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FROM THE BEQUEST OF
CHARLES SUMNER, LL.D.,
OF BOSTON,
(Class of 1830).
" For books relating to Politics and
Fine Arts."
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^
A HISTORY
OF THE
PARISHES OF SAINT IVES,
LELANT, TOWEDNACK
AND ZENNOR,
IN THE COUNTY OF CORNWALL.
JOHN HOBSON MATTHEWS.
^ LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C.
1892.
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' I pray you, let us satisfy our eyes
With the memorials, and the thing«( of fame,
That do renown this city.'
Twelfth-Night.
' Cosi fuggendo, il mondo seco volve ;
N& mai si posa n^ g'arresta o torna.
Fin ch6 v'ha ricondotti in poca polve.'
PRTRARCA.
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THIS BOOK
IS
DEDICATED TO MY SISTER
HONOR.
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LINES ON 'A SCENE IN WEST CORNWALL/
BY J. M. TINNEY, IN THE * CORNISHMAN.'
' No leafy crown may poor Comubia wear,
Wind-swept from sea to sea her cairns outstand ;
Stranger, away 1 No charm detaineth here —
Only brown heath, low wood, and level sand.
' But there between, unseen of passer-by,
May hidden nook and fairy dell be found.
Lovelier because unlooked for ; gems, they He
In summer beauty, consecrated ground.
' So human nature, often poorly shown
To level eyes, when from the height above
Surveyed, may mirror beauty of its own,
Kiod Heaven will deign to pity and to love.'
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Preface
PAGB
XV
CHAPTER I.
A PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SAINT IVES DISTRICT.
Mineralogy — Flora and Fauna— Agriculture— Climate— Ethnology -
I-I2
CHAPTER II.
PREHISTORIC, BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIODS.
Where were the Cassiterides ? — Evidence afforded by the Saint Erth Valley
—Hill forts, cliff castles and hut dwellings — Reliques of the giants —
Cromlechs, logan-rocks and stone circles— Roman remains - 15-24
CHAPTER III.
THE INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY TO THE SAINT IVES DISTRICT.
Irish and Welsh missionary saints — Saint la, her life, labours and
martyrdom — History of the name * St. Ives' - . - 27-32
CHAPTER IV.
THE EARLY CHRISTIAN ANTIQUITIES WITHIN THE DISTRICT OF
SAINT IVES.
Chapels, crosses and holy wells — The inscribed stone at Trevarrack - 35 41
CHAPTER V.
OF THE MANORS AND LORDSHIPS.
Ludgvan Lese, Dinas la and Porthia, Saint Ives and Treloyhan, Porthia
Prior, Trenwith, Lelant and Treveiho, Trembethow, Amalibria,
Boswednack, Treen, Trewey, Kerrow and Comello, and their owners
— Ancient conveyances of land — Saint Ives in the fourteenth and
fifteenth centuries — The Subsidy Roll of 1327 — Field-names — The
Plain-an-Gwarry and the miracle plays - - - - 42-53
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VI.
THE PARISH CHURCH OF SAINT IVES.
PACE
How Saint Ives became a parish — ^The building of the church— Full
description of the fabric — Gargoyles and grotesques, what do they
signify ? — The stone and wood carving — The Trenwith brass and other
sepulchral nnonuments in the church— Saint Ives cross — ^The consecra-
tion and dedication of Saint Ives Church — The services before, during,
and after the Reformation — The bells — The church plate and other
furniture — The Parish Registers and Churchwardens' Book — Grave-
stone inscriptions in the churchyard and cemeteries - - 54-87
CHAPTER VII.
THE CHURCHES OF LEI. ANT, TOWEDNACK AND ZEN NOR.
I. Lelant Church — Ancient grants thereto — Full description of the fabric
— King Charles' letter of thanks — Pre-Reformation clergy — Sepulchral
monuments in church and churchyard. — 2. Towednack Church —
Description of the fabric— Sepulchral monuments. — 3. Zennor Church
— Description of the fabric before and since the restoration of 1890 —
The Mermaid of Zennor — Pre-Reformation clergy — Grant of tithes to
the incumbent of Zennor — Post- Reformation vicars — Sepulchral monu-
ments ---..--- 88-1 II
CHAPTER VIII.
THE * VALOR ECCLESIASTICUS '
As to Saint Ives, and the Subsidy Rolls, 1520 to 1530 - - - 1 12-120
CHAPTER IX.
THE REFORMATION PERIOD.
Saint Ives men in the Cornish Pilgrimage of Grace — The porthrieve is
hanged in the market-place — The Cornish language receives its death-
blow ....---- 1 21-124
CHAPTER X.
THE ELIZABETHAN PERIOD.
Saint Ives becomes a Parliamentary borough — Measures of defence against
the Spaniards — A case of smuggling at Saint Ives— First-Fruits
Compositions .------- 125-132
CHAPTER XI.
THE SUBSIDY ROLLS, 1 536 TO 1 599.
Selections therefrom -.....- 133-142
CHAPTER XII.
THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, FIRST VOLUME, 1570 TO 1639.
Rediscovery of the manuscript — The Summer Games— Defence against
the Spaniards— Sheep given to the parish — Penalties for refusing the
office of warden, and for not repairing to the council meeting — Lists
of burgesses — Houeholders' rate for providing bread and wine for the
communion — The pipers' wages — The carpenters that made heaven —
Bullets for the Spaniards — Buying the Bible — The town ordnance —
The drummer's wages — The Lazar House— Shrouds for paupers — A
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TABLE OF CONTENTS. ix
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rate for fitting out * Ireland soldiers ' — Customs* regfulations— Pay-
ments to the churchwardens for graves — Rushes for the church floor —
Letting the seats in the church — Rejoicings on the * Carnation' Day —
Sir Waher Raleigh — Thatching the lazars* houses— Jerkin and
breeches for a lazar — Collections for ransoming captive Christians —
Begging in church — The parishioners contribute labour in making up
the ramparts — A new seat in church for the vicar— The two pieces of
ordnance in the churchyard — A pint of metheglin — A bedstead for a
lazar — Repairs to the bells and parish drum — Archery — The stocks —
Regulations for prevention of the plague — The importation of beer is
forbidden — No refuse to be left on the shore above high- water mark —
Proclaiming James I. — The press-gans: — The cucking-stool — Any chief
burgess presuming to order public affairs independently shall be dis-
missed from office — Fines for landing apples — ^The royal arms set up
in the church — The compass on the Island— The parish armour —
Contract for casting the big bell — Repairs to Saint Leonard's and
Saint Nicholas' Chapels — Mending the organ — Payments to preachers
— The local rate of 1620 — Millers are not to work on * the Sabbath ' —
Tariff of harbour-dues for the port of Saint Ives — The bedman and
the curfew bell — The burgesses resist the vicar's encroachments in the
matter of tithes — No action at law is to be commenced against
strangers at Saint Ives without the assent of the porthrieve — Fishery
regulations — A measurer appointed to measure salt and grain - 143-192
CHAPTER XI H.
SAINT IVES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
Saint Ives becomes a municipal borouish — Charles I.'s Charter — The
borough seal and maces — The Civil War — Saint Ives declares for the
Parliament— Sir Richard Grenville's severities — Plague and famine at
Saint Ives— The Subsidy Rolls, 1624 to 1664 - - - 193-204
CHAPTER XIV.
THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, SECOND VOLUME, 1639 TO 1687.
Wages of the town clerk and organist — Repairs to the quay — The cage —
Contracts for letting the market and quay dues — The silver ball-
Beating the bounds— Appointment of the first mayor of Saint Ives —
The wishing-cup — The recorder receives a present of sugar— l*he
castle — A new gallery put up in the church — The mayor and aldermen
go to Sir Richard Grenville at Bodmin — Royalist officers at Saint Ives
— The mayor's kitchen allowance— Sir Ralph Hopton's troopers at
Saint Ives — Regulations as to the seine-fishery — Disposal of provisions
during the famme — Regulations as to the sick and dead during the
time of the plague — Demolition of the org:an and rood-screen —
Leonard Welsteed, a Puritan divine — Inventories of church furniture '
and corporation effects — A town receiver appointed — The order that
no freeman should be arrested without summons is annulled — Legacies
to the poor by Mr. Godolphin and Mrs. Hext ; how the interest is to
be paid — Mr. John St. Aubyn is chosen recorder — Mr. Francis Arundel
receives the freedom— A felon's goods forfeited to the borough —
Making the pillory — Fines for * bloodshed '—The press-gang — Pro-
claiming the Lord Protector — Females whipped at the cart's tail —
Gerance Bettie is accused of witchcraft — The almshouse on the Island
— The cucking-stool is repaired— John Fox and other Quakers arrested
and sent to Lanceston Gaol — A burgess hanged for murder — The
Bowling Green — Election for the last Commonwealth Parliament —
An address to the Lord Protector — Rejoicings on the Restoration —
The bill for beer on the Coronation Day — The trained band and the
muster-books — Proclamation for observing Lent — Payments to the
drummer, piper and fiddlers — Bringing home the drum — His Majesty's
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happy return for a barrel of beer— Watering Elizabeth Grenfcll— The
beacon on the Island — The Maypole— Watching a French pirate ship
— The weapons in the Town Hall— Mr. Nosworthy gives the tithes of
wool and lamb to the town — Searching for a Jesuit — The Huguenot
refugees relieved by the Quakers of Marazion— A breach of the
* Saboth * — A riotous assembly of Saint Just men — Mending the town
cup — A writ of Quo Warranto is brought against the Charter — Pro-
claiming King James II.— The new Charter is brought home— The
Duke of Monmouth's rebellion — Rejoicings on the defeat of the rebels
— New making the town drum and beating it — The sugar * stolen per
Teage' — Mr. Robinson, the curate; his miscellaneous duties — The
King's general pardon is brought from London — The. Maypole is
taken to the saw-pit ...... 205-260
CHAPTER XV.
ANDREW ROSEWALL AND THE TITHES OF TOWEDNACK, 1681.
The religious condition of Cornwall in the seventeenth century — The
Commission of Inquiry into the case of Rosewall — What tithe was
rightly due ? — The vicar's negligences — Mary Hodge smokes a pipe of
tobacco — Israel Quick's unburied mother-in-law - - - 261-269
CHAPTER XVI.
JAMES THE SECOND'S CHARTER.
Saint Ives to be a free borough incorporate, with a common seal, a mayor,
a recorder (who must be a barrister), ten aldermen or common
councillors, and a town clerk (who must be a lawyer), having power to
make constitutions within the borough, and to impose penalties for the
breach thereof— Fines may be taken to the use of the corporation —
Names of the first mayor, recorder, aldermen and burgesses appointed
— Mayor to be a justice and coroner, with power to enforce certain
statutes, to hold quarterly sessions of the peace, and to appoint a
deputy mayor — Power to appoint a deputy recorder — Subordinate
officers may be appointed by the common council — Reservation to the
Crown of power to remove any dignitary of the corporation — How the
various officials are to be sworn — Rules for the due election of the
officials, and for the filling of vacancies — Penalties for refusing office
— The Parliamentary franchise ; how it is to be exercised — Licence to
hold markets and fairs, and a Court of Piepowder — Power to levy tolls,
and to hold the profits— Power to hold petty sessions of the peace —
The borough gaol — Confirmation of the grant of waste lands, etc. —
Power to hold an assize of bread and beer, etc. — Grant of the goods
of felons, etc. — Grant of quay dues, etc. — Confirmation of all former
rights and privileges — Provisoes — * Contrariis quibuscumque non
obstantibus ' — Remission of the Exchequer Fee — * Per ipsum
Regem* .....--- 270-28$
CHAPTER XVII.
BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1689 TO 1 776.
Sir Cloudesley Shovell— Suspected Jacobites— The Battle of the Boyne—
Test Act certificates — Removing Simon Peter's wife — The surrender
of Limerick — Remarkably frequent returns of his Majesty from the
Continent, with the drinking consequent thereon — Christopher
Williams' apprehension, flight and recapture — Watching a privateer —
Cornish corporations presented for not ascertaining their weights and
measures — The town cup filled with sack for Mr. Praed — Proclama-
tions about the Jacobite plot — Mr. Praed's venison— The Duke of
Bolton is treated with sack — His mounted guard— He is sworn as
recorder— Proclaiming Queen Anne— The Battle of *Bleinhieim' —
Jonathan Toup comes to Saint Ives— The mayor is indicted for
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TABLE OF CONTENTS. xi
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murder, and acquitted — Mending the Town Hall windows after an
election— Mr. Stephens' liberality in the matter of the new ducking-
stool — The advent of glasses and punch — A loyal address to King
George I. — Dancing hayes — Tar-barrels, * with tar put in them ' — The
boys arc forbidden to * dab * stones — Lieutenant Pillman looks for a
* Pilate' — The Jacobite rising in Lancashire — Inventory of parish and
corporation documents ; the Pope's Bull — Recovery of King James*
Charter — A Saint Ives man begging in Norfolk— Seine-boats, their
owners and their stems, 1752— Mr. Knill's neat account— A Sunday
dinner for the constables at the George and Dragon — A bottle of wine
for the jury — An imposter whipped at the tail of a cart — The Serjeants'
cloaks and laced hats — Six pints of beer *by way of tasting'— Forty-
six additional constables' poles for the election day — The sloop En-
i/^avour—Funher corporation muniments — Alexander James unlawfully
detains town documents, and is amoved from his aldermancy - 286-31 1
CHAPTER XVIII.
OLD HOUSES IN THE SAINT IVES DISTRICT.
The typical dwelling-house of the town of Saint Ives — Carn Glaze House-
Discovery of an old medal there— The George and Dragon Inn-
Polished stone axe found there— The old market-house— The Golden
Lion — An equestrian tile— The 'Beggars' Roost' — Bamfylde Moore
Carew at Saint Ives— The Sloop Inn— The Sises* house in Pudding-
bag Lane— Hicks' Court— The Victory Inn— The Manor House—
Tregenna Castle— Ayr House— The Blue Bell— Trenwith— The Breton
House, or * Briton's Hut '— * Major Ceely's Great House '—Mr. Knill's
house — The Trenwiths' town house — Trevethoe — Gunwin — Reviere —
*The Abbey ' at Lelant — Trevegia— Names of streets, roads, lanes, etc.,
at Saint Ives ------- 312-329
CHAPTER XIX.
SAINT IVES IN THE LAST CENTURY.
Means of communication — Pack-mules— Social life — A merry meeting at "^
the George and Dragon — A smuggling adventure — Smeaton and his
quay — The stocks — Captain Pauly commits Uncle Tommy for drunken-
ness 'upon his own view' — A Saint Ives privateer — *The old Ccssar^
— Fate of the Piiaf^i'r— Hessian hirelings landed at Saint Ives — The
last of the ship Goyteree — Saint Ives clock-makers — A Zennor * chill '
—Her great-great-great-grandmother's wedding-dress— The Dolphin
cutter — Captain Matthew Stevens chases an Irish smuggler — A Com-
mission of Inquiry into the fish-tiihe at Saint Ives — * Deka, deka !' 330-340
CHAPTER XX.
WESLEY AT SAINT IVES.
The * Canorums '—Wesley's twenty-seven visits to Saint Ives— Assailed by
riotous mobs— * The Pope and the Pretender'— Mr. Wesley's room at
Rosemergy — Dr. Borlase's opinion of the Methodist movement — Vicar
Hoblyn preaches against the new sect — Persecution of John Nance —
*The Devil rages horribly' at Saint Ives— A change in the attitude of
the townspeople— The plague of uncustomed goods — The great storm
of 1759 — * Pretty butterflies' — Preaching to the whole town — My Lady's
Preachers— Death of John Nance— The results of Wesley's preaching
— Decay of the old-world beliefs and practices . - - 341-349
CHAPTER XXI.
A SAINT IVES MAN PRISONER OF WAR IN FRANCE.
The first volunteer force— Narrative of the adventures of Thomas Williams
— ^A pardon from Napoleon the Great . - - - 350357
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CHAPTER XXII.
SAINT IVES IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
I'AGE
The town at the height of its prosperity — Gaiety and fashion — Extracts
from the Diary of Captain Short — Elections, bribery and perjury —
Wrestling matches — * Sir Christooher's School' — Portuguese refugees
— New bells cast — The County Militia — Large catches of fish — Roa<i-
making — The town lighted with gas — A conviction for smuggling 358-367
CHAPTER XXIII.
SAINT IVES AT THE PRESENT DAY.
The town's prosperity at iis lowest ebb — The railway is constructed —
Advent of the visitors — The artists — Life and character in the Saint
Ives of to-day — Costumes and farming implements — Nicknames 368-372
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE PILCHARD FISHERY.
History of the fishery — The old and the new method of seine-fishing —
*Heva!' - - 373*378
CHAPTER XXV.
LEGENDARY LORE.
The giants ; who were they ? — The fairy mythology — Who were the
fairies ? — Mermaids — Legends of submerged lands — Ghosts and ghost-
layers — Parson Polkinghorne — ' Nommy Dommy !* — The Seven
Whistlers — Fishermen's superstitions — Witchcraft — Haunted houses —
The young man who was * shot underground ' — ' Remember the
Sabbath Day !' — The ghost at Carn Glaze — The haunted window at
the old market-house — The last of the exorcists — The Tap-House ghost
— .\ phantom coach — The Lelant Road ghost — Zen nor charmers 379-392
CHAPTER XXVL
SURVIVING CUSTOMS.
Hurling the silver ball — Allan-Day — Wrestling — Guise- dancing— Christmas
customs — Shrove Tuesday — May- Day — Shallals — Towednack Cuckoo-
Feast — Curious custom at a Dissenting chapel — * Fairy-mow ' - 393-397
CHAPTER XXVIL
OLD SAYINGS,
Parish taunts — Proverbial saws — Parish nicknames — ^The musical Zen-
orians — A Zennor man*s will .... - 398-400
• CHAPTER XXVIIL
THE CORNISH LANGUAGE AT SAINT IVES.
A Saint Ives Cornish folk-rhyme — Its curious ambiguity — Cornish at the
point of extinction— Cornish words in public records — Late and frag-
mentary survivals of the language — ^A Cornish rhyme at Boswednack
—The local dialect of English ----- 401-405
CHAPTER XXIX,
PLACE-NAMES IN THE SAINT IVES DISTRICT,
With their meanings in English ----- 406-418
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CHAPTER XXX.
LOCAL FAMILIES.
PAGE
Bossowsack — Bottrell — Ccely — Cocking— Edwards — Glynne — Hals — Hcxt
— Hichens — Hicks — Lemal — Matthews — Nance-— Paulet — Pawley —
Payne — Praed — Purefoy — Rosewall — Sisc — Stephens — Stevens —
Thomas — Tregenna — Tregosse — Tren with — Treweeke — Trewynnard
— Vivian — Williams — A list of old Saint Ives wills preserved at
Bodmin - - - ... - - 419-486
CHAPTER XXXI.
LOCAL NOTABILITIES,
Who do not figure in the foregoing genealogies. — i. John Knill — ^A sketch
of his life — An unpublished letter from him — 'Knill's Steeple' —
Account of the first Knillian Festival. — 2. Jonathan Toup. — 3. Henry
Quick, the Zennor poet— A pair of Saint Ives nonagenarians - 487-496
CHAPTER XXXII.
PARLIAMENTARY HISTORY OF THE BOROUGH.
Limits of the electoral franchise — List of Members of Parliament for
Saint Ives— * The Lasses of the Borough * - - - 497-506
CHAPTER XXXIIL
THE ELECTION OF 1 768.
The disputed franchise — The case of Johnstone v, Hichens— Manipulating
the poor-rate list — Doctor Stevens, his friends and foes — Lists of
persons wrongfully inserted in and omitted from the rate — Kitty
Lemal to the rescue — Result of the polling - - - 507-516
CHAPTER XXXIV.
PUBLIC OFFICERS OF THE BOROUGH AND PARISH OF SAINT IVES.
Lists of head wardens, portrieves and mayors, clergymen, churchwardens,
wardens of the market-house and quay, overseers, waywardens,
recorders, constables, town clerks, parish clerks, wardens of the aisle,
kings and queens of the Summer Games, collectors of the Port
Farm -.-..-.. 517-530
List of Authorities ------- 531-532
Corrigenda et Addenda ...... 533-535
Index I. — Nomina Personum - . . - . 536-546
Index II.—Nomina Locorum ..... 547-551
Index III.— General -.-... 552-560
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PREFACE.
Whatever be the imperfections of this book, it has at least the
distinction of being the first printed history of the parishes which
form what we have called the Saint Ives District, save a few brief
notices contained in works treating of the entire county of Corn-
wall. It is true that in the last century Mr. John Hicks, of
Saint Ives, wrote a history of his native town, and that many
extracts from his work have been handed down to us in the
volumes of the county topographers; but Hicks' manuscript,
valuable as no doubt it was, was never published, and has long
been lost. The author therefore claims from his readers the
indulgence which should be readily shown towards the man who
is first in the field as the historian of his locality.
To write a history is, in the present day, a very different
undertaking from what it was fifty years ago, before the jewel-
mines of our public records had been opened up. Time was
when a parish church could be dismissed as * a mediaeval
structure in the Gothick style, dedicated to S' Mary'; and when
a history of England was not so much a record of facts, as an
essay on the providential development of our happy constitution
in Church and State. But nowadays people read history with
the simple desire to obtain accurate information upon all points
connected both with the public and private life of their fore-
fathers, and demand rather a digest of authentic records than a
literary essay.
Hence this history is to a great extent a compilation. A full
and complete history, such as it aspires to be, must embody
largely the original records on which it is founded, and also the
important results of the study of earlier historians. And it will
hardly be denied that a real benefit is conferred upon the reader
when the substance of numerous documents (both original and
printed) bearing on the bygones of the same locality has been
collected into one volume. Nor is the writer willing to resign all
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xvi PREFACE.
claim to originality, for in many chapters of this book will be
found, he trusts, things which are at the same time good and new.
Be this as it may, the author is happy to believe that he has,
at all events, served in some small degree the cause of historical
truth by his persistent practice of checking every statement
which he has taken from other books — a practice which has had
the effect of revealing no small number of egregious historical
blunders which could boast a respectable literary descent. More-
over, he has, he believes, left no likely class of public records
unsearched in his endeavour to make his work full and reliable.
Besides his many obligations to those writers a list of whose
works will be found at the end of this Volume, the author must
express his indebtedness to several gentlemen, without whose
kindly and willing aid this history of Saint Ives would have been
far less complete than it is. Foremost among these friendly
coadjutors is the Rev. Prebendary Hingeston-Randolph, who has
rendered such invaluable services to the cause of scientific
archaeology in the West of England. He very kindly lent the
aid of his deep and accurate knowledge of matters ecclesio-
logical, and consented to read and correct the proofs of the
chapters on the churches of Saint Ives, Lelant, Towednack and
Zennor. Mr. Edward Hain, junior, most obligingly lent the
recently-discovered volume of Saint Ives Borough Accounts, and
several scarce printed books, and permitted the author to over-
haul a quantity of old papers in his possession, from which much
valuable material has been drawn. Thanks are also due to
Mr. W. T. Tresidder for permission to copy a number of municipal
records of the last century; to the Rev. J. Balmer Jones, the
Rev. R. F. Tyacke and the Rev. S. H. Farwell Roe, vicars of
Saint Ives, Lelant and Zennor respectively, who allowed un-
limited extracts to be taken from their parish registers ; and to
Mr. Anthony, postmaster of Saint Ives, who wrote a reliable
account of the pilchard fisher}'. That portion of the first
chapter which treats of the fauna and flora of the Saint Ives
district was set in order by a learned naturalist, Mr. James
Ambrose Story, B.A., of Cardiff. To these gentlemen, and to
many others, though not named, the author desires to express his
sincere thanks for their kind and highly-valued assistance.
Cardiff,
Christinas^ 1891.
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A HISTORY OF SAINT IVES, LELANT,
TOIVEDNACK AND ZENNOR.
CHAPTER I.
A PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT.
The town of Saint Ives is situated in the Hundred of West
Penwith, on the northern coast of Cornwall, 277 miles south-west
of London, and sixteen miles from the Land's End. The older
part of the town stands on an isthmus which separates a small
peninsula from the mainland. Some centuries ago this peninsula
was entirely surrounded by water, and it is still called The Island.
The parish of Saint Ives is bounded on the north and east by
the sea ; on the south-east by the parish of Lelant ; and on the
west by the parish of Towednack, which is bounded on the west
by the parish of Zennor.
From the highest part of the Island at Saint Ives we have a
view which embraces the most prominent natural features of this
district. Let us begin by describing the coast line. The farthest
points which we can see westward are the jagged headlands of
Clodgy and Carthew, between which last and the Island is the
cove called Porthmeor. The extreme point of the Island is
called Pendinas, or Saint Ives Head. Between this and the
town are the cove of Porthgwidden, the rocks of Carn Crowz,
and the quay or pier. The shore close to the town is called the
Foresand, and is separated by Penolva Point from the sands of
Porthminster. Still looking eastward around Saint Ives Bay we
trace in succession the headland of Penmester ; the small cove of
Porthgroynia ; the expansive sands of Porthripter, separated by
Carrack Gladn Point from those of Porthkitny; Hawk's Point;
the sand-hills or towans of Lelant, and the mouth of the Hayle
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2 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
River ; and then, on the other side of Saint Ives Bay, the black
cliffs and yellow sand-hills of the eastern shore, terminating with
the island and lighthouse of Godrevy. Beyond this we see the
headland of Saint Agnes, and still farther to the north-east we
may dimly discern the far-projecting promontory of Trevose
Head. Westward stretches the vast Atlantic.
Inland the district is hilly. Near the town are the eminences
called Barnoon and the Stennack, and the hills of Penmester and
Tregenna. Further to the south and west are Carn Stabba and
Trencrom Hill, the Rocky Downs, Rosewall Hill, Worvas Hill
(on which stands Knill's Steeple), Trink, Trendrean and Tre-
valgan Hills.
The following figures are taken from Wallis' * Cornwall
Register,' 1847 •
St. Ives contains statute acres, 1850
Lelant „ „ „ 4240
Towednack „ „ 2880
Zennor „ „ „ 4640
The height of the ground at Lelant Church is no feet.
„ „ Trencrom Hill „ 550 „
Trink Hill „ 652 „
„ „ ground at KnilFs Steeple „ 545 „
From these heights several streams flow into Saint Ives Bay.
The Trenwith stream, locally known as the River, rises by Rose-
wall Hill, in the parish of Towednack, runs down the Stennack
through the village of Trenwith, and so into the harbour of Saint
Ives. The Tregenna stream rises on the hill of that name, flows
through the grounds of Tregenna Castle, and loses itself in the
sands of Porthminster, near the foundations of an ancient chapel.
Both these streams, but especially the latter, supply good drinking-
water.
In the south-eastern end of Saint Ives parish there is another
stream (used for tin-streaming) which rises near Knill's Steeple,
and flows through Carbis Valley into Carbis Bay.
The Hayle River is the only considerable stream in this part of
Cornwall. It gives its name to the manufacturing town of Hayle,
and separates the parishes of Lelant and Phillack. This river
and the valley of Saint Erth form a continuous, though irregular,
depression, stretching from north-west to south-east across the
narrowest part of the West Cornwall peninsula, and separating
the Land's End district from the rest of the county. Recent
geological investigations conclusively demonstrate that this depres-
sion was, ages ago, a marine channel, and the island thus formed
was probably the chief of the Cassiterides, or tin-bearing islands.
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A PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT. 3
Quaint, laborious old Holinshed found out all about these
rivers, and thus describes them :
* The soile also is very hillie here, as for saint les towne, it is
almost (as I said) a byland, and yet it is well watered with
sundrie rilles that come from those hilles unto the same. S. les
baie is full ten miles from the lands end, & rather more, if you
reckon to the fall of the Haile, which lieth in the very middest
and highest part of the baie of the same.'
The * Itinerary ' of William of Worcester, written in 1478, has
a good deal to say as to the geography of the Saint Ives
district :
* Villa Lalant super mare boriale per tria miliaria de Mont-
MyghelL' (The town of Lelant is on the northern sea about
three miles from St. Michael's Mount)
* Villa Seynt Hy sup: mare borial: circa 12 milia ab ult** fine
occidentalis regni Anglie.' (The town of St. Ives is on the
northern sea about 12 miles from the extreme end of the west
of the Kingdom of England.)
* Le North sea. Ville pCipales sup: mare boriale site. Primo
Seynt Hyes villa {?sus oriepte ex pte: boriali maris distat a
Musholt 8 mil. De S. Hyes usque Lananta 2 miliaria.' (The
North Sea. The principal towns situated on the northern sea.
First, St. Ives, a town towards the east, on the northern side
of the sea, is distant from Mousehole 8 miles. From St. Ives to
Lelant 2 miles.)
* Mem. de Seynt Hyves villa, et omnes villae proxime
sequent es sunt scitae sup: mare boriale ^sus oriente preter vill:
de Launceston.' (Mem. From St. Ives' town, and all the towns
near to it, are situated on the northern sea towards the east,
except the town of Lanceston.)
* Mem. from Pensance to Seynt Yves jette 6 myle.'
* Item from Seynt Yves usque Lalant havyn 2 myle.'
Leland's * Itinerary ' (3rd. ed., Oxon., 1769) has these geo-
graphical notes :
* Hayle, flu. nunc, ut quidam putant, absorptum a sabulo ; it
was on the North Se.' (Hayle, a river now, as some think,
absorbed by the sand.)
At Lelant there is * passage at Ebbe over a great Strond : and
then over Heyle River.'
*S. les a 2 Miles or more from Lannant. The Place that
the chief of the Toun hath and partely dooth stonde yn is a very
Peninsula, and is extendid into the Se of Severn as a Cape. This
Peninsula to cumpace it by the Rote lakkith litle of a Mile.'
* The Town of S. les is servid with fresch Water of Brokettes
that rise in the Hilles therby.'
*The shore from S. les is sore plagued to S. Carantokes
[Crantock] with Sandes.'
I — 2
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4 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Holinshed calls Saint Ives a
* Little Byland, Cape or Peninsula, which is not to be counted
of in this place. And yet, sith I haue spoken of it, you shall
understand, that it is called Pendinas, and beside that the
compasse thereof is not aboue a mile, this is to be remembred
farder thereof, how there standeth a Pharos or light therein, for
ships which saile by those coasts in the night. There is also at
the verie point of the said Pendinas, a chappell of saint Nicholas,
beside the church of saint la, an Irish woman saint. It belonged
of late to the Lord Brooke, but now (as I guesse) the Lord
Mountioy enioieth it. There is also a blockhouse, and a peere in
the eastside thereof, but the peere is sore choked with sand, as is
the whole shore furthermore from S. les unto S. Carantokes,
insomuch that the greatest part of this Byland is now couered
with sands, which the sea casteth up, and this calamitie hath
indured little aboue fiftie yeares, as the inhabitants doo affirme.'
(Edition of 1586.)
Writing of the accumulated sands on the eastern shore of
Saint Ives Bay, Halliwell says :
'Their further progress is now retarded by the extensive
propagation of the common sea-rush, the Arundo arenaria of
Linnaeus, or, as some have it, Calamagrostis arenaria. This rush
grows rapidly on the sand, where it mechanically opposes all
motion on the surface. The result is that these huge sandy
hillocks, instead of being nuisances, are in the process of becoming
fine grassy undulating promenades, the reed favouring the growth
of turf. Here may also be seen the common eringo, which was
cultivated on the sands at Hayle in Elizabeth's time for the sake
of its roots, as recorded by Drayton. From the Hayle Towans,
note on the right the Godrevy rocks and lighthouse; at low
water, the St. Ives fishermen casting their launce-nets for bait ;
but only at high water turn your eyes in the direction of
Penzance, when the wide expanse of the estuary is then a
beautiful lake, rendering pretty the rural village of Lelant, with
its woods to the water-edge. But above all is from this spot the
unique prospect of St. Ives. No one could fancy, as one sees
that town as if it absolutely glittered in the sun and ornamented
the sea — a sort of minor English Constantinople — of how squalid
a character is the mass of buildings there, and how an antici-
pated romance will be dissipated by a visit.'
In a maritime parish of Cornwall the rocks of the shore are an
important feature, and are all the more interesting on account of
the ancient names which they bear, names which, for the most
part, are now unknown except to the older generation of fisher-
men. A full list of these coast-rocks will be found in another
chapter.
In the ironstone cliffs to the east of Porthminster are several
caves. Just under Tregenna is an old house known as the Vow
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A PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT, $
Cot, meaning 'the cottage by the cave'; and in Carrack Gladn
Cove is the cave called Zawn-Abadden.
The piles of rock called ' earns ' are exceedingly numerous in
the neighbourhood of Saint Ives. They are nearly all composed
of granite, but in the immediate neighbourhood of the old town
this gives place to a very hard, dark-green slate-rock. This might
be expected from the geological formation of the district, the
north-east part of Saint Ives parish being, according to Dr. Borlase,
composed of compact and slaty felspar rocks, while the other
part is granite. Both these rocks, he adds, are traversed
metalliferous veins.
Hunt, in his * Popular Romances of the West of England,'
p. 20I, thus describes the geological formation of the Island :
' The so-called Island is now a peninsular mass of clay slate-
rocks, interpenetrated by very hard trappean masses. Between
this and the town of St. Ives is a low neck of land, which consists
chiefly of sand and gravel, with some masses of clay slate broken
into small angular fragments. On either side of this neck of land
are good examples of raised beaches. Everything, therefore,
favours the tradition which is preserved in the name. One
statement is that the Island was brought in from the sea;
another, that it rose out of the sea.'
The mines in the Saint Ives district were formerly many and
prosperous ; but the general decadence of Cornish mining during
the last fifty years has seriously affected them. Wheal Providence,
which, a century ago, was one of the most fortunate mines in
West Cornwall, has long ceased working. Its remains still cover
many acres of ground between Knill's Steeple and the highroad
from Saint Ives to Lelant. This mine has given its name to the
hamlet of Chy-an- Wheal, t.^., ' Mine House.' Another old, but
now disused, mine is that named Saint Ives Consols. It is
situated at the top of the Stennack, and the buildings connected
with it are very extensive.
* St Ives Consols tin-mine has been at work some thirty-eight
years, and is very rich for tin, and has made large profits. The
monthly cost was ^2,400, and the number employed was 450
persons; but if tin be at a low price, the mine barely pays
expenses. The formation of the tin-ore in this mine is very
singular, and is provincially termed carbona.* (' Cornwall : its
Mines and Miners,' 1855, p. 40.)
Below Saint Ives Consols, on the Stennack, are the Trenwith
Stamps, first started about a hundred years ago. On the rocks
of Pednolva is seen the engine-house (now an artist's studio) of
a mine which was made some thirty years ago, and which proved
a fiaulure.
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6 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Much tin-mining has been done on the eastern side of Rosewall
Hill, which is dotted with engine-houses. The district of Halse-
town, near Saint Ives, was built to afford dwellings to the hundreds
of miners formerly employed in the neighbourhood.
Saint Ives, as indeed the whole of Land's End, affords a rich
field for the botanist. Ferns, mosses, lichens, and flowering
plants, rare or unknown in other parts of Great Britain, are here
to be found in abundance. Some idea of the riches of this district
may be formed from the fact that
' according to the census of distribution given in the " London
Catalogue of Mosses and Hepaticae," published two years ago,
every species and variety found in England, south of Lancashire,
occurs in West Cornwall, with the single exception of S. laricinum,
and there is reason to hope it may yet be discovered here.'
CReport of the Penzance Nat. Hist, and Antiq. Soc., 1883-84,
P- 383.)
The following list contains the names of some of the plants of
this district, and the localities in which they may be found :
LICHENS.
Sticta crocata. The moors of Zennor.
Lecanora hamatomnta. St. Ives.
Pycnoihelia papillaria. Gurnard's Head.
Petalophyllum Ralfsiu Lelant.
MOSSES.
Hypnum molluscum. Lelant.
H. circinatum, „
H. tenellum. „
if. commutatum, „
Bryium inclinatum. „
Entosthodon Templetoni. St. Ives,
Tortula squarrosa. Lelant.
Scapania undulata.
Thuidium abietinum.
Jungermannia Wilsoftiana.
J. riparia,
Cephalozia Jackii.
Zieria julacea.
Sphagnum acutifolium purpureum. Gurnard's Head.
5. a. rubellum.
5. fimbriaium. Try Moor.
S. cuspidatum. Gurnard's Head Moor.
var. plumosum. Near Zennor cromlech.
„ falcatum. Towednack.
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A PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT. 7
MOSSES {continued).
S. rigidum. Occurs sparingly on Clodgy Moor.
S. subsecundum.
var. auriculatum. Towednack.
S. tmellum, Clodgy Moor.
S. papillosum viride. Gurnard's Head Moor.
FERNS.
The maidenhair fern, Adiantum capillus veneris. Between St. Ives
and Hayle, in low dripping caves and on rocks by the coast.
The black spleen wort, Asplenium adiantum nigrum.
The lanceolate spleenwort, A, lanceolatum.
The marine spleenwort, A . marinum. On the coast generally.
The rue-leaved spleenwort, or wall-rue, A . ruta-muraria. General.
The common spleenwort, A . trichomanes.
The lady-fern, Athyrium filix-fosmina, var. convexum.
The hard fern, Blechnum spicant.
The scaly spleenwort, Ceterach officinarum.
The hart's tongue, Scolopendrium vulgare.
The broad prickly-toothed fern, Lastrea dilatata.
The male fern, L.filix-mas.
The hay-scented fern, L. foenisecii.
The mountain fern, L. oreopteris.
The Tunbridge filmy fern, Hymenophyllum Tunbridgense.
Wilson's filmy fern, H. unilaterale.
The beech polypody, Polypodium phegopteris.
The common prickly fern, Polystichum aculeatum.
The common adder's tongue, Ophioglossum vulgatum.
The flowering fern, Osmunda regalis.
The moonwort, Botrychium lunaria.
FLOWERINp PLANTS.
The mountain St. John's wort, Hypericum monianum.
The stinking iris. Iris fatidissima. Lelant.
The balm-leaved figwort, Scrophularia scorodonia. This is a West
European plant, found as far south as Madeira ; but in Great
Britain found only in Jersey, the south-west of Cornwall, and
at Tralee in Ireland.
The vernal squill, Scilla vema. Common on the cliffs all round
the coast of West Penwith. At St. Ives pink and white
varieties are mingled with the blue.
The wild columbine, Aquilegia vulgaris. The blue, pink, and
white varieties are found covering the slopes between Lelant
and St. Ives, and also at Hayle Causeway.
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8 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
FLOWERING PLANTS (conHftUCd),
The bird's foot fenugreek, Triganella omithopodioides. On the
coast near Gurnard's Head.
The field gentian, Gentiana campestris.
The broad-leaved centaury, Erythrcea latifolia. On the Towans.
Also E. ramosissima.
The sea-lavender, vars. Siatice Didariii and S. spathulata. At
St. Ives Head, etc.
The shore-weed, Littorella lacustrts.
The common fennel, Faeniculum vulgare.
The bearded broom-rape, Orobanche barbata.
The wall-mustard, Sinapis muralis. St. Ives.
The Portland spurge, Euphorbia Portlandica. Between St. Ives
and Hayle.
The Cornish money-wort, Sibthorpta Europaa. In boggy places.
When, in September, 1882, the Penzance Natural History and
Antiquarian Society paid a visit to Towednack church, Mr. Ralfs,
the members, having summoned the party to the tower,
spoke as follows : It was rarely, he said, that a botanist had a
chance of saying a word in a church ; but here he was able to
call their attention to a very rare plant indeed, an alga known
under the name of Oscillaioria cyanca. Thirty years ago, when
he visited the church, it grew all over the walls, and being of a
sky-blue colour, it gave a very peculiar appearance to the interior.
Shortly afterwards the pews had to be restored on account of
dry-rot, and a coat of lime was at the same time put over the
walls, destroying the plant. The tower, however, had not been
touched, and he was glad to see the oscillatoria still growing
there. It was the only place in the West of England where it
grew, so far as he was aware. It was remarkable that it was
only found in churches, and he left it to others to explain where
it was before churches existed. (N.B. — It has since been found
elsewhere in the Saint Ives district.)
Grain is produced in the rich level country which lies between
the Zennor hills and the sea; but the farms within the four
parishes are, for the most part, pastoral and not agricultural.
In the first half of the eighteenth century even the pasturage of
cattle in Cornwall was restricted by the difficulty of feeding the
stock in winter ; but about the year 1747 the turnip was introduced
into West Cornwall by a Norwich farmer named Mathews, whose
son, Thomas Mathews, brought this now well-known root into
the Saint Ives district. The first field of turnips ever seen in
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A PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT, 9
this locality was grown by him in the parish of Lelant, and old
people still speak from tradition of the crowds who went out to
see the * Norfolk whites/ which were to revolutionize the system
of farming in West Cornwall. There is an old saying familiar
to the elder generation from Truro to the Land's End, that
* Mathews brought in the turnips, and a King brought in the
pippins.* The latter part of the phrase is popularly understood
to mean that a King of England brought the first apples to
Cornwall in his pocket ; but the saying, in all probability, arose
from the fact that a man of the name of King introduced ribston
pippins from Norfolk at the same time that turnips were first
made familiar to the Cornish farmer.
Market-gardening is extensively carried on in the parishes of
Saint Ives and Lelant. Owing to the mildness of the climate
and the fertility of the soil in the low lands, a great trade is done
in spring vegetables, especially in potatoes and cauliflowers, which
are sent by rail to London. The earliest consignments of English
vegetables to be seen in Covent Garden Market are from West
Cornwall and Scilly.
Although the neighbourhood of Saint Ives, like the rest of
West Cornwall, is somewhat bare of trees, some of the hills and
valleys are fairly well wooded. The Stennack shows remains of
former orchards, of late encroached upon by building operations.
In most parts of the parish of Lelant there is no lack of timber ;
fine old elms abound near the mouth of the Hayle River, and the
estate of Trevetho has been extensively planted within the present
century. In the parishes of Towednack and Zennor timber is
very scarce ; but the bleak moors in these parishes produce
large quantities of furze and of peat-turf, which are there used
for fuel.
The fauna of the whole district of West Cornwall, like its flora,
is very rich, especially in fishes and birds. Many different kinds
of fish are caught off the coast ; of these, as is well known,
pilchards are by far the most important. Of the pilchard-fishery,
as a branch of industry, we shall have more to say later on. In
birds, perhaps no other part of Great Britain is so rich. Hawks
are common among the hills of Zennor, and the peregrine falcon
has also been caught there. The merlin has been seen at Zennor
in winter, and the ring-ouzel is said to breed there. The rock-
dove frequents the cliffs near Bosigran in the same parish. Two
specimens of Schinz's stint were shot in the Hayle estuary in
October, 1846, and the great snipe was seen at Saint Ives in
October, 1855.
The conchologist will find many rarities to reward his researches
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lo A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
in this district, both of land and of sea shells. On the Hayle
sands, after a strong wind from the west, the lanthina communis^
or ocean-snail, is not infrequently found. The Pisan snail, Helix
Ptsana, is found in profusion feeding on the sea-holly {Etyngtum
mariiimum), which grows about the coast at Saint Ives, this being
the only locality in England in which this species is to be found.
The only other localities in the British Isles for this snail are
Balbriggan Strand near Dublin, Tenby and Manorbier in South
Wales, and Jersey. These snails are said in hot weather to bury
themselves some inches deep in the sand, at the roots of Carex
arenaria. The Planorbis glaber (P. lavis) is found in Trevetho
Pond.
Here is a bit of the natural history of this part of the coast, as
observed two centuries ago. The great naturalist Ray was here
in 1662, and has left us the following notes :
' Monday, June the 30th, we rode over the sands to St. Ives.
We saw here some of the young murres, a bird black on the head
and back, white under the breast and belly, and hath a black and
sharp bill, black feet, whole-footed. We were assured that the
Cornish murre is nothing else but the razor-bill. All along the
cliflfs, as we rode upon the sand toward St. Ives, grew Faniculum
vulgare in great plenty. We saw many of those birds, which they
call gannets, flying about on the water. This bird hath long
wings and a long neck, and flieth strongly. Possibly it may be
the catarractes. He preys upon pilchards, the shoals whereof
great multitudes of these fowl constantly pursue.'
In another place he*says that
' the gannets were almost of the bigness of a goose, white, the
tips only of their wings black. They have a strange way of
catching them, by tying a pilchard to a board, and fastening it
so that the bird may see it, who comes down with so great swift-
ness for his prey, that he breaks his neck against the board.'
The same author says of Saint Ives :
' The people of Brittany drive a great trade here for rai^f which
they dry in the sun, and then carry away. In exchange for this
they bring salt. The inhabitants of this town are of opinion that
their fish are better and more daintily tasted than those taken
about Penzance.'
Ray also observed near Carrack Du
* a kind of plant, on a moist bank, whose leaf is somewhat like
to Saxifraga aurea. It runs out in long wires like to Campanula
cymbalaria foL At each leaf it bears one small purplish-coloured
flower. We found another plant on a boggy ground, which had
small grassy leaves, but very few ; it was almost all stalk ; it grew
not above an hand high, had a yellow flower, but not open in any
when we were there, it being a close day. The seed-vessel was
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A PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT. ii
somewhat large, round, biggest in the middle, smaller at both
ends, like some rolls wherewith they roll com.'
The climate of this locality is bracing and invigorating, but
never very cold. In summer Saint Ives is without the extreme
heat and relaxing air which characterize the southern coast of
the Land's End district In going from Saint Ives to places on
the opposite coast, an unpleasant change is felt as soon as Saint
Michael's Mount comes in sight. Many persons experience lassi-
tude, accompanied by headache, on going from Saint Ives to
Penzance, so great is the change produced by the six miles'
journey from the north to the south coast of the Land's End
district. Courtney's ' Guide to Penzance ' (1845) thus illustrates
this sharp distinction between the air of the northern and
southern coasts, which, moreover, the writer has often personally
observed :
*By the old road from Penzance to St. Ives, after leaving
Kenegie, the tourist comes upon a sort of tableland. From the
foot of the hill, on which is Castel-an-dinas, there is a gradual
descent for a considerable distance, until at last a very steep
declivity brings him to the village of Nancledrea. On making
this descent a very curious atmospheric phenomenon is frequently
observable — the clear and cloudless sky becomes suddenly dense
and hazy, evidently from the condensation of the warm and
rarified air of the Mount's Bay by the colder current which
comes from the Bristol Channel.
Hicks, in his now lost MS. of the History of Saint Ives, after
speaking of the plague of 1646, thus proceeds :
* Notwithstanding the plague, in the town lives no doctor,
surgeon, nor apothecary, the air being very healthy, and many
of the inhabitants now living being above eighty years of age. I
have known very few to be blind or troubled with the stone,
although the inhabitants of the lower part of the town eat more
sand than salt ; and seldom or never troubled with the ague,
their physic anciently being two-penns^worth of aqua vitae and a
pennyworth of treacle-water, mixed together, which they take,
and sweat, and so are cured. I never knew but two persons
afflicted with the gout.'
The Journal of the British Medical Association of September 23,
1875, says :
* Within ten miles of Penzance is the town of St. Ives, which,
from its natural resources and position, should attract conva-
lescents. The climate is bracing, and differs in temperature six
or seven degrees from the south. It is hence suitable for lung
diseases and debilitated constitutions.'
This is a convenient stage at which to treat of the ethnology of
the Saint Ives districts. In the main, of course, the population
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12 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
is Celtic, of the Cymric branch, allied to the Welsh, and still
more closely to the Bretons ; that is to say, the inhabitants of
this district are, like all true Cornishmen, a remnant of the ancient
British inhabitants of these islands, aptly and quaintly termed by
Holinshed the * Homelings,* as distinguished from the Teutonic
* Comelings,' the Danish and German foreigners who drove them
out of the eastern parts of the country, and cooped them up in
Wales and Cornwall. But the best modern writers on the subject,
including Professor Rh^s (^ Celtic Britain,' London, 1882), have
shown that there yet remain in Cornwall distinct traces of earlier
races than the Cymric Celts. The last-named authority points
out that vestiges of the earlier Gaelic branch of the Celtic stock,
and even of successive pre- Aryan races whom the Celts conquered
and absorbed, are to be found in Cornwall, and have materially
influenced the racial composition of the Cornish people.
Owing to circumstances which we shall presently recount, the
population of Saint Ives has been much mixed with incomers
from Ireland, France, and Brittany. The typical Saint Ives man
is of medium height, but broad-shouldered, with the Cymric
round head and face ; he has black hair, black or gray eyes,
and swarthy complexion. In character he is warm-hearted and
impulsive ; quick-tempered, but readily forgiving ; of an imagina-
tion easily swayed by the spell of music, and influenced by religious
feeling ; clannish, and hating change.
It is our intention to speak of the Cornish language at a later
stage, but we may here remind the reader that this dialect of the
British tongue was, until the end of the last century, the spoken
language of the poorer folk of the Land's End district. It
lingered longer in and around Saint Ives than anywhere else,
except perhaps at Mousehole, the home of the renowned Dolly
Pentreath —
' The last who gabbled Cornish, so says Daines.'
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CHAPTER II.
PREHISTORIC, BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIODS.
No part of Great Britain can trace its history further back into
the past than can West Cornwall. South Wales can indeed point
to more remains of classic antiquity, and boast of a more ancient
Christian hierarchy; but to Cornwall belongs the prestige of
having been the first depot of intercourse with the Eastern world,
and the earliest centre of civilization in this island.
In a paper read before a society of savants in 1886 on the then
recent discovery of shells in the Saint Erth clay-beds, Professor
R. W. Bell remarked that the deposit of clay in the Saint Erth
sandpit was one of the most interesting discoveries which had
been made in Tertiary geology for some years. His remarks tend
to show that the Saint Erth Valley was within historical times an
arm of the sea, or, as he terms it, * a somewhat shallow gulf
occupying at least the valley in which St. Erth is placed, and
which probably connected the northern and southern seas of Corn-
wall until a comparatively recent period.* This paper was sup-
plementary to one previously read before the Geological Society
of London. The present line of railway between Saint Ives and
Penzance runs almost parallel with this valley, and from the
carriage window the traveller will see from its general appearance
that it was once under water, it being for nearly its whole length
a morass. Within comparatively recent times, strong gales have
threatened to flood the Saint Erth Valley, and restore the original
appearance of the island from which the Phoenicians obtained
their tin.
An ancient tradition asserts that the tin used in the construction
of Solomon's temple was obtained from the Godolphin Hills. At
all events, the Land's End district was certainly the depot which
furnished the East with its tin in ancient times. The Saint Ives
district is not without architectural remains which may fairly be
ascribed to this early period. As in the West of Ireland, and
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i6 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
elsewhere in Cornwall, these are generally cyclopean, so called
from the massiveness of the stones which compose them.
A relic of this description is still to be seen on the Island at
Saint Ives, and is popularly termed the Two Edges. It consists
principally of two walls about seven feet high meeting at a right
angle, the space between being level with the top of the walls. It
is evident that the Island has always been a fortified place ; for
during the Middle Ages it was defended with dry-stone walls,
traces of which still remain, and it is now protected by a small
fort for two guns in charge of a corporal of the Royal Artillery.
In the absence of violent innovations, the massive rampart of the
Ancient Briton will probably long survive the military redoubt of
the nineteenth-century engineer. The labour involved in the con-
struction of the Two Edges must have been stupendous, though
apparently the materials were obtained in the Island itself. No
record is left of the local chieftain to whom the erection of the
Two Edges is due, nor of any battles fought upon the Island ; but
a stone axe or celt was found in 1887 at Saint Ives, which may
have been wielded by one of the garrison or besiegers of this pre-
historic stronghold. Some Cornish antiquaries are strongly of
opinion that such dry-stone forts as this on the Island, which they
name Cliff Castles, were erected to be the last refuges of the Stone
Men (the 'Giants* of folklore), whom the first Celtic invasion
drove to the sea-board.
Traces of another fort, consisting of a vallum of earth and
stones running across an isthmus, exist on the promontory called
the Gurnard's Head, in the parish of Zennor. The Cornish name
of this headland is Treryn Dinas, which signifies a fortified place.
The late Davies Gilbert, by the way, purchased this promontory
from a desire to possess what is considered one of the most in-
teresting geological formations in the county.
The westernmost headland in the parish of Zennor, near the
mouth of the stream which separates Zennor and Morvah, and
not far from the villages of Bosigran and Rosemergy, is known as
Bosigran Castle. It is fortified on its isthmus by a thick dry-stone
vallum. In the centre of the promontory is a large block of
granite marked with basins, which is called the Castle Rock; and
near this is a large stone scooped, as it were, through the top,
known as the Giant's Cradle. A few yards nearer the sea is a
logan-rock, over nine yards in circumference, with basins on the
top. Norden mentions a fortification called Castle Anowthan,
which he describes as * a craggy rock on the top of a hill near
Zennor, some time trenched about and built with stone, as
appeareth by the ruins of the walls.'
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PREHISTORIC, BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIODS. 17
The most perfect example of a hill-fort in the Saint Ives district
is that on the summit of Trencrom. The top of this hill is nearly
flat, and around it are the remains of a very extensive circular
vallum of earth and stones, upwards of twenty feet in thickness.
The entrance on the south-eastern side of the enclosure is about
twenty feet wide, and has large upright blocks of granite at the
inner corners. Opposite, on the other side, is a similar gateway.
The vallum does not form a perfect circle, but is turned out of its
regular course in order to unite it with two cams, between which
was another entrance nearly opposite Trink HilL On the largest
of these cams are rock basins, known as the Giant's Chair, the
Giant^s Cradle, and the Giant's Spoon. A serpentine road passes
up the hill, through the gateway, and on to the centre of the
enclosure. To the right of this road, inside the circle, are traces
of a large circular barrow of earth and stones, and nearer the top
of the hill are the remains of several circular enclosures, about
twenty-five feet in diameter, which seem to be the foundations of
similar barrows. Outside the vallum is the Giant's Well, and on
the south side of the hill is the Twelve o'Clock Stone, on which
the sun's rays fall in such a manner that the country people can
tell the hour by the direction of the shadows. (Abridged from
Halliwell's * Rambles in Western Cornwall,' p. 74.) Here also was
formerly an ancient granite cross ; it was removed about twenty
years ago by some person unknown.
Mr. Halliwell mentions a stone on the Church-town Hill, Zennor,
called the Giant's Chair, and on the same hill a recess in the
rocks known as the Giant's Bed. The reader will observe the
frequent use of the term * Giant ' in connection with rude-stone
monuments and natural earns. As we shall have more to say
about the giants in a later chapter, we will now only remark that
they must be taken to represent the popular conception of the
Stone Men, who in these rocky fastnesses held their own for some
time against the Celtic Aryans. According to an old local
chronicle, to which we shall have frequent occasion to refer, a
barrow or tumulus known as the Giant's Grave, near the town of
Saint Ives, was opened about the year 1690, and in it was found
' a tooth an inch broad.' No doubt some pre-Aryan chieftain
was interred there with his horse.
Several cromlechs are to be found in the neighbourhood of
Saint Ives, and of these nearly all are in Zennor parish, the most
noteworthy being the celebrated Zennor Quoit or Cromlech.
The following paragraph appeared in the Cornish Telegraph of
September 4, 1861 :
* Zennor Quoit, one of our local antiquities, has recently had a
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i8 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
narrow escape. It consists of seven stones, one of which is a
large granite slab which lies in a slanting position against the
tallest of the uprights. A farmer had removed a part of one of
the upright pillars, and drilled a hole into the slanting quoit in
order to erect a cattle-shed, when news of the vandalism reached
the ears of the Rev. W. Borlase, vicar of Zennor, and for five
shillings the work of destruction was stayed, the Vicar having
thus strengthened the legend that the quoit cannot be removed.
From Zennor Quoit you see that of Mulfra, and from Mulfra you
behold the Ch6n and Zennor quoits. The Zennor Quoit or
Cromlech is not so often visited as some of the other cromlechs,
but it is a remarkable group of stones. There are no other blocks
of granite near. It lies directly between Zennor and Towednack
churches, about three quarters of a mile from each. The view
from the quoit is very extensive. It commands a beautiful pros-
pect of the British Channel, and eastward the county as far as
Redruth, with the Bodmin range in the distance.'
In Dr. Borlase's time this cromlech, which is of thin moorstone,
was surrounded by a stone barrow ; but a mere apronful of the
stones now remains. Originally, no doubt, the kistvaen, ue.,
massive blocks of the cromlech, merely formed an inner chamber,
the whole being a mound of earth and stones. Dr. Borlase
(' History of Cornwall,' London, 1769) describes the cromlech as
it appeared in his day as being 'quite inclosed and buried, as
it were, in the barrow.* His book has an engraving of this
cromlech, showing the top-stone in its place, and stones heaped
round the base of the structure. He says :
* The kistvaen of the Zennor cromlech is so close that it is with
great difficulty any man can get into it ' (p. 227).
At p. 231 we read the following further particulars as to this
monument :
* On the top of a high hill, about half a mile to the east of Senar
Church-town, stands a very large handsome cromlfeh; the area
inclosed by the supporters is . . . six feet eight inches by four
feet, and points . . . east and west (Plate XXL, Fig. III. and
IV.). The kistvaen (Fig. IV., No. 5) is neatly formed and fenced
every way, and the supporter ... is eight feet ten inches high,
from the surface of the earth in the kistvaen, to the under face of
the quoit. . . . The great depth of this kistvaen, which is about
eight feet ... is remarkable . . . the stone barrow, fourteen
yards diameter, was heaped round about it, and almost reached
the edge of the quoit, but care taken that no stone should get into
the repository. This quoit was brought from a karn about a
furlong off, which stands a little higher than the spot on which
this croml4h is erected ; and near this karn is another cromI6h,
not so large as that here described, in other respects not materi-
ally different.'
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PREHISTORIC, BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIODS. 19
When, in the summer of 1882, the Penzance Natural History
and Antiquarian Society paid a visit to Zennor, Mr. Borlase, one
of the members, met with a man who had made a find beneath
the Zennor Quoit. The man explained that about a year ago,
finding that other people were searching about, he and his son
thought they would have * a bit of a speer too.* After removing
some of the earth, they came upon a flat stone, which they * shut '
(blasted). Then they removed more earth and came upon another
flat stone, which they also *shut.' Underneath it they found
what Mr. Borlase said was an ancient whetstone, which no doubt
was buried with the dead, in order that he might have something
to sharpen his weapons with in * the happy hunting grounds ' to
which he was supposed to have gone. Mr. Borlase had found
similar stones, with urns containing the ashes of the dead, in
difiierent barrows. Under this quoit he found part of an urn.
Mr. Borlase expressed a hope that there would be no more
'shutting' near the quoit, because it ought to be regarded as
sacred as the grave of a father — as it was, indeed, the grave of
one of our forefathers. Mr. Westlake mentioned that there
were remains of an old British village on Zennor Cam, a short
distance off.
A few hundred yards to the back of the church at Zennor is a
very good specimen of a logan-rock, which visitors may examine
without the fatigue of hill-climbing, for (unlike most rocking-
stones) it is on a comparatively level plain. No matter how
many persons may be sitting on the top, proper pressure in the
light direction will set it rocking like a cradle. This is termed by
the peasantry the Giant's Rock It is nineteen feet long, three
feet thick, and has on the top several smooth cavities termed by
Borlase rock-basins. It has lately been the fashion to laugh at
the Doctor's * rock-basins,' on the ground that his head was too
full of the Druids to permit of his seeing that these hollows,
instead of having been artificially scooped out, are in reality the
result of the action of the weather. But here it seems to me
that people err in the opposite direction. After a very careful
examination of rocks, principally at Carn Bre, near Redruth, I
am convinced that the round, shallow, rough depressions caused
by the friction of fragments of the granite, blown around and
around on the surface of the boulders in storms of wind and
rain, are quite distinct firom the deep, smooth, intricate cavities
assumed by Borlase to be the handiwork of the Druids. The
real rock-basins are as certainly artificial as the Cornish crosses
of a later age. There is no doubt that the cromlech was, down
to the period of the Roman occupation, the customary style of
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20 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES. '
tomb for prominent chieftains among the Celts ; as to the logan-
rocks, it appears certain that they are due simply to the gradual
wearing away of the soil, leaving the granite thus poised *in some
few instances.
The moorlands in this neighbourhood can show a great number
of rude-stone monuments in various stages of dilapidation, and
many more have within the last century been broken up for
road-making. There are logan-rocks on Rosewall Hill and Cam
Stabba. Between Saint Ives and Zennor, on the lower road
over Tregarthen Downs, stood a logan-rock. An old man told
Mr. Hunt's informant that he had often logged it, and that it
would make a noise which could be heard for miles.
At Balnoon, between Nancledrea and Knill's Steeple, some
miners came upon two slabs of granite cemented together, which
covered a walled grave three feet square. In it they found an
earthenware vessel containing some black earth and a leaden
spoon. The spoon was given to Mr. Praed of Trevetho. (Hunt's
* Popular Romances.')
There is a small dismounted cromlech in Zennor parish, four
miles and a half north-west by north of Penzance, nearly two
furlongs from Bosphrennis, and near the west side of the path
leading from Bosphrennis to Bosigran. Around it is a heap of
earth and stones, the remains, doubtless, of a barrow which once
covered it.
Between this small cromlech and the large one next to be
described was another of considerable size in the estate of
Trewey, but not a vestige of it now remains. It stood about a
furlong south-east of Gundry Cave. The other is a remarkable
barrow no feet in circumference, raised on a small natural cairn,
on an eminence nearly five furlongs south-east by north of
Zennor Church and about two furlongs from the east side of the
road to Penzance. This barrow is depressed at the centre in the
form of a bowl. At the bottom of the hollow was a horizontal
slab six or eight feet square, supported by others set upright, all
which have since been removed. This singular barrow must
therefore have been originally merely a heap covering a cromlech,
and the depression in the centre a modern excavation made to
ascertain the contents of the barrow. (' Archseologia Cambrensis,'
Series III., vol. iii., 1857.)
Dr. Borlase says :
*In the parish of Senor, I met with a remarkable cirque
(Plate XV., Fig. IV.), formed by small stones thrown loosely
together in a circular ridge. At the entrance A, there is one tall
pillar. The dimensions of it may be found by the scale annexed.
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PREHISTORIC^ BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIODS. 21
I judge this to have been an elective circle ; but why this round
should consist of such a number of small stones heaped together,
and the rest of a few, and so much larger, I cannot guess.*
Halliwell was informed that this circle was situated at the
village of Rosemergy. It has long disappeared.
Courtney (' Guide to Penzance,* 1845) says :
* Another small cromlech (unnoticed by Borlase or any other
writer) has lately been discovered in a croft near the village of
Bosprennis in this parish [Zennor] : it is about five feet in
diameter and nearly circular; it is dismounted, and lies on its
flat : three of the upright stones on which it rested still remain :
the fourth is either under the cromlech or hfis been taken away.
This piece of antiquity is nearly hidden by the furze bushes, but
it was no doubt formerly well known, as the croft in which it
stands is still called Quoit Croft.'
At a visit paid to Zennor by the Penzance Natural History and
Antiquarian Society, in September, 1883, a halt was made at
Pennance to visit an ancient barrow known locally as the
Giant's House, which, to the disgust of lovers of the picturesque,
had in view of the visit of the society been * shaven and shorn '
of its covering of bramble and bracken. Arriving at Trereen,
the president led the way down the path to Gurnard's Head, as
far as an enclosure with walls in one place twenty feet thick and
having an extended entrance, and now used as a sheepfold. It
had been in its present state for at least a hundred years. Could
anyone tell him what it was ? Mr. Cornish proceeded to speak
of the Pennance barrow, referring to the peculiar walling of the
interior, and the manner in which the slabs were laid on the
roof. When he first knew it twenty-one or twenty-two years ago
it was used as a calves' house, and they might have detected a
faint odour of that use to-day. The barrow was one of many in
the district. On the eastern slope of the hill above Trereen were
three of precisely the same construction. One was used as a
pig's house, and another for storing fern for fuel. A great many
barrows had been destroyed in the course of improving land a
few years ago. Their use was no doubt sepulchral. When he
discovered one of the barrows on the hills above, a man told him
he had found an urn in it, and he produced it from a hedge. It
was now in the museum of the society. There was a curious
superstition that if an urn found in a barrow were taken home,
the owner would be sure to come for it ; and that the only way
of avoiding that was to break the urn and bury it in a hedge.
On Cuckoo Hill, eastward of the village of Nancledrea, there
stood about forty years ago two piles of rock some eight feet apart,
united by a large flat stone carefully placed upon them, thus
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22 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
forming a doorway which was, as Mr. Hunt's informant told him,
large and high enough to drive a horse and cart through. It was
formerly the custom to march in procession through this * door-
way ' in going to the Twelve o'Clock Stone, on which children
were placed to be cured of rickets. (^ Popular Romances of the
West of England.')
At a point where the four parishes of Zennor, Morvah, Gulval
and Madron meet, is a flat stone with a cross cut on it. Seven
Saxon kings are said to have dined on this. The same is related
of a similar stone near the Land's End.
The following is a list of bronze objects found at Lelant about
the year 1802,'from Evans' * Ancient Bronze Implements of Great
Britain :'
Knife, with oval socket pierced by two holes to fix handle.
Fragments of swords, regarded as being of copper.
Spear-heads, and broken socketed celts.
Ferrule for end of spear-shaft, tapering to a point near the
extremity, then widening into a sphere, with a slight cylindrical
projection beyond the spherical part.
Heavy lumps of fine copper.
Circular jet, or waste piece from metal castings, having four
irregularly conical runners proceeding from it. (Museum of
Society of Antiquaries.)
Pieces of gold in one celt.
(All these are described, and some engraved, in * Archaeologia,'
vol. XV., p. 118.)
The Roman conquest of Cornwall was but a nominal one, and
left the ancient Cornish in a state of practical independence.
Hence our country has little to show in the way of Roman
remains. * In 1702, in the parish of Tawednack, between St.
les and the Land's End, were found, under a prodigious rock of
Moor-stone, called the Giant's Rock, a large flat stone, supported
by four [pillars of the same, an Urn full of ashes with a round ball
of earth by the side of it, and in the said ball fourscore silver
Coins, of the latter Emperours, very fair and well preserved. I
could not have the sight of more than five of them, of which I got
three, of Valentinian I., Gratian, and Arcadius ; the rest were
seized for the Lord of the Soil.' (Mr. Tonkin's letter to Bishop
Gibson, Aug. 4, 1733, M. S. B., p. 224, cited in a footnote in Dr.
Borlase's History.)
Gilbert, quoting Hicks, says that in Towednack one Paul
Quick dug up a large stone which rested on another placed slope-
ways, and found thirty small silver Roman coins, two of which he
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PREHISTORIC, BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIODS, 23
gave to Mr. Hicks. They bore on the obverse a head with the
legend ' Valentiniana Casar Augustus* ; reverse, Fortune sitting on
a wheel : ' Urbs Roma.* This seems to be the same find as the
one referred to above by Tonkin.
On the slope of Cam Ellis, overlooking Saint Ives, is an
ancient erection which must be noticed now. It is an ironstone
* crellas,' or British hut-dwelling, of very great antiquity. This
relic was examined in 1882, by Mr. William Copeland Borlase
(great-grandson of Dr. Borlase, the historian of Cornwall), in
presence of the members of the Penzance Natural History and
Antiquarian Society. Mr. Borlase said this hut was like the
* Picts* houses* of Scotland, but unlike anything else in Cornwall.
The walls are oval in shape, wide at the bottom, narrowing
towards the top. On entering, one walks through a narrow
passage to an inner door, from which another similar passage
leads to the interior of the whole structure.
In a field a little higher than the new cemetery, near the
hamlet of Ayr, is what appears to be the remains of another
ancient round hut, consisting of a circular mound of earth and
stones, about fourteen feet in diameter, with an entrance on the
north west. In the middle is a heap of loose smooth local slate-
stones, collected from the remains of the crellas.
Near the western extremity of the parish of Zennor, on lands of
the farm called Bosphrennis, is a collection of the remains of very
ancient hut-dwellings, which have been fully described by the
Rev. E. L. Barnwell, in the ' Archseologia Cambrensis.* The
best preserved of these huts is figured in several drawings in the
Appendix to Blight's * Churches of West Cornwall.* It consists
of two chambers, one circular, the other rectangular, with a
communicating doorway. The principal entrance, through the
wall of the circular compartment, has a lintel composed of three
slabs of granite ; a few feet from it, in the same wall, is another
very narrow doorway. In the circular chamber each course over-
laps that beneath, whereby a perfect dome was formed, but the
roof has fallen in. In the end of the rectangular chamber is a
small window, which Mr. Barnwell considers almost unique. The
entire structure much resembles the ancient oratories of Ireland,
and the rude buildings which in Wales are popularly termed
' Gaels' churches.' Blight says :
* This bee-hive hut stands in the angle of a small enclosure, the
hedges of which are built of the stones which at one time formed
other similar structures, and which were destroyed by a former
tenant, but within the remembrance of the person now occupying
the estate. In an adjoining field are the remains of the founda-
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24 'A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
tions of rectangular chambers, surrounded by a rudely constructed
circle ; and at a distance of a few hundred yards, among furze and
heath, are traces of circular enclosures.'
At a short distance from the hut-dwellings above described is
the Bosphrennis cromlech, now fallen. * It consisted of four
supporters, three feet six inches high, forming a complete kistvaen
six feet by three ; and what is very remarkable, the covering stone
is circular, measuring four feet ten inches in diameter and five
inches thick. The stone must certainly have been wrought into
this form, and it seems to afford the only known instance of the
kind.' (Blight.) This seems to be the cromlech referred to by
Courtney.
The Bosphrennis huts were visited in 1889 by the Penzance
Natural History and Antiquarian Society, when it was remarked
that Mr. Arthur Mitchell, who visited the Outer Hebrides in 1866,
saw in Lewis and Harris twenty or thirty huts like those of
Bosphrennis. * They were called 6o'A, or bothan, and were used
as sheelings or summer residences by the herdsmen on the upper
pastures.' Examined in detail, one of the Scottish huts agreed in
almost every particular with the Bosphrennis huts, and was at
the time inhabited ; the smaller apartment being used as a store-
room and dairy, the larger and outer as the living-room.
At BosuUow, in Zennor, are the remains of another similar pre-
historic British village, the lower courses of the rude walls of the
huts being distinctly traceable. These remains were visited by
the Penzance Antiquaries in 1883.
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LELANT CROSS.
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CHAPTER III.
OF THE INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY TO THE SAINT IVES
DISTRICT.
As West Cornwall was the earliest seat of civilization in Britain,
SO it was one of the first parts of the island to embrace Christianity.
East Cornwall was evangelized by Welsh missionaries ; West
Cornwall is indebted to Ireland for its first knowledge of the
Faith. Hence it is that nearly all the parish churches of the
Land's End district are dedicated to Irish saints. The churches
of Lelant and Saint Ives bear the names of two members of a
large company of missionaries who, in the middle of the fifth
century, came from Ireland to West Cornwall, and nearly all
suffered martyrdom in this neighbourhood. The only remaining
records of their history are certain fragments of unknown author-
ship, and passages in the chronicle of William of Worcester. A
manuscript Legendary formerly existed, containing the Acts of
Saint la (patroness of Saint Ives), which was read in the parish
church on her feast-day ; but it disappeared at the Reformation.
The ancient authorities do not entirely agree as to some of the
details in the history of the first missionary expedition to West
Cornwall, but they are unanimous in their enumeration of the
principal personages who composed it.
One of the converts of Saint Patrick in Ireland was a certain
Fingar, son of a king named Clito. This Fingar, much against
the will of his people, renounced his succession to the kingdom,
in order to devote himself to preaching the Gospel With this
object he sailed from Ireland, accompanied by a large number of
other zealous Christians, among whom were these :
Saint Piala, sister of Saint Fingar, or Finbar.
Saint Ercius, Ertius, or * Herygh,' as William of Worcester
calls him. The church and parish of Saint Erth perpetuate his
memory in Cornwall. The same authority says of him that he
was brother to Saint Elwinus, that he was a bishop, and that he
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28 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
is buried * in a certain church situated under the cross of the
church of Saint Paul in London.'
Saint Elwin, who, according to this chronicler, Mies in the
parish church of Saint Elwinus near the town of Lalant on the
northern sea, about three miles from Saint Michael's Mount.'
He is now commemorated in the full title of the same parish,
which is Saint Uny Lelant.
Saint Germochus or Germoe.
Saint Breaca, after whom the parish of Breage is named. An
unaccountable Cornish tradition asserts that Germo was a king,
and Breaga a midwife :
' Germo matern,
Breaga lavethes.*
William of Worcester says that Breaca was born in Ireland, and
was a nun in the monastery of Saint Brigit.
Saint Maruanus or Mervyn, monk ; also called Mirin and
Merran.
Saint Levinus or Levan, bishop.
Saint Sinninus or Sennen, abbot, who was at Rome with Saint
Patrick.
Saint Crewenna, patroness of Crowan parish.
Saint Buriana, virgin, of Saint Burian parish.
Saint la, virgin martyr, patroness of the town and parish of
Saint Ives. There seems to be a tradition that she was sister to
Saint Ewinus and Saint Ertius. (Lysons' * Cornwall.')
The church of Gwinear derives its name from Saint Fingar, or
Finguar. (Note that Cymric Gw = Gaelic F.)
William of Worcester, who wrote as a travelling antiquary
in the year 1478, had picked up a few traditions of these Cornish
saints from * Thomas Pepderelle of Tavistock, notary public'
Colgan, an Irish priest, whose * Hyberniae Sanctorum Acta ' was
published at Louvain in the year 1645, also mentions Saint la,
drawing largely from Saint Anselm, whom Dr. Cave (' Historia
Literaria ') considers [sed quaere'] to be the author of the ' Passio
Sancti Guigneri sive Fingari, Pialse et Sociorum.' To condense
these various accounts, the story of the first Christian mission to
West Cornwall runs as follows :
* Among the chief virgins of the Sacred Isle was la, called by some
Iva, a follower of St. Barricius, who was a disciple of St. Patrick.
She, leaving her native land, betook herself to Britain and was,
indeed, one of that numerous company of 777 bishops, priests,
virgins and other clerics who, renouncing worldly honours that
they might inherit a heavenly crown, foUowed St. Fingar into
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THE INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY. 29
Britain. St. la, being desirous to accompany these holy persons,
but having no vessel to travel in, was praying on the shore, when
she beheld a slender leaf conveyed by a great miracle to her feet.
Embarking upon this frail craft, she reached a British port called
Heul, and joined herself to the band of missionaries.
* Being by the shore, at a place where there was a great lack of
water for drinking, St. Fingar, full of faith in Jesus Christ, and
having prayed, fixed his staff in the earth, and immediately an
inexhaustible fountain of purest water burst forth.
* Next the saints came to a town called Conetronia. Here a
certain woman, full of the fear of the Lord, showed them no little
kindness. For, as her dwellings could not contain them all, and
she had no straw for them to lie on, she took down the thatch
from the roofs of her houses and with it made a bed for them.
This most charitable woman gave them for food her only cow.
When it had been killed, and its flesh eaten. Saint Fingar gave
thanks, and commanded that the skin should be spread over the
bones of the cow. Then he invited his companions to pray,
saying " Let us pray, brethren, that God, for the love of whom
this woman most kindly provided us with this cow, may restore
it to her." And when he had ended his prayer, the cow appeared
standing alive before them all, more beautiful than ever it was.
Then the saint ordered that milk from this cow should be set
before him ; which having drunk, he besought God that the cow
might thereafter afford thrice as much milk as other cows. This,
it is related, was the case not only with that cow, but with all its
progeny.
* When morning was come, and the saints would continue
their journey, they beheld the houses miraculously roofed anew.
And when they had come to a certain wood, the rumour of their
coming reached the ears of Theodoric, King of Cornwall, who
had his castle at Revyer, on the eastern side of the estuary of
Hayle ; and he caused them all to be put to death by the sword
on one and the same day.'
Such is a compendium of the somewhat vague and involved
narratives of the authorities above named. Usher gives 460 as
the year of the massacre. Whittaker surmises, with much reason,
that Saint la is not to be taken to have been among the mis-
sionaries then martyred ; and William of Worcester says that
only * the greater part * were put to death. Indeed, the later
historians, as Leland, distinctly record the tradition that Saint la
arrived at Cornwall separately from the others :
*The Paroch Chirch is of la, a noble Man's Doughter of
Ireland, and Disciple of Barricus. la and Elwine with many
other cam into Cornewaul and landid at Pendinas. This Pendinas
is the Peninsula and stony Rok wher now the Town of St. les
stondith. One Dinan, a Great Lord in Cornewaul, made a
Chirch at Pendinas at the Request of la, as it is written yn
S. les Legende. Ther is now at the very Point of Pendinas a
Chapel of S. Nicolas.'
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30 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
William of Worcester says :
'Sancta la appulit in quoddam promontorio Pendinas appel-
late, ubi in villa vel castello eiusdem nominis habitabat princeps
potens nomine Dinan. lUe Sanctam lam benigne recipuit, et, ea
postulante, ecclesiam aedificavit, in qua, post predictum gloriosum
martyrium, sacra reliquia huius virginis deponerentur. Et, a
tempore ista, villa de Pendinas appellata est villa Sanctae lae.'
From these traditions as to the career of Saint la, it is evident
that she spent some time evangelizing the Britons in the neigh-
bourhood of the fortress of Pendinas (probably that of which the
* Two Edges ' are the remains), secure in the protection of
Dinan, the local chieftain, until, by the force or treachery of
Theodoric, or Tudor, she was put to death in the same manner
as her former companions.
In the Latin legend, as above condensed from Colgan, there
are several points of pecuHar antiquarian interest. It is probable
that the mysterious 777, the alleged number of those forming the
missionary expedition, is greatly exaggerated. What the real
number was, it is impossible to guess. The * slender leaf,' upon
which Saint la sailed to Cornwall, was probably a coracle, the
primitive vessel of the Celts, made of skins or canvas stretched
upon a wicker framework ; such boats may still be seen in remote
corners of Wales and Ireland. * Conetronia ' seems to be recog-
nisable as Conarton, a hamlet near the eastern shore of Saint
Ives Bay. The description of the charitable woman's dwellings
always named in the plural, with their conical coverings of rushes,
forcibly reminds the reader of the clustered huts of Bosphrennis
and the prehistoric 'Picts' house' at Ayr. These and other
similar ancient houses are formed of a cluster of small round
* bee-hive huts,' each of which was complete in itself, though but
one component part of the whole habitation. A good illustration
may also be seen in the hut-foundations inside the Trencrom hill-
fort.
* Revyer,' it will be observed, is the Norman-French translation
of the Cornish word Htl (Hayle), which, meaning *the River,'
has since been applied to a district or town. A farm-house in
this locality still bears the name Reviere.
The Chapel of Saint la, which stood on the site of the present
parish church, was erected either during her lifetime or soon
after her martyrdom. Originally it was doubtless similar to the
ancient oratories which still remain in the Saint Ives district, and
which will hereafter be described. At her death the bones of
Saint la were deposited in her oratory at the town of Pendinas,
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THE INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY, 31
which soon afterwards began to be called * Saint Ives ' in her
honour, as above related in the words of William of Worcester.
When the present church was built, early in the fifteenth century,
the relics of the patron saint were translated to a beautiful shrine
in the chancel ; but at the Reformation this was destroyed, and
Saint la's remains scattered to the four winds. The Chapel of
Saint la was, it appears, altered or added to long after its
erection, for it is known to have possessed Norman architectural
features. A plain octagonal capital, believed to have belonged to
this chapel, was found some years ago near the church, and is
now in the garden of a house on the Terrace.
Dr. Borlase says there was at Camborne a chapel dedicated to
Saints Ya and Derwe.
Some writers give an alternative form to the name of our saint,
calling her * la otherwise Iva.' I have never been able to dis-
cover the authority for the latter variant. It does not occur in
the MS. doubtfully attributed to Saint Anselm, nor does the
letter v enter into any one of the numerous spellings used in the
public records, until the thirteenth year of Elizabeth's reign.
The following is a chronological list of the various forms of the
name of this parish, showing when the v first crept into the
word. The documents referred to are subsidy rolls preserved at
the Public Record Office :
1327. Parochia Sancte Ye.
1520. Parochia de Ya.
1523. Parochia de Seynt Ya.
1546. Seynt lysse.
1547. Saynt lyes.
1549. Seint les ; Seynt Eyes.
1557. Seynt lees.
1571. St. Yves.
1586. St. lues.
1593. St. Ives.
The Cornish language always preserved the true name of the
town. Carew, writing in the reign of Elizabeth, says :
* This town is to this day called by the common people in the
West, Porthia, St. la's port.'
How, then, did this superfluous consonant intrude into the
written and spoken name ? Was it merely in an effort at greater
euphony; or was it that, when the memory of the maiden
patroness had faded away, her name became confounded with
that of the Persian Bishop Ivo, who has given his name to the
East Cornwall parish of Saint Ive, and to Saint Ives in Hunting-
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32 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
denshire? Later writers, indeed, have almost all professed
themselves in doubt as to whether our town owes its name to
the Irish la or the Persian Ivo; but the doubt seems to have
first been raised by Alban Butler. At all events, as a matter of
fact, our town has no associations either with Bishop Ivo, or
with the popular Yves, the patron of the lawyers, whose name
is borne by several parishes, and by thousands of men, in the
sister country of Brittany.
It is true that, in the printed versions of William of Worcester's
* Itinerarium,* we find the forms * Seynt Hyves ' and * Seynt Yves,*
side by side with the more ancient spellings (see ante, p. 3) ; but
it is open to question whether the * v ' is not introduced, by an
error of transcriber or printer, a century too soon.
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ST. IVES CROSS,
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CHAPTER IV.
OF THE EARLY CHRISTIAN ANTIQUITIES WITHIN THE DISTRICT
OF SAINT IVES.
Chapels.
Soon after the death of Saint la, other Christian oratories were
built in and near Saint Ives, besides that which owed its founda-
tion immediately to her :
I. The Chapel of Saint Nicholas on the top of the Island. This
is still standing, but has for centuries been subjected to such
patching and alterations as have perhaps left but Httle of the
original structure. Its latest metamorphosis was when it was
transformed into a look-out for the revenue officers. This was
probably done some time in the last century ; and brick additions
were then made to the ancient building, turning it into a sort of
cottage, with a low wall on the rock behind, on which the pilots
rest their telescopes when scanning the horizon for vessels. The
Chapel of Saint Nicholas is mentioned in the * Liber Regis,' says
Lysons. Tonkin says :
* On the island (or peninsula) work of Saint Ives standeth the
ruins of an old chapel, wherein God was duly worshipped by our
ancestors the Britons, before the Church of St. Ives was erected
or endowed.'
Hals says :
* This town, as Mr. Camden saith, was formerly called Pendenis
or Pendunes, the head fort, fortress, or fortified place, probably
from the little island here, containing about six acres of ground,
on which there stands the ruins of a little old fortification and a
chapel.'
Leland also refers to this chapel, as mentioned in our last
chapter. Throughout the Borough and Churchwardens' Account
Books, largely transcribed into these pages, are frequent entries
of payments made for the repair of this chapel, and the next one
to be mentioned.
3—2
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36 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
II. The oratory of Saint Leonard, at the spot where the stone
pier juts out from the shore. This ancient building is still called
* The Chaple/ and the people regard it with some lingering
reverence. The Chaple still preserves its original outline, with
its eastern end narrowing inwards, and the little narrow doorway
in the north wall, having a rude flight of steps leading up to it.
Against the inside of the eastern wall are slight remains of the
stones which formed the base of the altar. During the Middle
Ages the Chaple was especially devoted to the use of the fisher-
men, who maintained a chaplain to say Mass for them there, they
paying him by an offering of fish proportioned to each catch.
This office seems to have been continued even after the Reforma-
tion, for Warner tells us of a chaplain who, in his time, said
prayers there for the fishermen, whenever he was sufficiently
sober to do so. For the past hundred years or more, the Chaple
has been used as a shelter for the long-shore men of various
kinds, for whose benefit a rude seat has been provided, formed
of the mast of a ship, and ranged along the wall inside. The
Chaple was repaired out of the pier fund ; but this having
been long discontinued, the venerable oratory was beginning
to fall into ruins in 1886, when it was saved and restored
by the timely and intelligent action of the mayor, Mr. Edward
Hain, junior.
III. The chapel or oratory which formerly stood on the rocks
under Penmester Hill, and which gives its name to the cove and
neighbourhood of Porthminster (*the sandy cove of the church ').
In some parts of Cornwall, as at Boscastle, old people still call
the church * the minster.' Some years ago the sand was washed
down from the top of the beach, close to the Tregenna stream,
leaving uncovered a portion of the foundations of this oratory,
near which were found two stone coffins with leaden chalices,
marking the interment of priests. It was said that these
remains were deposited in the museum at Penzance, but I have
never seen them. The find was made about the year 1870,
and was reported by the local press. This chapel, together
with the village of Porthminster, was destroyed by French
men-of-war, who burned them to the ground in the reign of
Henry VI.
IV. At Brunian or Brunnion in Lelant was another ancient
chapel, dedicated to Saint Mary. Its site is marked by an old
cross, and a carved stone arch which formed the entrance. Close by
is a garden which is said to have been originally the burial-ground .
The Exeter Episcopal Register records that Thomas Mohun and
Isabella his wife, Michael Trenuyd (Trenwith) and Margery Eyr,
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THE EARLY CHRISTIAN ANTIQUITIES.
37
applied to the Bishop for licence to have Mass celebrated for
a year from June 17, 1398, in the Chapel of the Blessed Virgin
CHAPEL OF ST. NICHOLAS, ST. IVES.
./'• '"^"V^
'THE CHAPLE,' ST. IVES, FROM THE N.W.
Mary at * Breynyon in parochia Sancti Eunii in Cornubia ' ; but
in the margin are the words, 'Non habuit effectum.' In the
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38 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
same manuscript, under the date 1410 or thereabouts, it is called
the Chapel of Saint Mary Magdalen.
V. At the farm of Trevarrack, in the parish of Towednack, is a
croft known as the Chapel Field, where formerly stood^ the ruins
of an ancient oratory. The site was ploughed up in the year 1840,
and the remains of the chapel carted away. A few of the carved
stones, including a fragment of the ashlar ogee of a window, are
to be seen in the garden of the farmhouse, and into the front of
the house an inscribed stone from the chapel has been built,
concerning which a few words must be said. It is an oblong
block of freestone, about three feet by one foot, and the inscrip-
tion is in early mediaeval Latin characters, lightly incised. The
stone is high up in the wall, and, being upside down, the inscrip-
tion is difficult to make out on a cursory inspection ; but the
following marks may be distinguished :
El + E
IS D -
M
Without presuming to hazard a conjecture as to the actual reading
of this inscription, we would call attention to the similarity between
these characters and the letters marked on the front of the cross
at Lanherne Convent, as figured in Blight's * Cornish Crosses.'
It is to be noted also that Bhght says the Lanherne cross was
removed from an ancient chapel in the parish of Gwinear,
VI. At Higher Tregenna, in 1814, the foundations of a similar
old oratory were, according to Lysons, still visible.
VII. The foundations of another chapel of the same kind are
to be seen on the narrow part of the small headland called the
Gurnard's Head in the parish of Zennor. At its eastern end is
a large slab, said by some to be the altar-stone, under which,
according to another tradition, certain drowned mariners lie
buried. At the beginning of the present century it was still the
custom to make a pilgrimage to this spot on the parochial feast-
day.
VIII. The MS. collections of Dr. Borlase, quoting from the
Exeter Episcopal Registers, mention ' the Chapel of Saint Ante
alias Ansa, prope ripam maris,' under the year 1495, at Saint Ives,
in which a guild or fraternity was established, and say that it was
turned into a smith's shop in June, 1770.
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THE EARLY CHRISTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 39
IX. A chapel mentioned by Lysons as having existed at the
Chapel Field in the Barton of Kerrow and Cornelloe, Zennor.
X., XI., XI I. To these we must add, on the authority of Blight
C Cornish Crosses '), similar chapels at Trewanack, Rose-an-crowz
and Chapel Anjou, in Lelant.
These ancient fanes, and others in various parts of Cornwall,
bear a strong likeness to each other in their size, shape and
mode of construction, and seem to have been built in the earliest
Christian period of our country's history.
Crosses.
To the same period are to be ascribed the most ancient of the
wayside crosses for which Cornwall is renowned. These are all
of granite, and the oldest of them are extremely simple in form.
The following are the examples in the Saint Ives district :
I. Penbeagle Cross, at the corner where the Zennor road is
joined by the lane from Penbeagle farm (locally ' town ')• This
cross is badly mutilated, a very large portion being broken off.
The face has been marked with a small Latin cross roughly
incised, and a reversed B appears on the back. This cross was
whitewashed over in September, 1890. Here also are the Prior
Field and Park Venton (the * well-field ')• Possibly there was.
a chapel there. I noticed a holy-water stoup built into a shed at
Hellesvean, hard by.
II. A cross at the corner of a hedge (which in Cornwall means
a dry-stone wall) bordering the Saint Ives road, in Lelant village.
Its round head bears a Latin cross in relief, which some un-
enlightened restorer has recently marked out with a coating of
tar.
III. A tall, round-headed cross in the new Lelant cemetery,
close to the churchyard. It bears a rudely-carved crucifix. This
venerable monument formerly stood by the side of the highroad
to Saint Ives, where it received rough treatment from the Saint
Ives fishermen who came to Lelant to paint their boats. Hence
its removal to its present position.
IV. A cross pattee fitchee, carved on a round-headed shaft, in
Lelant cemetery ; on the other side is carved a crucifix.
V. A plain St. Andrew's cross, carved on a round-headed
shaft, in Lelant churchyard.
VI. The round head of a cross, on a wall opposite the Praed
Arms Inn, in Lelant village.
VII. A cross at Brunnion in Lelant, marking the site of an
ancient chapel.
VIIL, IX. The round heads of two crosses, now placed upon
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40 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
the grave of the Rev. William Borlase, the late vicar, in the
churchyard of Zennor.
X. A round-headed cross discovered in the wall of a house at
Towednack church-town about four years ago ; now in the
garden at Tredorwin.
XL Saint Ives Cross, described in our chapter on the church.
XII. A round-headed granite cross built into a hedge on the
highroad near Higher Trenoweth, Lelant.
Cam Crowze (' the cross rock ')» a spot near the point of the
Island, is so called from a cross which formerly stood there.
There was also a cross in the ancient earthworks on the top of
Carn Trencrom.
Holy Welk.
It is not our place to say more about these in general than
that they were probably considered sacred long before they
became connected with the traditions of Christianity. It was
the policy of the early missionaries to give a Christian character
to the ancient stones and springs, by identifying the latter with
Christian ideas and surmounting the former with the symbol of
our redemption, thus directing to the faith of the Gospel that
awe and veneration which had been implanted in the minds
of the people by the Druids, and which the Christian priests
were unable to eradicate. These wells (in Cornish *venton')
are the following, in the Saint Ives district :
I. Venton Eia (Saint Eia's or la's well), on the cliff under the
village of Ayr, overlooking Porthmeor. This ancient well,
associated with the memory of the patron saint of the town,
was formerly held in the highest reverence. Entries occur in
the borough records of sums paid for cleansing and repairing it,
under 1668-9, 1680-1, and 1692-3. On the last of these occasions
the well was covered, faced, and floored with hewn granite blocks
in two compartments. It is still known as 'the wishing- well,'
from the old custom of divination by crooked pins dropped into
the water. For some years past, however, this ancient source of
purity has been shamefully outraged by contact with all that is
foul. Close to it is a cluster of sties, known as ' Pigs' Town,'
and the well has become the receptacle for stinking fish and all
kinds of ofifal. Just above it are the walls of the new cemetery.
All veneration for this spot, so dear to countless generations of
our forefathers, seems to have departed.
II. Venton Dovey, in the town of Saint Ives. I have not
been able to discover who the Dovey is, after whom this well is
called ; indeed, there is a difficulty even in identifying its site.
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THE EARLY CHRISTIAN ANTIQUITIES. 41
for although the name occurs in a deed of 1808, I have not met
with any person who can remember it. It was perhaps the
spring situate at the north side of Shute Street, which, together
with the present Dove Street, formed originally one thoroughfare
known as Street-an-Poll (Pool Street). Some cottages at the top
of the Stennack form a hamlet known as Nanjivvey, or St. Jiwey,
perhaps a form of * Dovey'; and there is a well hard by.
III. Venton Vigean, referred to in a deed of 1808. I cannot
explain the name ; it was situate at Ayr, where there is a field
which is still called Venton Vision.
IV. Venton Uny (the Well of Saint Ewinus, the saint to whom
the parish of Uny Lelant owes its name). This well is most
picturesquely situated on the cliff at Hawke's Point ; its popular
appellation is Venton Looly. It is still used by romantic young
people as a wishing-well.
Dr. Borlase severely says :
'The vulgar Cornish have a great deal of this folly still
remaining; and there is scarce a parish-well, which is not
frequented at some particular times for information, whether
they shall be fortunate or unfortunate ; whether, and how, they
shall recover lost goods, and the like ; and from several trials
they make upon the well-water, they go away fully satisfied for a
while ; those who are too curious being always too credulous.'
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CHAPTER V.
OF THE MANORS AND LORDSHIPS.
The Saint Ives district has been for many centuries divided into
several manors or feudal lordships, namely :
X. J
2.
L lie;
iTxaiiUi
Dinas la and Porthia.
3.
Saint Ives and Treloyhan.
4-
Porth la Prior.
5.
and Barton of Trenwith.
6.
of Lelant and Trevetho.
7-
Trembethow.
8.
Amalibria.
9-
Boswednack.
10.
Trereen.
II.
Trewey.
12.
and Barton of Kerrow and Carnello
It will perhaps be best if we now proceed to give a brief history
of each of these in succession.
I. The Manor of Ludgvan Lese. — This was the principal manor
in these parts; according to Leland, those who held it were
deemed Lords of Saint Ives. Hals tells us that in the Domesday
tax of the year 1087, Saint Ives and Towednack were comprised
in the Manor of * Ludduham ' (now Ludgvan Lese), which then
belonged to the King or Earl of Cornwall, and was privileged
with the jurisdiction of a court leet before the Norman
Conquest. This manor anciently vested in the family of De
Ferrers, whose heiress carried it in marriage to Champernowne,
and the heiress of Champernowne brought it to Sir Robert
Willoughby, first Lord Broke. After the death of Robert,
second baron, this property was divided between his two
daughters, married respectively to Lord Mountjoy and Pawlet,
Marquess of Winchester, who are described by Leland as * Lords
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OF THE MANORS AND LORDSHIPS. 45
oi Saint Ives/ temp. Henry VIII. * This manor still continues/
writes Gilbert, circa 1820, * in the Pawlet family, being vested in
the heirs of the late Duke of Bolton.'
2. The Manor of Dinas la and Porthia. — This manor was sold
by John Hele in 1655 to John, Earl of Radnor, of the Robartes
family, and descended from him to Vere Hunt, who sold it to
John Stevens of Saint Ives, founder of the family of Stephens of
Tregenna, circa 1750.
3. The Manor of Saint Ives and Treloyhan was purchased from
Praed of Trevetho by Sir Christopher Hawkins, Bart., about the
year 1807.
4. The Manor of Forth la Prior. — This manor is situated partly
in the parish of Saint Ives, and partly in Saint Anthony-in-
Meneage and in other places. It belonged to the Benedictine
Priory of Tywardreath until the dissolution of monasteries, when
Henry VIII. (in 1540) annexed it to the Duchy of Cornwall.
The manor was then valued at the annual sum of £7 los. lod.
5. The Manor and Barton of Trenwith. — Lysons says that this
was anciently the name of a district including the whole parish
of Lelant According to Domesday Book, * Trenwit ' was owned,
in the time of King Edward the Confessor, by Sitric the Abbot,
and before by the Earl (of Cornwall) and his villeins. The
following is an extract from that record :
* The same Earl (of Moreton) holds Trenwit ; Sitric the Abbot
held it in the time of King Edward, and it was taxed for 2 hides ;
but notwithstanding, there are 6 hides ; the arable land is 4 caru-
Gates; in Domain there are 5 carucates, and 16 bond servants
and 30 villeins and 30 borderers, with 12 ploughs ; there are
40 acres of wood, and 1,000 acres of pasture ; formerly it returned
12 marks of silver; now it returns 25 pounds and 18 shillings and
4 pence.'
In the Exeter Domesday this manor is called 'Trenuwit.*
By the Earl of Cornwall Trenwith was granted to John de Beau-
fort, son of John of Gaunt, and continued in his family till the
attainder of Edmund Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, in 1471-
Since then the manor seems to have been annihilated ; but the
barton, some time previous to the reign of Edward IV., became
the property of a family called Bailiff, who then took the surname
of Trenwith. This ancient house kept possession of Trenwith
until the death of Rebecca Trenwith in 1798. A full account of
this old stock and their estate will hereafter be given.
6. The Manor of Lelant and Trevetho. — These possessions vested
of old in the family of Bottreaux or Boterel, which left its original
home in Brittany to follow the fortunes of William the Conqueror.
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46 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
This property passed successively to Godolphin and Praed, now
represented by the Mackworth-Praeds.
7. The Manor of Trembethow, in the parish of Lelant, is said to
have been the seat of John Hals, Justice of Common Pleas temp.
Henry V., and to have been by him sold to Godolphin. Temp.
Elizabeth it belonged to Mohun. Early in the present century
one -third was held by William Praed, one -third by Arthur
Champernowne, and one -third equally by Samuel Stephens,
Tremayne and Rodd, as heirs of Hearle.
8. The Manor of Amalibria^ or Amalebra, in the parish of
Towednack, was conveyed by Humphrey Noy to his son-in-
law, Davies, to whom it descended to the late Davies Giddy,
Esq., M.P.
9. 10. The Manor of Boswednack and the Manor of Trereen were,
in 1814, the property of Arundell Harris ; and
11. The Manor of Trewey belonged at that date to Grove and
Cornish.
12. The Barton of Kerrow and Carnello belonged to the family
of Williams of Treneere, The four last-named properties are in
the parish of Zennor.
In 1295 King Edward I. granted to William Bottreaux the
privilege of holding a market every Thursday * within his manor
of La Nant ' (Rot. Cart. 24 Edw. I.). The same charter granted
two fairs, on the festivals of the Purification and of the Assump-
tion of the Blessed Virgin, February 2 and August 15.
In 1336 Richard de Haveryng suffered a recovery of lands in
Lelant by Thomas de Saint Leger.
In 1338 Saint Ives was paying ^fio a year to the Priory of
Tywardreath, as we learn from Dr. Oliver's *Monasticon Dioc.
Exon.,' p. 34 :
*Extenta facta inter Wilhelmum de Hardeshull clericum et
Johannem Hamely vicecomitem Cornubie de terris domibus
beneficiis possessionibus et locis ac bonis religiosorum virorum
prioris et conventus de Tywardraith vicesimo quarto die Julij
anno regni Regis Edwardi tertij a conquistu undecimo.
* Item de Porthia, xV
(TRANSLATION.)
*An Extent made between William of Hardeshull, clerk, and
iohn Hamely, Viscount of Cornwall, concerning the lands,
ouseSy benefices, possessions and places and goods of the
religious men the prior and convent of Tywardreath, the
twenty-fourth day of July in the eleventh year of the reign of
King Edward the Third firom the Conquest.
' Item out of Porthia, £10.'
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OF THE MANORS AND LORDSHIPS. 47
In 1389 Peter de Trelewyth suflfered a recovery of lands at
Saint Ives by John de Penrose.
Some time during the reign of Henry VI. (1422- 1461) four
French ships, which had shortly before sacked Marazion, landed
at the village of Porthminster, a mile south-east from Saint Ives,
burned it to the ground and killed twenty men, after which
exploit they sailed away with their booty. From that time
forward Porthminster had no houses, until, in the last century,
a few cottages began to be built there. The chapel of Porth-
minster is treated of in a former chapter.
Shortly after this untoward occurrence, Lord Willoughby built
at his own cost a fort at Pendinas Point, and furnished it with
guns for the defence of the harbour.
In 1463 inquisition was held on the death of William Bottreaux,
knight, possessed of lands in the Manor of Lelant.
In 1467 George, Archbishop of York, and others, purchased
from Margaret Hungerford and others lands in Boswythgy,
Tywarnayl, and the Manor of * Lananta.'
Michael Trewynnard, a native of Saint Ives, according to
William of Worcester, died on Maunday Thursday 1471, Provost
of the Collegiate Church of Saint Thomas of Glasney.
In 1497 four ships of war, having on board Perkin Warbeck
and Lady Catherine Gordon, with 150 men, anchored in Saint
Ives Bay, on their way from Ireland, and Perkin was pro-
claimed ' King Richard IV.' in the town. He afterwards raised
3,000 men at Bodmin.
*In the I2th year of King Henry the Seventh's reign,' says
Hicks, * died Mr. Polpear and Mr. Nicholas, two of the best landed
men in the town, each of them leaving one daughter, who fell in
ward to the Lord Broke. Nicholas' heiress was married to
Thomas Glynn, whence perhaps the Christian name of Nicholas
became general in that family. Mr. Polpear's heiress was
married to John Payne, who, with Mr. Glynn, was greatly in
favour with the Lord Broke.'
Hicks mentions a charter of Henry VII. to Saint Ives, granting
the privilege of a market (Dr. Cardew's extracts).
Before the Cambrian Archaeological Association, in 1885,
Mr. F. J. Mitchell exhibited two large wrought-iron cannon, of
the latter part of the fifteenth century, which were found off
Saint Ives.
During several centuries, the coast around Saint Ives Bay was
subject to serious encroachments of the sand, which more than
once threatened to entirely engulf the town.
Leland, writing in the sixteenth century, says :
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48 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
' Most part of the houses in the peninsula be sore oppressid or
over covered with sandes that the stormy windes and rages
castitb up there. This calamitie hath continuid ther litle aboue
20 yeares. . . . The best part of the town now standith in the
south part of the Peninsula, toward another hille for defence from
the sandes' (Itin., iii. 21).
Holinshed confirms his account in the passage which we have
cited from his chronicle in our first chapter.
In the year 1327 there was a general subsidy levied upon all
England, and the lists of persons taxed for. it are the earliest
subsidy rolls in existence. The following are some of the most
interesting names, with the amounts levied :
LELANT.
De Rogo Beaufurd (from Roger Beaufort), is.
Robto Gulifte (Glynne), is.
Tha Karyhays (Thomas Caerhays), 6d.
Johfte Stabbe (John of Carn Stabba), 4s.
Aunfro de Porthya (Humphrey of Saint Ives), 6d,
Rado de Kerdyu (Radulph of Carthew), 6d.
Senota vidua, is. (Senota the widow. Qtuere, Senora ?)
Stephno fifabf (Stephen the Smith), is.
Rob£o Daumarl, 6d.
RiCo vitulo (Richard Veale — a too literal rendering of this
common Saint Ives surname), 6d.
Johfte Margasion (John of Marazion), 6d.
Odone Stagft (Odo the tinner), is.
Will^ Trewoen, is. (Trewoen is now Trowan.)
Nictlle Tann6 (Nicholas the tanner), 4s.
Witto de bristoU, 6d.
Luca Textore (Luke the weaver), 6d.
Anastad Clemon, 6d.
Thni le Baker, 3d.
Johfte le Juone (John Young), 6d.
Angelo Tredanek, is. 6i.
Walto Payn, is.
Odone Celady, 6d. (Also called Calmady.)
Rego Treuethon, is. 6d.
Paulo de Chywarton (the hamlet of Chivarton), is.
Isabella de yue, 6d.
GalfO Bieuyen, 6d. (This name became Vivian — a genuine
old Cornish baptismal and surname.)
Marina vidua, 6d.
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OF THE MANORS AND LORDSHIPS. 49
Andf Trefrenk, is. 6d. (Trefirink, or Trink, is a hamlet in
Lelant.)
Luca de Nans, is. (Nance is a hamlet near Saint Ives.)
Rogo de Kameny, 6d.
Thm Thotes, gd. (This name became Oates.)
Johfte Bryton, 2s. 6d. (meaning John the Breton). This is
the earliest record of the Bretons who came to Saint
Ives in such large numbers for many centuries. Two
others are named in this roll.
RiCo Scot, IS. 8d. (Richard the Scot). He comes in at the
end of the list, as being, of course, an alien like the
Breton.
Regfio Donuat, 6d. (He would seem to have been a Scot or
an Irishman, Donnell or Donald.)
SAINT IVES.
De Henf de hendre, 2s. (Hendre, or Hendra, is still the name
of a farm in Saint Ives parish. The Christian name
Henry, as locally pronounced, becomes ' Hendry.')
Thfi Woorswian, is. (Vorvas Vean, in Lelant.)
Johfle hellysvyghan, 2s. (Hellesvean, another Saint Ives
hamlet)
Lauf hellysuf , is. (Lawrence of Hellesveor, a hamlet close
to the former.)
Johfle halse, loi.
Osbto Trewowen, is.
Alexo Pordye, 8d. (Alexander of Porthia.)
Walto Portmaystre, 2s. (Walter of Porthminster, locally
pronounced * Perm^ster.')
Clemte Tregoce, 2s.
RiCo Tiok, is. (Tyack, a Cornish word for * farmer.')
TOWEDNACK.
De Wilto de Nanscludry, is. 6d. (Nancledrea, a hamlet in a
lonely valley of this parish.)
Odone Treualgen, 2s. (Trevalgan is a hamlet near Saint
Ives.)
Johfle de Ryswal, 2s. (John of Rosewall, a homestead on
the eastern slope of Rosewall Hill, near its foot. A
John de Ryswal appears in a list of the Cornish knights
who went to the Second Crusade. This family has
been connected with Rosewall Farm down almost to
the present day.
Thfii de Pendrelan, 2s.
4
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50 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Some remarks upon this ancient and most interesting roll may
be acceptable. Nearly all the surnames are the names of places.
A popular notion is that old families have given their names to
their ancestral seats, but of course the converse is the case. A
small proportion of the names are Norman-French ; the vast
majority are evidently Celtic. From the number of names under
each parish, we may gauge the relative proportions of their
populations. The numbers are : Lelant, ii8 ; Saint Ives, 47 ;
Towednack, 38. Zennor does not figure in this roll. The docu-
ment is in good preservation, only twenty-four names in these
three parishes being illegible, of which nineteen are Towednack
names, ten of them torn off. _ _
The roll is headed thus : Cornub : Tax xx™<> dno Regi concesse
anno Regni Regis Edwardi tertij a conquistu primo. Hundf de
Pennewyth, Paroch SCi Euwift de Lanaunt— Parocfi Ste Ye —
Paroch Sei Tewennoch.
Lysons mentions that the estate of Trevelglos, in the parish
of Zennor, belonged to a family of that name, whose heiress
brought it to Gerveys ; it belonged in 18 14 to Richard Gerveys
Grylls.
FIELD-NAMES.
Some of the ancient field-names near Saint Ives speak to us
of the time when certain officials of the village community were
paid for their public services by a right of pasture or tillage in
lands belonging to the manor or township. Thus we have :
The Bellier's Croft.
The Great Weaver's Field.
The Round Weaver's Field.
The Higher and Lower Soldier's Fields, at Tregenna Home
Farm.
The Burrow Field.
Others indicate the sites of long-forgotten shrines, as 2
The Cross Field.
Park-an-Growse (* cross field ').
Chapel Field, at Trevarrack.
Some names explain themselves — that is, unless they are
corruptions of Cornish words, as they probably are in many
instances. Such are :
The Churchway Field at Bahavela.
The Tin Plot Field.
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NHBOIPQB
OF THE MANORS AND LORDSHIPS. 51
The Splat, at Corvah. This term signifies a small piece of
land in a flat region. There is a farm called the Splot
Farm, and a district called Splotlands, close to Cardiff,
Glamorganshire.
The Colt's Park. ('Park' is the Cornish equivalent of the
English word ' field ')•
The Whim Field, Bahavela.
The Great and Little Insides, Trenwith.
The Deep Moor, Penbeagle.
The Prior Field, Penbeagle.
The King's Meadow, alias Park-an-Garrow ('the rough
field •)• at Carthew.
Park-an-Cam (' the field of the pile of rocks ') at Ayr.
Park Bean Ayr ('little Ayr field').
The Yonder Field, Treloyhan.
Wheal Whidden (' the white field ') at Chyangueale.
Gray's Field, Chyangueale.
The Coarse Croft ('gorse field'), Chyangueale.
The Oaten Meadow, at Vorvas Vean in Lelant.
Tregoose (' the homestead by the wood '), Chyangueale.
The Bramble Field, Penbeagle.
Park Venton ('the well field '), Penbeagle.
The Homer (* homeward/ or nearer). Shade Field, and the
Outer Shade Field, in Tregenna Park.
The Stitches, at the Belliers. (A ' stitch ' signifies a long
strip of land.)
Fuggoe Field (' cave field '), Chyangueale.
The Feather Field, Penbeagle. (The fiirther field ?)
Park-an-Down, Ayr.
Venton Vision, Ayr.
Chem Dray (a corruption of Chy-an-dre, 'the homestead
house,') at Talland.
Park Tron (' the round field '), Trenwith.
Park-an- Roper (' the rope-walk close '), Trenwith.
The Stitch, Chyangueale.
Park Owles (Park als, ' the cliff close '), at Chyangueale.
Park Vom ('the alder close*), Vorvas Vean.
The Tye Close (ty= house), Vorvas Vean.
Hill Ventor Field (query Venton) at Fuggoe.
Peter Field, Fuggoe.
Park Towans (' sand-hills close '), Chyangueale.
The names which I have &iled to discover the meanings of are
these:
4—2
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52 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
Western Major, Tregenna Home Farm.
The Ledger, Home Farm (' ledra,' a cliff ?).
Reder's Field, Bahavela.
The Quash Field, close to the town of St. Ives.
Park Shaftoes, Vorvas Vean.
Croft Shewamea, Carninney.
Carbis Field, Chyangueale.
The Caulker Field, Penbeagle.
Vinney Conner, a field at Carninney.
The above names are gleaned from a rent-roll of the Tregenna
estate, comprising the Manor of Dinas la and Porthia, and
portions of the Manor of Lelant and Trevetho.
The following field-names are taken from conveyances made
between 1736 and 1808 :
Crankan Vean, Zennor.
Rabal, St Ives.
Fowe Wartha, or Higher Rengwey, St. Ives.
Doremoor, St. Ives.
Park Noweth, Hellesvean, St. Ives. (The new field.)
Cornello, otherwise Park Angell, St. Ives.
Park-an-Growse, otherwise Park Arthia, St. Ives.
Garden Garrow, St. Ives.
Bothen, St. Ives.
Park-an-Garrack Crock field'), St. Ives.
Seavell (Scavel ? )-an-Gow, St. Ives.
Estover Crofts, St. Ives.
Brace Teage, Ayr, St. Ives. (Brds tfeg = large fair.)
The Round Stitch, Ayr.
The Island Wastrel, town of St. Ives.
The Hempland, Barnoon, St. Ives.
Ayr Acre, Ayr, St. Ives.
Park-an-Rack, Ayr.
Plain-an-Gwarry (' the playing-plain ') — the ancient amphi-
theatre for the mystery-plays, at the Stennack, St. Ives.
The ' Gware Miracl,' or miracle play, was a noteworthy feature
in the life of a Cornish parish during the Middle Ages. This
mediaeval form of drama was carried on under the auspices
of the clergy, and was so contrived as to combine scriptural and
moral teaching with the popular recreation. In most parishes
there was a place set apart for these quasi-religious perform-
ances ; it consisted everywhere of a circular pit or amphitheatre
dug out of the ground, with several rows of seats like steps
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OF THE MANORS AND LORDSHIPS. 53
around the sides of the excavation — an imitation of the Roman
arena. The level ground at the bottom constituted the stage
where the performers played their parts. The subjects acted
were incidents drawn either from the Scriptures or from the
legendary lives of the saints. Such plays were written out in
full, and copies of some of them are still preserved and have been
printed, such as the * Gureanz an b^s ' (Creation of the World)
and the * Bewnanz Meriasec ' (Life of Saint Meradochus). The
best-known of these amphitheatres which are still in existence
are those near Redruth and at Saint Just church-town, known
respectively as the Plain-an-Gwarry and the Roundago ; also the
Gwennap Pit, near Saint Day. The name * Plain-an-Gwarry ' is
given to a piece of land at the Stennack in a deed of 1808, but
has long been forgotten. At that date the land in question was
an orchard.
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CHAPTER VI.
THE PARISH CHURCH OF SAINT IVES.
For a long period the inhabitants of the chapelries (as they then
were) of Saint Ives and Towednack laboured under serious incon-
veniences, owing to their being so far from their parish church,
which was the church of Leiant. So long, indeed, as Saint Ives
was merely a small village composed of a few fishermen's huts,
this hardship had to be borne. But at the commencement of the
fifteenth century Saint Ives had become rather an important and
populous town, being, in fact, a foremost port of communication
with Ireland and Brittany. Resolving, therefore, to remedy this
inconvenience, and at the same time to improve the status of the
town,
* the inhabitants ' (says Hicks) * did about the year 1408 petition
the Lord Champernon, Lord of Saint Ives, that he would be
pleased to petition His Holiness the Pope to grant his license for
a chapel to be built within the borough; so the Lord Champernon
on petition did obtain from His Holiness the Pope Alexander the
5th, primo anno pontificatus anno gr. Dfli 1410, his bull to build a
chapel in the borough ; and likewise obtained a license from the
Most Reverend Father in God the Archbishop of Canterbury,
and a license from the Right Reverend the Bishop of Exeter, for
the building of the said chapel, which, together with the tower,
was begun in the reign of King Henry V., and finished in the
reign of King Henry VI., being 16^ years in building.'
Hicks, and all the historians who have followed him, make a
mistake in naming 1410 as the date of the papal bull. If the
Pope referred to was Alexander V., it must have been 1409, the
year both of the election and of the death of that pontiff. In
giving these facts, Hicks evidently had before him the original
papal license, which in his time was preserved among the
borough archives ; and it is more probable that he was mistaken
in the date than in the Pope's name.
Gilbert quotes from the text of the petition presented by the
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THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. IVES.
55
inhabitants to the Pope, through the medium of the lord of the
manor, the following passage, giving the reasons urged by the
Saint Ives people for their desiring a separate parish church :
' As it had pleased the Almighty God to increase the town
inhabitants and to send down temporal blessings most plentifully
among them, the people, to show their thankfulness for the same,
did resolve to build a chapel in Saint Ives, they having no house
in the town, wherein public prayers and Divine service was read,
but were forced every Sunday and holy day to go to Lelant
church, being three miles distant from Saint Ives, to hear the
same, and likewise to carry their children to Lelant to be
baptized, their dead to be there buried, to go there to be married,
and their women to be churched.'
ST. IVES CHURCH FROM THE N.E.
Accordingly Pope Alexander V., on October 20, 1409, and
(after the death of the last-named pontiff) his successor. Pope
John XXIIL, on November 18, 1410, recommended Bishop
Stafford, of Exeter, in whose diocese Cornwall was, to make
* the chapels of S. Tewynnoc and S. Ya parochial, with font and
cemetery, but dependent on Lelant.'
The Index to the Ancient Episcopal Registers of the Diocese
of Exeter, lately published, with notes and translations, by
Prebendary Hingeston-Randolph, supplies us with the following
extract from Bishop Stafford's register, under the date September 27,
1409 :
* Lelant. Chapels of St. Tewennoc the Confessor, and St. Ya
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56 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
the Virgin. Peter Pencors, William Stabba, James Tregethes,
John Guvan, and other parishioners of the said chapelries, com-
plained that they lived, for the most part, four, three, or (at least)
two miles from the Mother-Church of Lelant, the roads being
mountainous and rockyj and liable, in winter, to sudden inunda-
tions, so that they could not safely attend Divine Service, or send
their children to be baptized, their wives to be churched, or their
dead to be buried ; the children often went unbaptized, and the
sick were deprived of the last Sacraments. They stated that
they had built the two chapels above-named at their own
expense and had enclosed suitable cemeteries, to be sufficiently
endowed for two priests to serve therein, and they prayed the
Bishop to consecrate the same ; who accordingly commissioned
Richard Hals and John Gorewyll to meet all the parties (in-
cluding specially John Clerk, the Vicar of Lelant), and to enquire
and report.
* Bulls of Pope Alexander V. and of Pope John XXIII., for
the Dedication of the dependent chapels of St. Tewinnoc and
St. Ya ; presented to the Bishop, in the chapel of his palace at
Exeter, 8 Sept. 141 1, by two parishioners thereof, viz., Peter
Pencors and John Guvan, who asked him to give effect thereto.
They told him of the difficulties above recited, complaining that
they were obliged to repair to their parish church for the baptism
of their children, to receive the Sacraments, and to bury their
dead ; that occasionally some of them were unable to undertake
such a journey, and some were left to die without confession and
the last rites of the Church, to the great loss of their souls.
Accordingly they desired that fonts might be placed in these
chapels and the Sacraments administered therein ; also that the
cemeteries should be licensed for interments. Inquiry was
ordered ; the Petition to be granted if the result were satis-
factory. Both Bulls are given in full ; and in the second,
reference is made to a contention between these parishioners and
John the vicar of Lelant The Bishop forthwith directed the
Precentor and the Chapter of Crediton (Rectors of Lelant) and
the said vicar to appear before him personally, together with any
others concerned, in the church of Crediton. But the Bishop
shortly afterwards started on a visitation-tour in Cornwall, and,
reaching Lelant on the 9th of October, he met the parties
there, and granted his license to celebrate Mass in the said
Chapels/
So soon as the requisite authority had thus been obtained, the
people of Saint Ives set about building (on the site of the
humble oratory, and the chapel which succeeded it) a church
which should be worthy of their newly-acquired privilege. In
this our common-place age, we can scarcely form a notion of the
immense importance with which such an event was then re-
garded. No pains were thought too great to be undertaken, no
expense too heavy to be borne, to make the work a complete
success in every respect. In the Middle Ages every capable
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THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. IVES.
57
parishioner was expected to contribute to the undertaking either
in work or in money. The mason gave his labour, the artist his
skill, and the husbandman lent his beasts of burden.
A local tradition will have it that the granite used in the
construction of Saint Ives Church was brought by water from
o
<
2
Q
O
Zennor, and that the boats often had to wait for weeks for
weather sufficiently calm. Everything we know bears out this
legend ; roads at that date West Cornwall could not be said to
possess, unless mere bridle-tracks were entitled to the designation.
As a natural consequence, wheeled vehicles were unknown, pack-
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58 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
mules being then, and for long after, the only medium for the
conveyance of goods by land. The wild highland parish of
Zennor was famous for the excellent quality of its granite, which
then, as now, was probably the only commodity largely exported
from that remote region.
The site of the church being very near the shore, the labour
required for bringing the materials would, by their conveyance in
boats, be reduced to a minimum. It must not be supposed, how-
ever, that the sea then came right up to the churchyard, as it
does now. In the seventeenth century * there was a field between
the churchyard wall and Forth Cocking rock, and sheep grazed
on it,' as an old man informed Mr. Hicks.
Some of the workmen engaged in building the church lived,
during the time of their being so employed, in a house which is
still standing opposite the south porch. It was afterwards used
as the presbytery or parsonage. It is a rambling old building,
and the front-door a few years ago still had its pointed archway.
A prominent corner of the church-porch, immediately opposite
this house, has been flattened ofif, as though to leave room in the
road between — a circumstance which rather supports the tradition
that the house was standing before the church was built. This
building reminds one of the * church houses ' of South Wales,
where they are the inseparable adjuncts of the parish churches.
It may be convenient to state here that we have only been
able to recover the names of two of the priests in charge of
Saint Ives before the Reformation, viz., John Hycks, and one
whose surname was Pentreth. They were chaplains (or curates)
here in 1520.
The church was completed in the year 1426, having been
sixteen years and a half in building. It was not, however,
consecrated until a few years later.
We must now give a full description of this church, as it at
present exists, noting, when necessary, the points wherein its
present condition differs from its state in the past.
Saint Ives Church stands on the very edge of the shore of
Saint Ives harbour, in a situation unusually low for a parish
churcL Even its tower can be overlooked from several points
on the higher land close by. This tower is remarkably high for
Cornwall, and is one of the finest in the county, though its effect
would be more striking if its buttresses were not so slender. It
is 119 feet high, of four stages, buttressed on square; has a
battlemented parapet, and battlemented pinnacles resting on
angels. The belfry windows, larger than usual, are each of
three lights and transomed.
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THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. IVES.
59
The church is a large one, eighty feet long and sixty feet wide,
and consists of chancel, nave with western tower, north aisle
and south aisle, all perpendicular in style. At the eastern end
of the south aisle is a chapel, wider than the aisle, added rather
later ; it is known as the ' Trenwith aisle,' from its having been
ST. IVES CHURCH, SOUTH PORCH, SHOWING THE * ORGAN-TOWER.'
erected by a member of that ancient family. With the excep-
tion of this chapel, the entire structure seems to have been built
at the same period ; nor are there any remains of the earlier
structure. The church could formerly boast of a beautiful oak
rood-screen, and an organ, which was very large for one con-
structed in the fifteenth rentnry. Both organ and screen were
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6o A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
removed and destroyed by the Puritans in 1648. Hicks says
that this organ cost £30, and that it was one of the first organs
erected in Cornwall He saw the pipes, and says they were of
large size. Some of them did duty as drain-pipes and water-
spouts in the town, even later than the time of Hicks.
The organ stood in the rood-loft, the staircase leading to
which remains at the north-west angle of the Trenwith aisle.
Outside the church this staircase is indicated by a small piece of
battlemented wall, situated between the west end of the Tren-
with aisle and the south porch. This rood-staircase is popularly
called the 'organ-tower' — a term which significantly points to
the time when the organ stood in the rood-loft.
Each aisle has seven bays, with piers consisting of four shafts
with intervening ogee mouldings ; the arch mouldings correspond.
The roofs are of the waggon form usual in Cornwall, but very
handsome and perfect, elaborately carved, and with full-length
oaken figures of angels at the springings of the braces. These
figures are continued all the way down the nave ; they are each
about a foot long, their wings folded in front. Each head is
surmounted by a cross, symbolical of the angels, and the figures
all hold different objects, as a triple shield, an open book, a
wreath. In the chancel-roof the braces and purlins are inter-
sected diagonally by a raised and continuous moulding, giving
a pretty net-like appearance. The suggestive vine-pattern is
carried along the wall-plate both in chancel and nave. Richly
carved bosses are placed at the intersections of the diagonal
lines, and of the purlins and braces. The bosses in the roof of
the Trenwith aisle are carved with double eagles.
In the east wall of the north aisle, and adjoining the chancel,
is an arched recess, with jambs resting on the floor, four feet
two inches high, and two feet four inches wide. Possibly this
marks the situation of the shrine of Saint la, whose body was
preserved in the older chapel, and was translated to the present
church on its completion. William of Worcester, writing in the
year 1478, says :
' Sancta Hya, id est Seynt Hy virgo iacet in ecclift
paroch ville Seynt Hy et eius dies agitur iii° die ffebfi.'
(Saint Hya, that is Saint Hy, virgin, lies in the parish church
of the town of Saint Hy, and her day is kept on the 3rd of
February.)
More probably, however, the said recess is an * Easter
Sepulchre,* or reposoir, in which the consecrated host was en-
shrined, amid lights and flowers, from the high Mass of Maunday
Thursday until that of Holy Saturday.
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THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. IVES.
6i
The capitals of the nave pillars are delicately moulded, with a
slight carving of foliage around the centre. Along the string-
course runs a strip of oak similarly carved with vine-leaves and
grapes.
Several well-sculptured corbel-heads under the roof of the
south chapel or Trenwith aisle appear, says Blight, to be of
4. 5.
FIG. I.— GARGOYLE ON THE WEST WALL OF THE TRENWITH ATSLE, ST. IVES
CHURCH. FIGS. 2-7.— GROTESQUES ON SOUTH WALL OF ST. IVES CHURCH.
earlier date than the wall into which they are built. These are
seven in number :
1. A dragon's head (gargoyle).
2. A man's head, with hands pulling open the mouth, putting
out the tongue.
3. A man's head, with long hair ; part of jacket and vest
showing.
4. A man's head, bearded on the chin, having long hair, and
a cap with a lappet at the back turned up.
5. A man's head, face clean-shaved, deep collar.
6. Apparently an ape's head ; bald, grinning, and showing
teeth, long thin beard on chin.
7. Same as No. 2, but not so well preserved.
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62 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
No. I is on the west wall of the Trenwith aisle, near the south
porch. Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are ranged in this order from west
to east, under the roof of the aisle. No. 7 is at the north-eastern
corner.
The raison d^etre of the grotesque in church architecture has
long been a puzzle to antiquaries, and various have been the
guesses hazarded as to the motive which led the old church-
builders to introduce such monstrosities. A common notion is
that the regular and secular clergy satirized each other through
the medium of these stony imps. There could not be a greater
mistake ; no such permanent libelling would have been permitted
at any period of the Church's history. A better acquaintance
with the spirit of the old artists will show the student that these
ecclesiastical satires are directed against the follies and vices of
mankind in general. The occurrence amongst them of priestly
and monastic t3T)es is to be ascribed to the artist's idea of
symbolizing the vice of hypocrisy in that manner, according to
the old proverb, *The cowl does not make the monk.' No
doubt also the fact of the grotesques being almost always found
outside the walls indicates a desire to contrast the ' outer dark-
ness ' of the unregenerate world with the beauty and sanctity of
the Church's interior. The mocking, leering grotesque, more-
over, aptly symbolized the unbeliever scoffing at the sacred
mysteries enshrined within, and the demons of the deadly sins
put to flight by the Gospel and the sacraments.
On the south wall of the Trenwith aisle is a wooden sun-dial.
Two or three years ago the inscription on it was still partially
legible, as follows :
'TRANSI [UNT OMNES MORIB ?] UNDI.
SIC TRANSIT GLORIA MUNDI.
AND : CURNOW
TOWEDNACK. 1 739-'
The dial-board was repainted in 1885, when the old * healing-
stones ' of the church roof were replaced by slates, and the
inscription has vanished. It ought to be restored.
A thorough overhauling of the south porch might possibly
bring to light the holy-water stoup, to the right of the inner
doorway, and the niche for a saint's image over the outer door-
way, as at Lelant.
In 1883 the writer observed a square block of granite, about
four feet long by one foot broad, and half a foot thick, which lay
across the gutter, at the church end of the Warren. On one of
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THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. IVES.
63
BENCH-END CARVINGS IN ST. IVES CHURCH.
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64 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
the wide faces of the block were rough carvings — viz., at one end
a saltire or Saint Andrew's cross within a square, and below two
keys of ancient shape ranged side by side, the three carvings
being equidistant from each other. This stone was evidently
taken from the church, as is evidenced by the symbols of the
two saints. In the following year the block was built into a
neighbouring wall, and whitewashed over.
The font, three feet ten inches high, is of granite, and
apparently a copy of a font of the thirteenth century. At any
rate, it is almost certainly contemporaneous with the church.
Around the bowl are four angels, each holding a shield, and
connected by a band bearing these words in raised Early English
characters : * Omnes baptizate gentes * (Baptize all nations).
The bowl is supported by a circular pedestal, flanked by four
smaller columns ; on its circular base are four sprawling dragons,
representing demons cast out by the sacrament of baptism.
There is a very similar font at Illogan, which was, perhaps, the
model of the Saint Ives font.
A striking feature of the interior of this church are the fine
carved oak benches, black with age. Tradition attributes this
artistic work to Ralph Clies, the master smith, who also con-
tributed the now missing screen. The following is a list of the
subjects represented on the bench-ends, some of which have
been removed from their original positions.
On the front panels of two large seats now in the chancel,
having been removed from the west end of the church, are
shields bearing :
1. Hammer, pincers, nails and horseshoe.
2. Hammer and anvil.
3. Man's head^ and shoulders, with cocked hat and frilled
collar ; face shaven.
4. Facing to the last a woman's head and shoulders, with
tight-fitting cap. These two heads are supposed to be
portraits of Ralph Clies and his wife ; but they probably
represent a jester and a scold (for the faces seem to have
been purposely made ugly), or a Roman soldier, and the
smith's wife of the Cornish legend of the Passion, who
furnished nails for the crucifixion. Similar carvings
exist at Saint Levan.
5. Pair of bellows.
6. Ladle, hammers and clefts.
It will be seen that all these are a smith's implements, but all
were probably intended to bear some reference to the crucifixion.
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THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. IVES.
65
The standards, which are now fixed at the east ends of the
same two seats, occupy very nearly their original position, as
they are undoubtedly a portion of the ancient chancel- stalls.
They are carved with the figures of Saints Peter and Andrew; the
former holds a key and a closed book, and on the top of the
bench-end over his effigy are two Benedictine monks supporting
BENCH-END CARVINGS IN ST. WES CHURCH.
a shield, on which is the inscription, * John Peyn.' The standard
with the figure of Saint Andrew is surmounted by two similar
monks, with a shield bearing two coats of arms impaled :
1. Three pine-apples.
2. An arrow-head in pale reversed.
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66 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
These are the arms of John Peyn, and the three charges in
the dexter half are supposed to represent pines, though they
are more like pears; but the probable explanation is that the
carver had never seen pineapples. Another old bench-end in
the Trenwith aisle is a beautiful example of wood-carving. It is
surmounted by an angel holding an open book, and kneeling at a
reading-desk ; and this too, beyond all doubt, originally belonged
to the chancel stalls, as well as two other bench-ends, ornamented
with late perpendicular carving, each surmounted by a kneeling
angel, of whom one holds a pyx, or vessel to contain the con-
secrated wafers. In the chancel is an oaken sedile of apparently
the same period as the bench-ends ; the side-panels are per-
pendicular in character, and are carved with the monogram J. S.
There is also another wooden seat of a later period, and a small
portion of the rood-screen is still preserved. Other bench-ends
in the aisle bear various symbolical devices, such as a head with
three faces, emblematical of the Trinity.
In the first half of the present century there must have been
many more ancient benches in Saint Ives church than now
remain there, for it is said that a former churchwarden and
parish clerk had picture-frames made out of old oak from the
benches. The present pulpit is also made of panels from them.
Some years ago this fine oak work was covered with a coat of
white paint by order of a churchwarden, but was speedily cleansed
with turpentine by the vicar.
In 1838 the pulpit was moved from the side to the middle of
the chanceL The sounding-board was then turned into a cover
for the font, over which it was supported on four slender pillars
(Courtney's ' Guide to Penzance,' 1845).
The only pre- Reformation sepulchral monument in this church
is a brass, the original site of which was the floor of the Trenwith
aisle. At the restoration of the building, the brass and its slate
matrix were fixed on to the east wall of the aisle. This brass
commemorates Otho de Trenwith and his lady, and bears an
effigy of the latter kneeling before Saint Michael. The features
of the kneeling figure represent an elderly woman, clad in an
ample gown and hood bound round the waist by a girdle; the
hands are joined in the attitude of prayer. The archangel, his
wings extended, is trampling on the dragon, which he transfixes
through the mouth with his lance ; while with 'one hand he holds
a small shield, which bears a cross voided at the centre. Above
the figures is a scroll, inscribed : * Sancte arcbangele ora pro
nobis ' (Holy archangel, pray for us). Some perplexity niay be
felt at the appearance of Saint Michael's head here, which looks
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THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. IVES.
67
OAKEN SEDILE IN ST. IVES CHURCH.
IjiciacetOtonruiiiPgttiScuera&i^q'oMife^^
prMefrftt'purfmionigM^iTO
THE TRENWITH BRASS.
5—2
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68 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
like nothing so much as a Dutch cheese. The fact is, that when
this brass lay on the floor, the feet of passers-by had gradually
erased the features of the archangel, leaving only the circular
nimbus or glory round his head. Some well-meaning but mis-
guided restorer of later days has evidently taken the nimbus to
be the outline of the head, and has roughly filled in eyes, nose
and mouth to correspond !
Beneath the figures is the following legend :
* Hie iacent Oto Treunwyth Generosus qui obijt die dominica
proxima ante festum purificacionis beate marie virginis Anno
regni Regis Edwardi iiij^» secundo qui fuit vir bemgnus deo et
mundo ac bene dispositus Et domina Agnes Consors eius.
Quorum animabus propicietur deus.'
(Here lie Oto Treunwyth gentleman, who died on the Sunday
next before the festival of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin
Mary, in the second year of the reign of King Edward the
Fourth ; who was a man benign and well disposed to God and
the world-— And the Lady Agnes his wife ; upon whose souls may
God have mercy.)
The original is, as usual, much contracted, and a portion of it
is somewhat doubtful ; but the above is the reading as given in
Dunkin's work on the brasses of Cornwall. The year referred
to was 1462-3, and it would seem that Otho Treunwyth was the
founder of this his family chapel. In the middle of its south
wall, on the outside, is a small doorway, long blocked up, con-
sisting of an obtuse perpendicular arch, in a square setting with
quatrefoils carved at the upper corners. Of course, this was the
Trenwiths* private entrance to their chapel.
Between the Trenwith aisle and the south porch stands a tall
granite cross, square-headed, on an octagonal oblong pedestal
fixed into a platform of three steps. On the side of the head
which faces westward is carved an arcus foederis (* ark of the
covenant'), the mediaeval term for an effigies of the Deity
exhibiting to the world His crucified Son. God the Father is
represented as an aged man of venerable aspect, bearded and
wearing a crown, seated and upholding the arms of the crucifix.
In the top corners are two shields, no bearings being, however,
distinguishable. On the eastern side of the cross-head is the
Madonna, crowned and holding the Infant Jesus, with the effigies
of two persons standing on either side of the central figures.
On the narrow south side of the cross-head is carved a bishop,
in mitre and chasuble, holding a pastoral stafiT in his left, and
blessing with his right hand (Saint Uny ?). On the north side is
a female figure, robed and crowned, no doubt representing Saint
la. The cross-head is battlemented at the top. This cross, a
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THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. IVES. 69
beautiful example of early fifteenth-century work, was thrown
down by the Reformers, and remained half buried in the soil of
the churchyard until it was replaced, about the year 1850, at the
cost of Robert Hichens, Esq., of Saint Ives and London, a
gentleman to whose munificence and taste the parish church of
Saint Ives is greatly indebted.
Saint Ives parish church was consecrated by the Bishop of
Exeter on February 3, 1434 (Hicks' MS.). We may suppose
that the day which united the patronal feast with the consecra-
tion of the church was kept with very special solemnity and
rejoicings. It was customary in those ages, when a church had
been restored or enlarged, or for any other reason reconsecrated,
to join another or other saints in a new dedication, in addition
to the former patron. This seems to have been done at Saint
Ives when the old chapel of Saint la gave place to the present
parish church. Saints Peter and Andrew were added as the new
patrons, and at the present day the church is commonly known
only by the name of the latter Apostle ; still, the fact that the
festival day of Saint la (February 3) was chosen for the con-
secration is sufficient evidence that her name was retained in the
dedication. There was no doubt a peculiar fitness in dedicating
to God, under the invocation of the Galilean fishermen, the
building which was to be used by so many thousands of the
toilers of the deep.
The parish festival, locally termed ' feastentide,' being the
anniversary of the glorious death of the virgin martyr la, the
apostle of Saint Ives, has its place in the calendar under
February 3 ; but a long time ago it had become the practice to
transfer it to the first Sunday after Candlemas Day, and in quite
recent times it has been held on the Monday following the first
Sunday after Candlemas Day. Among the sports held on the
feastentide is the game of hurling, which ancient Cornish sport
is now kept up only at Saint Ives and Saint Columb ; and, at
Saint Ives, only on Saint la's day.
The parish of Saint Ives was anciently under the spiritual
charge of the Augustinian canons regular, an order which was
very strong in Cornwall, and with which the ancient Celtic
monastic foundations had been consolidated. The Ecclesiastical
Valuation made by command of King Henry VIII. in 1535
supplies us with particulars as to the church lands and revenues
in the Saint Ives district. To these we shall refer later.
The orderly and reverent disposition of Saint Ives church
to-day forms a striking contrast to its state during the last
century and the first half of the present, and, indeed, gives us
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70 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
a faint notion of what the interior was like at the period which,
not without good reason, is called by some the Age of Faith, and
by others the Dark Age. It is interesting to reflect upon the
various phases through which this parish church has passed, and
to contrast the artistic light of the Dark Ages with the, at any
rate, aesthetic darkness of the enlightened eighteenth century.
In Catholic times we can imagine the dim interior, its
windows storied with angels and saints; the solemn altar of
stone, with its crucifix and lights ; the beauteous fretwork of the
rood-screen, its loft surmounted by the rood or image of the
crucified Redeemer, flanked by images of those who * stood by
the cross of Jesus ' — the blessed Virgin, and the disciple whom
Jesus loved. We may fancy ourselves to be present at high
Mass on the feastentide, and see the deacon, in his dalmatic
of red velvet bordered with gold, going from the chancel
through the little door in the wall of the Trenwith aisle up into
the rood-loft, to chant the Gospel of the feast and to read from
an illuminated book the Legend of the Acts of Saint la. We
hear the organ pealing to the chant of * Gloria tibi Domine,'
while the sub-deacon incenses the Book of the Gospels, two
surpliced serving-boys standing by, their tapers held aloft ; and
afterwards the lifting up of the consecrated elements, amid
solemn silence, save for the tinkling of the altar-bell, answered
by six deep tones from the lofty tower.
Our next picture shall be of the church as it existed under
King Edward VI. The rood and its images have been destroyed,
and probably burned in the adjacent market-place, along with,
let us suppose, a miracle-working image of Saint la. The walls
have been covered with 'necessarie partes of scryptour and
othere wholesome wrytynges ' deemed suitable to wean the
parishioners from the old religion. Sidesmen parade the aisles,
keeping strict watch that none cross themselves, or use rosary-
beads in the church.
Next let us peep in at the worship of our great-grandfathers.
We shall hardly recognise Saint Ives church. Whitewash reigns
supreme ; the waggon roof is hidden by a flat ceiling, from which
depends a huge brass chandelier of many branches. At the east
end of the church towers the good old-fashioned * three-decker '
pulpit, from the top of which the black-gowned parson looks
down upon his flock, over the head of the drowsy clerk ; both
are barricaded by obese cushions, with heavy tassels at the
comers. The altar has long ago given place to a Com-
munion-table, on which what remains of the church plate is
displayed; and the sculptured or painted reredos has been re-
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THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. IVES. 71
placed by the Ten Commandments, or a list of benefactors on a
black board. The wall, where perhaps formerly the worshipper
beheld the inscription, ' He who looks on Saint Christopher's
picture will not suffer sudden death this day,' only cautions the
eighteenth - century parishioner against marrying ' his grand-
mother, grandfather's wife,' etc. At the west end of the church
a heavy wooden gallery, locally known as the * singan-laft,' faced
by the lion and the unicorn fighting for the crown, is the arena
for the melodious performances of the bass-viol and the clarionet
which accompany the singing of the versified Psalms. The
floor of the building is rough and uneven ; and most of the old
seats have been ousted by family boxes by way of pews, some of
them additionally fortified by locks and bolts, and sheltered by
red curtains on brass rods. The ' storied windows, richly dight,'
were smashed a century ago by Major Ceely's Puritans, and
have been replaced by round-headed, square-paned lights like
those of an engine-house.
Courtney's ' Guide to Penzance,' printed in 1845, and now a
scarce book, gives the following somewhat gloomy picture of the
state of Saint Ives church in his time :
' The church is a very good old building, and the tower one, of
the best of its time in the county. The interior of the church
has been disfigured by the erection of heavy flat galleries in the
north and south aisles ; and its original symmetry greatly
impaired by the substitution of close pews of various heights
and shapes, painted according to the tastes of the owners, for
the low and uniform seats of beautifully carved oak, with which
it was at first furnished, and a few of which yet remain as a
memento of its primitive grandeur. The ceiling is also of carved
oak, but by divers coatings of whitewash its beauty has been
destroyed.'
From these unlovely surroundings it is refreshing to turn to
the present interior of Saint Ives church, which is admirable in
its neatness and fitness — save only for the well-meant but incon-
gruous reredos, displaying the Ten Commandments in their
usurped position on the east wall of the chancel. A handsome
brass eagle lectern, copied from that in Wantage church, Berk-
shire, was by the present vicar^ the Rev. J. B. Jones, presented
to the church on its restoration ; and a crowd of the Saint Ives
Dissenters, who perhaps had never been inside the church befpre,
came to *hear the great bird sing,' as they said. A moderii
organ stands at the east end of the north aisle. The new glass
is not of the best ; but it was given by those who earnestly
desired to beautify the parish church, and it is, at least, better
than none. That in the chancel window depicts our Lord and
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72 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Saints Peter and Andrew. In the south aisle there is a window
with paintings of Saint la, Saint Levan, and Saint Senan ; and
an inscription to the effect that it was dedicated in memory of
the late John Newman Tremearne and Matilda his wife, by
their children John, Matilda and Frances, in 1886. In the
spandrels of some of the windows there are fragments of the
ancient glass picked up when the church was restored in 1866.
At the same date the old flooring of stone was taken up, and
encaustic tiles laid down instead. In the centre of the floor of
the nave are coloured tiles representing a shield, with the arms
of England and France quarterly. The wooden altar-table is
covered with a handsome frontal, adorned with artistic needle-
work ; and on the table are a brass cross, and a pair of candle-
sticks of the same metal. At the back is a small carved wooden
reredos of a temporary character.
Saint Ives church has two bells, concerning which we extract
the following particulars from Dunkin's ' Church Bells of Corn-
wall.'
The first bell has a diameter of thirty-six inches at its mouth.
It is inscribed :
* Richd Hichens Esq^ Mayor. M. M. T. T. Jun^ & W. H.
Church Wardens. Copper House Foundry. Ja^ Oatey Maker
9 June 1830.'
The diameter of the second is forty-eight inches. It bears
this inscription :
* James Halse Esq^ M.P. Matthew Major, Thomas Tremearne
Jun^ & William Hichens Church Wardens. S^ Ives, June 1830.
Js Oatey fecit'
We learn from a writer in the St. Ives Weekly Summary that
these bells were cast from the material of five older ones, one
of which bore the inscription : * Thomas Anthony, Mayor,
1721.'
As to the old plate and other belongings of the church, the
earliest entry on the subject among the churchwardens' accounts
is the one dated 1650, according to which the goods in question
were the following :
*2 silver flagons holding above a pottle each.' (The gift of
Grace, widow of Lewis Hurley, of Saint Ives, vintner; grand-
mother of Hicks, the manuscript historian.)
' 2 silver cups with covers.' (Described in a list of 1680 as
flagons or chalices. One of these was presented by Alice, wife
of Thomas Sise, of Saint Ives, merchant, and is inscribed : * The
Guift of Alse Sise to the Church of S^ les. A.D. 1641.' Davies
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THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. IVES. 73
Gilbert says : * There is also a silver cup of much greater
antiquity,' by which he seems to mean a pre-Reformation chalice.
In 1713 the squire of Pendarves gave a communion- plate to this
church. It bears the inscription : * Pendarves de Pendarves
Ecclesiae dedit Anno 1713.')
' 2 pewter pottles.
* 2 pewter flagons.
* 6 font cloths.
* 4 table-cloths for the communion table.
' I stamen carpet for the communion table.
* I green carpet for the table.
* I flannel carpet for the table.
' I scarlet pulpit-cloth and cushion.'
(It is probable that some of these were made out of the old
vestments of the priest.)
In the list of 1680 there were in addition :
* I new bag to hold the plate.
* I large Bible.
*The works of Bishop Jewel against Harding.* (Thomas
Harding, D.D., the famous Jesuit, whose * Rejoinder to
Mr. Jewel's Replie' was printed at Antwerp in 1566 in black
letter. Bishop Jewel's book was to be found in many churches ;
moreover, this was the time of the great ' Popish Plot,' from
which a trembling nation was saved by the patriotic Mr. Titus
Gates.)
The parish registers commence with the year 1651 (baptisms),
the earlier volumes having been lost. Those which remain are
long narrow tomes bound in old calf.
Many curious entries of different sorts are to be found upon
the fly-leaves, especially of the first volume. We cannot do
better than transcribe them in full here :
* A Register.
William Polkinghorne.
^ bhn Keigwin Minister of S^ Ives, 1726.
] o : Bullock minister of S' Ives i66g.
Jonathan Toup lecturer of S^ Ives, July 4 1721.'
The above are all in the handwritings of these ministers
respectively. Under the last is written in another hand :
' Jonathan Toup editor of Longinus &c born at S^ Ives 1713 ;
sometime lecturer of S^ Ives, afterwards curate of Sennen &
S* Levan; afterwards Vicar [sic] of S^ Martins where he
died.'
Then follow particulars of restorations in the church fabric :
' The tower of this Burrough of S^ Ives was Pointed y^ Mo^ of
ybar ^her & gber 1727, By one M^ Knott of Devonshire and a
Kinsman of his of the same place and one Pharez a S^ Agnes
man. Likewise Two Pinacles y« North East and Northwest
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74 A. HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Being blown down, as 'twas supposed, an hundred years since
Lying in y® Church yard was put up in Their places all same
Time in g^er M^ and a Vane put up on y« Northwest pinacle,
hoping they'll remaine some. Centuries of yeares. This lo^^ oJF
gber 1727.' (One of the pinnacles was again blown down more
than a hundred years later, but was soon put back.)
'The large Window of yc Southern Isle of y« Church was
Taken down And rebuilt p^ s<* Men all same time.
' The window over the Communion Table att y« East end of
s^ Church was Taken down and Rebuilt p^ Fran. Richards joyner
[a wooden affair, therefore] and J^o Hall Glasier att same time
1727. Mr Vivian Stevens & .M' W"* Busvargus, Church
wardens.' (And a very churchwarden-cum-joiner result they
produced !)
' All the rest of the s^ Windows was Taken down and all New
glass put in p Jno Hall Glasier The year Following in 1728.
M^ Thos Sprigg and M^ John King, Churchwardens.
' The Branch of Candlesticks was set up in our Church in
April and ye New Canopy was set up in May Following 1730.
Mr Charles Worth and M^ John Hichens, Churchwardens.
* Another new branch of Candlesticks was fix'd up in our
Church in the Latter End of the year 1739.'
It would be interesting to know what sorrow oppressed the
unknown writer of the lines which are here scrawled across the
page :
* Domine bone mei miserere nam pauper sum & in miseria.'
Then come other notes of restorations, marking the com-
mencement of a return to ancient artistic feeling :
* The east windows of the north and south aisles, being those re-
ferred to on the first page of this book as erected in 1727 and 1728,
and made of wood with large square panes of glass of execrable
design, were removed in 1850, and the present ones with granite
mullions and tracery with painted glass were erected at the sole
cost of Robert Hichens, Esq., of London, a native of this town
of St. Ives.
*The east window of the Trenwyth aisle was repaired and
filled with new glass at the same time by the said Robert
Hichens. The south windows of the Trenwyth aisle were
rebuilt and restored to their original form, and filled up with new
glass at the same time by the said Robert Hichens.
* The window over the altar was rebuilt and filled with new
glass of beautiful design in the year 1852, at the cost of H. L.
Stephens, Esq., and Mrs. Davy.' (Henry Lewis Stephens, of
Tregenna Castle, was brother to Mrs. Sarah Maria Davy.)
On the next page it was evidently intended to commence the
registers, as appears by this heading :
* A Register of the Christenings or Baptizings, Marriages and
Burialls of Persons whatsoever w^^ in the Parish of S^ Ives in
Comewall beginning Anno Domini 1652.'
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THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. IVES. 75
Instead, however, the page contains a list of collections levied
towards the repair of various churches throughout England, and
sundry other charitable purposes, in the years immediately follow-
ing the Restoration:
' Collected in this borrough the Tenth day of March toward
the Repaireing of the Peere And key of the burrough of Watchett
in the Countie of Sumersett the suine of Twenty fifower shillings
and sixe pence in the yere of our Lord God 1660.
* Collected the vj'** day of June in the yere of o' Lord 1661
toward^ the Repairing of lUmester in the Countie of Summersett
the sume of Eight teene shillings and flower pence.
* Collected the 7^^ July in the yere of our Lord 1661 ffor
wakenham in the Countie of Norfolke the sume of ffifteene
shillings.
' Collected the vj^^ of ifebruarie 1661. Toward the Repaire of
the church of the Towne of Bolingbrooke in the Countie of
Lincolne the suine of fifower shillings and sixe pence.
'Collected the 16^^ octo. 1664. ffor M^ Thomas Willye, M^
William Bedforde late ofjhe He of Acorne neere the Countie of
Corke in Ireland the sume of sixe shillings seven pence & p^
Mr John Wellye.
* Collected for Grantham in the Countie of Lincolne the sume
of eight shillings & presently p^ to the Collector the 6^^ May
1665.
' Collected the pt Oct. 1665. for M^ Will. Smith, Eliz. Cooper
& M^s Mary Rich lately inhabiting in the He of Glaningquire in
Monster & kingdome of Ireland seaven shillings and presently
deliuered unto them. The 8^^ October.
' Collected then for severall pore Captaines of Gallyes in
Barbary nyne shillings, eight pence ; left with M' BuUocke.*
The actual registers then begin at the top of the next leaf:
* Baptisings or Christnings. Anno Domini 1651. Elizabeth
y« daughter of Jo : Richards was baptized y« 4*^ of Aprill.'
We shall have frequent occasion in subsequent chapters to
refer to the contents of these registers.
The following are extracts from the Churchwardens' Book of
the parish of Saint Ives, which begins at Easter, 1726 :
* 1726. Expences with the Court at Helston £1. 6. 9.
P^ to Uny Lelant officers £1, 6. 8.
For the Court fees & Parson 10/6^
Spent with the Parson when drawing the regester 3*
To Bread & Wine for 11 Communioils £2, 16. 9.
Spent on the Dean Ruler [Dean Rural] 6/3^
To George Try for a day ab^ the Church & half a day
about the Chapel 2^
To Herbs i^ to laying six graves 3s
To Pastor Keigwin for Vermin.
To the Clark £5, To the Bedman £3.
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76 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
1727. To expence with the Mayor, Minister & Aldermen settling
the rate 7s
To expences on weighing the Church Plate 2/6^
To expences settling the Terrier with the May^ &c 5s
To p^ Mr Shepherd for keeping & copying the Regester 5^
& for three bottles of Wine allowed at the three grand
festivals 7/6^ & his dinner at the Visitation 15s
To pd Mr Sami Nott for pointing the Tower & making the
great South Window, setting on two pinnacles &c
£^5' 14. o.
To p^ W Mitchell as Clerk ^^5.
To p^ Phillip Noal as Sexton £3.
Expence of the Wine this year £3. 2. o.
1729. To Parson Symonds his fee 15s
To the Bedman for covering tenn graves 5s
• To Wine for 14 Communions & to Parson Keigwin
£2. 2. o.
To a branch Candlestick from BristoU ab^ £6.
To M^ Ric^ Harry for Timber for the Canopy 2/6<^
1730. To M^ Troughton for making the Chimes &c 3^8. 5. 7.
Moveing the Font 5s
To help ab^ putting up the Commandm^ & a Padlock 2/1^
P^ for horses to carry the Prince of Mount Lebanon &
retinue £1. 10. o.
1731. Sending Tiverton Brief Money to Truro 2^
A new Diall with the Charge setting it up £1. 3. 11.
Rec^ for breaking the ground for taking up Cap^ Wroth
13/4^
To paid Expences at M' Anthony's treating about a
Lecturer by M'^ Mayor's order 5^
1734' To the Greek Bishop by order of the Mayor &c £1. 11. 6.
1735- To Wine for 13 Communions £2. i. i.
To the Parson, Churchwarden &c as expence collecting
rates i/io^
To the Bedman for covering 12 graves in the Church 6*
1736. To Mr Francis Ley for Velvett & gold fringe for Table
Cloth ;fll.
1737. To expence going to the Visitation at Helstone on acc^ of
Mr Chas Stephens & M« Pawley i5/7id
1738. To paid Carpenters & Masons in order for rebuilding the
Chapel on the Island by the Land Messrs Tho* Worth
& Jn<> Edwards £3. 3. 3!^
NoV^ 4. To the workmen about the Chappie on the
Island £4. 16. o.
To making the Vane & plaistering the Chappie £1. 12. 2.
To Mr Tho* Worth's rate as Churchwarden 4*
To John Edwards — do. — as — do. — 6^
To James Quick as — do. — 6^
^739- John Noall, Tho^ Pascoe and Stephen Major, church-
wardens.
1740. To George Try for repairing Venton Eia Well 7/6^
To expences paid M^ Nicholls for his dinner 5^
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THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. IVES. 77
1741. To Wine £7. 6. 2.
1742. Visitation Court Fees at Penzance 8^
1743. To Wine for the Sacrament &c at lo^ p gallon £5. 4. oj^
To M>" John Boutett for a knife for cutting the Sacrament
bread with the Postage &c £1. 17. i.
To pd Mr Hoblyn's charge at the Spiritual Court 4^
1744. To Mr Boutett for two Silver Basons to collect offerings
£7. I. 10.
To John Hall for mending the Windows & glazing the
Chapel on the Island £1. 11. 2.
D® to him for a glass Lanthorn 7/6^
To Edward Quick & others for Mason's work on the
Church & Chapel /*4. i. 7.
To Emanuel Riggs for Joiner's work on Church and
Chapel £1. 3. I.
1745. To parchment for the Terrier and Register Book 3/7^
To expence on getting the Terrier signed &c 1/3*^
1746. To Emanuel Riggs for joiners work on Church and Island
Chapel 17/4^
1748. Mr Richard Harry to boards for the Chappie 8^
1749. To George and Thomas Try for work on the Chapel 5/2^
1750. To John Michell for binding the Bible and Carriage
13/iid
To Mr Henry Bennetts for Silver work thereon £"3. 10. 6.
1751. To John Stephens Esq^ for balk and boards £2. 6. o.
To John Nance and C^ for cieling Trenwith Isle
£2. 2. II.
1752. To the Clerk his Salary £4. 17. o.
To the Sexton his Salary and keeping the Clock £4. 17, o.
1756. To Thomas Try for work on the Chapell per rec^ 10/3^
1757. Paid the Curate as customary 5s
To M"" James for Canary and Carridge home £4. o. i.
Dec' To my Journey to Penzance Horse hire and expence
and p^ the Court Feese of being sworn a Sidesman
io/6d
F* Wilmot Kerlyon for George Try breakfast when on the
Chappel 6*
1758. By six Sacraments p^ the Sexon at 1/6^ P. D^ 9*
The Sacrament of the Lord's Supper hath been adminis-
ter'd six times — for which had Bread five 9^ loaves
and one i2<^ loaf at Easter 4/9^
For the aforementioned Sacraments were used nine gallons
comes to £3. 14. 6.
1768. Sept^ 15. To p^ Exps at M' Hickes's with Doctor Borlace
Dean Rural 8^
June 30. Expence on the Dean Ruler M^" Ley i^
1769. Patrick Hawking Parish Clerk £5.
May II. To W"™ Leadus for the Dial plate 3^9. i, 3.
1770. Rec^ for old Lead and Timber £13. 18. 4.
1771. Sept^ 20. To Jas Clerk and James Jewell for labour to
Chamel house i^
To bread for six sacraments 3^
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78 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
1773. July 30. To pd Thos Rogers's bill for building the re-
prising seat 17s [The * uprising' — i.e., * churching' seat]
1776. March 27. Account taken by Hugh Mulfra and deliverd*
him by M"^ Symons the Church Plate belonging to
the Church of S^ Ives as under :
One Piatt and Salver.
Two large Calless.
One large and small Cup with Covers.
Two collecting Platts with Handlins.
KnifF and Fork — one baskett. Delivered to M^
Hicks by Mulfra.
1777. April 12. Be it remembered that James Wallis School-
master of S^ Ives was this day chosen and nominated
parish Clerk of this Borough by the Aldermen thereof
at their Vestry held for the same in the house
of Thomas Matthews Innkeeper within the said
Borough.
Hu : Edwards.
(Mr Rhodes the Vicar not present.)
1778. Pi James and Robert Quick the new Galery ^21.
1779. To p^ Matthew Noal for a Grey's head 8^ [uc, a
badger's] .
To pd John Williams a quarter's salary £1 13. 9.
1781. To p^ Jas Quick building the new Cage ^i. 8. 6.
1782. July 25. At a Vestry held this day in the Church it was
unanimously agreed, that no Corps should be buried
in the s^ Church without paying twenty one Shillings
for breaking the ground, and in no part of the
Chancel without paying thirty one Shillings and
sixpence, the money to be paid to the Churchwardens
then being before the ground can be broke.
Tim^ Wheelwright.
Nath. Hicks.
(Churchwardens.)
Present :
The WorshipfuU Mayor.
M'^ Hugh Edwards.
Mr John Stevens Jun^
Mr Hugh Mulfra.
1792. For work about the Church Chaple &c £j. 7. 11. [Note
that the chapel on the Quay seems to have been used
for religious services at this late date.]
^795« P^ M^ Scadden for gilting Vane [on the church tower]
£2. 2. o.
Pd Robt NichoUs for Vane £7. 6. 7.
1797.. Pd Francis Stevens for acting as Parish Clerk 5*
It is now time to turn our attention to the numerous sepulchral
monuments, all but one of post- Reformation date, beginning
with those inside the church*
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THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST, IVES. 79
It appears that some inscribed vault-stones were removed
when the new pavement was laid down, for on a fly-leaf of- one
of the registers are notes as to a vault of the Freeman family
in the tower, with the names of those there interred ; also of
burials of members of the Couch family in the chancel. The
Edwardses were also buried in the phurch.
The following are the memorial tablets on the walls of Saint
Ives Church :
The Trenwith brass, already described, on the east wall of the
Trenwith aisle.
A modern brass tablet on the west wall of the Trenwith
aisle :
* To the glory of God and to the common memory, (as God
calls each hence) of those who together first formed the ii* (S^
Ives) Battery, Duke of CornwalFs Volunteer Artillery. Robert
Snaith Hitchens, first commanding ofiicer.
Tho* Mathews, drum-major ; ob. set. 71 ; 5^^ April 1863.
[This is the first name on the list; the next is the last, at
present :]
Cha« Granville Grenfel, 2"^ lieut ; ob. 1878.'
' John Halse, died 1839.' Arms : A fess between 3 griflSns
heads erased. Crest : A demi-griffin segreant.
On the west wall of the Trenwith aisle, near the ground, is a
slate tablet of the Sise family, which formerly lay on the ground.
It bears these lines :
' Neere to this bed sixe Sises late wer laid
Foure hopeful! sonns a grandsire & a maid
All striving which should end his journey first
All for the wellspring of true life did thirst
All happy spring that such an offspring had
More happy they soe soone with gladnes clad
That did but taste of earth and with disdaiae.
Hoist up their sailes for the elysian plaine
The virgins elegy outweepes the rest
Such lovely grase was stampt in face & brest
In dawne of dole rappt to the land of peace
Where ioyes shall never but all ills doe cease.
[Along the 4 sides:] Here lyeth y« bodyes of Alse Sise
and John Sise, Ephraim Sise, Mary Sise and Ephraim Sise.
Alse Size buryed y« 16^^ of Auguste 1642.'
In the corners are roses arid oak-leaves alternately. Also, on
one side, the words ' Alice Sise, ills cease.*
This tablet furnishes an excellent example of the artificial
style of Elizabethan verse.
On the south wall of the Trenwith aisle, marble tablet :
* Sacred to the memory of Captain Hopkin Walters Quick,
who departed this life aged 47 years and whose remains are
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8o A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
deposited beneath* And also to the memory of his parents viz :
Mr. Paul Quick who was drowned in the year 1784 aged 30 years ;
Mrs. Prudence Quick who died on the 3^ day of January 1817
aged 67 years. Of his grandfather and grandmother Mr. Arnold
Walters who died on the 9^** day of October 1804 aged 86. And
of his aunt Miss Maiy Walters who died on the 28^^ day of
February 181 1 aged 63 years.'
On the south wall of the church are many tablets of the
Kitchens family, and one of
William Wallis Davy, died 1858.
Marble tablet of the Bamfield family, on the south wall.
Arms : Vert, on a bend 3 mullets. Crest : A lion's head erased.
Motto : * Delectare in Domino.'
Marble tablet to Hugh Ley, M.D., of Penzance, died 1826.
Arms: (Nine quart erings) I. A chevron between three bears*
heads couped. Crest : A lion sejant.
Marble tablets in the chancel :
John Stephens, rector of the parish of Ludgvan, Cornwall,
died 1834.
Francis Hearle Stephens, Major i^t Royal Dragoons, died
1852.
Henry Lewis Stephens of Tregenna, died 1867.
Tablet to Thomas Tremearne Esq., Comptroller of Customs,
died 1831.
On the wall above the arches, on the south side of the nave
and facing the Trenwith aisle, hangs a hatchment of Stephens
of Tregenna :
Arms : Per pale gules and vert, a fess indented argent guttee
de sang, between three eagles displayed or. On an escutcheon
of pretence : i. Gules, a fess and a canton ermine (for Thomas
of Lelant.) 2. Argent, a fess gules between three birds sable.
3. Azure, three billets argent. Motto: 'Virtutis amore.'
Immediately west of the Stephens hatchment hangs a
curious old painted wooden board, commemorating Ann wife of
John Stevens of Trevalgan. The husband was the author of the
verses thereon, which run as follows :
' Askest thou, Reader, who it is lies here ?
No common corps ; listen, and thou shalt hear :
Goodness, rare meekness, zeal, pure chastity
Interred together in this ground doth lie.
Behold her acts, whilst here she made abode.
Lived belov'd of man, dy'd lovM of God.
Methinks I hear her sweet melodious voice :
" Cease, friends, to weep for me that now rejoice ;
No sighs nor groans now from my breast do come.
But everlasting joys are in their room ;
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THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. IVES. 8i
Surely your loss, to me is greatest gain,
For crown'd in Heaven I ever shall remain."
Farewell, dear wife, farewell : to thee Til haste,
For, till we meet in Heaven, I cannot rest.
In Memory of Ann the wife of John Stevens of Trevalgan,
who died 1729, aged 23.*
We will now proceed to give all the tombstone inscriptions
in the church)rard, that are by any possibility legible. Probably
scores of others are buried beneath the present level of the soil.
Some of the following were most difficult to decipher, either
through the wearing of the stone, or its being sunk into the
ground.
Against the East wall of the church, going from South to
North, are these :
* Erected by Hopkin Walters Quick in memory of his grand-
father Arnold Walters who circumnavigated the globe with
Commodore Lord Anson in H.M^S. " Centurion " and died 1789
aged 74. Also of Mary Walters, daughter of the last named.
She died 181 1 aged 63.'
* In memory of Mary the wife of John Wall, who died 1825
aged 86. Also her six infant children. Also the above John,
died 1831 aged 88. Also Martha their daughter, died 1838
aged 69.'
' In memory of Henry Row, who died 1848 aged 51. Also
his twin sons Henry and George, died 1832 aged 4 months.*
* In memory of Catherine youngest daughter of the late
Reverend Lewis Morgan ; died 1856 aged 61.'
* Sacred to the memory of Thomas Clark late Master Mariner
of this parish who departed this life on the 6* September 1829
aged 89 years. Also of Ann his wife who died i^t May 1824 aged
80 years.*
* Sacred to the Memory of Sally daughter of John and
Catherine Couch, who died i^t November 1787 aged i year.
Also of John Couch who died 12*^ November 1796 aged 49.
Also of John son of John and Catherine Couch, who died
II* January 181 1 aged 29 years. Also of William son of John
and Catherine Couch, who died 27* April 1820 aged 35. Also
of John Hodge who died 1824 aged 50.'
* In memory of Mary Berriman, who died 1825 aged 44 years ;
together with her parents.'
* In memory of Mary the wife of James Berriman, who died
1824 aged 63 years. Also Thomas M[athews] Berriman her infant
son. Also Hannah her daughter, died 1825 aged 20.
Lovely innocent, farewell !
All our pleasing hopes are over ;
Formed in person to excel,
Thee we call our own no more.
Death hath snatched thee from our arms —
Heaven shall give thee brighter charms.'
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82 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
' In memory of Elizabeth Noall, who died 1827 aged 29.
Farewell ! Sweet maid, whoniy as black winter sears
The fragrant bud of spring too early blown,
Untimely Death has nipt ; here take thy rest,
Inviolable here, while we, than thou
Less favoured, through the irksome vale of life
Toil on in tears without thee ; yet not long
Shall Death divide us ; rapid is the flight
Of life, more rapid than the turtle's wing ;
And soon our bones shall meet ; here may we sleep,
Here wake, together, and by His dear might
Who conouered Death for sinful man, ascend
Together hence to an eternal home.'
The next is a vault, with inscriptions :
* In memory of John Paynter, died 1786 aged 70.
Also Mary his wife, died 1791 aged 71.
Also Johanna wife of John Quick and daughter of the above,
died 1791 aged 40.
Also Richard son of John and Johanna Quick, died 1819
aged 31,
Also John Quick son of John and Johanna, died 1826 aged 44.
This King of Terrors is the Prince of peace.
Death brings me more than we in Eden lost ;
My Body's food for preying worms,
My Soul outrode the stormy blast.
What I am now, thou soon must be ;
Reader, prepare to follow me.'
South of the church are the following tombstones :
*In memory of George Henry son of G. and C. Wasley,
died 1833 aged 3.
And George Henry also son of the above, died 1842 aged 5.
Also Charlotte daughter of William and Candace Sandow,
died 1835 stgcd 26.'
Then come two small granite headstones thus inscribed :
'W. H. 1812/
A. C. R,
• . • • JK.
* In memory of Isebellar wife of Thomas Harry, died 1822
aged 29.'
* In memory of Ann Williams, died 1821 aged 19.
Also George Williams, died 1856 aged 52.*
* In memory of Captain Henry Row, died 1831 aged 36.
Also Henry and Joseph Hocking, his infant children.'
' In memory of Margaret Weymouth daughter of John and
Mary Stevens, died 1831 aged 3/
' In memory of Jane wife of Capt. Richard White, died 1855.*
* In memory of William Parker of London, died 1832 aged 48.'
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THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. IVES. 83
' In memory of John son of Francis and Sarah Bamfield^ died
1831 aged 28.
He struggled long to gain relief, physicians was in vain,
Until by Christ he was releasd, and snatched from grief & pain ;
The anchor cast, he rides secure on Canaan's happy shore,
The roaring wind & foaming seas will batter him no more.'
' In memory of Jane daughter of William and Grace Veal,
died 1831 aged 5.'
* In memory of Grace Cundy, died 1830 aged 50. She was
relict of the late Captain Thomas Gundy who was killed in
gallantly defending his vessel in an attack from a French
privateer off Dungeness, October the io**» 1819.' Below the soil
are verses.
A worn granite headstone, illegible. The footstone is of slate,
marked ' B 1701.'
' In memory of John Leggoe, died 1818 aged 31.
Happy the youth who, priviledgd by fate
To shorter labour and a lighter weight.
Leaves a vain world, and does resign his breath
With sweet composure to the hand of Death.*
* In memory of Margery wife of Philip Bennetts, died 1809
aged 44.
Also Philip their son, died 1825 aged 22.
Snatched from his parents in the bloom of youth,
Adorned with virtue, piety, and truth,
Sincere to all and upright in his ways,
And all his actions justly merits praise.'
(Also seven infant children of the first-named.)
Vault surrounded by iron railings, near the churchyard wall ;
slate slab, bearing this inscription :
' Within this Vault are deposited the Mortal remains of Jasper
Williams who died June 5* 1804 aged 71 years.
Also of Mary his wife who died Dec^ 9^ 1793 aged 57 years.
Also of Jasper Williams who died Dec^ 25"^ 1809 aged 46 years.
Also of James Eustis Williams who died July 24^ 1813 aged
46 years.
Also of Honor Williams who died April 19* 1835 ^g^d 67
years— children of the above named Jasper and Mary Williams.
Also of Mary wife of Jasper Williams, who died Nov' 23"^ 1833
aged 33 years.
And of Mary their daughter who died Feby 8^^ 1834 aged
5 months.
Also of William Stevens who died July 24^ 1836 aged 3 months,
the son of William Stevens and Catherine Williams who were
lost at sea 29'** July 1837.
Mary Williams Relict of the above Jasper Williams, died
25* October 1841 aged 79 years.
Hannah wife of Jasper Williams died NoV^ 19^^ 1844 aged
38 years.
Jasper Williams died 25* July 1849 aged 51 years.'
6 — 2
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84 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
* In memory of Stephen Jose, died 1788 aged 78.
Also Cap* Timothy Jose son of Stephen. Dyed 1808 aged 59,
Corruption, earth and worms
Shall but refine this flesh.
Till my triumphant spirit comes
To put it on afresh.
Also Mary daughter of Timothy, died 1812 aged 13.'
*In memory of Agnes wife of Thomas Grenfell, died 1793
aged 68.'
(This tombstone, a slate one grotesquely ornamented in the
style of the period, is nailed to the south wall of the church, near
the cross.)
The following are north of the church, a position against
which there seems to have been none of that traditional prejudice
which is or was common in many other parishes :
* In memory of Mary wife of Thomas Richards, died 1830
aged 44.
Also Edward their son, died 1826/
' In memory of Henry Curnow, died 1835.'
Vault, the slab inscribed to the memory of:
'Frances wife of James Young, died 1825 aged 29.
Also Frances Maria their daughter, died 1822 aged 2 months.
Also Edward son of the above James by Martha his second
wife ; died 1835 ^iged 4.
Also the aforesaid James Young, died 1848 aged 50.'
* In this Repository is layed the mortal remains of William
Maine of Bideford, aged 40, lost at sea off this harbour with his
dear relation Samuel Spencer aged 14, Dec^ the Seventh 1807.
Though saild in lower seas and drownd,
That victory and peace they found
On the celestial shore/
Obliterated headstone, only this being legible :
* . . • obiit aet. 10.
Oh parents dear ! for me do not lament ' . . . .
* In memory of Mary widow of Cap^ W. Christian, died 1819
aged 79.'
* In memory of Phillis wife of Cap^ S. C. Clark, died 1856
aged 37.'
Vault :
* Edward Stephens esquire died 1776 aged — •
Also Elizabeth his wife, died 1810 aged 86.
Also Francis their son, died 1791 aged 39.
And Susannah his wife, died 1775 aged — .
And Jane his second wife, died 1794 aged — .
Also Hugh Ley Esq^e M.D., died 1826 aged 64.
And Elizabeth his wife, died 1848 aged 83.'
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THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST, IVES. 85
Vault :
' Paul Tremearne died 1807 aged 66.
Also Ann Phillipps widow, his daughter, died 1848 aged 71.
And Ann Tremearne PhiUipps his granddaughter, died at
Nantes 1855 SLged 42,
Also three infant grandchildren.'
* In memory of Thomas Quick, died 1811 aged 67 ; and his
four grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.'
* In memory of Eldred Roberts, died i83i. Also Matilda his
wife.'
(Also others of the same family.)
* In memory of Richard Jenkyns gen^ died 1815 aged 66,
Also Elizabeth his wife, died 1823 aged 82.
Also Anna Maria their daughter, relict of Capt, Daniel Sydal,
died 1864 aged 83.'
* In memory of Joanna daughter of Uddy ' [Bray ?] (oblite-
rated).
' M. G.— T. D.'
'T. S. 1812.'
An obliterated headstone.
* In memory of Thomas Rowe, died 1831 aged 65.
Also Nathaniel Hicks Rowe, his son, master of the brig
" Importer " of London, died in Jamaica 1825 aged 30.
Also Mary Ann Rowe who is buried in the church.
Also Ann Rowe, died 1806 aged i year.
Also Mary Biron his granddaughter, died 1825, aged 2.'
* In memory of Nathaniel Toms, master of the brig " Henry,"
who died at Giberalter 1827 aged 35.
And NatW Toms senior, officer of H.M. Customs in this
port, who died 1830, aged 72. And Frances his wife, died 1818
aged 56.'
Vault :
* The Family of Stevens lie interred here, 1797.
Martha the wife of John Stevens esquire (Collector of his
Majesty's Customs in the Port of S^ Ives) lies interred here.
John Stevens esquire died 27*^ March 1807 aged 68.
Also of Page second wife of the above ; who departed this life
Feby 26^ 1835 aged 80 years.
Also of Captain Andrew Thomas of this town, who departed
this life Feby 18^^ 1854 aged 41 years.'
' In memory of Jane daughter of Anthony and Margaret Johns,
died 1789 aged 18 months.
Also the above Margaret, died 1813 aged 52.'
* In memory of John Major of Carva, died 1786, aged 47.*
* In memory of Robert Morton, died 1819, aged 37.'
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86 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
'In memory of Johanna wife of John Martins, died 1830
aged 58.
Farewell, dear friend, again farewell !
Soon I shall rise to thee ;
And, when we meet, no tongue can tell
How great our joys shall be.'
* In memory of John Stevens, died 1834 aged 74.
And Mary his wife, died 1821 aged 64.'
* In memory of Martin Williams, died 1800 aged 48.
Also Martin son of Martin and Thomasin Williams, died 1807
aged 22.
Also Mary daughter of Thomas and Mary Williams, died 1819
aged 2.
Also Thomasin their daughter, died 182 1 aged 3.'
' In memory of Thomas Stevens, died 1834 aged 80/
Vault :
* In memory of Mary wife of James Rosewall, died 1849
aged 34.
Also the above James, died 1854 aged 34.'
* In memory of James Bray, died 1802 aged i year.'
(Another obliterated headstone here.)
Another slate headstone, complete, but is turned with the
face downwards, and partly fixed to the wall of the church, at
the west end of the north aisle.
It will be seen that nearly all these graves are modem. It is
said that in past times, when quite full of corpses, the church-
yard was covered with several feet of sand, and interment went
on anew. As many as thirty mules have been seen, in a line,
carrying sand from the beach to the churchyard. Three times
the graves were covered in a deep layer of sand ; and then it was
found that to repeat the process would be to bury the church
itself. It then became the custom to bury in the garden at the
back of the present parsonage in Shute Street, which was used
as a supplementary churchyard until the opening of the new
cemetery at Ayr.
When it blows hard from outside, the spray and foam from
the sea dash against the east windows of the church and even
over the roof, sprinkling the resting-place of the countless dead.
The following are interred in the New Churchyard, the
burial-place behind the parsonage :
Henry Willey, 1812', aged 57.
Samuel Kelly, 1822, aged 58.
Thomas Mathews, 1848, aged 88.
James Williams Mathews, 1840, aged 9.
And many members of the families of Stevens, Berriman, etc.
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THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. IVES. 87
The New Churchyard (formerly the vicarage garden) is situated
between the ancient and the modem parsonages, and is strewn
with fragments of old carved stone which seem to have formed
part of the former clergy-house.
In the Borough Accounts, largely transcribed in a later
chapter, will be found numerous records relating to the church
and its furniture, such as the erection of a gallery in 1640, and
the removal of the roodscreen and organ in 1648.
A selection of tombstone inscriptions from the Cemetery.
' John Tregerthen Short, died 1857.'
[He was in the French prison with Thomas Williams.]
* Sacred to the memory of Thomas Williams, who died 1862,
aged 75. He was prisoner of war in France, from 1804 to 1814.
He held the office of parish clerk for S* Ives from 1816 until his
death.
Also of Mary his wife, who died 1875 aged 86.'
[Surmounted by a cross, flags, guns and shot :]
*To the memory of Thomas Matthews of Saint Ives, who
died April 6, 1863, aged 72 years. He was attached to H.M,
Coast-guard service for 21 years ; also an effective member of
the S^ Ives volunteer corps in the years 1812 and 1863.
This stone is raised as a mark of esteem and respect by the
officers, non-commissioned officers and gunners of the 11^ (S^
Ives) Battery, Duke of Cornwall Artillery Volunteers.
Requiescat in pace.'
[See the regimental brass in the parish church. Thomas
Matthews was Drum-Major of the corps, and also gunnery
instructor. He was brother to Mary Williams above named.]
* To the memory of Nancy [n^e Kempthorne] wife of Andrew
Stevens Williams.
Also of Elizabeth the wife of Roger Wearne.
Also of Andrew Stevens Williams ; born 14 July 1802, died
1873.'
* Henry A. Martin, coast-guard officer ; died 1873.
Also Grace, mother of the above ; died 1881, aged 81.'
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CHAPTER VII.
CHURCHES OF LELANT, TOWEDNACK AND ZENNOR.
Previous to the commencement of the fifteenth century, Saint
Ives and Towednack were merely hamlets in the parish of
Lelant. * Saint Ives appears,' says Hicks, * to have first con-
sisted of a few fishermen's huts, after which a few merchants
settled there, who did trade and traffick with Ireland, France,
etc' The inhabitants were then obliged to repair to the church
of Lelant, a distance of about three miles, to hear mass, and for
baptisms, marriages, and burials. In the Inquisition of the
Bishops of Lincoln and Winchester, 1294, * ecclesia de Lelant
in decanatu de Penwith ' is taxed at £22 i8s. 4d., without mention
of Saint Ives or Towednack, which were not then erected nor
endowed as parishes. (Hals.)
In 1306 Robert de Cardinan confirmed to the Priory of
Tywardreath the churches of Lelant and Zennor, together with
certain lands (Oliver's ' Monasticon ') :
* Carta Regis Henrici tertij, cartam Roberti de Cardinan rati-
ficans. [Cart : 33 Edw. I., n. 38, per Inspex. ; et Cart 12 Hen.
III., m. 9.]
* Robertus de Cardinans omnibus sancte matris ecclesie filiis
salutem Sciatis me pro Dei amore et anime mee salute con-
cessisse et presenti carti mea confirmasse ecclesie sanctorum
martirum Sergii et Bacchi Andeg : et ecclesie sancti Andree de
Tywardrait et monachis ibidem Deo servientibus et servituris
omnes donationes et concessiones quas antecessores mei sue
quicunque fideles de feodo meo ipsis fecerunt scilicet Ec-
clesiam Sancti Euny cum terris decimis et aliis pertinentiis suis
et nominatim cum villa que dicitur Lananta et Tredrait et dimidiam
acram terre in Hendre quam Thomas presbiter tenuit, solutam
et quietam ab omni servitio excepto tantum regali Ec-
clesiam Sancti Sinari quam dedit eis Radulphus de Sicca-villa et
uxor ejus Margareta et unam acram terre apud Sanctam Sinaram
solutam et quietam ab omni servitio excepto tantum regali '
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CHURCHES OF LELANT, TOWEDNACK AND ZEN NOR. 89
(translation.)
'Robert de Cardinan to all the sons of Holy Mother Church, greeting.
Know that I, for the love of God and for the good of tny soul have granted and
by these presents have confirmed unto the church of the holy martyrs Sergius
and Bacchus at Angers, and to the church of St. Andrew of Tywardreath,
and to the monks serving and who shall serve God there, all the gifts and
grants from my estates which my predecessors, or any others of the faithful
have made to them, namely [among others] the Church of St. Euny with its
lands, tithes and other appurtenances, and in particular with the vill which is
called Lananta and Tredrait,and half an acre of land in Hendre which Thomas
the priest held, freed and exempt from all feudal services excepting only the
service due to the king • . . . The Church of St. Sinar which Radulph de
Sackville and his wife Margaret gave to them, and one acre of land at St. Sinar,
freed and exempt from all feudal services excepting only the service due to the
king . • , .'
Radulph de Sackville was Lord of the Manor of Coleridge
near Chulmleigh, and sold it to the Champernownes temp.
Hen. III.
' Num : X. Jus ecclesie S. Andree in Lanant recognitum per
Galfridum filium Roberti :
* Omnibus sancte matris ecclesie filiis Gaufridus filius Roberti
de Trembedhov salutem in Domino. Noverit universitas vestra
me intuitu justicie et pro salute anime mee et animarum pre-
decessorum meorum recognovisse dimidiam acram terre in
Lanantha, quam Lucas sacerdos tenuit, ecclesie Sancti Andree
de Tiwardrad quam dudum detinuimus in periculo animarum
nostrarum. Et quia nullum jus in predicta acra dimidia me
habere recognosco meis omnibus interdico omnino calumpniandi
in ea aliquid aut exigendi Et ut ratum et inconcussum permaneat
presenti scripto et sigillo mei apposione [sic. ; * presens scriptum
sigilli mei apposicione ?'] confirmavi Hiis testibus scilicet Willielmo
archidiacono Cornubie, Roberto ejusdem officiali, Herveo filio
Gilberti, Herveo tunc decano de Penwith, Henrico de Heligon,
Rogero de Tovedehov, Tristramo fratre ejus et Willielmo patre
eorum, Drogo filio Alani, Roberto . . • et multis aliis.'
(translation.)
' The right of the church of Saint Andrew in Lelant recognised by Geoffrey
son of Robert :
• To all the sons of Holy Mother Church Geoffrey son of Robert of Trcm-
bedhow greeting in the Lord. Know that I, from a feeling of justice and for
the good of my soul and of the souls of my predecessors, have granted half an
acre of land in Lelant, which Luke the priest held, to the church of St. Andrew
of Tywardreath, which we have unlawfully detained to the peril of our souls.
And whereas I acknowledge that I have no right in the aforesaid half acre, I
forbid all my people to challenge or to exact anything from it. And, in order
that it may remain firm and inviolate, I have to this present writing placed my
seal in confirmation. Witness, William, Archdeacon of Cornwall ; Robert, his
Official ; Hervey son of Gilbert ; Hervey, Dean of Penwith ; Henry de Heligon ;
Roger de Tovedehov [Trevethoe ? Towednack ?] ; Tristram his brother, and
William their &ther ; Drogo Fitzalan, Robert .... and many others.'
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90 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
These charters were afterwards confirmed by Pope Nicholas III.
and Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury.
In the Glasney Cartulary, dated at Glasney, 23 August, 1315,
as to the taxation of the vicarage of Saint Senar, it is expressed
that the vicar is to have a manse, the tithe of hay in meadows,
of flax, hemp and fish, and tithes of things whatsoever in curtil-
ages, etc. (in considerable detail in the original),
In the year 1342 the amount taxed on ' the parish church of
Lelant with the chapel of Saint Ives ' was £17 13s. 4d., and £5
on the parish church of Zennor, as appears by the following
Inquisitio Nonarum^ preserved at the Record Office :
*Co^ Cornub' anno xv™^ Regis Edwardi tertij in Curia
Scaccarij sui :
* Ecclia* de Lananta cu' capelV ste' Hye. De nona garb' veil' &
agn' poch' ecclie' de Lananta cu' capell' S^® Hye tax' ad xvijli
xiijs iiijd comiss ^ xjii vj^ viij^ & non plus ut patet p psenr Rogi'
Trembethon, ThonJ Caryhays, Nichi' David' & Willi' Hobba
poch' ibdna qui die p sacrni sufl qd' non valuit plus hoc anno in
qua quid suma xjii vj^ viij^ sunt xv* de tempal' prior' de
Tewardreath in ead' poch' unde ijdem assess hent: bre' de sups.
De XV vero nichil.
* Ecclia' Ste' Senate. De nona garb' & agn' poch' ecclie' Ste'
Senare tax' ad c^ & sic vend' Rogo de Treveglos, Thome Vas &
Witto Gayroun, De xv vero nichil,' of which the following is a
translation :
'Concerning the ninth of sheaves, wool and lambs of the parish church of
Lelant with the chapel of St. Ives, taxed at £17 13s. 4d., commissioned for
;f II 6s. 8d. and not more, as appears by the presentment of Roger de Trembe-
thon, Thomas de Caerhays, Nicholas Davy and William Hobba of the parish
there, who say upon their oaths that it was not worth more this year ; in which
foresaid sum of ;^ii 6s. 8d. there are 15s. of the temporalities of the Prior of
Tywardreath, in the same parish, whence those persons have assessed to them
a brief of exemption. Concerning the fifteenthi however, nothing.
' Concerning the ninth of sheaves and lambs of the parish church of Zennor,
taxed at £s, and thus sold to Roger de Treveglos, Thomas Vas and William
Gayroun. Concerning the fifteenth, however, nothing.'
The church of Lelant thus enjoys the distinction of having
been the original Mother Church of Saint Ives and Towednack,
both which parishes were carved out of Lelant in the fifteenth
century, not, however, as separate benefices, but as Chapelries
with cure of souls, dependent on the Mother Church. For the
technical description of this church we are to a great extent
indebted to Blight's * Churches of West Cornwall ' which, how-
ever, omits many interesting particulars.
Lelant church is built among the sandbanks which line the
southern shore of Saint Ives Bay. It consists of chancel and
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CHURCHES OF LELANT, TOWEDNACK AND ZENNOR. 91
nave, north and south aisles to both, south porch, and western
tower. The building is remarkable among the West Cornish
churches, as exhibiting considerable Norman remains, consisting
of an entire arch, pier, and half-pier, forming the second bay on
the north side of the nave. The springing of a second arch to
the east is to be seen on the south side. The capitals are scalloped
and the base has simply a round and chamfer on a square plinth.
Westward of the Norman work is an acutely-pointed arch of the
thirteenth century, of plain masonry without mouldings. The
rest of the church is perpendicular. The entire building was
conservatively renovated in 1873. The porch has a niche for a
holy-water stoup.
The ancient font has been subjected to extraordinary vicis-
situdes. Ejected from the church, probably in the last century,
it was at length found by the late vicar, the Rev. Uriah Tonkin,
in a farmyard, broken in two, and was by him placed for protec-
tion on the floor of the church tower. In the year 1889 it was,
under the direction of the well-known architect, Mr. J. Piers
St. Aubyn, carefully repaired and restored to its original site. It
is a broad, shallow bowl of plain design, carved simply into square
panels with a narrow moulding.
The old oak benches of Lelant church, which so closely
resembled those at Saint Ives that they seemed to be the work of
the same hands, were destroyed about the year 1830, and the
remains buried beneath the floor of the church. The present
vicar says that he was present at the restoration of the church,
when the old bench-ends were disinterred; they crumbled into
dust after being for a few hours exposed to the air. The chancel
screen had a similar fate.
In the south wall of the chancel is a piscina, and on the north
a credence in a late decorated niche. There is an aumbry in the
east wall of the south aisle, north of the altar-space, and another
in a window-arch of the south aisle.
There is a new decorated low-screen to the chancel, painted
and gilded in ancient fashion, and a good modem pulpit of carved
oak, in the perpendicular style. The timber of the chancel roof
is painted and gilt like the screen, with demi-angels at the
springing of the braces. There are traces of an altar in the
north aisle, and a roodloft-door and staircase in the north wall.
Some of the original roof-timbers remain, especially in the south
aisle ; the purlines and wall-plate bear the vine-pattern, and the
bosses represent roses and other flowers.
A late perpendicular doorway of slate stone, in the north aisle,
and a priest's doorway in the south aisle, are both blocked up.
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92 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
There are two remarkably massive buttresses, in the angle between
the east ends of the chancel and north aisle, and at the north-
east angle of the north aisle. The outer door of the south porch
is a round-headed arch. The inner doorway is of late perpendicular
date ; the bases of the arch on the south side are carved on two
sides with a conventional lily, a quatrefoil, an estoile, and a four-
leaved flower, each within a circle. The perpendicular canopied
niche over this door, designed to hold the effigy of a saint (pro-
bably that of the patron Saint Ewinus), has been filled up and
covered by a sundial. This dial is of copper ; in the angle stands
a crowned skeleton holding a dart and an hour-glass. The whole
is of the early part of the eighteenth century ; and an engraving
of it has been published in the Western Antiquary,
The three crosses, in the churchyard and new cemetery, have
been described in a previous chapter.
The only house near the church is one which in old times was
an inn, where persons coming to divine service from a distance
could stable their horses and find refreshment. At the door of
the stables is an old mounting-block. There are many traditions
to the effect that this church was once the centre of a much more
densely populated parish than now, and that Lelant has been a
busy commercial port. Gilbert mentions Cenor *a great town
now gone, two miles from Ryvier' in Lelant parish. The naturalist
Ray, writing in the year 1662, describes the church as * almost
quite covered with sand blown up by the wind.' There is a
tradition, says Halliwell, that underneath these sands is buried
the castle of Theodoric, King of Cornwall, who beheaded the
Irish missionary saints. The glebe consists, according to Lysons,
of ' 50 acres, mostly sandhills.* Old Lelant is said to have been
overwhelmed, within a short space of time, by the vast sand-
drifts which cover the district. Constantly encroaching upon the
meadow-land, the invasion of the sand was at length arrested by
the sowing of the Arundo arenaria or sand-rush ; but not until
fields and farmhouses had been buried to the depth of many feet
in some places. Lelant church was barely saved ; and that of
Phillack, on the opposite side of the Hayle estuary, is quite over-
shadowed by the high * towans ' (as the sand-hillocks are called),
which rise to the height of the tower at a very short distance
from the church. Norden says Lelant was ' somtyme a haven
towne, but now of late decayed by reason of the sande which has
choaked the harbour and buried much of the lands and howses ;
many devises they use to prevent the obsorpation of the churche.'
On a big board which hangs in the tower, is a copy of King
Charles' letter of thanks to the people of Cornwall for the support
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CHURCHES OF LELANT, TOWEDNACK AND ZENNOR. .93
which they gave him during the Civil Wars. Most Cornish
churches possess or have possessed similar copies (Saint Ives is
a notable exception, owing to its having supported the Parlia-
ment), The document reads as follows :
'C. R.
* We are highly sensible of the extraordinary merit of our
County of Cornwall, of their zeal for the defence of our Person,
and the just rights of our Crown in a time when we could con-
tribute so little to our own defence or to their assistance in a
time when not only no reward appeared, but great and probable
dangers were threatened to obedience and loyalty ; of their great
and eminent courage and patience in the indefatigable prosecu-
tion of their great work against so potent an enemy, backed with
so strong, rich, and powerful cities, and plentifully furnished, and
supplied with men, arms, money, ammunition, and provisions of
all kinds ; and of the wonderful success with which it hath pleased
Almighty God, although with the loss of some eminent persons
who shall never be forgotten by us, to reward their Loyalty and
Patience by many strange Victories over their and our enemies,
in despight of all human Probability, and all imaginable Dis-
advantages ; that as we cannot be forgetful of so great Deserts,
so we cannot but desire to publish to all the world, and perpetuate
to all time, the memory of these their merits, and of our acceptance
of them, and to that end, we do hereby render our Royal thanks
to that our county in the most pubHck and lasting manner we
can devise, commanding copies hereof to be printed and published;
and one of them to be read in every Church and Chapel therein,
and to be kept for ever as a Record in the same, that as long as
the History of these Times, and of this Nation shall continue, the
Memory of how much that County hath merited from us, and our
Crown, may be derived with it to posterity.
* Given at our camp at Sudley Castle, the tenth of September,
1643.'
(A Cornish version of this letter is preserved among the
Gwavas MSS., at the British Museum.)
A baseless tradition asserts that the name Lelant is derived
from Lanent, one of the fifty saintly children of good King
Brechan. It is really * Lan Nant,' the Valley Church.
Other particulars of the history of this church will be found
under different chapters of our history.
The parish registers commence thus: *A Regester of the
Names of those that haue Bene Baptized within our Parish of
Uny Lelant Begininge in the yeare 1684. John the son of John
Hayes was baptized y« 2 February.'
The following are all the names of the pre- Reformation clergy
at Lelant, which we have been able to collect :
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i^pE^!^
94 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Andrew de Montibus; succeeded by
A.D. 1261. William de Capella, * Sub-deacon of our Lord the
Pope ;' was admitted ' to the whole church [t.e. as Rector]
.... according to the tenour of the Ordination of the
Lord John, Cardinal Priest of the Title of San Lorenzo in
Lucina, and of the Confirmation of the Lord Pope, on the
presentation some time since made by the Prior and
Convent of Tywardreath.'
1274. Sir Walter Gascoyn collated vicar.
1281. Sir Amand de Cambron collated vicar.
1306. Thomas * Presbiter,'
1310. Master Robert le Seneschal.
Lucas, * Sacerdos.'
1311. Master Gilbert de Cornubia (deacon).
1409, John Clerk.
1416. John Bryt.
1520. William TyrriflFe, * chaplain.'
[1520. John Bretton, ' Chaplain * Towednack.
„ John Hyjcks, „ Saint Ives.
„ — Pentreth „ „ ].
The ' Valor Ecclesiasticus ' shows that James Gentell was
Vicar of Lelant in 1536.
An old man informed the present vicar, that early in this
century he had seen Lelant church full of kegs of French
brandy, stored there by smugglers, who considered the church
as a very safe hiding-place, because no one would ever dream of
resorting there on a week-day.
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS OF LELANT.
In the church. West wall of South aisle.
Slate tablet : ' Here lieth the bodye of William Praed of
Treuethow Gentleman of the adge of five and fiftye yeeres who
was Buried the Eight of maye anno dni : 1620 having one sone
and three daughters surviving/ In the centre is carved a repre-
sentation of William Praed, his wife and children, kneeling with
clasped hands, on cushions, one behind the other in the order of
their respective sizes. Over their heads on scrolls are the names :
'William Praed, Prudence, James, Jane, Alice, Marye.' The
father is dressed in a long gown, with a frill round his neck.
Prudence, his wife, wears a large round hat with bent brim, a
frilled collar, a short jacket kilted below the waist, a girdle, an
ample quilted skirt, and a flowing cloak. James wears a frill,
doublet, wide trunk breeches, stockings and low shoes. The gifls
wear caps. Below the figures, in incised Gothic characters, are
the words :
* Think gentle friend, that now dost view this tomb,
To-morrow must thou go to thy last home/
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CHURCHES OF LELANT, TOWEDNACK AND ZENNOR. 95
On one side of the tablet is a death's-head and an hour-glass, in
renaissance scroll-work ; on the other a vase, out of which grows
a stiff-looking flower. This tablet, like the others on the same
wall, formerly lay on the floor.
Slate tablet : ' Here lyeth the Bodye of Stephen Pawley of this
Parish Gentleman who dyed the XIX daye of November in y^
yeare of our Lord God 1635/ I^ ^^e centre are figures carved
as in the above example, but in less bold relief, of Stephen
Pawley with his wife, five sons and six daughters. Over each
head is the baptismal name, thus, beginning with the youngest
daughter and reading from left to right: 'J. P.; C. P. ; P. P. ;
G. P.; M. P.; J. P.; C. P.; P. P.; W. P.; S. P.; H. P.;
M. P. ; 75.' In one corner are two shields of the arms, bearing :
Per pale : I. three organ rests (?) ; on a chief 3 martlets (?) 11.
Pawley (see post). Also Quarterly: I. and IV., as I. above; II.
and III. Pawley; and beneath are the following verses:
' If teares the dead againe to life could calle
Thou hadst not slept within this earthye balle
If holye vertues could a ransomc bynn
Soe soone corruption had not rapte thee in
But thou wert ripe for God and God didst crave
So gavst a gladsome welcome to the grave
Assuringe still that thou with God dost dwell
Thy end soe good thy life was lead soe well.'
Slate tablet, fixed in a former doorway. ' Fili Dei, miseris
miserere nobis peccatoribus.
Crest : Unicorn's head on a coronet. Squire's helmet and
lambrequins.
Arms : Quarterly, I. & IV. a lion rampant, on a chief dancett6e
three mullets (for Pawley); II. three saws (?) in pale; III. 3
columns, on a chief 3 birds. Inscription :
' This Maarble Stone was placed here in the year of our Lord
1713. In Memory of Hugh Pawley of Gunwin Gen^ who dyed
the 17^ day of Septemb^^ Anno : 172 1 & of Judith his wife who
dyed y« ^o^ day of October 1698 by whom were begotten Seaven
Children (viz) Prudence, Hugh, Mary, William, George, Peter
and Judith.
Virtus post funera Vivit
Vita quasi umbra fugit.'
Slate tablet. At the top a ship sailing. * In Memory of
Elizabeth Cundy, daughter of John and Grace Cundy ; died 1799
aged 25. Also of Grace Cundy, died 1799 aged 66 ; and John
Cundy, died 1802 aged 66.
Tho' Boreas Wind and Neptunes Waves
Have toss'd me too and fro
In spite of both by God's decree
I harbour here below
Where now at Anchor I do lie
With many of our fleet
I must one day set sail again
Our Saviour Christ to meet'
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96 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Hatchment. Crest : A unicorn's head argent, armed and
crined or, on a coronet- Squire's helmet and lambrequins.
Arms : Quarterly : I. & IV. azure 6 estoiles argent, 3, 2, i.
11. per pale dancett^e : i, sable ; 2, ermines, on a bend gules
3 cross crosslets or. III. gules, a bend between 2 martlets or.
Over all an escutcheon of pretence, quarterly : I.& IV. argent, on
a bend sable 3 spearheads or. II. & III. azure, a saltire argent.
In the churchyard. East side.
Susanna wife of Thomas Treglown, died 1847 ^iged 81.
John Stevens mine agent, died 1861. Elizabeth his wife,
died 1868 aged 69.
* Richard Hichens gen* of S^ Ives, the survivor of the family
of Thomas and Mary Hichens.' Born 1782, died 1866.
The wife of the late vicar of Lelant, the Rev. Uriah Tonkin,
and the first wife of the present vicar, are buried here.
Matthew Stevens late of S^ Ives ; died i^t January 1795, aged
44. Also Martha his wife, died 1833 aged 84. Also Francis
their son, died 1796 aged 7 ; and Elizabeth Pope their daughter,
died 1852 aged 66.
Christiana Banfield, wife of Charles Allen of S^ Ives ; died
1801 aged 42. Also Wilmot Stevens their daughter, died 1810
aged 22. Also the said Charles Allen, died 1825 aged 68. Also
Ursula the wife of Charles Allen junior of S* Ives, died 1825
aged 46.
' J. H. died 1759 aged 4. H. H. died 1809 aged 87.
A. H. died 1760 aged 2. R. H. died 1814 aged 50.
H. H. died 1777 aged 89. H. H. died 1823 aged 72.
M. H. died 1789 aged 27. C. H. died 1825 siged 79.
P. H. died 1790 aged 42. T. H. died 1826 aged 76.
E. H. died 1802 aged 45. R. H. died 1833 aged 63.
P. H. died 1803 aged 77. J. H. died 1842 aged 76.
R. H. died 1804 aged 50. J. H. died 1843 aged 74.'
South of the church.
Sarah the wife of William Osborne of S^ Hillery, died 1824
aged 66. Also Mary Hosking, died 1846 aged 97.
Mary the daughter of William and Mary Mayn, died 1803
aged 9 months. Sarah, died 1807 aged 10 weeks. Samuel,
died 1808 aged 4 years.
Elizabeth, wife of Edward Richards; died 1833 aged 64,
(This slab is close to the old cross.)
Thomas, son of Hannibal and Jane Trevorrow, died 1816
aged 21.
Margery Thomas, a native of S* Ives ; died 1865 aged 87,
Broken and illegible slate near the porch.
James Richards, died 1775 aged 42, (A small freestone slab
near the porch.)
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CHURCHES OF LELANT, TOWEDNACK AND ZENNOR. 97
Stone sarcophagus surrounded by an iron railing, close to
the south wall of the church. In memory of William Praed,
Esquire, of Trevetho, died 1833 aged 84. Erected by his children
in memory of ' the best of fathers.'
Phillis the widow of Christopher Trewhella; died 1863
aged 84. Also Christopher their son, died 1870 aged 61. Also
Martin the son of Matthew and Mary Trewhella, aged 16 months.
Alice Sampson, died 1795 aged 63. Also Richard Sampson,
died 1814 aged 85.
Captain Richard Curgenven, of the Royal Navy; died 1784
aged 47. (Fixed against the south wall of the tower.)
John Harry, died 1832 aged 63. Also his wife Cordelia and
several children.
Mary the wife of John Bennetts ; died 1864 aged 64. Also
their children.
Elizabeth the wife of Edward Bennetts, died 1841 aged 64.
Philip Bennetts of St. Ives, died 1841 aged 68. Also Amy
his wife.
Benjamin Richards, died 1774 aged 74.
Granite vault with broken slate, of the end of last century.
In memory of Elizabeth Kemp and others of the family.
John Cooper, died 1810 aged 84. Also Catherine Kendrick
his wife, of Wrexham in Denbighshire, N. Wales, died 1783
aged 50. (There are other tombstones of the Coopers.)
William Hawes, died 1835 aged 70. Also Avice his wife.
Thomas Ninnes, died 1855 aged 47. Also Willmot his
daughter, died 1839 aged 8 days.
Christiana, wife of Isaac Wright of Newlyn and daughter of
Christopher and Mary Edwards of this parish; died 1827 aged 28.
^ This ritual stone thy friend hath laid
O'er thy respected dust,
Only proclaim the moumfull day
When he a Partner lost.
In life to copy thee 111 strive
And, when I that resign,
May some good Christian friend survive
To lay my bones by thine'
Stone vault with cracked slate. William and Elizabeth
Farquharson, 1802.
Johanna wife of John Cumow, died 1851 aged 26.
John Lory, died 1840 aged 48. Also Priscilla his wife.
Clement Uren, died 1849 aged 71. Also Alice his wife.
Charles Richards, died 1864 aged 76. Also Anne his wife.
George Jennings, died 1817 aged 66.
Henry Harris, died 1803 aged 49. Also Caroline his wife.
Hugh Richards master mariner, died 1854 aged 69. Also
Sophia his wife.
Richard fifth son of Henry and Blanch Hosking, died 1866
aged 86.
7
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98 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
James Williams, died 1864 aged 29.
James Williams of this parish, died 1872 aged 64.
William Bosistow, died 1825 aged 43. Also Margaret his wife.
Thomas Johns, died 1805 aged 29. Also Elizabeth his wife.
Thomas Harry, died 1849 aged 56. Also Elizabeth his wife
and their family.
Thomas Uren, died {circa) 1850.
West of the church.
Richard Hall, died 1792 aged 4. (Slate on the west wall of
.the tower.)
North of the church.
Matthew Quick, died 1836 aged 62. Also Elizabeth his wife,
died 1868 aged 69.
John Penberthy of St. Ives, died 1845 aged 82. Also Grace
Adams Penberthy his granddaughter, died 1839 aged 4. Also
Samuel Uren his grandson, died 1844 aged 3.
Richard Uren of Worvas in this parish, died 1816 aged 66.
On the wall by the south gate of the churchyard is a piece of
granite bearing the inscription * J. B. ; S. How ; 1801.'
In the Western Antiquary of March 1884 is an interesting
note by Professor Robert Hunt, F.R.S., calling attention to the
fact that a burial place had long been known on the Towans of
Lelant, near the Hayle ferry and not far from the church, and
that in constructing the railway to Saint Ives, this was cut
through, and a quantity of skeletons removed. The skulls are
said to have been of a pre-Aryan type and similar to some dis-
covered at the Pentuan tin-streams, fifty feet below the surface.
There was a tradition, says Professor Hunt, that a shipload of
slaves, who were brought to Cornwall to work the tin, perished in
a storm on Hayle Bar ; but it is questionable whether the inter-
ments do not mark the site of an early church-yard, since the
skeletons were laid in rough walled graves.
TOWEDNACK CHURCH.
The parish of Towednack is only less wild than Zennor, and
its ' church-town ' {ix. village round the parish church) consists
of two farmhouses and an inn. Towednack church, says Blight,
is remarkable as alone possessing a chancel-arch among the
churches of West Cornwall ; this arch is of the thirteenth century,
very acutely pointed, and consists simply of two chamfered orders
springing from corbels. The church consists of chancel, nave
with western tower, and south aisle and porch ; the two latter are
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CHURCHES OF LELANT, TOIVEDNACK AND ZENNOR. 99
much later than the other parts. The tower, of granite, very low
and massive, is altogether unlike every other in the district, and
being constructed without any attempt at ornamentation, proper
use was made of the material at hand. The string-course and
cornice are remarkably bold; the battlemented parapet (walled
in on the east and west sides) is of the simplest character. The
belfry lights are square-headed. and chamfered; altogether it is a
characteristic structure, harmonizing well with its site, in the
midst of a most wild and dreary region. The tower staircase, on
an unusual plan, is constructed without newel or winders, and
has its entrance direct from the north-west angle of the nave.
The tower-arch appears to have been originally, like most others
of the same date in Cornwall, a plain soffit-arch ; to this responds
and a chamfered order have been added. A portion of the old
impost -moulding remains, and just inside the arch are two
boldly-carved corbels. The springing of the tower-arch is peculiar
as being quite a foot back from the face of the columns. The
eastern bench in the porch is formed of a block of granite, seven
feet long, one foot six inches high and ten inches wide, with an
incised double cross. * This stone evidently does not occupy its
original position ; it differs from the ordinary types of the Cornish
churchyard and wayside cross, and is most probably an early
Christian sepulchral monument ' (Blight).
On the 27th June, 1542, Bishop Vesey of Exeter directed his
suffiragan, William of Hippo, to consecrate the cemetery of the
parish church of Towednack.*
There are two old bench-ends in this church, each carved
with a medallion profile portrait of a man in a hat, with mous-
tachios and beard ; on one is inscribed, in letters curiously inter-
laced, * Master Mathew Trenwith warden,' and on the other,
* James Trewhela warden.' Both bench-ends, which bear the
date 1633, have been worked into a chancel-seat, and are suffering
severely from damp. ' The remnant of the chancel-screen is of
the same age as the bench-ends,' says Blight.
* I take it that the dedication of this church is to Saint Gwynog, or in English
Winnock. According to Recs (* Essay on the Welsh Saints *)t Gwynog ab Gildas,
a saint of royal British race, lived about the middle of the sixth century, and was
a monk of Llancarfan. He is the titular saint of three churches in South Wales,
and of Llanwynog, Montgomeryshire. In the chancel window of the latter church
he is depicted, in glass of the fourteenth century, in abbatial robes, with a cross
In his hand ; below are the words * Sanctus Guinocus, ora pro nobis,* Cressy
says he founded the monaster}^ of Saint Vinoc, on the confines of France and
Flanders, and that his feast is in Brittany observed on the 6th November. In
Wales his day is the 26th October. The parish of Landewednack, in the Lisherd
District of Cornwall, and that of Landevenech in Bretagne, likewise bear the
name of this saint. The syllable * To ' is a common prefix to the names of Cymric
saints, and the ' intrusive d * before * n ' is familiar to students of Cornish.
7—2
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100 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
The font is ancient and simple in form, but was carved in the
last century. The upper portion of the bowl is divided into square
panels, two of which contain respectively the Latin initials I. R. and
W. B. ; the other compartments exhibit two quatrefoils, a conven-
tional lily and the date 1720, while another is left blank. The round
base of the column and the pedestal meet in a tooth pattern at the
joint. On the bowl is an early carving of a face in bold relief.
In the belfry is a mediaeval bell, bearing the inscription
' Sancti Spiritus assit nobis gracia ' (May the grace of the Holy
Spirit be with us). There is a credence on the gospel side of the
high-altar space, and a piscina on the epistle side. Also a support
for the rood-loft remains, on the south side of the chancel arch.
Over the door of the porch is a small sundial, bearing the
following inscription : ' 1720. Bright Sol and Luna Time and
Tide doth hold. Chronodix Humbrale.*
In the north wall is a blocked doorway with a plain and very
massive tympanum of granite.
Inside the church, on the south wall, is a marble slab in-
scribed in memory of Thomas Rosewall of Hellesvear, Saint Ives,
Esquire, who died 1841 aged 87. Also of Mary his wife who died
1829 sig^d 72- Also James, Thomas and Juliana Rosewall, of
Talland, Saint Ives.
At a meeting of the Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian
Society held in November 1886, Mr. J. B. Cornish mentioned that,
during the taking down the chimney of an old house close to
Towednack church recently, an ancient cross was discovered in
the ruins, and was put up in a garden at Tredorwin about a mile
from the church. It is of granite, about three feet high, with
rudely cut circular stem and top.
There is an unpleasant and probably erroneous tradition that
the bodies in Towednack churchyard, which is very small, after
having lain there for twenty years, were disinterred to make way
for fresh burials, and stowed away in a charnel-house.
There is an old legend that, ' when the masons were building
the tower of this church, the devil came every night and carried
off the pinnacles and battlements. Again and again this work
\vas renewed during the day, and as often was it removed during
the night, until at length the builders gave up the work in despair.'
Associated with this tower is a proverb : * There are no cuckolds
in Towednack, because there are no horns on the church-tower '
(See Hunt, * Popular Romances'). Perhaps this is not uncon-
nected with the celebrated Towednack ' Cuckoo Feast,' noticed
in another chapter of our history.
The Parish Registers go back to 1676, if we include a copy
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CHURCHES OF LELANT, TOWEDNACK AND ZENNOR. lol
of an early volume, long since lost, which copy was made by
Dr. Cardew. One of the first entries is : ' 1676. Baptised Anne,
daughter of Andrew RosewalL'
Among t^e peculiar names occurring in this register are those
of * Emlyn Baragwanath,' buried 1684, and * Duence Battrall,*
buried in 1747.
Tombstones in Towednack churchyard. East of the church.
William Rosewall yeoman, of Lower Bussow in this parish ;
died 1864 aged 50. Also Jane his wife ; and William their son
who died 1868.
Amy wife of John Chellew and third daughter of John Quick
of Chytodden in this parish ; died 1874 aged 63.
William Quick of Buzzow in this parish, yeoman ; died 1842
aged 81.
' In Memory of the Quick family of Trevalgen, S^ Ives.' Peter
B. Quick, died 1853 aged 71. Richard Quick died 1855 aged 72.
William Quick died 1855 aged 67.
Elizabeth Reynolds of Trevessa Wartha in this parish ; died
1850 aged 77. And others of the family.
Elizabeth wife of John Green, Clerk of this Parish, died 1843
aged 33.
* Weep not, my child and husband dear,
I am not dead but sleeping here ;
My debt is paid, my grave you see,
Prepare yourselves to follow me.'
Also John Henry their only child, died 1843 aged 5.
John, Thomasin, Elizabeth and Peter, children of Peter and
Mary Quick.
Israel Quick junior, of S* Ives, died 1825 aged 36. Also Paul
his son.
John and Alice Quick, of S^ Ives, died 1815 aged 13. (Stone
vault with broken slate,)
William Berryman, died 1834 ^tged 44. Also Wilmot his wife.
Solomon Richards, died 1857 ^g^d 5^*
Christopher Edwards, died 1826 aged 68. Also Margery his
wife, and their children Thomas, Ann and Mary, the latter of
whom died 1871 aged 77.
Stephen Curnow, died 1837 ^iged 81. Also his sons John
and Andrew.
James Quick, died 1859 aged 59.
South of the church.
On the south wall. John Quick of Chytodden in this parish,
died 1855 aged 70. Also Elizabeth his wife.
Robert Michell, died 1865 aged 59.
Sampson son of Sampson and Hannah Curnow, died 1865
aged 17.
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I02
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
West, of the church.
William Martin of Embla in this parish, died 1865 aged 65.
The new cemetery adjoins the churchyard on this side.
North of the church.
3 granite headstones and footstones :
G. S., 1791.
J. J., 1792.
I. O., 1795.
James Quick, died 1839 ^Lged 74. Also Elizabeth his wife.
Lydia Hickes, daughter of Francis and Sarah Hickes of
S^ Ives ; died 1804 aged 5.
' The Village Maidens to her grave shall bring
The fragrant Garland each returning spring,
Selected sweets in enblera of the Maid
Who underneath the hollow turf is laid.
Like her they flourish beauteous to y* eye,
Like her too soon they languish fade and die.*
Margaret wife of Richard James, died 1848 aged 48.
ZENNOR CHURCH.
ZENNOR CHURCH.
Zennor church is dedicated to Saint Sinara, virgin. It consists
of chancel, nave, western tower, north aisle, south transept and
south porch. The south side of the nave is of the thirteenth
century, the transept and chancel decorated and contemporaneous.
Originally the church was cruciform, but late in the fifteenth (or
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CHURCHES OF LELANT, TOWEDNACK AND ZEN NOR. 103
early in the sixteenth) century the north transept was removed and
a north aisle built, extending the entire length of the nave and
chancel, into which it opens by an arcade of six rudely constructed
arches of unequal span, supported by plain octagonal granite piers.
The tower, of the usual Cornish perpendicular type, is constructed
of ashlar granite, and has three stages marked by plain set-offs,
and a bold string-course above the plinth. The west window
is constructed of catacleuse stone from the neighbourhood of
Padstow, which retains its sharpness of angle and outline as
freshly as when first inserted, affording a striking contrast to the
disintegrated granite. Above this window is an ogee-headed
ZENNOR CHURCH, FROM THE N.W., BEFORE THE RESTORATION.
niche, which formerly contained an image. The south-east
portion of the chancel is of Norman date and older than any
other part of the building. Westward of the porch-doorway is
a single acutely pointed light, three feet high by six inches in
breadth, with a wide splay of three feet three inches through a
very thick wall. It was mistaken by Blight, writing before the
restoration of 1890, for a round-headed Norman one, but on
examination it proved to be a very early lancet window of the
thirteenth century. It was in his time partially hidden by a
gallery, concerning which the following note was made in a
private account book of William Borlase, Vicar of Zennor in 1772 :
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I04 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
* Memo : April gth 1794. In the year 1772, when the singing-
gallery was erected, and previous to the compass-roofing of that
part of the church over the gallery, I observed these figures, on
one of the oak sills which supported the south part, 1172 or 1177,
which I should take to be the date when the church of Zenor was
built, so that about the time of the Lincoln Taxation it was more
than one hundred years old.'
But there can be no doubt that the vicar read the figures
wrongly; they were, probably, 1472.
The doorway has been so much affected by modern repairs
that it is difficult to decide whether it is contemporaneous with
the window.
The chancel is raised one step above the nave, and the
sacrarium has two steps, all three extending continuously across
the aisle, which, in the lower part of the wall to the height of the
window-sill, has masonry projecting eight inches, and a rude
bracket of granite, for an image, the upper surface of which
measures one foot by one foot two inches. The walls of the
aisle were rebuilt about fifty years ago.
The transept probably opened into the nave by two arches ;
but these, except the springing of the westernmost, with the
central pillar, have been removed ; the space was spanned by a
wooden beam until the restoration. The existing piers at the
angles of the transept correspond to the second and fourth piers
of the nave arcade ; they are indeed of the same character and
date, and take the places of others of an earlier period. They
are in fact an instalment of a new arcade, showing that it had
been intended to remove the south transept also, and substitute
an aisle to correspond with the north aisle. The south wall of
the transept has an acutely pointed window, with a plain chamfered
scoinson arch. Having lost its tracery, it had been fitted with
a wooden sash previous to the restoration, when tracery of a
geometrical design was inserted. In the south wall of the chancel
is a well-restored two-light decorated window, evidently of the
same date as the transept window, and a second window of the
same design has been inserted by its side in the blank wall east-
ward. In all the earlier windows of this building granite was not
used, but a finer-grained stone procured from some distant part.
The gable-cross on the transept, which was found in the chancel,
and the corbel-heads hereinafter referred to, are of this stone.
A coarse native sandstone was used in the construction of the
Norman piscina in the chancel, and fragments of the same stone
were used up elsewhere in later work.
There is a good decorated font, which, before 1890, when it
was restored to its pristine beauty, was covered with whitewash.
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CHURCHES OF LELANT, TOWEDNACK AND ZENNOR. loj
and much mutilated. It had a piece of an iron drain-pipe fixed
to it, while an earthenware basin was deposited inside the bowL
Indeed, the whole edifice previous to the restoration was in a very-
neglected state, with whitewash and green damp and rottenness
everywhere, A rickety old kitchen table stood inside the altar-
rails, and the floor of the chancel was paved with common red
bricks.
Of the three bells, two are mediaeval and inscribed ' Sancte
Johannes, ora pro nobis,' (Saint John, pray for us) ' Sancta Maria,
ora pro nobis ' (Saint Mary, pray for us).
ZENNOR FONT.
On the south wall of the tower is a small bronze dial, bearing
the figure of a mermaid, and the inscription : * The Glory of the
world Paseth. Paul Quick fecit, 1737.'
Until its restoration, Zennor church, the last in this district
to be renovated, preserved for our instruction a sad picture
of the surroundings amid which our great-grandfathers were
content to worship. The original carved oak seats had all
(with one exception) disappeared and been replaced by family
boxes. Two old bench-ends only remained, on the south side,
near the tower. One of them, known as ' the mermaid of Zennor,'
is a great curiosity : it represents a syren with the conventional
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io6
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
fish-tail, comb and mirror, which are held up in each hand ; her
long hair hangs over her shoulders and down to her waist Such
a subject is not out of place, in the church of a parish bounded
by the sea ; but folk-lore has constructed a marvellous story to
account for it The squire's son, says the legend, sang so beauti-
fully in the choir, that a mermaid came up from Zennor Cove to
listen to his melodious voice. Falling passionately in love with
him, she enticed him to return with her to the sea, and the
ill-sorted pair were never seen again.
BENCH-END IN ZENNOR CHURCH, KNOWN AS THE * MERMAID OF
ZENNOR.'
As, while this account is being written, the restoration of
Zennor church is still proceeding, it will be well to note separately
the ancient features which the careful work of the nineteenth-
century architect (the Rev. Prebendary Hingeston-Randolph)
has now brought to light. In the first place, as we have already
mentioned, the windows have been refilled with good stone
tracery, in place of the engine-house fittings which had disgraced
them for about a century. The only old tracery which remained
was in the perpendicular windows in the west wall of the tower
and the west wall of the north aisle, and the decorated window
in the south wall of the chancel. These have been simply repaired,
and a good new three-light decorated window with hood-moulding
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CHURCHES OF LELANT, TOWEDNACK AND ZEN NOR. 107
inserted in the chancel^ to the east of the last-mentioned old one,
the design of which has been carefully imitated. A tall Early
English lancet window (the existence of which was not suspected)
has been reopened in the east wall of the chancel, a perpendicular
one has been inserted in the east wall of the north aisle, and four
very good windows of the same style in the north wall of the
building. The supposed Norman light between the porch and
the tower has been restored as a lancet of early thirteenth
century work, which it proved to be. As we have seen, a large
decorated window with geometrical tracery has been inserted in
the south wall of the transept, a restoration in accordance with
the slight traces of the original design which had been spared.
One of the most important alterations in this building is the
squint, by means of which the chancel can be seen from the
transept. This squint opens at its south-western end with a
WINDOW IN THE TOWER OF ZENNOR CHURCH.
flat-round double arch of ancient work, adapted, resting on a
slender muUion ; and the square passage runs obliquely through
the thickness of the east wall of the transept, opening at its
eastern end in the splay of the double-light decorated window in
the south wall of the chancel.
There is a large piscina of early Norman work in the south
wall of the chancel, and a small one of late date in the south-east
corner of the north aisle.
Under the gable at the south-west angle of the south transept
is a sculptured corbel head, which apparently represents a female
face. Another corbel, which during the restoration lay loose
inside the church, has been fixed in a corresponding position on
the other side : it represents a man's head, with long hair and
beard.
A battered stone effigy of a saint was discovered behind
some plaster in the niche on the west side of the tower wall.
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io8 ' A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
It is difficult to say whom the image represents. Between the
legs of the figure is a skull.
The following are all the names of pre- Reformation vicars of
Zennor which we have been able to collect :
13 1 5. Sir William de Arlyn.
1320. Sir Michael de Lamoren.
1400. John Wylla, chaplain, collated on the death ' of John, the
former Vicar/
1416. Nicholas Jory, chaplain, collated.
1520. Richard Smyth, * clericus.'
According to the * Valor Ecclesiasticus,' John Merrake was
Vicar of Zennor in 1536.
The following is an extract from an essay on Zennor, written
in 1889 by the Rev. Prebendary Hingeston-Randolph, the restorer
of the church :
* A word or two about the early history of Zennor church. It
has long been served by Vicars, the Rectory having been ap-
propriated on the Feast of St. Giles (i Sept.) 1270, by Bishop
Bronescombe, to the College which he had recently founded at
Glasney, close to Penryn. His Register contains a copy of his
Ordinance for the endowment of the Vicarage. It is dated on
the Thursday next after the Feast of the Assumption (21 August),
in the same year, and provides that the Perpetual Vicar should
receive, yearly, the whole altalage ; but the tithe of fish, wool, and
beans, as well as of pease growing in the open fields, was reserved
to the College. The house in which the Rectors had dwelt was
to be, thenceforth, the Vicarage, and the Vicars were, also, to
have the whole " Sanctuary," or glebe. I cannot find that the
name of any Rector remains on record, and the first Vicar who
is mentioned is Sir William de Arlyn, who occurs on the 23^^ of
August, 1315, when Stapeldon was Bishop. The occasion was
one of considerable importance to the said Vicar and to his
successors. Bishop Stapeldon was on his Visitation at the time,
and the Vicar of St. Senara appeared before him, and asked him
to look to his endowment, which he complained was so small
that it was impossible for him to pay his way. Stapeldon
investigated the case, and took the poor Vicar's part against fhe
College. He talked the matter over with the Provost and Canons
in their chapter-house at Glasney, and in the end succeeded in
obtaining their unanimous assent to his proposals. The original
endowment was cancelled; and better provision for Arlyn, and
his successors for ever, was made, as follows : The Vicars were
to continue to enjoy the Rectory house (or " manse," as it is
called in the Ordinance), with all the appurtenances thereof;
also the whole altalage of the church, including, among other
things, the tithe of hay throughout the parish, not only in all
closes already existing, but in all that might be taken in at any
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CHURCHES OF LELANT, TOWEDNACK AND ZENNOR. 109
future time ; also the tithe of flax (Hnum) and hemp (canabum) ;
of fish ; and of all crops whatsoever growing in gardens existing
at the time, or enclosed at any future time for spade-cultivation ;
and the tenth sheaf of Treveglos (a tenement which I do not find
mentioned in the Directory) and of Bos (which I suppose is
Boswednan). It seems that, for some time past, the College had
been accustomed to help the Vicars a little, in their poverty, by
an annual pension of twenty shillings, and this the Bishop told
Arlyn he must not expect in future. The great tithes, together
with the tithe of beans, peas, and vetches, growing not in garden-
closes, but in the open fields, were reserved to the College. It
transpired that the books and certain other things were in a
dilapidated condition, and the Bishop ordered the College to pay
twenty shillings to Arlyn for their repair, in two instalments — the
first at Michaelmas, and the second at Easter in the following
year at the latest. But in consideration of the large increase in
the value of the Vicarage, he laid the burden of maintaining all
these things, thenceforth, on the Vicar and his successors for
ever. The Rectors {i.e., of course, the Provost and Canons)
were to continue responsible for the fabric of the Chancel,
except the roof thereof, which the Vicars were to maintain in
good order, as well as the glazing of the chancel windows. Five
years later Arlyn ceased to be Vicar. We are not told whether
he died, or resigned the benefice ; but on the 19*^ of December,
I3i5> he was succeeded by Sir Michael de Lamoren, who out-
lived Stapeldon.'
The following are tombstone inscriptions at Zennor :
Agnes Champen, died 15 May 1731 aged 56. Erected by
William her son. [The oldest in the yard ; against the church-
yard wall, south-east of the chancel.]
William Champen, born 14 October 1701, died 1790.
Phillis his wife, born 8 March 1705, died 1791.
* Hope, fear, false joy and trouble
Are those 4 winds which daily toss this buble ;
His breath's a vapour, and his life's a span,
Tis glorious mis'rey to be born a man.' ^
The next inscription is in the church. It is given in full in
the second series of BottrelFs ' Traditions and Hearth-side Stories
of West Cornwall ' as a literary curiosity. In his eulogium it is
stated that the deceased * excel'd his equals.' The tablet is fixed
over an arch on the south side of the north aisle, near the chancel,
and the body was interred in the same aisle, at the foot of the
chancel steps. A granite slab in the floor at that spot bears the
letters Iq and the figures 1784. The inscription commemorates
'John Quick, of Wica, Yeoman:' died 12^^ Sept^ 1784 aged
74 years. Also Wilmot his wife: died 20 July 1761 aged 41
years.
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HO A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
In Memory of Thomas Thomas, son of John and Mary
Thomas of this Parish, and brother of Matthew ; he departed
this life on the 8^ of March 1809 aged 26 years.
A rude granite headstone bears the terse inscription : * J. T.
A. 50, 1796.'
On the outside of the south wall of the church :
Sacred to the Memory of Matthew Thomas of this Parish,
who was kiird in Wheal-Chance Tin-Mine in Trewey Downs near
this Church-Town, by a fall of Ground y® 16^^ of August 1809,
aged 44 years.
' fielov'd by most, through all his well-spent life.
He left seven children and a loving wife.
Mourning their loss, their hearts w* grief oppressed.
Weep not, but hope he's mingled with y^ blest
By sudden death, his life's short days are o'er,
A loving father and a friend no more.'
A. I. S. G. :
William Stevens of Trevalgen in the parish of S^ Ives;
Died 20 June 1831 aged 64.
Also Mary his daughter died 10* August aged i month.
Likewise Andrew his son, died 13 July 1815 aged 4 years.
Also Mary his daughter (another).
John Hollow, died 28 May 1844 aged 81 years.
Several members of the Borlase family in one vault.
William Drew, son of Thomas and Elizabeth Thomas and
grandson of William and Elizabeth Drew: died 31 May 1861
aged 12 years.
Grace daughter of John and Catherine Thomas : died 7 April
1874, ^g^d 20 years.
John Richards of Trevail in this parish, died 21 August 1877
aged 61 years.
The Zennor parish registers commence circa 1590, but the
early portion has been almost entirely destroyed by damp. The
first volume is a small quarto bound in calf. The first legible
entry is
* 1618. Baptised Nicholas son of John Bereman.'
This book contains a list of the later vicars of Zennor, as
follows :
John Whiteworth buried 1647.
John Morrack.
Samuel Sweet buried 1655.
Richard Fowler buried 1669.
Anthony Randal buried 1683.
Benjamin Johns buried 17 10.
John Oliver inducted 171 1.
William Symonds inducted 1733.
William Borlase buried 1756.
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CHURCHES OF LELANT, TOWEDNACK AND ZENNOR. in
Jacob Bullock inducted 1756; (removed to Wendron; 'his
cession of Zennor entirely involuntary ')•
William Borlase inducted 1768, (*at the house of Samuel
Bennetts, innkeeper in Penzance'); buried 1813.
William Borlase was also the name of the late vicar, who
died in 1888. He was curate here so early as 1837. The present
incumbent is the Rev. S. H. Farwell Roe.
On a flyleaf of one of the register-books is this :
' Elizabeth Stevens 1732
Of Zennor here
do writ when
this you see remember me
When I am out
of sight.'
Previous to the restoration (as we have said) most of the
windows of Zennor church had had their ancient stone tracery
replaced by paltry wooden sashes. On this point there is a story
that a former vicar had the ancient windows put into his stable ;
but, in order that the church should not suffer any loss, he was
careful to have the discarded stable windows put into the church.
This would however seem to be only an idle tale.
Zennor church-town is disfigured by many deserted and
ruinous houses, due to the emigration which of late years has
deprived this and other once populous districts of some of its
best blood. The contiguous parishes of Zennor, Towednack and
Morvah are locally termed the 'high countries,' and preserve
much of the social aspect of former ages. Here may still be
commonly seen the immense open chimney, with dried furze and
turf piled up on the earthen floor of the kitchen.
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CHAPTER VIII.
THE ' VALOR ECCLESIASTICUS ' AS TO SAINT IVES,- AND SUBSIDY
ROLLS OF 1520-30.
In the year 1535 King Henry VIII. had a valuation made of
all Church property throughout the kingdom. The following are
extracts therefrom bearing upon the parishes of Saint Ives,
Lelant, Towednack and Zennor :
* Colleg. Ecclie. See Crucs Crediton in Decanat. de Cadbury.
Verus valor annus omi Possess, tarn Temporal, quam Sptial
Rid Erryngton psentoris ibm & Canonicor. eiusdm Collegii exaiat.
& appbat. coram pfat. Comiss. tmlo & anno supa dels.
Ss. Possessiones Spual del Colleg. [inter alias] :
Lanaunt in Exon. Dioc. in Com. Cornub.
Val. p. annu de integra decima rectorie ibm sic dimiss. Thome
Glynne & al. ad tml decem annor. p. indentur. tmio illo incipient,
prmo die Januarij anno r. R : Henr. Octavi vicesimo primo.
Colleg. Scl Thome in Glasnay juxa Penryn unde Walterus
Good quond. Epus Exon. est fundator lacobo Gentill pposit. ibm
[&C.] IxXVJli
Spualia Val. firm. xmar. garbar. eidm coUegio ptinen, scituat.
& jacen.in divs. vills. & pochijs. sequen. viz. pochia
Senar viij^i xijs ijd [et aliis.]
Decanat. de Penwith in diet. com. Cornub. & Dioc. Epi.
Exon.
Rectorie Vicarie Cantle & Pbend. in Decanat. de Penwyth
pdict. vidz. in [inter aliis] :
Ewny juxt. Lanaunt & Synt Jes :
Psic. pvenien. de rectoria ibm non r' hie eo qd appropriat. est
colleg. de Crediton & r' inde in valor, s. : nil.
Vicaria ibm val. tam in decimis majoribs. qam minoribs. cu
agist, glebe ultra ix^ xj^
ob anti. solut. p. sinod. & pcurac. xxijii xjs x<*
Xa inde xl^ ij^
Senar.
Psic. pvenien. de rector, ibm non r' hie eo qd appropr. est
colleg. Sci Thome in Glasenay juxa Penryn & r' inde in valore
suo sicut contr. ibiii : nil.
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THE * VALOR ECCLESIASTICUS' AS TO ST. IVES. 113
Vicaria ibm val. tarn in decimis majoribs. qam minoribs. cu
agist, glebe ultra cv*
Xa inde x^ vj«*
Decanat. de Poudre in diet. com. & dioc. Exon. :
Priorat. de Tywardreyth unde Dns Rex est fundator.
Tempalia [inter alia] :
Porthia Prior cu viij^ de pquis. cur. : cxjs ix^ '
(translation of the above.)
Ecclesiastical Valuation of Henry VI 1 1, (i 535.) Extract.
^ The College of the Church of the Holy Cross of Crediton in the Deanery
of Cadbury.
The true annual value of all the possessions as well temporal as spiritual of
Richard Errington the Precentor there, and of the Canons of the same Collie,
examined and approved before the aforesaid Commission in the term and year
abovesaid.
To wit : The spiritual possessions of the said College': [amongst others]
Lelant in the Diocese of Exeter in the County of Cornwall.
The value by the year of the entire tithe of the rectory there so demised to
Thomas Glyn and others, for the term of ten years, by die indenture in that
term commencing on the first day of January in the 21st year of the reign of
King Henry VIII.
The College of Saint Thomas of Glasney-by-Penryn, of which Walter Good
formerly Bishop of Exeter is the founder, James Gentill befng the Superior
there [&c.J : £76.
Spiritual possessions. The value of the farm of the tithes of sheaves belong-
ing to the same College, situate and lying in the divers towns and parishes
following, namely [amongst others] the parish of Zennor : £Z 12s. 2d.
The Deanery of Pen with in the said County of Cornwall and Diocese of the
Bishop of Exeter.
Rectories, vicarages, chantries and prebends in the Deanery of Penwith
aforesaid, namely in [amongst others] :
Ewny-by- Lelant and Saint Ives :
The profit arising from the rectory there, not rated here for that it is appro-
priated to the College of Crediton and rated there according to its value :
nothing.
The vicarage there is worth, as well in the greater tithes as in the lesser^
with the right of pasture of the glebe, beyond 9s. 11 d.
For the ancient payment for the synod and proctors ^^22 lis. lod.
Tithe thence £z os. 2d.
Zennor.
Profits arising from the rectory there, not rated here for that it is appro-
priated to the College of Saint Thomas in Glasney-by-Penryn and rated there
according to its value as appears there : nothing.
The vicarage there is worth, as well in the greater tithes as in the lesser,
with the right of pasture of the glebe, beyond £^ 5s. od.
Tithe thence los. 6d.
The Deanery of Powder in the said county and diocese of Exeter :
The Priory of Ty wardreath, whereof our lord the King is the founder :
Temporalities [amongst others] :
Porthia PrioTy with M. of perqubite of the court \ £^ lis. gd.
We have already noticed one Subsidy Roll, that of 1327, the
earliest in existence. We will now examine the next of these
rolls in order of date ; it was made out some time between the
years 1509 and 1523.
It begins by stating that the canons of the church of Kyrton
were the owners of the rectory of the parish church of Lelant
8
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114 .A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
and of the parish church of Saint Ives, and of Towednack, a
chapel dependent on the said church of Saint Ives, and that they
were worth, in tithes, obits (masses for the dead), and other
emoluments pertaining to the said rectory, 5^54 by the year.
James Gentyll is named as the Vicar of Lelant, Saint Ives and
Towednack, who was rated at the annual value of £20 in respect
of his tithes, offerings, obits and other emoluments.
Then follows ' the value of the lands within the seid pishe
(of Lelant) by the yere,' of which we give a selection :
' The Lady Hastynge is worth in lands and tenements by the
yere £24.
Comes Wylsher (the Earl of Wiltshire) £1.
John Arundell Knight ^5.
Ricus Hals £4.
Reginald Mohun ^8 los. od.
Thomas Trevnw^^ (Trenwith) ^i 6s. 8d.
John Marys (of the Marsh, or Morris) £1.
The heirs of Edmund Arundell £1.
John Tregian 12s
John Cokyn ^i 4s. od/
(Some years ago an aged woman told the writer that the
* real old Saint Ives names * were :
' Cocking, Perking, Geen, Rosewall,
Kitchens, Couch, and Toman.'
There is still at least one family named Cocking at Saint Ives.)
' John Trewyke (now Treweek) £1 6s. 8d.
The heirs of Calmadye £2.
Roger Arundell 3^3.
James Trewynnard ^i 12s. od.' (This was a family seated at
Trewynnard in Saint Erth parish, on Saint Ives Bay; it is long
extinct.)
* Dna de Syon los.
Thomas Glynne los.
Johes Payne £1 6s. 8d.
Johes Bosworveth 12s.
Edwardus Poulaye miles (the Pawley family were seated at
Gunwin in Lelant), £2 los. od.
The value of the goods of the inhSlnts wtlXn the seide pTshe
and their harnes :
Phillippus Walshe (later Wallis) £2.
Willms Plemayne (the Fleming) £2.
Johes Trewarnaile 200 marks.
Jacobs Caskeys £2.
Johes Wyllms £8.
Johes Thomas £3.
John and Henry Boshaberthewe ^f 10.
Ricus Polper —
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THE * VALOR ECCLESIASTICUS* AS TO ST. IVES. 115
Johes Stephyn Thomas ^14.
Ricus Bronyn (of Brunnion), £2
Ric : and Nichus Trerynke, fy
Johes Vyuwyn 10 marks.
Ric. Worves £2.
Johes Carnynye 3^3.
Stephus Jenkyn £2.
Peter & Stephen Goengwyn [of Gunwin] 3^8.
Will : Thomas 3^30.
Stephus Pawlye 3^20.
WiUus Tyrriffe cappellanus [curate] 3^4 6s. 8d.
Petytt John de Lanaunt laborer nar in ptibs Brittanfie sub
obedienc Regis ffrancor valet in bonis 2s. (Little John of
Lelant, labourer, born in the parts of Brittany under the obedi-
ence of the King of the French, is worth in goods 2s.)
MichaelMTarcy de ead nat^ in ptibs Britaniie sub obedienc
Regis ffrancor valet in bonis 2S.
Edms servus Johis Nichus de ead laborer natus &c. is. 8d.
Tudwall servus Harf Hicke de ead laborer nar &c. pauper,
ffranciscus servus Johls Stephyn de ead lab. nat^ &c. pauper.
P^ochia de Tewynnak (Towednack).
This is a chapell appendant to Ewny Lanaunt.
The value of the Lands wthn the seide pystie by the yere :
Dna de Hastynge valet in terf et tenement p ann £6.
Katna Dna de Broke ;^io.
her Brongston 3^4 13s. 4d.
Johes Bevyll los.
Petf Egecombe miles 19s.
Stephus Roswall los.
Thos Trevnw^^ 6s. 8d;
Thos Tregoos 13s. 4d.
Johes Porthmer 8s.
The value of Goods of the intlants wthn the seide pyslie by
the yere :
Matheus Nanscludyr 10 marks.
Johes Embla 10 marks.
David Mathowe 3^2.
Tho^ Merthyr 10 marks.
Stephyn Roswall 3^10.
Johes Mathowe 3^2 6s. 8d.
Johes Bretton, Cappellanus, pauper.
P^ochia de Ya. {St. Ives.)
Rectoria ecctie pochis ibin ptinet Chauntof de Kyrton ut
antea patet. _ ^
Vicaria ibm ptinet Jacobo Tenkyll ut antea patet.
The valueof the Lande wtnn the seide pishe by the yere :
Catina Dna de Brooke valet in terf &c 3^15.
8—2
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ii6
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Comes Oxonie 4s. lod. (The Earl of Oxford.)
Joh : Robnett 19s.
Johes Payne £1 6s. 8d. (Portrieve of Saint, Ives in 1549;
executed for participation in the Catholic rising of that year.)
Joh : Arundell miles £1 6s. 8d.
Rich : Joh : Huchyns 19s.
Will : Tregenna £1 los. od.
Ric : Bossowsake —
Rog : Arundell ^i 17s. lod.
Tho Glynne iid.
Tho John Hamblye los.
Joh : Tregian £1 4s. od.
Hugo Trevanyon 3s. 4d.
Tho : Treunw^h £10.
Hen : Reskymer 9s.
Hen : Calmadye £2.
her : Carnarthur i8s.
Joh : Nanscothan £1 i6s. od.
Tho : Tremayne £1.
Pof et Coventus de Tewardreth 3s. 8d. (The Prior and
Convent of Tywardreath.)
^ oh : Jenkyn £1 6s. 8d.
] oh: Powna £i.
] oh : Barbor £1 5s. od.
] oh: Tregoz lis.
] oh : Hycks capellafl nil.
'. legntds Mohun 5s.
Thom Tregoos 13s.
her : 0th : Wyll^ Stephyn 2S.
Thom : Treiythall 3s. 4d.
^ oh : Wolcok 9s. 4d.
' ien : Thom : Cokyn £3.
Joh |__An Gayre £1.
Vivian Borthalan 7s. (Borthalan is now called Borallan and
Brallan.)
Joh : Syse 3s. 2d.
The value of the Goods of thenhants wthn the seide pishe &
theire harnes :
Thomas Glynne £2.
Jenkyn Stephyn and Tho :
his son £4.
Tho Harry and James his
son 3^5.
^ ames Pascowe £2,
^ oh : Cokyn 20 marks.
^ oh : Payne £20.
John Thomas & Robert his
son 40 marks.
Cornelius Veane 10™.
Joh : Bahavela 10 marks.
Joh : Gooda 3^13.
Tho : Engove 3^5.
Ric : Thomas £2.
Laurence Goodall 2o"».
Thom Hauke £2.
Joh : Michell 40"™.
Noel Wylliams 3^3.
tho : Corvagh £3.
["ho : Treunwyth £2.
"ho : Perx £2.
oh : Wolcok 4™.
oh : Bossowe 3^5.
bmkyn Trevyssa ii"».
Vivans Borthalan 3^4.
— Pentreth capelanus (nil.)
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THE 'VALOR ECCLESIASTICUS' AS TO ST, IVES,
[17
Alieni:
Johesj Britton Taylor de sentt ya na in &c. —
Vivian Britton de ead ffysher 3s. 4d.
(There are 23 foreigners, all Bretons, of whom 4 are tailors,
7 labourers, 9 fishers and 3 smiths.)
P*ochia de Senar. (Zennor.)
The prepositus and canons of the collegiate church of Saint
Thomas the martyr of Glasney, owners of the rectory of the
parish church there, are worth in tithes, obits and other emolu-
ments £8 a year.
Ric : Smyth clerk, vicar of the parish church there, is worth
in tithes, oblations, obits and other emoluments 40s. P ann :
Lands ,
villa
her : Brongston £2 los. od.
Johfla Tresawall los.
Rog: Arundell los.
her : Dyngesan 8s.
Will : Tregenna 15s.
J oh : Chykembra 6s. (A
age in this parish.)
Johes Bevyll 12s.
Jenkyn Gotholghan los.
(Now Godolphin.)
her : Colan 2S. 6d.
Katerina dna de brooke
Oliuerius Treyaghan 3s. 4d.
Arundell Talfiren
Joh:
£1 4s. od.
Ricus Pendree £1.
oh : Reskymer £1.
] ohes Porthmer los.
" ohes Trembrace 4s.
] ohes Coisewyn £1.
] leg : Mohune 8s.
her : Gurlyn los.
Hugo Trevanyon 7s. 4d.
her Calmodelye 8s.
Prior et conventus de Tewar-
dreth 8s.
Tho : Trevnw* 7s.
Joh : Kyllygrewe 7s.
Goods :
Jacobs Tregyrthyn £2.
Thomas & John Bosowe 8 marks.
Ricus : Smyth clicus 10 marks (clerk).
The next Subsidy is dated 1523.
Lelant we find :
Wills Thomas in bonis ;f 20
Johes Trewarnayle ati Tom-
kyn in bonis 200™.
Jacobs Caskew in bonis 20">
Stephus Pfiuly in bonis ^20.
Johes Broncoyse in bonis £6.
Johes Boshaberthew in bonis
Nichus Thomas ati Trevorek
in bonis jf 10.
Ricus Polper in bonis ^4.
Ricus Treffrynk in boms ^9.
Thomas Nanse in bonis £6.
Among the persons rated at
Ricus Byuwyn in bonis £2.
Johes Carnyny in bonis ....
Robtus Le)^ in bonis ....
Stephus Gowndwyn jn bonus
Johes Stephen Thomas in
bonis 5^10.
Wills Hayne in bonis £4.
Benedictus [servus] Jotannis
Thomas ad quern sunt annue
Nichus Perkyn servus Gas-
keys habet stipendium ^i.
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Ii8
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Radus Stipho Pawly het sti-
pend £i.
Donelus Irishe ad qG sunt
{? ann £i.
Tohes Richard Trefrynk ad
qu sunt p^ ann £i. ^
Will* Merther het stipend £i.
Johes Britton etar xvj annof
£8-
P*ochta de Tewynnek. (1523.)
Hugo Bosowe in bonis £2
DOE
Pascacius Mathow in Donis
£2.
Johes Embla in bonis 10".
Dauid Ammell in bonis £3.
Johes Huchyn in bonis £2.
Thomas Richard ati Merther
in bonis ^°».
Stephus Roswall in bonis £2
Matheus Nanscudir in bonis
Johes Wills in bonis ^^4.
P'ochia de S^nt Ya.
Leonardus Gowndry in bonis
Petrus Gowndry in bonis
jflO.
Noelus Willm in bonis £7.
Thorns Corvagh in bonis 3^3.
Thomas Trevnw' in bonis
3^40-
Johes Wolcok in bonis £g.
Alex Gweader [the Weaver]
in bonis £2.
Thonkyn Trevissa in bonis
jfio.
Vivianus Borthalan in bonis
as Glyn in bonis £2.
Johes Jenkyn in bonis 3^16.
Jacobs Pascow in bonis £2.
Johes Nanscothan in bonis
^10.
Thomas Lamiton in bonis £2
Johes Stephyn [in the next
list called Jenkyn Stephyn] in
bonis 3^6.
m
Johes Porseny in bonis ^f 10.
Johes Payn in bonis £16.
Johes Cokyn in bonis £15.
Simon Willins in bonis £2,
Cornelus Vighan in bonis 3^5
Robtus Remfra in bonis £8,
Johes Pascow Cockyn ir
bonis £2. ^
Johes Thoms Sullouk in bonis
Thomas Engoff [the Smith]
in bonis £5.
Lauf Goodall in bonis jf 10.
Simon Mathew in bonis £5.
Ricus Vivian in bonis £2.
Johes Syse in bonis 3^3.
Johes Dauy Ambros in bonis
Johes Trewa in bonis 3^4.
Jssabella Trevissa in bonis
£2.
Joha Treneva in bonis £4.
Joha Kerry mere: in bonis
£2.
Alien :
Alans servus Thome Trevnw* her stipend 3^1.
Aliegene super etaP xvj annor' qui heUt stipend' :
Johes finis [familius] Johls
Morsyny 8^.
Johes Britton Taillor 8^
Johes Joce Britton 8^.
Wills Treranv 8^.
YvoGylbertSd.
Oman fmls Radi: Saundry 8<*.
Siluesr fmls Henri Radi 8^.
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THE 'VALOR ECCLESIASTICUS' AS TO ST, IVES. 119
P'ochia de Senar.
Ricus Baragwaneth in bonis Thomas Bosow ali Dauy in
bonis ;^4.
Johes Trescaw ati Huchyn in Jacobs Bodener in bonis £4.
bonis io«n. Johes Will™ in bonis ^^4.
Johes Trembath in bonis £6. Dauid Thomas in bonis £2,
Subsidy of 1524.
P'ochia de Ewny Lanaunt.
Johes Nealys valet in bonis Johes Carnynye in bonis £2.
£2. Robtus Leytye in bonis £4.
Johes Trewyck in bonis £^. Stephus Gonwyn in bonis 3^6.
Ricus Renawdyn in bonis £2. Johes Stephyn Thomas in
Johes Wyll™ in bonis . . . • bonis ^f 10.
Willms Thomas in bonis £20. Ricus Treanowre in bonis
Johes Trewnesarle in bonis £2. (In other lists he is called
200'n. Treanow, Nowre, and Owre.)
Jacobs^hynals in bonis £g. Oto John Stevyn in bpnis
Stephus Pawly in bonis ^f 20. £10. _
Johes Broncorse in bonis £t Willms Hayne in bonis £4.
Johes Bossaverthew in bonis Richus servus Stephi Pawly
£^0. ^ her stipend £1.
NichuS Thoms in bonis £10. Donelli Yerysch adj* est [has
Ricus Polere in bonis ^4. been adjudged] £1.
Ricus Treffrynk in boms /"lo. Dewrdy Downe adj' est £i._^
Thoms Nanse in bonis £6. Alieg: pety John Britton etat
Ricus Vyuwyn in bonis £2. xvj annof subsid ear 8^.
P'ochia de Tewynnacke.
Hewgo Bosowe valet in Stephus Roswall valet in
bonis £2. bonis 10™.
Johes Guisa valet in bonis Matheus Nancludir valet in
10"^. bonis £2. _
David Unmell*" valet in bonis Johes Willms valet in bonis
£3' A.
(The names for St. Ives and Zennor are almost precisely as
in the list of 1523.)
There was another Subsidy in 1524, the lists for which were
divided into hundreds, but not into parishes. The portion for
the Hundred of Penwith consists of fourteen names only, among
which are the following :
P. Johe Trenhale £2. P. Jacobo Trewynnard £2.
P. Thoma Glyn £2. P. Thoma Hycke £2.
P. Thoma Trevnwith £2. P. Willino Tregenna 5^ 4^.
These are all the names pertaining to our four parishes.
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I20 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES,
Portion of a Subsidy for Lelant : 1530.
Johes Trewhela ati in bonis 3^12.65. (This is the first entry of
this family, which afterwards became seated in Towednack ; but
Radulph Trewhela and John his son are named in the Subsidy
Roll of 1523, at St. Hilary.)
Johes Tonkyn in bonis £2.
Thomas Ots in bonis £4.
Wills Hoskyn in bonis £2.
Thomas Willms ali : Jamys in bonis 3^5.
Ricus Chynowith in bonis £5,
Martins Willms Vighan in bonis 3^9.
Petrus Bvyune in bonis £2.
Wills Thomas in bonis £18.
^ acobs Trewennard in bonis 3^40.
^ ohes Thomas in bonis £8.
Marcus Trewarnhayle in bonis £4.
ienf Nanspean in bonis 3^5.
Donelins Irishe, het: stipend 3^1.
Wills Britton etai xvj annor subsid 8^ [five other Bretons
follow] .
fcl^
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CHAPTER IX.
THE REFORMATION PERIOD.
Some of the chief stages in the change of the national religion
probably had but little visible effect upon the aspect of things
at Saint Ives. The renunciation by the Government of the Pope's
jurisdiction, for instance, in 1534, whether or not it was pleasing
to the bulk of the people, caused at least no open manifestation
of discontent ; and even the suppression of the religious houses,
though doubtless involving considerable changes in the order of
affairs in our four parishes, where the Benedictine priory of
Tywardreath and the Augustinian collegiate church of Glasney
had so great an interest, does not seem to have called forth any
organized popular protest.
In 1540 the English Bible was ordered to be set up in all
churches throughout the land ; but, inasmuch as English was
then understood by but a small minority of the population of
Cornwall, this can have had little result of any sort. On the
other hand, the destruction of religious images and pictures, the
substitution of the new English prayers for the Latin Mass, and
the abolition of the ancient ceremonies and festivals, caused the
greatest popular discontent ; in fact, provoked an insurrection.
The immediate cause of this revolt in Cornwall was an event
which occurred in the summer of 1548, at Helston, where, on
the king's commissioner, Mr. Body, attempting to remove the
images from the parish church, he was set upon and stabbed by
a certain Kilter and others (Carew, * Survey ').
In the following year, 10,000 men of Cornwall and Devonshire,
but principally Cornishmen, rose in arms against the innovations,
and marched eastwards, headed by Sir Humphrey Arundel of
Lanherne, and the Mayor of Bodmin, Henry Boyer. They pro-
fessed loyalty to the young king, but formulated a set of articles
of complaint, which they desired the council to satisfy.
The points insisted on by the malcontents were, that Mass
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122 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
should be celebrated as theretofore, that the Eucharist should be
reserved in the churches, that blessed bread {pain benit) and holy
water should be continued, that the celibacy of the clergy should
be enforced, that prayers should be offered up for the souls in
Purgatory as formerly, and that the abbey lands should be
restored
Those of the Cornishmen who understood only their ancient
language, seem to have been the most strenuously opposed to
the English service which it was attempted to force upon them :
' Item, we will not receyue the new Servyce because it is but
lyke a Christmas game, but we wyll have our olde Service of
Mattens, masse, evensong and procession in Latten as it was
before. And so we the Cornyshe men, whereof certen of us
understate no Englysh, utterly refuse thys newe English.'
Did they, then, understand the Latin Mass? No, not the
words of it ; but its outward rites spoke to them plainer than
speech itself — their prajang they did for themselves, in their
venerable mother-tongue.
* le' we wyl have holy bread and holy water made every
Sundaye ; Palmes and ashes at the tymes accustomed ; Images
to be set up again in every church, and all other auncient olde
Ceremonyes used heretofore by our Mother the holy Church.'
* Item we wyll have everye preacher in his sermon and every
Pryest at his masse, praye specially by name for the soules in
purgatory as owre forefathers dyd * — [the ancient bidding-
prayer] .
All the authorities, both Catholic and Protestant, are agreed
upon the main facts in this revolt ; and it will be well for us
to note the particulars, as Saint Ives was greatly concerned in
the movement, John Pa3me, portrieve of this town, being among
the leaders. Others of the foremost insurgents were Holmes,
Winslow and Berry, hanged at Tyburn with Arundel ; Pomeroy ;
John and James Rosogan ; William Winslade ; Robert Bochym,
of Bochym, and his brother; Thomas Underbill; John Salmon,
and William Segar; together with several priests, as John
Thompson ; Roger Barret ; John Woolcock (probably a Saint
Ives man); William Asa; James Mourton; John Barrow, and
Richard Bennet.
The insurgents mustered at Bodmin, 6,000 strong;
their banners bore various Catholic emblems, and with them
they had a waggon on which was an altar, with a pyx under its
canopy, containing the consecrated Host ; a crucifix and candles ;
holy water, and every requisite for the Mass. (See Fox's
' Martyrology,' p. 669.) The rising was inaugurated at Sampford
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THE REFORMATION PERIOD. 123
Courtney, on Dartmoor, by the celebration of Mass, in defiance
of the recent command to establish the English Communion
Service.
The young King Edward condescended to write a reply to
the demands of the Cornish Catholics, which, though it was
argumentative, Burnet himself says was ' all penned in a high
threatening style.' At all events, the men who constituted this
Cornish Pilgrimage of Grace were not satisfied by the royal
answer, but proceeded to lay siege to Exeter, they being then
20,000 strong. Here they were defeated by Lord Russell, but
not until the greater number of the insurgents had been slain,
fighting, as Hals says, with ' inveterate courage, animosity and
resolution.' Lord Grey, who fought against the Cornish, said
of them, that ' such was the valour and the stoutness of the men,
that he never, in all the wars he had been in, did know the like '
(Tregellas, * Cornish Worthies,' vol. i., p. 61). The insurgents
lost over 4,000 men in the August of 1549. This Western
rising was, in fact, niore fierce than any of the many revolts
inaugurated by the Catholics of the other counties, during the
period of the Reformation. Burnet, ' History of the Reforma-
tion/ vol. i., p. 374, says : ' In Devonshire [by which he means
South Devon and Cornwall] the insurrection grew to be better
formed ; for that county was not only far from the court, but it
was generally inclined to the former superstition, and many of
the old priests ran in among them.'
No sooner bad the remnant of the defeated Catholics dis-
persed to their homes, than Sir Anthony Kingston, the king's
commissioner and provost marshal, arrived in Cornwall for the
purpose of seeking out and punishing the guilty survivors. Arundel
was hanged at Tyburn ; Boyer was banged outside his own door,
after the provost had dined with him ; Mayow of Clevyan, in
Saint Columb Major, was hanged on the signpost of the village
inn. ' In like manner the marshal hanged one John Payne, the
Mayor or Portreeve of St. Ives, on a gallows erected in the middle
of that town, whose arms are still to be seen in one of the fore-
seats in that church, viz., in a plain field three pine-apples '
(Hals). Some historians, we know not why, call this man
* John Payne alias Tregenna.'
Local tradition says that the provost marshal dined with the
unsuspecting portrieve at the old house which was afterwards
called the George and Dragon inn, and hanged his entertainer
immediately after dinner, the gallows being set up just in firont
of the door, on the market-place. No doubt Payne had hoped
that his participation in the insurrection had been overlooked by
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124 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
the authorities. Many others were executed in Cornwall. Hey-
wood, in his chronicle, taxes Kingston with extreme cruelty in
the infliction of these punishments ; and Fuller, in ' Gloucester-
shire/ says of Kingston that, having been charged with a design
to rob the exchequer of Queen Mary, he poisoned himself.
So ended Cornwall's struggle to preserve her ancient creed
and rites. After this, the English Bible and Common Prayer
had it all their own way, and the old Cornish language began to
die out along with the Catholic religion in the duchy.
During the reign of Elizabeth, the ' Recusants ' (as those
Catholics were called who refused even an occasional conformity
with the newly Established Church) were fined, imprisoned and
executed in great numbers, in Cornwall as elsewhere ; but I have
not met with any Saint Ives names in the few Recusant Rolls I
have been able to consult.
In 1550 the altars were removed, and were either destroyed
or placed on the floor of the porch, while wooden tables for the
Communion were set in the centre of the church. I believe that
nothing is known as to any altar-stones in the Saint Ives district,
so that probably they were broken up there. About this time,
too, there was a general demolition of such painted windows as
portrayed the old Cornish saints. We are safe in conjecturing
that Saint la, Saint Ewny, Saint Gwynog and Saint Sinara
were formerly represented in the windows of their respective
churches.
In 1552 the English Book of Common Prayer was made
compulsory in all the churches throughout England, Wales and
Ireland ; which proceeding had, as is well known, the effect of
strongly alienating from the Established Church the Celtic in-
dwellers of the two last-named countries. In Cornwall it had
the additional result of ultimately killing the Cornish language.
From a philological point of view it is much to be regretted that
the Common Prayer was not translated into Cornish ; this would
not only have prolonged the existence of the language, but would
also have preserved a valuable and imperishable memorial of the
ancient tongue for the benefit of future generations of Celtic
students.
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CHAPTER X.
THE ELIZABETHAN PERIOD.
In the fifth year of Queen Mary's reign (1558), Saint Ives was
made a Parliamentary borough, to return two members. The
borough extended over the whole parish, and all who paid scot
and lot were entitled to vote at the election. The first repre-
sentatives were T. Randolph and W. Champer. At the end of
this book will be found a complete list of members returned,
down to the present. Writs for electing members of Parliament,
or for removing any action at law depending in the Court Leet of
Saint Ives, must be directed : ' Prepositis et Burgensibus Burgi
sui de St. Ives in Com. Cornub. salutem.'
In the few years following the defeat of the Spanish Armada,
great preparations were made throughout Cornwall, to oppose
any second attempted invasion ; and John Nance, Esq., of an old
Saint Ives family, was entrusted with the duty of raising and
controlling a body of men in the Saint Ives district. In the
Western Antiquary magazine, of Plymouth (part ix., vol. viii.,
p. 169) is a selection of letters relating to John Nance, a few of
v/hich shall be given here. The first runs thus :
' Cosen Nance I send you this note whereby y® may perceave
what provisyon is made, all w<^** is shipped and I think wilbe in
falmoth w^ the fyrst wynd ; som litle charge more wilbe in the
vnlading, for my part I seek no peny profitt when I shall here of
the arivall hereof then I will assemble you and the rest of the
Captens to thend ech of you may p'cure vtterance for his portion.
Written this x^^ of Aprill [15] 90. Your Loving cosen.
' Fra. Godolphin.
* I pray you ympart the precept for the muster and Treyning
to thother ij Captaines this Saturday to thend they may signefy
the same on sonday, to ther parishes to be the better p'vided and
more redy. You may send the precept to the one send a copy to
the other and kepe a note for your selfe.'
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126 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
On the other side of the document is a list of ' Munycon and
powder laden in the grey hound of London : whereof is Mr.
Robt. Androwes.*
Endorsed : * For my cosin Nanse.'
The second letter is dated May 6, 1595, and endorsed :
' To or loving freend, John Nanse esquier, Captayne of the
parishes in the midst of the hondred of Penw^^ geve these.'
It contains sundry instructions from the lords of the council,
as to precautions to be taken for the greater safety of the land,
such as the inspection and careful watching of the beacons in
every parish, the guarding of the landing-places, inspection of
armoury, drilling and reviewing of the officers and men. — Signed,
' Fra: Godolphin. W™ Bevyll. Rich: Carew of Antony.'
The next is : ' From the Courte at Greenwiche the 29th of
July 1595.'
Lengthy instructions as to precautions for the greater safety
of the coast. The opening sentences are :
'After or hartie comendations. This late attempt of the
landing of the Spanyards and burninge of dyvers villages &
Townes in that countrie aboute Mountes Baye and the want of
resistans by the people of the Countrie at the first attempt hathe
moved her ma^i^ to enter into further consultation,* &c. — Signed,
'Jo: Pouckeringe. W. Burlye. E. Howard. Hunsdon. Chobam.
Ro: Seryll. fforteskewe. W. Wiche. Woolly.'
Endorsed :
'To o^" verye Lovinge frindes S^ ffrauncis godolphin and to
the rest of the Depute levetenants within the Counteye of Come-
wall.'
Also this :
' 25 Aug. 1595. To our Lovinge freend John Nance Esquier.
These are from three of us her ma^»«s Depute Lieutenantes [of
the] Countie of Cornewall to signefy that wee do hereby nom[inate]
appoint and authoris you to be Capten and Leader of on[e hundred]
and fifty able men w'thin the Towne and parishes of S^ I [ves] ,
Lelant, Tewednack and Senor,' &a &c. Then follow long in-
structions. as to ' mylytarye accions.' — 'Syned, Fra: Godolphin.
W™ BeyvU. Rich: Carew of Antony.'
Endorsed : * for M^ Nance ; mylytarye accions.'
Also, a paper of orders for the direction of the trained bands,
who were to be at the church, next day, upon the ringing of the
bells, with all their weapons in readiness, and their dinners with
them. — Signed, ' Fra: Godolphin/
Endorsed : ' ffor my Cosen Nanst.'
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THE ELIZABETHAN PERIOD. 127
In the year 1590 Richard Ferris, Andrew Hill and William
Thomas called at Saint Ives on their way from London to Bristol
in a wherry-boat, as we learn from a rare tract of this date.
The neighbourhood of Saint Ives has frequently been the
scene of smuggling transactions; we will hope the town never
countenanced the more reprehensible pursuit of wrecking.
Amongst the documents preserved at the London Record Office
is a bundle of parchment rolls containing the depositions of
witnesses examined at a commission appointed in the year 1598
to inquire into a smuggling transaction at Saint Ives. The
following is an abstract of this document, with its reference
heading :
'Record Office, London, Exchequer Special Commissions,
No. 562 ; 44 Elizabeth (1598) Cornwall.
' Examination of Witnesses at Helston. Before S*" Reginald
Mohun knt: Nicholas Hals esqr : & William Hals, collector of the
customes & subsidyes in the Portes of Plymouth and ffowey.
* Richard Smythe of Ludgvan in the County of Cornwall
merchant, aged 52 years, says there were two barques or pynnaces
brought into Mountes baye in or aboute November last past, by
Captaine Willm_^organ, and that their ladinge was salte and
earthen potts ; wch this Deponent would not buye nor meddle
w^ because he understood that the custome to her Ma*»« was not
payed, nor the Tenthes to the Lord AdmiralL One near Mornack
above Rochell in fTraunce brought a barque into Mountesbaye by
way of trade, about August last, laden with salt. Deponent
transported the said sault from Mountes baye to Saint Ives, and
there landed the same under a Warrant from the Customes to
pass the same.
' Peter Newman did yll intreate and abuse Lawrence Birde
the deputy customer of St. Ives, and gave the said Lawrence a
blowe ; the cause of that strikinge was, for that the same deputye
customer did staye the landinge of the said salte, untill he might
be satisfied that the custome was payed, whereuppon evill wordes
increased betweene them.
* Peter Newman of Ludgvan, merchaunte, aged 30 years, says
that the French barque was named the Pearle of Rochell. The
salt was conveyed to S^ Ives by the direction of Mr. Smythe who
bought yt of the frenchmen. This Deponent was factor to the
said Richard Sm5rthe, and bestowed yt in Sellars in S^ Ives for
the " used " of the said Richard Smythe.
*This deponent confesses that he called the said Deputy
Customer Jack and Knave, and afterwards did strike him, where-
uppon the said deputie customer sayd to this Deponent that he
would strike him this Deponent againe, whereuppon he this
Deponent in his heate vowed that he would be revenged of the
said deputie customer, and is hearfore heartilie sourye.
* William Oates of S^ Ives in the said Countie of Cornewall,
deputy S aged 56 years, says that Charles Cock brought
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128 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
into S' Ives in that ifrench Barque xij Buttes of candy Wyne
called Muskadell, vj Barbory ffowyl, and had in his said barque
the value of v^^ in golde, but he gave onlye about vj peeces thereof.
The said Charles Cock had also gold in Brassletts about one of
his armes, and another in his hand. One Captaine Georg Hughes
paid duty on i6i chests of sugar brought in by him to S* Ives.
Lawrence Bearde, deputie customer of St. Ives, was con-
temptuouslye used in words and stricken by Peter Newman for
demaunding the Queen's dutyes. This Deponent sawe two butts
of the candye Wynes aforesaid rolled into the Sellar of John
Stephen for the use of Edward Averye. William Pitts Vynter
had one butt, Lewys Hurlye vyntner had another butt, Thomas
White Vynter had one butt, and John Naunc Vynter one butt,
and one hogshead, and that this Depont: dronke of the same
Wynes in everie of the said Vynters houses ; ffurther that James
Denham had one butt of the same Wyne of Charles Cock for a
"geloinge."
* William Mabbe of Marka Jewe in the said Countie of Corne-
wall, aged 44, saith that about September last Captain William
Morgan sent in to Mounts-baye two Barques by waye of reprizall,
with portingalle salte and earthen potts. Most of the potts were
set on lande in Mountesbaie, and about 154 bushells of said salte
were landed in S^ Michaells Iland, and 46 bushells in Marka Jewe.
•This Deponent hath heard some should saye that if the
deputie customer should demaund Custome of the said Captaine
Morgan, he the said Captain Morgan did not care to cutt oiT the
eares of the deputie customer. Some of the potts were sould
to the Inhabitants of the countrey thereabouts, and the rest to
Alexander Penrose. 150 bushells of the salt landed in S^ Michaells
Iland came to the possession of John Thomas, for what con-
sideracon this Dpont knoweth not, and doth yet remayne there
in his custodye in his sellar.
' William Pitt of St Ives, maryner, aged 28, says that Captayne
Hughes brought in a Carvyle with Sugars, and Charles Cock a
fflye boate w^^ wyne since Maye laste, by way of reprizall.
Captaine Cockes man of Warr, whereof one Taylor was captaine,
brought in fflax and ffishe into S^ Ives.
* Himself, John Nance of St. Ives &c. bought each of them a
butt of the wyne ; but what this Deponent payed ffor his Butt, he
doth not certainlie knowe.
* There was payed for impost to one Willyam Hutchins for the
Butt he bought, after the rate of xpi the tonne.
* Mr Roskarock the viceadmirall did set the Aucher on the two
butts of Edward Auerys Wyne in the sellar of John Stephens
aforesaid.
'This Depont. sayth that he bought of Captaine George
Hughes certeine browne sugars in a chest, of the sugars he
brought in to S^ Ives ; what the Weighte thereof was he knoweth
not. ffurther this Depont hath heard Anthony Clarke of St. Ives,
then Boateson of the said carveill, say to captaine Riddlestone
that he the said dark and his companye had seavenhundreth
weighte of sugars amongst them.
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THE ELIZABETHAN PERIOD. 129
* Examinations and depositions of dyvers psons sworen and
examynedy taken att S^ Ives in the Countye of Come Wall by
the forenamed Nichas Hals &c*
* Bridgett Peter ^ the wieff of John Peter of S* Ives, aged 40
yeares, sayth that she had of the companye of Capten Cookes
fflye aboute two vessells of sweete wynes, for w<* wynes dyvers
of the same companye had of her meate and drinke.
* James Denham of St Ives mrchaunte, aged 37, sayth that
Captaine Cock's ship was called the Pynnace of Lubeck, about
C tonnes. In it were the following goods : —
' I butt of candye wyne called by the name of Muscadell ; sould
to John Nance.
' another of the same ; sold to Thomas White.
' \ butt more ; divided between John Nance and Thomas
White.
* I butt of the same ; sold to Lewys Hurley.
' I butt delyued to the use of the L(H:d Admirall for his
Tenthes wCh was shipped to his L : use to Plymouth.
' I butt to William Pitt wch the sd Pitt had from M^ Robert
Braggeman of Plymouth.
' I butt deliuyd to William Oates for the behaulff of William
Warde of Peryn, and sould to one Slader a mercbaunte of
BristoUe.
' Some of the same wyne to one M"^ Evens ats Peters of St.
Ives.
' I hogshead banded by the M' of the same shipp called
Dyamond, wch was afterwards bestowed in John Stevens his
sellar.
* 4 Butts to Edward Averye of Barnestable.
* I Butt was appointed by the captaine to be bestowed on
Certeine gentlemen of the cunteye.
* li butt full this Depoflt bought for his owne pvision, and a
little barrell of liquor to make aqua vite with.
* (All the above sold at £$ per butt.) Further :
* 4 cast of Barbara Hawkes.
* Also this Depoftt saw the said Cock have in a redd purse
barbarie gould wCh by the bignes of the purse, remayninge in
this Deponts custody, esteemed to be an C^^ pounds at the least.
And he heard by dyvers of thinhabitants of S* Ives that the said
Capten Cock had a Bracelett of barbarie gould w^h they esteemed
to be worth between xx and xxx^».
* Also this Deponent sayth that Thomas Purifie had certeine
sugars brought in by Captaine George Hughes. He also sawe
in the howse of Richard Goodwyn in S^ Ives two sackesfuU of
sugar, thone whereof was white thother muscavades, & one
barrell of greene ginger. Mathewe Trenwjrth [Trenoweth] of
ffowey had a C^^ weight of sugar & a C^** weight of cotton woUe
and a barrell of greene ginger. James Javelyn of S' Ives had
also C^ weight of sugars and C weight and upwards of cotton
wooUe. One Skoper of Thisle of Wight had 200 weighte of
Sugar whereof he sould a bristoU barrell full home of BristoUe.
Richard Jack of S^ Ives had ccc^ weighte in his sellar of the
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I30 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
same sugar. Also that John Hamlye of St. Ives had both sugar
and cotton.
* Richard Trenwith of S*^ Earth gent, aged 40 years, sayth that
he bought of one AUyn the M" Mate of the shipp wch Capten
George Hughes brought into S^ Ives in October last, a peece
of loaff sugar of the waighte (as he thinketh) of v'» att the moste,
wCh the said Allyn took out of his chest in his hoastes howse, and
he payed for it at the rate of xij<^ by the pound, and ymployed
yt for the pivision of his owne house. And he bought allso of
the boatesons mate of the said shipp about xij*i And he gave
pte. thereof awaie to his frindes.
* Grace Hurlye, the wieff of Lewys Hurlye of S^ Ives vynter,
aged 28 yeares, sayth that one William Warde of Peryn said
in her howse that captaine George Hughes had misused him the
said Warde about a chest of sugar wCh lay on the keye of S^
Ives, w5h chest of sugar, as the said Warde reported, one
William had bought.
'Edward Averie of Barnestable in the countie of Devon
M testified as is before mentioned.
[Great portion of his evidence is torn away.]
* George Hickes of S^ Ives sayler, aged 40, says that he was
father in Lawe of Richard Jack, and the latter had about C^^*
waighte of the same sugars in pre of recompence of his pilotship
to be pilote to the said carvell for Padstowe, whether they pur-
posed to goe and unlade if the wynde had not byne contrarye.
Allyn the M>^ Mate of the said Carvell brought a chest of the
sugar into a sellar of Deponents, wch sugar (as this Depoflt hath
hearde) was afterwards soulde, some pte. to Thomas Edwards,
some pte. Arthur, S»^ Nichfts Parkers Cooke; and who had the
rest of the said sugar he cannot depose.
* To the rest of the Interr* he cannot depose, for that he was
sick before & longe after the arrivall of the said carvell of S^ Ives.
* Thomas Edwards of Lelaunte gent, aged 34, beinge sworen and
examyned sayth that he bought CC^*^ waighte of sugars and
about iiij^» more, a barrell of greene ginger and a Jarre of grdene
ginger of about vjl» weighte. He was pSwaded by the Maryners
and some of the men of S* Ives that there was always allowed
in such cases a chest of sugar to the companie. But did under-
stand by lawrence Beard, the deputie customer in that creeke, that
the custome was not paied ; and he sent his men to fetch it awaye
on his horsback by night, att what tyme (because of a watche
sett by the deputie customer) they could not carrye it awaye ; and
the next day yt was fetched awaye, as he this Deponent remem-
breth.
* There was also in the same Sellar whereout he had his Sugars
another Vessell of greene ginger of the bignes of haulfe a barril,
and who had the same Richard Jack can best declare because
he the saide Jack had the keye and charge of the said sellar
wherein the same sugar and greene ginger was.
* And himself this deponent knoweth that Arthur, S^^ Nicholas
Parkers cooke, had about C^^ waighte of the like sugars;
Anthonie Rosgreeg and John Chenowth had about C^** waighte
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THE ELIZABETHAN PERIOD. 131
apeeice. Richard Jack and Thomas Purfrey had the rest of the
sugars in the said sellar.
* A nthonie Clarke of S^ Ives maryner, aged 20, sa3rth that he kept
the accompte of the chests sent to lande out of the sayde carvell
for one afternoone ; and in the eveninge beinge wearye and not
having dyned the same daye, he was willing to goe on shoare to
eate meate ; but before he this Depoftt went on lande he nayled
downe the hatches w^*» iiij spikes and some pennye nayles, and
left the lookinge to the carveille to Richard Goodwyn of S^ Ives.
When he returned he found the hatches broken open and 4 of
the said chests of sugar emptyed, the sugars taken out and caryed
awaie ; and the boards cast into the well of the pumpe, and also
dyvers musketts gone and stollen awaye; whereuppon this
Depoflt blamed the said Goodwyn for beinge absent, who made
answeare that he onlie went on lande to untrusse his pointes ;
and since that to his knowledge no hurt was done.
* Richard Goodwyn of S^ Ives, cutler, aged 50 says (inter alia)
that M^ Pitt hired a shipp of Plymouth called the Jack.
* Ambrose Creed of St. Ives butcher, aged 30, says that Thomas
Rowe of Tregine and Daniell Dundye of Meingisie and Mathew
Trenowth of ffowey brought to this Depofits howse certn bags
of cotton.
'John Naunce of S* Ives gent, aged 58 years, sayth that John
Preston in the Suice of this Depoflt, James Denhay and John
S deputie comptroller of the said creeke, made a seizure
of two Butts of the said Wyne being in the sellar of John Stevens
of St Ives aforesayd, to the Queens Ma^ use.
[/okn Cooke of St. Ives, labourer, aged 60, and Walter Knight
of St. Ives, also gave evidence, the greater part of which is, how-
ever, obliterated.]
'Honor White, v/iefi of Thomas White of St Ives, aged 42.'
[Her evidence was very short and contained nothing new.]
' Depositions in the above matter taken at Pengersick in the
said County on the 30'*^ January.
* Richard Haymon of Market Jewe yeoman, aged 54 years, sasrth
that John Preston, deputie customer of Mountes baie, demaunded
the custome of the sayd salte due to the Queens Ma^i« where-
uppon John Preston sett a locke on the sellars of John Thomas
and William Mabbe aforesaid and seized the salt.
'John Cole of Market Jew aged 40 yeaires sayth that he heard
the sayd Captaine Morgan vow to cutt off the eares of the deputie
customer.
[Another deponent, illegible.]
'Arthur Paynter of St Earth had a wayne-loade of the sayd
wyne. He sayth also that one Robert, a pedler of Market Jewe,
had of the sayd ffishe about and two or three frayles of
Reisins brought into the Baye by a Spannishe carvelL
* A rthur Tanner of Erisie,
* Thomas Purefey of Ludgan,
'John Thomas of Market Jewe '
[These also deposed, but their evidence is obliterated.]
9—2
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132 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
At foot of the fourth and last skin of the depositions is a
memorandum that William Mabbe and Peter Newman were
'publicklie punisshed in the counteye for their misdemeanours
by authority of the commission and have since demeaned them-
selves well and have byne of good behaviour and have given
bonds for their appearance when called upon.'
Some remarks of our own upon the above document will not
be out of place. The examination of the witnesses in this case
throws a vivid light upon social life at Saint Ives in the reign of
Queen Bess, when, as was the case also for long after, gentle and
simple were leagued together to defraud the sovereign of her
revenues.
Some of the Saint Ives merchants above mentioned were
men of position and influence in the neighbourhood, and, although
they were in fact tradesmen, were always considered and styled
* gentlemen ' — a condition of things which had its exact counter-
part among their cousins in Brittany, where the country noblesse
commonly exercised trade without derogation from their quality
as gentle families. Of this class were John Stephens, Lewis
Hurley and John Nance. The latter, a vintner, was a cousin to
the John Nance who seized the casks in Stephens' cellar, and
who had taken such a prominent part, ten years previously, in
the defence of West Cornwall.
The * Barbory ffowyl,' alluded to in the depositions, were
hawks of a particular and highly valuable breed.
The allusion to the public punishment of the two foremost
delinquents would seem to imply that they were put in the stocks.
From the First-Fruits Composition books at the Record
Office, we find that in 1547 George Mason, Vicar of Lelant, com-
pounded for the first-fruits of his vicariate, valued at ^^22 lis. lod.,
with 2d. more for the tithe.
In 1549 Gabriel Moreton compounded for the first-fruits of
the vicariate of Lelant and Saint Ives, rated at the same amount.
In 1578 Robert Stopford, in 1597 John Bagwell, and in 1603
Thomas Masters, compounded similarly for Lelant and Saint
Ives.
In 1606 Robert Challacombe, and in 1611 Nichodemus Pestell,
compounded for Lelant.
In 1624 John South, and in 1631 Thomas Cory, compounded
for Lelant and Saint Ives.
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'I~.!X^ '♦— •
^S.JF,
-■- ' -^
CHAPTER XI.
SELECTIONS FROM THE SUBSIDY ROLLS, I536 TO I599.
We must now make a further selection of names from the
various Subsidy Rolls, in chronological order. The next of these
rolls that we have to notice is that of 1536, Hundred de Penwyth*
The following are the names which can be identified as belong-
ing to the Saint Ives district :
P. Willo' Thorns P. bonis, 10s,
Johe* Tomkyn 0 bonis, £1.
Steph' Pawley p bonis, los.
Johe' Thorns harvy p bonis, los.
Willmo Trewynnard p terr' suis los.
Willmo Chynals p bonis los.
Thoma Glyn p^ terr' suis los.
Johe Payne p bonis los.
Alexand* Tregennow p bonis los.
Robto' Trevose p bonis los.
Johe' Noure p bonis los.
Martin Pendre p bonis et )
Johe' Richerds J ^°^-
Thoma Gorlen p bonis los.
Willmo Godale j? bonis los.
Thoma Plymyn p bonis los.
Willmo Tregenna p^ bonis los.
Will5 Ladaw p bonis los.
Johe Clyse p bonis los.
SUBSIDY ROLL OF I54I.
(Much damaged by damp.)
St, uny iuxf Lanant.
Willins Thomas valet in bonis £20.
Stephanus Pauly valet in bonis. . . .
Jacobus Chynals valet in bonis. . . .
Johes Thomas hervye valet in bonis. . . .
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134 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
A lligen :
Willus Talyn valet in bonis 2s. [' William the Italian 7]
Michael Tarsy subsid' 4^.
[and 5 other Bretons.]
ohes Thomas (?) valet in bonis 3^20.
ohanna Owre via' valet in bonis £20.
lobtus Trevos valet in bonis £20.
'. Petrus Saundry valet in bonis £20.
!tfatheus Treenwith valet in bonis 3^20.
Odo Lamandy 4^.
Oliverus Brytton 4^.
Henricus Brytton 4^.
Johes Trescawe valet in bonis £20.
Johes Williiis valet in bonis £20.
^ CORNWALL SUBSIDY. 35 HENRY VIIL (1544). BENEVOLENCE.
Cornub. ss. Thees Rollys indented the last daye of ffebruary
the xxxvj'^ year of the rayne of our Souvrayn lord Kynge Henry
the viij*« off englonde ffraunce and Irlond kyng defender off the
faythe and yn Earthe supreme hede off the church of Inlond and
Irlonde bettvene S^ Willm Godolghan S»" hughe Trevanyon
knyghtte and Thomas Senttawbyn Esquyer comissioner off owr
sayde Soverayn lorde the kynge appoyntted for levynge off a
benevolence yn the sayde counte to be hade off hys lovynge
subiectts disspendynge yn londys ffees and offices to the yerely
value of v^i sterlynge and aboue for the defenc and Sauffe garde
off hys lovynge subiectts off the one parttye And John Kellygrewe
and Thomas Godolghan Esquiers collectors appoyntted for the
resayte off the sayd benevolence accordingly to the Sums entitled
upon the namis of the Contributors contayned yn the fore sayd
Rolle indenttyd off the other partye Wittnessithe that the sayd
Collectors shall make payment off the sayd Benevolens unto
Sr Edmond Peccam knygtht Copherar of owr sayd soverayne
lord the kynges most honorabyll howsholde generall resayver off
the sayd benevolence appoyndyd afore Ester next conunynge In
Wytnes here off wee as well the sayd Commissioners as the sayd
Collectors thes psent Rolles in dentyd haue subscribed wyth owr
hondes the daye and yere aboue wrettyn.
Ewny Leiiant.
Issebell Wyllin Thomas 6s. 8i.
Stevyn Powlle 8s.
Tewynnache,
Nil.
Senar.
Nil.
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SELECTIONS FROM THE SUBSIDY ROLLS.
135
Ya.
John Glyn £1.
Thomas Jenkyn 6s. 8d.
John Stevyn 6s. 8d,
Laurens Goodall 6s. &d.
John Payne 6s. 8i,
John Thomas 6s. 8d.
Jenet John Owre 6s. 8d.
Robert Trevos 6s. 8d.
Matthew Treenw^*> 6s. 8d.
CORNWALL SUBSIDY. 35 HENRY VIII. (1544).
174
Penwyth. Indenture dated ii January, 35 Henry VIII.,
witnessing the receipt by Sir John Chamond, Knt., Sheriff of
Cornwall, of the sums of money gathered for * ayde & meyntenance
of crysten people' against the Turk, by the churchwardens in
the Deanery of Penwith in the County of Cornwall (one sheet of
paper much injured, and backed with paper).
SUBSIDY ROLL OF I546.
This is a very large roll, from which we will select a few
names under each of the four parishes :
Uny LananU
Symo Nanc valet £5.
John Lawrye valet £1.
Pascow Renold valet £1.
Thomas Brandon [Briant]
valet jf I.
Jamys Thomas valet £1.
Steuyn Marty valet £1.
u§ WUra Thomas valet ^f 10.
Jenken Kelensow valet £1.
Jane ux Chynale valet 6s.
Wyllin Broncose valet £in
Alyanes ,
Nowell Eretton, subsid irf.
[and 6 other Bretons.]
John Thoiiis valet 7s.
Robert Nenys valet £1.
John Trebethaw valet £6.
Steuyn Sandaw valet £1.
Richard Trernyke valet £6,
Ric Veven valet 3^6.
Wyllm Warvas valet £1.
Stevyn John valet £10.
Wyllym Kelway valet jf 10.
Richard Leddra valet £10.
John Hawys valet £1.
Otts John valet ^f 10.
Tewynecke.
John Rossewall valet 3^6.
Richard Ainell valet £5.
Michell Anbosow valet ^^4.
Pascaw Mathew valet £6.
Ric : Carbonse valet £2.
Lawrens Myllard valet £4.
Stevyn Thoins valet £4.
Wyllm Thoins valet £3.
Jerma Harry valet £2.
Richard Wylliii valet £2.
Herry Hycka valet . . .
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13^
A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
Seynt lysse.
John Bossowe valet £i.
Amys Toman valet £g.
"homas Seyse valet £4.
ohn Anger valet £2,
amys Walls walz* valet £2.
erma Denys valet £2.
ohn Karrallake valet £4.
^amys Vean valet £2.
Kerry Phelyppe valet £6,
John Raw valet £3.
Ric. Clynacke valet £4.
Pascow Angoffe valet. . . .
Robert Cocke valet £2,
Benet Lucke valet £4.
Edwarde Jose valet £2.
John Wyllm valet £2.
Thoin Carlaye valet 3^4.
John Syesse valet £2.
John Bre Vean valet £2.
John Penseu valet £2. .
John Wyllin valet 3^3.
Martyn Trewyn valet £7.
George Benettow valet £3.
Jamys Nansely valet £2.
John Treher valet £5.
John Boskregyn valet £2.
Wylldi Dogowe valet £9.
Bastyn Restomy valet £5.
A lyanes :
Nowell Bretton valet £2.
Olyff Bretton valet £2.
Harry Bretton subsid. id.
Rie Bretton id.
Perye Bretton id
Antony Bretton id.
John Thorns valet £1,
Kerry Trewva valet ^^3.
Thorns Mychell valet £4*
Kerry Wicke valet £2.
Jenkyn Wyllm valet £3.
Andrew Vyvya valet £2.
Rawe Bretton id.
Allen Bretton id.
Renold Bretton id.
Udon Bretton id.
Wyllm Bretton irf.
Sennar.
John Bossow valet £4.
John Edwarde valet £4.
John Wyllm valet £8.
Kerry Wyllm valet £1.
Davy Thomas valet £2.
John Kerry valet £1.
SUBSIDY OF 1547*
Saynt lyes.
Mathus Trenwith in lands £3.
Thomas Jenkyn ^f 10.
Jenetta Owre £10.
Unye iuxf LanaunU
Stephus Pawllye in goods 15s.
SUBSIDY OF 1548.
(From the parcel of fragments of subsidies.)
P'ochia dc Uney Lanant.
Stephus Pawley het in bonis ^f 10.
Kenr. AngoiF jf 10.
Johes Kervey £10.
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SELECTIONS FROM THE SUBSIDY ROLLS. '37
Alyens :
Phelus Bretton, subsid. 8d. Olyfl Bretton 8d.
Ricus Bretton 8d. Willm Pears 8i.
Clewde Fykerdy Sd. Udyn. Bretton 8i.
Niwell Bretton 8d.
St, Ives.
[Very indistinct.]
Matheus Trenw^^ her in bonis £10.
John^Stephyn £10.
Thorns Jenkyn £10.
[Then follow five illegible names, the last four aliens.]
SUBSIDY OF 1549.
The following is a selection :
Pochta de Unye Lanante.
P. Stepho Pawlye los. P. Philip Briton 8d.
John Willm 8d. Will"^ Thomas 8d.
Noell Briton 8d. Oliver Briton 8d.
her' Edward 8d.
Pochta de Seint les.
P. Matheo Trenwithe los. P. Petro Sherman 8d.
Thomas Jenkyn los. Reginald Salowe 8d.
Laurence Godale los. Richard Haman [Hammond.]
Robto Trevoes. ... 8i.
Jacobo Normand' is. Lewes William brey 8i.
Pochta de Tewynnacke,
P. Thoma Briton 8d. P. Udo Briton 8d.
CORNWALL SUBSIDY — 3 EDWARD VI. (1549).
204>
(Hundred de Penwith.)
Pochta de Uny Lelante (almost illegible).
Stephus Pawlie valet in bonis jf 10.
Henricus AngofFe valet in bonis £10.
Edward Britton subsid'. 8^.
A It gen :
Phus Britton 8d, Clowde Britton 8i.
Urins Britton 8d.
Pochta de Tywynacke.
Thomas Willm allyan valet in bonis nil subsid*. 8i.
Pochta de Senar.
Sum huius pochie nil.
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138 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Pochia de Seynt Eyes.
[Out of 12 names 8 are aliens. I can only distinguish an alien.]
John Brytton 8d.
SUBSIDY, 4 & 5 PHILIP AND MARY'(I557).
Pochia de Seynt lees.
Matheus Trenwith valet in terris ^f lo.
Georgius Trewynnerd valet in bonis £5.
Thomas Tregena valet in bonis £5.
Laurencius Goodale valet in bonis 3^5,
A It gen :
Richus Perse valet in bonis Johes Brytayne M.
nil subsid. 8i. Johes Brj'ttayne Srf.
Udus Chynowith 8i. ffranciscus Alan 8^.
Ricus Oman 8i. Pliberus Bryttayne %d.
Nichus Brytayne %d.
Pochia de Senar.
Johes Willin valet in bonis £6.
Thoins Mychell valet in bonis ^^5.
Aligen:
Johes Renold valet in bonis nil subsid'. 8d.
Pochia de Towednack.
Laurencius Thomas valet in bonis 3^6.
Pochia de Uny Lelant.
Stephus Pawly valet in bonis 3^5.
Johes Vosse valet in terris £1.
Henricus Ustycke valet in bonis 3^5.
Aligen:
Johes Willin valet in bonis nil subsid. Sd.
Anthony valet in bonis nil subsid. 8d.
Petrus Bryttayn valet in bonis nil sub^ 8d.
ffylpott Brytten valet in bonis sub^ 8d.
SUBSIDY, I ELIZABETH (1558).
* Pochia de Unye iuxt Lelant.
Stephus Pawlye val. in bonis £8.
Johes Udus val. in terr. £io.
Henr. Engove val. in bon. 3^6.
A ligen :
Johes Wyllia val. in bon. nulL Petrus Tristram ^d.
subs. 4^. Willus Breton ^d.
Clowde Breton 4^. Phus Breton 4^.
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SELECTIONS FROM THE SUBSIDY ROLLS. I39
Pochia de Saint lees.
Matheus Treunwith val. in terr. £6,
Georgius Trewenard val. in bon. £7,
Thomas Jenkyn valet in bon. £6.
Laurenc Goodall val. in bon. £7,
Aligen:
Thomas Cehellowe val. in Willus Alan ^d.
bon. null. 4^. Nichus Perx 4^.
Odo Treunwith 4^. ffranciscus Evan 4^.
Pochia de Tewynack*
Laurencius Thoins val. in bon. 3^5.
Pochia de Senar.
Johes Porthmeor val. in bon. 6s.
Thoifls Michell val. in bon. 3^5.
Aligen :
Johes Corhwer val. in bon. null. subs. ^.
SUBSIDY, 1571.
Pdchia de Uny Lelant
(The amounts are wanting.)
Jacobus Pawley valit in terns. Thorns Stephyn in bonis.
Johes Treweke in terns. Johanes Rawe in bonis.
Stephus Pawley in bonis. Johannes Hawle valit in bonis.
Henricus Trevetho in bonis. Johannes Willya allien, a poll
Henricus Veuvyn in bonis.
Pdchia de St Yves.
Matheus Trenw^ valit in terris 3^6.
Johes Newman valit in terris £^.
Henries Trenw^^ valit in bonis £1.
Thomas Stephyns valit in bonis £t.
Thomas Hicks valit in bonis £1.
Johannes Penhallack valit in bonis 3^5.
Georgius Gooch valit in bonis 3^5.
Johannes Willia valit in bonis £i.
Johannes Cockyn valit in bonis £3.
Petrus Noall valit in bonis 3^3.
Henries Ots valit in bonis 3^3.
Johannes Andrew valit in bonis 3^3.
Udinus Chinow^^\
Wills Alia
Olius. Treva
Thorns Willya
allians pols is. 4^.
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I40 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Pochia de Sennar.
Johes Porthmere valit in bonis.
Thomas Michell in bonis.
Radulph Clye in bonis.
Davids Thomas in bonis.
Alexandras Harrie in bonis.
Petrus Jeffrye allien a poll'.
SUBSIDY, 1585.
Uny Lelante.
Johes Trewick in Terris £2. Jacobus Trenw^^ in bonis ^^3.
Jacobus Pawley in Terris £2. Willinus Stephen in bonis 3^3.
Stephen Pawley in bonis 3^5. Willinus Edward in bonis £3.
Johes Stephens in bonis 3^3.
TowynacL
Johes Roswall in bonis 3^6. Petrus Harve in bonis £6.
Benedic. Edwards in bonis Johes Hayme in bonis £5.
St. lues.
Willinus Trenwith in Terr. Thomas James £4.
£Z' Henric. Sterry £i.
Johes Tregenna in Terr £4, Stephyn Barbar £3,
Ottes Mereffyld in Terr. 2*3- Ph6lipus Sterry £3.
Henricus Trenw^h in bonis Stephen Barbar £3.
3^4. Johes Shaplaine 3^3.
Jacobs Hickes 3^3. Phelip Cornall 3^3.
Willmus Trenw^ 3^4. Thomas Williams in bonis 3^3.
Johes Cocken £^ Willinus Wolcock in bonis £3.
Synner.
Johes Portmor in bonis 3^8. Johes Thomas in bonis 3^4.
Thomas Michaell in bonis 3^6. Pattrick Udie in bonis £i.
Alexander Harry in bonis £3.
SUBSIDY, 1593.
Unie juxta Lelantc.
Johnes Treweeck in terris £2.
Stephin Pawlye in bonis 3^3.
Willms Stephin als. Powl in bonis 3^3.
Henrye Lawiye als. Lock in bonis £3.
Willms Otes in bonis 3^3.
Willms Calesowe in bonis £3.
W™"s Edward in bonis 3^3.
Johnes Thomas in bonis 3^3.
Johnes Spurwaye in bonis ^3.
Ambrosius Marshfielde in bonis 3^3
Johnes Letha in bonis 3^3.
Johnes Hoskin in bonis 3^3.
Henrye Burncoose in bonis £3^
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SELECTIONS FROM THE SUBSIDY ROLLS. 141
Towidnack,
Johnes Rosewall in bonis 3^3. Pedrus Harry in bonis £2,
St Ives.
Willmus Trenwithe in terris Johnes Stephin in bonis 3^4.
3^3. Thomas William in bonis £4.
Johnes Tregennowe in terris Thomas James in bonis £4.
£4. Henricus Hickes in bonis £S'
Georgius Paine in terris £2. W™^ Woolcocke in bonis
Wmus Trenw^b in bonis 3^4. 3^3.
Henrye Trenw^^ in bonis 3^3. Thomas Haime in bonis £^.
Johnes Cockin in bonis 3^4. Johnes Bossowe in bonis — .
Thomas Hickes in bonis £4.
Sennar.
Thomas Michill in bonis 3^4.
Sampson Thomas in bonis 3^4.
Willms Porthmere in bonis 3^3.
Ricus Porthmere in bonis 3^3.
Johnes Angeare in bonis 3^3.
SUBSIDY 1597,
Unye LelanU.
Wmus Praed in ter. 3^3.
Thomas Edwards in bonis 3^3.
Johnes Letha in bonis 3^5.
Stephanus Pawlie in bonis 3^3.
Wmus Kalinsowe in bonis 3^3.
^mus Edwards in bonis £3.
"ohes Hosken in bonis £3.
ohes Penberthie in bonis 3^3.
ohes Thomas in bonis 3^3.
lenricus Burnecoose in bonis 3^3.
"acobus Stephin in bonis 3^3.
ohes Kellwaye in bonis 3^3.
Tewednacke.
Johes Rosswall in bonis 3^3.
Si Iues4
Wmus Trenwith af ifl tef . 3^5.
Johes Tregifia g^ in tef. 3^10.
George Payne g^in tef. 3^3.
Wmus Trenwith de Trevalgan in bon. 3^5.
Thomas Williams in bonis 3^6.
Johes Steephin in bonis 3^6.
Johes Cockyne in bonis £5,
Thomas Hicke in bonis 3^4.
Thomas James in bonis 3^4.
'Wmus Wolcocke in bonis 3^4.
Elizabetha Taller in bonis 3^4,
Thomas Taman in bonis 3^3.
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142 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Senar,
Thomas Michell in bonis £5. Nicus Beriman in bonis £3.
Sampson Thomas in bonis Ricus Porthmere in bonis ^^3.
£$. , Johes Angeare in bonis 3^3.
' SUBSIDY 1599.
Lelant.
Willus Prade in ter. ^3.
Thomas Edwardes in bonis £3.
Stephen Pawlye in bonis £^.
Willinus Calinsawe in bonis 3^3.
Willmus Edwards in bonis 3^3.
Johes Hoskyne in bonis £^.
Joees Penberthie in'bonis 3^3.
Johes Toinas in bonis 3^3.
Henricus Burncoose in bonis 3^3.
Johes Kellwaye in bonis £^.
Towednacke.
Johes Baragwanath in bonis 3^3.
St Ives.
Willmus Trenwith af. in ter. Johes Cockinge 3^5.
£5. Thomas Hickes 3^4.
Johes Tregenna in ter. £10. Jacobus Wolcocke 3^5.
Georgius Payne in ter. 3^3. Elizabetha Tayler in bonis
Willmus Trenwithe de Tre- 3^3.
valga in ter. 3^5. Thomas Toman in bonis. . . .
Thomas Williams 3^6. Georgius Hicke in bonis. . . .
Johes Steevens in bonis 3^6. Henricus Hickes in bonis. . . .
Senar.
Johes William in bonis 3^5.
Edwardus Walyshe in bonis 3^3.
SUBSIDY, 10 JAMES I. (1613).
Lalant.
Willus Edwards subs is.
St Ives.
Joane Pokinghorne subs 2s. 6d.
Johes Goodale subs 2s. 6d.
(signed by :)
W™ Godolphin
Nicholas Prideaux.
John Arundell of Trerise.
R. Harrys of Antony.
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CHAPTER XIL
THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS (FIRST VOLUME), 1570-1639.
The earliest volume of the Borough Accounts of Saint Ives is a
paper book, folio size, about half an inch thick. It was lost for
a great number of years, and was discovered in i8go by the
Mayor, Mr. Edward Hain junior, amongst the sweepings of a
solicitor's office. When it thus came to light, it was in the form
of a crumpled and tattered bundle, damp and decayed. Recog-
nising its valuable character at a glance, Mr. Hain sent the
documents to a first-rate London binder, who has most skilfully
restored and repaired the MSS., and bound them neatly and
strongly in vellum. They were afterwards handed to the author,
to be transcribed for the purposes of this history.
The work of transcription has been arduous, owing to the
ravages which the hand of time had inflicted upon these records ;
but it has been rendered interesting by the flood of fresh light
which this volume pours upon the history and genealogies of the
town and parish of Saint Ives.
The title-page commences with a capital letter *A,' which
seems to be a poor copy from some mediaeval church-book;
indeed, the interlaced pattern of the drawing has a Celtic
look. Possibly the copyist had before him the book of the Acts
of Saint la, which disappeared from the parish church at the
Reformation.
Unfortunately, the various writers in this volume of borough
records were not careful to carry their entries straight on, from
one page to the next. Hence the accounts of the various years
are muddled up together in a confused way, which is rendered
all the more puzzling by the fact that in a large number of
instances the written date has disappeared, owing to the decay
of the upper margin of the leaf. We have, therefore, often had
to guess at the date of an entry, or to fix it approximately.
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144 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
[The title-page reads thus :]
tott^ffo
INITIAL LETTER TO THE EARLIEST MS. OF ST. IVES BOROUGH
ACCOUNTS, 1570.
A booke of Recorde Beloanige to the parish of Sainte lues,
in Cornewell. Beinge made the xxiiij^h Daye of Nouember 1570.
And the Thirtenth yeare of the Rayne of Our Sovrayne Ladie
Elizabeth, by the grace of god of Englande flfraunce And lerland
Queene Defender of the faith.
[Below is an illegible fragnnent of writing with the date IS95* It does not
appear that the accounts were actually commenced in 1570 ; the earliest dated
entries commence in 1 573, thus :]
The accompte of thomas hyckes hedwarden in the yeare of
o^ lorde god 1573.
[Then follow the names of the officials selected for the ensuing year, to wit
the Church Wardens, Market -House Wardens and Quay Wardens, the
* Wardens of the Eylde,' or Sidesmen, and the King and Queen of the Summer
Games. Of these officials a list will be given in a later chapter. The Account
then begins :]
here flfolowe^h y« receits
Inpmis receiued of m'' martine Trewennarde for the halfe
yeres anuitie dew at o^ Ladie day in marche 1573, viiji*.
[We propose to give all such entries in these Accounts as possess historical
interest, and the first we will quote, under the year 1573, is this :]
„ receiued of John Clarke for y« enterlude, i^i xj^
[This would seem to mean that the sum in question was paid for a manu-
script copy of the miracle-play which was to be performed that year. Many
other references to the plays will be met with later. The next two entries refer
to the same matter :]
„ receiuyd of W°^ Trinw^^ for sixe score and.thre fpote of elme
hordes in y^ playing place, vj^
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS. 14s
Item receiuyd of harrie hayne for hordes, i^ vj^
„ rec : of the kinge and quene for the somer games, i^ o* iv**
[These officials were annually chosen from among the handsomest lads
and lasses of the parish, and the office was considered an important honour.
Their duty was probably to preside over the sports at the maypole, on Saint
John's Day and at Christmas time.]
„ rec : of thomas stevin & thorns hickes for there full and
laste paiment of y^ benevolens to wards the churche
yearde, vj* vj^
[«>. the rate for fortifying the churchyard.]
,9 rec: for a shepe that drew harriet doghter gave to the
repayringe of the churche, ij* vj^
[Meaning a sheep given by Drew, the daughter of Harry Ats, the value
whereof was to go towards the cost of repairing the church.]
„ rec : of y« olde m^ Trinw* for shepe, xiiij"
The charge as fFolwithe :
Item paid to the pishe of S*® Unye for one years rent i^* iij* viij*
[This was a rent paid annually to the churchwardens of Lelant, apparently
in recognition of the supremacy of the mother parish over Saint Ives.] •
„ payd to John Cockyn for iij barrels of lyme iij"
„ payd for a barrell of lyme & vj bundells of lathes for to drese
[dress] the churche v* j"*
„ payd to John W™s for helling stones and lathe nayles for the
church V*
,, payd for thre heliars wages nine daies xj' iij^
„ payd to the hyliars for nailes j* iv^
„ payd to the glasiar for mendinge y« windows vij*
9t payd for iij heliars meate & drinke ix daies x"
„ payd for halfe a barrell of lyme for y« churche j*
„ payd to the churche of Bathe ij* [towards its repair.]
„ payd for a sitation for gathering y« pishe dews
„ payd for the printed bylle of y^ courte
„ payd to the pryter
„ payd for the laste preachers charges at John An-
drowes
„ payd to harrie oots & John Androw for y^ charges when the
went to lanehearne
[Lanhem was the seat of the Arundells, who in various ways possessed in-
Auence at Saint Ives.]
„ payd at y« same time for showing [shoeing] of a horse for
harrie ots to ryde
„ payd to m^ godolphins hinde [farm-servant] for caringe the
hurdels to haile
^, paid to the vicar at ester
10 ^;s^_
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146 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Item payd to John W"» for things w®** he delyueryd aboute the
laste playe
„ more paid to m^ thomas trinw*** to paye cofit of Trewro for
lyneclothe [linen]
Sin xxiiijl' j* iij**
So there remaynes dew unto the parishe v* yj^
more charges layde owt of the churche Receptys as folow**"
It payd for Soppe agynste Crystmas iij**
It payde iiij*
It payde to a man that Gaderyde for a towne burned xvj*
It payd at the vysytacion kepte at pensans vj" viij*
It payd to the bayllyffs for flfees & for the bock iiij*
It payd for a collar for the belle vij**
Ir payd for a bock to the vickar viij**
It payde the bayllyff for to exBe [examine] us iiij^
Ir for makyng this Acompts & wreting xij^
Sin xj' vj**
[Penalties for refusing to fill the office of warden, and for not repairing to
the council meeting :]
.... of novembr an^ 1573 yt is agreyed that who so eu' of
the xiij men that Reflfuyce to be towne warden beyinge Elected
that he shalbe chargyd by hys and th)^: consent to paye to the
towne porte xx* by the next warden chossen to be hade in axcion
and for euy man oflfycer chossen v^ and euy p'son nat mackynge his-
Repayr to the halle beynge callyd by the Towne Warden then
beyng p'sent the same p'son for his nat comynge shall be charged
the siha of xij^ beynge eyther of the xij or xxiiij.
The names of the xiij men wherof one of them ys allwas
electyd to be towne warden chossen by the xxiiij or most voys of
them : whoys names lyckwys dothe folowe :
Aflo 1573
John lanyon
John penhelege towne warden
John tregena
James trevnw^^
Rychard Payne
harry trevnw*^
Thomas stephin
Will™ trevnwth
Thomas hicks
Jamys trevnw^**
J. Jamis
T. Thomas [?]
Renold chenals
John Cockin
John Wilhn
Geffrye Gooddall
preposit : harry Ottys
harry Alan
Richard Rosswall.
Will™ porthmant^
John Anndrew
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS. ur
[1575?]
[The churchwardens are to gather 4//. a year from every householder, for
the communion bread and wine :]
Thomas James) Churche wardens : whosse yerely office i . . . d
Pearse Nole J churche dewties and pofytts of the same for
the better mayteynance and all so : the laws of the Reallme dothe
alowe and admytt : yt is Inacted : .... of the Realme y^ y«
churge wardens shall yerely gay' of euy howssolder w[*'*in] townes
and pryshes : for the provydinge yerely of bread and wine for the
comunion the valew of y"" churche Loaffle : or iiij* for the same,
all grants, all quysts and bequethes : as all so all sylver and
lyberty to sell brew for the w^ the towne pa)rthe
William Teage • ) yelie for y^ libert, to the wardons of the
martine Goodall /market house dew vij^
Reces^ts as foUowith :
Receiued of m^ Martine Trewennard for the halfe yeares
anuitie dew at our ladye day in marche viij'»
Itm receiued at Easter for the parishes fine and oSringes whiche
dothe amounte to ij^ xiiij* iij^
Itna receiued the firste daye of the playe xij*
„ receiued the seconde daye w^ amounteth to i^* xij* ij**
„ receiued the thirde daye w*** amounteth to iiij^* x* xj^
„ receiued the fourth daye w^^ amonteth to i" xix' vj*"
„ receiued the 5 daye w^ amountethe to iij"^ ij*
„ receiued the sixt daye w^ amountethe to iij" — j^
„ more receiued for drincke monye w^ am j" ij^
„ more receiued of william Trinw^ in the churche yeard whiche
amountethe to j" xvj" ij*
„ receivyd for drincke monye after the playe ij* viij*
Itin receiuyd of the churche wardons to bestowe upon poore
people w®** M*^ Coswarthe gave vij*
Itin receiuyd for viij pounde of tithe butter v* x**
Itin receiued of James huchine for the somer games xiv* yj^
[James Huchine was King of the Summer Games this year, and it was his
duty to hand over his receipts for the relief of the poor. Among the payments
are these :]
Itin Payd to m' laynyane [Lanyon] for iiij trees, j*
„ payd to the pypers for there wages,
[Amount torn off.]
„ payd to william barreat for xiij pound of hops, ij^
„ paid to John goman for a barell of drink, iiij"
„ payd to the vycar for xviij dayes servyce mynistringe the
sacrament & other neds, xj"
„ payd to m' chywone at the vycitacion
[Bishop's visitation. Amount torn off.]
10 — 2
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148 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Itm payd for m^ trinw%es diner & myne at the sayd vycita-
cion • . . •
Itm payd for the Indentures for the ptiment [Parliament] vj**
Itm payd to a man of earthe [St. Erth parish] for making hurdels
iiij* ij^
Itm payd things for the playe, iij"
Itm payd for half a dosin of white lambes skyne ij**
[For making parchment]
Itm paid to Tregerthar for cutting the trees, iiij^
Itm payd to standlye [Stanley] for a lynge pine] when the ....
were about the playne, x^
[A cord to keep the people away from the players' arena.]
Itm more payd to m*^ vose when thomas browne brought the
tythine [tithing] chese at harry ats house, ijs viij*
,, payd to w™ permanters servant & others for makinge of the
leate for the tockyngmyle [tucking-mill.]
„ payd to m^ paynter for making y® indentures for the parlia-
ment, j**
[Then follow entries of money laid out in the purchase of clothes for various
IMuish paupers :]
„ for iiij yeards & a quarter of Canves for harryes sherte &
elizabethe argosyas smocke, iiij^
„ payd for ij yeards of Canvas to make dyos doghter a smocke,
j.yjd
„ ij yeards & a quarter for alye derys smocke, j" vj**
„ for threde & making of the same, viij<*
[The next item seems to refer to stage scenery put up for the miracle play :]
„ spent upon the carpenters y* made hevin [Heaven] iiijd
„ payd for the vycar when he bargayned to the prishe iiij<*
[1576?]
Receyts.
Item reed for the Sommer games of Jo: Holla, xix" iiij*
Paym** Inpmis p* for led to make bollats when the Spanyerds
were in Mounts Baye ....
Item spent on S* Earth men beinge in o"" towne all night ....
Item bestowed on S^ flfrauncis Godolphin a barle of cafeves [barrel
of coffee.] ....
Item the like bestowed on M^" Tregosse.
Item for my [the Head Warden's] expence being w*** S*" Nicholas
Parker ....
Item p* Mr. Tregosse for dounge [dung] to fill the forte ....
Item p** for the p* [part] buyinge of the Bible ....
^Google
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I
THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS. I49
Item p* to Lelant for rent, j" vj" viij**
Item p^ for mendinge the midle bell, j^
Item p* for the Subsidye acquytance, ij" iv*
Item p** for making o"^ platform for o' ordynaunce, ij"
Item p^ the collectors of y® maymed souldiers, xiv" iv**
[i>., of the fund for the relief of the maimed soldiers. We find similar
entries almost every year throughout this volume.]
Item p* the drommer at 2 musters, ij"
[The able-bodied males of the parish were assembled for drill as a trained
band, at stated intervals, under an officer called the Muster Master and t he-
Sergeant Major.]
Item p** for amending o' kaye [quay] x*
Item p** for croks and other necessaries to o' markett house.
Item p* Mr. Tregosse for the rakett house Rent, iv*
Item p** George the mason for his wages ab* the forte, xvij*
[The fort, also spoken of as a platform for ordnance, was perhaps identical
with the ' Castle,* the artillery platform opposite the chapel on the quay.]
Item p** m' Praed for drawing o' aunswere in the chauncerye,
iv« viij*
Item p* for my horse hyre att the assizes & mending his shoes,
Item p** Jo: Steven for his charges to the assizes, j"
Item p** W" Otes for putting forth the Ireland soldiers, ix* ij**
[<V., paid the constable for escorting out of the parish certain soldiers who
had landed here on their way from Ireland]
Item for a sworde & other necessaries not p^ by the Ireland,
xiij" ij**
P* for powder for the Souldiers going to Penryn, xxiv" vj^
P* for 2^* mache & 4" of ledd, '}• iv^
P* for a kinkerkyn [kilderkin] to hold Butter, j*
P* for horsehyre 2 seuall tymes travayling to Penryn, iv* vj**
P* for bakinge the Biskye, iij"
P* for a Sacke to hold the biskye, j'
P* for cariadg the biskye to the castle, j"
P* for Jo. Taccabr dyett with harry the cutler, j" vij**
P* for mending the furniture, ij* ij^
P^ more for horsehyre at Penryn & Clowance, iv^
P^ Captayne calffyld at Truro, iij*
P* Sergaunt Maior at marhasewe greene iij*
[The trained bands were mustered on Marketjew Green.]
P^ serg^ maior at 2 tymes, xiv*
P^ for the dyett of 6 poore souldiers comynge from Irland iij*
P* Jo: Stephen for the setting forth of the Irland soldiers j" iv"
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I50 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
F* to the pveyor & the acquytance, x" iv**
F* Trery for drawing pleynts, iiij*
[The following seems to belong to the year 1577 :]
The Charge as foloweth
Itm payde unto Vny lalante men for there rente dewe, j"
Itfii payde for breade and drinke the quenes daye to the ryngers,
v* iiij^
[The Queen's Day was her Coronation Day.]
Itm payde ij men for mending of lazerus house, xij**
[The Lazarus, or Lazar House, was the house rented by the parish author-
ities for the lodgment of the paupers.]
Itm payde to Rycharde Watty for nurssing of denys chylde, v"
[This child was, it would seem, a foundling. The entries of moneys paid
for its nursing occur annually after ihis.]
Itm payde to the smyth for mending of the bell, v»
Itm payde to the hede ballife of the hundrede for sealing our
messurs [measures] xij^
Itm bestovede one tewenacke men for making the bolwarks, ij*
[Bestowed on Towednack men for making the walls of the fort.]
Itm payde to Willin eles the shrifte man for bearing with the
prishe, iij*
[Paid to William Ellis, the Sheriffs man, for 'squaring' the matter of
rates.]
Itin payde to James Kyttawe for mending Jermyn the blinde
man house, iij'
Itm payde for making the newe church att london, xij**
Itm payde to willin eles for the vicare his troble that came
uppon the parish from thexcheker [the exchequer] to the
shrifte [sheriff] of Cornvell,
Itin to John Callame for one dayes worke and halfe upon hys
awne mett and drynke
Itm for a man to serve him upon hys mett and drinke
Itm payde to John bosswage for rede clothe & lasynge to the
towne ys use, v* ij^
Itm for a ponde of candels to the Ryngers quen ys ev iiij**
[On the eve of the Queen's Coronation Day.]
Itm for apece of ledar [leather] to mend the coler of the bell iij^
Itin payd for the makinge of halfe busshell measure of the come
w* a pecke in thend, xviij^
Itin for a potell of wyne presented m^ bevell & m"^ carye x**
Itm payd for the helinge Rags in the Markett house window
iij" ij^
[Healing-rags are flat stones.]
Itm for caring [carrying] of them iij**
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS 151
[1577?]
Recepts. Inpmis Rec** for Rente for the kaye xx*
more Rec** for that was given to the chaple ij"
Paymt" Inpinis p** towfde the charge of buryinge a poore Woman
called crowa^ ij* x**
Item p^ towfde the buryinge of a poore woman of Gvenap, xiij**
Item p** towfds the buryinge her childe, viij^
Item p** for clothes to the pishe [parish] child, xij^
Item p* to the parrishe childe for her fyndinge [her keep], xvj"
Item p** M"" Cooke to viewe the towne flforts, x'
Item p** my lord Mounte Joyes Men, xx"
[Then follows the Overseers' Account :]
p^ for Rawe Anawgas is shrowde, iij* iiij**
p** for shrowdinge him & bringinge him to his grave, xij**
p** a pore mayde waytinge by the corps all daye at hellesveor, j**
P* Ots Hake to make his grave, ij**
P* for marye Phillippe is shrowde beside xx* gathered, xx*
[The practice of collecting charitable offerings towards the burial of paupers
is of ancient date ; according to Catholic doctrine, to bury the dead is one of
the 'corporal works of mercy.']
p*^ Eliz : Rodger to keepe a base childe founde by the prishe and
for half of a pecke of blye, xviij*^
p^ for a shrowde to Jenny Drewe & for bread to the woman who
shrowded her, iij" iij*
P^ Alee caraway who releeveth certaine poore children of the
parrishe, vj**
F* a poore man of Morestowe, whoes house was burnte, and his
wiefe distracted of her witts, xij**
P* Elizabeth Rodger who keepeth a base childe of the pishe, by
order of the xij men, viij**
P* for ij kayes & plate of Jron for the pore mens boxe, iij" ix*
P* for a shrowde for Jasp^ a poore man of the towne, iij' vj^
p^ another who gathered for englishmen captives under the
Spanyerde by like auctoritye, vj^
p^ dreamer dewen a poore ma in his sicknes, vj**
Easter Quarter. Inpmis p** for two dele boordes to make a newe
seate to the vicar, iij*
P* the Joyner to make the viccars newe chaire, iij"
p* to the sheriffs bayliffe beinge arested at m^ Tregosse is sute,
ij* viij*^
p* S' John Tooker, a minister is wife, her husband beinge blynd,
xij^
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152 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
p** Jasp* wife to deple [depart] the towne w*** her child, vj*
p* for two ptes of the shrowde of will™ a pore man the ropers
brother, ij"
Midsommer Quarter. P* Nicholas Polstronge travaylinge to
Truru, beinge pressed for a Pyoner, vj**
P** the officyall™^ beinge psented by the churchwardens in de-
faulte of the books of the churche, iiij*
P** for the bible beside xj* ij* gathered in the churche, xviij* x^
[Very numerous are the allusions to licensed beggars, such as the fol-
lowing :]
P** a pore man gatheringe by her Mat**" Ires patents 19 Sept. vj**
P* a pore man gatheringe by the like aucthoritye for a lazar house
by launceston, vj**
P^ to Will"* Bailye for a halfe yeeres Rente for his house, wherin
the poore people dwell, vj"
28 Sept. P^ the glasyer who amendeth yeerlye the church-
wyndowes, vj*
P* for two weks mayntaynaunce of the poore child, viij**
P^ the poore wemen who shrowded diuse [divers] the poore
people deceased : abovesaid viij*
It^ paid for the mending of the clocke, xviij*
It^ paid to John trewennard for stondinge of the treese in the
Hand, xij*
It^ for my charges in trerow [Truro] for the travaill of the comis-
sion for settinge the Justice hand ther unto to be cared
[carried] to the counsell
It paid to John bowden for byldinge leren [Larren] bridge
It: paid one which gathered for the pore house att somerset-
shere
It^ paid to the younge felow which is our clarke, ij*
It: paid for bruten house, vj*
[Breton House, on the Island, as to which see our chapter on the * Old
Houses of Saint Ives.*]
[A rate for fitting out Irish soldiers. Their equipments :]
the 22 of June 1578 : for the payement of y^ p5vision for
yrland Sowlldgow^s : as all so for y« furniture of the trayned
Sowldiours : the charges for yrland Sowldiowrs am5te to xxx" :
the chargs of the trayned Sowldiowrs is a caliu [culiver] flax
& tuche boxe a poud of powd^ a pownd of Shott : his maches :
moriane : swerd & girdell : the 12 best men w' sett to
iij severall p^" to paye xij** amane : Seavne to paye x*
amane & y^ 3 to paye viij amane : and y« 24 w^ sett to iij severall
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS. 153
ptes t to paye viij* a mane : and y« Seavne : & the 3 to
paye vj** & the Rest as it apereth on y^ pticuler hedds :
lenyeyne ^ W°* trenw*** \ John polkynhorne
trenw*^ f John Cockyn Mohn Androw
tregena Mohn Carvedris C W"™ porthmaf^
penhelak ) harri Alane ; harrye otts
Thorns James
iij" iij* iiij* iij" iiij**
together x' viij^
constables only w' exepted : for y' labor to collecte y*
[Against the name of Harry Alane is written * cotept * ; from which it
appears that he refused to pay his share. The names of the twenty-four
ordinary burgesses follow.]
[Circa 1580.]
Ii paid for the servinge one supine [subpoena] upon w'" trenw*
att tre valgen ij* vj**
It paid a cord to sett to the drom vj*
It^ paid to a sowdier which [sic] in lalant vj^
Ir paid to one m' barry a sowdier of yerland vj^
Ir paid to cornall stevin for to skins to the droin xij**
It paid to w™ trevnw^*^ for goinge to helstone vj**
It paid for both our deners the wensdaie folowinge att pensance xij*
Ir paid to thomas w™ for a springe locke to the stoks iij^
It payed for stocking of John Androwe is sesf [?] ij* vj*
It payed m"^ harrye Edward for the erecteng of the towence of
nantuege, & the lUe of Sent nycolas, att pllemow^^ xj" &
iiij** for a quettaunces.
Ir payed the plomer for mendeng the Leddes of y« towar 8c
churche xij"
Ir payed for bred & drenke, the quenes daye vj*
[1580?]
Md' it is ordered and agreed by The hole xij and xxiiij that no
foresteman [stranger] shall lande any apples pe^on or malte w^'^in
viij daies of there arivall w**in the Key and y" no townes man
shall sett any seller vnto any one of them w* in xv daies of ther
arivall upon paine of paymentt of x* to the use of the towne
W" barett vj" Richard pk'yn ....
W"» W[olcok ?] vj« Wm bowyer [?]
Thomas hicks iiij"
Thomas candrowe iiij"
[John ?] payne xviij*
James gyles iij* iiij**
harry trenw*** [?]....
W"^ trenw*** .... peris mychell xij**
[The above regulation was designed to prevent the sale of goods brought
into the town, until the townsmen should have had ample opportunity to sell
their own goods first. * Forestman :' compare ltalian/(7r^j//>r^, a foreigner.]
ames sysse [?] x . . . .
ohn Cossynn [?]....
ohn dayeow vj°
ermen vj^ Julia sterry
ohn toman yj^
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ri54 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES'. \
Ano i58[o ?]
[This is written in a beautiful Chancery text hand, in brown ink.]
The Recepptts of Robert luck and Rychard arde churche
w^'dens for Graves. It recevyd of John polpera v"
It therys owed unto us for m' Thomas treunw^ ys grave v"
[There was a payment due to the borough for every interment within the
church.]
Ir Recevyd for one yewe xxij*
It Recevyd at Ester for churche dewtye xj" vj**
It more rec: for a cutte [rate] w^** is for the churche, xvj" iiij*
Charges layde owt of thys Receppts of the churche wardens
as ffolow*^
It furste payde for x horsses to carye morash Russches ffrome
conn^ton gevyn unto the pyshe churche of sent yves yerlye
by Sr John Arundell of lannhern knygth & hys awncetors
tyme owt of mynde & ther labours that gatheryde the same
Rusches, v* viij**
[At this period it was still customary to strew the church with fresh rushes
every Christmas ; a custom which, indeed, was continued in some remote places
in England so late as the end of the last century.]
It for wyne at the coihunyon at ester & duyers other tymes thys
yer, xij»Jj*>
Itpayd for comunyon bred to Candrow xj^
Ir payd to a poure man that Gaderyd [gathered] in the churche, xij^
[Poor people were often permitted to make a collection in the church for
their own necessities.]
The accompte of John Carvoddres hede Warden of the
boroughe of sent yves as folowyth.
The Recepts.
It Recevyd of Thomas Eva & Elizab* Amys kynge and Quene of
the somer game vij" vj*
It ther remanyth vnpayd for m*^ Thomas trevnw^ ys grave v*
The accompte of monys layd owt in lawe flfor the marcket
hows & other chargys.
Ir payd to the scheffrys [sheriff's] men for ffeys [fees] serving the
wrytts vij' vj**
It' payd at Trerowe at the sessyons for coppyes of the wrytts
iij* iiij^
It' .payd flfor corrye, trevasskes & John carpent** ys dyners at
sessyons xiiij**
It' payd for ther sopper that nygth at trerowe xxij^
It' payde the nextt daye for ther dyner xxij^
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS. 155
It payde for owre ij horsses viij^
It payde for ... . vj^
Ir payde for hys bregfFaste & hors mett [horsc-mcat] x**
It payde more for the Retorn of the wretys [return of the writs] y*
1 1^ payde for wrytynge vj*
Sm xxiij" ij^
More monys layde owt in chargis of the Recepts of the market
& pier as flfoUow*'*
It payd to my lord Stourton ys man vj" viij*^
It payde to the vicker of Sydney [Sithney] for prechinge v"
Ir for a quarte of seek [sack] gevin the vyckar of Sydney vj*
It payde for brede the Quenys daye gevin to the Ryngars & others
iij" iv*^
Ii payd for wyne the Quenys daye v* iiij**
It payd to the glassyar x*
It payde for a holye butte [halibut] gevin to m'' ffrauncs Godolphin
xviij<*
It a nother quart of seek gevyne to the vyckar of Sydney vj**
It^ payd for Cadwellys v^ was gevyn the dyer when he was kynge
[of the summer games] by order gevin me iiij" vj!^
[Cad welly must be some garment made of Welsh cloth,. from Kidwelly.]
It payd my lorde stourton ys mane xiij*
[1584.']
The accounte of ots merifelde hedwarden of the towne made
in the veare of o^ lorde 1584.
It^ Rec of mr tregenna for the standinge of the muster stufe in the
markett house xx'
[/.^., for the firelocks, swords and other * stuff ' used by the trained-band.]
It Rec of m'" tregenna for the bringinge in of the perow shipp x*
[This entry is struck through.]
Red of a fForest man which cam from patcows w*** pese iij*
It Rec of Andrew Downynge for layinge of his pots a shore x**
[Under the foregoing bye-law against landing for sale imported goods
before the expiration of a certain time.]
It^ Rec of James Pormantor for the Roben houde xvj'
[The Robin Hood, i>., the Twelfth Night mummers.]
It Rec of harry stery att twelth efe vj"
[1584 ?]
Item paid for forelocks for the great Ornance j*
Item paid to the Glaser for iij^ years stipende xv*
Item paid for a Communion book iij'
Item paid for a beare to cary the dead ij* vj**
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156 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Item paid for paper to make a booke to gather y^ colection ij^
Item paid Steven Coyte for kepinge cleane the harnes x^
[Harness = armour.]
Item paid the players of Germal which gathered for y^^ [their]
church ij*
Item geven to ij^ poore soldiers beinge maymed in the Queens
ma**" service j*
Item paid for viij^ pondes of pouder at the Cominge of the Lord
Mouteioye viij"
Item paid m' Wisheker for prechinge a sermone vj"
Item geven to a poore soldier with the Queen's ma*®* brode scale
the xix*** of Septembre ....
Receipts.
Item receyued of the cutt or Collection for] ..j, ....3 . ^
the mendinge of the Church hay Wall I ^ ^
John James chosen head warden by the consent of the xij &
xxiiij sett unto Richard peter the mcatt & the profets & tole corne
aswell thatt w* comythe in the wieke dayes as on the satterday
for the yearly rentt of a xj** to be paid quarterly, & he to dischardg
all charges for sweping the howse.
John James chosen head-warden by the consentt of the xij
& xxiiij sett unto Rychard peter the mcatt & the pPets & tole
corne, for the rent of a xj" by the yeare, to be paid quarterly, 8c
he to dischardg the sweping of the howse or makin itt cleane.
[A memorandum of a certain rate levied for mending wails and providing
military stores. Of the first paragraph only a fragment is legible ; the second
runs thus :]
Md' that y^ is a cutte made y« 5 of June 1586 for flaxes
h : b 3" . . .■ 4** as all so for the skowringe of y« corsletts two
flaxes & tuche boxes viij": the whole cutte ...**...•.. .** and
above.
The Paymentes and Charges as foUoweth
Inprimis paid Thomas William for cristopher the mason of his
Wages for workinge on the church wal xiiij^
Item paid John polkenhorne by the condessente of the Constables,
for certayne Iryshemen hosted at his house iij" viij**
Item paid the roper for makinge the bels ropes ij"
[1587]
[This account is written in an execrable running Stuart hand.]
P^ outt by me as follow***
Imprimis paide vnto m' ffysher flbr ij sermons one alhoUandaye
I . . . .
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS. 157
Iteme p* stephan coite fFor mycaellmas quarter paste (for cleninge
the hareneste [harness, armour] i2d.
Iteme p** henry pawlye ffor chrismas q»" Rente fFor Vny Leiant
6s. 8d.
Iteme p** (for mendinge the churche wall a nother tyme jd.
Iteme ffor i'^ of gonne ponder and qr' of mache &c vnto the
traynyd sodyers the 4 of marche 42^.
1588.
Itna Rec: of Thomas Candrowe flfor the compe of younge cand-
rowe beinge the Kinge of the maye games, 45. 4d.
Itm paid vnto Sertayne skotts thatt ther barcke was taken
awayes, j*
Itna gave a sodier that came oute of flanders the 24 June 6d,
Itna gave the Robin howde of S* cvllvms the lower [the Robin
Hood of St. Colomb Minor] by the apointment of m*"
tregena 55.
Itna p^ to ij power menne is.
Itiii p^ to noye the sodier 3s.
Itna p** ffor Reastinge [arresting] poudnance ffor fforstalinge the
market ^d,
Itna p*^ ffor a bucket and a newe shoUe [shovel] is.
Itm p** ffor mendinge the stocks ....
[About this time occurs this entry, at the end of a list of persons rated to
some benevolence :]
Thorns carpet*" for y« intermet at Carne stabba xvj^
[1592.]
[The seats in the church are to be let, and the rents thereof applied to
parijSi requirements :]
It is agreed upon this .... daye of mche Anno 1592 by the
whole xij men and xxiiij whose names here under are written
tuchinge the graunte and settinge of all the chaires w*** in o"^
churche of S* yees for the maintayninge and repayringe bothe of
y* churche and churche yearde wale, the Key and other nedefull
busines w^^ in the same towne and pishe
In pinis we have consented and agreed thatt euy man and
woman shall inioye and use the sayde chaires during there
naturall lyves, accordinge to a booke there of made, and rated,
where unto o"^ hands are subscrybed, and thatt the sayde Rate be
of euy one payde q'rterly, or w*^ in one monethe of the same, and
for defaulte of paymentt to be in the hands of the pishe againe,
to be sett att y« moste p'fitt.
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158 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
Recepts. — The accounte of [Thomas] Williams heade warden
An® 1592.
Ite' receiued of a foreste [stranger] barke for the londinge of hir
apples 25.
Ite' receiued of Joell hicks for sommer games i8s.
Ite* paide William Ots to geue to the soldiour los.
Ite' paide for a sworde and dagger for him gs, 6d.
Ite' paide for makinge speare heads and nailes to naile them 3s. 8d.
Ite' paide for mendinge the claper of the bell 2s. 8d.
Ite' geuen to 2 men taken by the Spaniards is.
Ite' geue to a man that gathered for men bornte withe powder 15.
Ite' paide for vitall for 5 men taken by the enemies and londed
her in a shippe of lyme [Lyme Regis] 3s. 4^.
Ite' paid to the ringers the carnation [coronation] daie and for
candles 6s. loi.
Ite paide William Ots for to pay for 2 passengers bounde to
Irelande whiche weare hosted at water treweks 3s. ^d.
Ite' M^ Ots to pay the muster M*" [muster-master] and druiner
ys. 6d.
Ite' paide for oile for the hames [armour] and oylinge them 6d.
Ite' geuen to a man that tooke loste by sea 6d.
Ite' geuen to a poore man that tooke loste by fier dwellinge neare
bodman gd.
Ite' paide for a hundred and halfe of reede to thacke the lazares
houses and for ropes 4s. 6d,
Ite' paide for butter and spices for Jenny Allen is. 6d.
Ite' paid for furses for hir is. ^d.
Ite' paid william ots for fletcheher our Soldiour i^^ los.
[The following entry possesses a general historical interest :]
Ite' paid George paine ffor his horse to carry campyon to Syr
Walter rolie to peryn 2s.
Ite' paid for ffoure yeards of dowlis to make fletcher a shorte
withe the makinge and thred 4s. gd.
[' Dowlis,' or * dowlais/ would seem to be some material of Welsh manu-
facture.]
Ite' paid william otes for his chargs to cary the soldiours to
Markegewe beinge three men is.
Ite' paid Steven quoite ffor makinge the bell ropes and for rushes
bread and drinke 2s.
Ite paid ffor strawe to heale the ij lazares bowses and Vden to
thache it 2s. 2d.
he paid to George mason ffor a dayes worke about the churche
and two men one day about S* lenards chappell 3s. 2d,
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 159
Ite' paide to the plommer for xiij'» of sowdier [s^der] and ffor
his paynes and one man to wa}^e uppon him ffor mendinge
the gutters 145. 6d.
Ite' paide M"^ Tregenna ffor halfe bushell of Coale 4^.
Ite' more paide ffor harde woode to bum amonste the coales 6d.
Ite' paide to a man of Irelande that had his barke stollen by
pirats 15.
Ite' bestowed in drincke uppon the tynners ffor digginge up the
stones w* in the key is. lod.
Ite' paide ffor a peare of breches ffor John the lasar is.
Ite' paide to John Kalamey ffor mendinge S* nicholas chappell
IS. 4i.
Ite' paide to another poore man that gathered dwellinge by este
bodman havinge syxe Justices hands to his commission 6d.
[/,€.<, having his begging-licence signed by six magistrates.]
Ite' paide to the shrieves men ffor Richard peeter beinge taken
w** the shreeues warrants at our lady feare [Our Lady's
Fair] 4s.
Ite* paide ffor makinge up the lazares Chimly is. 6d.
Ite' paide to M' nickols the precher los.
Ite' bestowed uppon M*" trenance the queenes Korroner one
gallone of wyne 2s. 4^.
Ite' paide ffor a Jerkin and a peare of breeches to John the
lazare 2s. ^d.
Ite' paide to James sterj'^ to pay the plommer to mende the
gutters of the churche ....
Ite' paide to m*" nicols the precher ffor his sermon 6s. 8rf.
Ite' paide to a man of Chester that gathered hauinge a commis-
sion ffrom my lorde Admirall 2s.
Ite* paide to John Shaplande to make a supplication to m*" Chiuer-
tonne ffor the poore children that be in towne 8rf.
Ite' paide to water hicks to carrj' the bastarde to burryan 6d.
Ite' paide to the Cutler to mende one of the leds of the clocke, lod.
[I594-]
Receipts for the parishe receyued by Henry Hickes heade
warden Anno 1594.
monnes taken out of the poore mens box :
Itgeuen to John the lazar is.
It to mary the lazer 2s.
Ir to Tregerthen to buie hime asherte and meat 4s. ^d.
1 1 to buie the poore maide clothes is. 2d.
Ir to John the lazer for afrise [frieze] breches 2s. 8d.
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i6o A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
It to the wedowe Jenken for apeare of shoes is. 3^.
It to Tregerthen for kandels 2d.
00 — 12 — 07
[I594-5-]
It paide to the souldars and a Oman that was taken by the
spanniards the 13^^ of may 2s. 6d,
Ite' paid the Welsheman for makinge Johan knights house ;is. ^d.
Ite' paid for Tregirthens, in bringinge downe his stuf and makingh
up his beade [bed] is.
Ite' paid for the redeminge of certayne prisoners 6d,
Ite' deliuered the church wardens to buy rushes 6s.
Ite' paid for a paire of shoes for Tregirthen 2s.
Ite' paid for a gowne for the said tregirthen 2s.
Ite' paid the 2 constables and John steuens in goynge to Truro,
for vewinge the come 6s.
It^ paid for lease for tregerthen is kowe is. gd,
\\ paide to Jenkine treuingy and philipe for whachinge [.matching]
of Henry Poter and his sonn in the stokes 2s. and for
makinge of ther metimas [mittimus] 6d,
[I595-]
P** for a stabell [staple] for the stockes 2d.
paid for a shroud for Aly Kreft is cister 2s. 6d.
paid to mr william trenwith for a poer oman that died in the ten
pite [tin-pit] for to healpe to by hier a shroud is.
paid to a poar man for the aspetall [hospiul] house of borfold
that had Harry Hex licence to gather the 25 of Aprill is.
I. payd for fyue haxads [hogsheads] 28s. 4^.
I. paid the ij day of July to 4 sowdgars that came out of ler
land ....
Ite' paid to m' Trevayon of keryhayes [Trevanion of Caerhays]
collector for the mamed soldyares for this yeare of our
lord 1595 xiij"
I. paid for mendinge of the koine [coign, corner] of the keaye 8s. 6d.
I. more dew to John goldsmyth fore casting of shott 2s. 6rf.
I. ther was deliverd the vickar at sent luks daie for Redemyinge
of cristians prisoners fr5 the captivitie of y« turcke xx*^ to
be p** at chap^ curte [chapter court] In gwendren churg xx**
M' that y« market plase is set to Rychard Peter for one yere for
a leven pound a yere : & to be paid quarterly : & the cotriefolke
y* bringethe come to y« towne in the myddest of y« weke : by the
Request of any of the Townes men for y« maynteynas of y*"
howssolde & comon weale : to be free of tole : payinge nothynge
for y* tyme.
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, i6i
[Here follows an almost illegible note to the effect that people begging in
the church are in future to receive only 6d, from the town fund.]
Itm p* to mgett bowssow for & yrishe peale [pale, pole] to make
a corball for ye pentise & a yrishe beame praysed by John
stevin & thorn" candrow & the worke men xvj*
M^ that y' is dewe to W" sm5^he for makynge nayles for y^ gret
pyce of ordinace in y« churche yerd & for ij spanges . . . •
[1596.]
[Certain old orders copied out by Mr. Hicks. A rate to be levied for
defence of the town against the Spaniards :]
Here folow certaine olde orders, made heretofore by the 12 :
and 24 men in severalle yeres of the Towne and Parish of S* yees
throughe out thys booke : I have colle[cted the same y* o' laws]
might y« Rather be found out :
The fy . . . . Janiver : [1596 Tho" Hicks hed] wardeyne y[tt
is] ordred and agreed [by the hed wardein] the 12 men and 24 :
that cute : whych is dewe [this present] yere : for Resystans of
the Enymye [as all soe] for fencynge of the churche and cr[enel-
ling ?] of ye churche yerd : All whyche monye [was not received]
p' Harrye Hycks : in hys yere : nor be ageine g[h ?]....
John James shall have full pov/^ to coUecte and Receve the
sayd cute to make up the doores of y® churche yard and of the
churche : and to take the Lawe agailist them y* refuse [to paye
their] dew in that cute.
Thorns Hycks ag[?].
[Persons who did not pay their share of the rate for resisting the Spaniards,
are to pay it towards the repair of the church :]
It is ordred and agreed by the consent of the 12 men and
24 Thoiiis hicks hed wardeine the 3 day of ... . 1596 Ano:
Elizabethe Regina 38 : that the cute and rate made through the
hole towne and pry'she of St. Yees in an^ : 1595 was aftr y« attept
made by the Spanyards up5 mowsholle newlyn and pezans :
povision of ordinace, shott and powder and other muniments to
resyst that Enimy : wh'che at that tyme thredned the distruction
of o' coin on weale (the w^ god en^ [ensure] keepe ex* [exalt] and
defend) the which cut and rate is p^ of many goode, well wyllers
to our como wealthe : as by the said boke more largely maye
appear: and the reste that hathe not p* the rate layd upo yi
severall and partycular hedds (in so dangerows a tyme) beynge
lafuUie sought and demanded to so goode uses as afore said as a
token and a syngne that shewethe ther carles [careless] harts and
hedds for to resyst that Enymye which thretned the Rewyne of
our towne ; and for that our churche windowes and churche yard
lyethe greatly in decaye at thys instant : therfore all suche as
II
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i52 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
are behynd and have not p* in that cute muste paye ther monies
to y^ new hedd warden John James, to repayre the decays afor
said : and for the none payment take the lawe, or to distrayn
them.
[How the parishioners are to contribute labour, in making up the ramparts
for the defence of the town against the Spaniards :]
The 23 daye of m isfoS ?] ytt was agrede w^^ the
consent of the xij & xxiv thatt the parysshe shall be devydide in to
viij pts every pte to be vnder the [command] of some one of the
xij men and macke uppe the bollw[orckes at] pormeare apointide
by S' [ffrauncis] godolphin and all soe suche other works as
are to be endyde a . . . . one the satterdayes and suche dayes
as the hedwarden Do [apointe] and every mane apointide
this daye & tyme to worke [?] defalte that any do
m
[A new seat to be made for the vicar :]
Vpon the sayings of m' bagewell y« vickar to have a pew
made for hym selfe to sytt in & y't it w* not covenient, y* y«
clarcke shuld syt wythe him : W™ Ots by y« assents of John
cockyn, George Hicks, Harrye Hicks, Thomas Candrowe,
Thomas James, John James & at the laste [?] came to y« hed
wardein Thorns Hicks y« v : day of septeber 1596 : to have hys
assent to y« makynge of y« said pewe : who all so agreyd ; &
poyyded 3^ teber y« ix*** of septeber & brought it to Rysse y^
Inner to make it up agenst Sonday next folowinge : we pmised so
to do : but dyd not make it y* weke : be caws of o' great works
in hand.
[The rate levied during Harry Hicks* portrievalty is to be applied to the
repair of the church ; *and in future distraint may be made for non-payment of
any rate levied by the Town Council :]
M' that it is ordred and agreed by the consent of the 12 men
the iij daye of October An® 1596 an^ Elizabethe 38, whose names
be here under wretten that y« cut and rate made in harry bycks
yere shalbe collected and p* to the mendinge of the churche
wyndowes and churge yard to the new hed Wardeine w^ is to be
chosen or to take y^ lawe for y« none payment therof or to straine
them for the same and the lyeke is agreed for any order or rate
thatt shalbe hereafter agreed upon by the twelfe men or thee
greattyst p** therof for y« bett maytenace of any things to be
done in our comon weale and y« costable in any cute made for
the queues maiestie : or her service : throughe towne and prishe
to strayne for none payment : being lafully demanded and not y^
hedwardeine.
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 163
Here folow*^ ye detts dew to be paid wclie Thoins hicke 3^^
warden Receved his yere not answered as folow^** 1596 :
for halfe a hundred of hadche nailes vj^ & all so for chymals to
ye great chest in y^ churche, xx^
to y® great pice ordinace in y^ churche yard : & for the makynge
of ye spange for 5^® trap & churche style vij^
[The churchyard wall was fortitied with a great gun, to command the
entrance to the harbour.]
Thomas hicks chosen hedwarden an® 1596 an<^ Regine Eliza-
bethe 38.
The accompt of Thoins Hicks Towne Warden the yere of our
lord god 1596: as folowithe
Harry Hendra and Harry Baylye churche wardens : they have
not p^ nothing thys yere to the hed wardeine nor yet levelled or
satysfyed theyr accopt Dew towards the parisshe.
hei-e folowithe the Receyptes :
Itin Recevid in the whole for Wylliii Teake is goods : bequethed
to the Relyffe of the poore of the tow : and pfyshe of
S* yees xxvj" iij^
Itm Recevid of margett boussow for a bequethe given by her
hosband John boussow to y^ stoare of S* yees churge xx"
[t\e. to the poor-fund of the church.]
Itiii Recevid of harry hendra for spale [spell] of too dayes : about
the boulwarke xij**
Itin Recevid by the booke of Rate made in harry hycks is yere
by the 12 and 24 for povicion of ordynances powder shott :
for to resyst the Spaniards as by the said booke more largely
may appear Iv"
Charges hereafter folio wy the I596 :
Itin payd to Eden y* sexton and Job and trewens to gay'^ [gather]
strawe throughe the prishe and to make Roaps to dres
and mend ye lazy's howsses and fynd them selfes ij"
Itin p* to a cople of women that shrowded y® lazar John Nyclis :
and ther breake faste y* tyme vj"
Itin p* to a pore lame sowldior hurted in the quenes servyce in
yrland having a lisens viij**
[t\e. a license to beg.]
Itin p* to a poore ma y* hade lysens to gay' for bumyg of his
hows vj^
Itiii p** to Joane nyclis for the Kepinge of ye lazar her sone in the
tyme of hys syckenes vj*
Itin p^ to the Ryngers and y' meate and drink ye quenes vj" viij*
II— 2
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i64 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Itm p* for talowe for the belles y* tyme iij^
Itin p^ to mychell tanckyn pte of the paymet for the new makynge
of the coler for ye bell clapp' xj*
Itin p^ to dewen and his wiffe and his wyffes syster at to several!
tymes in breade xij*
Itin p^ to ye olde vickar Stafford to pay at y® chapt' curte [chapter
court] at gwendren for redemynge of criste prison" fr5
ye turke xx**
[for redeeming of Christian prisoners from the Turk.]
Itffi p* for tember nayles and to a laborer to mend the poore is
doore by the churge yerd agenst cristm" and aftrwkrd
againe broken by men of warre [soldiers] sekin way y' in vij**
Itin p* to Richard is brdth' and fynd him selfe for xvij days and
halfe xij"
Itin p* to grygorie is soiie and fynd hym selfe ix*
Itin p** to the too carpenters for viij days worke and a halfe about
the pentise and fynd them selves xvij"
[' pentise '= penthouse.]
Itm p^ to Rysse ye Juner D'oiner] for iiij pices of tember for ye
style by the porche doore ij" vj**
[t,e. the gate by the porch on the south side of the church.]
Itin p^ to a laborer to gay' strawe and to make strawen roaps to
mend Joane Wats the lazar ys hows the second tyme,
broken down w* cattell and fynd hym selfe xij*
Itin p* for W"* teake is shrowd and thred iij" v**
Itin p* for hys grave to ye wardeine iij" iiij^
Itin p** to iij wemen to watche ye corps y* night xij^
Itin p^ to the olde vickar for candells bread and drincke for ye
watchers and other dewtyes dew to y^ vycker xvj*
[These were evidently remains of pre-Reformation customs, in connection
with burials and the vicar's dues.]
Itin p* to Roger fyssher at cristm» for kepyng a bastard to lew"
whorlie is s'vant y* kome in to yrland ij"
Itm p* to Lew" whorlie for iij quarts of wine bestow^ upo
s' frances godolphin ij"
Itin p^ to Elizabethe baylye for kepinge of & oy' [another] whore
is bastard one trevorow is daughter ij"
Itin p^ to Stevin Jacka is wyfe for ye kepinge of W™ teke in his
syckenes & for a bequeth y* he gave her vj*
Itin p* to W"» hyll and Jenet Jenckyn ye blind woma' y* tyde xij^
Itin p** to ye poore wome' by ye churche yerd that tyme xij^
Itin p^ to Annes Hendra & aiies boleine to poore widow" xij^
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■-■^.■u.^.^^
THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS. 165
Itiii p* for too packs of Russhes agenst cristm" xvj*
[t.e, to strew on the floor of the church.]
Itiii p* to takabu' is sone to carye y« armor to y« mvster iij*
I tin p* to harry Edward for y® mvste"^ m"^ [Muster Master] whiche
trained y« soldiors & dromer iiij"
Itiii p* to W™ Wolcok for a trusse of strawe for y^ dome [earthen]
wall of the pentysse xvj*
Itm p^ for a pynt of metheklan [metheglin, mead] upo John
shapland when he wrote y^ townes letter to James Deynam
iij*
Itin del}rvered to bowyer & W™ hyll about shroft tyde to loavs
bred iiij*
Itiii p* to ye broade seall grated to gay' for y« m'r shall sea
[Marshalsea] for Relyve of prysoners xviij**
Itin p* to a cople of men one owt of camell forth [Camelfordj
and other out of geran in the presens of Thom" W™ w*
had lysens xij*
Itiii p to John Trerye for kepinge of borweniks orphat [orphan]
for one quart of y* yere vij"
Itm p* to W™ barett about Ester Weke for y« Rate made by the
Justices for wheat & other victaylle for y« queues maiest"
flete at Plemowthe iij" iiij*
The Accopt of George paine Towne Warden for the yeare of
our Lorde 1591 as foUoweth
The Resepts
Reseved of Thom* James his sonn' being Somer kinge x^
Reseved of will™ Stirrie kinge of the maye game this yere xiij^ vij*
Ite' p* to the Ringers the Crownacion Daye viijs
Ite' for making of John Saundrie the Lazer mans house xij*
Ite* for the makinge of dore & domes xij*
Ite' to the Smj^h for ire[iron]worke viij*
Ite' to the mason for settinge the same Domes vj*
Ite' p* to one to seme him iij*
Ite' for mending the same howse xij*
Ite' for kooping for the same howse iij*
Ite' for iij Irishe bords one poss & naills & for makinge of his
Bedsteade xx*
Ite' for a Locke & keye for his howse vij*
Ite' againe for mendinge the same how^ iiij*
Ite' p* towards the Byinge of his Shrowde vij*
Ite' p* for makinge of the pore woomans howse at Senner iiij^
Ite' p* Will™ barret for tymber for the howse ix*
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i66 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Ite' p^ Towards the healynge of the pore wooman x*
Ite' p^ to Rychard woolcock for Bringinge of flecher to the gaille
iijs iiijd
Itin pd to Simon Kockwill for tymber to builde Phillip the Lazar
mans howse ijs viij**
Ite' for a hundred & halfe of Strowe iiij* vj*^
Ite' for kopinge vj^
Ite' for a Clavell for the chimlye viij^
Ite' for ty'bre for the Domes vj^
Ite' for iij Irishe bords for the dore xij^
Ite' for Ire geare [iron-work] ix^
Ite' for makinge of the howse viij*
Ite' pd to Goite for makinge the dore & domes xij*^
Ite' for a locke & keye vij*^
Ite' p* to Currie for appeltre boughes for to laye on the same
howse ij^
Ite' for a dossen & halfe of furse to cover the same howse vj"
Ite' for furse for the churchyard walle ij*
Ite' geven to a preacher in the Lent vjs viij*
Ite* geven to Wills when he went in the Queenes Shipp xij*
Ite' for mendinge of the Clocke iiij^
Ite' for a payre of Shoosse for John Kilby xviij**
Itm p^ to W"" Otts for ye chargs of ye drom^ at y^ grene in y^
tyme of mowstrige [mustering] vj*
Itm p^ to harry Trenw* for mendinge of y« droome iijs iiij^
It' p* for ye too armed mens supp'^ at marhasyow 23 Junij vij*^
It' p^ to W™ Prade for fees ye fyrst curte : for declaracyons & a
destringo to brynge pet' [Peters] in to y® curte iijs iiij^
It' p^ to m'^ Tregosse for hyghe Rent of y® mkett hows the hole
yere iiij^
It' p^ for chargs at sent Erthe at ye hundred curte y^ holden in
harrye baylye is defens agenst tamkyn & for Judgemet &
execucion & the Juries dew y^ curte vs
It' pd to ye glaciar for medinge ye ghurge wyndows this yere
1596, vs
It' pd for Evden ye sextos meate waytyng to dayes up5 ye glaziar
in bringyng woode & caryng ye lader to & fro vj^
It' p^ about Whytsonetyte to ye cutler hardinge for medinge y*^
too picks hedds xv^*
It' p^ to a laborer for to days to sett posses in ye grownd for ye
moryng of shippinge & fynd him selfe xij^
It' p^ for meate thys quart at mygellms for borweneks child vijs
It' p^ to the mehamed [maimed] sowldiors to M*" Vyvian xiij^
It' p^ to the Archerye for defawlte in shotynge ij* vj^
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS. 167
It' pd for ye too westkotts y^ mazons dener when they came to
vew y® churge wyndowe y* 3 of October viij^
It' pd to marget boussow for tember to make m^ vikar ys new
pew or chayre & other more tember iij^ iiijd
[I597-]
The Accounte of hedwarden and of the xij & xxiiijo^
of the towne & parrishe of St. Yues for one hole yeere ended at
the feaste of St. Michaell the Arcke Angle : A^ p^
Item Rec^ of Stephen Barbar for pte of the profitt made by the
Sommer games remayninge in his hands vjs
Payments. Michaellmas quarter. Inpmis p* two poore men to
carrye the coffyn or beare up to Treloighan, and bring-
inge Will"" hill to his grave beinge a poore man of the
parrishe ij^
Item p* for Reede for the poore lazars housen iiij*
Item p** for thatchinge ther housen vj*
Item p^ for bringinge the Stones of the church wyndowe to hele
[to be mended] vj^
Item p* 4 men to helpe downe the stones at lalante vj*
12 dec : Item p* will™ fferys the mason, for hewinge the church-
windowe is Stones, in p^® of paymente 1^
Item p^ the Glasyer Affabell Androwe in full paym^^ for glasynge
the churche windowes xxxij" vj*
Item p^ for neats oyle to anoyle the clocke & bells vj**
Item p* Will™ Thomas for the Iron Worcke of the churche
windowes vij^ vj**
Item p* for amendinge the stocks vj**
F* for bread for the comunyon at xrimas ij^
[1599?]
[Burgesses failing to attend the council meetings are to be fined : — I
24 die februarij [1599 ?]
Rich:
It is agreede and ordered by the porthreeve and the [xij and
xxiiij] then present, that if any of the xij shoulde refeucse for to
com to the markett house, for the makinge of good lawes and
orders, and for the common wealthe of this towne and parrishe,
either the Quens ma^i^s Service, or towne occasions, beinge ther-
unto requyed or sumoned, in the pishe churche, as heretofore
hath bene accustomed, shall forfeyte three Shillings and iiij^ for
euy suche defaulte, to be distrained by the port riff, hys Deputie
or deputys : except such pson have Sufficient and lawfull cause
to be absent, to be levyed to the townes use, by the Porthreeve
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i68 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
or his deputy ; and the 24^^ Hkewies makinge defaulte, upon the
like occasyons, to forfeyte xij* for euye defaulte, to be levyed as
before
P.me Ric : Tregosse thomas william
Willm Trevnw^ • Sign. Johis : James
John Cockyns John Ryche Portryffe
George hickes John tregenna
[autographs]
[1600 ?]
Mr Willm Trevnw^ii of Trenw* hath licensyd us the prisheners
of S^e yees to fetche upon his land att pripter iij or iiij boetes
. ladings of stones for the makin of anew penthouse or lenatt aganst
the churche wall Wittnes of henry hickes and John Steven
henry vune.
[* Pripter '=Baripter, or rather Porthripter, a cove south-east of Porthminster.]
[1602.]
James olcoke [Woolcock] portrefe Resevede of the parishe is
moneys the some of ... .
Itm paide the carnasyon Daye to the Ringers vjs viij<i
Itin paide whin we weare Ratynge of the sobesedye iij^
Itiii paide whin we weare Restede by will"* otes xx*^
Itm paid whin we did appeare the firste korte ij^
Itm paide when we weare Ratynge of the sopsedye iijs vj^
[No refuse to be deposited above high-water mark. A meeting of all the
burgesses called for the 6th of next November :— ]
an® 1602
James Wolcocke portreeve of this towne and parishe, as-
semblinge the xij of the same towne and pishe and moste of the
xxiiij, by ther mutual agreem^ doe order and adiudge that what
pson or psons soever shall pmytt and suflfer his worcke folcke to
carrye or putt Garboyle or gutts or other noysom thinge above
full sea marcke shall paye and forfeyte unto the townes behalf v^
of good and lawfull monye of England, to be taken and distrayned
of ther goods and cattails.
And also ther order was taken by the said portreeve and his
brethren that the said portreeve and the xij and xxiiij shall all
holelye meete at the markett house on Saterdaye the sixthe daye
of November nexte, by xij of the clocke, at hie noone to confer of
other matters concerninge the good estate and welfare of this
towne, and who then shall be absent excepte he be in her ma^*^^
service, or sicke, or have som urgent occasyon to the contrarye,
shall likewies paye and forfeyte v^ to be levyed as before s^
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS. 169
James wolcocke sign. Johis James
John cockyns John Ryche
Thomas hyxte Richarde candrowe
Tho : William Thomas James
John Steven
[Any chief burgess presuming to order public affairs independently of his
brethren, shall be dismissed from office :— ]
270 die Decembris A^ Rni dfle Eliz' xlv [1603].
The xij and xxiiij of this towne and pishe do thes daye order
agree and establishe, that ife at any tyme hereafter, anyone of the
xij or xxiiij do by himselfe or by or w^*^ any other directlye or
Indirectelye procure, abett or counsel], in any manner of wies, or
by any meanes, to the preiudice, hurte or hinderaunce of any the
Immunityes, freedoms, franchesies or liberties of this towne, or
will seeme to swaye and Rule, decree and make lawes, of himselfe,
and after his owne private mynde and will w* oute the full and
psent assent of other the xij and 24°^ as hath in former tynies
and ages bene accustomed, agreable to her Mamies lawes, such
psons, either of the 12 or 24, w^^ ther confederats, to be exempted,
excluded and set oute of the number of the 12 and 24, and others
of better knowledge, for reform aCon, and better govermn^ in ther
roomes, and places appoynted and placed.
Wch 12 we do nomynate and agree uppon, to be, as
foUoW^e
Richard Tregose gen John James
Will"" Trevnw^e gefi flT^R ^h^*^^
Will- Ceelye ge§ Richard^ candrowe
ohn Tregenna gen Thomas James
ohn Cockyns Richarde Hicks
ohn Steven _ Wm Pitt ^
"homas Willin Georgius Payne gren
ohn Hexte pg^g,. Jagowe geri ^
George Hicks ^jum ^Borthogge geS
Thomas Toman ^yj^n Hechins
The Accounte of John Ryche portheryve, by and after the
deathe of James Wolcocke chosen porthryve at Michas 1592 :
and dyed nere aboute s^ Nicholas Tyde then Immediatelye fol-
lowinge, & John Ryche supplyed the Rome vntill Michaellmas
then followinge An^ dol 1603.
[1603.]
P* Jenken Trevingye the 18 of mche for pavem^^ stones is. 6d.
Spente uppon Nicholas Bosithiowe & Thomas Brothers 24 of
Marche in dryncke, for clensinge the ordynaunce 3^.
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I70 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
P^ a soldier of lalant that came owte of lerland by the consente
of the hole 12 : 2s. 6d.
P^ Grace lewes [wife of Lewis Hurley vintner] the laste of marche
for o^ cap ten & his mans dynner when he came to pro-
clayme o^ king [James I.] . . . .
F* Grace Hurlye for a pottle of Wyne at her house uppon
pcfeymynge and publishinge the pclamacion in prynte ....
payde then for paper to copye the pclamacion id.
p^ to carrye a wanderer before M*" harry s is.
p* to one when we sente him awaye w^ a passe 3d.
P* sargeant Maio*" at mchasiewe greene assention daye 5s. 8rf.
P^ for tymber to make a cradell for the towre ys.
P* John Pawle the 22 of June in p^^ of paym*^ for dressinge the
towre 3^^
p* captayne Jonson vf^^ came owte of Irel^ hurte 55.
p^ for two rapyers deliued the maryners laste preste 6s. 8d.
p^ for a soldiers apparell preste for this towne at mydsommer
laste ws 12 monthes 4s. 8d.
^ then for dryncke for them 6d.
p* danyell Sprigge for [makinge the cuckinge stoole & all things
therto belonginge 5s. Sd?.
[The ducking-stool for the punishment of scolds]
p* danyell Sprigge for heddinge the drumbe 8s.
p* Jo : cowga for clensinge the parishe corsletts is.
[Regulations for prevention of the plague. No inhabitant may receive a
stranger coming from an infected district. Persons arriving by sea at
Saint Ives from an infected district, are to remain in their ships : — ]
Septembris [1603].
It is ordered and agreed by the porthreeve and the xij men
and others of the better sorte, and the 24 of the said towne and
pishe of St. les, That for the better prevencion of the plague, w<*
by the visitacion of almightye god extreamelye raigneth in this
o'^ Realme in divers citties, townes, placs and parishes (the lord
of his greate mercye spedilye remove and staye it) and in regard
diuse persons aswell by sea as by land, may hereafter comynge
from these places where the Sicknes and plague no we is, maye
by ther accesse and comy'g nye to o^ towne or pishe of St. les,
endaunger o'" estats, and enthrall us in this mortalitye and sicknes,
it is therefore ordred and agreed that if any pson or psons with in
this towne or pishe shall hereafter in this pres^ tyme of sicknes
lodge, entertayne or receyve into his house any such pson or
psons comynge from such infected placs, such ptye or pson so
offending, of o^ Inhabitants, shall paye and forfeyte xiijs iiijd to
be levyed and taken of his goods and cattails, and if any such
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 171
Inhabitante chaunce by such his or her entertaynmente to bringe
the said sicknes into their housen, ther doares ar to be nayled
up, and to be barred from coinon societye
Also it is farther agreed and ordred, that if any person or
persons shall happen to aryve whin or port or Kaye of St. les,
comynge from such placs of sickenes, whin this tyme of daunger
of the same, such person or psons so aryvinge, uppon examynacon
found of ther directe comynge from such place of sicknes, shall
be by the porthreve for the tyme being and such as he shall
associate unto himself Entreate such pson or psons so ar>'ving
into or said porte or Kaye to staye whin shippe, bark, Boate
or vessell wherin he sayled, and if he refuse to staye and remayne
therin w^ his companye, he shall be enforced herunto, and con-
tynuinge his contumacye herin shall be caryed before o^ Kings
Maties Justis of the Peace, to be reformed and punnished accord-
inge to the lawes, and such pson or psons whin o'" towne or pishe
receyvinge them into his or her housen as ther guest, shall forfeyt
and paye as before xiijs iiijd and be debarred as before of comon
societye.
Provided nevertheles, that such pson or psons so aryvinge
and remayninge in ther vessels by the order abovesaid shall have
broughte them what they shall need or wante, that o"^ towne or
pishe shall yeld for the supplyinge ther necessities, by the order
of the sd. Porth Reve and his brethren.
[Fine for importing beer into the port :— ]
It is also agreed and ordered that such person or persons
whin o^ towne as shall hereafter buy, to sell agayne by waye of
retayle any barrell of Bristowe beere or any other Beere, brought
into o^ towne, by any manner of shippinge, from and after this o'"
present order, consideringe that o^ Beere and Ale made whin o^
towne is by coinon experience found as good and healthfuU to
mens Bodyes, and rather more. That such person or psons so
buyinge the said Brisowe or other here, broughte here by shippinge,
to be uttred and sold agayne, shall forfeyte and paye ij^ for euye
Barrell of Beere or pte of such barell, fyrken, or smale quantitye
of such beere whatsoeu', by any colorable means whatsoeu' after
this notyce and knowledge to them therof given : w<^ sayde fyne
Peanaltye and forfeyture shalbe duelye collected, and accounted
for and employed to the use of the poore, of this o'^ towne and
pishe
[In the margin is this entry :— 1
2® Ocf 1603. Thos wh)^e, for 3 barles of Glocester Beere in
mia^ for the firste offence i8d.
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172 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
[1604-5.]
Paymts P^ Jo : Stephen for counsell taken in the graunte of the
mkett house 5s.
P^ a messenger who carryed a tre [letter] to London is.
paide to John Nance for wyne uppon M' chiverton 8d.
paide Lews hurlie for a pottell of wyne upon m^ pker is. 4^.
paid unto M"^ hals men for the maymed souldiours and for their
chargis iijs or els they wold have had a barrell of herringe
of John stevins if I wold not have paide them iij* more
IIS.
Ite' paide John Rawe for stoppinge the holls in the churche
wals 6d.
paide to a poore souldier that came from Irelande ^d.
paide Another soldier that came from Irelande ^d,
paide Thomas William for vjc of latte nailes for the churche is.
paide to Roger tackaburde to goe to helston 6i.
paide to John stevin & m^ borthoga to goe to trero 4s.
paide to william launder for goinge to London 4s.
P** for the copye of marchasiewe charter is.
P^ also to Richarde Hockins one of the churche wardens, in full
paymte of his demaund, beside he is to take up, for 3 graves
to himselfe 13s. 4^.-105. 6d.
P* also unto W™ the goldsmitbe, in pte of his wags for kepinge
the leds, att michaellm^ qrter is. gd.
P* unto capt'^ dufiild in expence uppon M^ E^ duffild, by the
better sorte of the parrishe 5s.
Itm Receved from the king and queue [of the Summer Games] 22*
Itin Receued of harrye sterie for landing of adam Apell 3^ 4**
Itin receued of Thomas worte for landing of apell 3s 4^
Receyved of Bersaba hicks besides los. p* to George Webber and
Saundrye Pencaste for a hogsett of smale wyne given to
the parrishe i^i
Paymts Paide M^ Praed for a replevyn when M^ Tregosse dis-
trayned a quarter of beiffe from Trevascus 6i.
Paid danyell Sprigge to amend the drom 6d.
P* for the Kings Armes in the churche i6s. ^d.
P* catherj'n Hake lyinge in the markett house longe sicke
IS. 3^.
P* M^ Praed by commandm^e of the Justics to a muster maister
one capt : BiUings paym^^ i6s.
P* for a Poste for the compas in the Hand 4d.
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, i73
Item p** in expence at o'" burgeis goinge to London jd.
Item p** a messenger for bringinge a L're from o«* burgeis 6i.
Item Bestowed one counsellor Mitchell in monye & Wyne 6s. lod.
[1606-7.]
Thomas Will™ chosen portrive the 5 of October 1606.
P* Hughe MurfiU for kepinge cleane the armor of the pishe ....
The Kaye Wardens vzt Teage Jerman and Tho : Kittowe broughte
in accounte of 5'^ 2s. loi. they crave allowaunce of 2^i 4s.
p^ owte aboute the kaye. Remaynes 2^^ i8s. lod, and a
fez [barrel] of Salte to be p* by W™ hechins. Afterwardes
they crave allowaunce as p^ George Hicks for lendinge a
windles 8d. And to Henrye Hicks for a hammer a Shever
& blocke 6d. and yett remaynes 2^^ 17s. 8d. And yett they
take allowaunce of 15^. wherof the frenchmen dece3rved
them in frenche monye. rem. 2^i i6s. 5^.
[1608.]
Item p^ Perro & Parkin for amendinge the cliffe by my house 2s.
Item p^ for tymber to binde the worke from slydinge 3s.
Remaynes due to the Portryve 3s. id. wch he acknowledgeth to
have receyved in the receyts for the white lyminge the
church e 2S. 6rf. more than he paid in.
the 24^^^ of October 1608.
Will™ ceelye gefl chosen porthryve
Note also ther was charged by Bande [bond] wherein Jo : cokyns
& Richarde candrowe were bounde to Jo : Steven aboute
Midsommer laste 1607, 24^^ beinge for m'' Masters dett
more due to Ric candrowe for the loste of cattail, taken
by Jo : Steven p' execucon for masters dett beinge his
suertye 9^^
Payments : Inprimis p** unto m^ Tho : Trigges vicar of Gwinnyer
for his dynner and for his frindes, w^^ ther wyne, when he
gave us a Sermon grats 4s.
Item more at his nexte Sermon, for his paynes & dynner 65. 6d.
Item p^ Mr JeiFryes & his frindes for ther dynner & wine at a
sermon tyme when he preached here 3s. 6d.
Item p** for the cariadge of the Bell to Gulvall 55.
Item p** ffoxe the Apparitor for the discharge of the churchwardens
uppon breache of a Canon 2s.
[They must have had a terrible blowing ap !]
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174 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Item p** the Bell casters in pte of ther labors for castinge the
Middle Bell ili 55. lod.
Item p^ an old debet left to paye when Jo: Steven & George
Hicks went owte of the constableshipp, for the countye
stocke & maymed souldiers i6s. 3^. & the K. pvisn 4s. ; to
the drommer & the clarck of the bafld at 2 tymes 3s. &
other paym^ in 2 yeres ex**
[1612.]
William Pett is chosen Porttrilfe in the year 1612 at megelmas
by the consent of the her vnder written
Mr William Ceelie Richard Candrowe
M"^ John heckes Joell hekes
John stevins Edward Player
George heckes John harbor
Hendri heckes hendri bayllefe
William hechins Thomas watti
Richard Petter
Will" Borthogge gen chosen porthryve [1613.] P* Jo : Sprigge
the fee agreed to be paide him heretofore w^ was not p^
in this 2 yeres paste but this yeere was 4s.
of the abovesaide som the said Porth Ryve p^ Jo : Stephen the
couste to wardes the paym^« of the countye stocks &
maymed souldiers the laste yere i^i 155. iid.
p^ for candles the Kings Ringinge daye 6**
p** when a messenger came w*** my L : of Pembroks tre gd. [Lord
Pembroke's letter.]
Spent wth consent of the 12 when the towne burges was chosen
for & for waxe 3" 9^
xxiij** die Octobris anno 1613.
John Barbar Kaye warden, his accounte.
F* Henrye Bailye for flfyve poles for the kaye ....
p*^ ij laborers for caryinge up of Stones iij ....
1613-4.
p^ for trusses of Ifurces aboute the kaye iij ....
p^ for cleeringe the sand from the posses xij**
p'^ Henrye Hickes for his wages i2d., for skikes I2d. — ijs.
Summa • . . •
and the said John Barber paid in Readye monye iiij^
Summa ....
So M*" Borthogge (as appereth) hath Receyved in all x^ and is
allowed of iij^ iiij": so he is to paye Henrye Hicks the 23**** of
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS. 175
October 1614 chosen port Ryfe vij" who then and ther paide the
clarcke
so Remaynes vij"
and paide the Nowe porthreeve in the towne hale iiijl^
and W Borthogge yett oweth to be paide Iviij^
and the porthryve by the consent of the 12 paid the poore
Sexton xij*^
8° Jan : 1614. NoTa xij**°* cum preposito predeo hoc a^ Pre-
positus : Henric" Hickes.
Richard Tregosse esqr' George Willm' ^
Thomas Trevnwthe de Willm Borthogge gen
Trevnw**^® esq' -.^ Will™ huchins
Willms celye geS Richard Anne.
Johes Hexte ge§ Thom- Purefoye
Johes Stevens & p^^^
Thom- Trevnw«'« of Tre- l^ ^^"
, ^ James Stearye
valgan geri Lewes Hurlye.
George Hicks
[1614.]
The Porthrive and the greateste number of the xij above
written, w*^ the goode lykinge of M' Pestle our vicar, do agree
and give ther consent that the above named M^ Celye shall have,
sitt in and enioye, aswell by himself, his familye and frindes, a fitt
and necessarye place to make either pewe or pewes in the sowthe
parte of the middle chauncell, where the organs be, so as the
said Will™ [Celye] at his owne coste shall buylde and make up
the same.
[1615.]
[From the following note it would appear that in 161 5 the Vicar and the
Portrieve were allowed to choose the chief councilmen : — ]
The names of the xij newlye chosen viz 21 Maij 1615 : w*^ the
free and full consent of the most cheifeste Inhabitants then and
ther present, who referred the choice of them to the Election and
chosing of M^ Nicodem" Pestle o^ vicar, and Henrye Hicks o''
present portryve.
[Then follow the names of those appointed.]
At w^ meetinge, and after such choice had and made it was
then and ther ordered, that if uppon euye laufuU sumonaunce or
warninge made in the pishe churche or at ther houses by the
portryve or his lauful depute for the xij and xxiiij to repayre to
the towne hale, for the doinge the Kings service or other townes
busynes, who then of the xij shall make defaulte or departe from
the towne hale, withowte lawful dimission or iuste excuse of the
portryve shall be distrayned and the fyne of iij" iiij^ shall be levied
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176 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
uppon them & either of them for any the causes aforesaid, and
any of the 24 for ther like or either such ther defaulte shall be
distrayned & xij^ shall be levied of such of them making such
defaulte. And it is also ordered that if the Port Ryve for the
tyme being shall not levye by himself or his lawfuU Deputye such
fynes as shall so be due, by such defaulte aforsaid shall wthin xx'^
dayes after such defaulte shall likewies forfeyte vj' viij*^ to be
levyed uppon him or his goodes, if he neglecte to collecte & levye
the forsaid fynes, uppon such ofFendors as aforsaid.
[Then follow the signatures.]
John Maye of Bodmyn for 4" los. to be p* him & i2d. given him
in earnest to New caste o*" bigger Bell : and the townes men to
J. • . . molte the Meetall and drye the molde : and uppon this
.... also newe bolte the middle Bell, taking lod. for ech
poundes waighte more then o"^ Bell will yelde.
Item p^ for strikinge downe the Bell and hanginge up the same
xviij**
Item p^ the Bell founder when the bargaine was concluded xij*^
Item p^ a captaine for respite of poste horses who came to serche
for pirates v"
Item p^ for drawinge a petition vj*^ to S^ Josephe killigrewe for
easinge the porte farme and to carrye a tre to Mousehole
vj* & to carrye the peticion vj^ to Godolphin xviij*
More he p^ unto Will™ Hechins and Humfrye Anderdon the
churchwardens when they concluded and bargayned w^
the bell founders for casting the leds of o' churche xxviij"
More p** M' Paynter the constable for attendaunce aboute the
Spanyards by direction of M'^ Tregosse & other the chiefe
of o^ towne x"
[Then follows a note of charges :]
P* owte by Jo : Barber aboute the chaple at the end of the kaye.
[1616.]
[charges for masons' work. The top is worn away : — ]
Item paid for vj trusses of furs to burne the worke ....
Item paid for a Seaue [sieve] to sifte the lyme ....
Item paid Richard Jermon for castinge the sand from the church
hay wall and for caryinge the Scaffold tymber ix*^
J At this time the day for the election of the Mayor and Burgesses was the
ay after Saint Luke*s Day, as appears from the following Memorandum.
The date was in 1620 shifted to the ist November :— ]
Md' that it was genallye mencioned that the sondaye after
S*'* Luke is daye is the daye of election of the Porthrife, w*^ this
yeere was the xx*^® of October 1616 w*^ verye daye was the Porth-
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS. 177
ryfe newe chosen by the moste parte of the xxiiij wzl Thorn'
Purfoye.
James Stearye porthrife the laste yere yeldeth in his accounte
as foUowethe: He Receyved xl' vj^ as appereth in the other
Margent.
F* 3 dartmoth men who loste their ship xij**
P* for gravell sett at Treloyhan 18 feby xviij*
P* Tho: Poole the x*** of Aprill laste for counsell fees for
removing M' Hals is children v'
P* Thoiiis the Welshman for carying poste tres 8 Julij ....
P* for amending the drom 3° Oct' 1616.
More James Stearye rec^ of Henrye Shapland and Eliz* Taylor
lorde & ladye att the Sommer games x" wherof p^ Henry
Shapland to helpe make a maye pole — unto a la . ... &
viij' to pay sergeaunte maior
[In an account for work done to the quay occurs this : — ]
Item for 2 mawnds [shallow baskets] to carrye awaye the
gravell xv**
[1617.]
P* for making the cover of comunion cup more then Trewyke
P^ 55-
P* to two poore Grecians 45.
P* for a beame for the pillorye 35. 4^.
F* the organ iste 5s.
P^ to George Hicks for cleering the posts for the mooringe the
shipping 45.
more for pitching downe a poste 4^.
[1618.]
F* daniell Sprig for amending the drom 15.
P^ Ed : Player for amendinge the towne chest 2s. 6rf.
P** the sexton for 3 weks work ab^ the organs gs.
P* Ed : Player for nayles & spyks for y^ organs 15. 4^.
P^ unto Mr Alex^ Harrye the preacher is.
P^ unto M^ Phippen when he preached 55.
P** for the marshalls fee to carrye awaye Rogs is.
P^ towardes the amending of y^ organs more then I Rec^ i^^ is. lod.
John Sprigge chosen portryve xxv<> Octob: 1618 contracted
w'^ John Barber to be Warden of y^ kaye for this nexte yeere for
the rent of iiij^» x^ : & if at the yeres ende he uppon his creditt
confydentlye do affyrme that he be no gayner he shall satisfye
but the 4ii
12
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178 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
[1619.]
P^ M^" Harris the preacher for 2 sermons by order of the xij in
Maye 6s.
P* for hedding the drom & strapping thesame another tyme 4s. 6rf.
F* M"^ Morcumbe a preacher los. & M^ Harris a nother preacher
65. 8d.—i6s. 8d.
Item my Hire this yere for two yeres agreed by the xij men 8s.
Primo die Novembris Anno rni dol nri Jacobi Dei gra regis
nunc Angl &c xvijo et Scotie liij^ 1619.
Att this tyme of Meeting, W" Trevnwth« gent the Sondaye
sennighte laste paste beinge chosen Porthreve, and John Barber
the laste yere kaye warden not cominge to the towne hale to
passe his accounte & nowe this daye at this newe meting the said
Jo : Barber came not to the hale but sent x^ in monye & a note
of xvjs laid foorth tow^s the repayringe the chaple by the kaye,
and the viewe and wardenship of thesaid kaye is graunted over to
Richard Lynten for v^* v^ his yere to begyn from on Sondaye laste
was sennighte & so Jo : Barber to be Accounteable for the laste
weke to the warden nowe of all profitts receyved.
And it is agreed for all ships & Barcks hencfforth taking
Sandes for Ballaste ther Ship or Barcke to paye w^h hath a
Top ijs, the barcke w<* hath no 3^. all straungers w** laye ther
hogsetts of fishe or lyme on the peere or kaye to paye for ech
tonne ij** : no boats to be ther laid w*** owte composicion w^^ the
kay warden ; All yrishmen landing hencfforth ther loades or
Burden of tymber ijs ij^ & ballaste of Sand to be taken at this
charge if they liste to take it : And all such Bullocks as ar from
owte of yreland here landed to paye for ech buUocke id. & for ech
hors or mare excepte it be one or 2 for private Ryding ij^ : And
no garbage or shels or swepage to be Emted w**^" the kaye uppon
payne of xx" : & none wthout the kaye uppon payne of x" all
ballaste of Stones here to be Landed to belonge to the kaye
warden.
Richard Amyt. L?] Willm Trevnw^. George Hicks.
John Steuen. John Ryche.
Henry Hicks.
^ John Sprigge.
A rate made the 7 of Maye 1620 : for the king's Mat*®* seruice.
Richard Tregosse is. 6rf. M"s Carlian id.
Katheryn Olver 2d. Widowe Player 4^.
Thom" Trerye 2d. John Thom' id.
Jane Bosseithiowe 2d. Henrye Treweke id.
Thom" Wattie id. George Will"" 6d.
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS.
179
Ric : Rosemanew" 4^.
Tho : Benn* 2d.
Mr Wm" Pytt gd.
M«- Peers 6d.
Martin Bishop 6d.
John Gregor 2d.
Ric Hockin 3^.
Thorn" Steven 5^.
John Steven Jun"^ 2d.
M^ Purify e is.
W» Hechins 6d.
M"s Lo : Trenw^*»e grf.
W" Hicks 4i.
Jo : Goodale is.
M"s Payne lod.
Ric Goulde 6rf.
Ste : Barber Jufi 6d,
John cockin 8d.
Tho : Dayowe 3^.
W" yolcom irf.
M' Anne is.
Walter knighte 2d.
James ffabi" 2d.
Jo : Nance molkin id.
John cosen 6d.
John Hicks ^d.
chesten hockin ^d.
Jo : Hockin 3^.
M"s Harlye is.
M*^ Campye 6rf.
H, hicks constable
St : Luke 4^.
Ja : Barber 2d.
Jewell Hicks id.
Thorn" Toman 6d.
marger^ Toman 6d.
John Ryche gd.
Eliz^ candrowe 3d.
Rob^ foster 3^.
Widowe trengoth id.
Phillip Luke ^d.
Ric Lynterne 4^.
W™ cosen 2rf.
Ric Tregeowe ^d.
Jo : Stearye gi.
Daniell Sprigge 3^.
M' caple id.
streete Anpoll :
M' Borthogge Sd.
Eliz' Sies irf.
Kate Goodma 3d.
Humfrye Jorye id.
Agnes Geles 3d.
digoiye Treweke 2d.
Thom" Roswall 3d.
Chesten Nicas is.
Eliz' Thorns 2d.
Henrye Thorns 2d.
John Trerye 2d.
Henrye James 2d.
Westren streete :
W" Lannton yd.
Jo : Browne constable
James Stearye 8d.
Henrye Shapland 2d.
iohn Antonye id.
1' celye 2s. 6d.
M' Trewynnard 6d.
W" Thom" ye dier 6d.
M"^ Jo : Stephen is. 8d.
George Webber 3d.
Jane Hicks widowe is.
streete Angarowe :
Giles Hawke 2d. Phillip Parkin 4d.
Richard marten 3d. M^ Paynter 2d.
John R . . . . Nicf Angove id.
W" Steven 3d.
Richard Peter 3d.
M'^ Jausling 3d.
streete towards Are :
M' Tho : Peers Jun ^d.
12 — 2
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fSo
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
The Hand : ^
W Rattenburye Sd. Ric Tregthen 2d.
Henrye Bailye 6d. Tho : Barber 2d.
W»" Nance 2d. Jo : Keiste 3d. ,.
Tho : Syes 6d. Henrye Tregerthen Juii
John Kyttowe 2d. Nic Cote 2d.
John Opye 2d.
Jo : Toma 2d.
Jo : Lawnder 3d.
Wido Stearye 2d.
Jo : Lukas 2d.
Ric Cornwall id.
Lew" Hendra id.
The Lande :
Thorns who is goodales tenat id. Peter harrye id.
ffraunc" Walker 3d.
M' Hexte 15. 3d.
James Philps 4^.
Jo : cocke yd.
Timothye Maior gd.
Thorns Trenw**^« esqr^ 2s. 8d.
W™ Thorns geS & his son is. 8i.
W™ Browne 4^.
W» Davye ^d.
Jo : Richard id.
Tho: Will*" irf.
Tho : Braye 6d.
M**" Dynham 4^.
Lew* Rundell 3d.
Jo : Bennt 2d.
Thorn" Nole 3d.
Thorn* Nole Junr^ 6d.
Tho : Kubert & his son ^d.
W™ Bawden 4^.
Tho : Beryma 3d.
Ni5 Rosw" id.
Ric Steven id.
Ni? Alia 2d.
Jo : kellihella id.
Jo : Sprig lod.
Mi? Nolle 3d.
Jo : gregor id.
Jo : Dacey id.
P
Ri?Pe
dice
Marye ....
Justi ....
chier ....
carne ....
G. Roswall . . .
f a close in
( helles veor
Sum totalis 2^ 17s.
xijo die Octobris Anno Rni dol nri Jacobi dei gra Rege nunc
Angt &c xviijo et Scotie liiij^ Anno dol 1620: M' William
Trevnw^^« laste yeres porthryve gives in this Accounte
Inprimis receyved by a rate for suppressing the Turcks x^» xix* ij^
Wherof payde as hereafter shall appere x^* xix* vj^ So
m' porthrive muste have due to him iiij*^
Item rec* by him as to the pilchards busynes iij^i 3d.
Wherof he delived m' John Payne to paye m' German Shapcotte
ij^i xiij" iiij^
[German Shapcotte was a barrister often employed in legal proceedings on
behalf of the Borough. His was a Cornish branch of a family originally
seated in Devonshire. The author possesses an armorial seal which pro-
bably belonged to German Shapcotte. It is of silver, small and oval; the
arms, on a rounded Spanish shield, are three dovecotes, one over two ;
crest, on a knight's helmet (with mantlings) a dovecote as in the arms,
flanked by a vol extended. On the shield appear the initials G. N. S., two
over one. The second letter most likely stands for the wife's Christian
name.]
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS. i8i
To the Bellman for Rynginge this yere iiij*
P* him that broughte the letter aboute the fishing xij**
P^ for amending the Drom ij" vj^
[The following note shows the time at which the election day was first shifted
from the Sunday after Saint Luke's day to a fixed day early in November.]
Mdm that by an auntient vsage & custom on the Sondaye
nexte after S* Luke is daye yerlye the porthryfe is chosen & by
reason the greateste Number of the xij & xxiiij were the daye of
this election absent, the firste daye of November 1620 they have
chosen Henrye Hickes porthryfe
P* Sergeant maior is paye los.
P* M' Howell by the appoyntm*® of the moste of the 12 for the
lawe sutes broughte againste m' Trevnw*^® & others by
M' Tho : Ceelye los.
P^ also vnto John Sprigge for his travayle unto thassizes aboute
thesame busynes 8s.
P* the Sexton for ringinge from alhoUentyde to candlemas 4s.
Spente also one whole nighte in the pishes busynes when
Mf Rosecarrocke was here zs.
Spente also when I was att Helston uppon m' Harrys xij^ & for
Lone of a horse i2d. — 2s.
also p^ a messenger to seke a horse late att nighte 6**
Also I p^ for a pynte of Secke when o' burgesse M' Harrys was
chosen 6d.
p* m' Howell by the appoyntm^s of the 12 abowte the parishes
busynes & trobles of m'^ celye vzt los. 6d. & 30s. after, in
all xl" vj^
p* for bringinge home the greate beame for [lege from] poripp"^
ij' vj**
[I,e. a piece of wreckage brought from Porthripter for the repair of the quay.]
p* for saving up the Kaye that was broken awaye vj^
[1622.]
Item reed of m' Will™ ceelye of his rate towardes the flete
againste the turcks xiiij"
Item rec^ of M*" Trevnw*^® of Trevalgan in pte' of los. wch he
craved to be respited for the clarcks wags v*
Paym** Inprimis paide m' John Trewynnard in & towardes the
paym*® to m' ffownes late mayor of Plymothe towardes the
chargs he & m' Thomas ceelye charged the pishe for the
fleete made owte against the turcks 3^^
F* also unto John Stephen for monye borowed for the pishes use
to the ppose aforesaide lix** vj*
Item p*^ a Lawe count rye souldier vj^
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i82 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
It is agreed by genall consent, that hencfforth no owner of
Boats or netts shall dryve or sett ther Netts, or owner of Seanes
rowe to Steame, the Sondaye nighte, or any tyme before daye of
that nighte ; who shall herein transgresse, ech owner shall paye for
his defaulte x" & ech fisherman iij" iiij^ to be levyed of ther goodes
to the use of the pishe
John Sterie
William Burthogge
John Cockins Thomas Purefey
George hickes
W*" hechins
iohn Ryche
lenry hicks
James sterry
John Sprigge
Richard Tregeowe
Primo die Novembris a** d5I 1623 Anno rni doi nri Jacobi regis
nunc Angr &c xxj™° the choice daye beinge deferred untill then
w** should have bene the Sondaye after S' Luke is daye by reason
of soin occasyons, was chosen portryfe John Ryche.
J : more payd John Stearye for so much due for a drum due unto
him uppon accounte beinge Portreife the yere before los.
[1624.]
I : given to Irish Beggars att sundrie tymes 4s.
I : payd m' Jo : Sprigge for his charge beinge Rater for the
subsidie ....
I : payde for sendinge forth of a souldier i"
I : for two bushells of salte due to the key gs.
Primo die Novembris 1625 Anno Regni dni nri Qacobi] charoli
Dei gra Regis nuc Anglie &c Primo, the choyse daye beinge
deferred untill then which shoulde have benn the Sundaye after
S** Lukes Daye, by reason of some occations, was chosen
Portrieve Qohn Stevens] Thomas Trevnwith gent
[The words printed within square brackets iu the above paragraph have been
struck out in the original. James I. died in 1625. It would seem that
John Stevens refused to fill the office of Porthrieve this year.]
[Millers are not to work on the * Sabbath :']
Secundo die Ifebruarij 1626.
Whereas uppon consideracon taken of the great abuse
comitted by the Millards of our pishe in grindinge of corne
uppon the Saboth Daye and carrienge of itt home, wee the
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS. fSj
Porthreife and other the xij men of our Towne and pistle of
S" Ives, for the takinge awaye of this greate abuse Have consti-
tuted that yf any Millard within the said Towne and pisti shall
henceforth grinde any come uppon the saboth daye, or shall
Carrie to or from their Mills uppon the saboth daye, That for
everie such offence he or they soe oflfendinge shall paye for everie
such offence ijs vj^ lawfuU monie of Englande, to be taken and
leavyed uppon their goodes or chatties by the wardens of the
poore for the yere beinge, and by them an accompt to be given
for the Imployment thereof to the use of the poore.
John Trewinnard Portreeve-
[&c.]
M^ itt is agreed this present daye by the Portreive and xij men
of the Towne and pistie of S" Ives, That yf any man hereafter
doe refuse to execute the office of a Portreive beinge once chosen
by the xxiiij men or the most of them of the same pishe, he that
shall soe refuse shall paye to the Portreive that shall Jthen next
be chosen the summe of iij^» vjs viij<l to be levyed by accon or by
distrayniuge of his or their goodes beasts and chatties.
Thomas trnweth.
[&c.]
[1626.]
I : to a preacher for 2 sermons los.
I : spent att Trewroe about busines for the Towne beinge the
cald [then called] for the shipp by Letters from the
councell table i'>
I : spent att Bodmyn beinge cald about the pistle buisines 165.
I : payd for a broaken barrowe is. 4^.
I : for the lont of 2 barrowes 4J.
[Tariff of harbour-dues for the port of Saint Ives, 1626 :]
S^^ Ives ss : fforasmuch as itt is chaunced that our Peere or
Kaye of S* Ives is much decayed the postes wasted and the
sandes much annoyeing aboute the porth and the houses and
sellers adioyninge, for and towardes the repayringe and remedie
whereof wee the Porthryve and moste parte of the xij and cheife
inhabitants of the said Towne doe holde it and agree that :
For all English Barques which come with in our Peer for safgard
or traffick are to paye to the Key yf without a topp 6d.
All Alients without a topp 15.
All English men with one topp gd.
All Alients with one topp is. 6d.
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«84 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
All English yf with two topps is.
All Alients for the like under 200 tonns 2s.
All shipps of greate burden above 200 tonns accordinge to Eng-
lishe accompts 2s.
All Alients for the like 4s.
All Englishe that ballast themselves with sande without a topp to
pay for it 8rf.
All Englishe for ballast of sande with one topp 15. 4^.
All such as have two topps, for the like 2s.
All Alients Dubble that rate.
All boats, barques and shipps that shall take in ballast of stones
within our Peor must buy itt of the wardens of the Key
for the yere beinge, except they ffetch itt with their owne
boates and companie.
All Townes men that roule ffishe on the Key or sande except for
their owne accompt and ventred to sea are to paye as
much as any stranger English except herring And all
Englishe for roulinge on the sande to paye for the tonn ]^
All allients for roulinge on the sande to paye p tonn ij^
All Englishe on the Key ij^
All allients iiij*^
All Herrings to paye that shalbe laden out of our peor by an
Englishe man p barrell j**
By an AUient j*
All beere that shallbe brought from any other place and not
brued here, yf landed wheather by Townes man or stranger
to paye for everie Kinter Kin to the Key j^, barrell ij«*»
hopsjiead iiij^ pipe or butt viij^
- -AfrlTrTshe men landinge their tymber here to paye 2s. id. and
they may take in sande for ballast ffree
All bullocks or horses sett on shore out of Irelande to paye for
everie bullocke j^
For everie horse or Nagge ij**
No Dead bullocke or horse to be left 24 houres on the sande in
payne of three shillings ffower pence to be payd to the
Key warden 3s. iiij^
And noe garbadge of ffishe or stinkinge ffishe to be cast above
full sea marke att neape tide on the sande, on payne of
35. 4d. to be payde unto the Key wardens 3s. 4^.
No kinde of ballast of stones, hells or swepage to be landed
within the Key on payne of 20s. and none without the Key
head on payne of Tenn shillings.
All ballast of stones or otherwise here to be landed to be longe
to the Key warden or his ffarmor.
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS. 185
And the bushelledge to be paide to the Key by all straungers
Englishe and Alients as to the Lorde of the soyle ; Towns-
men only to be fFree.
All ballast of stone shall be landed by the m^ or owner of the
Barke or shipp that lande itt, above full sea Marke or on
the Key where the Key warden shall appoint, att the cost
of the mr or owner of the said shippe or Barke and not
given or soulde to any butt by the Keye warden.
Thomas trevnwith portreive.
George Hicks.
Thomas Purefey.
Jn: Payne.
Keywardens for this yere follow- ) m'^ John Payne,
inge 1626 and Anno 1627 are 3 and John Cossen.
xix^^ Augusti 1627.
John Maye of Bodmyn for 8^ 15s. to be payd him with ffive
shillings payd him in Earnest Doth pifiise to cast a newe our
bigger bell. And he is to ffinde tymber and all other things
fippon his owne charge. And to make the same bell tunable to
the eere and to contynue the same sounde for one whole yere.
And he to stande to the overplus of Mettle that shall be added
more then our Bell doth yelde.
sign
[? Johe + Maye.
xxviijo die Octobris 1627.
John Trewynnard Portreeve received of m"^ John Payne for
the defaults of such as went to take steame [stem] before daye
contrarie to the orders uppon mondaye Morninge ij*
£No driving-nets are to be shot before sunset in neap tides, nor before half-tide
in spring tides :]
Primo die Novembris 1627.
ffor the better keepinge of good order in our trade of ffishinge
on which the state of our Towne doth depende, Itt is ordered by
the gefiall consent of the Portreeve xij and xxiiij men this present
daye, That noe Boate henceforth that goeth a drivinge for
herringe ffishinge shall shoote or sett their Nexts before sun sett
duringe the neape Tydes. Also itt is further ordered That none
of those boates or companie soe goeing a Driving shall in spring
tydes shoote or sett their Netts before it be halfe tyde, for the
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i86 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
better pformance whereof itt is agreed that one of the Boates
that goes soe a Driving shall carrie a candle with him and lighten
itt when the tyme is ffitt to shutt the same Netts, that is att
halfe Tyde as aforesaid (everie Boate takinge the Beerth before
that tyme).
The Masters and companie of everie Boate that shall trans-
gresse against any of the foresaid Orders and agreements shall
(for everie such transgression & offence) paye unto the Portreeve
for the use of the pishe Tenn shillings ffyne to be leavyed uppon
his goods and chatties eyther by accon or waye of distresse.
And itt is also further agreed, That in shootinge of their netts
att the ffirste beginning of night they shall not anoye one another
by shooting a crosse one over or under another, Butt everie
Boate to Keape his place of Birth. And everie one that makes
default in this last article shall paye to the Portreeve for there
defaults the sume of iij^ iiij** to be leavyed for the use of the pislie
as aforesaid.
John Browne | Thomas Purefey Portreife.
Thomas Noale j constables, j^ . Trewinnard.
John cosen. John Ryche.
sign. John Sterie.
Johis + cocke. John Sprigge.
Edward Hammand, Henry Hicks.
George Hicks. Steuen Barbar.
Hector Taylor. John Hicks.
Arthor wesscott.
28^ die Octobris 1627. Anno Dol charoli dei gra Regis nuc
Anglie &c. tertio : the choyse daye beinge deferred till thea
(which should have benn the sundaye after S" Lukes Daye) by
reason of some occations; chosen Portreeve Thomas Purefey
gent.
M"^ John Trewynnard Portreefe for this yere 1627 and parte
of the last yere 1626 yeldeth upp his account in manner and
forme foUowinge :
his receipts :
from Mr John Paynter for the faults of his servants in shippinge
their sayne boates before daye on the Sunday night
2S. 6d.
I : from Henrie Baylie for his offence and ffive of his companie
for drivinge or settinge netts on sundaye nighte before
daye 15s.
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 187
Payments :
I : payd the Bedmaa for ringing the curfue Bell, 4s.
[This is the only notice we have of the curfew bell at Saint Ives. ' Bedman '='
Bede-man, t\e, prayer-man, and is an old Saxon name for a church clerk
or sextonj
I : payd John Sterrie for Ridinge to Trewroe about the shipp, 6s.
[In 1629 occurs another bye-law to prevent burgesses from absenting themselves
from the Town Hall after summons :]
It is ordered by the Porthreife, the xij and xxiiij**^ men above-
said That whoe shall be absent from the Towne Hale after
Summons given by the Porthreife or some other in his name
and behalfe except absentinge Partie cann yeld a iust excuse
of such his absence shall pay iij^ iiij* and thoes of the 24 to
paye ij^
[The burgesses will join in resisting the vicar's encroachments in the matter of
tithes. This paragraph has been struck out :]
primo Die Maij 1629.
Itt is ordered by the Porthreife and xij men of the same
pistie whose names are hereunder written and others, Doe give
under their hands And will stande to the tryall of all matters of
customes w^^ heretofore hath not bynn payd accordinge to cus-
tome by any psoii or psons whosoever within the pishe aforesaid,
in matter of Tythes due to the vicar ; And that they will be att
the Jo3ait cost in defending the same custome or customes, or
for any other customes within the said pish.
[The market-house is to be let out for a year or more, and the rent applied to
defend three parishioners who are prosecuted by the vicar for nonpayment
of tithes :]
Septimo Die Maij 1629.
By these presents, the Porthreife and others of the xij then
present doe agree and order that whereas there is a suite of
Lawe dependinge in the courte of the Archdeconarie of Cornewall
betweene m^ John South vicar there and Richard Hicks, Thomas
Trerie and ffrauncis Walker for the tyth of Kyne and calves,
wherein wee labour to Maintaine the auncient custome, to pay
iiij** for ech cow and ij^ for ech calfe under the number of ffower,
w^ alreadie amounted and will cost much monies for the defence
thereof; wherefore for Ray singe of the meanes for satisfyeinge
thereof and repayement of such monies as is alreadie disbursed
wee ag^ee that the Marketthouse when and assoone as itt shall
fall into the Townes hande, shall be letten out to fFarme for one
whole year or more yf neede shall soe require, to satisfie all such
charge as aforesaid, for the better coniirmacon herof wee bynde
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l8S A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
our selves and ech of us to the Porthreife for the tyme beinge,
to satisfie and pay to him or his Assignes the sume of iij^i vj* viij**
Sterlinge, yf he Rather refuse to ffirme to any such act.
John Sprigge porthreeve. Henry Hicks.
W. Ceely. Steuen Barbar.
Rich : Hext. John hicks jnr^
Thomas Purefey. Thomas syse.
J" Payne. Thomas Sprigge.
John Ryche.
[The burgesses will resist the vicar's illegal claims for tithes :]
Vicesimo quinto die Maij : 1629 :
Whereas from the tyme (the contrarie whereoO in mans
memorie hath not benn knowen, there hath benn, and is an
auntient custome, used had and allowed aswell within the pre-
cincts of the Mother Church of Unie nere Lalant and the
parrishes of S" Ives and Towednacke, chaples appendant to the
saide Mother Church, That all such in habitants to the saide and
dwellers within the saide severall parrishes, possessors and owners
of Kyne within the saide parrishes under the number of ffower,
Have ever benn accustomed and used to pay to the Incumbent
and Vicar of the said Mother Church, for the tyme beinge:
ffower pence yerelie for the tythe of ech cowe and two pence for
ech calfe and not aboue, which auncient custome for our said
parrish of S" Ives we whoes names are subscribed doe here
promise to Mayntayne, and to Assiste by our payments, any of
our said parrish whoe shall be cyted, sewed or prosequuted in
Lawe, for any higher some or rate above the rate of ffower pence
for the tythe of eche cowe, and two pence for tithe of eche calfe
under the number aforesaid.
Rich : Hext, Port.
W. Ceely.
Thomas Purefey.
John Ryche.
John Sterie. John Sprigge.
James Steary.
Henry Hicks.
John Hicks.
Disbursm^s Imprimis to M^ Hoyle for a serman preached by
him 5s.
I. to Jo" Plyer for 4 keys & mendinge the locks of the chest that
holdes the charter is. 4c/.
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 189
I. given to Irish mfchants that were taken w^^ the ffrench & came
from London is.
I. more to m^ Symons for 4 sermons los.
I. to m'^ Upcott for a sermon by him preached 5s.
I. to m' Sherwoode for deliulnge of o"" peticon to my lord
Bishopp 5s.
I. to m^^ Trewynnard when he went to exceter about the pislie
buisines 17s. 6d.
I. deliued the constables to make pulsion for the companie of an
Irishe barke that came from fifraunce havinge the sicknes
abord her 3s. 4^.
I. for bread and drinke to the ffishermen that went abord her
being shutt upp 8d.
The keyes of the pistie chest are deliued to M** Jo"^ Sprigge :
m' Richard Hext, m' John Payne and m*^ John Rich.
[Iq consequence of the scarcity of corn in Saturday's market, it is ordered that
the sale of corn on other days of the week shall be subject to a similar toll
as that paid on Saturday :]
Decimo Die Octobris 1630.
Whereas wee finde the price of corne is growen to a greate
highte, and the Markett dayes are meanelie furnished with corne,
for that on some dayes in the weeke diverse bushells of corne are
brought to be solde and soe the toll lost, which is much offensive
and preiudiciall to the publique weale of this Towne and place,
wee order that yf any Inhabitant in any of the weeke dayes buy
any corne or graine they give warninge to the farmers of the
Markett for the tyme beinge the like accustomed toll as they use
to pay in the Markett dayes, or take itt upp to the flfarmers use to
be deliued them. And whoe soe shall doe to the contrarie and
refuse to yeld or pay the said toll, shall for ech bushel! soe
bought in the weeke dayes (the said toll not beinge yelded and
payd) shall be sued by the Porthreife for the tyme beinge and
forfeit for ech bushell soe bought in the weeke dayes xij^ and for
each halfe bushell vj^ and for ech pecke As also whoe
shall forestale any goods beinge about to be brought to the
Markett, as butter, cheese or any of the like comodite, shall
forfeit and lost the goods soe to be seized, and the Inhabitant
soe offendinge shall be Indited and punished accordinge to the
Lawes of this Realme.
Thomas Trfiwith. Henry Hicks.
W"™ hechins. John Sterie.
John Sprigge porthreeve. Steven Barbar.
Thomas Purefey. John hick^ .
John Ryche. Jn. Payne Jnr^
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190 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
[No action at law is to be commenced against strangers at Saint Ives, without
the assent of the Porthrieve :]
The 28^^ Day of November 1630.
Whereas there have bin sundrye complaints Made (by
straungers) of our Towne, and that the place is by them reported
to be a troublesome Towne, \\^ is a hinderaunce to our trade
and traflicke with straungers by whome our place is releeved, and
on the trade by sea wee wholye depande, And therefore we have
thought good to take itt into our consideracon to use the best
meanes wee may to remove that scandall, and that hereafter wee
may have the better reporte of straungers ; Wee doe order all
Inhabitants of our Towne and pish that doe intende any accon
against anie straunger, that shall come in by sea ffor what cause
soever itt be, eyther of trespas or_debt or elce, shall before he
comence his suite or arrest the ptie, Acquaint the Porthreife or
his depute in his absence therewith And the Porthreife or his
depute will after he understands the Equitie (rf the cause use
meanes for endinge itt, Or Grant Leave topsente ; \w^^ yf the
Portreife will refuse to doe, whereby the ptie may escape and
the other be dampnified, itt shall be lawfuU after he be acquainted
herewith to psente yf his cause be just. Otherwise yf any of our
Towne or pishe shall arrest any straunger soe comming by sea
without given the Porthreife knowledge thereof, shall {forfeit for
his contempt in that behalfe to be leavyed upon him by accon or
distresse to the use of the poore the sume of tenn shillings for
the flirst offence and for the second the sume of Twentie shillings.
To w^ order we all agree [as] wittnes our hands.
The keyes of the chest „. V „ .
•-.u Mr r» .u RichiHext.
are with M' Porth- ^, t^ r
reefe, M' Hext. M' I Ti^cfJlT ^^^
Henrie Hicks and
M^ Thomas Stevens.
John Sprigge.
henry hechins.
John hicks jnr^
[No fishing for herrings, except by driving, before next All Saints Day :]
Decimo octavo Die Octobris 163 1.
It is ordered and agreed by the Porthreife and the rest of his
brethren this present day. That noe owner of boates or nets for
herringe fl&shinge shall sett their netts for the takinge of herrings
before the ffeast of All Saints next ensewing but yf they drive
with their netts before they may according to the auntient cus-
tome. And whoe soever shall offend herein shall pay for his
offence (vizt) everie owner tenn shillings and everie one of the
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THE BOROUGH ACCOUNTS. 191
companie three shillings and flfower pence to be payd to the
Porthreife for and to the use of the Towne and pistie.
Jn : Payne. John Sterie.
Thomas Purefey. John hicks.
Rich : Hext. Edward Hammond.
Primo Die Novembris 163 1.
In the Seaventh yere of the Raigne of our souaigne Charles
by the grace of god of Englande Scotlande ffraunce and Irelande
K : defender of the ffayth m' Henrie Hicks was chosen Porthreife
for the yere followinge.
An account of the said Porthreife, for all receipts & disburse-
ments for one whole yere.
Disbursements by him as foUoweth :
I. to the Bedman for Ringinge 6s.
I. for dryncke for the Ringers the 5^^ of November 36. 6d.
I. given by him att Godolphin att Christmas 5s.
I. to a poore Northfolke man bounde for Ireland 6d.
I. more for a Pynte of sacke 6d.
I. spent upon m' Mitch when he preached 15. 4^.
I. to a poore man beinge brought captive 6d.
I. payd for mendinge the Organs 8^»
more spent att Hammands when the bargayne was made 5s.
I. payd the Organist towards his wages ^^4 los. od.
I. payd my lord Bishopps clarke forwritinge a letter to m' Currie 55.
1633. William Hechins, Porthrieve.
Itt is agreed by the generall consent of the Porthreife and xij
of our Towne, That there shall a Measurer be appointed by the
key wardens to measure all salt and other graines as shall be here
after sold by AUiants [aliens, foreigners] or any other within the
Port of S" Ives aforesaid.
W"» Hechins portrife. Jfl Payne Jftr.
Rich Hext. John Sprigge.
Anno Do! 1634.
Collected by Jo" the sonn of Henrie Stephens and Margerie
the daughter of Edward Haiiiande be' chosen lord and ladie, the
sume of xiiijs and by them deluved to the overseers of the poore
for this yere.
Primo die Novembris Anno dol 1635.
Being the day of Election for Porthreeve, James Praed gentle-
man is chosen Porthreeve, for the yere followinge.
[He declined the office, however, and Edward Hammond was appointed in his
stead.]
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192
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
[Another undertaking to defend those prosecuted for nonpayment of tithes : J
xxixno die Junij 1636.
Whereas there is a suite depending in Lawe betwixt Thomas
Corey vicar of Unie lelant and S^' Ives upon tryall of a custome,
upon paying unto the said vicar 4^. a cowe and ij** a calfe for soe
manie of the inhabitants as doe milke three kyne or under, wee
the Portreeve and other the inhabitants whose names are here-
under written doe pinise to confirme any reasonable rate v^^
shall be made for to pay all such cost as shall be disbursed in
tryall of the said suite.
Edward Hammand Portreeve.
Thomas Purefey.
Henry Hicks.
Charles [+] Steuens.
Steven Barbar.
Thomas Sise.
John hicks.
[When fishing may begin ; new fishery bye-laws,
out]
The first paragraph is struck
The xxij^ of Julie 1638.
It is agreed by the generall consent of the Portreeve xij and
xxiiij men and other cheefe inhabitants of the Towne of S^ Ives,
That henceforth, That no owners of Boates or netts shall dryve
or sett their Netts the Sunday night, nor rowe their Seanes to the
steame before sunne risinge on monday morninge or any other
day in the weeke untill such tyme as the Huwers be able to
deserne flish.
July xxij^ 1638.
Whereas by our auncient custom wee finde itt Nott lawfuU to
take anie steames before daylight and that euery day, wee doe
all agree that none shall goe and take steame on Munday morning
untill the sunn rising except the Brush bee upp and that it shalbe
lawfuU euery other day of the weeke by day light and not keepe
steames all night for such as goe away before day & take steame
keepe their roape in steame all night shall haue Noe steame att
all and shall pay 6s. 8d, each offender. And the owner of the
boate xxvjs viij** to bee leuied on the Boate and netts or other
their goode, to the use of the poore.
Jn: Payne.
Thomas Stevens.
John Player.
Arthour Wescott.
Ephraim Sise.
George Hicks.
Thomas Goode.
Rich: Hext.
John Sterye portreeve.
Thomas Purefey.
Henry Hicks.
John Hicks.
Edward Hammand.
John Sprigge.
Lewes Hendra.
Thomas Sise.
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CHAPTER XIII.
SAINT IVES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
In the year 1639 the town of Saint Ives was made a municipality^
with a mayor, recorder and town clerk, and a corporation con-
sisting of twelve aldermen and twenty-four burgesses. The same
charter which conferred this distinction upon it, confirmed all
the privileges granted to the town by previous sovereigns.
Thomas Stevens was the last person who held the ancient title
of Portrieve of Saint Ives, that office being by this charter super-
seded by the dignity of mayor, in the person of Richard Hext.
In Charles I.'s charter it is further expressed that the borough
and parish of Saint Ives should have a common seal, and that
the mayor, senior burgesses and recorder should be justices of
the peace, the former during his office and for a year thereafter.
It is also provided that the town should have four fairs, viz..
May 10, July 20, September 26 and December 3, and a day after
each of them ; also two markets, on Wednesdays and Saturdays.
There was also to be a grammar-school for the instruction of
youth, by a master and usher, of which the Bishop of Exeter and
the mayor and aldermen for the time being were to be governors.
The corporation pays a small fee-farm rent to the lord of the
manor, and a small acknowledgment as high rent for the market-
house. None of these fairs rose to importance, and Wednesday's
market is discontinued. Sir Francis Bassett obtained this charter,
with permission to hold magistrates' sessions every three months.
The oldest seal of the corporation now in existence is a round
one, about two and a half inches in diameter. The centre is
filled by a shield, charged with an ivy-branch overspreading the
whole field, and around the edge of the seal is the legend :
^Sigillum Burgi St. Ives in Com: Cornub : 1690.' The arms of
Saint Ives are thus blazoned : Argent, an ivy branch overspread-
ing the whole field, vert.
13
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194 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Davies Gilbert says this charter was forfeited in 1644.
Courtney says : ' The maces, which are of solid silver, were
made in 1641, and bear the name of the first mayor of the
borough. The seal bears on the back of it this inscription :
*** Exdono Jacobi Praed de Trevethoe Armig:" '
We must now glance at matters of high national importance,
which were beginning to engross all minds at Saint Ives, as else-
where throughout the country. But first we will notice the title
of a curious chapbook or pamphlet called, * A True Relation of
Certaine Passages which Captaine Bassett brought from the west
parts of Cornwall, concerning some shippes which came from
Bilbo in Spaine to goe to Ireland, but were driven into an Hand
called Saint Ives by reason of tempestuous weather ; 1642.' (See
Cornish Telegraph, October 26, 1864.)
The conflict between King Charles I. and his Parliament
excited nowhere more bitter partisanship than in Cornwall. The
royal duchy was, in the main, like the other countries inhabited
by the Celtic race, warmly attached to the principle of monarchy
and to the person of the sovereign ; and in the gentry and
yeomanry of Cornwall the ill-fated Stuarts had supporters upon
whose devotion they could always rely. Very few towns in the
-westernmost county declared for the Parliament, and, where
they did, there was some abnormal condition of things to account
for the exception to the rule.
One noteworthy exception is the case of the borough of Saint
Ives, which supported the cause of the Commonwealth against
the king. This seems to have been partly due to the severities
-exercised by Sir Richard Grenville upon those of the district
who were suspected of being favourably disposed towards the
Roundheads, and to his excessive exactions from the whole popu-
lation of Saint Ives; but it was probably chiefly owing to the
fact that the local leaders of opinion at that time happened to
be of Puritan proclivities.
Thus Major Peter Ceely was a fierce Puritan and Round-
head, and had demolished the ancient chapel at the holy well of
St. Madron ; and William Ceely was one of the commissioners
appointed, in 1644, to raise money for the maintenance of the
Parliament army in Cornwall.
The Stevens family of the Tregarthen branch (later known as
Stephens of Tregenna), who had been local supporters of the
Reformation, at this time were Independents, and strongly in
sympathy with the Revolution. The Sises, too, a wealthy
merchant family, were Puritans and Parliament men. These
leaders of opinion at Saint Ives lent all their weight to the cause
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ST. IVES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 195
of the new opinions in religion and government, and in the end
succeeded in securing the town for the Parliament.
Nevertheless, we learn from Hicks that, during the early part
of the war, Saint Ives was rated for the maintenance of the king's
Cornish army, and furnished daily 46 lb. of bread, 40 lb. of
butter, 30 lb. of cheese, 30 lb. of beef, and 50 lb. of bacon.
Most of the ancient gentle families of the neighbourhood of
Saint Ives were understood to sympathize with the Cavaliers,
though they seem to have taken no very active part in the stirring
politics of their day. Such were the families of Trenwith,
Tregenna, Payne, Pawley, etc.
Among the devoted band who held Pendennis Castle for the
king were John Matthews (conductor of the train of artillery),
Thomas King, Richard Williams, William Williams and Edward
Stevens, most, if not all, of whom were, I suspect, from the
Saint Ives district. They held out until 1646, and were the last
in Cornwall to capitulate.
Sir Ralph Hopton was the Royal Commissioner of Array in
Cornwall, and the chief of the king's forces ; he commanded the
cavalry. In 1645 there was a rising of the Saint Ives Round-
heads on Longstone Downs, in Lelant. Sir Richard Grenville
came to the west and suppressed the insurrection, He lodged at
the house of the mayor, Edward Hammond, and whilst there
ordered one Phillipps, a Zennor constable, to be hanged. The
day after his departure he had two Saint Ives men hanged at
Helston and Truro. Captain Robert Arundell, who, alone
among those of his name, supported the Parliament, escaped
from Saint Ives to Bridgewater, and there joined the army of
Fairfax. (Hicks and Gilbert.) Edward Hammond himself was
sent to Lanceston Gaol and fined 3^400.
In the year 1646-7 Saint Ives was visited by plague and
famine. Food was brought from the neighbouring parishes and
laid beside the streams which bounded the infected district, and
the townspeople placed their money in the streams at Polmantor
and Carbis Valley. Each parcel of food was ticketed with the
price to be paid, and the purchasers were not to approach the
spot for some hours after the money had been placed there.
Five hundred and thirty-five persons, being about a third of the
population of Saint Ives, are said to have fallen victims to the
plague. The market was closed for a considerable time. The
Stephens shut themselves up in their country-house at Ayr, a
hamlet within the borough, and escaped the contagion. More,
says Hicks, would have died of famine than plague, had not a
ship belonging to Mr. Opye, of Plymouth, come into the harbour,
13—2
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196 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
laden with wheat and some butts of sack, which cargo was pur-
chased for ;f 196, by the mayor and other gentlemen.
In 1647 the Saint Ives merchants fitted out a ship called the
Jamesy for the West Indies ; but on her return she was taken by
the Spaniards and carried to Spain.
In 1649 King Charles was beheaded at Whitehall, on
January 30. That same day, according to Hicks' MS., a great
storm burst over the western coast; the Carreg-an-peul, or
Steeple Rock, at the Land's End, was thrown down ; and a ship
which was riding in Saint Ives Bay, having on board the king's
wardrobe and other furniture belonging to the royal family,
bound for France, ran ashore on the rocks of Godrevy Island.
She had on board about sixty persons, all of whom were drowned,
excepting a man and a boy, who, with a wolf-dog, swam to the
island, and there for two days subsisted on rainwater and sea-
weed. As soon as the storm abated they were brought to
Saint Ives, and Mr. Hicks conversed with them.
In 1659 a Dutch ship was wrecked in Whitsand Bay. Her
cargo, consisting of silver, sugar and other rich goods, was
brought to the vice-admiral's house at St. Ives.
Copper mines were first worked, circa 1687, hereabouts, by
Sir Thomas Clarke and others ; and the Duke of Bolton, about
the same time, brought hither a German to teach the art of
blasting and mining. Also Messrs. Robinson and Bell were
instructed in the use of gunpowder by the said German.
SUBSIDY 21 JAMES I. (1624).
Lelant
Jacobus Prade geft in terr^ 3^6.
Rator Johes Thomas geft in terr^ £6.
Rator Greenfreedus Halls geft in bonis £4.
Thomas Edwards geft in bonis 3^4.
Stephanus Pawly in bonis 3^3.
Leonora Otes in bonis £4.
Willms Edwardes in bonis 3^3.
Willms Kelwaie in bonis 3^3.
Johanna Chilcott in bonis 3^3.
Stt Ives.
Richardus Trenw^^ geft rated at fyve pound in terr' sould all
his land died nothinge worth.
Willus Burthingye rated at two poundes in terr^ sould all his
land died nothinge worth.
Thomas Treunwith ar. et Laura Trenwith vid. valet in terris. . . .
Thomas Treunwith ar. in bonis
Thomas Purefoy gen in bonis
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ST. IVES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. ig/
Georgius Hicks in bonis £3-
Willmus Pitt in bonis ^^3.
Jana Hicks vid. in bonis ^3
Johes Goodall in bonis £3.
Gratia Hurleye in bonis 3^3.
Johes Sprigge in bonis £4.
Jacobus Sterrye in bonis ^^3.
Henricus Hicks in bonis 3^3.
Georgius Williams [indistinct] in bonis £3.
Thomas 85^86 in bonis £3.
Sener.
Johnes Pellamountayne in terns £5.
(The remaining names for this parish are very indistinct, but
are almost as in the Subsidy next copied ; the same applies to the
names for the parish of Towednack.)
SUBSIDY, 1624.
Uny luxta Lelant.
Jacobus Prade gener : valet in terris £6.
Johes Thomas in terris £6.
Grenfield Haulse in bonis 3^4-
Thomas Edwards in bonis 3^4.
Stephanus Pawly in bonis 3^2-
Honora Gates vid. in bonis £4.
' Johes Lawrye in bonis 3^4.
Richus Stephen in bonis 3^3.
Willmus Edwards in bonis 3^3.
Sessor Alexander Warren in bonis 3^3.
Scssor Johes Richard in bonis ^3.
Willmus Penberthye in bonis 3^3.
Johes Hoskyn in bonis £3.
Willmus Kellwaye in bonis 3^3.
Towedneck.
Scssor Johes Ps5ns valet in bonis 3^4.
Mathew Tren^t*> in bonis ^^3.
Jacobus Carpenter in bonis 3^3.
Sessor Thomas Curno in bonis 3^3.
Willmus Paynter in bonis £3.
Johes Martyn in bonis £2.
Joanna Nicholas vid. in bonis 3^3.
St. Ives.
Thomas TrenW^ ar. et ) ^jg^ -^ ^^^^ ^
Lora Trenw"» vid. J ^'^^
Christiana Payne vid. in terris 3^2.
Sessor Johes Stephens in terris 3^8.
Willmus«
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198 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Thomas Trenwith in bonis
Johes Payne in bonis 3^4.
Scssor Richus Hext in bonis 3^4.
Thomas Purefye in bonis £/[.
Johes Rich in bonis £4.
Johes Sprigs in bonis £4.
Johes Starry in bonis £4. Jacobus Starry in bonis £S'
Georgius Hicke in bonis 3^3. Hanricus Hicks in bonis 3^3.
Willmus Pytt in bonis J^^, Edwardus Hamond in bonis 3^3.
Jana Hicke vid. in boms 3^3. Stephanus Barbar in bonis 3^3.
Johes Goodale in bonis 3^3. Thomas Syes in bonis 3^3.
Gracia Hurley vid. in bonis 3^3.
Senor.
Johes Pellamounten valet in bonis £6.
Sessor Thomas Rawe in bonis 3^3.
Mathias Phillipe in bonis 3^3.
Elizabeth Richard vid. in bonis 3^3.
Richus Davye in bonis 3^3.
Sessor Johes Wolcock in bonis 3^3.
Willins Richard in bonis 3^3.
Johes Bossow in bonis 3^3.
Sampson Thomas in bonis /3.
Johes Porthmere in bonis 3^3.
Robertus Michell in bonis £3.
CORNWALL SUBSIDY I CHARLES L (1625).
(Much mutilated.)
Lelant,
Jacobus Prade gen in ter^ 3^6.
Johes Thomas gen in ter^ 3^6.
Grenfildus Halls gen in bonis 3^4.
Thomas Edwardes gen in bonis 3^4.
Stephanus Pawly gen in bonis 3^3.
Honor Gates vid. in bonis 3^4.
Johes Lawrye in bonis 3^3.
Richus Stephen in bonis 3^3.
Rator Willus Edwardes in bonis £3,
Willus Kelway in bonis 3^3.
Rator Alexander Waren in bonis 3^3.
Johes Richarde in bonis 3^3.
Willus Leonarde in bonis 3^3.
Johnes Hoskin in bonis 3^3.
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ST. IVES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 19^
Towednake.
Johannes Parsons in bonis £4.
Johes Martin in bonis £^.
Ratar Matthew Trenw^^ in bonis £3.
Jacobus Carpenter in bonis £^,
Willus Painter in bonis ^^3.
Thomas Curaowe in bonis 3^3.
Si Ives.
Willus Ceely gen in bonis £6.
Johannes Steuens in bonis £y.
Thomas Trenw^^ in bonis 3^5.
Johannes Paine in bonis £4.
Johannes Sterry in bonis ^3.
Richardus Hexte in bonis ^4.
Thomas Purefey gen in bonis £4.
Georgius Hexte in bonis £^.
Willmus Pit in bonis ^f 3.
"ohannes Riche in bonis £^.
ana Hicks vid. in bonis 3^3.
ohannes Goodale in bonis £2.
Gratia Hurly vid. in bonis £3.
Rator Johannes Sprigge in bonis 3^3.
^ acobus Sterrye in bonis £^.
ienricus Hicks in bonis 3^3.
Raiar Eduardus Hamonde in bonis £^.
Stephanus Barbar in bonis £2.
Thomas Syse in bonis £^,
Thom^ Trenw^ Ar. et Laura Trenw* vid. in ter^ £$.
Christiana Payne vid. in ter^ £2,
Senner.
Johannes Pellamountaine in bonis £5.
Johes Uppcot in bonis £3.
Thomas Crowe in bonis ^3.
Matthew Phillip in bonis 3^3.
Rator Johes Woolcocke in bonis £3.
Kichus Dauie in bonis 3^3.
Willus Richarde in bonis £3.
ffranciscus Maddern in bonis 3^3.
Richus Dauie minor in bonis £3.
Johes Porthmere in bonis 3^3.
Johes Bussow in ter^ in bonis 3^1.
CORNWALL SUBSIDY, 4 CHARLES I. (1629).
Lelant.
Jacobus Praed geii in terris £6.
Johes Thomas gefl in terris 3^3.
Stephus Thomas in terr^ £1.
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A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Willmus Hampton in tenr^ £i.
Grenyilis Hals gefl in bonis ^^5.
Thorns Edwards geft in bonis 3^5.
Raior Stephus Pawlye geft in bonis ^3.
Willms Edwards gefl in bonis £4.
Johes Lawree gefl in bonis £3.
Richus Stephen in bonis ^^3.
Simon Prust in bonis £3.
Willmus Cellingaye in bonis £3.
Johes Richard in bonis ^^3.
Johes Uryn in bonis 3^3.
Towednack.
Rator Johes Parsons in bonis £4.
Willmus Painter in bonis £4.
Henricus Martin in bonis £4.
Willmus Trenwithe in bonis £4.
Georgius Roswarne in bonis £4.
Robtus Pearse in bonis £4.
Saint Ives.
Thorns Trenw*^ ar. et \ y.
Laura Trenwith in terr^ j £5-
Christiana Payne vid. in terris £2.
Willmus Ceely gefl in bonis £6.
Ricus Hext g : in bonis £4.
Thomas Purefry gefl in bonis £4.
John Stephens gen in bonis £8.
Thorn* Trenw*^ gefl in bonis 3^3.
Johnes Payne gefl in bonis 3^3.
Rator ohes Sprigge gefl in bonis 3^4.
^ acobus Sterrye in bonis 3^3.
] ohes Rich in bonis 3^3.
Willms Pitt in bonis 3^3.
Henricus Hicks in bonis 3^3.
Stephanus Barbar in bonis 3^3.
Johes Goodale in bonis 3^3.
Thoms Sise in bonis 3^3.
Henrus Hamond in bonis 3^3.
Gracia Hurley vid. in bonis £3.
Jana Hicks vid. in bonis £2.
Honora Gates vid. in bonis £4.
Zennor.'
Johes Pellamounter in bonis 3^5.
Rator Johes Upcott in bonis 3^3.
Thomas Raw in bonis 3^3.
Jacobus Phillip in bonis ^3.
Rator Johnes Wolcocke in bonis 3^3.
Willms Richard in bonis 3^3.
flfranciscus Madderne in bonis 3^3.
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ST. IVES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
30 1
Rogenis Christopher in bonis £3.
Sampson Thomas in bonis £3.
Thomas Wery al» Philip in bonis 3^3.
Johes Bosustowe in bonis £2.
Johnes Phillippes in bonis £3.
CORNWALL SUBSIDY l6 CHARLES L (1641).
(Hundred de Penwith.)
Crowan.
Johes Seyntaubyn Arm. valet in terr^ £14.
Unye Lelant.
Jacobus Prade gefl in terr.
Grenvile Hals gefl in bon.
Hencus Edwards gefl in bon.
Margareta Pawleye vid. in bon.
Willmus Edwards in bon.
Johes Lawrey in bon.
Simon Prust in bon.
Willmus Kelwaye in bon.
Alexander Richard in bon.
Johes Uren in bon.
Alexander Banfild in bon.
Jacobus Morish in bon.
Clement Uren in terr.
Alexander Geene in terr.
Towednacke.
Johes Parsons valet in bonis £4.
Thomas Wedge in bonis ^^3.
Petrus Paynter in bonis 3^3.
Thomas Cornow iuftr in bonis £3.
Jacobus Trewhela in bonis 3^3.
Georgius Pile in terr^ £2.
St. lues.
Thomas Trenwith arm. in
terr^ £5.
Thomas Stephens Maior in
bonis £4.
Ricus Hext gefl in bonis £4.
Johes Paine gefl in bonis ^^3.
Willmus Tregose gefl in bonis
Henrus Hicks in bonis ^3.
Stephus Barber in bonis £3.
Thomas Edwards gefl in
bonis 3^3-
Edrus Hamond in bonis £3.
Johes Diggans gefl in bonis
3^3-
Ephraim Sise in bonis 3^3.
Alexander James in bonis ^^3.
Thomas Noale in bonis £3.
Ricus Couch gefl in bonis £3.
Thomas Sprigg in bonis £4.
Henrus Stephens in bonis 3^3.
^ bhes Goodale in bonis 3^3.
_^ ohes Hetchins in bonis 3^3.
'. licus Smith in bonis 3^3.
^ ohes Player in bonis 3^3.
Andreas Phillips in bonis 3^3.
Gratia Hurleye vid. in bonis
£3'
Anna Purefoye vid. in bonis3f3.
Sum. in terr^ v^*
in bonis Ixix^i
Sum. soluto xx^» viijs
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202 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Sennar.
Willmus Trenwith in bonis. ......
Georgius Thomas in bonis £i.
Pawle.
Willinus Godolphin arm in terr.
Johes Gwavas gener^ in terr.
Johes Keigwin geft in terr.
Waltus Burlase in bonis.
Arthus Berryman in terr.
[et caeteri.]
Burian.
Hugo Levelis geft in terr.
Thomas Tresilian gen.
Hugo Thomas gen.
Thomas Grosse gen.
Humphrus Noye gener.
Summa totalis huius Hundred^ de
Penwith in Solutionibus ccc xx viij^i v^ iiij^
Summa totalis horum Hundred^ de
Kirrier et Penwith DCLXXii^i xiiijs o**.
John Seyntaubyn.
Jo : Trefusis.
John Arundell.
William Pendarves.
William Harris.
Renatus Bellott.
CORNWALL SUBSIDY, l6 CHARLES L (1641)^
Jacobus Praedgefl in ter. Symon Prust in bon.
Grinvill Halse geft in bon. Willmus Kelloway in bon.
• Henricus Edwards geft in bon. Alexandras Richard in ter.
Margeria Pawly wid. in bon. Johes Urin in ter.
Willmus Edwards in bon. Alexandrus Bondfeild in ter.
Johes Lawry in bon. Jacobs Morrice in terr.
Towednack.
Johes Parsons in bon. Willmus Russell in bon.
Thomas Wedge in bon. Georgius Nennis in ter.
Petrus Painter in bon. Warne Roswall in ter.
' Thomas Cornowe in bon.
St Ives.
Thomas Trenwith Ar^ in ter. Johanes Payne geft in bon.
Thomas Steaven Maior in Willmus Tregose geft in bon.
bon. Henricus Hicks in bon.
Richus Hext geft in Jbon. Stephanus Barber in bon.
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ST. IVES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
203
St Ives.
Edrus Hamon in bon.
Thomas Edwards gefl in bon.
Thomas Hickes in ter.
Johes Tonkyn in terr.
Effraim Sise in bon.
Alexandras James in bon.
Thomas Noall in bon.
Richus Coutch gefl in bon.
Thomas Sprigg in bon.
Henricus Steavens in bon.
Johanes Goodale in bon.
Johanes Hutchings in terr.
Thomas Dayowe in terr.
Richus Smith in terr.
Ricus Hockin in terr.
Johanes Player in bonis.
Andreas Phillipps in terr.
Johanes Cossen in terr.
Gracia Hurlye wid. in bonis.
Anna Purefoye wid. in bon.
Zennor.
ohes Upcott in bon.
ohes Phillipps in bon.
acobus Phillips in bon.
ohes Woolcocke in bon,
ohes Bussey in bon.
Richus Pellamounter in ter.
Georgius Thomas in ter.
Willmus Richard in ter.
Nicholas Berriman lu : in
terr.
Thomas Sampson in ter
Arthur Beriman in ter.
ffranciscus Maddern in ter.
Robtus Michell in ter.
Willmtis Trenw**^ in ter.
Johes Andrew in ter.
CORNWALL SUBSIDY, I5 CHARLES II. (1664).
Uny Lelant.
James Prade Esqr. in ter.
Henry Edwards gent, in bonis.
Hugh Pauley g^ in bonis.
John Edwards in bonis.
W™ Kelway in bonis.
Jam* Morice in terris.
Richard Steephens in terris.
John Steephens in terris.
John Bonfield in terris.
Henry Curnow in ter.
Steephen Uryn in ter.
Richard Thomas in ter.
Hanball Hosken in ter.
Towednack.
Thom* Painter in bon.
Tho* Renawden in ter.
flfrancis Quicke in ter.
Peeter Painter in ter.
Ric : Baragwanath in ter.
James Trewhela in ter.
Zenobia Quicke in ter.
Rob" Curnow in terr.
Margrett Russell wid. in terr.
Edmond Uryn in ter.
Thoms Gyles in ter.
Si Ives.
Thomas Trenweth gent in
terris.
W™ Diggens in bonis.
Edward Hamon Mrchtt. in
bon.
Tho : & John Noall in bon.
John Hitchens in bon.
George Ilamon Mrchtt. in
bon.
Tho: Purefoy et Ed:
Stephens in bon.
Thom* Syse in bon.
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204
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Hugh Harris in bon.
W™ Robenson in bon.
Peeter Ceely in bon.
fifrancis Arundell g^ in bon.
Alex : James in bon.
John Player in bon.
Ric : Nance et Pasco Hodge
in bon.
Tho : et £francis Steephens in
bon.
Ric : Polard et Ric : [Smith
in bon.
Steph : & Tim® Mayor in bon.
Tho : Hicks & Jo : Thomas
in bon.
W™ Pearse et Tho^ Beryman
in bon.
Rich : Hichens in bon.
Nic : Sprigg & Jo : Treweeke
in bon.
Zennor.
George Thomas in bon.
Eliz : Upcott in bon.
W™ Steephen in bon.
Mary Usticke in bon.
Rob^ Michell in bon.
John Wolcock in bon.
Thoms Phillips in bon.
Arthur Beriman in bon.
John Limbry in bon.
David Udg in bon.
Cornelius Phillips in bon.
Ric : Sleman in ter.
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CHAPTER XIV.
BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639-1687.
The second volume of Borough accounts and memoranda is
a quarto paper book bound in cal£ Its contents commence
thus:
A Register and booke of recorde for the Towne and parrish
of St. Ives in the Countie of Cornewall made and written the
ffower and twentieth day of October in the viiijth. yere of the
raigne of our Soueraigne Lord Kinge Charles ; and in the yere
of o^ Lord god: 1638. M'' John Sterrie then beinge Portreife
there.
Primo die Nouembris 1638. The account of M^ John Sterrie
Portreife of y« Towne and pish of S* Ives for all receipts and
disbursements of monie for and to y® use of y« said Towne and
pish for one whole yere ended y® day and yere aforesaid.
Receipts etc : — Imprimis received of y« ffarmers of y« Market for
one yeres rent y« sume of 3^22 10s. od.
y. received of y« key wardens for a quarters rent Due y^ second
of ffebruarie £3 25. 6d.
y. more received of y^ key wardens for a quarters due y« first of
may £^ 2s. 6d,
y. rec' of M' Jo"^ Hicks for y« pte. of rent due y« 25^ of Julie 1638.
^i I2S. 6d.
Disbursements, Imprimis y« ffifth of November to y® Ringers in
Candles and drinke is.
I. payd M^^ Thomas Jackson [the vicar] for y^ whole yere 3^14.
I. to Andrew Lawrie for his wages being Towne Clarke 8s.
I. to y« Organist £2 12s. od.
I. spent at M^^ Hamonds att y« tyme he was elected Portreife
145. 6d.
[This, of course, refers to conviviality ; the amounts expended on such festive
occasions increase greatly as time goes on, until, towards the end of the
eighteenth century, they absorb a very considerable proportion of the
revenues.]
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2o6 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
I. spent there when M^ Penuyke payd in y® xvi» for y« poore
gs.
I. more spent there att Sr. ffrauncis Godolphins being in Towne
7s. 6d.
y. more at Captaine Bassetts coming to our Towne from Sillye
25. od.
[The Bassetts of Tehidy are an ancient family, being the head of the Cornish
branch of that great baronial house. In the reign of Henry IV., William
Bassett held a knight's fee in Tehidy and Trenalga (Carew, ' Survey of
Cornwall,' p. 39, b.). In the Civil War they espoused the royal cause, in
consequence of which they lost possession of Saint Michael's Mount,
which went to the Saint Aubyns, who had taken the side of the Parlia-
ment.
y. to certaine English and French Travellors which had passes to
travell the country e 4s. 8d.
y. payd for sendinge of post Letters to M^ Bassett is. 6i.
y. payd for carrieing of Letters to M"^ Bassett about Townes
busines is. 6d.
y. payd John Hawke for goinge to Lanceston with a fellon 14s.
[The County Gaol was at this time at Lanceston. Hawke was the borough
constable.]
Item to ye Masons for their worke about y^ Key £1 15&. od.
[The old quay here referred to was situated about 200 yards nearer in towards
the church than the present one, and joined the shore right under Cam
Glaze. It consequently sheltered a much smaller extent of water.]
y. in expence makinge y« Bargaine and aboute y« worke 2s. ^d.
[/>., spent on liquor ]
y. y^ young Treweeke for Iron wedges 6s.
y. pd. for Tymber to make woden wedges £1 los.
y. for a bord of y*-* keye which was carried away with y« Sea
IS. 4^.
y. for y® mendinge of a new Hammer with which hee sett upp 3^^
Works gs. 6d.
y. more for a peeice of Cable to make slings ^s- 4^.
y. pd. y« Porters for three tuns of bigge slats 3s.
y. for ordinarie stones to fill y^ worke and carienge 2 great stones
to y« key 3s.
y. for two hogsheds of lyme about y^ key los.
[Curious light is thrown upon the treatment of misdemeanants at that period
by the following reference to a cage in which offenders were confined. It
long stood in the market-place, probably between the market-house and
the church tower, along with the whipping-post and the stock^i.]
Anno 1638. Disbursements about y« Kaidge and marked
howse.
Imprimis for a beame for y® cadge 4s.
I. for 13 rafters att j" ix^ ye rafter £1 2s. gd.
I. more for 9 bords att js iv** y^ bord 12s.
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639— 1687. 207
I. more for 3 fresh bords is.
I. more for a Locke and Key is. lod.
I. payd for y« cuUeringe of y« cadge is. 6d,
I. to y« carpenters for making of y« cadge 12s.
I. for Nayles spykes and crooks for y^ Markett Howse 3s.
I. for oile in workinge y« cullers is.
I. to Jo" Anthonie for placinge of a beame in y« wale [wall] for y«
cage IS.
I. for 6 deale bords for y« Markett Howse 6s. 6^.'^
I. to John Penbeagle for clensinge y« Markett Howse 5s.
[Penbeagle is a hamlet in the parish of Saint Ives.]
I. for Nayles aboute y^ Markett Howse 5s.
Charges about y« Kings Hye Wayes : —
Item payd John Anthonie in anno 1636 for his wages and for
stones 8s.
I. more in anno 1638 y« same worke beinge broken by violence
of waters and newly amended pay^ yc said John Anthonie
8s.
[The streets bordering on the seashore have always been a great source of
trouble and expense to the local authorities.]
I. payd y® Porters for stones 2s. 6rf.
I. payd for two peeces of Tymber to bynd y« worke 2s. 4^.
I. more payd M' Richard Gould for a newe booke for y® Townes
use I2S.
[Presumably the original volume containing these writings.]
I. for my [the portrieve's] charge and expence Riding to M^^ Bassett
for busines concerning y^ Pish for my paynes and horse
hyre 3s. 6d.
I. payd for repayring of y« High wayes y« last yere 2s. 6d.
The whole disbursements with
allowance of monie received by
M^ Thomas Stevens comes to
^32 OS. sd.
Disbursements £^1 2s. iid.
remaynes due — 17s. 6d. to y« pish
{Above we have g^ven in full the borough accounts of the year 1638-9, during
the poririevalty of John Sterrie. In the following year, 1639-40, Thomas
Stevens was portrieve, and was the last who held that office at Saint Ives.
His account is headed thus :]
Primo Die Novembris 1638. Anno Regni Do! nrl Charoli
Dei gra Anglie Scotie ffrauncie e Hibernie fidei defensoris etc.
decimo quarto. M*" Thomas Steven is chosen Portreeve.
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2o8 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
[Then follow formal lettings of the town revenues to their respective farmers,
thus:]
The day and yere above written Peter Goodale hath farmed
y^ pfitts. of y« Markett Howse for one whole yere and is to pay
for y« same y« sume of Twentie two pounds sterlinge to be payd
y^ Portreife no we in beinge quarterly by euen portions duringe
y« said yere, and for pformance thereof he hath hereunto sub-
scribed his name.
John Diggens. Petter Gooddall.
The day and yere above said M^ Peter Ceely hath farmed
y^ pfitts. of ye key of St. Ives for one whole yere, and is to pay
for 3^ same y^ sume of thirteene pounds sterlinge to be payd y«
Portreife nowe in beinge quarterly by euen portions during y«
sayd yere, and for pformance thereof he hath hereunto subscribed
his name.
Per. Ceely.
Primo die Novembris 1639. The account of M^^ Thomas
Steves late Portreeve for one whole yere ended y« day and
yere aforesaid.
I. to ye Organist for halfe a yere and so much left unpayd y^
yere before £2 8s.
I. for ringinge and candles y® 5^** of November 3s. 8d.
I. payd for a newe chest and 4 lockes and keys for the same los.
L spent when he was chosen Portreive 145. 6d.
I. to Irish men and Irish women that came here by passes 3s. 6d.
[At this period, and for long after, destitute persons were sent alone on foot
to the parish of their birth, and received passes, also called certificates,
entitling them to relief in the various towns through which they jounieyed.
Those presenting fraudulent passes were severely punished, of which we
shall see examples later on.]
I. more to an outlandish man 25. 6d,
[/>., a foreigner.]
I. for a silver Bole [ball] that was brought to Towne 6s. 6d.
[To be used in hurling-matches.]
I. to Henrie Treweeke for spukes abovt y« key iis. 6d.
I. to Robert Bolithowe for work about y« key 6s. 8d.
I. to John Trerie for working about y« key and chaple £1 is. od.
I. spent upon yc companie that went to vewe the bounds 4s.
[This refers to the ancient custom of * viewing ' or beating the bounds on
Ascension Day, which originated in the necessity of keeping up the
memory of the precise limits of the parish. In Catholic times this par-
took of the nature of a religious ceremony, and was accompanied by the
blessing of the bounds by the parish priest. See Chambers' ' Book of
Davs.'
f
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639— 1687. 209
I. for 3 J cwt- hellen stones.
[This is the local pronunciation of ' healing-stones,' the name given to the flat
stones used for roofing houses (Carew's * Survey *).]
I. given to 8 distressed ffrenchmen 45.
I. to Ephraim Syse for beames to make y« postes £1.
I. to Ephraim Syse for quarter beams & a bord for y« Markethouse
IIS.
I. to Thomas Paynter for making y« Bords and Beames 12s.
I. to 2 Irishmen with their wives and child 2s.
I. spent att M^ Hamonds when 3^ charter was brought 5s. 6d.
[That isy the charter of incorporation before mentioned.]
I. to a distressed schoUer that came from Scotlande 25. 6d,
I. for repayring y« Ilande Chaple 13s. 6d.
I. more given att M^ Bassetts howse 145. 6d.
[Bassett of Tehidy entertained the Corporation every Christmas, and they on
those occasions always gave money to his servants.]
[So far we have given the accounts of the two last portreives of Saint Ives, which
were entered in the new book provided when the first mayor was appointed.
The account of Richard Hext, the first mayor, for the year i639-4u^ com-
mences thus :]
Richard Hext gentleman was elected and chosen to be Maior
of the Towne and Borrough of S* Ives by our souvraigne Lorde
Kinge Charles and sworne in the Towne Hall there the first day
of November Anno Domini Christi 1639.
Receipts. Imprimis received of M' Thomas Stevens late Porth-
reife £7 12s. gd.
Received of M' William Tregosse and Henrie Stevens for y^'
key ly^ Aprilis 1640. £5 19s. 6d.
I. received of M' Towne Clarke the vij*** of November p*« of the
composition monie that remayned in his hands the sume
of £7 12s. 8d.
Disbursements followeth. Imprimis spent upon M' Stoan the
iudge of the Admiraltie with the consent of M' John Payne
and others of y« xij i6s.
I. more given to a poore traveller is.
I. more given amongst the servants att Tehiddieon Christide los.
[One seems to see the growing influence of Puritanism in the ' Christ-tide '
which was intended to oust the Popish Christ-mass, but never did so.]
I. given to a poor distressed man that lay long in Mi^ Dale's
Prison 2s.
I. more spent intertayninge of S'^ ffrauncis Godolphin the 23"* of
Januarie att his coming from Sillye £1 os. 4^.
[The ancient and distinguished family of Godolphin had their ancestral seat at
Godolphin in the parish of Breage. They are in many ways connected
with the history of Saint Ives.]
14
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2IO A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
I. more given to a poore man that came to the Towne the second
of ffebruarie beinge bounde for wales hauinge no monie to
pay for his passadge 2s.
I. more to William Leonard for carrieinge my Lord Marquis
is Letter concerning the Burgesses to M"" Recorder the
vij*^ of ffebruarie is.
[The marquis referred to is the Marquis of Winchester, then chief landowner
here.]
I. for goeinge next day for M*" Townclarke to come to
Towne 6d.
I. payd M' Jackson for his whole yeares due £14.
I. payd Andrew Laurie for his whole yeares wages 8s.
L payd M^ Hammand for our expences the 15* of ffebruarie
when M' Recorder pressed o' saylers for his Maties. service
£2 3s. od.
L more given to a poore distressed schoUer that came to o' Town
from Germanie the 27^^ of ffebruarie to seeke passadge
home from Ireland 25.
L payd William Lenard for goinge to our Recorder with letters
that came from the Princis Commissioners the 27^^ of
ffebruarie is.
I. payd the post for carridge of o' letters in answere to y« Prince
is commissioners 6d.
[The Royal Commissioners of Array sate at Truro for the purpose of superin-
tending the movements of the King's forces in Cornwall.]
I. payd Thomas Killington and others of the ffishermen for
carrieinge of claye and Rubble from the key to Porthmeor
L more spent the xvj*** of March when M' Pennicke was in
Towne to knowe howe manie would ride to give their
voyces for y^ knights of y« sheere ys.
[The members returned to Parliament for Saint Ives about this time were,
in 1639, W. Dell and Sir H. Martyn ; 1640, Francis Godolphin, E. Walker
and J. Fielder.]
More Disbursements hereafter foUoweth. Item spent att our
first Sessions att M' Hammands £2 6s. 3s,
I. more given to a distressed gent, with his wife that came to
looke passadge for Irelande the vij* of May is.
I. more to two distressed ffrenchmen that were taken by the
Dunkarts [Dunkirk privateers] and came to seeke passadge
the v^** of May is.
I. more payd for carriadge of a Letter to M' Recorder to London
the second of June is.
I. more spent att Midsummer Sessions £1 15s. 4^.
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639—1687. 211
I. more given to M' Robert Arundle when he brought the cupp
given by his Maister to our Towne £2.
[This was the renowned wishing-cup presented to the Borough by Sir Francis
Bassett, on which is engraved the following inscription :
' If any discord 'twixt my friends arise,
Within the Borough of beloved Saint les,
It is desyred that this my cup of love
To every one a peacemaker may prove ;
Then am I blest, to have given a legacie
So like my hearte unto posteritie.
Francis Bassett, a.d. 164a'
This interesting vessel is of massive silver, about a foot in height. It is
kept in the custody of each mayor for the time being. On solemn occasions
it was handed round, and its contents sipped by mayor and aldermen, or a
draught of mulled wine was presented in it to any distinguished guest * Of
late years,' says Courtney, in 1845, 'a silver ladle has been placed in the
cup, with which the wine is poured into glasses.']
I. more att that tyme att M*^ Hammands spent i6s.
L more payd the Gunner for clensinge of the three gunns and
for powder to try them £1 13s. 4^.
I. payd Nicholas Prigge for two loaves of sugar which were pre-
sented M' Recorder £1 los. od.
[As a parallel to this, the following present was made to the new Recorder of
Nottingham, by order of the Hall, in 1603 : 'It is agreed that the town
shall on Wednesday next present the Recorder Sir Henry Pierrepoint with
a sugarloaf gs., lemons is, Sd., white wine one gallon is. Sd., claret one
gallon 2s. Sd,t muskadyne one pottle 2s, 8^., sack one pottle zr. ; total
20s. Zd? And the year following a present of various kinds of meat was
given by the municipality of Nottingham to the Earl of Shrewsbury
(Chambers* *Book of Days,' voL ii., p. 149).]
I. payd the glaziar for mendinge of the widdowe Spriggs
windowes beinge broaken with the sounde of ye Gunns is.
I. more given a ffooteman that brought my Lord Marques letter
the 14^ of October 2s.
[Powlett, Marquess of Winchester.]
I. payd a footeman that came from M^ Recorder with letters
concerning y« Burgesses the xix*** of October 6d.
[By ' footeman,' in this and the preceding entry, we are to understand a foot
messenger.]
I. payd for two hogsheds that beles : [belongs] the Towne store 8s.
I. given to them that brought the writs from M'' Recorder for the
Election of the Burgesses the xx^^ of October 6d.
I. more given to an Irish gent, and his wife one M^ Makarto
[Mac Carthy or Mac Arthur] whoe came to our Towne to seeke
passadge being in pouertie 26° octobris is.
L more payd Arthur Wescott the 8*^ of November for carrieinge
of the three gufls to the fforte 7s. 6d.
I. more spent att M' Hamands All Saints day when M' Maior
was chosen £1 19s. jd.
14 — 2
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.212 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
I. payd M' Christopher Cocke for monie disbursed by him for
the Towne and Parrish as by his notes do appeare ^f lo.
[In November, 1640, Thomas Stevens, who had been the last portrieve, was
the first to be elected mayor, Richard Hext having been appointed by
the King's Charter.]
St Ives. The account of M' Thomas Stevens merchaunt Maior
of the Borough of St. Ives aforesaid for all receipts and
disbursements of monie ffor and to the use of the said
Borough for one whole yeare ended the ffirst day of
November Anno DOi 1641.
Imprimis. Received of Richard Peter ffarmer of the Markett for
one whole yeare reparons : and other charges allowed the
sume of 3^39 4s. 4^.
I. received of M*" John Payne in pte of payment of a debt of
flSfteene pounds eight shillings due to the Towne the suiiie
of £q 13$. 4i.
I. received of William Phillips for 3 quarters rent for the key the
sume of 3^15.
I. received of Richard Peter for his ffredome 6s. 8d.
[The freedom of the municipal borough.]
The following also purchased their freedom this year :
William Allan, John Sampson, Richard Pollard, Alexander
Penticost and Christopher Morrish.
I. more received from the Lord and Ladie last yeare past 8s.
[This is the last mention of the Lord and Lady of the Summer Games. These
sports did not survive the Puritan regime.]
Disbursements to balance the former accounte hereafter
followeth :
Imprimis. To two Irish men and Irish women the 20^^ of No^^
1640 beinge distressed 2s.
To a man that brought a pClamation to o*" Towne the xth. of
December is.
I. pd. for a locke and key for the Prison and another for the
Stocks 2s.
I. payd M"" Jackson for his whole yeares service the sume of 3^14.
I. payd him for a sermon att the election of a new Maior los.
I. bestowed att Tehiddie in guifts att Christmas i8s.
I. more att M^ Praeds the same tyme 3s.
I. given to an Irish man with his wife and 3 children in distresse
I. for ordinaries and expenses att Christmas quarter Sessions
£3 IS- 9^-
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639—1687- ^iJ
L spent in wyne att the feast of All Saints before when the Maior
was elected £1 is. od.
I. payd for puttinge of Geffrie Nance to Hayle £1 7s. 2d.
L payd Henrie Williams for horse hire to carrie him to Hayle 5s.
I. given to M"^ Bassetts gardner with the consent of the xij
men 6s.
I. payd Henrie Williams for the countie stocke £1 2s. od.
!• to the Organist for playinge upon the Organs is.
[The plural form of this word was originally the only one in use ; as now in
French and Latin : * Cantantibus organis Caecilia Domino dccantabatl
I. payd for pitch and tarr to putt upon the ornance & carriadges
with beere spent 5s.
I. payd for sugar and sweet meats presented to our Burgesses.
£1 3s. 6d.
I. to an Irish man that came here by passe from the Low
Countrie 5s.
I. payd M' Jackson to send to the proctor att Exon. about M*^
Treunw*** buisiness 3^1 iis. od.
L payd to the Serjeants att mace for their attendance for half a
yeare att May £1.
[This year a new gallery was set up in the parish church. It was erected in the
tower arch, at the west end, and used by the singers and musicians down
to about 1840. It was highly decorated in front, and bore a painting of the
royal arms.]
His receipts towards the building of the gallerie foUoweth :
Imprimis of John Player in monie pins and a beame iv^ the
whole is £1.
L of Matgew [Matthew] Treunwith gent 3^1.
L of M^ Thomas Edwards for building the gallerie 5s.
I. of the pishoners by a collection made in the church £20 i8s. gd.
The whole is £23 3s. 3^.
Disbursements towards the buildinge of y« gallerie the whole is
as the pticulars overleafe appeareth ^^41 2s. od.; from
which £41 25. od. substracted 3^23 3s. 3^., rest overpayd
£17 i8s. gd. Which sume by the next Maior was received
and counted & he Loweth.
S* Ives. 1645. The Accompts of. M'^ Edward Hamonde
late Maior of the Borough of S* Ives aforesaid of all Receipts
and disbursements of monie for one whole yeare ended the ffirst
of November Anno pred :
Receipts
Imprimis received of Richard Hockin w*^ his disbursements in
charges for rent of the Markett House £35 os. od.
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214 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
I. received of Peter Gibbs with his charges allowed about the
key 3^14.
The whole same by him received £49.
Disbursements
I. disburst when M"^ Rich : Cowch and M"^ Reginald Paynter went
to S^ Rich : Grenvill £2 35, od.
[Grenville was a prominent royalist leader in Cornwall.]
I. more when hee and other of the xij went to Bodmin to have
the garrison confirmed under the Princes hande with
charge for men horses and Equipts. £6 lys. 3d.
[The mayor and some aldermen seem to have gone to Bodmin in order to
declare their devotion to the king, and to receive formal appointments
in command of the local militia.]
I. allowed Richard Hockin for charges bestowed about the
Markett Howse as by his notes appeares with this allowed
by consent of the brethren £4 js. ^d.
I. payd men for carrieinge stones that fell from the key to the
key againe 45.
I. more for fifurse and tymber to the Match maker 13s. loi.
[The man that made fuses for the guns.]
I. spent the day of his election with the xij and xxiiij.
I. more given to some distressed ffrenchmen 45. 6i.
I. spent upon M' John Bassett and M' Praed with some of the
Magistrates los. 4^.
I. spent upon the Earle of Antrim with some of the brethren 8s.
I. more given att M^^ Bassett's howse att Christmas 13s. /[d.
I. more when wee did receive the charter and other writings
zs. 6d.
I. to one that did whipp the mayde that would drowne her
self6i.
I. more spent on M' Bassett a^ many other gents, the brethren
being present £3 los. od.
I. more to six distressed BristoU men their vessell being taken att
Sea 45. 6d.
I. to men in bread and beere aboute the bul works 17s. 4^.
I. more in meate and wyne upon S^fifrancis Bassett, S'^ffrancis
Molsworth and their followers with the brethren £z 2s. qd.
I. more wyne upon S*" Rich : Grenvill with the brethren 9$.
I. more spent on my Lord Hopton and his followers with consent
of the brethren £1 is. 3^.
I. more spent on M' Predeaux the sheriffe and his followers with
consent of the brethren 17s. M.
[Probably all these Royalist leaders were then engaged in fixing the rates
at which the town was to supply their forces with provisions. Sir
Ralph Hopton commanded the cavalry, and was mainly instrumental in
retaining all Cornwall for a time in the king's obedience. The ancient
family of Prideaux was seated at Place, near Padstow.]
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639- 1687. 215
I. more in bolts for the Turne Piks 2s. 6d.
I. more to distressed men that begged beinge in want 2s. ^cL
I. disbursed in lawe with Peter Gibbs about the key dues
I. for his kitchinge allowance for the whole yeare beinge Maior 3^12.
I. to the Serjeants att Mace for their labour and attendance
£2 OS. od.
I. for drawinge and publyshinge this accompt 2s. od.
I. for i8l^ of sheete ledd for the guns 3s. od.
The whole disbursements are 3^56 8s. 4^.
From which substract 3^49 os. od.
Resteth due to M' Hamonde £7 8s. 4^.
Primo die Novembris Anno Dni xpi: 1645. Ephraim Sise
Mchant : Maior.
Profits of fairs and markets let to John Bosowe and Richard
Pollard for 3^29.
Profits of quay let to M' Alexander Bishoppe for 3^13 los.
Primo die Novembris, Anno Doi 1646. Accounts of M'
Ephraim Sise, Maior.
L payd Richard Pollard for candle light for the watch £1 3s. lod.
I. payd for bread and beere for y^ watch men from tyme to
tyme £1 is. gd,
I. all* for Cockins att his goinge to Helston with the souldiers
10$.
I. payd M' Cocke for vewinge our charter los.
L payd for one hhed: of wyne sent to our Recorder 3^3 os. od.
I. payd 7 watch men att the troopers beinge here 17s. 6d.
[The troopers under Sir Ralph Hopton.]
I. payd for beere att halinge examininge our guiis 4s. 2d.
I. payd for cleeving the plattforme is.
I. payd posts for carrieinge of letters att y*^ tyme of the Irishe
beinge here 4s. 8d.
[Probably some of the Irish troops sent over by the Duke of Ormond in 1643.
to support the king's cause.]
I. given distressed seamen beinge taken by the Irish 3s.
I. p** Paynter for 82 scouringe rodds for Musketts 6s. 2d.
I. p^ for 2 Deales, workemans wages and nayles for the guard
bowse & 3 bush: of coles 14s. ^d.
I. allowed for my charges the whole yeare £12 os. od.
I. for my expences and other charge on gentlemen att sundrie
tymes £2 los. od.
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2l6
A HISTORY OF ST, IVES,
I. for M' Hamonds boate in bringinge stones to the key 3s.
I. allowed M' Bishopp for charges layd out about the key
£1 2s. gd.
I. allowed the Serieants att Mace for their attendance £2 os. od.
The whole disbursements are £47 js. ^d.
Out of which substract
£42 los. od.
Remaynes due to M' Sise last Maior 3^4 17s. 4d.
St. Ives. The ififteenth Day of December 1646.
Whereas itt is considered That our Towne of St. Ives afore-
said hath been a verie good place of hooke ffishinge And hath
been verie beneficiall and helpfuU to the countrie and also to the
inhabitants And wee contrarie to our auncient custome have
hyred our men for weekly pay And have taken them in att Saint
James Tyde in the cheefe tyme of hooke fl&shinge wch : is and
hath been great dammadge to the Coinon good and contrarie to
the custome of all our ffellow Sayners and neighbours throughout
the countie.
We doe therefore constitute and order That no owner of a
Sayne or saynes within our Towne of what condition soever
shall take or hyer any seamen or ffisherman unto his service for
weeklie wages to serve in the sayninge craft ; ffor our constitu-
tion is That the man that is owner of Sayne or saynes That so
doth shall pay unto the Maior of the Borough for his default the
suiiie of twentie pounds to the use of the Towne and Borough To
be leavyed on him by way of Action to be expended by the Maior
But we constitute and order That itt shall be lawfuU for any
owner of sayne or saynes to hyer flSshermen for Rewards accord-
inge to our Auncient costume ; And not to give aboue twentie
shillings reward for any sayner of what condition soever hee bee
eyther directlie or indirectlie And for the confirmation of this
constitution wee have subscribed our names
Thomas Sprigge maior.
Ephraim Syse.
Rich: Hext
Thomas Stevens.
Henry Hickes.
Jno: Payne.
Edward Hammond.
Alexander James.
John Hichins.
Henry Stevens.
Thos: Goode.
John Player.
Rich: Hicks.
Alexander Bishopp.
Henry Sterrie.
George Hammond.
Thomas Hicks.
Reignald Paynter.
Arthour Westcott.
John + Cussens.
Nich: Prigge.
Andrew + Phillipps.
Robert [?] Arundell.
Peter Gibbs.
George Hicks.
Thomas Purefoy.
John Cocking.
Thomas Painter.
John Ann.
Thomas Dayowe.
John Noall.
John+Perken.
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639—1687. 217
Thomas Sprigge mayor 1646.
[This account covers the period of plague and famine ; the details will be
understood on reference to our description of these visitations in the pre-
ceding chapter.]
Profits of fairs and markets let to John Hechins for £40 los. od.
— do — quay to Thomas Purefoy & Nicholas Sprigge for 3^20 os. orf.
St. Ives Anno Dom: 1646.
& Anno Dom: 1647.
The Account of M^^ Thomas Sprigge maior.
I. Received of Wm: Nance for goods which were John Hawks
deceased £4 19$. lod.
I. received att seuerall tymes of M'^ George Hicks for Corne
monie £142 us. 4^.
[Contributions towards the relief fund.]
I. more of Stephen Harris by Georg Hicks order for corne
^i 5s. 8d.
I. more of M' George Hicks upon Major Ceelye Tickatts for
corne £4^ us. 6d.
I. more of M' Henrie Sterie for a collection in St. lust pish:
£1 17s. 8d.
I. more sent into by M' Sterrie by the Towne post £3 os. od.
I. received of M' Wm: Paynter who hath att London given to
the use of y^ Towne £1.
I. more of M' Arthur Westcott for puision : solde in the Markett
;fii OS. od.
L received of M*" Richard Pollard for the pish : howse £2 gs. lod.
I. rec"^ of M' Harrison for the Towne upon our agreement for
ffish £5.
I. rec** of M'^ Hammond for a Butt of the Towne sacke jf 18.
[From Opye's vessel.]
I. rec** of M" Newman for 3 butts of sacke and pte: of a 4th. that
shee drew ^f 80 7s. ^d.
I. rec** of Henrie Hutchins for monie by him collected due to the
Towne £^ 12s. 2d.
I. more of M' Wm Nance for puision : soulde in the Markett
howse £2 los. od.
I. received of the Towne Serjeants for puision : by them deliuered
£2 4s. 6d.
The whole sume is 3^307 19s. gd.
Anno pred : Disbursements to ballance the former accont : as
followeth : —
Imprimis spent att the settinge of the Markett and key by consent
of the brethren 17s. 4^.
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2i8 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
. deliud [delivered to] the constable M' Geo: Hicks to buy candles
for the watch is.
. p* M' Hugget and M' Whitworth for servinge the cure for a
yeare 3^14.
p* Dorothie Morrish for two souldiers dyet that lay there
sicke gs. 4^.
more gave them att their goinge away with a passe id.
payed for 30 bushells of coles for the guard att 12** ye bushell
£1 10s.
deliuered the constab. Bishopp for carrieinge of Liuetinant
symons before the committees 4s.
Spent at the tauern upon our Recorder M' St. Awbin and
other gents with consent of the brethren i6s.
mor payd for halfe hundred weight of muskett shott & fiajglrt
los. 3i.
payd for caring of Thomas Creed to his graue 2d,
Layd out for John Hicks and Thomasin Philtpps in time of
sicknes is.
delud : then to constable Bishope to buy pvision : for them
time of their sicknes £6,
deliv^ Tho : Painter to ddiu : Thos : Worvas in Tim of his
sicknes 2s. 6d,
payd to Major Ceelye to wards the corne for M' Opie
£135-
[In payment for that taken from his ship.]
P* then to M' Opies footeman 3^30.
pd. M' Trout towards the Corne and wine for his master
£31.
pd. for keepinge of sixe bullocks for 7 weeks which were
destrained by the St. Earth constables £1.
pd. M' Prad for toe bushells of wheat and two bushells of
barley 3^2 6s. od.
. pd. the Serjeants for coUectinge of monie about the town 5s.
. pd. John Thomas for three bushells of barley for the use of the
poor & a quart of aquevite for the sek £1 los. 6d.
. pd. M*" Hamond for racking the sack and trimige the butts £2.
. pd. M" Trewman for drawinge of the buts of sack for the towns
use £7.
pd. the porters for carrieinge them from the sellor to her house
lOS.
pd. M' Trout towards his cost for aresting him att Trerow
[Truro] I2S. 2d.
pd his attumie the serjeante and deliberating him out of thai
routh 14s. 4^.
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639— 1687. 219
I. in allowance for Ciching being Maior for the whole yeare ^f 12.
Primo die Novembris Anno Domini 1647.
M' Thomas Noale Maior, elected.
Profits of fairs and markets let to M' John Trewinnard for £33.
Profits of the quay to M' Edward Hammond for £19 los.
Anno Dommi
1648.
5^ Ives. The Accompts of M' Thomas Noale then Maior of
the Towne & Borough of S' Ives aforesaid of all Receipts &
disbursements of Money for & to the use of the Towne & pish,
for one whole yeare as foUoweth :—
[The following purchased their freedom :] x
Joseph Gubbsy Mathew Adie, and
William Capps, John Jeffries.
I. received of M' George Hicks being church warden towards the
charge in bringinge downe the Organs Raylinges and
other Implements of the church i8s.
Disbursements.
Imprimis spent att the ffirst of Nouember being Electid day
£1 igs, lod.
Item more to the Ringers the fiiveth day of November and candle-
light 3s. gd.
I. payed M' John Whitworth for a quarter wages at candlemas
3s. loi.
I. payd a post to carrie a Letter to the Maior of Pensance is.
I. payd to carrie a Letter to Justice Thomas 2s. 3d.
I. payd to preachers for sermons att severall times in our church
£7 IS. od.
I. payd for sending of Hazarde to Lanceston Goale £1 4s. od.
I. spent at Markajew to solicit M' Saintabin for the Towne is.
[The St Anbin family of Qowance, of ancient Norman (or rather Breton)
descent, espoused the Parliamentary cause. Soon after this they became
possessed of Saint MichaeFs Mount, which had been held for some genera-
tions by the Royalist Bassetts.]
I. to M' Cocke for puttinge in the bills against Hazard at the
Assises IS.
L payd the two Serjeants for goeinge to Clowance to speake with
M' Saintabyn 3s.
I. more to a post that came from M' Saintabyn is.
L more spent upon M' Saintabyn and other gents that came to
our Towne £1 gs. 3d.
L more for a post to go to M' Paulie at seuerall times is. td.
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220 'A HISTORY OF ST, IVES,]
I. more payd the Joyners for takinge downe the Organs and
Railings of the church £i 15s. yd.
[Here we have a record of the Puritan zeal which demolished the .few relics
of beauty spared to the parish churches by the Reformation. The Reformers
had chastised the church with whips, the Puritans now proceeded to
scourge it with scorpions. Men were paid small sums' to break all the
stained glass which remained, and we now see before us the fate of the
beautiful carved oak rood-screen, curtly termed * Railings,' and the organ.]
I. more to poore Dutchmen that were taken at sea 3s.
I. more payd Henrie Treweeke for crooks and Nayles to hang
up the sentences and Match 2s. 6d,
L more to poore women that came from Ireland is. 6d.
I. more spent upon M' Saintabyn the 24'^ of June with some
other gent : and some of the brethren 19s. od,
I. more spent on Captaine Cole & other gent : that came with
him 8s. 3i.
I. more to poore distressed sea men that were put on shore in
our towne is. 6i.
I. more for canves to make the cartrages for the greate gufts
2s. 6d.
I. payd masons for mendinge and healing of the castle wales
I2S. id.
!• more to Ralph Couch for tymber worke in the castle 3s. 4^.
I. spent att M' Godolphins beinge in towne with some other
gent : that came to Towne the 15^ of August 19s.
I. payd John Thomas for candles for the guarde is. lod.
I. more to certaine ffrench men that were taken at sea is. 4^.
I. payd M' John Payne for bords aboute the castle 13^.
I. more bestowed upon M' Godolphins servants at the tyme he
went there with a petition 4s. ^d.
I, More payd John Hyatt for a little bowse to holde the store for
one quarter 5s.
I. payd to M^ Hughes for a sermon the viij^^ day of Oct. los.
I. payd M' Veale [the Steward of the Manor] for an accustomed Rent
out of the Market bowse 4s.
1648
1649 S^ Ives. Alexander James Mayor 1648.
Profits of markets and fairs let to John Bussow for £g los.
Profits of the quay to Edward Hammond for 3^19.
M' Biggs purchased his freedom for los.-
Disbursements. . Imprimis. Paid ffor Mendinge the Cause of the
great Cupp 3s. 6d,
[/>., the case of the silver tankard presented by Sir Francis Bassett.1
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639-1687.
22 X
I. paid for a Purse to hold the weights 4^.
[/>., the standard weights of the Borough.]
. gave 3 distressed English seamen beinge taken 4s.
. paid Thomas Painter for mending the guard chamber and
Bentch of the Hall is. 6d,
. paid M' Edmond Hughes for Lectuer Sermons £3 los.
Meaning thereby that Mr. Hughes was not in orders, but ohiy a lay reader, or
' lecturer.']
. p^ : for mending y^ Lambeso locke 6d.
. d' Ralph Cooch for fixinge a Beame and other worke about
the Markett house is 35.
d' Thomas Hickes for a Truckle of a carrage 6d.
[A wheel for a gun-carriage.]
. Gave 6 distressed seamen being taken by the Iresh 5s.
. paid for mending the stocks is. 6d,
. paid for a carredge of a Gunn 2s.
. paid John Anthony for worke aboute the guard chabr : is. 4^.
. paid M' Sise for lime 6rf.
. paid John Treweeke for 2 twists for the guard gate 2s.
. paid Ralph Couch for a horde to mend a carredge of a Gunn
IS. 4d.
. paid for catredge canuas 2s. 6d.
. Ralph Couch for ffixinge the Carredges of the Create Gunns
with Timber and Nailes 6d.
. paid M' Welsteed for Medsumer an : gr : 1649, 3^3 los. od.
The Rev. Leonard Welsteed was ejected from his living for non-conformity in
1648, but was afterwards minister of the parish of Saint Ives for several
years of the Commonwealth. He founded the Saint Ives Grammar School
(Hicks' quoted by Gilbert). It appears from the parish registers that 'm" :
Leonard Welsted minister of this Towne and Grace one of the daurs : of
Jo" Trewynnard gent :' were married on February i, 1653. Their children^
baptised at Saint Ives, were Samuel, in 1654, and Margeret, in 1656.]
I. p* for tolling the Markett bell is.
I. paid M' Welsteed for a sermon All Saints day los.
I. paid the glaziar for mending the Market house windowe 3s.
I. gave 10 distressed ffrenchmen wch : were taken by their
Enemies at sea 4s.
I. paid for sacke & suger, with other charge, which wee carried
with us at Treuincaye when wee went thither to coinidate
our Recorder at his cominge home £1.
I. paid 2 serjans for their yeares servis £2.
I. allowed towards my citchen 3^12.
[These two last items now recur annually.]
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222 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES. i
St Ives 1649. John Diggens mayor.
The 6* of January 1650.
Whereas Peter Ceelye gent, had by the consent of this
Corporation one peece of ordinance to put aboard his vessell and
by accident loosinge his vessell is not able to furnish the towne
with the said peece of ordinance agen, itt is tberfore ordered by
us that the said Peter Ceely shall pay for the said peece of
ordinance weighing 5^ 2 qr, weight att 6s, 8d. p.c. the suine of
165. 8d. if the said Peter Ceelye cannott ifurnish an other peece.
[Hicks says that Ceely of Saint Ives was]* vice-admiral and commanded a
troop of horse.' If so, the ' Horse Marines' were no mere fiction at that
date. About this time a Peter Ceely.was Mayor of Plymouth.]
The 15*^ of february 1650.
Wee the Maior & Burgesses of the Burrow of S' Ives doe
recomend the care of the fifree Grammar Skoole of the said
Borrowh to M' Leonard Welsteede.
Moreover wee agree & consent that Richard ffowler shall be
clarke of this pish & to have the Allowance of the former clarkes.
And farther wee agree that the Sexton shall have Twelfe
shillings p annum p* him quarterly by the church warden for
ringginge of the nine oclock ble. [bell.]
28*^ May 1650.
Receued of M^ Thomas Stevens & M*" W™ Nance Church-
wardens in Anno 1649 Certaine Implements Belonginge unto the
Church As foUoweth
Two Silver fflagons aboue A Pottle each of them.
Two Silluer Cupps with couers each of them.
Two Peuter Pottles & two Peuter fHagons.
Six Font Cloathes.
ffower Table Cloathes for the Comunion Table.
One Stamen Carpet for the Coinunion Table.
All these goods aboue written are
received by us to be Accountable
to the Towne for them.
John Player.
George Hammond.
St Ives 1650. Peter Ceely mayor.
Profits of the quay let to Thomas Stevens junior for jfiS los. orf.
Profits of the market to John Sprye for 3^60 os. od.
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639— 1687. 223
A List of things delivered to the new mayor.
Charter and Book containing the same.
The Great Statute Book annotated by Palton.
Daltons Office of a Justice of Peace.
A brazon yard.
The chest of writings.
One Great Gilded Boule with a Couer.
[The gift of Sir Francis Bassett. (Sec anU.)]
Delivered to the new Churchwardens :
2 Silver fflagons.
2 Silver Cupps with covers.
2 Peuter Pottles.
2 Peuter fflagons.
Six font cloathes.
One fflanell carpett for the Comunion Table.
One greene carpett for the Table.
One Scarlett pulpitt cloath & cushing.
Alexander James.
Richard Smith.
Xio Novembr : Anno Dmi : 1650. Att a generall Assembly
of the Mayor and Burgesses of St. Ives the day and yeare afore-
said Theis Orders and constitucons made concluded and agreede
uppon as foUoweth viz : Impr : Whatsoever Seane Boate that
hath a Steame [stem, i>., a right to its place in the bay for catching fish]
must come directly home yf hee goe not to helpe his consart in
killing of ffishe ; for if eyther the Seane Boate or ffoUower shall
goe from the Steame a ffishing, the Seane Boate shall lose her
Steame : And that no Seane-Boate or ffoUower roweing to the
Eastward or home shall rowe too deepe, but keepe alonge the
Shoare, the whch. if they doe they shall paye their fynes [or suffer]
imprisonment according to former orders.
John Spenser and John Hocking are to measure all the warp
in the seine-boats for the ensuing year. Noe boate shall have
aboue Eight Landmen as Blowsers.
[Blowsers are men who stand on the shore and hold the ends of the ropes
attached to the seines.]
[Other regulations follow with regard to the fishery.]
Jno Payne. Peter Ceely maior.
John Treweeke. John Diggens.
Peter Goodall. Thos : Stevens.
John Spry. Henry Hickes.
Christo : Payne. Edward Hammond.
Effrem Robinson, Thomas Sprigge,
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224
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
W™ Pearce.
Jo*^ Thomas.
Hugh Harris.
Richard Moris.
Edward Wescott.
Henerey Hitchens.
Peter Tonken.
John Spry.
Thorn : Beremman.
John Cockins.
Peter Gooddall.
Petter Cossenes.
Thomas Hicks.
John Tompken.
Hugh Hickes.
Ralfe R. C. Cowch.
Alexander Player.
John + Perking.
William Harriss.
Rob : R. H. Hickes.
JefFry + Pearce.
Rich : R. M. Morrin.
Thomas Noall.
Alexander James.
Arthour Wescott.
George Hicks.
John Player.
Tho: Purefoy.
Henry Sterrie.
Thomas Dajowe.
Nic° Prigge.
Jno : Paine J*"
Will : Diggens.
Thomas Stevens J fir.
Thomas Painter,
Rob: Cowch.
Henry Trjrweeke.
Edward Paine.
William Nance.
Rich: Pollard.
Christo: Morish.
Jo. Barber.
John Noall.
Richard Smith.
[On November 12, 1650, further bye-laws relating to the fishery were enacted
and signed by twenty-one of the above and also by John Bolythowe.]
A Note of such things belonging unto the Towne and cor-
poracon of S^ Ives as are delivered over by John Diggens gent,
unto Peter Ceely gent, the nowe Mayor 22° November 1650
Impr : The charter of the Towne and the Booke contayneing the
same.
The Create Statue booke collected by Palton.
Daltons office of a Justice of Peace.
A 2 1^ weight ; 1 1^ ; J ^^ ; J ^^ of aberdepoi^e. A i ^^ ; ^^^;
1 lb J 2 °^ ; I *« ; J **' Troye weight.
A brazon yeard, The Towne Seale and 2 stamps.
The chest of writings.
1650
The Accounts of Peter Ceely mayor of St. Ives
1651
Receipts.
Imprimis : Received of seuerall psons for pvision delivered them
in the tyme of late Contagion 3^15.
The i^ Aprill 165 1.
Item : received of M^ Henrie Hickes & M^ William Hicks for the
use & benefitte of the poor of the pish : of St. Ives the
sume of jf 40.
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639^1687. 22s
I. John Bolithowe of the pish : of Crowane [presumably of Bolitho in
that parish] was admitted a free man of this corporation for
the fine of 40s, by the consent of the burgesses. Received
£2 OS. od.
I. rec : of M^ William Hickes of Kerris the sume of ^f 10 os. od.
I. rec* for an execution levyed on John Hutchings for Chris*
topher Cocke debt' being due uqto the towne 3^3 igs* od,
L rec* of Robert Hickes for pulsion hee had on the account of
the towne in the sicknese yere £1 5s. od.
I. rec* of M^ Diggens last Mayor upon his account for monies
due unto the towne 3^4 os. od.
Disbursements :
Item : pd: the Ringers for beere the 5*** of November 1650 5s. od.
I. for a carpett for the towne haule 12s. od.
I. pd : distressed Irish men 2s. 6d.
I. pd : distressed English men taken 2S. 6i.
I. pd: distressed ffrench men 2s. 6d.
I. for building & errecting of a house for the hewers £1 10s. od.
[The huers are men who shout and signal directions for rowing to the men
who are fishing in the bay. The huers watch the movements of the shoal^
standing for that purpose on certain hill-tops, where houses or sheds are
provided for their shelter.]
I. towards a rate for Poulsew Bridge 3s. 6d.
I. pd. for a beame for the Markett house to M' Cowch 6s. od.
John Diggens,
Nic<> Prigge.
Geo : Hammond.
Henry Sterries.
St. Ives Thomas Purefoy mayor 165 1.
[To the foregoing list of books, weights, etc.» the following are this year added
as being delivered to the new mayor :]
A brason gallon*
With one ould Towne seale more*
I. a booke called the constables office.
One Great Guilded Boule with a cover.
ist November 1651.
(Town Receiver or Treasurer appointed ; the same to be
annually chosen for receiving the Town's rents, profits & incomes
and for the disbursing thereof for the Town's use.)
3 Itt is agreed on that whereas there is an order formerlye
made giving liberty to all ^son as well freemen as others
Inhabitants of the said Borrough that they should not be
15
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226 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
arrested to the Court of the said Burrough unto any mans suite.
Butt should be all soiiioned or warned And on that order or
constitution had the priviledge of three courts to make their
appearance to any suite in the said court comenced. Wee doe
therefore by these presents agree order and constitute that wee
make null repeale and utter make voyd the force power and
effecte of that constitution. And from hence forth every pson : to
be somoned or arrested to the said court and to liave loyall
p'ceedings accordinge to law.
The XXV* of December 1651.
Burrough 1
of S^ Ives, J Itt is agreed on by a mutuall consent of the
mayor, aldermen and burgesses ; That the Thirtye ffive pounds
due from the Towne to M^ Henrye Sterrye should bee satisfyed.
2 Itt is allsoe agreed on that three pounds bee abated him out
of the Tenn pounds due from him to the Towne on accounte in
the Sicknesse yere ; And this three pounds is allowed him for his
paynes then.
3 It is allsoe agreed on that the xv*^ be deducted out of the
Thirtye ffive pounds which is due to the poore of the Towne
from him for the Legacye given the poore by M'^ Goddolphin.
And that this be registered on the Towne register and the Towne
from hence forthward to be come debitor to the poore for the
same. And the Interrest to be payd by the Thresurer for the
tyme beinge from tyme to tyme unto the Overseers of the poore.
4 Itt is agreed that Three pounds Twelve shillings due for
Interrest be likewise deducted out of the xxxv^^s and that this
3 lbs xijs bee forth with payd by the Tresurer to the Overseers of
the poore.
5 Itt is allsoe agreed on that the vij^^ remayninge of the x^^
above mentioned bee deducted out of the xxxv^^.
6 Itt is farther agreed on that the Tresurer for the tyme now
beinge doe forthwith paye the Nyne pounds eighte shillings to
M^ Henrye Sterrye and to deliver upp his bond ; takeinge a
sufficiente receipte under M^ Sterryes hand to free the Towne
of the xxxv^^s above mencyoned.
John Littleton Towne Clarke.
By order.
Burrough of S^ Ives. The daye and yere abouesaid Itt is
agreed on and ordered. That the Tresurer or Collector of the
Burrough aforesaid for the tyme beinge from yere to yere duelye
paye Three pounds for everye yere unto the Ouerseers of the
poore of the burrough aforesaid, allsoe Twentye shillings allsoe
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639—1687. 227
yerelye lo the minister of the said burrough. And is for the
Interest of ffiftye pounds given unto the said uses as a Legacye
by the last Will and Testament of M^ Chestian Hext widdoe
lately deceased which said sume of ffiftye pounds remaynes in the
hands of the cheife burgesses for the use of the corporation.
[This charitable lady died in the year 1648. Under the provisions of her will
an alms-house for six poor people was founded in the following year. Early
in the present century the alms-house was sold by the Corporation, and the
proceeds applied to the purchase of a poor-house. On the formation of
the district union these latter premises were let as warehouses.]
Item itt is allsoe ordered that the Tresurer allsoe yerely paye
unto the Ouerseers of the poore ffower and twentye shillings
And is for the Interrest of ffifteene pounds given as a Legacye
by Sf ffrancis Goddolphin unto the poore, which sayd sume
remaynes allsoe to the use of the corporation.
St. Ives. 1651. Thomas Purefoye mayor.
Profits of the Keye or Peer to George Hammond for jf 18.
Ordered by the Mayor & the Burgesses that Richard Hicks
shall be Towne Collector for this yere & shall receive such sume
or sumes of monye as fr5 tyme to tyme shall accrewe or belonge
unto the towne for this yere And that hee shall receive 20s. from
the towne towards his labour and expensis.
Burrough of St Ives. Att a general assemblye att the Guild
hall of the Burrough aforesaid the 5^ day of ffebruarye 1652.
John Seyntaubyne Esq^ was elected Recorder of the said Burrough
and sworne the 7* day of ffebruarye aforesaid 1652. Before
Nicholas Prigge then Maior att the Guild haule the day and yere
aforesaid.
St. Ives. 1652 Account of Thomas Purefoy late Mayor.
Receipts.
Imprimis : Received of M'^ George Hammond for rent of the key
£18 OS. od.
Item : Received of ffrancis Arundell Gent, of the pish : of Cam-
borne in the countye of Cornewall to be made free of this
corporacon 3^3 os. od.
I. Received of Thomas Purefoy abouesaid Mayor for the use of
the corporacon All the goods beinge lefte of James
Shellsens glasier of the said burrough And sould att the
seuerall prices as p' a List doth appeare Amountinge to
the sume of £6 15s. 8i.
[Goods forfeited for felony, according;: to an ancient privilege of the borough.
N.B. Dugdale, ' England and Wales,* also mentions a custom at Samt
Ives, that every person dying worth ;^io should pay 10s. to the curate.]
15—2
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ZiS. A HISTORY OF ST. IV£S.
• Disbursements as followeth
Imprimis payd M^ Henrye Sterrye as p order of the corporacon
£g 8s. oi,
item payd M^^ William Diggens Ouerseer of the poore, for the
Interrest of a sume of mpnye given as a Legacye by
W Goddolphin unto the poore ; payd him in full of the
Interrest of that monie due att Easter last 1652 the sume
of £3 12s, od.
Item, disbursed: Lost upon portugall monye payd M^ Sterrye
4s. oi.
L payd Ralph Cowch for making the Pillorye 3s. 6d.
I. payd Mr Richard Cowch for a b^ame to make the Pillorye
6s. oi.
I. Thomas Hickes to mende the Locke and keyes of the castle
door js. 6d.
I. payd the smiths and the carpenters to mend the prison doore
OS. 6i.
I. payd the men that did sett up the Pillorye is. od^
I. payd Gerrance Bettye the 11*^ februarye 1651 for wippinge
one 2s. od.
I. payd Robert Cowch by order of M^ Maior for a Booke called
the Constables office 2s. od.
I. payd Ralph Cowch for making a silinge [ceiling] in the Towne
Haule 6s. 2d.
I. payd M^ NichoUas Prigge for Boards and Nayles js. 4^.
I. lost upon the Portugall monies then payd him is, ^d.
I. payd M^ William Diggens Ouerseer of the poore for the
Interrest of a Legacye givven unto the poore by M^s
. Chestian Hext and is in full of that Interrest doe at can-
dlemas last £z OS. od.
I. Lost upon that Portugall monies 3s. gi.
I. payd M^ Leonard Wellsteed minister one pound and is for the
Interrest of a sume of monie given as a Legacye by M*^
Chestian Hext unto the minister of the pish, to be payd
for ever for him in full being due att candlemas last
£1 OS. oi.
I. payd Henrye White by M^ Maior's order to goe to Penrin in
the states service is. 6i.
I. Thomas Tinner to goe to the Mount itt beinge a Towne case,
in a Message is. od.
[This entry is explained by the next]
I. payd Hugh Harris the constable to carrye the Tacabirds
before Justice Seyntaubyne £1 5s. 6i.
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639-1687. 229
I. payd distressed people being quartered at Richard Morrishes
3s. od.
I. payd John Bussowe for the like 2s. od.
I. payd for the pockett maces 25. 6d.
I. lost upon the exchange of some portugall monye by consent
4$. 7^-
I. Received of M' Thomas Purefoye for monies disbursed for the
Tacabirds £1 5s. 6d.
[This year the following in addition to those previously mentione^d were
delivered to the new mayor.]
A Booke of newe Acts of Parliament.
A Booke of Assise of bread & weights & measures.
A payre of brass scales.
1652
The Account of Nicholas Prigge mayor St. Ives..
1653
Receipts.
Received of Richard Pollard for a fyne for blooshed [bloodshed]
by him 3s. 4^.
[This does not imply manslaughter, but, as I venture to think, the slaughter of
beasts.]
Item Received of John Woolcocke for a fyne for blooshed by
him 3s. 4d.
. Disbursements.
[For repairs to the prison and castle.]
Item payd for 2 lockes and keyes for the cubarts [cupboards] in
the Towne haule 2s. 2d.
I. payd for cushings for the Towne's use 5s. lod.
I. payd to George Gunner for making cleane the prison os. 4^.
I. payd Tho. Hickes for beere and makinge cleane the castle
house 3s. od.
I. disbursed the 5*** februarie 1652, about the markett house this
quartei; £1 35. od.
I. paid John Spenser the sergeante for a horse to ride to the
Recorder is. oi. -
I. paid for a locke and keye for the outward castle gate«25. 6i.
I. paid M' John Littleton for the booke of Newe Acts of Parlia-
ments 8s.
L pd. for portage of the booke and letters sent him att
London 2s.
h P* J*^" Thomas the constable the 4*^ May 1653 for a warrant
& to Carrie the prest men to Truroe 6s.
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ajo A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
I. paid the constable9 to came the pr^ men to Penrin the 25*"*
June 1653 £1 05. sd.
[Two other similar entries occur this year of pressed men sent to Penryn. At
the commencement of the year 1653 a fleet of eighty sail was sent against
the Dutch, hence this activity. The press-gang^a^ a frequent visitor to
Saint Ives down to the end of the first quarter of the present century. To
this day the Saint Ives district supplies some of the finest seamen to the
British navy. The former custom of forcing men into the service often led
to turbulent scenes in the streets of the town, not always without bloodshed.
A Saint Ives family named Woolcock has a tradition that a female ancestress
of theirs once, with a china bowl, broke the head of a press-gang officer who
was attempting to carry off her son.]
I. paid the Hundred constable M' Rogers for the Countie stocke
ended att Michallmas last 1653 165. 6d.
I. paid by the constable for the rate to repayre Saint Blazie
Bridge 25. 6i.
I. paid the constable to paie Major Ceelie for pressing the men
monie disbursed by him 125. od.
I. pd, the 18**" 8^ 1653 to colonell Buttler a distressed man
taken by the ffrench pyrats los. od,
I. paid M' Land the minister for preachinge two sermons in M"^
Wellsteed absence los. od.
I. paid Joane Bullie when shee was shutt upp by the Townes
order 5s. 8i.
I. paid for An Assise booke of weights and measures is. od.
I. paid for a payre of Brase scales to waite butter and bread 35. od.
St. Ives 1653. Richard Cowch elected Mayor.
Profits of the Market let to Morrish Diar or Dyer for ;£'40.
Profits of the quay to George Hammond for £15 los.
Richard Hicks Town Collector.
Arthour Westcott and John Player Overseer of the poor
Henry Hicks and Robert Cowch Churchwardens,
1653
Mayor's Accounts.
1654
Received ffor a ffyne of bloodshed 3s. 4^.
I. Received of Peter Ceely Esq' for halfe yeres rent for the Mills
ended the i"* of November 1654 3^6 13s. 4^.
Disbursements as followeth
Item, paid William Leonard to putt Chestian Mattie to Lancet-
ton £1 OS. od.
I. paid Tho : Stevens for a peece of Timber the i*^ of decembet
1653 5s. od. .
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639—1687. 231
I. paid Jo» Rosemewas the 21*** Jan. 1653 for a qfs wages for
keepinge the clocke 3s. oi.
I. Given amonge the souldiers att pClayminge the Lord Pro-
tector los. od.
[Hicks says that on this occasion blue ribbons were distributed among the
soldiers, who, to the number of about one hundred, under the command of
Ceely, fired three volleys.]
I. paid Ralph Cowch for makinge the stocks 3s. 2d.
I. paid the Smith for Iron worke about itt 3s. 2d.
I. paid for caringe the timber 8d.
I. paid for two Bills of Indictemente against Chestian Mattre
45. 8i.
I. paid Mr Nicholas Prigge the 15*** May 1654 ^^r 11'^ of powder
for the Guns 13s. gd.
I. paid for caringe a poore woman and her childe to Truroe
45. od.
I. paid the 7^^ 8*»*' to J**° Spenser for Bread for the Bawde and
the whore that were carted 6d.
[Whipped through the town at the tail of a cart]
I. paid Ralph Cowch for makinge the carte to carte the whores for
his labour and nayles 25. 2d.
The waye wardens for this yere is Lewis Cogar and William
Ninnis.
Overseers of the poor Thomas Purefoy, Richard Smith, George
Paynter and William Browne.
[Mn 1654, Thomas Purefoy, captain of a small privateer of four guns, belonging
to Ceely, captured and brought to Saint Ives two fine Breton barques laden
with salt' (Hicks).]
St. Ives 1654. George Hammond elected Mayor.
1654
His Account.
1655
Received ffor ffynes of bloodshed made by Richard Pollard, Anrt
his wife and James Pollard los. od.
I. Received of Henrye Barbar ffor a ffyne is. od. ;
I. Received of Edward Westcoatt ffor severall fynes ys. od.
Paid to putt John Tacabird to Lanceston £1 i8s. od.
I. paid Rob : Sprigge constable for his charges towards putting
Tacabird to Lanceston 25. 6d.
I. paid Andrew Job monie layd out in puttinge the said Tacabird
to Lanceston 35. 6d.
I. paid for whippinge of William Nance his wife and another
womaa then wipte with her 2s. 6d. .1
L payd Lewes ffoger to goe post to Pendennis 5s. W.
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232 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
I. paid the 2*** June 1655 ^^^^ Edward Stevens Collector of the
grand Assessement for soe much due being short on the
Rate 3s. 6d^
I. paid Rob : Sprigge then constable to go aboard a ffrigett at
Pensance 2s, 6d.
L paid the i8t^ August 1655 to severall poore distressed fifrench
men 14s. od.
I. paid for twoe doz : of Raggs [stones] for the Markett howse and
caringe them 6s. Sd.
L paid Lewis ffoger to goe post to Pensance is.
I. paid Math : Gennings carrie Grace the wife of Gerance Bettie
to Lanceston Goale being accused for a Witch the 15^^ of
November 1655 the sume of £1 14s. od.
I. paid for a crest ffor the markett house 4^.
I. paid for a hundred of helling stones lod.
I. paid for a booke for the constitutions ys. od.
25^^ October 1655. Another byelaw relating to the seine
fishery was passed and signed by
George Hammond mayor, Edw. Paine.
P. Ceely. Hugh Harris.
Henry Hicks. William Pearse.
Edward Hammond. John Thomas.
Thomas Sprigge. R. Arundell.
Alexander James. Renatus Trenwith.
Thomas Noall. Will : Diggens.
Thomas Purefoy. Thomas Stevens.
Nico : Prigge. John Cockin.
Arthour Westcott. John Tonkin.
George Hicks. Thom'as Painter.
Henry Sterrie. John Noall
St. Ives, 1655. Henrie Sterrie elected mayor.
Profits of the Market let to William Ackland and Thomas
Painter for 3^49. *
Profits of the Quay let to Peter Ceely for 3^19 los.
Renatus Treunwith gent : and M^ William Pearse collectors
for the Porthfarme.
tRenatus was a common baptismal name in these parts ; it seems to be a
latinized form of Reginald or Reynold.]
1655
Account of Mr Henry Sterrie
1656
Received of John Tacabird ffor his yearlye rent of his house ffor
one whole yere ended att Michallmas 1656 the sume of
£2 OS. od.
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BOROUGH 'ACCOUNTS, 1639—1687, 233
Disbursed Item J***^ Noale for horse hiere and Math. Jennings to
conveye Grace Bettie to Lanceston i6s, od.
[The alleged witch.]
Item paid Rich. Hichings constable seuerall things being allowed
6s, od.
payd Rich. Smith for monies laid out about the prison 3s. od.
payd M'^ Littleton towards his London journeye & to doe the
Towne business 5s. od.
payd then towards the purchase of the Towne in p'te
£"10 OS. od,
payd M^ Littleton for drawing the deeds of the Towne pur-
chase 3^1 I2S. od.
. Given M' Littleton more for puttinge into the deeds the alms
house in the Ilande which wee did not buye los. od.
tem : payd Lewis ffoger 3^ March 1655 to goe to Hellston to
seuerall ministers is. 6d.
tem : paid him to goe with Grace Betties Exainon & Recogn' to
Lanceston 8s. od.
. paid Ninnis for keepinge two poore prisoners put here from
Lanceston 5s. od.
. paid ffoger to goe with Letters to seuerall ministers to invite
them to preach 2s. od.
28'h June 1656. Item payd ffor newe fittinge the cockinge stoole
and the carpenters wages los 6d.
paid for candles and monis disbursed when Major Ceely*s
souldiers did watch 6s. ^d.
. paid for Residewe of the Towne purchase £14 los. od.
. paid M' Tucker minister for preaching here on saboath daye
los. od.
[Mark of the Puritan era, Sunday called the Sabbath.]
. payd Thomas Steuens for Beniamins John's wages hee beinge
clerke £1 los. od.
. paid Thomas Clerke, Lewis ffoger and others their fellowes
to Carrie stones from the keye. severall tymes i6s. od.
. paid Lewis ffoger to goe with post letters in the states service
2s. 6d.
.. payd for a Locke for the Stocks is. od.
. payd M' Vincent the Under Sheriffe for clearinge the Towne
from the Assises in Juries 10s. od.
[<>., for exempting Saint Ives meh from sitting on juries at those assizes.]
. spent on him' as ^ his Rec^pts appeares in sacke is. Si.
. payd John Thomas ffor half yere for his clerkes wages ended
att Christide next being the yere 1656 £2 os. od.
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334 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
S* Ives 1656. Richard Hicks elected mayon
Profits of the Market let to William Truthall alias Thomas.
[This Thomas family was often called Trythall or Trethwall from the place
where they lived]
Profits of the Quay let to George Painter.
Collectors of the port farm Richard Hoskings and Edward
Wescoatte.
Churchwardens, Alexander James and Robert Cowch.
Overseers of the poor, Nicholas Prigge and Hugh Harris.
1656
Account of M' Richard Hicks. .
1657
Payd John Thomas for the former clerks wages being unpayed
4s. od.
I. payd carpenters ffor mendinge the standings 4s. 6d.
[The stalls in the market-house.]
I. payd or given 5 poore distressed taken men 7s. od.
I. payd M' Tregosse for his whole yere 3^14 os. od.
I. payd flfor beere to the Ringers the 18^^ ffeh. 1657 beinge the
thanksgivinge Daye 8s. od.
I. payd ffor wipping a theefe 6i.
I. payd a man to goe to Ludgvan for a minister 6d.
I. payd ffor makinge a newe stampinge Iron • • .
I. payd ffor beere and points in veiwinge the Bounds of the pish :
45. od.
I. payd ffor goeing to Lanceston with the Quakers ^i 2s. od.
[One of the oflfending Friends was no less a personage than John Fox, the
founder of the sect. They were imprisoned for distributing tracts at Saint
Ives. See Hayden's ' Book of Dates.']
I. payd ffor the ffyne acknowledged by M' Heale £1 i6s. 6i.
I. allowed Trithwall for. Tacabirds Pentise 4s. od.
I. payd ffor beere given the Ringers att the P'clayminge the Lord
Protector los. od.
I. payd ffor mendinge the Cryers bell is. od.
I. payd towards the repayre of Larren bridge 3s. od.
I. payd Will : Pearse ffor Tymber ys. od. .
St Ives 1657 Edward Hammond mayor 1
Profits of the keye or peere let to George Hammond for £18.
Profits of the Market to William Ackland for £48. 10s.
John Thomas and Thomas Painter collectors of the Port- j
firme.
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639— 1687. 335
1657
Account of M' Edward Hammond.
1658
tem : Received of William Ackland fifor three quarters rent of
the markett house the sume of 3^36 2s. 6i.
received more ffor one quarter rent of the markett house which
was levyed out of the goods & chattells of William Ackland
after he was sent to the Comon Goale the sume of
£12 2s. 6d,
We learu from Hicks that, in 1657, William Ackland stabbed John Tackabird,
over a game of cards, at a house in Saint Ives, and was hanged. His
property was confiscated to the use of the Corpoiation, 'agreeably to a
privilege in the Charter.*]
. received more beinge the overplus of William Acklands goods
his charges & expensis in sending him to goale and his
quarter rent dew fifor the markett howse out of itt beinge
payd the said goods beinge ^ould by order of the CorporaCon
3^4 y- 3^.
. RjBceived of Jane Tacabird widdow fifor one yeres rent fifor her
howse ended att Michallmas 1658 £2 os. od.
payd M' Thomas Tregosse the minister fifor his yeres salarye
the sume of £15 os. od.
' ps^yd John Thomas the clerke fifor his yeres salarye then ended
allsoe £^ os. od.
. payd fifor a post to goe to Pendennis in the states service
3s. od.
. given to poore distressed sea men being taken 4s. od,
. payd the 8^^* maye 1658 fifor lockes, keyes, twists, spukes and
nayles. fifor the castle gate doore and Lambezoe doore
los. 4d.
. paid Hugh Harris the constable to give unto 34 distressed
seamen being taken the sume of £1 lis. 6d,
. given the ig^ June 1658 to a poore distressed man taken
25. 6d.
. given to another poore distressed man taken 2S. od.
. disbursed by William Ackland the 18*** Aug* 1658 about the
standings and other things in the markett howse as by
p'ticulars did appeare 13s. 2d.
. payd Geo. Painter fifor Tymber labour and nayles aboute the
crookes to hang the musketts in the haule $s. 6d.
. payd Hugh Harris constable for powder match and candles for
the guard the sume of 145. lod.
. payd the 11* 7**' 1658 to the gunners and drumer att the
pclayminge the Lord Richard His Highnesse Lord Pro-
tector of the Common Wealth the sume of 3s.
[Oliver Cromwell died September 3, 1658.]
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236 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
I. payd for beere flfor the Ringers and others that daye 12s. od.
I. payd flfor mendinge the Chest 8d.
I. allowed William Ackland flfor Tacabirds doore 4s. od,
[This conjunction of the two names is rather a singular coincidence.]
I. payd flfor candles flfor the guard when the cavaliers were here
last the sume of ^d.
I. payd flfor a brass quarte 2s. 6d. ^
I. paid M' Maior flfor his coroners flfees on the Death of William
Grease 13s. ^d.
I. payd more for a warrante & inquisition on the death of John
Tacabird 25. 6d.
[Stabbed by Ackland.]
I. payd Richard Smith in earnest flfor his tyme in the Bowling
greene is.
[In Saint Ives and other Cornish towns, including Marazion and Camborne,
the bowling-green was Corporation property* Richard seems to have been
the man who set up the nine-pins. The Saint Ives bowling-green is now
private property, Bowling Green Terrace being built thereupon.]
I. paid flfor the cloath about the chayres in the church the sume
of 3^5 1 8s. od.
St. Ives 1658. Thomas Sprigge elected mayor.
Market Tolls let to George Hammond for 3^59.
Quay Tolls let to Edward Stevens for 3^20.
William Pearse and John Treweeke collectors of the porth-
firme.
[Port-fann, i.e., the customs.]
[Here follows a record of the election for the last Commonwealth Parliament,
opened on January 29, 1659. ^(* Aubyn and Ceely were both Repub-
licans.]
Burrough
of
St Ives Att the Towne Haule there the last day of December
In the yere of our Lord 1658. Thomas Sprigge Mayor And the
capitall Burgesses of the Burrough aforesaid Haue accordinge to
the Tenor of a Writt flfrom NichoUas Cosen Esq' High Sheriflfe
of this countie of Cornewall received chosen and elected Bur-
geseses accordinge to their ould and Antiente custome of the
Burrough aforesaid in manner & flforme fTollowing in Parliament
beinge elected the daye and yere aboue written by the mayor and
capitall Burgesses hereunder named viz.
Thomas Sprigge mayor ... John Seyntaubyne Esq' & Peter
Ceely Esq'
Edward Hammond do
Peter Ceely Esqr do Underwood
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639-1687. 237
(absent) Henrye Hicks ... John Seyntaubyne Esq' & Peter
Ceely Esq'
Thomas Noalle ..• ... do
'Alexander James do
absent Thomas Purefoye ... do
NichoUas Prigge do
Richard Cowch ... ... do
George Hamond do
Henrye Sterrie Peter Ceely
Richard Hicks J**"^ Seyptaubyn — the same
George Hicks The same — ^the same
(By voyces elected against everye ones name as is sette
downe.)
John Seyntaubyne Esq' Recorder of the Burrough aforesaid
And Peter Ceelye Esq of the Burrough aforesaid were elected
and chosen by the Mayor and capitall Burgesses of the Borrough
aforesaid above named accordinge to their ould and Antiente
Custome for electing of Burgesses to seme in Parliament ffor the
Burrough aforesaid in manner and fiforme above specified the day
and yere first above written.
1658
Account of M' Thomas Sprigge.
1659
Received of Hoskin of Lelant fFor a flfyne fibr bloodshed
3s. 4i.
I. received of Jane Tacabird widdow for one yeares rent ffor her
howse ended michallmas £z os. od.
Disbursements Imprimis. Given a poore sea man being taken
prisoner by the Spaniards is. od.
Item, payd J*^" Hawkin to lodge the same man one Night Sd,
I. given to a poore distressed sea boyes 6d.
I. payd Thomas Clarke flfor caring pocalism for 'carrying'] the Armes
in the castle is. od.
I. payd ]°^ Treweeke then for clensinge them Armes 9s. 2d.
I. Payd M' Payne for drawinge the Addresse of the CorporacOn
to his highnesse the Lord Protector 2s. 6d.
[This address to Richard Cromwell is given in full in ^ Mercurius Politictts/
No. 549. Extract :
'We are thankfully sensible that whereas the ways of our Zion might be
mourning, and judgment been turned backward, we are defended in
our Religious and Civil Liberties, sitting under our Vines and Fig-trees,
none making of us afraide.'
' Above 90 addresses from the counties and most considerable Corpora-
tions, congratulated Richard Cromwell on his accession, in all the terms of
dutiful allegiance * C Student's Hume,' p. 460}.]
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238 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
I. payd M' Hicks for drawinge the Conveyance betweene the
Corporacon and the minister 4s. od.
. Payd the post for letters sent Major Ceely is. 6d.
. payd for newe byndinge the statute bookes with other bookeS
1 6s. od.
. payd for mendinge the waye neere the markett house
jf 10 19s. gd.
. payd for mendinge the lower Bridge £1 8s^ od.
. payd for mendinge the keye and the chappell as p pticulars
appears £1 igs. lod.
. payd Lewis ffoger ffor caringe Letters fifor the Cmon
Wealth 4d.
. payd Lewis ffoger ffor goeinge to Pendennis Castell & Pensance
3s. od.
. payd Hugh Harris for dyett of a ffrenchman which came out
of slaverye is. 6d.
He was rescued or ransomed from the Algerines. Compare the note in the
parish registers ; see ante^ page 75.]
payd NichoUas Trownsen & Marten Candys to goe to Lances-
ton 15s. od.
. payd NichoUas Davye fifor goeinge with a post letter 6d.
. payd fifor cappinge the poste on the keye head is. 6d.
, payd Henrye Treweeke fifor mendinge the stocks is. od.
. payd John Hawkinge ffor meate and drinke given to prisoners
IS. 6i.
. payd Edward Stevens for carying of Ruble from y« keye.is. od.
. payd ffor horse hire to ride to mairision to the Commis-
sioners IS. od.
. payd to carye a letter to M' Seyntaubyne 8d.
. payd Rich. Smith for his horse to goe with Lewis ffoger is. od,
. payd Lewis ffoger to goe with a letter to M' Whitworth 6d.
. payd M' Whitworth the i*^ Nov. for preaching los. od.
. payd Tho: Syse constable to putt Thomas Bettye to the
howse of correction £1 los. od.
. payd the clarke John Thomas his yeres wages £4 os. od.
. paid John Thomas ffor his paynes aboute the markett house
& keye & the bridge & mendinge the waye £1 os. od»
I. payd the Coroners ffees ffor takinge an inquisition on the death
of John Tacabird 13s. 4^.
St Ives 1659. Thomas Noale elected mayor.
A list of such things belonging to the Borough as were
delivered to the new mayos this year 1659.
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639— 1687. 239
[The Avoirdupois weights as before.]
The Charter and Book containing the same.
The Great Book called Polton.
One brazen gallon.
A Booke called the Constables oiBce.
One iron stamp.
A brazen pynte.
1659
The Account of Thomas Noale.
1660
Disbursements Item: p<^ a poore distressed boy fifrom bristoU
I. pd. a distressed boy of Jersie is. od.
I. pd. a post to goe to St lUarye with a letter 6d.
I. p*^ John Treweeke for a locke flfor the stocks is. 4^.
I. pd. fifor two smale Iron bolts ffor the stocks lod.
I. pd. to constable Cowch when he went to Hellston 5s. 6d.
I. pd. a distressed sea man taken by the Spaniards 3s. oi.
I. pd. Morrish Dyer ffor seuerall packetts ffrom Parliament 2s. 6d.
I. pd. the 11^ of June for a letter ffirom M' Praed 6i.
I. pd. Morrish Dyer ffor two letters ffrom M' Bassett is. od^
I. pd. ffor two letters from M' S^ Aubyne and M' Praed is. od,
I. pd to carry e letters to the post att Plymouth gd.
I. pd. ffor two letters sent unto London 6i.
[All this correspondence marks the excitement caused by the imminent restora-
tion of the monarchy.]
I. spent when the Newes came that the Kinge and Parliament
was agreed By the Maior and brethren £1 los. od.
I. spent then on the Ringers att John Hawkings house 15s. od.
I. spent when M' Bassett was in Towne 5s. od.
I. payd Morrish Dyer ffor powder the same day 8s. od.
I. spent att Pollards house the day the Kinge was p'claymed 15s. od.
[Charles 11. was proclaimed King on May 8, i66a]
I. spent then in beere one barrell at 15s. oi.
I. spent att John Hawkings the day aforesaid one barrell of beere
at 15s. od.
I. spent the same on the Ringers los. od.
I. spent att Edward Wescott the same day 3s. od.
I. paid ffor powder spent the same day £2 os. od.
I. pd. for advice and counsell conceminge M' Robinsons write [writ]
15s. oi.
I. pd. the constable Cowch when he went to Pensance about the
Poll monie 3s. oi.
I. pd. ffor paper and candles about the Poll monie writinge is. oi.
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240 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
I. Pd ffor writinge the Poll Rate 6s. od.
I. P<* Plaj'er the constable att goeinge to signe the Rate 5s. od,
I. P^ the widdow Tacabird one yeres rent fFor her doore 4s, od,
I. P^ M^ Bullock fifor his sermon the day of Election los. od^
I. payd ffor one quarte of sacke when M' S^ Aubyne was here att
the sermon 2s, od.
St Ives 1660. Francis Robinson elected mayor.
1660
His Account is as follows : —
1661
Receipts.
tern received of M' Peter Ceely for bloudshed 3s. 4^.
. received of Thomas Syse for bloudshed 3s. ^d.
, received of Richard Smyth ffor bloudshed 3s. 4^.
. rec : of Will ; Trithall wife ffor bloudshed 3s. 4^.
Disbursements :
mprimis pd. the kings coronation day to Cockin to beate the
drume 25. 6d.
. pd : M' Bullock the minister in pte : of his salarye. £$ os, od.
. pd : the pish of Lelant by order £5 os, od,
, pd : Rich : Pollard ffor beere dranke the coronation day 12s. od.
. pd. Rich : Smith ffor beere the coronation day 5s. 4^.
. pd. Symon ffor castinge three dead dogs out of the River 3d.
. pd. ffor cuttinge the Kings Armes in the mace 4s. od.
. pd. by my wife ffor letters while I was in London directed to
the Towne 4s. od.
pd jon Barbar ffor beere the coronation day iis. 6d,
. pd Edward Payne ffor beere the coronation day 13s. od.
. pd Thomas Hicks ffor beere the coronation day 12s. od.
. pd. ffranc : Hamond ffor beere the coronation day &. od.
. pd. ffor beere to Hugh Harris the coronation day los. 8^.
. pd Edw : Wescoatt ffor be^re the coronation day los. od.
. pd. ffor beere to Lewis Caple the coronation day 5s. od.
. pd Morrish'Dyer the coronation day ffor beere 5s. od.
. spent att his house settinge the markett house & keye 8s. od.
[/.e.f on the[occasion of signing the agreement for farming the tolls.]
. pd Edward Wescoatt for i^^ of powder spent on the watch
IS. 8d.
p^ to him ffor returninge a warrante att Marrasion 2s. od.
pd Edward Wescoatt constable to goe muster maister att
Pensance 12s. od.
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639— 1687. 241
I. p^ by him more fifor returninge the muster bookes 4s. od.
I. pd by M' Diggens then deputie mayor fifor letters Srov^ London
7s. 2d,
[During Robinson's absence in London.]
I. pd fifor the use of Tacabirds doore 4s. od.
I. spent when the Lord S^ John was here 8s. orf.
L spent when Coll : Goddolphin and M' Robinson was here Ss» od.
L p^ the maior towards his Kitchinge ;f 10 os. od.
I. p^ the constables in sommoninge the Trayned band & writing
the muster booke and severall lists 4s. oi.
I. p* John Lander fifor beere the coronation day 3s. 6d.
L p** Will : Ninnis fifor beere the coronation day 8s. 4^.
L p^ Geo : Painter fifor beere the coronation day 6s. oi.
L p^ Marye Morrisb fifor beere the coronation day 5s. 6d.
S^ Ives 1661 William Diggens elected Mayor.
1661
His Account follows
1662
Item rec** of John Roisemenewas for bloudshed 2s. od.
I. rec^ of Stephen Harry for bloudshed 2s. oi.
Disbursements Item : payd M' Bridgwater for a sermon ^os. od.
L p^ a footeman to carry a letter to enquire for the muster books
IS. 6d.
I. p* a Messenger to goe to M' Recorder about his Maties :
busines is. od^
h p^ another Messenger about the p'clamacon for observing of
lent IS. od.
I. spent at M' Hamonds Reioycinge at her Ma**** Arivall
^3 OS. od.
[Charles II. married Catherine of Braganza May 21, 1662.]
I. p* Edw. Payne for Beere the Musketteers and Ringers had
£2 OS. od.
I. p* the drummer at that tyme 2s. 6d.
I. to the piper 2s. 6d.
I. to the ffidlers is. od.
I. pd the drommer the coronation day 2S. 6d.
I. p* Maurice Dyer for beere the coronation day 7s. Si.
I. p^ the Smyth for mending holes about Pen Wolva 2s. 2d,
[Now Penolva Point]
I. p^ Edw. Westcott for beere the coronation day 7s. oi,
I. spent at fifra : Hamonds the coronation daye 13s. od.
I. for the Art of fi&shery ^d.
[A book so called, treating of deep-sea fishing.]
I. p^ Jo : Hawkings fifor Beere the coronation daye 4s. od.
16
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242 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES,
I. spent at M' Hamonds when the Commissioners for Regulating
of Corporations sate in Towne £6 3s. 6d.
I. p** M*^ BuUocke for his salarye this yeare 3^20 os. od.
I. p^ him for his scholinge 3^5 os. od.
I. p** S' Charles Vivyans clerk at the signeing of the rate for the
coiiion Amunition of the Towne is. od,
St. Ives 1662 Thomas Treunwith elected mayor.
November
A note of the p'ishe goods deliv'ed over the 21*^* daye of
November 1662 by M' William Diggens Mayor the pre'dent yeare
unto Thomas Treunwith Esq' the nowe Mayor viz.
Impr : the Towne Charter and the Coppy thereof in Englishe.
Item. M' Poultons grand Abridgment.
Item M' Daltons Justice of Peace.
Item a great guilded boule with the cover thereunto.
Item a payre of brasse scales.
Item a brasse gallon and a brasse pynte.
Item a chest with the Towne Writtings.
Item the Towne seale in Tymber.
Item a brasse yeard.
Brasse weights.
Burrough )
of > The Account of Thomas Treunwith Esquire Late
St. Ives ) Mayor of the said Burrough for his tearme & tymfe
ended the first daye of November Anno Dfii 1663 and in the 16*
yeare of the raigne of Kinge Charles the second of England &c
• made as given before M' Robert Sprigge nowe Mayor of the said
Burrough and all the Comon Counqell at the Towne hall of the same
Borrough the 23^ daye of November Anno Dfli 1663 as followeth
Receipts
Impr. rec* of Renatus Treunwith gent, for the p'fitts of the ffayers
& marketts for the last yeare £51 os. od.
Disbursements
Impr. paid for drinck for the Ringers the 5* of November
1662 8s. od.
Item p^ Geo. Paynter for work about the pentises of the mket
house 6s. od.
[I,e., the pent-house ; the old-fashioned overhanging sheds fixed to the exterior
walls of buildings. Excellent examples existed at Saint Ives, in the George
and Dragon and the Golden Lion inns, but disappeared in 1887.]
I. p^ for mending the markett howse chest 6d.
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639— 1687. 243
pd jon Tonkinge for settinge upp the market howse boards is. od.
. p^ Thomas Allan to carry upp the boards is. od.
. to a straunge man that travelled by certificate 2s. 6d.
• P^ to Jane Kitchens mayntaynance in prison 4s. od.
. p^ a poore Irishe man 2s. 6d.
. p^ the 29^h of Maye for a Barrell of Beere i6s. od.
[Anniversary of the king's restoration.]
. p^ for 7 dosen of Beere brought that day to the mket howse 7s. od.
. p** for I oaken pole 6 crocks & 4 pennard [pennyworth] of
nayles 2s. 4^.
. p^ 4 distressed Irishe weomen 5s. od.
. p^ for sendinge Katherine Treglohan to Lanceston goale
£1 2s. od.
p^ for hire of Kate Treglohans horse & for shoeing 8s. od.
p* for 4 mens q'ters [quarters] at Margaret Morishes 3s. ^d.
S^ Ives. 1663. Robert Spriggs elected Mayor, November. ^
1663
Account of M' Robert Sprigge.
1664
Receipts. Item received of James Vellenoweth for bloudshed
3s. 4i.
Item : received of Henrie Quinall for bloudshed 6s. 8d.
Item reed of M' Bosen of Paule for bloudshed 3s. ^d.
Item reed of Richard Giles for his ffreedome 6s. od.
Item reed of Phillipp Carlyan for his flfredome 2s. 6d.
Item reed of Richard Cosens for a fyne imposed on him for
misdemeanor los. od.
Disbursements. Item : paid francis Arundell & Richard Hicks
gents towards their expenses & paynes in riding to S' John
Arundell K' about the Towne busines 14s. od.
I. p* the constable for writinge & ridinge to Pensance about the
hearth rate 5s. od.
[The Hearth Tax Rolls of this year are the latest documents of the kind to
be found at the Record Office.]
I. p* Capt Robert Bawden the 15* of decemb' 1663 beinge here
in distresse 2s. 6d.
I. the 30^ of Januarye 1663 to 2 vagrant p'sons which were stockt
and whipt & sent by passe 2s. loi.
I. pd M*^ Coode the schoolmaster for money due to him at
Christmas last ^5 os. od.
I. pd. John Thomas for his clerks wages for this last yeare
£4 OS. od.
[I.e., for his wages as town clerk.]
16 — 2
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244 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
p^ for a post letter from London 4^*
p** the coflble for ridinge to M'rketiew about y« subsidye 4s. od.
p^ Cicily Jobe to goe to Lent Assises against Katherine
Treglohan 5s. od.
[This first baptismal name, a variant of Cecilia, was long continued at Saint Ives,
and was often spelled Sisley.]
spent when we viewed the p'ish bounds and signed the Church
& poore rates los. od.
. p^ for bringing home the Drum 29^1* Maye 1664 2s. 6d.
. p^ Jeffry Pearse for beatinge the Drum 30^ Maye 2s« 6dL
. the 29^^ of Maye beinge upon the daye of his Ma^^es happy
returne for a barrell of beere 14s. 6d.
. to the Ringers the same day 8s. od.
. p^ Middleton Thomas for costs about the high wayes 4s. gd.
. given 2 soldiers that came here from Tangeere 2s. od.
'/.e.y who had been released from slavery there. Tangiers was then a British
possession, being part of the queen's dowry*]
p* John Roberts to carry Elizabeth Grenfield to Launceston,
in all £1 45. od.
• sent her when she was sicke in money 3s. od.
p^ for a smocke for her 3s. 4i.
spent when the Judge sate on her 4s. od.
phtam Jenkyn to goe to the Assises as a wittnes againster her
los. 6d.
p^ for meat & drink for her when she was in prison 25. 6d.
p** for waterynge of her 5s. od.
p^ Margery Roswall to goe to the Assises as a wittnes against
her 6s. od.
p^ Cicily Jobe to goethe re as a wittnes ag : Kate Treglohan 8s. oi.
p* John Thomas to go to thassises then £2 10s. od.
spent on the men that were first prest for his Ma^«s service
2s. 3d.
payd Jane Tacabird for her dore & way 4s. od.
p* Lewis flfoger for himselfe & horse, prest for his Ma^^^ service
3s. od.
I. p^ Thomas Cubart and his boy to goe to Plymouth with prest
men £4 5s. od.
St. Ives 1664 John Hichens elected mayor.
November
Market tolls let to George Hammond & Walter Michell.
Quay tolls let to Thomas Sise.
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639— 1687. 24S
1664
The Recount of M' John Hicheas.
1665
Disbursements, Item : P* Edward Payne towards pressinge men
15s. 6i.
p** 6 Irish beggars that came here 6s. od.
. p** for severall tyraes sending To M' Pawley is. 6d.
. given Capt Connell his wife and child 4s. 6i.
. p* the ringers the coronation day 6s. 6d.
. p^ Kath. Spencer the same day los. 6d.
. p** M' Prigg for wine 13s. lod.
. more p* to the ringers 5s. od.
. p* John Anthony and John Tonkyn for making the pentise and
findeinge stuff £10 15s. 6d.
p^ Lord Marques high rent is. 2d,
p^ Col' Trelawnyes man 2s. od.
pd M' fifran. Hamond for the BuUetts £2 3s. 6d.
p* Jeflfery Pearse for beatinge the drum 5s. od.
p* for the charge in the Spiritual} Court Betweene Lake and
the Towne gs. ^d.
St. Ives 1665 Richard Hichens elected mayor.
November
Profits of the Market let to Thomas Treunwith Esquire.
Profits of the Quay let to Thomas Sise merchant
1665
The Account of M' Richard Hichens.
1666
Receipts Item Received of Thomas Dayow for stones and pins
left of the chapell 4s. od.
I. rec^ of Thomas Trenwith Esq., for profits of Market h:
3^41 OS. od.
Disbursements. Item p* for whipping Mary Renoden is. od.
I. p^ Willyam Hichens for returneing a warrant to Penzance
about the Royall ayd 2s. od.
I. p* towards the Sergeants and druiners pay 3s. od.
I. p^ Thomas Dayow for returneing a warr* to Penzance about
the chimney rate 2s. od.
I. returned to Kate Spenser by consent of the Capitall Burgesses
for standing of the powder & match in her house 7 years
past, her bill £2 os. od.
I. p* Thomas Clerke for goeinge to the Recorders is. od.
I. p** him to go to Godolphyn
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246 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
I. p* for straw and roapes for the Beacon is. gd.
[This was lit on the top of the Island.]
I. p** Nich : Prigge for 4 deale boards to close the inner markett
house att 20* p board 6s. 8d.
I. p^ for 3 planks to putt over head the markett house to hold the
powder and match 8s. 3d.
I. p** Thomas Trenwith Esq*^ for his disbursements about the
markett house the first quarter £2 is. 6d.
I. p* John Hocken for 16^ of stones for the chapell 9s. 8d.
I. p<^ for one big size barrell of lyme 4s. oi.
I. p** for lyme and stones for the chapell to carry it upp 2S. od.
I. pd for 4 bundells of lafts for the said worke 4s. od.
I. for 2 thousand and halfe of pins 10^.
I. p^ for 8^^ 3d. nayles 2s. i^d.
I. p^ for 4 h'hds, staves and nayles for s^ worke 8i.
I. p^ for 2 planks to make a doore 4s. i^d.
I. p^ for a Locke and nayles for the doore is. 8d.
I, pd : John Tonken to make the doore is. 6i.
I; pd: John Coger & ]^ Anthony's man for the worke about the
chapell los. 6d.
I. pd : John Hocken for 2 distressed seamens suppers is. 4^.
I. pd : John Treweeke for crooks twists & nayles for the chapell
doore is. lod.
I. pd for a Ladder to come by the match & powder 4s. od,
I. paid Thomas Dayow for goeinge to St, CuUombe with prest
seamen and for 2 horses and a boy £1 is. 8d.
L pd. the ringers the Kings birth day 3s. od.
I. pd. for a barrell of beere 9**^ June for Joy of a victory over the
Dutch 13s. od.
[Battle fought in the English Channel between the English fleet under the Duke
of Alt^marle and Prince Rupert, and the Dutch under De Ruyter. Mist
* separated the combatants, and in reality the victory was as much that of
the Dutch as the English. This sanguinary engagement lasted thjee days
and was terminated on June 4, 1666. J
I. p^ for 3 trusses of furse then is. gd.
r. pd Mr Thomas the Schoolemaster for i yfs sallery 3^5 os. od.
I. pd ffran. Hamond & Will. Hichens for goeing to ffalmouth
with prest men, and for 4 horses and 2 boyes to goe with
them 26^^ June 1666 3^1 8s. od.
I. pd for the prest men suppers at Penryn 4s. ^d.
I. pd Stephen Major for goeing* to St Culloms with prest men 2
- horses and i boy 12s. od.
I. pd for drum heads for the Esqfs drum 7s. od.
I. gave one Lievtenant his wife & 4 children 3s. od.
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639-1687. 247
St Ives 1666 Thomas Sise elected Mayor in November.
1666
His Account
1667
Item F^ tA^ Tremenheere for planks ^^3 155. oi.
P^ Mr Trewren for 3 horses i day 5s. od,
F^ John Coger and Tho. Try for their worke about the prison 3s. od.
Pd for the cuckingstoole 5s. od.
Spent for carryeing the cuckinge stoole downe and settinge itt
upp IS. od.
P^ Mr Peter Thomas for i quarter £1 5s. od.
Spent on M' Pennell for takinge some Chymnyes of 5s. od.
[/./^ for striking some items ofif the hearth-tax list]
P* M' Bullocke his yeares sallery ^f 10 os. od.
P* John Thomas his sallery £4 os. od.
P* Jefifery Pearse to beate the drum last yeare los. od.
P* Maiy Lerebay for her yeares wages 10s. od.
P* Morrish Dyer for the dyett of one man and two women which
came from Kettermester 5s. 6d.
[Kidderminster.]
P^ for horses and men to carry them away 2s. od.
Pd Annis Lander for the dyett of a poore man his wife and two
chilldren 45. 6d.
P* Will. Harry to putt a Sylly [Scilly] man to Godolphyn & for
meat 3s. od.
P* Morrish Dyer John Hocken & John Barber for beere the 29***
of May I2S. 8d.
P^ M^ John Hichens for the Townes drum and fraight £1 los. od.
P* him for ^ dozen of bandaleers lis. od.
The letter brought here and sent on board the victory, the first
tyme beere to the men 2s. 6d.
The next day beere & bread to them 3s. od.
P* M*" ffr : Hainond for beere to the ringers and gunners when
peace was proclaymed 12s. od.
[Peace was signed with the Dutch at Breda, July 10, 1667.]
P* the Sergeant for deliuering & receaving the Towne armes to
the watch 6s. od.
P* Willyam Truthwell for bread and drink for Willyam White
when hee was in prison 8s. 4^.
P* Richard Cocken for beating the drum £1 os. od.
P* Henry Barber for beating the drum when peace was pro-
claymed 2S. od.
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248 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Spent when I went to Truroe to speake w*^ M^ Vincent about the
Ma3T>ole 5s. od.
St. Ives 1667 Hugh Harris elected Mayor in November
1667
His Account
1668
Receaved for an oath is. od.
Rec* of Jasper Willyams for his freedome los, od.
P* M^^ BuUocke [the parson] his yeares sallery £10 os. od.
P* John Thomas his sallery & to write the rates [lists of those liable
to taxation] £4 gs. od.
P^ M' Hoskyn schoolemaster his sallery £5 os. od.
P^ Will Diggens overseer of the poore a legacy given them by
S' ffran : Godolphyn & M" Chesteh Hext £4 4d. od*
Spent in beere the Kings Birthday i6s. 4^.
P** Rich : Cocken to beat the Drum 2s. 6i.
P* in Candellight and other things watching a ffrench vessell
which came from Roan 3s. od.
[The Rouen vessel was suspected to be a smuggler, numbers of whom then fre-
quented Saint Ives Bay.]
^t : Ives 1668 William Pearse elected Mayor, November.
1668
His Account
1669
Rec^ of John Thomas & Robert Cowch for Interest of ^^15 i8s. od.
Red^ P bond of John Thomas jfio, of M' Cowch 3^5, in all
£15 OS. od.
Reed p bond from Walter Udy £6 6s. 6d.
P^ Ann Dudly a distressed widdow who lost her husband, son
and son in law in Portsmouth Engagement 6s. 6d.
[When the Dutch successfully attacked that harbour, June, 1667.]
The Coroners flfee for Donythome son 15s. lod.
P* M' Thomas Cockyn for preaching here los. od.
P* fFor carrying the Gun to the Castle from Court Cockyn 12s. od.
P* flfoger to goe to M' Vincent about S' John Arundells busines
6s. 6i.
P* ffor post Ifes : to L** S' Johns & M' Nosworthy is. 6d.
P* Timothy Major by order of the Aldermen for money hee p*
M' Prigg for wine about the Sacrament £1 i8s. 3d.
Sot fixing the Towne Armes against the Coronation day 4s. 6d.
P^ for bringing the Great Guns from the Hand to the castle the
Coronation day with damages of ropes and expenses to the
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639— 1687. 249
ringers and musketeers with expenses the next day putting
the Guns into the castle £2 10s. od.
P* Richard Cockyn the drumer the Coronation day 25. 6rf.
P* M' George Hamond for a Tar Barrell 2s. 6i.
P* for carrynge the Tymber to John Tonkyns sawpitt is. 4^.
P* James Goddyn a distressed seaman and his wife 2s. 6d.
P^ Major Ceely for 1000 of Healingstones 8 bundles Lathes 2000
of nayles with a barrell of Lyme £1 Js, 2d,
P^ for healing pins is. od.
[Pins to fasten the roof slates.]
P"* M' John Hichens & M' Pendarves for Lyme £1 5s. od,
P^ Coger and Wall masons with his son for working about the
pentises, markett house, castle, chaple, Ventan Eia, with
Caunseing [localism for 'paving*] the well £3 los. od.
P* a distressed gent, and his wife with another woman having a
patent 5s. 6d,
P* for a Pumpe for Westcotts well and to bring itt from Trenwith
MilpoU 9s. 6d.
P* for carryeing the stones to Cawse Ventan Eia Well 6s. 6i.
St Ives i66g Francis Hammond elected Mayor November
1669
His Account
1670
P* 2 distressed gentlewomen 22*** November 1669 4^* o^-
P* Danniell Seamer his wife and John Holstocke & Robert
Michell distressed poor seamen 5s. od.
Given to the servants at Tehiddy twelft Day last 7s. 6i.
P* Thomas Clearke when the Esquire Trenwiths Boy was whipt 6d.
P* John Thomas for coppyinge out of the chimny list is. od,
[The Hearth Rate List, shewing the number of hearths in each house. Each
hearth paid so much.]
Pd by expense on M^ Henry Sissell for his kindnes 2s. od.
Pd by expense on Cap* Boucher & them y* were with him ......
P* by expense when the great e bell was cast los. 4^.
P^ Thomas Harris his son and daughter distressed people bound
to Ireland 3s. od.
^ towards the County bridge neere Bodmin 5s. od.
P* for swords and one Cuttleax now in the Towne Hale 3^3 os. od.
P^ M' John Hicks for Ingrossinge 7 accompts in the Towne booke
7s. od.
P John Thomas for writing the Muster Roules & duplicates is. 6d.
P* Henry Barber for Beatinge the Drume at the generall muster
2S. od.
[Of the militia.]
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250 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
St. Ives 1670 John Hichings junior elected mayor Novem'
1670
His Account for the years
1671
Rec** of Henry Parington for a fine laid on him 3s. 4^.
Rec^ by 2 dosen of Creasts 8s. od.
Rec** from M' Thomas Steephens jf 10 ; P interest £12 ; in the
hole jfio 125. od.
P^ for one suit for John Sandry 145. yd.
P* Andrew Jobe what was due to him for the Sandrys diet before
they dyed 13s. od.
P* a pQore distressed man Richard Lawree 3s. od.
Pd Nowell William^ by consent £4 os. od.
P* M' Boddy by your Consents £1 los. od.
P* M' Hugh Pawley & John Hicks for cost sewinge [suing] M'^ ffrancis
Hammond by consent for M' Couch his debt £3 4s. lod.
St. Ives 1671 George Hammond elected Mayor in November
1671
The Account of M' Hammond
1672
To three distressed gentlewomen 55. od.
pd ^m Hoskyn for Ringinge & Keepinge the Clocke £1 os, od.
P* for mendinge the Dyall in the Churchyeard 3s. od.
Spent when the sherrifes man brought the p'clamation & declara-
tions for warr, & at p'clayminge them 8s. od.
[England and France declared war against Holland March 17, 1672.]
Spent at three seuerall times on the Vice Admiral £5 is. od.
P* for the dyet of prest men being straingers 9s. od.
P^ for horses & men to carry prest mens Cloathes & to them to
drinke £1 15s. 6d.
P^ for an express 3 times to the Mounts Bay to. Acquaint them
of men a wars 3s. od.
[To inform them that ships of war had been sighted off Saint Ives.]
P^ for furse carried seuerall times to the Hand 3s. od.
[For the beacon fire.]
P* for ffillinge the Great Cup & presentinge it to M' Bassett los. od.
[This ceremony is a traditional way of honouring a distinguished visitor to the
Borough.]
Spent on M' wheare at his 2 preachings here 6s. od.
The King's restauration to the ringers & others 6s. od.
2 pounds of powder to scald the Guns in the morninge 2s. od.
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639— 1687. 251
Dammadge of Roapes about the Guns, ten shillings, And to the
Drummer 2s. 6d, both 12s. 6d.
P* for tymber hoops nailes spukes & his worke about the Cucking
Stoole [to John Tonkyn] 45. 6d.
P* My Lx)rd Marques rent to Richard Baragwanath is. 2d,
P** for 10^ waight of plaister of pallace [plaster of Paris, Roman cement]
, for the head of the Key and for carriadge £1 is. od.
P M' John Hichens at his goeing to Lamas sises [Lammas Assizes]
being townes busines £2 os. od.
P* a Distressed man & wqmen yt Came with a breife 2s. 6d.
[Another term synonymous with pass, patent, certificate, etc.]
P* for expresses to returne seuerall warrants to Justice Jones
6s. od.
St. Ives 1672 Richard Hichens elected Mayor November.
Edward Hammond & John Hockin overseers of the poor.
William Pearse & John Treweeke churchwardens.
1672
The Account of M' Hichens.
1673
Rec^ of Jane Tackaberry for one years rent £1 i6s. od.
P^ Thomas Stevens backe his Interest p consent 12s. od.
Sot a Lanthorne for the Markett to John Anthony 2s. od.
Given 4 distressed Scotch men being taken 3s. od.
St. Ives 1673 Thomas Spriggs is elected Mayor.
1673
His Accompt
1674
P^ M' Mitchell beinge clerke & schoolmaster £10 os. od.
Spent & given the ringers & druiiier when peace was p'claymed
. by the Dutch i6s. 6d.
[Which was on February 9, 1674.]
P* Rich. Cockyn to head the Towne drum is. 4^.
P* Henry Edwards high Con^^® towards repayre of severall
bridges i8s. lod.
There is a Barrell of powder in M'™ Wilmott Hichens Custody
which must be p'duced by her or allowed to her husband acc^^
St. Ives 1677 William Hichens elected mayor in Februsiry.
Feb. to^Nov.j His account
22^^ Nov spent on S^ George GodoUphin £4 15s. os.
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252 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Spent on M»" Jackman beinge Chymny man 5s. oi.
[The man who collected the hearth tax.]
Spent on S^ Charles Osbran survyer for post letters 6d.
for expenses goeinge to Trewroe to be sworne £1 3s. 6d.
Spent on the Ringers 29*^ May 5s. od.
P^ M' William Robenson for beinge Clarke £8 os. od.
George Hammond
ffrancis Hammond
John Hichens
John Treweeke
J"* Stevens
Alex : Taylor
John Hammond
Tho : Sprigge Jnr:
John Hawking
Edward Nosworthy Mayor
St, Ives 1677 Edward Nosworthy elected mayor November.
P* John Anthony for mending the Castle and Chappell howse
£x us. od.
P^ M^ Robinson for writing & making a booke 5s. lod.
P* the Lord Marquis of Winchester high rent is. 2d.
P^ for putting in the post att howse end 2s. od.
St. Ives 1678 Thomas Purefoy elected mayor in November.
Received of said Edward Nosworthy for his Gift to the towne
being wooU and Lamb £'j 10s. od.
[The tithe on these goods.]
P^ the Sherriffe for allowing the Charter los. od.
F* M"^ Robinson for binding the towne bookes 4$. 6d.
P^ for making a new pent house & repayring the market howse
£8 45. od.
P^ for Bread & Beare to a poore distracted maid imprisoned lod.
P* the constables for warr^ and Disbursem^ about the Key and
Cucking stool 175. (>d.
St. Ives 1679 November Richard Pollard elected Mayor.
M' ffrancis Stevens overseer of the poor.
1679
The Accompt of M' Pollard.
1680
Item Received of Richard Nance for the Tyeth of the wooU
& lamb being the Guift of Edward Nosworthy Esq.
£'j OS. od. •
Item P^ M' William Robinson for his sallery 3^12 os. od.
To M' Hawking minister, beinge a legacye etc £1 os. od.
To Marjam Body the County Stocke to bury her Bro : 9s. od.
To M'^ Pawley for a writ a'gt M' Purefoy, M' ff : Hamond & M""
Diggens 12s. od.
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639-1687. 253
To Mathew Gyles his disbursements about the Marketthowse &
his acc'tts for mending the prison 25. 6rf.
To Mathew Gyles for him & his horse hire to goe to M' Vincent
about H. Anthony 8s. od.
P* to carry s^ Anthony & his children to Lelant is. od.
P* 2 men to goe to Penzance & Penryn to discover a Jesuite
5s. od.
[This was the time of the fictitious * Popish plots,' and of the informers Oates,
Bedloe and Dangerfield. Father Whitebread, Provincial of the English
Jesuits, with others, was hanged, drawn and quartered.]
Expended on S' Joseph Tredinham & the Judge of the Admir-
alty los, od.
Spent renewing the Bounds Ascension Day los. 4d.
for Poynts to Whip the Boys 4s. od.
[There was an old custom, at the beating of the bounds, to flog the boys who
perambulated the boundaries, in order to impress vividly upon them the
recollection of the places through which the boundary passed.]
for a Tarr barrell & cost to the dru&er 2s. 6d.
Expended the xxix^^ of May by the Aldermen 4s. 8d.
To the Ringers by their consent 5s. 6d.
for Powder 5s. od.
on the Souldiers then 4s. yd.
To fifrancis Jennings for newe Keye for the Charter 2s. 6d.
\t\e.j for the box in which it was preserved.]
For mending the high way on the Cliife ; M^ Hichens 13s. 4^.
[' The Cliff* is the name given to a part of the old town, in the present Fore
Street, close to the shore.]
Expended on the Constables and Guard to put the dru&er and
his children out of Towne 8s. od.
[Several French prizes were brought into Saint Ives in j68a]
Richard Pollard mayor. A note of such plate and other
things as belong to the church of this Burrough and delivered
over to Thomas Sprig Jun' and John Hicks gent', churchwardens,
this sixth day of May i68o.
Imps; Two silver fflaggons,two silver chalices with covers, fower
pewter pottells, fower table Cloths, two font Cloths, two Carpetts
for the Co&union Table, one new Bag to hold the plate, one Large
Bible, the works of Bishop Jewell ag'st Harding [Thomas Harding,
D.D., the famous Jesuit, whose * Rejoinder to Mr. Jewel's Replie' was printed
at Antwerp in 1566, in black letter. It should be borne in mind that this was
the time of the great No Popery scare.] wch things now have been
receuived by us to be accountable to the Towne for them the day
and year aforesaid.
Tho. Sprigge Jn'
Jo'* Hicks.
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254 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
St Ives 1680 November. Thomas Sprigge junior elected mayor.
James Praed Esq. Recorder.
1680
The Accompt of M' Sprigge
1681
Receipts. Item of Anthony Cowch for leave to build his Barke
on the Town Land neere the blew Rbcke by the
chapell 6d,
Disbursements. Item p* for mending the launder of the Townes
Well 3s. od.
F^ to put in a post Tor mooring of shipping and putting of it in
145. od.
P* M'* W™ Robinson for one yeare for his Deacon & Clerkeship
3^12 OS. od,
P^ Anne Trudgian towards the Releife of Mary Launce is. od.
P* M' John Hawking for building the cage £2 os. od.
P^ the Lord Marques of Winton [Winchester] for the Port farme
Rent & IS. 2d. for the Towne Land 14s. 6d.
P^ for drawing Certificats for the poore french Protestants 6s. od.
[The Huguenot refugees, of whom a number came to Saint Ives and were
lodged at the expense of the town.]
Given the undersherrifes man when he brought the writ for
Electing Burgesses in Parliament 5s. od.
[Parliament was dissolved January 10, 168 1, and the new one summoned to
meet at Oxford, which it did on March 21.]
to severall distant french people Landed in this Port los. od.
p<i for drawing of writings to discharge a strange woman that
had child here 5s. od.
The 30* of October 1681. Rec : of M' Richard fowler and M'
Maddern towards the Releife of the poore destressed pro-
testants which was Landed here in our port of St Ives
that did come out of france the sum off 2 pounds,
more rec. of M' Robert Beere the sum of i pound beinge sent
by the quakers of marazion towards the Relife of the
aforesaid poore protestants.
more sent by M' Rob : beere from M' Slade and his family the
sum of 15 shillings towards the Relife of the aforesaid
poore protestants —
St. Ives 1681 November John Hawking elected Mayor.
John Stevens & John Treweek overseers —
i63i
The Accompt of M' Hawking
1682
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639— 1687. 255
Receipts. Item Rec^ of ffower oifenders for their breach of the
Saboth 45. od.
ffor a ffine on S' Just men for their Riotous assembling in to the
Burrough £3 os. od,
[There seems to have been a faction fight between Saint Just men and Saint
Ives men ; but I have not been able to discover the full particulars of the
disturbance.]
Disbursements. Item : to Anthony Creed to goe for a warr^ for
his Sister is. od.
Spent on the Pursevant that rec* the Port farme 2s. od.
To Counsellor Hoblyn for his ffee and expenses goeing to him
IIS. 6d.
To Edward Spry and John Tonkyn for mending the Stockes
4s. rd.
For mending the Towne Cupp los. od.
Spent on M' Grosvennor gs. 6d,
Mary Dunnoes wages clenseing the Markett i8s. od.
P^ con^ies to putt St Just men to Lanceston £6 gs. 6d.
powder candels expens to the guard with their dyett & expens to
carry them [the Saint Just men] to Lanceston £^ 6s. 6d,
pd M' Robinson to dress their wounds 5s. od.
P^ Tho. Cubert Ld : Marques port farme rent &c. 14s. 6d.
P* Tho. Try for worke about the kay and chapell 3s. 8d.
St. Ives 1683 John Stevens elected Mayor in November.
'This and the former mayor had a quo warranto brought
against the old Charter by M' Thomas Trenwith, the next mayor,
elected 1684.'
[Modern side note.]
[In 1682 a writ of Quo Warranto was issued against every corporation in Great
Britain. The majority were induced thereby to surrender their charters
into the king's hands. Considerable sums were exacted for restormg the
charters, and all offices of power and profit were left at the disposal of the
crown (' Student's Hume *). * They took away the Charters as fast as they
were able, of all the Corporations in England that would not chuse the
Members prescribed them' ('Secret History of Europe,' 17 13, Part II I.^
p. 94).]
St. Ives. Mr Thomas Trenwith elected Mayor in 1684.
His Accompt as follows : —
The Account of Thomas Trenwith Esquire Late Mayor of
the sayd Burrough for the yeare ended the ffirst day of Novem-
ber 1685. This account beginning from the 30^^ day of Aprill
last past.
Rec^ of Hector Taylor the arrears of the Key dutyes £2 10s. od.
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256 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
I. p^ for a smale cask of powder g, ^y^^ and halfe on the p'clayming
King James the Second £2 75. 6d.
the charge of a Journey to Saltash to fetch home the charter
being out 7 dayes as p a note of p'ticulars 3^3 4s. 2d.
pd Ed Pryor for horsehyre & charge to Stow with the Indenture
14s. od.
pd ffor a Tar barrell & 4 bottles of wyne 29^^ may 1685 4s. 6d.
pd the druflier the same day 2s. 6d.
pd for 30^^ of powder for the Towne store in tyme of rebellyon
£1 10s. od.
[The Duke of Monmouth's rebellion.]
pd William Penberthy horsehyre & expence to Helston and
Penryn to give the Deputy Leweten^s notice of the arrival]
of Monmouths ship 5s. od.
[He landed at Lyme in Dorsetshire.]
To a horse and man to goe to Cap* Veale on same occasion is. od.
Spent on M^^ Sloman who came from the deputy Lewetenants is. od.
Spent on the ringers 8*** July on newes of the defeat of the
rebells 3s. od.
[They were finally routed July 6, 1685.]
pd for 6 bottles of wyne then 4s, 6d.
ffor March beere brought to the churchyard then 3s. 6d.
Given to the soldiers then 5s. od.
Spent on Capt. Trevanyon & Capt Ridley 4s. od.
pd for the aldermen & assistants att Marazion 2s. 6d.
Spent att M'^ Pykes and M'' Uptons on them 3s. od.
pd an expres to Justice Jones is. od.
pd Henry Anthony for new making the Towne drum 2s. 6d.
pd for 3 hoops for the drum and a New Cord is. od.
pd M"^ Hawkins for a Sermon preached Sessions day on occasion
of the Charter 5s. od.
[On the occasion of its return.]
pd Henry Barber for beating the drum and severall expresses to
Clowance 5s. od.
John Lanyon mayor
Will. Robinson
John Hicks
John Hawking
Thomas Dayow
Tho : Stephens
St Ives 1685 John Lanyon elected Mayor.
1685
St Ives His Account
1686
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639-1687. 257
Rec^ of Gabriell Stanford for the sugar sold him stollen by
Teage £1 os. os.
P^ Thomas Trenwith Esq^ for his disbursements the last yeare
being more than his receipts £iy 3s. id.
Spent 6*^^ Novemb' att Ed. Pryors att a meetinge of the Aldermen
to suppres the pilchard driveinge 3s. 6i*
(A practice by which the shoal was unscientifically and illegally plunged into
and frightened away.]
Spent by the Aldermen when wee agreed to putt the Towne
armes in the constables staves is. od^
P* for 3 staves and paynteing them 7$. od.
Spent by M' Trenwith, M' Robinson, my selfe & M' May, att S^
Earth, Gwynear, Camborne & other places to discover the
Sugar stollen p Teage being out two dayes £1 35. 6d.
[Note the miscellaneous duties undertaken by Robinson the curate. He was
able to act as parish clerk in 1677, bookbinder in 1678, surgeon in 1682,
and councilman in 1685. He no doubt needed great resources to supple-
ment his meagre salary as a minister.]
P* M"^ Robinsons horsehyre for the two dayes is. 6d.
P* a man to goe to Clowance & Penryn to give notice of the
Sessions 2s. od.
P* 11^ Jany : for severall ordinaryes for the Kings wittnesses
against Teage & others about the stollen Sugar 45. od.
F* expence on 6 men att Ed : Pryors to secure Teage and the
rest & for bread & beere for the prisoners 7s. 6d.
P* Tho : Quicke as p his ace** appeth for expence & the hyre of
4 horses & 3 men beside the con^i« to putt Teage and bis
daughter and Rawlinge to Lanceston £y 2s. 6d.
Spent 6^ ffeb. 1685 being the Kings Coronac'on day £1 2s. 6d.
p* then for a Tarr barrell is. 6d.
p* the drunier is. od.
p^ for mendinge the cover of the Towne cup 6s. od.
p* for stones, Lyme, Lafts and Masons wages to repayre the
chappie in the Top of the Hand 7s. loi.
p* for stones, Lyme, Lafts and Masons wages to repayre the
chaple on the Key and Markett house pentises 5s. yd.
for a payre of shoes for Rawlings wife to goe to Assizes 2s. 6d.
To Gabriell Stanford to goe to the Assizes as an Evidence agt^
Teage and others by consent los. od.
jfi for parchment about the Towne busines is. od.
p* Ephraim Major for 2 horses to goe to Lanceston to carry the
wittnesses agt: Teage & others 14s. ; to Ed. Pryor for his
horse 7s. ; to Math. Gyles for his horse 7s. ; being in all
3^1 8s. od.
17
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258 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Spent by my selfe, M*" Robinson, Ed. Pryor, and two other
wittnesses goeing to Lanceston agtTeage & others and
for councells advise £8 15s. od.
p^ for postage of a letter from the sherife with his Ma***
pardon 8^.
pd j^th ^g^y jg35 fQj. poynts to whip the boyes veiweinge the pish
bounds IS. ; p^ drumer is.; spent att M^ Pollards then 6s.: 8s.
p** for postage of another Letter from London with the Kings
generall pardon being sent ^ M' Newman 2s. od.
spent 29 May att M^ Pollards 5s., Ed. Pryors 5s., in wyne 4s., att
M^^ Morrice Dyers 7s., in a Tar barrell is., p* drumer is., &
to the man that brought the small gun is., in all £1 4s. od.
p* to bring the Mzypole to Sawpitt 6d.
p** M' Loder for advice about the constituc'ons los. od.
p^ M' Nicholas Teage of Salt Ash to draw the Constituc'ons and
to putt them in a good method 2 ginnyes £2 3s. od.
ffor my expences to goe to Penryn about the Bakehouse & to speake
with M' Newman about other Towne Concernes 5s. od.
Spent 14*^ 8^ 1686 being the Kings birth day att M' Pollards 3s.,
att Ed: Pryors 2s., to the dru&er is., a Tar barrell is. 6i. ;
in all 7s. 6d.
P** M' Robinson for his paynes & endeavors about the new
Charter 3^3 los. od.
Tho : Sprigge mayor
Tho: Trenwith
John Lanyon
John Hicks
John Hawking
Thomas Dayow
Rich: Pollard
Will : Robinson
Jno : Stevens
Tho : Stephens
St. Ives 1686 November Thomas Sprigge elected Mayor.
Borrough ) Att the Court of the Burrough aforesaid held the
of > sixteenth day of december in the Second yeare of the
St. Ives J Raigne of o' Soveraigne Lord James the Second by
the Grace of God King of England &c Anno gr: Dfii 1686.
Before Thomas Sprige Jun' gent' mayor of the said Burrough,
John Lanyon gent', William Robinson, John Hicks gent', John
Stevens, John Hawkins, Thomas Dayow, Richard Pollard and
Thomas Stevens J", Aldermen, being present; James Pollard
merchant uppon payment of five shillings to the use of the
corporac'on, was admitted and sworne a freeman of the said
Burrough. In Testimony whereof the s^ Mayor & Aldermen
have hereunto subscribed their names the day and yeare first
above written.
[Signed as above]
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1639— 1687. 259
[As above] Zachary Willyams of the Burrough of Helston
merchant sworne a freeman upon payment of 6s. 8d,
[The like] William Snelgrove Junior.
[Without payment.]
Burrough 1 At the Generall Sessions of the peace held for the
of > sayd Burrough the xiv**' day of January Anno Dni
St. Ives ) 1687 before Thomas Sprigge gent' Mayor of the s*
Burrough Thomas Trenwith Esq% John Lanyon gent. Justices
of Peace within the s* Burrough all the Aldermen being present,
Thomas Diggens cordwayner uppon paym* of five shillings to
the use of the corporac'on was admitted and sworne a freeman
of the said Burrough. In Testimony whereof the s^ Mayor &
Aldermen have hereunto subscribed their names the day and
yeare first aboue written.
[Signed as above.]
1686
The Account of M' Thomas Sprigge Mayor.
1687
Receipts.
Of Mr James Pollard being sworne a freeman 5s. od.
Of M' Thomas Diggens being sworne a freeman 5s. od.
Of M' Zachary Willyams being sworne a freeman 6s. 8d.
Of Henry Hambly for a fyne is. od.
of John Tackaberry for a fyne 3s. 4d.
Disbursements.
P* the Cryer is. od.
given a poore ffrench man 2s. 6d.
p^ for repayring the high way Leading to Are £2 14s. lod.
p^ for clensing the house after the ffrenchpeople 3s. od.
[The house which had accommodated the Huguenot refugees. The revocation
of the Edict of Nantes, in 16S5, sent its contingent of French Protestant
refugees to Saint Ives, though numbers had previously landed here (see
an/e, 1 681). The Huguenots were lodged in one house, at the town's
expense ; and I think Siis must have been the old house now known as
Cam Glaze, situate on the top of the rock of that name. In the earliest
known document relating to this house, namely, a lease of it from John
HickSj gentleman, to Reginald Botterall, sailor, dated January 25, 1699
(and m no other document), it is styled ' Ugnes House,' a name now
unknown, and which I am inclined to regard as a corruption of ' Huguenots'
House.' This is said to be the oldest dwelling-house in the town. Hard
by, on the Island, is * the Ancient Britons' hut,* a bamlike building where
Breton fishermen formerly kept their gear and occasionally resided, and
there must have been strong rivalry between the Breton Catholics and the
neighbouring Huguenots.]
p^ for mending the Lover hole of the Markett house is. od.
used as
17 — 2
[The lower hold, t>., the ground floor. The upper floor was used as a petty
sessional court room.]
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26o A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
Spent the coronac'on day by consent 7s. od.
p^ drufiier 1$., for a Tar barrell is. ; 25. od,
p^ John Tonkyn to make the Towne Ladder 2s. 6d.
P^ Ed : Pryor to goe to Clowance is. od.
Spent on the Recorder the Sessions day in wyne att dinner 2s. od.
pd. for arresting Penzance shoemakers £1 os. od.
[For non-payment of market dues ; see posiJ]
pd. M' Newman to translate the new Charter into English
£2 OS. od.
[A new charter was granted by King James II. The translation here referred
to is still extant, in Mr. Newman's hand-writing. See p. 270^ posi.]
Spent when M' Newman was elected Towne Gierke in wyne 6s. od.
Spent when the shoemakers were arrested 4s. 6d.
Jno Stevens mayor
Tho: Trenwith
John Hicks
Tho: Stephens
Thomas Dayow
[Saint Ives, September 15, 1687, Enoder Cock and Mathew Gyles undertook
to farm the tolls of the markets and fairs for the sum of twenty-nine
pounds. These yeomen commenced a suit in the Court of Common Pleas,
against Thomas James, alias Rosemorran and Hugh Cloake, of Penzance,
cordwainers, for the nonpayment of their duties of the said Market. The
document now in recital pledges the Corporation to undertake the costs of
the said suit provided the case is left entirely in their hands.j
Thomas Hicks. I Enoder Cock.
John Hawkins. 1 Mathew+ Giles.
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CHAPTER XV.
ANDREW ROSE WALL AND THE TITHES OF TOWEDNACK, 1681.
The religious condition of Lelant, Saint Ives, Towednack and
Zennor, in the century following the Reformation, seems to have
been one of great neglect, though in this particular the neigh*
bourhood was probably no exception. The puritanic zeal of the
Reformers having been satisfied by the thorough eradication of
Catholicism, religion appears thereupon to have sunk into a
more or less apathetic state. At this time, and for long after*
wards, the parishes of Lelant, Saint Ives and Towednack were
committed to the spiritual charge of one common vicar, who
was most frequently an absentee, represented by a curate. The
curate, indeed, is in many cases styled * reader/ showing that he
was not in holy orders. The vicar officiated once a week, on
Sunday morning or afternoon, at one or other of his three parish
churches, and that seems to have been the extent of his ordinary
duties. Under these circumstances it is not surprising that a
strict demand by the vicar for the ftiU measure of his tithes and
dues was sometimes the cause of dissatis&ction amongst his
parishioners. An apt illustration of this jealousy between pastor
and flock is to be found in the numerous bundles of depositions
made before courts of special inquiry held from time to time
throughout the country, as occasion demanded.
The following is an abstract of one these, in which tithe is
refused to be paid to the vicar by Andrew Rosewall, a member
of an ancient Towednack family to which reference is frequently
made in these pages :
Record Office; Exchequer Deposition by Commission, 31
Charles II. (1680) Michaelmas, No 6 ; 32 Charles II. (1681) Easter,
No. 29. Depositions of Witnesses taken at the house of Thomas
Tonkyn Vintner, scituate within the Village of Newlyn in the
parish of PauU within the County of Cornewall, on Monday the
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262 A HISTORY OF ST^ IVES.
first daye of September in the one & thirtieth yeare of the
R^igne of our Soveraigne Lord Charles the second by the grace
of God of England Scotland ffrance & Ireland Kinge Defender of
the faith &c Before Thomas Hicks Esq. ifrancis Paynter gent.
Ezechiell Anindell & ffrancis Arundell Esqrs; by virtue of a
Commission issued forth out his Majesties Court of Exchequer to
them directed for the Examinacon of Wittnesses in a cause there
dependinge between John Hawkyns clerk Complt. & Andrewe
Rosewall Deft on the behalfe of the said Complt. as foUoweth :
Arthur Edwardes of the parish of Uni Lelant in the county of
Corwall gent, aged ffower and ffiiftye yeares or theraboute ^duced
on the pte. & behalfe of the Complt. to the first ffower, fifth and
twentieth Inter. & thereunto Swome and Examined sayth as
followeth : —
Mr John Bullock was Complts. predecessor in the vicariate of
Lelant, S^ Ives & Towednack, and had borrowed money of M"^
Edwardes on the security of the smaller tithe. William Robin-
son of S* Ives officiated as a * Deacen and Clearke ' within the
said parishes.
William Orchard of St. Hillary, clerke, aged 69. Inducted the
complt. into the said vicariate.
/antes Quiche of Zennor Yeoman aged 48, * Sayth that the Deft,
doth depasture his cattell on the tenemt. called Rosewall and on
that pte. of the tenemt. called Boreesa in the possion of the deft';
that the deft, 'doth likewise keepe and depasture on the said pre-
misses three or ffower labouringe horses Nagges or Mares which
the deft, hath from tyme to tyme and doth usually imploy them
in carryirige of tyn stuffe to the stampinge Mill and allsoe to the
bloweinge howse.'
Thomas Hodge of Towednack yeoman aged 50, ' doth know a
Messuage & Tenemt called Rosewall scituate in the parish of
Towednacke, and that he hath soe known the same from his Child-
hood, he beinge borne and bred in the same parrish, and hath
and doth live neere to the same Tepemt. ; that the said Tenemt.
called Rosewall is worth yearely to be sett att a Racke Rent the
summe of twelve or thirteen poundes.' Deft, also held Bregia Vean
or Borisa Veean, worth yearly about £s los. od. Defendant came
into possession of said tenements in June 1676. 'And this
Deponent further sayth that by the Customes of the said parish
every peirson having above three Cows ought to pay to the
Viccar of the said parish of Towednacke for the same tyth in
kynd by way of Whitt Sowle, and the calves in kind, and that every
person there haveing to the number of three Milch Cowes or
under and not exceeding, doe pay to the Viccar of the said parish
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ANDREW ROSEWALL AND THE TITHES OF TOWEDNACK. 263
of Towednack for each of the said Milch Cowes by the custome
of the said Parish four pence for every such cow and two pence
for every Calfe of such Cow ; and that the tyth of Piggs, Geese,
Turkeyes, hemp, honey and hay ought by the custom of the said
parish to be paid to the Viccar thereof in kinde.'
Phillip Hawkins of Creed gentn. attorney aged 27, proved
service of a Writ in the High Court on the Defendant.
Hugh Jones of Sennen Esqre. Justice of Peace aged 50,
proved that Complt had not been before engaged in any law suit.
Thomas Quick of Towednack yeoman aged 34, knew defendant
well and heard him say that he had been concerned in three
several law-suits and that two thereof went against said De-
fendant.
Ja^nes Trewhela of Towednack yeoman aged 65, lived two
miles from Rosewall a year and a quarter before. About i part
of Rosewall came into possession of Richard Pearse alias Gunne,
and Matthew Stevens lately held part of Bregia Vean. Bregia
Vean was rated for the poor at £3, and Rosewall at ^f 10. This
Deponent lent money to M^" Bullock on the security of the tithes,
* by a custome for the payment of the tythes within the said parish
that if any person of the parish of Towednack hath kept or doth
keep above three Milch Cowes within the said parish, such person
ought to pay the Vicar thereof white sowle, that is to say butter
and cheese in kind, that is made of the milk of such Cowes ; which
said butter and cheese is to be paid to the Vicar yearly as
ffolloweth ; to wit nine dayes milk of each cow, which said nine
dayes milk is to be made into butter and cheese, 5 days thereof is
to be made into five cheeses and to be brought into the parish
church for the Viccar the first Sunday after Trinity.' Defendant
wanted this Deponent to join him in resisting the tithes at Law,
but this Deponent refused.
William Andrew of Saint Earth yeoman aged 32, *sayth that
Defendant hath lately prossecuted severall vexatious Law suites
against one John Gyles, in one of which said suites the same
Gyles beinge under an arrest and in custody of the Bayliffes,'
Qyles had assigned to Defendant his interest in Bregia Vean as a
security for money lent by the Defendant. * This Deponant did
then propose to the Defendant that there might be an end put to
all differences then betwixt them, to which the Defendant replyed
that he would make no end with the said Giles but would cast him
into prison and allsoe drive his Cattle and other goods that he
found upon the lands of the sayd Gyles to pound which Cruell
pceedings of the said Deft, to the said Gyles was meerly out of
Designe as this Deponent beleiveth to inforce the sayd Gyles
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?64 . A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
to pass over the estate which the sayd Gyles had in some other
Lands unto the sayd Defendant/ Defendant also *was very
earnest with one M^" Kingston of Towednack to prosecute the sayd
Gyles at Lawe for a debt/ and said that if he would cast Gyles
into prison he, the Deft., would pay Kingston the money owing by
Gyles. *And that one Bottrale and some other poor persons
being interrested in a Certayne Tynne work wherein they had:
given a dole or share to the Defts. Daughter att the Earnest
request of the sayd Deft, the sayd Deft, did afterwards cause his
sayd Daughter to sue or implead the sayd Bottrall concerninge
the said tynn work, as one Quarinn the bailifife that arrested the
sayd Bottrall Informed this Deponent ; which sayd cause after-,
wards came to a Tryall and passed against the sayd Deft&
daughter, there being noe cause for the prosecution of the sayd
suite but only under the pretence of some sett or grant made to
the sayd Rosewall or his daughter by otie Stevens or Browne/
Deft, was prosecuted by one Tredinham, a carpenter, for some
* pickhilts/
William Daniell of Zennor tinner aged 37, was in partnership
with the Defendant in mining.
John Baraguanath of Towednack yeoman aged 62, * sayth that
the paper or writing now shewn unto this Deponent purporting
a Coppy of the Register book of the Buryall of the sayd M'
Bullock is a true Coppy of such entry in the register book of the
Burrough of S^ Ives in the County of Cornewall* and was
examined therewith by him.
Maty Hodge, aged 48, wife of Thomas Hodge aforesaid, was
at the house of Richard Hickes gent'^ at S^ Ives, with John
Baragwanath, when Deft, brought a sum of money in settlement
of the tithe, and asked this Depont. to * tale ' it after him.
Paschoe Tresillian of S* Levan gent** met Deft, at the house
of Charles Pike vintner in the town of Penzance, when Deft, said
he desired that the question should be settled by arbitration.
Witnesses for the Defendant : —
John Hickes of the Borough of S^ Ives gent" aged 36:—
M^ Bullock's predecessor was M'^ Thomas Corey. M' Hawkins
lived with his father in law M' Tresilian at S* Levan, so that the
parishioners had to hire Will™ Robinson to officiate, and pay
him 3^12 a year. Deponent farmed the small tithes of M' John
Bullock in 1668 and 1669, except the tithes of James Praed
Esqr., Hugh Pawly and Henry Edwards gent" and another whose
name he forgets.
* For the Tyth of each Hen, by the Custome of the sayd
parishes of Unylelant and Towednack, the owner thereof ought
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ANDREW ROSEWALL AND THE TITHES OF TOWEDNACK. 265
to pay to the viccar of the sayd pishes yearly one penny or Egs
in kind for the same att Easter. And the Tenth young pig and
the Tenth young Goose to be payd in kind, as likewise the tyth
of Hemp and Hay in kinde ; but as for ducks and Turkeyes this
Deponent never receaved nor knows not how it was payd.'
It was customary to plough, till and harrow both with horses
and with oxen.
Rosewall contained 15 acres of arable land and about 40 acres
of ftirse and heath ground. Borisa Vean was very * course ' and
barren land.
Deponent and M' George Hamond proposed to Complainant
to refer the differences to arbitration, but he refused.
John Hingston of Towednack gent" aged 33, saith that a child
of his and children of other parishioners had died unbaptized,
owing to the neglect and absence of Complainant, to the great
grief of_this Deponent ; and * severall psons dyeing wthn the
said pish, and haueing noe Preist to bury them according to the
Church of England, whereof one of them was left without buryall,
which became noysome untill some other minister came to bury
him. The Complt. of late since his non residency in the sayd
viccaredge very often when hee Comes to officiate Comes very
unseasonably, vizt sometymes att Seaven of the Clock in the
mominge, sometymes att Eleven of the Clock, sometymes att
one of the Clock, and sometymes towards the Eveninge about
sun sett. And Imediately on his comeing att church begins
prayer although very few of his pishoners are present.'
James Trewhela (this time on behalf of Defendant.)
John Baragwanath (this time on behalf of Defendant.) He
was parish clerk of Towednack. My Corey's predecessor in the
vicariate was M^ John South, and before him was M^ Pestell.
The same cause, 32 Charles II., East. N^ 29.
Depositions of Wittnesses taken at the house of George
Bluett innkeeper in the pish of Maddren, on Saturday the 24^^*
April 1680, before the same Comissioners. On behalf of the
Defendant.
John Tonkyn of St. Ives Joyner aged 49, was in the house of
John Hawkins innkeeper at St Ives, when Deft, announced his
intention of settling with Complt. for the tithes, and asked
Deponent for 3^3 which he owed him, * which sayd sume of Three
pounds the sayd John Hawkins payd the Deft, in Deponts.
presence, which sume the sayd Defdt. putt into a purse and tooke
a peece of mony called Two pence which hee then receaved
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266 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
from the mayd of the house then present in Exchange for Beere
and putt itt into the sayd purse with the sayd Three Pounds.'
This Depoftt then went with Deft, to the house of one William
Truthwell (also spelt Trethall) near to the lodging of the said
Complt.
Depositions on adjournment at the house of Morish Dyer
Innkeeper at S* Ives, on the 28^^ April 1680.
Willnwtt Harry wife of Richard Harry of Towednack, aged 47,
Says that one John Quick had formerly indifferently, divided the
lands adjoining those of Deft, between other persons who held
the same formerly.
Alexander Odger of Towednack yeoman aged 27, * sayth that
some tyme about Christmas last past this Depont. was present
with the said Mary Hodge and Thomas Hodge her husband, att
the house of one fifrancis Trewhella in Towidnacke aforesaid,
where this Depont. heard the said Thomas Hodge to Complayne
and said to his wife Mary Hodge these words fFollowinge I
have wronged Andrew Roswall in his Concemes with M^^
Hawkinge, and thou hast wronged him allsoe ; to which the
said Mary Hodge carelesly replyed to her said Husband and
said hold your Tongue, I will sweare any thinge that comes upon
my mynd.'
Martha Odger of Towednack Spinster aged 23, says that
Complt. rode over to the door of her mother Elizabeth Odgers
house and asked to be directed to the house of Mary Hodge.
This was one Sunday evening after prayers, last August. Mary
Hodge afterwards told this Depont. that Complt. had gone to
ask her why she had been from church, and that she had replied
that she could not go because she had a sore breast, whereas
Complt. had been to tell Mary Hodge not to give evidence
against her in this matter. Mary Hodge told Depont. that
Complt. was afraid of her, Mary Hodge, * ffor it lay in her power
to cast him or save him in this suite.'
Alse Richards of Towednack Spinster aged 53, says that some
time last year, * Mary Hodge cominge into this Deponents house
and sittinge by the ffire there Smoakinge a pipe of tobaccoe,' the
said Mary Hodge related to Depont. the incident of the Deft,
offering the 3^3 and 2d. to Complt. at Saint Ives, and putting the
money down on the table in the hall of M' Hickes house as
aforesaid.
Tobias Odger of Towednack yeoman aged 22 gave evidence^
but did not mention any matter of peculiar interest.
William Robinson of St. Ives Clerk aged 34, says that he knew
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ANDREW ROSE WALL AND THE TITHES OF TOWEDNACK. 267
Thomas Cory Vicar of Uny Lelant and Towednack, and that at
that time ' one M^ Lenord Wellsteed Minister was placed in by
the present power to officiate as Minister of the Borough of
St Ives/ After M^ Cory, one M^ Richard Fowler clerk officiated
as Vicar of the same. After M' Fowler came in one M^ Bridg-
water clerk ; and after him M^ John Bullocke who died about
15 June 1676. There was service at Towednack once a month
on an average.
There was some difference between M^ Bullocke and one
Robert Body of S* Ives about the payment of tithes, the said
Boddy holding certain lands from this Deponts. father within the
Borough of St Ives.
M"* Richard Hichens formerly farmed the tithes of M^ Bullock,
and, * being a hard man,' obliged the people to pay him a penny
for every pound.
John Hawkinge of St. Ives Merchant (and Innkeeper) aged 59,
corroborated the evidence of the aforesaid John Tonkin as to
Defendants procuring the three pounds and the twopenny piece
at his inn.
Richard Fowler of Gwinear, Clerk, aged 47, says that he was
collated m 1660 or 1661 to the vicarage of Lelant with the chapels
of S* Ives and Towednack thereunto annexed, by John Gawden
then Bishop of Exeter.
Issrcull QuickC of Morvah, yeoman, aged 36, says Complt.
* lived wthn the said vicaredge some tymes with one M^ Diggens
and sometymes witli one M^ Richard Hicks. One Robert Curnoe
of the pish of Towednack, whose Mother in law dyed about a
year and halfe since, was nessitated to gett some other Preist
to bury his Mother in law by reason of the Complts. non
residence.'
* One Morrice Dyer of the Burrough of S^^ lues holdeth by
Lease one stampinge Mill with thappurts peel of the said Tene-
ment of Roswall.' Mathew Stevens held a moiety of Borissa Vean
with Andrew Rosewall.
Complt. * did allsoe then declare to this Deponent that hee
wold be paid tyth for Labor horses and Barren Beasts and
Bullocks for ploughinge, for that hee did Carry furse and ffewell
to the Burrough of S^^ lues to be sold there and gott money by
ploughinge.'
[1.^., Rosewall did so ?]
John Browne of S^ Ives, yeoman, aged 48, says : ' There was
a suit commenced for the Tryall of the Right of Certaine Tynn
works in which this Depont., M' Edmond Dauy and the
Defendants daughter and others were concerned as Plaintiffs,
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268 , A HISTORY OF ST. IVE ..
in which suite one William BotteroU and divers others were
Defts/
Mathew Browne of St. Ives, yeoman, aged 50.
John Bennets of Towednack, yeoman, aged 40, &
Mary Bennets his wife, aged 48.
James Roswall of St. Ives, yeoman, aged 26.
Mathew Stevens of St. Ives, yeoman, aged 35, * sayth that the
writing in the paper now shewne to him is a True Copy of soe
much of the Register Book of the Burrough of St. Ives as is
conteyned in the said writeing paper and that the same was
examined w*^ the sayd book by this Deponent and more sayth
not.' (The witnesses all conclude their answers to each Interro-
gatory with this formula. The above four witnesses deposed to
nothing of sufficient interest to be copied here.)
Richard Stevens of S' Erth, yeoman, aged 57, saith : * The
induction of M' Richard fifowler into the vicariate, under the
seal of Archdeacon Cotton, was subscribed by James Praed,
Henry Edwards, John Sprig, Benjamin Edwards, Richard
Stevens, Thomas Thurleby and John Hampton, as witnesses,
and the name Richard Stevens was the signature of this Depont.
The induction was performed by Richard Tucker Rector of
Ludgvan, and Richard Fowler Vicar of Zennor.
Lowdy Rosewall (Loveday) wife of George Roswall of S* Ives
aged 45. Her husband had compounded for the tithes due on
account of his lands.
Edmond Davy of Ludgvan, gent« aged 55, * says he hath bynn
an adventurer with the sayd Defendant for divers yeares in
adventuringe and workinge for Tynn, and that the said Deft,
hath bynn Captaine of considerable Tynn works.' The dispute
with Tredinham was when Deft, was * Captaine of a Tynnworke
called Hard to Come by.'
Elizabeth, wife of Richard Pearse, aged 33 yeares, deposed to
nothing of particular interest.
Depositions taken at the house of John Barber Innkeeper at
S* Ives in the County of Cornwall.
George Hammond of S^ Ives gent** aged 56 and
Richard Pearse of Towednack yeoman aged 40, deposed to no
facts of particular interest.
The following entry, found on a flyleaf of one of the register-
books of Zennor parish, shows that the payment of tithe in kind
was for long afterwards the subject of disputes between the
clergy and their parishioners :
' Be it remembered, That on Sunday the 2y^^ of June 1762,
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ANDREW ROSE WALL AND THE TITHES OF TOWEDNACK. 269
Thomas Osborn of Trewey, Robert Michell of Tregarthen,
Matthew Thomas of Treen, and Elizabeth Phillips of the Church
town, brought Butter and Cheese into the Chancel in the Time
of Divine Service, imagining, I suppose, it would be accepted
instead of their Tithes for Cows and Calves; but not being
taken away either by them or any one else before it grew offen-
sive, I ordered the Church Wardens, under pain of being cited
to the Spiritual Court, to remove the same as an Indecency and
a N usance to the congregation. I here insert this lest my
Successor should be imposed upon by being told that I accepted
of that or any other Butter and Cheese instead of Tithes of
Cows and Calves, which I assure him I did not, nor of any other
sort of Tithe according to the Tenor of the Terrier, dated 1727,
and held in the Register of the Consistory Court of Exeter;
as Witness my hand this 21st day of July, 1762.
Jacob Bullock, Vicar.
N.B. Samuel Michell, Brother of the said Robert, and John
Baragwanath, were church Wardens, and removed the said
Butter and Cheese as a Nusance, at my Command.
J. B. Vr.'
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CHAPTER XVI.
JAMES THE second's CHARTER.
Borough of
St. Ives (to
Witt.), 1685
The only charter which has been preserved is the one granted by
James II., who had called in the former ones. Even this was
lost for a great number of years, as we have mentioned in another
chapter. The translation here given is one which was made soon
after the charter was received at Saint Ives, and which, though
preserved in private hands, was for many years the only version
of the charter known to be in existence.
JAMES the Second by the grace of God King of England
Scotland France and Ireland Defender of the Faith and so forth
To all to whom these present Letters shall come Greeting Know
ye that We gratiously affecting the good of the Burrough of Our
Town and Parish of Saint Ives in Our County of Cornwall and
willing that from henceforth for ever there shall be had in the
same Burrough continually one certain and undoubted Method
for keeping of the peace and good rule and government of the
people there And that the said Borrow containing the Town and
Parish of Saint Ives aforesaid from henceforth for ever shall be
and remain a Burrough of peace to the reward of the good and
the terrour of evill doors and that Our peace and other acts of
justice there without any farther delay may be kept hopeing also
that if the men and inhabitants of the Burrough aforesaid and
their successours shall by Our grace have and enjoy more ample
liberties profiits and priviledges they will make themselves more
specially and strongly bound to perform and render unto Us
Our heirs and successours such services as they are able to do
And wherefore the Mayor Portreive Burgesses and inhabitants of
the Burrough aforesaid have granted unto Us and in the Court
SwoiTd 'ifnder ^^ ^^^ Chancery in due manner into Our hands have delivered
the Writ of and surrendered several! Charters and also all messuages lands
tenements and hereditaments and all other charters priviledges
Surrender of
the former
Charters to
His late
Majesty
Charles the
Quo
Warranto .
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JAMES THE SECOND'S CHARTER. 271
and imunities whatsoever which said surrender we have accepted
and by these Presents do accept Of our speciall grace certain
knowledge and mere instance at the humble request and desire of
Our well beloved and most faithfuU Kinsman and Counseler John P\^^'
Earle of Bath Groom of Our Stole and Lord Lieutenant of Our Ucutenant of
County of Cornwall aforesaid We have willed and constituted J^^l^J^ortiie
declared ordained and granted and by these Presents for Us Our grant of the
heirs and successours We do will constitute ordain and Grant "*^ Charter.
That The said Burrough containing the whole Town and Parish
of Saint Ives aforesaid Shall for ever hereafter be and remain a Saint ives to
Free Borough Incorporate of itself in such and in as ample Borough
manner and large bounds circuits and precincts to be bounded Incorporate,
and limited as the said Burrough at any time within the space of
twenty years now last past was limited and appointed to be
known by whatsoever name or whatsoever names which the
Mayor and Burgesses thereof have been heretofore incorporated
and that they and their successours for ever hereafter shall be
and remain by virtue of the Presents one body politique in sub-
stance deed and name by the name of the Mayor and Burgesses Name of the
of the Burrough of Saint Ives one body politique in substance B^4^^«"of
deed and name realy and to the ftiU And for Us Our heirs and *^« Borough ^
successours We do erect new make ordain create constitute con-
firm and Declare by these Presents that by that name they shall
have perpetuall succession and that they by the name of the
Mayor and Burgesses of the Burrough of Saint Ives shall be and
remain in all future times to come persons fitt and capable in the
Law to have gett receive and possess lands tenements liberties
priviledges jurisdictions firanchises and hereditaments of whatso-
ever kind nature or sort to them and their successours in fee and
for ever or for term of lives or years or in any other manner and
also goods and chattels and all other things whatsoever of what-
soever kind nature or sort they be And also to give grant demise
and assigne lands tenements and hereditaments and all other
acts and things to do and execute by the name aforesaid And
that by the name of the Mayor and Burgesses of the Burrough
of Saint Ives they shall and may sue and be sued to answer and
to be answered unto defend and be defended in all Courts places
and before all Judges and Justices and all other persons and
officers whatsoever of Us Our heirs and successours in all suits
plaints pleas causes matters and demands reall personall or any
as well spirituall as temporall of whatsoever kind nature or sort
they be in the same manner and form as other Our leige people
of this Our Kingdom of England can or may be fitt and capable
in the Law to sue and be sued to answer and to be answered to
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272 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
defend and to be defended and to have gett purchase receive
possess give grant and demise and that the aforesaid Mayor and
Burgesses of the Burrough aforesaid and their successours shall
Common for ever have a Common Seal for demises and grants and for all
other causes and business whatsoever to be done And that it
shall and may be lawfuU to and for the said Mayor and Burgesses
and their successours from time to time at their pleasure to break
change or new make the said seal as to them shall seem best to
be made or done And further We will and by fhese Presents Do
grant to the aforesaid Mayor and Burgesses of the said Burrough
and their successours that for ever hereafter there shall and may
be within the said Burrough one of the most honestest and dis-
creet Aldermen of the Burrough aforesaid in forme hereafter
mentioned in these Presents to be elected who shall be and shall
Mayor. be called Mayor of the said Burrough one honest and discreet
beTu7ris?er. "^^° learned in the Laws of England who shall be called Recorder
TenAidermen ^f the said Burrough ten other honest and discreet Burgesses of
and Common the inhabitants of the Burrough aforesaid in form hereafter in
these Presents mentioned to be elected besides the Mayor of the
Burrough aforesaid for the time being to witt eleven Capitall
Burgesses of the inhabitants of the Burrough aforesaid in the
whole who shall be and shall be called Aldermen and Common
Councell of the Burrough aforesaid And also that likewise there
shalt and may be one honest and discreet man learned in the
Town Clerk Laws of England who shall and may be called Town Clark or
to a wyer. g^^^^j.^ ^f q^j. Courts within the Burrough aforesaid And We
also will and by these Presents for Ourself our heirs and suc-
cessours Do grant to the Mayor and Burgesses aforesaid of the
Burrow - aforesaid and their successours that the Mayor and
Aldermen of the Burrough aforesaid and their successours for the
time being or the major part of them of whom the Mayor for
the time being we will to be one shall and may have full power
Power to make and authority of founding constituting ordaining makeing and
SSSinThe"* establishing from time to time such reasonable lawes statutes
Borough. ordinances and constitutions as to them shall seem good whole-
some profitable honest and necessary according to their sound
discretions for the good rule and government of the Burgesses
trades-men inhabitants and resiants of the Burrough aforesaid
and all other persons there from time to time coming and per-
forming their offices ministrations and businesses within the
Borrough aforesaid and the limits precincts and liberties of the
same who shall well behave carry and use themselves And for
the farther good and publick profit and government of the said
Burrough and sustenance of the same and also for the better pre-
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JAMES THE SECONiyS CHARTER. 273
serving governing disposeing plaining and demising of the lands
possessions rents payments and hereditaments goods and chattels
to the said Mayor and Burgesses and their successours by these
Presents given granted or assigned and all things and causes
whatsoever anyway touching or concerning the Borrough afore-
said or the estate right or interest of the said Borrough that they
and their successours by the Mayor and his successours for the
time being and the Aldermen of the Borrough aforesaid being the
Common Councell of the said Borrough or by the major part of
them aforesaid as often as they shall please shall and may found
make ordain or establish such laws statutes and ordinances to
impose and assess such reasonable paines penalties or punishments Power to im-
by fine or imprisonment or , amercements against and upon all ^breach of*
such offenders against such Laws statutes and ordinances or any ^^« Constitu-
or either of them as to them the said Mayor and Councell of the
Borrough aforesaid for the time being or the major part of them
as aforesaid shall seem reasonable and requisite And also that Fines may be
they shall and may have and leavy the said fines and amercements u*^*of ?h?*
to the proper use of the said Mayor and Burgesses and their Corporation,
successours without the hindrance of Us Our heirs and succes-
sours or any other of Our officers or ministers whatsoever of Us
Ours heirs and successours without that any account to Us Our
heirs and successours ought to be rendred and made so that
such Laws statutes and ordinances fines imprisonments and
amercements be reasonable and not repugnant nor against the
Laws Statutes Rights and Customs of Our Kingdom of England
And for the better execution of Our pleasure in this behalf we
have assigned nominated constituted and made and by these
Presents for Us Our heirs and successours Do assign nominate
constitute and make Our well beloved Thomas Trenwith Esquire Mayor,
to be the first and present Alderman and Mayor of the Borrough jrei^h.
aforesaid willing that the aforesaid Thomas Trenwith shall con-
tinue in the office of Mayor for the Borrough aforesaid from the
day of the date of these Presents till the first day of November
next comeing and from thenceforth until one other Alderman
shall be in due manner elected made and sworn unto the said
office of Mayor according to the ordinations and constitutions in
these Presents declared if the said Thomas Trenwith shall so
long live And that every Mayor of the Borrough aforesaid for ^^y^"! *<* ^
the time being shall and may be justice of Peace and Coroner Peace, ex
and Clarke of the Markett and Keeper of Our Goall and Prison #«^> »«<!»>«>
^ Coroner, etc.^
within the said Borrough as of former times he was Also We within the
have assigned nominated constituted and made and by these ^^^ '
Presents for.U& Our heirs: and successours Do assign nominate
18
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274 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
Recorder, constitute and make Our said well beloved John Earle of Bath to
iath' ^"^ ^' ^^ ^^® ^^^^ ^^^ present Recorder of the Borrough aforesaid to
Recorder to continue in the same office during his naturall life And that
be ex officio every Recorder of the Borrough aforesaid for the time being is
Peacrwithin and shall be a justice of Our Peace within the said Borrough
the Borough. ^^^ ^/^^ ^g h.'dy^ assigned constituted nominated and made and
Aldermen, by these Presents for Us Our heirs and successours Do assign
Trenwith, nominate constitute and make Our well beloved Thomas Tren-
'Kom^°^^'^* with, John Lanyon, Thomas Sprigg senior, Thomas Sprigge
Sprigg, sen., junior, John Stevens, William Robinson, Richard Pollard,
Spri^g?jun., Thomas Dayow, John Hicks, John Hawkins and Thomas
Ljhn Stevens, Stephens Gentlemen to be the first and present Aldermen and
Robinson, Capitall Burgesses of the Borrough aforesaid so long as they
^^hard shall well behave themselves and that they are and shall be the
Thomas Common Councill of the said Borrough And also We have
HiSts^Tohn'^ assigned nominated constituted and made And by these Presents
Hawkins, and for Us Our heirs and successours Assign nominate constitute and
St^hens. make Our well beloved Nicholas Prigg, Zachery May, John
Burgesses, Hichens junior, Maurice Dyer, William Penberthy, Edward
Pric Zachary ^P^' Jo^n Nauce juuior, Edward Pryor, Ephraim Major,
May, John William Bussow and Samuel Noall to be the first and present
Mauricei^yer', Burgesses of the Borrough aforesaid respectively to continue in
"William the said office so long as they shall well behave themselves And
Edward Spry, /«^^A^^ out of Our speciall grace and of Our certain knowledge
^°**°Ed°^^d ^"^ mere motion We will and by these Presents for Us Our heirs
Pryor, and successours Do grant to the Maypr of the Borrough aforesaid
Major*™ ^^^ *^ ^^^ successours that the Mayor and Recorder of the
William Borrough aforesaid for the time being and their successours for
SaJmuei'Noail. ^^er and also every Mayor of the said Borrough for the time
Mayor to have being and all times to come shall and maybe respectively the
fwiki^* justice of Peace of Us Our heirs and successours in the said
enforce the Borrough of Saint Ives and the liberties and precincts of the
ArtificenTand Same to conserve and keep Our peace therein and also the statutes
Labourers and of Artificers and Labourers and Weights and Measures within
Measures the BoHTough aforesaid and the liberties and precincts of the
Borou h**^ same to conserve keep and correct and cause to be kept or cor-
rected And that the said Mayor and Recorder for the time
being and the said Mayor for the time being dureing one year
after he shall go of from the said office of Mayor and the aforesaid
first and elder Alderman of the Burrough aforesaid for the
time being or any two of them shall and may have power and
Power to hold authority from henceforth for ever to hold Sessions of the
^ionsof Peace Quarterly within the said Borrough and to enquire
the Peace. hold and determine of all manner of trespasses misprisions and
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JAMES THE SECOND'S CHARTER. 275
Other defaults and articles whatsoever within the Borrough afore-
said and the liberties and precincts of the same done moved and
committed which before the Keepers and Justices of Our peace
in any County of this Our Kingdom of England by the Laws and
Statutes of the same Kingdom may or ought to be enquired
heard and determined And farther We will and by these Presents
for Us Our heirs and successours declare that it shall and may
be lawfuU to the Mayor of the Borrough aforesaid for the time
being if any cause of sickness or necessary and reasonable absence
of the said Mayor shall require it from time to time to nominate
make and constitute one of the Capitall Burgesses of the Power to
Burrough aforesaid to be Deputy of the said Mayor for such and ^L^uty *
such like times as the same Mayor shall be sick or shall happen Mayor,
to be necessarily absent. And that hkewise it shall and may be
lawfuU for the Recorder of the Burrow aforesaid for the time
being likewise if cause require it from time to time to nominate
make and constitute one other sufficient and discreet man learned Power to
in the laws of England to be Deputy of the said Recorder for Deputy *
such time or times of sickness or absence of such Recorder as Reco'^«'-
aforesaid And that such Deputy Mayor and Deputy Recorder Deputy Mayor
so made nominated and constituted shall and may be Our Recorder* to
Justices to keep the peace within the said Burrow and shall and ^e ^5 ^J^^
may have like and the same powers and authorities of the Mayor peace within
and Recorder of the Burrow aforesaid for the time being by ^^ Borough,
vertue of these Our Letters if personally present or as in any
other lawfuU mannor he might or could execute the same And
farther out of Our abundant and speciall grace and of Our certain
knowledge and mere motion We have ordained and granted and
by these Presents Do grant and confirm to the aforesaid Mayor
and Burgesses and their successours for ever hereafter that they
shall and may have within the Burrough aforesaid all and
singular so many such and the like other officers members and
ministers and every of them whatsoever as many and such like as Subordinate
the Mayor and the Burgesses of the Burrow aforesaid and their a^p<Jhited by*
predecessours at any time within the space of seven years last the Common
past have had or are wont to have or might be chosen and
nominated by the Common Councell of the Borrough aforesaid
and in due manner to be sworn before the Mayor and first or
elder Alderman of the said Burrough Provided always and We
Reserve by these Presents full power and authority to Us Our
heirs and successours from time to time and at all times here-
after to remove the Mayor Deputy Mayor Recorder Deputy Reservation
Recorder and any or either of the Aldermen or Capitall Burgesses oVpower^o"
and Town Clerke or Steward of Our Court of the Borrough remove any
18—2
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276 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES,
dignitary of aforesaid or any or either of the Common Councell of the said
tiJn. ^^^^' Burrough for the time being att the will and pleasure of Us Our
heirs and successours by and Order of Us or Our heirs or succes-
sours in Privy Councell made and under the Seal of the Privuy
Councell to them signified respectively and to declare him and
them to be moved and as often as We Our heirs or successors
by any such Order in Privuy Councell made shall declare or
shall cause to be declared such Mayor Deputy Mayor Recorder
Deputy Recorder or any or either of the Aldermen or Capitall
Burgesses and Town Clarke or any or either of the Common
Councell of the Borrough aforesaid for the time being to be
moved from their respective offices aforesaid then and from
thenceforth the Mayor Deputy Mayor Recorder Deputy Recorder
or any or either of the Common Councell and Town Clerke of
the Burrough aforesaid for the time being so declared or to be
declared to be amoved from their severall and respective offices
ipso facto without any farther process really to all intents and
purposes whatsoever shall be moved and either of them shall be
amoved And this so often as the cause shall so happen any Act
Statute or Ordinance to the contrary in an5rwise notwithstanding
Mayor to take And We also will and by these Presence ordaine and firmly com-
office before niand to be enjoyned that the aforesaid Thomas Trenwith in
^"J® these Presence nominated to be the first and present Alderman
and Mayor of the said Burrough before he shall be admitted
to the execution of the office of Mayor and office of Justice of
Peace Alderman Coroner Clarke of the Markett and Fairs and
Keeper of Our Goall or Prison within the Burrough aforesaid
respectively shall take the severall Corporall Oaths upon the
whole Gospell of God to the said office of Mayor and office of
Justice of Peace Alderman Coroner Clerke of the Markett and
Fairs and Keeper of Our Goall or Prison within Our said
Burrough congruous and also the oaths by the Laws and
Statutes of Our Kingdom of England provided and requisite
before any three or more of the Capital Burgesses of the
Burrough aforesaid in these Presents before named and consti-
tuted to which three Capitall Burgesses as aforesaid We Give
and Grant by these Presents full power and authority to give
Recorder ^°^ administer such Oaths and without any other Warrant or
Aldermen, Commission from Us in that behalf to be procured or obtained
TowrcTeJk'* And farther We will and by these Presents Ordain that the
to take the Recorder and Aldermen and Capitall Burgesses and the rest of
the Mayo^*^* ^^^ Burgesses and the Town Clerke in these Presents named- and
and a Special constituted and all other officers before they shall be admitted
sioner. to the execution of their respective offices and trusts aforesaid
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JAMES THE .SECONiyS CHARTER. 277
shair respectively and every of them shaU take their Corporall
Oaths upon the wholly Gospel of God to their said respective The Mayor
dffices and trusts congrubus and first and also the oaths iii that QjurtcMv^
behalf by the Laws and Statutes of this Our Kingdom of England Thomas
provided and required before the said Thomas Trenwith or |,jicirala«'
Nicholas Courtney Esquire or Thomas Vivyan Esquire and ^^^^^"^
Nicholas Teag Gentleman to which said Thomas Trenwith spcdai Com*
Nicholas Courtney, Thomas Vivyan and Nicholas Teag joyntly ^^^^^^^^
and severally We Give and Grant by these Presents full power oaths of
and authority to give and administer such oaths and juramenta ^J^^^'^J^
and to such persons and officers and every of them respectively the Town
without any further warrant or commission in that behalfe firom
Us to be procured or obtayned And further We will and by these Rules for the
Presents for Us Our heirs and successors Do grant to the afore- ^'jJ5^^"of\^
said Mayor and Burgesses of the Burrough aforesaid and their Borough,
siiccessours that the Mayor Aldermen and the rest of the
Burgesses of the Bunough aforesaid for the time being or the
major part of them from time to time and at all times to
come shall and may have power and authority yearly and every
year in the month of November to witt the first day of November Mayor to be
to assemble in the Guild Hall of the Burrough aforesaid or in ^^T^^ °° ^
^ 1st November
any other convement place within the said Burrough according at the Town
to their discretions in that behalfe to be limited and assigned ^^ori^ *f
And so assembled the Mayor and Aldermen of the Butrough the outgoing
aforesaid for the time being or the major part of them shall Aldermen,
nominate and in election of the Mayor put two of the Aldermen [h°"^^^e„
of the Burrough aforesaid and there together continue or in due
manner adjourn themselves within the space of fourteen days
then next following untill the Mayor Aldermen and Burgesses of
the Burrow aforesaid for the time being or the major part of
them then and there assembled shall nominate and chuse one of
the same two Aldermen of the Burrow aforesaid so in that behalf
by the Mayor and Aldermen of the said Burrough for the time
being or the major part of them as aforesaid nominated and in
election put to be Mayor and for Mayor of the Burrough afore-
said for one whole year from and after the said first day of
November then next following And that he so as aforesaid elected New Mayor
and nominated to be Mayor of the Burrough aforesaid before he {^f^g^J^^'oid
shall be admitted to execute the said ofiice shaH take his Corporall Mayoror three
Oath yearly upon the first day of November or within fourteen ^*^«'™^-
days then next following before the last Mayor his predesessour
or in his absence before any three Aldermen of the Burrough
aforesaid for the time being to execute the said office rightly weU
and faithfully in all things and by all offices the same concerning
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278 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
And that after such Oath so taken the office of Mayor of the
Burrough aforesaid untill the first day of November then next
following he shall and may execute and farther untill one other
of the Aldermen of the Burrough aforesaid in due manner and
form as aforesaid the Mayor of the Burrough aforesaid shall be
elected made choice of and sworne according to the ordination
Rules for the and constitutions in these Presents declared And if it happen the
a MwlSayor^ said Thomas Trenwith present Mayor of the Burrough aforesaid
in the event of before the said first day of November now next comeing or any
dying in his Other Maydr of the Burrough aforesaid for the time being at
year of office ; ^^y ^[^^ hereafter to the office of Mayor of the Burrough afore-
maiorityofthe said as aforesaid elected and chosen do die or from his office be
fiir^S "^^ amoved That then and so often it shall and may be lawfuU for
choosing one the Aldermen and Burgesses for the time being or the major part
bethTnew^ of them to assemble in the Guild Hall of the Burrough aforesaid
Mayor until qj. j^ ^ny Other convenient place within the said Burrough accord-
the next . , . ,. t ,. . , , . , * ; , ,
regular mg to their discretions to be limited and assigned And that they
election day. ^j. ^j^^ major part of them then and there assembled shall nominate
elect and make choise of one other of the Aldermen of the
Burrough aforesaid to be Mayor of the said Burrough. And that
he iso elected and chosen to the office of Mayor of the said
Burrough shall have and exercise the said office untill one other
of the Aldermen of the said Burrough shall in due manner be
elected made choise of and sworne to the said office according to
the ordination and provision in these Presents declared he so elected
the Mayor of the Burrough aforesaid first taking his Corporall
Oath before Our Justices of the Peace or any three or more of
the Aldermen of the Burrough aforesaid for the time being rightly
well and faithfully to execute the said office and so as often as
Rules for the the cause shall so happen And whensoever it shall happen that
va^4 * ^"y ^^ either of the Aldermen of the Burrough aforesaid for the
caused by the time being do die or from his office be amoved that then it shall
Alderman. and may be lawfuU to and for the Mayor Justices of the Peace
the"iSay"o^ °^ *^^ *^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ Aldermen of the Burrough aforesaid for the
Justices, and time being or the greater or major part of them to chuse one
then'to el^r Other or others of the Burgesses or Inhabitants of the Burrough
one of the aforesaid as in these Presents is directed to be advanced and
be Se new preferred to be Alderman or Aldermen of the Burrough aforesaid
Alderman. jj^ ^j^^ place or places of him or them which shall so happen to
die or be amoved and to elect and make choise of so many and
such number of the said Burgesses or inhabitants as may be
required to supply the said number of eleven Aldermen of the
Burrough aforesaid and that he or they so elected and made
choise of in the office or offices of Alderman or Aldermen of the
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JAMES THE SECOND'S CHARTER. 279
Burrough aforesaid the said office or offices shall have and exer-
cise so long as they well behave themselves he or they so elected
first having taken his Corporall Oath upon the holy Gospell of New Aldcr-
God before the Mayor Recorder or Deputy Recorder and Alder- swom before
men of the Burrough aforesaid for the time being we will to be ^^^ Mayor,
two his and their offices respectively well and truly to execute
in all things to the same appertaining and so when and so often
as the cause shall so happen And moreover for Us Our heirs and
successours We Grant to the aforesaid Mayor and Burgesses of Penalties for
the Burrough aforesaid and their successors that if any person or take office ;
persons which shall hereafter in due manner be elected to the ^^f* *°J^
enforced by
severall offices of Mayor Alderman or any other office or any imprisonment,
other offices and trusts of the Burrough aforesaid that was usuall
in the same by the space of twenty years now last past and he
having or they haveing due notice or knowledge of such election
or elections he or they shall refuse to exercise and take upon
themselves and execute the office and offices and trusts unto which
hereafter he or they shall be appointed or elected or shall volun-
taryly absent himself in the time or times in which he or they
ought to be swom in manner and form aforesaid unto the said
respective offices that then and in every such cause it shall and
may be lawful! to the Mayor and Aldermen being the Common
Councell of the said Burrough or the major part of them of
whom the Mayor and first or elder Alderman for the time being
We will to be two And We Give and Grant power and authority
to them to put a reasonable fine on every person or officer afore-
said respectively refusing or not accepting or voluntarely absent-
ing himself as aforesaid and also such person or such persons to
prosecute to committment untill payment thereof and to elect
and name one other or more other persons according to the
directions in these Presents mentioned to supply and succeed
in the place and office or in the places and offices of him or them
so refuseing or voluntarily absenting themselves as aforesaid
And We also will and by these Presents for Us Our heirs and Rules for the
successors Do grant to the aforesaid Mayor and Burgesses of the BMgeSM^S^f
Burrough aforesaid and their successours that it shall and may by a majority
be lawfull to the Mayor Recorder and Aldermen of the Burrough andAldenner
aforesaid for the time being or the major part of them of whom ^^J^o.a^e to
J r administer the
the Mayor Recorder or Deputy Recorder for the time being We oath of office
will to be two from time to time and at all times hereafter for e?ert^°*^^^
ever when and so often as it shall seem fitt and necessary to Burgesses,
elect and make choise of so many persons only as now to be
Burgesses of the Burrough aforesaid and such as they shall please
And to the said Burgesses so to be apointed to administer an
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28o A HISTORY OF ST: JVESl
Oath upon the Holy Gospell of God for their fidelity to the
Burrough aforesaid and to execute the office faithfully and the
things which to the said office of Burgesses appertain to be done
And this without any Commission or farther Warrant from Us
Our heirs and successours to be procured and obtained And that
None to be none Other hereafter shall be taken or reputed to be a Burgess of
g"2^^sbu^"" ^^^ Burrough aforesaid but the Burgesses by these Presents
those so duly expresly nominated and he or they which by the suffirage of the
a mitt . Mayor Recorder Deputy Recorder and the rest of the Aldermen
or the major part of them in such manner and form as aforesaid
shall be elected and sworn by whom the Mayor Recorder or
Rales for the Deputy Recorder We will to be two And farther We will and
R^[der°" °^ ^^ these Presents for U^ Our heirs and successours Do grant to
viz., by a ' the aforesaid Mayor and Burgesses of the Burrough aforesaid
May^^^r^"" and their successours that the Mayor and Aldermen of the
Aldermen. Burrough aforesaid for the time being or the. major part of them
of which the Mayor for the time being we will to be one in all
times to come after the death or removeing of the said Earle of
Bath now present Recorder of the Burrough aforesaid that they
shall and may have full power and authority to elect nominate
and make choise of one other discreet man learned in the Laws
of England from time to time and at all times hereafter to be
Recorder and Justice of Peace of the Burrough aforesaid and
that he so unto the office of Recorder elected and chosen shall
or may enjoy and exercise the said office of Justice of Peace as
New Recorder long as he shall in the same well behave himself haveing first
bd^Te™ *aken his Corporall Oath before the Mayor of the Burrough
Mayor. aforesaid for the time being upon the Holy Gospell of God the
said offices of Recorder and Justice of Peace of the Burrough
aforesaid accordiYig to his knowledge in all things touching or
concerning the said offices rightly and faithfully to execute And
Power to we also will and Ordain for Us Our heirs and successours and by
gjj^^°^^ these Presents Do grant to the aforesaid Mayor and Burgesses of
Sirnament. the Burrough of Saint Ives aforesaid and their successours That
there shall and may be in the same Burrough Two Burgesses of
Parliament of Us Our heirs and successours as antiently was
Piiriiament- ^sed to be and that the said Mayor and Burgesses in the said
™«* ^S b^ h ^"'^r^^g'^ ^f Saint Ives for the time being as aforesaid and their
M^yorand ^ successours when and so often as a Parliament of Us Our heires
Burgesses. ^^^ successours shall be summoned begun or called wheresoever
the same shall happen to be holden by virtue of a Writt of Us
Our heirs and successours of election of Burgesses in Parliament
to them directed or otherwise for their election shall and may
have full power authority and faculty of electing and nominating
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JAMBS THE SECOND'S CHARTER, 281
two discreet and honest men to be Burgesses of Parliament of
Us Our heires and successours for the said Burrow which said
Burgesses so elected made choise of and nominated We will to
be present and stay at such Parliament of Us Our heirs and suc-
cessours dureing the time in which such Parliament shall happen
to be holden in like manner and form as other Burgess of Parlia-
ment for any other Burrows and Towns within Our said Kingdome
of England may do or have used or ought to do and which said
Burgesses in such Parliament of Us Our heirs and successours
shall and may have their voices as well affirmative as negative
and do and execute all and singular other things which other
Burgesses of Parliament of Us Our heirs and successors or any
other Burroughs and Towns may have do and execute or can or
may by any ways and means whatsoever have doe or execute
And We have granted also and by these Presents for Us Our License 10
heirs and successours Do Grant to the aforesaid Mayor and Marked
Burgesses of the Burrough aforesaid and their successours for ^"^un [*»e
_,, , ^,. fl «i«ii Borough on
ever That they and their successours may have hold and. keep Wednesdays
within the Burrough aforesaid yearly for ever every weeke in the and Saturdays.
year Two Marketts one to witt on the Wednesday and the other
on the Saturday And also Four antient Faires by the year every License to
year for ever the first Fayr of the said four Fairs to begin on wUhin the ^^
the Tenth day of May and from thence to continue, by the space Borough on
of two days the second Faire to begin on the Twentieth day of the 20th July.
July and that to continue by the . space of two days the third ^^^^^
Faire to begin on the twentye sixth day of September and like- the 3rd De-
wise from thence to continue by the space of two days and the foTthe'^s^oe
fourth Fair to begin on the third day of December and to con- o^ ^"^^ ^r^
tinue thence by the space of two days Together with the Court F°,j"(.^^ r
of Pypowder att the time of the said Fairs and Marketts to be Pie|x>wder at
holden Together with all liberties and free customs to such^^^p^^**
Courts belonging Together with Tolls stallage pickage and all power to levy
other profitts of such Marketts and Fairs and Courts of Pypow- ^oUs, and
der or thereunto belonging or appertaining and we will and by Pickage,' and
these Presents for Us Our heirs and successours Do grant to the pro^^^thcrof
Mayor and Burgesses of the Burrough of Saint Ives aforesaid and of the
and their successors That they and their successours for ever p^^J^J^^^j {^e
hereafter shall and may have and hold within the said Burrough Markets and
an antient Court of Record every Thursday from three weeks to p^,^ ^^ y^^^^
three weeks in the year before the Mayor and Aldermen of the a Petty
said Burrough or before any two of them to be holden And that ^^ ^^
in that Court they may hold by plaint in the same Court to be ^t^^in ^Jjc
levyed all and aU manner of pleas actions suits and demands Thursdays,
whatsoever in as ample manner and form to all intents and pur- ^^^^"^
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282 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
poses as in any other Court of Record in any other Burrough or
Town Incorporate within Our said Kingdom of England is used
and as in the same Burrough of Saint Ives at any time hereto-
fore was used and accustomed or could or ought to be done and
Poxver to hold also that the said Mayor and Burgesses and their successours
attached to for ever shall have within the Burrough aforesaid a Prison and
R«:ord"'the^ Goale and the keeping of all Prisoners atached or to be atached
Mayor to be or to the Said Prison or Goall adjudged so long as and untill
- Tftereor^" according to the Laws and Customs of Our Kingdom of England
they shall be delivered And that the Mayor of the Burrough
aforesaid for the time being shall and may be Keeper of the said
Goalie to all intents and purposes as antiently was used and
Confirmation accustomed in the said Burrough moreover we have granted and
Waste?!ands confirmed and in and by these Presents of Us Our heirs and
within the successours Do Give grant and Confirm unto the said Mayor and
the use of the Burgesses of the said Burrow and their sucessors of the Burrough
Corporation, aforesaid All Our Commons and Wastes within the precincts of
Confirmation the Same Burrough and all and all manner and singular so many
Uie Corpora-^ such and the same and those Mannors Messuages Lands tene-
tion of their ments Rents arrearages of rents Services hereditaments Goods
and heredita- chattles Courts of Record perquisites of Courts Assise of Bread
r^aisi*es **' ^^^ "R^tx and Prison within the said Burrough and the keeping
thereof. of the said Prison Goods and chatties of all fellons fugitives
Power to hold feUons of themselves waved or derelict jurisdiction prescriptions
Bread and fairs marketts Leets View of Ffrank Pledge return of Writs
Beer, etc. Fines Mercements Tolls Thealon of tolls and Customes of
Grant of the
goods of Marketts for all and all manner of Grain and other commodities
fe ons, etc. within the said Burrough and the liberties and precincts of the
same to be brought in or sold only in publick faires and marketts
but also every other day of the weeke there to be delivered
Grant of customs prfviledges franchises Treasure Trove and Deodands
Trwe""etc. whatsoever within the Burrough aforesaid happening or coming
and also all immunities clearings exemptions offices profits and
Grant of incomes of Keyadge and Customs and water duties for Tonnage
Tonnage^^' lestage keelage and groundage of all ships and merchandises
Lestage. there comeing and customs or dues for herrings or any other
GrounSge? ^^^h there taken sold or exported and all manner of offices
^^^ demands or rights whatsoever in as large manner and form and
o/ruh! etc? * to all intents and purposes whatsoever as many as much such
and such like and which the said Mayor and Burgesses of the
Burrough aforesaid in any time or times past or which their
predecessours or any or either of them have received to be taken
for the support and maintainance of the Port Key or Warfe and
other charges of the Burrough aforesaid as well of the inhabitants
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JAMES THE SECOND'S CHARTER. 283
of the Burrough aforesaid as of all foreigners and aliens whatso-
ever And also all such and the like Customs clearings powers and
priviledges to the same antiently belonging or appertaining which
the Mayor and Burgesses of Saint Ives aforesaid or any or either
of them by any name or names whatsoever by any Corporation
whatsoever or by colour of any Incorporation heretofore have had
exercised or enjoyed or could or ought or were accustomed to
have hold exercise use and enjoy to them and their successours
for ever by reason or colour of any Charter gift grant or con-
firmation or of any Letters Pattents to them or any or either of
them heretofore made granted or confirmed or by reason or
coulouer of any prescription use custom or any other lawfuU way
right or title heretofore had used or accustomed and which by
these Presents are not changed or altered although the same or
any or either of them have not or hath not been used or the
same or any or either of them have or hath been forfeited or left
To have hold and enjoy the Burrough aforesaid and all and singular
the premises with the aportinances to the aforesaid Mayor and
Burgesses of the Burrough aforesaid and their successours for
ever To be held of Us Our heirs and successours as first they
were held And yielding and paying therefor unto Us Our heirs and
successours yearly so many so much such the same and those and
the like Rents services sums of money and demands whatsoever
as many as much such and which have been accustomed and
ought of right to be paid or yielded to Us heretofore for the same
Wherefore We will and by these Presents for Us Our heires and Confirmation
_, "^ ^ _, , .,», , of all former
successours firmly enjoyn and command that the said Mayor and rights and
Burgesses of the said Burrough of Saint Ives and their successours P"^'^«s«.
have hold use and enjoy and shall and may fully have hold use
and enjoy for ever all and singular the premises with the appur-
tinances whichsoever Together with all and singular the antient
Kberties authorities priviledges franchises fireedoms immunities
jurisdictions lands tenements hereditaments profits and free
customs of their predecessours And the same of Our speciall
grace to them and their successours We give allow restore and
confirm by these Presents as fully fireely and wholy as they or
their predecessours the same at any time or times heretofore
fully and beneficially have had exercised used or enjoyed or ought
to have had exercised used or enjoyed without any lett or hinder-
ance of Us Our heirs and successours or the Justices Sheriffs
Escheators BaylifFs or other ministers of Us Our heires and
successours whatsoever not allowing that the said Mayor and
Burgesses of the Burrow aforesaid or their successours or any or
either of them by reason of the premises or any of them by Us
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284^
A. HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Saving the
just rights of
the Right
Honourable
the Marquess
of Winchester,
DOW His Grace
the Duke of
Bolton, the
Lord of the
Manor of
Dinas Eia and
Porthia.
Contrariis
quibus-
cumque non
ohstantibus.
Remission of
the Exchequer
Fee on these
Presents.
or by Our heires or successours Justices Sheriffs Escheators.
Bayliffs or other officers or ministers of Us Our heires and suc-
cessours for the same shall be sued molested grieved or in any-
thing be troubled or vexed Provided always that the priviledges
freedoms or rights in these Presents above granted be not
expounded adjudged or interpreted to the damage or hurt of the
Right Honourable and our dear and faithful! cousen Charles
Marquesse of Winchester for and concerning his Mannor lands
tennements and hereditaments in the Burrough of Saint Ives
aforesaid And We will henceforward and for Us Our heirs and
successours Do Grant to the aforesaid Mayor and Burgesses of
the Burrough aforesaid and their successours That these Our
Letters Pattents and all and singular liberties franchises privi-
ledges jurisdictions immunities freedoms and all other things
herein given granted released and confirmed shall and may be
and remain good firm valid sufficient and effectuall in the Law
And that this Our present Charter so to them as aforesaid
generally made shall and may be of the same strength and effect
as it might be if all other the grants privileges and powers above
mentioned specified and contained or omitted were more specially
legally and particularly in Our said Charter expressed and speci-
fyed And that it may be understood adjudged and determined on
the behalf of the said Mayor Aldermen Common Councell and
Burgesses of the said Barrow and their successours against Us
Our heires and successours for the best advantage and that it
may be known or understood against Us Oiir heires and succes-
sours most gratiously and bountifully in favour and benefitt of
the aforesaid Mayor and Burgesses of Our Burrough of Saint
Ivesaforesaid and so from time to time hereafter be expounded
adjudged and interpreted in all Our Courts and places whatso-
ever of Us Our heirs and successours notwithstanding the severall
priviledges franchises and other the premises by these Presents
granted are not granted by apt and fitt words or any defect
omission contradiction or neglect in these Presence contained or
any cause matter or thing whatsoever in times past to the con-
trary thereof had made or provided or any Statute Act Ordin-
ance Proclamation use custom or matter whatsoever to the con-
trary thereof in any wise notwithstanding And also We will and
by these Presents Do Grant to the said Mayor Aldermen and
Common Councell of the Burrough aforesaid That they shall
and may have Our Letters Pattents under Our Great Seal of
England in due manner made and sealed without any fine or
fee great or small to Us in Our Exchequer or to any other Our
officers anywhere else in any manner to be rendred payd or
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JAMES THE SECOND'S CHARTER,
285
made express mention of the true yearly value or of the certainty
of the premises or any of them or of any gifts or grants by Us
or any of Our Progenitors to the aforesaid Mayor and Burgesses
of the Burrough aforesaid before this time in these Presents not
being any Statute Act Ordinance provision or restriction thereof
on the contrary heretofore had done made ordained or provided
or any other thing cause or matter whatsoever in any manner
notwithstanding In Witness whereof these Our Letters We have
made Pattents Witness Our Self att Westmester this Eight and
Twentieth day of March in the first year of Our Reigne.
Per Ipsum Regem
Pardonatus fines Gillford
Pigott.
0
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CHAPTER XVII.
BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1689-I776.
S^ Ives 1689. John Hicks elected mayor.
Quay let to Thomas Collins and William Beriman.
(Signed in presence of Thomas Trenwith.)
1689
The Account of M*" Hicks.
1690.
beere bread tobacco and candells to the watch about A suspected
ship 4s. OS.
5^^ February 1689.
Disbursed about the Hand Chaple : —
p^ for Lyme hellingstons lafts & tymber 8s. od.
p^ Try to save the hellingstones blowne of 6d.
p^ for creases nayls and pins 2s. 4^.
Masons wages 3s. od,
p^ Tonkyn is. 6d.
p^ for nayls twists A Lock and Kay for the doore 3s. 6d.
Disbursements for Chapel Brought forward
Expence on the workemen is. od.
Disbursed about the Kay : —
p^ for tymber about the kay los. od.
p^ Ed. Spry for Iron worke lis. od.
p^ Tho : Clarke and 3 other men 3s. od.
p^ 8 men more to putt in the posts 3s. od.
p^ Tonkyn and his man their wages 2s. 6d.
Rich<^ Morrish his wages is. ^d.
spent on them for working 2 houres longer than their tyme
IS. 6d. £1 I2S. 4^.
Expense for me M^ Trenwith & Math : Gyles 3 da^es and nights
at Truroe to be sworne £2 5s. od.
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BORO UGH A ceo UNTS, 1 689— 1 776. 287
p^ for swearing us 2s. od.
given the cryar is. od.
p^ Math : Gyles and 2 horses to carry 7 mens cloaths to Truro
being prest 7s. 6d.
Spent on Capt : willoby by consent 4s. od.
Spent on Capt : Coward at M^ Pollards by consent
p* William Thomas to goe to Truro & Penzance with S^ Clously
Shovells letters 3s. 6d.
[Sir Cloudesley ShovelL]
p^ a man that brought a p'clamacon to apprehend traytors is. od.
[I.e,j suspected Jacobites.]
13 July Spent at My Pollards at news of King Williams victory
in Ireland £z 0$. od.
[The Battle of the Boyne, July i, 1690.]
p^ M"^ John Stevens for a Tar Barrell & Syder then 5s. 6d.
p^ M^ Pollard for beere for the boatmen y^ went out to S"^ Clously
Shovell 5s. od.
p^ Henry Barber to beat the drum 9 weeks to the watch & cleane
the Chaple los. 6d.
p** L<^ Duke of Boltons rent 14s. 6d.
St. Ives 1690 November John Lanyon elected mayor
Profits of fairs and markets to Enoder Cock and Thomas
Anthony —
Profits of the quay or pier to Richard Couch and Phillip
Carlyon —
1690
The Account of M^ Lanyon
1691
Given the Ringers the first of November is. od.
Given fifrancis Browne by consent who brought a Let pas by that
name but afterward his name apeared to bee ffr. Jackson
IS. od.
p^ the Cryer to whip him and for thongs is. id.
spent on that occasion 2s. 6d.
p^ the drumer to beat the drum to give notice of their Ma^^^s
p'clamacon about seamen to repayre to their ships fid.
spent on that occasion is. 6i.
spent on William Sutton the Kings messenger at severall tymes
who carryed away M"^ Hanse 12s. 6d.
p^ a man & two horses to put M"^ Hanse to Truro los. 6d.
given the guard to watch 14 men who came in a ship from
Lymbrick which was made a prize 2s. (>d.
spent on that occasion 4s. 6d.
[Limerick surrendered to William on October 3, 1691.]
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288 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
Spent on Esq : Praed at Sam Rices house los. od.
spent on the minister & churchwarden at signing the Certificats
25. od.
[Certificates of having taken the Sacrament, which were necessary previous to
accepting any public office, in consequence of the Test Acl]
To Mr Newman to draw a deed to settle pte : of the Towne
revenue for my security for the mony due to me from the
Towne and for Expence goeing to Penzance & other
places los. in all £i os. od.
p* the drumer to read the p'clamation for seamen & spent then
15. 6d.
19 April 1691 Spent on the news his Ma^J« was returned from
Holland, the duke of Boltons steward being then with us,
at M"^ Pollards 65., at Sam : Rices 105., on the Ringers 25.,
on the gunners 45. & brought from M^ Pollards to drink
the Kings & Queens health 45. £1 6s. od.
{William went to Holland in the middle of January, 1691, to conduct the camp-
aign against Louis XIV., paid a short visit to England in April, and
finally returned in October to open the Parliament]
23"* July 1691 Spent on the news of the totall defeat of the
Irish army 55. od.
to Peter Barber for a tar barrell is. od,
for furse 45., ringers 25. 65. od.
p* M^ Hockyn for a new post put by M^ Stevens doore 55. and to
put in the same with expense 85. od.
Spent on the news of the surrender of Lymbrick [on the 3rd October,
1691] at Tho. Paynters 25. 4^., to carry a tar barrell 2d., beere
in the castle 25., on the gunners and ringers 55. Spent at
Sam : Rices 55. 14s. 8d.
Spent on the news of His M^^i^ returne iFrom fflanders at the
castle IS., at Sam. Rices 85., on the ringers and gunners 45.
135. od.
St Ives 1691 Thomas Sprigge elected mayor.
Profits of markets and fairs let to Matthew Gyles and John
Stephens for 3^22.
1691
— — The Account of M^ Sprigge.
1692
Spent by consent the thanksgiving day for his Ma*»«s happy
returne from fflanders & the reduceing of Ireland £1 75. 6d.
given a poore distressed soldier landed from Ireland 15. 6d.
p^ a man & horse to ride to M*^ Newman about Xpher Willyams
who was aprehended for stealing camlett 35. od.
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1689— 1776. 289
Spent on the men w^^ : wee did agree to carry W™* to Lanceston
25. 6d.
spent seuerall tymes after hee was imprisoned and in tape to
binde him and w^* hee ran away in sending hue and cry
after him los. 6d,
pd ^m Thomas to goe to M' Newman about him 25. od.
p^ 3 men to watch one night v/^ the privateere was nigh o^ head
by consent 2s. od.
p^ Mr Bullock for two small pocket maces 45. od.
spent on M^ Coleman at the Taverne by consent 45. od.
p^ Jo ; Noale to goe to Penryn about the soldiers 6s. od.
P* Ed. Spry to goe to Marazion with a guard of 6 men being
required 2S. od.
26^ May 1692. Spent on the good news of the defeat of the
ffrench by sea by consent and p** for a tar barrell
£1 16s. 6d.
[Battle of La Hogue, May 19, 1692.]
p^ M^ Hicks his bursements Lamas Assises & bringing a certificate
from S' John Molesworth this Towne and all corporac'ons
in Cornewall being presented for not ascertayninge the
waights and measures 45. 6i.
ffor parchment for the Towne Roll 6d.
29^ Oct 1692 Spent then by consent for the good news of his
Mamies safe arrivall home from fflanders los. 6rf.
St. Ives 1692 John Stevens elected mayor.
1692
His Account
1693
To regulating and making new measures & expences is. od.
to caleinge the disorders of the Boyes 2d.
[/./., paid to the town crier for making proclamation of their bad conduct.
Gorham seems to have been the ringleader.]
to M' Hicks drawinge a coppie of the printed teaketts for men
Impresed for y*^ Majesties service is. od.
to Will Clark for the measures making 6s. 4d.
to Taueme Expended fiUinge the towne cupp with Sacke on
Mr James Praed our Burges 8s. od.
to Tauerne Expended on the man of warr Keith 2s. od.
[Treating the officers.]
to Tauerne about Gorems Imprisonment 6d.
to Tho : Clark wippinge Gorrem is. od.
to Refittinge to towne Drumb iis. od.
to fl&llinge the towne cupp on the capt : of the seafeare in com-
pany with M' Bere etc 8s. od.
19
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290 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
to Tho : Burch express from Penzance 6d.
to fine men watching by reason of the priueters 7s. od.
to Repairinge Venten Eah wdl 4s. od.
to meate & drinke duringe Gorrem's imprisonment lis. 4^.
St. Ives 1693 John James elected mayor.
Thomas Stephens overseer of the poor —
John Trevaskes and Humphrey Tonkyn constables —
John Hawkins minister —
M"^ Hawkins consents to forego arrears of M" Chestian Hexts
legacy doe to him, on account of the present poverty of the
Burrough —
[During the last years it has become the custom to consume a quart of brandy,
price 2s.f on setting the profits of the tolls. Also the Cryer now advertises
the lease of the said tolls.]
1693
The Account of M^ James
1694
Spent setting of the clerkes house is. ; to the cryer 3s. 6d.
4s. 6d.
Spent when M"^ John Stephens paid M^ Hawkins clerke the five
pounds which was agreed to be paid him is. od.
2y^ January 1693 p* to William Thomas for his labour to goe
to fifalmouth to give an acc^* that two fifrench privateers
lay in our bay 2s. 6d.
Given to two distressed souldiers that came from fflaunders
3s. 6d.
paid for the use of caskes and boarded for the fFaire 2s. 6d,
[They were used to make standings.]
Given to ffower poor boyes that were taken by a fifrench privateer
2s. 6d.
To Rich. Cockyn for beating the drum 3s. od.
Disbursed for W"* Paynter & his sonne while they were prisoners
3s. 6d.
Allowed to Tho : Anthony for Helstone mens goods
For M^ Ceelys boat on the Key 2s. 6d.
St. Ives 1695 John Hicks elected mayor. -
1695
His Account : —
1696
P* Andrew Tyack for fraight of the powder from Plymouth and
to carry it aboard, and to ye castle 5s. yd.
16^^ April 1696. Spent thanksgiven day p : consent 14s. od.
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1689— 1776. 291
mony to the Guners then 35. 6i.
p* for postage of severall p'clamacons about the plott and takeing
of Rebells 35. yd.
[The Jacobites were very active at this time. A conspiracy against the throne
and life of William was formed and detected early in 1696. The principal
agent in it was Sir George Barclay, who received a commission from James
to attempt a general insurrection in his fovour. The Dukes of Marl-
borough and Shrewsbury, Lord Godolphin and Admiral Russell were
secretly mixed up in it]
21^ May 1696. p*: M^ Newmans expense att Tho: Anthonyes,
Bargwanoes and M^ James, by consent of M'^ Lanyon,
Mr Hichens, M' Sprig and M"^ Stevens, he being sent for to
discorse 8s. od.
p^ to amend the chapell on the kay 16s. lod.
Spent at Assizes on M' Courtny and M' Tregena, about the port
fsurme 55. od.
p* for Saveing 2 greatt peeces of Tymber for the Kay, and to
carry them abooe full sea is. oi.
allowed Vernon Hicks kay duties of Helston goods £1 14s. oi.
Spent on M' Tregena at Taveme by consent lis. od.
F* postage of severall p'clamacons about Capt. Eueryes men and
other rebells 2s. oi.
Disbursed for Coger about the Hext legacy 4s. od.
Allowance for the Kings boat on the Kay is. od.
payd for the Cryers Bell los. od.
St. Ives .1696 John Lanyon elected mayor.
1696
His Account
1697
Given S' W™ Gordon 2s. 6d.
given 4 Irish Seamen cast away in Whitson Bay 3s. 6d.
[Whitsand Bay, at the Land's End.]
Given a poore Soldier being 8 yeare in his Msfi^ service is. od.
Spent signeing the Certificates for receaving the Sacram^ 2s. od.
p* for draweinge 4 certificates for s* Concerne 4s. od.
Given five Irish men cast away 3s. 6d.
p** postage of severall letters and books directed to the mayor
about the Tyn concerne 4s. 8^.
p* charges to my son attending severall t}mies on the duke of
Bolton and his Auditor M' Robinson to goe to M' Tre-
genna severall tymes to stop prosecuc'on about the port
farme £1 los. od*
Given M' Praeds man that brought the venison 5s. od.
[Praed of Trevetho presented venison to the Coiporation annually.]
Spent by consent at eating the venison los. od»
19 — 2
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292 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
p^ NatL Anthony expence about removeing Symon Peters wife 2s. 6d.
postage of severall letters sent to M' Hooker & Tregena is. 4^.
given 9 poore Seamen taken by the ffrench 45. 6d.
postage of 3 letters directed to M*" Mayor from Mr. Good to
know his Age is. oi.
To Tho: ffloyd who brought the packett of Letters from the
Victory for his Ma^»es service to help defray his charges to
Plymouth 2s. 6rf.
p^ William Thomas to carry s^ packett to Marazion is. od.
postage of A Letter with newes of the peace 6d.
[The Peace of Ryswick, signed September 10, 1697.]
given A poore woman travelling to get passage to Ireland is. 6i.
Spent at Sam Rices by consent w^ peace was proclaymed £1 6s. od.
To the drumer Rich^ Cockyn is. 6i.
To the Ringers p** Nath : Anthony 5s. ; to the Gunners 5s. ; to
beere at the Tar barrell 5s. 13s. od.
St. Ives 1697 Thomas Sprigge elected mayor.
1697
His Account
1698
23rd Nov 1697 Spent on the good news of his Ma^i«» Safe Arivall
from Holland at M' Pollards and to the Ringers and
Gunners by generall consent £2 6s. od.
more p^ for a Tar barrell is. 6i.
given 2 distressed men & their children their houses being burnt
2s. 6d.
given 2 poore Irish Seamen cast away at Sennor 2s. od.
Spent on M"^ Newman & M^ Trenwith by consent 14s. od.
26th Jany 1698 spent by consent when the Adres to his Ma^i«
was signed and sent away 6s. od.
Given A poore Traveller and his wife 2s. od.
given a poor Seaman which lost his hand in the wars 2S. od.
given a poore Capt : haueing Lost all his goods being cast away
2S. 6d.
given A poore disbanded soldier is. od.
given M^ Praeds servant who brought venison to the corporac'on
2s. 6d.
given 2 poore soldiers which came from Silly 4s. od.
St. Ives i6g8 John Stevens elected Mayor.
1698
His Account
1699
Spent att M"^ Pollards rejoycing the Kinges Coming home from
Holland £2 os. od.
[He came to open the Parliament which assembled in December, 1698.]
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1689-1776. 293
Charge of Ringers, Candells, Tarr barrell, Tobacco, and the
Dromer 5s. od.
Spent att M' Pollards chuseing the way warners [way-wardens], M'
Sprigg M' Hickes is. 6d,
Spent on M' Morgan the singing master 2s. od*
Spent w^^ M' Sprigg, M' James, M' Hockin, Indeauoring to
recall the Pettition is. od.
Given A poore distressed man & woman who buried his Child
att Pole 2s. od.
Spent att M"^ Pollards drinking M' Praeds health with the venson
by Publique consent 8s. 8rf.
Spent att M' Pollards rejoycing the Kinges Comeing home from
Holland 15s. zd.
F^ Steuen Rawling to performe the promise for keeping Coggers
daughter according to Greement £s los. os.
[This refers to the taking of a pauper girl as servant.]
St. Ives 1699 John James elected mayor.
1699
His Account
1700
Spent att M'^ Pollards with M' Stevens and M' Hicks when the
vagrant Man was whipt 3s. ^d.
Spent att M'^ Pollards in Company of M'^ Stevens and M' Hicks
2S. 6i.
ffor Expences att M' Pollards by the Ringers his Ma^*^ Coronac'on
day 3s. 6i.
Given 2 poore soldiers that came from fflanders is. od.
Given to one poore man that his howse was burned 2s. od.
Given to a poore woman and son that their house was burned
2S. 6d,
Spent att Tho : Curnow with M' Stevens, M' Sprigg & M' Hicks
5s. od.
given to 4 Duchmen cast away in Ireland and to one Lame
soldier 3s. 6d.
p^ to the scavenger for Cleansen the Castell is, od.
To W*" Thomas for riding to meet the Duke 3$. od.
[The Duke of Bolton was coming to be sworn Recorder of the Borough.]
p^ for 6 bottles of Sack sent for at M' Pollards to Treat the Lord
Duke I2S. od.
p^ fifor drinke then att M' Pollards 4s. od.
p^ to M' Pollard when wee did Eate the venson 14s. od.
Att M'^ Rices the same time in wine with CoP Praed 3s. od.
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294 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
p^ Sot 3 Horses for the Serjeants to Ryde against and with the
Lord Duke is. 6i.
[/^., as an escort of honour.]
Spent then by the Gunners and Ringers £i iis. od.
P^ to John Stevens for 20 lbs, of powder and three pennard of
paper 15s. 3^.
p* to Rich^ Cocken for beating the drum is. od.
spent att M' Pollards & for a Tar barrell when his Mdfi^ returned
last from Holland 17s. od.
pd Jon Midelton for mending the pentise etc 4s. od,
P^ to John Stevens for one locke for the stockes 6d.
Spent att Sam Rices to end the difference with M' Pascow 5s. od.
Spent when this account was passed 7s. od.
13^ June 1700. Qohn, Earl of Bath, resigns the Recordership
of St. Ives]
Memorandum that on the Eight day of July Anno Dili 1700
his Grace Charles Duke of Bolton was personally present at the
Guild Hall of the sayd Burrough and was then and there Elected
and sworne Recorder of the sayd Burrough in the Roome of the
sayd Earll.
St. Ives 1700 John Hawking elected mayor.
Joell Bolitho and PauU Tremearne farmers of the quay,
Jervis Shugg appointed town cryer.
1700
Account of M' Hawking.
1701
Jany 10^ 1701 Spent att the false Report of dissoluing the
Parliament 4s. 6d.
P^ Henry Hawking for mending the Town Cup 12s. 6d.
26 Jany J701 Spent att Tho. Curnows att the News of
dissoluing y« Parliam^ 5s. od.
Given William Veale of Penzance his house being burnt 2s. 6d.
P^ W Hawking for Lewis Thomas & sons cloaths £1 14s. 4^.
P^ Tho : Bennatts, for making them 6s. od.
16^ . October 1701 William Edwards was admitted and
sworn a free man, for five shillings payment
St. Ives John Hicks elected Mayor 1701.
Profits of the quay let to Thomas Harvy and John Thomas.
[The former witnessed by making his mark.]
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1689— 1776. 295
Edward Chepman gent and Humphry Pascoe merchant were
made free of the Burrough, for ten shillings and two guineas
respectively.
1701
The Account of M^ Hicks —
1702
Expence of King Williams returne by consent with the guners
& ringers charge, powder, oakam & candells 13^ Feby
3^1 14s, lid.
[William left Holland in November, 1701, to open Parliament, which met in
December and passed a bill for the attainder of the son of King James II.
But William met with his death on March 8, 1702.]
F^ to remove a Rock fallen in the Lane 6i.
26*** Dec*^ Spent by consent when the waywardens were elected,
and the Dukes Letter rec^ 55. 6d.
pd ^f/m Thomas to goe to M' Trenwith 3s. od.
[Trenwith was a Justice of the Peace.]
Mf Trenwiths charges coming here los. od.
Spent on Capt. Jackson who came here to press Seamen 3s. 6d,
[On May 4, 1702, war was declared against France and Spain.]
given 2 poore women who came from Ireland 6d.
spent by consent proclayming Queene Anne £1 16s. od.
[Anne, Princess of Denmark, was proclaimed Queen on March 8, 1702.]
p** Tho. Hore to cleanse the chaple ......
spent on Co^ Granvile & genr by consent £4 15s, od.
Rich : Cockyn to beat the drum to the watch 6 weeks 2S. 6d.
St. Ives 1702 Richard Pollard elected mayor-
1702
His Account
1703
Expence Examining the Silly Soldiers 3s. od.
meat & drinke to them whyle in prison 85. od.
Spent on the Sergeant that came after them 25. od.
[Apparently they were deserters.]
Being thanksgiven day in powder ; 3*^ Dec' 125. od.
in beere and brandy then by consent £1 is. od.
p* M' Stevens for boards & stuf for the fayre 3s. od.
Spent the fayre day with the Mayor Con^^^ & Sergeants is. od.
Spent w» M' Hicks returned from London by consent 145. od.
given the Ringers then 25. od.
spent the Queens birth day by consent 85. od.
given the ringers the same day 3s. od.
p* Ed. Spry for a crook for the cage gd.
M' Trenwiths charge to come here to hold Sessions 11s. 6d.
p^ Mr Stevens mony hee disbursed for the Kay £7 6s. 3d.
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296 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
p* Emblyn old charge £i 55. od.
p** for lock & key for cage and stocks 15. od.
p^ ConWes for powder & ball for the watch is. yd.
for clearing the sand from the posts of the kay 9s. od.
[In 1703 many roads in the borough were widened and improved.]
St. Ives 1703 Richard Hichens elected mayor.
1703
His Account
1704
Received for allowance of the ffeaste [the parish festival] being ill
. and not able to hold it 3^5 os. od.
To powder from M^ John Stephens 8^ March 1703 & 14*^ July
1704 for the rejoyceing on the victory obtained by the Duke
of Marleburrough at the battle of Bleinhieim. £2 13s. 8d.
[This powder cannot have been procured for the express purpose of commem-
orating the victory, as the battle was fought on August 13, 1704.]
for paper and thread for making cartridges is. od.
To the gunners and ringers then 105. od.
spente then £2 os. od.
Spent on M*^ Praeds man who brought the newes of the battle 2s. 6d.
ffi M' John Hawking for materialls to repaire the Chapell as by
his ace" £4 I2S. lod.
paid the masons for their worke att the Chaple £1 14s. 8d.
to the masons to drinke while they were ab^ the Chaple is. od.
paid the masons for paveing the high way beetweene M"^ Christ-
opher Harris' and Sam Rices house 9s. 4^.
Money paid M* Veale and expence on M' St. Aubyn to prevente a
Lawsuite for impairinge his Mill Leate 15s. od.
to two poore Jewes and other distressed psons 5s. od.
Allowed M' Patricke Hawking farmer of the Key for a timber
post and putting of it in £1 is. od.
repaire of the musquetts 2s. 6d.
paid the Drummer 6s. ; and allsoe p^ for six thousand of Pinns
for the Chaple 2s. 8s.
p^ the carpenters for worke about the chaple 6s. 6d.
pd Thomas Hore for cleaneing the Chaple and fitting the benches
IS. od.
[It is worth noting that the Chaple was used for purposes of Divine worship at
so late a date as this.]
St. Ives 1704 John James elected mayor.
Thomas Mitchell parish clerk.
1704
The Account of M' James : —
1705
To Thomas Hore for putting the Ifrenchmen to Plymouth i6s. od.
[Prisoners taken at sea.]
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1689— 1776. 297
To the Seaven fifrenchmen 9s. od.
At John Cockens for beere for the ffrenchmen is. oi.
in meate and drinke for them 35. od.
for watching the ffrenchmen is. oi.
To Euronimus Carne as by his ace" for mending the carriges
of the Gunns 8s. 6d.
for a new Stocke and repairing the stannings & spukes 4s. 6d.
Spent on the Gunners when the Expedition was driven in is. od.
[The Expedition was a ship so called. I suppose she was a man-of-war driven
into the bay by stress of weather, and entitled to a salute of guns.]
for a messenger to goe to Marazion with a petition about the
Cruiser 6d.
to two Dutch seamen is. 6^.
Rich : Sampson and his man for carrying stones i8s. od,
to the Parson ^i os. od.
The Keywardens for M' Pawleys salte £1 os. od.
St. Ives 1705 M' John Hawking elected mayor.
William Pawley merchant admitted a free man.
1705
The Account of M^ Hawking
1706
To M' Tho : Stephens for two quarters rates iis. od.
To two Castaway weomen 2s. 6i-
To one M*^ Cornish a delirrious man is. bd.
Expenses on M"^ Jenkyn the Deputy Vice Admirall 3s. Srf.
To M' Robert Davy for the Duke of Boltons rente is. zd.
To Tho : Hore for beating the Drum 2s. od.
ffor a man & Horse to carry Robbert the Cripple to Penzance 2s. od.
more in sending a letter to S"^ Bartholomew Gracedieu 2s. 6i.
expence on the Ringers a rejoyceing day 3s. od.
John May for worke about the prison
fifor Carrying of Stones to pane the streete is. 6i.
[The old streets of Saint Ives are still paved with smooth round stones from
the shore.]
fifor expences at Tho. Curnows a rejoyceing day 3s. od.
allowed the Keywardens for M' Jones's Tobaccoe 15s. od.
repaireing the Castle house as p ac" £6 17s. ^d.
St. Ives 1707 John Hicks elected mayor.
1707
His Account
1708
Rec^ by a lease of the Lynny set to Enoder Cock 3^9 5s. od.
[Linney^ from lean-hay, a leaning shed. It signifies a small outhouse erected
against the wall of a larger building, and having a separate entrance.]
p^ postage of a proclamac'on about the fast 6i.
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298 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
spent proclaymeing it 6i.
[Similar entries relative to nine other proclamations.]
p* to put the gun & carriadges to the Hand is. 6d.
p^ for damage of tymber to poss [prop] the towne hall the
Elecc'on day 3s. 6d.
p^ M' John Stevens for repayreing the ladder of the Kay
^i 15s. orf.
St. Ives 1708 M' John James elected mayor.
1708
His Account : —
1709
To the ringers on the news of the ffrench being routed 2s. 6d.
17th Feb. 1708 To the gunners in drinke 2S. od.
To the ringers 2s. 6d.
Spent then att M' Anthonys 4s. od.
to a poore Souldier comeing from Lisbon and going to Ireland
25. od, /
to the Sherriffe for allowing the Charter and bottle of wine
12s. 6d.
for clensing the Street by the Bridge 6i.
ffor a pumpe for the Shutt 25. 6i.
[The 'Shutt' was probably the stream from which Shute Street takes its
name.]
p* M' Polkinhorne £1 os. od.
St. Ives 1709 Richard Pollard elected mayor.
1709
His Account
1710
Gave the seamen that came in here from the Privateer and payd
for a pair of shooes for one of the men £1 os. Sd.
p^ for sending them to Falmouth Spent by the Gentry of the
Towne & charge of a man to goe with them 5s. iid.
Gave the Ringers the rejoyceing & p^ for a Tar barrell 3s, 6d.
Paid W"» Richards for painting the Con^^^s staves 115. od.
Paid a Seijeant that came to the warrs to look for a passage &
his sonn is. 6d.
8^^ March 1710 Spent by myselfe and aldermen and the Gentry
of the Towne the Acsession of Queene Anne to the
crowne 19s. od.
Putting a woman & child out of Towne that was att Cissells in
Helesveor 6s. gd.
Spent on Cap* Phillips at his first coming to Towne is. 6d^
p* one to watch M" Tamelins house and expent then is. 6d.
Paid for writeing the Indenture for putting out the Bastard 4s. od.
[Putting him out to service with someone.]
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1689— 1776. 299
Paid the charge of putting Jenkin out of Towne & his Familye P
consent 5s. 6d.
Spent about ffloyds sister is. 6d.
paid the conges to iitt the musquetts is. gd.
St. Ives 1710 John Hicks elected mayor.
Profits of the market house . set to John Thomas cooper,
Witness James Tregeare.
1710
The Account of M' Hicks
1711
p^ a man to goe to the Recorder about the bastards is. od.
Spent on M' Recorder when he came to S^ Ives 3s, od.
p^ M' Recorders & M' Veals charges about the Order at Sessions
for the Bastards 13s. 6d.
p^ M' Burlases clerke to write the order 2s. 6d.
given 4 Seamen taken one being Lame
p** M' Legoe for a stamp for the flagons 3s. od,
for a proclamac'on about the Post Office & spent to proclaime it.
IS. id.
for a proclamac'on about the Plague etc is. id.
P^ M' Samuell Michell to mend the downe high way 2S. 6d.
Spent on M' Harris of Hayne ^ consent 8s. od.
Seen and allowed by us
John James, mayor.
Rich. Pollard
Thomas Sprigge
John Stevens
St. Ives 1711 John James elected mayor.
James Tregeare genr, Alexander James gent, John Hichens
Jun' merchS Vyvyan Stevens merchS Nathaniel Anthony merch*,
John Hichens mariner, James Westcott and John Quick were
Elected assistants for the Burrough.
Memorandum That on the 24^ day of June Anno Dfli 1712
James Tregeare gent, Alexander James gent, John Hichens Jun'
merch^ Vyvyan Stevens merchant and Nathaniell Anthony mrchr
were duely Elected Aldermen for the Burrough of S* Ives by
the Mayor and Aldermen of the s* Burrough and did all take
the oaths appoynted by the Lawes of this Kingdome and were
all severally written on double twelve penny stamp paper.
John James mayor
John Hicks.
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300 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
1711
The Account of M' James —
1712
P^ M' Tregeare to write 4 Certificates 6s. 6d.
more p** him to write 3 accounts in the Towne booke 3s. od.
given 3 seamen taken & to sick soldiers from Lisbon 55. od,
p^ to put the ffrench men to ifalmouth with a guide 4s. 6d.
given 4 Seamen & one Soldier Cast away 3s. 6d.
given A woman & 2 children being taken by ffrench is. 6d.
more when wee agreed with M' Toupe 7s. 6d.
given 3 soldiers maymed 2s. od.
Spent at M*^ Pollards about Sisly & the whore 5s. 6d.
given M*^ Toupe to come here £1 is. 6d.
p^ M*^ Polkinghome his Legacy £1 os. od.
John Hichens mayor
John Hicks
John Stevens
Rich. Pollard
Vivian Stevens
Nath. Anthony
St. Ives 1712 James Tregeare elected mayor.
St. Ives. The Second day of November Anno D"i 1712. Sett
then from and after the first day of November instant by James
Tregeare gent. Mayor of the s^ Burrough unto John Trevascus the
profits of the Kay of the s^ Burrough to the first day of Novem-
ber next ensuing the date hereof for the sum of of lawful!
money of Great Britain to be paid by quarterly payments ; which
said sum the said John Trevascus doth hereby promise to pay
unto the said James Tregeare as aforesaid. And it is hereby
stipulated that no reduction or abatement be made for Helston
mens goods. In Wittness whereof the said John Trevascus hath
hereunto put his hand the day and yeare aforesaid
John Trevascus
Witness
Jonathan Toup
1712
The Account of M^ Tregeare.
[The earliest mention of James Tregeare at Saint Ives occurs in the year 1707,
ivhen, according to the parish registers, his daughter Mary was baptized.
It would seem, therefore, that he came to Saint Ives at or very shortly
before that date. Other children baptized there were Elizabeth in 1708,
and John in 17 10. In the latter case the father is, by an evident mistake,
called John. In 17 10 he witnessed a contract for the hiring of the market
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 168^-1776. 301
tolls. In 1712 the Mayor paid 6s. 6d, to Mr. Tregeare ^to write 4 Certi-
ficates,' and y. 'to write 3. accounts in the Towne booke.' In June the
same year James Tregeare, gent, was elected and took the oaths as Alder-
man of the Borough of Saint Ives, and in the following November he was
chosen mayor. In 17 18, according to Hicks' MS., James Tregeare, of
S« Ives, was nominated High Sheriff of Cornwall. ' One Richard Beare of
Boy ton drinking at a rejoicing at the house of Tregeare on the occasion of
his nomination, being drunk fell from his chair and fractured his skull, of
which he died.' Mr. Tregeare was indicted for murder, but acquitted.]
Spent at Sessions on M"^ Borlase 12s. od.
Spent when the peace was proclaymed at Sam Noals, M' Rices,
and Ringers £1 12s. od.
[The Peace of Utrecht, signed March 31, 1713.]
Spent at M^ Pollards the thankgiven day 15s. od.
Given A man cast away 6d,
cost to poss up the Towne hall at Elecc'on 3s. 6d.
p^ Hall to amend the windows 4s. 6d,
[Broken by the mob.]
p** Nich. Sampson & horse to ryde to M' Borlase about M' Sprigs
daughter 2s. od.
p* Jeronimo Carne and William Richards for wages ab* the
Kay i6s. od.
p** the 2 sergeants and Joseph Lawrence for attendance 3s. od.
John Hichens mayor
John Hicks
John Stevens
Rich. Pollard
Vivian Stevens
Nath. Anthony
St Ives 1713 John Hichens elected mayor.
1713
His Account
1714
Treating M' Harris of Hain and sons by consent £2 os. od.
for a horse and Joseph to goe to M' Recorder 2s. od.
Pd treating M' Recorder at M' Anthonys ......
12 deals of M' ffirancis Stephens and lending 16 at the fiaire &
other materialls £1 2s. od.
Expences on examination of fiirancis Williams and nobles daugh-
ter at Mr Pollards 45. od.
Expences treating M^ Painter of Trelissick 5s. 6d.
apies of timber for a Cucking Stole 45. 6d.
A man to sink it in the ground and John May for Iron los. od.
To William Richards makeing same with Coulering 35. od.
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302 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
Mr John Stephens gave pole and Chaire
August King George proclaimed powder of M*^ Stephens 14s. od.
[George did not reach England till September 18, 1714*]
Glasses and wine at the Markett house from M' Anthony's Cost
£1 gs. od.
[Glasses had by this time begun to replace cups and flagons as drinking- vessels,
just as brandy and rum (punch) had taken the place of sack and nut-brown
ale.]
Money to the Gonners and ringers los. od.
Expences at M' Rices by consent £1 15s. od.
ditto at M^ Pollards and M' Anthonys 14s. od.
Paid M' Polkinghorne his Leguise ^i os. od.
[The Legacy to the parson pro tempore^ referred to ante^
att M' Anthonyes with Aldermen and other gentlemen of the
towne signeing an adress to King George £1 6s. 6d.
[A loyal address on his accession.]
20^** Oct. The Kings Coronation day at M' Anthonys 14s. od.
att M' Rices £\ los. oi.
att M' Pollards, M' Edwards, M' Noalls & other houses dancifog
hayes £\ 155. od.
[The old Cornish country-dance.]
money to the Ringers ^%. 6d.
three tar barrells with some tar put in them 4s. od.
12* June 1712 Paid for wine for the Sacrament when the
Aldermen and assistance [assistants] were last brought
in los. od.
[In compliance with the Test Act.]
for Causing before M' Vivyan Stevens doore 2s. 6d.
[He was an alderman.]
St. Ives 1714 Alexander James elected mayor.
1714
His Account from Allhallanday to AUhallanday, viz. : —
X715
Rec^of W°* Cock for one years rent for his house and garden
4s. od.
of Enoder Cock for one years rent for the Coblery shop is. od.
of James Kingston for the fine of the old wales £1 is. 6d.
Given to one M' Parker 2s. od.
Given to one M' More and wife 3s. od.
to Jervas to cry about the Town to forbid the boys to dab
stones 8d. I
[* Dab ' is a localism for * throw,' compare the Welsh * Ay/i/.']
Spent at Cousin Anthonys makeing warrat 2S. od.
[Signing a warrant at the inn kept by his cousin, Mr. Anthony.] 1
To M' Charles ffitzharding a Chyrurgeon [surgeon] is. 6d.
I
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1689-1776. 303
to Jervas to call about the Town for the packers and Talers
[tailors] to be sworn 8s. od.
Spent at M' Edwards examining of Honor Colman 8s, od.
[Honor is a female Christian name of either Celtic or Roman origin, almost
entirely confined to Cornwall and the South of Ireland.]
ffbr expences for Stoping the holes in the Town hall 2s. od.
Spent examining the boys that threw about the Markett house
lime IS. 6d.
To Joseph Lawrence to go to lUogan about Norton 2s. od.
Expences on Will : Praed Mackworth Esq're i8s. od.
Spent at M' Anthonys being his Mz,^^ King Georges birthday
i6s. od.
ffor a Tarbarrell 5s. od.
Ordered then ye next day being the restaurac'on of King
Charles 2^ to ringers 4s. 6d.
Spent at M' Rices and M' Edwards ab* the examinac'on of M"
Bradshow & Capt. BuUon that lookd to land her & her 9
children 4s. od.
To Richard Thomas for makeing the Cawsey [causeway] by Jasper
Williams 2s. od.
Paid Nicholas Sampson, George Try, their Servants & James
Mulfra wages about the Marketthouse £2 os. 6d.
To W" Stabb of Devon having a Certificate of his great Misfor-
tunes by fire 2S. 6d.
Expences at M' Edwards when Thomas Hart was taken up &
put to prison 2s. od.
To watch the prison
Spent at M' Pollards when Hart was wipt 5s. od.
To Job Hodge to whip him is. od.
August Spent at M' Anthonys his present Ma*i« that day coming
to the Crown £2 3s. od.
Ordered to be drunk at the Tarbarrell 3s. 6d.
Sot expences at M' Pollards examining Susan Leggoe 2s. 6d.
Spent at M' Rices on M' Bernard Penrose of Helstone 7s. 6d.
Spent at M' Pollards in order to take security [recognizances] from
Susan Leggoe 2s. 6d.
Expenses on Liuetennant Pillman looking for a Pilate 7s. 6d.
ffor expences at M*^ Edwards about the Arms £1 os. od.
ffor expences then makeing the Survy of the Town and parish
i8s. od.
ffor expences severall days makeing up the quotas and lists of the
Arms 15s. od.
ffor my great pains & labour therein being agreed p^ Gent to have
at least 3^3 4s. 6d.
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304 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
paid the Sheriffe for allowing the Charter 12s. od.
for a treat on him here ys 6d.
for my Kitchen and for the Parson ^13 os. od.
St. Ives 1715 John Hicks elected mayor in November.
Tolls of the Market House and Quay set to Thomas Stephens
junior.
John Row of Helstone, Surgeon, and W™ Pawley of Uny
Lelant were admitted to the Freedom in 1716.
The Account of M' Hicks
1716
Expence on the Leftnent & purser of the Bedford gaily to gett
A pylott 4s. 6d.
p^ ringers when News the rebells were routed in Lancashire 2s. 6d.
[The Jacobite forces, under Macintosh and Forster, surrendered to General
Carpenter on November 13, 17 15. Among the prisoners made on the
occasion were Lords Derwentwater, Nithisdale, Wintoun, Kenmure, with
many members of old northern families (' Student's Hume ').]
p* 2 men to carry downe the stocks from the Constables
doore 6d.
spent at M' Anthonys p consent when the pretender ran away
£1 6s. od.
[James embarked for France at Montrose, on the evening of February 4, 17 15,
on a small French vessel.]
p** masons wages to amend the chaple on the top of Hand
£1 los. od.
p^ to pave the Water lane us. od.
p^ postage of a proclamac'on to take ffoster and spent to pro-
clayme it is. 6d.
given 2 poore soldiers and a poore old man is. od.
expence on Surveyor of the windows by consent 6s. od.
[For the purposes of the window tax.]
for a stamp paper to make Safeguard Indentures is. yd.
[A parish apprentice.]
postage of the p'clamacon against Makentosh is. od.
charges about the boy that robed [robbed] W°i Harry 6d.
Expence on S*^ Humphry Mackworth, M' Praed and others,
beere, wyne, punch etc. los. od.
[Rum punch was lately come into use, and along with it the beautiful silver
bowls and ladles. The latter were usually made with a new gold or silver
coin in the bottom, and were fitted with a long thin wooden handle. See
Chambers' 'Book of Days,' voL ii., page 496, and * Notes and Queries,'
Series 6, vol. xiL, 1885.]
payd Cock to mend the Castle door & rayls of y^ Markethouse
& nails to mend the planching & for his work I2s. 2d.
[*Planching' is a Cornish provincialism for 'floor,' derived, like a larec pro-
portion of Cornish-English terms, from the French, viz., ^ plancher.''}
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1689— 1776. 30S
St. Ives 1716 Richard Pollard elected Mayor in November.
1716
His Account
1717
Spent by the Mayor, Aldermen, & gents, the same day being the
Gunpowder Treason by consent £1 2s. gd.
To a Ittter from London ^d.
pd Leggo to mend the stocks is. 6d.
spent the rejoycing day for King Georges return from Hanover
to the ringers & tarr-barrell 6s. 8d.
[He went to Hanover in the summer of 17 17, having named his son ' Lieutenant
of the Realm ' in his absence.]
Spent when wee went to meet M" Sibella Hichens when brought
here to be buried is. od.
p^ to Leggo for mending the stocks for iron work &c broaken by
Eliz : Richards 3s. od.
To a Lieutennant his wife & children that came from the Army 4s.
Spent on the Hundred Con^^^ which brought a warr*^ to Seiz our
Confeles with Justice Hickes &c 3s. 6d,
Spent on M' Borlase after dinner in wine by consent of the
Aldermen 8s. od.
Spent by the Corporacon on a letter that came from Council
about the constables with his advice 6s. od.
John Hicks
John Stevens
Alex. James
Vivian Stevens
Nath. Anthony
Thos Sprigge
Rich. Pollard
John Hichens
St. Ives 1717 John Hichens elected Mayor November
Burrough of St. Ives The 4*^ day of November 1717 These
goods were deliverd over to John Hichens the now present mayor
as ffolloweth
Imps: The Charter box with Queen Elizabeth's, King
Charles' the first and King James' the Seconds Charters, with
the Pop's Bull or license for building the Church or Chappell
here, togeather with the Town feoffments, Leases, Certificates
and bonds, with several books and records in relation to the s^
Burrough : Togeather allso with one Silver Gilt Cup and Cover,
one Large Statute book from Magna Charta, intituled Poultons
Statute book, three Statute books in King Charles the Second's
time, Wingate's Abridgm" and two of Washington's Dalton's
Country Justice, the Town book of Ano'^s and the book about the
Swaine [seine] and rules of ffishery; The Seal in Silver with a
Cristall head, Two Silver Maces, one brass yard, one Copper
20
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3o6 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
quart and a pint of the same, one brass Gallon, one pair of brass
scales, one box of Troy weight.
[Most of the above documentSLare lost, charters included. The son of a former
mayor cut up a quantity of them to make kites.
Concerning James II.'s Charter the following paragraph appeared in a Cornish
paper early in the year 1885 :
'An ancient charter of the borough of Saint Ives, which disappeared
mysteriously many years ago, has just come to light in a singular manner a
few weeks since. Mr. R. H. Bamfield, deputy town clerk, received a letter
from Messrs. J. and W. Maude, a firm of London solicitors, informing him
that in clearing out their offices they found amongst their papers the Charter
of Saint Ives. How it came into their possession they had not the most
remote idea, and if the Town Council wished to have it they would be
pleased to hand it over. It has now been duly received, and there is no
doubt that Mr. Bamfield will take better care of it than did some of his
predecessors.'
Curiously, too, Mr. Edward Stevens, of Saint Ives, shortly afterwards found in
his house a very old English translation of the charter, which we have
transcribed into this History.]
[After 17 1 7 no regular accounts are entered, except during Knill's mayoralty in
1767.]
[The following is an extract from the churchwarden's book of the parish of
North Walsham in the County of Norfolk (see the East Anglian magazine,
First Series, 1864) :
* 1 72 1. Nov' 19* Collected to a Brief for a fire wc'h consumed the
Goods and Cloaths of Jinkin Vingoe at S* Ives in y« County of
Cornwall (the damage a Thousand pounds & upwards) 2sJ
The name * Jinkin Vingoe ' and * Jenkyn Trevingy ' occurs frequently in the
borough accounts and parish registers of Saint Ives.]
1739 Richard Harry elected mayor.
Thomas Kniveton gent' of Uny Lelant received the freedom
of the Borough.
1746 William Harry elected Mayor.
Leave granted to James Hingston, cooper, for 99 years to
occupy a house on the Island, belonging to the Corporation.
Signed by the mayor.
[I suppose this was the ' Briton's Hut,' see ante.]
1747 Michael Nicholas elected mayor.
The gold cup was repaired.
g^^ December 1752.
At a general Meeting of the Mayor, Aldermen, Merchants, and
principal Inhabitants of the Burough held in the Guild Hall, it
was unanimously agreed upon between them that the Boats under-
mentioned and none other shall enjoy and be entitled unto the
severall Stems hereunder mentioned, and that no other boat shall
hold or enjoy any stem until those they now have be lost or new
Netts of a sufficient Dimension made. And it is also further
agreed that all Netts which have been or shall be made use of as
Tuck Netts shall not hold or be entitled to any stem on any
account whatsoever.
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1689—1776. 397
Stems agreed to.
Carrack Lego.
1. Charles Worth, the Resolution.
2. M" Francis Anthony, the Greyhound.
Porthnolver.
1. M' John Ley, the Ley.
2. M' Thomas Pascoe, the Nancy.
3. M' William Harry, the Dolphin.
4. M' Edward Stephens, the Lyon.
Leigh.
1. M' John Stephens, the Mayflower.
2. M" Elizabeth Stephens, the Tommy.
Porthmester.
1. M' Richard Holman, the Betty.
2. M' Nathaniel Hicks, the Ranger.
3. M' John Stephen, the Southampton.
4. M' William Hichens, the Saint Ives.
Carrack Gladden : —
1. M' John Stephens, the Pilchard.
2. „ — Do — the Good Hope.
3. M' William Hichens, the John.
4. M' Jo. Anthony, the Walter.
5. M' Thomas Pascoe, the Hannah.
6. M' Edward Stephens, the Neptune.
John Stevens mayor
William Harry John Anthony
Edw** Stephen W™ Hichens
Rd Holman Fra^ Wallis
Tho« Hichens Tho« Pascoe
Chas Worth NatW Hicks
1760 3"* November John Stevens elected Mayor.
Profits of the Quay ot Pier set for the sum of Twenty and four
pounds for the said year to Thomas Mathews and John Stevens
junior.
1764 John Stevens elected mayor. Tolls set to Thomas
Mathews inn-keeper and Nicholas Perce, for twenty-five pounds
ten shillings.
[Not signed]
1766 Hugh Edwards elected mayor in November.
Profits of the quay let to Thomas Mathews and Matthew
Stevens yeomen, for the sum of Forty five pounds, seven shillings
and six pence.
Witness
Hugh Edwards.
20—2
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3o8 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
St. Ives 1767 [Reference was had to the High Court in
London] by reason of the many disputes at Law that have been
stirred up in the Borough the Mayor having entertained doubts
in what manner he ought to conduct himself at the Election so
as to act agreeably to Law as returning officer.
3 IS* day of October 1767
At a general Meeting held in the Guild Hall : It was agreed
that if any stem was shot away and the Hearer did not erase the
turn from the registry within 24 hours he should pay a penalty
of ten pounds to the Churchwardens & Overseers of the Poor
within six days after demand, or a distress be levied.
Also any Seine in water with fish, the boat shall not take
any stem until the seine is again out of water, under a penalty of
ten pounds to be paid for the benefit of the poor, for not erasing
the said stem within the term limited, and a distress to be levied
if not paid within six days, the said penalty on Seiners and
Owners for either using the boat or another net before the seine
come with fish out of the water
It was also unanimously agreed that in mooring seines they
were at liberty to do so provided they moored with ten anchors
on each side of the seines —
Hugh Edwards mayor. Robert Gray.
W™ Symonds. Richard Jennings.
John Stevens. John Wedge.
Edward Stevens. Edward Richards.
NatW Hicks. John Harry.
William Stephens. John Tregarthen.
NatW Hicks junr. Thomas Greenfell.
William Richards. Collan Pearse.
James Hichens. Richard Major.
Daniel + Davies. John Grenfell.
John Thomas. Thomas Heney.
Samuel Green. Hugh Mulfra.
St. Ives 1767 M' John Knill elected Mayor.
[Mr. Knill revived the custom of entering the accounts in the Town Book,
which had been discontinued since 1716 ; and his accounts therein are set
out with the greatest neatness and regularity, in a fine bold running-hand,
ruled in red ink ; but no subsequent mayor followed his example.]
1767
Expences of M' Knill as follows : —
1768.
Paid M' Mathews for a Dinner for the constables on the Sunday
before the Election of a new Mayor and on the Election
Day 1768 ^i 8s. od.
[This dinner was given at the old George and Dragon Inn on the Market-
place.]
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1689—1776. 309
P* John Greenfell for a padlock for the prison door 6i.
P* for pulling down the old penthouses at the market 2s. od.
P^ Rich. Pollard for repairinge the Town Arms i8s. od.
P* for wine at M^ Hickes on the day of Election in entertaining
the aldermen. Gentlemen, Constables etc £4 4s. 4^.
Expences at M' Mathews* by the Constables on their being
sworn 13s. od.
P^ for Dinner at the Sessions for the Mayor, Town Clerk and
Chaplain los. 6i.
P* do. at do. for Constables Sergeants and a Bottle of Wine for
Jury £1 8s. iii
P* for a cart for whipping Lanyon an Imposter 5i.
P* M^ Mathews Subsistance for him 2s. od.
paid Thos Mathtws for a dinner for the Constables, it being the
first Sunday after the Election of the Mayor 15s. gd.
paid Sam^ and Mar : Daniel a Reward for an Information against
Joan Richards for Selling Spirituous Liquors pursuant to
the Mayor^s proclamation £5 os. od.
p<* for wine &c for the gent. Constables &c Xmas day i8s. iid.
P* M** Hickes for wine &c for gent' [for the aldermen] on the Sunday
morning before the election of members £1 6s. lod.
F^ William Williams Serjeant at mace one yfs salary £1 os. od.
P* do. for years allowance in lieu of Sundays dinners £1 6s. od.
Payd John Paynter for making the Serjeants cloaks and lacing
their hats 6s. oi.
P* for a pint of beer at six severall houses by way of tasting is. od.
Arthur Beriman for a new window for the Guild Hall as p his
contract with the late Mayor ^3 los. od.
Duty for certificate of taking the Sacrament by way of qualifica-
tion IS. 5^.
[In compliance with the Test Act]
Paid the Clerk and sexton of Towednack church 2S. od.
F^ Welmot Gear for Lodging &c for John White a poor boy of
S^ Just who was taken ill over and above the ace" of fines
which were applied to his relief 3s. od.
Paid the Ringers on being elected mayor 5s. od.
Paid the Sergeants their Fee for bringing the Regalia 5s. od.
[For carrying the mace, town-cup and other paraphernalia to the mayor's
house.]
do. do. on swearing the 6 Constables 3s. od.
Expenses on holding a survey on the Market house 6s. lod.
[It seems the old building was already in a dangerous condition.]
Paid Constables expenses on the occasion of whipping Lanyon
35. 4^.
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3IO • A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
P^ M' Ley for cloth & lace for the Sergeants Gowns
£5 lis. 7d.
[The Leys were a wealthy family of Saint Ives merchants at this time, and
became allied with Stephens of Tregenna.]
Paid for Weights, Scales, & Measures for the Borough 3^15 9s. 6d.
Paid freight from London and carridge from Penzance 6s. 6rf.
Paid W°* Ninnis a witness for attdg. the signing of the Certificate
& coming to the Sessions to prove it 6s. ^d.
An appeal to the poor's rate having been made to be heard at the
Sessions & the Mayor & Justices having doubts of the
manner they ought to act : —
To M' Thurloe with a case for his opinion how they ought to
govern £1 is. od.
To the Solicitor General with a case for his opinion £5 5s. od.
Paid John Nance's Bill for painting 46 Constables Poles, addi-
tional for Election day.
P^ W Symonds for the annual sermon £1 od. od.
W Lane in lieu of his Sundays Dinners £2 2s. od.
[The above disbursements, with various charges for dinners, wine etc., amounted
to £73 6f. 7^]
In 1770 the old pier was demolished, and a new one built by
Smeaton.
In 1776 we find in these accounts a memorandum concerning
the Endeavour sloop, Henry Pennal master, for the defence of the
Port of S* Ives. Capt. Cook's first voyage round the world was
niade in this vessel, in the years 1768-71.
There is preserved at Saint Ives a folio paper book, very
much tattered, the heading of which is as follows :
' This Book contains the Records of the several Elections of
Mayors &c of & for the Borough of S* Ives in the County of
CornwaL Commencing the si"' day of October 1760.
Stevens.
Town Clerk.'
Its chief contents are the ' Form and Appointment of
Recorder and Deputy Recorder,' the oaths of the mayor, justice,
town sergeant, recorder, and other public officers of the borough,
and the records of the various elections of aldermen, etc. The
book also contains miscellaneous memoranda connected with the
public business. Thus, under date 1723, is recorded the appoint-
ment of George Purefoy and Joseph Lawrance as sergeants at
mace. There is also, folded within the book, an autograph
letter, written in 1723, of the Duke of Bolton, thanking the
burgesses for having elected him recorder, regretting his inability
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BOROUGH ACCOUNTS, 1689—1776. 3"
to attend and be sworn in to that office, and recommending
James Cross, Esq., in his stead.
The following is interesting, as furnishing an explanation of
the disappearance of various public records of Saint Ives :
* Burrough of S* Ives. Att a Court of the Mayor and Alder-
men of the said Burrough met in the Guildhall of the same, the
first day of August Anno Domini 1723. Whereas Alexander
James Gen^ one of the Aldermen of the Burrough aforesaid,
having for some time before kept and detained in his custody
severall books, writings, papers and other memorandums and
things belonging to the said Boro' and the said Alexander James
having been severall times requested to deliver the said things
soe in his custody as aforesaid to the Mayor of the said Burrough,
to whom the right of keeping the same does from time to time,
properly belong, has notwithstanding refused soe to doe, by
means whereof the said Alexander James has misbehaved himself
in his said ofiice of Alderman and acted contrary to the duty
of the same and the oath he took or ought to have taken there-
upon. Itt is therefore resolved by this Court, that the said
Alexander James be for such his refiisal and misbehaviour as
aforesaid amoved from his said ofiice of Alderman ; and there-
upon the Mayor and Aldermen vote as follows :
M' Joseph Gubbs, Mayor : ... That M' James be amoved.
M^ Thomas Anthony, Justice — do —
M' Thomas Sprigge, Justice ... — do —
M' Nathaniel Anthony ,.. — do —
M' John Stevens ... ... — do —
M' Vivian Stevens ... ... — do —
M' Alexander James
M' John Hichens : ... ... That M^ James be not amoved.
M' Thomas Sprigge junior ... absent
M' John Ceely : ... ... That M' James be amoved.
M' Richard Harry ... ... — do —
Upon the majority of the votes abovesaid it is resolved by
the said Court, that the said Alexander James be and he is
accordingly amoved from his ofiice of Alderman.
Per Curiam.
Done in the presence of Penrose, Town Clerk.
Jejin Vine.
WiJK^m ffriggens junior.'
There is also a pw'chment bound Book of Admissions, con-
taining certificates of rfoe admission and election of persons to
the ofiices of Assistant (Inow called * Councillor '), Burgess and
Alderman of the Borough. '
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CHAPTER XVIII.
OLD HOUSES IN THE SAINT IVES DISTRICT.
We have now brought down our History to the year 1800, and
will take a comprehensive glance at the state of the town during
the eighteenth century.
In some respects Saint Ives presented no very different aspect
in the last century to what we see to-day. There were the same
old narrow, crooked, ill-paved streets which still charm the
artistic eye and shock the olfactory nerves. And although a few
houses have in recent years disappeared from the sites which
they had occupied for centuries, still, in the main, we may see for
ourselves, in the course of a ramble through such streets as the
Digey, Chy-an-chy, or Street-an-garrow, the kind of homes in
which a dozen generations of Saint Ives people grew up and
died.
There is a certain type of dwelling-house in the old town
which is characteristic of Saint Ives. This t5rpical house is
peculiar for the convenient irregularity of its plan of construction,
and for the snug solidity of the structure. The principal door is
entered either by an upward flight of granite steps, with or with-
out a balustrade, or by a descent of three or four stairs below the
level of the street. The thickness of the walls is noteworthy.
The ground-floor is in general of stone, though a wooden
' planchen ' is also common. As a rule there are but two stories,
and the whole building is far more distinguished by length than
height. The narrow and infrequent windows admit but little
light, though this is in part atoned for by the comfortable deep
window-seats, lined with oak. High oak wainscoting surrounds
the inner walls, and a few silhouettes and old-world prints, together
with the inevitable chest of drawers, covered with old china, add
to the antique cosiness of the sitting-room. The fire-place is
wide and high, though partly filled by a kitchen stove. Bright
brass or pewter trenchers and candlesticks ornament the lofty
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OLD HOUSES IN THE ST. IVES DISTRICT. 313
chimney-piece. Outside, the ponderous granite chimneys tower
aloft, their time-worn chinks and crevices showing a slight growth
of moss, lichen, or some hardy grass. A good specimen of this
type of house may be seen in Bailey's Lane,
Another type of Saint Ives house, only less ancient than that
last described, consists of a fish-cellar with an upper story of
one or more dwelling-rooms. Many houses of this description
were built in the town during the last century ; they are usually
described in the deeds as ' all that fish-cellar and two dwellings
over the same.'
Examples of mediaeval dwellings are not wanting in the Saint
Ives district. We have already mentioned the old parsonage,
and will now describe other ancient houses in the town of Saint
Ives.
Close to the White Hart inn, on the wharf, is a very narrow
passage with a flight of steps, at the top of which one comes to a
ruinous tenement which has the reputation of being the oldest
house in the town of Saint Ives. It is called Cam Glaze (Grey
Rock) that being the name of the hill of slate rock just in front
of the house ; but in a deed of 1699 it is termed * Ugnes House,'
meaning apparently, * Huguenots' House.' Adjoining the house
there was formerly a garden, and at the close of the last century
the place was used as an inn.
The lower walls are about three feet thick, mostly of solid
square blocks of Zennor granite, but largely mixed with unhewn
slate rocks. When this venerable building fell in ruins, in 1887,
a workman found, in the upper back wall, a square block of a
material which he said he had never before seen ; it appeared
to be either sand hardened by some process, or very decomposed
granite — probably the former. The western portion of the house
was built long subsequently to the eastern ; it has an op)en fire-
place, but the eastern apartment has an immense hearth, with a
chimney-corner; and the sky, as well as the whole interior of
the chimney shaft, can be seen by looking up the chimney.
This room is said to have been Kitty Lemal's, a lady well known
to local tradition, of whom we shall have somewhat to say in a
later chapter.
Before the roof fell in, it had been for years undulating and
uneven, like the backbone of an aged hound. The chimneys,
on the outside, were of massively-built granite, interlaid with
thin slates. The upper story was one room, extending the entire
length of the house, and could be entered, without steps, from
the street at the back, the level of which is very much higher
than the ground on the other side of the house. In this room.
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3'4 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
which was much frequented by artists, was a quaintly picturesque
little old window in the deep wall, with an ample window-seat,
the wood of which was rotten with sheer age, as were the
beams and rafters of the roof. The roof was covered with small
tiles (* heaUng-stones ' or ' hellan-stones ') of the ordinary west-
country type. This ancient tenement cannot have been built
later than the early part of the fifteenth century.
About the year 1870, when some workmen were employed on
the street in front of this house, a boy picked out of the dirt what
he called ' an old penny.' It proved to be an unusually good
specimen of a scarce medal. It is of bronze, rather larger than
a crown piece. On the obverse is a full-length figure of a naval
officer, and a cannon, with the legend: 'The British glory
reviv'd by Admiral Vernon.' Reverse : A picture of a naval
engagement off a fortified coast — ' He took Portobello with six
ships only. 1739.'
In comparatively recent times the freehold of Cam Glaze
had got so subdivided amongst the numerous descendants of its
MEDAL FOUND AT CARN GLAZE,
original owners, that some of them were deriving such a sum as
ys. 6d. a year from their interest in the property. As any free-
hold, however small, entitled a person to vote at the election of a
coroner, a large tribe of the Carn Glaze freeholders used to come
to the fore on these occasions. We have heard of one who
didn't know the name of the property until he was prompted.
In the Stuart period this house was inhabited by a seafaring
family named Bottrell, one of whom, Reginald Bottrell, was a
noted free-booter. His ghost is said to haunt the house; and
indeed it would be remarkable if such a weird-looking tenement
were devoid of supernatural associations. (See our chapter on
the folk-lore of the district.)
The ' George and Dragon ' inn, which formerly stood on the
west side of the Market-place, facing to the church tower, was
demolished in the year 1887, to make way for some staring, com-
monplace new shops. This old house would seem to have been
built some time in the fifteenth century. Though modernised
in front in 1757, it retained its venerable appearance when
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OLD HOUSES IN THE ST, IVES DISTRICT.
315
viewed from the roughly-paved yard at the back, where the
granite of its walls, and the foundations of immense slate rock
could be seen, innocent of plaster or whitewash. From the
back-yard a narrow and short passage, over which was a room
of the old house, led into the main street, and at this end of the
George and Dragon was a quaint penthouse, i.e., a small roof
or covering of wood supported on beams projecting about three
2
Z
o
I eifr
feet over a platform of granite and pebbles. A similar but longer
penthouse ran all along the front of the house. Inside, the
rooms were low and the ceilings supported on huge beams ; the
ground-floor was rough and uneven, and a picturesque irregularity
distinguished the whole building. When the ' George ' was pulled
down, a polished stone axe of the neolithic age was found im-
bedded in one of the walls; probably it had been built in for
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3i6 . A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
luck. (These stone celts are by the peasantry called ' thunder-
bolts,' and are regarded as charms,, being sometimes boiled in
the drinking-water of the cattle, as a preservative against colic.)
This house cannot have been built much later than the
church.
In the middle of the Market-place stands the Market House,
which, in 1832, was erected on the site of a much older one.
The ancient Market House was a building of venerable aspect,
surrounded by a penthouse similarly to the old inn just described.
It was built in the year 1490, chiefly by Sir Robert Willoughby,
whose influence obtained for Saint Ives the privilege of a weekly
market, held on Saturdays, and two annual fairs, on May 10 and
December 3 : the latter is called ' the Fairy Mow ' (F6r-a'-moh,
the pig fair).
On the eastern side of the Market-place there yet stands an
inn, the Golden Lion, which is a good example of the dwelling-
houses of the latter part of the seventeenth and commencement
of the eighteenth centuries. In the roof are some quaint dormer
windows; the picturesque penthouse, however, which formerly
projected from the front of the house and covered in a corner
platform of granite and pebbles for the benefit of the fish-
hawkers, was destroyed in 1887, when the George and Dragon
was pulled down.
A short distance up the hill, at the back of the north-west
corner of the Market-place, there stands a capital early Georgian
town-house of granite, with a quaint wooden porch. On the
top of the roof is the only local example of the once common
* equestrian tile.' This piece of ornamental pottery represents
a man on horseback. The boys of the town have a saying, very
true in its way, that, as often as the little man hears the clock
strike twelve, he gallops along the ridge of the roof.
The old house under Skidden Hill, by the iron fence on the
left-hand side leading down to St. Andrew Street from the
Terrace, was formerly known as the ' Beggars' Roost,' from its
being let out to poor travellers. The celebrated ' King of the
Beggars,' Bamfylde Moore Carew (pronounced ' Carey ') lodged
there at different times. The steep road which passes this house
was formerly the' only road into the town on this side.
Another noteworthy old inn is the Sloop, on the Wharf, a
quaint little yellow- washed house, with tiny windows, and the
snuggest bar-parlour imaginable. The little state room, with its
old-fashioned four-post bedstead nearly filling it, overlooks the
harbour. This was anciently the home of the Williams family.
Round the corner, at the back of the Sloop, is the famous
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Puddingbag Lane (U., ' put-back ' lane), a blind alley, the earliest
name of which was Capel Court.
' Pudding -bag Lane,
In one way, and out the same.'
A few yards to the west of the Sloop is a passage leading to
a court in front of a well-built house, with remains of muUioned
windows and granite supports for a balcony. This was the
residence of a family named Sise, who were prosperous merchants
during the Stuart period. Their slate monumental tablet, with a
long rhyming epitaph, is to be seen on the west wall of the
Trenwith aisle, and we give a copy of it in another chapter.
The back of this house abuts on Puddingbag Lane, and on the
corner facing towards the north-east may be seen an oblong
block of granite, built into the wall, bearing the inscription :
' 1645, Esias.' This was put up by Ephraim Sise, who was a
strong Puritan, and who probably had a special regard for the
prophet whose name he so closely associated with his own.
Close to the inscription is a small muUioned window. The back
of the house has no windows, but a narrow door.
Hicks' Court is the name of a large old house at Saint Ives,
approached through a narrow alley half way through the Digey,
on the left hand as you go towards the island. In this alley an
old arch or gateway, formed by three roughly-hewn granite
slabs, gives access to the courtyard in front of the house. The
building, now in ruins, has evidently been in past times an
imposing structure, as is seen by the muUioned bay window, with
quare hood ^noulding, at the corners of which are the letters,
G H, for George Hicks, whose residence this was. Immediately
to the left of this window is the entrance to a narrow passage
through the house, at the other end of which, on the right, is a
decrepit oak-paneUed door, which led to the principal apartments.
The passage also leads right through the house to a back court-
yard. Round the walls of the upper storey may still be seen
remains of the old panelling, window-seats and cupboards, also
the fireplaces. The dining-room had a vaulted ceiling. Under-
neath the house is a secret smuggling cave or cellar.
Another interesting old house is the Victory inn, at the corner
of the Digey, in Fore Street. This was built by the Saint Ives
merchant family of Stephens, and was their home until they
built the Manor House in the Green Court. This last-named
mansion particularly deserves description. It is an interesting
old granite stucture, solidly built, but not inelegant, with a court
or garden in front ; the back abuts on the street. The windows
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A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
are fitted with heavy Georgian sashes. The rooms are wain-
scoted with dark osk, on the panels of which are dim old Italian
landscape paintings. The low ceilings, profusel)' ornamented
with carved work, the broad staircase with massive banisters,
HICKS' COURT.
and the rambling corridors, are all very quaint. E^ch room is
provided with the usual cosy old window-seat. When first built
this house enjoyed an unimpeded view of the sea. The offices
of Messrs. Hain and Son, shipowners, are in this building.
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When Tregenna Castle was built the Manor House was set apart
as a * dower house,' or residence for the elderly unmarried ladies
of the family.
Tregenna Castle was built by John Stephens, in the year
1774, Daniel Freeman, of Penryn, being the master-builder. At
first it had only twelve bedrooms, but ten more were added at a
later date. When the Stephenses still lived there the castle
could boast a good old library and some interesting family paint-
ings. The grounds are very extensive, and at the back of the
castle stands the Home Farm. In the beautiful woody glade
leading from the Lelant road up to the castle, and close by the
fern-bordered stream, there are remains of an old building, which
must have been the original Tregenna homestead, belonging to
the ancient and long extinct family of that name.
AYR HOUSE, FROM THE NORTH.
At the hamlet of Ayr, on the high ground which overlooks
the town from the west, stands Ayr House, a once important
building, which was the Stephens' country house, and to which
they are said to have retired during the plague of 1646, and so
escaped the contagion. The old house retains but few signs of
its former high estate, but some of the windows have remains of
granite joists, muUions, and hood-mouldings. It was subse-
quently the residence of Squire Sprigge.
In St. Andrew's Street, on the shore side, stands a forlorn
and ghostly-looking tenement of three stories, covered with
posters, its windows all broken, but which is evidently ancient.
The first-floor projects somewhat over the room beneath, and is
upheld, on the side fronting to the street, by two slender stone
pillars with circular mouldings round the capitals. This house^
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A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
when last occupied, was an inn known by the sign of the Blue
Bell.
The houses in the street bounded by the south-west wall of
the churchyard are all old and picturesque ; one of them is the
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Star inn ; close to it is a house which was formerly the Red
Lion inn.
Of all the scenery-hunting and artistically disposed visitors
who^for the past ten years have known, and loved Saint Ives,
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OLD HOUSES IN THE ST. IVES DISTRICT.
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probably but a very small number are aware of the existence of
the picturesque and „ romantic farmstead of Trenwith, which is
so completely secluded from the main roads, that its quiet and
ancient precincts are little likely to re-echo the footsteps of the
Saxon from Paddington. It is situate at the top of the Stennack,
on the south-east side of the main road. As the quaint old house,
looks now, so has it looked for two centuries. Enclosed by 2^.
lofty wall and sheltered beneath a grove of rook -harbouring
elms, it stands, rambling and ghostly, quaintly irregular, it3
i^rS -^ ^■■^.
TRENWITH.
front looking on to an old-fashioned pleasaunce, part garden,
part orchard, with its sundial, its stone summer-house and its
pigeon-cote ; while at the rear a few barns and stables, haystacks
and furze-ricks, and some sleepy cattle in the straw-yard, give to
Trenwith the character of a farm. This place was for centuries
the home of the ancient Trenwith family, which died out a
hundred years ago. The Trenwiths' town-house, a shabby-
genteel dwelling of the Georgian type, is still to be seen in Fore
Street, on the shore side, near Porthcocking.
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A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
On the eastern shore of the island there stands a massive barn-
like old building, under a ledge of slate-rock, which is known in
popular parlance as 'the Britons' Hut' It was built for the
Breton fishermen ^ho frequented the port in such large numbers
down to about 150 years ago, and seems to have been used by
them in common as a habitation and a store for their gear.
Close by are evident traces of a former kitchen-garden. In
those days the nearest house to this hut was the old Ugnes
House (* Huguenots' House ') described in a former chapter,
which was assigned as a temporary refuge to the French Protes-
tants who came to the town about the year 1680. Tradition
says that great jealousy and ill-will existed between these exiled
Calvinists and the Catholic Bretons.
THE BRETOxV HOUSE.
At the time when the hut on the island was used by Bretons,
the adjacent cove of Porthgwidden was the principal landing-
place of the Saint Ives fishing-boats ; and on the top of the
island was a tall post, to the top of which a lanthorn was fixed,
to direct the toilers of the deep to this cove by night. This
lanthorn is said to remain somewhere in the town to this day.
At the corner opposite the town clerk's office, between Saint
Andrew Street and Shute Street, is a block of granite built
perpendicularly into the wall of a house ; on it are the letters
*RNGi7i3.'
In Saint Andrew Street, about half way between Shute
Street and the church, and opposite a short opening to the beach,
is a house occupying the site of a former building which was
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OLD HOUSES IN THE ST. IVES DISTRICT, 323
called * Major Ceel/s Great House-* It is so named in a deed
of 1834, ^^^ was the home of that prominent Roundhead leader.
In Major Ceely's time the house must have been very pleasan^y
situated, facing the sea, with only the road between it and the
white sands of the beach, the little harbour of that time being
far away beyond Court Cocking rock, between Chy-an-chy and
Carn Glaze.
In Fore Street, on the side facing the beach, is a red brick
house, now occupied by Mr. Woolcock, draper. This was the
house of Mr. Knill, the celebrated Mayor of Saint Ives in 1767.
Nearly opposite — now two dwelling-houses, and formerly the
Britannia inn, is the house once occupied by the Trenwiths as
their town residence.
OLD HOUSES IN LELANT.
In the parish of Lelant the following are the most noteworthy
houses :
Trevethoe, the family seat of the Praeds. It is a large but
externally plain square structure of the latter part of last century,
situated in exquisitely beautiful grounds, with a home-farm
adjacent.
Gunwin was for many generations the home of the ancient
and now extinct Pawley family, whose heiress married Praed
of Trevetho. It has lately been rebuilt as a farmhouse, and is
situated near the cliffs, about a mile north-west of the church.
Reviere is a homestead, the name of which perpetuates the
title of the ancient palace of Tudor, who was king or chieftain
of this district when the Irish saints landed. The word seems
to be a Norman-French translation of the Cornish Hfel (Hayle),
meaning * the River.'
To the left of a steep hill in the village of Lelant, on the high
road from Hayle to Saint Ives, is a large old house, consisting
of two wings at right angles. A third wing, which with the
other two blocks formed three sides of a square, was pulled down
a good many years ago. This building is called the Abbey, and
would seem to have been the clergy-house of Lelant previous
to the Reformation. It subsequently became the property of the
Edwards family, and in the course of several generations it came
into the hands of the Hockings, as representatives of Edwards
in the female line. On the outside nothing remains to testify to
the antiquity of this house except the remains of muUions, with
square hood-mouldings to some of the windows, and a round-
headed doorway. Inside, however, the house is quaint in the
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324 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
extreme. A winding stone staircase leads to a tiny room in a
remote corner of the building, which is popularly known as * the
confessional/ and looks as though intended for a priest's hiding-
chamber. In one of the rooms is preserved an antique wardrobe
or cupboard, gaudily painted with flowers in the Elizabethan
style,, and an old oak chest, elaborately carved, is to be seen on
the upper landing.
Nearly opposite the Abbey is a house, over the door of which
is a square granite slab inscribed ' M. J. A., 1723.' And in the
village, not far from the church, is a cottage with the initials and
date, ' E. S., 1745.'
OLD HOUSES IN TOWEDNACK.
The parish of Towednack also affords some interesting
examples of old Cornish domestic architecture, as, for instance,
the farmstead of Trevegia, or as it is often called, Trevessa
(Trevisa), a primitive village in the parish of Towednack, and
one of the old homes of the Stevens clan. The farmstead has
probably been inhabited, ever since it was built, by a family named
Quick. It is of the usual type of Western farmhouse, with a
narrow, high-walled court in front, having a wide doorway,
through which, in former times, the stock were driven in for the
night. ,On the lintel of this gateway is the inscription : ' P. J. Q.»
1702 ' (Paul and Jane Quick). The windows of the house have
formerly been muUioned and diamond-paned, but all the leaden
sashes and most of the muUions have been removed. The house
is now divided (between two branches of the family) into two
separate dwellings. Here one may see the turf-fire in the huge
chimney, and the comfortable chimney-seat, from which, on
looking upwards, one espies the sky through the top of the shaft
overhead. Here and there are mysterious nooks and cupboards,
one of which, near the hearth, holds a supply of dried furze. In
the window is a broad seat, firom which one has a view of the
little garden behind. On the mantel-shelf are a variety of old
fashioned ornaments, pewter platter, and the lid of a warming-
pan, embellished with the figure of a cock surrounded by flowers.
In the corner of the sitting-room stands a tall clock, by Vibert,
of Penzance. Outside the courtyard we once spoke to an old
man, tenant of the adjoining dwelling, and called his attention
to the fact that a lot of large stones had fallen from the outer
wall He replied :
' Yes, sir, yes ; 't 'es fall'n deown, an no waun don' seem to
set et up.'
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OLD HOUSES IN THE ST. IVES DISTRICT. yts
' But more will fall this winter, if it's iiot attended to, won't it ?'
* Yes, more will fall, come the cold, sure !nough.'
I considered this a good sample of fatalism.
NAMES OF STREETS, ROADS, LANES, ETC., IN THE TOWN OF
SAINT IVES.
Ayr Lane, leading from the bottom of Barnoon to Ayr village.
Bailey's Lane^ a narrow street leading from Chy-an-chy up
towards Norway. It used to be called Street Petite, a name
supposed to have been given to it by French or Breton fishermen.
Bellair Terrace.
The Belliers, a beautiful wooded lane running along the
boundary wall of the Tregenna grounds, from the back of the
Terrace up towards Higher Tregenna Farm. Its name is sup-
posed to be a corruption of * Belles Aires,' but hard by is a field
called Bellyer's Croft
Bullan's Lam.
Bunker's Hill, a street or lane running parallel to the Digey ;
next to it on the eastern side.
Burrow Road.
Carn Crowz, a pile of rocks on the south-eastern shore of the
island, near the quay. The immediate neighbourhood of these
rocks goes by the same name.
Carn Glaze, a rock-pile and an ancient messuage, on the high
ground overlooking the wharf.
Chy-an-chy, a place between Fore Street and the Wharf, on
the lowest ground of the isthmus.
The Cliff, that part of Fore Street where Back Lane leads up
towards Windypark and Barnoon. Here formerly was a steep
open shore on to the beach.
Court Cocking, a narrow lane leading from Fore Street to the
Foresand, near the wharf.
Crown Court.
The Digey, a long narrow street in the old part of the town,
leading from Fore Street in a northerly direction across the
isthmus.
Dixes Hill, or Dick's Hill, in the old part of the town, on the
isthmus. It leads from the Wharf to Saint Peter Street.
Dove Street, a continuation of Shute Street, on the opposite
or western side of Tregenna Place. Together with Shute Street
it formerly bore the name Street-an-Poll.
Fish Street, in the old part of the town.
Flaniank's Court.
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Fore Street; during the last century this was the principal
street in the town. It is a long thoroughfare leading from the
Market-place to the wharf.
Green Court, the street leading from the bottom of Tregenna
Hill to High Street.
BRii
OLD HOUSE AT CARN GLAZE.
Harry's Court.
Hicks* Court, a yard off the west side of the Digey, where the
ancient house of the Hicks family is situate.
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High Street, the street leading from the Green Court to the
Market Place.
Higher Bridge, at the Stennack, over the Trenwith stream.
The Island Wastrel, the waste level land on the south-eastern
side of the island.
The Land, a part of the town referred to in a rate-list of
1620.
The Meadow,
The Long Run, a street leading from Island Road to Porthmeor
Road.
Market Strand, a lane running parallel with Fore Street,
between the latter and the foresand, from the church north-
ward.
FISHERMAN'S DWELLING.
Nanjivvy, or Saint Jivvey, a group of tenements at the top of
the Stennack, near Trenwith.
Norway, a street leading from the top of Bunker's Hill into
Back Road. It means the ' North Way/ Norway Clear is the
name of an open space hard by.
Polkinghorne Lane,
Porthmeor Bank,
Puddingbag Lane, a blind alley leading on to the wharf. Its
older designation, Capel Court, was restored by the Corporation
in 1890.
Purfie's Plot.
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A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Rose Lane.
Saint Andrew Street, leading from Skidden Hill down to the
church, along the shore. This was the principal entrance to the
town from this side until early in the present century, when High
Street was constructed.
Saint Eta Street (more correctly Saint la Street), one of the
modern streets of fishermen's houses built on part of the Island
Wastrel.
* DOWN-ALONG.'
[Saint] Gabriel Street, leading from Tregenna Place to the
Stennack.
Saifit Peter Street, one of the streets on the isthmus, in the
old part of the town.
Shute Street, a short straight street leading from Tregenna
Place to Saint Andrew Street. It received its name from a
wooden * shoot,' or aqueduct, which formerly stood there, near a
pool or well.
Skidden Hill, the steep road leading down from the Terrace
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OLD HOUSES IN THE ST. IVES DISTRICT. 329
to Saint Andrew Street. It was formerly the only approach to
the town from this side.
Spriggs' Court,
The Stcnnackj a road leading by a long ascent from Saint Ives
up to Penbeagle and Hellesvean.
StrceUan-Bollar^ a street named in the Tregenna rent-roll.
Street-an-Garrow, a quaint thoroughfare leading from the back
of the Manor House up towards the Stennack.
Sireet-an-Poll, the name formerly given to Shute Street and
Dove Street. It is now confined to the former.
The Terrace, a road with dwelling-houses overlooking Porth-
minster and Penolver. Near the town end of the Terrace is a
bastion or boulevard called the MalakoflF, constructed in Crimean
times. The Terrace was made by Sir Christopher Hawkins,
about 1820, but did not become a highway until a good many
years later.
Tregenna Place, another name for the Green Court.
Tregenna Terrace, a short road which overlooks the town from
the north.
Virgin Street, in the old part of the town.
The Warren, a street just above the shore, between Penolver
and Westcott's Quay.
Water Lane, a short street of old houses close to the Wharf.
Westcotfs Quay, that part of Saint Andrew Street which abuts
on the shore, between the Warren and the churchyard.
Westren Street, a street named in a rate-list of 1620.
The Wharf borders the harbour, from Chy-an-chy to the Quay.
Wmdypark, a late Georgian house on the eastern slope of
Barnoon.
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CHAPTER XIX.
ST. IVES IN THE LAST CENTURY.
If in these days of easy and rapid communication between places
far distant, Saint Ives is still its own little world, holding but slight
intercourse with the rest of humanity, isolated indeed must the
town-life have been in an age when Cornwall was almost as
much cut off from the rest of Britain as the island of Saint Kilda,
and when, all in all to itself, and independent of aught beyond
its narrow limits, the little westernmost borough lived its own
life in its own way, and preserved its individuality unimpaired.
In 1705 Saint Ives contained only 240 houses. Dr. Davy
has furnished us with a graphic description of this part of the
country as it existed about the year 1780. * Cornwall,' he
observes, ' was then without great roads. Those which traversed
the county were rather bridle-paths than carriage-roads; car-
riages were almost unknown, and even carts were very little used.
I have heard my mother relate that when she was a girl there
was only one cart in Penzance, and if a carriage occasionally
appeared in the streets it attracted universal attention. Pack-
mules were then in general use for conveying merchandize, and
the prevaiHng manner of travelling was on horseback. At that
period the luxuries of furniture and living now enjoyed by people
of the middle class were confined almost entirely to the great
and wealthy, and in Penzance, where the population was about
two thousand persons, there was only one carpet ; the floors of
rooms were sprinkled over with sea-sand ; and there was not a
single silver fork. The only newspaper which then circulated
in the West of England was the Sherbourne Mercury, and it was
carried through the country, not by the post, but by a man on
horseback specially employed in distributing it/
In the year 1761, the turnpike road only reached as far as
Falmouth. The last team of mules in the Saint Ives district was
kept at Helles-vean.
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ST. IVES IN THE LAST CENTURY. 331
Was this life less pleasant or less beneficial to the old Saint
Ives people than the varied, hurrying existence of the latter-day
Englishman ? Was it even less intellectual ? We take leave to
doubt it. For the Saint Ivesman of the last century life had its
important duties and its simple pleasures, and time rolled agree-
ably on.
The population of our Saint Ives District was at that period
divided into gentry, merchants, yeomen, shopkeepers and toilers ;
but between these several classes the separating lines were very
indistinct. Of the ancient gentry there were but few in the
neighbourhood, and these few, to use Carew's words, could
'better vaunt of their pedigree than their livelyhood.' The
younger sons of old families commonly embarked in trade, and
thereby, while derogating from their noblesse, raised their
fortunes above those of their aristocratic relatives, who, indeed,
were in some cases scarcely above the yeomen in their mode of
life and surroundings.
In consequence of this absence of any strong lines of demar-
cation between gentle and simple, there was at Saint Ives, as in
most other rural districts at that period, a much greater degree
of social intercourse between the various classes of society than
there is in our day. Squire, parson, doctor and lawyer met
frequently in the evenings at their favourite inns, and there
discussed the topics of the day with the farmer, the smuggler
and the tradesman. The principal tavern in the town during the
latter half of last century was the George and Dragon, to which
we have before had occasion to 'refer.
In the year 1757 that well-accustomed inn known as the
George and Dragon was beginning to show signs of old age.
And well it might, for the gales of some two hundred and fifty
winters had raged and blustered around the house, now tearing the
' healingstones ' from its roof, and now blowing down a chimney.
It must not be supposed, however, that 'the George' (as it was
familiarly termed) was dilapidated ; on the contrary, its age was
a hearty, stout old age, just sufficient to give the house that
subtle and indefinable charm which hangs around an ancient
hostelry and tinges its most prosaic details with a certain glamour
of romance. The ' George,' moreover, was known for a respect-
able, high-class, church-and-state establishment, * with no non-
sense about it.' Its patrons (all respectable men with no nonsense
about them) often asserted that the * George ' was not a * drinking
house,' and never would be a drinking house, and, as the times
went, this character was tolerably accurate. Its landlords had
always been men of some standing in the town, borough con-
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stables, church-wardens, aldermen and mayors. The situation
of the house, planted as it was in the Market-place, within a
stone's throw of the church, had always insured to its proprietors
the support of the clergy and the municipal functionaries. At
the * George ' aldermanic dinners were provided on the election
of each new mayor, and to the * George ' did Parson Symonds
invariably repair, on a Sunday afternoon, to smoke his * yard of
clay ' and discuss with his other church-wardens the contents of
KN ILL'S STEEPLE.
the latest Exeter Flying Post. It will be understood, then, that
the George and Dragon inn was an institution little inferior, in
the public estimation, to the parish church, or the justice-room
over the Market House.
Mr. John Knill, the mayor, was an occasional visitor to the
' George/ and concocted there, together with his punch, many a
little scheme for landing smuggled cargoes, unless local tradition
belie him. Other visitors were the squire, Samuel Stephens, and
his kinsman, John Stevens of Trevalgen (generally styled ' John
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ST. IVES IN THE LAST CENTURY. 333
i Court), who was the Duke of Bolton's agent, and a noted
composer of rhyming lampoons. • John i Court ' was so called
from * the Court,' his old house at the hamlet of Trevalgen. He
was often on the point of getting into trouble through his
lampoons, but he as often extricated himself from his difficulties
by means of the same tours d'espriU On one occasion he was
sitting in the parlour of the George, with Squire Stephens and
the Reverend Mr. Stephens, the squire's brother, rector of
Ludgvan. The reverend gentleman was lamenting the loss of
some articles of linen which had been stolen from a furze-bush
near his house, where they had been placed to dry.
• Do you know,* asked John d Court, * what your parishioners
have been saying about the theft ?'
* What do they say ?' asked the parson.
' Why,' said the rh)anster, * they say :
' " Someone stole our parson's shirt —
The skin could not be nearer —
The parish will give a hundred pounds
To the man that will steal the wearer." '
That same evening there entered the inn an important func-
tionary known as 'the sarcher' (searcher), ix.y the exciseman,
whose office was heartily disliked by all classes in the smuggling
town of Saint Ives. He used to wear a heavy scarlet coat with
gold facings. To the * sarcher,' who was a boon companion of
John k Court, the latter recited the following rhyme :
' The Sarcher with his collar red,
He is both blithe and mellow,
And, if he'd something in his head,
He*d be a pretty fellow.'
' What's that you say ?' roared the * sarcher,' who had a
sensitive care of his dignity.
' Why,' said John, ' I only said :
* "The Sarcher with his collar red,
He is both blithe*and mellow,
And if he'd been a soldier bred.
He'd be a pretty fellow.*"
An epitaph composed by John a Court in memory of his wife
will be found amongst the memorials in Saint Ives church,
detailed in a former chapter. We might say there is an unkind
tradition that he married very soon after the decease of the lady
whose death he so pathetically lamented.
John Knill, the mayor, was believed to be in league with the
pirates, wreckers and smugglers, and to have erected his famous
* steeple ' as a landmark to their craft. One day during the latter
half of last century, a strange vessel ran on the rocks at the
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334 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Hayle side of Carrick Gladden, and the crew went ashore up
into the country, and were never more heard of. Next day a
number of people boarded the ship, and found it full of china
ware and other smuggled goods. The ship's papers were
removed by some person unknown, and it was supposed that
they were burnt as implicating Knill and Squire Praed, of
Trevetho. The customs-officer, Roger Wearne, went on board
and stuffed his clothes full of china. He had several pieces of
beautiful china ware in the seat of his breeches, and as he was
getting down the ship's side somebody took a stick and gave him
a sound blow behind, smashing the china to atoms.
The old portion of the present pier was built in 1770, by
Smeaton, the engineer, and was a vast improvement upon the
former one, which ran out from the shore under Carn Glaze, and
so sheltered a much smaller extent of water. A gentleman living
at Saint Ives possesses the original manuscript report, drawn up
and signed by Smeaton when the building of his pier was con-
templated. It contains ample particulars as to the natural forma-
tion of the bay and shore of Saint Ives. (The same gentleman
has an autograph letter of John Knill, mayor of Saint Ives in
1767-8. It was written at Kingston, and contains nothing of
local interest.) At Pendinas Point are large remains of a break-
water, which was commenced in 1820, by Sir Christopher
Hawkins, but never completed. In 1889 the addition to
Smeaton's pier was commenced, and was finished early in the
following year. The picturesque old light-tower has been allowed
to remain, and a new one, less massive in form, has been con-
structed at the end of the extension of the pier.
Many people who would resent being thought old have seen
people in the stocks, which were kept on the market-place, outside
the west door of the church. They were deposited in the tower in
later years. Some time in the sixties of the present century a
mayor of Saint Ives had a young man put in the stocks, so it is
said, for playing marbles on Good Friday.
Captain ' Pauly ' Tremearne was several times mayor of Saint
Ives, and, as the income attached to that dignity was then one
hundred pounds a year, he was an important personage. On
the day of his election he was standing on the steps of the
Town Hall, with all his robes and paraphernalia of office, pre-
paring to go to church, when one ' Uncle Tommy Thomas,' an
eccentric much given to liquor, solemnly addressed him in these
terms : * Do justice, love mercy, and walk humbly before thy
God.' ' Put that man in the stocks,' cried the mayor ; which
was immediately done by the constables in attendance. Tommy
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ST. IVES IN THE LAST CENTURY. 335
Thomas afterwards brought . an action for false imprisonment
against Mr. Tremeame, in which he was successful.
The following, copied from the original parchment document,
is interesting as bearing upon this matter :
'Cornwall. Borough of S* Ives. Be it remembered That
on the fifteenth day of July in the year of our Lord one thousand
eight hundred and twenty five at the Borough of Saint Ives in
the County of Cornwall I Paul Tremearne Esquire Mayor of the
said Borough and also one of His Majesty's Justices assigned to
keep the Peace within the same Borough then and there per-
sonally saw one Thomas Thomas of the Borough aforesaid
Yeoman drunk contrary to the form of the statutes in that case
made and provided Whereupon it is considered and adjudged
by me the said Mayor that the said Thomas Thomas be con-
victed And he is by these Presents accordingly hereby con-
victed of the offence of being drunk upon my own view as afore-
said according to the form of the statutes in that case made and
provided And I do hereby adjudge that the said Thomas
Thomas for the said offence hath forfeited the sum of five
shillings to be paid and distributed as the law directs In witness
whereof I the said Mayor to this present conviction have set my
hand and seal the day and year above written.
P. Tremearne Mayor.' L.S.
[Endorsed] * This Recognizance was received by me from M'
Edwards the Deputy Recorder at Penzance the 27^ October
1825 for the purpose of its being returned to the next Sessions.
Jas Halse, Town Clerk'
During the war with France a party of Saint Ivesmen got up
a privateering cruise on their own account, under the leadership
of Captain Andrew Stevens. They set sail in a mackerel boat,
which was broken up only a few years ago and is still known to
fame as ' the old Casar.* The adventurers fell in with a mer-
chant vessel, which, supposing it to be a Frenchman, they cap-
tured and brought into Saint Ives. But when it turned out to be
a Dutch ship, they were in great dismay, for, having no letter of
mark, the capture really amounted to piracy. They had to pay
a heavy compensation.
A French privateer infested the sea about Saint Ives, and
from their knowledge of the coast it was supposed that its crew
numbered some renegade Saint Ivesmen amongst their ranks.
At that time lived a notorious smuggler, known as the ' King of
Prussia,' who had his head-quarters at Prussia Cove, in the
Lizard district. From him the men of Saint Ives hired a lugger,
and in it sailed to fight the Frenchman. They never returned,
for a ball from the French privateer sank the lugger with all hands.
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336 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
The following is an account of this engagement, taken from
Davies Gilbert's ' History of Cornwall ' :
* In 1781, during the latter part of the American war, a large
French cutter entered the harbour and laid to before the town,
giving great uneasiness to the inhabitants. A few days later the
Phcenix lugger, Capt. Davey, came in sight, to which the cutter
gave chase, and a running fight ensued off the coast. The
engagement was continued with great bravery and skill by the
lugger, which went down stern foremost, after being nearly
beaten to pieces. The captain and some of the crew were
rescued from drowning by an English cutter which came to their
assistance. The lugger sank three or four leagues north of
Newquay in St. Columb Minor.*
Gilbert's history also informs us that on the 17th February,
1780, two hundred and fifty Hessians landed at Saint Ives in dis-
tress, and were well provided for by the town. They were on their
way to New York, to fight for the British, having been hired from
the Landgrave of Hesse.
We have mentioned the * old Casar.* Another renowned old
Saint Ives craft was the ship Goyierce, which, after braving the
storms of nearly a hundred years, lay for many years more
stranded and deserted on the Foresand. It is said that when she
lay on the shore, she was so infested with bugs that the boys,
contrary to their usual custom, would not play inside her, or
even go near her. This vessel would appear to have been named
after Major Goteree, one of the Royalist Commissioners of Lord
Hopton, who, in 1645, made terms with Fairfax in Cornwall.
Captain Richard Stevens commanded her for many years.
In the last century, and early in the present one. Saint Ives
could boast of more than one renowned maker of excellent clocks,
the products of whose workshops are in greater request than
ever, now that such quaint clocks are being largely bought up
for the purpose of ornamenting the halls and staircases of wealthy
gentlemen in London and elsewhere. An old clock, now in a
house on the Terrace, bears the inscription, * White, S^ Ives.*
The case is about seven feet high ; the dial-plate is elaborately
painted, and exhibits, when the moon is full, the round, ruddy
face of a man. When there is no moon the inner plate shows
the picture of a ship in full sail. The mechanism is contrived
to show the time of * High Water at Hayle.' Another similar
clock, in the same house, is inscribed, * Jasper Williams, S^
Ives.*
In 1881 Mr. Thomas Cornish exhibited, to a meeting of the
Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society, an old
Cornish * chill/ or earthenware lamp, from Zennor. This primi-
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ST. IVES IN THE LAST CENTURY. 337
tive vessel, which was once the main light for large kitchens in
Cornwall, is now extremely scarce.
In the summer of 1887, an artist, who was staying at Saint
Ives, wanted to paint a subject picture of a young girl trying
on her grandmother's wedding-dress. Accordingly he inquired
among the townspeople for old wedding-dresses, of which a great
number were sent to him, some about fifty years old, and one
about one hundred and fifty. This last had been a green silk,
but had faded to a pale blue, and was very decayed with age.
The artist wanted to purchase it as a curiosity, but the owners
would not part with it It was much like a quaint fashion of
dress which has lately been revived — elaborate shoulders, sleeves
wide from shoulder to elbow, tight from elbow to wrist ; with
frilled wrists and low peaked bodice- This ancient garment was
made use of for the picture, which represented a Saint Ives
* interior.'
The following letter was sent (franked) by William Praed,
Esq., M.P. for Saint Ives, to Mr. Paul Tremearne, Mayor of the
Borough, anent the desired appointment of Mr. Tremearne's
brother to the command of the Dolphin revenue cutter, which
cruised round the Cornish coast.
* London, March 2\st 1800.
* Dear Sir
* The appointment of your Brother to be first mate of the
S* Ives Cutter was imediately made out by the Lords of the
Treasury on my application and the reason I understand of that
order being superseded is on account of your Brother's age he
being above 45. The objection I fear is a fatal one and not in
the power of the Lords of the Treasury even to get the better of.
I am truly sorry that my earnest desire to promote your wishes
in this instance has failed of success.
* I am with much respect
* Your obliged Hum : Serv^
' W° Praed.'
The letter is addressed :
' London March twenty one 1800
' The WorshipfuU
* The Mayor of S^ Ives
* Cornwal.
* W. Praed.'
The person who was successful in obtaining the command
was Matthew Stevens, of Saint Ives, who held this post until
1820, when the Dolphin was broken up.
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338 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
Captain Matthew Stevens was for a time coast-guard officer
at Skibbereen, County Cork. He was very fond of his sword
and pistol, an old-fashioned flint-lock, which he always kept on
his mantel-shelf. He used to say that he once fired a shot at a
smuggler near Skibbereen, who was running away with a keg of
whisky on his back. The bullet pierced the cask, and by the
time the smuggler reached Skibbereen, the whisky had quite
run out.
Saint Ives was not without manufactures of an important
kind in the last century. Smelting was carried on there by
Eswyn in 1712, and by Fayrehoven and Co. in 1714; also by
Thomas Morgan. Hicks further mentions a copper house started
by one Pollard.
Writing of Saint Ives circa 1740, the historian Tonkin says :
' The present chief inhabitants are Hitchens, Trevilion, and Beare.
In this port his Majesty hath his Custom House Collector,
Surveyor, Comptroller, and Waiters, both from sea and land.'
In 1708 ' the tithe of corn, fish and lamb, together with the
fishery of Uny Lelant and Towednack, belonged to the Earl of
Suffolk, who held them during the life of his lady, widow of Sir John
Maynard, knt., after whose death they were entailed on the Earl
of Stamford who had married a dau : & coheiress of Jos. Maynard
Esq., son & heir of Sir John Maynard Knt. The lady having
no issue, the property was further entailed upon the wife of
S'^ Hy : Hobart Knt, eldest dau : of the aforesaid Jos. Maynard
Esq.'
The other town duties, chiefly of shipping and fishing, belonged
to the Duke of Bolton as lord of the manor of Ludgvan Lees.
These revenues are now vested in the corporation.
The following document, which records a dispute at Saint
Ives concerning the fish-tithe, is interesting for the glimpse it
gives us into the town life of the period of Queen Anne's reign :
' Exhequer Deposition by Commission. (Record Office.)
10 Anne, Easter N^ 6 Cornwall. 1711.
'Right Honourable Thomas Earle of Stamford and Mary
Countesse of Stamford his wife and Sir John Hobbart Barron^
an Infant by ffrancis Windham Esqr his next ffreind Complts.
Against Thomas Luke, Edward Richard, Ephraim Tonkyn, Joell
Bolithoe, John Sincocke, John Wall, William Roberts, Jenkin
Vingoe, Christopher Hodge and William Pearse Defendants.
* Depositions of Wittnesses taken att the howse of John
Pollard Innkeeper within the Burrough of S* Ives in the County
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ST, IVES IN THE LAST CENTURY, 339
of Cornwall on Monday i6 April 1711 before Edward Dennys
and Philip Lyne Gent" Commissioners &c.
Christopher Harris of S* Ives Genf* aged 57 was employed
by Sir John Hobart to look after the fish tithe at S* Ives. He
* doth remember that hee hath heard one Alexander James who
was this Deponts. Grandfather and a Constant Inhabitant within
the said Towne of S^ Ives and who dyed about five and thirty
yeares since and who at that time was about 75 yeares of age to
declare that the Inhabitants of the said Towne and Parish did
usually saile to the Coast of Ireland and take ffish and Herrings
there and paid Tythes thereof to the Owners and Proprietors of
the said Rectory and Impropriacion of S* Ives.'
John Hitchens junior of S^ Ives Merchant aged 37. Thomas
Purefoye acted for many years as Agent for receiving the tythe
fish under Edward Nosworthy Esqe deceased.
John Hickes of S^ Ives gent** aged 68, gave evidence.
John Painter of S^ Ives yeoman aged 60, says that one
Samuel Noell was in partnership with the Defendant John
Sincock in the ownership of a fishing boat.
William Hawking of S* Ives Cooper aged 53.
John Stephens of S' Ives Merchant aged 40, as a witness for
the Defendants, says : ' It hath been the usuall custom for 20
years last past and upwards for the fishermen who were con-
cerned in the fishery and went to sea from the Burrough of
S* Ives in order to catch pilchard and herring fish on their Arivall
to the shoar to pay the tenth part thereof for tyth unto the
proctors or Agents of the Impropriators thereof And this Depont
hath wthn the time atsd observed that when such fishing Boats
should arive or come on shoar by day with such herrings and
pilchards so taken that the said proctors or their Agents did
generally attend to receive the same without any notice given
them. But if or when itt happened that any of the fishing boats
should arive or come on shoar by night and the Owners of such
fish so taken and brought to shoar had a mind to land and divide
the same that then and in such case the owners so concerned did
usually give Notice unto the Proctors or their Agents to attend
in order to receive the Tyth thereof.'
John Stevens of S* Ives Merchant aged 60, speaks as to the
'usage and custom of laying out and paying the tyth of such
pilchard and herring fish as have been taken near and brought
unto the said port of S* Ives or taken by the Inhabitants of
S* Ives in other places and saved or aired in other ports during
all which time this Deponent has observed and taken it to be the
custom within the said Burrough of S' Ives that when any drive-
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340 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
ing boats belonging to the said Burrough so catched and brought
on shoar any pilchard or herring fish the Proctors or their Agents
for receiving the tyth of such pilchard or herring fish usually
attended the arrivall of such boats and the usual way of giving
out the said fish and the tyth thereof was after this manner (To
Witt) the fishermen on board the said boats filled up about loo
or 200 in a Baskett and delivered out in such basketts unto and
among the owners of such fish according to their respective shares
and interest therein and when the tenth baskett came to be
delivered the fishermen called out Deka Deka and the proctors
or agents for the said tyth generally attended and took and
receaved the same.'
l*De^* was the Cornish word for ten, and 'Deka' for the tenth, or tithe.]
Thomas Cook of S' Ives mariner aged 60.
Ephraim Richards of S* Ives taylor aged 60.
William Tregerthen of S* Ives mariner aged 50.
Thomas James of S* Ives fisherman aged 57.
These also gave evidence on behalf of the Defendants.
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CHAPTER XX.
WESLEY AT SAINT IVES.
Both Wesley and his followers were subjected to much abomin-
able ill-treatment in Cornwall, and particularly at Saint Ives. A
society had been formed at this town by Charles Wesley, in the
face of fierce opposition. So unpopular were the * Canorums,'
as the Cornish people nicknamed the Methodists, that when the
news reached Saint Ives of Admiral Matthews' victory over the
Spaniards, the mob pulled down the meeting-house for joy,
being under the impression that the Methodists, as disaffected
and disorderly persons, must necessarily be in sympathy with
Jacobitism and foreign invasions. The most usual way of perse-
cuting Wesley and his adherents at Saint Ives was for the
magistrates to issue warrants to have them taken by the press-
gang, as ' able-bodied men, who had no lawful calling or sufl&cient
maintenance.'
John Wesley went to Saint Ives in 1748 ; he found the
inhabitants more tractable than before, but still inhospitable.
He was detained here for some time by the illness of one of his
companions. * All that time,' says John Nelson, ' Mr. Wesley
and I lay on the floor ; he had my greatcoat for his pillow, and I
had Burkitt's " Notes on the New Testament " for mine. After
being here near three weeks, one morning, about three o'clock,
M"^ Wesley turned over, and finding me awake, clapped me on
the side, saying, " Brother Nelson, let us be of good cheer ; I
have one whole side yet, for the skin is off but on one side." '
In his last Journal, Wesley notices the meeting-house of the
Methodists at Hayle being * unlike any other in England, both
as to its form and materials. It is exactly round, and composed
wholly of brazen slags, which, I suppose, will last as long as the
earth.'
The present Wesleyan chapel at Saint Ives is a very large
plain building, at the bottom of the Stennack. It was built
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342 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
about the year 1820. Close by are the schools, disused since
the board schools were opened ; and in the rear, in Street-
an-Garrow, are the ruined remains of an old house where
Wesley stayed during his later visits to Saint Ives, when the
house was the home of the Uren family. The house next to
this, which is still entire, was the home of John Nance, of
whom mention is made in Wesley's journal. From this interest-
ing book we glean the following particulars of Wesley's doings in
the Saint Ives district :
Wesley first visited Saint Ives August 30, 1743. * All were
quiet and attentive.* The Society were about 120. 'As we
were going to church at eleven, a large company at the market-
place welcomed us with a loud huzza; wit as harmless as the
ditty sung under my window (composed, one assured me, by a
gentlewoman of their own town),
* " Charles Wesley is come to town,
To try if he can pull the churches down." '
In the evening, after preaching, many began to be turbulent ;
but John Nelson went into the midst of them, spoke a little to
the loudest, who answered not again, but went quietly away.
7 September, Wesley preached to two or three hundred
people at Zennor; he 'found much good-will in them, but no
life.'
13 Sept^ Wesley sailed from S* Ives for Scilly with John
Nelson, M*" Shepherd, three men and a pilot, in a fishing-boat ;
they returned to S^ Ives in the same boat.
' 16 Sept^ In the evening, as I was preaching at S^ Ives,
Satan began to fight for his kingdom. The mob of the town
burst into the room, and created much disturbance ; roaring and
striking those that stood in their way, as though Legion himself
possessed them. I would fain have persuaded our people to
stand still ; but the zeal of some, and the fears of others, had no
ears : so that, finding the uproar increase, I went into the midst,
and brought the head of the mob up with me to the desk. I
received but one blow on the side of the head, after which we
reasoned the case, till he grew milder and milder and at length
undertook to quiet his companions.*
* 19 Sept' at S^ Ives ; We were informed, the rabble had
designed to make their general assault in the evening. But one
of the Aldermen came, at the request of the Mayor, and stayed
with us the whole time of the service.'
Wesley visited S' Ives a second time on 3 April, 1744. He
says * I was a little surprised at entering John Nance's house ;
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WESLEY AT ST. IVES. 343
being received by many, who were waiting for me there, with a
loud (though not bitter) cry.' ' As soon as we went out, we
were saluted, as usual, with a huzza, and a few stones, or pieces
of dirt. But in the evening none opened his mouth, while I
proclaimed, " I will love thee, O Lord, my strength ; I will call
upon the Lord, who is worthy to be praised ; so shall I be
delivered from my enemies." *
* Thurs. 5. — I took a view of the ruins of the house which
the mob had pulled down a little before, for joy that Admiral
Matthews had beat the Spaniards. Such is the Cornish method
of thanksgiving. I suppose if Admiral Lestock had fought too,
they would have knocked all the Methodists on the head.' (The
Methodists, it will be understood, were most unjustly suspected
of sympathising with the Pope and the Pretender.)
On this occasion the Methodists encountered much perse-
cution, which Wesley says * was owing in great measure, to the
indefatigable labours of M' Hoblin and M^ Simmons [Hoblin the
vicar, and Symonds the curate] ; gentlemen worthy to he had in ever-
lasting remembrance, for their unwearied endeavours to destroy
heresy.'
On the 7th April he writes : * I took down part of the
account of the late riot ; which (to show the deep regard of the
actors herein for His Majesty) was on the self-same day on
which His Majesty's Proclamation against rioters was read. Yet
I see much good has been brought out of it already ; particularly
the great peace we now enjoy.'
Wesley went with John Nance to ' Rosemargay ' in Zennor,
where he found there had been a ' shaking * among the brethren
* occasioned by the confident assertions of some that they had
seen Mr. Wesley a week or two ago with the Pretender in
France.'
At Rosemergy Wesley had prepared for him 'a little
chamber, and set for him there a bed, and a table, and a
stool, and a candlestick.' This was called * M*" Wesley's Room,'
and some of the furniture, with his inkstand, was long preserved
there.
Dr. Borlase, the renowned vicar of Ludgvan, had, complains
Wesley, spoken evil of the Methodists, in spite of the evident
change for good which the Society had effected among his parish-
ioners. The Doctor asked Jonathan Reeves to tell him who of
them had been improved by Wesley's teaching ; to whom when
Reeves named one John Daniel, the doctor answered, * Get
along, you are a parcel of mad, crazy-headed fellows,* and thrust
him to the door.
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344 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
On April lo Wesley records in his journal that he walked
over to Zennor, and after preaching, * settled the infant Society.*
April II. ' Being the Public Fast, the church of S^ Ives was
well filled. After reading those strong words, "If they have
Called the master of the house Beelzebub, how much more them
of his household," M^ Hoblin fulfilled them, by vehemently de-
claiming against the new sect, as enemies of the church, Jacobites,
Papists, and what not. This sermon had such an effect, that
next day, as James Wheatley, one of Wesley's companions, was
walking through the town, he was assailed with a shower of
stones. * He stepped into a house ; but the master of it followed
him like a lion, to drag him out. Yet after a few words his mind
was changed, and he swore nobody should hurt him. Meantime
one went for a Justice of Peace, who came and promised to see
him safe home. The mob followed, hallooing and shouting
amain. Near John Paynter s house the Justice left him : they
quickly beset the house. But a messenger came from the Mayor,
forbidding any to touch M*" Wheatley, at his peril. He then
went home. But between seven 4nd eight the mob came and
beset John Nance's house. John Nance and John Paynter went
out, and stood before the door ; though they were quickly covered
with dirt. The cry was *' Bring out the Preacher ! Pull down
the house!" And they began to pull down the boards which
were nailed against the windows. But the Mayor, hearing it,
came without delay, and read the Proclamation against riots:
upon which, after many oaths and imprecations they thought
proper to disperse.* The principal accusation against John
Wesley was that he had brought the Pretender secretly to Saint
Ives the previous autumn, under the name of John Downes.
In September, 1744, one of Wesley's co-evangelists, Henry
Millward, wrote to him from Cornwall, informing him that in that
county * the devil rages horribly. Even at S* Ives, we cannot shut
the doors of John Nance's house, to meet the society, but the mob
immediately threaten to break them open. They now triumph over
us more and more, saying it is plain nothing can be done against
them.' He also complains that Dr. Borlase had committed his
companion, Mr. Westall, to Bodmin goal as a vagrant, but he
was soon set at liberty.
John Wesley was at Saint Ives for the third time on June 22,
1745, and again suffered much vexatious treatment at the hands
of that irreconcileable antiquary. Dr. Borlase. On the 23rd,
which was a Sunday, * as we returned from church at noon, a
famous man of the town attacked us, for the entertainment of his
masters. I turned back and spoke to him, and he was ashamed^
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WESLEY AT ST, IVES, 345
We expected a visit in the evening from some of the devil's
drunken champions, who swarm here on a holy-day, so called ;
but none appeared ; so after a confortable hour, we praised God,
and parted in peace/
' On Sunday, 30, about six in the evening, I began preaching
at S* Ives, in the street, near John Nance's door. A multitude
of people were quickly assembled, both high and low, rich and
poor, and I observed not any creature to laugh or smile, or
hardly move hand or foot.' But one Mr. Edwards came from
the mayor, with a man whom he ordered to read the proclama-
tion, whereupon Wesley concluded his discourse.
So great had been the famous preacher's influence on the
inhabitants of the westernmost borough, that, on July 8, 1745,
scarcely two years since his first arrival there, Wesley calls Saint
Ives *the most still and honourable post (so are the times
changed) which we have in Cornwall.'
On the nth he writes, * I found some life, even at Zennor,'
and next day he met the stewards of all the societies, at Saint
Ives.
From Cornwall it was Wesley's usual practice to proceed to
South Wales, making Cardiff his head-quarters.
He arrived at Saint Ives for the fourth time on September 5,
1746, and preached in the Green Court next day* Afterwards he
rode to Zennor, before the church service began, and preached
near the churchyard ('and surely never was it more wanted')
upon the text, 'Whom ye ignorantly worship. Him declare I
unto you.* ' I preached,' he says, ' at S^ Ives about five, to a
more understanding people, on " Thou art not far from the king-
dom of God."'
A fifth visit to Saint Ives was made on June 30, 1747. ' We
came to Saint Ives before Morning Prayers, and walked to church
without so much as one huzza. How strangely has one year
changed the scene in Cornwall 1 This is now a peaceable, nay,
honourable station.'
Next day John Wesley spoke severally to all those who had
votes in the ensuing election, and prevailed upon them to accept
no bribes. ' Five guineas had been given to W. C, but he
returned them immediately. T. M. positively refused to accept
anything. And when he heard that his mother had received
money privately, he could not rest till she gave him the three
guineas, which he instantly sent back.' Among Wesley's
' Exhorters * at this date are those indicated by the initials J. B.,
A. L., and J. W.
On August 19, 1750, Wesley visited Saint Ives for the sixth
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346 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
time, and next day held a quarterly meeting and the first watch-
night service that had ever been held in Cornwall.
23rd August. ' Having first sent to the mayor [John Edwards]
to inquire if it would be offensive to him, I preached in the
evening, not far from the market-place. There was a vast con-
course of people, very few of the adult inhabitants of the town
being wanting. I had gone through two-thirds of my discourse,
to which the whole audience was deeply attentive, when M^
S. sent his man to ride his horse to and fro through the
midst of the congregation. Some of the chief men in the town
bade me go on ; and said no man should hinder me, but I judged
it better to retire to the room.'
A seventh visit to Saint Ives was paid on September 19, 1751,
but nothing special is recorded of it.
For the eighth time Wesley came to the town on July 26,
i753» when, upon his examination of the society, * I found an
accursed thing among them; well-nigh one and all bought or
sold uncustomed goods. I told them plain, either they must put
this abomination away, or they would see my face no more. They
severally promised to do so. So I trust this plague is stayed.'
He was at Saint Ives again on September 7, 1755, for the
ninth time. Mr. K., a young attorney, who had attended the
meetings, was seized with a kind of possession. Wesley set
aside a day of fasting and prayer on his behalf, after which his
condition improved.
On September 12, 1757, Wesley was for the tenth time in
the Saint Ives district, and preached in a field at Lelant.
John Wesley visited Saint Ives for the eleventh time on the
September 10, 1760, and preached in a field to an immense con-
gregation. He says * the clear sky, the setting sun, the smooth,
still \^ater, all agreed with the state of the audience.' Inquiring
about the great storm of March 9, 1759, he was informed that
' it began near the Land's End, between nine and ten at night,
and went eastward, not above a mile broad, over S* Just, Morva,
Zennor, S^ Ives, and Gwinear, whence it turned northward over
the sea. It uncovered all the houses in its way, and was accom-
panied with impetuous rain. About a mile south-east from Saint
Ives, it tore up a rock, twelve or fourteen ton weight, from the
top of a rising ground, and whirled it down upon another, which
it split through, and at the same time dashed itself in pieces. It
broke down the pinnacles of Gwinear church, which forced their
way through the roof. And it was remarkable the rain which
attended it was as salt as any sea- water.'
On the 2ist Wesley preached at Cubert, where James
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WESLEY AT ST. IVES, 347
Roberts, a tinner, of Saint Ives, gave a thrilling account of his
conversion.
The great preacher's twelfth visit to Saint Ives occurred on
September 14, 1762, when he preached near the quay. ' Two or
three pretty butterflies came, and looked, and smiled, and went
away; but all the rest of the numerous congregation behaved
with the utmost seriousness.'
For the thirteenth time Wesley was preaching at Saint Ives,
on September 13, 1765, before an immense congregation assem-
bled in the open air.
His fourteenth visit was paid on September 9, 1766, when he
called on Alice Daniel, of Rosemergy, in Zennor, with whom he
had formerly lodged. At Saint Ives the rain compelled him to
preach in the house.
For the sixteenth time Wesley came to Saint Ives, on
August 21, 1770, concerning which visit he writes : ' Here God
has made all our enemies to be at peace with us, so that I might
have preached in any part of the town. But I rather chose a
meadow, where such as would might sit down, either on the
grass or on the hedges, — ^so the Cornish term their broad stone
walls, which are usually covered with grass.'
Next day, Sunday, * being desired to preach in the town, for
the sake of some who could not come up the hill [the Stennack] I
began near the market-place at eight, on " Without holiness no
man shall see the Lord ?" We had an useful sermon at church.
At five I preached again. Well-nigh all the town were present,
and thousands from all parts of the countrj'.'
Curious is the following passage : * At nine I renewed the
meeting of the children, which had also been given up for a long
season. But so dead a company have I seldom seen. I found
scarce one spark of even the fear of God among them.'
On August 20, 1773, a seventeenth visit was paid to Saint
Ives. On the evening of that day Wesley preached in the
Market-place, to the largest congregation he had ever seen in
Cornwall.
An eighteenth visit was paid on September 2, 1774, when
Wesley preached, in Saint Ives Market-place, to nearly the
whole of the inhabitants of the town.
On September 4, 1775, John Wesley again went to Saint
Ives, and * preached in the little meadow above the town.' He
writes that * the people in general here (excepting the rich) seem
almost persuaded to be Christians. Perhaps the prayer of their
old Pastor, M^ Tregoss, is answered even to the fourth genera-
tion.* This was Wesley's nineteenth visit.
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348 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
The next, the twentieth, of which nothing particular remains
on record, was on September 24, 1776.
At his twenty-first visit, on October 23, 1777, Wesley preached
on the CliflF, at St. Ives.
On August 28, 1778, John Wesley visited Saint Ives for the
twenty-second time, and * rejoiced to find that peace and love
prevailed through the whole circuit. Those who styled them-
selves My Lady's Preachers, who screamed, and railed, and
threatened to swallow us up, are vanished away. I cannot learn
that they have made one convert— a plain proof that God did
not send them.'
A twenty-third visit was paid on August 25, 1780, when
Wesley writes, * Here is no opposer now.'
On August 31, 1781, he was preaching for the twenty-fourth
time at Saint Ives, in the market-place.
Concerning his twenty-fifth visit, on August 26, 1785, Wesley
writes : * In the evening I preached in the market-place at St.
Ives, to almost the whole town. This was the first place in Corn-
wall where we preached, and where Satan fought fiercely for his
kingdom ; but now all is peace. I found old John Nance had
rested from his labours. Some months since, sitting behind the
preacher, in the pulpit, he sunk down, was carried out, and fell
asleep.'
On September 8, 1787, Wesley was once more at Saint Ives,
for the twenty-sixth time. Being market-day, he preached in a
convenient field at the end of the town to a very numerous and
serious congregation.
For the twenty-seventh and last time, on August 25, 1789,
Wesley ' went to St. Ives, and preached, as usual, on one side of
the market-place. Wellnigh all the town attended, and with all
possible seriousness. Surely forty years labour has not been in
vain here.'
Such is the account, written by his own hand, of the labours
of John Wesley at Saint Ives, which, commencing in the teeth of
the most dead-headed opposition, produced in the result an effect
so deep and so lasting.
It would be impossible to overrate the results of Wesley's
preaching in Cornwall, the inhabitants of which, from a careless
people whose only religion was a curious mixture of the remains
of Catholicism with the yet more ancient vestiges of Celtic
paganism, became a sober, Bible-reading folk, only less strongly
Protestant and matter-of-fact than their Welsh cousins, who re-
ceived Calvinism from Whitfield at the same date. The rise of
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WESLEY AT ST. IVES. 349
Methodism was the signal for the final disappearance of the old
Celtic beliefs in witchcraft, fairies, and other relics of Druidism,
and will be admitted, by both the friends and foes of Puritanism,
to have been the crowning of the movement commenced by the
Reformers in the sixteenth century. To Methodism, undoubtedly,
we owe it that, along with the poetic and lovable forms of old-
world misbeliefs and practices, Cornwall has thrown off those
formerly universal evils— smuggling, wrecking, and drunkenness.
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CHAPTER XXI.
A SAINT IVES MAN PRISONER OF WAR IN FRANCE.
At the beginning of this century, when an invasion by Buonaparte
began to be feared, active preparations were commenced at Saint
Ives for resisting any French landing in the neighbourhood. A
corps was formed, under the title of the Royal Cornwall Volunteer
Militia. It was an artillery force, largely composed of sailors and
miners ; the year of its formation was 1815. Squire Stephens, of
Tregenna, subscribed largely to the expenses, as will be found on
reference to our extracts from his account-book.
From the same account-book of Squire Stephens we gather
that several Saint Ives men were languishing in French prisons
at this time. Two Saint Ives men were then confined in the
prison of Charleville in French Flanders. Their names were
Thomas Williams and John Short. They had the most sur-
prising adventures during their captivity of ten years. There are
in the possession of their descendants manuscripts in the hand-
writing of both Thomas Williams and John Short, giving ac-
counts of their adventures in France. The following abridgement
may not be inappropriate to our History :
* NARRATIVE OF THE ADVENTURES OF THOMAS WILLIAMS, OF
ST. IVES, IN THE COUNTY OF CORNWALL, WHO WAS
THIRTEEN YEARS A PRISONER OF WAR IN FRANCE.
• I was taken prisoner of war by the French on the 28th of
March, 1804, on board the brig Friendship, of London, Josias
Sincock, master, bound from London with copper and flour for
the Devonport dockyard. We weighed anchor in the Downs,
and sailed down the Channel with a fair wind, under convoy of
the Spider (or Speedy) gun-brig ; but not being a fast sailer, and
having waited too long at the Downs, to take on board a new
long-boat, we were rather astern of the fleet when night came on.
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A ST. IVES MAN PRISONER OF WAR IN FRANCE. 351
I was on the forecastle looking out (being then a lad of 13 years
of age) when we espied a lugger coming towards the shore upon
a wind. We lost sight of her for some time, but at length we
saw her coming up close astern of us. We hailed her, but got no
reply. At last she sheared up under our quarter, and hove a
grapnel on board ; and very soon a great number of her crew
came onto our deck well armed, and took possession of our ship,
driving all our ship's company below, except myself, whom they
kept on deck to show them the leading ropes. They soon altered
our course for the coast of France, the lugger keeping us company
the whole night. In the morning early we were close into
Dieppe harbour, not having seen an English cruiser during the
whole time. When the tide suited, we were put into the harbour,
and were the same day sent on shore to a round castle, where
they kept us three days. When we landed they took away all
our clothes, excepting what we had on, and had the audacity to
come and see us in the prison, with some of our men's clothes on
them.
' On the ist of April we began our march towards Giv6t. I
believe we were a fortnight in getting there, having travelled
between two and three hundred miles. When we arrived at
Giv6t we found ^ several other ships' companies: H.M.S. La
Mtnerve's, which was lost at Cherbourg, several of the men of the
Harwich packet, which had been detained in the country, and
the crew of H.M.S. Hussar, which was lost on the Saints Rocks
near Brest. The prison was a very large horse-barrack, divided
off into corridors, each corridor containing eight rooms, and
each room sixteen persons, and at night the doors were all locked.
In the mornings we had liberty to go into a long, narrow yard
close to the river Meuse. Three times a day we were mustered,
and the yard would then scarcely contain our numbers. The
provisions allowed us were as follows : i lb. of brown bread, i lb.
of so-called " meat," consisting of heads, livers, lights, and offal
of a bullock's carcase. We were paid three farthings a day, from
which they kept back a portion towards keeping the prison in
repair. We were so reduced that we could scarcely fetch our
own food from the town, as we were obliged to do every fourth
day. The truth of this can be known from a small book pub-
lished by the Rev. Robert Barber Woolfe, acting chaplain of the
dep6t, who came there from Verdun some time after the dep6t
was established. You can easily imagine the state of society in
such a place, without any kind of restraint. Capt. Joel Brenton,
of the La Minerve, laid down certain rules for the commandant
with respect to spirits, etc., which he rigidly adhered to as far
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352 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
as he could in a direct way. But the old navy men found out
many dodges and inventions whereby smuggling was carried on
in every possible way, and you'll easily guess the consequence.
* However, in the midst of much confusion I did all I could to
improve my learning ; but not having many books, and for want
of means to buy paper, pens and ink, my progress was not very
rapid. But I did with much pains and self-denial get on pretty
well in arithmetic. I then began to learn navigation : but we
having only one old Hamilton Moore amongst us, I was obliged
to copy out all the tables in that book, before I could proceed
with my studies. I then began in right earnest, and soon made
myself master of that science. Before long I became a teacher
of navigation to many others, and by that means made myself
more perfect, and earned many a sol to help out my own neces-
sities.
* Some three or four years, I think, after we arrived at the
dep6t, we were allowed id. a day from the English ; it was said
to be from Lloyd's. ' By that supply, although very small, we
were kept from starvation.
* After being confined at Giv^t for seven, years, and seeing no
hopes of an exchange of prisoners, myself and two others made
up our minds to get away. This could only be at the risk of life
and limb, for they would not scruple to fire upon you at the least
alarm. Several prisoners attempted to escape; but all were
taken in the act and were cut down and beaten most severely.
Two midshipmen, Haywood and Tyrell, started firom the town
and concealed themselves in a cave until night. But their own
servant, a marine named Wilson, belonging to the frigate La
Minerve, informed the authorities. They fired into the cave, and
killed Haywood, afterwards cutting Tyrell very badly with the
sword ; so that it was difficult to escape. I made two or three
attempts before I succeeded, as the prisons are so well guarded
day and night.
' About this time Buonaparte's army was in Spain and badly in
need of recruits. They sent officers to each dep6t of prisoners to
recruit men for an Irish Brigade. Accordingly Captain Mackey
and Lieutenant Devereaux, two Irishmen, who I believe left
their country at the time of the Rebellion, came to the dep6t of
Giv6t for that purpose.
*In March, 1811, I escaped from Giv6t with my two com-
panions. But in four days we were recaptured, tried by Military
Court Martial, and sentenced to six years in irons. We were
then sent to the county jail at Meziers, to wait for orders from
Paris to send us to our place of destination. But whilst we were
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A ST, IVES MAN PRISONER OF WAR IN FRANCE. 353
there. Napoleon the Second was born, and we received orders to
march back to Giv6t, to be pardoned, as we supposed, and we
were free of irons. When we reached Givfet they put us in close
confinement at Charlemont, until further orders from Paris.
Before the further orders arrived, we broke out again with two
others who were under sentence for misdemeanours in the prison,
and in eleven nights we reached the sea-coast between Ostend
and Nieueport. Finding we could not do anything at Newport,
we went along the coast from there to Boulogne, but could not
find a boat anywhere on the coast. Being arrived near Dunkirk
about daybreak, we reached a certain house. The host came
down and was very savage with us. We asked him for a drink ot
water and a bit of bread, and begged him to sell us some milk.
After a while he consented to open the door and take us in. He
then lit a good fire, and we had some boiled milk and bread,
which was very acceptable.
* During this journey we obtained food by getting near a house
a little before dark, as we were then sure that there would not be
many men about. It was my duty to enter and make my best
terms with the family, while the others kept sentry outside. If I
found the family ill-disposed, I summoned my companions, and
then they were forced to comply with our demands.
* We slept at the above-mentioned house in a loft nearly full
of onions. Our host proved to be a very fine fellow. When we
left him, on the second night, he very pointedly asked us what
we were and where we were going to ; in reply to which we said
we were Englishmen trying to get to our own country. He told
us there were 400 or 500 English vessels then in the harbour, and
advised us to go into the town. This, however, we were un-
willing to do, as we still wore our prison dress, and so feared the
sentries at the draw-bridges. Our host then agreed to take a
letter for us to one of the English ship-masters. Accordingly I
sat down and wrote a long epistle describing our situation. Our
host put on his best clothes and carried the letter into the town.
When he arrived at the quay he gave our letter to an English
sailor, who thereupon conducted him to a public house. At this
place a long conference was held, between several English cap-
tains, on the subject of the letter ; but our host, understanding no
English, could not guess the purport of their conversation. How-
ever, it appeared that the Englishmen would not help us nor
even come to see us, which put our kind entertainer in a bitter
temper against them. He then said to me, " If you will come
with me in the morning I will show you a breach in the ramparts
through which you can get to the harbour. I know the English-
23
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354 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
men will then take you." But I refused to have anything to do
with such a bad set of fellows. We then set out^ our host ac-
companying us for several miles along the coast from Dunkirk to
Boulogne, but could not obtain a boat anywhere.
'We reached Boulogne about midnight, intending to join
some American ship at Havre. But being challenged by two
sentries in succession we decided to go no further until daylight.
When day dawned, to our great mortification we found ourselves
in the French camp, with ten thousand troops. Escape was
impossible ; but observing some soldiers go into the town over a
breach in the ramparts, we took courage and followed them.
Strange to say, nobody accosted us, so we reached the quay,
where there were some small men-of-war, and went into a wine-
shop. Whilst we were having a glass of brandy and some bread
and butter, the mistress of the house questioned us as to who
we were. We told her we were Americans, and wanted to get a
vessel. She said she would go and fetch some of the owners who
lived near there, as soon as they would be out of bed. By-and-by
she left the house, but soon returned with two gensdarmes with
their swords in their hands, who came to us and demanded our
passports. We were then handcuffed and marched off to the
Civil Gaol. Here we found an old Welshman named Powel, in
a most wretched state, covered with vermin. He had come over
to France in the Peace, to teach them about their coal-mines,
and when he got old he wished to be sent home. As the
authorities refused to send him back to England, he made a
canvas boat, but found himself unable to carry it to the water-
side. He then hired a woman to assist him ; but they were both
taken by the gensdarmes and put into prison, where I found him.
Next day they brought to the gaol three Englishmen prisoners
of war from Valenciennes. The day after our apprehension I
was taken before the Preffet and strictly examined by his secre-
tary. After taking my deposition, the Pref^t asked me which
was the last place we ran from ? I said Thilt. He asked where
that was. I replied *' Please give me a chart and I will show
you." He then said " How did you get away from there ?" I
said in French " We made a hole in the wall. Sir." He then said
in English "You were like one little mouse," and we all laughed
heartily. I was then taken back to the Civil Gaol, and after
being there four days we were transferred to the Military Gaol
in the Castle — a large cell 25 steps underground. Here we had
a guard-bed to lie on, but no straw. We found here hundreds of
very large rats.
' Before proceeding further with my narrative, I will mention
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A ST. IVES MAN PRISONER OF WAR IN FRANCE. 355
another very narrow escape we had after leaving Giv^t not far
from Valenciennes. We were travelling through a wood, and
came in sight of a house. Thinking it to be a farmhouse we
knocked at the door. When it was opened, to our great astonish-
ment we found it to be the house of a Garde Champfetre, with all
his arms arranged round the walls of the room. The Garde was
a rough-looking fellow, but we took possession and made him
boil us some milk and bread, of which we then ate our fill We
left there before daylight, and in the morning came to a small
village, where we were very kindly treated by one of the inhabitants.
Our host told us that that village had been the Duke of York's
head-quarters at the siege of Valenciennes. At night he went
with us for some distance, to put us on the right road. We
steered principally by the comet, which appeared in the N.W.
quarter, and by the North Star, so that we made a pretty direct
route towards the coast. Great was our joy at once more seeing
the sea, and hearing the billows breaking on the shore. It now
rained incessantly for hours, and we had no shelter but stalks of
barley-corn which was nearly ripe. One of our number, Thomas
Eyles, caught a severe cold, and was very ill with the shingles ;
nevertheless he kept up bravely, until taken near Newport, when
we seized a boat in the river.
* We were eleven nights in getting to the coast. We were not
able to travel in the daytime, for fear of being seen. We generally
contrived to hide ourselves in some wood or corn-field. On one
occasion while lying in a field of corn we were suddenly sur-
rounded by women who had come to reap. We jumped up and
ran, whereat they screamed out, being more frightened than we
were.
' One night we came to a deep river, and as I could not swim
my companions advised me to mount a horse which was standing
near, and make him swim across, but I was afraid to venture.
We then unshipped a gate from the 'field, took a harrow and put
it on the gate, and on this I floated across the river, my two
comrades swimming alongside and pushing me along. Soon
afterwards we came to a farmhouse, the occupant of which put
us into his barn. We had not been long there before some gens-
darmes came in search of us ; for, seeing what had been done at
the river, they supposed we were conscript deserters from the
army. However, our good host would not betray us, so we
passed the day in safety and were well supplied with soup and
bread by the mistress of the house. I might have stayed there
for good, if I had liked, but I had my native laud in view.
' To return to my prison at Boulogne : whilst being confined
23—2
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356 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
in this underground cell we had served out to us each day i^^ of
brown bread and soup. The jailor would bring down to the cell
a large kettle of soup made with a few potatoes, some cabbage
and a little^bread. Around this kettle stood ten men, each having
a wooden spoon, and everyone took his turn to dip in his spoon.
If by chance he got a potato, he was sure to lose his chance to
dip in turn, as the potato would be too hot to eat all at once.
We only had meat once all the ten days I was there. There
were over a hundred prisoners in that gaol, army and navy
deserters andjwe English. The serving out of the meat ended in
a general scramble, in which I got considerably less than my
fair share. We had scarcely an hour's sleep all the time we were
there, because the soldiers and sailors kept bantering and singing
songs against each other constantly. We were very glad to leave
that horrible place.'
The MS. is so confused and defective, that for the subse-
quent adventures of Thomas Williams we must rely upon a brief
note found amongst his papers, from which it appears that he
was court-martialed and sentenced to six years in irons, after
having escaped three times from prison ; that he was then con-
fined in the citadel of Brian9on, in the Alps, in a bomb-proof
room, and one month in a dark underground cell, from which he
dug his way out in fifteen days, and got away on the mountains
not very far from Mont Blanc. He was recaptured and had to
march, chained to other prisoners, with Napoleon's army across
the Alps. After the general pardon he was sent to Cornwall,
and put ashore at Mousehole, from which place he walked to
Saint Ives, and finally reached his home on May 14, 1814. His
own mother did not know him at first. He set up as a school-
master at Saint Ives, and became the parish clerk. He died in
1862. His descendants still possess, in addition to the relics
previously mentioned, a cockade of white silk with a black centre,
stitched on to a knave card, which was made for him by some
French girls on his release. Thomas Williams's representatives
preserve also, besides the above manuscript, a water-colour
drawing of the prison at Giv^t, and the original parchment certi-
ficate of the Emperor's pardon, signed by Buonaparte himself;
translated it runs as follows :
' Napoleon, by the grace of God and the Constitution of the
Empire, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Protector of the
Confederation of the Rhine, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation
&c &c &c To the First President, Presidents and Councillors
composing our Imperial Court at Grenoble : We have received
the demand which has been made to us in the name of Thomas
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A ST. IVES MAN PRISONER OF WAR IN FRANCE. 357
Williams, apprentice seaman, English prisoner of war, con-
demned, by a military court-martial sitting at Giv^t on the
16 March 181 1, to the punishment of six years in irons for having
eloped from the dep6t of Givfet, and detained at Brian9on in
order to obtain our Pardon ; and having observed that divers
circumstances might incline us to make him sensible of the
effects of our clemency, we have assembled in a Privy Council
in our Palace of Saint Cloud, the 4^^ day of August, 181 1, our
Cousin the Prince Arch-Chancellor of the Empire, the Prince
Governor General of the Departments beyond, our cousin the
Prince Vice Grand Elector, and the Prince Vice Constable, the
Duke of Massa, Great Judge, Minister of Justice, and de Feltre,
Minister of War, Count Decres, Minister of Marines, & Count
Lac6pede, Minister of State, President of the Senate, Count
Gamier, Senator, the Councillors of State, Count Boulay,
President of the Legislative Body, and Deformon Minister of
State, President of the Section of Finances, Count Muraire,
First President of the Court of Abrogation, and Count Merlin,
Councillor of State, our chief Solicitor in the same Court, and
after having heard the Duke of Massa's report and the advice
of the other members of the Privy Council, everything seen and
examined, being willing to prefer mercy to the rigour of the law,
we have declared and do declare full mercy and entire Pkrdon to
the said Thomas Williams, And command and order that these
presents, sealed with the seal of the Empire, be presented to him
by our chief Solicitor in the said Court, in public audience,
whither the offender will be conducted to hear it read, standing,
and his head uncovered, in the presence of the officer command-
ing the Gendarmerie at Grenoble, and that the said presents be
afterwards transcribed on your registers by the request of the
same Solicitor, with the annotation of this margin from the
moment of pronouncing his condemnation.
* Given in the palace of the Tuileries, under the seal of the
Empire, on the 15* day of August in the year one thousand eight
hundred and eleven.
* Napoleon.
* Seen by us Arch Chancellors of the Empire, Armling, Great
Judge, Minister of Justice, Duke of Massa.
* By the Emperor, the Minister Secretary of State.
' C. Nernez.'
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CHAPTER XXII.
SAINT IVES IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH
CENTURY.
Saint Ives was at the height of its prosperity during the first
quarter of the present century, when its mines were all working,
its fisheries remunerative, and its agriculture in full swing. At
that happy time Saint Ives was the metropolis of West Cornwall,
and its inhabitants were noted for the polished gaiety of their
mode of life ; balls, concerts and dinner-parties in the winter-
season, and picnics and boating excursions in the summer made
up the annual round of fashionable pleasure at Saint Ives. But
before the middle of the century the well-being of the ancient
borough had seriously declined. One after the other her indus-
tries decayed ; the invention of steam navigation was the death-
blow to her numerous fleet of sailing-vessels, and to the ship-
building interests of the town. Next, mining, and then the
fisheries began to fail, and the condition of St. Ives seemed
hopeless indeed. This decay of trade was followed by a heavy
and long-continued emigration which soon reduced the population
of the town and parish. At the present day, the old Saint Ives
families are represented in every first-class seaport town in the
world. The sea-board of South Wales, notably Cardiff, is thronged
with Cornishmen, among whom natives of Saint Ives are very
numerous.
In 1811 Saint Ives is said to have contained only 712 houses
and 3,281 inhabitants.
The following is a list of the principal inhabitants of Saint
Ives in the year 1810, selected from a roll of subscribers to
Fortescue Hitchins' * Sea-Shore and other Poems,' published at
Sherborne in that year. The work is a very scarce one :
Miss Bamfylde. Hugh Edwards, Esq., Tren-
J. Bazely. with. [(London).
Miss Mary Bennetts. Pascoe Grenfell, Esq., M.P.
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FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 359
Sir Christopher Hawkins, Bar*. William Stevens, Trevalgan.
Miss Hichens. Mrs. P[aul] Tremearne.
James Halse, Esq. Captain T[homas] Tremearne.
Mr. Jenkyns, St Ives. C[hristopher] Trewhella, jun.
Francis Stephens Ley, Esq. Thomas Wallis, Esq.
Wm. Lander, Esq. (Falmouth). Mr. R[oger] Wearne.
Samuel Stephens, Esq:, M.P. Andrew Thomas (Towednack).
Courtney ('Guide to Penzance,' 1845) gives the following
picture of society at Saint Ives at that date :
* Not a century has passed away since S^ Ives was the chief
town in the west, and the resort of all the fashionable people of
the neighbourhood. But the blight of a parliamentary character
has rested upon it, and its inhabitants have been divided into
opposing parties, jealous and envious of each other ; and conse-
quently, while other towns around it have been flourishing and
improving, it has not only failed to keep pace with them, but has
actually fallen back into that state of relative inferiority from
which they have happily emerged.'
EXTRACTS FROM THE MS. DIARY OF CAPTAIN JOHN TREGERTHEN
SHORT, OF EVENTS WHICH TOOK PLACE AT SAINT IVES
BETWEEN 1817 AND 1838 :
1817. February 8. The Northern Lights appeared.
1819. November 17. An Address was sent to His Majesty from
S* Ives in consequence of M^ Hunt's party rising fermen-
tations in the Kingdom concerning universal suffrage. The
Collector and his clerk called to know whether I would
sign the requisition ; answered ' No,' and called a Rebel
for refusing.
1819. December 13. The brig Trtu Briton sailed from Swansea
on December 6; is supposed to have foundered with all
hands, James Thomas, master (who leaves a wife and
five children), Thomas Pearce, John Curnow's two sons
and young Cothey.
1820. February 12. George, Prince of Wales, was proclaimed
King of the United Kingdom, at S*. Ives this morning, by
the Mayor and Aldermen.
1820. March 27. According to their evidence the jury found
indictments against the two elected members [for bribery].
The evidences returned from Launceston having sworn
against Messrs. Evelyn and Graham. The effigy of * Tom
Tucket ' was publicly exhibited through the town, and then
taken on the sand by a numerous, company and burnt
before his own doer.
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36o A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
1830. May 4. Strong gales E.S.E. Several vessels came into
the harbour ; John and Goytree and others received damage.
1820. June 22. The evidences for M^. Halse arrived from Lon-
don, and before their departure the two Members Evelyn
and Graham were declared by a Committee of the House of
Commons duly elected, and that gross and infamous perjury
was pronounced against an Irishman named G. P. D.
1820. July 24. A grand Wrestling Match on Longstone Downs.
James Halse, Esq., and other gentlemen contributed to the
same.
1820. July 25. The wrestling ended at a late hour in the evening.
The St. Just men carried the day.
1820. October 10. M^. Roger Wearne's concern shot a seyne at
Carrick Gladden ; drift boats at night from 5,000 to 8,000
[pilchards].
1820. October 22. A tremendous gale from W.N.W. The
Champion of Wales, James Kempthorne master, came in
with loss of mainsail, &c.
1821. May 6. One of the aisles in the church fell down, occa-
sioned by the workmen undermining the same when
digging a vault for Mr. Robert Hichen's family.
1822. February 14. The news arrived that G. P. D., the Irish
false swearer against Messrs. Evelyn and Graham and
Halse, was sentenced on Monday last to seven years'
transportation.
1822. April II. The Free School belonging to Sir Christopher
Hawkins, Bart., M.P., was opened for the education of
poor children.
[This school was in Shute Street ; the charge was one penny per week, navi-
gation being taught. Although, doubtless, maintained by Sir Christopher
Hawkins for a political purpose, yet the town derived great benefit from
the school, and there are men still living who received their education at
* Sir Christopher's School.']
April 16. The wi^ie picked up by the boats was sold at
the * Globe ' tavern, by order of H.M. Customs.
26. The pilot-boat Caesar brought into the Roads a ketch
laden with fruit, from Messina, bound to St. Petersburg :
one man lost overboard on the passage.
May 20. The sailors at Hayle dismantled Capt. Sargeant's
vessel for trading in copper ore at 4s. per ton, on which
account the people of Hayle called out the Yeoman
Cavalry.
1823. October 10. The Quay dues sold for £915 (^925 with the
deeds), to M^ Roger Wearne, making 3^85 more than last
year.
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FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 361
1823. October 31. The gale has in no way abated. At 11.30 sum.
the brig Alfred, of Bideford, William Maine master, for
Swansea, came on shore on Pednolver Point ; crew saved,
with the exception of one lad.
1825. November 10. Wind N.E., a very heavy gale, with a tre-
mendous sea ; damage to shipping trivial, but some houses
on the beech were unroofed, windows broken, and cellar
doors forced open by the violence of the waves. The sea
broke at intervals into the church-yard, the graves were
levelled, and two head stones washed down.
Novr. 13 to 24. Drift-boats large catches of herrings, the
Frenchmen giving 3s. per hundred.
[French smacks formerly came to St. Ives in considerable numbers for the
purchase of herrings for curing purposes.]
Dec. 26. The negroes from the French brig Perle were
taken on shore by Habeas Corpus, ordered to be clothed
and sent to London.
1827. September 18. A desperate encounter on board the French
schooner L* Argus, of Havre, Capt. Letour. This vessel,
for her repairs and long detention here, has caused an
expense of more than £700, and having been bottomry'd, it
was arranged that the shipwright, J. Daniel, should go
over in the vessel; but before he came on board, they
thought to take her to sea without him ; in consequence of
which the apprentices and others who had been insulted
by the ship's company, after a battle with handspikes, suc-
ceeded in bringing the vessel into the pier again.
1828. June 10. At 10 a.m., Sir Christopher Hawkins, Bart., and
Wellesley Long Pole, Esq., the former supporting the
cause of the Right Honourable Sir Charles Arbuthnot,
attended at the Town Hall, when Wellesley Long Pole,
Esq., resigned the contest, and Sir Charles Arbuthnot
was elected without opposition. Immediately afterwards,
M' Wellesley Pole made an active and successful can-
vass of the town for another election, and left S^ Ives
at 10 p.m., having given each vote five shillings, and Sir
Christopher Hawkins gave all his friends five shillings.
July 21. All M"^ Wellesley's votes had a public dinner;
each received one guinea to defiray the expense of the
dinner, which came to ys. 3d. per man.
August 29. Arrived the Dutch ship EnUrprize^ from Ferol,
with Portuguese refugees on board.
[These were grandees who had engaged in Don Pedro's war. They sailed in
singing, with guitars and mandolins playing, and were lodged in cellars in
the Digey.]
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362 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
1828. August 31. Some of the Portuguese officers left for
Falmouth.
September i. A great number of the Portuguese left for
Falmouth, 372 in all, with some women.
2. The remainder of the refugees left for Falmouth.
1829. January 20. The schooner Eldred, the third vessel
launched from this port in twelve months, was set afloat
this day in good style ; some hundreds assembled on the
beach to witness the launch.
March 26. Sailed the schooner brig Eldredy Matthews master,
on her first voyage for Swansea, laden with copper-ore.
April 6. Sir Christopher Hawkins, Bart, departed this life
this morning in the 71st. year of his age. His death will
be greatly felt and deplored by hundreds. His charitable
contributions amongst the indigent will be found greatly
. wanting. A more generous and benevolent landlord could
not be found. He was never known to distrain for rent.
He established a Free School in S^ Ives for the education
of the poor, and gave the sum of ^100 towards enlarging
the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel in this town.
1829. October 10. The Quay sold to Vivian Stevens Williams
for 3^970.
1830. March 26. Some scores of people went on the rock
Gowna, in Porthmeor, dry shod ; a circumstance not
before remembered by the oldest man in St. Ives.
23. The great bell was brought to S^ Ives. Weight
19 cwt. 2 qrs. 5 lbs.
[The large bell has a piece broken out of the rim, and it is stated that an outer
rim * as large as a cart-wheel * was broken from this bell many years ago.
These two bells were cast from the metal of five other bells, which had
previously hung in the church-tower. It is not known by the present
writer when these bells were placed in position, or by whom, but it is re-
membered by persons still livmg that one of the bells was cracked prior to
1830, and lay for some time in the belfry. This bell had engraved upon it
the name of * Thomas Anthony, Mayor, 1721,' and it is supposed that the
bells were presented by the mayor and other gentlemen at that time.]
1831. April 30. At 9 a.m. the two candidates repaired to the
Guild-Hall, and after some time waiting, and no other
candidate having come forward to cause an opposition, the
votes present signified their intentions, by show of hands,
that the two candidates proposed, James Halse, Esq., and
Edward Lytton Bulwer, Esq., were duly and truly elected
members to serve in Parliament.
1831. May 3. Sailed the Brazilian ship, with Spanish refugees
on board, bound for Brest, in France.
5. Nine men drawn to serve in the County Militia: Geo.
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FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 363
Redfern, Sam. May, M^ Burgess, M^ Bevan, R. Curnow,
Richard Lander, W. Penberthy, N. Cardew, and Morris.
There had been no drawing for the six preceding years.
7. The Preventive-boat at S^ Agnes took a small cutter
with 120 kegs of spirits.
July 2. A smuggler, with 99 tubs of spirits and a crew of
six men, was captured by the Preventive-boat belonging to
this Station.
July 13. The smugglers were tried: one Frenchmen
cleared as a passenger, but the five Englishmen con-
demned to imprisonment and a fine of ^f 100 each.
1831. August 28. Sunday. Some thousands of hogsheads of
fish passed through the stems, in consequence of the sean
concerns having agreed not to fish on a Sunday. The fish
were passing from 11 a.m. until 7 p.m. when M** T.
Tremearne put one of his boats to sea and caught a fine
shoal of 600 hhds.
December 4. Capt. Moses Martin, of the Preventive
Service, with the assistance of the pilot gigs and their
crews, took a smuggler with 339 tubs of spirits and a crew
of eight hands.
1832. April 2. They began to take down the old Market house.
November i. William Bazeley, Esq., the elder, chosen
Mayor by the Aldermen, or so it is reported. None of
the inhabitants were permitted to assemble at the time, an
ancient custom refused them.
December 11. Poll commenced at 9 a.m. Candidates,
Henry Lewis Stephens, Esq., James Halse, Esq., and
Winthrop Mackworth Praed, Esq., the first election for
the United Borough of St. Ives, Lelant and Towednack,
returning one member under the new Reform Act, 1832.
1835. May 13. A meeting of the inhabitants was held in the
Town-Hall to consent to a petition being forwarded to
Mr Pyne, solicitor, to the Hon. W. L. Wellesley, in order
to obtain a grant for free intercourse through the Terrace
as a public road ; and also to request permission to cut
through any of his lands for the purpose of making the new
road now under contemplation.
[The old road from ihc village of Trelyon to Saint Ives formerly ran through
what is called Love Lane, at Tregenna, and over the brow of the hill
through the park to the Vow Cot, and continued along the Talland Road
at the back of the Terrace, entering the town by the very steep hill passing
the entrance to Tregenna Terrace. The present road, still called by old
inhabitants 'the New Road,' was cut at considerable cost, the following
gentlemen contributing: James Halse, Esq.> M.P., ;f 100; William Praed,
Esq., of Trevethoe, ;£ioo ; Lewis Stephen-*, Esq., of Tregenna, ;^ioo ; and
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364 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Sir Davies Gilbert, £$0. The portion of the old road from Love Lane to
the Vow Cot was incorporated with Tregenna Park. For some years the
Terrace, from Mr. Pyne's house to the town, was kept as a private road,
closed by a gate, but the request contained in the petition mentioned above
being granted, the gate was removed, and the Terrace thrown open to the
public. The Terrace was constructed by Sir Christopher Hawkins, several
years before the New Road was made. The Bishop of Exeter, when he
visited this part of his diocese, in 1831, after he had passed all round the
coast, said that ' in all Cornwall he had seen nothing besides so beautiful
as the view from Sir Christopher Hawkins' Terrace at St. Ives.'
[It is a great pity that in recent years buildings have been erected on the sea-
side of the New Road, thus obstructing the magnificent view from this
lovely promenade.]
1835. September 9. A meeting of the inhabitants was held in
the Town Hall to consider the advisability of lighting the
town with gas, which was approved by all, with the excep-
tion of one man.
[It was doubdess this minority of * one man ' who expressed his contempt for
the proceedings in the following verse, which we also take from the old
diary :
* Tis well for us the Sun and Moon,
Are up so very high,
That no presumptuous hand can reach
To pluck them from the sky.
If 'iwere not so, I do not doubt
But some Reforming Ass
Would soon propose to snuff them out,
And light the World with Gas !']
1836. July 8. The Norwegians rowed the St. Ives men in six-
oar'd gigs for ;fio to Hayle Bar and back. The former
beat the townsmen by a considerable distance, winning the
wager. This is the second time the S^ Ives men have been
beaten by the Norwegians.
1837. June 24. Queen Victoria was proclaimed in S' Ives by
William Hichens, Esq., Town Clerk, the Mayor and Cor-
poration in attendance.
July 28. It is supposed that the Amelia, William Stevens
master, his wife and ship's company, have foundered at sea.
[This unfortunately proved to be the case.]
1838. February 28. The French brig General Foix, of Havre de
Grace, was brought into the harbour by the boat Caesar.
The brig is from Guadalope, bound to Havre, laden with
sugar, coffee, rum, &c. It appears that the vessel was
abandoned, and that her cabin had been ransacked by her
crew before leaving. There were seven feet of water in the
hold. From the log book it appears that she shipped a
heavy sea, which washed four men overboard, breaking the
legs of two others, and the remainder must have abandoned
the vessel in the boat. The main topmast and the head of
the mainmast were carried away, and all sails, except a few
old sails below.
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FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 365
[The General Foix was the most valuable prize ever brought into port by the
St. Ives pilots and hobblers, no less than a thousand guineas being paid for
the services rendered. There are men still living in St. Ives who took part
in the salvage of this valuable ship and cargo. She was seen from St.
Ives the previous evening, and the pilot-boat Dolphin went out in search,
but, taking a wrong direction, failed to find the abandoned vessel Mean-
while, she was again descried from St. Ives, and the boat Caesar^ the only
boat in the pier having ballast on board, was manned, and eventually
succeeded in bringing the prize safely into port.]
March 2. The General Foix began to discharge.
1838. September 8. Last evening at 8 o'clock a great concourse
of people paraded the streets with an effigy of * Rover,'
which they burned in front of Richard Penrose's house, and
at the same time a great many panes of glass were broken.
It is conjectured that this affair took place on account of
Richard Penrose bringing a number of miners to clear up
an old mine, called Wheal Ayr. By so doing it is thought
that the present supply of water at Ventenear Well would
be cut off, which happened at the previous working of the
mine, and the well, which formerly gave an abundant
supply, is now greatly diminished.
1839. November i. This day being the day, by Act, to elect the
Councilmen, four in number, and one in the room of D.
Bamfield, Esq., he being elected Alderman. State of the
poll :
Mr. John Newman Tremeame 118
Samuel Hocking loi
Vivian Stevens 98
Thomas Rosewall ... 91
John Chellew 89
Matthew Trewhella 82
Anthony Rosewall ... ... ... 44
Richard Williams 42
James Berriman 22
Robert Bennetts 20
Francis Stevens ... 16
Thomas Bryant 13
In the year 1831 there were eight convictions for smuggling
on foreign vessels at Saint Ives, such vessels being in each case of
Breton or French nationality :
At the same date, too, the practice of wrecking, though shorn
of its ancient horrors, was not yet extinct. Persons yet living
can remember going down to the shore at Saint Ives, on news of
the wreck of some ship, and returning home laden with spoil cast
up by the waves.
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366 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
We give in exienso one of the convictions for smuggling above
referred to. It runs thus :
* BOROUGH OF SAINT IVES IN THE COUNTY OF CORNWALL TO WIT
* Be it remembered that on the thirteenth day of December in
the Year of Our Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty-one
at the Borough of Saint Ives in the County of Cornwall an
Information was exhibited before us Walter Yonge and James
Halse Esquires Two of his Majestys Justices of the Peace in and
for the said Borough of Saint Ives in the County of Cornwall
aforesaid against Jean Marie Yves Creach by Augustus Stephens
Esquire an officer of Customs who was directed by the Commis-
sioners of his Majestys Customs to prefer the same which said
information Charged that Jean Marie Yves Creach not then and
there being a Subject of his Majesty and being liable to be stopped
arrested and detained for the offence therein mentioned within
six Months then last past that is to say on the fourth day of
December in the Year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and thirty-one was discovered to have been before that time that
is to say on the thirtieth day of November in the Year aforesaid
within One league of the Coast of the United Kingdom to wit
within one league of the Coast of Cornwall on the High Seas on
board a certain Vessel liable to forfeiture under the provisions of
a certain Act of Parliament relating to the revenue of Customs
For that the said Vessel being a foreign Vessel not being square
rigged and in which there were then and there one or more
Subjects of his Majesty was on the said fourth day of December
discovered to have been before that time that is to say on the
said thirtieth day of November on the high Seas aforesaid within
eight Leagues of that part of the Coast of the United Kingdom
which is not between the North Foreland on the Coast of Kent
and Beachy Head on the Coast of Sussex to wit within Eight
leagues of the Coast of Cornwall and not proceeding in her
Voyage Wind and Weather permitting the said Vessel then and
there having on board divers Spirits to wit Five Hundred Gallons
of Brandy and One Hundred Gallons of other Spirits called
Geneva in divers Casks to wit Three hundred and thirty nine
Casks of less size and Content than forty Gallons each the said
Brandy and the said Geneva not being then and there for the use
of the Seamen then belonging to and on board the said Vessel
not exceeding two Gallons for each such Seaman Contrary to the
form of the Statute in that case made and provided And the said
Jean Marie Yves Creach being found on board the said Vessel at
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FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 367
the time of her becoming and being so subject and liable to for-
feiture and the said Jean Marie Yves Creach having been after-
wards to wit on the said fourth day of December in the year last
aforesaid for the offence aforesaid stopped arrested and detained
by one Moses Martin he the said Moses Martin being then and
there an officer of Customs and having been by him taken brought
and carried into a certain place on land in the United Kingdom
to wit into the Borough of Saint Ives in the County of Cornwall
aforesaid and within the Jurisdiction of us the said Justices which
offence hath been duly proved before us the said Justices. We
the said Justices do therefore convict the said Jean Marie Yves
Creach of the said offence and do adjudge that the said Jean
Marie Yves Creach hath forfeited for his said offence the sum of
One Hundred pounds. Given under our hands and Seals at the
Borough of Saint Ives aforesaid this thirteenth day of December
in the Year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty
one.
' W. YoNGE — Mayor.
' Jas. Halse.'
^^C"
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CHAPTER XXIII.
ST. IVES AT THE PRESENT DAY.
Things had, perhaps, reached the lowest stage at Saint Ives
about the year 1877, ^^ which period mining was at a standstill,
owing to the importation of cheap tin from the Colonies, and the
pilchards had for several years seemed to shun the bay of Saint
Ives. On May 24, 1877, the new railway from St. Erth on the
main line, to Saint Ives, was opened, and the town soon began
to receive the advance-guard of the host of London visitors which
has since invaded it. It is upon these visitors, the majority
of whom belong to a wealthy class, that Saint Ives mainly
depends for the support of its inhabitants. Great contrasts are
observable in the condition of the town at present as compared
with its state * before the railway.' Previous to 1877 Saint Ives
was hardly ever visited by tourists, and held but little communi-
cation with the outer world. Travellers drove from the junction,
then called Saint Ives Road Station, on a bus, which took a
considerable time to perform the journey. The advent of this
bus was looked forward to as a daily treat, the greatest interest
being taken in the arrival of any stranger from * foreign parts.'
But now the many trains come in and go away without exciting
much notice. Such goods as fish and early vegetables are now
sent direct to the metropolis, greatly to the advantage of the
town's-people ; nor could the neighbourhood dispense with the
large number of visitors who now come every year to circulate
money in this remote watering-place. On the other hand, the
fishermen and gardeners of the neighbourhood have not been
benefited by the railway to the extent that they anticipated,
owing to the reluctance of the Great Western Railway Com-
pany to moderate their charges.
The season at Saint Ives is a short one, extending only over
August and September, but during those two months the private
lodging-houses are full and the tradespeople busy. Foremost
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ST, IVES AT THE PRESENT DAY. 369
among the visitors are the artists, of the renowned ' Newlyn and
Saint Ives school,' who have made the scenery of our four
parishes so familiar to the frequenters of West End galleries,
that the Island at Saint Ives bids fair soon to cover as much
canvas as Saint Michael's Mount itself.
The following are some of the pictures of local subjects pro-
duced by the Saint Ives school :
Field-path to the Stennack, Saint Ives. E. A. Waterlow.
Breakers, Saint Ives. W. A. Ingram, R.B.A.
Saint Ives Seine-boats. Louis Monro Grier.
Carthew. William Eadie.
Their Daily Bread. Stanhope A. Forbes. (An exquisite pic-
ture of homely life in the old streets of Saint Ives.)
View of Saint Ives. Helena Sherfbeck.
The Vicar of Saint Ives. William Eadie.
Porthmeor, Saint Ives. William Eadie.
In the Valley, Saint Ives. Percy R. Craft.
A Village Street. Louis Monro Grier.
From the Foresand, Saint Ives. Adrian Stokes.
Among the Old Seine-boats, Saint Ives. Percy R. Craft.
Saint Ives Bay, from above Tregenna. G. H. Fortt.
Porthmeor, from Carthew. G. H. Fortt.
On the Wharf, Saint Ives. G. H. Fortt.
Godrevy, from Saint Ives. T. Backhouse.
Mr. William Eadie has been specially successful with his
Saint Ives interiors. One of these represents a little girl trying
on her great-great-grandmother's wedding-dress. Another gives
us a view of the interior of Saint Ives church during the service-
time, with several portraits of weU-known members of the con-
gregation.
Mr. Walter Titcombe has also painted a wonderfully true
picture of the inside of the Saint Ives Primitive Methodist
Chapel during the service, with a portrait of a fine old fisherman.
To enumerate all the pictures, or even all the painters, who
are making. Saint Ives famous in the world of art, would be
beyond the scope of this work ; the above list must, therefore,
be taken as simply furnishing examples of the work done by the
Saint Ives school We must not conclude these brief notes on
our artists without recalling the well-known names of Mr.
Leonard Stokes, Mr. Edward E. Simmons and Mrs. Vesta
Simmons, Mr. E. Wyly Grier, and Mr. Bloomfield.
In painting scenes of the life and manners of our forebears,
we have to rely upon musty records and dim traditions. But to
preserve for our descendants a picture of the social surroundings
24
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370 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
of our own time, we have but to turn observant eyes upon the
men and things in whose midst we find ourselves, and faithfully
record what we see. And there can be no doubt that the details
of our daily life will be to our posterity as interesting as the doings
of our ancestors are to us.
The writer of this history holds at Saint Ives a kind of
amphibious position, being neither native resident nor foreign
visitor, but a mixture of both. Hence he is, perhaps, better
qualified to judge of the peculiar features of Saint Ives society
than either a person born in the neighbourhood or one who has
but spent a summer holiday there.
Speaking, then, as an outsider, we should say that Saint Ives
is still, in spite of the railway, a little world to itself, and, in
many respects, a peculiar little world, too. In the first place,
your Saint Ives man is one of two things ; either he is of those
who go down to the sea in ships— in which case he is not often
seen at his native town — or else he has in earlier life done busi-
ness in great waters, and is living at home in comfortable retire-
ment. In the latter case the typical Ivesian passes his time in a
very regular and systematic manner. In the forenoon he will,
perhaps, go * down along/ and have a little talk with various
seafaring acquaintances on the wharf and the quay. After dinner
he will have a look in at the reading-room, study Lloyd's List and
the Western Mercury, and have a furtive chat with some other
quondam ship-master. These two will then probably proceed
together to the * MalakofiF,' where they will pace up and down,
backwards and forwards, along a track of some eight or ten yards
in length, discoursing deeply of freights and shares. If our t5rpe
dwells in a house which commands a view of the sea, he will
spend many an hour at an open window, scanning the horizon
through a goodly telescope.
Let us pass to the typical young woman of the place. She
dresses well for her station in life, which is that of a draper's
assistant. Her demeanour is frank and unaffected, even towards
persons of the opposite sex. She can pull an oar in seamanlike
style, and understands a good deal about sailing a boat. See her
with her friends, walking up the Terrace, after chapel on a
Sunday evening. She knows that her bonnet is well up to date,
and that her gloves and boots are good and fit her well ; there-
fore she feels that she is as good as anybody in the crowd, and
she steps out with a free and independent gait and an air of
honest self-satisfaction.
The visitor from London thinks to himself, as he surveys the
lovely bay of Saint Ives, that the natives of the place must enjoy
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ST. IVES AT THE PRESENT DAY. 37 1
their surroundings immensely. They must, he imagines, revel
in the bracing sea-breezes and bask in the genial rays of the
western sun ; they must glory in their heather-clad hills and pure-
sanded porths. He is quite mistaken. The genuine unsophisti-
cated native cares for none of these things, and will declare to
you that Saint Ives is * a dead-and-alive old place,' devoid of any
interest to a cultured mind. He (the native) thinks things would
be tolerable if a nice new marine parade were built around the
shore of the harbour, and the island turned into public gardens like
they have at Penzance. But in default of these and other similar
advantages of a ripe civilisation, your Ivesian sighs for the more
artificial charms of a popular watering-place. He has never been
onto Porthminster beach in his life, and would as soon think of
swimming to Cardiff as of walking to Zennor Do not blame the
native for this, Mr. Smith, of London. Who of us consistently
admires his daily surroundings ? You are enthusiastic about
Saint Ives because you spend your Augusts and Septembers here.
But stay here through the winter ; hear the western wind howl-
ing round your house at night, and try to round the corner of the
Terrace in a March gale, and you will find that Saint Ives
weather has its surly moods. Besides, are you really thrown into
ecstasies every time you pass under the shadow of Saint Paul's ?
and do you often avail yourself of the unrivalled advantages of
the British Museum ?
We have hinted that the women of Saint Ives are well abreast
of the age in the matter of dress, and this is true. Yet there
still lingers some remnant of the quaint picturesqueness of
costume which we might have expected in the elder generation
inhabiting so rural a neighbourhood. In the farms of our four
parishes the visitor will see knee-breeches and blue woollen
stockings which will remind him of Ireland ; in Saint Ives town
he will meet with short homespun dresses and chequered aprons
which will carry his thoughts to Wales. Beyond this there is
nothing to say on the subject of local costumes. But we may
add that the heart-shaped, long-handled spade of Wales and
Ireland is equally in vogue in Cornwall. A few years ago an
ironmonger of Redruth ordered a quantity of spades from a
Sheffield manufacturer. The consignment duly arrived, but the
ironmonger sent them all back because they were the square,
short-handled spades commonly used throughout England proper ;
and in the law-suit which arose out of this transaction, the con-
duct of the Redruth shopkeeper was triumphantly justified.
Indeed, it was shown that it was impossible to sell any but the
long-handled spade in CornwaU.
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372 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
An interesting volume might be written about nicknames.
They are a relic of a primitive state of society, and flourish only
where primitive ideas still prevail. At Malta we knew a man
who was called ' Manetta.' It was not until a couple of years
after we first made his acquaintance, that we discovered that
* Manetta ' (i.e., * Little-hand ') was not his real name, and that
he owed the designation to the fact of his grandfather^s being
born with a withered hand. The practice of calling people by
nicknames has always obtained at Saint Ives, as is abundantly
proved by ancient records ; nor is it yet by any means obsolete.
Some of these names cling to a family through many generations,
and some are considered by their bearers highly offensive. Nick^-
names are an important feature of Saint Ives society, and many
of them are interesting from their history; but for obvious
reasons we cannot give any examples.
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CHAPTER XXIV.
THE PILCHARD FISHERY.
Saint Ives is the headquarters of the Pilchard fishery, and this
industry, therefore, claims especial notice in our History. * The
least fish in bigness, greatest for gain, and inos( in number is the
pilchard,' says Carew. As to the history of this-^.shery, we glean
from Lord de Dunstanville's edition of the * Su^yey ' that, pre-
vious to the reign of Henry II., no one was allowed to salt., dry or
pack fish in Cornwall, without the licence of the Duchy Ofi&cers.
An unsuccessful attempt to revive this restriction was made by
Queen Elizabeth. Local custom or private arrangement decides
questions concerning the pilchard fishery out of St. Ives ; but the
bye-laws passed at different times by the Corporation of Saint
Ives were embodied in an Act of Parliament ui the year 1776.
This Act was repealed and replaced by another in 1841. The
custom of counting the fish is obsolete, the hogsheads being now
weighed. The Government bounty is discontinued, and the duty
on salt abolished.
The largest shoal of pilchards ever enclosed was taken in a
seine of Mr. Roger Weame, at Saint Ives, on November 25, 1834.
The arrival of the pilchard-shoals in Saint Ives Bay coincides
to a day with that of the herrings at Yarmouth ; so that the
Yarmouth men are always anxious to know when the pilchards
have been descried by the Saint Ives huers.
The following is the concise and graphic account of the older
methods of seine-fishing, as given in Carew's * Survey ' :
* The sein is a net of about forty fathom in length, with which
they encompass a part of the sea, and draw the same on land, by
two ropes fastened at his ends, together with such fish as lighteth
within his precinct To each of these there commonly belong
three or four boats, carrying about six men apiece, with which,
when the season of the year, and weather serveth, they lie hovering
upon the coast and are directed in their work by a balker or
huer, who standeth on the cliff side and from theuQe best dis-
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374 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
cerneth the quantity and course of the pilchards, according where-
unto he cundeth (as they call it) the master of each boat (who
hath his eye still fixed upon him) by crying with a loud voice,
whistling through his fingers, and wheazing certain diversified
and significant signs with a bush which he holdeth in his hand.
At his appointment they cast out their net, draw it to either
hand, as the shoal lieth or fareth, beat with their oars to keep in
the fish, and at last, either close and tuck it up in the sea, or
draw the same on land, with more certain profit if the ground be
not rough of rocks. After one company have thus shot their net,
another beginneth behind them, and so a third as opportunity
serveth. Being so taken, some, the country people, who attend
with their horses and panniers at the cliffs side in great numbers,
do buy and carry home, the larger remainder is by the merchant
greedily and speedily seized upon.
* They are saued three maner of wayes : by fuming, pressing,
or pickelling. For euery of which, they are first salted and piled
vp row by row in square heapes on the ground in some cellar,
which they terme. Bulking, where they so remaine for some ten
daies, vntil the superfluous moysture of the bloud and salt be
soked from them : which accomplished, they rip the bulk and
saue the residue of the salt for another like seruice. Then those
which are to be ventred for Fraunce, they pack in staunch hogs-
heads, to keepe them in their pickle. Those that serue for the
hotter Countries of Spaine and Italic, they vsed at first to fume,
by hanging them vp on long sticks one by one, in a house built
for the nonce, & there drying them with the smoake of a soft and
continuall fire, from whence they purchased the name of Fumados :
but now, though the terme still remaine, that trade is giuen ouer :
and after they haue bene ripped out of the bulk, reffed vpon
sticks, & washed, they pack them orderly in hogsheads made
purposely leake, which afterward they presse with great waights,
to the end the traine may soke from into a vessell placed in the
ground to receyue it.
* In packing, they keepe a iust tale of the number that euery
hogshead contayneth, which otherwise may turne to the Mar-
chants preiudice : for I haue heard, that when they are brought to
the place of sale, the buyer openeth one hogs-head at aduentures,
and if hee finde the same not to answere the number figured on
the outside,. hee abateth a like proportion in euery other, as there
wanted in that. The trayne is well solde, is imployed to diurs
vses, and welneere acquiteth the cost in sauing, and the sauing
setteth almost an infinite number of women and children on
worke, to their great aduantage : for they are allowed a peny for
euery lasts carriage [a last is ten thousand] and as much for
bulking, washing, and packing them, whereby a lusty huswife
may earne three shillings in a night, for towards the euenings
they are mostly killed.
* This commodite at first carried a very lowe price, and serued
for the inhabitants cheapest prouision ; but of late times, the
deare sale beyond the seas hath so encreased the number of
takers, and the takers iarring and brawling one with another, and
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THE PILCHARD FISHERY. 37s
foreclosing the fishes taking their kind within harbour, so de-
creased the number of the taken, as the price daily extendeth to
an higher rate, equalling the proportion of other fish : a matter
which yet I reckon not preiudiciall to the Commonwealth, seeing
there is store sufficient of other victuals, and that of these a
twentieth part will serue the Countries need, and the other
nineteene passe into forraine Realmes with a gainefuU vtterance.
* The Sayners profit in this trade is vncertayne, as depending
upon the seas fortune, which he long attendeth, and often with a
bootlesse trauaile: but the Pilcherd Marchant, may reape a speedy,
large, and assured benefit, by dispatching the buying, sauing and
selling to the transporters, within little more then three moneths
space. Howbeit, diuers of them, snatching at wealth ouer-
hastily, take mony beforehand, and bind themselues for the same,
to deliuer Pilcherd ready saued to the transporter, at an vnder-
rate, and so cut their fingers. This venting of Pilcherd enhanced
greatly the price of cask, whereon all other sorts of wood were
conuerted to that vse : and yet this scantly supplying a remedie,
there was a statute made 35. Eliz. that from the last of June 1594
no stranger should transport beyond the seas any Pilcherd or
other fish in cask, unlesse he did bring into the Realme, for euery
sixe tunnes, two hundred of clapboord fit to make cask, and so
rateably, vpon payne of forfes^ing the sayd Pilcherd or fish. This
Act to continue before the next Parliament, which hath reuiued
the same, vntill his (yet not knowne) succeeder.
* The Pilcherd are pursued and deuoured by a bigger kinde of
fish, called a Plusher, being somewhat like the Dog-fish, who
leapeth now and then aboue water, and therethrough bewrayeth
them to the Balker : so are they likewise persecuted by the
Tonny, and he (though not verie often) taken with them damage
faisant. And that they may no lesse in fortune, than in fashion,
resemble the Flying fish, certaine birds called Gannets, soare
ouer, and stoup to prey vpon them. Lastly they are persecuted
by the Hakes, who (not long sithence) haunted the coast in great
abundance ; but now being depriued of their wonted baite, are
much diminished, verifying the proverb, What we lose in Hake
we shall haue in Herring.'
With regard to the seines, Davies Gilbert says : * It seems
that these nets must have been originally introduced from Dun-
garvon in Ireland^ since they are still said to be braided according
to the Dungarvon mesh ; but no similar fishery is remembered at
that place.'
For the following lucid and reliable account of the fisheries of
Saint Ives, as conducted at the present day, I am indebted to
Mr. Anthony, of Saint Ives, whose words are here copied as they
stand :
' In the main there are two methods of taking fish, by the Sean
and by the Drift net. By the Sean the fish are enclosed and then
" tucked," or dipped into the boats by baskets. In the drift nets.
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376 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
locally called " driving " nets, they are caught in the meshes and
either shaken out into the boats or taken out by hand. Writers
by confounding these two essentially different modes of fishing
make a dreadful muddle of it.
' In the scan fishing the space along shore, and for a good way
out at sea, is marked out into portions locally called "stems,"
each boat with its appendages taking its place for a given time or
state of the tide, according to arrangement, which arrangement
is, of course, arbitrary. There, within the Hmits of the stem, the
boats at anchor with their crews await the signal from the hill
above, that there are fish in sight. A spot on the hill is occupied
by the *' Huers," whose business it is to look out for the shoals,
locally " schools," of fish which may be crossing the bay. The
indications of a shoal are a certain reddish colour on the surface,
which colour may be detected with more or less accuracy accord-
ing to practice or faculty of vision, and the flight of seabirds ; and
sometimes, when the shoals are very dense, the fish can be seen
surging up above the waters in great masses, as though they were
boiling out at sea. In such cases you may hear spectators saying,
*' There are lanes of fish," or " baulks of them," and a very large
shoal when enclosed is a " Baulker." I think I have seen more
than a hundred thousand hogsheads in Saint Ives bay at one
time (not enclosed), judging from the colour on the water, and
have seen twenty thousand hogsheads enclosed in a few hours.
Such a scene once witnessed can never be forgotten. It is a
scene of great excitement ; white ** bushes " waving everywhere,
and trumpets roaring ; a literal network of seans across the bay,
and boats spinning about like a general regatta. It is a time of
rapidly changing fortunes. I have known a comparatively poor
man to net a couple of thousands in a few minutes. " Look ! look !
Wearne has got at least three or four thousand hogsheads !"
" Oh, look there ! Batten's foot-rope is got foul of the Cornwall
Company's net, and the fish are streaming out ; they'll lose them
all!" and out they go; you may fret and fume if you like, you
may have another chance to-morrow, or you may not.
' Everybody knows that the word that signifies the approach
of fish is " hevah," from whence derived I cannot tell ; but when
people say that during the catching of pilchards " men, women,
and children run about in every direction crying ' hevah ' " they
tell us more than we know. Of course it is quite natural that
people should tell each other, and generally they do not study the
manner of doing so ; but such a general hooting about the town
exists in the imagination of strangers, and there alone. They
may have done so in times gone by, as they are said to have
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THE PILCHARD FISHERY, 377
whipped the hake ; of the truth of either your scribe knoweth not
at all.
' From the first sight of fish by the huers on the hill, the men
in the boats are of course guided entirely by these. The first
intimation is given by a blast from the hill, which makes every-
one about prick up his ears. It may be nothing ; but it may be
the herald of fortune to scores, and bread and fish to hundreds,
nay, to thousands. The men in the boats are not slow to hear
and obey, and soon the place is fully alive, and if it is really a
** round " of fish, you shall soon see a sight. As far as my memory
serves me, the signs given by the huers are as follows : What are
called the "bushes " are really white bags drawn over hoops and
placed on wooden handles about a foot long, or a little more, and
one for each hand. The first sign is ** Weigh the anchor.*' The
bushes are deftly crossed under the armpits and held aloft three
or four times, and then if it is intended that the boat shall go
"right off" at sea where the fish are coming up, the bushes are
held aloft in either hand, just like the horns of a cow, etc., etc.
The u^ual number of boats holding the nets about to be thrown
round ti e shoal are three, one holding the sean, the largest net,
and the other two the smaller, or " stop nets "; and after the
several nets are "shot," or thrown overboard, their ends are
joined by two young men in another and smaller boat called
" the follower," or in local phrase, the " foUier."
*The fish, even when enclosed, are often very restive, and
rush about, so that they have to take great care they do not
break away. To prevent the fish from getting away, the men in
the boats beat the sea above them with their oars, and that
frightens the fish back into the net. When secure, the sean is
drawn in towards shore, into water sufficiently shallow to allow
for " tucking," which is managed thus : The tuckers drop down a
net within the sean, called a tuck-net, and draw it together till
the fish are thick enough to be dipped up by men seated on the
sides of the boats, which are called " dippers." This tucking is a
very fine sight. A gentleman once out looking on the tucking
process got on the side of the boat, fell in among the boiling
mass of pilchards and came up " a scaly fellow." One " dipper "
will hold about 35 hogsheads more or less. The fish are then
taken home and put into the cellars and laid in " bulk " with
coarse salt, left there for several weeks, broken out, washed, and
shipped off to the Italian market. They bring from £2 to ^^5
per hogshead. The sean fishing is pursued only in daylight.
* The " Drift " fishery is entirely different. In this the boats
go away for several leagues in deep water and drop down their
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378 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
nets end to end across the path of the fish, so that when they
come in contact with the nets their heads get into the meshes.
Mackerel are caught usually about 20 leagues to N.W. of Saint
Ives, as well as other places around the coast. Most drift fishing
is done at night. I have known 100,000 mackerel to be brought
into Saint Ives in one day, but that is a very large catch for
one night. They sell at from 2s. 6d. to 3s. per six score, and
are sent to London, Paris, and other large towns. When the
weather is warm the fish are iced, the ice being manufactured at
Newly n.
* Herrings are caught chiefly off the coast of Scotland and the
North of England and Ireland, and are caught in meshes like the
mackerel. Pilchards are caught in Saint Ives Bay by drift-boats
in the night, and the sight of 100 or more lights scattered over
the bay is very beautiful indeed. Trawling is little pursued in
Saint Ives. Trawling along shore is called locally " Blind
hauling."
* In the seine-lofts of Saint Ives may be seen nets which are
fifty, eighty, and even a hundred years old, but still strong and
serviceable. Some of the seine boats have oars twenty-three feet
long.
* The blowzers are men who mind the shore-end of the warps
during the fishing. They get 2s. lod. per hogshead of fish.'
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CHAPTER XXV.
LEGENDARY LORE.
We have now to treat of the legends and traditions of the Saint
Ives district. In all the departments of folk-lore our four
parishes are very rich ; nor have railways, telegraphs and board-
schools yet succeeded in wholly eradicating from the popular
mind the innate Cornish love for the old Celtic world of mystery.
Cornwall has been singularly fortunate in the comparative com-
pleteness with which her folk-lore has been preserved by various
writers of merit, such as Hunt and Bottrell ; but much yet remains
to be done in this direction. In this place we propose to notice
briefly those remnants of folk-lore which have been dealt with
by previous writers, and then to set down at greater length those
hearthside traditions which we have ourselves gathered from
natives of this locality.
To begin with that fascinating work, Mr. Hunt's * Popular
Romances of the West of England,' the following is an abridg-
ment of the stories which relate to the neighbourhood of Saint
Ives:
Almost every rock on the hill of Trencrom bears a name con-
necting it with the giants, whose buried treasures are said to be
guarded here by the Spriggans, or rock-elves. Trencrom was a
castle of the giants, one of the most celebrated of whom made
use of granite boulders for playing at 'bob-buttons' with the
giant of St. Michael's Mount. A celebrated giant, called Holi-
burn of the Carn, dwelled on Carn Galva. He was on friendly
terms with the peasantry, and protected them from the forays of
the giant of Trencrom. Many rock-piles in the high countries
around Saint Ives bear such names as the Giant's Chair (Trink-
hill), the Giant's Well, the Giant's Bowl, and the Giant's Snuff-
box, the two last on Trencrom.
There is a colossal oblong and almost rectangular granite
boulder on the western slope of Carn Stabba, called the Giant's
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38o A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
Snuff-box. In the last few years its size has been diminished
considerably by the gfanite-getters.
The only giant who is recorded to have lived in a house
resided in a big mud-walled cottage, the remains of which were
still visible some fifty years ago, by Nancledrea brook; this
monster occupied his time in devouring children and pelting the
giant of Trencrom with rocks.
The giant of St. Michael's Mount shouted to his brother of
Trencrom to lend him his cobbling hammer ; Trencrom threw
the tool, and it struck the head of the other giant's wife at the
Mount, and killed her. Some say they lifted the Chapel Rock,
and buried her under it.
Much space is devoted by Mr. Hunt to the dealings of Tom
the Tinkeard and the giant Blunderbore or Blunderbus. This is
a Cornish version of the legend which is known- in England as
the story of Tom Hickathrift, and is in one form or another
common to the Aryan race. Mr. Hunt says this story is con-
fined to the parishes of Lelant, Saint Ives, Sancreed, Towednack,
Morva and Zennor ; it was related to him by a Lelant farmer.
The main point of the story lies in the skill with which the clever
and courageous Tom outwits the colossal Blunderbore at every
point, first defeating him in fair fight, and then, having become
his ally, benefitting the giant by his superior knowledge. This
legend is also related by Mr. Bottrell, in greater dfetail and with
strong local colouring. Mr. Bottrell also gives many particulars
as to the friendly Giant of Carn Galva, as narrated by the Zennor
folks.
Between Zennor church-town and Nancledrea Bottoms, at the
village of Trewey, are remains of very ancient tin stream works,
which are popularly supposed to have been worked before the
Flood. Around this neighbourhood the land is covered with
huge boulders of granite, which are said to have sprung from the
ground at the call of the giants. At Embla Green are ruins of
the Giant's House; this Titan is said to have been the king.
On one side we have the Giant's Well, and not far off the Druid's
Well ; and a little before us is the Zennor Cromlech. (Hunt.)
At Bosphrennis, in the * parish of Zennor, is the Giant's
Castle and the Giant's Cradle. This giant used to perform some
magical rites at Bosphrennis Croft on the i^^ of August, in sight
of all the people.
It is sufficiently obvious that the giants were simply the last
warriors of the pre-Aryan race, which was finally subdued in
Cornwall by the Celts, not much, if at all, earlier than the first
arrival of the Romans. These savage Titans gradually retreated
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LEGENDARY LORE. 38*
to their hill-forts and cliff-castles, whence they made periodical
sorties upon the Aryan colonies, seizing cattle and making
prisoners. With regard to the above-named Giant Holiburn, it
is interesting to remember that, close to his stronghold on Cam
Galva, is the renowned Romano-British sepulchral stone inscribed
with the name * Riolobran,' as to whose identity with the giant
of the earn a guess may be hazarded. The legend of Tom and
Giant Blunderbore has special interest for the ethnologist, as
containing the popular account of an important social epoch,
namely, the gradual acceptance by the pre-Aryans of the superior
civilization of their Celtic conquerors.
A boldly rising earn on the left-hand side of the road from
Zennor to Saint Ives, in Zennor parish, is known as the Burning
Mountain. This name, according to tradition, originated thus :
There once lived here a large serpent, who was such a terror to
the country people that they were afraid to pass by there on their
way to Saint Ives market. At length the serpent was either
destroyed or frightened away by the simple device of setting fire
to the furze-bushes with which the hill was covered. (See Halli-
well, ' Rambles in Western Cornwall,* page 136.)
We now come to the important division of fairy mythology.
Mr. Hunt tells a picturesque tale of a woman living on one of
the hills between Zennor church-town and Saint Ives, who was
employed by a fairy widower to nurse his elfish child. She was
to wash the bantling in a certain magic water. Trying the virtues
of this liquid on her own face, she was enabled to behold the
inhabitants of the fairy world, invisible to all beside. Owing to
this magic power she chanced to see her employer stealing fruit
at Saint Ives market, and was by him punished by the infliction
of semi-blindness and the withdrawal of the elfin baby.
A beautiful story was contributed by Mr. Hunt, to the
Athenaum, and afterwards reproduced in his book. It was told
him by the wife of the man who witnessed the event narrated.
He was returning to Lelant from Saint Ives with fish, on a moon-
light night, when he heard the bell of Lelant church tolling with
a mufHed sound, and saw a light inside the building. Looking
in through one of the windows he witnessed the burial of a
beautiful queen of the fairies.
Another story tells how a slovenly Towednack woman, nick-
named Betty Stogs, lost her baby. She found it soon, lying
under a furze-bush, the dirty and neglected infant having been
carefully washed and tidied by the fairies.
At the village of Chy-an-wheal lived the widow of a tinner
who had been killed in one of the very ancient * coffens,' or o^^en
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3S2 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES,
mine- workings on the hill, near Wheal Providence. The Spriggans
of Trencrom used to meet at night in the old woman's cottage,
to divide their plunder, and on leaving they would place a coin
by her bedside as she slept. One night she contrived to put her
shift on inside out, whilst the Spriggans were in her room, and
thus was able to seize upon the treasure. She became rich and
removed to Saint Ives.
Jenny Permewan, of Towednack, a very pretty girl, went to
live with the king of the fairies, and tended his child for a year
and a day.
Cherry, the daughter of an old man called Honey, living at
Treryn in Zennor, is said to have had a very similar experience.
Mr. Bottrell has much to tell about the Knockers, or spirits
of the mines, who were believed by the last generation of Lelant
tinners to be the spirits of a very ancient race of miners, pro-
bably Jews, condemned for their sins to haunt the underground
levels while the earth shall last. The ghostly tapping of their
picks was supposed to be an infallible sign of a rich load of tin.
These trolls are described as * miserable, little, old, withered,
dried-up creatures,' with big ugly heads and ungainly limbs.
They play malicious tricks upon the miner who omits to leave
part of his dinner for them, as recorded in the lines :
* Tommy Trevorrow, Tommy Trevorrow !
We'll send thee bad luck to-morrow,
Thou old curmudgeon, to eat all thy fuggan,
And not leave a didjan for Bucca !'
The substantial origin of the fairy mythology is wrapt in more
obscurity than that of the giants, but there are many plausible
theories on the subject. Perhaps the popular notion that the
fairies are the spirits of the Druids who rejected Christianity
affords us a good clue, for it is certain that fairy superstitions
have come down to us from Pagan times. In his book of Welsh
folk-lore, * British Goblins,' Mr. Wirt-Sikes has a theory which
seems probable enough ; it is that the fairies represent the pro-
scribed and discredited ministers of the pagan rites, just as we
suppose the giants to stand for the outlawed pre-Celts. Many
circumstances connected with the fairies support this view.
According to Mr. Hunt's informant, a man who lived at the
foot of Trendraen Hill, in Zennor, was cutting furze on the hill,
when he surprised a fairy, not more than a foot long, which was
sleeping on a bank of * griglans ' (heath). The man took the
fairy home, and it stayed with him for some days, and played
with the children, who called it Bobby Griglans. But after a
while its parents came to seek for it, and, addressing it as * Dear
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LEGENDARY LORE, 383
little Skillywidden/ took it away in great haste. This is believed
to have occurred so late as the year 1869.
As might have been expected, legends of mermaids are very
prevalent along the sea- board of the four parishes. Bottrell
tells, in his inimitable style, the typical story of the * Mermaid of
Zennor.' The people of the parish of Zennor were long renowned
for their beautiful singing. Mathey Terweela (Matthew Tre-
whella), a young man belonging to a family well known in the
parish, was the sweetest singer of them all, and exercised his
vocal talent in the church choir on Sundays. Zennor church was
occasionally visited by a richly-dressed lady, whose marvellously
sweet voice charmed even that musical congregation. Nobody
knew whence she came, nor where she went after the service ;
but she so fascinated young Trewhella, that he one day went in
search of her, and was never seen again. Zennor folks would
never have known who she was but for the following occurrence.
One Sunday morning the captain of a ship which lay at anchor
near Pendower Cove was hailed by a beautiful mermaid, who
begged him to trip his anchor, as the fluke of it rested on the
door of her dwelling, so that she could not enter to dress in time
for church. Her request was politely complied with. We have
noticed this tradition in our description of the mermaid carved on
the bench-end in Zennor church.
If we may be excused for ascribing a matter-of-fact origin to
such poetical legends, we would hazard a surmise that the first
mermaids were nothing more nor less than the harmless and
graceful seals which disport themselves on the rocks of the
sequestered porths of this coast. Anyone who has seen them,
with their earnest, half-human eyes and their curious cry, will
own that our theory is not far-fetched.
Students of Celtic folk-lore know the important place held by
traditions of submerged lands. We have in a former chapter
noticed the stories about the sea-devoured and sand-covered
tracts on the coast of Lelant and St. Ives. Mr. Hunt records
a popular belief that the * towans ' (in his work misprinted
* towns ') were all meadow-land, which was covered by sand in a
single night ; nor is the story at all improbable. According to
his account of the traditions, * The site of the ancient church
and village of Lelant was somewhere seaward of the Black Rock ;
the ancient burial-ground has been long washed away,' and
human teeth are still sometimes found on the shore ; further, he
says that where the sand has been cleared away, between the
church and the sea, ancient plough-furrows have been found. In
these accounts it is often difficult to separate fact from fancy,
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384 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
but it cannot be doubted that, either suddenly or gradually, the
coast-line has been enormously affected by the forces of nature.
Coming to the wide subject of ghostly apparitions, we find a
wealth of local lore. James Berryman, of Lelant, told Mr. Hunt
about a ' half-face ' which used to appear in a house rented by his
father at that town, and which was believed to be the ghost of a
poor man who died there in a fit, on receiving notice of eviction
from his tyrannical landlord.
Mr. Bottrell tells us of the ghost of a certain An' Katty, at
Trewey, in Zen nor, which haunted a family because a shawl
which she had bequeathed to a little girl had not been given to
the child. The youthful legatee was one evening mysteriously
borne through the air and set down upon the old woman's grave
at Ludgvan, where one of the child's shoes was found next day.
One of the greatest heroes of Western ghost-stories is Parson
Polkinghorne, who was Vicar of Lelant, Saint Ives and Towed-
nack, as appears by a note on a fly-leaf of the Saint Ives Parish
Registers. He was the most powerful ghost-layer, or exorcist, of
his time in West Cornwall, and had such complete dominion
over unruly spirits that at his first approach they would take to
flight, crying, ' Polkinghorne has come, I must begone !' Bottrell
gives instances of the vicar's ghost-quelling skill, as when he laid
the Harris ghosts at Kenegie, which had long troubled that
ancient mansion. The same writer informs us that Polkinghorne
was the boldest fox-hunter of those parts, but would never chase
a bare. He kept many of these innocent animals running about
his house like cats ; foolish people said they were his familiar
spirits. He was a capital hurler, and encouraged all kinds of
manly games. The parson had a wonderful horse, called Hector,
and used to ride about the country accompanied always by his
dog. He made long journeys with his steed walking alongside or
behind him, and, if the vicar called at a house on his way, Hector
never required to be held, but would quietly wait for his master's
reappearance. Polkinghorne's exorcising formula commenced
with * In Nommy Dommy !' {In nomine Domini), and was Latin
throughout.
The following yarn, entitled * The Pilot's Ghost Story,' is so
peculiar to Saint Ives, that we must set it down almost in full.
It is from Mr. Hunt's * Romances,' p. 357 :
' Just seventeen years since,' said Mr. Hunt's informant, * I
went down on the wharf from my house one night about twelve
and one in the morning, and found a sloop, the Sally, of St.
Ives (she was wrecked at St. Ives in 1862) in the bay, bound for
Hayle. When I got by the White Hart public-house, I saw a
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LEGENDARY LORE. 385
man leaning against a post on the wharf. I spoke to him, wished
him good-morning, and asked him what o'clock it was, but to no
purpose. Finding I got no answer to my repeated inquiries, I
approached close to him and said, " Thee'rt a queer sort of fellow
not to speak. Who art 'a at all ? Thee'st needn't think to
frighten me ; that thee wasn't do, if thou wert twice so ugly."
He turned his great ugly face on me, glared abroad his great
eyes, opened his mouth — and it was a mouth sure nuff. Then I
saw pieces of sea-weed and bits of sticks in his whiskers ; the flesh
of his face and hands were parboiled, just like a woman's hands
after a good day's washing. Well, I did not like his looks a bit,
and sheered off ; but he followed close by my side, and I could
hear the water squashing in his shoes every step he took. I
stopped a bit, and thought to be a little bit civil to him, and
spoke to him again, but no answer. I then thought I would go
to seek for another of our crew, and knock him up to get the
vessel, and had got about fifty or sixty yards, when I turned to
see if he was following me, but saw him where I left him. Fear-
ing he would come after me, I ran for my life the few steps that I
had to go. But when I got to the door, to my horror there stood
the man in the door grinning horribly. I shook like an aspen
leaf; my hat lifted from my head. What to do I didn't know,
and in the house there was such a row, as if everybody was
breaking up everything. After a bit I went in, for the door was
on the latch, and called the captain of the boat ; but everything
was all right, nor had he heard any noise. We went out aboard
of the Sally, and I put her into Hayle, but I felt ill enough to be
in bed. I left the vessel to come home as soon as I could, but it
took me four hours to walk two miles, and I had to lie down in
the road, and was taken home to Saint Ives in a cart, as far as
the Terrace ; from there I was carried home by my brothers, and
put to bed. Three days afterwards all my hair fell off as if I had
had my head shaved, the roots, and for about half an inch from
the roots, being quite white. I was ill six months, and the
doctor s bill was £/[ 17s. 6d. for attendance and medicine.'
Mr. Hunt was told that to whistle by night ;ivas by the fisher-
men of St. Ives accounted highly unlucky. His informant added :
* I would ilo more dare go among a party of fishermen at night,
whistling a popular air, than into a den of untamed tigers.' Mr,
Thomas Cornish, in the West of England Magazini, of October,
1887, writes: 'The occurrence at night of whistling noises in the
air is the terror of West Country people. It is known as ** The
Seven Whistlers," and presages death or dire misfortune to the
hearer, or disaster to the district if it is repeated several nights
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386 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
Some years ago some of the inhabitants of Saint Ives, in Corn-
wall, were greatly perturbed by the occurrence, night after night,
of the Seven Whistlers.' The scepticism of the present age
attributes these nightly whistlings to flocks of birds of a kind
which migrate by night.
It is, perhaps, not surprising that numerous superstitions and
sayings are connected with the pilchard-fishery, that industry
which enters so largely into the town-life of Saint Ives. Thus it
is considered unlucky to eat the fish from the head downwards ;
the legitimate process is to eat it from the tail towards the head.
* This brings the fish to our shores, and secures good luck to the
fishermen' (Hunt).
The squeaking noise produced by the bursting of the air-
bladders of the pilchards, when they are * put in bulk,' i.e. salted
and packed, is called ' crying for more,' and is regarded as an
omen that more fish may soon be expected to be brought to the
same cellar.
The ' pressing-stones ' are round boulders of granite, weighing
about a hundredweight, with an iron hook fixed into them for the
convenience of moving; these stones are used for placing on the
fish when packed in the barrels, in order to squeeze out the
remaining oil. When not in use, the pressing-stones are piled on
the floors of the cellars, or in corners of the streets. It is a
common superstition at Saint Ives that the advent of a good shoaf
of pilchards is presaged by a supernatural commotion among
these stones, which are then supposed to roll about spontaneously.
Mr. Hunt tells a story of how one Jem Tregose and his family,,
who lived in a room over one of the fish-cellars at Saint Ives,
heard the pressing-stones rolling tremendously. There had been
a long dearth of fish, but the stones proved true prophets, and
unusually heavy catches of pilchards ensued.
Another of Mr. Hunt's Saint Ives sailor-yarns is entitled ' The
Phantom Ship,' and narrates how a pilot attempted to board a
ghostly schooner in the bay, but fell into the water. Next
morning the Neptune, of London, Captain Richard Grant, was-
wrecked at Gwithian, and all the crew perished.
The next story in the same book tells of the sea phantasms
called * Jack Harry's Lights,' because he was the first man who
was fooled by them. They are generally observed before a gale,,
and the ship seen is like the ship which is sure to be wrecked.
An old Saint Ives pilot told Mr. Hunt how one Sunday night
their big boat, the Ark, vainly chased this delusive apparition.
' The Lady with the Lantern ' is another of the quaint folk-
tales picked up at Saint Ives by Mr. Hunt. Years ago a ship-
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LEGENDARY LORE. 387
struck on a sunken rock off the Island. Many of her company
perished at once ; but a lady was observed on the deck with a
child in her arms, imploring aid from the shore. Some hardy
salts launched a boat in the teeth of the storm, and took the
woman safely off the wreck. The lady had fainted and lost her
child ; and, on recovering consciousness and finding that the
babe was not with her, she speedily closed her eyes in death, and
was buried in the churchyard. Shortly afterwards a lady was
often seen to pass at night over the wall of the churchyard on to
the beach, and walk towards the island. There she would spend
hours in looking for her child, and not finding it, she would sigh
deeply and return to her grave. On dark and stormy nights she
was frequently seen, carrying a lantern, and the apparition has
ever been regarded as presaging disaster on this shore.
Mr. Bottrell (2nd series) tells a quaint legend about a Zennor
sailor who received directions from the spirit of a deceased mess-
mate how to recover certain prize-money left by the dead man in
a chest at a Plymouth publichouse.
No country, however enlightened, is free from superstition of
the kind represented by the belief in witchcraft. Sorcery, indeed,
seems to have had its votaries in every age. Mr. Hunt quotes
from Cornish newspapers of a very recent date, showing how one
James Thomas, of Illogan, a notorious ^ pellar,' or * white witch,*
duped a great number of supposed bewitched persons at Saint
Ives, Hayle and elsewhere. He had been in the habit of re-
ceiving money annually for keeping witchcraft from vessels sailing
out of Hayle.
One way of becoming a witch was to get on the Giant's Rock,
a very sensitive logan-stone at Zennor church-town, nine times
without shaking it.
Treva, or Trewey, a hamlet near the sanie village, is said to
have been the place where, at midsummer, all the witches of the
West met. Amidst the myriad granite boulders which strew the
place was one very large pile of square blocks, known as the
Witches' Rock. Anyone touching this rock nine times at mid-
night was insured against ill-luck. The rock has been removed,
and the last of the Zennor witches is supposed to have died about
fifty years ago. The most celebrated of the sorceresses of this
parish was an old woman known to tradition as the Witch of
Trewey, whose spells made her the terror of the neighbourhood-
She is said to have assumed the form of a hare when engaged in
her supernatural work. She once made her husband a dinner of
cooked meat without any visible material for the preparation of a
meal of any sort. * She was borne to the grave,' says Mr. Hunt^
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3«8 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES,
by six aged men, and was carried, as is the custom, underhand.
When they were half-way between the house and the church, a
hare started from the roadside and leaped over the coffin. The
terrified bearers let the corpse fall to the ground and ran away.
Another lot of men took up the coffin and proceeded. They had
not gone far when puss was suddenly seen seated on the coffin,
and again the coffin was abandoned. After long consultation,
and being persuaded by the parson to carry the old woman very
quickly into the churchyard, while he walked before, six others
made the attempt, and as the parson never ceased to repeat the
Lord's Prayer all went on quietly. Arrived at the church stile
they rested the corpse ; the parson paused to commence the
ordinary burial-service, and there stood the hare, which, as soon
as the clergyman began ' I am the resurrection and the life/
uttered a diabolical howl, changed into a black, unshapen creature,
and disappeared.
Bottrell tells how Sir Rose Price's hounds chased a hare into
a cottage at Kerrow, in Zennor. When the huntsman came up
and opened the door, he saw an aged crone sitting on the
chimney-stool, bleeding about the head and face, with her hair
hanging loose ; then the sportsmen saw they had hunted a witch.
The above legends have all been taken from the admirable
collections of Hunt and Bottrell. But the writer has himself
picked up a few waifs of folk-lore which have never before been
printed ; they follow on here without classification. In our
chapter on the parish church we noticed the ancient house
opposite the south porch. This has the reputation of being
haunted by the ghost of a young man who was * shot under-
ground' (i.e,, perished in a mine explosion) and afterwards
appeared, pale and bleeding, at his father's bedside. Only a few
years ago a respectable woman, who then kept the shop next
door, was annoyed at night by mysterious laughs and whisperings,
which proceeded from the deserted and ghostly tenement. She
also frequently saw lights moving about in the haunted chamber,
which was the one on the upper story, overlooking the church
porch. The house has since been repaired and re-occupied, and
it does not appear that its present occupants are troubled by the
ghost.
The following story is told of Mary Stevens nee Bryant, whose
father had a large interest in the pilchard fishery toward the close
of the last century. On one occasion his women were packing
the fish for curing, in the cellars near the old Market-house. It
was Saturday night, and if left until Monday the fish must have
spoiled. Mary therefore went down to the women and told them
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LEGENDARY LORE. 3«9
to prolong their work into the Sunday morning. On her way
home, as she passed by the open window of the Market-house,
facing the George and Dragon, she was startled by seeing the
form of a man lying upon the Market House floor, on which he
appeared to be writing with his finger, his head supported by the
other hand. She stopped to watch the writing, and by a great
light which proceeded from the man's side, she was enabled to
trace these words : * Remember the Sabbath Day, to keep it
Holy.' The narration of this vision caused a great sensation in
the town, and did much toward securing that strict observance
of the Sunday which the rise of Methodism was then gradually
bringing about.
The old house called Carn Glaze, described in a former
chapter, was said to be visited by the spirit of Reginald Bottrell,
a sea-captain who lived in the reign of Charles II. The old
salt's ghost appeared to a fisherman named Tom P., who has
described the apparition most minutely to the writer. Tom
was born at Carn Glaze about the year 1820. One Sunday
evening, when he was about twelve years of age, he and his elder
brother, * Ephrim,' were lying in front of the fire in the big room,
awaiting the return of the rest of the family. The only light
was that of the glowing turves under the broad chimney, and of
a flickering rush. Happening to look up, Tom saw, on the steps
^hich led down into the room from a side-door, * a ruddy-faced,
pleasant-looking, stout little gentleman,' dressed in a long cut-away
coat, long black velvet waistcoat, black breeches of the same
material, black ribbed stockings, and pump shoes tied with a bow
ribbon. His head was bald, save for a small bit of hair at the
back, and he had no hat. ' His belly was round and as tight as a
drum.' (!) Brass or gold buttons adorned his coat and waistcoat,
on the latter two rows. The buttons of his coat were embossed
in the centre in the shape of flowers. He was * most pleasant-
looking in his features.' This prepossessing ghost held Tom
spell-bound for a minute, then vanished. Tom roused his brother,
and told him of the little gentleman. Ephraim thereupon sug-
gested that they should leave the house, which they did. Ephraim
would never mention the apparition from that moment to the
present ; but when his friends came home Tom told them of the
unearthly visitor, and described him, but was only laughed at.
He said : * I was not wise enough to thenk 't was a sperat, but I
knaw now.'
An old man who was born and reared near Cam Glaze, says
that children used to be afraid to pass the north-east comer of
the old house after dark. Four streets meet at this corner, and
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390 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
the old Celtic superstitions as to cross-roads may have something
to do with the ' hauntedness ' of the spot.
The old Market House, erected in the fifteenth century, was
a picturesque old building, with a penthouse around the wall on
the outside. There were no windows on the side facing the
church ; but right opposite the George and Dragon Inn was a
deep window possessing very weird associations. It was through
this window that Mary Bryant beheld the supernatural vision
above related, and it was to this window that the professional
ghost-layers used to banish the unruly sprites which they
exorcised. And there, after dark, they shrieked and jabbered in
their prison, in a manner that was perfectly shocking. A gentle-
man who died quite recently informed the writer that his father,
when a boy, one night saw Mr. James Wallis, a renowned ghost-
layer, exorcising spirits in the Market-place, with a candle, a
book, and a bell, which was rung by a boy in attendance. My
informant's father took to his heels with fright, and did not wait
to watch the ceremony.
This James Wallis, who was the last of the professed ghost-
layers, was also a renowned will-maker, though not a lawyer. He
was also a maker of sun-dials ; one which bears his name, and
the date 1790, may be seen on the wall of an old house, facing
the spectator as he ascends Barnoon from the Market-place.
In 1832 the old Market House disappeared, and the restless
ghosts along with it.
On the west side of Fore Street, near the church, is an old
house with a small square courtyard of quaint aspect. The
quadrangular messuage which encloses this yard was, in the last
century, an inn, known as the Globe, and, still later, as ' The
Tap-house.' When first built this house was the residence of the
Edwards family, one of whom, Hugh Edwards, had the misfor-
tune to ride down Trevegia mine-shaft one dark night. His
body was recovered and buried inside the church, near the
chancel-rails, with his clothes on. About fifty years ago, the
Edwards family vault being opened, the remains of the unfor-
tunate Hugh were found ; but of his clothes nothing remained
except the yellow tops of his riding-boots, which were as good
as new. An old woman recently residing at Cardiff said that
when quite a child she once slept at 'The Tap-house,' and at
dead of night heard heavy footsteps ascend the stairs, and three
smart blows struck on the door of one of the bedrooms, as if
with the handle of a riding -whip. Several other persons have
related similar experiences of the nocturnal visits of Hugh
Edwards to his old home.
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LEGENDARY LORE, 39^
Between Chy-an-gweal and Lelant village the high-road leads
to a group of three or four old houses, and just beyond is bordered
by two rows of fine elms, forming a dark lane. This lane is said
to be haunted at night by a phantom coach, furiously driven by
the ghost of a lady.
Another part of the same road, between Carbis and Lelant,
was supposed to be haunted. There is now living in the village of
Carbis one who still tells, with genuine agitation, of a ghostly ex-
perience that befell her there. She was going home to Carbis from
Lelant, one starry summer night, some forty years ago, when she
noticed, on the right-hand side of the road, between Longstone
and Boskerris Lane, what she at first took to be a prominent furze-
bush. As she came nearer to it, she saw that it was a man in a
tall hat, standing on the hedge. She came opposite to him, and
was expecting the usual * Good evening,' when, to her horror,
she saw that he had no face. She could see the hat plainly
enough, and the coat and collar, but not a single feature — only
blank space where the man's face should have been. A feeling
of terror crept over her, and she stood as though rooted to the
spot. How long she remained so she could not tell; but
gradually the paralyzing horror left her limbs, she gave a leap
forward, ran all the rest of the way home, and fainted as soon as
she got into safety. Of course she told her friends all about the
ghost ; but she only got laughed at, until an old local-preacher
declared that he had seen a similar apparition near the same
place.
* The Zennor charmers ' was a name commonly accorded,
not only to the women, but also to the men of this parish. It
originated in a traditional belief that the inhabitants of Zennor
were largely possessed of magical powers. A Zennor man assured
Mr. Hunt that, so great was their power of stopping a flow of
blood, that * Even should a pig be sticked, if a charmer was
present and simply thought of his charm, the pig would not bleed.'
The charm used was most commonly thus worded :
' Christ was born in Bethlehem,
Baptised in the Jordan ;
The river stood —
So shall thy blood,
Mary Jane Polgrain [or whatever the person may be called]
In the name of tde Father, and of the Son, and of the
Holy Ghost. Amen.'
Mr. Hunt gives a curious instance of a test resorted to by a
Towednack farmer to discover the thief of certain stolen pro-
perty. Acting in accordance with the traditions of the *old
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A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
people/ he invited his neighbours into his kitchen, and placed a
cock under the * brandice ' (an iron vessel formerly employed in
baking over a fire of furze and ferns). Every one had to touch
the brandice with his third finger, and say : * In the name of the
Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, speak.' The
only person who shewed any reluctance to submit to the test was
a woman who worked in the fields. She was forced up to the
brandice, and had no sooner touched it than the cock crew ;
whereupon she confessed her guilt and restored the stolen
property.
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CHAPTER XXVI.
SURVIVING CUSTOMS.
The flood of innovations which in the last few years has poured
into Saint Ives from the outer world, has well-nigh swept away
the last lingering vestiges of the many quaint old customs which
were peculiar to this town.
From time immemorial the practice has obtained of * throwing
the silver ball ' at Saint Ives on the feastentide. This is one of
the last relics of the ancient Cornish sport of hurling, the best
account of which is to be found in Carew's ' Survey of Cornwall,'
and which still prevails in Brittany. Some days before the parish
festival the boys used to make a money collection from door to
door, and then take the silver to Jasper Williams or some other
silversmith, who beat it out and put it round a globe of cork
about the size of an orange. In ancient times this ball bore the
Cornish inscription, * Guare teag yu guare wheag ' — * Fair play is
good play.' The ball is taken onto Porthminster beach, where it
is thrown about for a short time. The old rhyme, * Toms, Wills
and Jans take off all on the sands,' refers to the custom by which
persons of the names of Thomas, William and John were pitted
against all others, as a fairly equal division. But this arrange-
ment would not hold ^ood now that Methodism has introduced
so many Old Testament names.
One of Mr. Hunt's correspondents wrote to him thus, from
Saint Ives :
'Hurling the Silver Ball. — This old custom is still observed
at St. Ives. The custom is also kept up at St. Columb and
St. Blazey on the anniversary of the dedication of the church.
St Ives Feast is governed by Candlemas-day, it being the
nearest Sunday next before that day. On the Monday after, the
inhabitants assemble on the beach, when the ball, which is left
in the custody of the mayor for the time being, is thrown from
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394 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
the churchyard to the crowd. The sides are formed in this
way :
"Toms, Wills, and Jans,
Take off all on the sands " —
that is, all those of the name of Thomas, John, or William, are
ranged on one side, those of any other Christian name on the
other; of late years the odd names outnumbered the Toms»
Wills, and Jans. There is a pole erected on the beach, and each
side strives to get the oftenest at the " goold," i.^., the pole ; the
other side as manfully striving to keep them out, and to send
their opponents as great a distance from the pole as possible.
The tradition is, that the contest used to be between the parishes
of Ludgvan, Lelant, and St. Ives — St. Ives then being part of the
living of Ludgvan — and that they used to have a friendly hurling
at Ludg:van, and that afterwards the contest was between Lelant
and St Ives. A stone near to Captain Perry's house is shown
where the two parishes used to meet at the feast, and the struggle
was to throw the ball into the parish church, the successful party
keeping the ball, the unsuccessful buying a new one. St. Ives
is said to have outnumbered the Lelant folks, so that they gave
up the contest, and the ball was left with St. Ives. This much
is certain, that the feasts of St. Ives, Lelant and Ludgvan fall
properly on one Sunday ; though a misunderstanding has arisen
Lelant claiming to be governed by the day before Candlemas-day,
which will alter the three every seven years.*
Mr. Hunt adds : * The game of hurling is now rarely played,
and the Sabbath is never broken by that or by any other game.'
Wrestling, the twin sport of hurling, is also practically ob-
solete. A note in the manuscript diary of Captain John Tre-
gerthen Short, of Saint Ives, runs as follows :
' 1820. July 24. A grand Wrestling Match on Longstone
Downs. James Halse, Esq., and other gentlemen contributed to
the same. July 25. The wrestling ended at a late hour in the
evening. The St. Just men carried the day.'
The village of Treloyhan was a favourite rendezvous for
wrestlers, and their meetings were often attended by the squire's
son, the late Mr. John Augustus Stephens, of Tregenna Castle, a
great friend of the sport, and himself a wrestler of no mean
prowess.
A correspondent, whose letter Mr. Hunt prints in full, gives
particulars of the ancient custom of * guise-dancing,* as observed
at Saint Ives at Christmas time. For weeks previous the boys
were busy preparing the most carnavalesque costumes they could
devise. The various choirs practiced their carols, and general pre-
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SURVIVING CUSTOMS. 395
parations were made for the approaching estivaL Cottages were
smartened up with a good touch of the limebrush outside, and
inside with * Prickly Christmas/ as the holly is here called. On
Christmas Day the mayor, aldermen, and councillors, walk in
procession from the mayor's house to the church. The guise-
dancing time is from Christmas Day to Twelfth Day. * The
maidens are dressed up for young men, and the young men for
maidens ; and, thus disguised, they visit their neighbours in com-
panies, where they dance and make jokes upon what has happened
during the year, and everyone is humorously " told their own,"
without offence being taken. The music and dancing done, they
are treated with liquor, and then they go to .he next -house and
carry on the same sport.' The disguises represented Father
Christmas, Saint George, a Turkish Knight, Maid Marian, etc.
The ' Popular Romances ' contains the following paragraph as
to Shrove Tuesday at Saint Ives :
' Formerly it was customary for the boys to tie stones to
cords, and with these parade the town, slinging] these stones
against the doors, shouting aloud :
* " Give me a pancake, now, now, now,
Or I'll souse in your door with a row, tow, tow." '
May-Day at Saint Ives is at the present day almost without
any of its traditional observances ; but the boys are accustomed
to rob the gardens of their choicest flowers in the early morning of
that day. It was at one time no uncommon thing for persons to
sit up all night at their windows to protect their plants from these
nocturnal raids. The children of Saint Ives rise early on May
morning and go out to gather * may,' which they bring back in
triumph to the sound of horn-blowing.
At Saint Ives the custom still prevails of giving children a
large apple on All Hallows Eve, or * Allan-day,' as it is there
called. These apples the children place under their pillows, and
eat next morning. A quantity of large apples are thus disposed
of at what is termed the Allan Market.
* Shallals ' were bands of infernal music, of the ' marrow-bone
and cleaver ' type, which used to play at night outside the houses
of newly-married couples whom, for any particular reason, the
town roughs had a grudge against. The shallals got so bad at
Saint Ives that a special bye-law was passed by the Town Council
to suppress them. The principal instruments of sound used by
the performers in the shallals were the long speaking-trumpets
with which fishermen hail boats from Porthminster.
A funny story is told at Saint Ives to the effect that an elderly
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396 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
lady, one of the most respected inhabitants of the town, was
awakened^one night, about Christmas time, by a loud knocking
at the street-door. She looked out of her window and asked who
was there, and what they wanted. * Mr. Jones, Esquire !' an-
swered a voice in the darkness. ' Ah, well,' replied the lady, * he
doesn't live here, so please go away.' In a short time, however,
the knocking was repeated, while a sound as of voices in concert
was borne on the midnight air. Again the disturbed lady asked^
* Who are you ?' and again came the vague reply, ' Mr. Jones,
Esquire !' Indignantly she rejoined that Mr. Jones, Esquire,
would receive the contents of her water-jug unless he quickly
took himself off. She was no more disturbed, nor was it till a
later day that the good lady learned that her rest had been
troubled by * Mr. Jones' choir ' from the parish church, singing
carols to honour the approach of Christmas.
The Towednack feastentide, or parish festival, occurs on the
nearest Sunday to April 28. According to local tradition, this
parish at one time had no feastentide. It is said that a certain
inhabitant of the parish, one springtime, invited some friends to a
merry-making at his house. A large log of wood was placed on
the hearth, and no sooner did it begin to crackle and blaze, than
a cuckoo flew out from a hole in the log. The host caught the
bird and kept it, and he and his guests resolved to renew their
festive gathering every year in the future, which afterwards
became the parochial festival, under the name of the Cuckoo Feast.
It is also sometimes called the Crowder Feast, i.e., the fiddler's feast,
because the fiddler formed a procession at the church-door and
led the people through the village to some lively tune. But in
connection with the derivation of the name of this feast, it will be
well to record the old tradition mentioned by Mr. Hunt at p. 427
of his book : * When the masons were building the tower of
Towednack Church, the devil came every night and carried off
the pinnacles. Again and again the work was renewed by day,
and as often removed during the night, until at length the builders
gave up in despair, feeling that it was of no use to contend with
the evil one. Thus it is that Towednack Church stands lonely,
with its squat and odd-looking tower, associated with which is
the proverb, " There are no cuckolds in Towednack, because there
are no horns on the church-tower." '
The following is an extract from the Western Antiquary of
1883:
*A Dissenting minister bequeathed a sum of money to his
chapel at St. Ives, Cornwall, to provide six bibles every year, for
which six men and six women were to throw dice on Whit
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SURVIVING CUSTOMS. 397
Tuesday after morning service, the minister kneeling the while at
the south end of the communion-table, and praying God to direct
the luck to his glory ' (* Curiosities of the Search Room,' p. 49).
* Who was this minister, and what phase of religion did he repre-
sent, or to what denomination did he belong ? — E. Parfitt, Exeter/
This query did not receive an answer.
We must not conclude our account of the old customs of
Saint Ives without alluding to the ' Fairy-mow/ a fair held on
November 30, the Feast of Saint Andrew, to whom the parish
church is dedicated. This ancient fair is still kept up to some
extent, with stalls in the streets, music and merry-making. Its
name, which correctly written is F^r-a'-Moh, is nothing more nor
less than the Cornish words for ' Pig Fair.'
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CHAPTER XXVII.
OLD SAYINGS.
That department of legendary lore which consists in the smart
ironical sayings levelled at the inhabitants of one parish by those
of another, and which we may term * parish taunts,' is familiar
to students of folk-lore. Cornwall is particularly rich in these
sayings.
The people of Saint Ives appear to have held in Cornwall a
position analogous to that occupied in the Midlands by the
villagers of Gotham, near Nottingham— that is to say, the men
of Saint Ives were credited with less of worldly wisdom than
was possessed byjtheir neighbours, and the taunts hurled at their
parish all insinuate a lack of common-sense at Saint Ives. Thus
the most common taunt ^applied to a native of this town is,
* Who whipped the hake ?' This sarcasm has reference to a
legend that the fishermen of Saint Ives once flogged a hake
round the town to deter its voracious brethren from making
havoc among the pilchard shoals. It has been alleged in defence
of the fishermen that the Hake flogged was a man of that name,
who had done some injury to the fishery.
Another story tells how some Saint Ives boatmen eagerly
manned a boat, and put out into the Bay for the purpose of
picking up a * floating millstone,' which they believed had been
left by some wreck. One of the crew stood up in the bow of the
boat, and, in his haste to secure the prize, leaped on to the
supposed millstone, which proved to be only the stave of a cask
enclosing a lot of sea-foam. Mr. Tregellas has immortalised this
legend in his dialect story, ' The Swemming Grending-Stone.'
For a bit of genuine Saint Ives humour, we would recommend
a perusal of Fortescue Hitchins' rhyme, entitled * The Saint
Ives Mutton Feast' (Bottrell, 3rd Series, p. 89). It describes
how a flock of sheep was driven by a mighty wind from Gwithian
Downs into Saint Ives Bay, and how, with cries of * Heva !' the
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OLD SAYINGS. 399
fishing population rushed to bring the sheep ashore. The fisher-
man's cry of * heva !' is a word of great antiquity, and is sup-
posed to be derived from a Cornish word meaning to find, to
get. The common rhyme is, * Heva to the lea, the boats are
gone to sea !'
In a former chapter we have noticed the origin commonly
assigned to the Towednack Cuckoo-feast. Closely connected
with this is the parish taunt, * Who built a hedge round the
cuckoo to keep the spring back?* applied to persons of that
parish. The men of Towednack are reported to have said on
that memorable occasion, * If we had only put one more course
on the walls, we should have kept him in.*
* Nancledrea all your own ' is a saying well known to a genuine
Saint Ives man. It signifies that a man is ' monarch of all he
surveys ' ; that he is * all alone in his glory,' or * in clover.* The
few inhabitants of this remote hamlet were nicknamed * Nan-
cledrea Rats,' a designation which they seem to have owed to
their mill.
* Towednack quay-head, where the Towednack people christen
their calves,' is a venerable witticism, the origin of which is
wrapped in obscurity.
' Like Pudding-bag Lane, in one way and out the same,' is a
Saint Ives phrase which explains itself
* Saint Ives Hakes,' * Towednack Cuckoos,' and * Zennor
Goats,' are terms of contempt applied to inhabitants of these
parishes respectively.
Zennor is called * the place where the cow ate the bell-rope,'
a saying which probably alludes to the barrenness of the hills in
that parish.
Just as egregious folly is the amiable quality popularly ascribed
to the in-dwellers of Saint Ives and Towednack, so a mean
parsimony is the attribute fixed upon the natives of Zennor.
The old droll-tellers had a large stock of stories illustrating the
supposed poverty and meanness of Zennor people. These were,
it is true, credited with great musical and vocal talents ; but even
this good trait was generally united, in the popular tales, with
the less admirable characteristics of parsimony and squalour.
The people of this parish, be it observed, were once so renowned
for their beautiful singing, that no 'wedding, funeral, or other
merry-making,' was considered perfect unless a Zennor man was
present to raise his tuneful voice. Like the bards of old, the
Zenorians at length became so over-bearing in the pride of
their musical powers, that their ancient fame sank into a joke,
and they became a b)rword and a reproach among the western
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400 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
parishes. They expected to be invited to every occasion of
festivity, and thought that they made ample return for their
gluttony by giving a few staves of their church-music before
going home. Such, at least, is the amusing and exaggerated
picture of a former generation of Zenorians, given us in the
pages of Bottrell. It was said that Zennor people would con-
trive, by their thrifty habits, to live like goats. Hence the nick-
name * Zennor Goats.' *As careful as Zennor people' was a
common saying in the neighbouring parishes.
In the second series of Bottrell's work is the following
wonderful will made by a Zennor man :
* I'll make my will while I am well. I will bestow my riches.
I'll give to EUek, my eldest son, my best coat, jacket and
breeches. As for my watch, it is in pawn, else Elexander should
have that. Neckey shall have the courage horse, and Jan the
little sprat. Mary shall have the milking cow, and Lystria the
heifer ; Phillis shall have the flock of sheep, and what can I do
better? Old Polly shall have the purse of gold, and that will
most maintain her. Sally shall have the old brass pan, the
bucket and the strainer. Signed in the presence of Cousin
Matthew Hollow, Uncle Philip Eddy and John Quick the
schoolmaster.'
* A healthy man can ate a mackerl, but Jan Nance can ate tin '
(eat ten), is a Saint Ives saying which doubtless owes its origin to
some long-forgotten incident.
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CHAPTER XXVIII.
THE CORNISH LANGUAGE AT SAINT IVES.
It would be going beyond the scope of this work to pretend to
give a philological account of the Cornish language ; but the
reader may be reminded that Cornish is a High Cymric division
of the Celtic family of speech, and that it died out as a spoken
language at the close of the last century. It is expressly recorded
that Saint Ives was one of the very last strongholds of the ancient
tongue. A woman called Cheston Marchant, who could speak
nothing but Cornish, died at Gwithian, on the eastern shore of
Saint Ives Bay, in 1676, aged 164 (Borlase, MS. Coll.). Indeed,
the fishermen of the Saint Ives district, who are exceptionally
conservative in their habits, may still be said to retain something
of the old language, since they alone (or the oldest of them) are
familiar with the ancient names of all the rocks and caves along
the coast, of which a collection will be found in our list of proper
names. Mr. Hicks of Saint Ives, writing in 1722, says : * This
language within the last fifty years is almost forgotten, being
seldom used by any of the inhabitants excepting fishermen and
tinners.'
The following curious Cornish folk-rhyme, or children's ditty,
was published, for the first time, in the Journal of the Royal
Institution of Cornwall, vol. ii., p. 7. The heading is, ' Unpub-
lished Cornish Proverbs. A Fisherman's Catch. Given by
Capt. Noel Cater, of S^ Agnes, to T. Tonkin, Esq., 1698 ':
* A mi a moaz, a mi a moaz, a mi a moaz in gOn glaze,
Ml a clowaz, a clowaz, a clowaz a Troz, a Troz, a Troz, an Pusgaz miniz.
Bez mi a trouviaz un Pysg brawze, naw Losia,
Oil a poble en Porthia, ha Maraz-Jowan,
Nevra ni 6r dho gan zingy.'
The translation, given in the same magazine, is as follows :
'As I was walking, was walking^, was walking on the sea [///. green plain]
I heard, I heard, I heard, a noise, a noise, a noise, of small fishes ;
But I found it to be a great fish with nine tails,
All the people in S* Ives, and Market-Jew,
Were not able to draw it in.'
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402 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
On a careful study of this late Cornish fragment, I feel certain
that it is a Saint Ives ditty, and would be fully appreciated only
in that neighbourhood. Both the original and the translation
above cited contain errors. Thus, * goon glaze,' which is rightly
translated * green downs,' is, I feel sure, a mistake for *Gam
Glaze,' the feminine mutation of Cam Glaze (* the Grey Rock-
heap'), which is the name of a spot in the old part of that
town, overlooking the harbour. * Troz an Puscaz miniz ' should
be rendered, not ' the noise of little fishes,' but * the feet of the
fishes walking,' I think. True, the sentence is curiously am-
biguous, and the other version is possibly correct, but my amend-
ment makes the humours of the ditty hang together better. 'Naw
losia ' should be * naw lostia,' which means, not * nine yards,' but
* nine tails.*
I would suggest the following rendering :
' A me a moaz, a me a moaz, a me a moaz en Garn Gleaz,
Me a clowas, a clowas, a clowas a' troz a' troz, a* troz an puscas mynez :
Mez me a welys un pysg br&z, naw lostya,
Oil a' pobl en Forth la ha Maradzhawan,
Nevra ni 6r dho gan zingy.'
To be translated thus : * As I was going, was going, was going
on Carn Glaze, I heard, I heard, I heard, the feet, the feet, the
feet of fishes walking ; but I saw one big fish, (with) nine tails —
all the people of Saint Ives and Marazion were not able to pull it
(ashore).'
The only other mention of Saint Ives which I am aware of as
occurring in Cornish composition is a late fragment, written
when the language was almost in its final stage of decay, and
giving an account of the geographical limits within which it then
still lingered. It has been printed in the Journal of the Royal
Institution of Cornwall, 1879, No. xxi., p. 182, from a MS. of Dr,
Borlase. The author is believed to be John Boson, of Newlyn.
The piece is as follows :
* Nebbas Gerriau dro tho Carnoack.
' Gun Tavaz Carnoack ew mar pu guadn hez, uz na ellen
skant quatiez tho ewellaz crefhe arta ; rag car dreeg an Sausen
e thanen en pow idden ma an Kensa, an delna ema stella teggo
warno tha, hep garra tho tha telhar veeth buz dro tho aulz ha an
more, el eu a va clappiez lebben oggastigh en durt Pedn an
Wollaz tho an Karrack Cooez, ha tuah Poreeah ha Redruth, ha
arta durt an Lizard tua Helles ha Falmouth.'
Translation :
' A fewJWords about Cornish.
* Our Cornish tongue hath been so long in the wane that we
can hardly hope to see it increase again ; for, as the English con-
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THE CORNISH LANGUAGE AT ST, IVES, 403
fined it into this narrow country first, so it presseth on still,
leaving it no place but about the cliffs and sea, it being almost
only spoken from the Land's End to the Mount, and towards
S' Ives and Redruth, and again from the Lizard towards Helston
and Falmouth.'
The above is a very correct and elegant bit of Cornish, though
we would suggest a few slight improvements in the spelling, viz.,
Cernoek for ' Carnoack,* drig for * dreeg,' vith for * veeth,' tnSr for
* more,' Forth la for * Poreeah,' and Lezherd for * Lizard.* The
true Cornish for * Falmouth,' moreover, is Pen-a^'cHm-guic.
It will easily be understood that Cornish public archives con-
tain nothing of the ancient language of the Duchy except, indeed,
proper names, personal and local, including a few nicknames.
Such isolated words are often very valuable, however, as supply-
ing expressions not to be met with elsewhere. The following is a
list of the most curious Cornish words which occur in documents
relating to the Saint Ives district.
Subsidy of 1327.
' Johannes Moyl.' (Welsh tnoel, * bald.')
' Johannes Bydewy ' = Bo Dewy, * David's abode (?).'
' Thomas de Pendrelan.' The latter word means ' The end
of the church town.'
Subsidy of 1523.
* Alexander Gweader,' i.e,, ' The weaver.'
* John Thomas, * Sullouk ' (the Scillonian ?).
' Thomas Engoflf,' i.e., ' an gov,' * the smith.'
Borough Accounts.
1620. John Nance, * Molkin ' ; Welsh Maelgwyn.
Parish Registers.
Stevens alias Gonew (Welsh guineu, 'brown ' ?).
Stevens, * Trevalgen ' (Maelgwyn's town).
Williams alias Porthmere.
Williams, * Shoorin.'
Thomas alias Trewal or Trythwall (Ithwal's town).
Thomas alias Daddoe.
Thomas alias Midleton.
Thomas alias Tregenhowe.
John Thomas, * Welsh.'
W"* Thomas, alias * Kyow [?] Angove ' (1615).
, Richards alias Carway.
Of course, many of the above additional surnames are simply
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404 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
the names of country residences of those who bear them. Of this
class are * Gonew ' (?), ' Trevalgen,' * Porthmere/ * Trythwall/
' Midleton/ * Tregenhowe,' and * Carway ' ; but I cannot identify
' SuUouk,' ' Shoorin/ or ' Daddoe ' as place-names. The appella-
tion * Welsh' no doubt indicates that that particular Thomas
family originated in Wales, like many others in this neighbour-
hood. In our transcript of the evidence given before the Com-
mission which inquired into the fish-tithe dispute at Saint Ives in
171 1, the reader will find it stated that, when the tenth basket of
fish was delivered to the agent, the fishermen called out * Deka,
deka !' This, of course, is the pure Cornish word for ' ten,' and
also for ' tithe,' or ' tenth.'
The names of some streets in Saint Ives are Cornish, as :
Street-an-garrow = Rough Street.
Street-an-bollar.
Chy-an-chy = The house by the house.
Nanjivvy = St. David's Valley (?).
The Digey (derivation uncertain).
The Stennack = * the tin-place.*
Skidden Hill.
All the other place-names of the district will be found in a
complete list in the next chapter.
It is a somewhat curious fact that a decaying language lingers
longest, not in remote rural places, but in small towns. Never-
theless, the wild uplands of Towednack and Zennor were no
doubt very late in exchanging the Celtic speech of their in-
habitants for the all-conquering idiom of the Saxon. The families
of Stevens and Trewhella were among the last to keep up the
Cornish language in the parish of Towednack. The late Dr.
Stevens of Saint Ives told the writer that his great-grandfather,
Andrew Stevens of Trevegia, used to take his (Dr. Stevens's)
grandfather on his knee, and say, ' Come here, my little kennack
[rush-light], and say, " Wonnen, deau, tri, pedar, pemp," ' etc.
He would then make the youngster count after him in Cornish.
He also habitually used the exclamation, * Scavel angow r which
Jago says is equivalent to * A pack of lies !' (Or is it equivalent
to the Welsh words ysgafael angau ?)
In the year 1890 there was still living at Boswednack, in
Zennor, an old man named John Davy, who had some hereditary
knowledge of Cornish. He knew the meanings of the place-
names round about, and could converse on a few simple topics in
the ancient language. He recited the following rhymes, which he
said he had learned from his father :
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THp CORMISH LANGUAGE AT ST. IVES. 405
* A grankao, a grankan,
A mean a gowaz o vean ;
Oodez pare an venton.
Dub trelowza vean.
Far Penzans a Maragow,
Githack mackwee,
A githack macrow,
A mac trelowza varrack.'
This seems, however, to be a mere jumble of place-names.
As regards the local dialect of English, the Saint Ives speech
is in a great measure different from that of the rest of Cornwall.
This is what we might have expected, seeing that almost every
parish has its own peculiarities of dialect. It used, indeed, to be
said that a Saint Ives man could tell a Treloyhan man by his
accent !
Mr. J. T. Tregellas gives specimens of many local varieties of
the Cornish dialect in his delightful little book, * Peeps into the
Haunts and Homes of the Rural Population of Cornwall.' From
this work we select the following as an illustration of the Saint
Ives brogue :
* They had a wreck there some years " agone," and, " weth
/other things washed ashore, was a thing," said he, ** maade of
tember, and in pieces nailed up all of a raw : every waun of es
said he thoft 'pon somethin' that it must be; at laest Josha
Wearne settled ut •* I knaw what ut es," says he, " 't es a
horgan weth the inside of un waashed out." And so we all agreed
ut was, and they agreed to put un up in my laarge room, and
there a was for nigh a year, when a gentleman seed un, and said
'twas nothan but a hin coop." '
Other Saint Ives dialect stories by the same author are * The
Squire's Tame Conger,' and the * Swemming Grendingstone,' in
his * Cornish Tales.' These show a strong local colouring, as
well as genuine Cornish humour.
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CHAPTER XXIX.
place-names in the parishes of saint ives, lelant, tow-
ednack and zennor (with their meanings in english
whenever these can be ascertained with tolerable
certainty).
Alleluia Rock, in Saint Ives Bay, east of the Eastern Carrack.
The name was given by some fishermen, who accidently dis-
covered it, in the present century.
Amdlebra, in old deeds Amalibria, a hamlet in Towednack;
formerly a manor.
Amdlveor, a hamlet in Towednack; Welsh ymyl fawr, * great
slope, edge, or boundary.' (But ymyl is of the masculine
gender in Welsh.)
Amdlwldn, a hamlet in Towednack ; ^elshymyl wen (or, rather,
ymyl gwyn% * white slope, edge, or boundary.'
Anjewdn, a hamlet in Saint Ives.
Ayr, in old deeds Arthia, a hamlet in Saint Ives ; Welsh yr ardd
la. * Saint la's garden or enclosure.'
Bdhdvild, a hamlet in Saint Ives.
Balcunnow, a tenement in this district ; named in a deed of 1751.
Bdlnodn, Bal-an-6n (* the mine on the down '), in Saint Ives.
BdmbdUiz, a rock off the head between Porthgwidn and the
wooden pier. Saint Ives.
Bdrnoon, in old deeds Bar-an-w6n (* the top of the down * ) ; it is
a hill just over Saint Ives town, on the north-west.
Bayelea, a hamlet in the Saint Ives district.
Bedgletitbm, a hamlet in Towednack. Welsh bugail twyn, ' shep-
herd's hillock.'
Beersheba, a hamlet in Lelant ; corrupted from Cornish words.
Belliersy The ; land along the western outskirts of the grounds of
Tregenna Castle, and especially the beautiful wooded lane
so well known to visitors. A received derivation of the name
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PLACE-NAMES IN THE PARISHES OF ST. IVES, ETC, 407
is from Belles Aires, but it is to be noted that hard-by is a
field called the Bellyer's Croft, t.^.,'the bell-ringer's allotment '
Blynam, The, a rock in Zennor, between Gurnard's Head and
the Western Carrack ; Welsh blaenaf, ' most prominent.'
BoUnna, a hamlet in Towednack ; Welsh bSd llynau, * the abode
by the pools.'
Borallan, in old deeds Borthallan, a hamlet in Saint Ives.
Borough Green, The, a piece of land at Saint Ives.
Borough Rock, or Burry Rock, The, a rock on the Island Wastrel,
Saint Ives.
Bdscubm, a hamlet in Zennor ; from words equivalent to Welsh
bdd and cwm, * the abode in the valley or coombe.'
Bose, a tenement in this district named in a deed of 175 1.
Bdshaber, a property in the Saint Ives district named in a deed
of 1751. It also occurs in Subsidy Rolls temp. Henry VIIL,
as Boshaberthew.
Bostgritn, a hamlet in Zennor.
Boskerris, a hamlet in Lelant (* the habitation by the cherry-
trees ') — Welsh ceiroes.
Bosphrennis, in old deeds Bosporthennis, a hamlet in Zennor.
The name would seem to mean * the abode on the marsh-
island/ using porth in the sense in which port is used in the
South of Ireland, to signify a bog.
Bdssdw, or Buss6w, the name of two hamlets in Zennor and Saint
Ives, with the addition of ' Higher ' and * Lower ' respectively.
• Bossow ' is simply the plural of * bos,' an abode.
Bosullow, a hamlet in Zennor.
Boswednack, or Boswednan, a hamlet in Zennor. (* The abode of
Wenoc.') This Wenoc, Gwynog, or Winnoc, is the saint
whose name is preserved in the word Towednack.
Bothen, a field in Saint Ives.
Bowl Cove, is in Towednack parish.
Bowns, or Bounds, The, a rock between the old breakwater and
the wooden pier at Saint Ives.
Brace Teag, a field in Saint Ives ; brds t^g, * the big, fine ' (field).
Bregid, or Boregia, a corruption of Boher Isa. * the lower road.'
It is a hamlet in Towednack.
Browthin (th soft), a big rock a little to the south-east and sea-
wards of Clodgy Point, in Saint Ives.
Brunnian, in ancient documents Breynion, a hamlet in Lelant.
Burnt Downs, a hill on the boundary between the parishes of
Saint Ives and Zennor. Halliwell calls it the Burning
Mountain.
Burnvbire, a hamlet.
Buzzdck, a rock in the eastern part of Saint Ives Bay.
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4o8 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Cdgweneth (Welsh cae gwenith, * the wheat field ') ; a tenement in
this district named in a deed of 1751.
Cdrbh, a district in Lelant containing Carbis Valley and Carbis
Water.
CdrWw Rocks, off the Zennor coast.
Cam (Farm), in Lelant.
Cdrndbillan, a range of rocks on a hill west of Gurnard's Head.
Carndvtrthy on the cliffs of Towednack.
Cam Crowz ('cross rocks'), over the shore between BamaKh?
Point and the wooden pier at Saint Ives. Probably there
was a cross here formerly.
Camilld, or Cornellow, a hamlet, formerly a barton, in Zennor.
The same place is also called Chy-an-dowr.
Carnevrds, a rock in the sea to the north-west of Saint Ives Head.
Cam Galva, a hill in Zennor.
Cam Glaze (* grey or blue rock '), an eminence near the shore of
Saint Ives harbour.
Cam Gloose, a rock-pile on the Zennor coast. The *gloose'
seems to be a variant of * glaze,' grey or blue, but used in
the sense of * hoary ' ; Welsh llwyd.
Caminnyy a hamlet in Lelant.
Cam Men (* stone earn '), a rock-pile on the Towednack coast.
Cam> Stabba, a hill in Saint Ives.
Cam4isco, a hamlet in Lelant.
Cam Watch, a hill in Towednack; a famous beacon to the
fishermen.
Carrack Cam-ethen (th soft) (* the bird's rocks'), on the Towednack
coast.
Carrack Du (' black rock '), also shortly ' Carthew ' {th soft), a head-
land west of Saint Ives, between the latter and Clodgy Point.
Carrack Gladn (* the rocks on the brink '), on the Lelant coast.
Carrack Leggo, a fishing-stem at Saint Ives mentioned in a docu-
ment of 1752.
Chapel Anjou, in Lelant.
Charlestown, a hamlet in Lelant.
Chy-an-chy (* the house by the house '), a place in the old towa
of Saint Ives.
Chy-an-dowr, * the house by the water,' another name for Carnello«
a hamlet in Zennor.
Chy-an-drea (* the house of the townplace ') corruptly * Cher*
Dray,' a field at Talland, in Saint Ives.
Chy-an-gweal (' mine-house'), a village in Lelant, which sprang up
around Wheal Providence, in the last century.
Chyarton, Chiarton or Chivarton (' barton house'), a tenement of
the manor of Ludgvan Lese.
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PLACE-NAMES IN THE PARISHES OF ST. IVES, ETC. 409
Chykembra (* Welshman's House '), a hamlet in Zennor.
Chyldson, a hamlet in Towednack.
Chypbns (* bridge house '), a hamlet in Towednack.
Chytbdn (* house on a hillock '), a hamlet in Towednack.
Cligdr Bank, a quarter of a mile northwards off Saint Ives Head.
* Clegar * means a cliflf-like rock ; Welsh clegyr.
Clbdgy Point, a headland on the north coast of Saint Ives parish.
The word would seem to be related to Welsh clogau, large
stones.
Cock Hill is on the Tregenna estate in Saint Ives.
Cooking's Hole, the sand-vent constructed by Smeaton at the
shore end of the quay. At the date of the new extension
of the quay, in 1889, this hole had become entirely choked
up with the sand.
Coldharbour, a hamlet in Towednack. The prevalence of this
name throughout the British Isles is very remarkable. Its
derivation has long been a puzzle to philologists.
Coom (* the valley, combe '), a tenement in Lelant.
Cbrvdh, or Corvagh, a hamlet in Saint Ives.
Couch's Cove, another name for Zawn-abadden, a tiny cove just
south-east of Penmester Point, Saint Ives. The name was
given early in the present century, when a fisherman called
Daniel Couch lost his boat there, on which occasion his son
was drowned.
Court Cocking, a street in the old town, Saint Ives.
Court Cocking Rock, in Saint Ives harbour.
Crab Rock, off Pednolva Point, Saint Ives.
Crdnkdn Vean, a field in Zennor.
Creeg Awze, Creeg Vean, and Creeg Voaze, little hummocks of hills
west of Zennor church-town, used as landmarks by fisher-
men ; the two last mean * little ' and * great hillocks '
respectively.
Croft Sh^dmid, a field at Carninny in Lelant.
Crow's Nest, The, a fishing-ground off the Eastern Carrack, Saint
Ives.
Cuckoo Hill, in Towednack.
Culver House, in Towednack parish.
Digfy, The, a street in the old town of Saint Ives. The origin
of the name has never been ascertained. Considerable dis-
cussion of the question will be found in the Saint Ives Weekly
Summary of the spring of 1890. The second syllable is a
mutation of chy, * house ' ; the difficulty is in the meaning
of the particle ' Di.'
Dihds Id (pronounce * Dinnus Eea '), * Saint la's fortified town.
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4IO A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
an ancient name of Saint Ives, and still used in designating
the * Manor of Dinas la and Forth la.'
Drone Field, The, at Penbeagle in Saint Ives,
DoremooTy a field in Saint Ives.
Dove Street, an old street at Saint Ives. The name is probably
connected with Venton Dovey and Nanjivvey (q.v.).
Eastern C arrack,, another name of Carrack Gladn, on the Lelant
coast.
Ebdl, The (pronounced ' Hebble*), a rock in the sea off the Gur-
nard's Head. The word signifies * a colt'
Embld, a hamlet in Towednack.
Estbver, a farm on the Tregenna estate, Saint Ives.
Featherbeds, The, a range of rocks off the old breakwater. Saint
Ives Head.
Feneder, a tenement in this district, named in a deed of 1751.
Foag, or Fogue, a hamlet in Zennor. The word is a variant of
Fuggoe? Hugo, and Vow, meaning * a cave.'
Folly, The, a tenement in Saint Ives parish.
Fowe Wartha, a field in Saint Ives. The second word means
* upper or highest'; the first is probably connected with
Fogue, Vow, etc. (q.v.).
Fuggoe C the cave '), a tenement at Chy-an-gweal in Lelant.
Garden G arrow (' the rough garden '), a field in St. Ives.
Gear (* the fortified enclosure '), a hamlet in Zennor. The Cor-
nish name * Care ' (Welsh caer) is the same word without
the feminine mutation after the definite article.
Gdlldstred (* the town in the bottom '), a tenement in the manor
of Lelant and Trevetho.
Gdnnew (* High Downs '), a hamlet in Lelant.
Goonwin, or Giin-win (' the white downs '), a farm in Lelaat,
formerly the seat of the now extinct Pawley family.
Gowna, a big rock off Carrack Du, on the north coast of Saint
Ives.
Great Downs, a hill on the Tregenna estate. Saint Ives.
Grigs, a hamlet in Lelant ; * grig' is the heath-plant.
Gundry Cave, in Zennor.
Gurnard's Head, a bold and picturesque promontory on the
Zennor coast, much frequented by tourists. Its Cornish
name is Treryn Dinas (q.v.).
Halsetown, a mining village in Saint Ives, built in the present
century by a gentleman named Halse.
Harva, a rock in Saint Ives Bay, west of the Stones, Godrevy.
Hawk's Point, on the steep cliffs west of Carrack Gladn, in
Lelant.
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PLACE-NAMES IN THE PARISHES OF ST, IVESy ETC. 4"
Hayle River separates the parishes of Lelant and Phillack. The
Cornish word * Hfel * signifies a river.
HelleS'Vean (* the little slope ' ; Welsh yr allt fychan), a hamlet in
Saint Ives.
HelleS'Veor {' the gresit slope'; Welsh j^r allt fawr), a hamlet in
Saint Ives just west of Helles-vean.
Hendra (Welsh hen-dri, * old hamlet '), a farm in Saint Ives on
the Tregenna estate,
Hocy The, a little rock just under Tom May's Rock off Saint Ives
Head. A rowing-boat can pass between them.
Hot Point, a promontory on Helles-veor cliff, Saint Ives.
Kerrifw, a hamlet in Zennor, formerly a barton (Welsh cacrau,
* an encampment ').
KerviS'town, a hamlet in Towednack.
Lady Downs, in Zennor. * Lady ' is * Leath-dy ' (Welsh llaeth-dy,
* a milkhouse/ ' dairy ').
Laity ('the dairy'), a hamlet in Saint Ives and another in Lelant
bear this name.
Ldmbezo (* the enclosure of the birch-tree.' Welsh llan-fedw), a
place referred to in the Saint Ives borough accounts.
Ldngweth (' the enclosure of trees.' Welsh llan-gwydd) a tene-
ment in Lelant.
Lapurrian, or Laporian, a tenement in Lelant.
Lea Hole, or Leigh Hole, The, a little cave at Penmester Point,
Saint Ives.
Libmds, a fishing-ground east of Carrack Gladn, on the Lelant
coast. Its other name is Skil-vean.
Leigh Point, a small promontory south-west of Penmester, Saint
Ives.
L^ldnt, the mother parish of Saint Ives and Towednack. An
older form of the name is Lan Nant — i,e., ' the valley church.'
The full name of the parish is Saint Uny Lelant, from Saint
Euinus, the patron of the church.
LHhiiggd, a rock in Portreath Bay.
Longstone, a district in Lelant, including Longstone Downs.
Probably so called firom a mSn-hir or ancient sepulchral
monument.
Ludgvdn Lese, or Leas, an ancient and extensive manor, ^hich
included a great portion of the Saint Ives district. * Grey-
stone Meadows ' would seem to be the English equivalent of
these words ; Welsh llwyd-faen, * a grey stone.'
Lump Rock, near the extremity of Saint Ives Head.
Man-o^'War Rock, a big rock just off Pednolva Point, at Saint
Ives. The name is a corruption of min-ar-warh, * the stone
on high,' i,e., the * high stone.'
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412 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Men DerrHns, a rock off the northern extremity of Saint Ives Head.
Jlfen Fleming ('the Fleming's stone ')i at Saint Ives, between
Smeaton's quay and the wooden pier ; it is now covered
with sand.
Min lonas, a rock off Carrack Gladn.
MSn Lander, a rock in Saint Ives Bay north-west of Godrevy.
Mennor, a hamlet in Lelant.
Merra Hill, a high moorland hill in Towednack.
Merryn Rock, The, a big rock in the sea off Forth Gwidn, Saint
Ives Head. The fishermen believed that, if they sailed inside
the Merryn on putting to sea, they would catch no fish that
day. This tradition almost certainly points to some ancient
religious observance in connection with the Merryn Rock. In
the south transept of Paisley abbey there is a chapel of Saint
Mirin, in whose name the church of Marshfield, Monmouth-
shire, is also dedicated, as well is the parish of Saint Merryn
in Cornwall. It would almost seem that there was anciently
an image of this saint on the rock, though the superstition
above referred to probably originated in pre-Christian times.
A little rock at the extremity of the Merryn is known as ' the
Beak of Merryn.'
Mount Tyack, a tenement in Lelant. Tyack (Welsh taeog) means
' a farmer.'
Mun House, a fishing-ground in the Bay, off Saint Ives. The
word * mun ' ordinarily means fish kept for manure.
Nance, properly Nans (* the valley '), a hamlet in Lelant.
Nancemeor (' the great valley '), a tenement in this district, named
in a deed of 1751.
NdnclHf^a, a hamlet in Towednack. In the Subsidy Roll of 1327
it is called Nanscludry (Welsh NanUclyd-dre), * the valley of
the sheltered habitation.'
Ndnjivvfy (' Saint Dovey's valley '), a place at the top of the
Stennack, Saint Ives. It is sometimes called ' Saint Jiwey.*
Ndnkervis, a hamlet in this district.
Ninnis, or Ninnes, a hamlet in Lelant. The name is derived
from an enys, * the island,' and is a common surname in the
Saint Ives district.
Nodnbellas, a hamlet in Zennor.
Norway (' the north way '), a street in the old town, Saint Ives.
Parc-an-carn (' the cairn field '), at Ayr, in Saint Ives.
Parc-an-creet, at the Stennack, St Ives.
Parc-an-down (' the downs field *), at Ayr, in Saint Ives.
Parc-an-drean (' the thorn-tree field '), a field in this district.
Parc-an-garrow (' the rough field '), at Carthew, Saint Ives. It is
also called King's Field.
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PLACE-NAMES IN THE PARISHES OF ST. IVES, ETC. 413
Pare Angell, a field in Saint Ives.
Parc-an-growz (' the cross field *), in Saint Ives, also called Pare
Arthia.
Parc-an-rack (Welsh parc-y-wraig^ *the wife's field')* at Ayr,
Saint Ives,
Parc-an-roper (* the roper's field '), just west of Saint Ives town.
Parc-an-skebbar (Welsh parc-yr-ysgubor, 'the barn field'), in
Lelant.
Parc-an-woon (' the downs field '), in Lelant.
Pare Arthia ('the field of Saint la's garden or enclosure'), in
Saint Ives ; also called Parc-an-growz.
Pare Bean Ayr (* little Ayr field '), in Saint Ives.
Pare Noweth (*the new field '), at Helles-vean, in Saint Ives.
Pare Owles, properly Pare Als (* the field with a slope '), at Chyan-
gweal, in Lelant.
Pare Pedn-an-drca ('the field at the end of the town'), in
Lelant.
Pare Shaftoes, at Vorvas Vean, in Lelant.
Pare Towans (' the field of sand-hillocks '), Chyangweal, Lelant.
Pare Tron (' the round field '), at Trenwith, in Saint Ives.
Pare Troon ('the round field '), a field in this district.
Pare Venton (' the well-field '), at Penbeagle, in Saint Ives.
Pare Vorn, at Vorvas Vean, Lelant.
Pcdn-an-drea ('the town end'), a hamlet in Lelant. Perhaps
identical with Pendrelan in the Subsidy Roll of 1327.
Pedn-a-vounder, a hamlet in Saint Ives.
Pedn-olva, a headland half-way between Saint Ives Head and
Penmester Point (Welsh olehfa, a washing-place ?).
Penbeagle (' the shepherd's hill '), a hamlet in Saint Ives.
P^ndMedth (' the moist hill '), a hamlet in Towednack.
Pendinnas ('the fortified headland'), the old name of Saint Ives
Head, and still sometimes used for the extreme point thereof.
PAtddwr, (' the hill by the water '), a point on the Zennor coast."
Peninnis (' the island headland '), a point on the north coast of
Saint Ives.
P^ni/ster, a headland a mile south-east of Saint Ives town. The
name is apparently a corruption of Porthminster, and is used
indifferently for the headland and the adjacent cove ; but in
recent years there has been a tendency, founded on very
reasonable grounds, to distinguish between the two by calling
the headland Penmester, and the cove Porthminster. The
name means ' the headland by the church.'
P^mdnee (' the head of the valley '), a hamlet in Zennor.
P^pbl (' the head of the pool '), a tenement in this district, named
in a deed of 1751.
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414 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Pitpryy a hamlet in Zennor.
Plain-an-gwarry (* the playing plain '). The place, at the top of
the Stennack, Saint Ives, where the miracle-plays were per-
formed. The name occurs as that of an orchard, in a deed
of 1808, but is now forgotten.
Pdldke, a hamlet in Lelant.
Pdlmdntety anciently Pellamounter and Pellamountayne ; a stream
and a hamlet on the boundary between Saint Ives and
Towednack. (* Elisha Pallamounter ' was buried at Lelant
in 1797.)
Pdlmiar (* the great pool '), a hamlet in Zennor.
Pdlpeaty a hamlet in Lelant ; once the residence of an ancient
family of this name, now extinct.
Panion, a hamlet in Zennor.
Pdrthcbcking (' Cocking's Cove '), another name for the Foresand,
the beach of Saint Ives harbour. It is to be noted that the
term ' porth ' is applied only to a bay in which there is sand
at high tide ; a bay the beach of which is composed of stones
or rocks, is termed a ' pool.'
Pdrthgldzc (' the blue, green, or gray cove ')> in Zennor.
Porthgrqynia (* the cove of seals '), a little cove west of Penmester
Point.
Porthgwidn ('the white cove'), on the east side of Saint Ives
Head ; it was formerly a harbour for the fishing-boats, which
were hauled up here as they now are at Porthminster.
Porth la (' Saint la's port '), the Cornish name for Saint Ives. It
was commonly pronounced ' Poreea.' Porth la Prior was a
manor comprising part of Saint Ives parish ; it belonged to
the Benedictine Abbot of Tywardreath.
Porthkitny, The big cove to the south-east of Carrack Gladn, in
Lelant.
Pdrthnteor (' the big cove '), west of the island, Saint Ives.
Pdrthminster (* the church cove '), the big cove between Pednolva
and Penmester points. So called from an ancient chapel
which formerly stood on the rocks just above the beach. In
the fifteenth century there was a village of Porthminster.
These are the sands chiefly frequented by visitors.
Porthmoina ('the cove of mines'), Zennor. Hard by are the
Morvah and Zennor mines.
Porthripter, the big cove between Penmester and Carrack Gladn
points, on the coast of Saint Ives and Lelant.
Porthzawzen (* the Saxons' or Englishmen's cove '), between Hor
Point and Peninnis, in Saint Ives parish.
Porthzennor (' Saint Sinara's cove '), on the Zennor coast, near
the boundary of Saint Ives parish.
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PLACE-NAMES IN THE PARISHES OF ST. IVES, ETC. 4^5
Pull, The C the pool '), a fishing-ground in the Bay, off Saint
Ives.
Purfle's Plot, i.e., Purefoy's Plot, a piece of land at Saint Ives.
Rabal, a field in Saint Ives.
R^arn, a hamlet in Lelant. Trc-dzham ('the habitation in a
garden).'
River Cove, in Towednack.
Riviere, a tenement in Lelant ; also called Rovier.
Rocky Downs, a hill in Lelant.
Rose-an-growz (* the cross heath *), in Lelant.
Rose-an-hale, properly R6z-an-hfel (' the river heath '), on the
Zennor coast.
Rdsemirgy (the g hard), a hamlet in Zennor. In old deeds Rose-
margay.
Rdsewdll, R6z-whal (* the high heath '), a high hill and a hamlet at
its foot, in Towednack.
Satni Ives, the westernmost borough town in England ; so called
after Saint la, who introduced Christianity here. Previous
to her arrival the place was called Pendinas. Its later
Cornish name was Porth la. Saint les became Saint Ives
temp, Elizabeth.
ScaveUan-gow (* the smith's bench,' Welsh ysgafelly gSf), a field in
Saint Ives. Curiously, these words were used as an exclama-
tion of incredulity : * Scavel-an-gow ' (* a pack of lies !), gow
meaning a lie, as well as a smith.
Scuddy MSn, a deep-water fishing-ground for bait, half a mile
north of Saint Ives Head.
Shoaler Stone, The, a rock near Saint Ives.
Skidden Hill, the steep hill leading from Tregenna down into the
town of Saint Ives.
SkHlywadn (Welsh ysgtl y wadn ' the nook at the base ' of the
hill), a hamlet in Towednack.
Skil'Vean (*the Uttle nook'), a fishing-ground to the east of
Carrack Gladn, in Saint Ives Bay. Its other name is
Lebmas.
Spaniard, The, a fishing-ground in the Bay, off Saint Ives. Pro-
bably so called because some Spanish vessel was lost there.
Splat-an-redden (*the fern splot '), in Lelant. A splot is a small
piece of land in a flat region.
Stennack, The (* the tin-bearing place '), a hill just west of Saint
Ives town. Here is the mine called St. Ives Consols.
Street-an-bollar, a street in Saint Ives town. (Tregenna Rent
Roll.)
Street-an-garrow (' rough street '), Saint Ives town.
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4i6 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
SirceUan-pol ('pool street '), Saint Ives town.
Street PHlte (' little street '), a name given by the French or
Breton fishermen to what is now called Bailey's Lane, in
Saint Ives town.
Tdldvdna, a creek at the east end of Porthmeor, near the Island,
Saint Ives.
Tdlldnd, a dwelling-house on an ancient site at Porthminster Hill,
Saint Ives.
Three Brothers^ The, rocks on the western shore of the Island,
Saint Ives.
Three Humps of Meg, The, hills west of Zennor, a landmark to the
fishermen.
Tom May's Rock, on the eastern shore of Saint Ives Head. So
called after a man who used to sit on it to fish.
Tonkin's Stone, a rock between Gurnard's Head and the Western
Carrack.
Tors, The, rocks at sea a quarter of a mile west of Saint Ives
Head.
Tdwedndck, a church-town and parish west of Saint Ives, between
the latter parish and Lelant on the east, and Zennor on the
west. Named after Saint VVennoc, or Gwynog.
TrMriath (*the dwelling by the sands'), a tenement in this dis-
trict, named in a deed of 1751.
Tr^gdrth^, or Tregerthen ('the habitation in the enclosure'), a
hamlet in Towednack.
Tregenna (' the dwelling at the mouth or entrance '). an ancient
residence a mile south-east of Saint Ives.
Tregoos, Treg6z (' the habitation in the wood '), a field at
Chyangweal in Lelant.
Trehidy Downs, on the boundary between Towednack and
Zennor.
TrHdyhdn, a village in Saint Ives, a mile east from the town
(* the habitation in the grove ' ; Welsh tre llwyn). The village is
now corruptly called * Trelyon,' * Trelion,' and even * Treline.'
TrihnhHhdw (*the habitation by the graves'; Welsh, ^r^ beddau),
probably in allusion to some prehistoric place of sepulture.
Tremeddar, or Tremeddo, a hamlet in Zennor.
Tremellyn ('the mill-dwelling'), a tenement in the manor of
Dinas Eia and Forth la.
Trencrom, in old writings * Trecrobben * (* the crooked, concave
habitation '), a hamlet and high hill in Lelant.
Trefidraen, pronounced 'Tendrine' (*the habitation of thorn-
trees'; so in Welsh), a hamlet and high hill in Towednack.
Trcndreath (' the habitation by the sands '), a tenement in Lelant.
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PLACE-NAMES IN THE PARISH OF ST. IVES, ETC. 417
Tr^nbwHh (Welsh, Trenewydd, ' NewtoMm '), a hamlet in Lelant.
TrenwUh (*the habitation by the trees'; Tre-an-guydh), a, home-
stead in Saint Ives, the residence of an ancient family which
took its name from this place. The early form of the name
was * Treunwjrth/
Treryn Dinas (*the habitation on the fortified headland'; the
Cornish name for Gurnard's Head), a promontory in
Zennor.
TrAymk Hill, a hamlet and high hill in Lelant The name was
originally *Trefrenk' and *Trefrynk' ('the Frank's habita-
tion '), which was softened into * Trerynk ' and ' Trink/
Trivd (Welsh, trtgfa, ' a place of habitation '), a hamlet in Zennor.
The name is now pronounced ' Trewey.'
Trevalgen (the g hard; now usually written 'Trevalgan'), a hamlet
and hill in Saint Ives. The most probable meaning is
* Maelgwyn's or Malkin's dwelling.'
Trevarrack, a village in Lelant. If we are warranted in regarding
this name as a variant of ' Tregarrack,' the meaning is ' the
habitation by the rock,' in allusion to the huge boulder in
the highroad by the stream. But perhaps it is * Tre-war-ic '
(* the habitation on the brook ')•
Treveal, or Trevail, Trev-hfel ('the habitation by the river'), a
hamlet in Towednack, on a stream near the sea. This
derivation assumes that the pronunciation 'Treveel' is
incorrect.
Tr^Hhd (Welsh, Trefedw, 'the habitation by the birch-tree '), the
ancient seat of the Praed family, in Lelant.
Trevorrow (' the habitation by the roads '), a hamlet in Lelant.
Trewanack, a hamlet in Lelant.
Trewariha (' the upper town '), a hamlet in Lelant.
Trowan, in old documents 'Trewoen,' 'Trevowen,' and 'Trewoon'
(Welsh, trc yr waun, *the habitation in the meadow'), a
village in Saint Ives.
Try Moor, in Zennor parish.
Two Guns, The, a rock on which they formerly stood, on the
western slope of the Island, Saint Ives.
V^ndyr, a tenement in Saint Ives.
Venton Dovey (' St. Dovey's or David's Well '), a spring at Saint
Ives town. Welsh, Ffynon Dcwi,
Venton Eta, or Venton la ('the Well of St. la'), a spring at
Saint Ives.
Venton Uny, pronounced 'Venton Oony,' corruptly 'Venton
Loony' and 'Venton Looly' ('the Well of St. Euinus'),
a spring in Lelant.
27
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4i8 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Venton Vigean (corruptly * Venton Vision '). a spring at Ayr, Saint
Ives. The name occurs in a deed of 1808, but is now
forgotten.
Venven, a hamlet in Lelant.
Vinny Conner, a field at Carninny in Lelant.
Vorvas (or Worvas) Hill, that which is now called * Knill's
Steeple,' from the monument which stands on it, on the
boundary between Saint Ives and Lelant.
Vorvas, and Vorvas Vean, hamlets in Lelant. Worvas, being a
feminine noun, becomes ' An Vorvas ' with the definite
article, and imposes a corresponding initial mutation on the
adjective ' Bean.'
Vow Cot C the cave cottage '), a house near the shore at Forth-
minster, Saint Ives.
Westaway (*the western way*; cf. 'Norway,' ante), a hamlet in
Lelant.
Western Carrack, The (another name for ' Carrack Du '), a big
rock on the north coast of Saint Ives.
Wheal Ayr, a disused tin-mine at Ayr in Saint Ives.
Wheal Dream, a spot on the east shore of the Island, Saint Ives.
The words hu/l, a * mine,' and gwel, a * field,' are both now
' wheal.'
Wheal Reeth (' the red mine '), in Lelant
Wheal Snuff, an ancient adit at the east end of Porthmeor, Saint
Ives.
Wheal Sperris (' the spirit mine, the haunted mine '), on the
boundary between Towednack and Zennor.
Wheal Widn (' the white field '), at Chyangweal, Lelant.
White Rock, The (anciently * Carrack Widn '), a picturesque, ivy-
grown earn on Porthminster Hill, Saint Ives.
Wicka, or Wicca (* the village '), in Towednack. The house so-
called, situate near Wicka Pool on the coast, is now in ruins.
It was the old home of a family called Quick, who perhaps
took their name from this tenement.
Windypark, a place on Barnoon Hill, Saint Ives town.
Withen {an wethen, * the tree '; from gwethen), a hamlet in Lelant.
Zawn-abadden, a cave under Penmester Point, Saint Ives. It is
now better known as Couch's Cove (q.v.). A ' zawn ' is a
little cove, or opening in the cliffs, usually with a cavern.
Zawn-avilia, a cove just west of Hor Point in Saint Ives.
Zennor, a parish and church-town bounding Towednack on the
west. So called after St. Sinara, the patron. This name is
the last on the alphabetical list of the parishes of the
United Kingdom.
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CHAPTER XXX.
LOCAL FAMILIES.
BoBSowsack.
Richard Bossowsake of Saint Ives figures as a landowner in the
Subsidy of 1520 — the only mention of such a surname in these
Rolls.
According to the Visitation of 1620, Ralph Bosawsack of that
ilk married ' a Westmoreland gentlewoman wch was an inherytrix
& had a part of the Bartyn called Tregenha nere S* Ives.' Their
son, Richard Bosawsack, married a Westmoreland heiress, who
brought him part of Tremedo' and Boswednock in Zennor. (By
' Westmoreland ' is meant the parishes of Towednack and
Zennor.)
BottrelL
One of the most powerful and widely-established of the
baronial houses founded by the followers of the Conqueror was
the family of the Boterels, who, soon after leaving their original
home in Brittany, became possessed of the estate and seat named
after them, Bottreaux, on the north coast of Cornwall.
In the fortieth year of the reign of Henry III., William and
Reginald de Botriaux were registered as owning fifteen librata ot
land, or more, in Cornwall ; and, under Edward William I., de
Boteraus and Reginald de Bottreaus held land or rents to the
total of twenty Hbrata, or over (Rolls transcribed in Carew's
* Survey ')•
In our chapter on the Manors and Lordships we have seen
that the manor of Lelant and Trevetho belonged to this family,
and that in 1295 William Bottreaux was the lord of that manor.
On March i, 1395, Bishop Stafford, of Exeter, granted a
license to Elizabeth Bottreaux, ' mulieri,' to have Mass celebrated
in her private chapel of St. Mary Magdalen at Boswithguy. This
license was renewed July 20, 1398, the chapel being described as
27 — 2
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420 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
* Boswythgy infra parochiam Sancti Ercii in Cornubia ' (i.e., St-
Erth). This is probably the estate now called Bosworgey. On
November 24, 1399, a similar license was granted to William, son
of Sir William Botreaux, Knt, and to Sir Ralph Botreaux, Knt.,
etc, ; and again, June 27, 1410, to William, Lord of Botraux, and
his family ; also again, July 15, 141 1, to John Botreaux and Eliza-
beth his wife, for all their mansions in the diocese.
From the Calendar of Inquisitiones Post Mortem, Cornwall,
2 Edw. IV., No. 15, at the Record Ofi&ce, we learn that in 1463
inquisition was held on the death of ' Willus Botreaux miles,' pos-
sessed of lands in Lelant Manor. This appears to mark the decline
of the family, and henceforward none of the" records to which I
have been able to refer give any particulars about them until we
come to the period of parish registers. Strange to say, the family
is not named in any of the Subsidy Rolls, not even in that of
1327. This family bore arms : Chequy or and gules, on a chevron
azure 3 horseshoes of the first.
By the middle of the seventeenth century this branch of the
family, though still existing, had fallen firom its high estate, and
was represented by Reginald Botterall, of Saint Ives, who in 1661
married Christian Rosewall. Of their issue William died young,
and Reginald was the only son who married ; his wife was Eliza-
"^Ijeth Murth, married in the year 1689, with issue Christiana,
and Samson, who died unmarried.
Christiana Botterall was married in 1709 to Jean Lemal or
Lamalle, a French or Breton mariner, to whom she bore eight
daughters. (See Lemal.)
Oeely.
According to the Visitation of Cornwall, this family traced
their descent from Thomas Ceely, of Comesberie, in Somerset-
shire, whose eldest son, Christopher Ceely, of Plymouth, married
Avis Marchant. -Their second son, Peter Ceely, was bom in
1580, and removed to Saint Ives. He married Anne Penrose, of
Penrose, and had issue (inter alios), Peter, of whom later ; Pris-
cilla, married to William Tregosse, of Saint Ives, with male issue ;
and Jane, married to Henry Williams, of the same place, with
issue Jane, Epharem, Margaret, and another.
The last-named Peter Ceely, bom circa 1618, married Joan,
daughter of Thomas Purefoy, of Saint Ives, with issue, William,
born 1643 ; Thomas, born 1644 ; Peter, born 1645.
This account does not appear to tally accurately with the
municipal records, which show that so early as the year 1605
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 421
William Ceelye, gen^ was one of the capital burgesses of Saint
Ives ; also in 1612 and 1613.
In 1620 ' Mr Celye ' was rated for the royal subsidy, he being
at the time a resident in ' Westren Streete-'
In 1621 occurs this entry : * F^ M^ Howell by the appoyntm^^
of the moste of the 12 for the lawe sutes broughte againste
m^ Trevnw*^« & others by M^ Tho. Ceelye, los.'
In 1629 we find William Ceely, gen., one of the 12 principal
burgesses, in which capacity he took part in signing a mutual
agreement by the burgesses to join in resisting the vicar's
encroachments in the matter of tithes. In 1631 he was still a
capital burgess.
In 1638 Peter Ceely farmed the profits of the quay of Saint
Ives. The next extract refers to him :
1647. Received *of M^ George Hicks upon Major Ceelye
Tickatts for come.' (This was in the famine time.)
' I : payd to Major Ceelye to wards the come for. M^^ Opie
£135. (In payment for the corn taken firom Opie's ship.)
In 1650 we find a memorandum that Peter Ceelye, gent.,
borrowed a piece of ordnance firom the Corporation to put on
board his ship. The ship having foundered, Ceely is ordered to
pay for the lost cannon. (See ante, Extracts from the Municipal
Accounts.)
In the autumn of 1650 Peter Ceely was chosen Mayor.
1653. ' Paid the constable to paie Major CeeUe for pressing
the men, monie disbursed by him, 12s.'
1654. ' Received of Peter Ceely, Esq', for halfe years rent for
the Mills ended the 1^ of November 1654, £6 13s. 4d.'
1656. * Payd for candles and monis disbursed when Major
Ceelys souldiers did watch, 6s. 4d.'
1658. Peter Ceelye Esq^ and John Seyntaubyne Esq^ were
elected to Parliament by the Capital Burgesses. (See the chapter
on the Members for Saint Ives.)
1669. * Pfiiid Major Ceely for 1000 of Healingstones, 8 bundles
Lathes, 2000 of nayles with a barrell of Lyme ^i 7s. 2d.'
1694. ' For Mr Ceelys boat on the Key, 2s. 6d. in all.'
In 1723 and 1733 John Ceely was mayor of the borough.
The following entries in the Parish Registers carry on the
genealogy from the Visitation period :
1651. Baptised John son of Peter Ceely gent :
1654. Buried John s, of Peter Ceely Esq :
1654. Baptised Peeter s. of Peter Ceely Esq :
1655. Buried Joan wife of Peter Ceely Esq :
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422 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
1656. Married Peter Ceely Esq: and Honor Pridieux-
1658. Baptised (and born) Honor d. of Peter Ceely Esq :
1660. Baptised Ann d. of Peter Ceely Esq :
1663. Baptised Kathern d. of Peter Ceely gent :
1667. Baptised Ann d. of Peter Ceely gent :
i688- Married M^ Rob* Beere & M^s Honour Ceely.
1705. Married M^ W™ Busvargus & M« Anne Ceely.
1709. Married M^ John Ceely & M" Honour Penrose.
1711. Baptised Anne d. of John Ceely.
1712. Baptised Peter s. of M^" John Ceely.
1713. Baptised John s. of M«" John Ceely.
1716. Baptised Honor d. of M'' John Ceely & Honor his wife.
1719. Baptised Peter s. of Mr. John Ceely & Honor his wife.
1720. Baptised Allis d. of John Ceely & Honor his wife.
1721. Baptised Honor d. of M^ John & Honor Ceely.
1726. Baptised Jane, d. of Richard & Jane Ceelly.
1726. Baptised Bridgett d. of M^ John & Honor Ceely.
1728. Baptised Elizabeth d. of Jn^ & Honor Ceely.
1739. Baptised Peter s. of M^ John Ceely.
1741. Baptised Anne d, of M^ John & Ann Ceely.
1773. Married Richard Bosence & Elizabeth Ceely, sojourner &
spinster ; in the presence of W. Harry & Ann Harry.
[The contracting parties both made their marks.]
Davies Gilbert says Peter Ceely, of Saint Ives, is buried in the
north aisle of Saint Andrew's church, Plymouth, a monument
marking the place of his interment ; sed quaere whether he is not
confounding two namesakes. Peter Ceely, of Plymouth, was
mayor of that town, and cousin to Ceely of Saint Ives.
Lyson gives the arms of Ceely as : Azure, a chevron or
between 3 mullets argent; quartering Fulneby, Graunt and
Angeville.
This family rose to importance in Cornwall during the Civil
War, at which time they sided strongly with the Parliament.
Some account of their doings will be found in our chapter on the
Civil War.
In a Saint Ives deed of the year 1808, reference is made to a
messuage called ' Major Ceely^s Great House,' which was situated
in the heart of the town, close to the river. This would appear
to have been built by the Puritan leader, Peter Ceely. Various
buildings, in particular a tenement known as the ' Shoot Cellar,'
were built upon the ruins of the old house towards the close of
the last century. Before its final demolition, Major Ceely's house
was named the * Smelting House.'
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 4^3
The Coram Rege Rolls, Trin., 31 Car. 11. (1679), contain a
memorandum to the effect that Johanna Gregory, of Truro,
widow, George Hamond, of Saint Ives, merchant, and Jane Praed,
of Saint Ives, spinster, did, on the 19th day of February, 1678, with
force and weapons, at the parish of Saint Ives aforesaid, unlawfully
and riotously assemble, to the disturbance of the peace of our
lord the King, at the mansion house of Peter Ceely, gent., and
did then and there insult and maltreat the said Peter Ceely, he
being then in the King's peace, to the evil example of others in
the like case offending, and against the peace of our lord the
King, his crown and dignity. Wherefore the King's attorney
prays for judgment against the said offenders. But the de-
fendants, through William Tyre, their attorney, say that they are
not guilty ; and concerning this they put themselves upon their
country (in other words, they elect to be tried by a jury).
This memorandum is in the usual roundabout Law-Latin of
the period, which, abbreviated as almost every word of it is,
covers a goodly skin of vellum. There is nothing to show either
the precise origin of this dispute, or its result.
Oocking.
This family is notable as having been connected with Saint
Ives from time immemorial, being the first of the seven named
in the old saw which we quoted in a former chapter. It may,
indeed, be regarded as a typical Saint Ives family of the yeoman
class. In the course of the long period during which the history
of the Cocking family may be traced in public records, it has, of
course, seen many ups and downs ; and if at present it occupies
a humble position, it can boast of having, at one period of its
history, been among the foremost families of the place.
Circa 1520 John Cokyn was rated at £1 4s. for lands in the
parish of Lelant, and Hen. Thom. Cokyn at £3 for lands in Saint
Ives. In the same subsidy, John Cokyn is charged 20 marks in
respect of goods at Saint Ives.
In 1523 and 1524 the goods of John Cokyn, of Saint Ives,
were valued at £15,
In 1571 John Cockyn, of Saint Ives, was valued at £3 in
goods, in 1585 and 1593 at £4, and in 1597 and 1599 at £5.
In 1573 John Cockyn was a capital burgess of Saint Ives,
and farmed the profits of the quay. In 1578 he was again a
capital burgess, and also in 1580 and 1583.
In the municipal accounts for the year 1584 is this singular
item : ' Payde to John Cockyn for nurssing of denys chylde v^. '
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424 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
In 1585 Elyzabeth Cockyn was Queen of the Summer Games.
In 1592 we again find John cockens a capital burgess, and in
1593 he was chosen head warden. In 1594 he farmed the profits
of the market.
1594-5, ' It : paid John Cockens that hee forgate in his
akownte by henry hickes 2s. gd.'
^595* ' I ' pa-id to gyles hawke by consentt of John cockin
for the redemyng of the prisoners outt of Turkie the some of iiij^.'
In 1596 John Cockyns and Thomas Cocken were capital
burgesses, and in 1597 John Cocken paid 5s. to a local rate. In
1602 he was again a capital burgess.
In 1603 John Cockyns was chosen porthrieve, and his son,
John Cockins, junior, became a burgess.
In 1608 we find this entry : ' Sma 3311. Wherof Jo : cokyns
muste paye 2^^ wCh he was allowed of in his fathers yeres and
beinge porthryve and paide it not by Jo : Stevens reporte.'
In 1620 John Cockin, of Saint Ives, paid 8i. to a rate for the
King, and in 1622 he was one of those who signed an agreement
not to permit fishing on Sundays.
In 1646 John Cocking was a burgess, and in 1650 and 1655
he signed consent to bye-laws relating to the fishery.
Somewhat later we find Richard Cocking occupying the
position of town drummer. As such, in 1660, he received 2s. 6d.
* to beate the drume ' on the King's Coronation Day. In 1667
and 1668 similar payments were made to him, and in 1673 he
received is. 4^. to head the town drum. In 1693 Richard
Cockyn had 35. for beating the drum, and in 1696 is the entry :
' To the drumer Rich*^ Cockyn, 1$. 64.' Similar entries are found
under the years 1699 and 1701 ; the latter runs thus : * Rich :
Cockyn to beat the drum to the watch 6 weeks, 2s. 6i.'
In 1704 one of the family was an innkeeper at Saint Ives, as
witness this item: 'At John Cockens for beere for the ffrench-
men is.'
The harbour of Saint Ives has from ancient times borne the
name ' Porthcocking.* An old street which leads down to the
Foresand is called 'Court Cocking'; and the sand- vent under
the quay is known as ' Cocking's Hole.'
Edwards.
This ancient family was seated at Lelant in 1549, when the
* heirs of Edwards ' paid 8i. to a subsidy.
In 1585 and 1593 William Edward was rated at £3 for goods
in the parish of Lelant.
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 425
Circa 1593 Mr. Henry Edwards was receiving a high rent of
IS. a year from the town of Saint Ives for lands in the parish.
1594- * Item, paid henry Edwards for hir mz}^^ purueighers, 4s.'
Circa 1595. 'It. payed m' harry Edward for the erecteng of
the towence of nantuege, & the Ille of Sent nycolas, att pllemowth,
xjs, & iiijd for a quettaunces.'
1597. ' Item p** Henrye Edwards for bringinge of pcepts, xij^/
I^ 1597 and 1599 Thomas Edwards' goods in Lelant were
valued at 3^3.
In 1598 Thomas Edwards, of Lelant, gent, born 1564, was a
witness before the Special Commission which was held to inquire
into a case of smuggling at Saint Ives. (See anU, p. 130.)
In 1613 William Edwards, of Lelant, paid 2s. to a royal
subsidy.
In 1620, when the heraldic and genealogical visitation of
Cornwall was made, the pedigree was deduced from Henry
Edwardes, of Lelant, whose third wife was Margaret Gavrigan of
that ilk in Cornwall By her he had issue a second son, Thomas
Edwards, of Lelant, who married Jane Roscruge, of Roscruge,
with issue inter alias, Henry Edwards, bom 1600.
In 1624 and 1625 Thomas Edwards, gent., was rated at £4,
and William Edwards at 3^3, for goods in Lelant, the latter being
one of the rators in 1625.
In 1629 Thomas Edwards, gent., was rated at 3^5, and William
Edwards, gent, at £4, in respect of their goods.
Thomas Edwards, gent., was a burgess of Saint Ives circa
1632.
In 1641 Henry Edwards, gent., and William Edwards, paid
to a subsidy for their goods in Lelant ; and Thomas Edwards,
gent., paid 3^3 for his goods at Saint Ives, and contributed 5s.
towards the building of the church gallery.
In 1664 Henry Edwards, gent., and John Edwards, were rated
in respect of goods in the parish of Lelant.
In 1680 Arthur Edwards, of Lelant, gentleman, bom 1526, was
a witness before the Commission held to inquire into a dispute as
to the tithe in the parish of Towednack. Henry Edwards is also
mentioned therein. (See ante.) The former of these two gentle-
men was a county magistrate, and the latter appears to have been
High Constable of the Hundred of Penvath.
In 1740 John Edwards, gent, and others, purchased lands at
Cam Stabba and Trowen in Saint Ives.
In 1749 John Edwards was Mayor of Saint Ives; he was
again chosen to that office in 1758.
In 1766, 1768, and 1779, the Mayor of Saint Ives was Hugh
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426 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Edwards, attomey-at-law. In 1769 he appeared in the list of
subscribers to Carew's 'Survey of Cornwall/ He possessed
large property in the town of Saint Ives.
In 1771 and 1785 Hugh Edwards was a borough justice.
In 1780 Thomas Edwards and Ann, his wife, and another,
purchased lands at Nenis in Saint Ives.
In 1786 John Edwards, gent., and another, purchased lands
parcel of the Manor of Lelant and Trevetho.
In 1810 the name of Hugh Edwards appears in the list of
subscribers to Fortescue Hitchins' ' Sea-shore, and other Poems.'
This gentleman, who was eldest son of Hugh Edwards, the
justice, was a clerk in the War Office.
Parish Registers,
1707. Married Hugh Edwards of S* Just in Penwith & Catherine
Pryor.
1708. Baptised Elizabeth daughter of Hugh Edwards.
17 10. Baptised Grace daughter of Hugh Edwards.
1713. Baptised James son of Hugh Edwards and Catherine his
Wife.
1729. Married William Hichens and Grace Edwards.
1735. Baptised John son of. M*" John & Ann Edwards.
1736. Baptised Elizabeth daughter of M- John Edwards & Ann
his wife.
1739. Baptised Hugh son of M^ John and Ann Edwards.
1739. Baptised Elizabeth daughter of M'' John and Ann
Edwards.
1741. Baptised Edmond son of M^ John and Ann Edwards.
I767. M*" Thomas Slade of the Parish and Town of Namptwich
in the County of Cheshire and Miss Mary Hichens of
this parish spinster were married in this church by
License in the presence of Hugh Edwards and Edward
Hichens.
Soon after the Reformation, this family were in possession of
the old church-house, called *The Abbey,' at Lelant, where they
continued to reside for several generations, and where the
Hosking family, who represent Edwards in the female line, still
live.
Arms : Ermines, an antelope rampant or. Crest : an antelope
rampant sable bezantee, attired or.
Qlynne.
In the Subsidy Roll made in about the year 1520, Thomas
Gl3mne's lands in Lelant are stated to be worth ten shillings, and
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 4^7
his lands in Saint Ives elevenpence, annually, while his goods in
the latter parish are valued at £2.
In 1523 his lands in Saint Ives are valued at the very high
sum of ^40, which seems to mark the date when, as we are told
by Hicks, Thomas Glynne married the heiress of Nicholas, a
large landed proprietor of Saint Ives.
In 1524 the goods of Thomas Glyn at Saint Ives are again
valued at £2, which amount he paid to two subsidies that year.
In a Penwith Subsidy List of 1536 he is rated to pay ten shillings
for his goods.
In the 'Valor Ecclesiasticus ' of 1535 it is recorded that the
rectorial tithe of Lelant had been demised by the college of the
Church of the Holy Cross, at Crediton, in the deaconry of Cad-
bury, to Thomas Glynne and others for the term of ten years.
In 1544 John Glyn of Saint Ives was rated at ^i for a
subsidy, to which the other eight persons there paid only 6s. 8rf.
In 1583 the Mayor and Burgesses of Saint Ives granted to
John Tregose, esquire, all the pews and chairs in the church and
chancel of Saint Ives, which had been formerly possessed by
Thomas Glynne, esquire, deceased. Thomas, who appears to
have been the last of his race, probably died between 1550 and
1580. Leland, who wrote in the reign of Elizabeth, says, * There
dweUith a Gentilman of a 50 Markes Land by Yere cauUid Glynne
yn S. I6s.' Arms : Argent, 3 salmon-spears sable ; with the Cornish
motto : ' Dre weres agan Dew ny ' — * A sure city is our God.'
Hals.
This family is said to have descended from John Hals, Justice
of the Common Pleas in 1423. who sold the manor of Trem-
bethow in Lelant to Godolphin.
In the Subsidy Roll of 1327 we find the name of John Halse,
who was rated at lod. for property in Saint Ives.
In that of circa 1520 Richard Hals' lands in the parish of
Lelant are valued at £^ by the year.
After that the subsidies make no mention of this family until
1624, when ' Greenfreedus Halls, gen.,' was a rator, and contri-
buted 3^4 in respect of goods in Lelant.
In another list of the same year he is styled 'Grenfield Haulse.'
A similar entry occurs in 1625.
In 1629 * Grenvilis Hals, gen.,' paid £s for goods at Lelant.
He was rated again in 1641 as ' Grinvill Halse,' gent.
The borough records make mention of * M' Hals ' in 1604 and
1616. The latter entry runs thus : ' P^ Tho : Poole the x^^ of
ApriU laste for counseU fees for removing M' Hals is children vs.'
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428 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Early in the present century the representative of the family
was Mr. James Halse, solicitor, who was mayor of Saint Ives in
1813, and an alderman in 1834. He was connected with the
local mining industry, and built the once populous, but now
almost deserted, industrial suburb called after him Halsetown.
The arms of this family, as given by Burke, are : Argent, a
fesse, between 3 griffins' heads erased, sable.
Sir Nicholas Hals, living at FentongoUan in 1600, and William
Hals, the historian, represented other branches of the house.
Hext.
This family is first found at Saint Ives at the close of the
sixteenth century. The surname would seem to be a variety of
* Hicks,' especially as the armorial bearings of Hext and Hicks
are very similar. According to Burke, ' General Armory,' Hext
of Trenarren and Hicks of Trevithick bear : Or (or argent), a
tower triple-towered, between 3 battle-axes sable.
The following is the documentary history of the family at
Saint Ives :
Borough Records.
In 1597 John Hexte, gent., contributed 4s. to a local rate.
In 1603 John Hext was a capital burgess and in possession of
lands within the parish of Saint Ives.
In 1614 he was again a capital burgess ; and in 1620, Mr.
Hexte, living at a part of the town called The Land, paid is. 3d.
to a royal subsidy.
In 1624 Richard Hexte paid 4d. for his goods in Saint Ives,
to a subsidy of which he was one of the assessors. He made
similar payments in the years 1625, 1629, and 1641.
In 1629 Richard Hext was a capital burgess, and was chosen
porthrieve of Saint Ives. He was again a capital burgess in
1630, 1631, 1633 (in which year he farmed the quay dues), and
1635.
In 1639 Richard Hext became the first mayor of Saint Ives,
by appointment in the charter of King Charles I. He was an
alderman in 1645.
Circa 1650, Mrs. Chesten (i.«., Christiana) Hext left a legacy,
the interest of which was to be paid annually to the vicar of Saint
Ives for the benefit of the poor of the parish. Afler this date the
name Hext no more appears in the annals of the town.
Hichens.
In or about the year 1520 Richard, the son of John Huchyns,
had lands valued at 19s. a year in the parish of Saint Ives.
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LOCAL FAMILIES, 429
In 1523 the goods of John Huchyn at Towednack were rated
at £2, and in 1524 at 3^3.
There is no further mention of Hichens or Huchins until 1641,
when John Hetchins' goods at Saint Ives were vahied at £3 by
the year. In another subsidy Ust of the same date he was
charged for lands in the parish as * Johanes Hutchings/
In 1664 John Hitchens was rated for goods at Saint Ives, as
was also Richard Hichens. Thus far the Subsidy Rolls.
Borough Records.
In 1578 James hychen of Saint Ives contributed 2d. to a local
rate, and in 1584 he was a quay warden.
William Hechins was a capital burgess of the borough in
1603 and 1607. In the latter year he paid his cousin, John
Tregenna, five pounds at Bristol, on behalf of the town of Saint
Ives, and in 1607 he was chosen porthrieve. He held again the
office of capital burgess in the years 1612, 1615 (when he was also
churchwarden), 1622, 1629, 1630, and 1633 (when he was a second
time porthrieve). In 1620 he paid 6d. to the royal subsidy.
In 1630 Henry Hechins was a capital burgess.
In 1634 John Hechins was an overseer of the poor, and he
was a waywarden in 1636.
In 1646 John Hichins was an alderman of Saint Ives, and
farmed the profits of the markets and fairs held within the
borough.
In 1650 ' Henery Hitchens ' agreed to and signed a bye-law
relating to the pilchard fishery.
In 1655 Richard Hichings was the borough constable.
In 1664 John Hichens was chosen mayor.
In 1665 Richard Hichens was elected to that dignity ; and
two shillings was ' pd. Willyam Hichens for retumeing a warrant
to Penzance about the Royall ayd.'
1667. * F^ M' John Hichens for the Townes drum & fraight,
£1 10s. od. P^ him for J dozen of bandaleers, 115.*
1668. 'P^ Mr John Hichens & M^ Pendarves for Lyme,
£1 55. od:
In 1670 John Hichings, junior, became mayor.
1671. *P^ M"^ John Hichens at his goeing to Lamas sises
being townes busines, £2:
In 1672 Richard Hichens was elected mayor.
Under the year 1673 occurs this memorandum : ' There is a
Barell of powder in M" Wilmott Hichens Custody which must
be ^uced by her or allowed to her husbands ace".'
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430 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
In 1677 William Hichens was chosen mayor of Saint Ives,
and John Hichens signed the accounts as an alderman.
In 1680, when the Commission was inquiring into the Towed-
nack tithe dispute, it appeared from the evidence of one of the
witnesses that Mr. Richard Hichens of Saint Ives formerly farmed
the tithes, and * being a hard man ' obliged the people to pay him
a penny for every pound.
In 1682 John Hichens became mayor.
In 1694 Richard Hichens was raised to that office, and he
was again chosen mayor in 1703.
In 1711 John Hichens, junior, merchant, was elected an alder-
man of the borough, and was a witness before the Commission of
inquiry into a disputed fish-tithe at Saint Ives. John Hichens,
mariner, was one of those elected ' assistants for the Burrough *
this year.
In 1713 John Hichens again became mayor.
In 1717 Mrs. Sibella Hichens died, and her body was brought
to Saint Ives to be buried. The corporation went in procession
to escort her remains into the town. From this it would appear
that she was a near relative of John Hichens, who was mayor
again in 1717.
John Hichens was elected mayor in 1726, and John Hichens,
senior, in 1728.
In 1737 and 1748 we again find a John Hichens mayor of Saint
Ives.
In 1752 William Hichens was owner of a fishing-boat called
the Saint Ives, having a stem at Leigh, and the John with a stem
at Carrack Gladden.
In 1767 James Hichens signed a fishery bye-law.
Thomas Hichens was mayor in 1772, 1781, and 1785.
(Richard Hichens, who was chosen to be mayor in 1831, ap-
pointed town steward at a salary of £2, and an alderman in 1834,
was of another family, that of the Hichens of Penzance, as was
also Mr. Robert Snaith Hichens, mayor of Saint Ives in 1867 and
1868.)
It will be seen . how closely this family has been connected
with the public history of Saint Ives during the last 250 years.
It has given to the town one Porthrievp, whilst fifteen times
has a Hichens been elected mayor of the borough.
Parish Registers.
1651. Baptised Marie daughter of John Hichens.
1688. Baptised Lewis son of Robert Hichens.
1689. Baptised Robert son of Robert Hichens.
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 431
1869. Baptised Henry, sou of M^ Richard Hichens.
1691. Baptised John son of Robert Hichens.
„ Baptised Wilmott daughter of M^ John Hichens.
1695. Married Henry Hichens and Zenobia Quicke.
„ Baptised Welmot daughter of Henry Hichens.
1703. Married John Hichens and Mary Thomas.
1705. Married John Hichens 3^"^ and M" Jane Lanyon.
1706. Baptised John son of John Hichens Jun. Merchant.
1709. Baptised Margery daughter of John Hichens Mariner.
1710. Baptised Honor daughter of Henry Hichens.
1711. Baptised William son of M^ John Hichens jun^
1712. Baptised John son of M^" John Hichens.
1714. Baptised Richard son of M^ Richard Hichens.
1716. Married Mr. John Hicks mayor, and M" Ann Hichens.
1728. Baptised John son of John and Phillip Hichens.
1729. Married W°* Hichens and Grace Edwards.
1730. Baptised John son of William and Grace Hichens.
1735. Baptised John son of M^ William and Grace Hichens.
1738. Married M^ William Hichens (Roper) and Mary Williams.
1740. Married Thomas, son of William and Grace Hichens,
Marriner.
1741. Baptised Hector son of John and Elizabeth Hichens.
1760. Married Jasper Williams, mariner, and Mary Eustis,
spinster, both of this parish, by William Symonds, vicar,
in the presence of John Hichens and John Williams.
1767. Mr Thomas Slade, of the Parish and Town of Namptwich,
in the County of Cheshire, and Miss Mary Hichens of this
parish, spinster, were married in this church by License
in the presence of Hugh Edwards and Edward Hichens.
From entries on the flyleaves of the registers, which we have
copied in our chapter on the parish church, it appears that John
Hichens was churchwarden in 1730. The same extracts show
the useful part which the late Mr. Robert Hichens, of London,
took in the restoration of the church in the year 1850.
Hicks.
This family, like that of Hichens, has from time immemorial
been associated with the public history of Saint Ives. C. S.
Gilbert tells us that : ' John Hicks, of the town of St. Ives, in the
year 1400, received by grant and deed from John Hele, of St.
Ives, one tenement situate within the said town, and to remain
to him and his heirs for ever. Mr. Hicks, of St. Ives, the imme-
diate descendant of John Hicks, inherited the said tenement in
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432 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
1722, and was the author of a valuable manuscript history of his
native town.'
Lysons says : ' We have not been able to discover who is the
present possessor of a MS. history of the borough town of Saint
Ives, written by Mr. Hicks, some time an attorney at St. Ives,
before the year 1756, mentioned in Dr. Borlase's parochial col-
lections.'
Edward Hain, Esq., jun., of Saint Ives, has recently made
great efforts to recover the missing manuscript, but his praise-
worthy attempt has not been successful. The present repre-
sentatives of the Hicks' family are in complete ignorance as to its
whereabouts.
None of the Cornish historians give the Christian name of the
writer of the manuscript history of Saint Ives. We had there-
fore better state at once that the author was John Hicks, who, as
we shall show in this chapter, was for many years an alderman,
and several times mayor of the borough.
Gilbert's account of the manuscript is as follows :
' The best account given of this place is now in MS., written
by Mr. Hicks, a native, and finished 1722, at which time the
author appears to have been very aged. Mr. Hicks was for some
time coroner of St. Ives, and we believe served the office of chief
magistrate, as did several others of his family. In consequence
of his free access to the records, his book abounds with curious
anecdotes and particulars not to be found in any other work ;
and, although replete with tautology, and rendered thereby in
some parts perplexing and tiresome to the reader, yet it is evi-
dently the production of an inquisitive mind and the fruit of
much labour and industry. The loan of this document has been
kindly granted to us by Nicholas Harris Nicholas, Esq., in order
that such extracts might be made from it as should tend to the
improvement of what we had before collected relative to the
early history of St. Ives.'
It will be understood that the * records ' to which Hicks had
access were simply the borough accounts ; the treasures of the
London Record Office were in his day inaccessible and almost
unknown.
But to return to the early history of the family. In connec-
tion with Gilbert's statement, quoted at the commencement of
this chapter, it is curious to notice the following entry in the
Borough Accounts of 1658 :
' I : payd Jo" Hicks flFor a post ffyne ffor land bought of M^
Heale, 55.'
Mr. Heale was steward of the Lord of the Manor. Is this a
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 433
mere coincidence, or is it another gross piece of bungling on the
part of a county historian ?
In the parochial valuation of circa 1520, mention is made of
' Joh: Will® Hicka,' whose lands in Saint Ives were of the annual
value of 13s. 6d. Also of John Hycks, chaplain, and Davyd: Joh:
Hicks, the latter of whom had goods at Saint Ives of the annual
value of five marks.
In 1523 and 1524 David John Hicks' goods were valued at
£3, and in the latter year Thomas Hycke had 'goods to the value
of £2 in the Hundred of Penwith.
In 1536 Nicholas Hycka's goods at Saint Ives were valued at
los. by the year.
In 1571 Thomas Hicks' goods at Saint Ives were found to be
of the annual value of £1 ; and James Hicks* effects were set
down at £3 in 1585.
In 1593 Thomas Hicks had goods worth £^, and Henry
Hicks £3 per annum.
In 1597 and 1599 Thomas Hicks' goods were again valued at
^4, and those of Henry Hicks and George Hicks at £3 each.
In 1624 George Hickes, Jane Hicks, widow, and Henry Hicks,
had goods to the value of ^3 a year each.
In 1641 Henry Hicks was again rated at £3 for goods at
Saint Ives, and Thomas Hicks had lands in the parish.
In 1664 Thomas Hicks and John Thomas were rated together
for their goods.
Borough Accounts.
In 1572 Thomas Hicks was chosen head warden of Saint
Ives. He was a capital burgess in 1573, 1580 and 1592. In
1595 he was again head warden, and copied out some old bye-
laws into the volume then newly purchased to hold the records.
In 1597 he figures among those who paid a local rate, and in 1603
he was a capital burgess again.
In 1580 George Hicks was a capital burgess, which office he
held also in the years 1603, 1612, 1614, 1615, 1619, 1622, 1625,
1626, 1627 3^nd 1638. He was an ordinary burgess in 1592, 1629
and 1631 ; a borough constable in 1604 ; a churchwarden in 1636 ;
paid the local rate of 1597 ; was a quay-warden in 1585, and held
the office of porthrieve in 1611 and 1624.
Joel, or Jewell Hicks, was king of the summer games in 1592,
quay warden in 1596, an ordinary burgess in 1603, a capital
burgess in 1612, and paid id. to the royal rate of 1620.
Nicholas Hicks was lord of the summer games in 1596.
Henry, or Harry Hicks, was king of summer games in 1585 ;
quay-warden in 1590 ; burgess in 1592 ; head warden in 1594 ;
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434 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
paid the local rate of 1597 ; was a capital burgess in 1603 and
1612; and porthrieve in 1614 and 1615. Henry Hicks, junior,
was burgess in 1615, and capital burgess in 1619, 1622, 1625,
1626, 1627, 1629, (also quay-warden) 1635, ^^36 (also church-
warden), 1638 ; porthrieve in 1631.
Richard Hicks was burgess of Saint Ives in 1603, 1629, 1631.
Mr. John Hicks was a capital burgess in 1612, and an
ordinary burgess in 161 5. In 1620 he paid 4^. to the royal rate;
and he was quay-warden in 1625. He was again a capital burgess
in 1627, and a burgess in 1629.
John Hicks, junior, was a capital burgess in 1630 and 1631,
in which latter year he was also quay-warden and churchwarden.
He became porthrieve in 1632, was capital burgess in 1635 and
1636 ; again quay-warden in 1637, ^tnd capital burgess in 1638.
In 1620 William Hicks paid 4^. to the royal rate.
Jane Hicks, widow, paid is. to the same rate.
Ann Hicks, widow, owed 6d. to the county stock in 1629.
Henry Hickes was mayor of Saint Ives in 1641.
In 1646 Henry and Richard Hicks were aldermen of the
borough ; and in the same year Thomas and George Hicks were
burgesses. In 1647 John Hicks caught the plague, which then
raged in the parish. In 1647-8 George Hicks was church-
warden.
In 1650 Thomas, Hugh, Robert, Henry and George Hicks,
signed the new fishery regulations.
In 165 1, the year of famine, Mr. Henry Hickes and Mr.
William Hicks gave together 3^40 to the poor of Saint Ives, and
Mr. William Hickes, of Kerns, gave jfio. Robert Hickes that
year paid £1 5s. for provisions which he had supplied to the sick
at Saint Ives in the year of the plague.
In 1656 Richard Hicks was chosen mayor of Saint Ives.
In 1658 John Hicks, attorney, was employed by the Corpora-
tion to draw a conveyance between the town and the vicar, and
about other legal business.
In 1663 ffrancis Arundel and Richard Hicks, gentlemen,
received 14s. towards their expenses in riding to Sir John Arundel
about town business.
In 1674 Thomas Hicks was elected mayor.
In 1680 John Hicks, genS was a churchwarden. In the
same year Thomas Hicks, Esq., was a justice of the peace, and
one of the commissioners who held the inquiry in the Towednack
tithe dispute. Among the witnesses and persons mentioned by
the witnesses, we find Richard Hicks, of Saint Ives, gent : and
John Hickes, of Saint Ives, gent :, born 1644, who farmed the
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 43$
small tithes of Towednack in 1668 and 1669. John Hicks, gen*,
was an alderman in 1685, 1686, 1687, 1712 and 1716, and was
chosen mayor in 1689, 1695, 1701, 1707, 1710 and 1715. In
1687 Thomas Hicks was an alderman. John Hickes, of Saint
Ives, genS bom 1644, was a witness before the Saint Ives Fish-
tithe Commission in 1711.
In 1696 Vernon Hicks was aUowed £1 14s. od. for quay duties
of Helston goods. John Hicks was an alderman in 1712 and
1716, and was again chosen mayor in 171 5.
In 1752 Mr. Nathaniel Hicks owned a seine-boat called the
Ranger, Nathaniel Hicks, senior, and Nathaniel Hicks, junior,
signed new fishery regulations in 1767. One of these two
gentlemen figures in the list of subscribers to Carew's ' Survey
of Cornwall/ in 1769. Nathaniel Hicks was elected mayor in
1784, 1795 and 1803.
To sum up, the Hicks family has given a mayor to the
borough of Saint Ives no fewer than twelve times, besides at
least nine headwardens or porthrieves.
Parish Registers.
1666. Married Edward Hicks and Jane Boaz.
1671. Married John Hicks and Elizabeth the daughter of li^
Vernon Brown gen^
1680. Married George Hicks Jun^ and Margery Dyer.
1693. [Zcnnor] Married Robert Robins of Blisland gen^ and Anne
daughter of John Hicks of S' Ives gen^
1702. Married fFrancis Stephens jun^ and Marjery Hickes.
1716. Married M^ John Hicks mayor and M^ Ann Hichens.
1728. Baptised Mary daughter of John and Elizabeth Hicks.
1737. [Zcnnor] Married George Hickes of S^ Ives and Sibella
Thomas.
In our chapter on the old houses of Saint Ives will be found
a description of the family mansion at the Digey, built by
George Hicks, and referred to in the quotation at the beginning
of this chapter.
Hickes bears : Argent, a tower triple-towered between three
battle axes sable.
Lemal.
This family, whose name we find also sometimes spelt
Lamalle, was of French origin, descended from Jean Lemal,
who appears to have been one of the Huguenot refiigees who
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436 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
came to Saint Ives about the year 1680 (see ante our chapter on
the Old Houses of Saint Ives). As we have there shown, there
had been from time immemorial a constant traffic between Saint
Ives and France (especially Brittany), and a French colony in the
town. In 1680 a number of poor French Protestants settled
here, and were assisted out of the public money and by private
charity (see the borough accounts for that year). It would seem
that the Huguenots, or some of them, were lodged at the old
Carn Glase House, which we have described in a former chapter,
and which was known in 1699 by the name ' Ugnes House '
(Huguenots' House ?). In 1699 Ugnes House was let by John
Hicks, of Saint Ives, gen^ to Reginald Botterall, of the same town,
sailor, for ninety-nine years, or for the lives of the said Reginald,
Elizabeth his wife, and Christian their daughter, ' at the yearly
rent of ffower shillings by quarterly payments And two good
cod fishes yearly at the feast of St James theappostle dureing
the sayd terme or twelve pence for the same and one good dry
ling yearly for every yeare dureing the said terme at the feast
of the Birth of our Lord God or twelve pence for the same.'
Christian Bottrell, daughter of Reginald, married Jean Lemal
in 1709, and in 1712 Reginald Bottrell assigned to his son-in-law
and daughter a ground room and a chamber over the same in
Carn Glase House.
The following were the issue of Jean and Christian Lemal
or Lamalle :
Elizabeth, born 1711 ; d. unm. 1754.
Christian, born 1714 ; m. Leonard Humphreys 1754.
Mary, born 1716 ; m. to Richard Bryant 1737.
Margeret, born 1719 ; m. to William Williams 1744.
Thamsyn, born 1721 ; d. unm. circa 1773.
Marcella [?], born 1723.
Agnes, born 1726 ; d. unm. 1743.
Ann, born 1728 ; m. to John Green ; living in 1768.
Jean Lemal was drowned in Saint Ives Bay. His widow
* Kit,' or ' Kitty Lemal,' with her eight daughters, were known
as * the nine Lemals.' A game played by boys with marbles, in
which the marbles are aimed to run through nine holes or arches
carved in a plane of wood, was (and perhaps still is) called at
Saint Ives * Kit Lemal,' that name being given specially to the
central arch of the board.
Christian, or * Kitty ' Lemal long occupied an important place
in the inner social history of Saint Ives, nor is her name yet
quite forgotten by the oldest generation of the townspeople. It
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LOCAL FAMILIES, Ayr
is far from easy to discover fully the events which made her
name a household word in her native town for generations.
There are confused traditions of her having figured prominently
in the electioneering contest of 1768, in which Dr. John Stevens,
a native of Trowan, was the popular candidate. Stevens was
one day haranguing the people near Carn Glase, when Kitty
Lemal came out of her house with ' a stocking full of guineas,'
which she poured into the hands of the favourite candidate, who
was by her timely aid enabled to carry on the contest John
Knill, the mayor, however, took such proceedings as resulted
in Stevens' defeat. The doctor afterwards went abroad and
married the wealthy daughter of Bishop Ellis, of Bower Hall,
Sussex. A certain Colan Pearse seems to have endeavoured to
get some of Kitty LemaPs money in the same way as Dr. Stevens
had done, but without success. All these events were embodied
in a rhyme by the local bard of that day, and the song was for
long afterwards sung about the town by the boys on the occasion
of elections. (For a full history of the political matters in
question, the reader is referred to our account of the election of
1768.)
Christian Lemal inherited her father's property, and was
considered to be very wealthy. It is said of her that she used
to lend money out on interest ; that she measured it in a quart
pot ; also that she kept it in a blue stocking. She and her
daughters were noted for their beauty.
In our chapter on the old houses of the district, we have
described Kitty Lemal's room in the old house at Carn Glase.
The surname Lemal became extinct in this parish on the death
of Thamsyn or Thomasine Lemal about the year 1773.
There is at Saint Ives, in the possession of a descendant of
this family, a beautiful bowl of beaten silver, elaborately chased,
bearing the initials M.K. and E.L, the latter of which stand for
' Elizabeth Lemal.* The bowl is apparently of the seventeenth
century.
Mattbows.
This family settled at Saint Ives in the middle of the last
century. An ancestor seems to have been a Walloon, who, about
the year 1565, migrated from Brabant to Norwich, to escape the
sword of the ferocious Alva, and introduced into East Anglia
many important fruits and flowers previously strangers to English
soil. In 1697 Peter Mathies or Mathews held lands in the
parishes of Saint Julian and Saint Etheldred in the city of
Norwich. Thomas Mathews, of Norwich, yeoman, settled circa
1730 at Truro, and in 1772 purchased the small estate of
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438 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Pithenlew near that town. His son, Thomas Mathews, married
Mary Branwell, of Penzance, and came to Saint Ives in 1757.
He acquired several parcels of land in the town of Saint Ives and
the parish of Lelant, and his name appears on the list of sub-
scribers to the edition of Carew's * Survey of Cornwall ' which
was published in 1769. His signature, and various entries
relating to him and his son Thomas, are to be found in the
Borough Accounts. Since 1757 this family has been constantly
connected with Saint Ives.
Nance.
This is one of the original Saint Ives families. The name,
which is a misspelling of the Cornish word 'Nans/ a valley,
indicates that the ancestor who first assumed this cognomen was
a dweller in some inland dale of the neighbourhood.
' Luca de Nans,' of Lelant, paid one shilling towards the
subsidy of 1327.
In 1523 Thomas Nanse had goods at Lelant valued at £6 by
the year.
In 1573 * John Nanste ' was a burgess of Saint Ives, and in
1578 contributed to the equipment of the trained band fitted
out against the Spaniards.
In 1580 John Nans was again a burgess. In 1585 he pur-
chased from Martin Trewinnard land in the manor of Conner-
ton.
As we have shown in our chapter on the Elizabethan period,
John Nance, gen^ had command of a trained band, which he had
raised in the parishes of Saint Ives, Lelant, Towednack and
Zennor — a position which he held from 1590 to 1595, at least.
In 1592 we again find John Nanse a burgess.
From the commission of inquiry into the smuggling transac-
tions at Saint Ives in 1598, we learn that John Nance, of Saint
Ives, vintner, bought some of the contraband wine, and that John
Nance,' of Saint Ives, genS born 1540, seized the wine on behalf of
the Queen.
In 1604 we have in the borough accounts this entry relating
to the aforesaid vintner : ^ Paide to John Nance for wyne uppon
Mr chiverton, 8i.'
In 1620 'John Nance molkin,' of Saint Ives, paid id. to the
Royal Rate, while William Nance, who lived on * The Hand,'
contributed 2d.
In 1629 Richard and William Nance, of Saint Ives, were rated
at 6d. for the county stock.
In 1631 William Nance was overseer of the poor for the
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 439
parish of Saint Ives, and he was holding some similar position in
1646, during the famine. In 1650 he was a churchwarden, and
he signed the fishery regulations of that year.
In 1664 Richard Nance figures in a Subsidy Roll, in respect of
his goods at Saint Ives.
After this we find no further mention of the family until the
year 1768, when John Nance sends in an account for painting
forty-six constables' poles for the election day.
The following are entries in the parish registers relating to
this family :
i652. Baptised Mary daughter of M^ William Nance.
1657. Buried John Nance gen'.
1667. Married John Nance junior and Elizabeth Stevens.
1701. Married Alien Nance and Welmott Thomas.
1711. Married M^ Thomas Kempthome and Elizabeth Nance.
1729. Married Richard Eustis and Margery Nance.
Panlet.
This distinguished house, which was originally seated at Legh
Powlet, in Devonshire, became associated with Saint Ives when,
about the year 1580, William Paulet, Marquis of Winchester,
became possessed of a moiety of the manor of Ludgvan Lese, by
his marriage with one of the two daughters and co-heirs of Robert
Willoughby, second Lord Broke.
In 1620 John, Lord Paulet, was one of the two members of
Parliament for the Borough of Saint Ives.
The Dukedom of Bolton, which was afterwards conferred
upon the head of the house, became extinct in 1794.
In the later volume of borough accounts are several references
to visits paid by the lords of the manor of Ludgvan Lese to Saint
Ives, and to other transactions with them. See sub dato 1640,
1641, as to correspondence between the Marquess of Winchester
and the Corporation about the royal army. The Corporation paid
annually to the lord is. 2d, for rent of the ' Town Land,' and
13s. 4i. for the * Portfarm Rent'
In 1700 Charles, Duke of Bolton, was personally sworn as
Recorder of the Borough of Saint Ives, at the Town Hall, on the
resignation of the Earl of Bath. His Grace was on that occasion
treated with six bottles of sack at the inn kept by Richard
Pollard
In 1710 the sum of three shillings was ' spent on M^ Recorder
when he came to S^ Ives.' Again, in 1713 there was a charge
for ' treating M^ Recorder at M^ Anthony's.'
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440 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Arms of Paulet : * Sable, three swords in pile, argent, points
to the base, hilts or.' The seal with these bearings is affixed to
several Saint Ives deeds of the last century in the author's posses-
sion, signed ' Bolton.'
Pawley.
This family was anciently seated at Gunwin in Lelant. In
the subsidy of 1327 * Johannes Paly' is rated at 2s. at Saint
Ives.
In the subsidy of circa 1520 we find the name of * Edwardus
Poulaye, miles,' whose lands in Lelant were valued at £2 los. od.
by the year. In the same roll * Stephanus Pawlye ' is named as
possessing goods at Lelant of the annual value of j^20.
In 1523 Stephen Pauly's goods at Lelant were worth 3^20 a
year ; and Radulph, the servant of Stephen Pawly, was in receipt
of £1 annual wages.
The following are the other entries in the subsidy roll for
Lelant parish :
1524. Stephen Pawly worth in goods 3^20. Richard, his
servant, wages £1.
1536. Stephen Pawley, goods worth ^10.
1541. Stephanus Pauly.
1544. Stevyn Powlle rated at 8s.
1546. Thomas Pollye, worth ^^4 a year.
1547. Stephen Pawllye, rated at 15s.
1548. Stephen Pawley, in goods, ^f 10.
1549. Stephen Pawlye, rated at los.
1549. Stephen Pawlie, worth in goods ^f 10 a year.
1557- Stephen Pawly „ ,. ^5 „
1558. Stephen Pawlye „ „ £8 „
1 571. James Pawley, in lands.
1571. Stephen Pawley, in goods.
1585. James Pawley, in lands, £2.
1585. Stephen Pawley, in goods, £5.
i593« Stephin Pawlye, in goods, £S'
1597. Stephen Pawlie, in goods, ^3.
1599. Stephen Pawlie, in goods, £^.
1624. Stephen Pawlie, in goods, £s.
1624. Stephen Pawly, in goods, £2.
1625. Stephen Pawly gen*, in goods, £3.
1629. Stephen Pawly genS in goods, £3.
1641. Margaret Pawleye, widow, in goods.
1641. Margery Pawly, widow, in goods.
1664. Hugh Pauley, gen*, in goods.
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 441
Borough Accounts.
1671. * P* Mr Hugh Pawley & John Hicks for cost sewinge
[suing] Mr Francis Hammond by consent for M^ Couch his debt,
£3 4s. lod.
(Hugh Pawley held the office of Town Clerk of Saint Ives
from 1675 till 1683.)
1704. Paid ' the Keywardens for M"^ Pawleys salte, £1.'
The Pawley family became extinct in the eldest male line on
the death, in 1724, of Hugh Pawley of Gunwin, gentleman. Junior
branches survived, as will be seen by our extracts from the parish
registers, but the representation is now in the Thomas family.
In Lelant church, on the wall of the south aisle, are two
monumental slabs to the memory of members of this family.
The first is a black slate tablet, commemorating Stephen Pawley
and his wife and children ; it was set up in 1635, and bears a
' black-letter ' inscription, under the effigies of Dame Pawley, her
five sons and six daughters, together with the arms of Pawley —
argent, a lion rampant sable ; on a chief dancettee of the last,
three mullets of the field — quartered. (See our account of Lelant
church.)
The other tablet, also of black slate, but with an inscription in
Latin letters, commemorates Hugh Pawley, genS of Gunwin, who
died in 1721, and bears his arms quarterly.
Parish Registers.
Lelant :
1718. Baptised Jane daughter of Hugh Pawley.
1724. Mr Hugh Paly was buried the 20^ September.
Saint Ives :
1735. Baptised Elizabeth the daughter of M^ William and
Elizabeth Pawley.
Lelant :
1762. Mr William Pawley of this parish Roper and Mary
Blackwell of Crowen Spinster, were married by
license. Present, Charles Penberthy and Elizabeth
Pawley.
1767. Married William Ninnis and Mary Pawley.
Payne.
This was one of the original families of the Saint Ives district.
The name of Walter Payn occurs in the Subsidy Roll of 1327, in
which he is rated at a shilling for Lelant parish. Late in the
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442 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
fifteenth century John Payne married the heiress of Polpear, a
man who owned much landed property at Saint Ives.
In the subsidies of a later period the family of Payne figures
largely. The following are particulars of these entries :
1520. John Payne, Lelant, lands valued at £1 6s. 8d. per annum.
1520. John Payne, S^ Ives, lands valued at £1 6s. 8d.
1520. John Payne, S^ Ives, goods valued at 20 marks.
1523. John Payn, S^ Ives, goods valued at £16.
1524. John Payne, S' Ives, goods valued at los.
1536. John Payne, Penwith, rated at los. for goods.
1544. John Payne, S^ Ives, rated at 6s. 8d.
He was porthrieve of the town in 1549, and was executed for
his participation in the Catholic revolt of that year. (See our
chapter on the Reformation period.)
1593. George Paine, S^ Ives, rated at £2 for lands.
1597. George Payne gen^ S* Ives, rated at ^^3 for lands.
1599. — The like —
1624. Christiana Payne widow, S^ Ives, rated at £2 for lands.
1624. John Payne, S^ Ives, rated at £4 for goods.
1625. John Paine — The like —
1629. Christiana Payne, S* Ives, widow, rated at £2 for lands.
1629. John Payne gen^ S^ Ives, rated at ^^3 for goods.
1 641. John Paine gent — The like —
1664. [The name does not occur.]
Borough Accounts.
In 1573 Richard Payne was a capital burgess of Saint Ives.
In 1585 George Payne was a capital burgess, and in 1591
porthrieve. In 1592 occurs this entry : ' It€ paid George paine
ffor his horse to cary campyon to Syr Walter rolie to peryn, 2s.'
(This is the only mention of Sir Walter Raleigh in the borough
records.) In 1597 George Payne contributed a small sum towards
a town rate. In 1603 he was again a capital burgess, and circa
1605 he was a market-warden. In 1605 he was again chosen
porthrieve.
In 1615 John Payne, gent., was a capital burgess ; and in 1620
* Mistress Payne * paid lod. to the royal rate, though the name of
John Payne, who was again a capital burgess in that year, does
not appear in the rate-list In 1625 John Payne was still a
capital burgess, and quay-warden in 1626. In 1627 we have this
entry : ' Rec^ from M*" John Payne for the faults of his servants
in shippinge their sayne boates before daye on the Sunday night,
2s. 6d.' John Payne was a capital burgess again in 1629 and
1631 ; in the latter year he was chosen porthrieve.
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LOCAL FAMILIES, 443
His son John Payne was a capital burgess in 1630, 1633 (and
overseer), and 1638.
In 1639 Joh^^ Payne was a capital burgess, and in 1641 the
Corporation received from him an instalment of a debt of 3^15 8s.
due to the town. In 1646 he was an alderman of the municipal
borough of Saint Ives, and his signature as such appears in the
accounts for that year. In 1642 he was chosen mayor.
In 1649 we find this entry in the town accounts : * I : payd
Mr John Payne for bords aboute the castle, 13s.'
In 1650 John and Christopher Payne were aldermen, and
signed new fishery constitutions. So did John Paine, junior, and
Edward Payne, who this year figure among the burgesses.
Edward Payne signed another fishery bye-law in 1655, and
received 13s. in 1661 ' fFor beere the coronation day.* In 1662 he
was paid £2 *for Beere the Musketteers and Ringers had,' so that
he seems to have been an innkeeper. He may have been a
descendant of a younger branch of the ancient family of Payne ;
in any case, the above is the last entry of the surname in
the borough accounts, and it does not appear in the parish
registers.
The Pa3mes resided at Place Polmear, below Barnoon.
The arms, as represented on a choir-stall at Saint Ives church,
are three pears, which, however, are probably intended to repre-
sent pines.
Praed.
The family of Praed, though of very ancient residence in the
Saint Ives district, did not attain to public importance until the
middle of the seventeenth century. Early in the eighteenth it
died out in the male line, and became merged by the marriage of
the heiress with the Mackworths. Trevetho in Lelant is the
family seat.
The Lelant Subsidy List of 1597 commences with the name
of William Praed, who was rated at £3 in respect of lands in that
parish. In 1599 ' Willus Prade ' was again rated for the same
amount at Lelant.
In a Pes Finis of 13 Jac. I., Mich., Cornub., William Praed,
gent, had of Thomas Tresaher, knight, and George Williams,
gent., lands in Saint Ives, Lelant and lUogan.
In 1624 James Prade, gent., was rated at £6 for his lands in the
parish of Lelant, and the same again in 1625 and 1629. He was
also rated for lands in Lelant in the years 1641 (bis) and 1664, in
which last year he is described as esquire. James Praed, Esq.,
whose estate was valued at 3^600 per annum, was one of the
knights of the Royal Oak, an Order created in 1660.
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444 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Particulars of the Parliamentary history of this family will be
found in another chapter. From the borough accounts we gather
that the Praeds of Trevetho increased their influence on the
restoration of the monarchy after the Civil War. They possessed
the manor of Saint Ives and Treloyhan for several generations,
and then sold it to Sir Christopher Hawkins.
Borough Accounts,
1595 (circa). * Item p^ m^ Praed for drawing o^ aunswere in
the Chauncerye, 4s. 8i.'
1597. ' It : p^ to W™ Praed for fees y« fyrst curte : for de-
claracyons & a destringo to brynge pet [Peters] in to y*^ curte,
iijs. iiijrf.*
1604. * Paid M"" Praed for a replevyn when M^" Tregosse dis-
trayned a quarter of beiffe from Trevascus, 6d.*
1604. ' I^ Mr Praed by commandm^e of the Justics to a muster
maister one cap^ Billings paym^« i6s.'
In 1629, 1635 and 1636, James Praed was a capital burgess
of Saint Ives ; in 1635 he was mayor.
In 1659, 2LS we learn from a Roll of the Manors belonging to
Sir John Arundell of Lanhearne, James Prade, Esq., held land in
* Buswirgy * with two other persons, each of whom * doth the
office of a tything man when it cometh to his turn.*
In 1691 we find the entry : ' Spent on Esq : Praed at Sam
Rice's house, los. ;' and, in 1693, * To Tauerne Expended fillinge
the towne cupp with Sacke on M^ James Praed our Burges, 8s.'
About this time it began to be the custom of Squire Praed to
make an annual gift of venison to the aldermen, who, on their
part, were in the habit of making a present of money to the
servants at Trevetho at Christmas time. In 1697 occur these
entries : * Given M^ Praed's man that brought the venison, los.
Spent by consent at eating the venison, ids.' And in 1698:
' Given M^ Praeds servant who brought venison to the Corporacon,
2S. 6d.' * Spent att M^ Pollards drinking M^ Praeds health with
the venson by Publique consent, 8s. 8d.* Another convivial
memorandum is the following in 1699 : * Att Mr. Rices the same
time in wine with Col^ Praed, 3s.' In 1704 the mayor gave half-a-
crown to Mr. Praed's man who brought the news of the victory of
Blenheim.
1715. * Expences on Will : Praed Mackworth Esqre, i8s.'
(By this time the Praed family had become extinct in the male
line, and was represented by Mackworth.)
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 445
1716. ' Expence on S"^ Humphrey Mackworth, M^" Praed and
others beere wyne punch etc., los.'
In 1717 died John Praed, M.P. for Saint Ives, the last male
representative of Praed of Trevetho. His daughter and heir
Martha was married to William Mackworth of Glamorganshire.
The arms of Praed are : 'Azure, 6 mullets argent. Crest : Out of
a ducal coronet, an unicorn's head argent, maned and horned gold.'
In the list of subscribers to the new edition of Carew's
* Survey of Cornwall,' published in 1769, appears the name of
' Herbert Mackworth, Esq., Exon.*
In 1770 Humphrey Mackworth Praed was elected mayor of
Saint Ives.
Parish Registers.
Lelant :
1709. Baptised William son of Rodger Praed.
1715. Baptised Roger son of Roger Praed.
1717. M^ Praed was buried the 7* November.
1719. Homphry y^ son of William Mackworth Praed Esq. Bap :
ye 1 6th of febuary.
1721. Bockly y« son of William Mackworth Praed Esq. Bap : y«
2 day of december.
1789. Buried the Rev. Herbert Praed late Rector of Ludgvan.
Pnrefoy.
This family seems to have been an offshoot from the Purefoys
of the Midlands, who were seated at Misterton in Leicestershire
as early as 1277. They first appear in West Cornwall in the
year 1598, when Thomas Purefoy, of Ludgvan, is mentioned by
a witness at a Special Commission, whose proceedings we
transcribe elsewhere.
In 1603, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1622, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1629, 1631,
1635, 1636 and 1638, Thomas Purefoy was a capital burgess of
Saint Ives ; in 1616 and 1627 he was chosen porthrieve. In
1620 he paid is. to the royal rate; and in the subsidy rolls of
1624, 1625 and 1629, he was rated at £^ in respect of his goods
at Saint Ives. He was a quay-warden in 1625 and 1629, and a
churchwarden in 1633.
He seems to have died soon after 1638, for in 1641 * Anna
Purefoye widow ' was rated to pay 3^3 to a subsidy, for her goods
at Saint Ives.
In 1664 Thomas Purefoy, presumably a son of Thomas and
Anna, was, together with Edward Stevens, rated for goods at
Saint Ives. He was as closely associated with the municipal life
of the town as his father, for in 1646 he was a burgess, and
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446 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
signed a new constitution anent the fishery. In the same year
he farmed the profits of the quay. In 1651 he was chosen
mayor. In 1653 he was an overseer of the poor. In 1655 he
was an alderman ; also in 1658, in which year, however, he was
marked 'absent' from the meeting which elected Saint Aubyn
and Ceely to Parliament. In 1678 either he or his son was
chosen mayor.
In 1687 Thomas Purefoy, junior, probably son of the above,
farmed the quay tolls. He was agent to Edward Nosworthy,
sometime M.P. for Saint Ives.
Parish Registers,
1652. Baptised Joan daughter of Thomas Purefoy gent :
1654. Bapt^ Jane d. of John Purefoy.
1654. Bapt^ John son of John Purefoy.
1657. Bapt<* Margaret d. of Thomas Purefoy.
1657. Baptd : Grenville s. of John Purefoy.
1660. Baptd. Michael s. of Thomas Purefoy.
1663. Baptd. George s. of Thomas Purefoy.
1671. Married John Paddon of Sinnoth to Mary d. of M^ Thomas
Purefoy.
1680. Married Thomas Purefoy gent. & Deborah Morrish.
1681. Baptd. Thomas s. of Thomas Purefoy gen*
1683. Baptd. Mary d. of Thomas Purefoy.
1685. Baptd. Richard s. of Thomas Purefoy.
1689. Baptd. Michael s. of Thomas Purefoy.
1691. Baptd. William s. of Thomas Purefoy.
1691. Baptd. Frances d. of George Purefoy.
1692. Baptd. John s. of Thomas Purefoy.
1695. Baptd. Anne d. of Thomas Purefoy.
1697. Baptd. Anne d. of Thomas Purefoy.
1700. Married Jeronimo Carn and Avis Purefoy.
1700. Baptd. Joan d. of George Purefoy.
1702. Baptd. Matilda d. of George Purefoy.
1703. Baptd. Elizabeth d. of Thomas Purefoy.
1707. Married Thomas Purefoy and Mary Pearse.
1709. Baptd. John s. of Thomas Purefoy gent :
1716. Baptd. Ann d. of Richard Purefoy.
1717. Baptd. Thomas s. of John Purefoy gent & Ann his wife.
1719. Baptd. John s. of John & Ann Purefoy.
1721. Baptd. Richard s. of John & Ann Purefoy.
1723. Baptd. William s. of John & Ann Purefoy.
1727. Baptd. George s. of John & Ann Purefoy.
1735. Baptd. John s. of John & Mary Purefoy.
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LOCAL FAMILIES, 447
1737. Baptd. John s. of John & Mary Purefoy.
1740. Married James Eddy & Deborah Purefoy.
1740. Baptised Mary d. of John & Mary Purefoy.
1743. Baptd. Richard and William twin sons of John & Mary
Purefoy.
1763. [John Purefoy witnessed a marriage.]
1765. Married William Purefoy and Ann Watty.
The descendants of this last marriage have long since
removed from Cornwall; but the local pronunciation of the
family name was until recent times commemorated by a piece of
land at Chy-an-chy, now built over, which was known as ' Purfle's
Plot.'
In 1786 there was a John Purefoy, mariner, living at Saint Ives.
The arms of Purefoy of Caldecote, Warwickshire, confirmed
by Camden, Clarenceux, are : Sable : six armed hands in pairs
embracing, two and one, argent. Crest : In a dexter gauntlet
argent, a broken tilting-spear or. The motto of a younger branch
is * En bonne foy.'
BoBewall.
Few Cornish families can vie with this one in point of
antiquity. Though apparently never entitled to bear arms, the
Rosewalls for countless generations occupied an ancient home-
stead called ' Rosewall,' on the eastern slope of Rosewall Hill,
in the parish of Towednack.
The Subsidy Roll of 1327 shows the name of John de Ryswal
and Noal de Ryswal of Towednack, who paid 25. each towards
the royal aid.
In the roll of circa 1520 we find the name of Stephanus
Roswal, having lands in Towednack of the annual value of los.
Again in 1523 he is rated — ^this time at 10 marks ; and the same
in 1524. In the Penwith Subsidy of 1536, * Stephyn Rosewarn '
[lege * Rosewall '] is rated at 10 marks.
In 1523 and 1524 Pascacius (Pasco) Roswall had goods value
£2 at Saint Ives.
In 1546 ' John Rossewall * was rated at 3^6 for his lands in
* Tewynecke.'
In 1585 Johannes Roswall was rated at £6, but in 1593 at £3,
for goods at Towednack, and again at ^^3 in 1597.
In 1629 Georgius Roswarne [* Rosewall '] paid £4 to the
subsidy for his goods at Towednack.
In 1641 * Willmus Russell ' (i.e., * Rosewall ') was rated for
goods, and Wame Roswall for lands, in Towednack parish.
In 1664 ' Margrett Russell widow ' was rated for lands in the
same parish.
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448 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
Borough Accounts.
In 1573 Richard Rossewall was a capital burgess ; in 1578 he
paid 4d. to a town rate.
Circa 1590 Thomas Roswall paid 2d. to a town rate.
In 1620 Thomas Roswall, who resided in Westren Street,
paid 3i. to a royal rate levied in Saint Ives. In the same list
with the last name occur those of Nicholas Roswall, living on
* The Lande,' and George Roswall.
In 1636 James Rosewall was an overseer of the poor, and in
1638 he was a sidesman.
The only entry in the later volume of accounts of persons of
this name is to the effect that Margery Roswall was paid 6s. for
going to Lanceston Assizes as a witness against one Elizabeth
Grenfield in 1664.
In another chapter will be found a full transcript of the pro-
ceedings connected with the tithe dispute between Andrew Rose-
wall and the Vicar of Towednack in 1680.
Parish Registers.
Saint Ives :
1661. Married Andrew Rosewall & Mary Steuens.
1661. (Nov' 18.) Married Regnald Botterall and Christian
Rosewall.
1661. Baptised Chesten daughter of Andrew Rosewall.
1663. Married George Rosewall & Lidia HoUman.
1666. Buried Thomas son of Tiberias Rosewall.
1675. Married Hugh Rosemenewas and Mary Rosewall.
Towednack :
1676. Baptised Anne d. of Andrew Rosewall.
1681. Married Thomas Major and Chesten Rosewall.
1689. Married Michael Curnow and Margery Rosewall.
Saint Ives :
1691. Baptised Margaret d. of Thomas Rosewall.
Towednack :
1693. Married Robert Curnow and Wilmot Rosewall.
Saint Ives :
1696. Married John Mathews and Anne Rosewall.
1706. Married Henry Major and Elizabeth Rosewall.
1707. Married Paul Stevens alias Gonew and Elizabeth
Rosewall.
1708. Married Thomas Rosewall and Mary Ninnes.
1709. Baptd. Mary d. of Thomas Rosewall.
1713. Married W^ Harr>' of Penzance & Mary Rosewall.
1723. Married Robert Simons & Margaret Rosewall.
1723. Married James Rosewall & Sibella Robins.
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 449
Towednack :
1744. Married John Couch and Zenobia Rosewall.
Saint Ives :
1746. Married Thomas Rosewall & Elizabeth Rosewall.
1752. Married William Kitto and Earthy Rosewall.
1754. Baptised Thomas s. of Thomas & Elizabeth Rose-
wall.
1775. Married William Stephens mariner & Mary Rosewall
spinster.
Towednack :
1778. Buried Elisabeth Rosewall.
1784. Baptised William son of William and Margaret Rose-
wall.
1784. Buried Mary daughter of Thomas and Mary Rose-
wall. The house was rebuilt about the year 1888.
In the last century the fee of Rosewall was made over to the
Praeds; but the old homestead remained in the occupation of
the Rosewalls until the termination of the last * life ' in the
year 1883. The house was rebuilt about the year 1888.
Sise.
This merchant family, long extinct, occupied an important
position in the town of Saint Ives, and were at the height of their
wealth and influence in the reign of James I. and Charles I.
During the Civil War they seem to have espoused the cause of
the Parliament, and the then head of the family was apparently
an ardent Puritan.
The first mention of the family in our public archives occurs
in the Subsidy Roll of circa 1520, wherein John Syse has his lands
in Saint Ives valued at 3s. 2d. by the year. In 1523 his goods
were valued at £3. In 1524 * Johes Seise ' was similarly rated.
In 1546 Thomas Seyse, of Saint Ives, had his lands valued
at £4 a year, while those of John Syesse were stated to be
worth £2.
In 1624 Thomas Syse's Saint Ives goods were valued at £3,
and in 1625 and 1629 at the same sum.
In the year 1641 we meet with the name of Ephraim Sise, of
whom we have many memorials remaining. In our chapters on
the church and old houses of Saint Ives respectively, will be
found a description of the sepulchral monument and the family
residence of the Sises, on both of which the name or initials of
Ephraim Sise appear. He would seem to have professed the
Puritan religion and politics, which were probably adopted by his
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450 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
father. In 1641 his goods at Saint Ives were valued at £3 per
annum.
In 1664 Thomas Syse appears in the subsidy rate-list.
Borough Accounts.
In 1573 Thomas Syes was a capital burgess of Saint Ives, and
contributed to a local rate circa 1580.
In 1578 John Sysse contributed towards a local rate, and
again circa 1590.
In 1592 James Syse was a burgess.
In 1596 Lawrens Sysse was a burgess, and James Sysse a
capital burgess. In 1597 James Syse paid towards a local rate;
area 1605 James Syes was a capital burgess and quay-warden.
About the year 1616 Thomas Syes was a capital burgess, and
in 1620 he paid 6d. towards the royal rate ; his residence was on
the Island. Elizabeth Sies, residing in Street-an-PoU, paid id.
towards the same rate. Thomas Syse was again a capital burgess
in 1629, 1631 (and overseer), 1635, 1636 (and portrieve), 1637
(and quay-warden) and 1638.
Ephraim Syse was a burgess in 1631, and a capital burgess in
1638.
In 1639 we find this entry : ' I: to Ephraim Syse for quarter
beames and a bord for y« Markethouse, iis.*
In 1645 Ephraim Sise, merchant, was elected mayor of Saint
Ives, and in the following year he was still an alderman of the
borough.
In 1659 occurs the item : * Payd Tho: Syse constable to putt
Thomas Bettye to the howse of correction, £1 10s. od.' In 1664
Thomas Sise farmed the market dues, and in the following year
those of the quay were let to * Thomas Sise merchant' In 1666
Thomas Sise was chosen mayor.
Parish Registers.
1657. Married M^ Thomas Sise and M's Eliz: ffleming.
1659. Baptised Ann daughter of M^ Thomas Sise.
1660. Baptised Ephraim son of M^ Thomas Sise.
1662. Bapt^ Elizabeth d. of M' Thomas Sise.
1663. Bapt^ Alice d. of M^ Thomas Sise.
1663. Bapt«* Blanch d. of M^ Thomas Sise.
1666. Bapt<* Catherine d. of M^ Thomas Sise.
1669. Buried John s. of M^ Thomas Sise.
1671. Bapt. John son [sic] of M' Thomas Sise.
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 451
Stephens.
The whole of this now numerous clan is said to be descended
from an Irish farmer (probably from Dungarvan) who, about the
year 1470, was shipwrecked (so says tradition) at Wicka Pool in
the parish of Zennor. He was bringing over a cargo of cattle,
with two other men named Quick and Mitchell. The Quicks
and Mitchells, who are also now very numerous about Saint Ives,
aver that Stephens was only a subordinate to their own ancestors.
Their ancestors, they say, owned the cattle, and Stephens was the
drover. These adventurers are also credited with having intro-
duced the seine-fishery ; and to this day Saint Ives fishermen
call the netting of which the seans are made, ' Dungarvan/
These families first settled in the villages and hamlets of the
parishes of Zennor and Towednack, where many of their descend-
ants still remain. Their chief colonies were the farm-hamlets of
* Tregarthen and Bregia, Trevalgen and Trevegia.' Members of
these various branches of the Stephens or Stevens family even-
tually settled at Saint Ives. A Stevens of Tregarthen became
the ancestor of Stephens of Tregenna Castle ; while a Stevens of
Bregia was ancestor to the second house, who spell the name
* Stevens.' The Stevens of Trevalgen were ancestors to John k
Court, alias John Stevens, of Trevalgen, of whom we have written
in a former chapter.
The Stevens, or Stephens, of Tregarthen, claimed direct
descent from John Stephyn, the shipwrecked Irishman, and to be
considered chiefs of the clan. However, they were, on first
settling at Saint Ives, earning a living by the trade of bakers, at
which time their home was the present Victory inn, a quaint old
tenement at the corner of the Digey and Fore Street. By dint of
industry and economy they soon acquired importance in the
borough. Thomas Steven, or Stevens, was elected the last port-
rieve of Saint Ives, 1638, and was the second mayor, in 1640.
John Stevens was fined for refusing to attend the coronation of
James I. The original receipt for the fine reads as follows :
* xxiio die Octobris
* Afto Domi 1603.
' Received of John Stephens of the burrough of St. Ives in
the Hundred of Penwith within the county of Cornwall Gent, for
his composition with his Ma^^ Commissioners for his not appear-
ing at the coronation of our said Souvraigne Lord the King, for to
receive the Order of Knighthood according to His Highness pro-
claymasion in that behalfe, the sum of sixteen pounds. I saye
received xvj^
* Fra. Godolphin ; ColL'
29 — 2
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452 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
The substance of the Stephenses increasing still more, it was
darkly whispered that they had discovered beneath their house a
crock of gold. They next built the Manor House in Green Court,
to be the * dower house,' or residence for the elderly spinsters of
the family, at the commencement of the eighteenth century.
This interesting old building is described in our chapter on
the old houses of the town. About the year 1683 this branch
revived the form Stephens, which spelling has since continued
to mark the senior house of the clan, all others remaining
Stevens.
It would be impossible for us to give even a sketch of the
history of all the branches of this extended family, or rather,
clan; we must perforce content ourselves with briefly noticing
the gradual rise of its most important branch, that which was
first known as Stevens of Tregarthen, but, for several generations
past, as Stephens of Tregenna.
Circa 1520 Jenkyn Stephyn had goods at Saint Ives valued at
3^4 by the year ; and in 1523 and 1524 John Stephyn (evidently
the same person as Jenkyn Stephyn) had goods there valued
at £6.
In 1548 John Stephyn had goods at Saint Ives worth £lo a
year.
In 1571 Thomas Styphens of Saint Ives was reported to be
worth in goods £1 by the year.
In 1593 John Stephin had goods at Saint Ives of the annual
value of £^ ; and in 1597 £6 was given as their worth. In 1599
John Steevins ' was worth £6 in goods at Saint Ives ; and in
1624, in which year he was one of the assessors of the subsidy,
we find him possessed of lands in that parish of the yearly value
of 3^8. The following year he was again assessed at £y for goods;
and in 1629 their value had risen to £8, while ' John Stephens *
has the title * generosus ' affixed to his name in the subsidy roll.
In 1603 he was fined for refusing the honour of knighthood, as
we have already seen.
In 1641 * Thomas Stephens, Mayor,' is reported to be worth
3^4, and Henry Stephens £3, in goods at Saint Ives.
In the subsidy list of 1664 the names of Edward, Thomas, and
Francis Steephens occur among those of persons taxed at Saint
Ives.
The borough accounts show clearly the gradual rise of this
family in wealth and importance. The Stephenses seem to have
lent money on interest, both to the borough and to private
persons, as will be seen from three out of the following ex-
tracts :
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 453
^573' Thomas Stephin, Capital Burgess.
* Rec : of thomas stevin & thoins hickes for there full and
laste paiment of 3^^ benevolens to wards the churche
yearde, 6s. 6i.*
1578. John Stevin paid towards another local rate.
1586. John Steuen, Churchwarden.
1590. John Steeven, Head Warden.
John Steuen paid 6d. to a local rate.
Thomas Stevyns paid 3s. 4^. to a local rate.
1591- John Steeven, Quay Warden.
1592. John Steuens, Capital Burgess.
1595- * Ite paid the 2 constables and John steuens in goynge to
Truro, for vewinge the corne, 6s.'
1596. John Stevin, Capital Burgess.
^597' John Stephen paid 2s. to a local rate.
*Item Rec«* of John Stephen w<^ he collected tow"^ the
Repayringe of the churchewindowes, 21s.*
1602. John Steven, Capital Burgess.
1603. John Steven, Capital Burgess.
1604. * paide John stevins for the lone of his money, £2.'
1605. John Stephen, Capital Burgess.
* Item p** Jo : Steven for his charges to the assizes, £1.'
* P* Jo : Stephen for the setting forth of the Irland soldiers,
£1 4s. oi.'
* Paym^s pd Jo: Stephen for counsell taken in the graunte of
the mkett house, 5s.'
1608. ' Note also ther was charged by Bande wherin Jo : cokyns
& Richarde candrowe were bounde to Jo: Steven aboute
Midsommer laste 1607, 24/t. beinge for m^ Masters dett
more due to RiC candrowe for the loste of cattail, taken
by Jo: Steven p execucon for masters dett beinge his
suertye, gli.'
16 13. John Stevens, Capital Burgess.
161 5. John Stevens, Capital Burgess.
Thomas Stephen, Burgess.
1619. John Steuen, Capital Burgess.
1620. Royal rate. Payments inter alios :
Thomas Steven $d.
John Steven Jun>^ 2d.
Mr Jo: Stephen, Westren Streete, is. 8d.
1622. *P^ also unto John Stephen for monye borowed for the
pishes use to the p^ose aforesaide £2 19s. 6i.'
1625. It appears that John Stephens refused the office of Porii-
rieve this year, whereupon the Burgesses imposed a
penalty for such a refusal in future.
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454 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
1629. Thomas Stephen, Burgess, keeps the keys of the archive-
chest.
1630. Thomas Stephen, Burgess.
163 1. Thomas Stephen, Capital Burgess.
1633. Henry Stevens, Overseer of the Poor.
1634. Henry Steephen, Sideman.
Thomas Stevens, Overseer of the poor.
John the son of Henry Stephens was Lord of the Summer
Games this year.
1635. Mr Thomas Stevens, Capital Burgess.
1638. Thomas Stevens, Capital Burgess.
Thomas Stevens, Porthrieve. (The last who held this
ancient dignity at Saint Ives.)
1639. Henry Stevens, Quay Warden.
1640. M^ Thomas Stevens, Mayor. (The second who held this
office, and the first who was elected to it — M^ Hext
having been appointed by the King.)
1646. Thomas Stevens and Henry Stevens, Aldermen, signed
new fishery constitutions.
1650. Thomas Stevens and Thomas Stevens Junior signed new
fishery constitutions.
1653. ' I : paid Thomas Stevens for apeece of Timber, 5s.'
1655. Thomas Stevens, Burgess, signed fishing bye-laws.
1656. * I : payd Thomas Steuens for Beniamin Johns wages hee
beinge clerke £1 los. oi.'
1658. Edward Stevens farmed the quay tolls.
' I : payd Edward Steuens for carying of Ruble from y^
Keye, is.*
1670. * Rec** from M^ Thomas Steephens ^f 10 ; f? interest 12s. ; in
the hole £10 12s. odJ
1677. John Stevens, Alderman.
1679. M' Francis Stevens, Overseer of the Poor.
1681. John Stevens, Overseer of the Poor.
1683. John Stevens, Mayor.
1685. Thomas Stephens and John Stevens, Aldermen.
1687. John Stevens, Mayor.
Thomas Stephens, Alderman.
1690. The Corporation paid 5s. 6i. to M' John Stevens for a tar-
barrel and cider, to celebrate King William's victory
in Ireland.
1691. ' p^ M' Hockyn for a new post put by M' Stevens doore 5s.'
John Stevens farmed the market tolls.
1692. John Stevens, Mayor.
1693. Thomas Stephens, Overseer of the Poor.
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 455
1693. * Spent when M' John Stephens paid M' Hawkins clerke
the five pounds w5h was agreed to be paid him, 15.
1698. John Stevens, Mayor.
1699. *Pd to M' John Stevens for 2olbs of powder and three
pennard of paper, 15s. 3d.'
* P* to M' John Stevens for one locke for the stockes, 6rf.'
1702. * p^ M' Stevens for boards & stuf for the fayre, 3s.*
'p** M' Stevens money hee disbursed for the Kay,
£7 6s- 3^-'
1704. * To powder from M' John Stephens, 8^ March 1703 &
14th July 1704, for the rejoyceing on the victory obtained
by the Duke of Marleburrough at the battle of Bleinhieim,
£2 135. 8d.*
1705. * To M' Tho: Stephens for two quarters rates, iis.'
1707. * pd M' John Stevens for repayreing the ladder of the Kay,
3^1 15s. od:
1710. John Stevens, Alderman.
171 1. John Stephens of Saint Ives, merchant, aged 60, and John
Stevens of Saint Ives, merchant, aged 40, gave evidence
before the Commission which held an enquiry into the
fish-tithe dispute.
1712. John Stevens, Alderman.
1713. * 12 deals of M^ ffrancis Stephens ' were paid for by the
Corporation.
' M' John Stephens gave pole and Chaire * for the new cuck-
ing-stooL
* August, King George proclaimed powder of M'^ Stephens,
14s:
17 15. Tolls of the market and quay set to Thomas Stephens
Junior.
17 16. John Stevens, Alderman.
1726. Francis Stephens junior signed an account in the Town
Book.
1727. John Stevens, Mayor.
John Stevens junior, signed an account.
1742. John Stephens gen* Mayor.
John Stephens junior signed an account.
^743- John Stevens, Mayor.
1744. Francis Stevens, Mayor.
John Stevens signed an account.
1750. Edward Stephens, Mayor.
1751. John Stephens, Mayor.
1752. John Stevens, Mayor.
Mr. John Stephens owned the Mayflower, the Souihamp*
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456 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
ton, and the Pilchard, seine-boats. Mr. Edward Stephens
owned the Lyon and the Neptune, and Mrs. Elizabeth
Stephens the Tommy.
1753. John Stephens, Mayor.
1754. Edward Stephens, Mayor.
1760. John Stevens, Mayor.
John Stevens junior and Thomas Mathews farmed the
quay-dues.
1761. Samuel Stephens, Mayor.
1762. John Stevens, Mayor.
John Stevens junior, Town Clerk.
1763. Samuel Stephens, Mayor.
1764. John Stevens, Mayor.
1765. Samuel Stephens, Mayor.
1767. John Stevens, Edward Stevens and William Stephens,
Aldermen.
1769. John Stevens, Mayor.
[Edward and William Stevens, and Miss Sarah Stephens,
of Saint Ives, subscribed to the new edition of Carew's
* Survey,' published this year.]
1771. John Stevens, Mayor.
1773. Edward Stevens, Mayor.
1776. William Stephens, Mayor.
William Stevens of Trevalgen, Constable.
1777. John Stevens, Mayor.
1780. John Stevens, notary, signed an account.
1783. William Stephens, Mayor.
1786. John Stevens junior, Mayor.
1788. John Stevens junior, Mayor.
1789. Francis Stephens, Mayor.
1796. John Stevens, Mayor.
1804. John Stevens, Mayor.
1806. John Stevens, Town Clerk.
1816. Augustus Stephens, Mayor
1828. Augustus Stephens, Mayor.
Having thus traced the public history of this family through
the Borough Accounts, we will now give a selection of extracts
from the Parish Registers relating to the same branch of the
Stevens clan :
1651. Bapt^ Ann d. of John Stevens.
1654. Buried M^ Thomas Steuens elder.
1654. Buried M"^ Jane Steuens widdowe.
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 457
1657. Bapt** Willmett d. of Thomas Stephens alias Gonew.
1665. Bapt** Thomas s. of John Stephens alias Gonew.
1665. Married fifrancis Stevens alias Gonew and Alse Coga.
1665. Bapt«* John s. of M' fifrancis Steuens.
1666. Buried John Steuens the yonger.
1666. Married M' Edward Steuens and Grace d. of W™ Diggens
gen^
1667. Bapt^ Prudence d. of M' Edward Stevens.
1669. Buried Uncle John Stevens.
1669. Bapt^ Honor d. of M' Edward Stevens.
1670. Buried Honor d. of M' Edward Stevens.
1670. Buried Grace wife of M' Edward Stevens.
1674. Bapt^ Susanna d. of M' Francis Stevens.
1688. Married M' John Stephens junior and Susanna Dyer.
1689. Bapt^ Elizabeth d. of M' John Stephens.
1692. Bapt^ John s. of M' John Stephens junior.
1696. Bapt<* Jane d. of M' John Stevens.
1699. Bapt** Mary d. of John Stevens jun' merchant.
1717. Bapt^ John s. of M' John Stephens jun' & Mary his wife.
1719. Bapt^ Sarah d. of M' John Stephens & Mary his wife,
1721. Bapt^ John s. of M' John Stephens jun' & Mary his wife.
1722. Bapt<* Susanna d. of M' John Stephens jun' & Mary his wife.
1723. Married M' Francis Ley & M's Jane Stephens.
1724. Bapt** Thomas and Frances s. & d. of M' John Stephens
jun' merchant & Mary his wife
1726. Bapt** Susanna d. of M' John Stephens jun' merchant and
Mary his wife.
1728. Bapt^ Samuel s. of M' Jno & Mary Stephens jun'.
1728. Bapt<* Elizabeth d. of M' Francis & Elizabeth Stephens.
1728. Bapt^ Thomas s. of M' John Stephens junior & Mary his
wife.
1730. Bapt** Francis s. of M"" John Stephens junior & Mary his
wife
1730. Bapf* Francis s. of M' Francis Stephens and Elizabeth his
wife
1731. Bapt** Mary d. of M' Francis & Elizabeth Stevens att
meet : house.
1731. Bapt«* Elizabeth d. of M' John & Mary Stephens jun' at
meeting house.
1735. Bapt<^ Thomas s. of M' Francis & Elizabeth Stephens att
the meeting.
1739. Bapt** William s. of M' Francis & Elizabeth Stevens at
meeting.
1740. Bapt** John s. of M' Francis & Elizabeth Stephens (at the
meeting).
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458 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
1775. Buried M' Edward Stephens gen*.
1775. Buried Susanna wife of M' Francis Stephens.
1803. John Augustus the son of Samuel and Betty Stephens was
baptised the 29 Nov"" 1803.
1806. Francis Hearie the son of Samuel and Betty Stephens was
baptised 1806, November 29.
1810. Henry Lewis the son of Samuel and Betty Stephens was
baptised 1810, November 29.
1810. Buried Elizabeth wife of Edward Stephens, aged 86 years.
From the records relating to the Stephens family we deduce
the following pedigree :
John Stephyn of Dungarvan came to West Cornwall circa
1470, and died post 1524.
John Stephyn, son of the above ; living in 1548.
Thomas Stephyns, son of the last-named ; living 1571— 1590.
John Stephin, son of the last-named ; living 1578 — 1629.
Thomas Stephyns, son of the last named. Died 1654.
fifrancis Stevens (alias Gonew) M. in 1665 Alse Cogar.
John Stephens, son of the last-named ; b. 1665. M. in 1688
Susanna Dyer, with issue Elizabeth, John (of whom presently),
& Jane.
John Stephens or Stevens (called ' the Old Greek '), born 1692,
died 1764. Married in 1716 Mary, eldest daughter of Samuel
Phillips esq. of Pendrea in Cornwall, and had the following
issue :
John, born 1717 ; died in infancy.
Sarah, b. 1719.
John, b. 1 721. Went to Holland as a merchant for his father.
Susannah, b. 1722 ; died in infancy.
Frances, b. 1723.
Thomas, b. 1724 ; died in infancy.
Susannah, b. 1726.
Samuel, b. 1728, of whom presently.
Thomas, b. 1728.
Francis, b. 1730.
Elizabeth, b. 1731.
Hals says, * John Stephens was very successful in his various
concerns of merchandise and fisheries, as he added largely to his
landed property in the neighbourhood of S^ Ives, and in the
parishes of Newlyn and S^ Enoder. He acted for many years as
the agent of the Earl of Buckinghamshire in managing the
political concerns of the town ; but at last broke off the con-
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LOCAL FAMILIES, 459
nection by getting his son Samuel Stephens returned on a
vacancy.'
To this account we are able to add the following facts : John
Stephens was locally known as * the old Greek with his calves in
front/ from his crooked limbs and foreign trading. He made
voyages to Italy in his own ships with pilchards for Lent. The
' Old Greek ' had two brothers, both fine, handsome young men,
and both military officers. One was killed in active service and
the other in a duel, both dying without issue. John was the
* ugly duckling ' of the family, and was harshly treated by his
father, yet he came into possession of the property.
Samuel Stephens, born 1728, son of the above, married (says
Hals) Anne Seaborn of Bristol, and * (his eldest brother having
died) on the decease of his father in 1764, disposed of everything
connected with the trade and fishery of this place, and having
abandoned the Presbyterians, to which sect all his family and
relations had been strongly attached, he went so far as to pull
down the meeting-house, and to withdraw his support from its
minister ; proceedings well remembered to his disadvantage sub-
sequently. About 1774 M' Stephens commenced building his
new house at Tregenna, and in that year he unsuccessfiilly
contested the borough. He died March 1794.' His children
were :
John, rector of Ludgvan.
Samuel, of whom presently.
Augustus, collector of Customs at Saint Ives.
All three died in the year 1834.
Samuel Stephens, Esq., of Tregenna Castle, son of Samuel and
Anne, was a student of Trinity College, Cambridge. He became
member of Parliament for Saint Ives, justice of the peace, barrister-
at-Iaw, and high sheriff of Cornwall in 1805. On November 29,
1796, he married Betty, only child and heiress of Captain Samuel
Wallis, R.N., of Tremaine, Cornwall (the celebrated circumnavi-
gator who was the precursor of Captain Cook), by his wife Betty,
daughter and heiress of John Hearle, Esq., of Penryn, Cornwall.
Much property was brought into the Stephens' family through
this match. A portrait of Betty Wallis formerly hung over the
staircase at Tregenna, and one of * the Old Greek ' over the door
in the library.
The issue of Samuel and Betty Stephens were :
John Augustus, b. 1803; d.s.p. 1888.
Francis Hearle, b. 1806 ; Major ist Royal Dragoons ; d.s.p.
1852.
Henry Lewis, b. 1810 ; d. 1867.*
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46o A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Somuel Wallis, died at Toulouse in 1835.
Ferdinand Thomas, Rector of St. Mawgan ; d.s.p.
Sarah Maria, m. to the Rev. Charles William Davy, with issue
two daughters, both married into the Richardson family, in
whom the representation now rests.
The will of Samuel Stephens, Esq., provided that he was to
be succeeded in his estates in West Cornwall by his sons Henry,
Francis, and John, in that order. John left the castle imme-
diately after hearing the will read, and never again set foot west
of Truro. In the course of time the whole property devolved upon
John, as the surviving son, but he sold the estate of Tregenna and
the lands in Zennor, retaining no part of his father's possessions
except Killigrew.
During the lifetime of Henry Lewis Stephens, Esq., of Tre-
genna, the fortunes of this family reached their highest point.
This gentleman's income amounted to ^20,000 a year, derived
principally from real estate in Cornwall, Hampshire, etc. Tre-
genna Castle had, when first built, only twelve bedrooms; to
these Henry Stephens added ten more.
Mr. John Augustus Stephens died at his London house, 29,
Baker Street, Portman Square, on April 21, 1888, aged 84 years.
He was a fine, robust man, and sometimes engaged in wrestling
and boxing with the Treloyhan men. He was first articled to
a Devonport solicitor, and then spent five years at Malta. He
never married, and was the last lineal descendant of this house.
Thus ended a family which had been gradually raised, by succes-
sive generations of thrift, enterprise and wealthy marriages, to a
position of the highest importance in the county.
The following are a few extracts from an account-book in the
handwriting of Samuel Stephens, of Tregenna, 1798-1812 :
1799, Nov^^ 13. * Pd. the Fine for not serving in the supplemen-
tary Militia for Middlesex, jf 10 los. orf.'
1799, Dec' 7. * P^ Messrs. Riley and Fowler (Undertakers) their
Bill for the Funeral of little Mary Stephens,
£7 14s. od:
1800, June 28. * Rec^ of M's Wallis, due April i^t last, £25.'
1800, June 6. ' pd Mr W. Medlycott for Sorrel Mare, £17 17s. od.'
1800, Sept. 20. * P^ Swann for Armorial Tax, los. 6d.'
1803, March 2^. ' P** Geo. Arden (Exeter) for cloth for blue Coat,
£2 'ys. od.'
1803, March 4. * P** for Hay & Corn at y^ Seven Stars Exeter
sundry times, ostler and Gates, 7s. 6d.'
1803, March 21. * Sexton at Teingrave church, is. 6rf.'
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LOCAL FAMILIES, 461
1803, Nov^ 29. ' F^ Parson Arthur for baptising John Augustus, los. 6i/
1803, Nov** 29. ' P^ the nurse, £1 6s. oi/
1805, Feby 2. 'Journey from Tregenna to Town, 3^48 12s. 6d.'
1805, Nov. 25. * Volunteer Band [S' Ives,] £1 is. od'
1805, Dec. 10. ' S^ Ives Subscription (Nelson) £2 2s. orf.'
1805, Dec. 10. * Charities there, ^i lis. 6d.'
1805, Dec. 31. * Female Club (S* Ives), £^ 5s. od.'
1806, Feby. 13. ' Charity to y^ widows &c of y® persons drowned
in S^ Ives Bay, 3^3 3s. oi.'
1806, March 8. * P* for y« mare's keep at Tattersall's, 3s. 6d'
1806, Oct 16. * F* Property Tax for Tregenna, £2 12s. od.'
1807, May 30. * P* House acct. at Tregenna Castle, ^f 12 lis. 3^^.'
1807, June 15. * P* Wedgewood & C^ their bills, £7 4s. loi.'
1807, June 25. ' Powder &c & Hair Dresser, 5s.'
1807, July II. * P^ all arrears & demands to y^ Society of Lincolns
Inn on withdrawing my name, 3^55 15s. 4^.'
1807, July 20. 'Journey from London to Tregenna Castle,
£49 13s. gd:
* Carriage of Trunk from London to Truro,
£1 17s. gd.'
* Servants Fees and Ringers, £5 5s. odJ
' Horse shoeing on y® road & at Scorrier, 14s. 8d'
„ Sept. 26. * Present to y^ old Lady at Bath, £25.'
1808, Feb. 20. Our posting to London & road expenses, ^f 29 15s. 6d.
The children & Horses expenses with our own
carriage, jfi8 14s. iji.
Three mens Board & Wages on y^ road, £4 15s. 6d.
Shoeing on do., 8s. 6d.
F^ the Bill at Bedford for horses & childrenjjfi"! Gs. 4^.
„ March 2. Porter at y« door of the Ho: of Commons, i.e., y«
Door- Keeper of y« House itself £1 is. od.
„ April 16. By a present to M^ Anne Stephens, £2$.
„ May 24. Dancing Master six Lessons, £1.
Teas at y^ Ho: of Commons 6s., Gloves 5s., lis.
1809, Mch. 8. P^ at the Vote office for sending the votes of this
present Session, £2 2s. od.
„ Oct. I. A present to y« Poor of S* Ives, ^10.
1810, May 19. M"^ Courquain (French Master), £2 2s.
Present to the S* Ives men Prisoners in France.
Arms of Stephen of Tregenna : Per pale gules and vert, a fess
indented argent guttee de sang, between three eagles displayed or.
Crest : A lion rampant argent, guttee de sang. Motto : ' Virtutis
amore.'
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462 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Burke's ' General Armory ' says that these arms were granted
temp. Henry VIII. to * Henry Stephens, the immediate ancestor
of the family.' This is almost certainly erroneous ; they would
seem to have been granted circa 1628 to John Stephens, the first
of the family who is styled ' gentleman ' in the Subsidy Rolls.
(See ante,)
Stevens.
As we have already shown, the great clan of Stephens, or
Stevens, has long been divided into a number of diflferent familiesi
all of them descending from a common stock. Having given a
history of the Stevenses of Tregarthen, who afterwards became
known to fame as Stephens of Tregenna, we must now give some
account of the second house, Stevens of Bregia, or more correctly
* Borissa,' in the parish of Towednack, that being the next, both
in point of genealogy and importance, to the Stevenses of Tre-
garthen. Just as the Stephens of Tregenna were distinguished
by the Christian names John, Francis and Sarah, so the Stevens
of Bregia affected the baptismal names Andrew, Vivian ar/i
Christian.
Without attempting to disentangle the intricate relationships
between the various branches at an earlier period, we will com-
mence with Vivian Stevens, who in 171 1 married Ann Sprigg at
Saint Ives, and by her had numerous issue. In 1711, also,
* Vyvyan Stevens merchS' was elected an assistant for the borough,
and in the following year an aMerman.
In 1713 we have tliis entryin7ft»^,gorough Accounts ' : 'for
Causing before M"" Vivyan Stevens doore^
Vivian Stevens was an alderman again i^^|J^6> 17^8, 1719,
1720 (and mayor), 1733, 1734. (Another Viviarf^^^vens was
mayor in 1802.)
John Stevens, of the Bregia branch, was mayor of ^IF^ ^^^^
in 1752 and 1762 ; and in the latter year his son, John .9?^^°^'
junior, notary, was town clerk.
The following are the principal entries in the Parish Regi^^^^
relative to the Bregia Stevenses : ».
1690. Married William Stephens & S^ noby Quick. [Zennor.]
1693. Bapt^ William s. of William Stevens.
1695. Bapt^ John s. of William Stevens.
1697. Bapt** Jobe son of William Stevens.
1698. Bapt^ Mathew s. of William Stevens,
1701. Bapt^ Andrew s. of William Stevens.
1702. Baptd Jane d. of William Stevens.
1704. Bapt^ James s. of William Stevens.
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 463
1706. Bapt"* Zenobia d. of William Stevens.
171 1. Married Vivian Stevens & Anne Sprigg.
1711. Bapt^ Richard s. of William Stevens.
1712. Bapt* Elizabeth d. of M' Vivian Stevens.
1714. Bapt*^ John s. of M^ Vivian Stevens.
1717. Bapt*^ Andrew s. of M^ Vivian Stevens & Ann his wife.
1720. Bapt^ Ann d. of M^ Vivian Stevens Mayor and Anne his
wife.
1721. Married William Stevens and Elizabeth Thomas.
1721. Baptised Thamsin d. of Thomas & Elizabeth Stevens.
1722. Married John Stevens & Elizabeth Jennings.
1722. Bapt** Elizabeth d. of William & Elizabeth Stevens.
1722. Bapt^ John s. of John & Elizabeth Stevens.
1723. Baptised Catherine d. of M^ Vivian Stevens & Ann his wife.
1724. Bapt^ Matthew s. of William and Elizabeth Stevens.
1726. Bapt*^ William s. of William and Elizabeth Stevens.
1727. Bapt^ Zenobia d. of Matthew & Jane Stevens.
1728. Bapt** Margery d. of William & Elizabeth Stevens.
1729. Bapt** John s. of William & Elizabeth Stevens.
1731. Bapt"* Phillis d. of William & Elizabeth Stevens.
['■ 1733- Bapt** Andrew s. of W"^ Stevens officer & Elizabeth his
n- wife.
at 1735- [Bapt* Thos s. of John & Christian Stevens .Trevalgen.]
i). 1735- Bapt^ Vivian s. of William & Elizabeth Stevens.
h, 1737- Bapt^ Richard s. of Will™ Stevens officer & Elizabeth his
wife ♦
: 1738. Bapt** John s. of M^ John Stevens lawyer [and Eleanor his
wife].
-. 1740. Bapt<> Edward and James twin sons of William and Eliz:
s Stevens officer.
1759. Married Andrew Stevens and Mary Bryan[t]. (She died
>3 aged about 90, and was borne to the grave by her great-
;, grandsons.)
1760. Married Vivian Stevens mariner and Margaret Tregerthen.
1762. Married John Stevens jun' of this parish attorney and
?^^ Martha Nicolls, by license,
1770, Baried Vivian Stevens.
J. ] 1769- Buried Vivian s. of Vivian & Catherine Stevens.
1772. Buried Andrew Stevens.
The name Zenobia, which has often been appealed to as
favouring the theory of the Phoenicians, coming to Cornwall for
tin, in reality commemorates Saint Sinara, the patron of Zennor,
where this baptismal name chiefly prevails. The first extract
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464 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
which we have made from the parish registers relating to the
Stevenses of Bregia, shows the form, *S^ Noby.* It was also
written * Sinoby ' and * Sinobia.'
The most famous bearer of the name Zenobia in West Corn-
wall was Zenobia Stevens, of Trevegia- Wartha in Towednack.
The following description of her is extracted from the
* Autobiography of a Cornish Rector,' by the Rev. James Hamley
Tregenna, who, it will be observed, has changed the old lady's
name and locale :
* Soon after our settlement at Truro we were surprised by a
visit from old M" Matthews, a tenant of my mother's, who came
to request that her lease of 99 years, which had just run out,
might be renewed. Leases were granted in those days subject
to the condition that after the death of 3 persons, whom the
lessee was allowed to nominate on payment of a sum down, the
estate should revert to the proprietor, whether the term of 99
years had expired or not. I suppose such an instance as this
had hardly ever occurred before, of one of the lives coming, at
the expiration of the term, to petition for a renewal. Supposing
Mrs. Matthews' life to have been put on the estate, as the phrase
was, the very day of her birth, she must have been entering now
on her 100* year. Yet there she stood as upright as my mother,
and much more robust. She was dressed in what was called a
Joseph, which might have been coeval with herself, for any
remains of colour that it had ; but the quaint riding-dress was
perfectly whole and nicely brushed, and so were the silver-buckled
shoes that peeped from under it. Her head-dress, like the lady in
" Christabel," was " a thing to dream of, not to tell," it was so
marvellously and inexplicably put together. What it was made
of none but a milliner of those days could hope to explain ; but
it looked very grand, especially by the side of my mother's
modest little cap. From the waist downwards she wore what
she called, I think, a " safeguard," a coarse garment of camlet or
serge, which served to protect her Joseph, as well as to cover her
feet when she was in the saddle. The long skirt of this garment
was now drawn through her pocket-hole. Her hair was twisted
behind into what was then called a " club," a sort of overgrown
pig-tail, as it seemed to us. In her hand she carried a riding-
whip with a heavy silver knob.*
The story given by Mrs. Piozzi, in her Letters, written in 1773,
concerning the same old body, is as follows (see Chambers' * Book
of Days ') :
* I must tell you a story of a Cornish gentlewoman hard by
here [Penzance], Zenobia Stevens, who held a lease under the
Duke of Bolton by her own life only ninety-nine years — and going
at the term's end ten miles to give it up, she obtained permission
to continue in the house as long as she lived, and was asked of
course to drink a glass of wine. She did take one, but declined
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 465
a second, saying she had to ride home in the twilight upon a
young colt, and was afraid to make herself giddy-headed.'
Dr. Daniel Freeman Stevens, of Saint Ives, a member of the
same family as the heroine of the story, related it thus :
'Zenobia Stevens alias Baragwanath, of Trevisa-wartha in
Towednack [these words form a local Cornish shibboleth], lived to the age
of one hundred and three. Her life-lease expiring at ninety nine,
she went to the landlord's meeting to have it renewed. The
lawyer or agent put her mind at rest by saying kindly : " Go thee
wayst home. An Z'noby, and live so long as thee cust." (Go
home. Aunt Zenobia, and live as long as thou canst.)'
From the information of her great-nephew, communicated to
Lysons by the curate of Saint Ives, it appeared that Zenobia
Stevens, of Skilly- Waddon, in Towednack, was born in the year
1661, and was buried at Zennor in 1763, aged 102 years. Her
daughter Zenobia Baragwanath died aged ninety-eight or ninety-
nine.
Thomas.
In the case of the Stevenses we had to deal with the various
sections of one great clan. But the families of the name of
Thomas are so numerous and so interlaced, that all it is possible
for us to do is to say a little as to the most distinguished of
them, namely, the Thomas family of Lelant. This, then, is the
pedigree registered in the Visitation of Cornwall :
* Rich. Thomas gent, of Wales, dealing in merchandise be-
tween Wales & Cornwall, m. at Lelant with the d. & h. of John
Hickes of Lelant.
' Henry Thomas, s. of Richard, m. the heire of Pawly. From
them descended
* William Thoms of Lelant, m. d. of Rosewarne.
* John Thoms of Lelant m. the h. of Rosmell of Bodmin.
'John Thoms of Lelant m. the h. of John Godolphin of
Gwennap.
< W™ Thomas of Cury viv. 1620 m. (i.) Jane d. & h. of Nic.
Penticost. (2.) Mary d. of John Pendarveis. By (i.) he had
John s. & h. aet. 22. By (2.) he had Hester, Grace, WiH™,
Bartho : Lowday, Samwell, EUinor, Jane, Mary, Edmond.'
Colonel Vivian's edition of the Visitation gives the pedigree
of another branch thus :
* I. John Thomas of Crowan m. Margerie.
* 2. John Thomas of Crowan m.
'3. John Thomas of Crowan m. Ellinor d. of William Paynter
of S^ Erth.
'4. John Thomas of Lanant viv. 1620. m. Phillipa d. of
William Reskemer of Merthen.
30
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466 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
' 5. John Thomas son & heir of the latter, aet. 4 in 1620.
(William, 2^ sonne.)
(EUinor. eldest da.)
(Katherine, 2^^ daughter.)
Subsidy Rolls {Lelant).
1520. (c.) Johes Thomas (lands) ^3.
Willmus Thomas (goods) £30.
1523. Willmus Thomas (goods) ^20.
Ricus famulus Wilti Thomas het stipend^ £1.
1524. Willins Thomas in bonis ;f 20.
1530. Willms Thomas in bonis £18.
1536. De Wills Thorns p bonis jf 10.
1541. Willms Thomas valet in bonis 3^20.
1544. Jssebell Wyllm Thomas. 6s. 8rf.
1546. ux Willi Thomas valet jf 10.
1549. P : Willm5 Thomas &d.
1593. Johnes Thomas in bonis ^3.
1597- Johes Thomas in bonis ^3.
1599. Johes T5mas in bonis 3^3. _^
1624. Rator, Johes Thomas gen in terr £6.
1625. Johes Thomas gen in terr £6.
1629. Johes Thomas gen in terr £3.
1664. Richard Thomas in ter — .
Borough Accounts.
1620. William Thomas, gent., and his son, paid is. Sd. to the
royal rate.
In the later volume there are several allusions to 'Justice
Thomas,' who was of this family, and resided at Lelant
Of the less-known families of Thomas there are a large
number in all the four parishes. One of these, distinguished by
the baptismal name Hannibal, was originally of Zennor, and a
daughter was married into the Hicks family, as recorded in the
Zennor registers : * 1737. Married George Hickes of S^ Ives &
Sibella Thomas.' The representation of Pawley of Gunwin is
claimed by this branch of the Thomas family.
William Thomas, ^ alias Kyow an Gove,' was a burgess of
Saint Ives in 1615, 1629, 1631, and 1636.
Deep in the sands of Hayle Bar there lies a sunken ship, in
which,* after the sand has been shifted by a heavy gale, the
jBshermen sometimes entangle their nets. This is known as
* Thomas' Wreck,' from James Thomas, captain of the ill-fated
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 467
vessel which went down with all hands in the first half of the
last century. A Saint Ives ship, commanded by a master named
James Thomas, was also lost with all hands in the year 1819.
John Thomas is a name which, coming down constantly
through the pages of the Borough Accounts and Parish Registers,
marks the descent of a third family of this surname. The three
families are so difficult to distinguish, in the records, from each
other, and from others of the same cognomen, that to attempt
to set down their genealogies would be to run great risk of
inaccuracy and confusion.
Arms of Thomas of Lelant: Per pale nebulee argent and
azure. (Thus in the * General Armory'; sed quaere vfhether the
arms are not : Gules, a chevron and canton ermine.)
Tregenna.
The beautiful estate of Tregenna, so well known to visitors
to Saint Ives, was long ago the seat of an ancient gentle-family
which derived its name from the place of their abode. The only
mention which has been made of this family by historians is the
meagre memorandum of Lysons to the effect that the Tregennas,
of Tregenna in Saint Ives, were not extinct in the elder branch
till after the reign of James L, and that a younger line settled at
Polgreen in Saint Columb.
The name does not appear in the Subsidy Roll of 1327 ; but
in that of circa 1520 William Tregenna was rated in respect of
lands in Saint Ives and Zennor, and for lands in Saint Ives in
those of 1524 and 1536.
In 1557 Thomas Tregenna was rated at £5 for his goods at
Saint Ives.
In 1573 John Tregenna was a capital burgess, and again in
1578 and 1583. In 1585 he contributed £4. for his lands in Saint
Ives, and the like for lands and goods in 1593, 1597, and 1599.
I have a note to the eflfect that he was Bailiff of Penwith in 1581.
The following are entries concerning members of this family
in the Municipal Records of Saint Ives :
1584. ' Rec : of m^ tregenna for the standinge of the muster
stufe in the markett house, xx".
* It : Rec : of m^ tregenna for the bringinge in of the perow
shipp, xs.' (The ship belonging to a man named Perro.)
1588. ' Itm : gave the Robin howde [Robin Hood] of
S* coUoms the lower by the apointment of m^ tregena, 5s.'
In 1592 John Tregenna appears to have lent money to the
parish on a bond, and in the same year he received 4^. for half a
bushel of coal.
30—2
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468 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
In 1594 mention is made of a Henry Tregenna.
In 1596 John Tregenna was one of the capital burgesses, and
it would seem [sed quaere] that he was head warden in the year
following.
In 1603 John Tregenna, gent., was a capital burgess, and he
is mentioned again in the Mayor's Account of 1604.
In the reign of Elizabeth, Mr. Richard Tregosse tried to
prevent the huers from entering upon his land on Porthminster
Hill, and went to law about it. John Tregenna went to London
on behalf of the town ; the inhabitants paid his expenses, 3^141,
and afterwards out of gratitude returned him to Parliament,
1603. The following extract from the earlier MS. of Municipal
Records bears upon this matter :
' 270 Jan : 1603. It is agreede uppon, by the genall agreement
of the 12 & 24 of o' towne this psent daye, that whereas the laste
fishinge season & in som few seasons now latelye paste, M^ Richard
Tregosse & J°o Hexte gefl, as in the possession of ther lands here
at Porthminster & Tregenna hills, have molested diuse ps5ns
inhabitants of o' towne & pishe, as the Baulkers & blowsers,
foUowinge ther crafte of fishinge, as the custome hath bene, from
the contrarye whereof mans memorye hath not bene, & have
threatned som others, & latelye served lawe uppon others, & som
in expectation to be served w*^ other processes, That the ^ties, &
euye of them, so served w^ processes, to be borne & defended by
the stocke & charge of o^ parrishe, if the trespasses & offences
layde to ther charge be for the cause of fishinge, & for no other
cause. And it is moreover agreed, that all and euye of the pties so
to be sewed & served w^^ processes, the accion of lawe once
attempted, or dependinge not to release, frustreate, discontynue
or compound w^** the pties who so attempte processes & suts of
lawe, wthowte the order and composicon also of the 12 & 24 or
the moste number of them, in defence of this o*" p^ent righte
herein, And likewies no one pson or psons of the townesmen or
prishflers ioyninge in lawe againste the said m^ Rich** Tregosse &.
Jno Hexte gefl or either of them, or any ther children or servaunts
by the counsell, meanes, & at the chargs of the pishe, not to
release unto them, or any of them, any offence of thers, ther
children or servaunts, who have taken or shall hereafter take any
fishe owte of the townes mens netts at the fishinge tyme &
seasons. And what pson or psons soever shall herein doe to the
contrarye shall forfeyte to the townes behalfe xl^, to be distrayned
levyed & taken by waye of distres of the goods beasts & cattails
of all & euye such oflfendor. [Signed:] John tregenna. John
cokyns. George hicks. Richard hicks. William hechins.
William Pitt. Walter Knight, lewes hurley, peter + cloke.
James Stearye. Will"^ + cocke. John steven. Jo: + James.
Nich: + Boseithiowe. Will™ + Baylye. Joh: + hamblye.
Rich: + Peter. Jo: + Stirrye. Thomas fames. Tho: + Toman.
Richard Candrowe. Peeter lenyon [?]. stev: + Barber.
Jo: + hocken. Mich: + Nuttell.
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 469
In 1605 are entries of payments of money by the town to
M^ Tregenna ; and again, in 1607, is this : * P^ W™ hechins w<*.
he p<* M^ Tregenna in Bristowe, 5/*.' ; and, ' P^ my cosen
Tregenna for so much due to him from y« pishe, iiK. 3s, Item
p^ for the use of his moneye 7 Monethes, 6s.'
By John Tregenna's death, soon after 1607, this ancient family
became extinct in the male line. I have not been able to learn
who represents Tregenna in the female line, but, as it appears
that the * cosen ' who made the last-extracted entry in the town
accounts was William Hichens, it is probable that the representa-
tion of Tregenna is in the Hichens family.
Some of the Cornish historians, I know not on what authority,
call the head warden who took part in the rising of 1549, ' John
Payne, alias Tregenna.' Certainly Payne's arms, as given on the
stall-end in the chancel, are entirely different from those of
Tregenna, which are : Or, a chevron azure, between 3 Moors'
heads proper, filleted argent.
The following entries in the Mayoral Accounts for 1696 and
1697 no doubt refer to a member of the younger branch, Tregenna
of Saint Columb :
* Spent at Assizes on M' Courtney and M' Tregena, about
the port farme, 55.'
* Spent on M"" Tregena at Taverne by consent, 115.'
* P^ charges to my son attending severall tymes on the duke
of Bolton to goe to M^ Tregenna severall tymes to stop prose-
cuCon about the port farme, £1 los.'
* Postage of severall letters sent to M"" Hooker & Tregena,
IS. 4d.'
TregoBse.
This family is one of the oldest in the neighbourhood of Saint
Ives. The Subsidy Roll of 1327 gives the names of Clement
and John Tregoce, of Saint Ives, rated at 2s. and is. respec-
tively.
In the list of circa 1520, Thomas Tregoos' lands in Towed-
nack are assessed at the yearly value of 13s. ^d., and those of
John Tregoz in the parish of Saint Ives at lis. Thomas Tregoos
also had lands in Saint Ives valued at lis.
In 1641 William Tregose, genS had at Saint Ives goods to the
annual value of £3.
Borough Accounts.
In 1583 the authorities of the borough granted 'unto John
Tregose esquire, all suche pewes & chayres in the churche &
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470 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
chansell of S*^ yees as were in tymes paste possessed by Thomas
Glynne esquire decessed.'
1584. *Itin payde maister John Tregose at maye for the
marckate house rent, 25.'
Similar entries occur yearly about this time, when he was
receiving a shilling a quarter in rent. * M' John Tregoosse ' paid
about this date towards a rate for mending the church.
From an entry of circa 1595 it appears that the town presented
a barrel of coffee to * M^ Tregosse.'
In 1603 Richard Tregose, gen*, was a capital burgess ; and in
this year he had the famous dispute with the town concerning the
huers' right to cross his land on Porthminster Hill. (For an
account of this controversy see ante, p. 468.)
1604. * Paide M' Praed for a replevyn when M^ Tregosse dis-
trayned a quarter of beiffe from Trevascus, 6rf/
In 1 61 3 Richard Tregosse, esq^ became once more a capital
burgess, from which it would appear that he had by this time
made his peace with the town.
1615. 'More p^ M' Paynter the constable for attendaunce
aboute the Spanyards by direction of M^ Tregosse & other the
chiefe of o*" towne, los.'
In 1620 Richard Tregosse's name is the first on the list of
those who paid to the royal rate ; his share — is. 6d. — was above
the average.
In 1633 William Tregosse witnessed a contract for the letting
of the quay dues.
In 1638 we have a mutilated document in the Borough
Accounts, setting forth that whereas one James Thomas, the son
of Thomas James deceased, was left an infant dependent on the
care of the public, ' and for that the sayde towne and pishe is att
this instantt surcharged with [divers paupers] and impotentt
psons, therefore we the [burgesses] of the same towne & pishe
whose names are here under written, have deliuivryd the same
orphantt unto John Tregosse esqe and Wilmott his wief, and to
there assignes, to dwell and serve after the manner of [an appren-
tice] for the terme and tyme of eightene yeares ensuinge the date
here of, to be broughte [upp] to worcke and husbandrye laboure,
or any other suice that they shall thincke moste beste for
th[emselues]. In witnes where of we haue here unto putt our
hands the daie & yeare aboue written.
Thomas Hicks hedwardeine.'
In 1640 William Tregosse and Henry Stevens farmed the tolls
of the quay.
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 47^
1658. * I : payd M^ Thomas Tregosse the minister ffor his
yeres salarye the suine of ^15.
The following extract from C. S. Gilbert's * History of Corn-
wall ' may appropriately be inserted here :
* In 16 — was bom in S' Ives Thomas Tregosse, of an ancient
family in Cornwall. He was bred a sojourner in Exeter College
in July, 1655. Quitting the University he took holy orders, and
was a constant preacher in his native place for two years. He
afterwards removed to the vicarage of Mylor and Mabe, where he
remained until 1662, when he was silenced for nonconformity.
After this he preached privately, chiefly in S* Ives and Penryn, at
which latter place he died in January, 1672.'
It may be added that M^ Tregosse was on more than one
occasion committed to Lanceston Gaol, where he was in confine-
ment more than twelve months altogether. A century later, we
find Wesley bestowing high praise upon the Rev. Thomas Tregosse.
{See anU, p. 347.)
Parish Registers.
1658. Married M^ Thomas Tregosse minister of this burrough
& Marg* Sparnon of Gwynier.'
Burke (* General Armory *) assigns the following arms to
Tregosse of Cornwall : Or, three bars azure, on a chief of the last
a lion passant of the first.
In the Western Antiquary of Plymouth, for September, 1882,
vol. ii.. No. 6, p. 93, appear the following notes as to the ejected
minister :
* Rev. Thomas Tregoss. — In the issues of the Cornish
papers, accounts are given of the Congregational Sunday School,
Falmouth. It is stated that the first congregation was gathered
by the Rev. Thomas Tregoss, who was one of the 2,000 ministers
evicted by the passing of the Uniformity Act, 1662. Was it not
James Tregoss who held the livings of Mylor and Mabe at the
time of the passing of the Act ? In the Christian Miscellany for
1877 an interesting account is given of the Rev. James Tregoss,
son of Thomas Tregoss.
* Perhaps a few facts from the account in the Miscellany may
be of interest :
* " James Tregoss was born at St. Ives, Cornwall. The family
must have been one of influence in the county in its early history,
but wealth and power seem to have departed from it by the
beginning of the seventeenth century. Thomas Tregoss appears
to have lived at St. Ives in the reign of Charles I. James went
to Oxford, and in 1657 returned to his binhplace. He became
the pastor of the church, and remained there until 1659, when he
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472 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
took charge of the livings of Mylor and Mabe. It is related
during his St. Ives pastorate that the fishing during one season
had been a complete blank. No pilchards had come ; he pro-
posed * Let us have a day of humiliation and prayer !' The next
day the bay was alive with shoals of fish. During the next season
a great quantity was captured on a Saturday, and on Sunday the
men dried their nets. Tregoss solemnly reproved them. *You
have provoked the Lord to withdraw His blessing/ said he. The
rest of the season was a failure.
* " From the peaceful retreat at Mylor, Tregoss often passed
through Penryn and Falmouth, the latter in its infancy, to Mabe.
In 1662, we read of his being homeless. Soon three months of
imprisonment awaited him for preaching. He afterwards minis-
tered at Kegillick near Budock, and people came from a distance
to listen to his discourses. Tregoss resolved to visit his former
congregation at Mabe, and there incurred the persecution of one
Robinson, a Justice of the Peace, a great landowner in the west,
and a 'Fanatic hunter.* The Justice used his influence and
Tregoss was lodged in Launceston Jail. At liberty, he returned
to Mabe to be again imprisoned.
' " Once more freed from prison he preached at Mabe, and
then visited Devonshire. Returning to Mabe, in 1666, he was
heard once again in the old church. Then he was found in
Bodmin Prison until 1667 (September). Released by Royal
order, he set up a Monday Lecture at Penryn. Still hunted and
persecuted, Tregoss visited Devon, was put into Exeter Jail,
went to Torrington, and returned to Penryn. Here he died
January 18, 1671. Amongst his last utterances we read: *And
now. Lord God, Thy servant must away to holy angels, and to
the spirits of the just made perfect. Keep them that do believe
in Thee.' "
* Query, Is there any earlier mention of the family ?
'H. H.
* Porthleven.'
* Rev. Thomas Tregoss. — The ejected vicar of Mylor and
Mabe was Thomas Tregosse, son of William (of Western Antiquary,
vol. i., 215 ; Bib: Cornub : ii., 759).
'J. I. Dredge.
* Buckland Brewer.'
Trenwith.
This family is said to have formerly been called Bayliflfe, a
name which, indeed, appears in the town records of Elizabeth's
reign. Hals says that the change of name took place in the
reign of Henry VIII., and that the family in question then
entered into possession of the Trenwith estate ; but he evidently
mistakes here, although Lysons seems to have accepted this
account. Lysons himself says that Trenwith of Trenwith traced
back to the time of Edward IV., though he does not notice the
brass in the church commemorating Otho Trenwith, who died in
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 473
the second year of that reign. Lysons gives these further par-
ticulars as to the family and its alliances :
' The elder branch in consequence of a match with the heiress
of Tredenzy of Burian, removed thither. The posterity of the
second son of Peter Trenwith by the heiress of Vincent, continued
at Trenwith and became extinct before the middle of the 17^
century ; the heiress married Burgess. This branch married the
heiress of Vincent Tredenzy & Caskayes, and a coheiress of
Militon [of Pengerswick]. At a later period Trenwith appears to
have reverted to the elder branch, which became extinct by the
death of M' Thomas Trenwith in 1796. This branch is repre-
sented by Lander.'
The Manor and Barton of Trenwith is said by Lysons to
have anciently included the whole parish of Lelant, and to have
continued in the Beauforts till the attainder of the Earl of
Somerset in 1471.
In the earliest Cornish Subsidy Roll, that of 1327, we find a
Thomas de Trenewyth rated in Lelant parish ; but it is probable
that we have here the name Trenoweth, not Trenwith. Nor
does such a name appear under the heading of Saint Ives in this
roll.
A note in Lieut.-Col. Vivian's ' Visitation of Cornwall ' is as
follows :
' Ped. fin. Cornub., 34 Hen. VI. N® 3. Otonem Treunwyth
qu. Joh : Velour def., Porthya, lananta, Carnesuwe et Helston.'
That is to say, that in the year 1456 Otho Trenwith purchased
of John Velour the manors and lands of Porthia (Saint Ives),
Lelant, Carnsew, and Helston.
And that the family was of consequence even before that date
appears from the preceding note, which shows that in the fifteenth
year of Richard II. (1392) Henry Treunwith purchased of Hugh
Canas, and Emma his wife, the lands called * Carbons ' and
'Carnyny' (Carbis and Carninny), both in the Saint Ives
district.
From these particulars it will be seen how erroneous is the
statement of Hals and Lysons that the Trenwiths took that
estate and name in Henry VIII. 's reign.
C. S. Gilbert says :
' Thomas Baillie was living at Tregenna, 45 Edw. III., 1371.
His son, Henry Baillie, got possession of Trenwith, and changed
the name. Otho Trenwith was buried under [lege before] the
high altar of Saint Ives church.'
The following are the instances of mention made of this
family in the Subsidy Rolls :
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474 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
1520 (circa). Thomas Trenwith, rated at £1 6s. &d., 6s. 8d,,
jfio, and 7s., for lands in Lelant, Towednack, Saint Ives and
Zennor respectively.
1523, 1524. Thomas Trenwith, lands in Saint Ives.
1541, 1544, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1557. Mathew Trenwith, lands
in Saint Ives.
1558. Mathew Trenwith, £6 for lands in Saint Ives.
1571. Mathew and Henry Trenwith, lands and goods in Saint
Ives respectively.
1585. William Trenwith, ^^3 for lands in Saint Ives ; Henry
Trenwith, £4 for goods at Saint Ives ; James Trenwith, £2 for
goods at Lelant.
1593- William Trenwith, 3^3 for lands in Saint Ives ; Henry
Trenwith, £3 for goods at Saint Ives.
1597. William and John Trenwith, lands in Saint Ives;
William Trenwith de Trevalgan, goods at Saint Ives.
1599. William and John Trenwith, lands in Saint Ives.
1624. ' Richardus Trenw* gen : rated at fyve pound in terr :
sould all his land died nothing worth.'
* Thomas Treunwith ar : et Laura Trenwith vid : valent in
terris.' [The amount is illegible.]
1624. Mathew Trenwith, £3 for goods at Towednack. Thomas
and Laura Trenwith, widow, £5 for lands in Saint Ives.
1629. William Trenwith, £4 for goods at Towednack. Thomas
and Laura Trenwith, widow, £5 for lands in Saint Ives.
1641. Thomas Trenwith, *armiger,' £5 for lands in Saint
Ives. William Trenwith, lands in Zennor.
1664. Thomas Trenwith, lands in Saint Ives.
In 1598 Richard Trenwith, of Saint Erth, gent., was a
witness before the Commission whose minutes we have elsewhere
recorded. He was born 1558. He was the Richard Trenwith
who 'died nothing worth' just before 1624. In him the second
house or line of Trenwith became extinct, his daughter marrying
Burgess, as mentioned by Lysons.
The pedigree, as given in the * Visitation of Cornwall,' com-
piled in 1624, commences with Henry Trenwith of Trenwith,
who married Elinor Rosmadres of Saint Burian, with issue Peter
and Otes. Peter Trenwith married Elizabeth Vincent, and had
issue William and Henry. William Trenwith married Jane
Predeney of Saint Burian, and had issue Thomas Trenwith, who
married Margery Erisey. Mathew Trenwith of Trenwith married
Elizabeth Caskayes. (Their son William, together with his son
Thomas, was named in the will of John Bosustow of Saint
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 475
Levari, dated 1604.) Thomas Trenwith of Trenwith married
Elizabeth Myllyton of Pengerswick, by whom he had issue
Richard Trenwith of Saint Erth, who married Ann Merritt of
Probus, and whose only child Ann was married to Humphry
Burgis of Saint Erth.
To turn to the Borough Records, William and Harry Tren-
with are mentioned circa 1572; and in 1573 William Trenwith
paid for some elm boards in the playing-place, while Thomas,
* the olde M' Trenwithe,' paid for some parish sheep and other
things.
I^ ^573 James, Harry and William Trenwith signed the
resolution to impose a penalty on those who should refuse to fill
the office of warden. This seems to have been resolved on in
consequence of the refusal of William Trenwith to officiate ; for
in the same year * was elected Will™ Trevnw^*^ pposite or hed
warden,' but John Penhellack was the person actually raised to
that dignity.
As will be seen by dbr copy of the document, a Trenwith,
whose baptismal name is illegible, was one of those who, on
June 22, 1578, were rated to pay towards fitting out Irish soldiers.
In 1580 there is a note that 5s. were owing to the town for
Thomas Trenwith's grave.
Circa 1580 we have a list of people who seem to have been
rated toward the expense of resisting the Spaniards. Among
them we have entries of four members of the Trenwith family,
one being styled 'of Trenwith,' and the other 'Trenwith the
elder,' but their Christian names are worn off.
Somewhere about the same date, too (for these dates are
extremely difficult to fix), there was a benevolence towards the
mending of the church, to which Mr. William Trenwith of
Trenwith, another Trenwith of Trenwith, and Mistress Elizabeth
Trenwith, contributed.
In 1580 Henry and William Trenwith the elder were elected
burgesses, William Trenwith, junior, taking his father's place a
few years later. The younger William is again mentioned in a
year which I take to be 1587, when he paid ;^3 7$. 2d. in full
satisfaction of his poll moneys.
In 1583 we find the following agreement :
* A trewe copie of the grantt unto m*^ tregose & m' w™ trenw^
sentt to the courte by m' stowforde.
* Memorand : that we whose names are here under written,
beinge of the xij of the towne and pishe of S" yees, the xxvj^ of
June 1583 do demyse & graunt vnto John Tregose esquire, all
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476 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
such pewes & chayres in the churche and chansell of S^' yees
as were in tymes paste possessed by Thomas Giynne esquire
decessed ; and we demyse & graunt vnto W*" Trinw'*^ gent : sonn
& heire vnto thomas trinw^^ decessed the pewe nextt adioyninge
to the litle dore in the s[ide nexte ?] the new yewe, wherein
mathew trinw^*^ de[cessed, grand-]father to the sayde W™ trinw^
did sitt in the tyme of the sayde thomas giynne. In witnes,
harrye Stirye portrive
Ots merifeld John penhelege
John carvedris John Tregenna
John cockins John Androw
harrye Oots thoms hicks
W™ Wolcocke '
In 1592 (?) ' M' Trenwithe of Trevalgin ' was paid is. 3^. for
his charges in going to Helston.
In 159S a shilling was paid to Mr. William Trenwith ' for a
poer Oman that died in the ten pite [tin- pit] to healpe to by hier
[her] a shroud.*
About the same date occurs the following memorandum :
' M' Will™ Trenw^h of Trenw^^ hath licensyd us the prisheners
of S^e yees to fetche upon his land att pripter [Porthrepter] iij
or iiij boetes ladings of stones for the makin of anew penthowse
or lenatt aganst the churche wall. Wittnes of henry hicks &
John Steven, henry vune.
In 1596 or 7 Mr. William Trenwith was paid £4 45. oi. * for
James Dinham is sute, for chargs of lawe ' ; and at the same
date we have William Trenwith esq., William Trenwith gent :
and Henry Trenwith on the roll of burgesses.
In 1603 William Treun withe gen : signed, as one of the
twelve principal burgesses, a resolution to the effect that any
chief burgess presuming to order public affairs independently of
his brethren, should be dismissed from office.
In 1605, apparently, Mr. William Trenwith was one of the
rators appointed for rating to a Subsidy.
In 1607, William Trenwith gen : was chosen porthrieve ; but,,
he preferring to be fined, William Hichens was chosen in his
place.
In 1614 Thomas Treunwithe of Trenwith Esq. : and Thomas
Treunwithe of Trevalgen gen : were among the capital burgesses ;
and William Trenwith was a burgess in the following year.
In 1619 William Trenwith gen : was chosen porthrieve. In
the following year Mistress Lora Trenwithe was rated at 6i. for
the subsidy and Thomas Trenwith esq : at 2s. 8d.
In 1622 the town ' rec** of M' Trevnw^^^ of Trevalgan in p^« of
105. wch he craved to be respited for the clarcks wags : v^.'
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 477
In 1625 Thomas Treunwith gent : was chosen portrieve, as it
seems, on the refusal of John Stevens to take that oflBce. It was
thereupon resolved that such a refusal should in the future entail
a fine of £3 6s 8d.
In 1629 Thomas Treunwith gent : was a capital burgess ; and
in the same year, among those who had not paid the rate for the
county stock and maimed soldiers, we find the names of Thomas
Trenwith esq : rated at 3s., and Thomas Trenwith gent : at
IS. 8d.
In 1641 Mathew Treunwith gent : gave £1 towards the erection
of a west gallery in the church.
In 1655 Renatus Trenwith was a burgess of Saint Ives, and a
collector for the Porthfarm.
In 1662 Thomas Trenwith Esq. was elected Mayor of the
Borough, and in 1665 he farmed the profits of the market.
In the first year of James II.'s reign, 1684, Thomas Trenwith
Esquire became Mayor of Saint Ives by the royal appointment
under the renewed charter.
Parish Registers.
1634, Nov' 10. William Trenewith gent: and Mary Pella-
mounter were married at Zennor. (Bishop of Exeter's
Transcripts.) All the following extracts are from the
Saint Ives Registers.
1654. Married Ezechiell Trenwith gent :, son of Thomas Tren-
with Esq :, to Elizabeth daughter of William Lanion
gent.
1654. Baptised William son of Edward Trenwith gent :
1654. Baptised Renatus son of Renatus Trenwith gent :
1656. Buried William s. of Renatus Trenwith.
1656. Baptised Joane, d. of Edward Trenwith gent :
1656. Baptised William s. of Renatus Trenwith.
1657. Baptised Henry s. of Renatus Trenwith.
1657. Buried Thomas Trenwith gent :
1659- Baptised Elizabeth d. of Ezechiell Trenwith gent :
1659. Buried M" Elizabeth Trenwith widow.
1661. Baptised Joane d. of Renatus Trenwith gent.
1663. Buried M" Jane Trenwith.
1665. Buried Joan wife of Thomas Treunwith Esq :
1666. Married Thomas Trenwith Esq : and Jane Richards alias
Carway.
1667. Buried Thomas Trenwith Esq :
1675. Married Thomas Trenwith gent : and M** Revena Lanyon.
1677. Baptised Renatus s. of Thomas Trenwith gent :
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478 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
\ 1678. Baptised John s. of Thomas Trenwith gent :
1; 1681. Baptised Rebekah d. of Thomas Trenwith gent :
^ 1682. Baptised Jone d. of Thomas Trenwith gent :
1684. Baptised Renatus s. of Thomas Trenwith Esq :
1686. Baptised Thonjas s. of Thomas Trenwith Esq :
1688. Married M' Thomas Leach of Devon to M" Lore
Trenwith.
1689. Baptised Mary d. of Thomas Trenwith gent :
1708. Baptised Elizabeth d. of Renatus Trenwith gent :
^ . i77i> [George Trenwith witnessed a marriage contract.]
[ 1772. Married Henry Trenwith mariner and Margaret Stephens
^ widow ; witness Alexander James and John Grenfell.
\ The arms of Trenwith : Argent, on a bend cotised sable three
cinquefoils of the field.
We have treated in other chapters of the seat and estate of
Trenwith.
In 1769 Thomas Trenwith, Esq., of Saint Ives, is named in
the list of subscribers prefixed to the new edition of Carew's
* Survey of Cornwall,' published in that year. This gentleman,
who was a lieutenant in the Royal Navy and the last male of his
ancient house (being the heir of his uncle, Renatus Trenwith,
who was the heir of his father, Thomas Trenwith), in 1760 barred
the entail of * All that capital messuage Barton farm and demesne
Lands of in or called Trenwith situate lying and being in the
Borough and Parish of Saint Ives in the County of Cornwall
then in the tenure of him the said Thomas Trenwith.* Shortly
afterwards he devised the same lands by will to Rebecca Tren-
with, and died in the year 1796.
Rebecca Trenwith died in 1798, after having by will devised
the fee simple and inheritance of Trenwith unto the heir or
heirs of her great-uncle, Henry Trenwith deceased, provided they
could be found, and subject to pecuniary legacies to her servants,
Jennipher Leggoe and Bridget Quick, spinsters. If a direct
male heir could not be discovered, the estate was to go to her
cousin, ' William Lander's son of Plymouth Dock.* In 1803 the
heir of Trenwith was advertised for ; it was stated that the said
Henry Trenwith was captain of an East Indiaman, and died in
India circa 1790. No heir appeared, however, and William
Lander took possession, and afterwards sold to divers persons.
Treweeke.
This is one of the original families of the district, more par-
ticularly of Lelant.
John Trewyke had lands in the parish of Lelant, which were
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 479
valued circa 1520 at £1 6$. 8d, per annum, and in 1523 and 1524
his goods were valued at £4.
John Treweke had lands in Lelant in 1571 and 1585, valued at
£2 a year. In the latter instance the surname is spelt *Trewick/
In 1593 John ' Treweeck's ' lands there were again valued at £2.
Borough Accounts.
1592. ' Ite paide to Walter Treweeke ffor a qf rente flfor duen
and others, 3s.
1592. * Walter treweke geveth his consent ' as Burgess, to some
resolution the purport of which does not plainly appear.
1594. * It Receued of Jonno Treweeke for aburiall, 3s.*
1595. * It paide Jone treweage for cresmas qf, 3s/
1620. Digorye Treweeke of Street-an-PoU pays 2d. to a royal
rate levied at Saint Ives.
1634. Henrie Treweeke was chosen Sidesman of the parish
church.
1638. ' I : y« younge Treweeke for Iron wedges, 6s.*
1640. * I : to Henrie Treweeke for spukes about y« Key, lis. 6i.'
1649. * I : paid John Treweeke for 2 twists for the guard gate,.
2s.' In 1650 John Treweeke was one of the Burgesses
who signed the new Fishery Constitutions. So did
Henry Tryweeke in 1650.
1659. ' I : payd Henrye Treweeke flfor mendinge the stocks, is/
He also received a shilling for cleaning the town
muskets.
1660. * I : p** John Treweeke for a locke flfor the stocks, is. 4i.'
1665. ' I : p** John Treweeke for crooks twists & nayles for the
chapell doore, is. lod.
John Treweeke was appointed collector of the port-farm in
1658, was chosen churchwarden in 1672, and was an alderman
in 1677. In 1681 he was chosen overseer of the poor.
In 1769 ' George Treweeke, Surgeon, of Penzance,* figures
among the subscribers to Carew's ' Survey.'
Parish Registers.
1657. Married AUexander Richards & Joane Treweeke.
1728. Married Henry Thomas widdower & Catherine Treweek.
Trewynnard.
Though seated at Trewinnard, in the neighbouring parish of
Saint Erth, before the Norman conquest, this now extinct family
was long intimately connected with the Saint Ives district. Their
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4«o A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
ancestral home, called in Domesday ' Trewinider,' was anciently
the most important residence in Saint Erth. Burke (* General
Armory 0 says that one of them represented the county in
Parliament, temp. Edward III. William of Worcester says that
Michael Tre\vynnard, a native of Saint Ives, died on Maunday
Thursday, 1471, Provost of the Collegiate Church of Saint
Thomas of Glasney.
James Trewynnard had lands in Lelant parish, circa 1520,
valued at £1 12s. by the year, and paid £2 to the subsidy of 1524,
apparently for lands or goods at Saint Ives. In a subsidy list
of about the year 1530, he is recorded to have had goods to the
value of £40 at Lelant.
In 1536 William Trewynnard paid los. for lands in the parish
of Lelant.
In 1557 William Trewynnerd had goods at Saint Ives valued
at £5, and in 1558 their value was £y.
At the end of the reign of Henry VIII. John Trewynnard,
member of Parliament for I know not what borough, was arrested
for debt during the prorogation.
Deiphobus Trewynnard, grandson of the above, in his anger
killed an innocent man and buried him secretly in Trewinnard
oratory. The murder being discovered, Trewynnard was sen-
tenced to death and imprisoned in Lanceston Castle. He made
a compact with Sir Reginald Mohun, knight, one of the favourites
of Queen Elizabeth, whereby that courtier was to procure a
pardon for the condemned man, in exchange for a grant of the
Barton and Manor of Trewinnard. This compact was carried
out by both parties, and Deiphobus afterwards lived on a small
pittance allowed him by Mohun. The Trewynnards seem then,
or soon afterwards, to have removed to Saint Ives, where they
dwelt until they became extinct in the male line, which happened
about the middle of the seventeenth century. The last male was
John Trewynnard, of Saint Ives, as we gather from the records
hereunder cited.
The following are the entries in the Borough Accounts rela-
tive to members of this ancient family :
1573. * Receuived of m' Martine Trewennarde for the halfe yeres
anuitie dew at o' ladye day in marche 1573, £8.*
Similar entries occur quarterly about this time.
1605 (c) John Trewynnard paid to a local rate.
1615. M' John Trewynnard was a Capital Burgess.
1620. * M' Trewynnard, Westren Streete,' paid 6i. to the royal
rate.
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LOCAL FAMILIES, 481
1622. * Paym^s Imprimis paide m' John Trewynnard in &
towardes the pasrm^ to m' fifownes late mayor of
Plymothe towardes the chargs he & m' Thomas ceelye
charged the pishe for the fleete made owte againste the
turcks, 3^^.'
1626. John Trewynnard gen* was chosen Porthrieve.
1627. John Trewynnard, Capital Burgess.
ParisJi Registers.
1623. [Towednack.] Married John Trewinnard of S* Ives gen*
& Margaret daughter of Humphrye Yorke of Gwinnear
gent.
1653. An Intention of marriage betweene m' Leonard Welsted
minister of this Towne and Grace one of the daufs of
Jo^ Trewynard gen* was published y« 8^^ Jan : y« 15*** &
y€ ,22*^ of the same three lords dayes. [They were
married on February i.]
In 1585 Martin Trewinnard sold to John Nance certain land
in the manor of Connerton. (See the Penzance Natural History
and Antiquarian Society's Transactions, 1887-8, p. 346.)
Arms : Argent, a fess azure between three Cornish choughs
sable, two in chief pecking and one in base rising.
The great herald and genealogist, Sir Bernard Burke, has
said that this is probably the most ancient surname in Britain.
It is purely Celtic, and not Latin as is generally supposed.
The name has undergone many changes, as will be seen from
the following history of it
In 1327, Galfridus Bieuyen, of Lelant, paid six pence to the
subsidy.
In 1520, circa^ Johannes Vyuwyn, of Lelant, with another
person, had goods at Lelant of the annual value of ten marks.
In 1523, Ricardus Byuwyn of Lelant had goods there valued
at £2 yearly.
In the Subsidy Roll of 1524 is the same record as the last, but
the name is spelt Vyuwyn.
In 1524 Richard Vyvyan of Saint Ives had goods there of
the value of £2 by the year.
Circa 1530 Peter Bvyune, of Lelant, was rated at ^3 for
goods in that parish.
31
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482 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
In 1546 Richard Vevien, of Lelant, was stated to be worth
£6, and Andrew Vyvyan of Zennor £2 by the year.
In 1 571 Henry Veuvyn was rated for goods at Lelant.
Soon after this date the family of Vivian became extinct, and
the representation of it passed to Stevens of Bregia, with whose
descendants Vivian is a frequent baptismal name.
Williams.
This is one of the original families of Saint Ives. John
' Wyllms ' appears in the Subsidy Roll of circa 1520, having goods
at Lelant to the yearly value of £8, an amount decidedly above
the average. In the same year a person called John Williams
' Hicka ' had lands in Saint Ives valued at 13$. 6d., and goods at
Towednack at £4 per annum, while Noel Williams' goods at
Saint Ives were valued at 3^3 a year. John Williams also had
goods worth £8 yearly at Zennor.
In 1523 we again find John Williams at Lelant, where his
goods are this time valued at 3^5, and at Towednack again
£^, Noel Williams, of Saint Ives, again has goods value
£y there ; and Simon Williams appears, his goods at Saint Ives
being valued at ;f2 a year. John Williams, of Zennor, is this
year rated at £4 for his goods there.
1524. This year John Williams still has goods at Lelant ; also
at Towednack, of the same value as before. Noel Williams's
goods have now risen to £y in value ; Simon Williams's are
still at £2.
In 1541 John Williams of Zennor is rated at ^fao for
goods.
In 1546 John Williams, of Saint Ives, is said to be worth £i
a year. Jenkyn Williams, John Williams, and Harry Williams,
of Zennor, are put down at £3, £8, and £1 respectively.
In 1549 John Williams of Lelant paid 8d. to a subsidy.
In 1557 John WiUiams of Zennor was stated to be worth 3^6
a year in goods.
In 157 1 John Williams of Saint Ives had goods there valued
at £8 annually.
In 1585 Thomas Williams has goods to the yearly value of
£3 at Saint Ives. In 1593 their value was £4, and in 1597 ^ind
1599 £6.
In 1599 John Williams had goods at Zennor worth £5 a
year.
In 1624 George Williams was rated at £^ for goods at Saint
Ives.
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LOCAL FAMILIES. 483
Borough Accounts.
1573. John Williams, Capital Burgess.
' Rec. of John W™ for a grave tithe chese and the market-
house rent, 14s. lod.
* payd to John W™^ for helling stones & lathe nayles for
to drese the churche, 5s. li.
* payd to John W*^ for things wCh he delyueryd aboute
the laste playe.'
1574. Thomas Williams, ' Wardon of the Eylde ' (aisle) ; t.^.,
sideman or churchwarden.
In 1578 Thomas Williams paid 2d. to a local rate, and was a
burgess. He was a burgess again in 1580.
1586. * Imprimis paid Thomas William for Christopher the mason
of his Wages for workinge on the church wal, 13s.'
In 1592 Thomas Williams was again a burgess. About this
time we find the following note, written in the margin of the
list for a local rate, in which his name occurs : * thomas w""
xx<* d : barell lyme of mony of the Reste in lime.' Also this
entry : ' Ite paide to Thomas william fifor halfe pounde of
matche, 4^.'
In 1596 Thomas Williams was a Capital Burgess. In 1597
he paid towards a local rate. In 1602 and 1603 he was again a
Capital Burgess.
In 1603 we find George Williams among the burgesses of
Saint Ives.
1604. ' Pd Thomas Will™ for the residue of the 10^ borrowed of
him for the parrishes use, £1 19s. 4^.
Paide Tho^ William for vj^ of latte nailes for the churche, is.'
In 1605 George Williams was chosen Porthrieve, and was
succeeded in that office the following year by Thomas Williams,
merchant.
In 1613 George Williams was a capital burgess, and again in
1615.
In 1620, among those paying towards the royal rate, we find
George Williams (6d.), and Thomas Williams, residing on The
Land, who paid id.
In 1631, among the burgesses is Henry Williams ; he was an
overseer of the poor in 1637.
1667. ' Rec*^ of Jasper Willyams for his freedome, los.'
1 715. 'To Richard Thomas for makeing the Cawsey by Jasper
Williams, 2s.'
1768^ * V^ William Williams Serjeant at mace one yrs. salary, ^f i.'
31—2
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484 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Parish Registers.
1651. Bapt^ John s. of Francis Williams.
1656. Bapt<* Thomas s. of Francis Williams.
1660, Bapt^ William s. of William Williams.
1662. Bapt<* Henry s. of William Williams.
1665. Bapt** Elinar d. of William Williams.
1668. Bapt"* Joan d. of William Williams.
1669. Married Jasper Williams & Mary Howse.
1670. Bapt<* John s. of Jasper Williams.
1671. Bapt* Wilmott d. of William Williams.
1672. Bapt<l Thomas s. of Jasper Williams.
1674. Bapt<* Anne d. of William Williams.
1675. Bapt^ Edward s. of William Williams.
1677. Married Jasper Williams & Honor White.
1678. Bapt^ Amy d. of Jasper Williams.
1681. Bapt^ Margery d. of Jasper Williams.
1684. Bapt^ Henry s. of Henry Wilhams.
1685. Bapt* Chrystian d. of Jasper Williams.
1687. Bapt^ Christian d. of Thomas Williams.
1690. Bapt^ Richard s. of Jasper Williams.
1701. Married John Williams & Mary Barbar.
1702. Bapt** John s. of John Williams.
1708. Bapt^ Jasper s. of Thomas & Mary Williams.
1709. Married Henry Williams & Grace Teage.
1709. Bapt** Edward s. of William Williams.
1718. Married Bennett Rabnet & Tryphena Williams.
1722. Bapt^ William s. of William & Mary Williams.
1725. Married William Williams & Anne Cogar.
1726. Bapt*^ William s. of William & Anne Williams.
1727. Married Richard Williams & Mary Legoe.
1728. Bapt^ Richard s. of Richard & Mary Williams.
1730. Married Thomas Williams & Thomasine Middylton.
1730. Married John Williams alias Gillen & Mary Davy.
1 73 1. Bapt** Florence d. of Jasper & Florence Williams.
1731. Bapt** the daughter of William & Ann Williams Shoorin.
1733. Bapt* Jasper s. of Jasper & Florence Williams.
1735. Married Honor d. of Jasper & Florence Williams.
1737. Bapt** John s. of Jasper & Florence Williams.
1738. Married M' William Hichens roper & Mary Williams.
1739. Bapt** John s. of Jasper & Florence Williams.
1741. Married Thomas Wall & Elizabeth Williams, a grass
widow.
1744. Married William Williams & Margaret Lemall.
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LOCAL FAMILIES.
485
1745-
1760.
1764.
1765-
1766.
1771.
Married Thomas Thomas & Margery Williams.
Married Jasper Williams mariner & Mary Eustis spinster.
Witness John Hichens & John Williams.
Bapt** Jasper s. of Jasper & Mary Williams.
Married Christopher Harvey mariner & Agnes Williams
spinster. Witness William Williams and Leonard
Humphreys.
Married John Williams cordwainer & Frances Harr}^
Witness William Harry & Jasper Williams.
Married Richard Harry and Christian Bryant (mariner &
spinster). Witness Andrew Stevens and Willian-.
Williams.
A List of old Saint Ives Wills,
preserved at the Probate Re
at Bodmin:
1599-
Thomas Saundry.
John
I^ncellot Paul.
1607. Richard Coffen.
1600.
Edmund Richards, alias
Katherine Rundell.
Carniny.
Richard Gote.
William Mat hew.
1609. John Durant.
1601.
Elizabeth Tailder.
John NawU.
William Berryman.
Penticost Chapland.
William Woolcock.
Elizabeth Tailder.
John Bosamoth.
1610. William Oats.
John
William Ellis.
1602.
John Shapland.
1612. Thomas James.
George Goodall.
Richard
William Trenwith.
Nicholas Bositheow
Richard Porthmere.
John Toman.
Edmund Richards.
Richard Hitchens.
Thomas James.
Richard Harry-
Jacob Wolcock.
Richard Bennett.
John Allyn.
1613. John Brea.
Chestine Barrett.
1614. John Nance.
1603.
Lawrence Sise.
1615. Michael Pencaste.
Ambrose Creed.
1616. John Sterry.
1604.
Alice James, alias Carndin.
Elizabeth Beard.
1605.
William Cock.
1617. Peter Johns.
Robert Davy.
John Nickell.
Roger Tackabur.
William Thomas.
John Davy.
George
1606.
Richard Walkey.
1618. John
Richard Tucker.
1619. John Hext, gent.
Henry Trenwith.
Mathew Trenwith.
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486
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Nicholas Caxveithu
Thomas Geiles.
Edmund Player.
1620. Teage German.
1621. Martin Bishop.
Jane Jausling.
Walter Binnore.
1622. John Toman.
Thomas Toman.
Thomas Browne.
1623. Michael Potteribur.
1624. John Thomas.
William Hicks.
John Hicks.
William NickelL
Richard Hocken.
Peter Jagow.
1625.
1626.
1627. George
1628. John
1629. Mary Champyon.
1631. Jacob Steary.
1633. John Steary.
Richard Hurley.
1634 Hicks.
1636. George Paynter.
Phillip Allen.
Elizabeth Christian Ben-
nett.
Stephens.
Pears.
1639 Byshopp.
Tregeare.
Hicks.
1640 Thomas.
Bayley.
Nancothan.
Lewis Hendra.
1641 Bishop.
1642. Mary Williams.
1643. Grace Hurley.
Bishop.
John Carneny.
Thomas Newman.
1644. Lawrence
1645. Christopher Payne.
John James.
William Pitt
Robert Bolitho.
Florence Margaret
Walker.
Richard Hicks.
Dorothy Cubert.
John Mary, o/ios
Susanna Pears.
Alexander Bishop.
Tayler.
1660 White.
John Goodall.
1661 Bennett.
1647.
1648.
1669
1711. John Mathews.
1752. Elizabeth Mathews.
1789. Thomas Mathews.
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CHAPTER XXXI.
LOCAL NOTABILITIES WHO DO NOT FIGURE IN THE FOREGOING
GENEALOGIES.
John Knill.
This celebrated man holds such a prominent position in the
history of our town that his memory demands a separate chapter.
The fullest biography of Knill is a scarce 8vo. pamphlet of
26 pages, entitled * A Notice of John Knill of Gray's Inn, 1733 —
1811 ; by J. J. R. [John Jope Rogers.] Helston; R. Cunnack,
1 871. Price sixpence.' From this, then, we shall gather our
particulars of the life of this noteworthy mayor of Saint Ives.
John Knill was born at Callington, Cornwall, on January i,
1733, and died at his chambers in Gray's Inn Square, London,
on March 29, 181 1, at the age of seventy-seven.
The Knill family were landowners at Callington, and seem to
have been descended from Knill of that ilk in Herefordshire, to
which place John Knill paid a visit of genealogical inquiry in
1792. His mother was a Pike of Plympton, and her mother an
Edgcumbe of Edgcumbe.
John Knill was articled to Robert Hichens of Penzance,
solicitor, and afterwards served with a London solicitor. He then
became agent to the Earl of Buckinghamshire at Saint Ives. In
1762 he became collector of Customs of that port, and remained
in that post until 1782, except during two short intervals of
absence.
In November, 1767, John Knill was chosen Mayor of Saint
Ives.
In 1773 the Government sent him to Jamaica to inspect the
ports there. Knill remained in the West Indies one year, and
received for his services, besides the warm thanks of the Board
of Customs, the substantial sum of ;f 1,500. Returning to Saint
Ives in 1774, he resumed his duties as a collector of Customs,
residing in a house of his own in Fore Street.
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488. A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
In 1777 Knill became private secretary to the Earl of
Buckinghamshire^ and, upon that nobleman being made Lord-
Lieutenant of Ireland, had rooms in Dublin Castle; but he
returned to Saint Ives after six months. Lord Buckinghamshire
made Knill one of the trustees of his will.
In 1779 Mr. Knill wrote an account of the religious belief of
the Coromantee negroes for Mr. Bryan Edwards' * History of the
West Indies.' In the same year he speculated in a bootless
search for treasure which was supposed to have been hidden near
the Lizard by a notorious pirate called Avery. Davies Gilbert
says that Knill, after his return to Saint Ives from Jamaica,
equipped some small vessels to act as privateers against
smugglers.
In 1781 John Knill commanded a corps of volunteers at Saint
Ives. After 1782 he was in the service of the Customs for two or
three years as inspector of some of the western ports, making
occasional tours of inspection from London, as appears from his
journals and pocket-books.
In 1782 he went to London, and lived in Arundel Street,
Strand. Already, on September 18, 1778, he had been admitted
a member of Gray's Inn. In 1784 he purchased chambers in
Coney Court, now called Gray's Inn Square. In 1787 he was
called to the Bar, and in 1804 to the Bench of the Inn, of which
he was treasurer in 1806. In London, Knill was a member of
the Society of Arts and of the Cornish Club. In 1800 he became
a magistrate for the county of Middlesex.
Amongst the Knill papers are journals of several tours which
he took on horseback. One of these commenced at the Earl of
Buckinghamshire's estate in Norfolk, whence Knill rode across to
Wales and on to Saint Ives, returning to London through the
southern counties. This was about the year 1785.
There still exists, in Knill's handwriting, the draft of a scheme
for the suppression of wrecking, for which he received the thanks
of Government. His near relation, Mr. Robert Hichens, stated
that Knill drew the Income Tax Act for Pitt.
Mr. Knill was very fond of children, and liked to make them
kind presents of toys. He was a very devout attendant at the
services of the Established Church.
A Kit-cat portrait by Opie, painted in 1779, represents Knill
very pleasingly, with bright, smiling, hazel eyes, well-arched eye-
brows, and full, but not lofty, forehead ; a resolute lip, dark, un-
powdered hair, and close-shaven chin and cheek. He is dressed
in a plain suit of blue, with frilled shirt and ruffles, and is depicted
sitting in an easy attitude at table. Thus far the pamphlet.
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LOCAI, NOTABILITIES. 489
In the year 1782 I find that John Knill took an active part in
a scheme for the construction of a new road at Saint Ives. . The
following are copies of letters in the author's possession bearing
on this subject :
' R* WoRSHiPFULL & Dear Sir,
* I take the liberty to lay before you the two Reports
respecting the Roads & the Streets which I send you herewith &
after you have perused & considered them I will beg the favor of
you to return them with this Note that I may send the same to
the rest of the Justices according to their ranks.
* M' Stephen's hath offered to make the whole second Hill for
Five shillings V Fathom. The whole does not exceed 276
Fathoms which will cost 69^^ We shall I hope be able to raise
enough from the Rate made & the Compositions to pay this &
the other little repairs this year if it shall meet your expectation
& the other Hill near the Town may be the object of another
year. I am R* Worshipful! & Dear Sir, Your de\^^ & m^ hble
Servant.
*JoHN Knill.
*Wedn' Even', 27 Febr 1782.'
Accompanying this letter is a report, which is endorsed :
* 1782. Boro' of S^ Ives. Report of the Surveyors of the
Highways as to making a new road into S^ Ives to avoid the
Hills & Estimates of the Expence.'
The document begins thus :
* An Estimate of the Expence of making the Road from the
Borough of S' Ives from the corner of M' Anthony's Cellar upon
the Beach, & so through the Warren, & through the Ground
beyond the new Stamping Mill so as to come out into the present
Road at a small distance to the Northward of Wheal Margery
Mine.
* From the Corner of M' Anthony's Cellar to Porthnolver
Cliff under James Hall's House is 360J feet. . . .
* (Signed) John Knill.
*Jn
'JN'
Stevens.
<* Grenfell.
R** Major.
* S« Ives, 25 Febry 1782.'
*Tregenna 2«* March 1782.
' Dear Sir,
' Being yesterday engaged in Buisness when your favor
was brought me I could not look in to papers sent me till this
morning. If the new Road thro my Lands is to be made I think
with you that some sort of agreement should be reduced to
writing for the satisfaction of all the concerned — an order must
be made I presume for which I suppose there is a form. I have
no Tenant that has any right to expect any advantage for cutting
thro' any part of my Ground nor can I think that any Tenant
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490 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
or Lessee belonging to other gentlemen but must so plainly see
the advantage of a new Road adjoining their holdings as to wave
every pecuniary consideration for that reason. I have little
doubt but by a half an hours conversation with you I could point
out the saving of a considerable part of the expence alluded to
in the estimate & am with great regard, Dear Sir, Your most
obedient & very humble servant.
* S. Stephens.'
It was in the year 1782 that John Knill erected his mausoleum
on Worvas Hill, on land purchased from Henry, Lord Arundel,
for five guineas. The total cost of the monument was ;f 226 is. 6i.
Sixpence a year is paid to the owner of Tregenna for a right of
way to the obelisk. The following is an extract from Knill's will,
dated 1809, the probate of which covers five skins of parch-
ment :
* During a residence of upwards of 20 years at S^ Ives, where
I was Collector of the Customs and served all offices within the
borough from constable to mayor, it was my unremitting en-
deavour to render all possible service to the town in general, and
to every individual inhabitant; and I was so fortunate as to
succeed in almost every endeavour I used for that purpose, par-
ticularly in respect to the building of their wall or pier, and in
some other beneficial undertakings ; and it was my wish to have
further served the place by effecting other public works, which I
proposed, and which will, I dare say, in time be carried into
execution. It is natural to love those whom you have had
opportunities of serving, and I confess I have real affection for
S^ Ives and its inhabitants, in whose memory I have an ardent
desire to continue a little longer than the usual time those do of
whom there is no ostensible memorial. To that end my vanity
prompted me to erect a mausoleum and to institute certain
periodical returns of a ceremony which will be found in a deed
bearing date 29^*^ May 1797, which hath been duly enrolled in his
Majesty's High Court of Chancery, and now remains in a strong
oaken box, placed in the Custom House at St. Ives, and an
attested copy of which deed I shall leave for my executors
hereinafter named.'
Amongst the numerous legacies bequeathed by this will were
fifty-six five-guinea gold memorial-rings.
By a deed dated May 29, 1797 (drawn by Ritson, of Gray's
Inn), Knill settled upon the mayor and capital burgesses of the
borough of Saint Ives, and their successors for ever, an annuity
of ;f 10, as a rent charge, to be paid out of the manor of Glivian,
in the parish of Mawgan, in the county of Cornwall, to the said
mayor and burgesses, in the town hall, at twelve o'clock at noon,
on the feast of the Nativity of St. John (Midsummer Day) in
every year. The jf 10 then received are to be immediately paid
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LOCAL NOTABILITIES. 49^
by the mayor and burgesses to the mayor, collector of Customs,
and the clergyman of the parish for the time being, to be by
them deposited in a chest secured by three locks, of which each
of them is to have a key, and the box is left in the custody of the
mayor. Of this annuity a portion is directed to be applied to
the repair and support of the mausoleum, another sum for the
establishment of various ceremonies to be observed once every
five years, and the remainder * to the effectuating and establishing
of certain charitable purposes.' In his will he directed that at
the end of every five years, on the feast-day of St. James the
Apostle, 3^25 shall be expended as follows: ^fio in a dinner for
the mayor, collector of Customs, and clergyman, and two friends
to be invited by each of them, making a party of nine persons,
to dine at some tavern in the borough ; £$ to be equally divided
amongst ten girls, natives of the borough and daughters of sea-
men, fishermen or tinners, each of them not exceeding ten years
of age, who shall, between ten and twelve o'clock of the fore-
noon of that day, dance for a quarter of an hour at least, on the
ground adjoining the mausoleum, and after the dance sing the
looth Psalm of the old version, * to the fine old tune ' to which
the same was then sung in Saint Ives Church ; £i to a fiddler
who shall play to the girls while dancing and singing at the
mausoleum, and also before them on their return home there-
from ; £2 to two widows of seamen, fishermen, or tinners of the
borough, being sixty-four years old or upwards, who shall attend
the dancing and singing of the girls, and walk before them im-
mediately after the fiddler, and certify to the mayor, collector of
Customs, and clergyman, that the ceremonies have been duly
performed ; £1 to be laid out in white ribbons for breast-knots
for the girls and widows, and a cockade for the fiddler, to be
worn by them respectively on that day and on the Sunday
following ; £1 to purchase account-books from time to time, and
pay the clerk of the Customs for keeping the accounts. The
remaining ^^5 to be paid to a man and his wife, widower or
widow, sixty years of age or upwards, the man being an
inhabitant of Saint Ives, and a seaman, fisherman, tinner, or
labourer, who shall have bred up to the age of ten the greatest
number of legitimate children by his or her own labour, care, and
industry, without parochial assistance, or having become entitled
to property in any other manner. Secondly, when a certain sum
of money shall have been accumulated in the chest, over and*
above what may have been required for repairs of the mausoleum
and the above payment, it is directed that on one of the fore-
mentioned days of the festival £50 shall be distributed, in addition
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49* A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
to the £25 spent quinquennially, in the following manner : ^f 10
to "be given as a marriage portion of the woman between twenty-
six and thirty-six years old, being a native of Saint Ives, wha
shall have been married to a seaman, fisherman, tinner, or
labourer, residing in the borough between December 31 previously
and the day following the said feast-day, that shall appear to the
mayor, collector, and clergyman, to be the most worthy, ' regard
being had to her duty and kindness to her parents, or to her
friends who shall have brought her up ' ; £5 to be given to any
woman, single or married, being an inhabitant of Saint Ives,
who, in the opinion of the aforesaid gentlemen, shall be the best
knitter of fishing nets ; £5 to be paid to the woman, married or
single, inhabitant of Saint Ives or otherwise, who shall by the
same authorities be deemed to be the best curer and packer of
pilchards for exportation ; 3^5 to be given between two such
follower-boys as shall by the same gentlemen be judged to have
best conducted themselves of all the follower-boys in the several
concerns in the preceding fishing season ; and 3^25, the remainder
of the said £50, to be divided among all the friendly societies in
the borough, instituted for the support of the members in sickness
or any other calamity, in equal shares; if there be no such society,
the same to be distributed among ten poor persons, five men and
five women, inhabitants of the borough, of the age of sixty-four
years or upwards, and who have never received parochial relief.
The funds of the trust have not always admitted of several of
these latter bequests being carried out ; but the dancing around
the mausoleum by ten children, accompanied by the fiddler and
the two old women, has always been observed. The money, also,
is regularly paid to the father or mother who has brought up the
largest family without parish help ; and the dinner, of course, has
never been forgotten.
The first Knillian celebration took place in July, 1801, when,
according to the will of the founder, a band of virgins, all dressed
in white, with two widows and a company of musicians, com-
menced the ceremony by walking in pairs to the summit of the
hill, where they danced, and sang a hymn composed for the
purpose, round the mausoleum, in imitation of the Druids round
the cromlechs of the departed brave.
Some idea of the joyous scene may be conceived from the
following description of an imaginative spectator :
* Early in the morning the roads from Helston, Truro, and
Penzance, were lined with horses and vehicles of every descrip-
tion. These were seen midst clouds of dust pouring down the
sides of the mountains, while thousands of travellers on foot
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LOCAL NOTABILITIES. 493
chose the more pleasant route through the winding passages of
the vallies.
* At noon the assembly was formed. The wrestlers entered
the ring; the troop of virgins, dressed all in white, advanced
with solemn step, which was regulated by the notes of harmony.
The spectators ranged themselves along the hills which inclose
the extensive Bay, while the pyramid on the summit seemed
pointing to the sun, who appeared in all the majesty of light,
rejoicing at the scene.
'At length the Mayor of St. Ives appeared in his robes of
state. The signal was given. The flags were displayed in waving
splendour from the towers of the Castle.
* Here the wrestlers exerted their sinewy strength ; there the
rowers, in their various dresses of blue, white, and red, urged the
gilded prows of their boats through the sparkling waves of the
ocean ; while the hills echoed to the mingled shouts of the victors,
the dashing of the oars, the songs of the virgins, and the repeated
plaudits of the admiring crowd, who stood so thick upon the
crescent which is formed by the surrounding mountains as to
appear one living amphitheatre.
* The ladies and gentlemen of Penzance returned to an
elegant dinner, which they had ordered to be prepared at the
Union Hotel, and a splendid ball concluded the entertainment of
the evening.
* Hilarity and beauty danced to the most delicious notes of
harmony, till the rosy finger of Aurora pointed to the hour at
which the quinquennial festivities should close/
These games were again celebrated in 1806 and 181 1 with
increased splendour and renewed admiration.
'This institution,' says the enthusiastic spectator already
quoted, * will go far to preserve the tone of the Cornish character,
and can never be neglected while the Cornish men continue to
be brave, and the Cornish women to be virtuous.'
The following chorus was sung by the virgins at the first
celebration 2
' Shun the bustle of the bay,
Hasten, virgins, come away ;
Hasten to the mountain's brow,
Leave, oh leave, St. Ives below.
Haste to breathe a purer air,
Virgins fair, and pure as fair ;
Fly St. Ives and all her treasures.
Fly her soft voluptuous pleasures ;
Fly her sons and all the wiles,
Lurking in their wanton smiles.
Fly her splendid midnight halls,
Fly the revels of her balls ;
Fly, oh fly, the chosen sea^
Where vanity and fashion meet.
Thither hasten, form the ring,
Round the tomb in chorus sing.
And on the luft mountain's brow — aptly dight,
Just as we should be, all in white,
Leave all our cowels and our cares below.'
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494 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Some appropriate verses were also sung by a minstrel adorned
with ribbons.
In former years the custom had been for the dancers to walk
in procession from the town to the mausoleum. But in 1881 the
weather was so unfavourable that the old practice was departed
from, and the actors were driven up in a waggonette. Then they
marched inside the railings, where they danced round the monu-
ment, much to the merriment of the motley crowd of onlookers.
The names of the children were Annie Richards, Wilmot
Chard, Nancy T. Bryant, Bessie Peters, Bessie Hollow, Margaret
Dunn, Mary Ann Quick, Elizabeth J. Perkin, Mary Richards
and Margaret W. Bryant, all under ten years of age.
The widows were Elizabeth Trevorrow, seventy-six, and Nancy
Stoneman, seventy-four. These ancient crones, with their very
much younger sisters, managed, at the end of their shambling,
to quaver out the ' Old Hundredth,' and a * fine old tune ' they
made of it. During the afternoon the money was paid to the
recipients at the office of Mr. Hicks ; and the sum of £$, for the
man who had brought up the largest family of children up to
ten years of age, was awarded to Andrew Noall, seventy-one, who
had had sixteen children, nine of them being under the specified
age. The fiddler received £1. In the evening the dinner was
held at the Tregenna Castle Hotel. Mr. W. T. Tresidder, who
acted as the mayor's deputy during the day, presided, Mr. Cogar
being ill, and the other gentlemen being present were the Rev.
J. Balmer Jones, vicar of Saint Ives ; Mr. R. Minors, collector
of Customs ; Messrs. Tonkin Young and W. Kernick, the mayor's
guests; Messrs. G. B. Pearse and«G. Hicks, guests of the collec-
tor of Customs ; and Mr. H. Hicks, of the Customs, who acts as
clerk under Knill's bequest.
Previous to the day's ceremonies the mausoleum was re-
painted and generally restored. The coffin within was found
to be full of water, a curious phenomenon, inasmuch as its huge
* casket * is supposed to be water-tight. On the occasion of
re-opening the tomb some of the villagers became possessed of a
curious desire to drink of this liquid.
The following were the persons who figured in the Knillian
celebration of 1886 :
Fiddler : Thomas Curnow.
Widows : Nancy Stoneman and Jane Bosanquet.
Virgins : Annie Perkins, Margaret Williams, Margaret Care-
don, 'Lizzie Warren, Lizzie Jane Couch, Agnes Lang Harry,.
Catherine Ninnis Quick, Clarinda Noall, Harriet Bosanquet
Noall, Lizzie Geen.
Controller of Customs : L. C. Reed, Esq.
Constable : Mr. Bennetts.
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LOCAL NOTABILITIES. 495
Jonatlian Toup.
This talented man, the greatest Grecian of his time, was a
native of Saint Ives, and spent much of his life there. His
father, Jonathan Toup, was lecturer or Scripture-reader of this
parish. He married Prudence, heiress of Busvargus, came to
Saint Ives in 1712, and died there in 1721.
In the Corporation accounts we find the following entries,
under the year 1712 : * more when we agreed with Mr. Toupe,
7s. 6d.' ; and * given M' Toupe to come here, £1 is. 6i.' His
signature occurs both in the accounts and in the parish registers.
His son was born and baptised in 1713, as appears by an
entry in the parish registers of that date : * Baptised Jonathan
son of Jonathan Toup minister.'
Another child of the same marriage was Mary, baptised in
^7^3' Jonathan Toup became a Commoner of Exeter College,
Oxford, and took the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He was
appointed curate of Philleigh, Cornwall, in 1736, and of Burian
[Sennen and Saint Levan ?] in 1738. In 1750 he became rector
of Saint Martin's, near Looe, and he received the degree of
Master of Arts of Cambridge University in the year 1756. In
1774 he became vicar of Saint Merran and Prebend of Exeter*
Mr. Toup was equally distinguished as a linguist and as a mathe-
matician, an unusual combination. His chief work, first published
in 1760, was his ' Emendationes in Suidam, in quibus plurima
loca Veterum Graecorum, Sophoclis et Aristophanis in primis,
tum explicuntur tum emaculantur,' which went through three
editions. Toup is also remembered as the producer of the best
edition of Longinus. He died unmarried in 1785, at Saint
Martins, in the church of which parish there is a monument to
his memory.
His sister, Mary Toup, was married to Charles Worth, Esq ,
of Saint Ives, in 1746. There are descendants of this marriage,
both in the male line, and in the female line through Hicks and
Kempthorne.
Henry Quick, the Zennor Poet.
Of Henry Quick there is not much to say. Mr. Millett, in
his ' Penzance Past and Present,' writes : * John Odger, Joe
Elliott, Foolish Dick, Blind Dick, and Henry Quick — the Zennor
poet, as he was called — will be familiar to many. The first three
have been immortalized by the pencil of Pentreath, and the
latter, if not immortalized, will be remembered by his rhymes,
of which the following, referring to himself, is a specimen :
* In Zennor parish I was born,
On Cornwall's coast, remember ;
My birthday was in Ninety-two,
The Fourth of December.'
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496 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
It appears that this eccentric character was accustomed to
hawk his rhymes about the streets of Penzance, as he tells us in
another verse :
' Oftimes abroad I take my flight,
Take pity on poor Hcnny ;
To sell my books 'tis my delight,
To gain an honest penny.*
In one of the earlier volumes of the Western Antiquary
there is a rude wood-cut representing Henry Quick engaged in
selling his ballads. He wears a tall hat and carries a belL
A Pair of Nonagenarians.
Old Martha S., after she had reached her ninetieth year,
received every Christmas a present of a bottle of brandy. One
Christmas Dr. Stevens visited her, and found her in bed as usual
(for she had been bed-ridden for years), with the bottle on a
table near at hand. ' Is it good stuff, Martha ?' enquired the
Doctor. * Oh, sir,' she replied, looking up solemnly in his face,
and clasping the bottle to her bosom — *oh, sir, *tes a blessed
theng, a blessed theng!* Doctors Stevens and Rosewall did
their utmost to assist this old lady to the honours of a centen-
arian ; but she gave in a few weeks after her ninety-ninth
birthday.
Another person who long enjoyed the distinction of being
* the oldest inhabitant ' was Daniel Lander Ninnis, who was bom
on September 19, 1790, and died on March 31, 1888, aged ninety-
seven. He was able to get about the street up to a few days
before his death, and was often to be seen sitting in the sunlight
in front of his house on the Wharf. He was frequently called upon
by persons interested in local bygones, as he had a wonderfully
clear recollection of things which happened when he was a boy.
To the day of his death his sight and hearing were good, and
his hair far from being white, though he was a great-great-
grandfather.
In the summer of 1887 Daniel Ninnis, or * Uncle Dall,' as he
was familiarly styled, was visited by two gentlemen who were
strongly opposed to alcohol and tobacco, as enemies of the
human race. They were pleased to hear from Uncle Dall that
he had been for the greater part of his long life an abstainer from
strong drink; and they next asked whether the old man had not also
avoided the pipe. Triumphant was the smile which played upon
their features when he informed them that he had never smoked ;
but this smile died sadly away when the nonagenarian innocently
added that he had always chewed, and would be glad of a * quid '
at that moment. He was, in fact, inveterately addicted to the
use of plug tobacco.
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CHAPTER XXXII.
PARLIAMENTARY HISTORY OF THE BOROUGH.
* Through the bounty of Philip and Mary,* says Courtney
(' Parliamentary History of Cornwall/ p. 6i), * Saint Ives was
invested, in 1558, with the privilege of sending two members to
the House of Commons, presumably through the interest of the
supple Marquis of Winchester.'
* The borough was conterminous with the parish, and every
person within its limits, paying scot and lot, was entitled to
exercise the franchise, so that in 1820 the roll contained about
three hundred and forty electors.*
The following is the list of members, with the dates of
election :
1558. Thomas Randolph and William Chambre.
Randolph was a Commissioner of the Exchequer.
1559. John Harrington and William Glasioure.
Harrington was of a family seated in Rutland. He was chosen
again in 1563, but being that year elected also for Carnarvon, he
chose to sit for the Welsh constituency. The name of his suc-
cessor in the Cornish borough is omitted from the roll, however.
Glasioure belonged to Cheshire, and twice sat for the city of
Chester, of which he eventually became the vice-chamberlain.
1563. John Harrington and William Glasioure.
1571. Thomas Clinton and J. Newman.
1572. E. Williams and Thomas Randolph.
1584. John James and Charles Blount.
These were expressed to be * elected with the consent of
William, Marquess of Winchester, and William, Lord Mountjoye,
chief lords of the town and borough of S^ Ives.' John James
was, in 1595, appointed physician to the Queen's household.
Charles Blount, or Blunt, was afterwards created Earl of Devon-
shire and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
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498 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
1586. Thomas Colby and John Morley.
Colby was of Banham, in Norfolk. Morley was a large
landed proprietor in Sussex, one of whose descendants became
allied with the Acklands.
1588. Mark Stewarde and Henry Hobart.
These also were declared * returned with the consent of
William, Marquess of Winchester, and Lord Mountjoy, lords of
the port.' Stewarde was of Stuntney in the Isle of Ely. He
was subsequently knighted, and his daughter was maid of honour
to Queen Elizabeth. Hobart, who was ancestor of the Earls of
Buckinghamshire, was afterwards made Chief Justice of the
Common Pleas.
1593. Nowell Sotherton and Nicholas Saunders.
The former was, I believe, a Norwich man, and was, in 1606,
created an extra Baron of the Court of Exchequer. The other
member was at different times returned for other Cornish con-
stituencies.
1597. V. Skinner and Nowell Sotherton.
1601. Thomas St. Aubyn and T. Breton.
The former Carew styles a man of * ripe knowledge and sound
judgment.'
1603. John Tregenna and W. Brook.
The first-named was the man returned to oppose the obnoxious
Mr. Tregosse. (See ante, p. 468.)
i6i4. Sir Anthony Mayney and Sir Joseph Killigrew.
Mayney was a Kentish man. Killigrew was knighted at
Newmarket in 1613, and died in 1616, aged only twenty-three.
1620. John, Lord Paulet, and Robert Bacon.
The latter was son of the premier baronet of England.
1622. Sir Francis Godolphin, knight, and W. I-ak^.
1625. Sir William Parkhurst and Sir Francis Godolphin.
Parkhurst was a Knight of the City of London.
1625. William Noye and Benjamin Tichborne.
The former, of an ancient family in West Cornwall, was made
Attorney-General in 1631. The idea of levying ship-money is said
to have originated with him. His colleague was a member of the
old Hampshire family of Tichborne. Being chosen at the same time
for Petersfield, he elected to sit for the latter borough, and his place
at Saint Ives was taken by Mr. Edward Savage, who was a relative
of the Marchioness of Winchester, and was knighted in 1639.
1627. John Payne and Francis Godolphin, esquire,
Payne is described as of Pallenswick, in Hammersmith ; but
Courtney seems to assume that he was of the same family with
the Catholic portrieve put to death in 1549. At all events, a
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PARLIAMENTARY HISTORY OF THE BOROUGH. 499
person of the same name is mentioned about this time in the
borough records.
1640. William Dell and Sir Henry Marten, knight.
In this Parliament Dell got into trouble for stating ' that the
churches beyond seas were about to fall from us because we were
about to leave our religion.'
1640. (The Long Parliament.) Francis Godolphin and Lord
Philip Lisle.
This Courtney presumes to have been Francis Godolphin, of
Treveneage. The other member was eldest son of the Earl of
Leicester, and one of the king's judges ; but he chose to sit for
Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, and was succeeded in his seat at Saint
Ives by Edmund Waller, nephew of Hampden and cousin of
Cromwell. Waller having entered into a conspiracy in favour of
King Charles, was heavily fined and banished, his place for the
borough of Saint Ives being taken by John Fielder, of Hamp-
shire. Francis Godolphin also in the end seceded to the royal
cause, and Carlyle says (but the authority is doubtful) that he
was succeeded at Saint Ives by Henry Rainsford.
1659. John St. Aubyn and Peter Ceely.
The latter was of a distinguished Somersetshire family,
branches of which settled at Plymouth and Saint Ives, and
during the Commonwealth * ruled the district from that town to
the Land's End with undisputed sway.'
1660. John St. Aubyn and Edward Nosworthy.
The Nosworthys were a family who had acquired much pro-
perty at Truro, and had also purchased some* interest at Saint
Ives. During the short period of their fortune they were strongly
attached to the interests of the Kings Charles 11. and James II.
A double return for the borough was made in the first Parlia-
ment of this year, but the extra return, that of James Praed and
Peter Ceely, was voided. At the same time the franchise was
declared to be vested in the residents at large, and not only in
the capital burgesses.
1661. James Praed and Edward Nosworthy.
The latter was unseated, however, upon the usual election
enquiry, and his place taken by John Basset, of Tehidy. * The
struggle,' says Courtney, ' was again between the capital burgesses
and the inhabitants at large. Nineteen of the burgesses gave
their support to Nosworthy, but the majority of the popular votes
were this time cast for Basset. The committee reported, and the
House accepted their view, that the right of voting was vested (as
was determined by the last House) in the inhabitants at large,
and Nosworthy was thereupon ejected. Before this decision had
32—2
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500 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
been given Mr. Basset had died, and another election was neces-
sary. Nosworthy again contested the seat, and his opponent
was a Mr. Daniel O'Neall, possibly the Irish Catholic who,
through his position as groom of the bedchamber to Charles I.,
became a king's favourite, and was led on to take a share in
Goring's plot to rescue the haples^s Strafford.' Nosworthy was
rejected for a second time. In May, 1663, several persons were
summoned for breach of privilege in bringing ejectment actions
against O'Neall in respect of his landed property. He died in
1664, and Nosworthy was at length returned for the borough of
Saint Ives, although he was opposed by Sir William Godolphin,
both at the poll and by petition.
1679 (March). Edward Nosworthy, senior, and Edward
Nosworthy, junior.
1679 (October). Edward Nosworthy, senior, and Edward
Nosworthy, junior.
The younger Nosworthy is spoken of by Courtney as the
* reckless son, who extinguished the fortunes of the family.'
1680. James Praed, junior, and Edward Nosworthy, junior.
This is the last time that a Nosworthy was elected.
The younger Nosworthy was a firm adherent of King James II.,
and was a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to that monarch,
whom he followed into exile.
* He died suddenly at Dunkirk, in 1701, and with his demise,*
says Courtney, 'there ended a family which had risen in one
generation and fallen in the next.*
1685. Charles Davenant and James St. Amand.
The former of these was a son of the poet laureate, and an
industrious writer in favour of the Tory party.
1689. Walter Vincent and James Praed.
The former was a Truro man, and the latter was of Trevethow.
From this date the Praeds long exercised the chief political power
at Saint Ives.
1690. James Praed and W. Harris.
1695. James Praed and J. Michell.
1698. Sir Charles Wyndham, bart., and James Praed.
Wyndham became Praed's colleague through the refusal of
the mayor to accept the votes for Sir Henry Hobart, *on the
ground,' as was alleged in the consequent petition, *that the
right of election was in the mayor, capital burgesses, and assistants
only * ; but the petitioners did not press the matter further.
1700. James Praed and Benjamin Overton.
Overton was the son of a * fifth monarchy man,' who was
hanged ; but in 1690 he became Warden of the Mint.
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PARLIAMENTARY HISTORY OF THE BOROUGH. 501
1701. Sir John Hawles, knight, and James Praed.
Hawles had previously sat for Truro.
1702. James Praed and Richard Chandler.
Chandler was opposed by John Pitt, afterwards Lieutenant-
Governor of the Bermudas ; but Chandler was returned by the
mayor. Pitt, of course, petitioned ; but the committee decided
that Chandler had been duly elected, on the ground that the right
of election belonged to the inhabitants not receiving alms. The
House, however, supported Pitt, and declared that the firanchise
vested ' in the inhabitants of the borough paying scot and lot ' ;
and the mayor, John Hicks, was ordered into custody for making
a false return in opposition to the determination of 1661.
1705. Sir Bartholomew Gracedieu, knight, and John Borlase.
Gracedieu, of Huguenot descent, was Sheriff of London, and
was knighted in the bedchamber at Kensington in 1697. Shortly
after his election he became bankrupt.
1708. John Praed and John Borlase.
Christopher Harris and James Tregeare petitioned, but soon
withdrew.
1710. John Hopkins and John Praed.
1713. Sir William Pendarves, knight, and John Hopkins.
John Elford and Lord Harry Pawlett, John Hichens and
Paul Tremearne, petitioned * for themselves and other unbribed
burgesses,' as they significantly expressed it. * Vulture Hopkins,'
as he was nicknamed, is satirized by Pope. He was a miser, and
accumulated an immense fortune.
1714. Lord Harry Pawlett and Sir John Hobart.
This election, the first after the accession of the Hanoverian
line, marked the triumph of Whigism, and the consequent
decline of the influence of the Tory Praeds. Lord Harry
Pawlett was afterwards fourth Duke of Bolton.
1722. Sir John Hobart and H. KnoUys.
Henry Waller and James Tregeare petitioned. The latter in
1718 was charged with murder, as to which we have written in a
tbrmer chapter. (See ante, p. 301.)
' Most of the members for St Ives at this period,' says the
* Parliamentary History of Cornwall,' * were placemen who ov/ed
their preferments to the favour of the great Whig magnates, and
their places in Parliament to the Hobart influence at St. Ives.'
1727. Sir Robert Rich and H. Knollys.
Rich, a Suffolk baronet, was successively a colonel of dragoons,
a groom of the royal bedchamber, governor of Chelsea Hospital,
and member of Parliament for the boroughs of Dunwich and
Beer-Alston.
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502 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
1738. Sir Robert Rich and 'William Mackworth, otherwise
William Mackworth Praed.'
John Praed was the last male of his line. After his death in
1 717 he was succeeded in his possessions by Sir Humphrey
Mackworth of Glamorganshire, who, together with the estate of
Trevethow, took the name and arms of Praed^ and was father to
William Mackworth Praed above mentioned.
1741. John Bristow and Gregory Beake.
Bristow, whose sister was married to Sir John Hobart, first
Earl of Buckinghamshire, was Deputy-Governor of Southsea,
and supplied money to the troops at Jamaica, at a profit of
14 per cent., which favouritism was one of the charges brought
against the deposed Premier Walpole in 1742* Beake was a
lieutenant-colonel in the Horse Guards.
1747. John Bristow and John Plumptree.
Lord Hobart was this year elected for both Saint Ives and
Norwich, and chose the latter constituency. He thereupon
offered the vacant seat to Plumptree, of Kent and Nottingham,
sometime treasurer of the Ordnance.
175 1. John Bristow and Samuel Stephens.
At this bye-election, caused by the death of Plumptree,
'when Mr. Samuel Stephens was returned, there first ap-
peared,' says Courtney, * prominently before the eyes of the
public, a family which had hitherto been content to guide the
feelings of the constituency in favour of others. For generations
the bearers of the name had been acquiring wealth through the
fisheries and mines of St. Ives, and their position in West
Penwith was so marked even in 1603 that the then head of the
house preferred the payment of the substantial sum of /16 to the
receipt of the questionable honour of knighthood. [See ante,
p. 451.] Up to 1751 the father of Mr. Samuel Stephens had acted
as the agent to the Earl of Buckinghamshire in the management
of the borough politics, but he broke off the connection in that
year by procuring the election of his son.'
1754. Hon. George Hobart and James Whitshed.
George Hobart was afterwards third Earl of Buckingham-
shire. This was the last time that a Hobart sat for Saint Ives.
' During the long reign of Farmer George, the representation
of the borough was often the subject of dispute between the
rival houses of Praed and Stephens,' says Courtney, in the work
from which we are now drawing so largely.
1761. Humphrey Mackworth Praed and Charles Hotham.
The latter, a member of a Yorkshire family, had married
Lady Dorothy Hobart. At the time of his election he was a
captain of foot guards, and adjutant-general to the British forces
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PARLIAMENTARY HISTORY OF THE BOROUGH. 503
in Germany. Soon afterwards he was made a groom of the
bedchamber.
1768. Thomas Durrani and Adam Drummond.
* Durrani, a Norfolk squire, represented the Hobart interest,
while Drummond was elected through the influence of the Duke
of Bolton, whose sister he had married.'
1774. W. T. Praed and Sir Thomas Wynn.
Praed was unseated for bribery. Wynn was afterwards first
Lord NeVborough.
1775. Adam Drummond and Sir Thomas Wynn.
1778. Sir Thomas Wynn and P. Dehany.
The latter took the place of Drummond when he changed his
seat for one in the north of Scotland.
1782. William Praed and Abel Smith.
Smith was of the renowned banking house, and was father of
the first Lord Carrington. Praed was also a banker, founder of
the Fleet Street firm.
1784. Abel Smith and Richard Barwell.
The latter Courtney calls * that great spoiler of the natives of
Hindostan.'
1790. William Praed and William Mills.
1796. William Praed and Sir Richard Carr Glyn.
Both these two colleagues of Praed were great bankers.
1802. William Praed and Jonathan Raine.
Raine was a renowned classical scholar and special pleader ;
he acted as auditor to the Duke of Northumberland's estates.
1806. Samuel Stephens and Francis Horner.
The latter was a clever political economist, and one of the
founders of the Edinburgh Review. Courtney calls him * one of
the purest and cleverest politicians of the age.' The opponents
of these members were two Indian colonels, Symes and Mont-
gomery.
' Homer spent all the day in canvassing the town part of the
constituency with his brother candidate, Samuel Stephens, the
lord of Tregenna Castle. He entered every cellar in the place,
" shook every individual voter by the hand, stinking with brine
and pilchard juice, repeated the same smiles and cajoleries to
every one of them," and (which was far more agreeable to him)
found in those hovels a number ** of pretty women, three or four
of them quite beautiful," whom he religiously kissed.'
1807. Samuel Stephens and Sir Walter Stirling.
The name of Stirling is
' still familiar in Cornwall through the circumstance that
TregeUas, the Cornish humourist, has written in his own racy
style a description of the adventures in I^ndoa of two of his
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504 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
constituents when summoned to give evidence before a Parlia-
mentary Committee.'
Stirling was also a London banker.
1812. William Pole Tylney Long Wellesley and Sir Walter
Stirling.
' The representation of St. Ives was about this date usually
divided between the two great parties in the state. Wellesley
was a supporter of the Whigs.'
1818. Samuel Stephens and Sir Walter Stirling.
1820. James Robert George Graham and Lyndon Evelyn.
* Graham, the keen politician, with as many changes of front
as the weathercock,' was a Whig. The Tories were represented
by Evelyn, who was of Keynsham Court, Herefordshire. Graham
was unseated on petition, and his place taken by ' that election
veteran Sir Christopher Hawkins.'
1826. Sir Christopher Hawkins and James Halse,
Mackinnon was a rejected candidate this year, but all three
were Tories. Halse was greatly interested in mining, and built
Halsetown, near Saint Ives.
1828. This year Hawkins retired to make room for Charles
Arbuthnot, a friend of the Duke of Wellington, who had a place
in the Ministry and a seat in the Cabinet.
1830. Pole Tylney Long Wellesley and James Morrison.
These were both Whigs; the latter a London merchant.
Halse unsuccessfully opposed them.
1832. James Halse and Edward Lytton Bulwer.
These were Tory and Whig respectively. Halse was nothing
more than a silent vote ; but the latter became the renowned
Lord Lytton, the author and (later in life) the Conservative
politician.
This last election, turning as it did upon the great question of
electoral reform, was regarded as of the highest importance,
and was stubbornly fought. Praed was a defeated candi-
date. His brother, Winthrop Mackworth - Praed, the poet,
contributed to the voluminous election-literature of this year
what is now a very scarce little pamphlet of 32 pages : * Trash,
dedicated, without respect, to James Halse Esq. M.P. Penzance.
1832.' From this brochure we select the following song :
THE LASSES OF THE BOROUGH.
I like to be drinking the health of the King.
And the health of the Queen is a very fine thing,
And tne health of our sailors and soldiers, no doubt,
Is a health which no Briton is happy without ;
But the best of all healths is, * the Maidens and Wives
Who make the pot boil for the men of S* Ives !'
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PARLIAMENTARY HISTORY OF THE BOROUGH. 505
There are dark curls and light, there are black eyes and blue,
But their hearts — bless their hearts I — are all honest an4 true ;
There are some of them short, there are some of them tall,
But there's kindness and friendship and love in them all.
So the best of all healths is, 'the Maidens and Wives
Who make the pot boil for the men of S^ Ives V
When a frank-hearted lad to their cottage rides up
They set on their table the loaf and the cup ;
When the tyrant goes by who has trampled the poor
They fright him with frowns, as they ought, from the door ;
Then the best of all healths is, * the Maidens and Wives
Who make the bot boil for the men of S< Ives !'
You cannot deceive them ; they very well know,
The straight from the crooked, a friend from a foe,
The light from the darkness, the true from the false.
And, to cut short the matter — a Praed from a Halse !
And the best of all healths is, ' the Maidens and Wives
Who make the pot boil for the men of S^ Ives V
The following is a list of the later members for Saint Ives,
which since the Reform Bill has returned only one member to
Parliament :
1833. James Halse.
^835. James Halse.
^837* James Halse (died 1838).
1838. William Tyringham Praed.
1839. William Tyringham Praed.
1846. Lord William Paulet.
1847. Lord William Paulet.
1852. Captain Robert M. Laffan, R.E.
'Captain LSfHin is an Irish man,
He's got no business here ;
M' Paul es nothan' at all,
He weant lev us have no beer.'
(Local rhyme.)
1857. Henry Paul.
1868. Charles Magniac.
1874. E. G. Davenport (died same year).
„ Charles Praed ; unseated on petition, but afterwards
1875. Charles Praed re-elected. ^
1880. Sir Charles Reed (died same year).
„ Charles Campbell Ross.
„ Sir John St. Aubyn (for the Saint Ives Division of West
Cornwall. Raised to the peerage as Baron St. Levan
in 1888).
1888. Thomas Bedford Bolitho (unopposed).
In consequence of the Parliamentary Redistribution Bill of
1884, ^^^ borough of Saint Ives was extended to include the
whole Land's End district, including Penzance.
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5o6 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
In the year 1874 occurred the memorable election in which
Mr. Charles Praed was the Conservative candidate and Sir
Francis Lycett the Liberal. Party feeling then ran very high.
Mr. Praed having been elected, his opponent lodged a petition
against the return, on the ground of bribery and corruption.
Among the many persons of distinction in the world of law who
came to Saint Ives to attend the inquiry into the alleged mal-
practices were Messrs. Lush and Hawkins, Q.C., afterwards
Justices Lush and Hawkins. Mr. Praed was re-elected in the
following year. The judicial examination of witnesses in the
inquiry was held at the Town Hall.
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CHAPTER XXXIII.
THE SAINT IVES ELECTION OF I768.
In the year 1768 there was an election of two members of
Parliament for the borough of Saint Ives, the candidates being
Thomas Durrant, Adam Drummond, James Johnstone, and John
Stevens.
Ever since Saint Ives became a borough, and especially since
the election of 1660, there had been (as will be seen from our
chapter on the Members of Parliament) much controversy as to
the qualification for a voter in this town. One party claimed
that all the inhabitants paying ' scot and lot ' were entitled to
vote; the other were for confining the privilege to the capital
burgesses. This question was, in the year 1702, decided in
favour of the larger franchise.
The important lawsuit of Johnstone v. Hichens, of which we
will now give some interesting particulars, derived from the
original documents used at the trial, in 1768, arose out of an
attempt by the borough authorities to confine the ratepayers to
their own supporters.
The issue was raised, according to the roundabout procedure
of those times, in the' form of a disputed gambling debt, the
plaintiff claiming that he had bet the defendant ten pounds that
the poor rate of 1767 was not a fair one— that it had proved to be
not a fair one in fact, but that the defendant had, nevertheless,
refused to pay up. In reply the defendant pleaded that the said
rate had proved to be a fair one, and that plaintiff had therefore
not won the bet. The question then to be decided was whether
such poor rate was fair or not.
The following is an abridgment of the brief for the plaintiff •
Kings Bench. Cornwall to wit
The Plaintiffs Case.
The Pl^ & John Stevens of Lincolns Innfields in the County
of Middsex Esq"", together with Adam Drummond & Tho^ Durant
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5o8 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Esq", were candidates at the last gen^ Election for Burgesses to
serve in Parliament for the Boro' of St. Ives in the County of
Cornwall, wCh came on at the Guildhall of the s<* Borough on
Monday 21*1 day of March last.
That by a Resolution of the House of Commons, made the
8*^ day of Dec"" 1702, the right of election was declared to be in
the Inhabits of s^ Borough paying Lot & Scott.
That, there not having been for many years any regular or
proper poors Rate for the s^ Borough, unjust Advantage being
made thereof by the parish Officers to serve the purposes of
Elections, sev^ of the Inhabitants of the s<* Borough paying Scott
& bearing Lot did in or ab' the Vear 1766 apply to the Court of
Kings Bench for and obtain a Mandamus directing the Church-
Wardens & Overseers of the poor of the s^ Borough to make an
equal poors Rate for the said Borough ; in psuance whereof an
equal poors rate for the s^ Borough was on the 16^** Day of
January 1767 made by the then Church Wardens and Overseers
of ti^e poor of s^ Borough in wCh all the Inhabit^ within the s**
Borough liable to be rated & assessed to the Church and poor
were inserted ; but as a great number of the persons so inserted
were known to be in opposite Interest to the then Justices of the
Peace for the s^ Borough, they at first refused to allow the s^
Rates & put the Inhabit^^ under the necessity of applying for and
obtaining a Mandamus from the Court of Kings Bench, directing
them to sign their Allowance to the s^ Rates; notwithstanding
w6h the s<^ Justices still for some time refused to sign the s** Rate
for that purpose & absconded ; but upon attachm* being awarded
by the Court of Kings Bench against them for their contempt,
they at last on the 10^^ day of April 1767 signed & allowed the
s^ Rate in due form ; however they notwithstanding underwent
the censure & punishment of the Court of Kings Bench & were
fined 50^* each for their gross misbehaviour.
At Easter 1767 the DetS W™ Stevens, Thos Rosewall, Hugh
Mulfra, Arnold Walters & Henry Major were chosen Church
Wardens and Overseers of the poor of the s** Borough for the
Year then next ensuing.
That an opposition being expected at the ensuing Election
for members of parliament, the s^ Church Wardens & Overseers
on the 5^** day of June 1767, in a private manner without such
publick notice as is usually given on those occasions, and, as pi'
is informed, under the influence and direction of John Knill Gent,
the late returning Officer of said Borough, made a Rate or
Assessment for the relief of the poor of the s^ Borough, from
which they wilfully and unjustly omitted and left out the names
of near 60 of the legal Inhabit^^ of s** Borough who were in pos-
session of messuages or Tenem** within the same, for wCh they
had been from time to time rated and Assessed to the Church
and poor, in Order and with a view to deprive them of their
Right of Voting at the then next Election for members to serve
in parliam* for the s^ Borough.
That several of the Inhabit" so left out of the s^ Rate appealed
therefrom to the next Quarter Sessions, when the said Rate was
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THE ST. IVES ELECTION OF 1768. 509
by Order of the s** Court quashed pro tanto for inequality. And
when the s^ parish Officers were asked what motive did Induce
them to make such unjust illegal Rates, Henry Major & Arnold
Walters, two of the Overseers of the poor, answered, to the
astonishment of all the Inhabit^ of the s** Borough, that they wo^
omit or leave out of all the Rates they sho^ make the Names of
all such persons as they thought wo** Vote for or favour the
Interest of the s^ Stevens & his Friends who sh^ be proposed by
him to be candidates for the said Borough at the then next
ensuing general Election for Members to serve in parliament for
the s* Borough, And that if Mr. Stephens or his friends should
think themselves aggrieved, they might if they thought proper
apply to parliament to seek redress. And the s** Def**' Tho*
Hichens, who was one of the Church Wardens, on being asked
by some of the Inhabitants who had been left off from the said
Rate why they were treated with such Injustice and partiality
& deprived of their respive Rights of Voting at the Election of
Members to serve in parliament, answered that he was convinced
that they had rateable property & sh** have been added to the
Rates, if they had not favoured the Interest of Mr. Stevens.
That in Michas Term last sev^ of the Inhabit" of the s** Boro'
made an applicon to the C of Kings Bench for a Writ of
Mandamus to be directed to the parish officers of the said
Borough to make an equal poors Rate for s^ Borough; and a
writ of mandamus issued accordingly directed to the Church
Warden & Overseers of the poor of s^ Borough and to every of
them, commands them to make or cause to be made an equal
poors Rate upon the Inhabit^ & Occupiers of Estates, Lands
Tenem** & other things rateable within the s** Borough for &
tow**' the relief of the poor of the Borough accords to the form of
the Stat« in that case made & provided.
That on the 16^^ day of Nov. last the s** parish Officers by
their Return to the s** Writ of Mandamus Certified that they had
that Day according to the best of their Skill judgm* and Under-
standing made an equal poors Rate for the relief of the Poor of
the s** Borough agreable to the form and tenor of the s** Writ.
That on the 29^** Nov. last the s^ poors Rate was published in
the Church of S* Ives afores^ when to the Astonishm* of most of
the Inhabitants of s** Borough it appeared that the Rate made on
the 16^ Day of Nov. was made on the same plan as that of the
5th June, without any one person being added thereto or taken
therefrom, except one Mary Bryant Widow, of the s** Borough,
who was added to the s^ Rate made the 16^ of Nov.
That the s^ Rate made on the 16^ Day of Nov. was appealed
ags* and quashed at the next Quarter Sessions held in and for
the s^ Borough ^0 tanto for inaequality.
That in Hilary Term last an application was made to the
Court of Kings Bench by part of the Inhabitants of s"^ Borough
for an Attachment ag* the s^ Parish Officers for their disobedience
of the s^ Writ of Mandamus in not making an equal poors Rate for
the relief of the poor of the said Borough according to the tenor
and exigency of the Writ, when a Rule nisi was granted ag* them.
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5IO A HISTORY OF ST. IVES,
In Trinity Term last the s^ Parish Officers shewed Cause ag^t
the s** Rule, when the Court enlarg** the Rule for shewing Cause
ag* the AttachmS & directed that in the mean time a feigned
Issue should be tryed at the next assizes to be held in & for the
s^ County of Cornwall, wherein the s^ James Johnstone Esq*^
sho** be p'* & the s^ Tho" Hichens DeP, in wc** feigned Issue the
Question should be : —
' Whether the Rate made on the i6*^ Day of Nov^ last past
for the Borough of S* Ives was a fair, equal and impartial Rate
according to the tenor & Exigency of the Writ of Mandamus
issued out of the s^ Court in Mictias Term last past or not ' : and
if it should be found to have been otherwise, that the Postea
shou'd be indorsed wherein and to what degree.
This Cause comes now on to be Tryed upon the above ment*'
Issue ; and in order to Shew that the Rate made on the i6*** Day
of Nov last was an unfair, unequal and partial Rate, there is a
List subjoind of the Names of the persons left out of the s^ Rate
who shou'd have been inserted therein, as being legal Inhabitants
and having rateable property in the s^ Borough, and who from
time to time had been rated to the Church and poor of s^
Borough, And also a List of the persons inserted in the Rate
who shou'd not have been inserted therein, as being neither
Inhabitants of the s** Borough nor having rateable property
therein.
The said parish Officers have admitted the Rate made the
1 6^ Day of Nov last to be unfair & unequal ; for in a Rate made
on the 5*^ Day of March last for the Relief of the poor of the s**
Boro they have inserted 20 psons who were left out of the Rate
made on the 16'*^ Day of Nov"", tho' there was no alteration in
their Circumstances betw. these 2 periods ; and every Circum-
stance attending the making the Rate of the 16* of Nov^ bears
testimony of its partiality. And it*s hoped the follg Decl"^ of
some of the parish officers will fully establish that fact.
PROOFS FOR THE PLAINTIFF.
Richard GrenfelU Roger Renoden Mr. Thomas MichelL To
prove that in a conversation between these Witnesses & Arnold
Walters, one of the s^ parish officers, concerng the s** Rate made
the 16**^ Day of Nov^ the s^ Walters being asked how he & the
other parish officers cou'd behave so basely as to treat the
Inhabit*" of the s** Boro* in such a manner, the s* Walters ans\v^
that they wo** make Rates for the friends of Mr. Stevens to
appeal ag^ and be at the expense of quashing till very near the
genl Elect^^ for members to serve in parliam* when they wo**
make such a Rate as wo^ fav'" their Int* ; & as the Inhabit*" wo^
have no opportunity to quash it (as no Q"" Sessions wo^ intervene)
that wou^ be the Rate the returning officer, who was their friend,
wou'd take the poll from.
Enoder Cock. To prove that M' Knill, the returning officer of
the s** Boro', has frequently declared in the hearing of this
Witness that he as Mayor wo** with the parish officers cutt off
from the Rates all such persons who shou'd oppose their Interest,
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THE ST. IVES ELECTION OF 1768.
5"
& only add to the same such persons as wou'd vote for their
party. And when this Witness say'd it co** not be legally done,
Nfr Knill replyd : ' You will certainly find it so, and we will by
that means carry the Election.'
Richard Major. To prove that in OcV last this Witness,
having some conversation with Henry Major or one of the Over-
seers of the poor of the s** Borough, concerning the next gen^
Elect^ to be made for the s^ Borough and how it was imagin'd
Docf Stevens wou'd be put off from being Elected a Member
in the next Parliam* for the s** Borough, when s** Henry Major
replyed : ' Thou ffool ! don't you know better ? — the Rate we
have made already is of no signification, but we intend to make a
Rate just before the next Election, and so poll by that Rate in
defiance of Doctor Stevens/
Roger Renoden. To prove that ab* the middle of Sept^ last
this Witness was in Compy w^ s^ Henry Major, when this
Witness asked him how he & the rest of parish officers cou*
make such an unjust poors Rate for s** Boro', to which s** Major
replied that he woo** cut off all the votes from the next poors
Rate, excepting the four and twenty, (meaning the Mayor, Alder-
men and Assist** of s^ Borough) & carry the next Election for
members of Parliam* for s^ Borough by them — and that he wou'd
be damned if he did not do it, for that it was in his power now
so to do, or used words to that effect.
m
A List of the persons left out of the Rate made for the Borough of
S' Ives the 16** day of Nov'^ 1768. Shewing the nature of the
property in respect of which they were liable to be rated, and the
Witnesses to prove the same. [We leave out the particulars, save
in a few cases] : —
Roger Renoden.
Thomas Richards, alias ' Hecka
Bean/
Francis Adams.
Robert Gear.
Anthony Couch.
Richard Bayley.
Thomas Cogar (freeholder).
William Cogar (blacksmith).
Jacob Care.
Hugh Ciceley.
Hugh Davis.
John Geen.
Ephraim Geen.
David Gyles.
Richard Grenfell.
Leonard Humphreys.
Patrick Hocking.
Robert Jennings Jun""
Richard Jennings.
Capt"* Thomas Painter.
John Purfoy (freeholder).
messuage and cellars
S* Ives.
Michael Pearce.
William Purchase.
Stephen Pawley (freeholder).
A dwellinghouse & cellar in
S* Ives.
William Polmear.
Nicholas Row Jun""
Capt'^ Henry Row.
Paul Stevens Jun""
Christopher Trewhella; three
messuages in S^ Ives.
William Quick, mason.
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513
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Alexander James. A house in
S^ Ives. [This name is
crossed out.]
James Hall Jun'
Garland Williams.
John Hodge.
Thomas Red.
Colan Pearce. A messuage in
S* Ives.
Paul Quick, of Brallan.
James Quick.
Capt"^ Edward Richards.
William Shugg.
Andrew Stevens. Offered to
be admitted to poll. A
messuage in S* Ives; by
lease. Rated for several
years. Witness Sarah
Harry.
William Sandow Jun»^ A dwell-
inghouse in S* Ives. Wit-
ness Jasper Williams.
John Tregarthen.
Thomas Richards Jun^
Peter Thomas Jun'
William Williams Jun', free-
holder ; a messuage in S*
Ives.
Thomas Wedge Sen'
William Pearce.
Richard Quick, mason.
Job Stevens.
Robert Came.
Nicholas Pearce.
Arthur Beriman; a messuage
in S* Ives, by lease ; and a
garden or orchard by as-
signment.
John Freeman, carpenter.
John Harry, cooper's son ; an
orchard &old walls, formerly
j a Dry-house, now a cooper's
shop.
Benedict WaU.
I
I Richard Michell.
' James Trevorow ; a mill &
I orchard in S* Ives.
I William Note.
. Christopher Hodge.
William Williams, mariner. A
j messuage in S* Ives. Wit-
I ness William Harry.
I Richard Thomas Sen'
. Richard Harry, cooper.
I John Grenfell, shop-keeper.
John Wedge. A house and
I cellar in S* Ives. Witness
John Harry and Ann
! Lemall.
Thomas Bryant. A messuage
in S* Ives. Witness Hugh
Edwards and John Thomas.
William Bryant. A messuage
& linny in S* Ives. Witness
William Harry and Thomas
Bryant.
Thomas Renowden.
George Jennings.
Edward Harry.
William Harry, ffooly.
William Minno.
William Barber.
James Berriman.
Richard Noall.
David Stevens Jun'
Henry Carlyon. Freehold mes-
suage. Witness Richard
Lembrey and Elizabeth
Lanyon.
Richard Stevens. Leasehold
messuage. Witness An-
drew Stevens.
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THE ST. IVES ELECTION OF 1768. 513
A List of the persons inserted in the Rate made on the 16'* day of
November 1767 for the relief of the Poor of S' Ives^ who ought not
to have been inserted therein,
Nathaniel Anthony. No estate or rateable property.
The Rev^ Jacob Bullock. Vicar of Zennor ; obliged to residence
in his parish. N.B. If it is pretended that M' Bullock is
rated for the house he farms of M" Worth, you'l observe she
is charged and pays for it.
John Curnow. No estate or rateable property.
John Hawkings. No estate or rateable property.
Thomas Mathews. No estate or rateable property. N.B. If he
pretends he is rated for the house he rents — he is rated too
low, he paying 20^ a year for it. The rate of 16 Nov 1768.
John Stephens Sen'
Capt" Timothy Major. No estate or rateable property, nor ever
rated before. Nor no inhabitant, he having served his time
to Captain John James of the Mount.
Edward May. No estate or rateable property, nor ever rated
before. N.B. He pretends to be rated for a smith's shop
which is built on part of the Wastrell, of John Nance's
estate in Hellesvear, which Nance is rated for.
John May.
John Michell.
William Pawley. He sold his estate to Anthony Couch before
this rate was made.
Capt" John Perkin. No resident, he living at Redrouth.
M' William Pulkinghorne. No estate or rateable property.
George Toman.
M' John Trengrouse, surgeon. No estate or rateable property,
nor any inhabitant.
Henry Uren.
Thomas Wedge. Supposed to have a spurious Title and only
made to answer the present purpose.
Capt" Robert Watts.
Edward Paynter, joyner. No estate or rateable property. The
house for which he is charged being the property of his
sister, Catherine the wife of Vivian Stevens,
The Rev* Tho* Carlyon.
Matthew Clies.
Daniel Couch.
Capt" William Hambly.
Capt" Edward Kempthorne.
Thomas Paul Jun'.
Andrew Noal.
33
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514 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Thisbriefis marked 'M' Mansfield; M'^Soll'Gen^- M'^Serg*Davy.*
Accompanying it is an additional brief, from which we take
the following particulars :
* Of those inserted in the Rate great inequality appears.
Thus Samuel Stephens, one of the Aldermen, for an estate of
20ol» per annum is rated at 2s. 6i. ; while Thomas Mathews, for
an estate worth 28^^ per annum, is rated at is.
* The Revenue of the Town, the property of the Mayor, is not
rated.
* The minister, one of the Aldermen, is not rated.
* M' John's tenants of 45** are not rated.
* Justice Veal's tenants are not rated.*
From these extracts it will be seen how the local landowners
dominated public affairs at Saint Ives. The Town Council at
this period was solely composed of men devoted to the interests
of Stephens and his patron the Earl of Buckinghamshire. Nor
did this political trial end, as had been hoped, in the overthrow
of this predominating influence. Johnstone and Stevens, the
popular candidates, were not able to make out their case, and the
Stephens interest retained all its old ascendency in local politics.
Doctor John Stevens stood high in favour with a large section
of Saint Ives people, and seems to have owed his political
popularity largely to the fact that he was a native of the parish —
he was born at Trowan. In our notice of the Lemal family we
have seen how Doctor Stevens was substantially aided in the
expenses of his campaign by Kitty Lemal's stocking -full of
guineas. Colan Pearce (whose name will be found in the fore-
going list of persons wrongfully deprived of a vote), at a later
date came forward as a candidate, hoping to meet with the
same support as had been accorded to the doctor. He seems to
have applied to Kitty Lemal for a like subsidy, and to have met
with a decided rebuff. The old song was :
' Kitty Lemal a stocking wound,
The Doctor soon the bottom found ;
Colan Pearce tried the same.
But could not play the Doctor's game.'
John Knill, the mayor, was a most active and successful
opponent of John Stevens ; and there is a tradition to the effect
that he said he * would willingly suffer seven years in hell ' for
the damage he (Knill) had done to Stevens.
The votes at the election of 1768 were thus divided :
Durant, 107. Drummond, 106. Johnstone, 81. Stevens, 62,
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THE ST, IVES ELECTION OF 1768. 515
Had the plaintiff made good his case, the voting would have
stood thus :
Stevens, 107. Johnstone, 81. Durant, 26. Drummond, 25,
From a bundle of old letters in the possession of Mr. John
V3rvyan Thomas, of Cardiff, I have been able to glean a few
particulars as to the further history of Doctor Stevens. It would
appear that after his unsuccessful contest at Saint Ives, he retired
to the Continent, leaving his wife and family under the care of
friends in Cornwall, and that he lived for some time, in more or
less poverty, at Aix la Chapelle, under the name of Monsieur de
Stephens, in the house of the Demoiselles Ilendrickx de Schotz.
The first letter contains direct reference to the election of 1768.
It runs as follows :
* Lincoln's Inn Fields,
*Jan. 8th, ,767.
* Dear Brother,
* I received yours of the 3"* instant, and as soon as I
receive the one half of the expences from the Duke's friend, which
I believe will be in a month, you shall have your money again if
you want it. I will make up half of the tribute set in Penhale
here, and perhaps some of our friends at S* Ives will venture, ask
them ! — try if you can't make one gallon of brandy last 3 days, as
nothing is got by drunkenness and rioting. — Hugh Edwards, the
Parson, & all their friends have not 16 old houses, more than
they live in to sell, and if we can only keep pace with them in the
new votes we will beat them hollow in the old ones as there will
be several double for me which even you do not know of. — Give
the inclosed to Roger. LA B. is now against the ministry, and
all the officers must be for us, at the election, or turn out-^- Give
as little into drinking as possible, and take care that you have no
long alehouse scores. I have cash in the Banker s hands to pay
all your bills as they become due, and in a few days will send
some more.
* I remain,
* Your affectionate Brother,
*Jno. Stevens.
* Mr Thomas Stevens, at Trowan near S* Ives, Cornwall.'
In 1772 he writes from abroad : ' I never was better in my life,
than I have been for a year past, owing to my being obliged to live
upon new milk. Tea, etc. because I would not run in debt with any
person. ... As I am a Physician, all the people thought that
I was useing such a diet for my health, and so all passed very well.'
By the year 1795 Doctor Stevens' affairs had improved so far that
he was able to send remittances to his relations in Cornwall. He
says : ' I would not enter into such pick-pockett affairs as chances
and shares in a Lottery Tickett, but I sent and bought a whole
33—2
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5i6 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Tickett ; and resolved to give you and John the amount of the
two small shares you mentioned; and to do some great things
with the remainder. But I have just now received an answer
that my Tickett was drawn a Blank; so you are like the butter
milk boy.'
The following letter was written by the doctor's daughter,
Miss Maria Stephens, to her uncle, Mr. John Stevens, of Saint
Ives :
* Bower Hall Oct^ ii«» [1797.]
* My Dear Sir,
* I am very sorry to inform you of our lamentable loss, a
loss for ever to be regretted by me, of a most beloved parent, and
faithful Friend. He departed this painful life yesterday, I hope
to everlasting happiness. I cannot at present enter into further
particulars, except that my Father has left no Will, as for some
time he has been incapable of making one. ... I have a Minia-
ture Picture of my Father, which was drawn about a year ago,
and which he lately express'd a wish that your son should have
one like it ; and I will take the first opportunity to have one
drawn the copy of it, and send it him, happy to do the smallest
thing to express my gratitude to his memory. I shall be glad to
hear from you of my aunt ; and with hearty condolence for oar
irreparable loss, believe
* Your sincere Friend
* M. Stephens.'
The Bower Hall estate descended to the Doctor's son, Ellys
Anderson Stephens, who was living in 1822. It has since gone
into other hands.
The portrait referred to in the above letter is a tiny engraving
in red tint, worked into a small pincushion, with an oval bit of
glass over it. The pincushion is covered with silk, and has
remains of tinsel embroidery and beading. The portrait repre-
sents an elderly man, side-face and bust. He wears a bag-wig
and a court dress coat, with turn-down collar, and epaulet, and
braiding in front, and frilled shirt-front. The forehead and chin
are receding, the nose retrouss^, the mouth small, and the cheeks
full. The eyes are large, and the face expresses amiability with-
out much strength of character.
Dr. John Stevens married the daughter and heir of Anthony
Ellis, D.D., Bishop of Saint David's, 1752-61, of Bower Hall,
Steeple Boumpstead, near Halstead, Essex.
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CHAPTER XXXIV.
PUBLIC OFFICERS OF THE BOROUGH AND PARISH OF SAINT IVES.
Head Wardens and Portrieves.
1549-
John Payne.
1608.
William Ceely.
1573.
William Trenwith.
1611.
George Hicks.
1574.
John Penhellack.
1612.
William Pitt.
1575-
Martin Trewinnard.
1613.
William Borthogge.
1576-
George Hicks.
1614.
Henry Hicks, senior.
1577.
Richard Peters.
1615.
James Sterry.
1578.
Henry Gates.
1616.
Thomas Purefoy.
1579-
John Carvoddres.
1617.
Richard Anne.
1580.
Thomas James.
1618.
John Sprigge.
1582.
Henry Sterry.
1619.
William Trenwith.
1583.
Gtes Merefield.
1620.
Henry Hicks.
1584. John James.
1621.
William Borthogge.
1585.
William Woolcock.
1622.
John Sterry.
1586.
Thomas Candrow.
1623.
John Riche.
1587.
William Barratt.
1624.
George Hicks.
1590.
John Stephens.
1625.
Thomas Trenwith. (John
1591-
George Payne.
Stevens declined.)
1592.
Thomas Williams.
1626.
John Trewinnard.
1593-
John Cocking.
1627.
Thomas Purefoy.
1594-
Henry Hicks.
1628.
Richard Hext.
1595-
Thomas Hicks.
1629. John Sprigge.
1596.
John James.
1630.
John Payne.
1597.
John Tregenna.
1631.
Henry Hicks.
1602.
James Woolcock (died).
1632.
John Hicks.
John Rich.
1633-
William Hichens.
1603.
John Cocking senior.
1634.
Stephen Barber.
1604.
George Williams.
1635.
Edward Hammond.
1605.
George Payne.
(James Praed decHned.)
1606.
Thomas Williams.
1636.
Thomas Sise.
1607.
William Hichens. (Wm.
1637-
John Sterrj'.
Trenwith declined.)
1638.
Thomas Stevens.
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5i8
A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
1639. Richard Hext.
1640. Thomas Stevens.
1641. Henry Hickes.
1642. John Payne,
1643. Steven Barbar.
1644. Edward Hammond.
1645. Ephraim Sise.
1646. Thomas Sprigge.
1647. Thomas Noal.
1648. Alexander James.
1649. John Diggens.
1650. Peter Ceely.
165 1. Thomas Purefoy.
1652. Nicholas Prigge.
1653. Richard Cowch.
1654. George Hammond.
1655. Henry Sterrie.
1656. Richard Hicks.
1657. Edward Hammond.
1658. Thomas Sprigge.
1659. Thomas Noal.
1660. Francis Robinson.
1661. William Diggens.
1662. Thomas Trenwith.
1663. Robert Spriggs.
1664. John Hichens.
1665. Richard Hichens.
1666. Thomas Sise.
1667. Hugh Harris.
1668. William Pearse.
1669. Francis Hammond.
1670. John Hichens, junior.
1671. George Hammond.
1672. Richard Hichens.
Thomas Spriggs.
Thomas Hicks.
William Diggens.
Hugh Harris (died).
1673-
1674.
1675.
1676.
1677.
15 Feb.VWilliam Hichens.
I Nov. J E. N OS worthy.
1678. Thomas Purefoy.
X
ICayon.
1679. Richard Pollard.
1680. Thomas Sprigges,
junior.
1681. John Hawking.
1682. John Hichens.
1683. John Stevens.
1684. Thomas Trenwith.
1685. John Lanyon.
1686. Thomas Sprigg.
1687. John Stevens.
1688. John Hicks.
1689. John Hicks.
1690. John Lanyon.
1691. Thomas Sprigge.
1692. John Stevens.
1693. John James.
1694. Richard Hichens.
1695. John Hicks.
1696. John Lanyon.
1697. Thomas Sprigge.
1698. John Stevens.
1699. John James.
1700. John Hawking.
1701. John Hicks.
1702. Richard Pollard.
1703. Richard Hichens.
1704. John James.
1705. John Hawking.
1706. Richard Hichens.
1707. John Hicks.
1708. John James.
1709. Richard Pollard.
1710. John Hicks.
171 1. John James.
1712. James Tregeare.
1713. John Hichens.
1714. Alexander James.
1715. John Hicks.
1716. Richard Pollard.
1717. John Hichens.
1718. Alexander James.
1719. Richard Pollard.
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PUBLIC OFFICERS OF THE BOROUGH AND PARISH. 519
1720. Nathaniel Anthony.
1 72 1. Thomas Anthony.
1722. Joseph Gubbs.
1723. John Ceely.
1724. Richard Harry.
1725. Thomas Spriggs.
1726. John Hichens.
1727. John Stevens.
1728. John Hichens, senior.
1729. John Noall.
1730. Nathaniel Anthony.
1731. Thomas Anthony.
1732. Joseph Gubbs.
1733. John Ceely.
1734. William Busvargus.
1735. Richard Harry.
1736. Thqmas Sprigge.
1737. John Hichens.
1738. John King.
1739. Richard Harry.
1740. Michael Nicolls.
1741. Francis Ley.
1742. John Stephens.
1743. John Stevens.
1744. Francis Stevens.
1745. William Symond.
1746. William Harry.
1747. Michael NicoUs.
1748. John Hichens.
1749. John Edwards.
1750. Edward Stephens.
1 75 1. John Stephens.
1752. John Stevens.
1753. John Stephens.
1754. Edward Stephens.
1755. William Harry.
1756. William Symond.
1757. William Harry.
1758. John Edwards.
1759. William Harry.
1760. John Stevens.
1 761. Samuel Stephens.
1762. John Stevens.
1763. Samuel Stephens.
1764.
1765-
1766.
1767.
1768.
1769.
1770.
1771,
1772.
^774^
1775"
1776.
1777.
1778,
1779,
1780,
1781,
1782.
1783.
1784.
1785-
1786.
1787,
1788.
1789,
1790.
1791,
1792.
1793.
1794,
1795-
1796.
1797,
1798,
1799"
1800.
1 801.
1802,
1803,
1804.
1803,
1806.
John Stevens.
Samuel Stephens.
Hugh Edwards.
John Knill.
Hugh Edwards.
John Stevens.
Humphrey Mackworth
Praed.
John Stevens.
Thomas Hichens.
Edward Stephens.
John Anthony.
John Anthony.
William Stephens.
John Stevens, junior.
Hugh Mulfra.
Hugh Edwards.
Thomas Trenwith.
Thomas Hichens.
John Anthony.
William Stephens.
Nathaniel Hicks.
Thomas Hichens.
John Stevens, junior.
Timothy Wheelwright.
John Stevens, junior.
Francis Stephens.
Thomas Wallis.
Thomas Lane.
James Anthony.
Lewis Morgan.
John Arthur.
Nathaniel Hicks.
John Stevens.
Thomas Wallis.
Paul Tremearne.
James Anthony.
Lewis Morgan.
John Arthur.
Vivian Stevens.
Nathaniel Hicks.
John Stevens.
Thomas Wallis.
Paul Tremearne, junior.
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520
A HISTORY OF ST. I VMS.
1807. James Halse.
1808. Thomas Tremearne.
1809. James Anthony.
1810. James Anthony.
181 1. Thomas Tremearne,
1812. Thomas Wallis.
1813. James Halse.
1814. John Arthur.
181 5. Thomas Tremearne.
1816. Augustus Stephens.
1817. William Bazeley.
1818. William Bazeley.
1819. Paul Tremearne.
1820. James Anthony.
182 1. James Anthony.
1822. Paul Tremearne.
1823. Paul Tremearne.
1824. Paul Tremearne.
1825. Paul Tremearne.
1826. James Anthony.
1827. Samuel Stephens.
1828. Samuel Stephens.
1829. Richard Hichens.
1830. Richard Hichens.
1 83 1. Walter Yonge.
1832. William Bazeley.
1833. William Bazeley, junior.
1834. Roger Wearne.
1835. William Bazeley.
1836. Daniel Bamfield.
1837. William Bazeley, junior.
1838. Roger Wearne.
1839. John Newman Tremearne.
1840. Samuel Hocking.
1 84 1. Richard Kernick.
1842. William Bazeley.
1843. John Chellew (Walter
Yonge refused).
1844. William Bazeley.
1845. Richard Kernick.
1846. William Bazeley.
1847. Matthew Trewhella.
1848. James Rosewall.
i8.|^). Richard Kernick.
1850. William Bazeley.
1851. James Rosewall.
1852. John Newman Tremearne.
1853. John Newman Tremearne.
1854. Samuel Hocking (died).
1855. N Robert Hichens Bam-
13 April. I field.
1 Robert Hichens Bam-
9 Nov. j field.
1856. James Rosewall.
1857. William Bazeley.
1858. John Newman Tremearne,
1859. Richard Kernick.
i860. Robert Hichens Bamfield.
1861. William Bazeley.
1862. William Bazeley.
1863. Robert Hichens Bamfield.
1864. William Cade.
1865. Henry Major Harris.
1866. James Stevens Quick.
1867. Robert Snaith Hichens.
1868. \ Robert Snaith Hichens
'k
[9 Nov.]
I Nov. I (died).
William Mitchell Jen-
nings.
1869. Tonkin Young.
1870. John May Kernick.
187 1. William Docton.
1872. George Williams.
1873. George Williams.
1874. Charles Newman Tre-
mearne.
1875. Charles Newman Tre-
mearne.
1876. Thomas Cogar.
1877. William Craze.
1878. George Williams.
1879. George Williams.
1880. Thomas Cogar.
1881. John May Kernick.
1882. John May Kernick.
1883. John May Kernick.
1884. Edward Hain, junior.
1885. Edward Hain, junior.
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PUBLIC OFFICERS OF THE BOROUGH AND PARISH, 521
1886.
Edward Hain, junior.
1889.
Edward Hain, junior.
1887.
William Craze.
1890.
Joshua Daniel.
1888.
William Craze.
1891.
Joshua Daniel.
The ProtestAnt CQergy of Saint Ives.
The following is a list of the Vicars of Lelant, Saint Ives and
Towednack, during the period when the three cures were served
by one pastor. (The names in square brackets are those of their
curates, ministers, lecturers, or readers, at Saint Ives.) :
1547. George Mason.
1549. Gabriel Moreton.
1578. Robert Stopford.
1584- [Mr. Whisheker.]
1592. [Mr, Nickles.]
1596. * Ye olde Vickar Stafford ' is named in the Borough
Accounts.
^597- John Bagwell.
1603. Thomas Masters.
1606. Robert Challacombe.
1608. [Mr. Jeffreys.]
1611. Nicodemus Pestell.
1617. [Mr. Whittinge.]
1618. [Alexander Harry ; Messieurs Ingleton, Phippen and Mor-
cumbe.]
1624. John South.
1629. [Messieurs Upcot, Symons and Sherwoode.
Joseph Sherwood, expelled from Saint Hilary under the
Act of Uniformity, took up his abode at Saint Ives,
where he preached and delivered weekly lectures.
Charles Morton, B.A., expelled from the rectory of Blisland,
retired to Saint Ives, where he preached privately in
neighbouring villages.]
1631. Thomas Corey. [Leonard Wellsteed, minister. Mr.
Mitch, preacher. Wellsteed was ejected for noncon-
formity in 1648 , but he returned as minister of Saint
Ives under the Commonwealth.}
1638. Thomas Jackson.
1646. Benjamin Hugget. [John Whitworth.
1652. Mr. Land, in the absence of Mr. Wellsteed.
1653. Leonard Wellsteed, minister under the Commonwealth.
1655. Mr. Tucker.
1657. Thomas Tregosse ; ejected for nonconformity.]
1660. Richard Fowler (afterwards vicar of Zennor).
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522 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
1669. John Bullock (died 1676).
1677. [William Robinson, ' lecturer, deacon, and clerk.']
1693. John Hawkins.
1708. William Polkinghorne.
1712. [Jonathan Toup, lecturer]
1726. John Keigwin.
1735. William Symonds. (In 1768 he became vicar of Saint
Erth.)
1743- [Mr. Hoblyn.
1769. Thomas Lane.]
1775. George Rhodes. [Lewis Morgan.]
1786. Cornelius Cardew, D.D. [John Arthur.]
180S. [John Peters.
1813. Robert Peters.
1814. William Spry.]
The following were Perpetual Curates 0/ Saint Ives :
1822. Charles Aldrich.
1833. William Malkin. Qohn C. Millett. Charles Jenkyn. John
Bamfield. Francis Bazeley.]
1836. William James Havart. [Henry Batten]
1843. Samuel A. Ellis.
1850. David E. Domville.
1855. Franklin Tonkin.
1 86 1. Richard Frederick Tyacke.
1869. John Balmer Jones (inducted as vicar).
Ohiirch Wardens of the Parish of Saint Ives.
1573. William Donnall and John Pawlye.
1574. John Androwe and Thomas Olver.
1575. Thomas James and Pearse Nole.
1576. John James and Thomas Cocke.
1580. Robert Luck and Richard Arde.
1581. Robert Luck and Richard Saundrie.
1584. John Richards and Roger Permantor.
1585. Thomas Watter and Thomas Kebarte.
1586. John Steven and John Davie.
1587. John Allen and John Thomas.
1590. Robert Davie and
1596. Harry Hendra and Henry Baylye.
1597. James Dyname and George Thomas.
1601. Peter Cloke and William Davye.
1602. John Hamblye and
1603. Richard Hocken and John Goodale.
1604. Henry James.
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PUBLIC OFFICERS OF THE BOROUGH AND PARISH. 523
1605. George Webber and Alexander Pencaste.
1614. William Hechins and Humphry Anderdon.
1630. John Hicks and John James.
1631. John Rich and John Player.
1633. Thomas Purefey and Peter Goodale.
1634. Edward Hammand and Arthur Wescott
1636. Stephen Barbar and Thomas Goode.
1637. Henry Hicks and George Hicks.
1638. Ephraim Syse.
1647. George Hicks.
1649. Thomas Stevens and William Nance.
1650. John Player and George Hammond.
1651. Alexander James and Richard Smith.
1653. Henry Hicks and Robert Cowch.
1656. Alexander James and Robert Cowch.
1672. William Pearse and John Treweeke.
1680. Thomas Sprig, junior, and John Hicks.
1726. Paul Tremearne and James Bennats.
1727. W™ Busvargus and Vivian Stevens gen*.
1728.
1729. John Hichens and Cha* Worth.
1730. Richard Harry and Cha* Worth.
1731. John Noall and Cha» Worth.
1732. Hugh Edwards and John Noall.
1733. Hugh Edwards and John Noall.
1734- W°* Busvargus and Cha^ Worth.
1735. Timothy Wheelwright and Cha* Worth.
1736. Richard Harry and Cha» Worth.
1737. Richard Harry and Cha" Worth.
1738. Tho* Worth and John Edwards.
1739. Thos Pascoe and John Noall.
1740. Tho" Pascoe and John Noall.
1741. Michael Nicolls and John Stephens.
1742. Timothy Wheelwright and Charles Worth.
1743. Timothy Wheelwright and Charles Worth.
1744. Timothy Wheelwright and Charles Worth.
1745. Michael Nicolls and Charles Worth.
1746. Timothy Wheelwright and Charles Worth.
1747. Timothy Wheelwright and Charles Worth.
1748. Michael Nicolls and Christopher Carpenter.
1749. Thomas Hichens and William Harry.
1750. Timothy Wheelwright and Charles Worth.
1751. Charles Worth and Timothy Wheelwright.
1752. Charles Worth and Christopher Carpenter.
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524 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
1753. Christopher Carpenter and Charles Worth.
1754-
1755-
1756. Thomas Hichens, John Stephens, and John Daniel.
1757. Thomas Hichens, Hugh Mulfra, and John Noall.
1758. Thomas Hichens and Thomas Trenwith.
1767. Thomas Hichens, William Stephens, and Thomas Rose-
wall.
1768. Hugh Mulfra, John Nance, and Henry Major.
1769. Hugh Mulfra, John Nance, and Henry Major.
1770. Vivian Stevens, Hugh Mulfra, and Thomas Rosewall.
1771. Hugh Mulfra, William Hichens, and John Major.
1772. William Hichins, Richard Major, and John Major.
1773. Hugh Edwards, William Hichins, and Thomas Rosewall.
1774. Hugh Edwards, William Hichins, and Thomas Rosewall.
1775. William Stephens, Hugh Mulfra, and Richard Curnow.
1776. William Stephens, Thomas Hichins, and John Stevens,
1777. William Stephens, Hugh Mulfra, and John Stevens.
1778. Hugh Edwards, Thomas Hichins, jun^, Richard Curnow.
1779. John Thomas, William Worth, John Major.
1780. John Thomas, William Worth, and John Stevens.
1781. Hugh Edwards, Hickes, Matthew Stevens.
1782. Nathaniel Hickes, Timothy Wheelwright, John Major.
1783. Timothy Wheelwright, gen^ Thomas Hichins, jun^, genS
John Major.
1784. Thomas Hichins, jun^, gen', James Rosewall, Andrew
Stevens.
1785. Thomas Hichins, jun**, gen*, James Rosewall, William Harr}'.
1786. James Rosewall, William Harry, John Stevens (in the
Court). [Le., who lived at * The Court,' Trevalgan.]
1787. Nathaniel Hickes, Thomas Hichens.
1788. Jacob Phillips, John Major, William Harry.
1789. Timothy Wheelwright, John Stevens, John Major.
1790. Thomas Wallis, John Stevens, Richard Major.
1791. Jacob Phillips, Richard Jenkins, John Stevens.
1792. Vivian Stevens, Paul Tremearne, John Stevens.
1793. Thomas Lane, William Worth, John Stevens.
1794. Nathaniel Hickes, Charles Richards, jun*", William NoalL
1795. Nathaniel Hickes, Charles Richards, jun*", William Noall.
1796. James Anthony, William Noall, John Hingston.
1797. James Anthony, John Hingston, William Noall.
1798. Vivian Stevens, John Stevens, John Paynter.
1799. Vivian Stevens, Jacob Phillips, John Stevens.
1800. Vivian Stevens, Jacob Phillips, John Stevens.
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PUBLIC OFFICERS OF THE BOROUGH AND PARISH, 525
Wardens of the Market Hoase, with the Sums paid for the Toll Farm.
1573. William Teage and Nicholas Kendall.
1574. John Goman and Nicholas Kendall.
1575. William Teage and Martin Goodall.
1576. Kichard Peter and Koger Water, £1$,
1579.. Kichard Corrye and Nicholas Kandall.
1584. Henry Butsava.
1585. Kichard Peter' and Nicholas Kandle.
1586. George Paine and Nicholas Kendall, £11.
1 591. Kichard Peter, ;f 12.
1593. John Cockens.
1594. Kichard Peter.
1596. Kichard Peter, ;f 11 los.
1602. Thomas Watyer and Keis Elledon, £16 os. 2d.
1605. Keis Eleydon, ;f 18 105.
1606. Kichard Peter, 3^17 los.
1607. Keis Ellydon, 3^17 12s.
1608. Keis Ellydon, 3^17.
1630. John Kich and Alexander James, £15 6s. 8d.
1 63 1. Christopher Cocke, 3^16.
1632. Lewis Hendra, 3^16.
1633. John James, 3^18.
1634. John James, Lewis Hendra, and Peter Goodale, 3^19.
1635. Kichard Peter.
1636. Kichard Hockin, 3^20.
1637. William Thomas, 3^23 los.
1638. Edward Hammande and Lewis Hendra, 3^22 los.
1638. Peter Goodale, 3^22.
1639. John Payne, 3^40.
1640. Kichard Peter, 3^40.
1644. Kichard Hockin, 3^35.
1645. John Bosowe and Kichard Pollard, 3^29.
1646. John Hechins, 3^40 105.
1647. John Trewinnard, 3^33.
1648. John Bussow, 3^9 los.
1650. John Sprye, 3^60.
1653. Morrish Dyer, 3^40.
1655. William Ackland and Thomas Painter, 3^49.
1656. William Thomas of Trethwall.
1657. William Ackland, 3^48 los.
1658. George Hammond, 3^59.
1664. George Hammond and Walter Michell.
1665. Thomas Treunwith, 3^41.
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526 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
1687. Enoder Cock and Mathew Gyles, 3^29.
1687. Edward Pryor and Thomas Harvy.
1690. Enoder Cock and Thomas Anthony.
1691. Matthew Gyles and John Stephens, 3^22.
1710. John Thomas, cooper.
1715. Thomas Stephens, junior.
1723. Abraham Mathews, £'29 6s.
1764. Thomas Mathews and Nicholas Perce, £25 los.
1774. Thomas Mathews and Thomas Quick, £^y 10s.
1780. Thomas Mathews and James Bennats.
1783. Thomas Quick and Matthew Stevens.
1784. Thomas Quick and Thomas Mathews, 3^38.
1786. Abraham Cogar and Thomas Mathews, 3^47.
1789. Mathew Stevens.
1817. John Uren, John Daniell, and Philip Bennatts, 3^73 iis.
1821. John Quick.
1823. Benedict Quick (and partners).
1830. John Uren, 3^150.
Wardens of the Qnay, with the Sums paid for the Toll Farm.
1573. Stephen Barboure and John Goman.
1574. Ralph Uryn and Thomas Manne.
1575. John Goman, George Goodall, and William Mathewe,
3^3 19s. lod.
1576. Henry Bayliffe and Henry Davye.
1579. Richard Corrye and Nicholas Randall.
1584. James Jelbartt and James Hichen.
1585. George Hicks and John Sterrye.
1586. John Cossen and Nicholas Bossithioe.
1587. Thomas Watty and Jamss Sies.
1590. Henry Hicks.
1591. John Steeven, £2 13s. ^d.
1593. John Cockins.
1594. Joel Hicks.
1595. Richard Peter.
1596. William Ottes and Joel Hicks, £i 13s. 4^.
1601. Henry Tregerthen and Reynold Seneshen.
1602. John Barber and Stephen Luke.
1603. Giles Hauke and James James, £4 4s. lod.
1605. John James and John Coosen, £^ 175.
1606. John Goman and Thomas Kyttowe, 3^5 2s, rod,
1607. Richard Lynten and John Stephen.
1608. Richard Treyowe and Daniel Sprigge.
1610. George Williams, £5.
1612. John Barbar, £y los.
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PUBLIC OFFICERS OF THE BOROUGH A.^D PARISH. 527
1614. John Barber, £4 12s.
1618. John Barber, 3^5.
1619. Richard Lynten, 3^5 y.
1621. Richard Lynten.
1624. Richard Tregeowe, £6.
1625. Thomas Purefey and John Hicks, £6 los.
1626. John Payne and John Cossen, 3^5.
1627. Stephen Barbar and Lewis Hendra.
1628. Edward Hicks and Henry Hamonde, 3^4 los.
1629. Thomas Purefey, '3^6.
1630. John Hicks, £6.
1631. John Hicks, £8 10s.
1632. Edward Hammand, jfii los.
1633. Richard Hext, 3^14.
1634. Edward Hamaund, 3^17.
1635. Thomas Goode, ;^I4 10.
1636. Arthur Wescott and Thomas Goode, 3^12.
1637. Thomas Syse and John Hicks, ;^I2 los.
1638. Peter Ceely, 3^13.
1639. William Tregosse and Henry Stevens, 3^12 los.
1640. William Phillips, 3^1.
1644. Peter Gibbs, 3^14.
1645. Alexander Bishoppe, 3^13 los.
1646. Thomas Purefoy and Nicholas Sprigge, 3^20.
1647. Edward Hammond, 3^19 los.
1650. Thomas Stevens, junior, 3^18 los.
1651. George Hammond, 3^18.
1653. George Hammond, 3^15 los.
1655. Peter Ceely, 3^19 los.
1656. George Painter.
1657. George Hammond, 3^18.
1658. Edward Stevens, 3^20.
1664. Thomas Sise.
1665. Thomas Sise.
1684 (circa). Hector Taylor.
1687. John Stevens and Thomas Purefoy, junior.
1689. Thomas Collins and William Beriman.
1690. Richard Couch and Phillip Carlyon.
1700. Joel Bolitho and Paul Tremearne.
1701. Thomas Harvy and John Thomas.
1703. Patrick Hawking.
1712. John Trevascus.
1715. Thomas Stephens, junior.
1760, Thomas Mathews and John Stevens, junior.
1766. Thomas Mathews and Matthew Stevens, 3^47 ys, 6d.
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S28 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
Oreneen of the Poor.
1581. Philip Cornwall and Cornwall Stephen.
1631. Richard Hext, Thomas Nancothan, William Nance, and
Thomas Noale.
1632. Thomas Sise, William Dun, Andrew Phillipps, and William
Trerie.
1633. John Sprigge, Henry Stevens, John Launton, and Francis
Walker.
1634. Thomas Stevens, Christopher Cocke, John Hechins, and
Timothy Maior.
1636. John Payne, Richard Hockin, William Thomas, and James
RosewalL
1637. John Sprigge, Henrj' Williams, John Launder, junior, and
James Nenis.
1638. John Rich, Peter Goodale, Thomas Lynton, and Timothy
Maior.
1651. William Diggens.
1653. Arthur Westcott and John Player.
1654. Thomas Purefoy, Richard Smith, George Paynter, and
William Browne.
1656. Nicholas Prigge and Hugh Harris.
1672. Edward Hammond and John Hockin.
1679. Francis Stevens.
1 68 1. John Stevens and John Treweek.
1693. Thomas Stephens.
Waywardens.
1633. John Denham and William Trerie.
1634. Alexander James and Thomas Browne.
1636. John Hechins and Charles Whyte.
^^37* John Sterrie and John Nicholas, junior.
1638. John Sterrie and John Cocke, of Trevalgan.
1654. Lewis Cogar and William Ninnis.
1698. Sprigg and Hickes.
Becorders.
1652. John Seyntaubyne.
1680. James Praed.
16 — . John, Earl of Bath.
1700. Charles, Duke of Bolton.
1723. James Cross.
1759. William Sandys.
1760. Corydon Carpenter.
1767. George Hobart.
1772. William Praed.
1575. William Barett.
1590. William Barett.
Constables.
1605 (circa). John Steven and
George Hicks.
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PUBLIC OFFICERS OF THE BOROUGH AND PARISH, 529
1614 Paynter.
1723.
1615. Thomas Toman and Ed-
mund Player.
1620. Henry Hicks and
John
1776.
Browne.
1627. John Browne and Thomas
Noale.
1777.
^^37' John Hawke.
1778.
1646. George Hicks.
1779.
1648. John Thomas.
1781.
1651. Hugh Harris.
1653. John Thomas.
1654. Robert Sprigge.
1782.
1655. Richard Hichings.
1656. Hugh Harris.
1787.
1658. Thomas Syse.
1792.
i6*\Q Couch and . .
1798.
Player.
1660. Edward Wescoatt.
1803.
1671. John Hawking
and
Maurice Dyer.
1805.
1693. John Trevaskes
and
1821.
Humphry Tonky
n.
Town (
1823.
Tlerks.
1655. John Littleton.
1669. John Hicks.
1675 — 1683. Hugh Pawley.
1686 — 1690. John Newman.
Robert Nicholls, Abraham
Matthews, and James
Quick.
Thomas Mathews and
William Stevens, of
Trevalgen.
Thomas Mathews.
Thomas Mathews.
Thomas Mathews.
Thomas Mathews,
Richard Couch, and
Christopher Trewhella.
Richard Hichens Couch
and Christopher Trew-
Matthew Stevens, [heela.
Andrew Stevens.
Thomas Mathews and
Joseph Williams.
William Stevens and
Mathew Daniel.
James Quick Trenwith.
John Quick.
Benedict Quick.
172 1 — 1729. John Penrose.
1762. John Stevens, junior.
1806. John Stevens.
Parish Clerks.
1637. Andrew Lawrie. 1704.
1650. Richard Fowler. 1727.
1655. Benjamin John. 1769.
1656 — 1669. John Thomas (and 1797.
schoolmaster). 1816.
1672 Michell (and
schoolmaster).
1677. William Robinson.
Thomas Michell.
Thomas (?) Mitchell.
Patrick Hawking.
Francis Stevens.
Thomas Williams. (He
held this office until
his death in 1862.)
Wardens of the Aisle, or Sidesmen.
1573. John Paskowe.
1574. Stephen Barboure, William Lantone, and Thomas Williams.
1575. Pearse Goorge and William Mobe.
34
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530 A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
1630. John Bussithiow and Thomas Bereman.
1 631. John Launder, senior, and Thomas Nicholas, alias James.
^633. James Barbar and John Cocke, of Trevalgan.
1634. Henry Treweeke and Henrie Steephen.
1636. Richard Peter and John Bussowe.
1637. Francis Walker and Henry Uren.
1638. Thomas Nancothan and James Rosewall.
Kings and Queens of the Bummer Games.
1573. Henry Sterrie and Jane Walshe.
1574. John Oots and Margaret Hockin.
1575. James Huchin and Jenat Oots.
1576. John Holla and
1580. Thomas Eva and Elizabeth Amys,
1584. Gregor Polkenhorne and Mary Nancothan,
1585. Harry Hicks and Elizabeth Cockyn.
1588 Candrowe and
1590 James and
1591. William Stirrie and
1592. Joel Hicks and
1596. Nicholas Hicks and Jane Sterrye.
1597. Stephen Barbar and
1 616. Henry Shapland and Elizabeth Taylor.
1634. John Stephens and Margery Hammande.
CollectoiB of the Port Farm.
1651. Richard Hicks.
1653. Richard Hicks.
1655. Renatus Treunwith and William Pearse.
1656. Richard Hoskings and Edward Wescoatte.
1657. Job*^ Thomas and Thomas Painter.
1658. William Pearse and John Treweeke.
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LIST OF AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO IN
COMPILING THIS WORK.
* Archaeologia Cambrensis.'
Bannister's 'Glossary of Cornish Names*; London.
Blight's 'Ancient Crosses and other Antiquities in the West of
Cornwall'; 3rd ed., Penzance, 1871.
Blight's 'Churches of West Cornvvair; 2nd ed., Oxford, 1885.
Blight's 'Week at the Land's End'; Truro, 1876.
Bloxam's 'Principles of Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture*;
2 vols., nth ed., London, 1882.
Borlase's ' History of Cornwall'; London, 1760.
Bottrell's ' Traditions and Hearthside Stories of West Cornwall * ;
3 series, Penzance, 1873, etc.
Burke's ' General Armory ' ; London, 1878.
Burnet's ' History of the Reformation.'
Carew's 'Survey of Cornwall'; new ed., London, 1769.
Chambers' 'Book of Days'; 2 vols., London, 1881.
Colgan's * Hiberniae Sanctorum Acta'; 2 vols., Lovanij, 1645.
* Cornwall, its Mines and Miners '; London, 1855.
Courtenay's ' Parliamentary History of Cornwall.'
Courtney's ' Guide to Penzance '; 1845.
Cox's ' How to Write the History of a Parish'; 3rd ed., London,
1886.
Dunkin's ' Brasses of Cornwall.'
Dunkin's ' Church Bells of Cornwall.'
Evans' ' Ancient Bronze Implements of Great Britain.'
Gilbert's ' History of Cornwall.'
Green's ' Short History of the English People '; London, 1881.
Halliwell's ' Rambles in Western Cornwall '; London, 1861.
Hals' ' History of Cornwall.'
Hingeston-Randolph's Indices to the Exeter Episcopal Registers.
Hitchins' * Sea-shore, and other Poems '; Sherborne, 1810.
Holinshed's Chronicle ; London [1586].
34—2
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532 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Hunt's 'Popular Romances of the West of England'; London
(1871).
Jago's Cornish Glossary ; Truro, 1882.
Jago's 'English-Cornish Dictionary'; Plymouth, 1887.
Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall.
Leland's Itinerary.
Lysons' * History of Cornwall'; 1814.
Mackworth-Praed's 'Trash'; Penzance, 1832. (An electioneer-
ing squib.)
Norden's Cornwall.
Norris' 'Sketch of Cornish Grammar'; Oxford, 1859.
' Notes and Queries.'
Oliver's ' Monasticon. Dioc. Exon.'
Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society's Transactions.
Rhys' ' Celtic Britain ' ; London, 1882.
Richards' Welsh-English Dictionary ; Dolgelley, 1815.
Rogers' 'Notice of John Knill'; Helston, 1871.
' Route-Book of Cornwall ' ; Exeter.
Sikes' ' British Goblins ' ; London, 1880.
Stokes' ' Pascon ' (Cornish poem on the Passion). PhUologica)
Society's Transactions.
Tonkin's ' History of Cornwall.'
Tregellas' ' Cornish Tales/
Tregellas' 'Cornish Worthies'; 2 vols., London, 1884.
Tregellas' ' Haunts and Homes of the Rural Population of Corn-
wall'; Truro, 1879.
Tregellas' ' Tourist's Guide to Cornwall ' ; London, 1880-
Tregenna's ' Autobiography of a Cornish Rector ' ; London.
Valor Ecclesiasticus Hen. VIII.; Rolls Series.
Vivian's * Heraldic Visitation of Cornwall, 1620.'
Wallis' ' Cornwall Register '; Exeter, 1847.
Wesley's Journal.
' Western Antiquary ' ; Plymouth.
mmm
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CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA.
Page 7. To the Feras add, * The Bracken, Pteris aquilinaJ
„ 7, line 34. For * Great Britain/ read * the British Isles.'
»» 7> >t 35- For * ^^c south-west of Cornwall/ read * West Cornwall.'
n i^ 9» 3* '^^^ ^^s<^ ^^^ ' Cyamium mmutumJ
„ 16. Add, * Within the Gurnard's Head vallum are several well-defined
hut-circles, especially on the north-east slope, near the edge of the cliff, and
not far from the vallum.'
Page 16, line 28. For * rude-stone,' read * rude stone.'
„ 16, „ 29. For 'country,' read * county.'
„ 27, „ 26. Add, *The church of Phillack is said to owe its origin
to Saint Piala.'
Pa^e 35. Add, * On the west end of the roof of Saint Nicholas' Chapel
there is a small sexagonal granite shaft, tapering towards the top, which must
have originally terminated in a cross.'
Page 39, lines 16, 17. For *This cross,' read *It.'
w 39» Cross No. III. Add, * The reverse side of the head is carved with
a plain Latin cross.'
Page 39, Cross No. IV. Read, *A crucifix, on a round-headed shaft, in
Lelant cemetery ; on the other side is carved a cross pattee fitchee.'
Page 40. Holy Wells. Dele the first line, and read, * These were probably
considered,* etc.
Page 40, Well No. II. Add, 'Almost certainly, "Venton Dovey" means
'* Saint David's Well," and "Nanjivvey," "Saint David's Stream," or "Valley."'
Page 45, line 27. For * Domain,' read * demesne.'
n 52* ti 9* To the list of unexplained field-names, add, 'Park-an-
creet, at the Stennack, above Nanjivvey.'
Page 54. On August 9, 1331, * The parishioners of the Chapel of
Porthya fSaint Ives], belonging to the Parish Church of Lanant, in Corn-
wall, obtained a license for the performance of Divine Service in the said
Chapel, provided that by no means was any portion of the revenues arising
withm the boundaries of the Chapel District to be withdrawn from the Mother
Church in Lanant' The document was written at Clist, the manor at which
Bishop Grandisson was staying. (Hingeston- Randolph ; Grattdisson Register^
»., 32.)
Page 57, line 5. For * Church,' read * church.'
„ 58, „ 55. Ditto.
>» 58, n 43. For * angels,' read * demi-angel corbels.'
„ 62, „ 35. Add, ^ There is, on the wall of the tower, a dial with a
beehive painted on it'
Page 66, line 13. For * J. S.,' read *" I. S." on one side, and the letter "R."
on the other.' And add, 'The old bench-ends by the west door bear the
following devices : i. Shield, with spear and sponge-rod crossed saltirewise.
2. Shield, with Saint Andrew's cross. 3. The letters "D. G." 4. A spread
eagle. 5. A Tudor crowned rose. 6. The letters " I. S." ' Add also, * There
is a fine slate credence-niche in the wall north of the site of the high altar.'
Page 69, line 36. For * canons regular,' read * Canons Regular.'
w 7o» w 9« For * fretwork,* read 'tracery.'
„ 72, „ 32. Add, ' In September, 1549, the bells of the parish churches
of Devonshire and Cornwall having been rung to call the people together
when they rose in defence of Catholicism, Cranmer and others of the Council
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534 A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
ordered all those bells to be taken down which had been rung, except one to
be left in each church. (See Lee, "Edward VI.," App., p. 25a)*
Page 79, line 21. For *John Halse/ read 'James Halse.'
„ 90, „ 24. Read, 'nichil. — The following is a translation of this
document :—'
Page 94, line 21. For 'Valour/ read * Valor.*
„ 115, » 13. For *ffrancor,* read 'ffrancof.'
„ 117, „ 38, b. For * bonus,' read * bonis.'
„ 132. Add, *In the year 1590, Richard Ferris, William Thomas and
Andrew Hill, for a wager rowed in a Thames wherry from London to Bristol.
They stayed a night at Saint Ives, and were hospitably entertained by Squire
ArundelL'
Page 133, line 13. For *Johe,' read *Johe.'
». ^33f » 23. For * Willmo,' read « WillmO.'
„ 134, „ 14. For *Johes,* read *Johes.'
I) I35> f» 21, b. For 'Tremyke,' read * Trerynke.'
„ 135, „ 22, b. For 'Ric/ read *Ric:'
„ 13s, » 33, b. For * Wyllm/ read ' Wyllfti.'
„ 136, „ 26, a. For 'Thorns,' read 'Thorns.'
„ 136, „ 29, a. For *Vyvya,' read * Vyvya.'
n ^37i Ji 5* a- For * Niwell,' read * Nowell.'
»» ^37t »» iS> a. For 'Stepho,' read * StephO.'
„ 137, „ 23, a. For *Robto/ read * RobtO.'
»> 138. j» 38. For *Johes,' read *Johes.'
„ 140, „ 22, b. For * Phdiipus,' read * Phelipus.'
„ 140, „ 24, b. For *Johes,' read *Johes.'
„ 141, „ II, b. For *Johnes,' read *Johnes.'
„ 141, „ 36. For *in,' read *in.'
„ 142, „ 13. For 'Joees,' read *Johes.'
„ 142, lines 31, 32, and 33. For *subs,' read *subs :'
„ 144, line 23. For * first,' read *ne.\t.'
The accounts for the year marked [1576?] on p. 148 should have been
marked [1595], and should have followed on from the bottom of p. 160.
Page 149, line 12. For 'or',' read *o''
„ 153, „ 10. For *exepted,' read *excpted.'
„ 156, „ 9. For * Mouteioye,' read *Mouieioye.'
„ 164, „ 12. For * [soldiers],' read '[marines].'
n '94» »i 5- Add, 'C. S. Gilbert, quoting from Hicks' MS., says,
*' About the year 1634, the coast of Cornwall was much infested with Turkish
pirates, and the fishermen of St. Ives met with two vessels on the main, whose
crews were supposed to have been carried off. These vessels, which were
ascertained to have come from Ireland, were laden with rum and staves, and
being brought into St. Ives, were there seized by Sir John Arundell, who gave
one of them to the fishermen who brought them in, and sent the other to
Padstow. In 1635, a Turkish pirate of twelve guns, and about ninety men,
was brought into the harbour. This ship had previously taken three small
vessels belonging to Looe and Fowey, in which were twelve men and two boys,
who were made prisoners, and the vessels turned adrift. Whilst the pirate was
afterwards cruismg in the channel, the captives conspired against the Turks,
and being luckily all upon deck, a signal was no sooner given, than the captain
was knocked down with the capstan bar, and thrown overboard. The other
Turks were driven below deck, and the cabin and forecastle seized by the
assailants, who immediately sailed for St Ives. Fortunately the wind was
south-west, whereby they reached that port in safety, although their enemies
below continued to fire shot through the deck, during their perilous passa^
She was immediately seized by the vice-admiral, who maintained the Turks in
the town for some months, and is supposed to have afterwards sent them to
their own country." N.B. — There is a family at Saint Ives, called Allen, who
say they are descended from a ''Saracen" who came to the town many
generations back.'
Page 195, line 30. Add, 'After the Saint Ives Roundheads had been
defeated at Longstone Downs, they successfully opposed the Royalist army,
which, under Colonel Goring, was marching upon the town. '* The inhabitants/
says Gilbert, '^ stopped up the roads with hogsheads, filled with sand, and also
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CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA, 53s
kept a strong guard, which obliged the colonel and his men to march back into
the country.'' It is said that barricades of pilchard-casks were put across the
road in the Stennack.'
Page 196, line 17. Add, *In 1653, on the proclamation of CromwelFs
Protectorship, Hicks says "every soldier wore round his hat two yards of
ribbon, one white, the other blue, and several hogsheads of beer were given to
drink the old rebel's health." '
Page 297, line 8. Add the following, from Gilbert : ' In 1705, a Dutch ship,
and the Expedition packet from Lisbon, commanded by captain Clies, were
chased into St. Ives Bay, by a French privateer, which being fired on by the
castle guns, tacked about, and on her departure, fired several shots into the
town. One of these struck a young woman in the street, by which she died the
following day.'
Page 325, line 21. Add, ' Bullan's Lane leads from the Stennack road
northwards up the hill to Ayr.'
Page 327, line 8. Add, *The Meadow is situate by the shore over the
eastern end of Porthmeor.'
Page 357. Add the following extract from the 5/. Ives Weekly Summary of
March 26, 1892:* With reference to the St. Ives Fencibles, a correspondent
writes : — I have interviewed an Old Salt upon the subject and he informs me
that this body of volunteers was in existence during the French war, and was
disbanded at "the Peace" in 181 5 ; so that it is quite possible that Mr. Halse
may have been the Lieutenant-Colonel in command. There was an earth-bat-
tery of fifteen guns on the Island, where the present battery now stands — "the
two-gun battery " at the back of the Island, facing Porthmeor — and four guns
were placed on ** the Castle." The men assembled for drill on the quay every
Sunday morning, each man receiving for his attendance the sum of one shilling,
which was promptly spent for refreshment at the Ship Aground, or other
favourite house, before going home to dinner. My Old Salt, who is now eighty-
two, says that his father was one of the Fencibles, and that he can just remember
"the Peace" in 181 5, and the burning of Bonaparte in eflSgy on the Fore Sand.
The fishermen, during the war, were allowed three months for the mackerel
fishing, and three months for the Pilchard Sean fishery ; but upon one occasion
an English frigate took a number of men out of the boats when on the fishing-
ground, the Captain remarking that " men he wanted, and men he must have !"
So the fishermen, instead of returning to St. Ives with their catches, were taken
away to fight the French.'
Page 361, line 7. For * beech,' read * beach.'
„ 367. Add the following entry in Captain Short's Diary : * 1842, June 21.
A meeting of the parishioners was held yesterday in the Town Hall to take
into consideration the propriety of making a church rate, when it was proposed
to make a rate of one penny in the pound. This was refused by a majority of
fourteen, in consequence of which the church clock was immediately stopped,
the sexton, clerk, and the man who keeps the clock in repairs and winds it up
weekly, being each three years in arrears of salary.'
Page 369, line 41. For 'Bloomfield,' read *Blomefield.'
„ 369. Trevarrack, Add, *This huge boulder bears, in large letters
deeply cut, the inscription, " I. R., 1729."^
Page 419, line 20. For 'under Edward William I., de Boteraus,' read * under
Edward I., William de Boteraus.'
Page 436, line 30. Thamsyn Lemal died circa 1780.
„ 436, „ 33. Ann Lemal was married to John Green 1770, and was
living 1787.
Page 437, line 29. For « 1773,' read * 1780.'
, „ 441. Add, 'The last of the Pawleys was a Miss Jane Pawley, who
died in the poorhouse early in the present century.'
Page 449, line 15. Dele *the house was rebuilt about the year 1888.'
„ 450, last line. For 'John son \sicy read 'John [Joan] daughter.'
„ 485. Add, ' The only representatives of the eldest line of the Williams
family are Mrs. Hannah Grainger Vincent, and her sister. Miss Jessie Vivian
Williams.'
Page 417, line 36. Add, 'The stream called Tye Shoot, flowing northwards
down the bill into, the Stennack.'
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
NOMINA PERSONUM.
Ackland, 232, 234-36, 4198, 525
Adams, 511
Adie, 219
Albemarle, Duke of, 246
Aldrich, 522
Alexander V., Pope, 54-56
Allen, Alan, Allyn, 96, 130, 139, 146, 153,
158, 180, 212, 243. 485, 486. 522
Alva, Duke of, 437
Ammell. 118. 135
Amys, 154, 178, 530
Anawgas, 151
Anbosow. (See Bossow. )
Anderdon, 176, 523
Anderson, 516
Andrew, Saint, 64, 65, 69, 72, 88, 89 ; feast
of, 397
Andrews, Androw. 126, 139, 145, 146, 153,
167, 203, 263, 476, 522
An Gayre. (Sec (lare.)
Anger. (See Care.)
An Gof, Angoflfe. (See Engove.)
Ann, Anne, 175, 179, 216, 517
Anne, Queen, 295, 298
Anson, Commodore, Lord, 81
Anthony, 72, 76, 138, 179, 207, 221, 245, 246,
25»-53. 256. 287, 290-92, 298-305, 307, 311.
362. 37^, 489. 513. 519, 520, 524, 526
Antrim, Earl of, 214
Arbutbnot, 361. 504
Archbishop of Canterbury, 54, 90
Archbishop of York, 47
Arde, 154, 522
Arden, 460
Argosya. 148
Arlyn, 108
Armling, 357
Arthur, 461. 520, 522
Arundell, 114, 116, 117, 121-23, ^A^> I45» I54>
195, 204. 211, 216, 227, 232, 243, 248, 262,
444.490
Asa, 122
Avery, Everye, 128-30. 291, 488
Bacon, 498
Bagwell, Bagewell, 132, 162, 521
Baihff, Bayly, Bailey (and see Trenwilh), 45,
152, 163, 164, 166, 174, 180, 186, 468, 472,
473, 486, 511, 522, 526
Balmer, 522
Bamfield, Bamfyld, 80, 83, 306, 358, 365, 520,
522
Banfield. Bondfeild. 96, 201, 203
Baptismal names, curious and quaiot (female
names marked f.) :
Agnes, Anncs, f., 84, 109, 179, 456
Alan, Alien, 1x8. 439
Alse, Alice, Alicia, f. , 79, 457
Amand, 94
Ambrose, 131, 140, 485
Amy, f. , 484
Amys, 136
Anastasius, 48
Angelus, 48
Avis. 420, 446 [526, 529
Benedict, Benet, 117, 136. 140, 4&4, 512,
Bersaba, Bathsheba, f. , 172
Betty, f., 459
Blanch, f., 97, 450
Bockly. 445
Bridget, f., 120, 422
Bryan, 448
Candace, Candys, f., 82
Cecily, Sisly, f. , 244
Cherry, f., 382
Christiana, Christian, Christen, Chest en.
f-. 97t 179. 197. 199. 200. 227. 228, ajo,
248, 401. 420, 436, 448, 484, 485
Clarinda, f., 494
Claud, Clowde, 137, 138
Clement, 97, 201
Colan, 437
Cornelius, 116, 118, 204
Corydon, 528
Debora. f. , 446
Dewrdy, 119
Digory, 179
Donal, 118-20
Dorothy, f., 486
Drogo. 89
Duence, f., loi
Earthy, f., 449
Effrem, Ephraim, 223
Eldred, 85
Emlyn, loi
Enoder. 302, 526
Euronimus, Jeronymo, 297
Ferdinand, 460
Florence, f. , 484, 486
Garland, 512
Gregor, 530
Grenville, Granville, Grenfield, Gren-
freedus, Greenfreedus, Grenfd, 427,
446
Hannibal (diminutive Honey ; hence
sometimes Honeyball), 203, 466
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
537
Baptismal naLmes—roufinued.
Hector, i86, 355, 431
Hendry, Henry, 174
Honor, f., 83. 131, 197, 198, 200, 303,
422, 43». 457. 484
Hopkin, 79. 81
Jasper, 83, 248, 303, 336, 393, 484
Jenetta. f., 136
Jennipher, Ginevra, f., 478
Jermyn, German, 135, 136, 150
Jeronymo, Euronimus, 301, 446
Juliana, f., 100
Lancelot, 485
Leonora, C, 196
I-oveday, Lowdy, f., 465
Lydia, f.. 102, 448
Lystria. f., 400
Marcella, f., 436
Margery, f., 83. 96, 202, 435, 439
Marina, f., 48
Nichodemus, 132
Noel, Nowdl, Noall, 116, 118, 137, 250,
498
Otho, Otto, Odo, Otes, 48. 49, 66, 119,
„ 134. 139. 140
Pascasius, Pascow, Pascoe, 118, 135. 136.
358
Penticost, Pencaste. 485
Perye, 136
i'hillis. n, 84, 109. 400
Phylpott, 138
Pliberus, 138.
Reis, Rysse, Rice, 164, 525
Renatus, Regnaldus, Reynold, Reginald,
232, 242, 477, 478, 530
Revena, Rowena, f., 477
Samson. Sampson, f., 198, 201
Saundry, 172
Sebastian. Bastyn, 136
Senota, Sinara, f.. 48
Sibella, f.. 305. 435, 448
Teage, 486
Thomasine, Thamsyn, Tamsen, f., 436,
463.484
Tiberias, 448
Tryphena. f., 484
Tudwal, 115
Udyn, Euden, Uren, 136-39
Vivian, Vyvyan, 74, X16-18, 299-302, 305,
311. 362, 365, 463, 481, 519, 524
Wame, 202
Wilmot, f., 96, 251, 431, 457, 484
Yves, Ivo, 32, 118, 366
Zenobia, f.. 203. 431, 449, 462-65
Baragwanath. Bargwanoe, loi, Z19, 142, 203,
251, 264, 265, 268, 291, 465
Barber, E^arbar, Barbor, Barboure, 116, 140,
167, 174, 176, 178-80, 186, 189. 192, 198-
202, 224, 231, 240, 247, 249, 256, 268, 287,
288, 468. 484, 512, 517, 518, 523, 526, 527,
529.530
Barclay, 291
Barret. 122, 147, 153. 165, 485, 517, 528
l^rricus. Saint. (See Fmbar, Saint )
Barrow, 122
Barry, 153
Barwell, 503
I^ssett, 193. 194, 906, 207, 209, 211, 213,
214, 219, 239, 250, 499, 500
Bath, Earl of, 371, 274, 294. 528
Batten, 376, 522
^«iy. 358, 363. 520, 522
Beake, 502
Bearde, Birde, 127, ia8, 130, 485
Beare. 254. 289, 300, 338. 432
Beaufon, Earls of Somerset, 45, 48, 473
Bedford, 75
Bedloe, 253
Bell, 196
' Bellott, 202
! Benettow, 136
I Bennetts, Benett, 77, 83, 97, 11 1, 122, 179,
I 180, 268, 294, 358. 365. ^5, 486, 494, 526
I Berriroan, Berryman, Bereman, 81, 86, loi,
I 1x0, 142, 180. 202-4, 224, 286, 309, 365.
1 384. 485. 512, 527. 530
' Berry, 132
Bettie, Bettye, 228, 332, 233, 238
Bevan, 363
I Bevyll, Bevell, 115, 117, 126, 150
Biggs, 320
Billings, 172
Binnore, 486
Biroo, 85
Bishop, 179, 315. 216, 218, 486, 527
Blackwell, 441
Blount, 497
Bluett, 365
Blunderbore, Giant, 380, 381
Boase, Boaz, Bose. 435
• Bobby Griglans,' a/ias ' Skilly widden,' 383
Bochym, of that ilk, 132
Bodener, 119
Body, 131. 350, 353, 367
Boleine, Bullen, 165, 303
Bolitho. 308, 234, 325, 294, 338. 486, 505,
527
Bolton, Duke of. (See Pawlet.)
Borfold, 160
Borlase, of that ilk, 19, 23, 103, no, in, 202.
^ 299, 301, 305, 501
Borlase, Doctor, 5, 18, 20, 32, 31, 38, 41, 77,
343. 344. 402, 432
Borthalan, 116, 118
Borwenick, 165, 166
Bosamoth, 485
Bosanqnet, 494
Bosence, ^122
Boshaberthewe, Bossaverthew, Boshaber, 1x4,
117, 119. 407
Bosistow, Bosustow, 98, 301, 302, 474
Bosiihiow, 169. 178, 468, 485, 526, 530
Boson, Bosen, 243, 402
Bossowsack, zi6, 4x9
Bosswage, 150
Bosworveth, 1x4
Boterel, Bottrell, De Botriaux, 45-47, xoi,
259, 264, 268, 3x4, 389, 4x9, 436, 448
Boucher, 249
Boulay, 357
Boutett, 77
Bowden, Boden, Bawden, 152, x8o, 243
liowyer, Boyer, 12 x, X33, 153, 165
Bradshaw, 303
Braganca, Catherine of. (See Catherine of
Braganza.)
Braggeman, X39
Branwell, 438
Bray, Brea, Brey, Bre, 85, 86, 136, 137, x8o.
485
Breaca, Saint, 38
Brenton. 35X
Bretton, 1x5, 498
Bridgwater, 241, 267
Brigit, Saint, 28
Bristow, 503
Broke, De, Lords. (See Willoughby. )
Bronesoombe, Bishop of Exeter, 108
Brongston, 1x5, 1x7
Brook, 498
Brothers, 169
Browne, 179, 180, x86, 331, 364, 267, 368,
287. 435. 486. 528, 599
/"
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Google
538
A HISTORY OF ST, IVES.
Bryant, 135, 365, 388. 390. 436, 463, 485,
^494. 509. 512
Bickioghamsbire. Earls of. (See HobarL)
Bullie, 230
Bullock, 73, III, 340, 243. 247, 248, 262.64,
267, 269, 289, 513, 522
Bulwer-Lytton, 362
Buonaparte. 350. 352, 353, 356. 357
Burch, 290
Burgess, 363, 473, 475
Bunana, Saint, 28
Burlye, Burleigh, 126
Burncoose, Broncoyse, Broncorse, 117, 119,
135, 140-42
Burnet, 123
Burthingye, 196
Burtbogge, Bonbogga. 169. 172, 174, 175,
179, 182, 517
Bussow, B<»sow, Bowssow, Anbosow, loi.
1 16-19, 13s. 136, 14^. 161. 163, 167, 198,
215, 220, 229, 274, 407. 525, 530
Busvargus, 422, 495, 519, 523
Butler, 230
Butsava, 535
Bydewy, 403
Cade, 520
Caerhays, Keryhays, Crase, 48, 90, 160
Calaroy, Callame (and see Kelway), 150,
»59
Callaway. (See Kelway.)
Calmady, 48, 114, 116, Z17
Camden, Clarenceux, 447
Campyon, Kempyen, 158, 179
Canas, 473
Candrow, 153, 154, 157, 161. 162, 169, 173,
174. 179. 468, 517, 530
Candys, 238
Caple, 179, 240
Capps, 219
Carallack, Karrallake, 136
Cardew, zoo, 363, 522
Cardinan, 88. 89
Care, An Gayr, Ani;er. Aogeare, Geare. 142,
410, 51 z. (See also Gear. )
Caredon, 494
Carew, Carey, Cary, 126. 150 ; Carew's
'Survey of Cornwall,' 31. i2z. 206, 209.
331. 373. 392. 393. 417. 426, 435. 438, 445.
478, 479 ; Bamfylde Moore Carew, 316
Carlyon, Carlaye, 77, 136, 178, 243, 287, 512,
513. 527
Carnarthur, 116
Came, 297, 30Z, 446. 512
Caminny, Kameny, zzs. Z17, 119, 408, 473,
485. 486
Caipenter, Z54. 157. X97. Z99, 304. 523, 524,
538
Carvedris, Carveddras, zs3, 154, 476. 517
Carveiih, 486
Carway, 403, 404. (See Kelway. )
Cater, 401
Catberine of Braganza. 241, 244
Ceely. 7Z, Z69, i73-7S» '79. »8z, 188, Z94,
Z99. 200. 204, 208, 217, 2x8, 222-24, 230-33,
236-38, 240, 249, 290, 311, 420, 499, 517-Z9,
527 ; Ceely's house, 323, 422
Challacombe, 132. 521
Chambre. Champer. 125. 497
Chamond. X35
Champen, Champion, Z09, 486
Champernowne. 42, 46, 54, 89
Chandler, 501
Chapland, Cbaplalne, Shaplaine. (See Shap-
land)
Chapman, 295
Chard. 494
Charles I.. King, z82, 193, 195. 196^ 209.
499* 500 ; Charles II., 92, 239. 24Z
Chellew, Cehellowe, Salowe, loz, Z37. 139.
365. S»
Cherry of Treen, 382
Chilcott, 196
Chivarton, Ch}anon, Chiuertonne. 48, 159.
Z72, 408
Chobham, 126
Christian. 84
Christopher, 20Z
ChyanhBde. Chynale, Z35
Chynals, Cbenals, 1Z9, Z33. 146
Chynoweth, Chinowith, 120, 130, 138. 159
Chywone. Z47
Ciceley, Sisley. 51 z
Clarenceux. (See Camden.)
Clark. Clarke. 77, 81, 84. Z28. 131, Z44, 196.
233> 237. 245. 249, 286. 289
Clerk, John. Vicar of Leiant, 56
Clies, Clyse, Clyc, 64, 133, X40, 5x3
Clinton. 497
Cloak. Qoke. 260. 468. 522
Cock, Z27-29, Z36. z8o, 186, 2X2, 2Z5, ai9.
225. 260, 287, 297, 302, 304, 468, 485, 5z<^
522. 525, 526, 528, 530
Cocking, Cockin, Cokyn, Cocken, Z14, xi6.
zz8, X39, Z40-42, Z45, X46. X53. 162, »68.
X73. Z79. 215, 3x6. 224. 232, 240. a47-.J9,
251, 290. 292. 394. 295. 297, 409. 423. 468.
476. 517. 525. 526, 530
Coffen, 485
Cogar, Cowga. Coga, Cogger, Ffoger, 170,
23»-33. 238, 244, 24649, 29Z, 203. 4S7. 4*4.
494. 5". 520, 526. 528
Coisewyn, 1x7
Colan, Collins, 1x7, 537
Colby, 498
Cole, X3X, 220
Coleman, Colman, 289, 303
Colenso, Kelensow, Calesowe. Kalinsowc.
135. 140-42
Coleridge, 89
Colgan, 28
Collins, 286
Connell, 245
Coode, Coad, 243
Cook, Z31. 151. 340
Cook, CapUin, 3Z0, 459
Cooper, 75, 97
Corhwer, an alien, 139
Cornish, 46, 100, 297. 336, 385
Cornwall, Earis and Dukes ot, 43, 45. 46
Cornwall, Comali, (j/fVu Stevens, X40. t8o. 53S
Cory, Corey, Corry. Currie, Z33, 154, z66,
191. X92. 264, 265. 367. 53X. 535. s^
Cossens, Cosyns, Cossyn, Cosen, X53, X79,
X85, 186, 203, 2x6, 224, 236, 243. 526, 5^7
Coswarth. X47
Colhey. 359
Cotton, 268
Couch, Cowch, Coutch, Cooch. 79, 81. 1 14,
20Z. 203, 2x4, 330, 33X, 224. 225, 228. 230U
23Z. 234, 237. 239, 248, 250. 254. 287, 409,
449. 494. 5". 513. 5«8. 523. 527. 529
Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, ' My-
Lady's Preachers.* 348
Courquain. 46Z
Courtney, Courtenay, 277. 29X
Coward, 287
Coyte, Cote, Quoite, Goite, Gote. Z56-58.
x66, z8o, 485
Craze, Grease, 236, 520. 53X (and see
Caerhays)
Creach, 366, 367
Creed, 13Z. 2z8, 255. 485
Crewena, Saint, 28
Digitized by
Google
INDEX,
539
Crornvrell, Oliver and Richard, 231, 234, 235,
237»499
Cross, 311. 528
Crowar, 151
Cro«-c, 199
Cuban, Cubert, Kebartc, 180, 244. 255. 486,
5M
Cundy. 83, 95
Cuunack, 487
Curgenven, 97
Cumow, 62. 84, 97, loi, 197, 199. 201-3, 267.
293, 294. 297. 359, 363. 448. 494, 513. 524
Daoey. 180
' Daddoe ' (additional surname), 403. 404
Dale, 209
Dangerfield, 253
Daniel, Danicll, 264. 309. 343, 347, 361. 521.
524, 526. 529
Daumarl, 48
Davenant, 500
Davenport. 505
David, 90
David, Saint (See St. Jivvey, Nanjiwey,
Venton Dovey.)
Davies, Davis, 46, 308, 511
l^vy, 74, 80, 118, 119, 180, Z98. 199, 238,
267. 297, 330, 336, 404, 460, 484, 485, 514.
522, 526
Dayow, Dyo. Dogowe, 136, 148, 153, 179,
303. 216, 224, 245, 246, 256, 258. 260, 274
DeArlyn. (SeeArlyn.)
De Cardinan. (See Cardinan. )
De Felire. 357
De Ferrer-*, 42
De Hardeshull. 46
De Haveryng, 46
De Heligon, 89
De Larooren. (See I^moren.)
Dc Penrose. (See Penrose.)
De Ponhya, 48
De Ruyier, 246
De Sackville, I>e Sicca- villa. (See Sadcville. )
De St. Leger, 46
De Syon. (See Syon.)
Decrfa, 357
Dehany, 503
Dell, 210, 499
Denham, Deynham, Djmham, Dyname,
Dinan (and see Tredinbam), 128, 129, 131,
165, 180, 522, 528
Denhay, 131
Dennis, Denys, 136, 150, 339
I>enire, Saint. 31
E)erwentwater. Lord, 304
Devereaux, 352
Dewen, 151, 164
Dewrdy Downe, an alien. 119
Diggens, 201, 204. 208. 222-25, 228, 232, 241,
242. 248, 252, 259. 267, 457, 518, 528
Dinan, a great lord at Sl Ives, 29, 30
Docton, 520
Domville, 522
Donelli. an Irishn^an, iiS-ao
Donnall, 522
Donythome, 248
Dovey, Saint. (See St. Jiwey.)
Downes, 344
Downing, 155
Dredge. 472
Drew, Dery, 1x0, 148. 151
Dmmmond, 503, 506, 514. 515
Dudly, 248
Duffield, 172
Dundye, 131
Dunn, Dun. 494. 528
DuoDoe, 955
Dumnt, Dunanc, 485, 503. 506, 5x4. 515
Dyer. (See Morrish and Antbony. )
Dyngesein (and see Hingston), 117
Eddy. 400, 447
Edgecumbe, 115, 487
Edward VI., King. 70. 121, 123
Edwards, 76, 78, 79, 97, loz, 130, 136, 137.
Z40-42, 153. 165, 196^, 200-3. 2^3. 25«.
263. 264. 268, 294, 302, 3P3, 307. 308, 3S13.
324. 345. 346. 358. 390. 424. 431. 488. S".
515. 519. 523. 524
Jfoi "
Elford, 501
Elliott. 495
Ellis, Eles, 150, 437, 485, 516, 522
EUydon, Eleydon, 525
I Elvinus, Euwinus, Elwyn. Euny, Uny. Saint
I 37-29, 68, 92, 124
< Engove, Angoflfe, 1x6, 118, 136-38, 179. 403
I Ercius. Ertius, Herygh, Erth, Saint, 27, 28
I Eriscy, 474
I Erryngton, Z12
I Eswyn. 338
Eustis (and see Ustick), 439, 485
I Eva. 154, 530
Evan, an alien, 139
Evans, 129
Evelyn, 359, 360, 504
Eyl«. 355
Eyr, 36, 37
Fairfax, 195, 336
Farquharson, 97
Fayrehoven, 338
Ferrers. (Sec De Ferrers.)
Ferris, fferys. 127, 167
Ffabis. 179
Ffoger. (SeeCogar.)
Ffownes, 181
Fielder. 210, 499
Finbar, Fingar, Gwinear, Barricus, Saint.
27-29
Fisher, 156, 164
Fitzharding, 302
Fleming, Z14, 450
Fletcher, 158, 166
Floyd, 292, 299
Foreter, 304
Fortescue, Fforteskewe, 126
Foster, 179
Fowler, no, 222, 254. 267, 268, 460, 521.
Fox, 234
Freeman, 79, 3x9, 465, 512
Friggens, 311
Fuller, 124
GarnJcr. 357
Gavrigan, of that ilk. 425
Gawden, 267
Gayroun, 90
Gear (and see Care), iz6. 136, X4Z, Z42, 309,
410. 5»*
Gecn. Z14. aoz. 494. 5xz
Gentyll, Jentyll, ZZ2, ZZ5
George I., 302 ; George II., 305
German. (Seejermyn.)
Germochus. Germoe, Saint, 28
Gerveys-Grylls, 50
Gibbs, 2X4-z6, 527
Giddy. 46
Gilbert. Davies. 364
Giles, Gyles, Geiles, Geles, X53. Z79. 203.
243. 253. 257. 260, 263, 964, 286-88, 486,
5". 526
* Gillen ' (additional sumazne), 484
Glasioure. 497
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Google
540
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Glyno, 47. 48. 113. 114, 116, 118, 119, 133,
135. 426. 476. SP3
GoddvD, 249
(xodolphio, 117, 135, ia6, 134, 143, 145. 148,
i54i I55> i^> 1^41 303, 906, 309, 310, 230.
226-28. 241, 248, 251. 291, 427, 451, 465,
498-500
Goldsmith, 160, 172
Goman, 147. 525. 526
' Gonew ' (additional surname. See also
Stevens), 403, 404. 410, 448, 457
Gooch, 139
Good, 193, 316, 393. 533. 597
Good, Bishop of Exeter, 113
Goodall, Gooda, Goodale. Godale, 116, xi8,
133. 135. 137-39. 14a. 146. 147. 179. 197-
aoi, 203, 308, 223, 224, 485, 486, 52a, 523,
525, 526, 528
Goodman, 179
Goodwyn, 129. 131
^iooilge, 529
Gordon, 291
Gordon, I^dy Catherine. 47
Gorewyll. 56
Gorham. Gorrem, 289, 290
Goring, 500
Goteree, 336
Goulde, 179, 207
Gracedieu, Sir Bartholomew. 297, 501
Graham. 359. 360, 504
Grant, 386
Gray, 308
• Greek, The Old' (John Stephens), 458, 459
Green, loi, 308, 436
Greffor, 179. 180
Gregonr, 423
GrenfeU, Grenfel, Grenfield. 79. 84, 244, 308,
309. 358. 478, 489. 510-"
Grenville, Granville. 194, 195, 214. 295
Grey. Lord, 123
Grosvenor. 255
Grosse, 202
Grove, 46
Grylls. 50
Gubbs, 319. 311, 519
Guildford, Lord. 285
Guisa, 119
Gundry, Gowndry, 118
Gunne, 263
Gurlyn. Carlyon, Gorlen. 177, 133
Guvan, 56
Gwavas,* 202
Gweader, 1x8. 403
(iwynog. Vinochus, Gwednack. Saint, 99,
124, 407. 416
Gylbert, Ivo, a Breton. 118
Hain, Hayne, 117, 119, 143, 145, 318. 432,
5ao»52i
Hall. 74, 77, 98, 301. 489, 512
Halse, Hals, Hawle, 46. 49, 56. 72, 79. 114.
133. 127, 129, 139, 172, 177, 196-98. 200-2,
335. 359. 360, 362. 363, 366, 367. 394, 410.
427. 504. 505. 520
Hambly, Hamely. 46. 116, 130, 259, 468.513,
522
Hamblyn, Emblyn. 296
Hammond, Hamond, Haman. Haymon, 131,
137, 186, X91. Z92, 195. 198-301. 303-5,
209-iz, 2x3. 215-220. 222. 223. 225, 337,
230-32. 234-37, 240-42, 244-47. 249-52. 265.
268, 423. 5x7. 518. 523, 525. 527, 538. 530
Hampden, 499
Hampton, 200. 268
Hanse. 287
Hanleshull. (See De Hardeshull. )
Harding. 73, x66, 253
Harlye. 179
Harrington, 497
Harris, Harrys, 46, 97, X42. 170. X78. x8i,
202, 204, 224, 228. 232. 234. 235. 238, 240,
248, 249, 296. 339. 384. 432. 500. 501. 5x8.
530, 538. 529. (H. of Hayne. 397, 30X.)
Harrison, 217
Harry, Hanie, Herry, 76. 77. 82. 97, 98. 1x6.
X18, X35, 136. X40. X4X, 148. X49. X77, x8o.
241, 247. 266. 304, 306-8. 3x1. 386, 422.
448, 485, 494, 5x2, 519, 52X, 523, 524.
(Harry's Court, 327.)
Hart, 303
Harvey, Hervy, 133, X36, 140, 294, 485. 526.
5*7
Hastynge. Lady. 114, X15
Havart. 523
Haveryng. (See De Haveryng. )
Hawes, Hawys, 97. 135
Hawke, Hake. 116, X51, 173. 179, 3o6, 317,
398, 424, m6, 529
Hawking, Hawkins (and see Hocking), 77.
258. 260, 262-67, 274. 290. 294, 296, 297,
339. 506. 5x3, 5x8, 522. 527, 529
Hawkins, Sir Christopher, 45. 334. 359-62,
444.504
Hawles. 50X
Hayme. Haime. X40, 141
Haywood. Hey wood. 124, 352
Hazarde, 219
Hearle. 46
Hearle of Penryn, 459
Hele, Heale, 45. 234, 43X, 432
Heligon, De, 89
Hendra, Hendry, 163, i"65. 180. 192, 486,
,522.525.527
Heney. 308
Henry V., 54 ; Henry VL. 54 ; Henry VIII..
112, X34
Hext, X69, X75, x8o. x88-93. 198-202, 209,
2x2, 216, 227, 228. 248, 290, 29X. 428. 468,
485. 517. 518. 537. 528
Hichens. Hichings. Hechins. Huchyn. a/ias
Trescaw. 69, 72, 74, 79, 80. 96, 114, xx6,
xx8. 1x9, i^. 134, X47. 169. 173-76, X79,
182, 189-91, 20X, 303, 204, 2x6. 2x7, 224,
225, 232, 243-47, 249-53. 267, 274, 291. 296,
299-301. 305* 307. 3C^. 3»i. 338. 339. 358-
60, 364, 398. 426. 428, 435. 468. 469, 484,
485, 488, 506, 509. 5x7-20, 523-25. 528-30.
(Hichens of Penzance. 30, 487. 5aa )
' Hicka Bean' (Cornish nickname). 5x1
Hicks. 58. 72, 77. 78, X02. XX5. xx6, 1x9, X30.
135. 139-42. 144. 146, 153. 158-63. 168, X69,
172-75. 177-79. x8i, 182. X85-92, 197-205,
216-19, 22X, 223-25. 227-30, 232, 234, 237.
238, 240, 243, 249. 250, 253. 256, 258-60,
262, 264, 266, 267, 274,286, 289-9X, 293-95,
297. 299-301. 304, 305, 307-9. 317. 326,
339. 424. 428, 431. 436, 465. 466, 468. 470.
476, 486. 494. 495, 50X, 5x7-19. 523. 524.
526-530. (Hicks' Court, 3x7.)
ill, X27. X64, 165
Hil
Hingeston-Randolph, Prebendary, 106. xo8
Hingston (and see Dyngesan), ^. 265. 306,
, 524
Hippo, William. Bishop of. 99
Hobart, Earls of Buckinghamshire, 338, 339,
458, 487. 488, 498. 500-503. 514, 528
Hobba. 90
Hobb;rn, 77, 255, 343. 344, 532
Hocking. Hawkin, Hawkins, Hocklns,
Hockin, 82. X72, 179, 203, 213, 214, 223,
237-39. 241, 246, 247. 25X, 252, 254. 256,
288, 293. 324, 365, 468, 486, 51 X, 520, 532.
„525t528, 530
Hodge, 81, 204, 262, 264. 266, 338, 512
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Google
INDEX,
541
Holiburn, Giant (Riolobran?). 379, 381
Holinshed, 3, 4, 13, 48
Hollow, Holla, no, 148, 400, 494, 530
Holman, 307, 448
Holmes, 122
Holstock, 249
Hooker, 292
Hopkins, 501
Hopton, Sir Ralph, ' Lord,' 195, 214, 215,
336
Hore, 995
Homer, 505
Hosking, Hoskins, Hosken, 96, 97, lao, 140-
42. 197, 198. 203, 234, 237, 24B, 250. 426.
,,530
Hotfaam, 502
How. Howes, 98. 484
Howard, 126
Howell, 181
Hoyle (Howell?). 188
Hugget, 218, 521
Hughes, 128-30, 230, 221
Humphreys, 436, 485, 511
Hungerford, 47
Hunsdon, 126
Hunt, 45. 359
Hurley, Hurlye, Whorlie, 72, 128-30, 132,
164, 170, 17a. i75i 197-aoi. ao3, 468, 486
Hyatt, 220
la, Saint, 4, 27-31, 35, 40.60, 68, 69. 72, 124,
Z43. (Sl la Street, 328.)
Ingleton, 521
Ivo, Saint, 31, 32
Jack, Jacka, 129-31, 164
* Jack Harry's Lights,' 386
Jackman, 252
Jackson. 205, 210, 212, 213, 287, 295, 521
Jago, Jagowe, 169, 486
James, 77, 102. 120, 140, 141. 146, 147, 153,
156, i6x, 162, 165, 168, 179, 201, 203, 204,
216, 220, 223, 224, 232, 234, 237, 260, 290,
291, 293, 296, 298-300, 302, 305. 311, 339,
340. 468, 470. 478, 485, 486, 497, 512, 517,
518, ^22, 523. 525, 526, 530
James I., 182. 451 ; James II., 256, 260, 270,
291, 295, 500; James IH., 295, 304, 343,
344
Jausliog, 179, 486
Javelyn, 129
Jeifrye, Geffreys, Z40-I73, 219, 521
Jdbartt, 526
Jenkyns, Jenkin, 85, 1x5, 116. xi8, 135-37,
139, 160. 164. 244, 297, 299. 359, 522
Jennings, Gennings, 97, 232, 233, 253, 308,
463. 5". 5"
Jermyn, German, 173, 176. 486
Jewel. Bishop, 73. 253
Jewell. 77
Job. 231, 244, 250
John, Johns. 85. 98. no, 135, 233, 485. 514
John XXUL. Pope. 55,56
• John-&-Court,' 332, 333
Johnson, Jonson, 170
Jones, 71, 251, 256, 263, 297, 396, 494, 522
lope, 487
lory, 108, 179
Jose, 84, 136
Kdgwyn, 73, 75, 76, 202, 522
Keiste, z8o
Keliihellan, x8o
KeUy, 86
Kelway, Kellowaie, Callaway, Carraway,
Carway, Calamy, Cellmgaye. 135. 141. 142.
15 1, 196-98. 200-3
Kdynack, Clynacke, 136
Kemp, 97
Kempthome. 87. 360. 439. 495, 513
Kendrick, 97
Kenmure, Lord, 304
Kernick, 494. 520
Keskeys, Caskayes. 114. 117. 473, 474
Killigrew, 117. 134. 176,498
Killington, 210
Kilter, 121
King. 9, 74. 19s. 5»9
Kingston, 123, 124, 302
• Kit Lcmal,' 436. 437. 514
Kitto. Kyttawe. 150. 173. z8o. 449. 526
Knight. 131. 160, 179. 468
KnilU John, 306. 308. 323, 332-34. 437, 487.
490-494f 508. 5»o. 5". 5i4. 5»9
Kniveton, 306
Knollys, 501 •
Knott, 73, 76
Kockwill, 166
Krefty, 160
' Kyow Angove.' 403
Lac^pMe, 357
Ladaw, Letha, 133, 140, 141
Laffim, 505
Laity, Leyty. 117, 119, 411
Lake, 245, 498
Lamandy, Odo, an alien, 134
Lamiton, zi8
Lamoren, 108, 109
Land, 230, 521
Lander, Launder, 172, 180, 241, 247. 359,
363. 41a. 473. 478. 496. 528. 530
Lane, 310. 519, 522. 524
Lanyon, 146, 147, 153. 256. 258, 259, 274,
387. 291, 309, 431, 468, 477, 512, 518
Latour, 361
Launce, 254
Launton. Lannton, Lantone. Lynton.Lynten,
179.526-529
Lawrence. 301, 303, 310
Lawry, Lory, 97, 135, 140, 197. 198. 200-202,
205, 210. 250, 529
T..each, 478
Leadus, 77
Leddra, 135
Leggo. 83, 299, 303. 305. 478. 484
Leicester, Earl of, 499
Leland, 3, 29. 427
Lemal. Lamalle. 313, 420, 435, 512, 514
Lembrey, 203, 512
Leonard . Saint (See Chapel of St .Leonard. )
Leonard. 198, 210. 230
Lerebay, 247
Lestock, Admiral, 343
Levelis, 202
Ley, 76, 77, 80. 84. 307, 310. 359, 457, 519
Lisle, 499
Littleton, 226, 229, 233, 529
Livinus, Levan, Saint, 28. 72
Loder. 258
Louis XIV., 288
* Lucas saootlos,' 89
Luck, Luke, Lock, Lukas.'i36, 140, 154, 179.
180, 338, 522, 526
Lush, 506
Lycett, Sir Francis, 506
Lync. 339
Mabbe, Mobe, 128, 132. 529
Macintosh, 304
Mackey, 352
Mackinnon, 504
Mackworth-Praed (and see Ptaed), 303. 304,
445.5a*
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542
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Maddern, 199, 200, 203, 354
Magniac, 505
Maine, MayD,r 84, 96
Major, Maior, 72, 76, 85, 180. 204. 246, 248,
257. 874. 308. 448. 489. So8» 509. 5". 5»3.
524. 528
Makarto, 211
Malkin, 533
Manne, 526
\fansfield, 514
Marchant, 401, 420
' Marina vidua,' 48
Marlborough, Duke of, 291, 296
Marsbfield, Mansfield, Mereffyld, Merifelde,
Murfill, 140, 15s, 173, 476, 517
Martin, Martins. 86, 87, 102, 135, 179, 197,
199, 200, 210, 363, 367, 499
Manianus, Mervyn, Merryn, Minn, Saint, 28,
413
Mary, 486
Mary, Queen of England, 124, 125, 138, 497
Mason, 132, 158. 521
Massa, Duke of, 357
Masters, 132, 173, 531
Mathews, Mathow, of Towednack and Zennor,
115, 118, 135, 448, 485, 486, 526, 529
Mathews. Matthews, one of the Pendennis
Royalists, 195
Matthews, Mathews, of Norwich and Saint
Ives, 8, 9, 78, 79, 81, 86, 87, 307-9, 362,
437. 486, 513, 514. 526, 527. 529
Matthews, Admiral, 341, 343
Mattie, 230, 231
Maude, joS
May, 176, 185, 257, 274, 297, 301, 363, 411,
416, S13, 530
Maynard, 338
Mayney, 498
Mayow, 123
Medlycott, 460
Meradocus, Meriasec, Saint, 53
Merlin, 357
Merrill, 475
Merthyr, 115, 118
Michael, Saint, effigy of, 66, 67
Middleton, aiias Thomas (q. v.), 394, 403,
404, 484
Militon, Myllyton, of Pengerswick, 473, 475
Millett, 495
Mills, 503
Millward, Millard, Myllard, 135, 344
Minno, 512
Minors, 494
Mitch, 191, 521
Mitchell, Michell, Mychell, 76, 77, loi, 116,
136, 138-42, 153. 173. 198. 203, 204, 244,
249, 351, 369, 396, 399, 451, 500, 5"-i3.
520, 525. 529
Mohun, 36. 46, 114, 1x6, 1x7, 137, 480
Molesworth, 314. 289
' Molkin ' (additional surname), 403
Monmouth, Duke of, 256
Montgomery, 503
Morcumbe, 178, 521
More, 303
Moreton, Earl of, 45
Morgan, 81, X37, 138, 131, 393, 338, 522
Morley, 498
Morrack, Merrake, 108, ixo
Morrin, 334
Morrish, Morris, alias Dyer, alias Anthony,
X14, 30I, 303, 212, 2x8, 224, 339, 330, 339-
41, 343, 347, 258, 266, 367, 274, 286, 363,
435. 446, 4S7» 525. 529
Morrison, 504
Morsyny. (Sec Porscny.) [521
Morton, Moreton, Mourton, 85, 122, 132,
; Mountjoy, Lord, 4, 42, 151, 156. 497, 498
; Moyl, 403
, Mulfra, 78, 303, 308, 508, 519, 524
j Muraire, 357
I Murfill. (See Marshfield.)
I Murth, Murt, 430
' Nance, Nans. Trenance, 49, 77, 117, 1x9. 125,
I 126, 128, 129, 131, 132, X3S, 159. 172, 179,
x8o, 204. 213, 317, 232, 334. 231. 352. 374.
3T0, 342-s, 348, 400, 403, 412, 438, 481. 485.
! 513. 523. 524. 528
Nancothan, Nanscothan, 116, xi8, 486. 528,
530
Nansely, 136
Nanspean, X20
Nelson, Methodist preacher, 341, 342
Nelson, Admiral Lord, 461
Nerncjs, 357
Newman, 127, X28, 132, X39, 217, 258. 260.
288, 289, 291, 293, 486, 497, S30, 539
Nicholas, Saint. (See Chapel of Saiot
Nicholas.)
Nicholas (and see Nicholls). 47. X15, X97. 306.
437, 43s, 463. 5x9. 531, 533, 528 (N. alias
James. 530)
Nicholas III., Pope, 90
Nicholls, Nickols, Nickell, Nydys, Ncalys
(and see Nicholas), 76, 78, 119, 159, 163.
179. 485. 486
Ninnes, Ninnis, Nenis, Nenys, 97, 135, 20a.
231* 233, 24X, 3x0, 4x2, 448, 494, 496, 528
Nithisdiile, Lord, 304
Noall. Noal. Noell. Nowell, Nawll. NoUc.
Nole, 76, 78, 82, X39, 147, 180. 186, 301,
203, 204, 216, 219, 224, 232, 233, 337-9, 274,
289, 301, 302, 339, 486, 494, 512, 513. 518,
519, 522-4. 528. 529
Noble, 301
Northumberland, Duke of, 503
Norton. 303
Nosworthy, 248, 253, 339 446, 499, 500, 518
Note, 5x3
Nowell, a Bretori, 135-7
Nowre. (SeeTreanowre.)
Noy, 46, 157, 303, 498
Nuttell, 468
Oates, Otes, Ots, Ottys, .\ts, 49, 120. 137. 129.
139, 140, 145, X46, 149, 153, 158. 162. 166.
196-8, 300, 476, 485, 5x7. 536, 530
Oates, Titus. 73. 353
O itey, 73
Odger, 366, 495
Oliver, Olvcr, ixo, X78, 532
Oman, an alien, 1x8, 138
O'Neall, 500
Opie, Opye, x8o, X95. 2x7, 218
Opie, the' painter, 488
Orchard, 262
Ormond, Duke of. 215
Osborne. Osbon. Osbran, 96, 252 269
Overton, 500
Owre. (SeeTreanowre.)
Oxford. Eart of, 116
Paddon, 446
Parfitt, 397
Parington, 250
Parker, 82, X30, 148, 172, 302
Parkhurst. 4^
Parsons, 197, 199, 200-2
Pasco, Paskowe, 76, 1x6, xi8, 294, 295, 307,
523.529
Patrick, Saint, 27, 28
Paul, Pawle, X70, 485, 505, 513
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
543
Pawlet. Marquesses of Winchester and Dukes |
of Bolton, 43. 45. Z96, sio, 211, 245, 351,
25a. 2S4. 255. 284, 287. 288. 291. 293rS. 297,
3»o. 333. 338. 439. 464. 978
Pawley. Pawly, Pkwlye, Paly, PowUe, 76, 95.
114. 115. 1x7-19. 133. 134. 136-42. 195-98.
200-3. 219, 245.250, 252. 264. 297, 304. 323,
440, 465, 466. 511. 513. 522. 529
Payne. 47, 48, 65, 66, 114. 116, 118. 122, X23,
133. »35. 141. 142. 146. 153. 158. 165. 169,
179. z8o. 185, 188-92, 195. 197-9, 200-2.
209, 212, 2x6. 220. 223, 224, 232. 237. 240,
24X. 245. 44X. 469. 486, 498, 5x7, 5x8, 525.
S^' 5*8
l^yne, John, the Catholic Portrievc, his exe-
cution, X23
Paynter, 82. 13X, 148, 176. X79. 186, 197. 199,
200-3, 209, 214-18, 22X. 23X. 232. 234, 235.
241, 242. 262, 288, 290. 309. 339. 344. 465.
486, 51X, 5x3. 524, 527.30 ; Paynter of
Trelissick, 30X
Pearse, Pearce, Pears. Pers. Perse. X38. X79,
200, 204, 224. 232. 234, 236, 244, 245, 247,
248, 25X. 263, 268, 307, 308, 338. 359. 437,
446, 486. 494, 5XX, 512, 5x4. 5x8. 523, 526,
530
Peccam, X34
Pellaroountayne. (See Poknanter. )
Pembroke, Lord, 174
Penberthy, 98, X41, 142, X97, 256, 274, 363.
441
Pencorse. 56
Pcndarves, of that ilk, 73. 202, 249. 465, 501
Pendree, Pendre, Pednandrea, 1x7, X33
I^ndrelan, 49, 403, 4x3
Penhellack, Penhelege, X39, X46, X53,476, 5x7
Piennal. Pennell, 247, 310
Penoick. Pennyke, 206. 210
Penrose, of that ilk, 47, 128, 303, 31 x, 365,
420,422,529
Pensew, X36
Penticost, Pencaste, 172, 2x2, 465, 485, 523
Pentreath, 12, 58, 1x6, 495
Peperelle, 28
Perkin, Perking, Parkin, 114, 1x7, 153, 173,
179, 2x6. 224, 494. 5x3
Perkin Warbeck. 47
Perks, Pferx, xx6, 139
Pennewan, 382
Perro. X73
Perry, 394
Pestell, Pestle, 132. X75, 265, 521
Pteter, Saint, 64, 65. 69. 72
Peters, Pfeter, Petter. X29, 156, 159, 166, 174,
X79, 2x2, 292. 468, 494, 5x7, 522. 525. 526.
S3P
Pharei, 73
Philip and Mary. (See Mary. Queen.)
Philips, Phillipps, Phelyppe, 85, X36, X5T, 180^
195, 198-20X, 203, 204, 2x2, 2x6, 2x8, 269,
298. 458. 524. 527. 528
Phippen, 177, 52X
Piak, Saint, 27
Pierrepoint, 2xx
Pigott. 285
Pike, Pyke, 256, 264, 487
POe, 20X
Pillman, Lieutenant, 303
Pioni. MrSb (her Letters). 464 ,
Pitt, William, 481 ; John, 50X I
Pitts, Pitt, Pett. Pytt, X28, X29. 131. X69, 174,
175. 179. 197-200, 468, 486, 5x7
Player, Plyer, 174, 177, X78, jX88, 192, 20X,
203, 204, 2x3, 2x6, 222, 224, 230, 240, 486,
523. 528. 529
Plemayne, 1x4, 133
Plumptree, 502
Pole, 361
Polkinghome, 73. 142. X53, X56, 184. 5x3, 522,
Parson P., 298, 300, 302 ; P. Lane,
530;
3?7
Pollard, Polere, 1x9, 204, 2x2, 2x5. 2x7. 224,
229. 231. 239, 240, 252, 253, 258, 259. 274.
287, 288, 292-5, 298.303, 305. 309. 338. 518.
525
Polmanter, Porthmanter, Pennanter, Palla-
mounten, Pellamountayne, 146, 148, 153,
15s. 195. 198-200, 203, 414. 477. 522
Polmear, 511
Polpear, Polper, Potpera. 47, 1x4. 1x7, 154,
4x4, 441
Poise w, 225
Polstrong, 152
Pomeroy, X22
Poole, 177
Pope, 96
Poiseny, Morsyny, xx8
Porthmere, Polmear
Potter, x6o
Potteribur, 486
Pouckeringe, 126
Poudnance, X57
Powel, 354
Powna, xx6
Praed, Mackworth-Praed, 20. 39, 45, 46, 94,
97, X4X, 142. X49, x66, 172, X92, 194, X96-99.
20X.3, 2x2, 214. 2x8, 239, 254, 264, 268.
288, 289. 29X-3, 296. 303, 304. 323, 334.
337, 363, 417. 423* 443» 499. S<»-^. .S>7.
519. 528
Praed. William Mackworth, poet. 504
Predeney.474
Preston, X3X
Price, Sir Rose, 388
Prideaux, 142, 214, 422
Prigge, 21X, 2x6, 224, 225. 227-9, 231, 232
234. 237. 24s. 246. 248, 274, 518, 528
Prince of Mount Lebanon. The, 76
Prust. 200-2
Pryor, 256-8, 260, 274. 426, 526
Purchase, 51 x
Purefoy, Purifie, Purfey, Purile, X29, X3x, 175,
177. 179. 182, X85, x86, 188-92, 196. 198,
X99, 200, 201, 203. 204, 2x6, 2x7, 224, 225,
227, 229, 23X, 232, 237, 252. 3x0, 339, 420,
445. 51 «» 517. 518, 523. 527. 528 ; Purflc's
Plot, 327, 415, 447
Pyne. 363. 364
Quick, 76-82. 85. 98. xox, 102. X05, 109, 203,
257, 262, 263, 266. 267, 299, 324, 400, 418,
431, 45X, 462, 478. 495. 5XX, 5x2, 526, 529
Quinall, 243
Quarinn, 264
Rabnett, RobneU. xi6, 484
Raine, 503
Rainsford, 499
Raleigh, Sir Walter, X58
Randal, Randle, Runddl, Rendall, izo, 180.
485. 525. 526
Randolph, Randulphus, 1x8, X25, 497
Rattenbury, 180
Rawlings, 257, 293
Red, 512
Redfem, 363
Reed, 494, 505
Reeves, 343
Renoden, Renawdyn. XX9, 203, 245, 510, 511,
51a
Reskymer, 1x6, 1x7, 465
Restomy, 136
Reynolds, Renold, xox. 135. 138
Rhodes, 78, 522
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544
A HISTORY OF ST. Il'ES,
RhSs, Professor of Celtic at Oxford, la
Rice. Rysae. i6a, 164, 388, 393-94, 396,
301-^
Rich, Ryche, 75, 169, 175, 178. 179, i8a. i86,
189, 198-300, 501, 503. 517
Richards, 74, 75, 84, 96, 97, loi, no, 118,
133. 180. Z97, 198, aoo-3, 366, 398, 301,
305. 308. 309. 338. 340, 403 (l<. «^w^
Carvray, 477). 479. 485. 494. 5". 5"
Richardson, 460
Riddleston, 138
Ridley, 356
Riggs. 77
Riley, 460
Riolobian (Holibum ?), 381
Riison, 490
Robartes, Earls of Radnor, 45
Roberts, 85, 344. 338, 347
Robins, 435, 448
Robinson, 196, 304, 333, 339-41, 35a, 354-58,
363. 364, 366, 374, 391, 473, 518, 533,
529
Rodd. 46
Roe, III
Rogers, Rodger, 78, 151, 330, 487
Roscarrock, of that ilk, zaS, 181
Roscruge, of that ilk, 435
Rosemenewas, 179. 331, 341, 448
Rosewall. of that ilk, 49, 86, 100, loi, 114,
115, 118, 119, 135, 140, 141, 146, 179, 180
(Rosewame. 300 ; Russell, 303), 30a (Russell,
303). 344, 361-68, 365. 430. 447, 449, 496,
508, 530, 534, 538, 530
Rosewame, 465
Rosgreeg, 130
Rosmadres. 474
Rosmell, 465
Rosogan, Resuggan, 122
Ross. 505
Row, Rawe, 81, 82, 85, 131, 136, 139, 173,
198, 200, 304, 511
Rupert, Prince, 246
Russell. (See Rosewall.)
Russell, Admiral, 291 ; Lord, 123
Sackville, De Sicca-villa, 89
Safeguard, Safguard, 304
St. Amand, 500
St. Aubyn, 91, 134, 201, 202, 206, 218-30,
337, 238, 236-40, 296, 498, 499, 505, 528
St. David's, Anthony Ellis, Bishop of, 5x6
St. John, Lord, 241, 248
St. Leger. (See De St. Leger.)
Salmon, 122
Samson, Sampson, 97, 203, 2x2, 297, 301,
« 303
Sandow, 82. 135, 512
Sandys, 528
Sargeant. 360
Saundry, 118, 134, 165, 250, 485, 522
Savage, 498
Scadden, 78
Seaborn, 459
Segar, 122
Seneslien, 526
' Strnota vidua,' 48
Sergius and Bacchus, Abbey of SS., 88, 89
Seryll, 126
Seymour, Seamer, 249
Shapcotte, German, 180
Shapland, Shaplaine, 140, 159, 165, 179, 485,
530
Sbellsens, 227
Shepherd. 342
Sherman (' the German '), Peter, 137
Sherwood. 189, 521
' Shoorin ' (additional surname), 403, 404
Short. 87, 350. 359, p4
Shovell, Sir Cloudesley. 387
Shrewsbury, Earls and Dukes of. an, 291
Shugg, 394. 51a
Sincock, 338, 339, 350
Sinara, Saint, loa, 134. 463
Sininus, Senan, Sennen, Saint, a8, 73
Sise. Syse, Seyse, Sies, Seyesse, 73. 79. 116,
118, 136, 153, 179, 188, 193, 194, 197-aoi,
303, 304, 309. 315, 216, 331, 338, 340. 244.
245. 247. 317. 449. 485. 5*7. 5i8. 523. S^o-
39. (Their tipuse, 317.)
Sisley, Cicely, 5x1
Sisseil, Cissell. 349, 398, 300
' Sitric the Abbot,' 45
Skinner, 498
Skoper, 129
Slade, 354, 431
Slader, 139
Sleman, Sloman, 304, 356
Smeaton. 310, 334, 409
Smith, Smyth, 75, 108, Z17, X37. 161, 201.
303, 304, 333, 224, 231, 33a. 236. 238. 240.
, S03. 523
Snelgrove, 259
Solomon's Temple. 15
Somerset, Earls of. (See Beaufort. )
Sotherton, 498
South, 132, 187, 265, 53Z
Sparnon, 471
Spencer. Spenser, 84, 333. 329, 331, 345
Sprigge, 74, 170, 173, 174, 178-83, z86, 188-
92, 197-301, 303, 304, 3 XX, 3x6, 3x7, 223.
232, 236, 237, 242, 343, 35X-54, 358. 259.
268, 274, 288, 291-93. 299. 301. 305. 311.
319 (Spriggs* Court, 328). 462, 463. 517-i'i.
^ 523. 526-29 '525
Sprye, 222-24. 255, 274, 286, 289, 295. 522,
Spurway, 140
Stabb. 303
Stabba, 56
Stafford, X64, 521
Stafford, Bishop of Exeter, 55, 419
Stamford, Earl of, 338
Stanford, 357
Stanley. 148
Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter, xo8
Stephens of Tregenna, and Stevens o(
Tregerthen, 45, 46, 74, 77, 80, 84, 115. 116.
118, 1x9, X38, 129. 13X. 133. 135. 137. 139-
42, 145, 146, X49, 160. 161, 173-75. 178.
X79, x8i. X82, 190-94, 197, 199-304, 307-9.
2x2, 216, 222-24, 230. 233, 333, 336, 238,
250-52, 254-56, 258, 260, 274, 287-300, 302.
304. 305. 307. 308, 310, 3x1, 317, 319, 332,
339. 350. 359. 363. 366, 394. 424. 435. 451.
452, 468, 489, 490, 503-4, 5x3, 514, 519.
520, 523, 524
Sterry, Slery, Stearye, 140, 153, 155, 159.
165. 172. 175, 179, 180, X82, 186-89, X91.
192, X97-200, 305, 216. 2x7, 234-26. 328,
232, 237, 468, 476. 485, 486. 517, 528.
530
Stevens of Bregia, 74, 83. 87, 96, 180, 363.
264, 267. 268, 299, 300, 302, 305-7, 311.
335-38, 362, 364, 365, 388, 404, 451. 462.
482, 485, 486, 512. 5x3, 5x9, 523, 524, 526.
529
Stevens of Trevalgen and Trowan. 78, 80.
8x, 85, iio. 310, 333, 333. 339. 359, 403.
437. 451. 5C7. 509-11. 5M-I6
Stevens, Stephens, of Trevegia, etc., 76, 86,
96. iix. 115, 116, X19, 140, Z41, 193, Z95.
197, 198, 300, 303, 304, 334, 365, 403, 439.
448, 449, 45X. 463, 464, 465, 470, 478. 486.
489. 507. 508, 5x1, 5x3, 517-19. 522-34,
526-30
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
545
Stewarde, 498
Stirling, Sir Walter. 503
Stogs, Betty, and the iJEUiies, 381
Stone. Stoan, 209
Stoneman, 494
Stopford, 132, 521
Stourton, Lord, 155
Stowforde, 47c
Strafford, Earl of. 500
Stuart, the royal family of (and see Charles I.,
etc.), 194, 490. 500
Suffolk, Earl of, 338
' Sullouk ' (additional surname), iz8, 403
Sutton, 287
Swann, 460
Sweet, zio
Sydal, 85
Sylvester, an alien, 118
Symes, 503
Symonds, Simons, 76, 78, no, 189, 218, 308,
310. 332, 343, 448. 519. 521. 522
Syon, De, Z14
Tackabird, Taccabury, 149, 165, 172, 228. 229,
231, 232, 234-18, 240, 241, 244,251, 259, 485
Talyn, an alien (' the Italian'), 134
Tamelin, 298
Tanner, 131
Tarcy, an alien, Z15, 133
• Tattersall's/ 461
Taylor, Tailder, Taller, Tayler, 128, 141, 142.
177, 186, 252, 255, 485, 486, 527, 530
Teage, Teake, 147, 163, 164, 257, 258, 277,
484.525
Theodoric, Tudor, a pagan chieftain, 29, 30,
92,323
Thomas of Lelant, 1x5, 119, 120, 133-35. Z37>
140-2, 180, Z96, 198. 199,203, 219. 441, 465
Thomas (Trythall. Middleton, etc.). 85. 90,
no, 1x4. X 16-20, 127, 128, 131, 133-42,
146, 167, 177-80, 196-99. 201-4, 218-20,
224, 228, 229, 232-39. 238, 240, 243, 244,
246-49, 269, 287, 289, 290, 292-95, 299,
303, 308. .334. 335. 359. 387. 403. 404,
431. 435. 441. 463. 465. 470, 479, 484-86,
5". 515. 522. 524-30
Thompson. 122
Thurleby, 268
Thurloe, 310
Tichbome. of that ilk. 498
• Tom the Tinkeard/ Hickathrift, 380
Toman, Taman, X14. 136, 141, 142, 153, 169,
179. 180, 468. 485. 486, 5x3, 529
Tomkyn. (SeeTonkyn.)
Toms, 85
Tonkin, Tonkyn, Tomkyn, Tanckyn. 9X, 96,
1x7, 120. X33, X63, 166. 203, 224, 232, 243.
245, 246, 249, 25X. 255. 260, 261, 265. 267,
286. 290, 338. 401, 4x6, 494, 520. 522, 529
Tooker. X5x
Toup, Jonathan, father and son, 73, 3c», 495,
522
Treanowre, Nowre, Owre, 1x9, 133, 134-36
Tredanek, 48
Tredenzy, 473
Tredinham (and see Denham). 253, 264, 268
Trefusis, 202
Tregarthen, Tregertben. X17, 148, 159, 160,
180, 308, 340, 463, 512, 526 [529
Tregaskis, T revascus, X54, X72, 290, 300, 527,
Tregeare. a»9-3ox, 486, 50X. 518
Tregellas, Tregelles, 123, 405. 503
Tregenna, Tregenhow, Tregennowe. Tr^ena,
1x6, 117, XZ9, X23, Z33, 138, X40-42, 146,
»53, 155. 157. 159. 169, X9?. 291. 292. 319,
403, 404, 4x9, 464. 467, 476. 498. 5x7
Tregeowe, Trayow, 179, 182, 526, 527
Tregethes, 56
Trcgian, Trudgian, 114, 116, 254
Treglohan, Treglown, 96, 243, 244
Tregose, Trevose, Tregoz, Tregosae, Tregoos,
49, 115. 1x6, X33-35. X37, 148, X49, X5X,
166, 168, X69. 172, X7S, 176, 178, 201, 202,
209. 234. 235, 347. 386. 4x6. 420. 468. 469,
475, 521. 527
Trrfier, Tniyer, 136
Trelawney, 245
Trelewyth, 47
Treroayne, 46, xx6
Trembath, XX9
Trembraoe, xx7
Tremeame, 72, 80, 85, 294, 334, 335. 337,
^359. 363. 365. 519. 520, 523, 524
Tremenheere. 247
Trenance. (See Nance.)
Tlreneva, xi8
Ttpengoth, 179
Trengrouse. 513
Trenhale, Tywamhayle. 47. 1x4, X17, 1x9, 120
Trenoweih. X29, 13X
Trenwith. Treunwyih. of that ilk. 36. 45, 59.
66-69, X14-X9, X30, X34-42. X44-48, 153, 154,
x6o, x66, 168, X69, X75, 178-83. X85, X89,
X95-204, 2x3, 232, 242, 245. 246. 249, 255.
257-60. 273. 274, 276-78, 286, 292, 295.
322. 323. 472, 485, 5x7-19. 525. 529, 530
Trerany, xx8
Trery. (See Try.)
Trerynk, 49, X15. 1x7-19, 135
Tresaher, 443
Tresawall. 117
Trescaw. alias Huchyn. (See Hichens.)
Tresidder. 494
Tresilian. 202, 264
Trethwal, Trewal, Trythall, Tnithall, Truth-
well. (See Thomas.) [256
Trevannion, Trevanyon, xx6, X17, 134, x6o,
Trcvascus. (See Tregaskis.)
Treveglos. 50. 90, X09
Trevethon, 48
Trevilian, 3^8
Trevingey, Vingoe. x6o. X69, 306
Trevorrow, 96. X64. 382. 417. 494. 512
Trcweeke, Treweke. Trewick. Trewyck, 1x4
X19, 139. 140, X58, X77-79, 204. 206, 208,
220. 22X. 223. 224. 236-39, 246, 251. 252,
254. 478. 528. 530
Trewens, X63
Trewern, Trewren, 247
Trewhella, 97, 99. 120, 20X, 203, 263, 265.
_266, 359. 365, 383, 404, 511, 520, 529
Trewman. 218
Trewynnard, Trewinnard, Trewenard, 47,
1x4, 1x9. 120. X33, X36, 138, X39, X44, 147,
>52. 179. X8l, X83, 185, 186, X89, 2x9, 221.
479.480. 517,525
Treyaghan, X17
Trigges. X73
Trough ton, 76
Trounsen. 238
Trout, 2x8
Try, Trery, 75-77, 150. X65. 178, 179, X87,
208. 247, 255, 286, 303, 528
Trythall. (See Thomas.)
Tucker. 233, 268, 485
Tudwal. a Breton labourer, XX5
Tyacke. 49, 290, 522
Tyre, 423
Tyrell. 352
Tyrriffe, 1x5
Tywamayle, Trewnesarle. (See Trenhale.)
Uddy, Udy. Udie, Udus. 138, 140, 248
Underbill, 122
35
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546
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Underwood, 236
Unineller. 119
Uoy. Saint (See Elvinus. Saint.)
Upoott, 189, 199, aoo, 203, 204, 521
Upton, 256
Uren, Uryn, 97, 98, 200-203, 34a. 513, 526,
530
Ustick, Ustycke (and see Eustis), 138, 204
Veale, 48. 83. 220, 256. 294, 296, 299, 514
Vellenoweth, 243
Velour. 473
Vernon. Admiral, 3x4
Vesey, Bishop of Exeter, 99
Vibert. 324
Victoria proclaimed Queen. 364
Vincent. 233, 248. 253, 473, 474, 500
>^ne, Vi^rhan, Vean, iz6, 136, 311
Vingoe, Trevingey. 160, 169. 30(S
Vivian, Vyvyan, Veven, Bieuyen, Vyuwyn.
48. ZI5-20. 135, 136, 139. x66, 242, 277,
481
Voss. Voce. Vas, 90, 138, 148
Walker, 180. 187, 210, 486, 528
Walkey, 485
Wall, 81. 249, 338, 484, 512
Waller. 499. 501
Wallis. Walyshe. Walls, 78. 1x4. 136. 142.
307. 359. 390' 519. S^o. Wallis of Tre-
maine, 459, 460
Walpole, 502
Walsh (see also Wallis), XX4. 530
Walters, 80. 81, 508- xo
Warbeck, Perkin, 47
Ward, 129, 130
Warren, Waren, 197, X98, 494
Wasley, 82
Watts, 513
Watty. Wat, Watter, Watyer, 150, 164, 174,
X78, 447. SM. 525. 536
Weame, 87. 334. 359, 360, 373, 376. 405,
Sao
Webber, X72, X79, 523
Wedge. 201, 202, 308, 512, 5x3
Wedgewood and Co., china manufacturers.
461
Wellesley. 361, 363, 504
Wellington, Duke of, 504
Welsteed, Leonard, 221, 222, 230, 267, 481,
Sai
Wesley, Charles, 341 ; John, 341-49
Westall, 344
wiy
336.
wKtrt
I Westcott, Wescoatt. X67, x86. 192. 211. 216,
217, 224, 230-32. 234, 239-41, 299, 329, 523.
^37-30
eymouth. 82
Wheare. 250
Wheatley. 344
Wheelwrighi, Timothy. 78. 5x9. 523, 524
White, 82, X28, X29, 13X, 171, 228. 247, 309.
r 484,486.528
itebread, 253
Whitfield. 348
Whitthed. 502
Whittnker. Wisheker, 156, 521
Whittinge. 52X
Whitworth. no, 218, 219. 238
Wiche. X26, X36
Willey, Wvlla. 75. 86, 108
William of Orange, 287-89. 291-95
William of Worcester, 3, 27-30, 32, 47, 60,
480
William the Conqueror. 419
Williams (of Saint Ives), 78. 82. 83. 86, 87.
98. 1x4. X16. X18-20, X34-42, 145, X46, 153,
156, X58. X65, x68. 172, X73. 175. 178, t8o,
195. »97. ai3' 248. 350. 301. 303. 309. 316.
336, 350-57. 393. 403. 4«>. 43^ 436. 443.
482, 486, 494, 497, 5x2, 517, 520, 526, 538,
wfilMii
Tlham.^, of Treneere. 46 ; of Helston, 359.
Christopher Willyams. 288, 289
Willoughby, Lords De Broke, 4, 42, 47, 115,
1X7, 316, 439
Willoughby, 287
Wilson, 3^
Winchester. Marquess of. (See Pawlet.)
Wiltshire, Earl of. Z14
Winslade, 122
Winslow, X22
Wintoun, Lord, 304
Woolcock, Wolcok, xx6, xx8; 122. X40-43,
153* i65> z^> X98-200, 203, 204. 229. 330,
„ 323. 476. 485. S17
Woolfe, 35 X
Woolly. X26
Worte, X72
Worth, 74, 76, 307, 495, 5x3. 523, 524
Wnght, 97
Wyndham, Windham, 338, 500
Wynn, Lord Newborough, 503
Yolcom, 179
Yorke, 481
Young, Yonge, 84, 366, 367. 494. 520
Digitized by
Google
INDEX 11.
NOMINA LOCORUM.
Aix-la-Cbapelle, 515
Algerincs. (See Turkey. )
Amalebra, Manor of Amalibria, 46, 406
America, Americans, 314, 336, 354
Angers, 88, 89
Antony, 126, 143
Antwerp. 73, 253
Ayr, Arthia, 86. 195, 359, 319, 325, 406
Bahavela, Baghavela, Bavella, 116
Bailey's Lane, or Street Petite, 313, 325, 416
Banhiam, 498
Barbary, 75, 128, 139, 133
Bamoon, 2, 325, 390, 406
Bamestable, 129, 130
Bath. 145, 461
Beachy Head, 336
Beagletubm. 406
Bedford. 461
Beer-Alston, 501
Belliers, The, 325, 406
Berkshire. 71
Bideford, 84
Bilbao. 194
Black Rock, The, 383
Blenheim, The Batde of, 396
Blisland, 435, 521
Blue Rock, The, 354
Bochym. 133
Bodmin. Bodman, 47, 131, I33, 158, 159, 176.
183, 185, 314. 249. 344, 465. 473
BoUngbrook, 75
Boliiho, Bolithowe, 33^
Boralian, Borthallan, Brallan, 116. xz8
Bosigran, 9. 16, 407
Boskerris, 391. 407
Bosphrennis, Bosporthenis, 30, si, 33. 34,
380.407
Bosullow. 24, 407
Boswednack. Hamlet and Manor, Boswed-
nan, 46, 109, 404, 407, 419
Bosworgcy. Boswirgey. Boswythguy, 47, 419,
430,444
Bottreaux, 419
Boulogne, 353-55
Bower Hall, 437, 516
.Boyne, Battle of the, 387
Boyton, 300
Brabant, 437
Brazilian Ship, A, 363
Breda, 247 1
Bregia, Boregia, Boreesa, Borisa, 263, 263, |
265, 367, 407, 451, 462
Brest, 351, 362
Brian9on, 356. 357
Bridgewater, 195
Bristol, 48, 76, 127, 129, 171, 214. 339, 459,
Bnttany, Bretons, 10, 13, 33, 45, 49, 54, 115.
ao, 134-38. 153, 3x9. 331, 359, 332.325, 351,
365. 366. 393. 416. 419. 436
Brunnion, Biunian. Breynion, 36-9, 115, 407
Buckland Brewer, 473
Budock, 473
Burnt Downs, the Burning Mountain, 381,
407
Cadbury Deanery. 113
Caerhays, 48, x6o
Caldecote, 447
Callington, 487
Camborne, 31, 337, 236, 257
Cambridge, 459. 495
Camelford, 165
Canterbury, Archbishop of. 54
Capel Court, or Puddingbag Lane, 317, 337,
399
Carbines, Carbonse, 135, 473
Carbis. s, 195, 391, 408
Cardiff, 51. 345. 358, 371. 390, 515
Cardinan, 88. 89
Carnarvon, 497
Cam Br6, 19
Cam Crowz, i, 40, 335, 408
Camdin, 485
Cam Ellis, 2^
Camello, or Chy-an-dowr, 39, 46. 408
Cam Galva, 379, 380, 381, 408
Cim Glaze, ao6, 259, 313, 314, 322, 323, 325,
334. 389. 40a, 408, 436, 437
Carainny, Kameny, 49, 408, 473
Carnsew, 473
Cam Stabba, 2, 20, 48, 57. 379, 408, 425
Cam Trencrom. (See Trencrom. )
Carrack Du. (See Carthew. )
Carrack Gladn. i. 5, 307, 334, 360, 408, 410
Carrack Leggo, 307, 408
Carreg-an-peul, 196
Carthew, Carrack Du, z, 10, 48, 369, 408,
4x8
Cassiterides, The, 2, 15
Castel-an-dinas, 11
Castel-an-owthan, 16
Castle Rock, The. x6
Cenor, 92
Chapel Anjou, 39. 408
35—2
Digitized by
Google
548
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Chapel Field, 38, 39
Chapel Rock. The. 380
Charlemont, 353
Charleville, 350
Chelsea Hospital, 501
Cherbourg, 351
Chester, Cheshire, 159, 431. 497
Chivarton, Chyarton, Chiuertonne, 48, 159,
17a, 408
Chulmleigh, 89
Chy-an-chy, 313, 323, 325, 329. 404. 4^8, 447
Chy-an-dowT (and see Camello), 408
Chy-an-gweal. 5, 381, 391, 408
Chykembra. 1x7
Chytodn, loi, 409
Clevyan, 123
ClifF, The, 173. 253, 325. 348
Clodgy, 1, 409
Clowance, 149, 219, 256, 257, 360
Comesberie, 420
Conarton, Hamlet and Manor ; Connerton,
Conetronia, 29, 30, 154, 481
Cornwall, Duchy of, 45, 194
Coromantee Negroes, 488
Corvah, Corvagh, Carva, 85, zz6, iz8, 409
Couch's Cove. (See Zawn-abadden.)
• Court, The' (and see Stevens of Trevalgen),
^333.^24,.
Court Cockin, 248, 333, 325, 409, 424
Crantock. 3, 4
Crediton, 56, zxa
Crowan, 225, 44Z, 465
Cubert, 346
Cuckoo Hill, 2Z, 99, 409
Cury, 465
Dartmoor, X23
Dartmouth, 177
Denmark, Danes, 295
Devonport, 350, 460
Devonshire, zz2, Z2Z, Z23, z8o, 303, 350, 439,
460, 472, 478, 487
Dieppe, 35Z
Digey, The, 3Z2, 3Z7. 325, 36Z, 404. 409,
451
Dinas Eia and Porthia, Manor of, 45, 409,
4x0
Dove Street, 40, 325, 4x0
Dublin, zo, 488
Dungarvan. 375, 4Sz, 458
Dungeness, 83
Dunkirk, 210. 353, 354, 500
Dunwich, 501
Dutchmen (and Holland). X96, 220, 230, 246-
48, 250, 25Z, 288, 292-95, 297, 335, 36Z,
458
Edgcumbe, 487
Ely, Isle of, 498
Kmbla, 102, Z15, xi8, 380, 4x0
Eriscy, 13X
Essex, 5x6
Exeter, 45, X23, 2x3, 397, 460, 472, 495 ;
Bishops of, 54-6, 99, 108, ZX2, 189, 19X, 193,
267. 364. 419. 477
Falmouth, Pen-a'-ciim-guic, 123, 246, 290,
298. 300. 33O1 362, 402, 403, 47Z, 47a
FentongoUan, 428
Ferol, 36Z
Flanders, Flemings, the Low Countries, X57,
z8z, 2Z3, 288-90, 293. 350, 353
Foresand, The. (See Porthcodcing. )
Fore Street, 317, 322, 323, 325, 326, 390, 45Z
Fowey, Z27, Z29, Z3X
France, Frenchmen, 13, 36, 47, 83, 87, 88,
X27, Z28, Z37, X73, 189, 196, ao6. 209. 3X0,
2X4, 290, 22X, 225, 330, 232, 238. 248. 350,
253. 254. 259. 288-90, 292, 295-98. 300, 304.
322. 323, 325. 335, 336, 350-57. 36Z, 363.65,
374. 4z6. 420, 424. 435, 436, 460. 461
Geran. Z65
Germal, Z55
Germany, Germans, Z37, Z96, 3Zo, 336, 356,
503
Gibraltar, 85
Giv^. 35z.5q. 355-57
Glamorganshire, 445
Glasney, 47, 90, zo8, Z12, 1x7, i2x, 480
Gloucester, Gloucestershire, 124. 17X
Godolphin, Gotholgan, Z5, 46, Z76. Z9X, 220,
245*247
Godrevy, 2, 4, X96, 369, 4x0
Gotham, Notts. 398
Gowna Rock, 362, 410
Grantham, 7^
Greece, Greeks, 76, X77, 495
Green Court, The, 3x7, 326. 345, 452
Greenwich, Z26
Grenoble, 356
Guadalope, 364
Gulval. Z73
Gundry Cave, 20
Gunwin, Goengwyn, Gowndwyn, zz4, X15.
IZ7, ZZ9, 323, 4x0, 440, 466
Gurnard's Head, The, Treryn DiiULs, z6, ax,
38. 4x0, 4x7
Gwendron, Wendron, zxz, 160, 164
Gwennap, 53. 15X, 465
Gwinear, 28. 38, X73, 257, 267, 346, 47X, 481
Gwithian, 386, 398, 40X
Halsetown, 6. 4Z0, 428
Halstead, 5x6
Hammersmith, 498
Hampshire, 460, 498, 499
Hanover, 305
Hard-to-come-by mine, 268
Harwich, 35Z
Havre, 355, 36Z. 364
Hawks Point, z. 4Z, 4Z0
Hayle (town and river), Hfil, x-4, 9, zo, 39, 30,
93, 98, Z45. 3x3, 323, 336, 34 X, 360. 384, 385,
387, 4H, 466
Hayne, 299, 301
Heilesvean, 39. 49, 339, 330, 4XX
Hellesveor, 49. 100. X5X, 298, 4xx, 5x3
Helston, 75, 76, X2X, X27, 153, xTa, x8i.
19s. 2x5, 233, 239, 256, 290, 291, 300, 303.
304. 402. 403. 473, 487. 492
Hendre, Hendra. 49, 4XX
Herefordshire, 487, 504
Hessians, (See Germany. )
' High Countries,' The, ixx (and sec To«ed-
nack, Zennor, and Morvah)
Holland. (See Dutchmen.)
Illogan, 64, 303, 387, 443
Ilminster, 75
India, 478, 503
Ireland, Irishmen, 10, X2, 15, 23, 27-30, 47-
49. 54. 75* 88, XX8-20, X24, X49. Z52. 153*
Z56, Z58-6Z, X63-66, X70, X72, X78, x83, l8*r
189, Z9Z, Z94, 208-Z3 2Z5, 220. 23X, 295.
243, 24s, 249, 287, 288. 99X-93, 295, 298,
303. 323. 338. 339. 352. 360. 37Z, 375. 37^.
407, 45Z, 488, 497, 500
Island, The, z. 4, 5, x6, 35, x8o, 233, 246, 248,
250. 259. 298, 304, 306, 322, 327, 369, 387.
412
Isle of Ely, The. (See Ely.)
Digitized by
Google
INDEX 11.
549
Isle of Wight. The. (See Wight. )
Italy, Italians. 134. 318, 356, 360. 374, 377
Jamaica, 487, 488, 503
Jersey, 10, 239
Kegillick, 473
Keaegie, 11
Kensington. 50Z
Kent, 498
Kerris, 325
Kerrow, Hamlet of, and Barton of Kerrow
and Comello, 39. 46, 388, 4x1
Keynsham, 504
Kidderminster, ' Kettermester,' 247
Killigrew, 460
Kingston, 334
Kirton, X13
La Hogue. The Battle of, 289
Lancashire, 304
Lanceston, 3, 152. 195, 306, 3x9, 330-34. 338,
243. 244. 355. 257. 258, 389, 359, 471, 472,
480
Land's End, The, x, 3, 11, 27, 196, 291, 346,
402, 403, 505
Lanhern, 38. 121, 145. 154, 444
Larren Bridge, X52, 234
Legh Powlct, 439
Leicestershire, 445
Leigh Point, 3G7, 4x1
Lelant. St Uny Lanant, x-5, 9, 28, 39. 457.
55. 88, 92, 93, 167, X70, 237, 240, 253, 262,
304. 306. 323. 338i 346, 380, 382-84. 391.
394. 4XX, 4x9, 430, 424, 426, 427, 438, 440-
43i 465. 466, 473i 478. 482 ; Church, 54-6,
88, 90. 94, 38X, 383 ; Rectors and Vicars,
56, 94, XX2, XI3
Lelant and Trevetho, Manor of, 47, 426
Limerick, * Lymbrkk,' 287
Lisbon, ^98.^00
Lizard. The, Lisherd, 335, 402, 403, 488
London, X26. X27, 143, 150, 172, 173, X89,
2x0, 217, 229, 233, 239-4X, 244. 258, 395,
305. 306. 308. 310. 321. 337. 35O' 360, 361,
368, 370, 37X. 378, 386, 460. 461, 468, 487,
488. 498, SOX, 503. 504. 506. 5x5
i^ngstone and Longstone Downs, 195, 360,
391. 394, 4XX
Looe, 495
Lou vain, 38
Love Lane, 363, 364
Lttbeck, 139
Ludgvan, 137, 131, 334, 268, 333, 343, 384,
394, 445, 459
Ludgvanlease Manor, 42, 193, 338, 408, 41 x,
439.497
Lyme Regis, X58, 256
Mabe, 47X
Madron, 265
Malta, Maltese, 37a, 460
Man-o'-war Rock, 4x1
Manorbier, xo
Marazion. or Marketjew, 47, 48, X28. 13X,
X49, X58, x66, X70, X72, 219, 236, 238, 240,
244, 254. 256, 289, 292, 297. 40X, 402
Marshfield, Monmouthshire, 4x2
Merry n Rock, 412
Merthen, 465
Messina, 360
Meuse, The River, 35X
Mevagissey, X3X
Meziers, 35a
Misterton, 445
Montrose, 304
Monmck, X27
Morvah, x6, 11 x. 267, 346, 380
Morwinstow, ' Morestowe,' X5X
Mount's Bay, 126-28, X3X, X48, 250
Mousehole, Mowsholle, 3, X2, 161, X76, 356
Mylor, 471
Nancledrea, ' Nanscludyr,' xi, ax, 49, XX5,
1x8, XX9, 380, 399, 4x2
Nanjivvey, or St. Jivvey, 4X, 327, 404, 412
Nantes. 259
Nantwich, Namptwich, Nantuege, 153, 431
Nenis, 426, 44 x
Newlyn, 97, x6x, 261, 378, 402
Newmarket, 498
Newquay. 336
Nieueport. 353
Norfolk, 8, 9, X9X, 306, 373, 437, 488. 498,
503
North Foreland, The. 366
North Walsham. (See Walsham. )
Norway, Norwegians, 364
Norway (Street), 325, 327, 4x2, 4x8
Norwich, 8. 437. 498
Nottingham, Notts, 2xx, 398, 502
Ostend, 353
Oxford, 254, 47X, 495
Padstow, * Patcows,' X03, X30, 155, 2x4
Paisley Abbey, 4x2
Pallenswick, 498
Paris, 352, 353, 357. 378
Park Venion. 39
39
Paul, 243. 26x
Pen-a'-cdm-guic. (See Fal mou th. )
Penbeagle, 38, 207. 329. 4x3
Pendennis Castle, 195, 231. 235, 238
Pendinas, the original name of St. Ives,
Pendinas Point, x. 4, 29-31, 35, 47, 334,
413
Pendowr, 383, 4x3
Pendrea. 458
Pengerswick, X3X, 473. 475
Penhale, 5x5
Penmester. x, 4x3
Pennance, ao
Penolva, Pednolver. x, 5, 34 x, 307, 339, 4x3.
489
Penryn, xo8, X49, 338, 330, 246, 253, 256-58.
289. 319. 459. 471. 472
Pentuan, 98
Penwith Hundred and Deanery, x, xx2, XX9,
126, 133, X35, X37, 230. 305. 425. 45X. 467
Penzance, 3, 4, xo, 11, 36, 77, 80, xix, X46,
X53, x6i, 2x9. 232, 238-40, 243, 245, 253.
360, 364, 387, 288, 290. 294, 297, 3x0, 324,
330. 335. 371. 405. 430. 438, 448. 464. 487.
492, 493. 495. 496, 505
Perran, Peryn, xa9, 130, X58
Petersfield. 498
Phillack, a. 92, 4x1
Philleigh, 495
Phoenicians, X5, 463
' Pig's Town,' 40
Piihenlew. 438
Place. 2x4
Place Polmear, 443
Plymouth. X25, 127, X29, 131, X53. X65, 181.
195, 222, 239. 244. 390, 292, 296, 387, 420,
422, 471, 478 (and see Devonport)
Plympton, 487
Polgreen, 467
Polmanter, X95, 4x4
Polmear. (See Porthmeor, and Place Pol-
mear.)
Polperro, Pcrro, Perow, X55
Pool, 393
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Google
550
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Ponhcocking, or the Foresand, 58, 332, 395,
336, 369, 4x4, 424
Ponhgroynia, i, 414
Porthgwidn, i, 32a, 414
Porthia (see St. Ives), the Comish name for
St. Ives, 31, 49. 401, 402, 414
Porth la Prior, Manor of, 45, 414
Porthia, Manor of Dinas £ia and, 45
Porthkitny, i, 414
Porth leven, 472
Porthmcor, i, 115, 117, 139-49, 162, 198, 199,
210, 227, 362, 369, 403, 404, 4x4, 485
Porthminster, i, 2, 36, 47, 49, 307, 371, 393,
„ 395. 413. 414. 468
Porthnolver. (See Penolva.)
Porthripter, 'Barripter/ i, i8i, 414
Portobello, Siege of, 3x4
Portsmouth, Battle at, 248
Portugal, Portuguese, 128. 228, 299. 998, 300,
361,36a
Powder Hundred and Deanery, 113
Prior Field, 39
Probus, 475
Prussia Cove, 335
Puddingbag Lane. (See Capcl Court. )
Rechnth, 53, 37X, 402. 403, 5x3
Reviere, Kevyer, Roviere, 99, 30, 99, 323,
415
Rochelle, 127
Rocky Downs, 2, 4x5
Romans, The Ancient, 22, 23, 380, 381
Rome, 28, 94
Rose-an-growz. 39, 415
Rosemergy, Rosemargay, 16, 21, 343, 4x5
Rosemorran, 260
Rosewall, 2, 6, 20, 262, 263, 265, 266, 4x5,
^447
Rouen, ' Roan, 248
Rutland, 497
Ryswick, The Peace of, 292
St. Agnes, 2, 363, 401
St. Andrew Street, 316, 3x9, 322, 323, 328,
329
St. Anthony-in-Meneage, 45
St Blazey. 230, 393
St. Burian, 28, 159, 473. 474, 495
St. Columb (Major), 69, 123, 946, 393, 467,
. 460
St. Columb (Minor), 157, 336
St David's, 5x6
St. Day, 53
St Enoder, 458
St Erth, 9, 15, 27, 130, i^i, 148, 166
St Gluvian, and the Manor of Glivian.
490
St Hilary, x2o, 239, 262, 591
St. Ive, 31
St Ives, Cornwall, Origin and History of
Name. 30-32, 414, 415 ; Church, 54, 114.
145. i6x, 305, 344, 345, 360, 369, 390,
394-97, 476, 491 ; Churchyard, c6, 58, 86,
X45, 147, 156, 157, i6x, 164, 166, 176, 256,
320, 361, 387, 476 ; St Ives Bay, 1-4, 30, 47,
248. 29o» 334. 369. 373. 378. 398. 401. 4",
493
St Ives and Treloyhan, Manor of, 45
St Ives, Hunts, 3X
St Jivvey. (See Nanjivvey. )
St. Just-in-Penwith, 217, 255, 309, 346, 360,
394, 426
St Levan, 264, 47 c, 495
St Martin's, near Looe, 495
St. Mawgan. 460, 490
St Meiryn, 4x2, 495
St Michael's Mount, 'The Mount,' 3. ix.aS,
128, 306, 2x9, 928, 369, 379, 380, 40a, 403
St. Nicholas Island, near Bymoutfa, 153
St. Petersburg, 360
Saltash, 256, 258
Sampford Courtney, X23
Sancreed, Creed, 263, 380
Scavel-an-gow, 52, 404, 415
Scilly. 9, 206, 209, 247, 292, 995. 349, 403
Soorrier, 46X
Scotland, Scotsmen, 94, 49, 157, 909, 25X,
378. 503
Sedgemoor, The Battle of. 256.
Sennen, 263. 495
Sheffield, 371
Sherborne, 330, 358
Shute Street, 86, 298, 329, 323, 395. 398, 360
Sinnoth, 446
Sithney, 155
Skibbcrecn, 338
Skidden Hill, 3x6, 328, 404, 4x5
Skilly wadn, 4x5, 46.1;
Somersetshire, 159, 256, 490
Southsea, 502
Spain, Spaniards, 125, 126. 131, 148, 15X, X58,
160-63, 176, 180, 194, X96, 937, 939, 995,
341.343.352.362,374.415
Splot, Sploilands, 5X, 4x5
Steeple-Bounipatead. 516
Stennack, The. 9, 5, 9, 41, 53, 391. 397. 329^
341. 347i 369. 404. 415
Stow, 256
Street-an-bollar, 404. 4x5
Street-an-garrow, 179, 312, 329, 342, 404.
415
Street-an-pol, 41, 179, 325, 329, 416
Street Petite. (See Bailey's Lane.)
Stuntney, 498
Sudley Castle, 93
Sussex, 498 •
Swansea, 359, 362
Talland, 100, 363, 408, 4x6
Tangiers, 244
Tehidy, 206, 209, 2x2, 249
Teigngrave, 460
Tenby, xo
Terrace, The, 31. 316, 395. 399. 336, 363,
364. 370. 371. 385
Thilf, 354
Tiverton, 76
Tolveme, Talfren, X17
Torrington, 479
Toulouse, 460
Towednack, 9. 54. 88, 90, 98, 100, ixz, Z50»
361, 324, 338, 359, 380-82, 396. 399, 4<H.
416, 419, 447, 45». 462. 464. 465. 4*2 r'
Church, 8, 55, 56, 98, 114. 265. 267, 309,
396
Tredenzy, 473
Tredorwin, 40, 100
Tregarthen, Tregerthen, 20, 194, 269, 4x6^
451
Tregenna, 2, 4, 36, 38, 194. 3x0. 325, 339,
363. 364. 409. 416, 462, 467. 468. 473. 489.
490; Castle. 3x9, 394, 406, 451, 459, 460,
46X, 493. 494
Tregian, Tregine, X3X
Trelissick, 30X
Treloyhan, Trelyon, Treldghan. 167, X77,
363, 394, 4x6, 460 ; Manor of St Ives and
Treloyhan, 45
Tremaine, 459
Trembethow, Trebethaw, Manor of, 46, 89,
90, 135. 416, 497
Tremeddo, 416, 419
Trenalga, 906
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INDEX 11.
551
Trenarrcn, 438
Trencrom, ' Trecrobbcn/ a, 17, 30, 37, 40,
379. 380, Q8a, 416
Trendraen, Frendrine, a, 38a, 4x6
Trencere, 46
Trcnowcth, 40, 417, 473
Trenwith» Barton and Manor of, a, 5, 45, 249,
_32i.3aa. 417.47a
Trereen, Manor of, 46
Trcrice, Trerise, 14a
Treryn, Treen, 269, 38a
Treryn Dinas. (See the Gurnard's Head.)
Trerynk, Trink, Trefrcnk, a, 17, 417
Trethwal, 334
Trevail, no, 417
Trevalgen, Trevalgan, a. 80, 8z, loi, no, 141,
14a, 153, 181, 33a. 403, 417. 451. 463. 538
Trcvarrack, Trcvorek, 38, 117, 417
Trevegia, Trevissa, Trevisa, xoi, 116, 118,
324. 335- 335. 390. 404. 45^. 464. 465
Trcveglos, 50, 90, 109
Trevcneage, 499
Trevctho, 9, 10, 45, 47, 89, 139, 194, 333, 417,
443.500
Trevingye, Trevincaye, aai
Trevithick, 428
Trevose, a
Trewanack, 39
Trewey, Trewva, Trewa, Hamlet and Manor,
46, no, 118, 136, 139, a69, 380, 384, 387,
417
Trewinnard, Trewynnard, Manor and Barton,
^^4. 479 _
Trowan, Treowcn, Trerowen, Trevowen, 48,
417, 4a5, 437. 514, 515
Truro, 9, 76, 146, 149, 15a, 154, 160, 17a, 183,
Z87, Z95, 2x0, 218, aa9, a3i, 348, a5a, a86,
a87. 4a3, 437, 461, 49a, 499, 500, 501
Turkey, Turks, 75, 135, i6o, 164, 180, i8x,
a38
Tvburn. Recusants hanged at, laa, ia3
Tywardreath, Priory, 45, 46, 88-90, 113, xi6,
117, xai, 414
Tywarnhayl, Trenhale, 47
Ugnes House. (See Cam Glaze.)
Utrecht, The Peace of, 301
Valenciennes, 354, 355
Verdun, 35X
Vorvas Vean, 49, 4x8
Vow Cot, The, 4, 363, 364, 418
Wakenham, 75
Wales, Welshmen, 10, la, 15, 23, 37, 30, 51,
xa4, 160, 177, aio, 345, 348, 354, 358-60,
36a. 371, 382, 403, 404, 409, 445, 465, 488,
497. 51s. 516
Walloons, 437
Walsham, North, 306
Wantage, 71
Warren, The, 63, 489
Warwickshire, 447
Wastrell, The, 513
Watchet, 75
Wendron. (See Gwendron.)
West Indies, The, 487, 488. 50a
Wheal Chance, no
Wheal Margery, 489
Wheal Providence, 5, 38a
Whiisand Bay, 196, 391
Wicka, X09, 418, 451
Wight, The Isle of, 139, 499
Worvas, a, 98, 1x5, 135, ax8, 418, 490
Wrexham, 97
Yarmouth, Great, 373
Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, 499
York, Archbishop of, 47
Yorkshire, 50a
Zawn-abadden, or Couch's Cove, 409, 4x8
Zennor, 9, 58, ixx, 165, 195, 262, 364, a68,
393, 336, 343-46, 380, 381. 383, 384, 387,
388, 391, 399, 400, 404, 418, 419, 451, 460,
463. 465. 466, 48a, 495, 5x3 ; Church, 88-90,
loa, xo8, xxa, 269, 383, 388 ; Clergy, 107,
108, no, in, 117
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INDEX III. (GENERAL).
TABULA RE RUM.
Abbey Lands, 123
' Abbey, The,' Lelant, 333, 324, 436
'Abridgment of the Statutes,' Polton's, 223,
224, 229, 238, 239, 242, 305
Account-book of Samuel Stephens, Esq , 460
Acreage of the Four Parishes, 2
Acts of St la, 27-30, 70, 143
Addresses and Petitions to Government, 121,
176. 220, 237. 292, 293, 302, 359
Alfred^ Brig, 361
Allan Market, The, 395
All Hallow's Eve, 395
Al mshouse. ( See Poorhouse. )
Altalage of Zennor. The, xo8
Altars, 91, 122, 124, 473
Altar-stone at Gurnard's Head, Supposed, 38
Amelia, Ship, 364
Amoval of Alderman James, 311
Angels in Church-ornament, 60, 66
Apples, 153, 158, 172
Archbishop of Canterbury, 54 ; of York, 47
Archery, i66
A reus Faderis, 68
Argus, Schooner, 361
Ark, Pilot-boat, 386
Armada, The Spaaish, 125
Armorial Bearings :
Angeville, 422
Bamfield, 80
Boterel, 420
Ceely, 422
Edwards, 426
England and France, 72
Fulneby, 422
Glynne, 427
Graunt, 422
Halse, 79, 428
Hext, 428
Hicks, 428. 435
Ley, 80
Paulet, 440
Pawley, 95. 441
Payne, 6^, 66, 123. 443
Praed (Hatchment, 96), 445
Purefoy, 447
Royal Arms, The, 72, 172, 2x3, 240
Saint Ives Borough Arms, 193, 257
Shapcotte, 180
Stephens, 80, 460, 461
Thomas, 467
Tregenna, 469
Tregosse, 471
Trenwith, 478
Trewynnard, 481
Arms, Armour, and Ammunition, 149, 152,
156-58, 165, 170, 173, 215, 218, 220, 235,
337. 247-49. 296. 299. 303. 309. 338
Army. The. (See Soldiers.)
Artists of the St Ives School, 337, 369
• Art of Fishery,' The, 241
Arundo arenaria. Sand-rush, 4, 92
Aryans, The, 17, 380, 381
Ashes, Distribution of, on Ash Wednesday,
122
Augustinian Canons Regular (and see Glas-
ney), 69, 112, 121
Aumbry in Lelant Church, 91
Bakehouse, The, 258
Bankers, 503, 504, 515
Battles and Sieges :
of Blenheim, 996
of the Boyne, 287
against De Ruyter, 246
of Exeter. 123
of La Hogue, 289
of Longstone Down, 195
Pendennis Castle, 195
at Portsmouth. 248
of Sedgemoor, 256
Baulkers, 375, 376, 468
Bay of St Ives. (Vide Nomina Loconim.)
Beaches, Raised, 5
Beacon, The, 246, 250 (and see Lan thorn)
Bedford t Galley, 304
Bedman, The, 75, 76, 187, 191 (and see
Sexton)
Beer, Importation of. Forbidden, 171
' Beggar's Roost,' 316
Bellman, The, 181
Bells:
Church -bells of St Ives, 72, 146, 149,
150. 156. 158. 164, 167, 173, 174, 176,
185, 191, 249, 362
Church-bells of Lelant, 381
Towednack. 99
Zennor, 105, 106
Cryer's-bell, The, 291
Curfew, The, Nine o'clock bell, 187, 222
Market-house bell, The, 221
Bench-end Carvings. (See Seats. )
Benedictines, 45. 65, 88, 89, 121, 4x4
Benevolence, temp, Henry VIII., 134
Bequests, Charitable. (See Gifts.)
' Bewnanz Meriasec ' (Life of St. Meradocus),
53
Bible, The, 73, 77, 121, 124, 148, 152, 153,
396
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INDEX III. (GENERAL).
553
Bidding-prayer, The, 122
Bier, "nie Parish, 155, 167
Birds. 9, 10, ia8, lao, 13a. 375, ^, 396
Bishop of Exeter. [See Exeter.)
Blind Hauling (Trawling), 378
Bloodshed, I^nes for, 339.31, 337, 340, 341,
Blowzers, 333, 378, 468
Books, Church-, of St. Ives, i<2; Zennor,
109 ^nd see Churchwardens Inventories
and rkrish Registers)
Borough Accounts, Rediscovery of the zst
VoL of the, 143
Borough, St Ives made a Parliamentary, 135 ;
a Municipal, 193
Bounds, Beating the Parish, 308, 334, 344,
253. asS
Bowling Green, The, 336
Brass, The Trenwith, 66-68
Bread, Blessed, 133
Breton House, ' The Bretons' Hut,' 153, 359,
3p6f 2f*^
Bribery, 345, 359, 506
Bridges, 153, 335, 330, 334, 338, 349, 351. 398.
327
Bronze Implements, Andent, 33
Building Sl Ives Church, 57, 58
Bulworks, Bolwarks, The. (See Castle.)
Burgess, The, i8z
Burial Fees for Interment in the Church, 78,
'54.173
Bumine in Effigy, 359, 365
Burnt Houses, 136, 146, 151, 158, 163, 393-
94. 303. 306
• Bushes,' 374. 376, 377
Bye-Laws, Municipal, 146, 147, 153, 153, 157,
x6i, 163, 167-71, 175, 176, 178. 183, 183,
185-93, 316, 333-36, 332, 306, 308, 373, 395
C€tsar, Pilot-boat, 335, 360. 364, 365
Cage, The (for prisoners), 306, 307, 354, 395,
396
Calvinism, 348
Cannon, Ancient, found off St. Ives, 47
Cams, 5 (and see ' Cam ' in Nomina Loco-
rum)
Castle, The, * The Bolwarks,' z6, 149-51, 163,
314, 330, 328, 339, 335, 337, 348, 349, 353,
388, 390, 393. 397, 304
Catholics. 73, zi6, Z3Z-34, 253, 359, 344, 500
Cattle and other Live Stock, 145, 148, 164.
173. 178. '84. i^t 188. 192, 218, 252, 262-
65, 367, 369, 334
Cavaliers, Royalists, 195, 314, 319, 336, 336,
Caves, 4, 20, 410. 41 z, 4z8
Celibacy of the Clergy, Z33
Celts, Celtic, 13, 143, 380, 38Z, 40Z
Cemetery, SL Ives. 86, 87 ; Lelant, 39
Centenarians. (See Longevity.)
Cenhtrion, H.M.a. 8z
Ceremonies, Ecclesiastical, 60, 66, 70, Z3Z,
Z33, Z64
Chalice. SL Ives, 73
Champion of Wales, Vessel, 360
Chancel-arch, Towednack, 98
Chancel-stalls, St Ives. 65
Chandelier formerly in Si. Ives Church, 70,
74.76
Changelings and Elfin Babies, 38Z, 383
Chapels or Oratories, Ancient :
Chapel Anjou, 39
at Gurnard's Head. 38
at Gwinear, 38
at Kerrow, 39
at Porthminster, 36 |
at Rose-an-crowz, 39 1
Chapels or Oratories, Ancient {continued),
of St. Ante or Ansa, 38
of Sl la, 39.31. 35, 55. 56, 90
of SS. la and Derwe. 3Z
of Sl Leonard, ' The Chaple,' 36. 75, 77,
78, 149, Z5Z. X58, Z76, 178. 208. 238,
345, 246, 249, 252, 254, 257, 287, 29Z,
of Sl Madron, Z94
of Sl Mary, at Brunnion, 36. 4x9, 430
of Sl Nicholas, 4, 35, 76, 77, 159, 209,
257. 286, 304
at Higher Tregcnna, 38
at Trevarrack, The Chapel Field, 38
at Trewanack, 39
• Chaple, The. * (See Chapel of Sl Leonard. )
Charms and Charaiers. 3Z6, 39Z, 392
Charael-house, SL Ives, 77
Charters of St. Ives, 47, z88, Z93, Z94, 309,
214, 2x5, 234. 235, 239, 242. 252. 253, 255,
256, 258, 260, 270, 398, 304-306 : of Lelant,
88, 89 : of Marketjew, Z72
Chests, The Church, 163 ; the Custom-house,
490 : Knill's, 491 ; the Market-house, 242 ;
the Parish, 9 ; the Town, 177. z88, Z90, 3o8,
334, 336, 343, 353
Chill, An Old, from Zennor, 336
China-ware, 330, 3Z3, 334. 461
Christmas, Z45, 146, 155. 165, Z67, 309, 3Z2,
2Z4, 349, 309, 394-96. 496
Church-loaf. The, Z47
Churchwardens' Accounts, SL Ives, 73. 75
Churchwardens of SL Ives, List of the,
533
Churchyards. (See St. Ives, Lelant, eta)
' Churchyard, The New,' SL Ives, 86, 87
Cider, 387
Circles, Stone-, so
Circumnavigators. 8z. 3Z0, 459
Civil Wars, The, 93. Z95. 806, 310, 314, 3Z5,
319, 336, 433, 444, 449
Clergy, List of the Protestant, of St. Ives.
Clerk, The Parish, of SL Ives, 75-78, 87.
333, 252, 254. 257, 356; list of, 529; of
Towednack, 539
Clerk, The To^n, Z93, 205. 2ZO, 226, 233-35.
338, 343. 348. 351. 260. 272. 276. 290, 306,
309-3 iz. 322, 335, 364 ; list of, 539
Cliff Castles. z6, 30. 381
Climate of the Sl Ives District, zz
Clock, The, of Sl Ives Church, 77, Z53, Z59,
z66, Z67, 33Z, 350
Clockmakers, Local. 334. 336
Coast, The, and Coast-rocks, 4, 406-Z8
Coastguards, 87, 338
Collections for Ransoming Christian Slaves.
75
Collections for the Repair of Churches. 75
Collectors of Customs. (See Customs
Officers.)
Collectors of the Portfarm, List of, 530 (and
see Treasurer)
Common Prayer. The Book of, Z3Z-34
Commons and Waste Lands, 383
Commonwealth, The (and see Parliament),
194. 335. 336, 338, 53Z
Communion, The, 75-77, 134, Z47. Z54, Z55.
167, Z77. 348. 288. 29Z. 303, 309, 397
Communion-cups. (See Plate, Church-.)
Compass, The, on the Island, Z73
' Confessional,' The, at Lelant, 334
Consecration of Sl Ives Church, 69
Constables, Z53, Z56. z6o, Z74, Z79, z86, Z95,
3o6, 3z8, 32833. 235, 340, 34Z, 343. 344,
353, 857, 390, 395. 396. 398, 299, 305, 308-
310, 33Z, ; list of, 528
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Google
554
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Conviviality, 147, 150, 155, 159, 165, 170, 17a,
i73i 191 > 305, 206. ao8, ao9. an, 2x3, 214,
218. 219, 233, 234, 239-41, 244. 24s 249,
250, 255-58, 260, 287-95, 298. 301. 302, 304,
305. 308-310. 332. 361, 395. 400. 491-94.
Coracles, 30, 354
Corbel-heads, 6x, 107
Cornish Club, The, 488
Cornish Dialect of English. The (and see
Provincialisms), 19, 325, 382, 385, 389, 400,
405,496
Cornish Language, The, 11, 31, 122, 124,
^ 340. 393. 399. 401-405. 427
Coroners, 159, 236, 238, 248, 314
Credences, 91. 100
Criminals and Vagrants, 166, 177, 206, 219,
227, 230.32, 234, 235, 238, 243, 255, 257,
258, 282, 287-89, 293, 300, 303, 304, 309,
360, 480
Cromlechs, 17-20, 380
Crosses at Brunnion, 39: Cam Crowz, 40;
Gwinear, 38 ; Lelant Cemetery, 39 ;
Lelant Churchyard, 39 ; Lelant Village,
39 ; Lanhern Convent, 38 ; Penbeagle,
39; St. Ives, 68, 69; Towednack, 40,
100; Trencrom, 40; Higher Trenoweih,
40 ; Zennor Churchyard, 39
Cross-roads, Superstitions as to, 390
Crowder Feast, The, 396
Cryer, The, 234, 259, 287, 289-291. 294, 302,
303
Cucking-stool, or Ducking-stool, The, 170,
233. 247. 251. 252, 301
Cuckoo Feast, The, 100, 396
Custom-house, The, 490
Customs, Surviving and Obsolete, 23, 36, 40,
86, 227, 235, 262-64, 340, 393-97
Customs Officers, 80. 85, 127, 128, 130, i«,
333. 334. 337. 338. 360, 366. 367. 459 m
' officer ), 487, 491, 494
Curfew-bell. (See Bells.)
Cyclopean Remains, 16
Dancing, 302, 394, 395, 491-94
Dead. Burial, etc, of the, 17, 19, 55, 56, 76,
78, 79, 84, 86, 88, 98, ZO0-102, 104, 105,
122, 160, 163-65, 167, 218, 265, 267, 305,
388, 460, 463 ; Prayers for the, 68, 122
Decorated Architecture, 104, xo6, Z07
Dedication of St. Ives Church, 69
I>estruction of Antiquities, 17-21. 23, 27, 31,
38-40, 60, 64. 66, 69, 71, 91, izi, 124, 219,
220. 306, 310, 314. 316, 323, 360, 449
Dialect of English, The Local. (Sec Cornish
Dialect.)
Dippers, 377
Dissolution of Monasteries, Z2i
Distraint of Cattle, 173
Distressed Strangers Relieved, 149, 151, 152,
154, 156-60, 163, 165, 170, 172, 177, 181,
182, 189, 19Z, 206, 208-215, 220, 22X, 325,
229-32, 234, 235, 237, 239, 243, 244, 246.52,
254, 259, 288, 290-93, 295, 296, 298-302,
304-306, 309
Documents, Public and Legal, Deeds and
Muniments, 27, 3X, 35, 36, 38, 4X, 45-48,
50, 52-56. 72, 73. 75. 8890, 93, 94, 100,
ZO4, X08, ZXO. 113, TI3, Z22, 124, 125, X27,
133, Z43, Z48, 152. X56, X57, i6z, 188, 205.
207, 223, 224, 233, 233. 242, 243, 249, 252,
257-60, 270, 288, 289, 298, 299, 304-306,
3ZO. 3ZX, 313, 323, 334. 335. 338, 356,
403. 404, 419, 420, 423, 43X, 436, 473, 478,
490
Dolphin y Cutter, 337
Dolphin^ Pilot-boat, 365
Domesday Book, 42. 45, 480 ; of Exeter, 45
Dragoons, The zst Royal, 80, 459
Dre-ss, 94, Z48, Z55. 158-60, 244, 294, 309, 310,
337. 369. 371. 389. 460. 461, 488, 49i»
516
Drift-fishing, 377, 378
Drolls, and Droll - tellers. 399 (and S(«
Legends)
Druids and Druidism, 19, 40. 349, 382
Druids' Well, The. 380
Drums and Drummers, 149, 153, X58, 165,
i66, Z70, 174, Z77, Z78, x8z. z82, 235, 240,
24Z. 244-49, 25Z, 253, 256-58, 260, 287-90,
292-97
Ducking-stooL fSee Cucking-stool.)
Duel. Stephens Killed in a. 459
Dyamond, Ship, 129
Early EJiglish Architecture, 103, X04, Z07
Easier Sepulchre, 60
Eldred, Schooner -brig, 362
Election of Coroner, 314
Election of Mayors and Buif^esses. Z76, 181,
2x1, 240, 377-79, 298, 399. 301, 308-311.
334. 363- 365
Election of Members of Parliament, 2x0, 236,
254, 280, 308, 345, 360-63. 437, 46X. 497.
507
Emigration, izx, 358
Endeavour, Sloop, 3x0
Enterprise, Ship, 361
Equestrian Tile, 3x6
Ethnology, iz. 12
Evensong, 122
Exorcists, 384. 390
Expedition, Ship, 297
Fairies. 381-83 ; Fairy Queen's Funeral. 381;
Fairy Treasure, 382 ; Fairy Dower, 381
Fairs, 46, X59, 193, 217. 260, 276, 261, 282,
290. 295, 30X, 3x6, 397
' Fairy-mow (Ffir-a -moh), 3x6, 397
Famine at St. Ives, X95. 2x7
Farming and Agriculture, 8, 45, 92, 265, 267,
3»9. 321. 323-25. 358. 383. 4^2
Fauna of the St. Ives District, 9, xo
Feastentide, The (Parish Festival. Feast of
St. la), 69, 70, 396, 393, 394
Ferns, 6
Fiddlers. 341, 396, 491, 493, 494
Fields and Field-names. 50-52. 325, 407-415.
4x7, 418
Fines and Forfeitures, 146, 147, 153. X55. 158,
167, 168, X70-72, X76. X78, x8a. 183, 185-92,
2x7. 223. 227, 229-231 , 235, 240. 241. 243,
250. 255, 257, 273, 308. 309, 367, 375. 451.
460. 468. 499. 508
First-fruits Compositions, 132
Fish, Fisheries, Fishing, Fishermen, 4, 9» 10^
36, 39, 69, X82, 184-86. 189, 190, X93, 3I0b
2x6, 217, 223-35. 333, 341, 357, 383. 2P^
308, 316, 322, 325, 328, 338-40. 358, 360^
361. 363. 368. 369, 373-78. 385^ 386. 3W.
398-402, 404, 408, 409. 4XX. 4x2, 414*41^
436, 451. 458.459. 468, 472, 491. 492. 5«.
Flowers. 7. 8, 10, 395
Folk-lore, 9, 15, 2x, 22, 28, 40, 4X. 64, 100,
106, 3x6, 379-92. 396. 398-400
Folk-rhymes, 317, 333. 342, 382, 391, 395, 2^
40X, 402, 405, 437. 505, 514
Folliers, 377, 492
Fonts of St. Ives, 56. 64, 66, 76 ; Lelaot, 91 *
Towednack, 56, 99; Zennor, X04, 105;
lUogan, 64
Fort, The. (See the Castle. )
Foundlings, 150-52 159, X64
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INDEX III. (GENERAL).
sss
Freedom of the Borough, 21a, 219. 290. 225,
227, 243, 258, 259. 294, 295. 304. 306
Friendship, Brig. 350
Fuel. 158, 159, 174, 176, 215, 246, 250, 267,
288,324
Fumades, ' Fairmaids/ 374
Furniture, Household, x6o, 165, 324, 343
Gaelic Celts, The. 12
Gallery in St. Ives Church, 71, 913 ; in
Zennor Church, 104
Games, The Summer, the May (and see May-
Day and Robin Hood), 145, 147, 148, 154,
15s, 157, 158, 165, 167, 172, 177, 191, 2x2
Games, ' Bob-buttons.' 379
' Kiilemal,' 436, 437
Gaol, The. (See Prison.)
Gardens, Gardeners, 9, 38, 40, 86. 213, 313,
321, 322, 324, 368. 437, 512
Gas, The Town First Lit wiih, 364
Giniral Foix, Brig, 364. 365
Geology of the District. 5, 15, 16
Ghost>laying. (See Exorcists. )
Ghosts, 384-91 ; An* Katiy's, 384 ; on the
Wharf, 384 ,* of Kencsie. 384 ; of the Old
Parsonage, 388 ; of Cam Glaze, 389 ; of
the Market-bouse, 390 ; the Tap-bouse
Ghost, 390 ; a Headless Ghost, 391 ; the
Haunted Mine. 418
Giants, 16, 17, 379-81 ; The Giant's Bed, 17 ;
Bowl. 379 ; Castle, 380 ; Chair, 17 ; Cradle,
380; Grave, 17; House, 21, 380: Rock,
19, 22, 387; Snuff- Box, 379, 380; Spoon,
17 ; Well, 17, 380
Gifts. Bequests, and Devises, Charitable or
Public. 72.74, 88. 89, 145, 147, 151, 154, 163,
164, 21 X, 2x7, 224-28, 252. 254, 290, 291,
300, 302, 362, 396, 461, 490
Glass, Painted. 70 72. 74, 124
Glebe, of Lelant, 92 ; of Zennor, 108
Gold, Barbary, X29
Goytret^ Ship, 336, 360
Granite, 5, 57. 58. 3x3
Graves, Ancient, at Lelant, 98, 383
Gray's Inn, 487
Greyhound, Vessel, 126
Grotesque in Church Architecture, Meaning
of the, 62
Grotesques at St Ives Church, 6i, 62
Guard, The. (See Watch.)
Guard-house, Guard-chamber, The, 2x5,
221
Guise-dancing, Geese-dancing, 394. (See
Dancing ' hayes.')
Guns and Gunners. (See Ordnance.)
'Gureani an bys' (Creation of the World),
S3
Half-face, The Ghostly, 384
Harbour-dues Tariffs. 178. 183
Hares, Witch, 384, 387. 388
Haunted Houses. 384. 388-90; Haunted
Roads, 389-91 ; a Haunted Mine. 4x8
Hawks, Biarbary ; * Barbary Fowl,' 128, 129,
132
Head-wardens, List of. (See Mayors.)
Health of Inhabitants, ix
Hearth-tax, Chimney Rate, 243, 245, 247,
249. 252
Height of Eminences, 2
Heirlooms and Family Treasures, 336-38,
437. 459. 516
Heraldry. (See Armorial Bearings.)
• Hevah !' 376, 399
Hicks' MS. History of St. Ives, 11, 47, 54,
58, 60, 88, X95, 196, 221, 231, 300, 338, 401,
427.43a
Hiding-place, A Priest's, 324
Hill Forts, 16, 17, 30, 381
Hills, 2, 21
Holy Cross, Church of the. (See Crediton.)
Holy Water (and see Stoups), 12a
Horse Guards, The Royal, 502
Horses. 145, 155, 178, x8i, 184, 229, 233,
244, 247, 262, 267, 301
House of Commons, The, 461
Houses, Tjrpical St. Ives, 312, 313
Huers, 225. 373, 374. 376. 377, 468
Huguenot Refugees, 254, 259, 313, 322, 435^
436,501
Hundred Court, The, 166; Hundred Con-
stable, The, 305
Hunting, 384, 388
Hurling. 69, 208 384, 393
Hussar, H.M.S., ^51
Hut-dwellings, Pnmitive, 17, 19, 23, 24, 30
Image, A Saint's, at Zennor, 107. 108
Images Removed from Churches. 121. 122
Inns and Innkeepers. 39, 78, 92, 98. 123, 156^
158, 170, 239-41, 247, 256-58, 261, 264-68,
287-89, 291-94. 298, 301-303, 307-309, 3x3-
17. 3«>. 323. 331. 338. 360, 384. 387. 434.
460. 491. 493. 494. 515
Blue Bell, 320
Britannia, 323
George and Dragon. 123, 242. 308, 309*
314-16. 3qx, 389. 390
Globe; ' The Tap- house.' 360, 390
Golden Lion, 242, 3x6
Praed Arms. Lelant. 39
Red Lion. 320
Seven Stars, Exeter, 460
Sloop, 3x6, 3x7
Star, 320
Union, 493
Victory, 317, 451
White Hart. 313, 384
Inquisitiones Nonarum. 90
Inquisitions of the Bishops of Lincoln and
Winchester, 88
Inscriptions on Houses, 317, 323, 324
Invasions of St. Ives, 36, 47
Inventories of Church Property, 222, 223,
253
Inventory of Corporation Property. 223-25*
299, 238, 242. 305
* Jack Harry's I^ights.' 386
Jacobites. 287, 291, 304, 34X, 343, 344
Jesuits. 73. 253
Jews. 296. 382
John, Vessel, 360
Johnston v. Hichens. Election -case, 506
• Justice of the Peace,' The, 223i 224. 305
Justices. (See Magistrates.)
KHih, H.M.S.,289
Kings and Queens of the Summer Games*
List of. 530 (and see Games)
Kitchen Allowance, The Mayor's, 215, 2x9*
221. 241, 304
Knill's Steeple, 2, 5 (and see Knill)
Knockers, The, 382
Ladder, The Town, 260
Lady with the Lanthorn, The, 386
Lambesso, The, 221, 235, 41X
Ija Minerve, H.M.S., 351, 352
Lanthorn on the Island (and see Beacon)*
322; for the .Market, 251
Law. I^gal Process, 145, 146, i49-55» '59.
t6o, 166. 168, 172, 173. 177. 180, x8i, 187*
z88, 190b 192, 215, 218, 219. 225, 231, 233*
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Google
556
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
236, 238-40, 244, 245, 248, 250-53, 255.
257, 258, 260. 261, 263, 264, 272, 286. 288,
291, 296, 303. 308, 310, 334, 339, 371, 423,
468, 478, 490. 506. 507
Lawyers, 32, 180, i8z. 2x3, 215, 219, 229,
233. 258, 306, 3x0. 346, 363, 423, 426-28,
432, 459, 460, 462. 463, 487. 498. 499, 503,
506
Lazar House, Lazerus, The. (See Poor-
house. )
Lectern in St. Ives Church, 71
Legends, 9, 28-30, 92, 93, 98. 100. 106
Letter of Thanks, King Charles', 92
Licences for Mass in Private Oratories, 37,
4x9, 420
Lichens, 6
Lincoln's Inn Society, 461 ; Fields, 507,
515
Lincoki Taxation, The, 104
• Linnies,' lean-hays, 297, 512
Logan-rocks, 16. 19, 20, 387
Longevity, 11, 40Z, 464, 465, 496
Long Parliament, The, 499
Lotteries, 5x5, 5x6
Maces, 194, 229, 2^, 28^, 305
Madonna, Effigy of the, 68
Magic Water, 381
Magistrates, Justices, 127, 152, X59, x6o, 165.
172, 2x4, 2x9, 228, 25X, 256, 259, 263. 273-
76, 278-80, 283, 284, 295, 305, 310, 31 X,
335. 341. 344. 366, 367, 426, 459. 466, 472,
488, 508, 514
* Malakoff, The,* 370
Manor House, The. 317, 452
Manse of Zennor, The, xo8
Markets ; the Market-house, Place, 46, 47,
156, 157, x6o, x66, 172, 187, X89, X93, X95,
205, 208, 2x2, 2x3, 2x7, 220, 22X, 234, 235,
242, 243, 246, 251, 259, 260. 276, 281, 282,
303. 304. 309. 3»4. 316, 327. 347. 348. 363.
38X, 388-90, 395, 525
Marshalsea, The, 165
Mass, The, 36, 37, 70, X2x-23 ; Masses for
the Dead, 114
Matins, X22
Mausoleum, The Knill. (See Knill's Steeple,
eta)
May Day, 395
Mayors, Portrieves, and Head-wardens, List
of, 5x7, 518
Maypole, The, 145, 177, 248, 258
Measurer, The Borough, 191
Medal found at Cam Glaze, 3x4
Medical Men, xx, 80, 84, 302, 304, 33X, 437,
465. 496. 497. 553. 515
Medicine. (See Sick, Treatment of the.)
Meeting-houses; Methodist Chapel, The,
34X, 348, 362, 369, 396, 457, 459
Members of Parliament for the Borough, X25,
2x0, 236, 337, 358-63, 445, 459, 46X, 468,
480, 497 L383
Mermaids ; the Mermaid of Zennor, Z05, xo6,
Metheglin, Mead, 165
Methodists, Wesleyan, 341-49, 389, 393
Midsummer Day, 490
Militia (and see Trained Band), The Cornish,
362, 363 ; Middlesex, 460
Ails i
Mills and Millers, 135, 182, 230, 249, 296,
399. 416
Mines, Tinners, Mining, and Metal Manu-
factures, 5, 6, 15, 196, 262, 264. 267, 268,
291. 338. 350. 354. 358. 365. 368, 380-82,
390, 40X, 4x0, 414, 4x5, 418, 489, 49X, 492,
502, 504, 5x5
Miracle-plays, 52, 144, 146-48, 156, 414;
Miracles of Local Saints, 29
Mosses, 6
Mounting-block, 92
Mules, 57, 58. 86, 330
Murder of Body. X2X ; of Tackabird, 235,
236 ; Alleged, of Beare, 301
Muster, The. (See Trained Band.)
Muster Master. The. (See Sergteant-Major.)
• Mutton-Feast,' The, 398, 399
Navy, The, 8x, 97, 165. 170, 210, 230, 246,
250, 287, 289, 303, 304. 3x0, 314. 337. 350-
52. 478
Negro Slaves Landed at St. Ives, 361
Ntptufu, Ship, 386
Nets, 375-78
• Newlyn and St. Ives School' (See Artists.)
Nicknames, 372, 403
Nonagenarians (see Longevity) ; A pair of
St. Ives. 496
Nonconformists (and see Puritaos), 71. X94.
22X, 234, 471, 52X
Norman Architecture, 91, 103, 104, 107
Northern Lijg^ts, The, 359
• Office of a Constable,' The, 225, 2a8. 239
Oratories. (See Chapels. )
Orchards, 9. 5x2
Ordinance. Episcopal, for Endowing Zennor
Vicarage, 108
Ordnance, Guns and Gunners, 149. 155, 161.
X63, X69, 2XX, 2x3-15, 220-22, 229, 231.245.
246, 248-51, 258, 288, 29X. 292. 294-98, 302.
417. 502
Organist's Wages, The, 205. 208, 213
Organs of St. Ives Church, 59, 60, 71, 175-
177, X9X, 2x3, 2x9, 220
• Organ-tower,' The, 60
Origins, Mythological, x6, X7, 380-83
Overseers of the Poor, List of, 528
Papal Bulls and Licences, 54. 55, 305
Pardon, The King's General, 258
Parliament, X48, X94, 206. 236. 239, 254, 288,
292, 294, 295. 3^, 373. 375, 497. 508
Parsonage, The Old, Sl Ives, 58, 388
Passes, Certificates, Briefs, Patents, 20S, 218,
243. 249, 251, 254, 287
• Passio Sancti Guigneri,' 28
Passion, Emblems of the, 64
Pearl, Barque, 127
Penzance, Natural History and Antiquarian
Society, 7, 8, 19, 2X, 23, 24, 100, 336, 481
Perle, Brig, 361
Persecution of Catholics, 123. X24, 253 ; of
Methodists, 341-44 ; of Independents, 471.
472 ; of Quakers, 234
Petitions and Addresses to Government. (See
Addresses. )
Pews. (See Seats.)
Phantom Coach, 391 ; Phantom Ship, 386
Pheenix, Lugger. 336
Pig- Fair (Ffir-a'-moh), 397
Pilchards (and see Fish), xo, 373-78
Pilgrimage of Grace, The Coruish, 121-24
Pillory, The, 177, 228
Pilots, 35, 130, 303, 304, 342. 365, 384, 386
Pipers, 147, 241
Pirates. (See Privateers.)
Piscinae, 91, xoo, 104, 107
Plague at St. Ives, 170, 17X. 189, 195, 217,
224-6, 299, 319
Plate, Church, 72, 73, 76. 78, 177, 222, 223.
353
Poll-tax, 239, 240
Poor, The Parish. X48, 150-52, x58-6o, X63-67,
206, 224, 226-28, 248, 293, 298, 299, 308,
3x0, 362. 470. 508
Digitized by
Google
INDEX III. (GENERAL).
557
Poorhoose, The ; the Lazarhoiise, Lasenis ;
Almshouse; Parish-house, 150, 2x7, 227,
233
Pope, The, 54-56, 90, 121, 305. 343
• Popish Plot/ The, 73
Population of St. Ives, 50, 54*330, 358
Porch of Lelant Church. 92
' Porth ' and a ' Pool/ The difference between
a, 414
Porthrieves, Headwardens. (See Mayors.)
Post Letters, 172-74, 177, 181, 183, 191, 206,
210, 215, 217, 219, 229, 231, 233, 235, 238,
239-41, 244, 247, 248, 252. 258, 287. 291,
292,305
Post Onice. The, 299
Preachers, 145, 156. 159, x66, 177, 178, 182,
x88, X89, 2x9-21, 233, 234, 238, 24X, 248,
250
Pre-Aryans, The, X2, x6, X7, 98, 380, 38X
Presbyterians. 459
Pressed Seamen ; the Pressgang, x66, 170,
2x0, 229, 230, 244-46, 250, 287. 289, 295,
341
Pressing-stones, 386
Prices, of Beer, 147, X7X. 239, 243, 244. 256,
266
Boards, 206, 207, 246
Bookbinding, 238
Brandy, 2x8, 290
Cement, 25 x
Chests, 208
Coals, 218
Corn, 2x8
Fish, 378
Fodder, 218
Food in general, 75. 77, 145. 147-50, 153-
55, 158, 165-67, 170, X73, 2X2. 2x4, 2x8,
246
Gunpowder, 256
Halibut, A, 155
Lanthorn, A, 251
Lime, 206, 246
Locks, Keys and Bolts. 166. 188, 207,
aa9. 233. 239, 253, 294. 296, 309
Mead. X65
Nails, 246
Oil, 167, 207
Pair of Scales, A, 230
Parchment, 148, 257, 289
Quart Pot, A, 236
Rafters, 206, 246
Salt, 182
Sheep, 145
Shoes, x6o, 257
Straw, 166
Stuffs and Garments, X46, X48, X58-60
Sugar and Sweetmeats, 21X, 213, 221
Took, 157, 173, 176, 183, 206
Wine, 75-77, 146. 150, 154, X55. 159. 164,
X72, 181, X9X, 21 X, 2x5, 2x7, 240, 256,
289. 293
Priests of the Four Parishes, 56, 58, 69, 88, 89.
94, 108, 109
Priest's Door, A, 91
Priest's Hiding-place, A, 324
Printing. 145
Prison. The ; the Gaol (and see Lanceston),
209, 2X2, 228-30. 233, 235, 238, 243. 244,
247, 252, 253, 273. 276. 282, 289, 290. 295,
397. 303. 309
Prisoners of War in France, St. Ives Men, 87,
350, 461
Pnvateers and Pirates, 159. 176, 2x0, 222,230,
23X, 286, 287, 289, 290, 298. 335, 488
Prizes, 128, 253, 287, 360, 36X, 364, 365
Processions, 122
Proclamations, 170, 231, 234. 235, 239. 24X,
247, 250, 251. 256. 287, 288. 291, 295, 297-
99. 301, 302, 304. 309, 343-45. 359.
364
Protector. (See Cromwell. )
Provincialisms, Obsolete Words and Phrases
(and see Cornish dialect) :
Hellenstones, hellyars. helliers, healt;,
etc., 145, 167, 209. 220, 232, 249,
etc
Crooks, croks, crocks, 149, 207, 235,
243, 246
Caringe, 145, etc.
Shrifte= sheriff, 150. etc
Ledar= leather, 150, etc.
Finding=keep, maintenance, X51
Hinde, 145
Soppe, 146
Bock, X46
Bulwarks, 150, etc
Gather=collect money, X51. X52, etc.
Amend, 152, etc.
Stonding, X52, etc
Sett to = put on, 153
Peson, 153
Forestman= stranger, 153, 155
Church dewtyef X54
Morash=marsh. 154
Horse mett, 155
Cutie, cute=rate, 156, etc
Church hay, X56, 176
Sholle= shovel, X57
Vitall, X58
Harnes= armour, X58, etc
Loste=:loss, 158, etc
Thack, 158. etc
Furses, flfurces. 158, X74
Sowdier= soldier, 159 ; Sowdgars, 160
Maid = girl, x 59. etc
Oman = woman, 160
Stabell= staple, 160
Haxads, 160
Curt = court, 160, etc.
Myddest, 160
Pentise, penthouse, i6x, 164, 165. x68,
242, 245, 249, 252, 257, 294, 309, 3x5,
316, 390
Stoarc, score = fund, 163
Lazar, 163
Hurted, X63
Strawen= of straw, 164
Clome, cloam= earthen, 165
Met heklan= mead, X65
Orphant. 16^
Ire=iron, 165, 166
Domes, 165, 166
Poss=a post, 165. x66, 174
Poss=:to prop, a^. 301
Strowe= straw, 166
Clavell, x66
Chimlye, 166
Housen, X67. T71
Toanoyle. X67
Lenatt, 168
Garboyle= garbage, x68
Noysom, 168
Cattails = chattels, 168, 170
Holelye=wholly, all. x68
Apparell=accoutremenis 170
Potlell= bottle, 172
Lattes, lafts= lathes, 172, 246, 257
Apell= apples, X72
Hogsett. 172
Shever, A, X73
Debet =debt. 174
Megelmas, 174
King's ringing day, X74
The nowe Porthreeve, 175
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558
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Provincialisms, Obsolete Words and Phrases
— amtinued :
The good lykinge, 175
Organs, 175, etc.
Cheifeste, 175
Sumonaunce, 175
Dimission, 175
The mosie ptirte, 177
Margeni, 177
Sett = hired or farmed out. 177, 2x7, 64
Mawnds, 177
Pitching downe a poste, 177
Saiisfye=pay (an amount), 177
View = control, custody, 178
Sennight, 178
Liste= choose, 178
Travayle= journey, 181
Alhollentyde, 181, etc
Troubles = complaint, 181
Choice daye, 182
Some occasyons= certain circumstances,
182
Millards, 182. 183
Lont=Ioan, 183
Port h= harbour, 183
Safguard= shelter, 183
Allients= aliens, 183, 184
Accompts, 184, etc.
Herrings pilchards, 184, etc
Kinter kin = kilderkin, 184
Ffower=four, 184, etc.
Driving ) (of pilchards), 185, 186, 190,
Drift ) 257, 375
Bynn, Benn=been, 186, 187, etc
Sayne, seane, seine, 186, ai6, 308
Bedroan, 187, 191
Who = whosoever, 187, 189
To yield an excuse, 187
I^tten=le!, 187
To ffirme to=a^ree to, 188
Kyne, 188, 192
Taken with the ffrench, 189
Elce= otherwise, 190
Growen=grown, 189
Meanelie= scan lily, 189
Offensives: prejudiciali 189
Dampnified, 190
Norlhfolke, 191
Salt and other graines, 191
Steame, stem, 192, 223
Slatts= slate, 206
Outlandish (of aperson)= strange, foreign,
208
Bole=ban, 208
Spukes= spikes or spokes, 208, 251
To vewe the bounds, 208
Sheere= shire, 2x0
Ffootman= messenger, 211, 241
Belongs = belongs to, 2x1
Reparations = repairs, 2x2
Omance= ordnance, 2x3
Kitchinge, Cichinge, 2x5, 219
Charges expense, 125, 2x5, 22X
Servinge the cure, 2x8
Sentences, 220
Causes case, 220
Coinidates greet, welcome, accompany,
221
Cushing= cushion. 223, 229
Carpetts tapestry, tablecloth, 223, 253
Killing of mshe, 223
Blowsers, 223, etc.
Hewers, 225, etc
Lovalls legal, 226
Debitor, 2s6
Threasurer, 226
Silinge= ceiling (of a house), 228
Provincialisms, Obsolete Words and Phrues
— continued:
Blooshed=slaughter of beasts, 229
Cubartsscupboards, 229
Portage, 229
To waites weigh, 230
Raggs (stones), 232
Twists, 235. 246
Pennard, 243 [to, 244
Waterynge of (a person) «= to give dnnk
To come by = get at, 246
Caunseing, cawsing ; to cawsey, cawse=
pave, 249, 302, 303
Cuttleaxs cutlass, 249
Plaister of pal lace = plaster of Puis.
Roman cement, 251
Pursevants pursuivant, 255
Staye=to prevent, 127
Bestows to place, X27
* Jack 's knave (term of reproach), X27
Brasslettss bracelets, 128
Ffowyls hawks, 128
Stricken s struck (by a hand), 128
Portingalles Portugal, X28
Did not care to cuts did not mind if he
cut, 128
Auchersgauger, 128
Sugars, 128
Sworen, 129
Bignesssize, X29. 130
Misused s maltreated, 130
Willing s desirous, X3X
To eate meate=to take food, 131
Untrusse his points, 131
Whitt sowle, 262
To tales count, 264
To casts ruin, 266
Adventuring (of mines) sspecolation, 268
Tapes rope, 289
Nigh s near, 289
Caleinges publicly prohibiting, 289
Greements agreement, 293
Cleansens cleansing, cleaning, 293
To ryde against s 10 ride to meet, 294
Stanningssstandings, 297
To dabs throw, 302
Survys survey, 303
A treat on (a person), 304
Planchings wooden floor, 304
Dippers (fishing term), 377
Gooldsgaol, 394
' Prickly Christmas 's holly, 395
Allan-day, 395
Shallals, 39^
Crowders fiddler, 396
• Fairy- Mow,' 397
*HevaI' 399
Pulpit. St Ives Church, 66, 70 ; Leiant, 91
Pumps, 249, 298
Punch, 302, 304
Purgatory, X22
Puritans, Puritanism, 60, 71, 194, 220, 236,
^323. 349. 422, 449. S«>
Pynnace, Ship, 129
Pyx, Carving of a, 66 ; a Pyx, 122
Quakers, 234, 254
Quay or Pier, The, i, 3. 4. 36, 144, 149, 153,
159, 160, X74, X78, X8X-85, 205, 206, ao8,
2x4, 215, 233, 238, 251, 252, 255. 282, a86,
290, 29X, 296-98. 300, 307, 3x0, 334, 360,
362, 370, 409, 494
Quay Wardens, List of. 526
Quo Warranto^ The Writ of, 255, 270
Railway, The, 98. 368, 370
Raised Beaches, 5
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INDEX III. {GENERAL).
559
Ransoming Christian Prisoners, z6o, 164, 424
Rate of 1620, The Royal, 178
Reading-room, The, 370
Rebellion, Monmouih's. 256
Receiver. (See Treasurer.)
Recorders of the Borough, 193,2x0, 211, 2x8-
21, 227, 229, 237, 241, 245, 260, 272, 274,
275, 279. 280. 293, 294. 299, 301. 310, 335 ;
Lost of, 528
Recoveries. Ancient. 46, 47
Recusants. (See Catholics. )
Reform Act of 1832, The, 363, 504. 505
Reformation, The, 27, 31, 121, 143, 261, 349,
426 [108
Roisters, Episcopal, of Exeter, 36, 38, 55,
Roisters, Parochial, of St Ives. 73-75, 79,
221, 264. 268. 300, 306, 384, 42X, 4sk>, 430,
435. 439. 441. 446, 448-50. 456, 462, 471.
477. 479. 495 ; of Leiaut, 93.414. 44i. 445 >
of Towednack, 100, 448, 449, 481 ; of
Zennor, zio, iix, 268, a^, 435, 462, 466.
477
Rejoicings, Public, X50. 153, 155, 231, 234,
336. 239. 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 248, 249,
253, 256-58, 260. 287, 288, 290-93, 295-98,
391. 302, 305
Relics of St. la. The. 30, 31, 60
Rent paid to Lelant Church by St. Ives, 145,
149, iTO. 157. 240
Rent-roll of the Tregenna Estate, 52
' Reprizing-seat,' The. (See Uprising-seat.)
Restoration, The ; R. Day, 239. 240, 241, 243-
45. 250. 252, 253, 303
Restoration of the Church of St, Ives, 72 ;
Lelant, 91 ; Zennor. xo6, 107
Ringers. 150, 155, 158, 163, 165, 168, 174, 191,
205, 208, 2x9, 225, 234, 236, 239, 241, 242,
244-47, 249, 250-53, 256, 287, 288, 292-98,
301, q02. ^ 305, 309, 407, 46X
Rings, Knili's Memorial, 490
Riots and Fights, 255, 341-44, 361, 423
• River, The* (Trenwith Stream), 240
Rivers. (See Streams. )
Robin Hood, The (and see Games, Summer),
iss. 157
Rocks. (See Carns and Coast.)
Rock-basins, z6, 17, 19
Roman Catholics. (See Catholics.)
Roman Coins, 22, 23
Rood-screens, Lofts, Stairs, etc., 59, 60, 66,
70, 91, 100, 219. 220
Roof-carvings in Churches, 60, 71, 91
Roundago, The St. Just (See Miracle
Plays.)
Roundheads. (See Puritans.)
Royalists. (See Cavaliers.)
Royal Oak. Order of the, 443
Rushes for the Church-floor, 154, 158, z6o, 165
Saints ; Cornish. Irish, and Welsh, 124, 323
Sa/Iy, Sloop, 384
Salt, 127, 182, 297
Sands, their encroachment, etc., 4, 47,48, 92,
383
Sayings. Old. (See Folklore.)
Schools and School-masters, 78, 193, 22x, 222,
243, 246, 248, 25X, 342, 356, 360, 362. 400,
C39
Sta/are, Vessel, 289
Seals (animals), 383. 4x4
Seals ; The Broad. 165 ; of the Boro', 193,
224, 225. 242. 272, 305 ; Armorial, of Ger-
man Shapcotte, 180
Seats, Benches and Pews in the Church of St.
Ives, 64-67, 71, 151, X57, 162. 167, 175, 236,
476 ; Lelant. 91 ; Towednack, 99 ; Zennor,
105. xo6
Sergeant-Major, The: the Muster Master,
X49, 158, 165, 170, X72, 177, i8x, 240
Sergeants-at-Maoe. Town Sergeants, 2x3, 215-
19, 22X, 229, 245, 247. 294. 295. 301, 309,
310
Serpent of Zennor, The. 38 x
Sextons, Bedmen, 76, 77^ 163, x66, 177, z8x,
187. Z91, 222. 309
Shallals, 395
Sheep (Parish-, 145), 398
Shells, 9, xo, 15
Shibboleth, A Local Cornish, 465
Ship-building, 358, 362
Ship-money, 498 [302
Shoes, Shoemakers, and Cobblers, 260, ^8,
Shrine of St la. The! 60
Shrovetide, 395
Shute, The, 298
Sick. Treatment of the. Medicine, it, 158,
163. 164, 166. 170-X72, X89. 195, 2x8, 225,
244. 255. 297
Sidesmen. (See Wardens of the Aisle. )
Singing and Singers. 383. 399, 400
Singing-master, The, 293 •
Slavery among the Turks, 75, 238 (and see
Ransoming)
Slaves, Supposed Burial of, at Lelant, 98 :
Slaves at St Ives Liberated, 361
Smiths' Implements Carved on Benches, 64
Smuggling, 94, 127-32, 248. 3x7, 332. 333.
333. 338, 346. 349. 352. 363. 365. 366. 488
Soldiers, 16, 149, X52. 153, X56-58, x6o, X63.
165, x66, 170. 172. X74. 182, 215, 2x8. 233,
253. 256. 288, 290-93, 295, 298, 300, 304,
305. 336, 3Sa. 354
Spider (or Speedy)^ Gun-brig, 350
Spriggans, 379, 382
Squint in Zennor Church, 107
Staves, Poles, The Constables'. 298. 3x0
Stile. The Church, X63, X64
Stocks, The, 153, 157, 160, X67, 212, 221, 23X,
233. 238. 239, 243, 255. 294. 296. 297, 304,
305, 334
Stone, Carved, from St. Ives Church, 64
at Towednack Church, 99
Stone circles, 20
Implements. Ancient, x6, 315, 3x6
Inscribed, at Trevarrack, 38
Monuments, Rude (various), 20, 22,
381. 411
Slate-, 5
The Twelve-o'clock-, 17, 22
Storms, X96, 346, 360
Stoups, Holy Water, 62. 9X
Streams, Rivers, 2, 3. 36. X95. 240, 298. 323,
380. 4XX
Streets, Roads, and Lanes. 86, 238, 252. 253,
259, 288, 295-99, 302-304, 312-17. 319-21,
323. 325. 330. 363. 364. 389-91. 397. 404.
406, 409, 4x0, 4x2, 4x5. 416, 42X, 489
Submerged Lands. 92, 383
Subsidy Roll of 1327, 48
Sunday, 'The Sabbath,' 69, X82, x86, 233,
^ 255, 309, 3x0. 363, 388, 389, 394, 472
Sun-dials, 62, 76, 77, 92, xoo, 105. 250. 390
Superstitions. Various, x8, 21, 22, 40,41,3x6,
^ 385. 386. 390. 412
Surrender of Limerick, The, 287, 288
Survey of the Town and Parish of St Ives,
303
Swimming Grindstone, Story of the, 398
Tablets, Memorial, in the Church of St Ives,
79, 80 ; of Lelant, 94, 95 ; of Towednack,
xoo ; of Zennor, X09
Tar-barrels. 249, 253, 256-258, 260, 287, 288,
292-94. 298, 302, 303, 305
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56o
A HISTORY OF ST. IVES.
Taunts, Parish, 398>400
Tea, 461, 515
Terrace, Ihe. (See Nomina Locorum.)
Terrier, The Si. Ives, 76, 77 ; the Zennor
Terrier, 269
Test Act Certificates, eta , 388, 991, 303, 309,
310
Thatching, 158. 163. 164, 166, 167
'Thomas' Wreck,' 466, 467
Tide, An Abnormally Low, 36a
Tithe Butter and Cheese, White-soule, 147,
148, 362, 363, 369
Tithes, 90, 108, 109, 1x2, 117, 148, 187, 193,
353, 261-69. 338-340, 404. 444
Tobacco, 366, 286, 293, 297, 332, 496
Tombstone Inscriptions at St. Ives, 81 ;
Lelant, 96 ; Towednack, loz ; Zennor, 109
Tools and Implements. 157, 163, 166, 173,
183. 206, 234, 264. 371
Topographical Nomenclature, 406-418
Towans, The. i, 4. 92, 98 (and see Sands)
Towers, Church-, 58, 73-76, 99, 100, 103, 107,
153. 170. 396
Town Hall, Guildhall, The, 146, 178, 187,
231. 335. 337-329, 235, 236, 242, 249, 277,
278, 294. 298, 301, 303, 3p6. 308. 309. 311,
361-64, 490, 506, 508
Traditions, Various, 15, 100 (and see Folk-
lore)
Trained Band, Muster, The, 125, 126, 149,
152, 155, 157, 165. i6<S. 241. 249
Transept, The, of Zennor Church, Z04
Treasure, Hidden, 452, 488
Treasurer, The Borough, Collector, Receiver,
225-267, 230, 232
Trees, 9, 152
Trinity, The, in Church-ornament, 66, 68
True Briton, Brig, 359
Tuckers, 377
Tucklng-mill, The, 148
Tumuli, 17, 19, 20-22
Turnips, 8
Twelfih-Day, Twelfth-Night, Eve (and see
Christmas), 249, 395
Twelve-o'clock-stone. The, 17, 22
' Two Edges,' The, 16, 30
Twopenny piece, A, 265', 267
Typical Houses, 312, 313
Ivesians, 370
Uprising-seat, * Reprizing-seat,' The, 78
Valor Ecclesiasticus, The, 69, 94, 108, 112
Vaults, Sepulchral, 79, 82-86, 97, loi
Vehicles, 57, 330, 391
Venison. 291-93
Vermin. 75
Vice-Admiral, The, 128, 196, 222, 250, 297
Victory^ Vessel, 247, 292
Visitation of Bishop of Stapledon, 108
of Cornwall, 1620; the Heraldic,
419, 430, 465, 473, 474
Visitors, The, 368, 370, 371
Volunteers, The St. Ives, 79, 87, 350, 460,
Wardens of the Aisle, Sidesmen, List of, 539
Market, List of, 525
Quay, List of, 526
Watch, Guard, The,* 215, 218, 220, 233, 235,
236, 240, 247, 248, 253. 255, 386, 287. 289,
390, 296
wSs
Waywardens, List of, 538
Weights and Measures, 150, 191.
224, 2^. 230, 334, 236. 239, 274.
r. >5. 306. 310
ells, 41
The Dniids' WcU. 380
The Town. Well, 254
The Well of St Madron, 194
Venton Eia, St. la's Well, 40. 249. 990.
365. 417
Venton Dovey, St. David's Well. 40
Venton, Uny, St Elwyn's Well, ^z
Venton, Vigean, 41
Westcoti's Well, 249
Welsh Equivalents of Cornish Words. 30a,
3,404.406-413,415.417
irf. The, 313. 316. 325, 327, 339. 369.
_,o, 384, 496
Cherry. Journey Round the Land in a. xa^
Whipping, 314, 328. 231, 234, 243, 245. a49-
253. 287, 293. 303, 309, 398
Whistling, 385
• Whistlers, The Seven,' 385
Whit-soule, Whitt-sowle. (See Tithe Butter
and Cheese.)
' Widow, A Grass.' 484
Wills. 166, 226-28, 290. 300, 302, 396. 400.
460, 478, 485. 488, 490. 491
A Zennor Man's Humorous Will. 400
Window-tax, 304
Wine and Wine-glasses. 30a
Wishing-cup, The, 211, 220, 223. 225. 242,
,,250, 255, 257, 259. 294, 305, 306, 309
Witchcraft and Witches, 232, 233, 387, ^98 ;
Witches' Rock, 387 ; Witch of Trewev,
wS'r
WhSr
brkmen and thdr Wages :
Armourers, 156-58, 170, 173, 237. 248
Bellfounders, 174
Carpenters, Joiners, 74, 76-78, 148, 151,
161, 164-66, 170, 177. 207, 213, 215,
220, 221, 228, 231, 233-235. 24a. 243.
246, 251, 254, 260, 264, 265, 286, 296,
301
Cutlrrs. 159. 166
Gardeners. 213
Glaziers. 74, 77, 145, 152. 155, 166, 167,
211, 221, 309,
Goldsmiths, 172
Gunners, 211. 215, 220, 222, 299
Labourers, jj, 145. 148. 150, 159, 163-67,
172-174, 176, an6, 207, 214, 233, 243,
I 246, 249. 274
' Masons, 73, 74, 76. tj, 149, 152, 156-58,
I 160. 165-167, 170, 206, 208, 220, 335,
I 246, 249, 254. 257, 286, 296. 304
Match-makers, 214
1 Plumbers, 153, 159
I Ropers, 156, 158, 163, 164, 484
I Shoemakers, 260
I Smiths, metal and iron workers, 150, 165*
' 167, 206-308. 212, 215, 220, 233, 328,
1 229, 231, 233-35. 238, 239, 246, 253p
286, 301, 305
Thatchers, 158, 166, 167
Tilere (belliers), 145
Tinners, 264
Wrecking, 127, 349, 365, 488
Wrestling, 360, 394, 493
Writs, Parliamentary, 125
Yews, 154, 476
Elliot Stocky 62, Patimetter Row^ Lottdott^ B.C.
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