, — )>et ich J>olie wo, *) am itold unwufS ;" and again, p. 234, ' No
sih0e )>et 3e iseotS, . . . ne telle 3e but dweole.' Comp. also,

* For mi cristendom.
For >^ is myn hejiste name : )>erof meste ic telle ;'

Seinte Marberete, p. 36 ;

and, * Sone so [m telles te betere )>en an o9er.* Halt Meid. p. 43.

The same usage also obtains in Layamon, at p. 533 of vol. ii. Bosw. gives several examples
of this usage of teUan, and this, among others, of our sense — ' TeUe \>as steorran gif );nt
mage :* tell the stars if you be able. Also, ' T^lyn, or noumeryn. Numero* Pr. Pm.

3x2

524 GLOSSARY OF THE

Tellingi sb. A scolding, rebuke, reprimand.

* Wed he 's gettin* a bonny ttUing noo, onnjrways ;' he is receiying a severe yerbal casti-
gation. Probably only an accommodation of the ordinary word. Still, comp. A. 8. /<e/a»,
ttlafit to blame, censure, accuse.

Tell-pyet, sb. A talebearer, a tell-tale.
Telly, sb. A straw, a stalk of grass.

Possibly Sw. telning, a shoot, young twig, Sw. D. tdn or /a/», O. Sw. talmg, A. S. ielgor,
N. S. telge, tdlicbt id., may suggest an origin for this word. Sw. D. also affords the verb
telna, to throw out root-shoots. MiG^y bis tuigge d^t telge bt^ bnese "^ bUofa aeendo :
when now its twigs or shoots are nesh, and leaves fresh-grown. Nortb. Oosp. Matt. xxiv. 32.

Telly-pye, sb. A tale-bearer.

Tempesty, adj. With thunderstorms prevailing, or appearing likely
to come on.

* Varry tempesty X* daay ; t* thunnercraclcs 's just flaysome.'

* It has a tempesty look wi* *t, t* daay.'

Temse, sb. A sieve made of hair, used in the dressing of flour.

Dan. D. tems, tims or timse, Sw. D. tdmms, N. Fris. terns, Dut. teems, M. Lat. tamisium,
tela ex serico vel equinis jubis, Fr. tctmis. Hence temse-bread, Ray's CoU, Eng. Words,
and * temse-bread, or temsed bread, bread made of flour better sifted than common.'
Johnson's Diet. Cf. Dan. timset meel, timset br^d, and getemeseda blafds of Nortb. Gosp.
Matt. xii. 4.

Teng, V. a. To sting, as a bee or wasp, or other venomous creature.

See Tang. It is questionable if this word be really more than sting with the s removed.
It may of course depend upon the idea implied in Tang; that, namely, of a pointed or
penetrating object.

Tenged, p. p. Stung.

Any animal of the ox kind is liable to an affection which by the Dale's people is attributed
to the venom of a small insect ; * a small red spider,' Wb. Gl. says, * attacking the roots of
the tongue.' The symptoms are swelling of the parts and copious or excessive discharge
of saliva. Tongue-tenged is the customary expression; but a tenged Ox or Owae
amply conveys its own meaning to country ears.

Tengs, sb. The tongs.

Dan. tang, pi. tcenger, Sw. tdng, pi. tdnger, A. S. and Dutch tang. The sound of the
diphthong in the Dan. and Sw. plurals coincides pretty nearly, not to say, almost exactly,
with that of the e in our word.

Tent, V. a. i. To watch, or look after, cattle in the roads, or fields;
or birds in the sown fields. 2. To wait or watch for an opportunity to
the disadvantage of another person.

Simply a North-country form of tend.

* Josepbe. A, Lord, I lof the alle alon,

That vowches safe that I be oone

To tent that chyld so ying.' Toumel. Mysi. p. 79.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 5^5

I. * " Why 's William Dale not at school ?** " Please, Sir, he 's tendng moother's lahtle
coo o* f Howe." *

a. * •* ru <w/ you for it ;" 111 lay wait for you/ Wb, Oi,

Tent, sb. Care, attention, observatioa See Tak' tent.

' Mind an' tak' Uni on 'em.'

Tether, sb. A band, or chain, to tie or fasten an animal at pleasure,
so that it may not go beyond a certain area or limit.

Comp. Dan. itotr, Jutl. i^ger, otherwise, tmier, tyr; which word Molb. surmises may
spring ^'om toug, a rope, Sw. togy and toga, to draw or pull. Rich, would connect tedder
ot tetber with tUd, pret. of tie. The Sw. word is tfuder, and on tfudr, after collating
O. N. tiodr, E. tedder, Dut. tuddr, tuyer, Dan. toyre, Ihre remarks that Lye derires it
from Irish tead, a rope, * to which he might have added Welsh tidaw^ dida, whence E. tie,
Fl. todderen, Dut. tuyereti, A. S. tian*

Tetherment, sb. Any bandage or wrapping whereydth an object is
bound round and round.

Tettered, To be, v. p. i. To be rough or ragged like a colt's
coat; to hang in tatters or rags, like a much worn and neglected
garment. 2. To be entangled or in a confused, intertwined con-
dition.

Comp. Sc. tatu, tait, a lock of hair, tottis, refuse of wool, taity, tattit, matted, felted,
of wool or hair; Sw. totte, Dan. tot, a small knot of wool or other fibrous material,
rough or ravelled ; Dan. D. tai or tate. Fin. tuUi, Germ. zJote, entangled tufts of wool,
tatters or torn ends on clothes ; O. N. tbtr, tetur, id. Rietz also collates O. N. ^attr,
O. Sw. );>atter or tatter, );>otter or totter, N. tdtt,

* Tatyrd as a foylle.' Toumel, Myst. p. 4.

TeufLt, tuflt, sb. (sometimes pr. teeaf't. It is extremely difficult
to convey an adequate notion of the pronunciation of this word. No
English vowel sound is exactiy equivalent to that of the f^ or ^, as
spoken by a pure Cleveland tongue. It approaches very nearly to that
, of the Danish j^, or the French u). The lapwing or pewit ( Vanellus
crisfaia).

It is remarkable that the Danish form, or written representation, of the cry of this bird
corresponds exactly with this Cleyel. name of the bird itself. * The weep' {Vihe: cf. £.
Peaseweep) wy% Thiele, Danmarks Folkesagn, ii. 304, ' was once on a time a servant-
girl .. . who stole a pair of gold scissors . . . and when charged with the theft, wished, that
if she had done any such thing, she might become a bird and be doomed to fly about,
scolding all men for thieves and robbers, and producing her young in morasses and reed-beds.
So she was at once changed into a Weep, and as a token of her offence, besides the resem-
blance between that bird's tail-feathen to a pair of scissors, she ceaselessly ilites with all
thieves with her cry — iyvii! tyviiV

526 GLOSSARY OF THE

Teugh, adj. (Pr. of the eu much as in Teuflt). Tough.

In * With cordes enewe and ropys togbe

The Jues felle my limmes out-<]roghe
For that I was not mete enoghe

Unto the bore :' Toumd. Myst. p. 359,

the rhyme gives the sound of togbe as that of ow or ew, Cf. rotc^s rough, CbaHOii*8 Yftnaait
Talt^ ?• 133 ; n/, Gm. and Ex. p. 44 ; * rouwe breres/ Skeat's P. Plougbm. p. 1 16.

* 'S teugb 's an au'd steg/

Tew, V. a. and n. i. To toil, to take trouble, to fidget or move un-
easily. 2. To crease, toss or tumble, fine linen, paper, &c., by the action
of the hands or other means.

Probably due to the same source as the vb. iew or taw, applied to the preparation of
leather, flax, &c. : perhaps the same word, only having an arbitrary sense imposed apon it,
taken from the restless, almost fidgetty, manual operations employed in the processes speci-
fied, and limited to such action simply, in the first instance. This would connect it with
O. Sw. tjugOt A. S. teogan. Old Sax. tioban^ N. Fris. tjaen, M. O. tUtban (pret. taiib\ aU
meamng to draw, pull, drag, and specially with such derivatives from these words (or some
of them) as Sw. D. /o/a, to pull out, as fibres, or cause to stretch, as leather, Dan. D. tog*,
tbje, id., O. N. togi, a lock of wool pulled out, Sw. D. /av, Dan. D. tave, filaments of flax.
The radical identity of the word tave with tew, may also suggest itself. See Tave.

Tewing, adj. Toilsome, worrying, wearying.

* " A tewing bairn ;" a restless child,* Wb, Gl,

* ** A tewing hay-time ;" a wet and unfavourable season for hay-making, involving eztn
labour and trouble.' lb.

Thabble, sb. The plug which fits into the hole at the bottom of
the large fixed leaden milk-trough, in use in a large dairy, and which,
having a shank long enough to project above the surface of the milk,
may be removed without breaking the cream, and on its removal the
milk flows away and leaves the cream behind.

Essentially the same word, to all appearance, as S. Engl. tboU, Pr. Pm. * TboUe, carte
pjmne, or tdpyn. Caviila.* See tboleSt * also termed tbole^ns, in Hall., O. N. \>ollr, Dan.
/o/, Sw. tulle, Sw. D. tSlle, tdlla-pinnef The Dan. and Sw. words, besides the meaning of
Eng. tbole, tbole-pin, or pegs stuck in the gunwale of a boat for the oars to work against in
the act of rowing, bear also the meaning of stopper, to a bottle, flask, &c. Hall, gives
*tbibel, a smooth round stick for stirring broth or porridge;* and *tbavel, a pot-fdck.'
Now the connection between tbabble and Aavel is the same as between driblde and drivd,
bobble and baffle, 8cc. : in other terms, they are the same word. But between Aavd and
tbowl there is the same kind of connection or coincidence as between tbavel and tbabbU-^
comp. cbawle with cbowl or jowl, dravel, Dan. drcefle, &c., with drctuA — and Aotol is an*
other way of spelling tbole, admitted by many, though wrongly, in preference to that form,
as being nearer the sound as spoken. In fact, the Essex fishermen, with whom in my youth
I had a suflicient acquaintance, in their pronunciation of the word made it almost a dissyl-
lable, as tbaw^l rather than tbole.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 527

Thacky theak, theaking, sb. Thatch.

O. N. \>ok^ Sw. tak, Dan. tag, D. D. tak, tag, A. S. \>ac, \>ae. Germ, dock, 8cc. * Tbak, for
howsjrs. Sartattctum* Pr, Pm,

Thaok, theak, v. a. To thatch.

O. N. Ukia, Sw. D. taka, Dan. takhe, A. S. )>accaff, &c. /V. Pm. * T^bd^^yn howsys.
Sartattgo!

* ** He hat a well-ll^foAnf back ;" well covered with clothes, or with flesh ; in good bodily
condition.' Wb, Gl.

Thacker, theaker, sb. A thatcher.

* Tyll-tbakkers are mentioned in the year 1337.' Wb, Gi. The writer does not mention
where, but doubtless in the surviving documents connected with Whitby Abbey : a mention
which serves well enough to suggest the remark that the original meaning of tback or tbateb,
or its equivalents in other Northern tongues (and probably of their common original) was
simply to cover, then to cover with a roof, and next with what necessarily furnished roof-
material in early dajrs, rushes, reeds, straw, &c., bodU, Thaok, or tbateb.

Tharfy adj. Backward, reluctant, disinclined towards anjrthing, whe-
ther from indisposition for exertion, or shyness or cowardice, &c.

O. N. ^orft necessitas, opus, )^yrfa, indigere, O. Sw. ^urva, l>orMi, Aarfwa, Sw. D. tarva,
tarv (sb.), Dan. tarvt, tarv, A. S. ^dorfan, ^infan, O. H. G. durfan. Germ, darbtn, M. O.
^tturban. Fin. tarvei, &c There is a curious transition of idea in the signification of the
word in several of the tongues quoted from, passing from necessity through compulsion into
profit ; and the signification which our word bears in the Cr, Gl, possibly gives a kind of
intermediate step m the passage on towards reluctance or disinclination to any given action
— * TlMirft stark, stiff; metaphorically, backward, unwilling' — as if the process of thought
were, necessity seen or admitted ; resisted ; and, eventually, yielded to reluctantly. Some-
thing of the same sort is seen in the sense of the A. S. adv. ^arfliet; * of necessity, dili-
gentiy, cautiously,' of course, therefore, slowly or deliberately ; and it is not always easy to
discern between the slowness or deliberateness of caution and that of reluctance. See
Tharfly.

Tharflflh, adj. Somewhat reluctant, or backward ; shy, timorous.

* " She 's rather a OKorfitb kind of a bairn ;** a diffident sort of child.' }¥b. GL

Tharfly, adv. Slowly, deliberately, as if reluctantly or unwillingly.

A. S. ^arfliee. See the remarks under Tharf, towards the end.
« The rain comes very tbarfly* Wb. Gl,

He nobbut mends varry tbarfly;** gets better very slowly.' Ih,

( «

That au'd Donnot. The evil-one, the devil. See Donnot.

Thawel, thavel, sb. A pot-stick ; a stick used for ' pushing or stir-
ring down the contents of a pot when it is likely to boil over.' Wh, Gl.

Essentiany the same word as Thabble, which see.

5*8 GLOSSARY OF THE

Theak-band, sb. A tie or rope of twisted straw, or tarred band,
which is passed round the thatching at intervals of twelve or fifteen
inches, and held in its place by being passed once round the heads of
the Theak-prods which are driven firmly into the substance of the
stack.

Theak-prod, sb. A rod or stick sharpened at one end and used in
thatching for securing the Theak-bands to. See Thaok, Theak-
band, Prod.

Thee, sb. Thigh.

* Dius. In tokynyng that thou spekes with me,
I shalle toche now thi tbee.
That halt shalle thou ever more,
Bot thou shalle fele no sore.
What is thy name thou me telle?' Town^. Mytt, p. 47.

Theet, adj. Water-tight.

O. N. \*tettr or >^ttr, densus, solidus, O. Sw. Aater, Sw. D. tjett or tjdti, Dan. tat. Germ.
diebt, Ihre gives the second sense of te/ as ' denoting that which is entire, which has no
chinks or leaks, as, ttt tatt/at: a flawless vessel, through which nothing can run or flow.'
* T7>ybt, hool fro' brekynge, not brokyn. Solidus* Pr. Pm.

* Oif t' vessel beean't tbeet, t' watter '11 wheeze.'

Thick, adj. Intimate, particularly friendly or united with.

* ** As tbick as inkle-weavers ;" who, as Grose observes, are a very brotherly set of people.' (I)
Cr. 01. See Inkle.

* As tbiek as thack.' Cr, 01.

Thick of hearing, adj. Deaf. See Hard of hearing.

Thills, sb. Shafts of a waggon or cart. More frequently Limmers.
See Sills.

A. S. )>t/, )^itt, a stake, board, plank, joist ; also * temo, quem hodie etiam tbiU vocamus.'
Lye, quoted by Bosw.

Think long of. To. To feel that some expected person ' delays his
coming ;' to grow weary with waiting.

*"l am afraid you have expected me before?" "Aye, Ah had begun f tbink long
o* you.*

* Mi leue sone, now art )>ou come
With )>i meyne, here a bone.
Do my sone |>at )>i wiUe is.
To \>tt me innki^ longt I-wis.' Assumpcio B, M, 1. 495.

' Woe is me, for his loue in his countrye I
Shee may tbinki longt or she him see I' Percy's Foi. MS. i. 393.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 5«9

Think on, v. n. To bear in mind; to remember when the time for
any specified action comes.

Cf. * pet feofSe )>ing is tecnesse : ^t he ne mai wel ^eneben Imte eoer on of his secnesse ;'
Aner, Riwlt, p. 336 ; and also—

' Dethe spans none that lyf has borne,
Therfor thynk on what I you say ;
Beseche youre Ood bothe even and mome
You for to save from syn that day.' Tcwnel. Myst. p. I'fi ;

and again, Merlin, p. 370 — * And thei told hym all theire traueyle, that nothinge lefte thei
vn-tolde that thei cowde on tbenie*
' Noo mind and think on and coom an' see us next time.'

Tho£ Pr. of Though ; of perpetual occurrence.

* And tbof he be myn righte haire,

And alle shulde weld after my day.' Toumei, Myst p. 38.

Thole, V. a. To bear, endure, undergo. See TaaL

O.N. fpola, O.Sw. tola, tdla, Dan. taaU, N. tdlt, toU; A.S. \>6lian, a^oHian, gi\>olian,
M. G. tbttlan, O. H. G. doUn, &c.
This is a word of perpetual occurrence in O. E. writers, and not infrequent in middle E.

* Jesu Criste |>at tboledt for me

Pajmes & angers bitter and felle.' Rd. Pieces, p. 7a.

* The dede he tbolede in his manhede.' lb. 85.

• Bad usaee is ill to tbole.' Wb. Gl

Brock, gives * Aole, to wait awhile,' and Hall. *to stay, to remain,' a sense which is
quoted by Ihre under his third sense or explanation of tola, viz., * to expect, wait, tarry ;*
• the natives of North Britain,' says he, ' use the phrase ** tbole a wbile" ' Cf. N. da tole
Hd : it takes a long time.

Thor. Pr. Those.

O. N. ^eir, ><sr, nom. pi. m. and f. of )hi/, so, tu, that, he, she. This word thor is of
frequent occurrence in old Northumbrian writings in the forms \>ir, Wr* ^€re; sometimes
Kif as in Pr. 0/ Conse., or tbo, as in Towml, My$l.

* And his mercy is also.

From kjmde to kjrnde tylle alle tbo
That ar hym dredand.' p. 8a.

So also in P. Ploughm, p. a3i, —

' And tbo men that thei most haten.'

Ferguson gives ibur as the Cumb. form.

Thorp, sb. A hamlet See Thwait.

O. N. ^orp, Sw. torp, Dan. torp, A. S. Vorpe, Vrop, N. Sax. dorp, Fris. therp. Germ, darf,
O. L. G. Aorp, tborf, O. H. G. tborf, darf. Of not infrequent use in Chaucer, and occurring
also in P. Phmgbm., Sec, It is worthy of note that as most of the modem names in Den-
mark have changed torp into dntp, so, with us in Cleveland, Ainthorpe is Aintrup or Ain-
thrup, Nunthoipe, Nonthrapr &c.

3 Y

53^ GLOSSARY OF THE

ThravOy sb. (pr. trave, treeav). A shock or Stock of com ; or, twelve
Battens of straw.

Sw. irajwa, Sw. D. iravi, irav, N. trtievi^ a thrafe ; A. S. ^naf or ^4/» ^ handful, a
thrave of com ; M. H. O. irava, a pile, a heap ; Mid. Lat. trava.

* For I wille chose and best have.
This holde I thrifte of alle this ibt^t,* Towtul, Myst. p. 12.

Comp. also, ' As I haue thoughtes a tbreve^

Of thise thre piles.
In what wode thei woxen.
And where that thei growed.' P, Plwighm. p. 353.

Threap, v. n. To maintain or insist pertinaciously; to repeat or
reiterate obstinately.

A. S. ^rtapian, to afflict, chide, which Bosw. seems to connect with }pnagiaH^ and this
again with drefan, as also with Oerm. /Hi^, hettvbenj M. O. draiban, drd^an, Dan.
bidrbvt, Sw. hedrofwa^ &c,

* M, Magdelm, Do way your threpyng, ar ye wode ?

J saghe hym that dyd on roode,

And withe hym spake with mowthe.' Towml, Myst, p. a8o.

This in reply to Peter and Paul (I), who pertinaciously insist that she cannot have seen the
risen Saviour. Chaucer also uses the word.

Threeten. Pr. of Threaten.

This would appear to be the old or original pronunciation of tht word, which is the
A. S. Vreatt \>reaHan^ spelt with the same diphthong, in fact, as threap, and written ibrtt» in
ToumeL Mysi, p. 171. It is noteworthy that Bosworth connects >rfia/ with N. S. /n^,
O. H. O. troppus, Dan. trop, Sw. tropp, E. troop, a host, band, company. And ' as a band
or company is used to intimidate, hence a tbnatemng, threat,* Possibly this should suggest
further connections for threap.

Three-thrums, sb. The purring of the cat.

Thrift-box, sb. A child's money-box.

Thriver, sb. One that thrives well, grows, or improves in condition,
satisfactorily ; of plants, persons, animals.

* " They look like tbrhers ;*' of children, plants, and suchlike, which appear in good
condition.' Wb, Ql,

Threat-seasoner, sb. A dram.

Throdden. Thriven; shewing signs of 'condition' from feeding.
Apparently the p. p. of Thrive.

The formation of throdden from Arive seems to be so anomalous, that one is rather
tempted to look for another origin for this word. However, as I and p in certain cases
seem to admit of interchange, so in rare instances v and d may possibly replace each other.
The form throven, tbrowen, is not of rare occurrence in Cleveland. In O. Ol, the forms
* throddin, well-fed,' and * tbroddy, fat, broad, bulky,' are given. Note also, however, the
Dan. prov. form trodden, puffy, swollen, trodne, to puff or swell up, trud* or trumde, to
swell, become plump, as peas soaked in water, O. N. ^rittna, (p. p. ^ruttuut), swollen, become
round or plump, Sw. D. trdten, N. trutm, troten, as possible connections of our tbroddsn*

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 53 1

Throdden, v. n. To thrive, to improve in growth or condition, or
both, by care, cultivation, or the like.

Hall., u well as Wb. OL, gives this word, which must be supposed to be a derivative
from that which precedes it. Comp. Sc. dbryft, to thrive.

Throng, sb. (usually pr. thrang). i. A confused crowd. 2. A state
of bustle, confusion. 3. The condition of being very busy, much
occupied.

O. N. ^raung or jfrong, pressure, as from a closely-packed multitude, a crowd, as also
the bustle and confusion incident on its presence, the corresponding vb. being )^bngva;
Sw. D. ir&ngt O. Sw. Wong* thrang^ irang, N. ir&ng, D. Dial, trmuf, the pressure of a great
crowd. A. S. gives the verb \>rmgan^ witli pret. jkoft^ (pi. we jrtM^on), whence doubt-
less the E. vb. throng, * Master, the multitude throng Siee and press Uiee.' Luke z. 5.
The Northern dialects exhibit, most abundantly, instances of the use of both the sb. and
the adj., the latter being peculiar to them and the Scandinavian tongues or dialects. Brockett
gives throngs to press, thrust, squeeze, which is identical with the Scripture use above
quoted.

a. • " They came i' t* varry thrang on *t ;" in the very thick of the commotion.' Wh, G/.

* A desper't throng on ;' a deal of bustle, activity, business, evident.

3. * T' Missis 's in a vast o' throng wiv her cheeses ; t' rattons ha' fectten at 'em.'

[The use of the word ^ungi or Wung, e. g. ' Engel to mon meprungt ne scheawude
him neuer ofte,' Ancr, RivfU, p. 160, corresponds with that of the standard Eng. word*
I scarcely look on sense 1. as * provincial' in any sort.]

Throng, adj. i. Closely packed or crowded. 2. Busy, closely
occupied.

0. N. y^raungr^ O. Sw. ganger, Sw. and Sw. D. trdng, Dan. trang, tight, crowded, com-
pressed, narrow, strait.

1. * Tlfrong deed, this ;' spoken by one in a thick crowd and subjected to the necessary
pressure and other consequences of such situation.

a. ' We 's desper't tbrang, what wiv yzn and what wiv anither.'

Thropple, sb. The wind-pipe.

A. S. ftrot-bolla, the throat-pipe, gi^gulio. Pr. Pm, * Thrott gclU. Epiglotum,frumen\*
to whidi is appended the note, ' ** Tiuote gole or throte bole, neu de la gorge, gorier."
Palsgr. " Epiglotum, a throat bolle. Frurmn, the ouer parte of the throte, or the throte-
bolle of a man." Ortus ....'* A throte bolle, fntmm hominis est, runun animalis est ;
ipoglottum." Cath. Ang.'

Thropple, V. a. i. To seize by the throat or windpipe. 2. To
throttle or strangle.

I. * ** They throppltd t' ane t' other;" took each other by the throat.' Wh. GL

Thro8il6, sb. (pr. throssel). The thrush {Turdus musicus).

A. S. Vrode, Vrotdt^ Germ, dross^, N. S. droouii, Dan. drossei (from a Germ, source ;
maal-trost being the name for our Throttle). Note also Sw. tnut, the species thrush,
O. N. \>rostr, the red-wing (Turdut iUacus). Bosw. also coUates Bret, dra^, drasJd, Slav.
or Russ. PoL droxd, drotd, as well as Gael, truid and Welsh trtsghn Pr, Pm, * ThrustylU,
bryd (thrushill or thnistyll). Mtrula:

3 Y 2

53^ QLOSSARy OF THE

Through, through-stone, sb. (pr. thniff, thruff-steean). i. A build-
ing or squared stone of sufficient length to cover the thickness of the
wall so that its ends appear in each face ; a bonding-stone ; so called,
of course, from passing through the wall.

Through, throw, sb. (pr. thruff or t'ruff). A large grave-stone or
monument ; as distinguished from a ' head-stone.'

A. S. }prubt \ryby a grave, coffin, sepulchre. Bosworth collates Germ, trube, a trank,
chest, todUntrube, a coffin ; O. N. \ir6t cavom exdsum ; and adds ^rub is visibly related to
trog, a trough. Oemetton \rub of bunhtm stone fagen geworbte : they found a tomb of
white marble most beautifully wrought ; ' And ine stonene \>rub bidiised heteueste :' and
in a tomb of stone narrowly enclosed. Ancr, Riude, pi 378. Sc. tbroitteb; Pr. Pm,
* TTmrwbe stone, of a grave (thwrwe ston of a byryinge ; throwe or thorw ston of a
beryynge ; throwe or throw stone). Sareofagus*

Through, prep. In the course of, at intervals in.

* It rained heavily tbrougb the night.'

*■ ** Has she had her medicine all right?" ** Yes, Sir. I gave it her twice tbrougb the

night." '

Through, through with. Used adverbially. At the end, in the
sense of finished, completed.

* " Well, James, how are you getting on with your work ?" " Wheea, Ah thinks Ah 't
about tbrougb." '

* It 's about tbrougb wiv 'im ;' he can go on no longer, has come to an end.

* Ah s' be tbrougb wT this grecavin* by dinner-time.'

Through-open, adj. (pr. thruff-oppen). i. Thorough, in the sense
of through from one side to another, as in the expression ' a thorough
draught.' 2. Transparently honest or upright and truthful.

I. * '* A tbruff-oppen draught ;" the wind through a house by opposite doors or windows.'
Wb.Gl.
a. * " A Utrujf-oppen sort o' body ;" single-purposed.' 76.

Through time. In time, in the course of time ; the idea of ' gradu-
ally' being often implied.

* Hell get deean tbrougb time;* he 11 finish or make an end, by-and-by; of a slow eater
or worker, for instance.

Through, To get. See example.

' George C. can't get tbrougb yon horse o' his ;' can't succeed in finding a purchaser,
can't sell it.

Throven, p. p. of to Thrive.
Throw, sb. A turning-lathe.

Pr. Pm. * TTtrowyn, or tume vessel of a trc. Tomo.* A. S. \>rauMm, to throw, wind ;
as ' to throw silk ;' to wheel, turn round, M. Q. tbreiban, O. Q. and N. S. dreien, Qerm.
dreben, Dan. dreie, to have or give a rotatory motion, to turn on the lathe. Hence our sb.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 533

ThroWy V, a. To vomit, to be sick.

The Essex expression — common also to that entire district — is to throw up^ but with the
addition of the mention of the matters ejected : e.g. ' he threw up all his elevens ;' * all his
food ;' ' all the contents of his stomach.' Here the vb. is used quite absolutely.

* Desper'tly follered on wiv sickness, our James is. He 's ibraunt a vast o' times sen
moom.'

Throw over, v. n. To upset, be overturned ; of a cart or wag-
gon, &c.

* She (a waggon) tbnw over just anenst O. N.'s neukin'.'

Thruffy sb. Pr. of Through, a large gravestone or monument, a
table-tomb.

Thrum, v. n. To purr ; of a cat.

Thnunble, v. a. (pr. thrumm'l, u z& 00 m 'soot'), i. To work be-
tween the finger and thumb, so as to give full scope to the sense of
touch ; of a would-be purchaser, to test the quality of an article ; of a
grazier or butcher, to ascertain the condition of a beast ; &c.

Cf. Sw. D. tntmla, to grope, feel about, guide oneself by the hands, other forms being
tramla, trabUa. Hall, gives ibrumbU, to handle awkwardly, a meaning still nearer that of
the Sw. word coUated. Cf. also Dan. tromU, trumU, N. tnJla, to roll, to roll or turn over,
N. tromnulf Dan. tromli, a roller ; nearly connected with our troll, E. trowl. The defi-
nition in Wb, G/. is * to roll as a pea between the finger and thumb,' a very dose approach
to the fundamental notion.

Thnuniny, adj. Substantial, fat, in good condition.

TVtmt, an end, a knot, something, that is, that is thicker in substance than the adjoining
parts, or substance, seems to give origin to this word. Pr. Pm, * Tbrumm, of a clothe.
Villus^ JractiUuB* Dan. D. tromj an end, a stump, Sw. D. tromm, trumm, a stump, thick
end of wood or a tree. See ITfrum in Richardson.

' A brave, tbrummy bairn.'

Thrust, V. n. i. To push, shove; some degree of effort being usu-
ally implied.

* Tbroosit Mr. A., tbrooti : wilt 'ee be sae guid ;' addressed by the mistress of the house
to a visitor on the outside of the door, which, from damp (or like cause), resolutely resisted
all her efforts to open it from the inside.

Thrusten out, p.p. i. Projecting, standing forward before the
rest; of part of a building or wall, or of an angle of an enclosure.
3. Excluded, or turned out of doors.

Thumb-sneok, sb. A Sneok or latch which is raised by the action
of a small lever, passed underneath it, and pressed down by the thumb
when it is wished to open the door. See Sneok-bancL

534 GLOSSARY OF THE

Thimner. Pr. of Thunder; the u as oo, and often the h nearly or
quite suppressed.

* Thise tborters and levyn downe gar falle

FuUe stout,
Both halles and bowers,
Castels and towers/ Towtul, Myst, p. 39.

' It (the Star of the Nativity) was marvelle to se, so bright as it shone^
I wold have trowyd, veraly, it had bene tborur flone.' lb, p. 93.

Thus and so (pr. thus an' seea), used adverbially. Not very well,
middling, indifferently.

* ** I am only thus and so ;** in the condition which we call middling.' Wb, Ol»

Thwait, sb. A hamlet, a cluster of two or three houses.

Tbwcute in Or, 01.^ quoted by Molb. Dan. D. Lex. under Ived^ is defined * a field, cleared
of wood ;' in Hall., * Land, once covered with wood, brought into pastiire or tillage,* with
the remark appended that * tbtuaite enters into the name of many places in Westmorland
and Cumberland.' Brockett describes tbwaite as simply * a level pasture field.' Ferg. quotes-
Isl. \>veitt Dan. tvedt tvede, and looks upon tbwaite in the name of a place as giving evidence
of a Norse origin, Aorpe on the other hand, pointing more to what is understood by Danish
influence. I do not find the former either in Hald., or in Mobius. Molb. collates the word
tved with A. S. \ntntant [>weofan, E. tbwitet to cut, cut in two, but admits that the Sleswig
word tved and Eng. twait^ land cleared from the forest and brought under cultivation, may
* lead to a different mode of explanation.' Sw. D. tveii, tvet, tvait, N. tveit, ivei, signify
a chip, a bit chopped off, a severed or sundered piece, of wood namely, and Rietz gives also
the vb. tvetOt to hew or chop off from a bigger block, collating (bwite, ^witan. Of course,
so far as tbwait bears the meaning given in the definition it is simply in a secondary sense.

TicG, V. a. To allure, entice, induce.

Comp. * Tycynj or intycyn. Instigo, alUcio* Pr. Pm.

Tioing, adj. Tempting, seductive.

Tick, sb. A small mark, such, for instance, as may be made with a
pen or pencil against the several items in an account, or a catalogue, to
signify that they have passed under review.

The true meaning is no doubt that given by Hall., viz. * a slight toucb,* and the derivation
the same as that of toucb.

Tick» tick off, v. a. In going through the items of a bill or cata-
logue, to affix small marks in order to draw attention to, or signify that
the matters marked have duly passed in review.

Tie, sb. I. Obligation, in the sense of compulsion; necessity.
3. Constraint, or rather the source or cause of constraint or confine-
ment

t» I

I. * " Well, James will have to go, I suppose?" *' Neea, Ah known't. There 's nae tie.
• Deean't tew yersel', Thomas. There 's nae tie t* dee *t te daay.'
a. * T' au'd lady 's a gret age. She 11 be a desper't tie on tm;* on the people she lives
with.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 535

Tie, V. a. To constrain, oblige, compel.

* Ah 's tUd \* gan ;' obliged to go.

Tied, It *s. It must, it cannot but, it is sure or certain (to be, to wit).

* " It •$ tUd to be sae ;" it will surely prove to be so.* Wh. 01, Also * it muit needs
happen so.'

Tie-top, sb. A garland ; a fair rosette.

TifEbny, sb. A sieve, finer than the Temse, for dressing flour :
taking the name from the material employed, a fine gauze-like fabric,
or * t&any.'

Tifle, V. n. (pr. tahfl). To grow weary, become exhausted or worn
out.

There can be little doubt of the essential identity of this word with the Dan. vernacular
t&fl$, to move or walk, especially lazily or as if with unwillingness. Comp. also Dan. D.
tiveUg, of one who idles over a thing or occupation, does it lazily, iwvsom, lingering, slow
in achievement, words connected with Dan. twe^ to loiter, linger, O. N. iefiOf N. Fris. taoe,
Dut toevm, N. S. tbven. Sec, In our word the transition is from the slow, lingering, toil-
ing motion, as of a weary person, to the idea of weariness itself.

Tift, sb. A squabble or altercation, the act of quarrelling ; the quarrel
being understood to be not a very serious one.

* Tipt a draught of liquor ;' *tiff,z draught of liquor ;' ' tippy, smart, fine ;' * iiff, to deck
out, to dress.' These parallelisms from Hall, suggest the possibility that the p and the /in
the several words are convertible, an idea whioi seems to have presented itself also to
Richardson's mind : see IHff. But tip also implies a light touch, quickly given ; so also, in
the phrase ' tipped it off' applied to the act of drinking, quickness of action is necessarily
implied. May not the hastiness of temper and its results which are conveyed in the word
tiff or tift btzs naturally expressed by it as hastiness of touch or hastiness of deglutition.
In other terms may not the words in question be coincident ? In which case the derivation
of tip furnishes that of tiff or tt/t. Comp. O.N. typpilyndr, iracundus, ti/ty; where the same
connection is evident. I do not know that * tyffyn, werke ydylly,' Pr, Pm,, militates against
this notion, light, desultory strokes of trifling with work radier than good downright blows
of labour, seeming to be implied.

Tift^ V. a. and n. To dispute, contend, argue over an3rthing. See
Tift, sb.

4 ct

They may tew and tift it amang themselves ;" may contend in the matter and settle
it among them.' Wb, Ol,

Tift, V. a. To adjust or settle, one's dress, namely; to dress out,
or array.

Comp. * tifi, to dress, put in order.' Halliwell. Fr. tifir, ati/er, to deck, prank, trick,
trim, adorn. Rich., in v. Tiff. See remarks under Tift, sb.
' Get thyself washed and tiftid up a bit' Wb, 01,

536 GLOSSARY OF THE

Tiftmg, sb. I. A scolding or quarrelling bout. 2. A scolding given
or received.

a. * They gave me a bonny ti/Hng.* Wb. Ol.

Tike, tyke, sb. i. A dog, a cur. a. A churlish, or mean and low
person. Applied also playfully, to a hungry child.

0. N. rik, tijhy a bitch, O. Sw. /£*, a small bitch, Sw. D. ft**, f. a bitch, a foolish woman ;
m. a hound, a senseless lout of a man, Dan. D. Higt a female hound or dog, N. /£i^, Lapp.
Hhs or Hksjey Cam. tdcbt a name to call up a dog by, N. S. taebe.

1. • " A nest of hungry tykis;" applied to a set of healthy, hungry children.' Wb. GL

2. * The Jewes that were gentil men,

Jhesus thei despised,
Both his loore and his lawe ;
Now are thei lowe cherles.
As wide as the worlde is.
Noon of hem ther wonyeth
But under tribut and taillage
As tikes and cherles.' P, Plougbm. p. 598.

Til, prep. To.

O. N. /£/, Sw. tUl, Dan. tU.

* I ne wote what I shalle say Hilt hir.' Townel, Myst, p. 40.

* And if we euyll do, we sail wende till endles payne.' Ril. PUas, p. 3.

* And tyl a grove, that was fast there beside

With dredful fote then stalkith Palamon.' Kmgbt*s Talt, 1. 1480.

* Gan thy ways til her.' Wb, 01,

[Grimm asserts that tilt to, is ' peculiar to the Northern dialects.' Dr. Bosworth seems
to demur, and claim the particle as at least possibly A. S. as well.]

Timersomey adj. Fearful, apprehensive, easily frightened.
Timmer, sb. Pr. of Timber.

Comp. Sw., N. S., and Dutch timmtTt Dan. t^mmtr.

Tinkler, sb. A tinker : a word frequently used to ' point a moral.'

* Tinkety — so called from the noise they make on something metallic ... or when at
work. It is still pronounced Hnkler in the N. of England.' Richardson.

' He sware an' banned like a tinkler*

Tinkler's-wife, tinkler's-woman, sb. A woman of low associa-
tions ; one who tramps about the country a companion of Tinklers, or
other like disreputable itinerants.

Tipe, V. n. To fall over.

We have in the Cr. 01, tipe ower, to fall down, to swoon ; tipe off, to die ; and, in an active
sense, the Lincolnsh. tipe^ to tip up or overturn ; to throw, or toss with the hand ; to pour
liquor from one vessel into another. Hall, and JJnc, Ol, Also tipe-^ck, the bar which

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 537

keeps the body of the cart in its place and prevents it tiping up or over ; Hpi, or Tipe-trap
(see next word), all of which depend upon tip^ the furthest point or edge of a thing, as
towp, topplif towple depend upon top^ the uppermost point or edge of a thing, either
of which supposes extreme instability, or difficulty of balancing or resting, for any object
placed upon them.

Tipe-trap, sb. A trap, the springing principle of which is a floor or
bridge balanced or working on a pivot : the equilibrium is destroyed by
the weight of the animal passing over the bridge, the catch is thus
loosened, and the door or doors fall.

Tippy, sb. The brim of a hat or cap, or edge of a bonnet.

O. N. typpi, summitas rei. Comp. A. S. tappet, a tippet ; * the tippet being worn on the
shoulders/ Bosw. Cf. also tip, top.

Tire, sb. i. Tinsel edging or other decorative work employed by
the cabinet-maker, &c. 2. The metal edging or ornament of coffins.
See Coffin-tire.

Rich, connects the word tin in its application to the iron rim of a wheel with the vb. ti§,
whether correctly or not I do not now enquire. But I think there can be no doubt of the
connection of the present word with standard tirt, attirt, vb. and sb. See Wedgw. in
V. Attirt,

Tite, adv. Soon, readily, willingly. In the comp., titter.

O. N. tidt or titt, soon, quickly, readily, Sw. D. tidt, N. tidt, Dan. tidt or tit, Dut. tijt,
A. S. tid, time.

* I shall telle thee as tid

What this tree highte.' P, Plougbm, p. 334.

' Calle on tytt.* Toumtl. Myst, p. 9.

* We shall assay as tytt* lb, p. 35.

* And whene [h>u heres Haly Wryte . . . take kepe als tytt if )>ou here oghte |>at may
availe )>e till edyfycacyone.' Rtl, PiiCis, p. 3 a.

* Ah wad as tite gan as stay.'

T' ither. The other ; the second of two. Answering to T' ane.
Titter, comp. adv. Sooner, rather, more willingly. See Tite.

Cf. O. N. and O. Sw. tidart, Dan. tiirt; Jo Htrt,jo kjtartrt : * the sooner the better.'

' Pharao, Go, say to hym we wylle not grefe.

Hot thay shalle never the tytter gayng.' Toumd, MyU, p. 6a.

* I wad AitMT fgoL than stay.' Wh, Gl,

* I was there titter than you.* lb.

* ** T' titter oop sprunt mun ower a bit ;" the one soonest up the hill must wait awhile ;'
until the other comes up, that is. lb.

* Thae peas cooms titter tae, than onny ithers Ah kens ;' come earlier.

Titterest, adj. Speediest, nearest

O. N. tidaxt, Dan. tiesi. Cr, Gl. gives the form tiiteU.

* Yon is t' tUtereti road.' Wh. Gl.

3Z

538 GLOSSARy OF THE

Titterly, adj. Early.

* A titttrfy mak' ;' of peas, potatoes, &c. ; an early tort.

Tiv, prep. To : a form used, exclusively, before words beginning
with a vowel or silent A.

* Ah 's gannan tiv (H)ull, t' moom.'

* Gan tiv 'im, honey, an' gi'e 'm a buss.'

Tiwy, V. n. To run about actively. Wh. Oi,

I find no connection for this word. Our Essex word almost equivalent was cbivy or ebivyy.
Possibly the huntine; word tantivy is connected. The example is curious.

* He wad run tivymg about fra cock-leet te sundown, athout fteling shank-weary.' Wb, Ol,

T' moom, adv. To-morrow.

Comp. * Abraham ful erly wat) vp on ^ morm*

E, Eng. Attii. Poems^ B. 1. looi.

* parfor at tnorm, when ^u sese lyght
Th3mk als ]>ou sal dygh ar nyght' Pr. of Conse. 1. a668.

I think the word is certainly 7*o-mooni and not At mom, though it is difficult to say
decidedly fix>m the Pr. which it really is. See T' moom 't moom*

T' moom 't moom. To-morrow morning : * the mom at mom ;*
that is, * to-morrow at mom.'

In Sir Oauf. and Or, Kn, the word is moroun —

* " God moroun, syr Gawayn," sayde |>at fayr lady.'

* ** Goud moroun gaye," quoth Gawajrn )>e bly>e.' d. iao8, 1313.

T' mom 't neeght. To-morrow night ; * to-morrow at night.'
To, prep. For.

* What did you have to brekefast?'

Cf. * Have to their mede.' Townel, Myst. p. 293.

* ** for there is a knight amongst vs all
that must marry her to his wife."

* ** What I wedd her to wiffe t" then said Sir Kay,

" in the diuells name," ' Sec, Percy's Fol. MS, i. p. 1 13.

' The second took her to wife ;' * for seven had her to wife.' Luke xx. 30, 33.

To-fUl, sb. A building, or piece of building, added, at the side, to
an existing one.

Pr, Pm, * To-faiU, schudde. Appindieium, tigis,' Brock, spells it too/all, two/all, and
tee/all, the first two erroneously, the third as the phonetic form. Here, the Pr. is rather
ttU'fall. The South-country designation corresponding to this is ^Mtn-to.

To-flalL Used adjectively, in the sense of * lean-to,' and descriptive
of a roof covering an added building in such wise that its higher side
is in contact with the wall of the original building. See To-fially sb.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 539

Toflbr, tofEbrments, sb. Old odds and ends, promiscuous articles
all of the ' rubbish' description, or not much better, such as are pretty
sure to accumulate in the lumber-room of any house with a moderate-
sized family in it

*Du island, spracbe bcu tofur, mstrvmenta magiea, tofrar ineantamtnta^ tofra fasciniort,
&c' Grimm, D. M, p. 985. As to the heterogeneous nature of the tofur the simplest recol-
lection of the ingredients of Shakspere's witch cauldron is sufficient to give some notion —
toad, fillet of snake, eye of newt, toe of frog, wool of bat, tongue of dog, adder's fork, blind-
worm's sting, lizard's leg, owlet's wing, scale of dragon, tooth of woU^ with many others too
long to detail. Or, to take a more prosaic and matter-of-fact catalogue of like articles seen
by LinnsBus in the Gota court-house, * series of knots made in threads, silk, horse-hair, fibres,
roots ; shreds of horn, eagles-feet — troU-tyre, prepared from the third stomach of some rumi-
nating animal, &c.,' to say nothing of horns for magic ointment, troll-pipes, rudely carved
faces in bone, witch-knots enveloping witch-bare-legs, and many other suchlike matters
enumerated by Hylten Cavallius in his admirable Wdrtnd ocb Wirdumt, Is it impossible
that tbfuTt meaning collections such as these and of such articles, may have eventually
come to mean any jumbled assemblage of odds and ends, rags and tatters, of miscellaneous
or heterogeneous refuse, such as our word Toftor actusiUy does denote ? It may be ob-
served that Grimm connects A. S. Uafor^ Hfer, vermilion, die medium for writing, and so
the possible vehicle of runes, secret spells, with tofrar^ tofur. Our supposition involves less,
and takes less for granted, than this of Grimm's.

' I would not niffer down ninepence for all the old tofftrmtnts put together.' Wh., Gl.

Toit, V. n. To be concerned in frivolous or foolish proceedings ;
to * lark;

The Wb. 01. gives ' hoit' as a kind of synonym to this word — ' totting or hotting^ play-
ing the fool ; an allocation which reminds one of the expression boity^oity, Cf. Pr. Pm.
totie, which is given as synonjrmous with Jbppe, foUe and JbUt, whUe Jblttt is defined by
JdiueUuSf slolidus, foUus. * Roqueforte gives /(ietd, fbUton, &c., extravagant, /o«, sot^
dtourdi : volaticus' (Note to fidte) ; a signification which accords well enough with that of
our toit.

Tolf, tulf, num. adj. Twelve.

O. N. tolf, Sw. tdf Dan. tdv,

ToU-booth, sb. The town-, or Town's-hall.

* And when Jhesus passide thennis, he sei) a man sittynge in a tolbotbit Matheu by name.*
Wyelifft, Matt. ix. 9. ToU'SctamttUt in the parallel A. S. version.

Tommy-loaoh, sb. The common or stone-loach.
Tongue-pad, sb. A fast talker, a loquacious person.

Padt a foot, paw, the foot of a fox ; pad^ a path ; pad, to make a path, by walking, on
an untracked svffface. Hence the idea of frequent or rapid motion, and the sense of the
word before us.

Tongue-padding, tongue-waling, sb. A scolding, a round of
abuse. See Wale or WeaL

322

540 GLOSSARy OF THE

Toom, adj. Empty.

0. N. tdntTt O. S. tomber, Sw. D. /om, Dan. torn, empty. See Team.
' As toom 's an egg-shell.' Wb. Ol,

* Half an egg 's better an a toom shell.'

Topping, sb. A roll or curl of hair standing somewhat up above
the forehead ; a crest, on a person, or on animals.

Comp. O. N. toppTf dmis, villus, the forelock of a horse or man, specially of the former ;
O. Sw. topper^ id. ; Sw. topp ; A. S. belmestopt a helmet's top ; Pr. Pm, ' Top^ or fortop,
top of the hed. Aqualium.*

* " r U cowl his topping for him ;" 1 '11 clip his forelock for him.' Wb, Ol. (Wrongly
explained. See Ooul.)

Tottering, adj. i. Variable, changeable, unsettled; of the weather.
2. Uncertain, doubtful, hazardous ; of a time of sickness, or the lasting
of a storm.

Pr. Pm. * Toterynge, or waverynge. VaciUatio* Cf. merry'totter, tUter-totter, titter'
eum-totier, teeter-my-tauter (the Essex form), names for the game of see^saw, in which the
idea connected widi totter is that of vacillation, variableness, now up, now down ; so that
our word is thoroughly descriptive as applied to designate the sudden or frequent weather
fluctuations in an unsettled season.

1. • It 's nobbut a tottering time for harvest.' Wb. OL

a. * ** I have had a tottering time of it ;" a time of danger or suspense in consequence
of sore sickness. Sailors also are heard to speak in a similar strain after a storm.' lb.

TouchonSy adj. Irritable, testy, disposed to resent small injuries.

Towp, towple, V. n. To totter or fall over. See Tipe.

Town's-hall, sb. The town-hall, or municipal building of a town.

To you, ru be. I will be with you, I'll come to you.

Trade, sb. Traffic, in the sense of passing backwards and forwards ;
of men or animals.

The O. N. tradk, tradkr, crebra vestigia pedum, presents a precise analogy to this word ;
and trod also, by implication, for it means a road or way, limited by fences or other bound-
aries, by which men and beasts find admittance to the farmstead. Note also Dan. traad,
walking, going. * Trade,* says Rich., of the standard £. word, * is a way or course
trodden and retrodden, passed and repassed ; — thence intercourse, regular course or practice,
intercourse for buying, selling or bartering; traffic' Our word is limited to the inter-
mediate sense of * passing and repassing, treading and retreading.' See Trod.

* A vast o' rabbits here, by the trade they make.'

Trail, v. a. i. To drag or draw along the ground, or without the
assistance of wheels. 2. To move about from place to place in an
idle, lazy, desultory sort of way.

Comp. Dut. treylen, to draw a ship with a rope. Rich, says * treylen is from tredten, as
draggle or drawl from draw,* there being no difference save in the initial letter. He also
makes two quotations from P. Plougbm., involving the word troile.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 54I

* It was not carried, it was trailed* Wh, Ol.

* *' He traUs a light harrow : his hat covers his family ;" he is unmarried and has no cares
of a domestic nature/ lb.

In Fork Casi. Dep, the following passage is met with, p. 196 : — * That she and Jane
Makepiece of New Ridley had trailed a horse of the said George downe a great scarr ;'
tiiis, as alleged to be done by witchcraft, was an act different from &zt of physi^ dragging
or trailing, and gives the word another sense. In Sir Gaw, and Or. Ktdgbt it also takes
yet another sense, namely that of following by the trails as a hound does the fox.

TrailtengB, sb. A slatternly, ungainly female. See Tengs.

The definition of this word in the Wb. OL is ' a slipshod female as awkward in her
manner as ** the walking tongs.*' A " troUopy trailtenge" is the usual epithet.'

Trailtripes, sb. A dirty, slatternly female.

It may be a question if the true orthography of this word be not ' trail-trapes, -traips.'
See Trapesing. TrailtripeB would imply long tatters or links dragging from the
slovenly ragged dress; but the other spelling and consequent explanation would be the
better of the two.

Trallops, sb. A dirty slattern.

Richardson defines trollop, * one who goes, strolls (drawls) about from place to place,
carelessly, loosely dressed.' ' TroUerie, a trowling, a disordered ranging.' Cotgr.

In ' And thus hath he trolled forth

Thise two and thritty winter :' P. Plougbm. p. 387,

the word troll seems equivalent to trail in a neuter sense, and probably suggests the con-
nection of trallopi.

Sw. D. trilU-wppa, the connection of which is with trill, troll, to whirl or turn about, to
roll, seems to designate levity of conduct rather than laziness or slatternliness.

Trallopy, adj. Sluttish, slatternly, untidy.
Trampy v. n. To go on foot.

Comp. Sw. trampa, Dan. trampe. Germ, trampen, to tread, stamp with the feet.

Tramp, tramper, sb. A vagrant, a travelling beggar, a low pedlar.

Tramp-house, sb. A lodging-house for the reception of vagrants or
tramps.

Trap, V. a. To catch so as to pinch or crush; as one's fingers in
a door.

* I got my finger-end trapped in the door.' Wh. 01.

Trapesing, adj. Wandering about idly; flaunting about, as an idly-
disposed girl to shew herself or her dress ; walking up and down unne-
cessarily, or like one who does not know how to get the time over.

Oerm. traben, Dut. trappen, to tramp. Skinner refers the word trope or trapes to this
source, says Ridi. Add Sw. Dial, trappa, to proceed with mincing steps, Sw. trippa, id.,
N. S. trappen, to tramp, to prance.

54^ GLOSSARy OF THE

Trappings, Cart-trappings, sb. The harness of a horse employed
in drawing a cart

Pr. Pm. * Trapyn hors. Falero. Trapertt or trapur. FaUra ;' our word being simply
a homelier application of the old word.

Trash, v. n. i. To trudge about, or on and on, under fatiguing cir-
cumstances; whether on toUsome paths, or by going the same round
over and over again. Thence, 2. v. a. To weary, fatigue, harass; but
occurring most frequently in the passive.

Sw. D. traska, to walk with toil and wearisomely, especially in the case of what is under-
stood by * bad travelling' in CleveL ; that is, when the roads are muddy and heavy ; Dan.
trasktt to walk in bad muddy paths, or to go toilingly and much round about ; Sw. trtttka,
to trudse, jog along ; Swiss traiscbeHf to walk toilsomely or heavily. The connection is
with trSda, E. irtad, A. S. ireden. Sec, as also with tract. See Ihre in v. TVtUla, and Rietz
under the same word.

Trash, sb. (often pr. thrash). A person of worthless character, a
good-for-nought

This word and that which precedes it are quite distinct and unconnected. Our Traah, sb.
(see Rietz, in v. TVds), is evidently coincident as well as Sjmonymous with O. N. Iros.
Comp. N. iros, worthless twigs. Sec, fallen from the trees in a forest, Dan. D. irods, the
same, collected, or as simply fit, for burning. But the Sw. D. word trSs not only means the
same sort of worthless rubbish as the Norse and Dan. words do, it takes the additional
sense of ' a worthless or good-for-nothing person' — odugUg mmmuka; as <Im a ittlrdt: you
are a trash. Comp. our example.

* She 's te nae guid ; she 's nobbut a naasty t(Jf)rasb,*

Trashments, sb. The testicles. Cr. GL gives, and correctly, 'Any-
thing worthless,' as the real signification of the word.

* " Odzucks I I think I shall run mad I Good people hold me fiut ;
Fain would I go and geld myself — but now the time is past."

Enter King's Fool, with a knife, and says, —

** Mebbe not I Who 's that that wants gelding ? 1 11 a-warrant thee 1 11 take thy treub-
nunts from thee." ' Egton Sword Danet Recitation,

Travellers'-joy, sb. The common stags-horn club-moss {Lycopodium
chroahm),

Tribbit-stiok, sb. (sometimes pr. triwet or trewit-sdck). The bat
used in the game of Spell a' loiorr. It consists of a longish and
flexible stick, to the end of which is affixed a small bat of hard wood,
the flat face of which is about five or six inches long, and about two
broad at the widest part, near the end.

Pr. Pm, * Trypct. Tripula, trita.* Mr. Way's note on this is, — « Possibly a trippet,
which, according to Mr. Halliwell's Prov. Diet, is the same as trip, a ball of wood. See, used
in the game of trip, in the North of England, as described by Mr. Hunter in his Hallamshire
Glossary. The ball is struck with a trip-stick.' On the preceding page we find * TVabgoi,

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 543

sly instrument to take brydys or beestys (trepgette)/ with tripidum as the varying Latin
definition from one of the copies collated. Observe tripula in the definition of trypet; and
also the note to Trehgot; — * Palsgrave gives "pitfall for byrdes, treboucbei." The term
which originally designated a warlike engine for slinging stones . . . signified also a trap or
gin for birds and vermin.' Now the trap used in conjunction with the Txibbet-stiok, is,
essentially, an iron spring which, when liberated from its catch by a touch of the Txibbit-
itiLok, projects or * slings' the Knorr or ball into the air to give the striker his chance of
driving it hi away. May not treboucbet, slurred into trebgoi, trepget (in Ducange) have
been further slurred into trypet (assumed as synonymous in virtue of the Lat. explanation,
tripula) and our more modem Mbbet P So that the word Tribbet-stiok would really
mean * trap>stick,' or the stick used in conjunction with the * trap.' Comp. trap-hat^ the
name of the small bat used in playing the game of ' trap-ball.' For other corruptions in
the names of the instruments used, and of the game itself, see SpeU.

Trig, V. a. To supply, fill, stuff; of the result, rather than the action,
of eating heartily.

I connect this with O. N. tryggia, to secure, make safe, attach, Dan. betrygge, O. N.
^gg^t Dan. tryg, Sw. trygg^ safe, secure, fearless. Sw. D. trygg^ trygga, affords another
and very interesting illustration of a quasi-arbitrary sense imposed upon the vb. under notice.
It means to secure, or rather take measures to secure, on behalf of strange children or cattle
introduced to a new habitat, thriving or prospering, affection, regard, &c., towards and in
their new quarters and surroundings — bebandla hreatur sd att di hlifva trygga och tnfvas
dd di ombyta vittdsiort : to deal with them so that they may become secure and thrive well
when they have changed their place of abode. ' Thus folks lead a new horse or cow, on
introducing it for the first time to the homestead, three times round an ** earth-fast stone,"
and cause it to eat, at each circuit, some com out of a measure.' 0-4roj, on the other hand,
means to thrive badly or not at all, in which the direct sense of safety, security, is as much
lost sight of as in our tziff.

* Trigg'd with a good dinner.' Wb. 01.

Trim, v. a. To put the finishing stroke, in arranging or completing
anything ; to do a thing so as to impart an air of ' finish' to it.

Comp. the usage in the expression * to trim a boat.'

for tram. To take. To misinterpret one's words or meaning ;
to take a speaker's words in a sense contrary to his intention, through
heedlessness or inattention.

Trod, sb. A foot-path; a path or track made by the continued im-
press of feet. See Horse-trod.

O. N. trbdt a roadway to a farmstead, tradk^ a path beaten by many footsteps ; Dan. traad^
marks left by treading, foot-traces ; Sw. D. trad^ a pathway or track formed on ice or snow
by repeated tramplfaig ; A. S. tfod^ a path, track ; N. S. #radSf, id. See Trade.

TroU, V. a. (sometimes pr. trowl). i. To roll, trundle, cause to cir-
culate. Also 2. V. n. To roll or be rolled.

Pr, Pm, * Tryilyn or trollyn. Volvo,* O. N. triOa, to turn, roll or whirl round ; Sw. trilla,
to turn round, roU ; Dan. trilU, N. trilla, N. S. drilltm, Schw. trOUn, Switc. trallm, Cf.

544 GLOSSARY OF THE

Dan. trille4>€r, Sw. D. trilU-bort a whccl-barrow. Most of the verbs quoted are both
a. and n., like our own.

' But when you list to ridin any where
You mote trill a pin stant in his ere.' Sqmris Tale, 1. 335.

Chaucer also speaks of tears trilling down the cheeks ; a sense quoted by Dean Rietz.

Troll-egg days, sb. Monday and Tuesday in Easter-week. See
Face-eggy Boll-egg.

TroUibobs, troUibods, sb. The entrails or intestines.

Or. Gl. states that this word is usually preceded by the word * tripes,' as ' tripes and trol-
libobs;' Hall, gives troUybags as signifjring tripe; and doubtless this is the fundamental
word, the idea being that of a convoluted bag-like receptacle. See TroU.

Trollowerance, sb. A teetotum. See SoopperiL-

This word is given on the authority of the Wb. Gl. I<oweraaioe is the Pr. of Laurence,
and possibly the word is a corruption of troll-I<aiirenoe — spin-Laurence, formed on the
same principle as * Jumping-Dick,' * Skip-Jack,' ' Double-Tommy,' &c. Comp. Pr, Pm. * trol-
lynge or rollynge. Volucio,*

Trone. The common Pr. of Throne.

Trow, sb. A trough. A vessel or utensil hollowed out of stone so
as to contain water, is so caUed, as well as a trough made for such
special purpose.

Pr, Pm, * Tbrowbe, vessel, trow. Alveus* O. N. J»ro, Dan. trug, Sw. trag, N. S. trog.
Germ, and Dut. trog, A. S. trog, trob. O. N. has trog, linter, alveus, a word effectually pre-
served in the Northumb. trows given by Halliwell. The word was applied by the finder to
an * Andent-British' predecessor of the quern, in the writer's possession ; being a hard stone
with a dish-shaped hollow wrought in it.

Trumpery, sb. A worthless or indifferent sort of person.

Tnindle-stiek, sb. A boy's hoop-stick.

Trunk, sb. A frame of iron or wood, covered with strong netting,
and used in the capture of lobsters and crabs.

Trunker, sb. A fisherman engaged in lobster-catching with Trunks.

Tronking, sb. The pursuit of lobster and crab-catching, by means
of ' pots,' or Trunks.

Truss, sb. A large bundle : thus drapery goods rolled together and
packed in coarse canvas form a Truss.

Rich, quotes Fr. trousser, Dut. tross, trossen. Germ, trost, Sw. tross. Low Lat trossot
trossare, to pack up as baggage. Rietz, however, collates Irish tnu, to bind, surround
with a tie or girth, with Sw. D. words tross, a rope, a tie, trossa, to bind bundles of
brushwood, Sec. This word and the corresponding verb are of very frequent occurrence
in early writers.

* Noble men and gentile ne bereth nout packes, ne ne vareO nout itrussed mid trusses
(trusseaus).' Aner. Riwle, p. 166.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 545

Turn, V. a. To card wool roughly, or for the first time and m pre-
paration for the finer cards.

In the absence of any other derivation might not O. N. ^mha, arcuare, ^emhiz, intumes-
cere, be suggested as possibly cognate? The wool, when taken off the * cards' in what are
called Tmxmiings, is in hoUow, pufiy-looking rolls.

Tunder, sb. Pr. of Tinder.

Comp. bussbop; — * The said Hugh Pontchardin loked earnestly on the bussbop, and the
bussbop said unto him, " Hugh Sec.** * Capgrave, quoted in York Castle Dep. p. i6i, note.
See Bisshel.

Tunty, num. adj. Twenty.

* Ah '11 take iuniy groats for 't ; nowght nae less.'

Tup, sb. A ram.

Cf. Sw. tuppt a cock, Sw. D. topp, N. tupp, Comp. also Sw. bons'tupp, the cock of the
domestic fowl, tjar-toppt the cock of the woods. Much as Steg, which as O. N. steggr
seems to have meant the male of most or all animals, is with us limited now to the mean-
ing, gander, male of the goose (comp. also Stag» Stirk), so Tup has come to bear the
single meaning it now does in lieu of the more general meaning of the male among fowls.

Tup-lamb, sb. A male lamb.

Turf, sb. I. The surface-matter of the moor, which, consisting of
vegetable matter accruing from the long-continued growth of the Ling
is available as fiiel or Fire-eldin. It is cut in large fiakes or cakes
about two inches thick, the growing Ling having been previously burnt
off" it. 2. A single piece or flake of Turf. See Turf-spit.

O. N. tor/y Dan. rtrv, Sw. tor/t Sw. D. torv, N. iorv, N. S. Am/, A. S. turf, Dut. turf.
Germ. Am/, &c. * In parts of the Highlands,' says Worsaae, Minder , p. 330, * " the Danes"
are occasionally credited with the distinction of having been instructors to the natives.
One of the first Jarls in the Orkneys had, according to the Sagas, the name Torf-Einar, in
consequence of his having been the first to grave turves on a certain Scottish promontory
designated Torfhess. This point may have been Tarbet ; and it certainly belonged either to
Caithness or to Sutherland. And it is at least a remarkable coincidence that the people of
the district in question still repeat the tradition that it was ** the Danes" who taught them
the use of turf as fuel.'

Turf-graving time, sb. Autumn ; the period between hay-time and
harvest especially.

Turf-reek, sb. The smoke of a fire made with Turf or Feat.

Turf-spade, turf-spit, sb. The implement or tool used in graving
Turves, condsting of a triangular cutting instrument with one upright
side, to sever the Turf sideways as well as from the subsoil. This is
affixed to a long, strong, curved shaft with a cross-handle, and is urged
on by an impulse given by the thighs. See Siiappers, Spit, Spittle.

4 A

54^ OLOSSARY OF THE

Turn, V. a. i. To turn from one's course or purpose; to sway or
influence. 2. To hinder or stop.

I. * He 's desput hard to to'n.*

a. * He 's toWd wiv a little ; he 's nowght fit for these parts ;' of a clergyman newly
appointed to a Dales parish, who, happening to lodge some little distance from his church,
suffered himself to be kept away for two or three Sundays in succession by snow, which,
though deep, was by no means impassable, even on foot.

Turn-pike, sb. A high-road ; in contradistinction to a Loaning, or
a Moor-road.

Tiims, To do one's own. To attend to oiie's own personal work
or wants.

* She 's nane sae ill but what she can dee ber oum to'ns ;* make her own bed, wash up,
fill the kettle, Sec,

Turn to the door (pr. to'n te t' deear). To turn out of the house,
or out of doors.

Tutty, adj. Fractious, testy, ready to be oflFended. See Teaty.

Twadgers, sb. Small round gingerbread cakes, thick and tough,
and slightly flavoured with lemon — now rarely seen. Wh, Gl,

Twangy, adj. and adv. With odd or afiected intonation ; of a per-
son's manner in speaking or reading.

* She Ulks rather twangy: Wb, GL

Twattle, V. a. To treat caressingly, to fondle, to coax.

Hall, gives * to tattle, to chatter,' as a further meaning for this verb, his other being * to
pat, to make much of.' Hire gives the vb. twdtta, to wash, and also to prattle, to trifle,
remarking that Germ, waschen, in like manner, takes the same significations. So also O. N.
^atta is to wash with manual application (volutando perluere) and also to chatter, gossip,
trifle. Possibly the patting and other hand processes applied in washing, or the connection
between light talk and fondling talk, will account for the existence and the signification of
our present word. Sec Wedgw., however, in v. TSvatde.

Tweea, num. adj. Two.
Twill, sb. A quill.

It is scarcely necessary to do more than simply advert to the very frequent interchange
of tw and qu in the Northern dialects and tongues. Rietz remarks that in certain districts
' tv is sounded us hw ox kv; as, for instance, kunhgin for tvungen, kwil for tvdi, kvatta for
tvatta,* Sec, Comp. iwiteb (couch-grass) with quiteb, quick, quitter with twitter, besides the
other instances in the present word and those which follow. Comp. also the interchange of
qu and w as in quick (alive), wiok ; quean, wean ; Sec,

Twilt, V. a. To beat, flog, chastise.

The same word as quilt, to beat. Halliwell, Sec,

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 547

Twilt, sb. A quilt, or bed-cover ; a counterpane.

For etymology of quilt see Wedgw. under the word Counterpane : a very interesting
passage.

Twilt, V. a. To cross-stitch in quincunx fashion so as to connect
two thicknesses together, as of a bed-cover and its lining, a petticoat
and its lining, with, possibly, an intervening layer of cotton-wool.

Twiltmg, sb. A beating or flogging.

Twilting-frame, sb. A frame of large size to which the borders of
a Twilt, or the like, are secured while it undergoes the process of
twilting.

Twine, v. n. i. To turn, or twist from the direct line of flight, or
course, generally speaking; of a bird, or nmning creature. 2. v. a. To
twist, as with string, rope, Thaok-band, in process of manufacture.

* Thae partridges flew straight doon for t* beck an' then they twined round under t' bank.*

Twiny, adj. Peevish, fretful, repining.

No doubt a derivative from wbine, and coincident with wbiny.

Twist, sb. A strain, or wrench ; of a joint, namely.

Twisty, adj. Cross, petted, out of humour and shewing it in
manner.

Dan. tvisty N. S. and Dut. tttnst, disagreement, contention, strife, quarrelling or squabbling ;
leve i idelig tvist : to live like cat and dog ; tvistig, at variance, open to question or dispute.

Twitoh-bell, sb. The common earwig {Forfictda caudaia),

Comp. * Twitcb-haUochf the large black beetle/ Halliwell. The former portion of these
words I take to be coincident with the wig in earwig, and due to A. S. wiega, a kind of
worm or fly, a beetle (another form of the A. S. word being ttoicea, tweeea), eor-wicga,
earwig. I believe the bell depends upon a word about which there is some uncertainty. I
connect it with the final syllable in * Kitchen-boll (O. E.), kitchen-6a// (South.), chissel-
bol (North.),' names of the wood-louse. Transactions Pbil. Society, 1858, p. 99, as well
as with the ball in Twitcb-ballock, and also with the ftl or bil in A. S. wifel, wibil, the
weevil, and with the bel in Warbel ; and if, as most likely (see under Warbel), this
latter bel connects itself through bodylle with bot, bode, bond, perhaps claims to be regarded
as simply a contracted form of a diminutive from the word represented in these forms, some
of the uncertainty referred to above would be removed. Comp. the contractions which
convert Spatula into Spaul, Ketell into Kell, &c. The Dan. name for the insect is •re-
tvist, mrentvist; and tvestjert the Jutl. name. Other Dan. prov. names are tvinklestjert,
tfristbiort (this last being probably a corruption, Molbech thinks, of tvestjert). The Prov. Sw.
name is tve-styrta, tve-stbrta or tva-stOrta, against standard Sw. tvestjert. In all these words
the latter element is identical, of course, with the start in red-start, and simply signifies
tail, so that the entire word is two^aH or two-tailed. On the other hand mrentvist leads to
the suggestion that twitch might have a different connection from that in which it is
placed above, and if the prefix in warbodylle, "Wtahel, malt-boud, sbarnrbode, and the

4 A 2

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 549

Umstridy adv. Astride.

Or. 01. gives • umstriddtn, astride or astraddle.* There must have been many words
compounded with Mm in the earlier ages of the dialect. Townd. Myst, preserves umsbade,
and Hall, quotes vmbeclappe, umbegrippi, umbdappe, umhetett unUngoon, umbraid, umbylukt,
umgoHgt ^ftgif't tnd several others.

Unooiflng, sb. The accompaniment of a personal contention be-
tween women ; cap-pulling.

UnooiLoh, adj. Uncouth, strange, awkward.

nncustomed, adj. Smuggled, on which no duty has been paid.

Under, To keep at. To have subject, or imder one's authority.
See At after.

• " They keep them ai under;" in a state of subjection.' Wb. 01.

Underoold, sb. A cold caught by the wind blowing up under the
clothes. Wh. GL

Underdraw, v. a. To line the inner side of a roof with lath and
plaster.

Underdrawing, sb. The inner coat or integument of a slated or
tiled roof, of lath and plaster, the laths being nailed to the imder side
of the battens on the upper side of which the slate-laths are fixed.

Undergang, v. a. To imdergo, endure, pass through.

Undergang, sb. A passage beneath any obstruction, a railway, for
instance, crossing a road, and imder which a passage or quasi-tunnel is
made for the roadway.

Underganging, sb. The act of undergoing, or enduring; sufferance,
in Shakspere's sense.

* ** A desperate tatderganging ;'* a severe ordeal, or operation to be undergone.* Wb. 01.

Underhanded, adj. Undersized, of small stature.

The Lineolnsb, G/., with its customary incorrectness (or worse), defines this word, — * too
little help, small in stature, unfair,' what is meant by the words in the first clause being that
the person spoken of as underbanded has an insufiicient amount of bands, that is of workers.
Probably the second sense may be looked on as a kind of transition in sense from the first

Underling, sb. An ill-thriven, under-grown or stunted child, or
young creature of any sort.

Cf. Hall., * Underling, an inferior.

" He was to alle men underlynge
So lowc was niver })rt no kynge/'

MS. Cantab. Ff. ii. 38, f. 241.'

Hence the idea implied in our word ; inferiority in size, growth or capacity for thriving.
Comp. also Pr. Pm. ' Undtrlynge. SubdUut.*

550 GLOSSARY OF THE

m

XJndermind, v. a. To undermine, to work beneath any object —
house, wall, tree — so as to weaken its foundation or interfere with its
stability.

Pr. Pm. * Vndermyndyn, idem quod vndtrdelvyn . . . Vnderdelvyn, Sujfbdio*

nnderpinning, sb. A course (or courses) of mason-work introduced
at the lower part of a building to support, or prevent the fall of, that
which is above : especially when the ' introduction' is subsequent to the
completion of the building.

N. S. pitmt perm is a peg, a plug (Bosw. in v. Finn) ; and the idea of insertion is strongly
implied in our vernacular use of the word before us.

IJngain, adj. Not near at hand, inconvenient of access; inconvenient
or awkward. See Gain.

Unheppen, adj. i. Clumsy, awkward, without contrivance or
management. 2. Untidy, sluttish in person and dress.

Aner. Riwle affords instances of the form utibep in the sense of misbap, but probably the
affinities of our word may lie in a different direction. Note Sw. D. bdpen, astounded,
amazed, unbecomingly eager in pursuit of anything, Sw. bdpen, thunderstruck, being collated
by Rietz with O. E. awbaped, which, he adds, * Sunner derives from A. S. wajjan^ stupere,
horrere.' Dan. Dial, also has the form bapt embarassed, perplexed, shy, which approximates
to awkward ; and the connection of beppen, which Hall, says ' sometimes stands for ynbep-
pen, not dexterous, &c.,' with bap is more than probable. The un is either a corruption,
arising from what Mr. Wedgwood terms ' an instinctive striving after meaning,' or more
likely still, a mere conversion of um,

XJnkard, iinkid, adj. i. Strange or unused, to a place; unaccus-
tomed, to a kind of work, or manual occupation; strange to or not
knowing, persons. 2. Awkward, strange, generally.

Hall, gives the spelling unkard. He also gives, unco, awkward, strange; unbud, un-
known, and unketbt uncouth, strange. Brockett's spelling is unket, unkid, while Or. G/.
gives only uneotb. Jamieson's sole form is unco, adj. and adv. Hall., following Bosworth,
makes A. S. un-cwyd, without speech or strife, quiet, solitary, the origin of * the provincial
word unkid,' — meaning ' sine lite, quietus, solitarius.' I cannot but think that our unkard^
linked or unkid is rather due to A. S. un-cvAS, unknown, strange, and its various senses to
be quite paralleled by those of the word strange, Cf. unooucli, a mere modem corruption
of uncoutb.

• They are unkard to t* spot.* Wb. 01,

Unliflting, iinlisten'd, adj. Without inclination, indisposed to, any
action or line of conduct.

• I feel unlisting to stir.* Wb. 01.

Unmexiseftil, adj. Unbecoming, indecent; ill-mannered; shabby,
unseemly. See Mensey Menseftil.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 551

nnsayable, adj. Not to be influenced by advice or recommenda-
tion; self-willed, pertinacious. See Said.

IJnslot, V. a. To unfasten — a door or hatch, say — by slipping back
the bolt or Slot. See Slot.

Unsteok, v. a. To unfasten, a door or Heck, by lifting the latch
or Sneok.

Unstrong, adj. In weak health ; not having recovered strength after
an illness.

* pe ueond, >et makcS uet keif t to wilde, feble 1* unstrong.* Ancr. RiwU, p. 136.
Observe also the sb. unstrengtb ; —

* pus ^eos two )>inges bihold i >ine licame — fullSe t unstrencfSe.* lb. 278.

* " I doubt Willy has not mended well o* this last bout." " Nay, Ah 's seear he *s varrey
unstrong, puir chap." '

Up, v. n. To exclaim, to break into words suddenly.

^ Possibly not a mere abnormal use of the preposition up. Kok gives the word mbe, in the
same sense, as of extensive and very frequent usage in S.Jutland, deriving it from O.N. opa,
dp. Besides other instances, he gives e kok tber : the cock exclaims, crows. Comp. the
word tupped in the following extract from Aner. Riwle, p. 88 : — * ^ue hit is l>et ich wuste
herof ; auh [lauh, )>urh me ne schulde hit neuer more beon iuppid:* it is long since I knew
of it; but yet it should never have been i-upped through me; spoken of aloud, pro-
claimed.

* Then Ah oops an' seeas.'

* Bud he oops an' seeas — " nowght o* t' soort." '

IJpgang, sb. A track or roadway up an ascent.
Up-grown, adj. Adult ; arrived at years of maturity.
Uphold, v. a. To warrant, maintain, make good.

* I'll upbo*d ye, it was sae.' Wb. 01.

* " He teeak five an' tho'tty shilling wage o' Satterday at neeght, an' he'd wared t' heeal
iv it i drink afore Monday at neeght." '* Ay, Ah s' upbo*d ye : a drucken donnot !" '

Uphold, sb. (pr. upho'd). Maintenance; that which is requisite to
supply a person's wants ; and thence, his demands.

A direct derivative from the ordinary sense of the standard vb. * to support, sustain.'

* " He 's of a desperate upbo*d;* of a person of expensive habits, or of one who is a great
eater.' Wb. Gi.

Uprismg, sb. A prosperous rise in one's circumstances and con-
dition ; a getting on the world.

Upset-prioe, sb. The price at which anything is offered to public
sale.

Upset with or wiv. Very much pleased or elated.

' He 's desper'tly t^sf/ wiv his new wife.'

55^ OLOSSARF OF THE

Upstand, v. n. To remain; to continue in the same state and cir-
cumstances as heretofore : occurring most frequently in pres. pcpl.

We find a similar and, in some cases, precisely analogous usage of the word in O. N.
Thus, Flat. i. 525, Orms Storuljsson took bann ser fori med )^eim manni mr Ozsorr borzsH
bet er skip atti uppistandanda J piorsa ok far titan med bonum : Orm Storulftson took his
passage with the man called Ozsorr, who had a ship abiding in piorsa, and fared out with
him ; and again, er uppi stodj Gu/arosa : who continued in Ou&rdsa.

* Are they all upstanding yet ?* Wb. Gi.

Uptake sb. One who excels the others he is named or associated
with ; one eminent among all.

* He was t' uptak* on 'em all/ Wb, Ol,

Up, To be. To be old enough to be off the parents' hands, if not
actually adult.

* Seven childer in a' ; but tweea iv 'em *s oop,'

Urlingy sb. A dwarfish child or person ; one who through sickness
or other cause has not grown properly. Otherwise spelt Orling.

Hall, has * urled, starred with cold,' and Jam. * urlveb, having a feeble and emaciated
appearance ;' as also * unvul, an ill-grown person, or puny child ;' which latter word he
collates with warwolf or warwouft a puny child, or an ill-grown person of whatever age.
I should rather regard our XXrling as another form of Tyreoklizig, collating the Dan. D.
forms vraag or vrag^ vrctglingy a dwarf, a misshapen, ill-grown person; S. Jutl. vrdsling,
vrading; words which, especially with Jamieson's interme^te form wroid, seem to afibrd
a not un-easy mode of siffiliation for XJrling. The Wb, Gl, simply connects it with
Underling, as if another form of it.

Use-xiioney; sb. Interest for money lent, or deposited.
Use, To no. Unprofitable, good for no purpose.

* Gin a man can nowther wark nor show off, he 's to nae use.*

Uwep, adj. Upper, higher.

Comp. Sw. o/ver.

Vasty used substantively. A great quantity, or number. Comp.
Pew.

* There was a strange vast o* folk at Mally D.'s burial.'

* A v<ist o' wet 's fa'an this back end.'

* A vast o' muck astor ;' the roads are very wet and dirty.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 553

Vend, V. a. To discharge or throw clear ; as of material in an
excavation.

Merely a fonn of vent. Comp. ' veni one's anger/ and the like.

Vent, sb. A slit or opening in a garment. Also sounded and spelt
Fent.

For illustration here, as better than any I can otherwise offer, I quote from Mr. Way's
note to Fente in Pr, Pm, : — * In the Assembly of Ladies, a poem attributed to Chaucer,
Attemperaunce is described as arrayed in a blue gown, purfled, or trimmed with fur.

** After a sort, the coller and the vent.
Like as armyne is made in purfeling.
With greate pearles full fine and orient.
They were couched all after one worching."

In the thirteenth century the fent or vent appears at the collar of the robe, both in male
and female costume, being a short slit closed by a brooch In such instances it is suf-
ficiently apparent why the fent should be termed, as in the Pr., fihtdcUoriutn ; but at a
later period being considerably prolonged, the opening of the robe in front extending often
much below the waist, a brooch was no longer sufiicient to close it. At the period when
Chaucer wrote, the fent was trimmed with rich furs, and the fastenings were ornaments

of chased work, jewelled In the Inventory of Sir J. Fastolf, a.d. 1 459* there was

** j jakket of red felwet, the ventis bounde with red lether.'

»i t

Very. Used as an adjective and intensitive.

* Nobbut a varra trifle ;' a very small or insignificant portion or quantity.

* A varra deeal ;' a large quantity.

Vessel-oups. A corruption of Wa88ail-cup&

Viewly, viewsome, adj. Fair to look at, handsome, beautiful.

W

Wad, V. a. To wager, to bet.

/v. Pm. * Weddi, or thyng leyyd in plegge. Vadium^ pignus, vadimonium ;* A. S. wed,
a pledge, earnest ; N. S. and O. Dut. wedde, id. ; Fris. wed, a promise ; Germ, wette, a bet,
wager ; O. N. ved, a pledge, a deposit. Dan. vedde is to deposit, and then to wager or
bet, veddemaal, a bet; Sw. vad, a bet, vddja, to appeal. The transition from deposit
simple to deposit made in a bet is easy enough, indeed necessary. Comp. the following
extracts : —

* For if there be in a countre an horeling, a shrewe,
Lat him come to the court hise nedes for to shewe.
And bring wid him silver and non other wed.
Be he never so muchel a wrecche, hise nedes sholen be spede.

Political Song, quoted by Marsh, Second Ser. p. 2 $7.

4 B

554 GLOSSARY OF THE

* My lond kh wulle sctte :
to wedde for seoluere.' Lay. ii. 636.

* I dare lay my heede to wed
Or that we go untille oure bed

That we shaU here anothere.' Townd. Mytt. p. 281.

Cf. Jag vill sdtia mitt bujvud i vad^ ait : I will lay my head in wad that

Dalin's Sw, Diet.

Wae '8 t' heart. An exclamation of pity or condolence, or sorrow
and concern : contracted either from ' wae is at the heart/ of the speaker
namely ; or, from ' wae is the heart/

Spelt Waesis f heart, Wb. GL; Wastebtart, Leeds GL ; Waatf-beart, Cr, GV.

Waff, V. n. I. To bark as a smaU dog or cur does. 2. To emit
puffing sounds, from the escape of steam ; as a boiling pot, especially
when the contents are thicker than simple water, does.

Pr. Pm. * Wappyn, or baffyn as houndys (or snokyn). Nicto ;* also, * Wappon, or
berkyn/ and ' Wappynge (of howndys) or berkynge. Bajtdatus, latraius ;* and Hall, gives
wap, wappet, a kind of cur, a yelping cur. Comp. Fris. wop, cry, clamour, VfOpa, to call
for assistance ; M. G. bona wopida, the cock crew. Comp. also A. S. tvapelioH or wopdian,
to burst out, to bubble, and also the sound implied in the sniffing of the dog. If nothing
else suggested a connection with O. N. 6p, chmour, shouting, apa, to cry aloud, make an
outcry, the resemblance of the M. G. phrase to the S. JutUnd e kok 9her, the cock crows,
necessarily must ; and it is a very noteworthy circumstance that Kok, in indicating the
pronunciation of mbe, gives the form mb/ for that purpose ; which, independently of the
general principle that p and/ are constantly interchangeable, establishes the foct that in this
particular case such interchange is a fact. Our word is spelt wbaff'm Wb. Gl.

Waffle. V. n. To waver or vacillate ; to be undecided.

O. N. vbflur (pi.), doubt, uncertainty, hesitation, vaflun, id., veifla, to make to oscillate
freely ; A. S. wafian, to wave, fluctuate (Bosw. collates wcffie, from Brock., with this word) ;
wafol, waful, hesitating through astonishment, doubting. See Waffling, waffly.

Waffling, waffly, adj. Vacillating, undecided, hesitating, in action
and plan.

* A windy, waffling soort o' chap, wheea nivver kens his ain mind.' See Waffly.

Waffly, adj. Given to chattering or babbling.

N. vavla, to chatter, talk nonsensically, A. S. wctfian, to babble, speak foolishly, whiffle.
Bosw. collates N. S. wewern, Dut. weifelen. Germ, zweifeln, and O. N. vifla, con^ndere, as
also^Welsh ebwfio, to move. I regard this word as actually existing in our dialect, though
not clearly distinguished now-a-days from waffling : for I find the idea of cbattering con-
nected with the word waffly ; and am not certain that the illustration given under waf-
fling should not really be taken as an example of waffly. Note the connection of windy.

WaflCy, adj. Weak, tasteless. See Wauf.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 555

Waft, sb. A slight puff of air or wind ; the breath of a gentle breeze
blowing fitfully.

Comp. with the standard word, and note the use in — ' And the sighs of their fears, and
the wind of their prayers wq/i them (good men) safely to their port.* Taylor, Vol. I.
Serm. 8 (quoted by Ridiardson).

Waft, sb. A wraith, an apparition assuming the form of a person
whose death is approaching ; and imminent, if seen by himself.

Quite possibly this word may rather be connected with the standard word than with
O. N. vo/a, spectrum, umbra, manes, but the connection with either is not very apparent.
Jamieson gives one of the senses of waff", vnnf, as * a transient view, a passing glance,' with
the instance, 'I had just a wtxff o* him,' and collates this use with Northumb. waff {znd
therefore with our 'Waft). The connection is not improbable. The notion involved in
the word is fast passing away in the district. An old man (who died in 1866) was nearly
the Ust believer, on personal grounds, with whom I have had acquaintance. He, however,
mentioned to me two or three distinct cases, which are recorded in Henderson's FoUlore of
ib$ Northern Counties of England, p. 30.

Wage, sb. A remimeration for work done or service rendered.

* They gav' her a decent wc^e: Wb, Gl.

*" What did he give you for doing it, John?" " Tweea groats, an' nobbut a bite o'
breead, wur all t* w€^e Ah getten." '

Wain, sb. A waggon. See Bride-wain.

I give the definition that is usually given of this word ; but I must append the remark
that, if intended to imply that the wain and the modem waggon are the same vehicles, the
definition is incorrect. The veritable "Wain, now never seen, was a narrow, long-bodied
vehicle, with two wheels only, and these at the hinder end. The front or foremost end
trailed along the ground. O. N. and Sw. vagn, O. Sw. wagn, Dan. vogn, A. S. ween (con-
tracted from w<Bgen), Welsh gwoun. Sec.

Wain-house, sb. (pr. wain-*us). A shed to protect the waggons, &c.,
of a farm from the weather.

Wait of. To wait for. Compare To call of.

* I waited q/him half an hour an' five minutes.

Wake. Pr. of Weak.

* For me )>at es so wayke, and so vnmyghtfull,' &c. Rel, Pieces, p. 53. *

Wake, sb. A feast, either on occasion of the anniversary of the
founding of the parish church, or of a death ; being all that is left of
the vigils or watching — waking — which once accompanied such dates
and events.

O. N. vdka, a vigil, a wake-night, as well as watchfulness or keeping awake. Comp.
also vaage, in Dan. D. vaagestue; at bolde vaagestue being as nearly as possible equivalent
to our to ho'd a Iiyke-wake. Comp. further Sw. D. vake-natt ; — * / Warend blir der-
fore graf-^Ut an i dag kaUadt Vake-natt :' hence, in Warend, the grave-ale (cf buri-a/) is
still to this day called the Wake-night. See Iiioh-wake.

4 B 2

55^ GLOSSARY OF THE

Wakensome, adj. Easily roused from sleep ; not of a sleepy nature.

Hall, gives wackersom and wakhitt, both as meaning wakeful, or nearly so. Our word
is sounded waekensome. Comp. A. S. wacoHy watchfulness. The Northumbr. form of the adj.
employed in Rel. Pieces, pp. 56, 57, is wakkyre, coincident with which is Halliwell's wakker,
easily awakened.

Wale, V. a. (pr. wheeal). To beat, chastise, flog.

Necessarily a derivative sense from that of E. weal or waUt the idea being made to rest
upon the effect, instead of simply upon the act, of beating. Cf. Pr, Pm, • Waltt or strype
after scorynge.'

Waling, sb. (pr. wheealing). A flogging, or castigation.
Walker, sb. A fuller ; one who is employed in a Walk-milL

A. S. toealcere, a fuller ; Sw. valkaret Dan. valker.

Walking-mill, walk-mill, sb. A fulling-mill. '

* Walhoy pressare, volutare, ut solent qui fulloniam exercent.' Ihre. With this collate
O. N. velkia, contrectare, volvere, Sw. valka, to full, valk, a fulling-mill, Dan. valke, valke^
mmlle ; A. S. wealcan. Germ, walken. Sec, and M. Lat. waieaiorium. Through the M.G. vul-
lareis, a fuller, Ihre points out the probable connection of the O. Sw. word walka, to full,
with Finn, walkta, white, walawa, shiningness. On the other side, the coimection with
'E. fuller, fulling is apparent.

Walk with. To court, or be courted by. See Lead.

* Ay, she 's gien t* ither chap oop an' walks wiv oor Willy noo.'

Waller, Dry-stone-waller, sb. A man whose stated occupation it
is to build the mortarless stone walls so characteristic of the district.
See Dry-stone-wall (Appendix).

Wally, V. a. See Whally.

Walsh, adj. Insipid; watery.

Jam. refers this word to Teut. gaelscb, ingratus, insuavis sapore aut odore ; and Dan. D.
has gialsod, disagreeably or nauseously sweet. But it may rather be a contraction of wal-
lotoisbt nauseous. Hall., which, again, from wallow, flat, insipid. Cf. valg, tasteless, insipid,
Aasen, p. 637, and also * Dut. walgben, to nauseate, loathe ; walgbinge, nausea, inclination
to vomit. Ik walg daran, it turns my stomach. From the sensation of rolling in the
stomach caused by incipient sickness. Germ, walgen, walgem, to roll. Sanders.' Wedgw.
Note besides, Pr. Pm. walkwe-swete, for bitter-sweet or woody night-shade (Solanum dul-
camara), and walletb in the lines below : —

* Venim or vemioch* or vinegre, I trouwe
Walle\> in my wombe.* Skeat's P. Plougbm. p. 55.

Wame (pr. wheeam), warn, sb. The belly, stomach ; one's * inside.'

O.N. vomb, venter infimus ; Sw. vdnUf, vdmm, belly ; Dan. vom, A. S. womb, N. S. wamm,
Dut. wam, Fris. wamb. Germ, wampe, O. G. wambe ; in tbes uueles uuambu : in the whale's
belly ; M. G. wamba,

* They fill their wombe with wine and ale.* Plowman's Tale.

' He 's a desper't pain in 's wem.*

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 557

Wan (pr. as the adj. * wan'), p. p. of to Win.

Wangle, v. n. To totter, or shake to its fall ; of a wall, building, &c.

Compare WanUe. O. Sw. wankkit fluctuare, a frequentative from warUta, wachla^ vacil-
lare ; A. S. wictlian, Dut. waggelen. A. S. wancol, woncol, N. S.. Dut. and Germ, tuankel,
unstable, wavering, Sw. and Dan. vankel-modig, as well as E. wag, waggle, Sw. vagga, to
rock, and sb. a cradle, &c., all are closely connected.

* " Take care, it 's beginning to whangle ;*' of a wall tottering to its downfall.' Wb. Gl.

Wang-tooth, sb. A molar tooth or grinder.

A. S. wang-io^t wong-to^ ; O. N. vdngi, the jaw, cheek ; O. Sw. wang, A. S. wang, weng,
W€eng, Dut. wang. Gam. wange, O.H.G. uuanga, id.

* And of this assis cheke, that was io drey.
Out of a wange-4otbe sprang anon a well,
Of whiche he dronke inough.' Monkt*s Tale, L 155.

Wankle, adj. Unstable, tottering ; unsettled or changeable.

A. S. waneol, wonecl; N. S. and Germ, wankel, unstable, unsteady, wavering. See
Wangle.

* quelen )>a aeldren : died the elder,

quelen ]>a jeongere. died the younger,

qlsen |>a wifmen : died the women,

quelen )>a waneUn,* died the wanele; the weaklings or children,

Lay, iii. aSo. namely.

* *' A wankU prospect ;" unlikely prospect of success in a matter.' Wb. Gl.

* ** WankU weather ;" wicertain or changeable weather.' Ih.

Want, sb. A deficiency; no supply at all, or, more usually, an in-
sufficient one.

Comp. the O. N. idiom, one which occurs by no means infrequently, moreover : —
A ainbveriu kuelldi bar i>ai til tidenda at mannz uar vant aflide ]mrra : one evening there
was a report that there was a want of a man belonging to their company.

* Not a varrey guid plant (of wheat. Sec.) ; there 's a want i' pleeaces ;' the seed has failed
to grow, or the young plant has died out, here and there in the field.

Wap-oloth, sb. Coarse and thick cloth, for making pilot-coats, or
fishermen's pea-jackets.

Pr. Pm. * Wappon, or hyllyn wythc dothys or oJ)cr lykc. Tego, corUego* in which we
have the same sense as wap bears still in many districts, to * wrap or bundle up.' Comp.
the forms wrap, wlap (our lap) ; * and thei schulen wlap in it the arke of witnessynge :'
Widiffe's BibUt Numbers iv. 5 ; and hap, of which Mr. Wedgw. says, * probably a corrup-
tion of wbap ftom wlap ; " lappyn or wbappyn in dothes." Pr. Pm.' The application in
our word 'is obvious.

War (pr. as the noim * war,' when emphasised ; otherwise, more as
* wur*). Imp. tense of To be.

O. N. var, vart, var (imp. of at vira, to be) ; Dan. var, Sw. var.

558 GLOSSARy OF THE

Warbels, sb. i. Somewhat globular swellings along the back of
a beast, occasioned by the presence of the larva of the gadfly ((Estrus
dovis), 2. The said larvae themselves. See Twitch-belL

Hall, gives warhetiUs as the Norfolk form of this name, and Pr, Pm, gives ' Warbote,
wyrme. Emtgrwuus^ boa ;* while in the notes we find, — * Bibo, exbane, or warbodjUe,'
from Lai, Eng, Vocab, Roy. MS. 17C. xrii, where wmubotfyiU is dearly the same as Halli-
well's ttKtrbttiU. But further, warboit or warboi is evidently a compound of the same
prefix war, and bot, the origin of &e for in borst-boi, the name for the genus OoMieropbUus,
With bot collate bcmd^ a weevil, and bmdg in iharmebude^ HalL, and also whh bed in wool-bed^
a hairy caterpillar, corrupted into obedj ombit. Sec. This b§d or bit, says Dr. Adams,
TVansaci. Pbil, Soc.t 1860-1, p. 9^ * is the common name for an insect, bede, bode or bude,
which is of such fircquent occurrence in the A. Sax. vocabularies, in Old English, and in the
modem Provincial dialects.' Now bodyOe, in warbodyOe, is bejroikd doubt a diminutive
(torn bode^ and contracted in Pr. it would eventually bcoooie bM, bol, bel — cf. eheet-bcU,
kiubem-boU'-uA so fomish the last syllable in "WsrbeL For the war, c£ Pr.Pm.' Warre,
a knobbe or knotte of a tree ;' * Warre or knob, new (nsod).* Fabgr. ; A. S. wear, a knot,
O. Dut. weer, wier, nodus, caOus. [There is a somewhat curious coincidence of scnmd and,
in part, in sense also, between Dan. vabel or wMe, a swelfing in the skin, filled with water,
and our 'Warbel— cf. vaabdaiet, having projecting eyes, eyes that stick out like 'Warbels
on the animal's back — ^whicb mig^t easOy he^ to mislead.]

War-days, sb. All days but Sunday; ordinary days, every-day in
the same sense as in one's * every-day clothes.'

S. G. bwardag, an every-day : that is, an ordinary or working day ; Dan. hverdag. One
of the many amusing instances of attempted etymologies by incompetent hands is supplied
by this word: — 'Wardays — Query worse-day: scpkit =» worse ;' • War-day, worUitg day;*
* wart-day, work day.'

Ware, v. a. To lay out, expend, or spend.

O, N< veria^ negotiari, uti rebus suis (Hald.), with the instance, ai verktfi sinu til olimuu
gia/a : to ware one's money upon alms gifts. Cf. Welsh gwariaw, to spend. Gamete,
p» t6f^. The >b. obtains in aU the Northern tongues; as O.N. vara, merx, Sw. vara,
Dan, vare, A« 8« ware, Oerm. waare, Eng. ware, &c.

' Had I bot a penny on the wold I war^t* Townei, Myst. p. 311.

* *' It was an \\\-wared penny ;" spent in a bad bargain.' Wb, Gl,

WarlL Pr. of Work, the a as in * bark.'
Wark^ V. n. To ache.

O. N. verkia, \>adverhiar, it aches ; Sw. varha, Dan. verhe or varhe, to ache, to be in pain,
or sensible of pain ; A. S. were, weorc, pain. ^

' For I have made me in this strete
Sore bonys and warkand fete.' Tawnei. Myst, p. 45.

' Our manciple I hope he will be dede,
Swa werkis ay the wangis in his hede.' Reve*s Tale, p. 31.

[Notice the use of hope = I fear, doubt or expect, and comp. our Clevel. doubt ]

Wark, sb. An ache, sharp pain ; as Teeath-wark, Heead-wark.

Cf. Ibre'i bo/ud'Warke, head-ache.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 559

Warn, v. a. i. To summon formally; to summon to the performance
of a stated or public duty. 2. To induct into a public office, by the
formal process of warning and swearing in.

Cf. * If I ne venge me of the viUauiie, that men have doen to me, I tommen or vMxnu
hem, that have doen to me that villanie, and all other, to doe me an other villaue.'
Cbaucit^s Talt, p. 154.

' The kynge had do wame alle his barons to be at his feste at Cardoell.' Merlin, p. 62.

The surveyor of highwa3rs warns the several farmers to attend with their draughts on
such and such days to fulfil their Statute-work.

2. * He was warned in as constable.' Wh, OL

Warp, sb. Deposit or sediment left by the water of a stream much
charged with earthy matters.'

Pr. Pm. * Warpynge, of the see or o^er water. AUumum* A word depending on the
same origin as the latter element in Mondiewarp. The simple meaning of A. S. weorpan
is to throw, to cast : but O. N. verpa is constantly applied in the tense of to throw together,
%o as to form an accumulation, or heap, or mound ; thus, at verpa bang : to heap a funeral
pile ; at verpa gard: to form a fence or bank. Hence, first, the application in the name of
the mole, and, secondly, in the case of the gradual accumulation of soil which takes place
in the process of waxping. Another like application of the word is in Dan. D. vco^ or
v<Brp, so much of a field as is ploughed the same way, that is to say, the furrow slices all
laid upon each other or in the same direction, with which Molb. collates N. Engl. ' warp,
a quantity of land consisting of ten, twelve, or more ridges with a water-furrow on each
side. To plough land to warps, Halloway's [qu. Halliwell's] Dictionary.'

Warped, To be, v. p. To be charged or encumbered with copious
deposits of sedimentary matters left by a stream, or the tide.

Warridge, sb. The withers of a horse.

Comp. synonymous Germ, witber-rist.

Warae, adj. Worse. See Waup.

* Nae warse an new ;' as good as new.

Waraen, v. n. To grow worse.

* ** He warsens on 't ;" becomes worse, in point of health.' Wb. Gl.

Warsening, sb. A becoming worse; a declension in health, or
otherwise.

Warale, v. a. To wheedle, to obtain — one's ends, namely — by flat-
tery or cajolery.

This is probably the same word as wiaale or whiiale, and its proper orthography
wizle ; but its connection is not very apparent. Comp., however, Sc. weise, wyse, to use
caution or policy for attaining any object in view, to prevail by prudence or art.

* ** A warding sort of a body ;" a wheedkr.' Wb. OL

* " They wizzled it out of him ;" tricked him out of it.' lb.

The same book also gives * to smuggle,' as a sense borne by the word.

Wanlement, sb. Cajolery, wheedling ways.

56o GLOSSARY OF THE

Waste, V. a. To spoil, make unfit for use : a word of very general
application.

'Have you wasted your frocAc?' to a little girl who had spilt something over it at
dinner-time.

* Ah 's feared t* com 11 be quite wasted;* in a wet harvest-time. Of hay, in the same way.
A book subjected to rough usage, is wasted; and so is a knife, or other steel article, which
has been inadvertently left exposed to damp. See.

Wastrell, wastrill, sb. An extravagant person, a spendthrift.

For the termination cf. Oangerill or G-angerell, Dotteril* Haveril, &c.

* A waster ; the opposite to a home-bringer.' Wb. Ol.

Water-bleb, sb. A small blister or pustule containing water. See
Bleb.

Water-brash, sb. Eructations more or less of an acid or acrid
character and accompanied by the rising into the mouth of a small
portion of acid or acrid liquid : a not infrequent accompaniment of
acute heart-burn.

See Brash, and comp. water-springe, water-teems : Halliwell.

Water-oan, sb. A gardener's water-pot ; any tall tin vessel for con-
taining water.

Water-dike, sb. A hole or cavity, traffic-worn in a road or pave-
ment, and filled with water in rainy weather. See Dike.

Water-heck^ sb. The barred wooden frame of equal width with
a stream and hung across a shallow part of it, to prevent cattle, &c.,
from passing along the shallow and so stra3dng from their proper
limits.

Wath| sb. A ford in a running stream.

O. N. vad^ a ford ; et enkelt steed bvor num can vade eUtr ride over en elv : any given
place where one can wade or ride across a stream ; O. Sw. wad, Sw. vad, O. D. watb,
Dan. vad or vaad. The fact that a "Wath, or Watluitead, still exists in Clevel. side by
side with every old bridge, or modem successor of such bridge, is very significant. The
JJmeolnA, Oi, with the qdendid disrenrd of sense, reason, and the merest acquaintance
with ordinary sources of information or knowledge which distinguishes that book, states that
' Wath-ttetd, or more properly (I) waith-stead, derives its name from its situation on a
w»de(l) or ford: wtde or waith beinc derived from the Latin vadum,* The compiler
•eemt never to liave beud of tiie Danisn oocnpation of mndi of Lincolnshire, and conse-
quently the idea tibat Wafli it t purely ScMifinaTian word, in nie long before the men who
•poke it e?«r efen liewd of the Romam or dwir tonme, oonld find no means of access to
ilk mhd, .Hit WQtd watk-Mmi I take to be tlmpiy the ' site, or place, of a wath or ford.'

Wattiv. Fr. of Water, a as in <hat' neariy, but with the slightest
wBlGioii of an r after it

'mmb wvy dohwB in vm nwind,
Ida mam' dmi tity femd.' Vvcft Folio 3iS. i. p. 468.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 561

WatileSy sb. The rods laid on the timber framework of a roof to
lay the thatch on.

A. S. watelt a wattle, hurdle, covering, tegula viminea. An instance given is }^urb |>a
waielas, Luke v. 19 : through the tiling, in &e Engl, version ; per tegulas, Bosworth ; * by
the sdattis,' Wycliffe's version; fSerb t»a watla. North. Chsfils. Literally, through the
Wattlet.

Waufy wauflshy adj. i. Faint, sickly-seeming, weak. 2. Tasteless,
insipid, weak, as tea.

Jam. writes this word waueb, waugb, and refiers it to ' Teut. wcdgbe, nausea, walgben,
Isl. vdgia, nauseare.' Comp., however, Dan. D. vag, vaagt vog, vov, sick, weak, in£nn,
Sw. v&gf which, allowing for the change of g or gb into /, corresponds both in sense and
form with wauf . Comp. er manden syg f Nit, ban er kun vov : is the man sick ? Nay, he 's
nobbut vMiuf, with our —

I. < " Ah feels rather wau/uh-'* faint, or as if going to faint.' Wb. Gl.

Cf. the Scottish use ; — * Allan, who is a little wowf* (crazed). Ltgmd of Montrose, p. 80.

3. * " Poor imim/ stuff ;" of weak tea.* Wb. Gl.

Wauflshness, sb. i. A sensation of faintness or sickness. 2. A
sickliness or faintness of odour.

Waughy waughiahy adj. Wan, pale ; as people look when fainting
or ready to feint.

The same word as Wauf (spelt also * waif'), but with a gutteral sound — spelt * wow,'
' wowish,' in Wb. Gl„ and with a somewhat varying sense. See Wauf.

Waur, comp. adj. Worse.

' " I am mickle at wmtr, I 'se obliged to ye ;" I remain much at the point of worse, or
I am no better.' Wb. Gl.

Waver, sb. A light breath of wind. See Waft.

Comp. S. Jutl. WBdervav, a slight puff of wind, the gentle breathing of the wind, in which
the first element is identical with £. weather (O. N. vedr, Dan. vejr\ and the latter with
S. Jutl. viver, O. N. vd/a, to waver, quake, be agitated.

Waver, sb. Ajsapling left to grow when the surroimding wood has
been felled.

Dan. D. vager, or verger, a name appb'ed to the sapUng growth of certain species of
willow, the Sdlix arenaria, 8cc. Other forms of the word are wgger, a supple willow-
wand, imgi (in the pi vger) and vegre, which Moth gives as ' a withy, a wand.' Molbech
also gives vg as signifying flexible, weak in the sense of bending.

Wax, V. n. To grow, increase in size or stature.

O. N. vaxa, O. Sw. todxa, Sw. voxa, Dan. voxe, A. S. weaxan, Fris. waxa. Germ, waclh
ten, M. O. vhMoh. Pr, Pm. ' Waxyn, or growyn. Creseo, aecresco*
' pus ofte of hitel fVMtfO muchel.' Ancr. Rmle, p. 54.

4C

• l(

j6a GLOSSARY OF THE

' And thurgh his (God's) gudnes ilke a day ere all thynges waxande.* Rd, PUets, p. ao.

* I fare as doth a tie
That blossomith er that frute ywox be/ Marchaiimfs TaU, p. 68.

Comp. the usage in

* God bad us for to wtx and multiplie.' Wifi o/Batb't Prol. p. 76.

He fcwMis like a selly ;" like a willow, which grows rapidly.' Wh. OL

:, sb. Growth, stature.

Cf. Sw. v'dxt^ Dan. vtuU; O. Sw. fiiUvaxen, of full growth.

* Thou art the best on thi wax that erer was dekyt.'

Toumel, Mytt, p. ^11.

* ** He has n't getten his wax yet ;" has not atuined his full growth.' Wb. Oh

The word is constantly applied in the same sense to fruit, Tegetables, &c., which are not
yet full grown. Comp. Chaucer's * ere that fruit htytoox* under Wax, vb.

Wax-kernel, sb. A glandular swelling ; enlarged or swollen glands
in the side of the neck, below the ear, especially. Otherwise * waxen-
kernels,' * waxjmg kymels.'

The comment of the Wh, Gl, on this word, which is at least useful as illustrating popular
notions, and therefore, in a measure at least, in accounting for the existence of a popular
word, is, that such swellings are ' said to be more common among young people who are
growing than among the more mature.' Cf. Pr, Pm. * Coomt^ or luirde knott in >e flesche.'

Way-wards. A suffix to the names of places, towns, &c., signifying
in the direction of such places or towns.

* ** Which way are you going ?" '* Ah 's gannan' Casselton-«wiy-iMird!s." '

Weaky, weeky, adj. Moist, watery, juicy, full of sap.

Comp. O. N. voibia, to become or be wet, vohvat to make wet, to moisten, vokvit mois-
ture, dampness; Dan. vadskg, Sw. vdtska. The Durham form is woky, Halliwell. Cf.
Dzn, fiigtigf 'N,S,/ucbt,fuebtig, Qtxm.feucbt.

Wear in, v. a. To break in, to train ; to bring up in the way they
should go ; of both yoimg animals and young persons.

* To wtar in. To gather in with caution ; used to express the manner in which a shep-
herd conducts his flock into the fold in order to prevent their rambling.

" Will ye go to the ew-bughts, Marion,
And fcwar in the sheep wi' me ?" Ritson's SeoUisb Songt,

Teut. vfar-eHt propulsare.' Jam. The definition of our word seems rather to point to the
same etymology with war§, btwart. I doubt very much, however, whether the So. phrase
is not coincident with ours, with simply an extension of meaning, but in the same diriection
still. I look upon our expression as simply involving the idea of use or custom implied in
that of continued wearing^ as in * daily wear,' * motley 's the only wear,' &c. ; an usage of
the word which induces Hall, to admit it into his Dictionary with the definition *the
fashion.' As also Nares, one of whose instances is

' No, indeed I will not, Pompey ; it is not the wior*

Mtawnfir Miasttn.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 563

Thus to wear in is to use, accostom, or habituate its object to sach and such ways, pro-
cesses, acts of submission or performance ; and thence to train, to break in. Similarly, in
the Sc. expression, die meaning may simply be to cause the sheep to move over or along
their wonted track according to their daUy custom into the fold or bugbt.

Wealing, sb. (pr. weering). A consumption or decline ; phthisis.

Comp. the purely analogous Dan. word taring, a decline or consumption, placing side by
side with it the every-day English phrase ' wear and tear.' Cf. also Sw. tarandt sjukdom,
a wearing sickness, tar-/§bir, hectic fever or the fever of consumption.

* ** What 's the matter with James M. ?" ** He 's in a wearing. Ah doubts. Leastwise
the doctor says he *s heavily consumpted." '

Weasand, sb. The gullet, the windpipe. Sometimes soimded
wizsan.

Probably from A. S. bwiosant to wheeze, difficulter respirare. Comp. Dan. Dial, bwete,
to make a whistling sound, as the wind does, O. N. hwtsOf Sw. D. bwdsa; Pr, Pm, * We-
iaunni, of a beestys' throte.'

' There thou mayst brain him.
Having first seized his books, or with a log
Batter his skull, or paundi him with a stake.
Or cut his wezand with thy knife.' Tempesi, iii. 2.

Weaiher-ftuEtt, adj. Confined or detained by stress of weather. See
Bed-flEUEtty HouBe-ftuEtt.

Comp. Sw. D. borftut, wind-bound ; of a ship compelled to lie at anchor for want of a
6»vourable wind.

Wed, p. p. of to Wed : a word in more frequent use in all its tenses
and moods than to Marry.

* ** When are you boun to be wedf" going to be married.' Wb, Gl,

Weddingers, sb. A marriage party, the party present at a wedding.

Wedged, To be, v. p. To be distended with milk, with hard or
knotty lumps originating in the swollen and inflamed milk-glands; of
the female breast or the cow's bag or Yuer.

Ihre's remark upon O. Sw. wigg, a wedge, is — * In Swedish wih properly denotes an ande
or any pointed object, as in Frendi coin signifies both a wedge and an angle.' Possibly the
original idea of our word may be due to the hard, pointed-seeming lumps of the distended
breast or udder, rather than simply to that of distention or tightness which is implied when
one speaks of objects being wedged in in any given receptacle or containing envelope.

Weead. Pr. of Wode or Wood, mad.

Weean, sb. (Pr. of Wean, for quean). A female, a woman, a wife.

O. N. qvenna, quinna, bona, O. Sw. qwinna, bona or buna, Sw. guinna, Dan. gvinde, bone,
O. H. Germ, quena, A. S. ewen, a woman, a wife. Gamett's remark is that ' North York-
shire wbean is a softening of the Anglo-Saxon ewen* In reference to what may be called

409

564 GLOSSARy OF THE

the contradictory senses of the words queen and queem^-xhe distinction drawn by Piers
Ploughman between a queyne and a queene — the following extract from a note to Dasent's
Translation o/Rask*s O. N. Grammar may not be out of place : — * The Engl, queen is the
highest title, while the Dansk qvind is a term of coarse abuse (conf. Engl, quean) ; the Icel.
kwM and Dansk kone are so honourable that they are often said of queens instead of wije,
but the Sw. kona is contemptuous.' The Pr. Pm, distinction is ' QvtiM. Regina;" * Qyen,
womann of lytylle price.* Ihre, quoting Wachter, supposes that some such word as bor has,
in the case of the hitter, dropped from before cwen. There is nothing opprobrious in the
use of our "Weean. The remark of the Wb, Gl, is that it is * a term as commonly heard
among the uneducated as the word " wife.'

It t

Weeanifihy adj. Womanish, eflfeminate.

Weean-struoken, adj. Love-smitten ; of a man, as fellow-fond, or
man-keen of a female.

Weese, v. n. To ooze or drain away.

Comp. O. N. veUa^ a swamp, a morass, vos, moisture ; O. Sw. t&osa, a moist, swampy
place, Dut. wac^e ; A. S. vodg^ moist, oozy, voi, juice, liquid that can be squeezed ouL
Our word preserves the original w^ which E. ooze^ oose^ have dropped.

* Gin t' possk't beeant drop-dry it 'ull weeze oot ;' of the water in it.

Weffced, To be, v. p. To be mixed up, or concerned with ; to be in
circumstances of intimate relation or association with.

Derivation obvious.

' He gat sair wefied wi' bad company.' Wh, Gl,

Weigh, weigh on, v. n. To exercise or apply material pressure, to
produce the effect of weight.

* Weigh on t* ithcr end, Willy. 'T *11 travel easier by owght ;' of a long heavy object
not quite evenly balanced on a two-wheeled truck.

* Weigh on t' hann'l's a bit ; she'll wark then ;' to an inexperienced person guiding a
lawn-mowing machine.

Weigh-bau'k, sb. A weigh-beam or balance.

Weigh-scales, sb. The balance of the retail shop. Also used
figuratively, as in the instances below.

* " T' matter 's still i' t' weighscales ;" as yet undecided (by justice).' Wh, GL

* He gets nowthcr better, nor worse ; he 's still i' t' weiglhicales — it 's now whither-way
he turns.' lb.

Weight, sb. Quantity, numbers, proportion. A word of perpetual
use, in senses best indicated by examples.

* Nae great weight o' wet,* or • of rain ;' no very heavy downfall.

* " Were there many people at the burial ? " •* Neea : nae great weight" '

' No great weight ;' of game, rabbits ; or of ability, sense, wisdom ; or of attendants at
a service, or entertainment ; or of surplus stock-in-trade, com, produce, &c.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 565

Welk, whelk, sb. The blow or concussion of a heavy falling body.

There is probably no radical difference between waU, weal or wbealt the raised or swollen
stripe left on the flesh after a blow with a whip or flexible stick, and tveik or wbelk of the
same signification. Pr. Pm. pUces the sevend words together, thus ; — ' Wbde or whelke,
soore (whelle, qwelke, wheel). Pustula* The idea of the blow itself, no doubt, in this
word, as in so many others, takes the place of that of its effects ; and hence doubtless the
usage of our present word.

* It fell wiv a desper't wbeUe, for seear.'

[The E. Counties peasantry use bulk in much the same sense : they would say, * It fell wi'
a stammen bulk, surety.']

Welly, adv. Wellnigh, almost, all but.

Welty V. n. I. To tumble or roll over. 2. To totter, to be likely
to fall over.

O. N. v»///a, volvere, O. Sw. wiilta, Dan. valtt, A. S. waltan, N. S. walttm, wdtem, wol-
terut Germ, walzm, wdlzen. For a sense very nearly approaching to ours, note Dan. D.
V€elUnem, easy to be overset ; as en valteium vogn : an unstable wain. Comp. also vteUe or
polte opt to turn up the trump card. See Owerwelt.

Cf. i gewselte mieel sian to fS<es byrgermes duru : North. Qosp. Matt, xxvii. 60.

And he to&wylte myedne si^M to hlide iScere byrgene : A.S. Qosp, lb.

' And he walowid to a grete stoon at the dore of the biriel.' Wydiffe's TVand, lb.

Han dansede sd bdrdt imot detn at mannen og Birgit yalt overende med stort fall : he
danced so roughly against them that the man and Birgit wdted completely over with a great
tumble. ilm«, p. 17.

Welt, V. a. To chastise or flog with a flexible instrument ; as a strap,
thong, horsewhip.

In Essex and Suffolk I have frequently heard this word employed not only as a vb., with
the sense given above, but as a sb., in the sense of waU or wheal or Whelk. Without
undertaking to decide whether or no wdt may be a form of the hitter word, it is well to
bear in mind that, in its sense of a portion of a garment or shoe turned in and so sewed, the
form of the object signified is not unlike that of a wheal or "Whelk, and that the meaning
our vb. bears might easily and naturally arise from that circumstance.

Welter, v. n. To roll, tumble or fall over.

See the cognate words given under Welt, vb. Hire's remark upon walta is, — ' we also
say wdltrat as the Saxons employ woltem ;* to which may be added walttm^ w&ltem. For
the substitution of one liquid in place of another comp. the Dut. form wentelen, where / re-
pUces the r of the Sw., N. S., and our word.

Welting, sb. A sound flogging.

Went, adv. (often pr. more as waint). Used augmentatively in the
sense, Very, exceedingly.

This is simply the common word quaini in a somewhat altered form, w having taken the
place of qu, as in wiok, Weean, Sec, Such expressions as went (or waint)mioklo
come, therefore, in the same category as our common sayings, a Btrange vast, a good
few, a desper't gert lot, a very deal, &c.

* A went mickle o' money.' Wh, Gl.

566 GLOssARy of the

Went, adj. (sometimes pr. waint). Large, considerable, very great.

An usage depending upon the adverbial or augmentatire use of the word. See
Went, adT.

* '* A went sum ;'* a large amount.' Wb. Ol,

Wer, wem, poss. pron. Our, our own.

Comp. O. N. vor^ O. Sw. war, Sw. vdr, Dan. vor.

* Yon 's wer Mally ;' our daughter Mary, or senrant-lass, &c., as the case may be.

* Thae yows *s wem*

Wer-sellB. Pr. of Ourselves.

Wet-shod, adj. Wet-footed ; having one's feet wet

Whaok, sb. A large quantity, an abundant supply. Wh. GL

Thwack, a brge piece ; tbwang, the same. Halliwell. Wbaeker, anjrthing very large ;
whang, anythmg large. Besides, thwack, whack both signify to thrash, to beat wi& heavy
blows, as well as the blows themselves, while whang also means to beat or flog, and the
blow as well. The coincidence may suggest some connection between the words wbaek or
thwack and whang or thwang, A. S. ^mmg or ^wong, O.N. \n;emg, O. Sw. twinge (all of
them probably depending on a verb signifying to restrain, coerce, compel, bind ; O. Sw.
twinga, &c.), Ridi. connects thwack or whMk yrith A. S. ^aceian, to strike. Our Essex
school-boy's word was Aaek, equivalent to thrash, lick, &c. In the case of either word the
sense of quantity follows from that of a blow, as in such countless other instances.

Wholly, V. a. i. To induce a person to act, or to obtain one's end,
by caressing modes, wheedling or flattery, a. To stroke the back of
an animal gently.

I admit this word on the authority of the Wh. Gl,, believing it to be identical with
Halliwell's wally, to cocker, to indulge. On the supposition that it is correctly defined by
Mr. Robinson, the surmise that it may be connected with O. N. vela, vala, to take in, im-
pose on, O. Sw. wela, Pr, Pm. * Wyle, sleythe. Cautda, astucia,* E. wily, wile, assumes
some look of likelihood. Jam. gives * Wyle, wiU; used in relation to what is accomplished
by caution or artful means.' The Ancr, Riwle forms, wieles, wiyeUs, parallel withjlgdung,
jAelung, Jlkelare or vikelare—ct also A. S. Jicol, signifying both fidde, and crajfy, with
wieelian, to move, stagger, and toigelvng, soothsayer, wiglian, to conjecture, guess, divine-—
suggest a connection between wile and flattery or, at least, cajolery, which does not lessen
the probability of our surmise.

Whang, sb. (sometimes pr. wheeang). A thong, or strap; applied
also to whipcord, in Wh. GL

A. S. invang, \>wong, a thong ; O. N. \>veing, O. S. twinge.

Whang, sb. i. A heavy fall, or loimdering blow. 2. A large slice
or portion.

I. * It came down with a mighty great whang* Wh. Gl.

• " A whang over the back ;' a flogging.' lb.
1. * A whang of bread.' Ih.

* He devours his meat in great whangs,' lb.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 567

Whang, V. a. i. To strike heavy blows, throw or throw down with
violence. 2. To eat voraciously, throw food down one's throat in great
morsels scarcely masticated, as a famishing dog might

See under Whaok : the idea of striking teems to follow from that of the instrument
with which the strokes or stripes are giren.

Whanging, adj. Of great or considerable size or proportions, big,
very much or great.

A whanging lot ;'* a huge quantity/ Wb, OL

( t<

Whap, V. a. To shut with force, to bang, as a door; to impinge
upon with force so as to drive an object from its place; to thrust in
with sudden motion.

Comp. Welsh ebwap, a blow, ebwapio, to strike, to slap. It seems probable there may be
two senses from two different sources involved in this word. In the notes to Pr. Pm.
Wappon, to wrap up, enfold with wrappings, directions from an old medicine book are given,
to take a whelp, open it, ' and al hot wap die hed ^eryn.' Now a person who thrusts his
hand quickly into, say a vessel of hot liquid, would be said to whsp his hand in; as
another ml^t be said to whsp his head in at a window, imi^ying, certainly, that he did it
with a degree of suddenness or impetus. But the same idea is not absent from the expres-
sion of the Pr. Pm. note. Compare * Wbop, to put or place suddenly.' HalliweU. The vb.
occurs in Chaucer, Leginde of TbiBh*^ p. igo, in a neuter sense —

* And at the last than her love hath she founde
Ybeting with his helis on the grounde,
Al blody, and therwithal abacke she sterte
And like the wawis quappi began her heart.'

The Glossarial explanation in this place, as also in a like passage quoted by Nares, and in
TrfMus and Cress, iii. 57, is * to quake, to tremble.' But in the first place the heart does
not, any more than the waves, quake or tremble, but beats, knocks, pulsates ; and in the
second I cannot but suspect a connection between awhaped, Tr. and Cr. i. 316, awbapid^
Compi. o/ibe Bl. Knigbt, 169, and quappt or wappe in the passages quoted above. The
meaning is, evidently, struck with surprise, astonishment, thunderstruck, or simply * struck,'
as we frequently hear it expressed in conmion conversation — ' I was quite struck for a
moment ;' although Rich., after Somner, collates it with A. S. wi^ian, to be amazed or
astonished. Now if the word wap in the prescription above be correctly referred to wappon,
to wrap, it may be' a question whether our word when so used as to imply sudden immer-
sion, or entrance into a closed place, does not conespond with it ; perhaps also, even in the
application to wap, or whsp, the door to, an instance given in Wb. Oi,

* A desper't high wind an' all. 'T whapptd top o' t' pike off by t' easins in a blink.'

What tor P Wherefore, why, on what account or for what reason ?
used interrogatively.

* Wbaifor didst'ee dee that?'

What top not P Why not ? wherefore not ?

•"Areyegannanthen?" "Aye. WhatfornotV

i»» »

568 GLOSSARY OF THE

What one could. As much as he was able, to the uttermost of
his power.

* Ah ran whcU Ah could;* as &st as ever I could.

* Ah weighed what Ah could;* pressed as hard as I possibly could on the object specified.
Cf. Han gow ct gatnmd kislling oU sin patu&agger a hfbjem, 6U hva ban kund: he ga'

t' au'd carline all his pancakes an' loup'd awa* yamm all whai he could. O, Dantke Minder,
I Ser. p. 204 (in the Haderslev Dial.). The idiom is of constant occurrence in Danish.

What's aloft? what's up? What's the matter? what is going
on ? Equivalent to the more Southerly * What 's the row ?'

Whatsom iwer, adv. and adj. Whatever, whatsoever.

Dan. bvad som, hvadsomhelst, N. bvad sonit whatsoever.

Whatten, interrogative. What?

* Whatten o* clock 's 't getten tiv ? '

* Whatten sii6st*eeV

Wheea*, whya', adv. and interj. Well: sometimes used assent-
ingly ; at other times, rather in a tone of demur or doubt

Cr. Gl. gives this under the form wa, with the sense, * Yes, well/ but I think mistakenly.
It is of irequent occurrence in Toumel, Myst, in the form tve : —

* We, wherof shuld I tend (give tithes), leif brothere ? ' p. lo.

* We, ryn on, in the devill's nzyme before.* p. 11.
In the MS. of the Egton Sword Dance Recit. it stands whyab : —

' Whyab, bairns, he was a good Ud for leaving it to me.*

Wheangs, Pepper-, sb. An old-fashioned pepper-mill of most simple
construction : called * a pair of pepper-wheangs,' Wh, GL

The name is no doubt due to the idea implied in the word Wang-tooth* dens molaris,
a grinder.

Wheea s' aw' 't P Who shall owe (or own) it ? the broadest form of
'Who owns it?'

I look upon the s* here as simply future, as in She 8* hs'e, I b* gan to moom,
&c. Comp.

* Whyah, my dowghter shall have half I have except my grizzle mare ;
She s* have a bridewain o* t* best : she s* have a pot and pan.*

Egton Sw. D. Recit.

The */ is the contracted form of it, or it with the i elided. In the expression, ' Wheeas
o' thee,' noticed thus in the Wh. Gl. — * the question commonly put to unlmown children —
meaning, " What is your name?** or literally, " Who owns you?** or "Who do you belong
to ? *' * — thee takes the place of it (or the object) in our form. For the idiom, comp. the
common mode of expression, as in reply to the question, * How many sheep have you?'
' Why, I think / shall have eight score,* or * / shall have well on to a hundred ;* or again,
* Is that spade yours ? * * Nay, this '// be mine,* and so on without end. But there is, dis-
tinctly, another form of enquiry as to ownership, which it is not easy without attention and

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 569

thought to dissever from this, — I mean Wheea 'b owght ; or which, rather, it is easy to
confuse with it. But the distinction is a marked one when it is observed that in usage
among the people Wheea 'b aw* 't P is absolute, Wheea 'b owght P takes a case after it.
Thus Wheea b' ow* 't P is said of an object (suppose) picked up and held in one's hand.
Wheea 'b owght, on the other hand, is incomplete without some object specifically
named: e.g. * Wheea 'b owght thae beeas?' * wheea 'b owght yon cauf?' &c. The
5 here is the final s of the auxiliary has^ occupying exactly the same place and connection as
in the subjoined answer to the question, 'Whose is this house?' * James B.'s. He (ha)s
owned it these three years:' or 'Who's done this?' 'That (ha)s been John Dale's
wark,' &c.

Cf. * Who ow« this child thou gose with alle ?' Toumel. Mysi. p. 76.
O.ff.bverrdr

Wheea 's owght P Who has owned ? See Wheea s' aw' 't ?

* Wbeea*s otegbt yon beeas?' who is the owner — has become and continues to be — ^the
owner of those beasts yonder ?

Whelp, V. n. To pup, give birth to whelps ; of a bitch.
Whelp, sb. A puppy, the yoimg of the dog.

The word here takes the place of puppy or pup in the South. Instead oi pointtT'pup it is
pointir-wbelpf and so on. Cf. * )>a hwelpas etai5 of ham crumum :' the dogs eat of the
crumbs. Matt. xv. 27.

Whemxnel, v. a. and n. i. To upset or turn over. a. To totter
over or be upset 3. To move from side to side, as if totteringly, so
as to cause the water in the vessel which is the object of the action to
rise and dash against the sides, and so rinse it out.

Jam. refers Sc. qubemU, wbommel, to S. G. bvitnia^ to be giddy. I should prefer O. N.
bvel/Ot invertere, to turn upside down, as the Dan. interpretation in Hald. implies, assuming
that the /is replaced by m, as in the case of toft, tomi, 8cc.; in fact, just as Skinner sup-
poses A. S. ahwylfant obruere, to give origin to English wbelm (see Richardson, in v.). But
I conceive that whemmel or whemmle is, in point of fact, only a form of whelm^ arising
in a very conmion transposition of both letter and sound. In this view, compare Pr, Pm,
' wamdynge^ {wamlyng or wamJinge) of ])e stomake, idem quod walm]mge, supra,* with
the said walmynge, the note to which is, ' " Nauseo, evomere, et proprie in navi ad vomitum
provocari, et voTuntatem vomendi habere sine affectu ; to wamble." Ortus. ** Allecter, to
wamble as a queasie stomacke dothe." Cotgr.' Without therefore entering upon the question
whether bvel/a might not be more judiciously alleged as a probable origin for wbdm than
abwylfan — a surmise certainly not lessened in probability by Chaucer's form ovenvMve— 01
the probability that wambU, wanulynge, are virtually identical with whemmel, whem-
meling (for nausea and actual vomiting are both literally, though in different degrees,
upsetting, eversion of the stomach and its contents), I think there can be little question
that whemmel, if not derived from bvel/a directly, is only another form, by metathesis,
of wbelm, Cf. Halliwell's ' tvbelme, to cover over ; also, to turn over.'

* " Tak a bryght bacyne, and anoynte it with mylke reme, and wbelme it over a prene,"
MS. Lincoln.'

* Wbelmyn, a vessel.' Pr. Pm, ; the note to wbelmyn being, * I whelme an holow thyng
over an other thyng.*

4©

570 GLOSSARF OF THE

Whewt, whewUe, v. n. To utter a shrill note, to squeak, to
whistle; to try to sing, as a young bird at his first commencement
as a singer.

Comp. wbewer^ a name for the widgeon. ' Its note is a shrill whistle, and in tome parts
of England it is in consequence called the Whew Duck. Its name in France, Canard Sif-
fleur^ has reference to the same circumstance.' YarreU^ iii. 193. Comp. also So. tm&ctv, to
whiz, to whistle, which Jam. refers to Welsh cbava, cbwaw, a blast, cbwaiviaw, to blow.

Whidder, v. n. (pr. wither). To move with impetus sufficient to
make solidly-fixed things shake, or to convey the idea of making
them shake.

Hald. has bvidra, cito commoveri, cognate with which is probably A. S. bweoiSentng,
a murmuring, hwo^eran^ to murmur, btueofi, hwH^^ a blast. If, as seems to be likdy,
whidder is referrible to this source, we have here another instance in which the effect pro-
duced is represented by the same word as represents the cause, to the virtual ezdusion of
the last from all practical notice.

Whiddering, whidderment, sb. (pr. withering, witherment). Con-
cussion, the shaking power, or sensation, of a heavy object falling from
a height or projected with violence.

Whiff, V. n. To puff; of the smoke from a chimney into the room
under the force of a down-blast.

An accommodation of E. wUffva its ordinary sense. Comp. wait, waver.
* The smoke wbiffi down the chimney.' Wb. Gl.

While, adv. Until, before, in the sense of * till' or * imtil,' nearly.

' Wait while I come ;' ' not wbiU night,' that is, not before night, or not until night.
' He bade me wait while Kesmas, an' its nobbut Marti'mas now.' The traces of this usage
o-which is of constant occurrence, and very striking — or of the origin of it, rather, may be
occasionally met with in early texts. Thus in Northumh. Gosp, Matt. i. 24 ; — * "j he fu
curmade hea 1Sa huile hia gecende hire frumcende sunu :' and he knew her not the while she
brought forth her first-bom son; and again, v. 18, wi^t otStie iSa hwile liores heofan and
eor^o: until, or the while heaven and earth pass away. In the following extract from
Rel, Pieces, p. 68, on the contrary, whils is equivalent to Eng. whilst, and till to our while,
or iSa hwile of the N, Gospels : —

' Thy body whils in |>e sepulchre lay still ;
Till )k>u at hell come ^ou walde noghte stynte.'

As also at p. 54, the whills ^Eng. the while, whilst or while. * life whills myne herte was
in depe thoghtes.' No doubt our while is the remains of an elliptical mode of expression,
equivalent to * during the time or space (Jnvile) before.'

:, rel. pr. Which.

Dan. and Sw. hvilken, A. S. hwylc, hwile, N. S. welk, Fris. hwelk, Germ, welcher, O. Oerm.
huuelich, welicher, M. G. hweileiks, O. N. hvUikr.

* There-eft)Te sail >ou wyte wbylhe are J>e seuene werkes of mercy,' Ril, Pieces, p. 28.
*Whilh on *tmis*x7' Wh. Gl.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 571

Whimly, adv. Softly, gently, stilly. Spelt also wheamly, wheemly.

Hall, gives both wbimly with the meanings, homely, from Somersetshire, softly, silently,
from the North ; and wbeamly, slily, deceitfully, from Lincolnsh. There can be no doubt,
both, with all their divergences in meaning, are coincident and not remotely connected with
A. S. cweman, to satisfy, please, delight. We have countless insUnces of similar progressive
transitions of sense (and in both directions), as in the words skill, ddght or sly, cunning,
&c., and in all allied tongues and dialecU. Here the progression is, from the pleasing or
satisfying mode or manner of an action or thing, to, first, a gentle or silent mode or manner,
then to insinuating, then to insidious or deceitful and treacherous. Ihre gives the adj.
quamuligt commodus, deriving it from M. G. quiman, the Mod. Sw. form being bequdmlig,
and Dan. beqtumnulig ; besides which Rietz gives the Sw. D. synonymous form kvembarr,
quoting also O. Swedish forms quctmeliker, qucemlagbt as well as Sc. quum, A. S. cymlic,
suitable.

Whin-dig, sb. A mattock, a Piok-haok.

Whinfl, sb. Furze- or gorse-bushes (Ulex Europcea).

* Usually derived from Welsh cbwynn* Rich.

Whin-stone, sb. Rock or stone of volcanic action, such as basalt
or greenstone.

Whippet, sb. An active person; usually applied to a female of
small stature.

Derivation obvious. Comp. wbipper-snapper.

Whisht, interject. Be still, be silent, make no noise.

One of the many forms of the interjectional sound Hist I bush ! *sbt busbil buisbt! wbisb !
from which verbs, adjectives and adverbs have been abundantly formed.

* IVbisbt! bairns, wbisbtJ Ye mak' ower mickle din by hauf.'

Whisht, adj. Still, silent, noiseless. See Whisht, interj.
Whisht, adv. Stilly, noiselessly.

* It 's nobbut an engine, I think. An' she 's coming very wbisbt and all.'

Whisk, V. a. and n. i. To move quickly or swiftly. 2. To cause
to move quickly and lightly ; of an instrument. 3. To remove dust, or
any small and light object by a quick and light movement of some
instrument.

Comp. Germ, wiscben, for either of the senses given. Grimm, speaking of a ' house-
spirit,' says, wisebU binttn ofen : it whisked behind the oven. Cf. O. Sw. wiska, a light
brush, a feather flapper ; Dut. wiscb, id.

Whiskey, sb. An antiquated kind of gig, with a hood to it.

Richardson's derivation is — • Wbisky — a carriage moving quickly, easily moved.'

White, V. a. To slice or shave off portions of wood with a knife.

A. S. inviian, i>wiOtan, to cut off; * 0/ jxgre ilcan stySe sponas \nveaion ;* from the very
columns they cut off chips ; a quoUtion given by Bosw. Cf. also A. S. bwitel, a whittle,

4 D 2

57 a GLOSSARY OF THE

large knife. Jamison suggests a connection between bwitd and bwetia, to whet, and its
cognate words. The vb. given above gives rise to enquiries to be prosecuted in a different
direction.

White-flint, sb. A species of sedimentary rock found near the sur-
face on many parts of the Cleveland Moors (Inferior Oolite series)
and said by the miners to lie about forty yards above the poor coal-
seams of the district. It is intensely hard and is used for road-metal.
The workmen say it cuts up the hammers used in breaking it more than
the Blue-flint, or basalt, does. Called *Crowstone' by Professor
Phillips.

Whiteheft, sb. Flattery, cajolery, indirect and coaxing personal
means for obtaining an object.

See Heft ; the prefix white impljring more of plausibility than Heft simply could.

Whiteheft, v. a. To induce or act upon a person by cajolery or
interested coaxing.

* " They wbiuhtfied him out in*t ;" gained their point by wheedling or flattery or plausi-
bility.' Wb, GL

► ■

WhitingSy sb. Wood shavings; longish superficial chips cut oflf
with a kniflfe.

Whittle, sb. A knife; especially a large one, such as is used by
butchers.

A. S. bwUel, a large knife. See White, vb.

Whittle, V. a. To cut wood with a knife, but rather in the way of
slicing than simply cutting it notchwise. See White, vb.

Whittle, sb. A hang-nail. See Wotwell.

Whizzle, V. a. To obtain by cajolery. Wh. GL gives also ' to
smuggle.' See Warzle.

Whoats, whoat-meaL Pr. of oats, oat-meal. The vowel-sound is
the same as in oats, only shortened, as if it were the object of the
speaker to utter it as shortly or abruptly as possible. Pronounce * oat'
in half the usual time allotted to it, and with a decided impact of the
tongue on the roof of the mouth at the close, and the pronunciation of
Wheat is safe.

Cf. the form wytmestom iSiostrum, into outer darkness. North. Gosp. Matt. viii. 12.

Who 8* aw P See Wheea s* aw* 't P

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 573

Wick, sb. The growing part of a plant nearest to the roots.

* Fed close ? Why, its eaten into t' hard wick ;' of a pasture which has been fed very close.
Comp. O. N. quikr, cutis vel caro sub unguibus, vel ungulis animantium, E. quick.

"Wick, adj. i. Quick, in the sense of living, alive. 2. Lively, active,
bustling.

Simply quick altered into wiok by the substitution of w for qu,

I. * They's all wick;* of objects seemingly, or that might reasonably have become, dead,
but are yet in possession- of vital force.

3. * A desper't wick 'an for seear ;' of a very lively child.

' T' wickest young chap at ivver Ah seen ;' of a young man full to overflowing of animal
life and spirits.

* As tvick as an eel' Wb. GL

Wioken, v. a. i. To put life into one, to revive or resuscitate. 2. To
quicken, to stimulate, to urge to greater speed or exertion.

Wioken, v. n. To gather Wiokens, or couch-grass. One of the
processes in early sununer agriculture, in cleaning and preparing the
land for fallow crops.

* T' lass 's awa* wickenm* i t' far Wandales field ;' the female farm-servant is out, gathering
couch, &c.

Wioken-grasSy wiokens, sb. Twitch, couch or couch-grass {Tri-
iicum repens),

A. S. * cwicc [PI. D. quekt quik, Dut. kweek gras], quick-growing grass, couch-grass,
quitch-grass.' Bosw. I merely extract this to ot«erve that it is a mistake to associate the
idea of quickness or speed with this plant. The essential idea in the name is of tenacity of
life. Every joint of die long, creeping roots has the power of self-propagation and increase,
and besides that, it is no easy matter to kill the weed by any process short of actual burning.
In a compost-heap made with quick-lime, I have known many fragments of the jointed roots
escape the action of the lime, and retain life fully sufficient to start into vigorous growth as
soon as circumstances of superficial burial and moisture permitted. And even in cases where
roots of the couch-grass have been exposed to summer droughts on the surface of the soil
for weeks or months, it is not unusual for some small portions yet to retain life enough to
grow if accidentally or purposely planted.

Wicker, v. n. To neigh, to whinny.

Comp. Germ, wiebem, to neigh, whinny, O. Germ, bveigon. There is probably no
radical difference between these words wioker, bveigon, wiebem, and E. ncigb, O. N. bruggia^
Sw. gndgga, Dan. grugge or gnagge, A. S. bnagan, N. S. nicben, E. wlwmy, Lat. binnire.
Indeed these words may be grouped so as to shew the mutual relationship of the various
forms. Thus bneggia, gndgga, bnagan first; next nicben, neigb; then replacing the
aspirate, exaggerating it, and slurring the guttural, binn-ire, wbitutry, wiebertif or, with the
guttural retained, bvtigon, wioker.

Wicks, sb. Quick-set plants ; seedlings of the whitethorn {MespUus
oxyacanthtis) intended to plant in making a new fence. See Wicks,
To run.

Bosw. gives A. S. * Cwic-beam, a wild ash, wicken-tree or wich-tree, sedge-bushes, juniper-
tree ;* Pr, Pm. gives • Qwyee tre or fyrrys, suprat or gorstys tre. Rutcus ;' * Gorstys tn.

574 QLOSSARV OF THE

or qwycc tre, supra in Fyrrys ;' • Fyrrys, or qwycc trc, or gorstys tre. Ruseus* In a note
the editor adds, * Ruseus is properly the plant with sharply-pointed leaves, called butcher's-
broom, but that which is here intended appears to be the Ulex Europaus, Linn., called
commonly fiirze or gorse.* What Bosworth's * sedge-bushes * may mean I do not know.
The mountain-ash, known also by the names wicheri'tree, wiggtn or wbigben, "Witch'WOOd
—not, as &r as I know, tuieh-tret — I think is scarcely intended by the word cune-heam, I
take the prefixes wiggin^ wicken, vntcb, all to be applied in reference to its famed virtues as
against the witch and her power. While in respect of the plants which are, rightly or
wrongly, connected together in the above extracts, furze or gorse, butcher's-broom, juniper
(besides also others termed rbamnus, rubus, in other portions of the Pr, Pm, notes), it is
to be observed that they are, all, like our "Wioks (the common quick, or quiek-tet), prickly
plants, either as to their leaves or stem. But they are not remarkably tenacious of life, and
by no means quick-growing. Possibly the name has rather a reference to the quality
pointedness or sharpness — ^just as our sharp implies speed, quickness.

Wicksilveri sb. Quicksilver, mercury.

Wicks, To run. To plant seedlings of the whitethorn in the process
of forming a new fence.

Widdy, sb. An osier, or willow-rod. * Withy' of other dialects.

Comp. Germ, wtide, a willow, N. vidja, Dan. vidie. Sec,

' Uor he is ase )>e wi^ )>et sprutteO ut )>e betere )>et me hine oht cropped.* Atur,
Riwle, p. 86.

Widerobei sb. Pr. of Wardrobe.

Wide-setten, adj. Of coarse fabric ; of any woven material in which
the spaces between the threads of the warp and the woof are very evi-
dent, or wide.

* " A wide-^Uen ham appron ;'* an apron of wide or open texture in the fabric' Wb, OL

Wife, sb. Any female of mature age and growth.

O. N. vi/t a woman, a female ; O. Sw. wif, id. ; A. S. wift mulier, fiiBmina ; O. O. vuib,
uuip, wyb. Germ, weib, a woman, married or unmarried. Our dialect, therefore, maintains
the original sense.

* " A young wife" a young woman ; " an aud wifi" an old woman.' Wb, 01.

Wike, sb. A small inlet or tiny bay on the coast. Of frequent
occurrence along the line of coast from Scarborough to Redcar; as,
Clougton-wike, Haybum-wike, Bleea-wike, Runswiok, &c.

O. N. vik, sinus brevior et laxior, afford; O. Sw. wik, Sw. vik, cove, creek; Dan. vig.
The derivation of the word vHing, sea-robber, pirate, is by many referred to this word.
* They (the Vikings) are supposed,' says Ihre, * to have derived their name from tvik, a bay,
cove, inasmuch as with a view to conceahnent and the opportunity of attacking their victims
by surprise, they frequently resorted to the more retired parts of the coast.' Molbech's
commentary on the words vig and Jiord is — * Fiord is generally employed to designate a
more considerable bay {indXmimng of bavit), vig a lesser one. An Islandic proverb sajrs,
** A wike may well be interposed between firiends, but it should be a fiord between foes.'

•* f

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 575

, sb. The comers of the mouth. Also written * weaks' in

WL Gi.

O. N. vik, recessus, secessus (this sb. is marked n. by Ihre, whereas vik, a bay, afford,
is f.), kiafi^fik, the comers of the mouth ; O. Sw. vnh, angulus, dgwtwik, the angles or
corner of the eye ; Dan. mundvig, the comer of the mouth.

Wildfire, sb. The erysipelas.

* Lo t swilk a complyn is betwixt hem all,

A wildifire mote on their bodies fall t' Reve*» Tale, 1. 1063.

It seems to me there can be little doubt that, in this modified imprecation, the meaning
of the words wilde fire is coincident with that of our local word. In other places where
Chaucer uses the word, the same meaning may, I think, be assumed. * The term (wildfire)
sometimes designates some disease, possibly erysipelas, of which and of its remedies see
Sloane MS. 1 57 1, f. 51, 6.' Mr. Way's note to Wyylde fyyr, Pr, Pm, Hall, quotes the
passage indicated under the word * Wildfire, The erysipelas.'

Wilf, sb. The willow. Saltx of sorts.

A. S. wilige, wilege, wylege, N. S. w^ig; wilgemand, a basket or hamper made of willow-
twigs (cf. Maund) ; Dut. wiUigbe, wugbe. Our word presents yet another instance of
the /or V sound replacing that of the original g or gb.

Win, V. a. To reach, attain to ; generally used so as to imply pre-
vious effort, toil, labour, perhaps of some, or of long continuance.

Comp. the primary idea in O. N. vinna, to labour, strive, toil, in M. G. winnan, pati,
laborare, O. Germ, winnen, winnan, uuinnan, laborare, certare.

' I wame 30U, alle werk-men* vnnne^ while je mowe.'

Skeat's P. Plougbm. p. 91.

The sense of to obtain, to gain, to take in possession, seems to follow as a secondary one.

* It snew and it stoured, an' it wam't while efter dark at Ah got wossel'd thruff and warn
yamm ;' the snow fell thick and it drifted fut, and it was not until after dark I succeeded in
wrestling through and reached home.

* ** Where 's yer son an 's wahf, noo ?" «« We beared of 'em last at New York : they 's
Vfon sae far on their journey out." '

* Then th^ wenten to the castle with-oute lesse,
wherein many a Sarazen was,

that noe man mig^t to them winne

by noe manner of g3mne.' Percy's Folio MS, i. 491.

Win through, To. To struggle through, an iUness for instance, or
difficulties of any kind ; the thought or idea of final recovery, success or
superiority, being the one prominently implied. See under Win.

* He 's sair matched, but Ah thinks he '11 win tbruff;* he is in circumstances of great
difficulty, but I think he will come out successful from the struggle.

« He 's sair an' badly. But t' doctor thinks he '11 win ibruffi'

Winch, winge^ v. n. To draw in the hind quarters as if with the
intention of kicking ; to kick slightly, to raise the feet from the ground

576 GLOSSARY OF THE

as if beginning or motioning to kick, rather than actually kicking ; of
a mare unwilling to admit the advances of the horse, or of any horse
slightly resenting the doings of another, whether in play or otherwise.

Pr. Pm. * Wyncyn, Calcitro, recalcitro ; smytyn with the fotc as hors/ • Gmncber, to
wriggle, to writhe' Cotgr.

* Her mouth was swete as brakit or the meth,
Or horde of applis layd in hay or heth,
Winsing she was as is a joUy colt.

Long as a mast and upright as a bolt/ Miller' t TaU, 1. 153.

* It is hard for thee to tuincbe against the pricke.' Udal, Aetes, c. a6.

* For let see who that dare
Shoe the mockish mare,

They make her winebe and kicke.' Skelton, quoted by Rich.

The more prevailing form here is winge.

* I blaired and wbindged like any man

and down my chee^ the salt tears ran.' Joeo^er, Disc. p. 58.

The explanation given for wbindged here being * howlM like a dog when he is hurt.' I
infer a confusion (if not a connection) between winge and wringe. See "Wtinge, to whine.

Wind, sb. Breath.

* Myn ees are woren bothe marke 8c blynd,
Myn and is short, I want wynde.

Thus has age dystroed my kind

And reft myghtes alle/ Townd, Myst. p. 154

Wind, Out of. Out of breath.

Winded, To be. To be in, or reduced to, a state of breathlessness;
of horse or man, under severe and continued exertion.

Winder, v. a. To winnow ; to separate the chaff, &c., from the grain
by aid of wind, whether the natural wind> or a current of air created by
machinery.

* Isboset sette ane wummon uorte (for to) beon jeteward )>et windwede hweate:' Aner.
Riwle, p. 370; and again, same page, * for to winden hweate.' Pr. Pm. * Wyndyn, yn
J>e evre as wynde (wyndyn with eyere). VentUo.* Wyneuynge also occurs, but is thought
by Mr. Way to have been written wyndynge at first hand. With our form winder comp.
our sunder, to expose to the sun. Also comp. vnndewe, windowyng, in Wiclif 's Bible.

* Windewe thee not {ne ventiles) in to ech wynd.' Ecelus, v. 15.

* Afterward Y sawe die wether with homys windovfyng (ventilantem). Dan. viii. 4.

Windering-maohine, sb. The winnowing-machine.

Windle-strawB, sb. (pr. winn'l-straahs). Dead seed-stems of grass
in pasture fields.

A. S. windel-streowe^ straw for platting.

* " You got some hay, then, James ?" " Aye, Ah *s getten a lahtle ; but its nowght na*
better an winnl-ttraabs, maist feck on 't.'* '

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 577

Windyi adj. Loquacious, talkative, noisy.

* A windy, waffly chap ;' a loquacious, chattering fellow.

WinBome^ adj. Attractive, captivating.

In Lay. ii. 532, the first text has —

* Ai^ur was ivuntum ;
per he hafde his iwillen :'

where the second has wisman. No doubt wunsum is right. Comp. Tearsoxne» IiOTO-
•ome, Viewsoxne* Sec., as well as £. handsome,

* A handsome, winsonu young lady.' Wb, GL

* S&^liee nun gtoe ys Wjrnsum, and myn byrdyn ys Uobt* A, S. Oosp, Matt. zi. 30.

Winter-hedge, sb. A clothes-horse.

Wire, sb. 1. The stem of any thin-growing, tough-stalked plant.
2. The cord-like growth of the strawberry-runner.

* BUeberry-wir«f ;' the stems of the bilberry or Blaeberry plant (Vaeeinium myrtiUut),

■Wire-ling, sb. The crowberry plant {Empetrum nigrum).

Wire-rush, sb. The hard rush (/uncus glaucus). See Beshes.

Wiselike, adj. Sensible, prudent, giving evidences of good sense
or wisdom.

A. S. wis-iict wiselike, wise, prudent.

* Of hise word, 9u width mnne,
Hise word, "Sat is, hise wise sune.' Qen. and En, p. a.

Wist, Had I. Had I known.

Had I wissen is another form of this phrase.

' Bot yong men of wowyng, for God that yon boght,
Be welle war of wedyng, and thjmk in youre thoght,
** Had I wyst** is a diyng it servjrs of noght.* Townd, Mytt, p. 100.

Mr. O. Cockayne's remarks on wiu are as follows : — * The vb. Wiian, once * Viden^
prsBt. Wai^Vidi, part past Wiien '^yid-tui, being put upon a new footing and its past
tense being treated as a present, acquired wrongfully and anomalously a new prsterite
wistt, as, 3ef )>e husbonde wiste (subj.), with an anomalous participle past i-wist/ (or later
tMil). St, Marheritt^ p. 94.

Wit, V. n. To be informed, to know or be acquainted.

The Wh, and Lad* Ql, deal with the word wit, in such phrases as * I hae getten t' wit
on 't,' * to get t' wit of a thing,* as a sb. On like grounds know, in the phrase * get to know,'
would be a sb. To let wit is to let know, to suffer or cause another to come to the
witting or knowledge of a matter ; and to get to wit or get wit is like in construction.
Pr, Pm. * Wytyn, or wetyn, or know3m. Sdo, eognosco, agnoseo* O, N. vita, scire,
noscere, Sw. veta, Dan. vidt, A. S. witan, N. S. toeten, Fris. wita, M. G. witan, O. Germ.
uuizxan, umzssan, &c.. Germ, maen, to know, perceiye, understand.

4K

578 GLOssARy of the

* Wutt It |>et to so)>e ;' know ye that for tooth. Aner, Riwh, p. 190.

• On aire erest hwon je schulen to owre parlurei J>urle iwiUti ct ower meiden hwo hit bco
^t is icumen/ lb. 64.

* Isaac. I luf you mekille, fader dere.
Abraham. And dos thou so? I wold wit how

Lufes thou me, son, as thou has saide.*

Towrul. Myst, p. 37.

* " Do me to wete that ye can telle the cause why." And when thei herden this, thei
seide, " Sir, we witeth not : but ther be somme that might wde knowe by astronomye."
** Than," quod he, " enquereth amonge you who will take the labour to serche out the cause
why, and lete me wete." * Merlin, p. 28.

• I hae just getten t* wit on 't.* Wb. GL

Wit, sb. Knowledge, information, intelligence.

* Ay, he 's a sharp chap. He *s getten a vast o* vnt about maist things.'

Cf. * Itt gan to bren out of witt.* Perc3r's Fol. MS. i. p. 480.

* A ffoole may teach a wise man witt* 76. p. 51 1.

Witohy V. a. To bewitch, to bring under the (supposed) ill-effects of
witch-craft.

* Shee witched me, being a &ire young Lady,
to the greene forrest to dwell,
& there I must walke in womans liknesse,

most like a feend of hell.' Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 1 16.

Witch-wood, sb. The mountain ash, or rowan-tree; or rather the
wood, or any portion of the wood, of the said tree.

There cannot be the slightest doubt that this name for the mountain ash, or at least for
wood of that tree — generally used in the form of a small stick about as long and as thick as
the little finger, I believe — is due to its use as a charm, amulet, or preservative against the
witch and her power. Whether or no the A. S. wice, N. S. quitscbe, witsche. Germ, quitze
be or no, is another question. Bosw., in ▼. Wice, adverts to the opinion noticed by Ihre
that the tree received its Scandinavian name — O. N. reynir, Sw. ronn, Dan. r^n, r^nnetrce ;
whence our Bowan or Bowan-tree — * from runa, incantation, because of the use made
of it in magical arts,' and there can be little doubt that * Plat, wikk-rode (the divining-rod),
being made from the rwm-tree,' is as indicative of its own meaning as our Witoh-wood.
And for my own part, alike from the form of the words — cf. wice, Englished by Bosw. by
witcbCf with wicce, a witch ; wiggen, whighin, or wicken with N.S. vnkkm^ wichen, wigelen,
to soothsay, play the part of a witch, wikker, wicbler, a wizard, &c., — from the notorious
use of the wood of the rowan-tree as a charm, and from the probable origin of the Scand.
name for the same tree, I think it probable that all these names wiggen^ wicken^ whigben,
Witoh-wood are due to the same origin.

Wite, wyte, v. a. To reproach or cast up to, to blame or impute
culpability.

O. N. vita, reprehendere, punire, viVt, culpa, noxa ; O. Sw. wita, to lay to one's charge, to
blame, also to punish, Sw. fbrvita, to reproach with ; A. S. mtan, N. S. witen, verwiten ;
M. G. idwmtjan, exprobare, idweit, opprobrium, with which collate A. S. tdwitan, atwitan
and idwyti in P. Ploughm. p. 99 —

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 579

* His wif gan edwyte hym tho.'

* Ffor I synfull wreche has ofte sawlde the
ffor a littill worldly vanyte,

And for a littill fleschely del3rte,

Wharefore I am mare )nn Judas to vtyteJ Rsl. Pieces, p. 67.

' Abel. Godes wille I trow it were
That myn brened so clere :
If thyne smoked am I to wiieV Toumel. MyU, p. 15*

* You need not wite me with that/ Wb, OL

Wither, v. a. To notch or cut the shank of any object which has to
be fixed in a quasi-socket in such a way that jagged points shall stand
out so as to oppose or prevent the drawing back of the object ; of Gktte-
orooks, e.g., or any iron to be inserted in a post or stone-work.

Derived directly from the sb. See "Withers.

Withering, sb. The barbing or series of jagged points on the
shank of a Gktte-orook, intended to be inserted in a Gktte-stoup, or
the like.

Withers, sb. The barbs of, an arrow-head; jags or sharp points
which stand so as to impede or prevent backward motion of that on
which they stand.

I do not find this word and those which depend on it (see Wither, vb. and Tl'tritherixig)
in any collection of dialect words yet published. The derivation is obvious : A. S. wifSer
(met with in composition), N. S. wedder. Old G. uuidar. Germ, ttneder, M. G. vfUbra,
O. N. viKir, Sw. veder, Dan. veder, all meaning against, in opposition to, in a backward
direction, and chiefly (or exclusively, some of them) used in composition. From A. S. wiSert
the vb. wifSertan, to resist, o[^se, follows, and in Ancr. Riwle one of the various readings
on p. 238 gives the form wifier^, in the sense strives against, resists. In Lay. we have the
adj. wiiSert hostile, adverse, and the sb. wiiSer, hostility ; used also adverbially on wvSere —
' the wind com on wiiSere,* the wind came adverse. The application of this sense of oppo-
sition to motion is transparent in our word : the TVithers are what hinder the withdrawing,
or motion in a given direction, of the arrow-head they belong to.

Witty, adj. Wise, sensible, shrewd.

Pr. Pm. • Wytiy. Ingeniosus, prudens, sapiens.*

* Ac thing that wikkedly is wonne,
And with false sleightes,
Wolde never the wit of witty God
But wikkede men it hadde.* P, Plougbm, p. 302.

' For thorugh werre and wikkede werkes
And wederes unresonable,
Weder-wise shipmen.
And witty clerkes also,
Han no bileve to the lifte,
Ne to the loore of philosofres.' lb. p. 316.

* A witty^ wiselike lahtle chap, for a bairn, as ivver Ah seen.'

Cf. • Thou was witty and wyse, thi werkes vn-wylde.' Rel. Pieces^ p. 88.

4 E 3

580 GLOSSARY OF THE

Within wersers, To do owght. To do it with only the usual hands
or labourers employed.

•"Fine weather for the hay, Willy. Why haven't you more hands on?" "Whcct,
bairn, we 's au'd-fashioned folk : us lahk^s /* dei wer ain to*ns wivHn werseTs" *

Wiv, prep. With. A form in most frequent use before a vowel.

• " Who 'f with him ? " " Naebody. He '$ wiv 'imsclf ;" * aU alone.

Wivoot, prep, and adv. Without
Wizzen, v. n. To wither, to shrivel.

A. S. wisnian, weosnian, to dry up, wizzen, O. N. vima, O. Sw. wisna, Dan. visn€t
O. H. Germ, uuestum.

Wizzened, adj. Shrivelled, withered and corrugated ; as an over-
kept apple.

* '* A wizzened apple ;*' pined and furrowed with long keepmg.' Wb. GL

Wizzen-fiEU3ed, adj. Having a thin and wrinkled countenance.
Wode, wood, adj. (pr. wud, weead). Furious, outrageous, mad.

A. S. w6d, mad, furious, insane. Cf. N. S. wood, madness, Dut. taoede, rage, fury, Oerm.
umtb^ O. H. G. wuot, id. ; M. G. wod, one possessed ; O. N. odr, mad, furious, Sw. D. od,
mad, O. Sw. o|>cr, furious, mad ; Sanscr. vdd, to be enraged.

* Whan the kynge Rion saugh the damage that thei hadde hym don he was nygh wodt
for ire.* Merlin, p. 334.

* I halde me jitt werse, and mare vfode
pan )>e Jewes ware \nx did )>e one )>e rude.' Rd, Pieces, p. 67.

' His brother made lesingis

On him ther as he stode,
And tolde them that comin in
That Gamelyn was wode* CMs Tale of Oamdyn, 1. 760.

* " He went clean wud;** completely mad.* Wb. GL
' As nigh weead as mought be, gin he wam't weead*

Woe worth ye (pr. wae-worth-'ee). May evil or woe befal you.

A. S. weor^an, wur^an^ to become, come to, be made, be, come to pass ; N. S. weerdim,
Dut. warden. Germ, werden, M. G. wairtban ; O. N. tferda, to be, to be brought to pass,
Sw. varda, Dan. vorde, Comp. the usage in our phrase with gewyrtSefS to dutte : be-
cometh, i. e. shall become dust ; and note the form wel wur€e. Gen, and Ex, p. 5.
* And when the gud lady )>at was abbas, and the lady )>at was prioresse . . . saw that
the holy abbaye was in poynte for to wortbe to noghte thorowe ^e wikkydnes of thir
foure,' &c. Rel. Pieces, p. 58.

Wold, sb. An open, tolerably level expanse at some elevation above
the general level of the district.

Mr. Wedgw. connects this, and I think rightly, with O. N. voUr, Dan. void, field, mound,
rampart, and not with A. S. weald, wald, N. S. wold, woold. Sec, « forest, wood.

* Dre der he toe, ilc t$re ger hold.
And sacrede god on an wold* Gen. and Ex. p. 97.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 58 1

Won, wone, v. n. (pr. wun, or as the number * one'). To dwell, live,
abide.

A. S. wunioHt to dwell, inhabit, reside, N. S. wanen^ Dut. wontn. Germ, vfob/un, O. Germ.
uuonen^ uuonan, uuanen. Ihre gives w&mng^ habitatio, but with the remark that it is not
an original Sw. word, while Molb. simply says of Dan. vaaning, that it is the Germ.
wobnmg.

* Thou maide and mothir, doughter of thy sonne,
In whom that God of bounte chese to Vfontu*

Sicond Nonnt^s Prdogui, 1. 36.

* In my fader house, forsothe,
Is many a wonnyng stede.' Toumd. Myti. p. 182.

* Luei/er, In heven, therfor, wit I wold

Above me who should won* lb, p. 3.

* ** We umn at t' aud spot yet ;" we live at the old place still.' Wb. OL

"Work, V. n. i. To apply assiduous labour, contend with diflficulties
or toil perse veringly ; to contend, with an intensitive sense. 2. To throb
and be painful ; of wounds, the teeth, &c.

1. * He wrought on wi 'm a lang piece, but *t war te nae use;' of efforts to deter an
obstinate man from some foolish action.

* 'T war an ill-leeakin' spot as iwer Ah seen ; but he wrought on an' gat 't menseful at
t' last end ;' of a neglected garden. Sec,

Cf. * Alse he (Esau and Jacob) wrogten and figt.' Gen. and Ex, p. 42.

2. * It wrought an* stanged while 't wur bad to bide.'

' It wrought an' warked while Ah was fair wild wi' 't ;' where warked = ached.

Cf. * then all my wounds wrought att once.' Percy's Fol. MS, i. p. 365.

Workenedy adj. Entangled, twisted up or together. Wh, Gl.

I find nothing at all like this in form or sound except only wbirhen in Hall., which he
gives as meaning * to suffocate ; Noi4, drowned, whirkened.' Cotgr. Possibly, by metathesis,
the word may be connected with N. S. wruk^ wrttuk, a piece of wood full of knots and
protuberances: at least, there is some degree of resemblance between the ideas in the
two cases ; the woody fibres are, in the case of the wruht sufficiently workened in our
sense. But I suspect the word to be only Pr. Pm, Querhinyd, with a divergent or arbi-
trary sense imposed.

Worms, sb. Applied to the maggots or gentles, the larvae of the
Flesh-fly, found in carrion, &c.

Worn, adj. (pr. wun, as won, or wan, adj.). Spent, used up, exhausted,
worn out.

* Ah 'm %vo*n for want o' sleep.* Wh, Gl.

* *' He 's a wo'n man ;" worn out from old age or other causes.* lb.

* Puir au'd chap I he 's about wo*n. He '11 dee nae mair guid at labour.'

Worry, v. a. To kill, as a dog does a rat, a rabbit or a hare, by
a sudden or quick snap or shake, or by any vigorous line of action.
Not as a cat 'worries a mouse' in standard English.

* A fox rase at my feeat, an' 'cur dog wur wi' me, an' he click'd ho'd on 't an' worried it
in a glift : Aye, afore Ah c*d mcll wi' 'm.' [A fact.]

582 GLOSSARF OF THE

Wossle, V. n. Pr. of Wursle, the form which * wrestle' takes by meta-
thesis of r and the subsequent vowel.

* We shall all get wossdled thruif, through time.'

Comp. the sense in the D. Dial, phrase ; — Uggf og waade i en seng : to lie and toss about
in a bed» which is, howerer, a coincidence in form and sense only.

Wostle, wostler, west-house. Pr. of Hostle, Hostler, and
Host-houise.

Wotwell, sb. A hang-nail. See Whittle.

Hall, gives the form vmrlwall, and Lmeohub. Ol. wirtsprings, from which it seems that
wirt or tuori is one distinct element in the word ; with which our form wo*t agrees. I
would collate with it Bay. frattt Dut. vra»U a pls^ce galled by rubbing, Sms& Jretten, fratten,
to become sore by rubbing. Cf. fray, to rub, fraytd out, rubbed or chafed so as to shew
ragged edges. In this last word we have the exact idea of the hang-nail, which I believe
I have heard called a frtt, though I cannot now recal where. But I cannot connect the
final syllable otherwise than by surmise.

Wreath, sb. J^n annular pad, worn upon the head by women who
carry burdens on their heads.

The Durham equivalent for this seems to be wetse, and the vmM seems to be made of
other materials besides the ' woollen* mentioned in the Wh, Gl, definition. ' Many years
ago, a girl who lived at Nether Witton, as she was returning from milking with a pail on
her head, saw the fairies playing in the fields, although her companions could not see them.
The reason, it seemed, was that her weise, or pad for bearing the pail on her head, was
composed of four-leaved clover, which gives the power of seeing fairies.' Keightley's Fairy
Mytbol. p. 310.

Our word is A. S. wra^, wrcfiS, which signifies alike a wreath or bandage — Bosw. collates
N. S. wrunkt Dut. wrong, a kind of female head-dress — and a support, from wraiSian,
wreo%ian, to support, sustain, as in Ancr. RiwU, p. 252 — * And jif |>et heo wergeiS (wearieth)
euerichon wreolStiS him by ofSer :' supporteth himself by the other.

Wreokling, wraekling, sb. The last yoimg animal in a litter, of
pigs, for instance ; any pimy, imdergrown animd, as the last in a large
litter usually is : applied to a child or any diminutive, stunted-looking
individual. See Urling.

Kok gives S. Jutl. vrdssel, vrdsUng (for vrdgsel, vrdgsling), in the same sense, and quotes
Outzen for vr&g and vrdgling; which last is identical with our word. Comp. Dan. vrag'
breeder, boards which are not of sufficient dimensions, whether as to length, breadth or
thickness, and are therefore rejected — put aside as vrag. This is connected with obs.
Danish vrcthe, to cast out, to reject, and, through it, with O. N. reka, to drive, &c. Again,
comp. wrack, wreck, wreckage, that which is cast up or rejected by the sea. Hence the
derived idea, that which is of little worth, i. e. fit to be rejected, and so, poor, puny, not
good for much. See Wedgw., who takes a somewhat different view.

Writings, sb. Deeds, or other formal documents.
Wringe, v. a. To twist, to strain.

A. S. wringan, N. S. wringen, Dan. vrange, Sw. vrdnga, 8cc., to wring, twist, compress.
Comp. E. wreneb, sb. and vb., D. D. vrcenge, N. Fris. wrenge.

CLEVELAND DIALECT, 583

The vb. is used in a neuter sense in Pr. ofConse, 1. 1536.

* Som has ^air clethyng hyngand als stoles,
Some gas tatird als tatird foles ;
Some gase wrynehand to and fra
And some gas hypand als a ka ;
Yvi% uses yhong men all new gett/

"Wringe, v. n. i. To whine, as a dog does; to utter sounds expres-
sive of pain. 2. To complain.

Probably from Isl. brinr, Dan. vrinske, Sw. vrenska, &c. ; words expressive of the shrill
cry or whinny uttered by a stallion when excited.

Wrong with, To get. To be at variance, or have a misunderstand-
ing, with any second person.

Wrought, pret. and p. p. of to Work (pr. wrowght). In its parti-
cipial sense, worked, having labour exacted; or, purged, by medicine,
namely.

* Ower sair wrcwgbt;* much too hard-worked.

Wry, V. a. To twist, turn obliquely aside.

* And in derision f&ry'd her mow :' Jocty-Ser. Disc. p. 17 ;
an instance which the standard adjectival use of the word tory serves well to illustrate.

Wumm'l. Pr. of Wimble, an auger.

* Wymbyl^ or persowre. TerebeUum,* Pr. Pm.

Wye, sb. A heifer, of any age up to three years : qualified as Year-
ling Wye, Two-year-old Wye.

O. N. quigOt a heifer, O. Sw. kwiga, quiga, Dan. quit. The Lincolnsh. form is quee or
quey (pronounced que).

* That she and Jane Makepeace of New Ridley had trailed a horse of the said George
downe a great scarr, and that they have now power of a quy* of the said George, which
now pines away.' York Castle Ihp. p. 196.

* T* rooan coo 's getten cauv'd, an* it *s a white %iuy*

Wye-calf, sb. A heifer-calf.

Sw. quig-kalft Dan. qyte-hdlf.

Yabbable, yabble, jrabblish. Pr. of Able, Ablish, &c.
Yaoker. Pr. of Acre.

584 GLOSSARY OF THE

Yaffle, V. n. To talk fast and rather unmeaningly ; to talk as a tooth-
less person does, mumblingly. Wh, GL

Dan. €tvlt, to prate, talk fast, chatter. In the Leeds Ol. the word means * to bark
gently ;' and in Cr. Gl. * to bark.' * Ytrffling, Snarling or barking ; as " their dog is
always yaffling." ' Lineolnsb. Gl. * Fo^ to bark. Norib,* Halliwdl. It is impossible to
dissociate these words from yapt to bark, yelp, yape, to gossip, and the probability (or more)
of a connection with wbapp, whaff^ will at once suggest itself.

Yah, yaiiy yanoe. Pr. of A, Ane, Anoe.
Yak, yak'rons. Pr. of Ak, Ao-ooms.
Yal, yal'us. Pr. of Al, Al-house or Al-us.

Yam, V. a. To eat greedily, rather than only heartily, and with the
attendant noise that usually accompanies voracious feeding.

I connect this word with S. Jutl. biamsk, voracious, greedy ; at biamske t sig : to eat in
a greedy, swinish manner. Molb. notices two or three other significations of the adj.,
which are also given by Kok in the Gl. attached to his Essay on the S. Jutl. Dialects;
namely, drowsy, numb of intellect, or seeming to be so, possessed by half-insane whims or
crotchets, Sec. Kok refers the word to O. N. bima or fymOf to be drowsy, dull of intellect,
wandering in mind^-cf. Sw. D. bitna^ to be dizzy, to have a swimming in the head, N.
bimla^ binMe^ to slumber, be overpowered with sleep — and it again to a word signifying
to cover or conceal ; a su[^sition in which Rietz concurs as to the Sw. and other words
just quoted. Thus it belongs to the same root as bam, bamn (see Hamp), bimin, bim'
mel, &c., and is accounted for by Kok thus: — bianuk, i. sleepy, drowsy, heavy in action as
from loss of sleep, ombylUt af sovnen: overwhelmed (covered over, literally) by sleep:
a. dull of understanding, silly, half-possessed, of one bvis forstand er ombyUet: whose under-
standing is clouded over or obscured. In like manner, biamske swinish, greedy, voracious,
of one who, to use a prov. E. idiom, ' puts himself outside his food ' in a voracious or glut-
tonous way. Comp. the expressions, pertinent to food, * to put it out of sight,' * to put it
within him (the eater),' ' to make it disappear,' &c., all applied principally to the eating
performances of a very hungry person.

Yamming, sb. The act of eating with avidity and noisily.

Yan, sb. A gang or set of work-folk in the harvest-field, viz. three
Shearers and a Binder. Hall, explains it as ' one ridge of com, with
the reapers employed on it.'

Comp. Chaucer's yeve, yaf, ya/e, ye/, yeft, for give, gave, gift, yeien or yetin for geUen or
gotten, yede, yode Twent) for gaed or goed, and so on without end, and the presumption
arises that Tan is sunply another form of gaH(g).

Yannerly, adj. i. Lonely, solitary, unsocial, shy, retiring. Thence
a. Backward, unwilling. Thence 3. Selfish, as not 'willing to com-
municate.'

Cf. onerly, yonderly, Halliwell. The form last given suggests the probable origin of
this word. Just before yonderly Hall, gives yond, from Spenser, as meaning 'furious.

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 585

savage ;* with which collate our common expressions past ftll, past owght* past biding ;
as Rich, collates French outtrageux from oiUti^e or ouire, Lat. ultra.

2. * " He was very shy and yofuurly;'* unsocial/ Wb, Gl,

3. * ** A yatuurly sort of body ;" a selfish person.' Ih,

Yap, V. n. To bark as a small, troublesome cur does.

See imder Taffle, and comp. Dan. D. jappe or btappe, to be over-hasty in action or
speech, to stammer or baffle in speech, as one might from -too great haste in utterance ;
connected with which are the adj. jap or biap, and the sb. japitrug, japskaft, a stutterer,
japvari, any too-hastily-done thing.

Yap, sb. A cur ; a troublesome, cross or crying child.

Yare, adj. Ready, disposed ; to or for a given action, or for one's
food.

A. S. gearo, gearu^ geetrw, gart, ready, prepared.

' Iff mikel is sorge, and more care,
Adam and eue it wite fill gore* Gtn. and Ex. p. 12.

* Weel, Ah *s yart fiir ma* dinner, Ah is.*

Yark, v. a. To strike with a switch or riding-whip ; to inflict sharp
strokes ; to flog soundly.

Probably coincident with E.jerk, of which Rich, says that Junius writes it yirk. Jam.
writes both yark and yerk, and collates two perfectly different words, bl. breckia, to beat,
znd jarke, pes feriens. It is observable that the Lineoinsb. Gl. gives both yack and yark with
nearly coincident senses, the former being defined to snatch, the other to jerk. It is not
impossible that O. N. hituka, jaeka lies nearly at the root of both forms.

Yarker, sb. A large or remarkably fine specimen or sample article
out of a number.

f, sb. A flogging with whip or switch, a whipping.
Yat. Pr. of Hot. By transposition from Hee&t.

* " Kttzd yat;** red hot.' Wb, Gl.

* ** A yat yown ;** a hot oven.' Tb.

Yat, sb. A gate.

A. S. geat, gat, gal, a gate, door ; O. N. gat, foramen, that which admits of passage
through ; N. S., Dut., Fris., Germ, gat, id. ; Pr. Pm. * ^ate. Porta, janua' This form
obtains almost universally in Old and M. Engl.

* For when \>e dede is at )>e ybate
Than is he warned over late.* Pr. of Consc. 1. 2001.

' Auh bore wunnynge naueiS no )«/.* Aner. Riude, p. 74*

' Of heven and hell thei kepe the yeates.* PlounnaH*s Prologui.

In the next example the word is applied to an orifice in a hollow stick — * an halowe
sticke :' —

* And with his sticke
That was ordained with that false yttt.' Feman's Tale, 1. 1398.

4 V

586 GLOSSARY OF THE

Yat-orook, sb. (pr. yat-creeak, -craik, -crewek or -crewk). The iron
hook fixed in the gate-post and on which the hinge rotates.

Yat-house, sb. A gate or entrance house; one through which a
gated archway opens into a courtyard. Wh. GL

Yat-Btoup, sb. A gate-post. See Stoup.

Yaud, yode, sb. A nag, a mare. Applied also, as 'jade' is, to
either female, or she-animal, in the way of vituperation.

Essentially the same word ynihjade; and sometimes applied in the way of abuie to
a man.

Yearn, yearning, or yenning. Pr. of Earn, Earning.

Yed, V. n. To burrow or make runs imdergroimd ; as the mole,
rabbit: also applied to a miner.

Hall, gives * Yed^ an aperture or way where one collier only can work at a time.' The
connection is with gad^ beyond doubt. Comp. * gad-bit, a nail-passer. For. Dial.* Hall.,
a Nail-passer being simply a gimlet, or that which makes a small hole or orifice through
which the nail shall pass. The idea in this word, therefore, is exactly coincident with that
in Fed, both yb. and sb. Comp. also * gad-mail, a long and stout naU.' Halliwell.

Yedder, v. n. To form a fence or hedge ; the operation consisting
in interweaving the more pliant branches of trees, or underwood, be-
tween upright stakes.

A. S. edor, tader, if6er, a fence or hedge. Tusser, as quoted in Cr. GL, has the form
tdder (sb.) without the y.

* In lopping and felling save eddir and stake.
Thine hedges, as needeth, to mend or to make.*

Yedder, sb. A pliant rod, or single cutting from among underwood,
capable of being interwoven or twisted in and out among upright posts
or hedge-stakes set in the earth. See Yedder, vb.

* He shall deliver unto you, William de Bruce, ten stakes, eleven strut-stowers, and eleven
yedders, to be cut by you with a knife of one penny price.' From a document comiected
with Whitby Abbey, quoted in Young's Hist, of Wbitby.

Yed-wand, sb. (Pr. of yerd-wand). A yard measure, or wand.

Pr. Pm. * Verdi, metwande. Ulna;' A.S. gyrd, gird, a staff, rod. The one an use of
the other with an arbitrary sense attached. Cf. gyrdt-landn, yard-land, measured land.

Yeead. Pr . of Head : more usually Heead, without the strong aspi-
ration which eventually brings in the j'.

Yemman. Pr. of Yeoman. See Freeholder.

Yer-nut, yen-nut, sb. Pr. of Earth-nut {Btmiumflexuosum).

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 587

Yeth-WTip'm, sb. Pr. of Earth-worm. Applied metaph« to a person
of mean, grovelling habits or propensities.

• " A ipoox yeA-wonn ;** a miser, a muckwonn/ Wh. Gl.

Yetling, sb. A small cast-iron pot, on three small legs or feet.

* ij yedynges,* Invent. Fincb. Pr. dv. This word is given by Brock, with a reference to
Jamieson's yedand; which, with another form, yeidin, he gives as meaning, ' of or belonging
to cast iron.' He adds also < Feidin, cast metal,' collating Old Sw. giuta, Teut. gbieten, to
cast; as metal. Note also Pr. Pm. ^Tetyn metaU; jetyn or jete metel, jetyn. Fundo;*
A. S. gtotan, fimdere, geotere, fiisor. See note in Pr. Pm.

Yoke, V. a. To attach a horse or horses to a carriage of any sort

Yoke-stiok, sb. The wooden yoke or shoulder-bar by aid of which
two pails of water are carried with comparative ease.

* As crooked as a yoke-stick.* Wb. Gl.

Yon, yont, adj. Used demonstratively. Yonder, that in the distance,
or that observable ; object or person, namely. Often used absolutely.

* What 'syon V What object, or proceeding, or cry, 8cc, is that, there ?

* Ton chap 's sloped, folk sez.'

* Ywi lass 's getten hersel' wed, then.'

* Far side o' yon field.'

Yotten, yottle, v. a. To swallow with an effort, and especially with
an audible efifort.

Or. Gl. gives yoeken with much the same meaning ; Hall, also, in the sense of to gargle
— ^no doubt in reference to the audible part of the performance. Cf. O. N.^rfd/, volutatio
cibi in ore ; jddla^ to work or roll the food about in one's mouth, as a yet toothless child
does. The connection of thought is simple and obvious.

**'Be sharp and get it yottened down;" to a patient who is reluctant to take his
physic' m>. Gl.

Yottening, sb. i. The act of drinking with efifort. Thence a. A
hearty draught, a copious drink of anything.

a. * ** A good yoUening o' yal ;" a good drink of ale.' Wb. Gl.

Yow, sb. An ewe, or female sheep.

O. N. d, an ewe, ewe-lamb, A. S. eoum, an ewe, Dut. ouwe, Fris. ei.

Yowden, v. n. To submit, yield duty or service, render obedience ;
to hearken or pay attention.

A. S. gyldan, gildan, to render service, to worship, p. p. golden. Comp. O. N. gkdda,
Dan. gielde, to render, make a return. Molb. adds of ihe latter word that it is scarcely in
ordinary use.

' ** She yowdens badly ;" as the gossips say of the wife in an ill-assorted match— she sub-
mits to her husband reluctantly, or with an ill-grace.' Wb. Gl,

4 F 2

588 GLOSSARY OF THE

Yowl, V. n. (sometimes pr. yole or yool). To howl, as a dog does ;
to cry plaintively and loudly.

Comp. gold, said of the wind, as also ytU^ gal* (in nigblingaU, as well as per m), bowl,
Lat. vJulare, Germ. beuUn; O. N./«/a, bjula, of the cry of children as yet unable to talk.

* pe day of drede and of tremblyng,
pe day of gretjrng and gotdyng,
pe day of cr3ring and of dulefiil dyn,
pe day of sorrow |>at never sal blyn.' Pr, of Consc. 1. 6108.

Yowl, sb. A howl, or cry of pain uttered by a dog ; any loud cry of
pain or grief.

Yown, yune, sb. An oven.

O. Sw. ugn, ogbttf ojhy omn; Sw.D. on, omn, um, bvny 8cc, ; Sw. ugn, O.N. qfh. Modem
Isl. dnn; N. ogn, om, omm; Dan. ovn; A.S. ofen. Germ, ofm. Sec, M. G. aubns,

* " A yat yown ;" a hot oven.* Wb. Gl.

* I is to gie notidge at Joanie Pickergill yeats yown t' nee't, t' moom at moom, an' t'
moom at nee't, an' neea langer as lang 's storm ho'ds, cause he c'n get na mair eldin ;' I am
to give notice that John Pickergill heats his oven to-night, and to-morrow, morning and
night, and no longer as long as the snow lasts, because he can get no more fuel.

Yowp, V. n. (often pr. yope). i. To yelp; to cry intermittingly as a
hurt dog does. 2. To talk fast and shrilly or loud.

Simply another form of yelp. Comp. fau't for fault, Sau't for so//, Mau't for tnalf,
Bou'k or Boke for bulk, &c.

2. * He ^alp {^alp, in second text) |>at he wolde Beon.' Lay. i. 122.

* I kepe not of armis for to yelp.* Knigbt's Tale, I 2240.

* ** Prithee dinnot gape and yowp sae ;" do not bawl or talk so loud.' Wb. Gl.

Yuer, yiir, sb. (sometimes pr. yowr) The udder or 'bag' of the
cow.

O. N. jugr, jufr, Jur, Dan. yver, Sw. jufver, Sw. D. jur, jaur, N. jur, Cf. A. S. uder,
O. G. d/or, Germ, euter, N. Fris. joder, judder. The remarkable correspondence between
our word and the Scand. forms cannot fail to be more striking, especially when the sound
of the N., Sw., and Dan./v and v are taken into account.

Yuer, V. n. To shew signs of increasing in size and becoming some-
what turgid ; of the cow's bag or Yur, when her time for calving draws
on. One of the symptoms of approaching parturition.

Yule-cake, sb. A kind of plum^cake specially prepared for con-
sumption at Christmas.

I will not touch upon the disputed question of the etymology of Vule. Ihre quotes seven
theories, and Mr. Baring-Gould gives yet another at p. 203 of his Scenet and Sagas of
Iceland. The Swedish author describes Jtd as * a winter feast, which, now, is held in
remembrance of the nativity of our Lord ; in heathen times, however, was devoted to the
honour of the Sun ; although,' he continues, * the times of the Christian festival and of the
old heathen sacrificial solemnities do not coincide, the latter not having been held until
January was somewhat advanced.' Julbrod he further describes as ' bread well spiced and

CLEVELAND DIALECT. 589

seaioned, fashioned in various forms of animals and fishes, and wont to be placed on the
table at Yuletide ;' and connects it with presents of bread which tenants were bound to
offer to their landlords, by ancient usage, at that season. Mr. Hylten Cavallius, however —
and, it would seem, with an amount of probability almost verging on certainty — connects
this Julbrbdt or its equivalents, with more venerable ideas, and with offerings thereon
dependent. He sees in all the Yule observances a transmitted and not dimly traceable
memorial of ancient heathen customs or usage, all more or less sacrificial, propitiatory or
protective. The idea of fire, as not only in itself a holy thing, almost Being, but as closely
connected with or related to the Sun, is the dominant idea in the universal and utterly venerable
Northern practice of lighting nocturnal fires or sacrificial piles (pfferbdl) in the open air, on
occasion of each of the great annual festivals in honour of the Sun. This practice, enduring
even to quite recent times, has long continued, notwithstanding the influence of Christianity
to the contrary, to have associated with it the idea of purifying the land from unhallowed
spirits and other beings, which, ahnost down to the present time, are held to be more espe-
cially on the move on the nights which precede the great changes in the Sun's annual
course, midsunmier, midwinter, and the solstice or equinox. Originally these sacred fires were
made upon some natural eminence, and probably in close connection with some great Hone
or burisil tumulus ; then the scene was transferred to ihe Hof or public temple, or possibly the
royal hall : but, eventually, buildings of lesser pretensions, or private residences, became equally
eligible, at least in the case of the Yule observances. But wherever held, besides the fire —
tht Julbdl or sacrificial pyre, and thtjul-lanna or yule-torch— there was also, and invariably,
feasting, accompanied by drinking, the song and the dance, kept up through a great part
of the night. The very churchyards and churches themselves were, until not so very long
since, lustrated with fire and lights, and at other seasons as well as at Yule. Regarding the
Christian observance of Yule in Warend — and the remark is of very general application
throughout Scandinavia, and Northern Enghmd as well— as preserving, in many particulars,
ttaces of its origin from a heathen high-tide, Mr. Hylten Cavallius writes thus : — * Coinci-
dently with the removal indoors of the heathenish sacrificial feast {blot-gtlU ; gUU being a
kind of joint-stock feast, each guest contributing part of the provision), the time-honoured
and hallowed fire-usages underwent various changes. The ancient Yule-fires were still
scrupulously kindled on the domestic hearth, as the Yule-bale was in old times under the
open sky ; but, at their side from the earliest periods, was always seen the /anne, or torch of
fat pinewood, as a holy symbol of the Sun, of light or fire. Such a tanne^ like as it is even
yet seen in Warend, is composed of dry bits of resinous fir, bound together with withies, to
the dimensions of a thick pole, and (torn six to twelve feet in length. The Yule^anne —
for that is its especial name— to judge from its form and dimensions, must once customarily
have been placed on the bare soil, or upon the floor of the temple {gudabojvet), for the
purpose of throwing light upon the sacrificial rites at the Old Northern Yule-gild. In point
of fact, the universal custom of the Warend folk still is to do whatever has to be done after
dark by the light of the fire or of lighted sticks. As habits of greater refinement crept in,
the smoky Yiule-tanne was re-placed by the Yule-candle {Jtd<i4justt), which accordingly
retains among the people the old religious regard paid to the Ytde-tanm as a holy thing.
Throughout the entire district of Warend no mere hovel or hut so poor can be found that
no Yule-candle bums upon its table. Lighted always at the time of the evening meal, which
corresponds with the Old Northen Yule-offering, it continues to bum the night through just
as used the heathen bale-fire of sacrifice. Everything upon which its rays fall, by reason of
the holy influences of the light, augmented as they are by the high season of Yule, becomes
lucky and protected against witching or enchantment. Money, valuables, the holiday
clothes, therefore, are intentionally placed within the reach of its light that they may be
blessed, saved from harm, augmented. Any end of the candle, which may remain from the
Yule-night's burning, is carefully preserved throughout the year, and is a valuable remedy
for sores, chapped hands, cracked lips, and even for the sore teats of the cows. The people
also derive omens or prognostications from the Yule-candle. If it goes out, it portends

590 OLOSSARV.

that some member of the household shall die within the coming year. If any one Ughts
another candle at its flame, or snuffs it so carelessly that it is extinguished, that person may
expect some great misfortune. The same idea as to the sanctity of the Yule-candle lies at
the bottom of the popular faith that if any one at an entertainment takes the light from
the table — for instance, to employ it in looking for an3rthing which has fallen down — the
guests will be sure to fall into dissension. It is a custom still kept up to place on the Yule-
tide table, side by side with the Yule-candle, a so-called Jula-bbg (Yule-heap or pile), con-
sisting of cakes, loaves, cheese-cakes, and bread of various descriptions, amid which (and at
the very top) is always to be found an oblong wort-eake (yort-hrod; a loaf of bread the
dough of which was kneaded with sweet-wort instead of mere water), which obtains the
name of Yule-pig or Yule-calf (Jula-galten, eller Jula-kusen). There can be little or no
doubt that in this venerable usage there is recollection of the sacrificial pile of heathen times,
with its accompanying holy fire, and Frey's boar laid on it as the animal of offering. In
fact, the entire festival, in all its observances, gives one the idea of its being a domestic
feast of sacrifice, for which, indeed, the partakers prepare themselves, as of old, by scru-
pulous ablutions. The Yule-table, decked as for a high festival, with its befitting cloth
suspended in the roof above, as it were a sky, and with its abundance of divers meats,
amid which the Jula-bos^ or dressed swine's-head, and the Yule-porridge (comp. our York-
shire Frumenty or Furmity), together with its open can of Yule-ale, is itself simply
nothing else than a domestic altar offering, with the wonted oblations to the protecting
deities of the land and the home in which it is reared. In the Yule-pig, and the YtiU4}bs,
we encounter the boar sacred in old times to Frey, which, in the remotest periods, was
slaughtered on that eve as an offering, and on whose head men were wont to make their
holiest vows. The Jtdabrasa (or special brasier or fireplace introduced into the living-
room and used at Yule-tide) which, in days of old, burnt on the Hof or temple pavement,
and even yet bums on every habitation's floor, was the domestic offering or bale-fire over
which the memorial-cups were freely quaffed; and the very Yule-psalms themselves are
simply the Christian substitutes for the older sacrificial songs and idol-feast ballads which
originally prevailed.'

Yule-oandle, sb. The candle specially burnt on Christmas Eve. The
candle customarily presented by grocers to their, customers commonly
bears this name now. In former times it was different. See imder
Yule-oake.

Yule-olog, sb. The large log specially provided for burning, and
burnt, on Christmas Eve.

As the Cr. Glossarist renurks, ' this must not be entirely consumed, but a part of it is
religiously reserved by the superstitious for the following year.' ' The superstitious ' heie
has a wide meaning; for it takes in all who continue the time-old custom, and nuny
among them, without a thought turned in the direction of consequences, whether of luck or
unluck. See under Tule-oiJce.

-T^QS^^'^^^'^

APPENDIX.

Ay prep. On, in.

O. N. d, in, upon, Sw. D. d, upon, to, in ; Dan. D. aa, upon.

* Thee can't dec *t a that gate*

* To'n (turn) doon a that hand ;' using a sign, to indicate which ' hand.'

An, conj. If.

Of perpetual use, often in the form and, in E. and Mid. Engl, writings ; sometimes ia the
combined form and if. See the illustrations under An, And in Wedgw. O. Sw. <eii, if.
' It looks as an it would rain.' Wb. Gl.

* for an euer I may thate fowle theefe gett

in a fyer I will her bume.* Percy's Fol. MS. i. p. 1 1 a.

* It were greatte wonder

Ar^ ever shuld we thryfe.' Toumel. Mysi. p. 98.

An, adv. Than.

O. N. #nii, N. MJi, «n, Dan. end, Sw. dun, than.

' Mair an hau'f ;' * Less an hau'f nowght.'

Cf. ban €B storre enn bin : he is bigger than the other.

Astir, adj. (pr. astor). Current, moving, prevailing; of news, gossip,
scandal.

* Onny news astir f*

* There 's a gay bit o' nonsense astor about Mally D.'

Away-gaiman' crop. See antea, p. 17.

Additional illustration. — ' *' Puir au'd Willie's 'n away-gannan-erop ;" is at the point to
die.' From the author of Wb. GL

B

Baoklings, adv. In a backward direction, backwards. See Hard-
lings.

59* APPENDIX.

Belive, adv. In the evening.

Of frequent use in E. Eng. AUit. Poems and Sir Gaw. and Or. Kmgbi, and, in every
instance, in the sense of quickly, anon. It occurs also in Oen. and Ex, in the same sense,
as well as in most other O.E. writings. Its connection must be with O.E. hiUuti^to re-
main, be left, A.S. hdifan ; and if so, as Jam. su^ests, &e primary meaning must be by and
by, or anon in that sense — ^whence, ' in the eTening,' by an arbitrary imposition of signifi-
cation— and from anon, meaning by and by or presently, the more frequent sense of imme-
diately, with all speed.

* Ah '11 gan an' rook thae peats belive;* in the evening.

* There 11 be a service at 'chapd belive.*

Billet, sb. The immature coal-fish (Merlangus carhtmarvus. Yarr.)
in an intermediate condition between Pennock and Coal-flflh. They
weigh about a pound and half to two pounds each. See Iiate.

Black ling. The common ling {Calluna Vulgaris). See under
Ling.

Branded, adj. Of a mixed red and brown colour, with some black
hairs among the red and brown ones, shewing a cross in the breeding ;
of cattle. The darker colour often lies in transverse stripes, somewhat
after the manner of those of the zebra.

Break, v. n. To begin to fall off; especially of the wool of a sheep
in the spring ; but also, of the rough or winter-coat of a horse or other
animal.

* Yon sheep's wool 's breaking. It 's a shrifted an.*

Break oflf, v. a. To discharge, vent ; of wind on one's stomach.

* It 's sair plagued wi' wind, puir lahtle thing I Caan't you gi'e 't some-'at t' hrtak *t offf*
of an infant.

Brought out, p.p. Buried. The word rather includes the per-
formance of all the observances connected with what is understood in
the Clevel. word Burial.

Cf. O. Sw. h<Brat to carry forth for burial ; han <er buden att b€era : he is bidden to be
one of the bearers. Comp. also Lat. effhrre.

* *• Mcnsefully through the world, and at last mensefully brought out;** buried.' Wb, 01.

Buns, Bunnons.

The definition of this word is incomplete. The name Bunnons is applied to the green
plant, called sheep's parsley in Essex and Suffolk {Charophyllum sylvestre), and gathered
there as here to feed tame rabbits with, as well as to the dry seed-stems of itself and other
like plants.

Burdocken, sb. The burdock or clot-bur {Arctium Lappc^.

By ought. By any conceivable quantity : generally used after a
comparative ; as, Better by owght, Mair by owght, Wane by
owght, &c.

APPENDIX, 593

C

Carlings, sb.

Within the last few dajrs I have ascertained that a name fonnerly, if not still, employed,
at least occasionally, to designate the peas thus called, was Iiittle godmothers ; a fact
which lends yet more probability to the conjecture advanced towards the conclusion of the
notes upon Carling, and founded on the analogy of the Sc. earlint, Sw. D. k'drring.

Chop, sb. Chaff, such as is prepared by the ' chaff-cutter.'

Cf. Dan. bakkelsi, id.

Churoh-road, sb. The road which affords the usual or stated means
of access to the church. See Marks E'en.

In the ordinary phrase it is * unlucky* to convey a dead body to the churchyard by any
other route than the Ohurch-roacU whatever saving in point of time, distance, good road,
or the like might be made by a deviation from it. I have heard of a discussion as taking
place on the moor on such a subject, and decided in favour of the accustomed path, not-
withstanding serious objections. The idea is that the person to be buried would not rest
quietly in his grave if taken to the church by an unaccustomed way. Grimm, D.itf. p.796*
after speaking of certain ancient and most curious notions connected with the departure of
the soul from the body, together with the usages founded upon them, which he characterises
as * right heathenish in aspect, and well according with the warlike spirit of antiquity,' such
as burying ointment with the slain warrior to cure his death-wounds with in another world,
burning the bodies of slaves, horses and dogs with that of their deceased master, inhuming
the war-horse and accoutrements of a dead chieftain that he might ride in worthy state to
Valhalla, adds this ; — ' It was a popular belief that conveying the body by any unwonted
way — that is to say by any other than by the Hell-road {bellwegt) — was a sore hurt (sebade)
to the souls of the dead.' In explanation of the idea implied in the word beUweg, I adduce
a few sentences from p. 761 :— * From the fourth to the tenth century HelU, HaljOt Hella
was simply the nether world {untenveU)y the realm of the dead. The notion of torment
and penal pains was expressed by another word, or at least by a compound of hell with some
other word. And still,' he continues, * in some districts the word Hell, among the people,
maintains its ancient sense. For instance, in Westphalia there occur yet many ancient high-
ways which bear the name of Hellweg, which is much the same as high-road, but originally
meant the road of the dead {todtenweg)^ the broad road along which the dead should be
borne. The oldest occurrence of the word I am aware of is in a Chronicle of the y«ir 890,
the phrase being " belvius, sive strata publica." '

Climm. Pr. of Climb,

D

Darkening, sb. That period in the evening at which darkness begins
to prevail. See laightening.

Dream-hole, sb.

As a further illustration of the transition of sense in drtam, add —

* pe belUdr€em (sound of the bells) bitacnel>|> juw
pat drsem |>at juw birr|> herenn
Whannse ^ preost 3uw te]le|>|> spell
Biforenn Godess allterr.' Orm. p. 29.

4 o

594 APPENDIX.

Dry-stone-wall^ sb, A wall built with masses of stone roughly
squared, but without lime» See Waller.

Most of the enclosares in the flcinity of the moon, and all such as have been taken from
the moor in recent times, are bounded by these walls. The run-wiok fence or ordinary
hedge is more frequent in the lower parts of the Dales or as bounding ancient enclosures.

P

Feel, V. a. To be sensible or conscious of; specially applied to the
act of smelling. In constant use.

* Ah felt a varrey bad smell, Ah 's seeaf*'

Manghty sb. A Turf, a flat paring from the surface of the moor,
used as fuel. See Turf.

Cf. Dzn^Jlag-l^rVt flag f flag*, flat sods of turf peeled off the surface of grass-grown land.
See under Fla^;.

' Item illis qui foderunt^a^^/s ad potum \{i]d,* Roll o/Disbursemints, Wb, Abbey, quoted
in Young's Hisi, ofWbitby, p. 926.

For-fonghten, adj. Exhausted, wom out, past further exertion.

Jam. collates ' Belg. vervecbi-en, to spend with fighting ; vervoebun, spent with fighting.
The word (unless sore be a misprint ioifore) occurl in the simple form fougbten in Percys
Fol, MS, i.

' then, sort fougbten, I waxid wearye.'

Frosty V. a. To turn up the heels Of a horse's shoe and insert
rough-headed nails in lieu of the sunk ones, to prevent slipping on
icy roads.

H

Hag. See antea, p. 238.

Cf. also N. bigl, very fine rain or snow, wet mist.

Harr. See antea, p. 250.

This word is more likely connected with O. N. tir, ros, pluvia, drizzling rain, N.yr, the
same, or more especially drizzling rain or * Scotch mist.'

Jamp. Pret. of to Jump.

L

Iiate, sb. The immature pollack (Merlangus poUachtus, Yarr.)

The name is applied to fish of a certain size caught when raiUng, and probably half-
|[rown coal-fish as well as half-grown pollack are included under it. I once caught seventeen
m six successive casts with a salmon-rod (from a boat) below the Castle Rock at Scar-
borough which averaged nearly three pounds apiece.

APPENDIX.

595

Lyke-wake.

The Lyke-wake Dirge, of which copies arc given by Sir W. Scott (Minstrdsy, \u 367),
Brand {Pop. Antiq. ii. 155), Thorns {Anecdotes and Traditions^ pp. 89, 90), Kelly {Indo-
Eur. Folklore^ p. ii5)» AUingham {Ballad Book, p. lai), Peacock (Notes to E.E.T.S.*s ed.
of Myrc's Instructions for Parish Priests, PP- 90,91) seems, by a notice in one of the
Cotton MSS. {Julius, F. vi. 459), to be directly connected with Cleveland : for there can
be little doubt, from the description of the song sung * when any dieth, by certaine liromen
to the dead bodie,' that it was identical with that preserved by Aubrey as sung at * country
vulgar Funeralls' in Yorkshire, as late as 1624 or i6a6; and in the belief that it was the
* Lyke-wake Dirge' which was still wontedly sune in the neighbourhood of Guisborongh
about the end of the sixteenth century, as described by Sir Thomas Chaloner's correspondent
in the MS. referred to, I make room for some notice of it here. The copies given all very
slightly in certain minor particulars, all of them shew traces of corruption, and a slightly
attentive observation proves the correctness of Scott's surmise that a stanza is missing.
Almost certainly two stanzas are wanting.

In the following copy I follow Scott mainly, simply inserting from the other copies such
readings as supply manifest dialect-corrections, and marking other variations in the margin,
with the initials of the authors appended, to shew whence they come. No initial marks
coincidence between P«u:ock, Kelly, and Brand.

This a* nighte, this a^ nighte
Every night and alle';

Fire and fleet' and candle-light.
And Christe receive* thy*

saule'

When thou from hence away are paste ^

Every night and alle ;
To Whinny-moor* thou comes at laste.

And Christe receive thy saule.

If ever thou gave' either hosen or shoon^^

Every night and alle ;
Sit" thee down" and put" them on.

And Christe receive thy saule.

But if hosen nor** shoon thou never" gave"
neean".
Every night and alle ;
The Whinnes shall prick thee to the bare
beean",
And Christe receive thy saule.

1 aeS.
* awle.
> sleet S.

ean.

* rccieve P. * thy. • sawle.

^ doest pass away P. B. away dost

Ijmiss K.

* muir S. moore P.

• gavest S. " shun B. P.
"SittP. B. "downcP. " putt P.

" and S. " ne'er S.
" naen K. nane S.

" bane S.

i«

gavest S.

* See A, num. adj. It may be observed that the true Cleveland phonetic form of this
stanza would be —

This yah neeght, this yah neeght,

Iwery neeght an' a(ll) ;
Fire an' fleet an* cann'l' leeght.
An' Christ receive tha' saul.

Ean must surely be a corruption. Scott's ae is correct, but it is the Scottish rather than
the N. Yorkshire form. So sboon, beean, neean, braider, sit tbee downe, gave (in the second
person) are true N. Yorkshire ; doest, contest, mayst, com'st, on the other hand, are corrup-
tions. * Thou are paste' in like manner would be ' thou is past' in Cleveland.

4 0 3

59^ APPENDIX.

From Whinny-moore when** thou may passe*** *• that. * pass.

Every night and alle ;
To Brig** o' Dread thou comes at laste" " Brigg S. " last.

And Christe receive thy saule.

[Two stanzas wanting. See below, pp. 603, 604.]

From Brig* o Dread when" thou are paste **,+ " that. ** may passe.

Every night and alle ;
To Purgatory fire thou comes" at Uste " comest S. com'st K. B.

And Christe receive thy saule.

If ever thou gave either* meat*' or drink, * gavest S. ^ milke.

Every night and alle ;
The fire shall never make thee shrinke", * shrink.

And Christe receive thy saule.

But if meatc" nor drink thou never gave* " milk. *• gavest S.

neean'^ ^ nane S. naen K.

Every night and alle ;
The fire shall** bum thee to the bare beean" ** will S. » banc S.

And Christe receive thy saule.

It is not easy to see where the fragmentary * na brader than a thread' can find (dace as
really belonging to the poem. If analogy with the fairly coincident thought and expression
of all the copies is to be taken as a guide, it is no part of the Dirge at all, but has probably
been added by some copyist or commentator as an illustration derived from some other
source. Introduced as Mr. Kelly inserts it, it not only breaks the rh3rme preserved in the
other stanzas and creates a divergence in form from theirs, but it detracts from the fulness
and power of the whole by suppressing the thought of another peril or trial hardly past
which is implied in the clause * when thou may passe,' or * when thou are paste.'

In passing on to notice in detail the various topics of interest introduced by the poem, it
may be well to remark in the first place that Scott's reading of * sleet' where the other copies
give ' fleet' is scarcely defensible : nor is it rendered probable by his suggestion, unsupported
by either analogy or argument, that it is * a corruption of sdt for salt ; a quantity of which,
in compliance with a popular superstition, is frequently placed on the breast of a corpse.*
Further, I am not satisfied that what is surely the true reading, that is, ' fleet,' means water,
as the various copyists interpret it. I connect it with the expression in the first line— 'This
a (one) night,' as well as with the fire and the candle-light with which it is inevitably asso-
ciated as it stands. The * fleet ' of that one night — the night of the Lyke-wake ; the night
preceding the final parting of the soul from the body (see Iiioh*wake) — can scarcely be *the
water which lies between the world of the living and that of the dead' (Jndo-Eur. Folhl,
p. 117): and, if not that water, no other water is likely ; independently of the philological
reasons for objecting to 'fleet' as meaning water in the sense supposed. I cannot but think
the fire, the fleet, and the candle-light are all connected with the Lyke-wake customs, and
\\ia^. fleet itself is either the same word as Clevel. Flet, live embers, or a near connection of
it. The usage, hardly extinct even yet in the district, was on no account to suffer the fire

* A better reading in some respects might be * when thou are paste'— cf. second stanza.
The true Northumbrian construction would rather be * when thou is past.'

t Kelly reads this line — * From Brig o' Dread, na brader than a thread ;' Peacock prints
it as in the text, except that for * when' he reads * that' : but immediately above it he gives
' na brader than a thread,' as if a fragment, or part of an imperfect line.

APPENDIX, 597

•

in the house to go out during the entire time the corpse lay in it, and throughout the same
time a candle was (or is yet) invariably kept burning in the same room with the corpse.
The efficacy of burning embers,* as against the same dangers or casualties supposed to be
averted by the fire and the candle-light, f is not, at the least, less than that of either
of them.

* Simply as an illustration of the supposed efficacy of live coals or burning embers against
— to use a quite general expression — * the powers of darkness,' I adduce the following from
one source only : — * The Norse colonists of Iceland carried fire round the lands they intended
to occupy in order to expel the evil spirits ; as long as a child remains unbaptised the fire
must never be allowed to go out, lest the trolls should get an opportunity to abstract the
infant ; when a newly delivered woman goes to be churched, she must, on leaving her house,
pass above a live-coal thrown for the purpose through the door-way before her : if this is
neglected she is liable to be taken off bodily by the trolls, or bewitched ; if a troll-wife
{Anglici witch) comes upon the premises, on her departure a burning coal must be thrown
after her ; when a. cow calves, embers are to be taken three times upon the oven-peel and
put in the first water given her to drink, that no witchwork may avail to abstract her milk ;
when folks are about to churn, a live-coal should be laid below the chum ; if the butter
won't come a burning chip or stick should be three times over thrust within the chum ;
that the dead may not " come again," the palliasse they died on must be burnt and live
embers be thrown after the funersil procession.* And yet, after adding other like observ-
ances, the author, on the next page goes on to speak of the use of fire as now displaced in
many instances by the substitution for equivalent purposes of ' steel, the cross, gunpowder,
sacrament -wine, a good book, as a Bible or Psalm-book.' Wdrend ocb WinUsmt,

pp. 191 -193.

t * Wherefore serveth holye candels ? {Nicholas). To light up in thunder, and to blesse
men when they lye a dying' {Brandt i. 29). Their virtues are more fully set forth as
follows : —

* Mira est Candelis illis et magna potestas :
Nam tempestates creduntur toUere diras
AccensflB, simul et sedare Tonitrua Csli,
Dxmonas atque malos arcere, horrendaque noctis
Spectra, atque infaustse mala Orandinis atque Pruins.*

Naogeorgus, in Brand, p. 28.

In the prayer to be used at the * Hallowing of Candles upon Candlemas Day' were these
petitions : — * Grant that it may receave such a strength and blessing that in what places
soever it be lighted or set, the Devil may avoid out of these habitacions, and tremble for
feare, and fly away discouraged, and presume no more to unquiete them that serve thee'
{Brandt P- 25). In certain * Articles to be enquired of within the Archdeaconry of York
A.D. 1 630-1 640' is the following item : — ' Whether at the death of any, there be any super-
stitious burning of candles over the corpse in the day after it be light' {lb. ii. 145) ; the
candle being, it would appear, sometimes 'set upon the body' itself; though oftener the
expression is * over the dead body,' two candles being in many cases ejnployed. Moresin,
besides mentioning the * light or candle alwajrs set by dead bodies as long as they are
unburied,' and the order of the Pope that in order to the purification of the corpse, by the
aspersion of holy water, by incensing, by exorcising with solemn prayers, and by iUumina-
rion with hallowed candles (illustretur sacris luminibus), as long as it remains unburied,'
gives also * his conjecture on the use of the candle upon this occasion : — ** It was an Egyp-
tian hieroglyphic for life, meant to express here the ardent desire of having had the life of
the deceased prolonged." ' {lb.) There can be no doubt indeed, that the lighted candle is
ante-Christian, and we are not surprised at hearing that when a Jew has died, and the corpse

598

APPENDIX.

Still, were it not for what I take to be the intended connection between the wakeniight
and the * fire, fleet and candle-light/ there might be some countenance in yet current folk-
lore for the idea that all three ^ight, in one way or another, bear reference to scenes jor
needs to be passed through by the departed soul on its road to the other world. A corre-
spondent writes — ' I think you mistaken in supposing the "fleet** to be flet, hot cinders.
I am positive the Jlegi is flood. ... I heard some rustics talking about an odd old man
who had been buried somewhere up your way, a few years ago, with a candle, a penny, and
a bottle of port ; and, as they explained it, the candle was to light the way to Jerusalem,
the penny to pay the ferry, and the port to sustain him on the journey.' And again. Pro-
fessor George Stephens has kindly drawn my notice to the following extract : — * Within the
coflin, along with herself, she got a pair of new brogues, a penny candle, a good hard-
headed old hanmier, with an Irish sixpenny piece, to pay her passage at the gate, and what
more she could look for* (The Comieal Sayings of Paddy from Cork, p. 13. Stirling.
No date.)

In both these instances we observe the candle accompanies the dead person, or is placed
with him in the coffin. For the brogues, see below, p. 599.

The amount of curious and most interesting folklore involved in the rest of the poem is
both great and singularly striking, and the passage from the Cotton MS., to which reference
was made above, may serve in some sort as an introduction to the general subject : — ' When
any dieth, certaine women sing a song to the dead bodie, recyting the journey that the
partye deceased must goe ; and they are of beliefe (such is their fondnesse) that once in their
lives, it is good to give a pair of new sho^ to a poor man, for as much as, after this life,
they are to pass barefoote through a great launde, full of thomes and furzen, except by the
meryte of the almes aforesaid they have redeemed the forfeyte ; for, at the edge of the
launde, an oulde man shall meet them with the same shoes that were given by the partie
when he was lyving ; and, after he hath shodde them, dismisseth them to go through thick
and thin, without scratch or scalle.'

This * great launde, full of thomes and furzen,* the * Whinnimore* of Aubrey and the
Dirge, is of frequent occurrence, in one form or another, in the folklore of many peoples,
seated widely asunder and belonging to entirely different branches of the human family.
It has to be traversed by the departed soul on its journey to the realms of death, of Hel or
Hela, the Goddess of Death, of Norse and German mythology. But, in the first place, we
must remember that * of old Hell was never spoken of as a place of punishment and tor-
ment. Those who went to it were not the bad alone, but all who died, even the noblest
and the best. . . . The only apparent exceptions were the heroes who had fallen in battle,
and whom Odin gathered to himself in Valhalla.' (Tndo-Eur, Folk!, p. 1 13). But further :—
* Long and dreary was the road to Hel's dark dominion ; the descent to it from heaven was

is formally laid out, * the body is covered over with a black cloth and a light is set at its
head' (Levi's Account of the RiUs and Ceremonies of the Modem Jews, in Brand), But
that Christian notions have been grafted on to an older observance is equally certain.
Thus, independently of the 'power of the candle' to * blesse men when they lye a dying*
and to repel malignant dscmons, an old medixval practice in general vogue yet in Warend
seems to Mr. Cavallius to connect itself distinctly with the time-old notions which long
antedated any true knowledge of the soul, and which were connected with the F<ln/ or
uncorporeal constituent of the living human being — notions which, beyond doubt, have the
strongest family relationship to the English folklore ideas connected with the Corpse-
candle, Dead-men*s candle or Fetch-light. The practice in question is, when any one lies
in ardculo mortis, for his nearest relative to place a lighted candle in his hand, uttering at
the same time the pious wish — ' may God grant that the everlasting light may be lighted
for thee,* or, ' O Lord God, light for him the everlasting light* (tdmi for bonom det eviga
IJuset : kindle for him the evalasting candle).

APPENDIX, 599

t journey of nine days and nine nights for the gods themselres. The greater part of the
way lay through morasses and vast moors overgrown with furze and thorns, and ihat the
dead might not pass over them barefoot, a pair of shoes was laid with them in the grave'
(JndO'Ewr. Folkl, pp. 113, 114). Again, ' in a vision said to have been exhibited in
Italy to a child named Alberic, at the beginning of the twelfth century,* among other fearful
sights * the Apostle Peter shewed him an extensive plain, three days' and three nights'
journey in breadth, covered with thorns and brambles, in which souls were hunted and
tormented by a demon mounted on a great and swift dragon, and their clothing and limbs
torn to pieces by the thorns as they endeavoured to escape from him ; by degrees they were
purged of their sins, and became lighter, so that they could run faster, until at last they
escaped into a very pleasant plain, filled with purified souls, where their torn members and
garments were inunediately lestortd* (Wnght*s St. Patrick's Purgatory, p. m). * When
a Greenlander dies, his soul starts to travel into the land of Tomgarsuk, where reigns per-
petual sunmier, all sunshine and no night, where there is good water, and birds, fish, seals,
and reindeer without end, that are to be caught without trouble, or are found cooking alive
in a huge kettle. But the journey to this blessed land is difficult, the souls have to slide
five days or more down a precipice all stained with the blood of those who have gone down
before. And it is especially grievous for the poor souls when the journey must be made in
winter or in tempest, for then a soul may come to harm, and suffer the other death as they
call it, when it perishes utterly, and nothing is left. And this is to them the most wretched
fate' {Early History of Mankind, p. 293). Again, * Among the Manacicas, a people in the
interior of South America, the maponos or priests performed a kind of baptism of the dead,
and were then supposed to mount into the air, and carry the soul to the Land of the
Departed. After a weary journey of many days over hills and vales, through forests, and
across rivers and swamps and lakes, they came to a place where many roads met, near a
deep and wide river, where the god Tatusiso stood night and day upon a wooden bridge to
inspect all such travellers' (76. p. 351).

The same idea is apparent also in what Grimm (Z>. M. p. 794) says of the ' British
Bards,' viz., * that they make the departed souls, in order to reach the unseen world, pass
through the Lake of Dread and of the Skeleton, through the Vale of Death, and embark
on the sea on the coast of which the entrance-gate to Hell is to be found.'

Other notions, however, mentioned by the same great authority (p. 796^ Note) not only
present this journey-myth as obtaining among yet other peoples besides those already
mentioned, but bring in most strikingly the group of ideas connected with the shoes of
the poem, the brogues of the Irish burial. "Thus, * the Lithuanians were wont either to
bury or bum the claws of the lynx and the bear together with the dead under the concep-
tion that their souls were compelled to climb a steep mountain upon which is seated the
Divine Judge. To the rich the undertaking is a greatly more toilsome one than to the
poor who have no incumbrance of goods and chattels — that is, if no grave sins weigh them
down. The poor sinner is wafted up, as it were a feather, by a gentle wind, but the rich
are rent and mangled by a dragon which dwells within the mountain ; af^er which they are
whirled to their destination by a hurricane. By the Lithuanians this steep mountain is
called Anajielas, by the (ancient) Poles Szklanna gora (the glass mountain). The belief
of the latter was that the souls of the damned were enforced, for their punishment, to climb
this glassy precipice, but on reaching the top, slipped and fell back with violence;' and
similar claws, or possibly artificial crampons, are mentioned by Bastian as having been
buried with the dead to enable the souls the better to get up the mountain.

But perhaps the * Hell-shoon' of the Northmen afford the most characteristic illustration
of the notion now under review. Dasent's translation of the passage in GisU Surfisonar
Saga, the most curious and graphic mention made of the Helskd in the Icelandic Sagas, is as
follows : — * When they had laid Vestein in the cairn, as was the custom, Thorgrim went
up to Gisli and said, " It is right and customary," says he, " to bind hell-shoon on men,
which they shall walk in to Valhalla, and I will do that for Vestein." And when he had

6oo

APPENDIX.

done that, then he said ** I cannot bind on hell-shoon at all if these. loosen." ' The illus-
tration afforded in all this to the * Whinny moor' and the * Hosen and shoon' of the Dirge
is sufficiently interesting, and if more were required to render it complete it would be almost
supplied by the amusing instance of the need of shoes experienced by the dead given by
Lucian, who makes the wife of Eukrates come back for the slipper which her friends had
forgotten to bum with the rest of her wardrobe.

Nor is that illustration less interesting and complete which, derivable from similar sources,
may be adduced in connection with the * Brig o' Dread/

* The Bridge of the Dead is one of the well-marked myths of the Old World. Over the
midst of the Moslem hell stretches the bridge of Es-Sirat, finer than a hair, and sharper
than the edge of a sword. There all souls of the dead must pass along, but while the good
reach the other side in safety, the wicked fall off into the abyss. The Jews, too, have
their bridge of hell, narrow as a thread, but it is only the souls of the unbelievers who have
to pass there' {Early Hist, of Mankind^ p. 349). Ckimm, who notices both these notions
(p. 794, Note), adds that ' according to Herbelot the Mohammedans hold that at the last
Judgment they will have to tread along a bar of red-hot iron laid over the bottomless pit,
along which, however, the good will be permitted to place their good works on which
to tread unscathed.' For the following illustration, extracted from a poem by a Spanish
Morisco on the Day of Judgment, as foretold in the Koran, printed in 1867, I am indebted
to the kindness of the Venerable Archdeacon Churton : —

* En medio destas congojas
Sonar& una voz diciendo,
" Tiende Melique la puente,
Y afina Migueil el peso :"

Sera puesto el Azirate

Largo, altisimo, y estrecho,
Cortante como una espada,
Delgade como el cabeUo,

Tendido sobre Chahana,
Deleznable, alto y sereno,
Por donde habran de pasar
Los del tribunal siniestro.

Sobre el habr4 siete puertas,
Siete puertas, siete apretos.
Que no los pasar4 nadie
Que tenga ningun defeto

De alii seran despefiados
Todos quantos no quisieron
Cumplir con la obligacion
De los divinos preceptos.

Alle los que defaltaron
En la azala, y sus deudos,
Los lanzaran en Chahana ;
Los del ayuno asi mesmo ;

In the midst of these distresses

A voice shall sound, saying,

' Let the Angel (of death) stretch out the bridge,

And let Midiael end the weighing.'

Then shall the Al-sirat (the Brig o' Dread) be set.
Long, very high, and narrow,
Sharp-edged as a sword.
Fine as a single hair.

Stretched over Gehenna,

Slippery, high and in open air.

By which they will have to pass

Who come from the left of the judgment-seat.

Thereon shall be seven gates.
Seven gates, seven narrow passages.
That no one shall pass them,*
Who has any defect or failing.

Thence shall be cast down
All whosoever would not
Fulfil the duty they owed
To the divine precepts.

There will be those who failed
In the five prayers*, and their debts.
They shall hurl them into Gehenna ;
Those who failed in fasting also ;

* The • five prayers* are those enjoined by the Koran to be said by the followers of
Mohammed five times a day.

APPENDIX, 60 1

Los del astque, j el hicb, Those who failed in ilmsgiying and the pilgrimage

Y los que no socorrieron And those who gave no help [to Mecca],
A stts parientes y hennanos. To their kinsfolk and brothers,

Y aquellos que no aprendieron And those who did not learn
La ley del santo Alcoran. The law of the holy Koran

Y 4 sus hijos instniyeron.' Or teach it to their children.

But to pass on to illustrations afforded by Aryan Folklore : — * It was an ancient belief of
the whole German race that the Milky Way is the way of souls, and in Friesland it is even
called the Cow Path (kaupat). It was also believed that whoever had given a cow to the
poor on earth would not stumble or be dizzy when he had to cross the fnrful Ojallar bridge
{Indo-Eur. Folkl, p. 108), or bridge over ihe river GjoU ; touching the position of which
bridge note the colloquy of its keeper with Hermodr : — * ** My bridge rings more under
thee singly than under five troops of dead men who rode over it yesterday. Why ridest
thou here on Hell-way ?" ** I ride Hellward," said he, "' to look for Baldr. Hast thou seen
ought of Baldr on Hell-way?**' This bridge over the river Gjdll,* * roofed with shining
gold* {Patr. Purgatory^ p. loa), Kelly identifies with the bridge Tchinavat of the Persian
Aryaiu, where, ' according to Parsee belief, the gods and the unclean spirits fight for pot-
session of each soul as it arrives. If it be one of the righteous, it is defended by the other
pure souls and by the dogs that guard the bridge* {IndO'Eur Folkl, p. 107).

But besides all this : — * The Karens of Burmah tie strings across the rivers to serve as
bridges for the ghosts of the dead to pass over to thdr graves ;* while, in Java, the bridge
notion is also found, but ' in company with purely Indian matter, such as the Sapta Patala,
the seven t regions of hell, so that it is likely it came across from Asia. Batara Gulu built
a wall of stone round Suralaya, the Dwelling of the Gods, and round it he formed the abysa
Kawah, and set a bridge. over it to reach the single opening in the Wall of Heaven. Off
this bridge the evil-doers fall into the depths below.*

Further yet : — ' In North America, the Bridge of the Dead forms part of the Indian
mythology. The Minnetarees believe that, on their way to the mansions of their ances-
tors after death, they have to cross a narrow footing over a rapid river, where the good
warriors and hunters pass, but the worthless ones fall in. Catiin*s account of the Choctaw
belief is as follows : — ** Our people all believe that the spirit lives in a future state ; that
it has a great distance to travel after death towards the west — that it has to cross a dreadful
deep and rapid stream, which is hemmed in on both sides by high and rugged hills— over
this stream, from hill to hill, there lies a long and slippery pine-log, with the bark peeled
off, over which the dead have to pass to the delightAil hunting-grounds. On the other
side of the stream there are six persons of the good hunting-grounds with rocks in their
hands, which they throw at them all when they are on the middle of the log. The good
walk on safely to the good hunting-grounds. The wicked see the stones coming, and try
to dodge, by which they fall down ^om the log, and go thousands of feet to the water,
which is da^ng over the rocks." The idea also reappears again among the Manadcas, as
noticed at a former page (see p. 599). If the God Tatusiso, represented as ** standing,
night and day, on a wooden bridge over a deep and wide river, to inspect all souls as they
arrived, did not consider the sprinkling after death a sufficient purgation of the sins of the
departed, he would stop the priest, that the soul he carried might be further cleansed, and

* * The Bridge of the Dead,' says Mr. Tylor (p. 351), * may possibly have its origin in
the rainbow. Among the Northmen the rainbow is to be seen in the bridge Bifrost, over
which the jS.%\i nuke their daily journey.* And it is worthy of remark that the accepted
et3rmology of Bifrost, quite independently of any reference to our present subject, is 6(^,
trembling, rbst^ way, route ; with which we may justiy compare the phrase * Brig o' Dread.*

t Compare the * seven gates, seven narrow passages' of the Spanish poem, above.

4 H

6o2

APPENDIX,

if resistance were made, would seize the unhappy soul and throw him into the river.'
{Early Hist, of Mankind, pp. 350, 351).

For illustration of what may be called * tht scenery' of the Brig o* Dread, I adduce
extracts from two different copies of the Legend of Sir Owain, the first as given by Scott
from * the MS. Collection of Romances, W. 4. i. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh ;' &e second
by Wright from ' the later poem of *' Owa3me Miles," contained in MS. Cotton. Calig.
A. ii., fol. 89, v**.* : —

* The fendes han the knight ynome,
To a stinkand wat^ thai ben ycome :

And Owain seigh ther ouer ligge
-. A swithe strong nam brigge :
The fendes seyd tho ;
" Lo I Sir Knight, sestow this ?
This is the brigge of Paradis,
Here ouer thou must go.

1 And we the schul with stones prowe.
And the wind the schul ouer blow,

And werche the fiill wo ;
Thou no schalt for all this unduerd,
Bot gif thou falle a midwerd
To our fewes mo."

The brigge was as heigh as a tour
And as scharpe as a rasour,

And nam it was also ;
And the water that ther ran under,
Brend o' lightning and of thonder

That thocht him michel wo.

The fendes seyd to the knight tho,

" Ouer this brigge might thou nowght go.

For noneskines nede ;
Fie peril, sorwe and wo.
And to that stede ther thou com fro,

Wcl fair we schul the Icde."

Owain anon began bithenche

Fram hou mani of the fendes wrenche

God him saved hadde ;
He sett his fot upon the brigge,
No feld he no scharpe egge.

No nothing him no drad.'

Minstrelsy, ii. pp. .^64, 365.

* They (the develes) drewe hym be the hitere,
Tylle they come to a gret wattere,
Broode and blakke as any pyke :

Over the water a brygge there ¥ras,
Forsothe kenere then ony glasse :

The develie uyd knygte, here may tiia se
-Into helle the rygte entri :
Over thys brygge thu muste wcnde,
Winde and rayne we shuUe the tende ;
We shulle the lende wynde fulle goode
That shalle the caste ynto the flo^e.

Hyt was narowe & hit was hyge,
Onethe that other ende he syge.
The myddylle was hyge, the ende was lowc.
Hit ferde as hit hadde ben a bent bowe.

Owain, however, prayed earnestly to God
for help, and when he attempted to pass,
the bridge appeared to him wide and
safe, &c.' Patrick's Purg. p. 74.

Alberic, too, * saw a great burning pitchy river, issuing from hell, and an iron bridge over
it, which appeared very broad and easy for the virtuous to pass, but when sinners attempted
it, it became narrow as a thread, and they fell over into the river, and afterwards attempted
it again, but were not .allowed to pass until they had been sufficiently boiled to purge them
of their sins' {Patr. Purg. p. lai). Mr. Wright also quotes from • a religious drama* of
Calderon's on St. Patrick's Purgatory, in which the imagery harmonises exactly with what
we have noticed above* Over a river, very broad, with flowers of fire on its banks and

APPENDIX. 603

a current of sulphur, was ' a bridge as narrow as a line, and so ilender and weak, that it did
not appear possible to pass without breaking it.' (p. 155.)

In these pitchy streams and currents of brimstone, with flowers of fire and other like
accessories, there is an obvious deviation from the simplicity of the original notion, that
* of the water that lies between the world of the living and that of the dead,' and which * is
found, in one shape or other, in all the Indo-European mythologies' {Indo-Eur. Folkl. p. 1 1 7).
Indeed, as Mr. Tylor remarks, in the New World, just as in the Old, ' the Bridge of the
Dead is but an incident, sometimes, but not always or even mostly, introduced into a wider
belief that after death the soul of man comes to a great gulf or stream, which it has to
pass to reach the country that lies beyond the grave. The my tholosy of Polynesia, though
it wants the bridge, developcs the idea of the gulf which the souls have to pass in canoes
or by swimming, into a long series of myths. It is not needful to enter here into details
of so well-known a feature of the mythology of the Old World, where Charon and his boat,
the procession of the dead by water to their long home, in modem Brittany as in ancient
Egypt, the setting afloat of the Scandinavian heroes in burning ships, or burying them in
boats on shore, are all instances of its prevalence. In North America we hear sometimes
of the bridge, but sometimes the water must be passed in canoes. The souls come to a
great lake across which they have to paddle. On the way there arises a storm, and the
wicked souls are wrecked, but the good reach the happy island. So Charlevoix speaks of
the souls that are shipwrecked in crossing the river which they have to pass on their long
journey towards the West, and with this belief the canoe-burial of the North-West and of
Patagonia hangs together.' (pp. 351, 35a.)

I pause here for a moment to remark that as the bridge, wherever it occurs, invariably
presupposes the rapid rushing stream or river, and not the gulf or arm of the sea, we have
one other reason for limiting the application of the word * fleet' in the fint stanza to some-
thing connected with the ' a night,' and not with the soul-perils about to be mentioned in
the succeeding stanzas.

It seems also to the point to observe that while, in general terms, it is the righteous who
surmount the peculiar perils of the Bridge of the Dead unscathed, or, in other words, those
who have good works done in their lifetime to be their support and safeguard, in two or
three special instances works of charity are distinctly mentioned as the peculiar prophylactic
in operation. * Those who failed in alnugiving, and those who gave no help to their kins-
folk and brothers,' would be ' hurled into Gehenna ;' while ' whoever had given a cow to
the poor on earth would not stumble or be dizzy when he had to cross the fearful Oiallar
bridge.'

Bearing this in mind, let us recal the circumstance that on coming to Whinny-moor and
to Purgatory fire a certain trial has to be undergone, or peril risked, by the journeying soul,
in either case. Also let us observe that in either case again, a specified deed of charity,
done in life, is the means of safety or deliverance. And next, it is to be remarked that, in
both instances, while the mention of the deed of charity and its efficacy occupy one stanza,
the consequences of its neglect are set forth in a second. By analogy, therefore, it may be
concluded that, on coming to the Brig o' Dread, a third preservative or safeguard — and
probably another deed of charity — is specified, and the consequences of its neglect set forth,
at in the other two cases, and also, as in them, in two separate stanzas.

Perhaps this may suggest— and I venture the suggestion partly in the hope that it may
possibly awaken some slumbering recollection or evoke some suggestive criticism — that it is
not unlikely almsgiving may have been the special good deed which formed the burden of
the two missing stanzas, and that possibly they may have run somewhat thus : —

If ever thou gave either awmous or dole.

Every night and alle ;
At Brigg o* Dread nae ill thou sal thole.

And Christe receive thy saule.

4 H 2

6o4 APPENDIX.

But if awmous or dole thou never ga?e Deean*

Every night and alle ;
Thou s' fall* an' be bnisten to the bare beean.

And Christe receive thy saule.

Any lengthened comment on the to^nc of Purgatory fire would obviously be out of place
here, and perhaps scarcely called for. Mr. Wright seems to think that * the fables of
Western Paganism furnished sufficient materials for the foundation of the (Purgatory)
legends' which aboimded from a very early period; but seems also inclined to limit the
term 'Western Paganism' to the Paganism of the Teutonic nations, notwithstanding the
fact, noticed by him in a note on the same page, that * nearly all the purgatory legends which
exist are EnglUh or Irish.'

The truth probably is that the notions on which all Purgatory notions are founded are
as old and as widely disseminated as other folklore notions in general, or as the two or
three particular ones which have been under review in the preceding pages, viz. the journey
over Hell-way, the Hell-shoon, and the Bridge of the Dead. In truth they may be looked
upon as involved in these, and in some the idea is certainly much more than merely latent.
Thus where the God Tatusiso stops the bearer of the soul which he considers to be insuf-
ficiently purged * that it may be further cleansed ;' where the Lithuanian rich sinner is
mangled by the dragon before being whirled to the Judge's presence by a mighty wind ;
where the Polish belief makes the guilty soul climb up the glass mountain again and again
only to totter and fall headlong back ; nay, where the disembodied soul has to pass over

* a great launde full of thomes and furzen,' or to navigate a stormy sea, or to slide down
precipices covered with blood before coming to the special place of trial, the purgatorial
idea is, already, to a very great degree, in being, and not simply waiting to be developed.

Again, the whole class of legends, all of them claiming an indisputable descent from early
Aryan parents, of the character of that which represents a certain Herr von Falkenberg as

* condemned to beat about the Ocean until the day of Judgment, on board a ship without
helm or steersman, playing at dice for his soul with the Devil' (Jndo-Eur. Folkl, p. 1 19), in-
cluding the several forms of the Wild Huntsman mythe — i.e. of the Hunter doomed to hunt
on till the Judgment Day for his unhallowed preference of the sport to aught else, heaven itself
included ; of the Knight pursuing and taking vengeance on his faithless lady ; of the Furious
Host {Wntendes Heer) that is *a cavalcade of the dead;*t including also (with divers
others) those which represent excessive grief of the survivors as inflicting lengthened pain or
trouble or anguish on the departed t — all these legends, and without includmg the notions

* It will have been remarked that, in every case, the soul of the wicked, or unrighteous,
or worthless man, on coming to the Bridge of the Dead, is represented as doomed to fall and
abide the consequences of falling thousands of feet, or in whatever other way the terrors of
the fall are enhanced.

t ' At the end of the last century a woman was delivered of a still-bom child. Soon
afterwards she heard that the furious host had passed over the village, and in her anguish at
the thought of her child, now doomed to sweep through the stormy air with the unblest
spirits until the day of judgment, she was seized with a violent malady and died* (Indo-Eur.
Folkl. p. 371).

t Kelly has collected several legends of this character at pp. ia6, 137. In one the
mourning mother sees her lost child with its shroud all wet, and exhausted with the burden
of a pitcher of water it carried, so as to be unable to keep up with the procession it t>e-
longed to— the full pitcher, the draggled vestment, the exhaustion, being all due to the
mother's unceasing tears. • According to the belief of the Zend Aryans all the tears that
were shed for the departed flowed into the great river the soul had to cross before it could
reach the Tchinevar Gate.' The Swedish lover's ghost says to his mistress —

APPENDIX. 605

which lie at the ground of all the ancient and stitl eziiting usages, of ilaying slaves, whether
at the ^eral of the deceased important personage, or at stated periods subsequently, or
only prospectively for the benefit of the slayer himself in the next world, all of them
depend, in fact, on notions which either are purgatorial notions already developed, or con-
tain such germs as must inevitably be quickened into folly expanded or decided purgatorial
notions, at scune not very distant epoch of their currency.

In conclusion it may be observed, that, at ahnost every step or turn in what has been so
far advanced, an enquiry has either thrust itself or been obtruded on our notice as to what
the ancient idea of the (so-called) soul, in all quarters of the heathen world, as to its nature
and properties, must have been, before such notions as those that have been dealt with could
have taken form in the human mind. It is an enquiry which has never yet been adequately
dealt with. Mr. Tylor, in a Lecture before the Royal Institution, as well as in his admirable
volume recently quoted from, has touched upon it, and several others besides, perhaps
Mr. Hylten Cavallius as fully as any ; but the entire question yet waits to be folly worked
out. I will only add here that it is quite evident the whole train of notions in question
involve conceptions the very antitheses of the spirit or soul of Christianity. Every legend,
or fancy, or mythe implies the purest nuteriality.

N

Noe-ship, sb. A name for a peculiar appearance or arrangement of
the clouds, in virtue of which they lie in long lines diverging from one
point of, or near, the horizon, and converging to that opposite, thus pre-
senting some resemblance to the arrangement of the planks of a vessel
or ship.

Noah*p^irk8t clouds in the forms of arks, indicating rain. Halliwell. * When the clouds
collect and arrange themselves like the planks of a boat, the countr3rman says that ** the
Ark is built'* {Arken hygges). If it presents itself either in the North-East or North-West,
the weather is likely to change to wet, and the wind will blow in the direction indicated by
that of the Ark.' Thiele, Overtr. Menmger, p. 18. The expression in Clevd. is Noe ship
is up, and if it is in direction N. and S., and the wind blows from the South at the time, it
is held to indicate rain ; otherwise, fair weather. If the direction is E. and W., and the
appearance seems to be at a considerable elevation, it is said that wind will follow. It is
curious that in this district an ordinary expression of direction is The ship looks Hmn-
xnersea-wards, while at Sessay, near Thirsk, it is ' Noe ship points Ummtr;* Hummersea
being nearly N. of Danby, and Unmier being supposed to mean Humber-mouth, and so to
indicate a South-Easterly direction ; while in both cases rain is looked for as likely to follow.
There is, it is not unlikely, something of interest involved in this coincidence of local
expression, quite distinct from the names of the localities supposed to be involved. They

For bvar oeb en tar torn dufSlltr pdjord. For each and every tear thou droppest on
Min htta bon bli/ver sd/ull utafhlod, the earth.

My coffin becomes in like manner full of
blood.

* In a Servian popular song it is said that a sister wept incessantly over her brother's grave,
but her tears at last became intolerable to the deceased, because he was detained on earth
by her excessive grief, and suffered great torment.'

6o6 APPENDIX,

have probably been allocated to the saying in the instinctive effort after meaning not
infrequently noticeable in provincial sayings, legends, and even words. As to the name
itself I quote the following from War. ocb Wird. p. 358 : — * When the clouds take the
form of long streaks the appearance takes, in Warend, the especial name of Noe's ship
(Noa-sktppet), a name which originally has not the slightest connection with the Noah of
the New Testament, but is rather due to Noen or JVb«, a corruption of the name Odin still
very generally current in North Scania and certain parts of Warend. Noaskeppet conse-
quently must be the same as Odens-sheppet. The Warend folk take indications from it as
to the coming variations of the weather. When Noe-ship stands right across the heavens
it is held to forbode rain.' Mr. Hylten Cavallius holds that the idea depends upon the fact
that Odin was ' the God of the waters and identifiable with the Neck,* and it is certain that
his ' ship of gold' appears in more folklore notions than one (see D. M. p. 791). The cha-
racteristic displacement of the word sbip^ and the substitution for it of ark, consequent on
the change of Noe, = Odin, into the Bible Noah, and that, both in Denmark and in various
parts of England, is alike noteworthy and instructive ; while the preservation of the true
form in Cleveland is equally interesting from the illustration it both gives and receives in the
case of the very numerous like instances in which purely Northern words and idioms are
still faithfully retained among us.

Fennooky sb. The young of the coal-fish {Merlangus Carhonarius,
Yarr.) in their first stage of growth, as caught by the anglers from the
pier, &c. See Billet.

Finohery» See p. 381.

Pr, Pm, * Pyncbar, or nyggarde.* * " I pynche, I spare as a nygarde, ii fays du chieht**
Palsgr. ** Sordidus, ebicbe (Fr.), a niggard, a palterer, a dodger, a penyfather, a pinch-
penny, one that will not lose the droppings of his nose." Junius* Nomenclator, version by
J. Higins. . . . Forby observes that a very parsimonious economist is still called in Norfolk
a pinch.' lb, note.

Flay-pipes, sb. A boy's plaything, made from a joint of the green
stalk of the Bunnon or cow-parsley {ChcBrophyllum sylvestre\ or of a
stout oat-stem, by cutting it two-thirds through, at intervals of about
one-third or half an inch, along the greater part of its length.

This * instrument' is played upon by blowing in at one end and, by a modified flexure,
causing the cuts to open in succession from one end to the other, so as to produce a series
of varjring notes.

R

Bailing, pcpl. Fishing for Billet, Late, or mackerel, using one or
more artificial flies for bait.

The flies are made .of white feathers and are attached to a long line which is trailed
along the surface of the water by the motion of the boat in which the fisherman is seated.

APPENDIX, 607

Bangs, sb. (pr. reeangs). Stripes, wales or wheals of the skin or
flesh produced by blows with a whip or switch.

Have. Pret. of to Bive.

Bind, sb. (pr. rind). The true skin or integument of any thing or
being ; in the case of man, the inner or true skin in opposition to the
cuticle or scarf-skin {epidermis).

* He 's getten his rind rovven ;' of a person who had had a bad superficial laceration.

s

Set, sb. Trouble, difficulty, or that which occasions either or calls
for energy and activity in encountering and overmastering either. See
Hard-set.

This ought to have been given as a second meaning of Set, sb. Its connection is close
and obvious.

* An' a desper't Ml we had wi' 't ;* of getting some young pigs, which had escaped from
a sack in which they were being carried, and had taken to their heels in different directions
over the moor, caught and replaced in the sack.

Settled, To be.

This is doubtless immediately connected with A. S. sabiJicm, to reconcile, make peace,
a frequentative from sebtian^ O. N. Me//a, reconciliare, to compose, settle, reconcile.

Cf. ' ") forr to sdbbdenn hemm towarrd

Hiss Faderr upp off heoffhe.* Orm, p. 9.

Perhaps the orthography of our word ought rather to be Battle.

Snib, V. a. To castrate, geld ; usually applied in the case of lambs.

Sw. $ndpa, to geld. See Snape, Snub, and compare the idea in O. N. vtuhha, Dan.
snubbtt to cut short, curtail, and in E. snubbed, applied to the boughs and foliage of trees
near the coast stunted or, as it were cut off, by the sea* blasts. Wb, Gl, has * Scrib,'
* Scribb'd and Libb'd, farmers' terms, or rather they are used as one word,— castrated :* but
I believe the compiler has been mistaken in the word. Snib is in familiar use, but serib is
unknown in this district (Danby).

Snork, sb. An act of smelling ; possibly, with audible evidences that
it is going on.

• •* Tak' a lang snoork;** take a good smell.' Wb, Gl.

Splinter, v. n. To splutter, to fly about, as spirts of fat from a
cooking chop or rasher, ink from a spluttering pen, &c.

A nasalised form of splitter, which * expresses the idea of scattering abroad, in the first
place, drops of liquid, and then fragments of a solid object.' Wedgw. Comp. splutter, and
also PI. D. splittern, to shiver to pieces, Sw. splittra, id., splitter, a shiver or splinter.

6o8 APPENDIX.

Spreokle, sb. A speckle, small spot, freckle.

Comp. Sw. tj^aeJdig, spedded, spotted, Swiss gisfriggelt, speckled, freckled; Germ.
tprenkd, a spot, tprenkdnt to mark with spots, to cause to be speckled, E. tprinkU, and
Dut. sprenkdetit to sprinkle.

Spreokled, adj. Speckled, freckled.

Stack. Fret, of to Stiok.

Stickle, sb. A fluny, a state of hurry and indecision, or nervous
haste and excitement, induced by the sense of being overtasked, or not
having time enough, not knowmg where to begin, or the Uke.

Another provincial (Craven) usage of the word is seen in the sentence, — ' Go on with
your work without any stickling,* i. e. without any hanging back or shyness or nenrous
reluctance such as might be induced by being suddenly overlooked by a more skilful worker
than yourself. From the standard use of the word in ' to stickU for one's rights,' or * for
this or the other concession or object' through the Craven usage to our meaning the
sequence is easy. E. stiekli, as Mr. Wedgwood shews is from O.E. siiytU, to govern, dis*
pose, arrange, A. S. stibHan, and ' stiekUrs were persons appointed on behalf of each of the
parties in a combat to see that their party had £ur play, and to part the combatants when
occasion required.'

Swo't, sb. A squirt

We have here the customary change of qu into w, and the equally customary Clevel.
sound of »*, as in bird which becomes Bo'd in Pr.

Tumpool, sb. (pr. to'npeeal). A whirlpool; any deep part of a
Beck or stream characterised by the presence of a whirlpool.

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Dawnay, Hon. Lydia F. C, Beningbrough Hall, York .
Denman, Rev. John, Church Fenton, York .
Dowson, Alfred, Esq., Bridge Dock, Limehouse, London
Duncombe, Hon. Col., M.P., Waresley Park, Cambridgeshire
Dimdas, Fred., Esq., M.P., 24, Hanover Square, London
Durham. Dean and Chapter of

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Essex, The Countess of, Cassiobury Park, Herts .
Earle, Rev. Francis, Whorlton Parsonage, Northallerton
Ellis, Rev. John, Brill Parsonage, Thame, Oxon .
Elwyn, Rev. R., Head Master of St. Peter's School, York
Elwyn, Rev. R., for St. Peter's School Library
English, Henry H., Esq., Peterborough

Fairfoot, H. S., Esq., 1 3, Clement's Inn, London

Fawcett, William, Esq., Yarm

Featherstone, Rev. Thomas, Priory Parsonage, Tynemouth

Fish, Rev. Ishmael, Egton

Fitch, J. G., Esq., Heworth, York ....
Forrest, Charles, sen., Esq., Lofthouse, Wakefield
FothergiU, William, Esq., Northgate, Darlington .

Gardner, Rev. Dr., Skelton, Redcar ....

Garfit, Thomas, Esq., Boston

Gee, William, Esq., High Street, Boston
Gibbs, Henry H., Esq., St Dunstan's, Regent's Park .
Gjodvad, Redacteur, Copenhagen ....
Grainge, W., Esq., Cheltenham Terrace, Harrogate

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corns.

Gray, William, Esq., Solicitor, York ....
Greenwell, Rev. William, Durham . , . .
Grey, W. S., Esq., Norton, Stockton-on-Tees
Grey, John, Esq., Stockton-on-Tees ....
Guest, E., Esq., L.L.D., Master of Caius College, Cambridge
Guisborough Mechanics Institute Library (presented by T. T
Trevor, Esq.)

Houghton, Right Hon. Lord, Fryston Hall, Ferry Bridge

Hailstone, E., Esq., Horton Hall, Bradford .

Hardwich, Rev. T. F., Stratton, Durham

Hebden, E. H., Esq., Belvoir Terrace, Scarborough

Hele, Rev. Selby, Bishop Steynton, Teignmouth, Devon

Hemsworth, B., Esq., Monk Fryston, Ferry Bridge

Henderson, W., Esq., South Bailey, Durham

Hildyard, Miss, Stokesley Manor, Stokesley

Hildyard, Rev. H. S., Lofthouse Rectory, Redcar

Hinson, Miss, Kildale Rectory, Yarm

Hopkins, W. R. Innes, Esq., Middlesborough

Home, William, Esq., Leyburn ....

Horner, Rev. John, Mells Rectory, Frome Selwood

Hudson, Rev. T. P., Fellow and Tutor, Trin. Coll., Cambridge

Hull, Rev. Canon, Eaglescliflfe Rectory, Yarm

Himter, Mr. Stephen, Great Ayton, North Allerton

Hymers, Rev. J., D.D., Brandesburton Rectory, Beverley

Inge, Rev. William, Crayke, Easingwold

Jackson, Rev. W. W., Normanby Hall, Middlesborough

St. John's College Library

Johnstone, Sir J. V. B., Hackness Hall, Scarborough .
Jordison, Mr. John, Commercial Street, Middlesborough

Keane, Rev. William, Rectory, Whitby
Kenny, Rev. Lewis Stanhope, Vicarage, Leek
Kerslake and Co., Messrs., Bristol ....
King, Mr. William, Printer and Publisher, Whitby

Laing, Arthur L., Esq., Colchester ....

Laing, Alexander, Esq., Newburgh, Fifeshire

Lambert, Rev. Brooke, St. Mark's Parsonage, Whitechapel,

London .........

UST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

Lane, Rev. Emald, Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford,

Baldersby Park

Lawley, Hon. and Rev. S. D., Escrick Rectory, York
Laye, Mrs. H., 7, Crescent, Scarborough
Leckenby, John, Esq., St. Nicholas Street, Scarborough
Leng, Mr., Bookseller, &c., Hull ....
Linzee, Rev. E. H., Forest Lodge, Bracknell
London Library, The, 1 2, St. James' Square, London
Longstaff, W. Hylton, Esq., Gateshead-on-Tyne
Loy, Thos., Esq., M.D., Stokesley
Lumby, Rev. J. R., Cambridge ....
Lutt, Rev. E. K., Harmston Vicarage, Lincoln

Macmillan, A., Esq., Bedford Street, Covent Garden, London

Martin, Dr., Portlaw, Co. Waterford

Mason, Mrs., Castlegate, York ....

Mason, Rev. John, Sherbum Vicarage, Scarborough

Mattacks, Mr., Bookseller, &c., Colchester .

Maynard, A., Esq., Skinningrove, Redcar

Medd, C. J., Esq., University College, Oxford

Meek, J., Esq., Middlethorpe Lodge, York

Melville, A., Esq., M.D., Professor of Geology, Queen's College

Galway

Merriman, Rev. W. R. H., Shapwick, Bath .
Merryweather, James, Esq., Guisborough
Metcalf, Rev. W. L., West Camel Rectory, Somersetshire
Milbank, F. A., Esq., M.P., Thorp Perrow, Bedale
Moody, J. J. P., Esq., Esplanade, Scarborough
Morehead, Rev. G. J., Easington Rectory, Redcar
Morgan, Rev. F. H., The Rectory, Guisborough

Morris, Rev. J. P., Ulverston

Morrish, Mrs., Vallis Cottage, Frome Selwood
Morrison, Walter, Esq., M.P., Malham Tarn, Yorkshire
Moyle, Rev. Vyvyan H., North Ormsby, Middlesborough
Musgrave, Venerable Archdeacon, Halifax .
Myddleton, Miss, Stainton Grange, Middlesborough
Myles, Mrs., Firbeck Hall, Tickhill, Rotherham .

Northumberland, His Grace the Duke of (the late), Alnwick
v/astie ......*•••

Normanby, Most Noble The Marquis of, Mulgrave Castle,
Whitby ..........

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Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Literary and Philosophical Society
Newcomen, A. H. T., Esq., Kirkleatham Hall
Newcomen, Mrs., Kirkleatham Hall ....

Oldfield, Joshua, Esq., York . . . . .

Olive, Edmund, Esq., Frome Selwood

O'Reilly, F. G., Esq., Scarborough ....

Overton, Rev. John, Sessay Rectory, Thirsk

Oxley, James, Esq., Welsh Mill, Frome Selwood

Powis, Right Honourable Earl, 45, Berkeley Square, London

Paine, Mrs., Famham, Surrey

Parr, Rev. R. H., St. Martin's Parsonage, Scarborough .
Peacock, Mrs., Hest Bank Lodge, Lancaster . (paid)
Pearson, Rev. H. R. S., Lythe Vicarage, Whitby .
Pease, Joseph W., Esq., M.P., Hutton Hall, Guisborough

Pease, Gurney, Esq., Darlington

Peirson, John, Esq., Norton Conyers, Ripon
Peirson, George, Esq., Baldersby Park, Thirsk
Pennyman, J. W., Esq., Ormsby Hall, Middlesborough
Phillips, John, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., Prof, of Geology, Oxford
Phillips, John H., Esq., Beadlam Grange, Helmsley
Plumptre, Rev. Dr., Master of University College, Oxford
Potter, Rev. F. H., Ham House, Charlton Kings .
Prior, R. C. A., Esq., M.D., 48, York Terrace, London
Prowde, Rev. R., Ingleby Greenhow, Stokesley .

Queen's College, Cork, The Library ....
Queen's College, Galway, The Library

Rawlinson, Lieutenant-General Sir H., M.P., i. Hill Street,

Berkeley Square, London

Riccaby, Miss, Bridlington Quay ....

Richardson, Christopher, Esq., St. Hilda's, Whitby
Rietz, Rev. Dr. J., Dean of Lund University, Sweden .
Roberts, Rev. George, Thornaby, Stockton-on-Tees .
Robinson, Mr. F. K., Church Street, Whitby
Round, C. Grey, Esq. (the late). Birch Hall, Colchester
Rowntree, Mr. William, Scarborough
Russell, David, Esq., Clifton, York ....

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LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

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Scarborough Agricultural Library ....
Sheppard, John, Esq., Frome Selwood
Sinkins, John, Esq., Wallbridge House, Frome Selwood
Skeat, Rev. W. W., i, Cintra Terrace, Cambridge
Slade, Barlow, Esq., North House, Frome Selwood
Slade, William M., Esq., Surbiton, Surrey .
Smith, James, Esq., Danby Grange, Yarm .
Smith, Mrs., Danby Grange, Yarm ....
Smith, Williaito, Esq., North Terrace, Stockton-on-Tees
Smith, Mrs. George, Norton Road, Stockton-on-Tees
Stephens, Professor George, Copenhagen .
Stobart, William, Esq., Cocken Hall, Fence Houses, Durham
Surtees, Rev. Scott L., Sprotborough, Doncaster .
Swithinbank, G. E., Esq., LL.D., 2, Summerville Terrace
Westgate, Newcastle-on-Tyne ....

Theakstone, Mr. S. W., St. Nicholas Street, Scarborough
Thompson, Rev.W. H., D.D., Master of Trin. Coll., Cambridge
Thompson, Leonard, Esq., Sheriff Hutton Park, York .
Thompson, Arthur, Esq., He worth House, York .

Thompson, Thomas, Esq., Hull

Thompson, Rev. W., The Ridings Parsonage, Wotton-under

Edge .

Thomson, Charles, Esq., Fountainville, Belfast

Tindall, R., Esq., Knapton Hall, Pickering .

Tindall, Mrs. Richard, Scarborough ....

Travis, William, Esq., Scalby, Scarborough .

Trevor, Thomas Tudor, Esq., The Cottage, Guisborough

Trevor, W. C, Esq., Guisborough ....

Trinity College Library, Cambridge ....

TurnbuU, William, Esq., Trinity College, Cambridge

Turton, Edmimd, Esq., Larpool, Whitby

Uppleby, Mrs., Crescent House, Scarborough

Vincent, W. C, Esq., Boston Lodge, Tadcaster .
Voase, Thomas Ringrose, Esq., Anlaby House, Hull .

Waterford, The Dowager Marchioness of . .
Walker, William, Esq., Ainthorpe, Danby
Walters, George, Esq., Elm, Frome Selwood
Warner, Henry, Esq., Hornsey, London

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W..»., C. K»iBh., Esq., Secretary, Soei..,- of An.i<,u»e,

Somerset House, London ■ ■
WeatheriU, William. -Esq., GmsboronBh ■

::eSi^eS^:i&re=^'"r---'--^^

wS*,^"is G., Esq.; Horham Hall Thaxted . ■
Wes. Re. ].K..Wrawby Vicarage, Bngg . • •

^S^B^I^ESrd'klXi.Beverle,.: :
riS;sIn^;rM!^5sq't°Mosl=y S„ee,, ManCesier'

^S'y' £: Jr! SS oripn. C„W, Cambridge
£|;?^ii'^l^£^S:S!?S,le.,CambHd.e

York, The Most Re,, the Archbishop of, Bishopthorpe Palace,

?^s^R^,^.^w-ss;r;^Sn"kSi,vori,

?o°rM^r™er6id, Otterbonrne Winchester
Yorifshire Architectural Society, York . ■