Ahn-Henn's second Latin reader. Selections from the writings of Justinus, Caesar, Cicero, and Phaedrus. With notes, vocabulary, and references to Ahn-Henn's Latin grammar

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I SECOND LATIN READER.

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1 JUSTINUS, CAESAR, CICERO,
AND PHAEDRUS.

J|f With Notes, Vocabulary, and References to
Ahn-Henn's Latin Gra3IMAR.

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NEW YOllK :

E. STEIGER k 00

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2007 with funding from

IVIicrosoft Corporation

http://www.archive.org/details/ahnhennssecondlaOOahnfrich

Steiger's Latin Series.

AHN-HENN'S

SECOND LATIN READER.

Selections from the Writings of

JUSTINUS, CAESAR, , OIOER.Q,
AND PHAEDEtJS. ; .' .

With NoTES, YoCABULARY, and REFERENCES TO

Ahn-Henn's Latin Grammar,

NEW YORK:
E. STEIGER k CO

1882.

REQUEST.

The undersigned, in their efforts to secure the greatest
possible correctness in their educational publications, will feel
obliged for the suggestion of improvements.

E, Steiger & Co,, FuUishers.

Copyright, 1882, by E. Steiger & Co.

IN MEMORIAM

Pnsa of
E, Steiger & Co., N. F.

PREFACE,

This Second Latin Header is intended to be used in connec-
tion with Ahn-Henn's IViird Latin Book. It comprises Selections
from Justin, Caesar, Cicero and Phaedrus, Notes with references
to the Grammar, and a very full and accurate Vocabulary.

Though strictly classical in all important respects, the First
Latin Reader, which omits the more difficult constructions and
parenthetical clauses of the original author, is, of course, but a prep-
aration for what ought to be the next step in the learner's progress
— the perusal of the undiminished text of classic authors appro-
priate for early tuition. The books used for this purpose should at
first be as easy as possible, and they are all the better if their con-
tents are cut up into short extracts complete in themselves. With
this in view, the selections have been made for the Second Latin
Reader, To the specimens of the simple narrative style of Caesar
and Cicero it is impossible to take any exception, while Justin
whose history was, at one time, extensively in use on account of his
purity and propriety of diction, is sufficiently easy to begin with.
The fables selected from Phaedrus are such as have become familiar
to many, in English, and this previous acquaintance has a wondrous
effect of smoothing the learner's way through the difficulties which
he encounters when first set to read Latin poetry.

In preparing the Notes the editor has endeavored to give such
assistance as may help a pupil in making out his text, and to point
out the usages and idioms of grammar so as to enable him to
answer the questions of an intelligent instructor. At this stage it
is, of course, a careful study of the Notes that must be strongly in-
sisted upon. It is likewise essential to consult the passages in the
Grammar to which the numerous references are made.

-The Vocabulary may seem too elaborate, but in reality it is not
60. In a book for beginners, every thing should be as clear as

III

•-/rdioomj

— IV —

possible, and written in such a way that a pupil of fair abilities
should be able to make it out without the assistance of a master. Ac-
cordingly every word occurring in the text, should have its English
equivalent given in the Vocabulary. The special references, how-
ever, by page and line (as in the Vocabulary to the First Header)
have been discarded, since the pupil must now be able to get for
himself the particular shade of meaning which a word has in the
given context.

In the preparation of the Readers as well, as of all the other
books of this series it has been the author's constant endeavor to
facilitate the thorough study of the Latin language and to make it,
at the same time, so practical that when a pupil has mastered these
two Readers he will be able to read authors of average difficulty
(Caesar, Cicero, etc.) at sight and thus be fully prepared for the
study of Latin at College.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

M. JUSTINIANUS JUSTINUS.

Text. Notes.

1. The Assyrians 1 53

2. Astyages and Cyrus 2 55

3. The Athenians. Battle of Marathon 5 60

4. Xerxes. Third Invasion of Greece 9 65

5. Sparta and Lycurgus 15 74

6. Sicily, Invasion of the Athenians 16 76

7. Character of Philip and Alexander 20 81

8. The death of Alexander 21 83

9. The earliest history of Carthage 23 85

C. JULIUS CAESAB.

10. First landing in Britain 28 91

11. On the habits of the Germans o 31 96

M. TULLIUS CICERO.

12. Solon ;« 99

13. Leonidas 34 101

14. Themistocles 34 101

15. Alexander the Great 35 103

16. Dionysius, Tyrant of Syracuse 36 104

17. Socrates 39 107

18. Demosthenes 42 110

19. The best sauce 43 112

20. Burial service at Athens 44 112

21. Aratus of Sicyon 45 113

S2. A remarkable dream * 46 114

— VI —

PHAEDKUS.

Text. Notes.

23 Tlie wolf and the lamb 47 115

24. Tlie frogs and their Mug 47 116

25. The wolf and the crane 48 116

26. The ass and the lion in partnership 49 117

27. The fox and the crow 49 117

28. The aged lion 49 118

29. The Ute and the doves 50 118

30. The two mules 50 119

31. TJie dog and the wolf 51 119

32. The fox and the sour grapes 52 120

33. The ungrateful snake 52 120

34. TJie discontented stag 52 120

Vocabulary 121

M. JUSTINIANUS JTJSTINUS.

1. TJve Assyrians.

I. Principio rerum gentium nationumque impermm penes
reges erat, quos ad fastigmm hujus majestatis non ambitio po-
pularis, sed spectata inter bonos moderatio provehebat. Po- s
pulus nullis legibus tenebatur: arbitria principum pro legibus
erant. Fines imperii tueri magis quam proferre mos erat:
intra suam culque patriam regna finiebantur. Primus omnium
Ninus, rex Assyriorum, veterem et quasi avitum gentibus mo-
rem nova imperii cupiditate mutavit. Hie primus intulitio
bella finitimis et rudes adhuc resistendi populos termmos
usque Libyae perdomiiit. Magnitudinem quaesltae domina-
tionis continua possessione firmavit. Domitis igitur proximis
cum accessione virium fortior ad alios transTret et proxTma
quaeque victoria instrumentum sequentis esset, totius orientis is
populos subcgit. Postremum bellum illi fuit cum Zoroastre,
rege Bactrianorum, qui primus dicitur artes magicas invenisse
et mundi principTa siderumque motus diligentissime spectasse.
Hoc occlso et ipse decessit, relicto adhuc impubere filio Ninya
et uxore Semiramide. 20

II. Haec Babyloniam condidit murumque urbi cocto latere
circumdedit, liarenae vice bitumme inter strato, quae materia
in illis locis passim invenltur et e terra exaestuat. Multa et
alia praeclara hujus reglnae fuere: siquidem non contenta
regni termmos tueri, AethiopTam quoque imperio adjecit. Sed 25
et Indis bellum intiilit, quos praeter illam et Alexandrum
Magnum nemo intravit. Postremo a filio interfecta est, duo

et XXX annos post Ninum regno potlta. Mius ejus Ninya
contentus elaborate a parentibus imperio belli studia deposuit
et veluti sexum cum matre rautasset, raro a viris visus in
femitito'm turba ^onaenuit. Posteri quoque ejus id exemplum
5 secuti. reg.ponsa .gantibus per internuntios dabant. Imperium
A'Ssjril," Mq^ai • poi5tea. Syri dicti sunt, mille trecentos annos
tenuere.

III. Postremus apud eos regnavit Sardanapallus, vir mu-
liere corriiptior. Ad hunc videndum (quod nemini ante eum
10 permissum fuerat) praefectus ipslus Medis praepositus, nomine
Arbactus, cum admitti aegre obtinuisset, invenit eum inter
feminarum greges purpuras colo nentem et muliebri habitu
pensa inter virgines partientem. Quibus visis indignatus,
tali feminae tot viros tractantes ferrum et arma habentes pa-
is rere, progressus ad socios quid viderit refert: negat se ei
parere posse, qui se feminam malit esse quam virum. Fit
igitur conjuratio; bellum Sardanapallo infertur. Quo ille au-
dlto non ut vir regnum defensurus, sed, ut metu mortis mu-
lieres solent, primo latebras circumspicit, mox deinde cum
20 paucis et inconpositis in bellum progreditur. Yictus in regiam
se recepit, ubi exstructa incensaque pyra et se et divitias suas
in incendium mittit, hoc solo imitatus virum. Post hunc rex
constituitur interfector ejus Arbactus, qui praefectus Medorum
fuerat. Is imperium ab Assyriis ad Medos transfert.

25 2. Astyages and Cyrus.

I. Post multos deinde reges per ordmem successionis re-
gnum ad Astyagem descendit. Hie per somnum vidit ex filia,
quam unicam habebat, vitem enatam, cujus palmite omnis
Asia obumbraretur. Consulti harioli ex eadem filia nepotem

80 ei futurum, cujus magnitudo praenuntietur, regnlque ei amis-
sionem portendi responderunt. Hoc response exterrTtus neque
claro viro neque civi filiam Ruam, ne paterna maternaque

— 3 —

nobilitas nepoti aminos extolleret, sed ex gente obsctira turn
temporis Persarum Cambysi, mediocri viro, in matrimonmm
tradidit. Ne sic quidem somnii metu deposito filiam, cum
puerum peperisset, ad se arcessit, ut sub avi oculis nepos
necaretur. Infans datur occidendus Harpago, regis arcano- 5
rum participi. Is veritus, si ad filiam mortuo rege venisset
imperium, quia nullum Astyages filTum habebat, ne ilia necati
infantis ultionem, quam a patre non potuisset, a ministro
exigeret, pastori regii pecoris puerum exponendum tradit.

II. Forte eodem tempore et ipsi pastori natus filius erat, 10
Ejus igitur uxor audita regis infantis expositione summis pre-
cTbus rogat, ut sibi puer ostenderetur. Cujus precibus fati-
gatus pastor, reversus in silvam, invenit juxta infantem canem
feminam parvulo ubera praebentem et a feris alitil)usque de-
fendentem. Motus et ipse misericordia, qua motam etiamis
canem viderat, puerum defert ad stabula, eadem cane anxie
prosequente. Quem ubi in manum mulier accepit, veluti ad
notam adlusit, tantusque in illo vigor et dulcis quidam blan-
dientis infantis risus appariiit, ut pastorem ultro rogaret,
permitteret sibi puerum nutrire. Atque ita permutata sorte 20
parvulorum hie pro filio pastoris educatur, ille pro nepote regis
cxpomtur. Nutrici postea nomen Spaco fuit, quia canem
Persae sic vocant. v

III. Puer deinde cum inter pastores esset, Cyri nomen
accepit. Mox rex inter ludentes sortQ, delectus cum per lasci- 25
viam contumaces flagellis cecidisset, a parentibus puerorum
querella regi delata, indignantibus a servo regio ingenuos ho-
mines servilibus verberibus adfectos: ille arcesslto puero et
interrogato, cum nihil mutato vultu fecisse se ut regem respon-
disset, admiratus constantiam in memoriam somnii responsiquc so
revocatur. Atque ita cum et vultus similitude et exposition! s
tempora et pastoris confessio convenlrent, nepotem agnovit.
Et quoniam defunctus sibi somnio videretur agitato inter

_ 4 --

pastores regno, ammum minaccm in illo fregit. Ceterum Har-
pago amlco suo infestus in ultidnem servati ncpotis filium ejus
interfecit epulandumque patri tradidit. Sed Harpagus ad
praesens tempus dissimulate dolorc odium regis in vindictae

5 0ccasionem distulit.

lY. Interjccto deindc tempore cum adolcvisset Cyrus, do-
lore orbitatis admonitus scribit ei, ut ablegatus ab avo in
Persas fuerit; ut occTdi eum parvulum avus jusserit; ut bene-
ficio suo servatus sit; ut regem offenderit; ut filium amiserit.

10 ITortatur, exercTtum paret ct pronam ad regnum viam ingre-
diatur, Medorum transitionem pollicitus. Epistula quia palam
ferri nequlbat, regis custodibus omnes aditus obsidentibus,
exinterato lepori inseritur lepusque in Persas Cyro ferendus
fido servo traditur; addita retia, ut sub specie venatoris dolus

15 lateret.

Y. Lectis ille epistulis eadem somnTo adgredi jussus est,
sed praemonitus, ut quem primum postero die obvium habuis-
set, socTum coeptis adsumeret. Antelucano igitur tempore ruri
iter ingressus obvium habuit servum de ergastulo cujusdam

2oMedi, nomine Soebaren. IIujus requislta origine ut in Persis
genltum audlvit, demptis conpedibus adsumptoque comite
Persepolim rcgreditur. Ibi convocato popiilo jubet omnes
praesto cam securibus esse et silvam viae circumdatam ex-
ciderc. Quod cum streniie fecissent, eosdem postero die appa-

25ratis epulis invltat; dein cum alacriores ipso convivTo factos
videret, rogat: si condicTo ponatur, utrius vitae sortem legant,
hesterni laboris an praesentTum epularum? Praesentium ut
adclamavere omnes, ait licsterno similem labori omnem vitam
acturos, quoad Mcdis pareant: se secutos, liodiernis epulis.

soLaetis omnibus bcUum Medis infert.

YI. Astyages meriti sui in Harpago oblTtus summam belli
eidem committit: qui exercitum acceptum statim Cyro per
deditionem tradidit regisque crudelitatem perfidia defectionis

— 5 —

ulciscitur. Quod ubi Astyages audivit, contractis undique
anxiliis ipse in Fersas proficiscitur: et repetlto alacrms certa-
mine pugnantibus suis partem exercTtus de tergo ponit et
tergiversantes ferro agi in hostcs jubet ac denuntiat suis^ ni
vincerent, non minus fortes post terga inventuros quam a fron- 5
tibus viros: proinde videant, fugientibus haec an ilia pugnan-
tibus acies rumpenda sit. Ingens post necessitatem pugnandi
animus exercitui ejus accessit; pulsataque cum Persarum acTcs
paulatim cedcret, matres et uxores eorum obviam occurrunt;
Grant in proelium revertantur. Hac repressi castigatione in 10
proelTum redeunt et facta inpressione quos fugiebant , fugere
conpellunt. In eo proelTo Astyages capitur; cui Cyrus nihil
alTud quam regnum abstiilit ncpotemque in illo magis quam
victorem egit, eumque ducem genti Hyrcanorum praeposuit;
nam in Medos reverti ipso noluit. Hie finis imperii Medorum 15
fuit; regnaverunt annis CCCL.

3. The Athenians. Battle of Marathon.
I. Ante Deucalionis tempora Athenienses regem habuere
Cecropem, quem, ut omnis antiquitas fabulosa est, biformem
tradidere. Huic successit Cranaus, cujus filia Atthis nomen 20
regioni dedit. Post hunc Amphictyon regnavit, qui primus
Minervae urbem sacravit et nomen civitati Athenas dedit.
Hujus temporibus aquarum inluvTes majorem partem populo-
rum Graeciae absumpsit. Superfuerunt, quos refugia montium
receperunt, aut ad regem Thessaliae Deucalionem ratibus25
evecti sunt, a quo propterea genus hommum conditum dicitur.
Per ordinem deinde successionis regnum ad Erechtlieum de-
scendit, sub quo frumenti satTo est EleusTne a Triptolemo re-
perta, in cujus muneris honorem noctes initiorum sacratae.
Teniiit et Aegeus Athenis regnum, post Aegeum patrem The- 30
SGiis ac deinceps Thesei films, Demophoon, qui auxilium Grae-
cis adversus Trojanos tulit, regnum possedit.

— 6 —

II. Erant inter Athenienses et Dorienses simultatium
veteres offensae, quas vindicaturi bello Dorienses de eventu
proelii oracula consuluerunt. Responsum, superiores fore, ni
regem Atheniensium occidissent. Cum ventum esset in bel-

5 lum, militibus ante omnia custodia regis praecipitur. Athe-
niensibus eo tempore rex Codrus erat, qui et responso dei et
praeceptis hostium cognitis permutato regis habitu pannosus,
sarmenta collo gerens castra hostium ingreditur: ibi in turba
obsistentTum a milite, quern falce astu convulneraverat, inter-

loficitur. Cognito regis corpore Dorienses sine proelio disce-
dunt. Atque ita Athenienses virtute ducis pro salute patriae
morti se offerentis bello liberantur.

III. Post Codrum nemo Athenis regnavit, quod memoriae
nominis ejus tributum est. AdministratTo rei publTcae annua

15 magistratibus permissa. Sed civitati nullae tunc leges erant,
quia libido regum pro legibus habebatur. Legitur itaque
Solon, vir justitiae insignis, qui velut novam civitatem legibus
conderct: qui tanto temperamento inter plebem senatumque
egit (cum, si quid pro altero ordine tulisset, alteri displicitu-

20 rum videretur), ut ab utrisque parem gratiam traheret.

lY. Hujus viri inter mult a egregia illud memorabile fuit.
Inter Athenienses et Megarenses de proprietate Salamlnis in-
sulae prope usque interitum armis dimicatum fuerat. Post
multas clades capitale esse apud Athenienses coepit, si quis

25 legem de vindicanda insula tulisset. SoUicTtus igitur Solon,
ne aut tacendo parum rei publTcae consuleret aut censendo
offenderet sibi, subitam dementiam simulat, cujus venia non
dicturus modo prohibita, sed et facturus erat. Deformis hr-
bitu more vaecordTum in publicum evolat factoque concursu

3ohominum, quo magis consilium dissimularet, insolitis sibi vcr-
sTbus suadere populo coepit, quod vetabatur, omniumque ani-
mos ita cepit, ut extemplo bellum adversus Megarenses decer-
neretur insulaque devictis hostibus Atheniensium fieret.

Y. Interea Megarenses memores inlati Atheniensibus
belli et veriti, ne frustra arma movisse viderentur, matronas
Atheniensmm in Elcusiniis sacris noctu oppressuri naves con-
scendunt. Qua re cognita dux Atheniensmm Pisistratus ju-
ventutem in insidiis locat, jussis matronis solTto clamore ac 5
strepitu etiam in accessu hostium, no intellectos se sentiant,
sacra celebrare: cgressosque navTbus Megarenses inopinantes^
adgressus delevit ac protmus classe captlva intermixtis muli-
eribus, ut speciem captarum matronarum praeberent, Megara
contendit. Illi cum et navium formam et petltam praedamio
cognoscerent, obvii ad portum procedunt, quibus caesis Pisi-
stratus paulum a capienda urbe afiiit. Ita Dorienses suis
dolis hosti victoriam dedere.

YI. Sed Pisistratus, quasi sibi, non patriae vicisset, ty-
rannidem per dolum occiipat: quippc voluntariis verberibusis
domi adfectus laceratoque corpore in publicum progreditur,
advocata continue vulnera popido ostendit, de crudelitate
principum, e quibus haec se passum simulabat, queritur; ad-
duntur vocibus lacrimae et invidiosa oratione multitudo cre-
dula acccnditur: amore plebis invTsum se senatui simiilat:2o
obtinet ad custodiam corporis sui satellitum auxilium, per quos
occupata tyrannide per annos XXXIII regnavit.

YII. Post hujus mortem Hipparchus, alter ex filTis inter-
ficitur, alter, Hippias nomine, cum imperium paternum tene-
ret, interfectorem fratris conprehendi jubet, qui cum per 25
tormenta conscTos caedis nominare cogeretur, omnes amTcos
tyranni nominavit, quibus interfectis quaerenti tyranno, an
adhuc aliqui conscTi essent, neminem ait superesse, quem
amplius mori gestiat, quam ipsum tyrannum. Qua voce ejus-
dem so tyranni victorem ostendit. Hujus virtute cum admo- 30
nita civitas libertatis esset, tandem Hippias regno pulsus in
exsilTum agitur, qui profectus in Persas ducem se Dareo infe-
renti Atheniensibus bcllum adversus patriam suam oflfert.

— 8 —

YIII. Athenienses igitur audlto Darei adventu auxilmm
a Lacedaemoniis, socia turn civitate, petiverunt, quos ubi
viderunt quadridui teneri religione, non expectato, instructis
decern milibus civium et Plataeensibus auxiliaribus mille ad-

6 versus sescenta milTa hostmm in campis Marathomis in proe-
1mm egrediuntur. Miltiades et dux belli erat et auctor non
exspectandi auxilTi: quern tanta fiducia ceperat, ut plus prae-
sidii in celeritate quam in sociis duceret. Magna igitur in
pugnam euntibus animorum alacritas fuit, adeo ut, cum mille

lopassus inter duas acies essent, citato cursu ante j actum sagit-
tarum ad hostem venlrent. Nee audacTae ejus evcntus deiuit:
pugnatum est enim tanta virtute, ut hinc viros, inde pecudes
putares. Yicti Persae in naves confugerunt, ex quibus multae
suppressae, multae captae sunt. In eo proelio tanta virtus

issingulorum fuit, ut, cujus laus prima esset, difficile judicium
videretur.

IX. Inter ccteros tamen Themistoclis adulescentis gloria
emicuit, in quo jam indoles futurae imperatoriae dignitatis
apparuit. Cynegiri quoque milTtis Atheniensis gloria magnis

2oscriptorum laudibus celebrata est, qui post proclii innumeras
caedes cum fugientcs hostes ad naves egisset, onustam navem
dextra manu tenuit nee prius dimlsit quam manum amitteret:
tum quoque amputata dextera navem sinistra conprehendit,
quam et ipsam cum amisisset, ad postremum morsu navem de-

25tinuit. Tantam in eo virttitem fuisse, ut non tot caedibus
fatigatus, non duabus m ambus amissis victus, truncus ad po-
stremum et velut rabida fera dentibus dimicaret. Ducenta milia
Persae seu proelio sive naufragio amisere. Cecidit et Hippias,
tyrannus Atheniensis, auctor et concitor ejus belli, dis patriae

30 ultoribus poenas repetentibus.

Jf. Xerxes. Third invasion of Greece.

I. Interca et Dareus, cum bellum restauraret, in ipso
apparatu decedit, relictis multis filiis et in regno et ante re-
gnum susceptis. Ex his Ariaemenes maximus natu aetatis pri-
vilegio regnum sibi vindicabat, quod jus et ordo nascendi et 5
natura ipsa gentibus dedit. Porro Xerxes controversiam non
de ordine, sed de nascendi felicitate refer ebat: nam Ariaeme-
nem primum quidem Dareo, sed private provenisse: se regi
primum natum. Itaque fratres suos, qui ante geniti essent,
privatum patrimomum, quod eo tempore Dareus habuisset, 10
non regnum vindicare sibi posse: se esse, quern primum in
regno jam rex pater sustulerit. Hue accedere, quod Ariae-
menes non patre tantum, sed et matre privatae adhuc for-
tunae, avo quoque materno private procreatus sit: se vero et
matre reglna natum et patrem non nisi regem vidisse: avumi5
quoque maternum Cyrum se regem habuisse, non lieredem, sed
conditorem tanti regni: et si in aequo jure utrumque fratrcm
pater reliquisset, materno tamcn so jure et avito vincere.

II. Hoc certamen concordi ammo ad patruum suum Arta-
phernen veliiti ad domesticum judicem deferunt, qui domi2o
cognita causa Xerxem praeposuit: adeoque fraterna contentTo
fuit, ut nee victor insultaret nee victus doleret ipsoque litis
tempore munera invicem mitterent, jucunda quoque inter se
non solum, sed credula convivia haberent, judicium quoque
ipsum sine arbitris, sine convicio esset. Tanto moderatius turn 25
fratres inter se maxima regna dividebant, quam nunc cxigua
patrimonia partiuntur. Xerxes igitur bellum a patre coeptum
adversus Graeciam quinquennium instruxit.

III. Quod ubi primum didicit Demaratus, rex Lacedae-
moniorum, qui apud Xerxen exsulabat, amicior patriae post 30
fugam quam regi post beneficTa, ne inopinato bello opprime-
rentur, omnia in tabellis ligneis magistratibus perscrlbit eas-
demque cera superinducit delTta, ne aut scriptura sine tegmine

— 10 ~

indicium daret aut recens cera dolum proderet: fido deinde
servo perferendas tradit, jusso magistratibus Spartanorum
tradere. Quibus perlatis Lacedaemone quaestioni res diu fuit,
quod neque scriptum aliquid viderent nee frustra missas suspi-
5 carentur, tantoque rem majorem, quanto esset occultior, puta-
bant. Haerentibus in conjectura viris soror regis Leonidae
consilium scribentis invenit. Erasa igitur cera belli consilia
deteguntur.

IV. Jam Xerxes septingenta milia de regno armaverat et
10 trec^nta milia de auxiliis, ut non inmerito proditum sit, flu-

mina ab exercitu ejus siccata Graeciamque omnem vix capere
exercitum ejus potuisse. Naves quoque deciens centum milium
numero habuisse dicitur. Huic tanto agmini dux defuit. Ce-
terum si regem spectes, divitias, non ducem laudes: quarum

istanta copTa in regno ejus fuit, ut, cum flumina multitudine
consumerentur, opes tamen regiae superessent. Ipse autem
primus in fuga, postremus in proelio semper visus est; in peri-
culis timidus: sicubi metus abcsset, inflatus; denique ante ex-
perimentum belli fiducia virTum veluti natilrae ipsTus dommus •

20 et montes in planum deducebat et convexa vallium aequabat
et quaedam maria pontibus sternebat, quaedam ad navigatio-
nis commodum per conpendium ducebat.

V. Cujus introTtus in GraecTam quam terribilis, tam turpis
ac foedus discessus fuit. Namque cum Leonidas, rex Sparta-

25norum cum IIII milibus militum angustias Thermopylarum
occupasset, Xerxes contemptu paucitatis eos pugnam capessere
jubet, quorum cognati Marathonia pugna interfecti fuerant:
qui dum ulcisci suos quaerunt, principium cladis fuere; succe-
dente dein inutili turba major caedes editur. Triduo ibi cum

3odolore et indignatione Persarum dimicatum: quarta die cum
nuntiatum esset Leonidae, a XX milibus hostium summum ca-
ctimen teneri, tum hortatur socTos, recedant et se ad meliora
patriae tempora reservent: sibi cum Spartanis fortunam

— 11 —

experiendam: plura se patriae quam vitae debere: ceteros ad
praesidia Graeciae servandos.

YI. Audlto regis imperio discessere ceteri, soli Lacedae-
monii remanserunt. Initio hujus belli sciscitantibus Delphis
oracula responsum fuerat, aut regi Spartanorum aut urbi 5
cadendum. Et idcirco rex Leonidas, cum in bellum proficis-
ceretur, ita sues firmaverat, ut ire se parato ad moriendum
animo scirent. Angustias propterea occupaverat, ut cum
paucis aut majore gloria vinceret aut minore damno rei publi-
cae caderet. Dimissis igitur sociis hortatur Spartanos, memi- 10
nerint qualitercumque proeliatis cadendum esse; caverent, ne
fortius mansisse quam dimicasse viderentur; nee expectan-
dum, ut ab hoste circumvenirentur, sed dum nox occasionem
daret, securis et laetis superveniendum: nusquam victores
honestius quam in castris hostium perituros. 15

YII. Nihil erat difficile persuadere persuasis mori: statim
arma capiunt et sescenti viri castra quingentorum milium in-
rumpunt statimque regis praetorium petunt, aut cum illo aut,
si ipsi oppressi essent, in ipslus potissimum sede morittiri.
Tumultus totis castris oritur. Spartani, postquam regem non 20
inveniunt, per omnia castra victores vagantur; caedunt ster-
nuntque omnia, ut qui sciunt, se pugnarc non spe victoriae,
sed in mortis ultionem. Proelium a principle noctis in majo-
rem partem diei tractum. Ad postremum non victi, sed vin-
cendo fatigati inter ingentes stratorum hostium catervas occi- 25
derunt. Xerxes duobus vulneribus terrestri proelio acceptis
experiri maris fortunam statuit.

YIII. Sed Atheniensium dux Themistocles cum animad-
vertisset lonas, propter quos bellum Persarum susceperunt, in
auxilium regis classe venisse, sollicitare eos in partes suasso
statuit, et cum colloquendi copiam non baberet, symbolos pro-
pone' et saxis proscribi curat: ''Quae vos, lones, dementia
tenet? Quod facinus agitatis ? Bellum inferre olim conditoribus

— 12 —

vestris, nuper etiam vindicTbus cogitatis? An ideo moenia
vestra condidimus, ut essent qui nostra delerent? Quid si
non haec Dareo prius et nunc Xerxi belli causa nobiscum
foret, quod vos rebellantes non destituimus ? Quin vos in haec

5 castra vestra ex ista obsidione transitis ? Aut si hoc parum
tutum est, at yos commisso proelio ite cessim, inhibete remis
et a bello discedite."

IX. Ante navalis proelii congressionem miserat Xerxes
nil milia militum armatorum Delphos ad templum Apollmis

10 diripiendum, prorsus quasi non cum Graecis tantum, sed et
cum dis inmortalTbus bellum gereret: quae manus tota imbribus
et fulminibus dcleta est, ut intellegeret, quam nullae essent
hominum adversum dcos yircs. Post haec Thespias et Pla-
taeas et Athenas vacuas homimbus incendit, et quoniam ferro

15 in homines non poterat, in aedificia igne grassatur. Namque
Athcnienses post pugnam Marathoniam praemonente Themi-
stocle, victoriam illam de Persis non finem, sed causam majoris
belli fore, CC naves fabricavcrunt. Adventante igitur Xerxe
(consulentibus Delphis oraciilum responsum fuerat, salutem

20 muris ligneis tuerentur) Themistocles, navium pracsidium de-
monstratum ratus, persuadct omnibus, patriam municipes esse,
non moenia, civitatemque non in aedificiis, sed in civibus po-
sitam: itaque melius salutem navibus quam urbi commissures;
hujus sententiae etiam deum auctorem esse.

25 X. Probato consilio conjuges liberosque cum pretiosissimis
rebus abditis insulis relicta urbe demandant; ipsi naves ar-
mati conscendunt. Exemplum Atheniensium et aliae urbes
imitatae. Itaque cum adunata omnis sociorum classis et in-
tenta in bellum navale esset angustiasque Salamimi freti, ne

30 circumveniri a multitudme posset, occupassent, dissensio inter
civitatum principes oritur: qui cum deserto bello ad sua tu-
enda dilabi vellent, timens Themistocles, ne discessu sociorum
vires minuerentur, per servum fidum Xerxi nuntiat, uno in

— 13 —

loco eum contractam Graeciam capere facillime posse. Quod
si civitates, quae jam abire vellent, dissiparentur, uiajore labore
ei singulas consectandas. Hoc dolo impellit regem signum
pugnae dare. Graeci quoque adventu hostium occupati proe-
ITum collatis viribus capessunt. 5

XI. Interea rex velut spectator pugnae cum parte navTum
in litore remanet. Artemisia autem, reglna Halicarnasi, quae
in auxilium Xerxi venerat, inter primes duces bellum acerrime
ciebat, ut in viro muliebrem timorem, ita in muliere virllem
audacTam cerneres. Cum anceps proelium esset, lones juxta 10
praeceptum Themistoclis pugnae se paulatim subtrahere coe-
perunt: quorum defectio animos ceterorum fregit. Itaque
circumspicientes fugam pelluntur Persae et mox proelio victi
in fugam vertuntur. In qua trepidatione multae captae naves,
multae mersae; plures tamen non minus saevitiam regis quamis
hostem timentes domum dilabuntur.

XII. Hac clade perculsum et dubmm consilii Xerxem
Mardonius adgreditur. Hortatur ut in regnum abeat, ne quid
seditionis moveat fama adversi belli et in majus, sicuti mos
est, omnia extoUens: sibi CCC milia armatorum lecta ex omni-20
bus copTis relinquat, qua manu aut cum gloria ejus perdomi-
turum se Graeciam aut, si alitor eventus fuerit, sine ejusdem
infamia hostibus cessurum. Probate consilio Mardonio exer-
citus traditur: reliquas copTas rex ipse deducere in regnum
parat. Sed Graeci audita regis fuga consilium ineunt pontis 25
interrumpendi, quem ille Abydi veluti victor maris fecerat, ut
intercliisus reditu aut cum exercitu deleretur aut desperatione
rerum pacem victus petere cogeretur.

XIII. Sed Themistocles timens, ne interclusi hostes despe-
rationem in virtutem verterent et iter, quod alitor non pateret, 30
ferro patefacerent: satis multos hostes in GraecTa remanere
dictitans, nee augeri numerum retinendo oportere, cum vin-
cere consilio ceteros non posset, eundem servum ad Xerxem

— 14 —

mittit certioremque consilii facit et occupare transitum matu-
rata fuga jubet. Ille perculsus nuntio tradit ducibus milites
perducendos: ipse cum paucis Abydum contendit. Ubi cum
solutum pontem hibernis tempestatibus offendisset, piscatoria

5 scapha trepTdus trajecit. Erat res spectaculo digna et aesti-
matione sortis humanae rerum varietate miranda, in exiguo
latcntem videre navigio quem paulo ante vix aequor omne ca-
piebat, carentem omni etiam servorum ministerio, cujus exer-
citus propter multitudinemterris graves erant. Nee pedestribus

locopiis, quas ducTlDus adsignaverat, felicius iter fuit, siquidem
cotidiano labori (neque enim ulla est metuentibus quies) etiam
fames accesserat. Multorum deinde dierum inopTa contraxerat
et pestem, tantaque foeditas morientium fuit, ut viae cadaveri-
bus implerentur alitesque et bostiae escae inlecebris sollici-

15 tatae exercitum sequerentur.

XIY. Interim MardonTus in GraecTa Olynthum expugnat.
Athenienses quoque in spem pacis amicitiamque regis sollici-
tat, spondens incensae eorum urbis etiam in majus restitutio-
nem. Postquam nullo pretio libertatem his venalem videt,

20 incensis quae aedificare coeperant, copTas in Boeotiam trans-
fert. Eo et Graecorum exercitus, qui centum milium fuit,
secutus est ibique proelium commissum. Sed fortuna regis
cum duce mutata non est. Kam victus MardonTus veluti ex
naufragio cum paucis profTigit. Castra referta regalis opu-

25lentiae capta. Unde primum Graecos divlso inter se auro
Persico divitiarum luxuria cepit.

XY. Eodem forte die, quo Mardomi copiae deletae sunt,
etiam navali proelio in Asia sub monte Mycale adversus Per-
sas dimicatum est. Ibi ante congressionem, cum classes ex

30 adverse starent, fama ad utrumque exercitum venit, vicisse
Graecos et Mardomi copTas occidione cecidisse. Tantam
famae velocitatem fuisse, ut, cum matutlno tempore proelium
in Boeotia commissum sit, meridianis horis in Asiam per tot

— 15 —

mam et tantum spatii tarn brevi horarum momento de victoria
nuntiatum sit. Confecto bello, cum de praemiis civitatmm
ageretur, omnium judicio Atheniensium virtus ceteris praelata.
Inter duces quoque Themistoclcs princeps civitatum testimomo
judicatus gloriam patriae suae auxifc. 5

5. Sparta and Lycurgus.

I. GraecTa omnis ducibus Lacedaemoniis et Atheniensibus
in duas divTsa partes ab externis bellis velut in viscera sua
arma convertit. Fiunt igitur de uno popiilo duo corpora, et
eorundem castrorum homines in duos hostiles exercitus divi- 10
duntur. Hinc Lacedaemomi communia quondam civitatmm
auxilTa ad vires suas trahere: inde Athenienses et vetustate
gentis et gestis rebus inlustres propriis viribus confidebant.
Atque ita duo potentissTmi Graeciae populi institiitis Solonis et
Lycurgi legibus pares ex aemulatione virium in bellum ruebant. 15

II. Namque Lycurgus, cum fratri suo Polydectae, Sparta-
norum regi, successisset regnumque sibi vindicare potuisset,
Charillo, filio ejus, qui natus postiimus erat, cum ad aetatem
adultam pervenisset, regnum summa fide restituit, ut intelle-
gerent omnes, quanto plus apud bonos pietatis jura quam2o
omnes opes valerent. Medio igitur tempore, dum infans con-
valescit tutelamque ejus administrat, non habentibus Spartanis
leges instituit, non inventione earum magis quam exemplo
clarior: siquTdem nihil lege ulla in alios sanxit. cujus non ipse
primus in se documentum daret. Popiilum in obsequTa prin- 25
cipum, principes ad justitiam imperiorum firmavit. Parsimo-
niam omnibus suasit, existimans laborem militiae adsidua
frugalitatis consuetudme faciliorem fore. Emi singula non pe-
cunia, sed compensatione mercium jussit. Auri argentlque
usum ut omnium scelerum materiam sustiilit. 30

III. Administrationem rei publicae per ordines divTsit:
regibus potestatem bellorum, magistratibus judicia et anniios

— 16 —

successores, senatui custodiam legum, populo sublegendi sena-
tum vel creandi quos vellet magistratus potestatem permlsit.
Fundos omnium aequaliter inter omnes divlsit, ut aequata pa-
trimonia neminem potentiorem altero redderent. Convivari

5 omnes publice jussit, ne cujus divitiae vel luxuria in occulto
essent. Juvcmbus non amplius una veste uti toto anno per-
missum, nee qucmquam cultTus quam alteram progredi nee
epulari opulentTus, ne imitatio in luxuriam verteretur. Pueros
puberes non in forum, sed in agrum deduci praecepit, ut

10 primos annos non in luxuria, sed in opere et in laboribus age-
rent. Nihil eos somni causa substernere et vitam sine pul-
mento degere neque prius in urbem redire, quam viri facti
essent, statuit.

IV. Virgines sine dote nubere jussit, ut uxores eligerentur,

15 non pecuniae, severiusque matrimonia sua viri coercerent,
cum nuUis frenis dotis tenerentur. Maximum honorem non
divTtum et potentTum, sed pro gradu aetatis senum esse voluit,
nee sane usquam terrarum locum honoratiorem senectus habet.
Haec quoniam primo solutis antea moribus duravidebat esse,

20 auctorem eorum Apollinem Delphicum fingit et inde se ea ex
praecepto numinis detulisse, ut consuescendi taedium metus
religionis vincat. Dein ut aeternitatem legTbus suis daret,
jure jurando obligat civitatem, nihil eos de ejus legTbus muta-
turos, priusquam reverteretur, et simulat se ad oraculum Del-

25phTcum proficisci, consul turum quid addendum mutandumque
legTbus videretur. ProficiscTtur autem Cretam ibique perpe-
tiium exsilTum egit abjicTque in mare ossa sua morTcns jussit,
ne relatis Lacedaemonem solutos se Spartani religioue juris
jurandi in dissolvendis legTbus arbitrarentur.

30 6. Sicily. InvasioTi of the Athenians.

I. SicilTam ferunt angustis quondam faucTbus ItalTae ad-
haesisse diremptamque velut a corpore majore impetu superi

- IT —

maris, quod toto undarum onere illuc vehitur. Est autem terra
ipsa tenuis ac fragllis et cavernis quibusdam fistillisque ita
penetrabilis, ut ventorum tota ferme flatibus pateat; nee non
et ignibus generandis nutriendisque soli ipsTus naturalis mate-
ria: quippe intrinsecus stratum sulphure et bitumine traditur: 5
quae res facit, ut spiritu cum igne in materia luctante fre-
quenter et compluribus locis nunc flammas, nunc vaporem,
nunc fumum eructet. Et ubi acrior per spiramenta caverna-
rum ventus incubuit, harenarum moles egeruntur. Proximum
ItalTae promuntorium RegTum dicitur, ideo quia Graece 'ab-10
rupta' hoc nomine pronuntiantur.

II. Nee mirum, si fabulosa est loci hujus antiquTtas, in
quem res tot coiere mirae: primum quod nusquam latius tor-
rens fretum, nee solum citato impetu, verum etiam saevo; ne-
que experientibus modo terribile, verum etiam procul visentT- 15
bus. Undarum porro in se concurrentium tanta pugna est, ut
alias veliiti terga dantes in imum desidere, alias quasi victrlces
in sublime ferri videas; nunc hie fremitum ferventis aestus,
nunc illic gemitum in voragmem desidentis exaudias. Acce-
dunt vicini et perpetiii Aetnae mentis ignes et insularum2o
AeolTdum, veluti ipsis in undis alatur incendium: neque enim
in tam angustis terminis alitor durare tot saeculis tantus ignis
potuisset, nisi humoris nutrimentis aleretur.

III. Hinc igitur fabulae Scyllam et Charjbdin peperere;
hinc latratus auditus; hinc monstri credita simulacra, dum na-25
vigantes magnis verticTbus pelagi desidentis exterriti latrare
putant undas, quas sorbentis aestus vorago conlidit. Eadem
causa etiam Aetnae mentis perpetuos ignes facit. Nam aqua-
rum ille concursus raptum secum spiritum in imum fundum
trahit atque ibi suffocatum tam diu tenet, donee per spira- 30
menta terrae diffQsus nutrimenta ignis incendat. Jam ipsa
Italiae SicilTaeque vicinitas, jam promuntoriorum altitudo ipsa
ita similis est, ut quantum nunc admiration! s, tantum antlquis

— 18 —

terroris dederit, credentibus, coeimtibus in se promuntoriis
ac rursum discedentibus solida intercipi absumlque navigia.
Neque hoc ab antlquis in dulcedinem fabiilae Gonpositum, sed
metu et adrairatione transeuntmm. Ea est enim procul inspi-

scientibus natura loci, ut sinum maris, non transitum putes:
quo cum accesseris, discedere ac sejungi promuntoria, quae
ante juncta fuerant, arbitrere.

lY. Siciliae primo Trinacriae nomen fuit; postea Sicania
cognominata est. Haec a principio patria Cyclopum fuit, qui-

10 bus exstinctis Cocalus regnum insiilae occupavit. Post quem
singulae civitates in tyrannorum impermm concesserunt, quo-
rum nulla terra feracTor fuit. Horum ex numero Anaxilaus
justitia cum ceterorum crudelitate ccrtabat, cujus moderationis
liaud mediocrem fructum tulit: quippe decedens cum filTos par-

isvulos reliquisset tutelamque eorum Micytho, spectatae fidei
servo, commisisset, tantus amor memoriae ejus apud omnes
fuit, ut parere servo quam deserere regis filios mallent prin-
cipesque civitatis obliti dignitatis suae regni majestatem ad-
ministrari per servum paterentur. Impermm Siciliae etiam

20 Carthaginienses temptavere, diuque varia victoria cum tyran-
nis dimicatum. Ad postremum amisso amilcare imperatore
cum exercTtu aliquantisper quievere victi.

V. Medio tempore cum Reglni discordia laborarent civi-
tasque per dissensionem divlsa in duas partes esset, veterani

25 ex altera parte ab Himera in auxilium vocati, pulsis civitate
contra quos implorati fuerant et mox caesis quibus tulerant
auxilium, urbem cum conjugibus et liberis sociorum occupa-
vere, ausi facmus nuUi tyranno comparandum, ut Reglnis
melius fuerit vinci quam vicisse. Nam sive victoribus captivi-

30 tatis jure servissent sive amissa patria exsulare eos necesse
fuisset, non tamen inter aras et patrios lares trucidati crude-
lissimis tyrannis patriam cum conjugibus ac liberis praedam
reliquissent.

— 19 —

yi. Catinienses quoque, cum Syracusanos graves pate-
rentur diffisi viribus suis auxilium ab Atheniensibus petivere:
qui seu studio majoris imperii, quod AsTam Graeciamque peni-
tus occupaverant, seu metu factae pridem a Syracusanis clas-
sis, no Lacedaemomis illae vires accederent, Lamponiuin ducein 5
cum classe in Siciliam misere, ut sub specie ferendi Catinien-
sibus auxilii temptarent Siciliae imperium. Et quoniam prima
initia frequenter caesis hostibus prospera fuerant, majore de-
nuo classe et robustiore exercTtu Lachete et Chariade ducTbus
Siciliam petivere: sed Catinienses sive metu AtheniensTum 10
sive taedio belli pacem cum Syracusanis remissis AtheniensTum
auxiliis fecerant.

YII. Interjecto deinde tempore, cum fides pacis a Syracu-
sanis non servaretur, deniio legatos Athenas mittunt, qui sor-
dida veste, capillo barbaque promissis et omni squaloris habitu 15
ad misericordiam commovendam adquislto contionem deformes
adeunt: adduntur precTbus lacrimae, et ita misericordem po-
pulum supplices movent, ut damnarentur duces, qui ab his
auxilia deduxerant. Classis igitur ingens decernitur: creantur
duces NicTas et Alcibiades et Lamachus, tantisque viribus Si- 20
cilia repetitur, ut ipsis terrori essent, in quorum auxilia mitte-
bantur. Brevi post tempore revocato ad reatum Alcibiade
duo proelia pedestria secunda NicTas et Lamachus facTunt;
munitionibus deinde circumdatis hostes etiam marlnis com-
meatibus in urbe clauses intercludunt. 25

YIII. Quibus rebus fracti Syracusani auxilium a Lacedae-
momis petiverunt. Ab his mittitur Gylippus solus, sed qui
instar omnium auxiliorum erat. Is audlto genere belli jam
inclinato statu auxiliis partim in Graecia, partim in Sicilia
contractis opportuna bello loca occupat. Duo bus deinde proe- 30
liis victus, congressus tertio occlso Lamacho et hostes in
fugam compulit et socios obsidione liberavit. Sed cum Athe-
nienses a bello terrestri in navale se transtulissent, Gylippus

— 20 —

classem Lacedaemonc cum auxiliis arccssit. Quo cogQito et
ipsi Atlienieuses in locum amissi duels Dcmoslhenen et Eurj-
raedonta cum supplemento copiarum mittunt. Pelopomiesii
quoque communi civitatium decreto ingentia Syracusanis au-

5 xilia miserc, et quasi Graeciae bellum in Siciliam translatum
esset, ita ex utraque parte summis viribus dimicabatur.

IX. Prima igitur congressione navalis certammis Athe-
nienses vincuntur, castra quoque cum omni publica ac privata
pecunia amittunt. Super haec mala cum etiam terrestri

10 proelio victi essent, tunc Demosthenes censere cocpit, ut abl-
rent Sicilia, dum res quamvis adflictae nondum tamen perditae
forent: neque in bello male auspicato amplTus perseverandum:
esse domi graviora et forsTtan inl'eliciora bella, in quae servare
hos urbis apparatus oporteret. Nicias sen pudore male actae

isrei sen metu destitutae spei civium seu impellente fato manere
contendit. Reparatur igitur navale bellum et animi a prioris
forLunae procella ad spem certaminis revocantur: sed inscitia
ducum inter angustias maris tuentes se Syracusanos adgressi
facile vincuntur. Eurymedon dux in prima acie fortissimo

-odimieans primus cadit: XXX naves, quibus praefuerat, incen-
duntur. Demosthenes et NicTas et ipsi victi exercitum in terra
deponunt, tutiorem fugam rati itinere terrestri. Ab his relictas
centum XXX naves Gylippus invasit: ipsos deinde insequitur:
fugientes partim capit, partim caedit. Demosthenes amisso

25exercitu a captivitate gladio et voluntaria morte se vindicat:
XicTas autem ne Demosthenis quidem exemplo ut sibi consu-
leret admonitus cladem suorum auxit dedecore captivitatis.

7. Character of Philip and Alexander.

I. Decessit Philippus XL et septem annorum, cum annis

30 XXY regnasset. Fuit rex armorum quam conviviorum appara-

tibus studiosTor, cui maxime opus erant instrumenta bellorum:

divitiarum quaestus quam custodia soUertior. Itaque inter

— 21 —

cotidianas rapmas semper inops erat. Misericordia in eo et
perfidia pari jure dilectae. Nulla apud eum turpis ratio vin-
cendi. Blandus pariter et insidiosus, alloquio qui plura pro-
mitteret quam praestaret; in seria et jocos artifex. Amicitias
utilitate, non fide colebat. Gratiam fingere in odio, instruere 5
inter concordantes odia, apud utrumque gratiam quaerere
soUemnis illi consuetudo. Inter liacc eloquentia et insignis
oratio, acummis et sollertiae plena, ut nee ornatui facilTtas nee
facilitati inventionum deesset ornatus.

II. Huic Alexander films successit et virtute et vitiis patre 10
major. Itaque vincendi ratio utrlque diversa. Hie aperta
vi, ille artibus bella tractabat. Deceptis ille gaudcre hostibus,
hie palam fusis. PrudentTor ille consilio, hie animo magni-
ficentior. Iram pater dissimulare, plerumque etiam vincere:
hie ubi exarsisset, nee dilatio ultionis nee modus erat. Yini 15
nimis uterquc avidus : sed ebrietatis diversa vitia. Patri mos
erat etiam de convivTo in hostem procurrere, manum conserere,
periculis se temere ofi'erre: Alexander non in hostem, sed in
sues saeviebat. Quam ob rem saepe Philippum vulneratum
proelia remisere : hie amicorum interfector convivio frequenter 20
excessit. Regnare ille eum amicis nolebat, hie in amicos regna
exercebat. Amari pater malle, hie metui. Litterarum cultus
utrlque simTlis. Sollertiae pater majoris, hie fidei. Verbis atque
oratione Philippus, hie rebus moderatior. Parcendi victis filTo
animus et promptior et honestior. Frugalitati pater, luxuriae 25
films magis deditus erat, Quibus artibus orbis imperii funda-
menta pater jecit, operis totlus gloriam films consummavit.

8. The death of Alexander.
I. Quarto die Alexander indubitatam mortem sentiens
agnoscere se fatum domus majorum suorum ait: nam plerosqueao
Aeacidarum intra tricesimum annum defunctos. Tumultuantes
deinde milites insidiisque perire regem suspieantes ipse sedavit

— 22 —

eosque omnes, cum prolatus in editissimum urbis locum esset,
ad conspectum suum admlsit osculandamque dextram suam
fleutibus porrexit. Cum lacrimarent omnes, ipse non sine
lacrimis tantum, verum sine ullo tristioris mentis argumento

5fuitj ut quosdam impatientms dolentes consolaretur, quibus-
dam mandata ad parentes eorum daret: adeo sicut in hostem,
ita et in mortem invictus animus fuit. Dimissis militibus cir-
cumstantes amicos percontatur, videanturne similem sibi
reperturi regem? Tacentibus cunctis tum ipse, se hoc quidem

10 nescire, at illud scire vaticinarique se ac paene oculis videre
dixit, quantum sit in hoc certamine sanguinis fusura Mace-
donia, quantis caedibus, quo cruore mortuo sibi parentatura.
Ad postremum corpus suum in Ammonis templum condi jubet.

II. Cum deficere eum amlci viderent, quaerunt, quem im-
i5perTi faciat heredem. Respondit: dignissTmum. Tanta illi

magnitudo animi fuit, ut, cum Herciilem filium, cum fratrem
Aridaeum, cum Roxanen uxorem relinqueret, oblltus necessi-
tudinum dignissTmum nuncuparet heredem: prorsus quasi
nefas esset viro forti alTum quam virum fortem succedere, aut

20 tanti regni opes aliis quam probatis relinqui. Hac voce veliiti
bellicum inter amicos cecinisset aut malum discordiae misisset,
ita omnes in aemulationem consurgunt et ambitione vulgi taci-
tum favorem militum quaerunt. Sexto die praeclusa voce
exemptum digito aniilum Perdiccae tradidit, quae res gliscen-

25 tem amicorum dissensionem sedavit. Nam etsi non voce nun-
cupatus heres, judicio tamen electus videbatur.

III. Decessit Alexander mense Junto annos tres et XXX
natus, vir supra humanam potentiam magnitudme animi prae-
ditus. Prodigia magnitudmis ejus ipso ortu nonnuUa apparuere.

30 Nam eo die, quo natus est, duae aquTlae tota die perpetes
supra culmen domus patris ejus sederunt, omen duplicis im- .
peril Europae Asiaeque praeferentes. Eodem quoque die
nuntium pater ejus duarum victoriarum accepit: altera belli

— 23 —

Illynci, altera certammis Olympici, in quod quadrigarum
currus miserat: quod omen universarum terrarum victoriam
infanti portendebat. Puer acemmis litterarum studiis erudltus
fuit. Exacta pueritia per quinquennium sub Aristotele doc-
tore, inclitissimo omnium philosophorum, crevit. Accepto s
deinde imperio regem se terrarum omnium ac mundi appellari
jussit tantamque fiducTam sui militibus fecit, ut illo praesente
nullius hostis arma nee inermes timerent. Itaque cum nullo
hostium umquam congressus est, quern non vicerit; nullam
urbem obsedit, quam non expugnaverit; nullam gentem adiit, lo
quam non calcaverit. Yictus demque ad postremum est non
virtute hostlli sed insidiis suorum et fraude civlli.

lY. Exstincto in ipso aetatis ac victoriarum flore Alexan-
dro Magno triste apud omnes tota Babylone silentTum fuit.
Sed nee devictae gentes fidem nuntto habuerunt, quod ut in- is
victum regem ita immortalem esse crediderant, recordantes
quotiens praesenti morte ereptus esset, quam saepe pro amisso
repente se non sospitem tantum suis, verum etiam victorem
obtulisset. Ut vero mortis ejus fides adfuit, omnes barbarae
gentes paulo ante ab eo devictae non ut hostem, sed ut paren- 20
tern luxerunt. Mater quoque Darei regis, quam amisso filio a
fastigio tantae majestatis in captivitatem redacta indulgentia
victoris in earn diem vitae non paenituerat, audita morte Ale-
xandri mortem sibi ipsa consclvit, non quod hostem filTo prae-
ferret, sed quod pietatem filii in eo, quem ut hostem timuerat, 25
experta esset. Contra Macedones versa vice non ut civem ac
tantae majestatis regem, verum ut hostem amissum gaudebant
et severitatem nimiam et adsidua belli periciila exsecrantes.

9. ITie earliest history of Carthage.
I. Quoniam ad Carthaginiensium mentionem ventum est, 30
de origine eorum pauca dicenda sunt, repetltis Tyriorum paulo
altius rebus, quorum casus etiam dolendi fuerunt, Tyriorum

— 24 —

gens condita a Phoenicibus fuit, qui terrae motu vexati relicto
patriae solo Assyrium stagnum primo, mox mari proximum
litus incoluerunt, condita ibi urbe, quam a piscmm ubertate
Sidona appellaverunt: nam piscem Phoenlces sidon vocant.
6 Post multos deinde annos a rege Ascaloniorum expugnati,
navibus appulsi Tyron urbem ante annum Trojanae cladis cou-
diderunt. Ibi Persarum bellis diu varieque fatigati victores
quidem fuere, sed attrltis viribus a servis suis multitudine
abundantibus indigna supplicTa perpessi sunt: qui conspira-

10 tione facta omnem liberum popiilum cum dominis interficiunt
atque ita potiti urbe lares dominorum occupant, rem publTcam
invadunt, conjuges ducunt et, quod ipsi non erant, liberos
procrcant.

II. Unus ex tot milTbus servorum fuit, qui miti ingenio

15 senis domini parvullque filii ejus fortuna moveretur dominos-
que non truci feritatc, sed pia misericordiae humanitate respi-
ceret. Itaque cum velut occlsos alienasset servisque de statu
rei publicae deliberantibus placuisset regem ex corpore sue
creari eumque potissimum quasi acceptissimum dis, qui solem

2oorientem primus vidisset, rem ad Stratonem (hoc enim ei
nomen erat) dominum occulte latentem detillit. Ab eo forma-
tus, cum medio noctis omnes in unum campum processissent,
ceteris in orientem spectanttl^us solus occidentis regionem in-
tuebatur. Id primum aliis videri furor, in occidente solis

25 ortum quaerere. Ubi vero dies adventare coepit editissimis-
que culmimbus urbis oriens splendere, spectantibus aliis, ut
ipsum solem aspicerent, hie primus omnibus fulgorem solis in
summo fastigio civitatis ostendit. Non servTlis ingenii ratio
visa; requirentibus auctorem de domino confitetur.

30 III. Tunc intellectum est, quantum ingeniia servilTbus
ingenia praestarent, malitiaque servos, non sapientia vincere.
Venia igitur seni filioque data est, et velut numine quodam
reservatos arbitrantes regem Stratonem creaverunt. Post

— 25 —

cujus mortem regnum ad filTum ac deinde ad nepotes transiit.
Celebre hoc servorum facinus metuendumque exemplum toto
orbe terrarum fuit. Itaque Alexander Magnus, cum interjecto
tempore in oriente bellum gereret, velut ultor publicae securi-
tatis, expugnata eorum urbe omnes, qui proelio superfuerant, 5
ob memoriam veteris caedis crucibus adfixit: genus tantum
Stratonis inviolatum servavit regnumque stirpi ejus restituit,
ingenuis et innoxiis incolis insiilae attributis, ut exstirpato
servlli germme genus urbis ex integro conderetur.

lY. Hoc igitur modo Tyrii Alexandri auspiciis conditi 10
parsimonia et labore quaerendi cito convaluere. Ante cladem
dominorum cum et opTbus et multitudme abundarent, miss a in
AMcam juventtite Uticam condidere: cum interim Mutto rex
Tyri decedit filio Pjgmalione et Elissa filia, insignis formae
virgme heredibus institutis. Sed populus Pygmalioni admo- 15
dum puero regnum tradidit. Elissa quoque Acerbae avunciilo
suo, sacerdoti Herculis, qui honos secundus a rege erat, nubit.
Iluic magnae, sed dissimulatae opes erant, aurumque metu
regis non tectis, sed terrae crediderat: quam rem etsi homines
ignorabant, fama tamen loquebatur. 20

Y. Qua incensus Pygmalion oblltus juris humani avun-
culum suum eundemque generum sine respectu pietatis occldit.
Elissa diu fratrem propter scelus aversata ad postremum dissi-
mulato odio mitigatoque interim vultu fugam tacito molTtur
adsumptis quibusdam principibus in societatem, quibus par 25
odium in regem esse eandemque fugiendi cupiditatem arbitra-
batur. Tunc fratrem dole adgreditur: fingit se ad eum migrare
velle, ne amplius ei cupidae oblivionis mariti domus gravem
luctus imagmem renovet neve ultra amara admonitio oculis
ejus occurrat. Non invltus Pygmalion verba sororis audlvit 30
existimans cum ea et aurum Acerbae ad se venturum.

YI. Sed Elissa ministros migrationis a rege missos navibus
cum ommbus opibus suis prima vespera imponit provectaque

— 26 —

in altum compellit eos onera harenae pro pecunia involu-
cris involuta in mare dejicere. Tunc deflens ipsa lugubrlque
voce Acerbam ciet: orat, ut libens opes suas recipTat,
quas reliquerat, babeatque inferias, quas habuerat causam

6 mortis. Tunc ipsos ministros adgreditur: sibi quidem ait
optatam olim mortem, sed illis acerbos cruciatus et dira sup-
plicia imminere, qui Acerbae opes, quarum spe parricidium
rex fecerit, avaritiae tyranni subtraxerint. Hoc metu omnibus
injecto comites fugae accepit. Junguntur et senatorum in eam

lonoctem praeparata agmina atque ita sacris Herculis, cujus
sacerdos Acerbas fuerat, repetltis exsilio sedes quaerunt.

YII. Primus illis appulsus terrae Cyprus insula fuit, ubi
sacerdos Jo vis cum conjuge et liberis deorum monitu comitem
se Elissae sociumque praebuit, pactus sibi posterisque perpe-

i5tuum honorem sacerdotii. CondicTo pro manifesto ornine
accepta. Virgmes LXXX admodum Cyprias raptas navibus
imponi Elissa jubet, ut et juventus matrimoma et urbs subo-
lem habere posset. Dum hacc aguntur, Pj-gmalion cognita
sororis fuga, cum impio bello fugientem persequi parasset,

2oaegre precibus matris deorumque minis victus quievit: cui
cum inspirati vates canerent, non iraptine incrementa urbis
toto orbe auspicatissimae interpellaturum esse, hoc modo spa-
tium respirandi fugientibus datum. Itaque Elissa delata in
Africae sinum incolas ejus loci adventu peregrinorum mutu-

25arumque rerum commercTo gaudentes in amicitiam sollicitat:
dein empto loco, qui corio bovis tegi posset, in quo fessos
longa navigatione socTos, quoad proficisceretur, reficere pos-
set, corium in tenuissimas partes secari jubet atque ita majus
loci spatium, quam petierat, occupat: unde postea ei loco

30 Byrsae nomen fuit.

YIII. Confluentibus deinde vicinis locorum, qui spe lucri
multa hospitibus venalia inferebant, sedesque ibi statuentibus
ex frequentia hominum velut instar civitatis effectum est.

— 27 —

XJticensmm quoque legati dona ut consanguineis attulerunt
hortatique sunt, urbem sibi conderent, ubi sedes sortiti essent.
Sed et Afros detinendi advenas amor cepit. Itaque consen-
tientibus omnibus Carthago conditur statuto annuo vectigali
pro solo urbis. In primis fundamentis caput bubulura inven- 5
turn est, quod auspicium fructuosae quidem, sed laboriosao
perpetuoque servae urbis fuit; propter quod in alium locum
urbs translata. Ibi quoque equi caput repertum, bellicosum
potentemque populum futurum significans, urbi auspicatam
sedem dedit. Tunc ad opinionem novae urbis concurrentibus 10
gentibus brevi et populus et civitas magna facta.

IX. Condita est haec urbs LXXII annis ante quam Roma:
cujus virtus sicut bello clara fuit, ita rei publicae status variis
discordiarum casibus agitatus est. Cum inter cetera mala
etiam peste laborarent, cruenta sacrorum religione et scelere 15
pro remedio usi sunt: quippe homines ut victimas immolabant
et impuberes, quae aetas etiam hostium misericordiam provo-
cat, aris admovebant, pacem deorum sanguine eorum expo-
scentes, pro quorum vita di rogari maxime solent.

— 28 —

C. JULIUS CAESAE.

10. First landing in Britain.

I. Exigua parte aestatis reliqua Caesar, etsi in his locis,
quod omnis Gallia ad septentriones vergit, maturae sunt hie-

6 nies, tamen in Britanniam proficisci contendit, quod omnibus
fere GallTcis bellis hostibus nostris inde subministrata auxilia
intelligebat: et, si tempus anni ad bellum gerendum deficeret,
tamen magno sibi usui fore arbitrabatur, si modo insulam.
adisset, genus hommurn pcrspexisset, loca, portus, aditus

locognovisset: quae omnia fere Gallis erant incognita. ]S"eque
enim temere praetor mercatores illo adit quisquam, neque iis
ipsis quicquam praeter oram maritimam atque eas regiones,
quae sunt contra Gallias, notum est. Itaque evocatis ad se
undique mercatoribus neque quanta esset insulae magnitudo,

15 neque quae aut quantae nationes incolerent, neque quern
usum belli haberent aut quibus institutis uterentur, neque qui
essent ad majorum navium multitudmem idonei portus, repe-
rlre poterat.

II. Ad haec cognoscenda, priusquam periciilum faceret,
aoidoneura esse arbitratus Gajum Yolusenum cum navi longa

praemittit. Huic mandat, uti exploratis omnibus rebus ad se
quam primum revertatur: ipse cum omnibus copiis in Morinos
proficiscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in Britanniam tra-
jectus. Hue naves undique ex finitimis regionibus et, quam
25 superiore aestate ad Yeneticum bellum fecerat, classem jubet
con venire. Interim consilio ejus cognito et per mercatores
perlato ad Britannos a compluribus ejus insulae civitatibus ad

— 29 —

eum legati veniunt, qui polliceantur obsides dare atque ira-
perio populi Romrmi obtemperare. Quibus audltis, liberaliter
poUicitus hortatusque, ut in ea sententia permanerent, eos
domura remittit et cum his una Commium, quern ipse Atreba-
tibus superatis regem ibi constituerat, cujus et virtutem et s
consilium probabat et quem sibi fidelem arbitrabatur, cujus-
que auctoritas in iis regionibus magni habebatur, mittit. Huic
imperat, quas possit, adeat civitates horteturque ut populi
Romani fidem sequantur; seque celeriter eo venturum nuntiet.
Yolusenus perspectis regionibus quantum ei facultatis dariio
potiiit, qui'navi egredi ac se barbaris committere non auderet,
quinto die ad Caesarem revertitur; quaeque ibi perspexisset
renuntiat.

III. Dum in his locis Caesar navium parandarum causa
moratur, ex magna parte ^lorinorum ad cum legati venerunt, is
qui se de superioris temporis consilTo excusarent, quod homi-
nes barbari et nostrae consuetudmis impcriti bell am populo
Romano Iccissent, seque ea, quae imperasset, facturos pollice-
rentur. Hoc sibi satis opportune Caesar accidissc arbitratus,
quod neque post tergum hostem relinquere volebat, neque belli 20
gerendi propter anni tempus facultatem habebat, neque has
tantularum rerum occupationes sibi Britanniae anteponendas
judicabat, magnum iis numerum obsTdum imperat. Quibus
adductis eos in fidem recepit. Navibus circiter octoginta
onerariis coactis contractisque, quod satis esse ad duas 25
transportandas legiones existimabat, quod praeterea navium
longarum habebat, quaestori, legatis praefectisquc distribiiit.
Hue accedebant octodecim onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco
ab milibus passiium octo vento tenebantur, quo minus in eun-
dem portum pervenire possent. Has equitibus distribiiit; re- 30
liquum exercTtum Quinto TiturTo Sabino et Lucio Aurunculejo
Cottae legatis in Menapios atque in eos pages Morinorum,
ab quibus ad eum legati non venerant, deducendum dedit.

— 30 —

Publium Sulpicium Rufum legatum cum eo praesidTo, quod
satis esse arbitrabatur, portum tenere jussit.

lY. His constitutis rebus nactus idoneam ad navigan-
dum tempestatem tertia fere vigilia solvit equitesque in

5 ulteriorem portum progredi ct naves conscendere et se sequi
jussit: a quibus cum id paulo tardius essct adniinistratum, ipse
hora circTter diei quarta cum primis navibus Britanniam atti-
git atquc ibi in omnibus collTbus expositas hostium copTas ar-
matas conspexit. Cujus loci haec crat natura, atque ita mon-

10 tibus angustis marc continebatur, uti ex locis superioribus in
littus telum adjTci posset. Hunc ad egrediendum nequaquam
idoneum locum arbitratus, dum relTquae naves eo convenirent,
ad lioram nonam in ancoris cxspectavit. Interim legatis tri-
bunisquc milTtum convocatis et quae ex Yoluseno cognosset,

15 et quae fieri vellet, ostendit monuitque (ut rei militaris ratio,
maxime ut maritimae res postularent, ut quae celerem atque
instabTlcm motum haberent), ad nutum et ad tempus omnes res
ab iis administrarentur. His dimissis et ventum et aestum
uno tempore nactus secundum dato signo et sublatis ancoris

20 circiter milia passuum septem ab eo loco progressus aperto ac
piano littore naves constituit.

Y. At barbari consilio Romanorum cognito praemisso
equitatu et essedariis, quo plerumque genere in proeliis uti
consuerunt, reliquis copiis subsecuti nostros navibus egredi

25 prohibebant. Erat ob has causas summa difficultas, quod
naves propter magnitudmcm nisi in alto constitiii non pote-
rant, militibus autem ignotis locis, impedltis manibus magno
et gravi armorum onerc oppressis simul et de navibus desili-
endum et in fluctibus consistendum et cum hostibus erat

sopugnandum, cum illi aut ex arido aut paululum in aquam
progressi omnibus membris expedltis notissTmis locis audac-
ter tela conjicerent et equos insuefactos incitarent. Quibus
rebus nostri perterriti atque hujus omnino generis pugnae

— 31 —

imperiti non eadem alacritate ac studio, quo in pedestribus
uti proelTis consueverant, utebantur.

YI. Quod ubi Caesar ammum advertit, naves longas,
quarum et species erat barbaris inusitatior et motus ad usum
expcditior, paulum removeri ab onerariis navibus et remis c
incitari et ad latus apertum hostium constitui atquc inde
fundis, sagittis, tormentis hostes propelli ac subraoveri jussit:
quae res magno usiii nostris fuit. Nam et navium figiira et
remorum motu et inusitato gen ere tormentor um permoti bar-
bari constiterunt ac paulum modo pedem retulerunt. Atque lo
nostris militibus cunctantibus, maxime propter altitudmem
maris, qui decTmae legionis aquilam ferebat, contestatus deos,
ut ea res legioni feliciter evenlret: ^^Desilite", inquit, '^com-
militones, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodere: ego certe
meum reipublTcae atque imperatori officTum praestitero". Hoc is
cum magna voce dixisset, se ex navi projecit atque in hostes
aquilam ferre coepit. Tum nostri cohortati inter se, ne tan-
tum dedecus admitteretur, universi ex navi desiluerunt: hos
item ex proximis navibus cum conspexissent, subsectiti hosti-
bus appropinquarunt. 20

11. On the habits of the Germans.
I. Gcrmani multum ab consuetudme Gallorum differunt:
nam neque druides habent, qui rebus divinis praesint, neque
sacrificiis student. Deorum numero eos solos ducunt, quos
cernunt et quorum aperte opibus juvantur, Solem et Yulcanum 25
et Lunam: reliquos ne fama quidem acceperunt. Vita omnis
in vcnationibus atque in studiis rei militaris consistit. Agri-
culturae non student; majorque pars victus eorum in lacte,
caseo, came consistit: neque quisquam agri modum certum
aut fines habet proprTos; sed magistratus ac principes in annos so
singulos gentibus cognationibusque hommum, qui una coie-
runt, quantum et quo loco visum est agri attribuunt atque anno

— 32 —

post alio transire cogunt. Ejus rei multas afferunt causas: ne
adsidua consuetudine capti studtum belli gerendi agricultura
commutent; ne latos fines parare studeant, potentioresque
humiliores possessionibus expellant; ne accuratius ad frigora

6 atque aestus vitandos aedificent; ne qua oriatur pecuniae cu-
piditas, qua ex re factiones dissensionesque nascuntur; ut
animi aequitate plebem contineant, cum suas quisquc opes cum
potentissTmis aequari videat.

n. Civitatibus maxima laus est quam latissimas circum

10 se vastatis finibus solitudines habere. Hoc proprium virtutis
existimant, expulsos agris finitimos cedere, neque quemquam
prope audere consistere: simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantur,
repentlnae incursionis timore sublato. Cum bellum civitas
aut illatum defendit aut infert; magistratus, qui ei bello prae-

i5sint, ut vitae necisque habeant potestatem, deliguntur. In
pace nullus est communis magistratus, sed princTpes regionum
atque pagorum inter suos jus dicunt controversiasque minu-
unt. Latrocinia nullam habent infamiam, quae extra fines
cujusque civitatis fiunt, atque ea juventutis exercendae ac de-

20 sidiae minuendae causa fieri praedicant. Atque ubi quis ex
principibus in concilTo dixit se ducem fore, qui sequi velint,
profiteantur, consurgunt ii, qui et causam et hominem pro-
bant, suumque auxilium poUicentur atque ab multitudine col-
laudantur: qui ex iis secuti non sunt, in desertorum ac prodi-

25torum numero ducuntur, omniumque his rerum postea fides
derogatur. Hospites violare fas non putant; qui quaque de
causa ad eos venerunt, ab injuria prohibent, sanctos habent,
hisque omnium domus patent victusque communicatur.

33 —

M. TULLIUS CICEKO.

12. Solon.

I. Prudentissima civitas Atheniensium, dum ea rerum potlta
est, fuisse traditur. Ejus civitatis sapientissTmum Solonem di-
cunt fuisse, eum qui leges quibus hodie quoque utuntur scripse- 5
rit. Cujus imprimis versutum et callidum factum est quod, quo
et tutior vita ejus esset et plus aliquando rei publicae prodesset
furere se simulaverit. Idem cum interrogaretur, cur nullum
supplicium constituisset in eum qui parentem necasset, respon-
dit se id neminem facturum putasse. Sapienter fecisse dicitur 10
cum de eo nihil sanxerit, quod antea commissum non erat, ne
non tam prohibere quam admonere videretur. Idem contincri
rem publicam duabus rebus dixit: praemTo et poena. Idem ca-
pite sanxit, si qui in seditione non alterlus utrlus partis fuisset.

II. Honestum illud Solonis est quod ait versiculo quodam: 15
^^senescere se multa in dies addiscentem"; qua voluptate animi
nulla certe potest esse major. Prudentibus enim et bene insti-
tutis studia doctrlnae pariter cum aetate crescunt.

Animosior etiam interdum senectus est quam adulescentia
et fortior. Hoc illud est quod Pisistrato — cujus orientemso
tyranmdem multo ante prospexerat vir prudens in re publica
exercitatus — a Soloue rcsponsura est, cum illi quaerenti, qua
tandem spe fretus sibi tam audaciter obsisteret, respondisse
traditur: Senectute. — Ejusdem Solonis elogium est, quo se
negat velle suam mortem dolore amicorum et lamentis vacare: 25
Mors mea ne careat lacrTinis; linquamus amicis
Maerorem, ut*) celebrent funera cum geinitu.

*) Maerorem, ut — to he read, maeror' ut.

— 34 —

13. Leonidas.

I. Praeclarae sunt mortes imperatoriae. Leonidas, rex
Lacedaemoniorum, se in Thermopylis trecentosque eos quos
eduxerat Sparta, cum esset proposita aut fuga turpis aut glo-

5riosa mors, opposuit hostibus. — Idem Leonidas: 'Trandete",
inquit, ^'animo forti, Lacedaemonii, hodie apud inferos fortasse
cenabimus". — Ibi alacri magnoque animo occiderunt omnes,
in quos Simonides:

^'Dic, hospes, Spartae nos te vidisse jacentes,

10 Dum Sanctis patriae legibus obsequTmur".

II. Fuit haec gens fortis dum Lycurgi leges vigebant. E
quibus unus, cum Perses hostis in colloquTo dixisset glorians:
''Solcm prae jaculorum multitudine et sagittarum non vide-
bitis", — '^In umbra igitur", inquit, ''pugnabimus". Yiros

iscommemoro; qualis tandem Lacaena? quae cum filTum in proe-
ITum misisset et interfectum audisset: "'Idcirco", inquit, '^ge-
nueram, ut esset qui pro patria mortem non dubitaret occum-
bere". Esto: fortes et duri Spartiatae; magnam habet vim
rei publicae disciplina.

20 IJf' Tliemistocles.

I. Tliemistocles post victoriam ejus belli quod cum Persis
fait dixit in contione se habere consilium rei publicae salutare,
sed id sciri non opus esse: postulavit, ut aliqucm populus
daret quocum communicaret. Datus est Aristldes. Huic ille,

25 classem Lacedaemoniorum quae subducta esset ad Gjtheum
clam incendi posse, quo facto frangi Lacedaemoniorum opes
necesse esset. Quod Aristldes cum audisset, in contioncm
magna exspectatione venit dixitque perutTle esse consilium
quod Tliemistocles adfcrret, sed minime honestum. Itaque

30 Athenicnses, quod honestum non esset, id ne utfle quidem
putaverunt totamque eam rem, quam ne audierant quidem,
auctore Aristlde repudiaverunt.

— 35 —

II. Apud Graecos fertur incredibili quadam magnitudine
consilii atque ingenii Atheniensis ille fuisse Themistocles: ad
quern quidam doctus homo atque in primis erudltus accessisse
dicitur eique artem memoriae, quae turn primum proferebatur,
pollicTtus esse se tradittirum; cum ille quaesisset, quidnam ilia b
ars cfficere posset, dixisse ilium doctorem: ut omnia memi-
nisset; et ei Themistoclem respondisse, gratms sibi ilium esse
facturum, si se oblivisci quae vellet quam si meminisse do-
cuisset.

III. Noctu ambulabat in publico Themistocles, quod som- lo
num capere non posset: quaerentibus respondebat, Miltiadis
tropaeis se e somno suscitari.

Themistocles fertur Seriphio cuidam in jurgTo respondisse,
cum ille dixisset non eum sua, sed patriae gloria splendorem
adsecutum: ^'Nec hercule", inquit, ^'si ego Seriphius essem, 15
nee tu, si Atheniensis esses, clarus umquam fuisses".

Idem cum consuleretur utrum bono viro pauperi an minus
probato diviti filiam collocaret: '^Ego vero", inquit, ''male
virum, qui pecunia egeat, quam pecumam, quae viro".

15. Alexander the Great. 20

I. Qua nocte templum- Ephesiae Dianae deflagravit, eadem
constat ex Olympiade natum esse Alexandrum; atque ubi
lucere coepisset, clamitasse Magos pestem ac pernicTem Asiae
proxima nocte natam. Concinne Timaeus in historia adjunxit,
minime id esse mirandum quod Diana, cum Olympiadi adesse 25
voluisset, abfuisset domo,

II. Quam multos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille
Alexander secum habuisse dicitur I Atque is tamen, cum in
Sigeo ad A chillis tumiilum adstitisset: *^0 fortunate", inquit,
'^adulescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum praeconem invene-30
risi" Et vere. Nam nisi Ilias ilia exstitisset, idem tumulus
qui corpus ejus contexerat nomen etiam obruisset.

— 36 —

III. Cum Ptolemaeus familiaris Alexandri in proelio telo
venenato ictus esset eoque vulnere summo cum dolore morere-
tur, rex adsidens somno est consopltus. Tum secundum quie-
tem visus ei dicTtur draco is, quem mater OlympTas alebat,

6 radiculam ore ferre et simul dicere quo ilia loco nasceretur —
neque is longe aberat ab eo loco, — ejus autem esse vim tan-
tam ut Ptolemaeum facile sanaret. Cum Alexander experrec-
tus narrasset amicis somnium, emisisse qui illam radiculam
quaererent: qua inventa, et Ptolemaeus sanatus dicitur et

lomulti milites qui erant eodem genere teli vulnerati.

lY. Est profecto quiddam etiam in barbaris gentibus prae-
sentiens atque divlnans, siquTdem ad mortem proficiscens
Calanus Indus, — indoctus et barbarus, in radicTbus Caucasi
natus, — cum inscenderet in rogum ardentem quo sua volun-

letate vivus combureretur: '^0 praeclarum discessum", inquit,
*'e vita, cum, ut Herculi contTgit, mortali corpore cremato in
lucem animus excessSritI" Cumque Alexander eum rogaret,
si quid vellet ut dicSret: '^Optime", inquit, ^'propediem te vi-
debo". Quod ita contTgit. Nam Babylone paucis post diebus

20 Alexander est mortiius.

16. Dionysius, Tyrant of Syracuse.
I. Duodequadraginta annos tyrannus Syracusanorum fuit
Dionysius, cum quinque et viginti natus annos dominatum
occupavisset. Qua pulchritudine urbem, qui bus autem opibus

25praedTtam servitute oppressam teniiit civitatemi Atqui de
hoc homine a bonis auctoribus sic scriptum accepimus, sum-
mam fuisse ejus in victu temperantiam in rebusque gerundis
virum acrem et industrium, eundem tamen maleficum natura
et injustum. Ex quo omnibus bene veritatem intuentibus

sovideri necesse est miserrimum. Ea enim ipsa quae concu-
pierat ne tum quidem, cum omnia se posse censebat, conse-

' quebatur.

— 3t -

II. Qui cum esset bonis parentibus atque honesto loco
natus, — etsi id quidem alms alio modo tradidit, — abun-
daretque acqualium familiaritatibus et consuetudme propin-
quorum, credebat eorum nemmi, sod eis, quos ex familiis
locupletium servos delegerat, quibus nomen servitutis ipse 5
detraxerat, et quibusdam convenis et feris barbaris corporis
custodiam committebat. Ita propter injustam dominatus cupi-
ditatem in carcerem quodam modo ipse se incluserat. Quin
etiam ne tonsori colMm committeret, tondere filTas suas docuit.
Ita sordido atque ancillari artificio regiae virgmes ut tonstri- 10
culae tondebant barbam et capillum patris. Et tamen ab eis
ipsis, cum jam essent adultae, ferrum removit instituitque ut
candentibus juglandium putaminibus barbam sibi et capillum
adurerent.

III. Cumque duas uxores haberet, Aristomachen civemis
suam, Doridem autem Locrensem, sic ad eas ventitabat ut
omnia specularetur et perscrutaretur ante. Et cum fossam
latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset ej usque fossae transitum
ponticiilo ligneo conjunxisset, eum ipsum, cum forem cubiciili
clauserat, detorquebat. Idemque cum in communibus sug-20
gestis consistere non auderet, contionari ex turri alta solebat.
Atque is cum pila ludere vellet, — studiose enim id factitabat,
— tunicamque poneret, adulescentiilo quem amabat tradidisse
gladium dicitur. Hie cum quidam familiaris jocans dixisset:
'^Huic quidein certe vitam tuam committis", adrisissetque 25
adulescens, utrumque jussit interfici: alterum quia viam de-
monstravisset interimendi sui, alterum quia dictum id risu
approbavisset. Atque eo facto sic doluit, nihil ut tulerit gra-
vius in vita: quem enim vehementer amarat occiderat. Sic
distrahuntur in contrarias partes impotentmm cupiditates. 30

ly. Quamquam hie quidem tjrannus ipse judicavit quam
esset beatus. Nam cum quidam ex ejus adsentatorilnis, Da-
mocles, commemoraret in sermone copTas ejus, opes, majestatem

— 38 ~

dominatus, rerum abundantiam, magnificentiam aedium re-
giarum, negaretque unquam beatiorem quemquam fuisse:
^'Yisne igitur", inquit, ''o Damocle, quoniam te haec vita
delectat, ipse eandem degustare et fortunam experiri meam?"

5 Cum se ille cupere dixisset, collocari jussit hommem in aureo
lecto strato pulchemmo textlli stragulo, magnificis operibus
picto, abacosque complures ornavit argento auroque caelato.
Turn ad mensam eximia forma pueros delectos jussit consistere
eosque nutum illius intucntes diligenter tninistrare. Aderant

lounguenta, coronae; incendcbantur odores; mensae conquisitis-
sTmis epulis exstruebantur.

Y. Fortunatus sibi Damocles videbatur. In hoc medio
apparatu fulgentem gladium e lacunar! saeta equina aptum
demitti jussit, ut impenderet illius beati cervicibus. Itaque

15 nee pulchros illos ministratores aspiciebat nee plenum artis
argentum nee manum porrigebat in mensam; jam ipsae de-
fluebant coronae: deniquc exoravit tyrannum, ut abire liceret,
quod jam beatus nollet esse. Satisne videtur declarasse Di-
onysius, nihil esse ei beatum cui semper alTqui terror im-

20 pendeat ?

YI. Damonem et Phintiam Pythagoreos ferunt hoc ammo
inter so fuisse ut, cum eorura alteri Dionysius tyrannus diem
necis destinavisset et is qui morti addictus esset paucos sibi
dies commendandorum suorum causa postulavisset, vas factus

25 sit alter ejus sistendi, ut, si ille non revertisset, moriendum
esset ipsi. Qui cum ad diem se recepisset, admiratus eorum
fidem tyrannus petlvit, ut se ad amicitiam tertium adscri-
berent.

YII. Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinac Locris expila-

3ovisset, navigabat Syractisas; isque cum secundissimo vento
cursum teneret, ridens: ^'Yidetisne", inquit, '^amlci, quam
bona a dis immortalibus navigatio sacrilegis detur?" Idque
homo acutus cum bene planeque percepisset, in eadem sententia

— 39 —

perseverabat: qui cum ad Peloponnesum classem appulis-
set et in fanum venisset Jovis Olympii, aureum ei detraxit
amiculum grandi pondere, quo Jovem ornarat e manubiis
Carthaginiensium tyrannus Gelo, atque in eo etiam cavillatus
est, aestate grave esse aureum amiculum, hieme frigidum, 5
elque laneum pallium injecit, cum id esse aptum ad omne anni
tempus diceret. Idemque AesculapTi Epidauri barbam auream
demi jussit; neque enim convenire barbatum esse filTum, cum
in omnibus fanis pater imberbis esset.

YIII. Idem mensas argenteas de omnibus delubris jussit 10
auferri, in quibus quod more veteris GraecTae inscriptum esset
''Bonorum Deorum", uti se eorum bonitate velle dicebat.
Idem Yictoriolas aureas et pateras et coronas, quae simula-
crorum porrectis manibus sustinebantur, sine dubitatione
tollebat eaque se accipere, non auferre dicebat: esse enim 15
stultitiam, a quibus bona precaremur, ab eis porrigentibus et
dantibus nolle sumere. Eumdemque ferunt haec quae dixi
sublata de fanis in forum protulisse et per praeconem vendi-
disse exactaque pecunia edixisse ut, quod quisque a sacris
haberet, id ante diem certam in suum quidque fanum referret. 20
Ita ad impietatem in deos in liommes adjunxit injuriam.

17. Socrates.
I. De Socrate accepTmus et ab ipso in libris Socraticorum
saepe dicitur, esse divlnum quiddam (quod daemonium appcl-
lat) cui semper ipse paruerit, numquam impellenti, saepe 25
revocanti. Et Socrates quidem — quo quem auctorem me-
liorem quaerimus? — Xenophonti consulenti sequereturno
Cyrum, postea quam exposuit quae ipsi videbantur: ^^Et no-
strum quidem", inquit, '^lumanum est consilium, sod de rebus
et obscuris et incertis ad ApollTnem censeo referendum"; ad 30
quem etiam Athenienses publico de majoribus rebus semper
rettulerunt. — Scriptum est item, cum Critonis sui familiaris

— 40 —

oculum adligatum vidisset, quaesivisse quid esset; cum autem
ille respondisset in agro ambulanti ramulum adductum, ut
remissus esset in oculum suum recidisse, turn Socrates : ' 'Non
enim paruisti mihi revocanti, cum uterer qua soleo praesagi-

stione divina". — Idem etiam Socrates, cum apud Delium male
pugnatum esset Lachete praetore fugeretque cum ipso Lachete,
ut ventum est in trivium, eadem qua ceteri fugere noliiit.
Quibus quaerentlbus cur non eadem via pergeret, deterreri se
a deo dixit. Tum quidem ei qui alia via fugerant in bostium

10 equitatum inciderunt.

II. Memoriam Plato, Socratem sccutus magistrum, recor-
dationem esse vult superioris vitae. Nam in illo libro qui
inscribitur Meno pusionem quemdam Socrates interrogat quae-
dam de dimensione quadrati. Ad ea sic ille respondit ut

ispuer, et tamen ita facTles interrogationes sunt ut gradatim
respondens eodem pervemat quo si geometrTca didicisset. Ex
quo effici vult Socrates, ut discerc nihil alTud sit nisi recordari.

III. Socrates, cum esset ex eo quaesTtum Archelaum,
Perdiccae filium, qui tum fortunatissTmus liaberetur, nonne

2obeatum putaret: '^Haud scio", inquit, ''numquam enim cum
eo collocutus sum". — ^^Ain tu? An tu aliter id scire non
potes?" — ^'Nullo niodo". — ^'Tu igitur ne de Persarum qui-
dem rege magno potes dicere beatusne sit?" — 'An ego
possim, cum ignorem quam sit doctus, quam vir bonus?" —

25 ''Quid? tu in eo sitam vitam beatam putas?" — "Ita prorsus
existimo: bonos beatos, improbos miseros". — ''Miser ergo
Arclielaus?" — "Certe, si injustus".

lY. Socrates, cum omnium sapientissTmus esset sanctis-
simeque vixisset, ita in judicTo capitis pro so ipse dixit, ut non

30 supplex aut reus, sed magister aut dommus videretur judicum.
Quin etiam cum ei scriptam orationem disertissimus orator
Lysias attulisset, quam si ei videretur edisceret, ut ea pro so
in judicTo uteretur, non invltus legit et commode scriptam esse

„ 41 —

dixit; '^sed", inquit, ''ut si mihi calceos Sicyonios attulisses,
non uterer, quamvis essent hablles et apti ad pedem, quia non
essent virlles: sic illam orationem disertam sibi et oratoriam
videri, fortem et virllcm non videri". Ergo ille quoque dam-
natus est; iieque solum primis sententiis, quibus tantum sta- 5
tuebant judices, damnarent an absolverent, sed etiam illis quas
iterura legibus ferre debebant. Erat enim Athenis rco daranato,
si fraus non capitalis esset, quasi poenae aestimatio; et sen-
tentia cum judicibus daretur, interrogabatur reus, quam quasi
aestimationem commeruisse se maxime confiteretur. Quod 10
cum interrogatus Socrates esset, respondit sese meruisse ut
amplissTmis honoribus et praemiis decoraretur et ut ei victus
cotidianus in Prytaneo publice praeberetur, qui honos apud
Graecos maximus habetur. Cujus responso judices sic exar-
serunt, ut capitis hominem innocentissTmum condemnarent. 15

Y. Est apud Platonem Socrates, cum esset in custodia
publica, dicens Critoni suo familiari sibi post tertium diem
esse moriendum: vidisse sc in somnis pulcliritudine eximia
femmam, quae se nomine appellans diceret Homericum quem-
dam ejus modi versum: 20

'Tertia te Plithlae tempestas laeta locabit."
Quod ut est dictum, sic scribitur contigisse.

YI. Et supremo vitae die de animi immortalitate multa
disseruit et paucis ante diebus, cum facile posset educi e cu-
stodia, noluit et tum paene in manu jam mortiferum illud25
tenens pociilum locutus ita est, ut non ad mortem trudi, verum
in caelum videretur adscendere. Ita enim censebat itaque
disseruit: duas esse vias duplicesque cursus animorum e cor-
pore excedentium. Nam qui se humanis vitiis contaminavis-
sent et se totos libidimbus dedissent, quibus caecati velso
domesticis vitiis atque flagitiis se inquinavissent vel re publica
yiolanda fraudes inexpiabfles concepissent, eis devium quod-
dam iter esse, seclusum a concilio deorum; qui autem se

— 42 —

integros castosque servavissent qui ij usque fuisset minima cum
corporibus contagio seseque ab eis semper sevocavissent
essentque in corporibus liumanis vitam imitati deorum, eis ad
illos, a quibus essent profecti, reditum facTlem patera. Itaque

5 commemorate ut cycni, qui non sine causa Apollmi dicati sint
sed quod ab eo divinationem habere videantur qua providentes
quid in morte boni sit cum cantu et voluptate moriantur, —
sic omnibus bonis et doctis esse faciendum.

VII. His et talibus fere verbis cum de immortalitate ani-

10 morum disputavisset et jam moriendi tempus urgeret, rogatus
a Critone quem ad modum sepeliri vellet: '^Multam Ycro",
inquit, '^operam, amici, frustra consumpsi. Critoni enim
nostro non persuasi me hinc avolaturum neque mei quidquam
relicturum. Yerum tamen, Crito, si me adsequi potueris aut

15 sicubi nactus eris, ut tibi videbitur, sepellto. Sed, mihi crede,
nemo me vestrum, cum hinc excessero, consequetur. " Prae-
clare id quidcm, qui et amlco pcrmiserit et se ostenderit de
hoc toto genere nihil laborare.

18. Demosthenes.

20 I. In Atheniense Demosthene tantum studium fuisse tan-
tusque labor dicTtur, ut primum impedimenta naturae dili-
gentia industriaque superaret; cumque ita balbus esset, ut
ejus ipsius artis cui studeret primam literam non posset dicere,
perfecit meditando, ut nemo planius esse locutus putaretur.

25Deinde cum spiritus ejus esset angustior, tantum. continenda
anima in dicendo est adsecutus, ut una continuatione ver-
borum, id quod- ejus scripta declarant, binae ei contentiones
vocis et remissiones continerentur; qui etiam, ut memoriae
proditum est, conjectis in os calculis, summa voce versus

somultos uno spiritu pronuntiare consuescebat; neque is con-
sistens in loco, sed inambulans atque adscensu ingrediens
arduo.

In Phalericum portum descenderc ibique ad fluctum ajunt
declamare solitum Demosthenem, ut fremitum maris adsues-
ceret voce vincere.

II. Demosthenes illo susnrro delectari se dicebat aquam
ferentis mulierculae, nt mos in Graecia est, insusurrantisque 5
alteri: ^'Hic est ille Demosthenes ! " — Quid hoc Icvius? At
quantus orator !

Sine actione summus orator esse in numero nullo potest,
raediocris hac instructus summos saepe superare. Huic pri-
mas dedisse Demosthenes dicitur, cum rogaretur quid in di- 10
cendo esset primum; huic secundas, huic tertias. Quo mihi
melius ctiam illud ab Aeschme dictum videri solet; qui cum
propter ignomimam judicii cessisset Athenis et se Rhodum
contulisset, rogatus a Rhodiis legisse fertur orationem illam
egregiam quam in Ctesiphontem contra Demosthenem dixerat; 15
qua perlecta petltum est ab eo postridie, ut legeret illam etiam
quae erat contra a Demosthene pro Ctesiphonte edita. Quam
cum suavissTma et maxima voce legisset admirantibus om-
nibus: ^'Quanto", inquit, ''magis miraremmi si audissetis
ipsum!" — Ex quo satis significavit quantum esset in actione, 20
qui orationem eamdem aliam fore putarit actore mutato.

19. The test sawce.
Parvo cultu natura contenta est. — Dareus in fuga cum
aquam turbidam et cadaveribus inquinatam bibisset, negavit
umquam se bibisse jucundTus; numquam scilicet sitlens bi-25
berat. Nee esuriens Ptolemaeus ederat; cui cum peragranti
Aegyptum comitibus non consecutis cibarius in casa panis
datus esset, nihil visum est illo pane jucundius. Socratem
ferunt, cum usque ad vesperum contentius ambularct quae-
situmque esset ex eo, qua re id faceret, respondisse se quo 30
melius cenaret opsonare ambulando famem. — Quid? victum
Lacedaemoniorum in phiditiis nonne videmus? Ubi cum

~ 44 ~

tyrannus cenavisset DionjsTus, negavit sc jure illo nigro, quod
cenae caput erat, dclectatum. Turn is qui ilia coxerat: '^Mi-
nime mirum; condimenta enim defuerunt". — *^Quae tandem?"
inquit ille. — ''Labor in venatu, sudor, cursus ad Eurotara,

5 fames, sitis. His enim rebus Lacedaemoniorum epiilae con-
diuntur". — Atque hoc non ex hominum more solum, sed
etiam ex bestiis intellegi potest: quae, ut quidquid objectum
est quod modo a natura non sit alienum, eo contentae non
quaerunt amplius. Civitates quaedam universae, more doctae,

10 parsimonia delectantur, ut de Lacedaemoniis paullo ante di-
ximus. Persarum a Xenophonte victus exponitur, quos negat
ad panem adhibere quidquam praeter nasturtium.

^0. Burial service at Mhens.
Athenis jam ille mos a Cecrope, ut ajunt, permansit cor-

15 pus terra humandi, quod cum proxTmi fecerant obductaque
terra erat, frugibus obserebatur, ut sinus et gremium quasi
matris mortuo tribueretur, solum autem frugibus expiatum, ut
vivis redderetur. Sequebantur epulae quas inlbant propinqui
coronati, apud quos de mortui laude cum quidquid veri erat

20 praedicatum, — nam mentlri nefas habebatur, — justa con-
fecta erant. Postea cum, ut scribit Phalereus, sumptuosa
fieri funera et lamentabilTa coepissent, Solonis lege sublata
sunt: de sepulcris autem nihil est apud Solonem amplTus quam
" ne quis ea deleat neve alienum inferat", poenaque est ''si

25 quis bustum, aut nionumentum ", inquit, "aut columnam vio-
larit, dejecerit, fregerit". Sed post aliquanto propter has
amplitu dines sepulcrorum, quas in Ceramlco yidemus, lege
sanctum est ' ' ne quis sepulcrum faceret operosius quam quod
decem homines efiecerint triduo". Neque id opere tectorio

30 exornari, nee Hermas hos, quos vocant licebat imponi, nee de
mortui laude nisi in publicis sepulturis nee ab alio nisi qui
publice ad eam rem constitutus esset dici licebat. Sublata

— 45 —

etiam erat celebritas virorum ac mulierum, quo lamentatio
minuerctur: auget enim luctum concur sus hommum.

Sed ait rursus idem Demetrius increbruisse earn funerum
sepulcrorumque magnificentiam, quae nunc fere Romae est.
Quam consuetudmem lege minuit ipse. Fuit enim hie vir, ut 5
scitis, non solum eruditissimuS; sed etiam civis tuendae civi-
tatis peritissTmus. Iste igitur sumptum minuit non solum
poena^ sed etiam tempore: ante lucem enim jussit efferri.
Sepulcris autem novis finlvit modum. Nam super terrae tu-
mulum noluit quidquam statui nisi columellam tribus cubitis 10
non altiorem aut mensam aut labellum; et huic procurationi
certum magistratum praefecerat.

21. Aratus of Sicyon.
Aratus SicyonTus jure laudatur qui, cum ejus civitas quin-
quaginta annos a tyrannis teneretur, profectus Argis Sicyonem 15
clandestlno introitu urbe est potltus, cumque tyrannum Ni-
coclem improvTso oppressisset, sescentos exsules qui locuple-
tissimi fuerant ejus civitatis restituit remque publicam adventu
suo liberavit. Sed cum magnam animadverteret in bonis et
possessionibus difficultatem, quod et eos, quos ipse restituerat, 20
quorum bona alii possederant, egere iniquissimum esse arbi-
trabatur, et quinquaginta annorum possessiones moveri non
nimis aequum putabat, propterea quod tam longo spatio multa
hereditatibus, multa emptionibus, multa dotibus tenebantur
sine injuria: judicavit neque illis adimi nee his non satis fieri 25
quorum ilia fuerant oportere. Cum igitur statuisset opus esse
ad cam rem constituendam pecunia, Alexandriam se proficisci
velle dixit remque integram ad reditumsuum jussit esse; isque
celeriter ad Ptolemaeum suum hospitem venit, qui tum regna-
bat alter post Alexandriam conditam. Cui cum exposuisset 30
patriam se liberare velle causamque docuisset, a rege opulento
vir summus facile impetravit, ut grandi pecunia adjuvaretur.

— 46 —

Quam cum Sicyonem attulisset adhibuit sibi in consilium
quindecim principes, cum quibus causas cognovit et eorum qui
aliena tenebant, et eorum qui sua amiserant; perfecitque
aestimandis possessionibus ut persuaderet aliis ut pecuniam
6 accipere mallent, possessionibus cederent, aliis ut commodTus
putarent numerari sibi quod tanti esset quam suum recuperare.
Ita perfectum est, ut omnes concordia constituta sine querella
discederent. 0 virum magnum dignumque, qui in re publica
nostra natus esset I

10 22. A remarhable dream,

Clarum admodum sommnTum commemoratur. — Cum duo
quidam Arcades familiares iter una facerent et Megaram ve-
nissent, alterum ad cauponem devertisse, ad hospTtem alterum.
Qui ut cenati quiescerent, concubia nocte visum esse in somnis

15 ei qui erat in hospitio ilium alterum orare ut subvenlret, quod
sibi a caupone interitus pararetur; eum prime perterritum
somnio surrexisse: dein cum se collegisset idqiie visum pro
nihilo habendum esse duxisset, recubuisse; tum ei dormienti
eumdem ilium visum esse rogare ut, quomam sibi vivo non

20 subvenisset mortem suam ne inultam esse pateretur, se inter-
fectum in plaustrum a caupone esse conjectum et supra stcrcus
injectum; petere ut mane ad portam adesset, prius quam plau-
strum ex oppido exiret. Hoc vero eum somnio commotum
mane bubulco praesto ad portam fuisse, quaesisse ex eo quid

25 esset in plaustro: ilium perterritum fugisse, mortuum eriitum
esse, cauponem re patefacta poenas dedisse.

— 41

PHAEDRUS.

23. The luolf and the lamh.

Ad viwum*) eundem lupus et agnus veneraut
Siti compulsi ; superior stabat lupus

Longequ(? inferior agnus. Tunc fauce improba 6

Latro incitatus jurgii causam intulit.
Cur, inquit, turbulentam fecisti mihi
Aquam bibenti ? Laniger contra timens:
Qui possum, quaeso facere, quod quereris, lupe ?
A te decurrit ad meos haustus liquor. lo

Kepulsus ille veritatis viribus:
Ante hos sex menses male, ait, dixisti mihi.
Eespondit agnus: equidem natus non eram.
Pater hercle tuus ibi, inquit, male dixit mihi.
Atque ita correptum lacerat injusta nece. 15

Haec propter illos scripta est homines fabula,
Qui fictis causis innocentes opprimunt.

2-4' The frogs and their king.

Ath^nae cum florerent aequis legibus,
Procax libertas civitatem miscuit 20

Frenumque solvit pristinum licentia.
Hie conspiratis factionum partibus
Arcem tyrannus occupat Pisistratus.
Cum tristem servitutem flerent Attici,

(Non quia crudelis ille, sed quoniam grave 25

Omne insuetis onus) et coepiss6nt queri,
Aesopus talem tum fabellam rettulit.

Banae vagantes liberis paludibus
Clamore magno r^gem petiere a Jove,

*) Syllables printed in ItoXics are suppressed by Elision. {887,)

^ 48 —

Qui dissolutos mores vi compesceret.
Pat^r deorum risit atque illis dedit
Parviim tigillum, missum quod subit6 vadi
Motu sonoque terruit pavidiim genus.

5 Hoc mersum limo cum jac6ret diiitius,

Forte una tacite profert e stagno caput
Et explorato rege cunctas evocat.
Illae timore posito certatiwi adnatant
Lignumque supra turba petulans insilit.

10 Quod cum inquinassent omni conturaelia,

Alium rogantes regem misery ad Jovem,
Iniitilis quoniam 6sset qui fuerat datus.
Turn misit illis hydrum, qui dente aspero
Corripere coepit singulas. Frustra necem

16 Fugilant inertes, vocem praecludit metus.

Furtim igitur dant Merciirio mandata ad Jovem,
Adflictis ut succurrat. Tunc contra deus:
Quia noluistis vestrum ferre, inquit, bonum,
Malum perferte. — Vos quoque, o cives, ait,

20 Hoc sustinete, majus ne veniat malum.

25. The ivolf and the crane.
Qui pretium meriti ab Improbis desiderat,
Bis peccat: primum qu6nia?7i indignos adjuvatj
Impune abire deinde quia jam non potest.

26 Os devoratum fauce cum baererdt lupi,

Magno dolore victus coepit singulos
micere pretio, ut Illud extraberent malum.
Tandem persuasa est jure jurando gruis,
Gulaeque credens colli longitudinem,

30 Periculosam fecit medicinam lupo.

A quo cum pactum flagitaret praemium:
Ingrata es, inquit, ore quae e nostro caput
Incolume abstuleris ^t mercedem postules.

— 49 —

26. The ass and the lion in partnership,

Yirtiitis expers verbis jactans gloriam
Ignotos fallit, notis est derisui.

Venari asello comite cum vell^t leo,
Cont^xit ilium frutice et admonuit simul, 6

Ut insueta voce terreret feras,
Fugientes ipse exciperet. Hie auritulus
Clamorem subito totis tollit viribus,
Novoque turbat bestias miraculo.

Quae diim paventes exitus notos petunt, lo

Leonis adfligimtur liorrendo impetu.
Qui postquam caede fessus est, asin um evocat
Jub^tque vocem pr^mere. Tunc ille insolens:
Quails videtur opera tibi vocis meae ?

Insignis, inquit, sic ut, nisi nossem tuum 16

Animum genusque, simili fugissem metu.

27. The fox and the crow.

Qui 86 laudari gaiidet verbis subdolis,
Sera dat poenas turpes poenit^ntia.

Cum de fenestra corvus raptum caseum 20

Comesse vellet, celsa residens arbore,
Yulpes hunc vidit, delude sic coeplt loqui:
0 qui tuarum, corve, pennarum est niter !
Quantum decoris corpore et vultu geris !
Si vocem liaberes, nulla prior ales foret. 26

At ille stultus, dum vult vocem ost^ndere,
Emisit ore caseum, quem cel^riter
Dolosa vulpes avidis rapuit dentibus.
Turn d^mwm ingemuit corvi deceptiis stupor.

28. Tl%e aged lion, 9o

Quicumque amisit dignitatem pristinam,
Ignavis etiam jocus est in casii gravi.

Def^ctus annis et desertus viribus
Leo cum jac6ret spiritum extremiim traliens,

— 50 —

A-per fulmineis ad eum venit d^ntibus
Et vindicavit ictu Yeterem injiiriam.
Infestis taurus mox confodit cornibus
Hostile corpus. Asinus, ut vidit fcrum
6 Impime laedi, calcibus frontem extudit.

At ille exspirans: Fortes indigne tuli
Milii insultare: te, naturae dedecus,
Quod ferre cogor, c^rte bis videor mori.

£9. The hite and the cloves.

10 Qui se committit homini tutandwm improbo,

Auxilia dum requirit, exitii^m invenit.

Coliimbae saepe ciim fugissent miluum
Et celeritate pennae vitassent necem ,
Consilium raptor vertit ad fallaciam

16 Et genus inerme tali decepit dolo:

Quare sollicitum potius aevum diicitis,
Quam regem me crcatis icLo foedere,
Qui vos ab omni tutas praeste^i injuria ?
Illae credentes tradunt scsc miluo;

20 Qui regnwm adeptus coepit vesci singulas

Et exercere imperium saevis iinguibus.
Tunc d6 relicuis una: Merito plectimur.

30. The two mules,
Mali gravati sarcinis ibant duo:

25 TJni'is ferebat fiscos cum pecimia,

Alter tumentes miilto saccos hordeo.
Ille onere dives celsa cervice 6minet
Clarlimque collo jactat tintinnabulum ,
Corals quieto sequitur et placido gradu.

30 Subito latrones 6x insidiis advolant

Int^rque caedem ferro mulum sauciant,
Diripiunt nummos, neglegunt vile hordeum.
Spoliatus igitur casus cum fleret sues:

— 61 —

Equidem, inquit alter, me contemptum gaudeo,
Nam nil amisi nee sum laesus vulnere.

Hoc argumento tuta est hominum tenuitas;
Magnae periclo sunt opes obnoxiae.

31. The dog and the wolf, 5

Quam diilcis sit libertas, breviter proloquan
Cani perpasto macie confectus lupus
Forte occucurrit. D6in salntatuon invicem
Ut restiterunt: Unde sic, quaeso, nites?
Aut quo cibo fecisti tantum corporis ? tb

Ego, qui sum longe fortior, pereo fame.
Canis simpliciter: eadem est condicio tibi,
Praestare domino si par officium potes.
Quod ? inquit ille. Gustos ut sis liminis,
A furibus tuearis et noctii domum. 15

Ego vero sum paratus: nunc patiOr nivcs
Imbresque in silvis asperam vitam trahens:
Quanto est facilius mihi sub tecto vivere,
Et otiosum largo satiari cibo ?

Veni ergo mecum. Dum procedunt, aspicit 20

Lupus a catena coilum detritiim cani.
Unde hoc, amice ? Nihil est. Die, quaeso, tamen.
Quia videor acer, alligant me interdiu.
Luce lit quiesca77i et vigilem, nox cum venerit:
Crepusculo solutus, qua visum est, vagor. 25

Adfertur ultro panis; de mensa sua
Dat ossa dominus; frusta jactant familia
Et, quod fastidit quisque, pulmentarium.
Sic sine labore venter impletiir mens.

Age, abire siquo est animus, est lic^ntia ? 30

Non plane est, inquit. Friiere, quae laudas, canis:
Regnare nolo, liber at non sim mihi.

— 62 --

32. The fox and the sour grapes.
Fame coacta viilpes alta in vinea
Uvam appetebat siimmis saliens viribus,
Quam tangere ut non potuit, discedens ait:
5 Nondiim matura est; nolo acerbam sumere.

Qui facere quae non possunt verbis elevant,
Adscribere hoc debebunt exempliira sibi.

33. The ungrateful snahe.
Qui fert malis auxilium, post tempiis dolet.
10 Gel II rigentem quidam colubram siistulit

Siniique fovit, contra Be ipse mis^ricors;
Namque lit refecta est, necuit hominem protinus.
Ilanc alia cum rogaret causam facinoris,
Respondit: Nequis discat prodesse improbis.

15 34' The discontented stag.

Laudatis utiliora, quae contempseris,
Saepe inveniri haec adserit narratio.

Ad fontem cervus, cum bibisset, restitit
Et in liquore vidit eflBgi^m suam.

20 Ibi diim ramosa mirans laudat cornua

Cruriimque nimiam tenuitatem vitiiperat,
Yenantum subito vocibus cont^rritus
Per campum fugere coepit et cursu levi
Canes elusit. Silva turn excepit ferum,

25 In qua retentis impeditus cornibus

Lacerari coepit morsibus saevis canum.
Tunc moriens vocem banc edidisse dicitur:
O me infelicem ! qui nunc demum int^llego,
Utilia mihi quam fiierint, quae desp^xeram,

30 Et, quae laudaram, quantum luctus habiierint

NOTES.

M. JUSTINIANUS JUSTINUS.

Justin, of whose personal history nothing is Is:nown, is supposed
to have lived at Rome in the third century after Christ. He is the
author of a work entitled: HiMoriarum Philippicarum Libri
XLIV, founded on a lost work of Trogus Pompejus^ a historian of
the Augustan age. Justin seems to have compiled selections from
it, and his history contains a great variety of information that would
not otherwise have been preserved. His style is clear and some-
times elegant, and the greater part of his vocabulary may be found
in Livy. He has some peculiarities in diction and construction which
are not in accordance with those standards of prose, Caesar and
Cicero, but they will hardly injure the Latinity of beginners.

1. TJie Assyrians.

Page

3 principio rerum, Abl. of time when. 672.*) — penes reges, in the 1.
hands of the kings.

5 spectata inter bonos moderatio, moderation which had been
tried among the good.

6 nullis legibus, by no laws, Abl. of Means. go5. — pro legibus
erant, were instead of laws = supplied the place of laws.

8 intra suam cuique patriam, to each one within his own
country; quisque is generally placed after se, suus, qui; the Dative
cuique depends on finiebantur; it is used instead of the genitive
depending on patriam. — primus omnium; Partitive Genitive. 566. 6.

9 quasi avitum gentibus morem, a custom as it were hereditary
to the nations.

10 imperii cupiditate, by his ambition for power; Instmmental
Abl. 60S.

*) TJiese references are to paragraphs o/ Ahn-Henn's Latin Grammar.

— 54 —

Page

1. 11 rudes resistendi popuios, nations inexperienced in making
resistance; adjectives denoting knowledge and their opposites take
the Genitive. 567. i; 843.

12 usque, as far as, with the Ace. termmos, to denote the place
whither. — quaesltae dominatiOnis, of the dominion that he had
sought for.

13 continua possessione, Instrumental Abl. eos. — domitis proxl-
mis, having subdued the nearest 7ieighbors; Abl. Absol. 837.

14 accessione virlum is Instrumental Abl. belonging to fortior. —
proxima quaeque victoria, evei^y last victot'y.

16 illi fuit, he had; Dative denoting the j^ossessor. 594.

17 qui dicitur, who is said; Nom. w. Inf. 821.

19 hoc occlso, Abl. Absol. 836. — relicto filio Ninya et uxore Se-
miramide; Abl. Absol; the Participle rehcto agrees with Ninya, and
is understood to Semiramide. 836.

21 murumque urbi cocto latere circumdedit, she put round the
city a wall of baked brick; circumdare takes a dative with an ac-
cusative, or an accusative with an ablative. 593. — cocto latere,
Abl. of Quality, 6I6.

22 liargnae vice, instead of sand. — bitumine interstrato, Abl.

Absol. 836.

24 praeclara, illustrious deeds; the neuter of the adjective used
as a substantive. 702.

25 imperio adjecit; verbs compounded with ad take the Dative. S92.

26 quos. .nemo intravit, into ivhose country, .no one penetrated.

2. 1 duo et XXX annos; time how long is in the Ace. 674. — regno
potlta, having held possession of the kingdom; potiri takes the

Abl. 626.

2 contentus takes the Abl. 625. — elaborate a parentibus imperio,
ivith the dominion acquired by the labors of his parents.

3 veliiti mutasset, as if he had changed; veluti, conjunction of
comparison, takes the Subjunctive. 772.

6 mille trecentos annos, time how long is in the Ace. 674.

8 muliere corruptior, more corrupt than a woman; Abl. of Com-
parison. 609,

— 55 —

Page

9 ad hunc videndum, to see Mm; the Ace. of the Gerund is fre- 2.
quently used after ad to denote purpose. 845.

10 praefectus ipsius Medis praepositus, his oivn prefect ivhom he
fiad placed over the Medians. — nomine Arbactus, AM. of Limitation. 608.

11 invenit eum nentem et partientem, he found him spinning and
distribiUlng; verbs of perceivimj take the Ace. with the Present
Participle when the object is to be represented as actually seen. S33.

12 colo nentem, spinning loiih a distaff; colo, Abl. of Means. —
muliebri habitu, in a looman's dress; Abl. of Manner. 6i3.

13 qui bus visis indignatus, heing indignant at what he had seen;
the relative used instead of the demonstrative, and the Abl. of Cause
depending on indignatus. m4.

14 tot viros . . par5re, Ace. w. Inf. after indignari, a verb of
emotion, sis.

15 quid viderit refert, he reports what he has seen; the Subjunc-
tive viderit in an Indirect Question, soi; refert, Historical Present. 7S2.

— negat se parere posse, he says he cannot obey; instead of dicere
with a negative clause the Latins generally use negare with an
affirmative clause.

16 qui se feminam maht esse quam virum, loho likes better to
he a woman than a man; Ace. w. Inf. after a verb of icishing. 8i4.

— malit is in the Subjunctive depending on the Accus. with Inf. se
parere posse. 826.

17 quo audito, having heard this; Abl. Absol.

18 regnum defensurus, in defense of his kingdom; the Future
Participle denotes either intention or being on the point of. 74i. —
metu mortis, from fear of death. 604.

21 exstructa incensaque pyra, having erected and set on fire a
funeral pile; Abl. Absol. 837.

22 hoc solo, hereby alone; Abl. of Means, eos.

^. As ty ages and Cyrus.

26 per ordinem successionis, in regular succession; per denoting
the manner in which a thing is done. 645.

27 per somnum, during = in his sleep. — ex filia quam unTcam
habebat, from the only daughter he had; the adjective unlearn ia
the relative clause properly belongs to the antecedent filla. 554.

— 50 —
Page

2. 28 vitem enatara, supply esse; Ace. w. Inf. depending on vidit. 812.

20 obumbraretur, would he overshadowed; the Subjunctive in a
clause depending upon the Ace. w. Inf. 826. — consulti harioli, the
soothsayers who had been consulted; Participle equivalent to a
relative sentence. 833. — nepotem futurum (esse), Ace. w. Inf. de-
pending on responderunt.

30 praenuntistur; the Subjunctive in a clause depending on an
Ace. w. Inf. 833. — regni amissiOnem portendi; Ace. w. Inf. depending
on responderunt, which is the predicate to harioli consulti.

31 hoc responso, Abl. of Means.

32 ne, lest, that not, takes the Subjunctive extollgret. 756. i.

3. 1 nepoti animos, to the grandson his mind, i. e. the grandson^s
mind; the Dative depends on extolleret. — turn temporis, at that
time,

3 somnii metu deposito, having given up the fear of the dream;
Abl. Absol. 837.

4 sub avi oculis, in the sight of his grandfather.

5 datur occidendus, is delivered to be killed; the Gerundive is
joined with the verbs do, euro, mitto, &c., to express t\\Q purpose
or end for which anything is given; the Gerundive agrees with the
object of the active form, and with the subject of the passive. 84i.

6 verltus, ne . . exigeret, fearing that she would exact; after
vereor, timeo, &c., ne must be rendered by thai. 76i. — mortiio rege,
after the king's death; Abl. Absol.

7 necati infantis ultiOnem, revenge for the murdered child.

11 audita regis infantis expositione, having heard of the exposing
of the king's child; Abl. Absol., to supply the want of the perfect
act. participle. 837. — summis precibus, with every entreaty. Abl.
of Means. 605.

12 ut sibi puer ostenderetur, that the boy might be shown to her =
to show her the boy; the regular construction with verbs of urging
and demanding is ut or ne with the Subjunctive. 758. — sibi, 1. e.
uxOri; for all references to the subject of the leading sentence, the
Reflexive sui must be used. 828. — cujus precibus fatigatus, wearied
by her entreaties; the Relative for the Demonstrative at the begin-
ning of the sentence. 556. — precibus is Causal Abl. 604.

13 canem feminam, a she-dog; with names of animals, the sexes
are distinguished by mas, male, and femina, female. 47.

— 57 —

Page

M praebentem et defendentem; the participles depend on in- 3.
v5nit, a verb of perceiving^ to represent tlie object as actually
seen. 835.

15 motus misericordia, moved by compassion; the moving cause
is often expressed by a participle with the Ablative, such as motus,
adductus, &c.

16 eadem cane anxTe prosequente, Abl. Absol.

17 quem ubi; the Relative instead of the Demonstrative; ubi, as
soon as, takes the Perf. Indie. 737. ii.

18 tantus ut . . ; a clause of result introduced by ut, so that, is used
after tarn, tantus, &c. 759.

20 permitteret, he might permit her, depends on rogaret, a verb
of asking or demanding; the regular construction is ut. 758] but
when the idea of wishing, &c. is emphatic, the simple Subjunctive
without ut may be employed. — permutata sorte, Abl. Absol.

22 nomen Space fuit; the name is either in the Dative or in the
Nominative. 594.

•25 rex inter ludentes sorte delectus, having been chosen by lot
Mug among the boys lohen 'playing. — per lasciviam, from wanton-
ness; per often denotes the manner in which a thing is done. 645.

27 querella regi delata, a complaint being brought before the
king; Abl. Absol. — indignantibus belongs to parentibus and is best
rendered by a relative sentence: by the parents who were indignant
at. — indignari, a verb of emotion, may be considered as a verb of ■
thinking, and as such takes an Acc; w. Inf. 8i5. — adfectos, scil. esse.
Cyrus is the subject of the subordinate clause beginning with mox;
the principal clause begins witli ille, i. e., Astyages.

28 arcessito puero et interrogate, Abl. Absol.

29 nihil mutate vultu, Abl. Absol.; nihil is here an Adverb, not at
all. — fecisse se ut regem, that he had acted like a king; Acc. w. Inf.
depending on respondisset; this verb is in the Subjunctive depending
on historical cum.

33 quoniam sibi videretur, since he seemed to him; as a rule, quo-
niam takes the Indicative; here the Subjunctive is used to express the
opinion of Astyages. — agitato inter pastOres regno, having spent
Ms reign among the shepherds.

— 58 —

Page

4. 2 infestus, takes the Dative. 598. — in ultionem servati nepOtis, to
revenge himself for the rescue of his grandson.

3 epulandum tradldit, see Note on p. 3. 5.

4 dissimulato dolore, Abl. Absol. — odium regis, Objective Genitive.
S6€. 2. — in vindictae occasionem, to a favorable time for his ven-
geance.

6 doIOre orbitatis, by grief for his bereavement.

7 ut ablegatus fuerit, hoiv he had been sent away; Indirect Question
after scribit, with the verb in the Subjunctive; ut is the comparative
particle which would have required the Indicative if not used in
indh-ect question.

10 hortatur, cxercTtum paret, he exhorts him to get ready an
army] the regular construction with verbs o^ exhorting is ut; but
the simple Subjunctive without ut may also be employed when the
wish is emxjhatic; see Note on p. 3. 20.

13 exinterato lepori inserltur, is put into an eviscerated hare;
inserere being compounded with in takes the Dative. 592. — in Per-
sas, to Persia; Persae, the Persians, the people for the territory.

14 addita, sc. sunt.

16 cadem adgredi jussus est; Norn. w. Inf. after jubCre. 822.

17 praemonitus, ut. .adsumeret; with verbs of warning, j^z^rj^ose
is expressed by ut with the Subjunctive. — quem primum obvlum ha-
buisset, whom he should meet first; the Subjunctive is used to
express the indirect statement of the dream. — quem is for eum
quem.

18 adsumeret, like verbs oi naming, takes a second Accusative
denoting the character. 578. — coeptis, Dat. of Advantage. 587. —
ruri, in the country; rus is used like a name of a town. 686.

20 nomine, by the name, Abl. of Limitation. 6O8. — hujus requislta
origme, the Abl. Absol. may be rendered: having inquired after his
descent. — ut, as soon as, when, takes the Perf Ind. 737. 11. — in
Persis, among the Persians, or in Persia; the people for the
territory.

21 genitum, sc. esse.

22 Persepolim, to Persepolis; in answer to the question whither?
names of towns are put in the Ace. 683. Persepolis being a Greek
noun has im in the Ace. 143. 1. — jubet takes the Ace. w. Inf. 8i4.

— 59 —

Page

23 silvam viae circumdatam, lit. a wood put around the way = a 4.
wood surrounding the way; circumdare has a twofold construc-
tion. 593.

24 quod, at the beginning of a sentence instead of id. — appa-
ratis epulis invitat, he invites them to a feast he had prepared for
them; the Participle is here best rendered by a relative clause. 833,

25 factos, sc. esse, Ace. w. Inf. after videret.

26 si ponatur, the Subjunctive of the Present, because the con-
dition is represented as possible. 788. ii. — legant, they would choosey
the Subjunctive in Indirect Question, soi.

27 ut adclamavgre omnes, when all cried out; the Perfect after ut
when. 737. IL — adclamavere for adclamaverunt. 334.

28 ait hesterno similem labori omnem vitam acturos (esse), he
says they would spend a whole life in work similar to yesterday's;
similis governs the Dative. 598.

29 quoad pareant; the Subjunctive in a clause dependent upon an
Ace. w. Inf. — se secutos; this Participle is equivalent to a conditional
clause: if they would follow him. Tohodiernis epulis we must
supply similem omnem vitam, a whole life in feasting such as to-day.

30 laetis omnibus, Abl. Absol; an Adjective may take the place of
the Participle. 836.

31 meriti sui in Harpago oblitus, having forgotten his desert, i. e.
what he had deserved of Harpagus; verbs of forgetting take the
Genitive. 568.

33 perfidia defectionis, AW. of Means or Instrument, 603.

3 pugnantibus suis partem exercitus de tergo ponit, to Jiis fight- 5-
ing men he posts a part of his army in the rear, i. e. he posts a
part of his army in the rear of the fighting men; the Dative pug-
nantibus, depending on the verb ponit, is used instead of the Genitive
pugnantium depending on tergo.

4 ferro agi jubet, Ace. w. Inf, depending on jubet. — sui, his men.

5 inventuros (esse), Aeo. w. Inf., depending on denuntiat.

6 proinde videant, accordingly they should see; proinde is used
in exhortations only; videant is the Hortatory Subjunctive. 752. —
fugientibus haec an ilia pugnantibus acies rumpenda sit; this is
an indirect disjunctive question; the interrogative particle is omitted
in the first member, and, therefore, ne stands in the second. 803.

— 60 —
Pago

5. The participles fugientibus and pugnantibus depend on rumpenda
sit; they are in the Dative to denote the person by whom the line is
to be broken and may be rendered when fighting, when fleeing.

7 ingens pugnandi animus, eager desire to fight.

8 exercitui accessit, was added to the army = seized the army.

10 orant revertantur; the Subjunctive without ut is used after verbs
of beseeching, for the sake of emphasis; see Note on p. 4. lo.

u quos fugiebant, fugSre conpellunt, and compelled those to
flee from whom they had fled; the pronoun is is often omitted,
especially when it would stand in the same case as the Relative. 6S3

12 cui Cyrus abstulit; the verb auferre, to take away^ takes the
indirect object in the Dative, to be translated /rom. 588.

13 nepOtem agere, to act as his grandson.

u genti praeposuit, he set him over the nation; praeponSre,
being compounded with prae, governs the Dative. 692.

15 in Medos, to the Medes = to Media; the people for the ter-
ritory.

16 annis CCCL; duration of time is commonly expressed by the
Accusative, but occasionally, as here, by the Ablative.

8. The Athenians. Battle of Marathon.

19 quem biformem tradidere, whom they represented as being
two-shaped; tradfire like a verb of naming takes two Accusatives. 578-
— ut omnis antiquitas fabulosa est; ut is here comparative, as; else
it would have required the Subjunctive.

24 superfu6runt, some survived. — quos refugia montium rece-
pSrunt, whom the refuges of the mountains took in = who took
refuge in the mountains.

25 aut. .evecti sunt, supply qui? after aut— ratibus, Abl. of Manner,
like navibus, &c. 6i4.

26 a quo genus hominum conditum (esse) dicitur; Nom. w. Inf. S2i.

28 Eleusine, Abl. of Eleusin, at Eleusis; in answer to the question
wher^? 683.

29 in cujus muneris honorem, and in honor of this gift. — noctes
initiorum, the nights of the mysteries. — sacratae, sc. sunt.

6. 2 vindicaturi bello, being about to take revenge in war.

— 61 —

Pap«

3 responsum (sc. eat) superiOres fore; an answer was given that 6.
they would have the advantage. — ni occidissent, if they had not
killed; the Pluperfect Subjunctive occidissent after the Historical
Perfect responsum est in the principal sentence.

4 cum ventum esset, when they had come; Impersonal Passive. 423.

6 et responso dei et praeceptis hostiura cognitis, Abl. Absol. to
supply the want of the perfect active participle : having learned both
tlie answer of the god and the orders of the enemy.

8 sarmenta collo gcrens, carrying fagots on his shoulders; the
Participle is in apposition to Codrus; collo is Instrumental Abl. 605.

9 falce, with his sickle, Abl. of Means. 605. — astu, Abl. of Manner,
craftily, cunningly.

10 cognito regis corpore, Abl. Absol. to supply the want of the per-
fect active participle, having recognized the king's body.

11 ducis se offerentis, of their leader who offered himself; the
participle is here best rendered by a relative sentence. 833.

12 bello liberantur, are delivered from war; verbs signifying to
set free, take the Ablative. 620. Observe the liveliness of the multi-
plied historical Presents.

15 permissa, sc. est.

17 vir justitiae insignis, a man of distinguished uprightness ,
Genitive of Quality. 566. 5. — qui velut novam ci vitatem legibus conderet,
ivho should found the .state anew, as it were, by the establishment of
laws; conderet is here in the Subjunctive, because it denotes a
purpose, the relative clause being equivalent in fact to a clause

with Ut. 792.

18 qui = et is, and he. — tanto temperamento, luiih so great mod-
eration; Abl. of Manner. 6i3.

19 cum si quid pro altero ordine tulisset, altcri displiciturum vi-
deretur, since if he had proposed anything in favor of one order,
this would seem to displease the other; the condition is represented
as contrary to fact; accordingly the Subjunctive of the Imperfect or
Pluperfect is used. 788-, after si, nisi, &c. the prefix all- in aliquis is
dropped. 762.

20 ut. . .traheret, that he drew; clause of result after tanto tem-
peramento. 759.

21 inter multa egregia, among many noble deeds; egreglum, the
adjective used as noun. — illud, ilie following.

— 62 —

Page

6. 23 armis dimicatum fuerat, fighting had been going on; the pas-
sive used impersonally.

24 capitale esse coepit, it began to be a capital crime = it was
pronounced a capital crime. — si quis legem de vindicanda insula
tulisset, if anybody should make a motion to claim the island; quis
for aliquis. "762.

25 legem ferre, to introduce a billy to make a motion. — de vindi-
canda msilla, on the claiming of the island = to claim the island;
de is one of the few prepositions commonly used with the Gerund
or Gerundive. — tulisset; the pluperfect subjunctive is used after the
historical perfect coepit in the leading clause. 74.3. iii. — sollicitus,
anxious, is construed like a verb o{ fearing; accordingly ne must be
rendered by that. 7G1.

26 tacendo. . .censendo, by being silent, by speaking his mind;
the Ablative of the Gerund used as AM. of Means. S46.

27 cujus venia, on which pretext. — non dicturus modo, sed et
facturus erat, he intended not only to say but also to do; the
active periphrastic conjugation denotes intention. 74i.

28 prohibita, forbidden things. — deformis habitu, disfigured by
his dress.

29 more vaecordium, after the manner of madmen.

30 quo magis consilium dissiraularet; quo is usual final con-
junction with comparatives. 763. — insolitis sibi versibus, in verses
to which he was not accustomed.

32 ut bellum decerneretur; the subjunctive clause denoting the
result. 750.

33 devictis hostibus, the enemy being defeated. — Athenienslum
fieret, came under the dominion of the Athenians. 57i.

7. 1 memores inlati Atheniensibus belh, mindful of the ivar they'
had made on the Athenians; memor takes the Genitive. 567. i.
Atheniensibus depends on inlati.

2 veriti; the perfect participle is often used where we should
employ the present; ne, that, after verbs of^ fearing. 76i.

3 oppressuri, intending to surprise. 74i.

4 qua re cognita, may be translated by the perfect active par-
ticiple with Pisistratus as subject: Pisistratus having learned this
circumstance. 837.

— 63 —

Page

5 in insidiis locat; verbs of placing take in with the Abl. 689. — 7.
jussis matronis. .sacra celebrare, the ladies having been ordered to
celebrate the mysteries; after jub6o the Infinitive can be used without

a subject — sollto clamore ac strepitu, witJi the usual clamor and
noise; Abl. of Manner. 6i3.

6 ne intellectos se sentiant, that they should not become aware
of their being observed; ne with the Subjunctive to denote the pur-
pose. 756. I. — intellectos se (esse) is Ace. w. Inf. depending on sen-
tiant.

7 egressosque navibus Megarenses, and the Megarenses when
they had landed.

8 classe captlva, Abl. of Means. 605. — intermixtis mulieribus,
women being among them.

9 ut, with the Subjunctive, to denote the purpose. 756. i. — Mo-
gara contendit, he Tnade for Megara; in answer to the question
whither? names of towns are in the Accusative. 683.

10 illi, the latter = the Megarenses. — petitam praedam, the ex-
pected booty.

11 quibus caesis, Abl. Absol.

12 paulum a capienda urbe aftiit, he was not far from taking the
city. — suis dolis, Abl. of Means. 605.

14 quasi, .vicisset; quasi takes tlie Subjunctive. 772.

15 per dolum, deceitfully; per denoting the manner. 645. —
voluntariis verberibus adfectus; having been affected with voluntary
flogging; I e. having flogged himself; the verb adficere is often to
be translated by a verb corresponding to its Ablative; verberibus
adficere, to flog; verberibus voluntariis adfiei, to flog one's self

16 lacerate corpore, Abl. Absol.

18 e quibus haec se passum (esse) simulat, from whom he pre-
tends, to have suffered this.

19 vocibus, remarks. — invidiosa oratione, Abl. of Means. 605.

20 amore plebis, in consequence of the people' s affection for him

21 per quos occupata tyrannide, having obtained absolute
power through them.

22 per annos XXXIII; the preposition per is used to denote /rom
beginning to end. 674.

24 alter ex fillis, one of his two sons; e, ex is more common than
the Partitive Genitive after numerals and the like. 660.

— 64 —

Page

7. 24 Hippias nomine, hy the name of Rippias, Abl. of Limitation. oo8.
25 qui = et is.

27 quibus interfectis, and these having been killed; Abl. Absol. —
quaerenti tyranno. . .ait, to the tyrant when asking. . .he said. — an
adhuc aliqui conscii essent, whether- there were any more accom-
plices; the Subjunctive in Indirect Question, soi.

28 neminem superesse, quern amplius mori gestiat, that no one
else was left whom he wished to die; gestiat is in the Subjunctive,
being dependent upon the Ace. w. Inf. s^g.

31 libertatis, the Genitive after a verb of reminding. 568. — regno
pulsus, driven fro m the state; Abl. after a verb of removing. 620.

32 in Persas; the people for the territory. — DarCo inferenti
AtheniensTbus belhim, to Bareus w/ien making war on the Athen-
ians; clauses introduced by particles of time (as, when^ since, &g.)
may be expressed in Latin by a participle without such par-
ticle. 833.

33 adversus patriara belongs to ducem.

8. 1 auxilTum a LacedaeraonTis petiverunt, they entreated aid from
the Lacedaemonians; we always say: petere aliquid ab allquo, sso,

2 quos ubi viderunt, and when they saw that they; in historical
narrative ubi, simidac &c., take the Historical Perfect Indicative. 737. 11.

3 non expectato, without loaiiing; especially to be noted is the
Ablative of a participle without a Substantive; the participle with
non is often best rendered by without. 834. — instructis decern mi-
libus, having drawn up ten thousand in battle array.

G auctor non exspectandi auxilii, the source of unexpected as-
sistance.

7 ut. . .duceret, that he deemed; clause of result after tanta
fiducia. 7.5». — plus praesidii, more protection; Partitive Gen, after
plus. 566. 5.

8 magna in pugnam euntibus animorum alacritas fuit, when going
to battle they were in high spirits, lit. to those going into battle were
high spirits; the Dative with esse, to denote possession. 594.

9 adeo ut, to such a degree that, introducing a clause of result
with the Subjunctive.

10 citato cursu, at full speed.

12 tanta virtute, Abl. of Manner. 613. — ut..putares, thai you
should suppose.

— 65 -

Pag(

15 ut viderStur, is a clause of result; cujus lans prima esset, an 8.
indirect question depending on difficile judicium.

20 post proelii innumeras caedes, having slain enemies without
number in battle, lit. after number-less slaughters of the battle.

22 dextra manu, with his right hand; Instrumental Abl. oo5. —
priusquam amittfiret; priusquam lias, in narrative, the same con-
struction as historical cum. 779.

24 morsu, with the teeth; Instmmental Abl. 605.

25 tantam in eo virtutem fuisse, supply dicunt. — tot caedibus
fatigatus, wearied with such a carnage,

26 non duabus manibus amissis victus, not overcome by the loss of
both his hands.

38 seu proelio sive naufragio, either in battle or by shipwreck.

29 dis patriae ultoribus poenas repetentibus ; the Ablative Abso-
lute, expressing the cause: because the gods, the aveiigers of the
country, demanded satisfaction.

Jf. Xerxes. Third invasion of Greece.

3 relictis multis filiis, having left behind many sons. 9.

4 susceptis, who were born; suscipere means to take up a neiv-
born child; hence in the Pass, to be born. — maximus natu, the
oldest; natu, Abl. of Limitation. 608. — aetatis privilegio, by the
privilege of age; Causal Abl. 604.

5 quod jus, a right which, is in the Accusative governed by dedit;
ordo nascendi and nattira are taken conjointly as a single idea and
have the singular verb dedit. 542. — non de ordine sed de nascendi
felicitate, not from priority, but from the lucky circumstance
of birth.

7 The whole passage from nam AriaemSnem down to avTto vin-
cere (line 18) is in the oratio obllqua, depending on referebat wliich
implies dicens. It will be useful to the pupil to become accustomed
to arrange the sentences in the form which they would have in the
oratio recta or direct narrative; here it is as follows: "nam Ariae-
menes primus quidem Dareo, sed private provenit: ego regi primus
natus. Itaque fratres mei, qui ante geiiiti sunt, privatum patrimo-
ntum, quod eo tempore Dareus habiiit, non regnum, sibi vindicare
possunt, ego sum quern primum in regno jam rex pater sustulit.
Hue aceedit, quod Ariaemenes non patre tantum sed et matre pri-
vatae adhuc fortunae, avo quoque materno private procreatus estj

— 66 —

e

ego vero et matre regina natus et patrem nonnisi regem vidi; avum
quoque maternum Cyrum ego regem habiii, non heredem, sed con-
ditOrem tanti regni; et si in aequo jure utrumque fratrem reliquerit,
materno tamen ego jure et avito vinco." The English word to
introduce the indirect discourse is that; sometimes it is well to omit
that in translation and lo change the form to direct discourse, in-
serting the verb of saying by way of parenthesis.

8 private, when a piHvate citizen. — provenisse and

9 natum (esse), Ace. w. Inf. of the Indirect Discourse. When a speech
is transferred to the oratio obliqua the following changes of mood
take place:

I. The Indicative in direct statements is changed into the Infini-
tive, becoming dependent on some such form as dixit, he said, ex-
pressed or imphed, and the Nominative will then be changed to an
Accusative;

II. The Indicative in dependent relative sentences is changed
into the Subjunctive;

III. The Indicative in questions becomes the Subjunctive, being
dependent on rogavit, expressed or implied;

IV. The Imperative becomes the Subjunctive;

Y. Verbs used by the speaker in the Subjunctive remain in the
same mood.

9 geniti essent, Subjunctive according to Rule II.

10 habuisset, Subjunctive according to Rule II.

11 vindicare posse, Infinitive according to Rule I. — se esse, Ace.
w. Inf. according to Rule I.

12 quem sustulSrit, Subjunctive according to Rule II. — tollere has
the same meaning as suscipere, above, to take up a child, to bring
up. — accedere. Infinitive according to Rule I.

13 non patre tantum &c. ; the Ablatives patre, matre, avo, are
governed by procreatus sit, a verb expressing origin. go4.

15 patrem nonnisi regem vidisse; regem, as a king, is in apposition
to patrem.

17 si..reliquisset; the condition is represented as contrary to
fact, hence the Pluperfect Subj., both in direct and indirect discourse.

•788. III.

18 materno tamen se jure et avito vincere, that he hy his mother's
and grandfather's right should gain the cause; Ace. w. Inf. according
to Rule L

— G7 —

Page

19 concordi anlmo, of one mind, unanimously. 9,

21 cognita causa, having investigated the case. — adeOqae fra-
terna contentio fuit, ut. .insultaret. .doleret. .mitt6rent, &c.; Sub-
junctives of Consequence after adeo ut. 759.

22 victor, .victus, the winner.. the loser.

25 tanto moderatius, so much more moderately; the Ablative tanto
is used to denote the degree of difference. 612.

28 quinquennium, for 5 years; time how long is in the Aoc. 674

29 quod; the Relative for the Demonstrative. 656. — ubi primum
as soon as, takes the Perfect Ind. 737. 11.

30 apud Xerxen, at the court of Xerxes; apud designates nearness
in respect of persons. 630. — amicior patriae; the Dative governed
by amicus. 598.

33 cera delita, with wax which he had smeared over it; Abl. of
Means. 605; the participle rendered by a relative clause. 833. — ne, in-
troducing a clause of purpose. 756. The ancients wrote with a style
on waxen tablets; the writing on wax was rubbed out with the broad
end of the style. To avoid discovery Demaratus wrote on wooden
tablets and then smeared them over with wax, so that it might seem
they had not been used at all.

1 recens cera, the freshly-written tablet. .^

2 perferendas tradit; the Gerundive is joined with the verb tradgre
to express the purpose. 84i. — jusso refers to servo, and may be
translated by a relative sentence, who had been ordered.

3 quibus perlatis; the Abl. Absol. may be translated by a clause
with when. — Lacedaemone, at Lacedaemon. — quaestiOni res diu
fuit, the affair was doubtful for a long time; the Dativo of the object
for which is used after esse. 595.

4 quod neque scriptum aliquid vidSrent nee frustra missas suspi-
carentur, because on the one hand they did not see anything
loritten, and on the other they supposed that they were not sent to
no purpose; quod usually takes the Indicative; but the Subjunctives
viderent and suspicarentur are used to express the thought and
belief of the Lacedaemonians. "782. — nee is to be resolved into et
non, and the negative belongs to frustra; in this way arises the cor-
responsive conjunction neque. .et, on the one hand not... and on
the other. 857. — missas, sc. esse. Ace. w. Inf. after suspicarentur.

5 tantoque rem majorem, quanto esset occultior, putabant, and

— 68 —

Pagft

10. they considered the afialr to he the more important, the more
mysterious it was; the words quaiito. .tanto, signifying hy how
much, .by so much^ are usually to be translated by the emphatic the;
esset is in the Subjunctive depending on the Aoc. w. Inf. tanto rem
majorem esse. 826.

6 haerentlbus in conjectura viris, while the men were hesitating
in the conjecture; Abl. Absol.

7 erasa cera, having erased the tablet; Abl. Absol. 837.

10 utproditum sit, that there is a tradition; Subjunctive of result;
in clauses of result the verb of the dependent clause has the same
tense as it would have if the clause were a principal one. 74S.

11 siccata, sc. esse, Aco. w. Inf.

13 nuraero, in answer to the question, in respect of what? Abl. of
Limitation. 008.

14 si regem spectes, laudes; the condition is represented 2iS pos-
sible or likely to be realized. 788. ii.

15 cum, though; Concessive Conjunction with the Subjunctive. 767.

16 opes tamen reglae superessent, the king^s riches, however,
were more than sufficient.

18 timldus, supply erat. — sicubi metus abesset, wherever there
was no cause of fear; the Subjunctive is used to express the thought
of Xerxes.

19 fiducTa virium, from confidence in his power; Causal Abl. 604.

20 convexa valllum, the hollows between hills.

21 quaedam maria pontibus sternebat, some seas he made pas-
sable by bridges. — ad navigatiOnis commodum, for the promotion
of navigation.

23 cujus; the Relative for the Demonstrative; begin with quam ter-
ribihs, as terrible as..; quam. .tam, as. .so.

26 contemptu paucitatis, from contempt of their small number;
Causal Abl. 604.

27 Marathonia pugna, in the battle of Marathon; in is omitted
with an Adjective. 673.

28 qui = et hi. — suos, their relatives. — succedente inutlli
turba, when a useless crowd followed; Abl. Absol.

— 69 —

Pag©

29 triduo; duration of time is commonly expressed by the Accusa- lo.
live, but occasionally, as here, by the Ablative. — cum dolore et
indignatione Persarum, with -— to the grief and indignation of the
Persians.

30 dimicatum, sc. est, Impersonal Pass. 423. triduo dimicatum est,
the fight lasted three days. — quarta die; this is the proper usage of
the Ablative in relations of time to express when an action is done
or completed. 672.

. 31 summum cacumen, the top of the mountain.

32 hortatur, rec6dant et se reservent, 7ie exhorts them to retire
and save themselves; the regular construction with verbs of ex-
horting would be ut; but the simple Subjunctive may also be employed
(see Note on 3. 20; 4. 10.).

33 sibi cum Spartanis. .servandos; this sentence is in the
oratio obllqua, depending on hortatur, which implies dicens.

1 experiendam (esse) ; the Passive Periphrastic conjugation ex- 11.
presses necessity; the person by whom is in the Dative. 741.

2 servandos, sc. esse.

3 audito regis imperio, having heard the order of the king.

i sciscitantlbus Delphis oracula responsum fugrat, to them when
inquiring for oracles at Delphi the answer had been given.

5 aut regi aut urbi cadendum, sc. esse, that either the king or the
city ought to fall. 741.

7 parato ad moriendum ammo, with a mind ready to die; para-
tus, ready ^ takes ad with the Gerund 844.

10 dimissis sociis, may be translated by the perfect active par-
ticiple with Lycurgus as subject, Lycurgus having dismissed his
allies. — hortatur, takes the Hortatory Subjunctive (memingrint, ca-
verent), as above.

11 qualitercunque proeliatis cadendum esse, that in whatever
way they might fight they had to die; caverent, ne fortius mansisse
quam dimicasse viderentur, they should take care lest it might seem
they had shown greater courage in remaining than infighting.

12 nee exspectandum (esse) ; this sentence is in the oratio obllqua,
depending on hortatur, which implies dicens, they ought not to wait
(he says).

13 dum nox occasiOnem daret, while the night offered an op-
po7't unity.

~ 10 —

Page

11. u securis et laetis superveniendum (esse), they ought to fall
suddenly ujjon the careless and exulting enemy.

15 perituros, sc. esse, would die.

16 nihil erat diflQcile persuadgre persuasis mori, it was not at all
difficult to persuade those who had persuaded themselves to die,
i. e., were resolved to die; persuadere governs tlie Dative. S89.

19 si ipsi oppress! essent, if they should have been oppressed
themselves. — morituri, ready to die. 74i.

20 totis castris; with nouns qualified by totus, the Ablative with-
out a preposition is used to denote the place where? 687. — postquam
invenlunt; postquam here takes the Historical Present.

22 ut qui sciunt, like men who know. — spo victoriae, with the
hope of victory.

23 in mortis ultionem, to take vengeance for their death.

24 tractum, sc. est. — vincendo fatigati, wearied of conquering.

20 duobus vulneribus acceptis, having received two wounds. — ter-
restri proelio, in the battle by land; Abl. of Time. 675.

29 bellum Persarum, the war with the Persians; Objective Genitive.
S66. 2, — in auxilium regis classe venisse, had come with a fleet to
the king's assistance; Ace. w. Inf. depending on animadvertisset.

30 sollicitare in partes suas, to draw over to his side.

31 colloquendi copTam, opportunity of a conference; the Gerund is
frequently used with substantives as a complement. 843. — symbolos
proponi et saxis proscribi curat, he had a proclamation issued and
written upon the rocks; curare talces the Ace. w. Inf. — symboli,
symbols, significant letters} a proclamation is meant.

12. 2 quid si non haec Dareo prius et nunc Xerxi belli causa nobiscum
foret, quod vos rebellantes non destituimus? What cause of ivar
would there have been formerly with Dareus and now with Xerxes,
if not the fact that we did not forsake you when revolting?

4 quiu, why not?

6 commisso proelio, the battle having begun. — inhibere remis,
to rovj a ship backwards.

9 ad templum ApollTnis diripiendum, to destroy the temple of
Apollo; ad with Gerund or Gerundive denotes purpose. 845.

10 quasi, as i/, takes the Subjunctive. 772.

11 imbribus et fulminibus, Abl. of Means. €os.

— n —

Page

12 ut intelleggret; ut with the Subjunctive to express the purpose. 12.
756. 1. — quam nullae essent, how insignificant are; the Subjunctive
in Indirect Question, soi.

u vacLias hominibus, empty of men, i. e. deserted.

16 praemonente Themistocle, Themistocles forewarning them =
forewarned by Themistocles.

18 adventante Xerxe, upon the arrival of Xerxes.

19 consulentibus Delphis oraculum responsum fuerat, to them
consulting the oracle at Delphi the answer had been given (see
Note on U. l). — salutem muris ligneis tuerentur, they should secure
their safety behind wooden walls.

20 demonstratum, sc. esse.

22 non in aedificiis, sed in civibus positam, sc. esse, consisted not
in its buildings J but in its citizens.

23 commissuros, sc. esse. — All these Ace. w. Inf. constructions
depend on persuadet.

25 probate consilio, having approved the plan.

26 abditis insulis demandant, they send them to sequestered
islands for safety. — relicta urbe, having left the city.

28 imitatae, sc. sunt.

29 ne circumveniri posset, Subjunctive of purpose. 7S6. i.

31 deserto bello, may be rendered by the perfect active participle
with qui as subject, these having given up war. — ad sua tuenda, to
protect their own property; ad, with the Gerundive, expressing

pU7'pOSe. 845.

32 timens ne, fearing that; after timeo, ne must be rendered by
that. 761.

33 per servum fidum, by means of a faithful slave; the person con-
sidered as means or instrument is expressed by per with the Ace. —
uno in loco contractam Graeciam, Greece concentrated at one p)lace.

1 quod si; in order to indicate the connection with a preceding 13.
proposition the relative pronoun quod (which, however, loses its
signification as a pronoun) is frequently put before si, so that
quodsi maybe regarded as one word.

2 vellent, dissiparentur. Subjunctives in indirect discourse.

3 ei singidas consectandas esse, he had to pursue them singly;
Ace. w. Inf. depending on nuntiat. — hoc dolo, Abl. of Means, eos.

— 12 —

Page

13. i adventu hostium occupati, surprised by the approach of the
enemy.

5 collatis viribus; the Ablative Absol. may be translated with
united forces.

9 ut . . ita cernSres ; transpose : ita ut cerneres, so that you could see,

10 juxta praeceptum Themistoclis, according to the order of
Themistocles.

13 circumspicientes fugara, looking out for flight.

15 mersae, sc. sunt.

17 dubliim consilii, wavering in resolution.

18 ne quid seditionis; seditiOnis governed by quid which after ne
is used instead of allquid; tlie Partitive Genitive is often found after the
neuters of adjectives and pronouns, see. 6.

19 fama adversi belli et in raajus omnia, siciiti mos est, extoUens,
the rumor of the defeat exaggerating every thing, as is customary;
this is the Subject of the final sentence introduced by ne.

20 sibi relinquat, Hortatory Subjunctive depending on hortatur.

21 aut perdomiturum se Graeciam aut cessurum (esse); this Aco.
w. Inf. is in oratio obliqua, and depends upon a verb of saying im-
plied in hortatur.

23 probato consilio, the plan being approved.

25 audita regis fuga, having heard of the. flight of the king.

27 interclusus reditu, cut off from his retreat; intercludgre, being
a verb of separation^ takes the Ablative. 620. — desperatiOne rerum,
by the hopelessness of the undertaking.

29 timens ne, fearing that. lei. — interclusi hostes, the enemy
when cut off; the Participle represents a condition. 833.

30 quod aliter non pateret, which otherwise could not be open;
quod = cum id; with the Subjunct. 792. ii.

32 retinendo, by keeping them back, Abl. of Gerund as Abl. of
Means. 846.

33 cum vincere consilio ceteros non posset, as he could not win
over the rest by his opinion.

14. 1 certiorem consilii facit, he informs him of the plan. — matu-
rata fuga, by accelerating his flight

— 73 —

Page

2 perculsus niintio, panic-stricken by the news, — trad it milTtes 14.
perducendos; the Gerundive is joined with the verb tradere, to ex-
press the purpose for which anything is delivered. 84i.

i soliitura pontem hibernis tempestatibus, the bridge destroyed
by winter storms. — oflfendisset, had hit upon.

5 res spectaculo digna et aestimatione, an event worth seeing
and estimating; dignus, worth, talves the Abl. 635.

6 rerum varietate miranda, by the wonderful fickleness of human
affairs; the Ablative depends on aestimatione.

7 vix capiebat, was hardly able to hold him.

8 carentem omni etiam servorum ministerio, wanting all service
of slaves, i. e., without even a slave to wait upon him.

9 terris graves, oppressive to the countries; Dative of Advantage
or Disadvantage. 387.

10 felicius iter fuit, Jiad a luckier march; esse with the Dative
denotes possession. 694.

u neque enim, for.

12 multorum digram inopia, want of necessaries for many days.

13 ut viae cadaveribus implerentur, Subjunctive of result after
tantus. 759. — cadaveribus, Abl. after a verb of filling. 622.

14 escae inlecebris soUicitatae, refers to alites et bestiae, allured
by the bait of food.

18 etiam in majus restitutionem, rebuilding even on a larger
scale.

19 nuUo pretTo, at no price; Abl. of Price after venalis. 6i7. —
videt, Historical Present after postquam.

20 incensis (supply lis) quae aedificare coeperant, having set on
fire what they had begun to build.

22 comraissum, sc. est.

24 referta regalis opulentiae, filled to overflowing with kingly
wealth; as a rule, refertus takes the Genitive. 567. i. ; but it also takes
the Ablative following the analogy of verbs of filling. 623.

25 unde primum Graecos divitiarura luxuria cepit, since that
time the luxury of riches first took possession of the Greeks. — divlso
inter se auro Persico, when they had divided among them the
Persian gold.

28 navali proello dimicatum est, a sea-fight took place.

_ 74 —

Page

14. 30 vicisse Graecos et Mardonii copias occidiOne occidisse, that the
Greeks had won and completely cut down the troops of Mardonius;
Graecos is Subject- Accusative and copias Object- Accusative in the Aco.
w. Inf. construction. — tantam famae velocitatem fuisse (supply
dicunt), the velocity of the report was so great, they say.

32 matutino tempore, in the morning. — meridianis horis, at
noon; time when is in the Abl. 672.

15. 1 tantum spatii; the Gen. after a neuter pronoun, see. 6. — tam
brevi horarum momento, in the short space of a few hours. — de
victoria nuntiatum est, icoj^d was brought about the victory.

2 confecto bello, the icar being terminated.

3 omnium judicio, i7i the opinion of all. — praelata, sc. est.

4 princeps civitatum testimonio judicatus, being declared the
chief according to the testimonial of the states.

5. Sparta and Lycurgus.
7 ducibus Lacedaemoniis et Atheniensibus, under the leadership
of the Lacedaemonians and Athenians; Abl. Absol. 836.

12 trahgre, Historical Inf. 809.

13 gestis rebus inlustres, famous by their exploits. — propriis
viribus, Abl. depending on confidsbant. 628.

14 institutis SolOnis et legibus Lycurgi, Abl. of Means, eos.

15 ex aemulatiOne virium, from jealousy of their power.

16 cum successisset. . .vindicare potuisset, though he succeeded
and could claim; cum, Concessive Conjunction with the Subj. 767.

19 summa fide, Abl. of Manner without cum. eis.

20 quanto plus pietatis jura valerent, how much more influence
the rights of piety had; Abl. to denote the degree of difference. 612;
the Subjunctive in Indirect Question. 801.

21 medio tempore, in the mean time; time when in the Abl. 672.

22 non habentibus Spartanis leges institiiit, he enacted laws, the
Spartans not having any; leges belongs to instituit and is to be
understood to habentibus.

23 magis..clarior; magis is sometimes used with Comparatives
adding to their force.

25 documentum daret, would give an example; the Subjunctive
to express the opinion of Lycurgus.

Pag©

28 emi singula jussit, he ordered every thing to he bought. 15.

29 compensatione mercium, by bartering.

I sublegendi senatum vel creandi quos vellet magistratus po-i6.
tcstatem, the power of electing to the senate or to appoint those
whom they wished to be their magistrates; the Genitive of the Gerund
after potestas; vellent in the Subjunctive to express the opinion of
the Lacedaemonians.

3 aequiita patrimonia, the properties being made equal = the
equality of propjerty; a common translation of a participle is an
abstract noun.

4 potentiorem altero, more powerful than the other; Abl. of Com-
parison. 609. — redderent takes two Accusatives. 678.

5 ne cujus; cujus, instead of aliciijus after ne. 762.

6 non ampllus una veste uti, to use no more than one dress; uti
takes the Abl. 626; quam is omitted after ampllus without influence
on the construction. 6io. — toto anno, all the year round; duration
of time is commonly expressed by the Accusative, but occasionally,
as hera, by the Ablative. — permissum, sc. est.

8 ne. .verteretur; the Subjunctive after ne to denote the _29Mr-
pose, 758.

9 ut..agerent, to pass; Subjunctive of purpose. 756.

II nihil eos substernere, deggre, &c.; Ace. w. Inf. depending on
statuit.

12 priusquam viri facti essent; the Subjunctive depending on the

ACO. W. Inf. 826.

14 ut eligerentur. .coercerent; ut with the Subjunctive to denote
purpose. 756. — matrimonia sua, their wives.

16 nullis frenis, Abl. of Means.

17 non divitum et potentium esse, should not belong to the rich
and powerful; Genitive with esse to denote the predicate. 57i.

18 nee usquam terrarum, nowhere in the world; Partitive Genitive
with Adverbs. 566. 6.

19 solutis antea morlbus, their manners having been formerly
loose.

20 et inde se detulisse; Ace. w. Inf. depending on fingit.

21 consuescendi taedlum, the trouble of getting accustomed.

— 76 —

Page

16. 22 vincat; in this sentence tlie Present Subjunctive is used after
tlie Jiistorical Present in tlie leading clause according to the general
rule. 743.

23 obllgat talies the Ace. w. Inf., nihil eos mutaturos (esse).

24 priusquam revertergtur; the Subjunctive after priusquam implies
intention: before he should i^eturn.

25 consulturum, referring to se (Lycurgum), denotes j^wrpose; to
consult the oracle. — quid addendum mutandumque legibus videre-
tur, what seemed icorth changing or adding to his laws; the Sub-
junctive in Indirect Question, soi.

27 morlens, when dying. 833.

28 ne arbitrarentur, lest they should consider. — relatis Lacedae-
monem; supply ossibus, ivhen they were brought back to Lacedaemon.
833. — solutos se religiOne, that they were freed from their obliga'
Hon; verbs o^ separation take the Abl. G20.

29 in dissolvendis legibus, in abolishing the laws.

6. Sicily. Livasiori of the Athenians.

31 ItalTae adhaesisse, was united with Italy; adhaerSre being
compounded with ad takes the Dative. />»?.

32 diremptamque, sc. esse. — a corpore; Abl. of Separation with
preposition after dirimerc. 620. — majOre impetu, Instrumental Abl., by
the greater violence.

17. 1 toto undarum onere, loith the whole burden of its waves.

3 ut patgat, Subjunctive of result after ita. — tota ferme, nearly
the whole of it. — nee non, sc. est, and there is besides; nee non is
emphatically affirmative.

4 ignibus generandis nutriendisque; the Dative of the Grerundive
denoting purpose: for producing fire and feeding it. — soli ipsius
naturalis materia, natural material of the soil itself; this is the
Subject of the sentence.

5 quippe intrinsecus stratum sulphure et bitumine tradltur, for
indeed they say it (the soil) is covered on the inside with sulphur
and pitch; Ace. w. Inf. depending on tradltur.

6 ut..eructet. Subjunctive of purpose. 758. — spiritu cum igne
in materia luctante, while the air is fighting with fire in the ma-
ierial.

Page

7 compluribus locis; the Ablative is used without a preposition 17.
to denote the place where in the case of loco, locis, when qualified
by Adjectives. 687.

11 nomine, by this word; Abl. of Means.

12 mirum, supply est. — in quern res tot coi6re mirae, where so
many wonderful things' (concur) are to be found.

13 quod nusquam latius torrens fretum, because the straits are
noivhere rolling in a wide stream; torrens is a Participle, and
latius an Adverb qualifying the same.

14 nee solum citato impetu sed etiam saevo, not only ivith
rapid motion but even a raging one; Descriptive Abl. gig.

15 experientibus, for those who experience it. — procul visenti-
bus, for those who see it from afar.

16 ut videas . . exaudias, that you may see, hear; Subjunctive of
result after tanta.

21 veluti, as if takes the Subj. 772.

22 in tarn angustis terminis, ivithin so narrow limits. — aliter
durare potuisset, could have lasted otherwise. — tot saeculis, for so
many centuries; time how long is here expressed by the Abl.

23 nisi, .aleretur; the condition is represented as contrary to fact.
788. III. — nutrimentis, Abl. of Means, gos.

25 hinc latratus audltus, sc. est, from this source comes the
barking which is heard. — hinc monstri credita simulacra, sc. sunt,
hence the phantoms of the monster are believed (to come). — navi-
gantes is Subject to putant, the sailors believe.

26 magnis verticibus pelagi desidentis exterriti, belongs to
navigantes: being terrified by the great whirlpools of the tumbling
sea. — latrare undas, Ace. w. Inf depending on putant.

29 raptum secum spiritum in imum fundum trahit, carries the air
ivith it AND d7'aws it to the lowest bottom. It is sometimes con-
venient to translate a participle by a co-ordinate sentence.

30 donee, .incendat, until it sets on fire; donee, until, implying
purpose takes the Subjunctive. 778.

33 ut..ded6rit; Subjunctive of result after ita. 759. — quantum
admirationis; the Genitive after a neuter pronoun. 50G. o.

1 dedgrit; the Perfect Subjunctive in the dependent clause after 18.
the Present in the principal clause. — credentibus, sc. antiquis, ivho

- 78 —

Page

18. believed. — coeuntibus in se promuntoriis ac rursum discedenLibus,
when the promontories dash against each other and separate
again.

2 solida intercipi absumlque navigia; Ace. w. Inf. depending on
credentibus.

3 in duicedinem fabulae conpositum, gotten up for the charm
of the story.

i ea est natura loci, ut putes, arbitrfiris, such is the natural po-
sition of the site, that you may take it. .believe. — procul inspicien-
tibus, to those looking at it from afar.

6 quo cum accesseris, for cum eo accesseris.

7 arbitrere for arbitrCris, depending on ut.

0 quibus exstinctis, when they were undone.
10 post qucm = post eum.

13 justitia, Abl. of Means. — cujus moderationis, a moderation of
which.

14 haud mediocris, not common. — decfidens, dying = at his
death.

15 spectatae fidei servo, to a slave of tried honesty; Genitive of
Quality. 566. 5.

17 ut . . mallent . . . paterentur; Subjunctives of result after tan-

tUS. 759.

18 obliti dignitatis suae, Genitive with verbs of forgetting. 568.

20 varla victoria, with varying victory; Abl. of Manner. 6i3.

21 dimicatum, sc. est. — amisso Hamilcare imperatore cum exer-
citu; Abl. Absol., but it may be rendered in English: ajler the loss of
their general Hamilcar with his army.

23 discordia laborarent, were suffering from discord; discordia.
Causal Abl. 604.

25 ab Himera, from Himera; with names of towns the preposi-
tions a, ab, and e, ex are sometimes used for the sake of greater
exactness. — in auxillum vocati, is best rendered by a relative
clause. — pulsis civitate contra quos implorati fuerant, et mox caesis
quibus tulerant auxillum; the Abl. Absol. to supply the want of the
perfect active participle, having driven from the state those against
whom they had been called upon for aid, and having slain those
to whom they had brought relief

— Id —

Page

28 ausi facinus, daring a crime; the perfect participle is often 18.
used where we should employ a Present. — nulli tyranno comparan-
dum, not to he comjjared to any tyrant, i. e. to that of any tyrant.

— ut melius fuerit, that it had been better; clause of result intro-
duced by ut.

29 captivitatis jure, by the right of captivity.

30 servissent, necesse fuisset, reliquissent, are verbs of an in-
complete conditional sentence, the protasis to be supplied from the
context would be: "i/ they had been defeated"; the condition being
contrai^y to fact, the Pluperfect Subjunctive is the proper tense. 788.iu.

— amissa patria, with the loss of their country.

31 inter aras et patrios lares trucidati, having been butchered
among the altars and household gods.

32 patriam praedam reliquissent; relinqugre besides its proper
Accusative (patriam) takes another Accusative (praedam) as a
secondary OlTject. 578.

1 cum graves paterentur, .nnce they were indignant at; the 19.
Adjective graves is used instead of the Adverb graviter. sso.

2 diffrsi viribus, distrusting their own strength; diflBdere takes
the Dative. ^89. — petivGre = petiverunt; petere allquid ab ali-
quo. S80.

3 qui, and the latter. — studio majoris imperii, with a view to
enlarge their dominion; Objective G-enitive. 566. 2.

4 metu factae pridem a Syracusanis classis, from fear of the fleet
which the Syracusans had built long since.

5 ne, after expressions of fear is that. — Lacedaemoniia acce-
derent, might be added to the Lacedaemonians.

6 sub specie ferendi Catiniensibus auxilii, under the pretext of
coming to the aid of the Catinienses; the Genitive of the Gerundive is
used with nouns. 843.

8 frequenter caesis hostibns, the enemy having been frequently
defeated or by frequent defeats of the eneiny.

9 Lachete et ChariSde ducibus, Abl. Abscl.

10 sive metu sive taedio belli, either from fear or from disgust
with the war; Causal Abl. 604.

11 remissis Atheniensmm copiis, may be taken with Catinienses
as subject to supply the want of the perfect active participle, the
Catinienses having sent back the forces of the Athenians.

— so-
cage

19. 13 interjecto tempore, some time having intervened.

14 sordida veste, capillo barbaque promissis, are Ablatives of Means
governed by deformes, disfigured by their dirty dress, &c., &c.

15 omni squaloris habitu ad misericordiam commovendam adqui-
sito, having assumed every appearance of squalor to excite com-
passion; ad with the Gerundive to express purpose. 845.

20 Sicilia repetitiir, Sicily is sought again, i. e., they return to
Sicily.

21 ut ipsis terrOri essent, that they were a terror even to those;
both ipsis and terrori are governed by essent; with the verbs esse,
dare, &c., besides the Dative of the person, another is used to express
the purpose, intention, or destination. 595.

22 brevi post temp6re, after a short time; distance of time how
long after ia expressed by the Abl. with post following. 675. — revo-
cato Alcibiade, Abl. Absol.

24 munitionibus circumdatis, having put around fortifications;
Abl. Absol. to supply the want of the perf. active participle. —
hostes to be joined with in urbe clausos.

27 sed qui, hut he.

28 instar omnium auxiliorum, as good as all the auxiliary troops.
— audlto genere belli jam inclinato statu, having heard of the kind
of war, the situation being already on tJie decline; Abl. Absol.

29 auxiliis contractis opportana bello loca occupat, he concen-
trates troops AND occupies places suitable for war purposes.'

31 congressus tertio, sc. proelio, engaged in a third.

20. 1 quo cognito, this circumstance having become known; Abl.
Absol.

i communi civitatium decrgto, by a joint decree of the states, or
according to, &c.

6 quasi, as if, governs the Subjunctive. 772.

6 ex utraque parte, from both sides. — summis viribus, with
might and main. — dimicabatur, Impers. Pass., the fight was con-
tinued.

10 censere coepit, ut ablrent Sicilia, began to believe they should
leave Sicily; censere, to believe, is here used as a verb of willing or
demanding, and as such it must take ut with the Subjunctive. 758.

11 dum res quamvis adflictae nondum tamen perditae forent, as
long as their affairs, though in a bad state, were not yet utterly lost.

— * 81 —

?ago

12 neque in bello perseverandum (esse), they ought not to persist 20,
in ivar, he said; this is the Ace. w. Inf. of the oratio obliqua, depend-
ing on censet.

13 esse domi graviOra bella, Ace. w. Inf. — in quae servare opor-
teret, for which it would he proper to save; the Subjunctive in the
oratio obliqua.

14 pudore male actae rei, from shame of his failure; Causal Abl.
— metu destitutae spei civlum, frorn fear of the disappointed hope
of the citizens. — impellente fato, because fate impelled him; the Abl.
Absol, expressing the cause. 833.

17 inscitia ducum, Causal Abl.

18 inter angustias maris tuentes se Syracusanos adgressi, having
attacked the Syracusans who defended themselves within the nar-
row passage of the sea; tuentes is best rendered by a relative
clause.

22 tutiorem fugam rati itinere terrestri, supply esse, supposing
the flight would be safer by land; the way by ichich is in the Abl.
688. — ab his relictas naves, the ships deserted by them.

25 a captivitate se vindlcat, he saves himself from captivity; Abl.
of Separation. 620.

26 ne Demosthenis quidem exemplo ut sibi consuleret admonitus,
not reminded even by the example of Demosthenes to take care of
himself; ut sibi consuleret, clause of purpose after admonitus.

27 cladem suOrura, the defeat of Ids countrymen. — dedecore,
Abl. of Means. 605.

7. Character of Philip and Alexander.

29 XL et septem annorum, at the age of 47 years; Gen. of Quality.
566. 5. — annis XXV, for 25 years; duration of time is occasionally
expressed by the Ablative.

30 apparatibus studiosior, more fond of jyreparations; studiosus
here governs the Dative; this is exceptional, the regular construction
is the Gen. 567.

31 maxime opus erant, were of the utmost necessity; opus est
takes the Dative of the person; the thing wanted may be the Subject,
as here. 624.

32 divitiarum quaestus quam custodia sollertior, his acquiring
riches was more skilful than his keeping^ i. e. he was more skilful

— 82 —

Page

20. in acquiring riches than in keeping them. — inter cotidianas
raplnas, in the midst of his daily plunders.

21. 1 in eo, by him.

2 pari jure, loith equal right, equally. — dilectae, sc. erant. —
ratio vincendi, way to gain victory; the Gen. of the Gerund after a
Substantive.

3 alloquioqui plura promitteret quam praestaret; the Subjunctive
here denoting the result; qui for ut is. 79i. in.

i in serla et jocos artifex, a master in serious matters and
joking; in, denoting the object or purpose.

5 utilitate non fide, on account of utility and not from conscien.
tiousness; Causal Abl. 604.

6 apud utrumque, luith both parties.

7 inter haec, withal; inter, means during, and hence, under
the circumstances described; sup])ly the copula after inter haec.

8 acumlnis et soliertiae plena; the Gen. governed by plenus.
567. 1. — Ut nec ornatui facilitas nee facilitati inventionum. deesset
ornatus; so that facility of expression was not wanting to beauty,
nor beauty to readiness of invention, i. e., 6*0 tJiai facility of ex-
pression was not without beauty of style, or beauty of style ivithout
readiness of invention.

10 et virtute et vitiis, both in virtue and vice; Abl. of Limitation.
608. — patre major, Abl. of Comparison. 609.

11 utrlque di versa, sc. erat; the Dat. with esse to denote posses-
sion. si)4. — hic^ this one, the last mentioned; ille, the former.

12 deceptis gaudfire hostibus. Historical Inf. soo; gaudere takes
the Causal Abl. 6(W.

13 prudentior ille consilio, hie animo magnificentior, the former
more prudent in counsel, the latter more elevated in mind; con-
silio, animo, Abl. of Limitation. 608.

14 dissimulare . . vincere. Hist. Inf 809.

15 vini nimis avidus, too fond of the cup; avidus takes the Gen.

567. 1.

16 ebrietatis vitTa, the injurious effects of drunkenness.

17 de convivio, from or directly after the banquet

20 convivio excessit, departed from a banquet; verbs of sepa-
ration take the Abl. 620.

— 83 —

Page

22 malle, Hist. Inf. for malebat. — litterarum cultus utrlqiie similis, 2*
Bupply erat: tlie cultivation of science was alike in father and son.

23" sollertiae pater majOris, liic fid6i (supply majoris), the father
was a man of greater skill, the son of greater uprightness; the
Genitive of Quality used iwedicatively . 566. 5. — verbis atque oratioue
Pbilippus, liic rebus moderatior, in his luords and speech Philip
was more moderate^ the other more so in his deeds.

24 parcendi victis animus, the inclination to spare the conquered;
since parcere governs the Dative? the Gerundive could not be used
instead of the Gerund. 842.

26 deditus, given, takes the Dat. 598. — quibus artibus, for iis
artibus quibus.

8. The death of Alexander.
31 defunctos (esse), Ace. w. Inf. depending on ait. — tumultuantes
milites et . . suspicantes, the soldiers being in confusion and sus-
pecting. — regem insidiis perire, Ace. w. Inf. depending on su-
spicantes.

2 osculandam dextram flentibus porrexit, reached to the weep- 22.
ing his hand to kiss; the Gerundive is joined with porrigere to denote
the purpose. 84i.

i sine ullo tristiOris mentis argumento, without any sign of
deeper affliction.

6 ut consolaretur, Subjunctive of Result after ut, so that.

6 In hostem, in mortem, against the enemy, against death, i. e.,
in face of the enemy, in face of death.

7 dimissis militibus, Abl. AbsoL

8 videanturne similem sibi reperturi regem, whether it seemed to
them that they ivouldfind another king like him; the Subjunct. vide-
antur, in the Indirect Question. 801; repertfiri (esse) is Norn. w. Inf.
after videri. 822.

9 tacentibus cunctis, Abl. AbsoL, while all were silent. — se hoc
. . .ociilis videre; Ace. w. Inf. depending on dixit.

11 quantum sanguinis sit fusiira Macedonia, quantis caedibus pa-
rentatura sit, are Indirect Questions depending on oculis videre;
quantum sanguinis, Part. Gen. after quantum. 566. &.

12 quantis caedibus, quo cruore, what slaughter and gore. —
mortuo sibi parentatura (sit), it (Macedonia) would offer as a
sacrifice for him when dead.

— 84 —

JPage

23. 13 corpus suum condi jubet, he ordered his body to he interred,
Norn. w. Inf. 821.

15 tanta illi animi magnitudo fuit, he had such greatness of mind.
— lit. . . nuncuparet, Subjunctive of result, after ut.

16 cum relinqugret, though he left; cum, concessive conjunction
with Subjunct. 767.

18 quasi... esset; quasi, as if, takes the Subjunctive. — nefas est
taJies the Ace. w. Inf.

20 veluti. .cecinisset; veluti, as if, takes the Subjunctive. — am-
bitione vulgi, by paying court to the masses; Instrumental Abl. 605.

23 praeclQsa voce, his voice failing; Abl. Absol.

24 exemptum diglto anulum tradidit, Jie took the ring from his
finger and gave it. — quae res, and this circumstance.

25 non voce, tamen judicio, not by word of mouth, yet by these
'proceedings, i. e., by his last will.

28 supra humanam potentiam, above human capacity. — magni-
tudine animi, Abl. governed by praeditus. 623.

29 ipso ortu, at his very birth; Abl. denoting time. 673.

30 tota die, all day long; duration of time is occasionally expres-
sed by the Ablative.

23. 3 puer, when a boy. — acerrimis litterarum studiis eruditus, Abl.
of Means with eruditus. 607; instructed in the most acute studies.

i exacta pueritia, having spent his boyhood.

5 accepto imperio, Abl. Abs., having received the crown.

6 se appellari jussit, Aoc. w. Inf. ; appellari takes two Nominatives,
but in the Ace. w. Inf. they become Accusatives.

7 fiduciam sui, confidence in him; Objective Gen. 566. 3. — ut. .ti-
merent, Subjunctive of result after tantam fiduciam. .ut. 759. — illo
presente, Abl. Abs., in his presence.

8 cum nuUo hostium, Part. Gen. after nuUus. 566. 6.

9 quem non vic6rit; qui after a general negative as: nemo, nuUus,
takes the Subjunctive. 793. b.

13 exstincto Alexandre Magno, Alexander the Great having ex-
pired.

14 tota Babylone, in the whole of Babylon; the AW. in answer to
the question where ? 683.

— 85 —

Page

15 quod, hecausey takes the Indicative (credid6rant).— ut. .sic, 23.
as. .so.

17 quotiens ereptus esset, quam saepe se obtulisset; Indirect
Questions with the verb in the Subjunct. after recordantes. — prae-
senti morte erei)tus esset, had been delivered from imminent death;
the usual construction is aliquem a morte eripere; but here the Abl.
is used without a preposition. 620. — pro amisso, instead of being
lost.

19 ut mortis ejus fides adfiiit, when the news of his death proved
to be true.

21 quam indulgentia victoris vitae non poenitugrat, who through
the generosity of the conqueror did not regret that she had been
spared; paenitet talies the person in the Ace. and the exciting
cause in the Gen. 584. — indulgentia victoris is Causal Abl. 604. —
amisso filio a fastigio tantae majestatis in captivitatem redacta,
having lost her son, and being reduced from the summit of such
grandeur to captivity; this is in apposition to mater; to facilitate
the translation arrange the sentence as follows: mater quoque Darei
regis amisso filio a fastigio tantae majestatis in captivitatem redacta,
quam indulgentia, &c.

24 non quod, not as if takes the Subjunct. 785.

26 versa vice, reversedly. — non ut civem et regem, verum ut
hostem amissum gaudebant; in the first part of the clause we must
supply lugebant; they did not mourn for the loss of their citizen
and king, but rejoiced as if they had lost an enemy] hostis amissus
is the lost enemy or the loss of an enemy; but here it is equivalent
to a comparative clause with as if.

27 gaudebant is here transitive. 575.

28 exsecrantes, in apposition to Macedones.

I

9. The earliest history of Carthage,

30 ventum est, Impers. Pass.

31 pauca dicenda sunt, a few remarks ought to be made; the Pass.
Periphrastic Conjugation expresses necessity. 74i. — repetltis Tyri-
orum paulo altius rebus, Abl. Abs., by beginning a little farther back
with the history of the Tyrians,

32 dolendi, deplorable.

1 condita est, was founded, i. e., derived its origin. — terrae 24.
motu vexati, being harassed by an earthquake.

— 86 —

Page

24. 2 mari proximum litus, the Dat. depending on proximus. 598.
4, vocant takes two Ace. 578.

5 expugnati, having been subdued.

6 navibus appulsi, having landed. — ante annum Trojanae cladis,
a year before the fall of Troy; time Jiow long before is expressed by
the Abl. or Aoc. 675.

7 Persarum bellis, at the time of the Persian ivars. 673.

8 attritis viribus, their forces being impaired. Abl. Abs. — a ser-
vis suis multitudine abundantibus, at the hands of their slaves who
were very numerous.

9 conspiratione facta, Abl. Abs., having formed a conspiracy.

10 libgrum populum, the free population.

u potiti; the perfect participle of a deponent verb may be used
exactly as our perfect active participle.

11 unus ex tot milibus servorum; e, ex is often used for the Par-
titive G-en. — miti ingenio, fortuna. Causal Abl. 604.

15 moveretur, respicfiret; Subjunctives after unus qui. 793. a.

16 truci ferocitate, pia. .humanitate; Abl. of Manner. 6i3.

17 itaque cum velut occlsos alienasset, therefore when he had re-
moved them as if they had been Jcilled. — servisque de statu rei-
publicae deliberantibus placuisset, and the slaves after deliberating
on the state of affairs had resolved; mihi placet, lam of opinion,
J resolve.

18 regem creari, eumque potissimum; Ace. w. Inf. depending on
placuisset, that a king should be appointed and in preference to all
others he, &c.

19 acceptissimum dis; Dat. after acceptus. 598. — qui solem orien-
tem primus vidisset, who should first have seen the rising sun; the
Subjunct. in a clause depending upon the Ace. w. Inf.

22 medio noctis, at midnight.

•2A. videri, Historical Inf.

25 editissimisque culminibus, on the highest roofs.

26 oriens, sc. sol. — ut ipsum solem aspicerent, to see the sun
himself; Subjunctive in a clause of purpose after ut.

29 visa^ sc. est. — requirentibus . . confitGtur, to those inquiring
after, .he confesses.

Qi

Page

30 intellectum est, they saw clearly; Impers. Pass. — quantum in- 24.
genua servilibus ingenia praestarent, how much freehorn minds
excel those of slaves; the Subjunctive is used in Indirect Question, soi.

33 reservatos (sc. esse), Ace. w. Inf. depending on arbitrantes. —
creare takes two Ace. 578.

2 toto orbe terrarum ; Abl. without the preposition to denote the 25.
place where when a noun is qualified by totus. 687.

6 crucibus adfixit, nailed them to the cross = crucified them;
adfigere being compounded with ad takes the Dat. S92.

8 ingenuis et innoxiis incolis insulae attributis, having assigned
the freehorn and innocent inhabitants to the island; Abl. Abs. — ex-
Btirpato servlli germine, Abl. Abs., the breed of the slaves being ex-
tirpated. — genus urbis, the stock of the city.

10 hoc modo, Abl. of Manner. 6i3. — Tyrii Alexandri auspicTis con-
diti, the Tyrians being established under the auspices of Alexander.

11 parsimonia et labore quaerendi, by economy and acquisitive
disposition, Abl. of Means.

12 missa in Africam juventute, Abl. Abs.

13 cum interim Mutto dec5dit, vMle in the meantime Mutto died;
this is temporal cum ; accordingly it takes the Indie. 774.

14 PygmaliOne et Elissa heredibus mstitutis, having appointed
Pygmalion and Elissa his heirs; Abl. Abs. — insignis formae virgine,
a virgin of great beauty; Gen. of Quality. 566. 5.

17 qui honos, a dignity which. — nubit, marries, takes the
Dat. 589.

18 huic magnae opes erant, he owned great riches; esse with the
Dat. of the possessor. 594. — metu regis, from fear of the king;
Causal Abl. 604.

21 qua, sc. re. — oblitus juris humani, forgetful of human law;
verbs of forgetting take the Gen. 568.

22 eundemque generum, and at the same time his brother-in-law;
idem is often equivalent to an adverbial phrase. 7i7.

23 aversata, having avoided; the perfect participle of a deponent
verb may be used exactly as our perfect active participle. — dissi-
mulate odio mitigatoque vultu, Abl. Abs.; translate the participle
actively.

— 88 —

Pago

25. 25 adsumptis quibusdam principibus in societatem, having ad-
mitted a few chiefs into her company. — quibus par odium in regem
esse; Ace. w. Inf. depending on arbitrabatur.

27 dolo, Instrumental Abl. — re renovet neve recurrat; clause of
purpose with ne and the Subjunctive.

28 ei cupidae oblivionis, to her desirous of forgetting; cupidae is
in apposition to ei, and the Gen. oblivionis depends on cupidae.
567. 1. — mariti belongs to domus.

29 oculic ejus occurrat, should offer itself to her sight; occurrere
being compounded with ob takes the Dat. 502.

31 vcnturum, sc. esse.

32 a rege missos; the participle is best rendered by a relative
clause.

33 prima vespera; primus is often combined with a Substan-
tive in order to denote that part of the thing which the Adjective
specifies: prima vespera, at the first appearance of dark. — pro-
vectaque in altum, sc. mare, having proceeded out to the deep water.

26. 1 onera harenae pro pecunia involucris involuta, loads of sand
which instead of the money had been packed into the cases; invo-
lucris, is Instrumental Abl.

2 lugubrlque voce; Abl. of Manner without cum, and with a plain-
tive voice.

3 Acerbam ciet, she invokes Acerhas. — libens, the Adjective
instead of the Adverb. Soo.

6 olim, hereafter, one day; here of the future.

7 qui . . . subtraxerint, who had taken away. — quarum epe parri-
cidlum fecerit, from the hope of ichich he (the king) had committed
parricide; the Eelative with the Subjunct. in a clause depending
upon an Ace. w. Inf.

8 subtraxerint takes the Dat. avaritiae, to be translated hy from.
588. — hoc metu omnibus injecto, this fear having seized upon all.

9 senatOrum in eam noctem praeparata agmina, the crowds of
senators who were ready for this night.

10 sacris repetitis, having recovered the sacred vessels.

11 exsillo; the Abl. of Manner is often hardly to be distinguished
from that of means.

— 89 —

Page
13 deOrum monitu ; Verbal Abl. of Cause. 604. — comitem se so- 26.
ciumque praebuit, offered himself aa comjpanion and ally; prae-
bere, takes two Ace. 578.

u pactus, having stipulated; the perfect participle of a deponent
verb may be used exactly as our perfect active participle.

16 accepta, so. est. — virgines admodum Cyprias, very young
Cyprian maidens; raptas navibus imponi jubet, ordered to he car-
ried off' AND put on hoard shijo; the Participle is best rendered by
a co-ordinate sentence.

18 dum haec aguntur, while these things are going on.

19 impio bello, Abl. of Means, with an impious war.

20 aegre victus quigvit, he was only with difficulty restrained
AND kept quiet — precibus matris deorumque minis, Instrum.

Abl. 605.

21 canerent, foretold; since the responses of the oracles and
prophets were usually sung in verse, canere signifies also to foretell.
— urbis toto orbe auspicatissimae, of a city founded under the most
favorahle auspices upon the whole earth.

22 spatium respirandi fugientibus datum, a hreathing space was
afforded to the fugitives.

23 datum, sc. est. — delata in Africae einum, having heen car-
ried into a hay of Africa.

24 adventu and commercio are Causal Abl. depending on gaudentes,
rejoicing over. cod.

25 empto loco, qui corio bovis tegi posset, having hought as much
ground as could he covered with the hide of an ox. — qui for ut is,
hence the Subjunctive.

26 in quo. . .reficere posset, where she could refresh; in quo for
ut in eo. — fessos longa navigatione socios, her companions weary
of the long sea-voyage; fessus takes the Abl. 604.

27 quoad proficisceretur, until she would depart; quoad, until,
implying purpose or futurity takes the Subjunctive. 778.

31 spe lucri, from hope of profit; Causal Abl.

33 instar civitatis, an outline of a city.

2 hortatique sunt, urbem conderent, and exhorted them to huild 27.
a city; hortari commonly takes ut with the Subjunctive; it may
take the Subjunctive without ut. — ubi sedes sortiti essent, where
they had ohtained settlements.

— 90 —

Page

27. 3 Afros amor cepit, a desire seized the Africans; detineudi ad-
v6nas, depends on amor. — consentientibus omnibus, by consent of
all. — statute annuo vectigali, a yearly tax being fixed.

7 propter quod, and therefore; the relative instead of the de-
monstrative with a copulative particle.

9 auspicatam sedem, a lucky foundation.

10 ad opinionem novae urbis concurrentlbus gentibus; the Abl.
Absr may be here rendered by a sentence with when.

11 magna facta, sc. est; the predicate agrees with the nearest
,word civitas, and is understood to popiilus. 542.

13 cujus virtus, and its valor. — rei publicae status, the condition
of the state. — variis discordiarum casibus, by various cases of dis-
sension; Abl. of Means.

15 cruenta sacrorum religiOne, bloody sacrifices; Abl. depending
on usi sunt. 626.

18 aris admovebant, brought to the altars; admovfire being com-
pounded with ad talies the Dat. 592. — pacem deorum, depends on
exposcentes. 58o.

19 pro quorum vita di rogari maxime solent, for whose life the
gods are mostly and commonly supplicated; the verb solere may be
conveniently rendered by the adverb commonly or usually.

>- 91 —

C. JULIUS CAESAR.

C. Julius Caesar was born at Kome, July 12tli, b. c. 100. By his
valor and eloquence he soon acquired the highest reputation, and
went through the usual course of political honors which the republic
could bestow. Under the title and authority of a perpetual dictator
he laid the foundation of the imperial constitution. But this provoked
the hate of the liberal party, and on the Ides of March, b. c. 44, he
was assassinated in the senate-house by a conspiracy under the lead
of Brutus. In estimating the value of Caesar's writings it should be
borne in mind that there are — strictly speaking — but two standard
authors in the whole of the Roman literature: Caesar and Cicero.

10. First landing in Britain. p

3 exigiia parte aestatis reliqua, a small part of the summer being 28.
left; Abl. Abs. with an adjective instead of a participle. 836.

i mattlrae sunt, are early, i. e., set in early.

5 omnibus fere Gallicis bellis, nearly in all wars with Gaul. 673.
— inde, from that quarter. — administrata, sc. esse, Ace. w. Inf. de-
pending on intelligebat.

7 si tempus anni ad bellum gerendum defic^ret, tamen arbitraba-
tur. ., if the season should be too late for carrying on war, still he
believed; one might have expected the Present deficiat here, the
condition being represented as possible. 788. ii. But frequently the
Present Subjunctive of a future condition becomes Imperfect by the
Sequence of Tenses, deficeret being governed by arbitrabatur.

8 magno usui, of great advantage; Dai to denote tho purpose or
end. 59o. — si modo insulam adisset, if he had only visited the
island; the Pluperfects adisset, perspexisset also depend on arbitra-
batur; si modo, if only, usually takes the Indicative; here the Sub-
junctive is used in oratio obliqua.

9 loca; only this form is used in the ordinary sense ^^places'\ I9i.

— 92 —

l*age

28. 10 quae omnia, all of which. — neque enim to be rendered with
quisquam, for no one.

11 temere, without good 7'eason. — neque quicquam, and noth-
ing. — ■ illo, thither, i. e., to Britain.

13 evoeatis ad se mercatorlbus, hainng called the traders to him.

14 esset, incolgrent, liaberent; all in the Subjunctive in the indi-
rect question after reperire poterat.

15 quern usum belli haberent, in what way they carried on war.

16 qui essent . . . idonei portus, what suitable harbors there were.

17 ad majOrum navium multitudinem idonei, suitable for a great
number of larger ships; idoneus takes the Dat. or ad w. Ace. 599.

19 ad haec cognoscenda; ad with the Gerundive to denote purpose.
845. — priusquain pcriculum facerot, b(fore making the trial; prius-
quam has in narrative the same construction as historical cum. 779.

20 idoneum esse arbitratus Gajum YolusCnum, thinking Gains
Volusenus a fit person. — cum navi longa, with a galley, a vessel
propelled by a large number of oars.

21 huic mandat, ut revertatur, he orders him to return; verbs of
commanding are followed by the Dat. with ut or ne. 758; but jubeo
and veto take the Ace. w. Inf. 8i4.

22 in Morlnos, the people for the territory; the Morini occupied
the nearest point to Britain.

24 quam. .classem, the fleet which; the Antecedent classem incor-
porated into the relative sentence. 7i9.

26 per mercatores; the person corisidered as means or instrument
is expressed by per with the Aec. 606.

29. 1 qui polliceantur; the Subjunctive of purpose after qui. 792. i.
obsides dare; after the verbs to promise, to hope, &c., the Lat-
ins regularly use the Fut. Inf. with the Ace. of the pronoun expres-
sed; but there are many instances of the Pres. Inf. instead of the
Future, and also of the omission of the pronoun.

2 liberaliter pollicitus, having made liberal promises.

3 ut. .permanerent; ut with Subjunct. after hortari. 758.

1 magni habebatur, was regarded as of great account, Gen. of
Value. 569. — huic imperat, quas possit adeat civitates, Jie orders
him to visit what states he could; the Subjunctives adeat, hortetur,
nuntiet depend on ut, understood after imperat.

— 93 —

Page

9 seque venturum (esse) nuntiet, and fell them that he is coming. 29.

10 quantum ei facultatis dari potuit, qui non auderet, so far as
opportunity could he given him since he did not venture; the rela-
tive pronoun requires the Subjunctive when it denotes the cause;
qui = cum is. 792. ii. — quantum facultatis, Partitive Gen. 566. 6.

12 quaeque perspexisset, what he had investigated; the Sub-
junctive is used to express the belief of Volusenus. The historical
present renuntiat is here followed by a historical tense, perspexisset,
as usual.

14 in his locis, i. e., in the territory of the Morini. — navium pa-
randarum causa; causa with the Gen. of Gerund or Gerundive to denote
purpose. 843.

15 moratur; the conjunction dum, while^ as, is generally joined
with the Pres. Indie. 734.

16 qui se excusarent, to apologize; Subjunctive of Purpose. 792. i. —
de superioris temporis consilio, for their conduct of the past season.

— homines barbari, being barbarians = as they were barbarians.

17 nostrae consuetudlnis imperitij the Gen. depends on the Adjec-
tive imperiti. 567. i.

18 fecissent; the Subjunctive is used to state the thoughts of
another. 827. — seque ea, quae imperasset, facturos pollicerentur;
que connects pollicerentur to excusarent in the same construction;
the Ago. w. Inf. se factiiros (esse) after a verb of promising.

20 belli gerendi is to be joined to facultatem.

21 has tantularum rerum occupationes sibi Britanniae anteponen-
das esse, that engagements in such trifling affairs should be pre-
ferred to his expedition against Britain. Britanniae, the Dative de-
pending on anteponendas (592) and equivalent to his expedition
against Britain.

24 navlbus circTter octoginta onerariis coactis contractisque,
having brought together and concentrated, about SO ships ofbiu^den;
naves onerarlae, ships of burden, opposed to naves longae, galleys,
ships of war.

25 quot satis existimabat, as many as he considered sufUcient.

— ad duas legiones transportandas, to carry across two legions. 845.

26 quod praeterea longarum navium habebat, all the galleys he
had besides; longarum navium is Partitive Gen. after quod. 56*6. 6.

— 94 --

Page

29. 28 ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo, eight miles from thence;
distance how far is put in the AM., commonly without any preposition;
here ab is added, esi.

29 vento tenebantur, quomlnus possent, were prevented by the
wind from being able; after verbs of hindrance^ quominus is used
with the Subjunctive, where also ne, or if a negative precedes, quin
may be used. "764.

30 equitibus, cavalry. — reliquum exercitum deducendum dedit;
the Gerundive is used with the verb dare to express the purpose or
end for which any thing is given. 84i.

30. 3 idoneam ad navigandum tempestatem, favorable weather for
sailing; the common construction of idoneus is ad w. the Ace. 844.

4 tertla fere vigilia, about the third watch; the third watch began
at midnight; the Romans divided the night, from sunset to sunrise,
into four equal watches. — solvit, supply naves, he loosed the shipSy
equivalent to the English expression, he set sail or weighed anchor.

6 se sequi jussit; se is here Obj. Accusative, he ordered them to
follow him.

6 a quibus cum id; the Relative at the beginning of the sentence
instead of a Demonstrative. — paulo tardlus, somewhat too tardily,
rather tardily. 705.

7 hora diei circlter quarta, about the fourth hour of the day, i. e.,
about 10 o'clock in the morning.

8 exposltas hostium copias armatas, the forces of the enemy
drawn up under arms.

9 ita montibus angustis mare continebatur, the sea was con-
fined by mountains so close to it.

11 ad egrediendum idoneum locum, a spot suitable for disem-
barking.

12 dum reliquae naves convenlrent; dum, until, takes the Sub-
junctive to denote the design in waiting at anchor. 778.

13 ad horam nonam, until the ninth hour, i. e., three o^clock in
the afternoon.

u et quae ex Voluseno cognosset et quae figri vellet; indirect
questions depending upon ostendit.

15 monuitque (ut rei militaris ratio, maximSque ut maritimae res
postularent, ut quae celerem atque instabilem motum habgrent) ad
nutum et ad tempus omnes res administrarentur, and warned them

— 95 —

Page
that all things should be perfojined by them at a beck and at a 30.
moment, as the principles of military discipline, and especially as
naval operations required, since they have a rapid and unstable
motion, monuit governs the Subjunctive without ut (administra-
rentur); ut, in the parenthesis, means as, and would govern the
Indicative, if not in oratio obllqua; the relative clause quae..habe-
rent is in the Subjunctive to aenote the cause; in such sentences the
relative may be strengthened by ut or quippe. 792. 11.

18 his dimissis, when they were sent to their posts. — et ventum
et aestum secundum, both wind and tide favorable; secundum be-
longs as well to ventum, as to aestum.

20 circiter is here an adverb; milTa passuum septem, being the
Aco. of ^Distance how far. esi. — aperto ac piano littore, where the
shore was open and level; Abl. Absol.

22 praemisso equitatu et essedariis; the participle agrees with
the nearest noun and is to be understood to essedariis. — the ess6-
dum was a two-wheeled war chariot, and the essedarlus tJie fighter
in a war chariot.

23 quo genere, a kind of force which, is governed by uti, which
depends on consugrunt, for consueverunt, from consuesco. 333.

24 relTquis copTis subsecuti, having followed with the rest of their
troops; the active participle, because subsequi is a Deponent Yerb.
— nostros navibus egredi prohibebant, endeavored to prevent our
men from disembarking; after verbs of hindering, quominus w. the
Subjunct. is generally used. 764] but prohibeo is frequently followed
by the Inf.

26 in alto, in deep water.

27 militibus is to be taken with desiliendum, consistendum, pug-
nandum erat, the soldiers had to leap, to maintain their position,
and to fight; the Dative with the Gerund or (Jerundive to denote the
person on whom the necessity rests. 596. — • ignotis locis, in places
unknown to them; Abl. to denote the place where. — impeditis
manibus, loith their hands engaged.

28 gravi armorum onere oppressis, is in apposition to militibus.

30 ex arido, from dry ground.

31 omnibus membris expediti, having the free use of all their
limbs; omnibus membris is the Abl. of Limitation. 6O8. — notissimis
locis, in places which they knew perfectly; opposed to ignotis locis.

— 96 —

Page

30. 32 equos insuefactos, the horses trained to it.

33 hujus generis puguae imperiti, unskilled in this kind oj
battle; pugnae depends on generis, and hujus generis on imperiti.

567. 1.

31. 1 non eadem alacritate et studio utebantur, did not show the
same alacrity and zeal; Abl. depending on utebantur. 626.

3 animum advertit, usually in one word, animadvertit; the Perf.
Indie, is governed by ubi, as soon as. — naves longas is Subject. Ace.
to removed, incitari, constitui; and hostes to propelli and submoveri;
all these Passive Infinitives depend on jussit.

6 ad latus apertum hostlum constitui jussit, ordered them to he
stationed on the unprotected flank of the enemy,

8 niagno usui nostris fuit; both usui and nostris are governed by
fuit; with the verb esse, besides the Dative of the p(^rso?2, another is
used to denote the purpose^ intention, &c. 595. — navlum figura,
remorum motu, &c. permoti; the moving cause is often expressed
by a participle, as, permOtus, influenced, induced, with the Abl.

12 qui decimae legionis aquilam ferebat, the eagle-bearer of the
tenth legion.

13 ut ea res legioni felictter evenlret, that this undertaking might
turn out successfully for the legion; clause of purj)Ose with ut.

15 meum officium praestitero, / will promptly discharge my
duty; the Porf. Fut. is here used to denote the speedy completion of
an act.

17 cohortati inter se, having exhorted each other, i. e., under
mutual exhortations. — ne tantum dedecus admitteretur; ne (in a
negative sense) is used with the Subjunct. after verbs of exhorting.

18 hos item ex proximis navibus cum conspexissent; supply mi-
lites as subject.

11. On the hahits of the Germans.

22 multum a consuetudine Gallorum differunt, differ widely from
the custom of the Gauls; verbs compounded with dis nearly always
take a or ab with the Abl. 62i.

23 druides, the ministers of religion among the Gauls and Britons
— qui rebus divinis praesint; qui w. the Subjunctive to denote the
purpose, for ut ii, to preside over the religious rites.

— 97 —

Page

24 sacriflciis studSre, to pay much attention to sacrifices. 31.

26 reliquos ne fama quidem accepSrunt, of the rest they did not
even know by hearsay.

27 in studiis rei militaris, in military pursuits.

30 in annos singiilos, for one year at a time; time for how long
is expressed by tlie Aco. w. in. 677.

31 gentibus cognationibusque, to the tribes and families. — qui
una coierint, who should have united; or such as had united] Fut.
Perf.

32 quantum et quo loco visum est, as much land and where they
see fit.

1 alio, to a different quainter. — ejus rei multas causas afferunt, 32.
they advance many reasons for this practice. — ne adsidua consue-
tudine capti, studium belli gerendi agricultura commiitent, that they
'might not, enslaved by long continued custom, divert their atten-
tion from war to agriculture; this and the following clauses oi pur-
pose refer to transTre cogunt.

3 latos fines parare, to acquire extensive possessions.

4 possessionibus expellant, drive from their property; after
verbs of removing the Abl. of Separation is used, with or without a
preposition. 620. — accuratius, with greater care. — ad frigora
atque aestus vitandos; ad with the Gerundive expressing purpose,
instead of ut w. the Subjunct. — vitandos agrees with aestus, and is to
be understood to frigora.

6 nequa oriatur pecuniae cupiditas; qua for aliqua; indefinite
pronoun after ne. 75«. — pecuniae cupiditas is the Object Gen., greedi-
ness for money, see. 2.

7 aequitate animi plebem continSant, that they might control the
mass by evenness of temper, i. e., by contentedness. — cum quisque
vidgat, since every one saw; causal cum takes the Subjunct. 786. —
cum potentissimis for cum opibus potentissimOrum, with those of
the mightiest.

9 quam latissimas solitudines, deserts as extensive as possible.

10 vastatis finibus, by the desolation of their frontiers. — pro-
prium virtutis, a proof of valor.

11 expulsos agris finitimos cedere, neque quemquam prope
audere consistgre, that, or when the neighbors, being driven from
their estates^ retire, and nobody dares to stay near them.

— 98 —

Page

32. 12 hoc, thereby.

13 repentinae incursionis timore sublato, tlie fear of a sudden in-
cursion being taken away. — cum bellum civitas illatum defendit,
when a state repels a war that has been waged upon it.

u qui ei bello praesint; the Subjunctive clause denoting the pur-
pose^ the relative being equivalent to ut hi. 792. i.

15 ut vitae necisque potestatem habeant, so that they have power
of life and death, is a clause of result. — in pace, in time of
peace, gis.

17 inter sues, among their followers.

18 latrocinia, quae fiunt, robbcjHes which are committed.

19 juventutis exercendae ac desidiae minuendae causa, for the
sake of exercising youth and diminishing idleness; the Gen. ot the
Gerund or Gerundive with causa is a very common way of expressing
design. 843.

20 ubi quis ex principibus dixit, as soon as some one of the
leaders said; ubi takes the Perf. Ind. 737. ii. — ubi, being a relative
particle must be followed by quis. — ex principibus; the preposition
ex is used instead of the Part. Gen.

21 qui sequi velint, profiteantur, and that those who wish to follow
him may give in their names; Subjunct. in oratio obliqua.

22 causam, the enterprise.

25 omniumque iis rerum postSa fides derogatur, and all credit in
every thing is after this loithheld from them; verbs of taking away
are followed by the Dat., to be translated hy from.

26 qui quaque de causa, all persons who on any account what-
ever. — veneriut, Fut. Perfect.

— 99 —

M. TULLIUS CICEEO.

M. Tullins Cicero was born in the year of Rome 647, or about 105
years before Christ. His father who was of the equestrian order
took great care of his education which was directed particularly witli
a view to the bar. In Greece he attended the Athenian orators and
philosophers, and improved greatly both in eloquence and knowl-
edge. From Athens Tully passed into Asia and after an excursion
of two years returned to Italy. In his forty-third year Cicero was
proclaimed consul. For his services in suppressing the conspiracy
which had been formed by Catiline he was honored with the title of
Pater Patriae or Father of his Country. Cicero's death happened
on the Yth of December, in the sixty-fourth year of his age, about
ten days after the first triumvirate. Tho extracts here given are
from Cicero's philosophical writings.

IS. Solon.

5 scripserit; the Subjunctive in a relative clause depending on an 33.

Ace. W. Inf. 826.

6 quod, .simulaverit; as a rule, quod takes the Indie, but the Sub-
junctive is used to express the thought of some other person. 783. —
quo tutior esset et prodesset; quo is a favorite final conjunction with
Comparatives. 763.

8 cur. .constituisset; Subjunct. in indirect question. 8oi. — qui
necasset; the Subjunctive in a clause depending upon an Ace. w.

Inf. 826.

10 sapienter fecisse dicTtur, they say he acted sensibly; Norn. w.
Inf. 821.

11 cum nihil sanxgrit; cum, whereas, since, takes the Subjunct. 786.
— cum de eo nihil sanxerit, quod antea commissum non erat, 7iot hav-
ing enacted a law against a crime which had not been committed
heretofore, — ne non tam prohibere quam admonere videretur, lest it
should seem he had not so much forbidden as called attention to it;

-^ 100 —

Pag©

33. any verb used as, a verb of willing or demanding may have the
construction with ut or ne denoting a purpose. 158.

u si qui; qui, after si, is an Indefinite Pronoun = aliquis. 762.

15 honestum illud Solonis est, that is an excellent thing of Solon.

16 multa in dies addiscentem, while learning much every day. —
qua voluptate animi nulla potest esse major, a pleasure of the mind
than which there can be certainly none greater; the AM. instead
of quam with the same case as the thing compared must be regularly
used in the Relative Clause. 6io.

17 prudentibus et bene institutis; the Dat. of the indirect object,
in sensible and well-educated men.

20 hoc illud est, quod Pisistrato a Solone responsum est, this is
the well-known answer Pisistratus got from Solon.

22 cum illi quaerenti qua tandem spe fretus sibi tam audaciter
obsisteret, respondisse traditur: senectute; who as we are told,
upon the former inquiring on what hope now he (Solon) relied
to oppose him so boldly, replied ^^on old age". — illi quaerenti, viz.:
Pisistrato, depends on respondisse. — qua spe fretus; fretus takes
the Abl. 635.

23 obsisteret; the Subjunct. in an indirect question. — respondisse
traditur, Norn. w. Inf., he is said to have replied, or, replied, as we are
told; sometimes it is well to insert the verb of saying in a paren-
thetical clause.

24 quo se negat velle, kc, in which he says that he does not
wish; the verb negare is often conveniently translated to say that
not.

25 dolOre et lamentis vacare; vacare, to be void of, takes the
Abl. 622; the same as carere, to be without, in the following line.

26 Hexameter. Mors mea ne careat f lacrimis; linquamus amicis.

Pentameter. Maerorem, ut celebrent funera cum gemitu.
This is an Elegiac Distich (oio), consisting of a Hexameter fol-
lowed by a Pentameter. In reading, the final syllable of maero-
rem is suppressed by Elision. 887. — ne careat, linquamus, let not
be without, let us leave; the Subjunct. is used to express an exhor-
tation or command; Imperative Subjunct. 752.

27 ut cel6brent, clause of result; so that they may celebrate.

— 101 -

Page

13. Leonidas. 34.

2 mortes imperatoriae, the death of generals; in Latin the plural
of abstract nouns occurs more frequently than in English ; so mortes,
because there were several generals. 694.

6 animo forti, with good cheer; Abl. of Manner.

7 alacri magnoque animo, with actlvd. hnfV-Jofty courage; Ahl. of
ManDer. ...'.. : . •.' .

8 in quos Simonides, supply a%in ivho,^e hp'riot'SmpT^f^^is/aftys.

j_ ijM^ 1 1 *^ ! - ;^ [ -i v^l i. vj u I Z u

9 Hexameter. Die, hospes, Spartae f nos te vidisse jacentes.

1 b^l _ \j Kj\L \\L yj \j \ L\j yj \ -
Pentameter. Dum Sanctis patriae legibus obsequimur.
This is another Elegiac Distich, the epitaph of the three hundred
brave Spartans who defended the Straits of Thermopylae. — nos te
vidisse jacentes; nos is Object Ace. and te Subject Ace; the context
shows which is the real subject.

13 prae multitudine, on account of the multitude; prae is fre-
quently used in the sense of on account of implying an obstacle. 662.

15 qualis tandem Lacaena ? ^vhat of that Sjpartan woman ?

17 ut esset qui non dubitaret, that there should he some one who
would not hesitate; non dubito, / do not doubt, taiies quin; 766;
with the Inf. it means: I do not hesitate.

14' ThemistoGles,

21 beUi quod cum Persis fuit, of the Persian ivar.

22 consilium rei publicae salutare, a plan which would be service-
able to the state.

23 sed id sciri non opus esse, but it was necessary that it should
not be made public. — postulavit ut popiilus aliquem daret, lie de-
manded that the people should appoint a person; verbs of demand-
ing take ut.

24 quocum communicaret, to whom he might communicate it;
quocum is for ut cum eo; accordingly, the verb is in the Subjunct.
792. 1. — huic ille, supply dixit.

25 quae subducta esset, which was hauled ashore = which had
gone into harbor; the Subjunct. in oratio obllqua.

26 quo facto frangi Lacedaemoniorum opes necesse esset, and
thus the power of the Lacedaemonians must of necessity be broken;

— 102 —

Page

34. quo facto is Abl. Abs., this being clone = thus; the Subjunctive esset
in oratio obliqua.

27 quod cum audisset, having heard this; the relative pronoun is
to be translated by a demonstrative.

28 magna exspectatione^ amid the great expectation of all; it is
properly Abl. Abs. .,

29 adfer.retj the Snbjunot. in or-atio obliqua.

36 'quod hon^AuLi'ri&Ti. esset, 'which was not honoralUe; the Sub-
junctive is used to express the opinion of Aristides.

32 auctore Aristlde, Abl. Abs., but it may be rendered, upon the
authority of A r ist ides.

35. 1 fertur, dicitur, is said; Norn. w. Inf. 82i. — incredibili quadam
magnitudlne consilii atque ingenii, a man of an almost incredible
amount of prudence and capacity; Abl. of Quality. 6is.

2 ad quem = et ad eum.

5 se ei traditurum (esse), that he would teach him.

6 dixisse ilium doctOrem; the author here departs from the former
construction of the Norn. w. Inf. and uses the Ace. w. Inf. ; of course we
must supply dicitur, it is said; it will greatly simplify the rendering
of a passage like this, to drop the form of indirect discourse, in-
serting the Yorh of saying in a parenthetical clause: as they say —
a certain learned man came to him, &c.

7 gratius sibi ilium esse facturum, he would do him a greater
favor.

8 si se oblivisci quam meminisse docuisset, if he could teach him
to forget rather than to remember.

10 quod somnum capere non posset, because (as he said) he could
not find sleep; quod takes the Subjunct. in oratio obliqua.

14 non sua sed patriae gloria, not by his own but by his coun-
try's glory; Instrumental Abl.

15 si ego Seriphius essem &c.; the condition is contrary to fact.

788. III.

18 collocaret; the Subjunct. in indirect question.

19 qui pecunia eggatj who has no money = without money; egeo,
takes the Abl. 622,

— 103 —

Page

15. Alexander the Great. 35.

21 qua nocte . . . eadem, for eadem nocte qua; the Antecedent
incorporated into the relative clause. 719 , begin with constat, it
is well known.

22 ex Olympiade natum; Participles of MrtJi take the Abl. with or
without ex. 604. — atque ubi lucSre coepisset; ubi originally takes
the Indicative, but here the Subjunct. is used because it depends on
an Inf.; Attraction of Mood. 826.

25 quod Diana . . . abfuisset domo; Subjunct. by Attraction of

Mood. 826.

30 qui tuae virtutis Homerum praeconem inveneris, to have found
a proclaimer of your valor in Homer; when qui = cum is, the
Subjunct. is employed. 792. 11.

31 nisi exstitisset;the condition is represented as contrary to fact.

788. III.

2 eoque vulnere. .moreretur, came near dying from this wound. 36.

3 adsidens, sitting up with him. — secundum quigtem, while
asleep, in a dream.

i visus ei dicitur draco radiculam ore ferre et dicere, as they say,
the dragon appeared to him carrying a little root in its mouth, and
telling him; Norn. w. Inf. ; the verb of saying is best rendered in a
parenthetical clause.

6 quo ilia loco nascergtur, where it grew.

6 ejus autem vim esse tantam; this Ace. w. Inf. depends on dicere.

7 ut. . sanaret; clause of result after tantam. 759.

8 emisisse; translate this Infinitive depending upon dicitur (which
must of course be understood) by the Indicative. — qui quaererent,
to seek; the subjunctive clause denoting the purpose; qui = ut ii.

9 Ptolemaeus sanatus dicitur; the predicate sanatus dicitur agrees
with Ptolemaeus, and is understood to multi milites.

11 quiddam praesentiens atque divmans, some touch of presage
and divination.

13 in radicibus Caucasi, at the foot of the Causasus.

u quo. .combureretur, for ut eo comburergtur; the Relative with
the Subjunct. to denote the purpose.

15 0 praeclarum discessum; the Ace is used in exclamations. 68S.

— 104 —
Page

36. 17 cumque eum rogaret, si quid vellet, ut dic6ret, and when he
asked him^ if 'he wanted to say anything, to do so; rogare takes
ut. 758,

16. Dionysius, Tyrant of Syracuse.
24 qua pulchritudine urbem, quibus autem opibus praeditam servi-
ttite oppressam tenuit civitatem, of what beauty was the city pos-
sessed, and moreover, how rich was the state which he held
oppressed in slavery! pulchritudine and opibus depend on praedi-
tam (623), wliich belongs to both urbem and civitatem.

26 sic scriptum accepimus, we have so received it in writing^
i. e., we are so informed.

28 eundem tamen, yet at the same time; idem equivalent to an
adverbial expression. 7i7. — uatura, from his natural disposition;
Abl. of Limitation.

•29 ex quo, from this, for this reason. — omnibus bene veritatem
intuentibus, to all who look well into truth.

30 videri necesse est miserriraum, he must of necessity appear to
he very wretched. — ea quae, those things which.

31 ne turn quidem, cum omnia se posse censGbat, not even at the
time when he believed he could do anything = when he con-
sidered himself all-powerful.

37. 1 cum, though, concessive conjunction with Subjunct. 769. — ho-
nesto loco natus, sprung from a decent family; Participles of birth
may take the Abl. with or without the preposition e, ex.

2 alius alio modo, one in one way, and the other in another;
alius is used in a peculiar way with other cases of itself, where we
use two sentences, with one and another. 729. — abundaret aequa-
lium famiharitatibus et conusetudine propinquorum, he had extensive
and intimate acquaintance with his equals and ample social inter-
course with his relatives; abundare, takes the Abl. 622.

i ex familiis, from the households; familia, the slaves in a
household fnot = family, \. e., wife and children).

5 quibus . . detraxerat, from whom he had taken away; quibus is
the Dat. of the Indirect Object to be rendered hy from.

7 propter injustam dominatus cupiditatem, in consequence of his
iniquitous greed of power.

10 sordido atque ancillari artificio, Abl. of Manner; by the mean
service of a handmaid.

— 105 —

Page

11 ab eis ipsis ferrum remOvit, and even from them he removed 37.
the iron, i. e., the razor; verbs of removing require the Abl.; with
persons the preposition a, ab must be used. 620.

12 instituit ut, he ordered that.

13 candentibus juglandium putaminlbus, Instnim. Abl.

17 cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, having sur.
rounded his resting place with a broad ditch; circumdare, takes a
Dative with an Ace, or an Ace. with an Abl. 593.

26 quia demonstravisset. .quia approbavisset; quia, because, of
itself is followed by the Indicative; here the Subjunct. is used in
oratio obliqua. — viam interimendi sui, the way to kill him.

28 eo facto sic doliut, he was so sorry for his deed; dolere takes
the Causal Abl. 604. — nihil ut tulerit gravius in vita, that nothing
lay harder upon him during his whole life; clause of result after

sic ut. 759.

29 quem, supply eum.

30 impotentium cupiditates, the passions of those who are not
masters of themselves.

31 quamquam, notwithstanding. — quam beatus esset; the Sub-
junct. in indirect question.

32 quidam ex ejus adsentatoribus, one of his flatterers; the pre-
position ex in a partitive sense.

2 negaretque unquam beatiOrem quemquam fuisse, and said that 38.
tliere had never been any luckier person; negare, to say that not.

5 in aureo lecto strato pulcherrimo textili stragulo magnificis
operibus picto, on a golden couch spread with a very fine textile
fabric magnificently embroidered; strato belongs to lecto; pul-
cherrimo textili is Instrumental Abl. depending on strato; again, picto
belongs to stragulo, and magnificis operibus is the Abl. of Means or
Instrument depending on picto.

8 eximia forma pueros, slaves of great beauty; Abl. of Quality.

9 nutum illlus intuentes diligenter ministrare, awaiting his beck
to attend upon him carefully. — aderant, there were also.

13 saeta equina aptum, fastened with a horse-hair; aptus is the
Participle of apo, -ere, to fasten.

u ut impenderet, clause of result, so that it hung over.

15 plenum artis argentum, silver plate richly wrought (lit. full of
art) ; plenus takes the Gen. 567.

— 106 —

Page

38. 18 quod jam beatus nollet esse, because^ as he said, he did not
want any longer to be happy; quod takes the Subjunct. to express
the intention of Damocles; jam with the negation in nollet is equiva-
lent to no longer.

19 cui semper aliqui terror impendeat; the Subjunct. in a clause
dependent on the Inf. esse. 826.

21 Damonem et Phintiam ferunt hoc ammo fuisse ut, as they say,
Damon and Phintias entertained such sentiments towards each
other that; hoc animo is Abl. of Quality.

24 coramendandorum suorum causa, for the sake of commending
his family. — vas factus sit alter ejus sistendi, depends on ut, that
the one became bail for the appearance of the other in court; Clause
of result. — vas ejus sistendi, bail for his appearing in court.

25 ut, si ille non revertisset, moriendum esset ipsi, that if the
former had not returned, the latter should die himself; the Sub-
junctives of the Imperf. and Pluperf. are required by the Sequence
of Tenses.

26 ad diem, on the appointed day; ad is used to denote a fixed
time. 629.

27 tyrannus petlvit ut; verbs of demanding take ut. 758. — se
refers to tyrannus.

30 secundissirao vento, with a very favorable wind.

31 quam bona navigatlo. .detur, what a fine voyage is given; Sub-
junct. in indirect question.

33 homo acutus, the sharp fellow. — bene plan5que percepisset,
had learned this full well.

39. 3 grandi pondere, of great weight; Abl. of Quality.

5 aestate grave esse, <fec., depends on cavillatus est, which implies
dicens.

6 eique laneum pallium injecit, and put on him a woollen cloak;
injicere, takes the Dat. 592. — cum id esse aptum ad omne anni
tempus diceret, because, as he said, this was suitable to every
season.

8 neque enim convenire barbatum esse filTum, &c., depending on
an implied dicens, for it was also not becoming in a son to have a
beard.

11 in quibus quod, for et quod in iis; the Relative instead of the

— 107 —

Page

Demonstrative at the beginning of the sentence; in quibus quod in- 39.
scriptum esset: Bonorum Deorum, and because there was an in-
scription on them, or, because they bore the inscription ^^Of the good
gods''; inscribere, takes in w. the Abl. 689. — inscriptum esset, Im-
pers. Pass. 423; the Subjunctive is used in oratio obliqua.

13 quae simulacrorum porrectis manibus sustinebantur, which
were held up in the outstretched hands of the images.

15 esse enim stultitiam, a quibus bona precaremur, ab eis porri-
gentibus et dantibus nolle sumere, that it was a folly not to take
willingly blessings from those whom toe supplicate, when they
present and give them; this is a common Latin construction, the re-
lative clause standing first; in English this is unusual; precaremur
is in the Subjunct. being dependent on the Inf. esse.

16 porrigentibus et dantibus; the Participles may be translated
when they offer and give them.

17 eumdem, likewise; idem is here equivalent to an adverb. 717.
— haec quae dixi sublata de fanis, the above-mentioned objects
which he had taken from the temples.

19 exactaque pecunia, having exacted the money. — edixisse ut;
verbs of ordering take ut. 758. — ut quod quisque a sacris haberet,
id ante diem certam in suum quidque fanum referret, that before a
certain day, each one should bring back what he possessed of the
sacred objects, each one to its own temple. — quod quisque a sacris;
sometimes a, ab w. the Abl. is used instead of a Genitive.

21 ad impietatem in deos in homines adjunxit injuriam, he added
to impiety towards the gods injustice towards men; words of kindred
meaning are put side by side for the sake of emphasis, here in deos
in homines.

17. Socrates.

23 de Socrate acceplmus, ive have heard of Socrates.

24 divinum quiddam (quod daemonium appellat), a divine some-
thing (which he called demon).

25 cui semper ipse paruerit, which he himself always obeyed; the
Subjunct. in a clause depending upon an Ace. w. Inf. — numquam im-
pellenti, saepe revocanti; closely related to cui, which however
never impelled but often restrained him.

26 quo quem auctorem meliorem quaerimus ? The Abl. of Com-
parison must be regularly used in relative sentences. 6io; and what
better author are we looking for than he?

— 108 —
Pag©

39. 27 Xenophonti consulenti depends on ait. — sequereturne, whether
he should follow; Subjunct. in indirect question.

28 quae sibi videbantur, what seemed proj^er to himself. — et
nostrum quidem consilium humanum est, and our understanding
is indeed human.

30 ad Apollmem cens6o referendum, / believe we should refer to
Apollo.

31 de majoribus rebus, about more important affairs.

32 scriptum est, Impers. Pass., it has been communicated.

40. 1 oculum adiigatum vidisset, (when) he had seen his eye bound
up. — quid esset, what was the matter; Subjunct. in indirect question.

2 ambulanti ramiilum adductum, ut remissus esset in oculum
suum recidisse, that to him while walking a strained twig, when it
was slackened, had recoiled into his eye.

3 turn Socrates, sc. ait.

4 cum utfirer qua sol6o praesagitione divina, when I availed
myself, as usual, of the divine presentiment.

5 cum apud Delium male pugnatum esset, Impors. Pass., when they
had calamitously fought at Delium == after the defeat at Delium.

1 ut ventum est in trivium, when they had come to a cross road.
— eadem qua ceteri (supply via), by the same road as the rest; the
way by which is in the Abl. 688.

8 quibus quaerentibus, when they asked him.

12 vult, is of opinion.

13 pusionem quemdam Socrates interrSgat quaedam, Socrates
asks an urchin sundry questions; interrogare takes two Ace. 58i.

16 e5dem perveniat quo (supply perveniret) si geometrica didi-
cisset, he reaches the same point which he would reach, had he
studied geometry; the condition is contrary to fact, accordingly si
with the Imperf. or Pluperf. Subjunct. is employed. 788. iii. — ex quo
eflfici vult Socrates, whence Socrates means it to be understood
that &c.

18 cum ex eo esset quaesitum nonne, wJien he was asked
whether.

21 ain tu ? = aisne tu ? do you really mean so ? — an, or; some-
times the first part . of an alternative question is omitted, and a^u
alone asks a question. 798.

— 109 —

Page

23 beatusne sit, whether he is happy; Subjunct. in indirect question. 40.
— an ego possim, how could I; Potential Subjunct. 750.

24 cum ignorem quam sit doctus, quara vir bonus, since I do not
know in how far he is a learned and good man.

25 quid ? tu in eo sitam vitam beatam putas ? why ? do you think
a happy life depends upon this?

26 bonos beatos, improbos miseros, sc. esse.

32 quam si ei videretur edisceret, to learn it by heart, if it seemed
good to him; quam edisceret, ttie Subjunct. after the relative to de-
note purpose; quam for ut eam. 792. i. — pro se, in his behalf.

33 non invltus, not unwillingly, i. e., cheerfully. In Latin as in
English an assertion is sometimes made by denying the opposite,
and the double negative is often stronger than the opposite po-
sitive.

2 quia non essent; the Subjunct. in oratio obliqua. 41.

5 quibus tantum statuebant judices, damnarent an absolverent,
whereby the judges only decided whether they would condemn or
acquit.

7 legibus, according to the laws; Abl. of Limitation. 608. — ferre
(sententiam), to give a vote. — erat reo damnato quasi poenae
aestimatio, a condemned culprit had, to some extent, a naming of
his own punishment

8 et sententia cum judicibus darStur, when it came to the jury
to pass sentence; ht. when the sentence was given to the jury.

9 interrogabatur reus quam quasi aestimationem commeruisse se
maxime conflteretur, the defendant was asked what punishment he
would confess he had properly deserved.

13 qui honos apud Graecos maximus habetur, an honor which is
considered the highest among the Greeks.

15 capitis condemnarent; verbs of condemning with the Ace. of
the person take the G-en. of the punishment. 570.

16 apud Platonem; apud with the name of an author means in
the writings of in. 630. — Socrates est dicens, Socrates is intro-
duced saying.

19 Homericum quemdam ejusmodi versum, some such verse of
Homer.

21 Hexameter. Tertia te Phthiae tempestas laeta locabit; the

— no —

Page

41. third happy day will bring you to Phthia; Phthia was the birth-
place of Achilles; the meaning of the verse is, just as Achilles there-
in says ^^that in three days he will he home in Phthia^ so you will
he home in three days^'.

28 duas esse vias &c.; this whole section down to esse faciendum
is in the oratio obllqua.

31 republica violanda, hy hetraying their country.

32 eis devium quoddam iter esse, they had some hy-way; Dat. de-
noting the possessor.

42. 1 quibusque fuisset minima cum corporibus contagio, who had
had least comiection with their hodies.

i itaque comraemorat, ut cycni cum cantu et voluptate morian-
tur, sic omnibus bonis et doctis esse faciendum, ajid so he mentions
that, just as swans die amid song and joy, so all good and learned
men ought to do. The oratio obllqua is here resumed after comme-
morat; the intermediate clause qui non sine causa Apollini dicati
sint, sed quod ab eo divinationem habere videantur qua providentes
quid in morte boni sit, belongs to cycni, the swans which are not
without reason dedicated to Apollo, hut because they seem to have
from him a divination hy which they foresee what a blessing there
is in death.

16 praeclare id quidem, supply dixit. — qui permiserit et osten-
derit; the relative qui = cum is, to denote the cause; hence the
Subjunct., because he was obliging to his friend and showed that lie
himself did not care about the vjhole affair.

18. Demosthenes.

22 cumque itabalbus esset, and although he was so stammering
he stammered so badly; concessive cum takes the Subjunct. 767.

23 cui studeret; the clause depends upon the Subjunct. esset, and
is, therefore, itself in the Subjunct. — studere takes the Dat. S89.

24 perfecit meditando, he brought it about by j^ractising.

25 cum spiritus ejus esset angustior, as Jiis breath was rather
short = as he was rather short of breath; tantum continenda anima
in dicendo est adsecutus, he made up for it by arresting the cur-
rent of air in speaking.

26 ut una continuatione verborum binae ei contentiones vocis et
remissiones continerentur, so that in one continuous outflow of

— Ill —

words two elevations and two depressions of the voice at a iime^.
were contained.

28 qui etiam; the Relative for the Demonstrative.

29 summa voce, at the top of his voice.

30 uno spirita, in one breath. — neque is, and that not; when a
quaUty is ascribed with emphasis to an object, is with a copulative
particle is used. 7i5.

31 adscensu ingrediens arduo, walking up a steep ascent.

6 quid hoc levius ? sc. est; what could be sillier than this? hoc, 43.
Abl. of Comparison.

8 sine actiOne, without action^ i. e., without a good delivery^ or
without the proper ornament of voice and gesture.

9 mediocris hac instructus, a middling one, if provided with it.
— primas dare, to give the first place.

11 quo mihi melius etiam illud ab Aeschine dictum videri solet,
and the well-known saying of Aeschines commonly seems to me
still better than this; quo is the Abl. of Comparison, for quam id; solet
is here best rendered by an Adverb, commonly.

12 qui cum, the latter when; the Relative instead of a Demon-
strative.

13 propter ignominiam judicii, in consequence of a disgrace in-
flicted by the court, Subject. Gen.

15 quam in Ctesiphontem contra Demosthenem dixerat, which he,
as prosecutor of Ctesiphon, had pronounced against Demosthenes.

17 pro Ctesiphonte, as counsel for Gtesiphon.

18 admirantibus omnibus, Abl. Absol.

19 quanto magis miraremini, how much more would you have
been surprised; the condition being represented as impossible, the
Imperf. or Pluperf. Subjunct. must be employed. 788. in.

20 ex quo satis significavit, quantum esset in actione, hereby he
pointed out well enough how much lay in a good delivery.

21 qui putarit (putaverit) ; qui = cum is, to denote cause, since
he was of opinion. 792. ii. — actore mutato, Abl Abs. representing
a condition, the speaker being changed, i. e. when delivered by an-
other speaker. 833.

— 112 —

Page

43. 19. The best sauce.

24 negavit se umquam. ., he said he had never.

25 scilicet, the plain reason was. — sitiens, being thirsty.

26 esuriens, being hungry. — cui cum peragranti Aegyptum
cibarius panis datus esset, when coarse bread had been given to
him on his tour through Egypt.

28 illo pane jucundius, more delicious than that bread; Abl. of
Comparison.

29 contentius, very vigorously; contente (from contendgre), with
great exertion.

30 quo melius cenaret, to have a better supper; quo with the
Subjunct. in clauses ofpu7^p)ose, especially with Comparatives. 763.

31 opsouare ambulando famem, that he was purveying hunger^
i. e. that he was getting up) an appetite by walking; opsonare from
Greek b^puvetj [o^pov uvio/iai), to go to market. — ambulando, Abl.
of Means.

32 in phiditiis, in the public meals of the Lacedaemonians.

44. 4 ad EurOtam, on the banks of the Eurotas.

7 ut quidquid objectum est; quidquid is used to express em-
phatically anything whatever which.

8 quod modo a natura non sit alienum, provided it is not con-
trary to their nature; modo, if only, provided, takes the Subjunct.
790. — eo contentae, satisfied with it; contentus takes the Abl.

9 civitates quaedam universae, there are whole nations which.

11 quos negat ad panem adhibere quidquam praeter nasturtium,
of whom he says that they do not eat anything with their bread but
water-cress.

20. Burial service at Athens.
14 a Cecrope, from the time of Cecrops. — mos corpus terra hu-
mandi, the custom of burying the body in the earth.

18 quas inibant propinqui coronati, to which the relatives went
decorated with garlands.

19 apud quos, in whose presence.

20 justa confecta erant, the customary rites were finished.
23 apud SolOnem, in the laws of Solon.

— 113 ~

Page

24 "ne quis ea deleat neve alieaum inferat", let no one destroy^,
them or put in a stranger; Imperative Subjunct. — poenaque est,
and it is punishable. — si quis bustum violarit, dejecerit, fregerit,
if some one should mutilate^ throw down or break a bust. 788. ii.

26 post aliquanto, shortly after. — propter has amplitudines se-
pulcrorum, in consequence of this magnificence of the tombs.

29 neque id opere tectorio exornari . . . licebat, nor was it allowed
to adorn them with stucco; the Ace. w. Inf. constructions depend on
licebat.

30 Hermas hos, quos vocant, the so-called Hermae.

6 civis tuendae civitatis peritissimus, a citizen well versed 172 45.
protecting the state; perltus takes the Gen.

7 non solum poena, sed etiam tempore, not only by punishment^
but also by time, i. e., not only by establishing punishment, but
also by fixing the time. — ante lucem enim jussit efferri, for he or-
dered funerals to take place before day-break.

9 super terrae tumulum, above the sepulchral mound.

10 noluit quidquam statui, he did not want, i. e. forbade anything
to be placed. — tribus cubitis non altiorem, not higher than three
cubits. 610.

11 huic procurationi praefecerat, to this charge he had appointed;
praeficere, to set over, appoint, takes the Dat. 592.

21. Aratus of Sicyon.
16 clandestino introitu, Abl. of Means.

22 quinquaginta annorum possessiones, a holding for fifty years.
— non nimis aequum, not very fair.

24 tenebantur, were held in possession.

25 judicavit neque illis adimi nee his non satis fieri, quorum ilia
fuerant, oportere, he was of opinion that neither the latter should
he deprived, nor those who had formerly possessed the property be
without indemnification.

26 quorum ilia fuerant; the Gen. to denote that to which something
belongs. 57i. — opus esse takes the Abl. 624.

27 ad eam rem constituendam, to fix this matter.

30 altyer refers to Ptolemaeum, hospitem suum, but is here in-
corporated into the relative clause, the second who.

— 114 —

Page

46. 1 quam, for earn. — adhibere in consilium, to consult one.
3 aliena, the property of others.

i aestimandis possessionibus, hy estimating the properties = hy
an estimate of the properties.

5 possessionibus cederent, to give up their loroperty; posses-
sionibus, Abl. of Separation. 620.

6 quod tanti esset, what luas ivorth so much, i. e., an equivalent.

7 perfectum est, ut omnes discederent, it was brought about that
all came off.

8 o virum magnum; Ace. in exclamation, sss. — dignumque qui
natus esset; after dignus, the Relative takes the Subjunct. 793. c.

^^. A rcDiarkahlo dream.
11 Cum duo &c.; this whole section is in the oratio obliqua, de-
pending on commemoratur.

14 qui ut cenati quiescCrent, when after supper they retired to
rest. — concubia nocte, during Jiis first sleep.

16 primo perterritum somnio, frightened by this first dream.

17 idque visum pro nihilo habendum esse duxisset, and had con-
cluded that this vision should be regarded as nothing.

19 quoniam sibi vivo non subvenisset, since he had not assisted
him while alive.

20 mortem suam ne inultam esse pateretur, he would not allow
his death to go unavenged. — se interfcctum in plaustrum a caupOne
esse conjectum, stating that, having been killed by the innkeeper,
he had been thrust into a wagon; this oratio oblTqua depends on
rogare which implies dicens. ,

22 petere ut mane ad portam adesset, he entreated him to be at
the gate early in the morning. — priusquam plaustrum ex oppido
exiret, before the wagon could leave the city. 779.

23 hoc vero cum somnio commotum, the latter thoroughly roused
by this dream.

24 mane bubulco praesto ad portam fuisse, waited at the gate
early in the morning for the driver.

26 re patefacta, the deed being brought to light

115 —

PHAEDRUS.

Of Phaedrus, the Latin fabulist ot the Augustan age, scarcely
any accounts have been transmitted to us beyond occasional refer-
ences, and of his personal history almost nothing is known beyond
the fact that he was a slave who was brought from Thrace or Mace-
donia to Kome where he was freed by Augustus, as set forth in the
title-page of the book: Phaedri, Augusti liberti, fabularum Aeso-
jnarum libri quinque^ containing 97 fables in Iambic verse.

23. The wolf and the lamb. p

3 Ad Yivum eundem lupus et agnus venerant. — This is the most 47.
common form of Iambic verse; it is called Iambic Trimeter or Senarian,
and consists of three Iambic dipodies or six Iambic feet. Accord-
ingly the formula of the verse is as follows:

\jL\J— \^1.\J— \^Lkj^

In the Iambic Trimeter a Tribrach (u u u) may be substituted for
any iambus except the last, as:

ad rivitm eundem lupus et agnus venerant.
Likewise a Spondee (_ _) or its equivalent Anapaest (w \j _) or Dactyl
(_ Kj Kj) may be substituted for an Iambus in the odd places (1st, 3d,

5th foot). 922.

4 superior, higher^ that is nearer the source of the river.

6 fauce improba, Abl. of Instrument governed by incitatus; lit. hy
his wicked throat; i. e. hy his voracity.

6 latro, the robber, i. e., the wolf. — jurgii causam Intulit, picked
a quarrel.

7 mihi. .bibenti, for me while drinking = when I was drinking,

8 laniger, wool-bearing, i. e., the sheep. — contra, in turn. —
timens, timidly; the Participle translated adverbially; supply ait.

9 qui, old Abl. of qui, in what loay, how. — quod quereris, what
you complain of.

- 116 -

Page

47. 12 male, ait, dixisti mihi, for: ait, maledixisti mihi; male and dixisti
form one word; such a separation of a compound word into its parts
is called Tmesis. 897.

15 atque ita correptum lacerat, and so he seizes and tears him
in pieces.

17 fictis causis, by fictitious causes.

24' The frogs and their king.

19 acquis legibus, under just laws.

22 hie conspiratis factionum partibus, some portions of the fac-
tions having entered into a conspir^acy.

25 grave omne insuStis onus est, every burden is heavy when we
are not accustomed to it.

28 liberis paludibus, in their free swamps; Abl of Place.
4S. 1 qui compesceret, who should restrain; the relative = ut is,
denoting purpose, with the verb following in the Subjunct.

3 missum quod &c. = quod tigillum missum, and this log when
sent down. — vadi belongs to pavidum genus, the timid population
of the marshes.

5 diutlus, somewhat long, a considerable time.

7 explorato rege, having examined the king.

8 timore poslto, having dismissed their fear.

9 lignumque supra, for: et supra lignum.

10 omni contumelia, with all kind of contumely.

12 inutilis quoniam esset; the Subjunctive shows that this is what
the frogs said.

17 adflictis ut succurrat, that he should succor the wretched;
clause of pmyose.

20 majus ne veniat malum, lest a greater evil may come; clause
of purpose.

25. The wolf and the crane.
'2A^ delude, to be pronounced deinde (two syllables).

25 OS devoratum fauce cum haereret lupi, when a bone which
the wolf had devoured was sticking in his throat.

26 singulos, supply amicos, his friends one by one.

— 117 -

Page

28 persuasa est, was persuaded; this passive use of persuadeo 48.
is not common and scarcely in accordance with the rule; verbs which
govern a Dative in the Active are used only impersonally in the
Passive; the usual construction would be: persuasum est grui. 590.

29 colli longitudinem, his long neck. See Note on 49. 29.

30 medicinam fecit lupo, performed the operation on the wolf,

32 ore quae e nostro caput abstuleris; transpose^ quae e nostro
ore, &c. ; the relative quae is here equivalent to cum tu, since you;
accordingly it takes the Subjunctive. '792. 11.

33 et, and yet] et is often used in this sense.

26. The ass and the lion in partnership,

2 virtutis expers verbis jactans gloriam, is the subject of the sen- 49.
tence, he who is without virtue and boasts of his fame (with words);
expers takes the Gen. 567. 1.

3 ignotos, those who do not know him. — notis est derisiii, is a
derision to those who know him; the Dative is used with esse to
denote the purpose. 593.

4 asello comite, Abl, Absol. ; a few substantives having a kind of
participial meaning take the construction of Ablative Absolute. 536.

5 contexit ilium frutice, concealed him behind a shrub; lit. cov-
ered him with a shrub.

7 auritulus; the ass is described by his length of ear.

10 quae dum = dum eae, sc. bestiae.

12 qui, this one=the lion. — fessuscaede; fessus takes the Abl. 604.

13 tunc ille insSlens, supply ait.

u qualis videtur opera tibi vocis meae ? hoiu does my voice ap-
pear to aid you, lit. of what kind appears to you the help of my voice?

15 insignis sic ut, first rate so that; ut introducing a clause of
result with the Subjunct. — nisi nossem, had I not known; nossem
for novissem. 333; the condition being represented as contrary to
fact requires the Imp. or Pluperf. Subjunct. 788. iii.

27. TIxe fojo and the crow.
18 qui se laudari gaudet, he who takes pleasure in being praised;
verbs of emotion may take the Ace. w. Inf. 815.

— 118 —

Page

49. 19 sera paenitentia, Abl. Absol. , repentance being too late = when
it is too late to repent. — dat turpes poenas, has to pay for it dis-
honorably.

20 de fenestra raptum caseum, a cheese he had stolen from a
window.

21 comesse = comedSre. 4io. — celsa residens arbore, perching
on a lofty tree.

23 0 qui est nitor, 0 what is the sheen !

24 quantum decSris, how much grace; Partitive Gen. after quantum.

566. 6.

28 avidis dentibus, with her greedy teeth; Abl. of Means. 605.

29 ingemuit corvi deceptus stupor, the stupid crow being deceived
groaned; the place of the Adjective, incase of a particular stress
being laid upon it, is often supplied by a Substantive expressing the
quality in the abstract, and the other Substantive is joined to it in
the Genitive, as here, corvi stupor for corvus stupidus.

28. The aged lion.

32 ignavis etiam jocus est, is the joke even of cowards.

33 defectus annis et desertus viribus, stricken in years and his
strength go7ie; annis is Abl. of Limitation, and viribus Causal Ablative.

34 spiritum extrgmum ducens, breathing his last.

50. 3 infestis cornibus, with his dangerous horns.

4 hostile corpus, the body of his enemy.

G at ille exspirans, supply ait. — fortes indigne tuli mihi insultare;
Ago. w. Inf. after a verb of emotion, sis.

7 te, naturae dedecus, quod ferre cogor; begin with quod, that I
am compelled to endure you, monster of nature; quod is used to
introduce an explanatory cause; here it means, the fact that, the
circumstance that. 784.

29. The "kite and the doves.
10 qui se committit homini tutandum improbo, he who commits
himself for protection to a wicked man; the Gerundive tutandum is
used after committere, to denote purpose. 84i.

14 raptor, the plunderer, i. e. , the kite.

— 119 —

Pagf

16 quare sollicitum potius aevum ducitis ? why do you prefer to 50.
lead a life of care ?

17 icto foedere, Abl. Absol, hy making a league; the use of the
word icere, to strike, seems to have arisen from the notion of striking
down the victim which formed part of the process observed in making
treaties.

is qui vos praestem; qui being equivalent to ut ego takes the
Subjunctive. 792. i.

19 credentes, full of confidence.

20 qui, this one, for hie, — vesci singidas, supply columbas; vesci
commonly takes the Abl. 626; occasionally the Accus. is used, as here.

21 imperium exercere, to enforce one's power.

22 de relicuis una (supply inquit), one of the rest said; de is
here used in a partitive sense.

SO. The two mules.

25 fiscos, money-hags; fiscus was a basket of wicker-work for
holding large quantities of money.

26 tumentes multo saccos hordeo, hags swollen with much grain.

27 celsa cervice emlnet, is conspicuous hy his lofty neck.

28 clarumque jactat coUo tintinnabulum, and shakes the tinkling
hell on his neck.

29 quieto et placido gradu, Abl. of Manner.

31 inter caedem ferro mulum saucTant, while beating him they
wound the mule with a sword.

I me contemptum (supply esse) ; Ace. w. Inf after a verb of emotion. 51.

3 hoc argumento, hy or according to this argument.

4 periclo obnoxiae, liable to danger; obnoxias takes the Dat. sos.

31. The dog and the wolf.
8 salutatum ; the Supine (depending on restitgrunt) denotes a pur-
pose. 847.

10 aut quo cibo fecisti tantum corporis ? or hy what food have
you gained so much flesh ? corporis depends on tantum. 566. 6.

II pereo fame, I perish with hunger, am starving.

12 canis simpliciter, supply ait. — eadem est condicio tibi, you
are in the same condition; Dative to dQnotQ possession.

— 120 -^

Page

51. 15 tuearis et; the conjunction et here joins tuearis and sis; it does
not often occur so far on in the sentence; generally it stands first,
in poetry often in the second place, but seldom later.

19 et otiOsum largo satiari cibo; the construction is : me otiosum
largo satiari cibo quanto est facilius; Ace. w. Inf. 8ii.

21 a catena collum detrltum cani, the dog^s neck being galled by
the chain.

22 unde hoc, amice ? sc. inquit.

25 crepusculo; Abl. of Time. — qua visum est, where I please.
27 jactant familia; the Plural with the collective noun familia.

30 abire si quo est animus, if you have a mind to go somewhere;
quo, in the word siquo, is for aliquo.

31 non plane est, there is no liberty to do so absolutely = / cannot
go quite where I please.

32 liber ut non sim, on condition that I be not free.

32. Tlxe fox and the sour grapes.
62. 3 appetebat, kept aiming at; the Imperfect is used to denote a
repeated action. 755.

6 verbis elevant, they cry down.

S3. The ungrateful snahe.
11 sinfique fovit, warmed it in his bosom. — contra se ipse mise-
rlcors, compassionate against his own interest.

13 hanc, sc. colubram. — alia, sc. colubra.

u respondit, ne quis, answered, (I did it) lest.

34' The discontented stag.
16 laudatis; Abl. of Comparison for quam laudata; the regular con-
struction in prose would be, haec narratio adserit, saepe (ea) quae
contempseris utiliOra inveniri quam laudata.

26 retentis impedltus cornibus, impeded by his entangled horns.

27 vocem hanc edidisse dicitur, he is said to have exclaimed thus,

29 utilia mihi fuerint (ea), how useful were to me those things.

30 quantum luctus habuerint (ea), how much grief they caused
me; luctus in the Genitive after quantum, see. 6.

— 121 —

a, ab, with abl,
abacus, -i (m.)

from, of, by
, a sideboard

YOCABULAET.

Note. Changeable parts of words are printed in bold-f aced. type,
so as to indicate the manner of forming the genitive, the gender endings,
and the principal parts of verbs.

The -, simply added to a noun, indicates that the genitive is like the
nominative.

(m.), (f.), (n.), (pi.) mean: masculine, feminine, neuter, plural, re-
spectively.

The signs of quantity are given, unless the syllable is long by position
{26), or contains a diphthong [12).

ac, atque, and

accedo,-gre, access!, accessum,
to approach; accedit, i^ is added

accendo, -6re, accendi, accen-
sum, to set on fire; rise to fury

acceptus, -a, -um, acceptable,
welcome

accessid, -onis (f.), an increase

accessus, -us (m.), an approach

accido, -ere, accidi, (no sup.), to
befall, happen

accipio, -ere, accepT, acceptum,
to receive; to hear; fama acci-
pere,to know by hearsay; scrip-
turn accipgre, to be informed;
pecuniam accipgre, to take the
money

accuratus, -3-, -fim, careful; ac-
curatius, with greater care

ac6r, -ris, -rS, sharp, vigorous;
acerrima studia, most acute
studies; acerrlme, most vio-
lently

Acerbas, -ae (m.), AcerbaSj
Elissa's husband

acerbus, -3,, -um, sour; painful

Achilles, -is (m.), Achilles

acles,-ei (f.), line of battle, battle

abditus, -a, -um, sequestered
abe5,-ire, abii, abitum, to move

off, to get off
abjicTo, -ere, abjgci, abjectiim,

to throw away
ablego, -arg, -avT, -atum, to

send away
abruptus, -a, -um, broken; ab-

ruptum, -i (n.), a precipice
absolve, -ere, absolvi, absolu-

tum, to acquit
absum, abesse, afiu, (no sup), to be

aivay; to be wanting; paulum,

non longe abesse, to be not far

from; domo abesse, to be away

from home
absumo, -ere, absumpsT, absum-

ptum, to destroy, consume
abundantiS-, -ae (f.), abundance
abundo, -are, -avi, -atum, to

abound, to be very numerous
Abydus, -i (f.), Abydos, a town

in Mysia,on the narrowest point

of the Hellespont

— 122 —

actio, -onis (f.), an action; of
an orator, good delivery

actdr, -oris (ra.), a speaker

acumen, -inis (n.), keenness

acutiis,-^, -tim, pointed, sharp;
homo aciitus, a sharper

ad, with ace, at, to, against;
towards, hy

adclamo, -ar€, -avi, -atum, to
cry out

addico, -erC, addixi, addictQm,
to sentence

addisco, -€r6, addidici, (no sup.),
to learn further, to learn more

addo, -6r6, addidi, additum, to
add

adduce, -gr6, adduxi, adduc-
tUm, to bring up

adductiis, -&, -flm, strained

ad65, so, to that degree

adSo, -ire, adii, aditfim, to ap-
proach; insulam adire, to visit
an island; contionem adIre, to
go to the assembly

adfgro, -re, attulT, adlatum, to
bring (up, to); causas adferre,
to advance reasons

adficiS, -€re, adfeci, adfectum,
to treat,affect; often to be trans-
lated by a verb corresponding
to its ablative; verberlbus ad-
fic6re, to flog; verberibus ser-
vilibus adfici, to be flogged by
a slave; voluntariis verberibus
adfici, to flog one's self

adflgo, -gre, adflxi, adfixflm,
to fasten to, nail to; cruci adfi-
ggre, to crucify

adflicttis,-a, -urn, in a bad state,
distressed

adfllgo, -€r6, adflixi, adflicttim,

, to strike down, shatter

adgrediSr, -i, adgressGs sum, to
set about; to assail, to ap-
proach; to address; dolo ad-
grgdi, to take by surprise

adhaergo, -ere, adhaesi, adhae-
stim, to adhere, be united with

adhlbgo, -er6, -fli, -itum, to
employ, use; adhibere in con-
silium, to consult some one; ad
panem adhibere, to eat with
the bread

adhuc, hitherto, still

adimo, -gr6, ademi, adempttUn,
to take away, deprive

adlpiscOr, -i, adeptiis sum, to
obtain, gain

aditiis, -us (m.), access; a land-
ing place; (pi.) passages (for
entrance)

adjicio, -gr6, adj6ci, adjectGm,
to add to; telum adjic6re, to
hurl a weapon

adjungo, -ere, adjunxT, adjunc-
tum, to add to

adjuvo, -are, adjuvT, adjutum,
to assist

adllgatiis, -Sl, -uni, bound up

adludo, -erg, adlusi, adlusGm, to
smile on

adramistrati5, -onis (f), the ad-
ministration

administro, -arg, -avT, -atiini,
to manage, conduct, execute;
majestatem administrare, to
exercise the supreme power

admiratiO, -onis (f ), admiration

admirSr, -ari, -atiis sum, to
wonder at, admire

admitto, -6r€, admisi, admis-
stim, to admit; in conspectum
admittgre, to admit to one^s
presence

123

admodum, very; admoduni puer,

very young; with numerals,

about
admoiieo,-ere,-m, -ittim, to re-
mind^ suggest^ call attention to
admonitiO, -onis (f.), reminding
admoveo, -ere, admOvi, adinO-

tiiin, to bring to
adnato, -are, -avi, -atum, to

swim along
adolesco,-ere, ad6l6vi,adultuin,

to grow up
adquiro, -ere, adquisivi, adqui-

situui, to assume
adrideo, -ere, adrisi, adrisum,

to laugh at
adscendo, -ere, adscendi, ad-

scensum, to ascend
adscensus, -us (m.), an ascent
adscrIbo,-ere^adscripsi, adscrip-

tum, to join to; sibi adscribere,

to apply to one's self
adsentator, -oris (m.), a flatterer
adsequor, -T, adsecutus sum, to

attain^ reacJi, gain;isinium ad-

sequi, to make up for
adsero,-ere, adserui,adsertum,

to relate, assert
adsidens, -tis, sitting near a

person
adsiduus, -a, -um, constant
adsigno, -are, -avi, -atiim, to

allot
adspicio, see aspiciO
adsto, -are, adstiti, (no sup.), to

stand near
adsuesco, -erS, adsuevi, adsuS-

tum, to become accustomed
adsum,adesse,adfLiI, (no sup.), lobe

present, stand by; to be there;

fides mortis ad6rat, the news of

his death proved to be true

adsrimo,-SrS, adsumpsi, adsump-

turn, to assume; in societatem

adsumere, to admit into one's

company
adulescens, -tis (m.), a youth;

young
adidescentla, -ae (f.), youth
adulescentidus, -i (m.), a very

young man
adultus, -3., -um, grown up; ae-

tas adulta, full age
adunatus, -a, -uni, united
aduro, -ere, adussi, adustum,

to singe off
ad vena, -ae (m.), a stranger
advento, -are, -avi, -atQm, to

approach; of the day, to dawn
adventus, -us (m.), a coming
adversum ) ij^ ^^^ .„^j

adversus )
adversus, -a, -um, unfavorable,

disastrous; ex adverso stare,

to face
adverto, -ere, adverti, adver-

simi, to turn towards; anlmum

advertere, to observe, perceive
advoco, -are, -avi, -atum, to

summon
advolo, -are, -avi, -atum, to fly

to, to hurry to
Aeacides, -ae (m.), an Aeacide,

a male descendant of Aeacus
aedes,-is (f.), atemple; pi. house,

palace
aedificiumi, -i (n.), a building
aedifico, -are, -avi, -atum, to

build
Aegeus, -ei (m.), Aegeus, Iving

of Athens, and father of Theseus
aegre, with difficulty
Aegyptus, -i (f.), Egypt
aemulatIO, -onis (f.), emulation

124

Aeolides, -uiii (f. pi) insulae, the
Aeolic islands, now LijMri

aequalis, -e, equal; subst. a con-
temporary

aequaliter, equally

aequitas, -atis (f.), evenness;
anlmi aequitas, evenness of
temper

aequo, -are, -avi, -atiim, to
level, to make equal to; aequata
patrimonia, the equality of
pjroperty

aequor, -is (n.), the sea

aequus, -a, -um, even; fair;
aequum jus, the same right;
aequae leges, reasonable laws

Aeschiues, -is (m.), the orator
Aeschines, rival to Demosthe-
nes

Aesculapius, -i (m.), Aescula-
pius, deified after liis death on
account of his great knowledge
of medicine

AesOpiis, -1 (m.), Aesopus, the
Greek fabulist

aestas, -atis (f ), summer

aestimatIO, -onis (f ), estimating

aestimo, -are, -avT, -atiim, to
estimate

aestiis,-us (m.), heat; tide, surge

aetas, -atis (f), age; aetatis
privilegium, privilege of sen-
iority

aeternitas, -atis (f.), durability

Aethiopia, -ae (f.), Ethiopia, a
country in Africa

Aetna, -ae (f ), Aetna, the cele-
brated volcano of Sicily

aevum, -i (n.), an age; soUicI-
tum aevum agere, to lead a life
full of care

Af6r, -ri (m.), an African

aflferO, see adfero

age, well then

ager, -ri (m.), afield, land; es-
tate; in agrum, into the country

aggredlor, see adgredior

aglto, -are, -avi, -atum, to
drive (violently); agitari, to be
disturbed; regnum agitare, to
spend the reign; facinus agi-
tare, to intend a crime

agmen,-inis {n.), aline of march,
an army; agmina senatOr'im,
the croiuds of senators

agnosco, -ere, agnOvi, agnitftm,
to recognize

agnus, -i (m.), a lamb

ago, -ere, egi, actum, to drive;
vitam agere, to spend life; vic-
torem agere, to act as a con-
queror; inter plebem et sena-
tum aggre, to manage between
the people and senate; in ex-
siliiim agere, to banish; de
praemlis agitur, the question
is concerning the rewards;
primes annos agere, io spend
the first years; haec aguntur,
these affairs are going on; per-
petuum exsilium agere, to live
in exile for life

agrlcultura, -ae (f.), husbandry

ain' = aisne ? do you mean ?

ajO, I say

alacer, -ris, -re, lively, happy;
alacrius, more briskly

alacrltas, -atis (f.), liveliness,
alacrity; magna animorum ala-
crltas, high spirits

Alciblades, -is (m.), Alcibiades

ales, -itis (m. & f.), a bird

Alexander, -ri (m.), Alexander

Alexandria, -ae (f.), Alexandria

125

alieno, -are, -avi, -atiSiii, to

remove

alienum, -i (n.), the ^property of
others

aliCnus, -a, -um, belonging to
others, strange^ contrary to; '
alienus (as a noun), a stranger

alio, in another direction^ to a
different quarter

allquando, sometime

aliquantisper, for some time

aliquanto post, some time after;
shortly

aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, aliquod,
some one, something (or other)

alitgr, otherwise

alius, -a, -lid, other (different);
nihil aliud, nothing else; alii
. . alii, some . . others; alii . . alt-
os, one . . another; alius alio
modo, some in this way and
some in another

alligo, -are, -avT, -atum, to
fasten, chain up; also written,
adligo

alloquium, -i(n.), aconversation

alo, -ere, aim, alitum, to feed;
of animals, to keep

alter, -a, -um, other, second,
one of two; alter .. alter, the
one . . the other; alteruter, either

alteriiter, alterutrS, alterutrum
or alter titer, altera litra, alte-
riim utrum, one of two

altitudO, -iiiis (f.), height, depth

altiis, -a, -um, high; altiiin, -i
(n.), the deep sea; in alto, in
deep water

amarus, -a, -iim, hitter

ambitiO, -onis (f.), ambition;
ambitio vulgi, paying court to
the masses

ambfilo, -are, -avi, -atum, to

ivalk
araicTtia, -ae (f.), friendship
araiculuin, -i (n.), a cloak
amiciis, -i (m.), a friend; ami-
cus, -a, -iim, loyal
araissiO, -onis (f.), a loss
aniitto, -ere, amisi, a^issum,

to lose
Ammon, -is (m.), Ammon, the
supreme divinity of the Ethi-
opians
amo, -are, -avi, -atum, to love
amor, -oris (m.), love; an eager

desire
Amphictyon, -onis (m.), Am-
phictyon, a fabulous king of
Attica
amplitudO, -inis (f.), magnifi-
cence
amplius, besides, more, fur titer
ampliis, -a, -um, splendid
amputo, -are, -avi, -atum, to

cut off^
an, or, whether
Anaxilaus, -i (m.), Anaxilaus,

tyrant of Sicily
anceps, -ipitis, wavering
ancillaris, -e, o/or belonging to

a handmaid
ancora, -ae (f.), an anchor
angustiae, -ariim (f. pi.), a nar-
row pass, defile; angustiae ma-
ris, narrow passages of the sea
angustus, -a, -um, narroiu;

close; of breath, short
anima, -ae (f.), breath, current

of air
animadverto, -ere, anlmadverti,
animadversum, to observe, not-
ice, perceive
animostis, -a, -um, spirited

— 126 —

animus, -i (m.), mind; courage;
animo magQificentior, more ele-
vated in soul; animos frangere,
to break the spirits; animus
minax, animosity; hoc animo
esse, to entertain such senti-
ments^
annus, -i (m.), a year; anni tem-

pus, a season
annuus, -S, -um, for one yea?-,

yearly
ante, with ace, before; adv., before
antea (adv.), before, heretofore
antelucaniis, -a, -um, that is or
takes place befoi^e daybreak;
tempore antelucano, before
daybreak
antepono, -ere, anteposui, ante-

positum, to prefer
antiquitas, -atis (f.), antiquity
antlquus, -a, -uiu, ancient
anulus, -i (m.), a finger-ring
anxTe, anxiously
aper, -ri (m.), a wild boar
aperte, openly, evidently
apertus, -a, -um, open; latus
apcrtum, the unprotected flank
Apollo, -inis (m.), Apollo
apparatus, -us (m.), a prepara-
tion; pi. supplies; apparatus
armorum, conviviOrum, 'prepa-
ration for war, for a banquet;
in medio hoc apparatu, in the
midst of this magnificence
appareo, -ere, -ui, -ittim, to

appear
apparo, -are, -avi, -atum, to

prepare
appello,-are,-avT,-atiim,to call
appello, -ere, appuli, appulsum,
to push ashore,to land; classem
appellere, to land

appeto, -erg, appetivi, app6ti-

tum, to aim at
approbo, -ar6, -avi, -atum, io

aptprove
appropinquo, -are, -avi,-atiim,

to ajjproach

appulsus, -us (m.), arriving;
appulsus terrae, a landing

apttis, -a, -iim (from apo, -erg),
fastened

aptus, -a, -um, suitable, fit

apiid, with ace, by, at, among,
with; apud Xerxem, at the
court of Xerxes; apud Plato-
nem, in Plato; apud quos, in
whose pi^esence

aqua, -ae (f.), water

aqulia,-ae (f.), an eagle j> a stand-
ard

ara, -ae (f.), an altar

Arabs, Arabis

(m.), an Arabian

Arabiis, -i

Aratus, -i (m.), Aratus of Sicyon

Arbactus, -i (m.), Arbactus, an

Assyrian prefect of Media
arbiter, -ri (m.), an umpire; an

eye-witness
arbltrlum, -i (n.), the ivill
arbttrSr, -ari, -atus sum, to be-
lieve, consider
arbor, -oris (f.), a tr^ee
arcanum, -i (n.), a secret
Areas, -adis (m.), an Arcadian
arcesso, -ere, arcessivi, arcessi-

tum, to summon
Archelaus, -i (m.), ArchelauSy
king of Macedonia (400 B. C.)
ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsiiiu, to

burn
arduus, -a, -um, steep
argentgus, -a, -lim, of silver
argentum, -i (n.), silver j plate

— 127

Argi, -oruin (pi. m.), Argos^ the

capital of Argolis
argumentiim, -i (n.), a sign; an

argument
Ariaemgnes, -is (m.), Ariaeme-

nes, SOQ of Dareus
Aridaeusj-i (m.), AridaeuSyhalf-

brother of Alexander
arldus, -a, -um, dry; arldiim,

-i (n.), dry ground
Aristomache, -es (f.), Aristo-

machej wife of Dionysius
Aristoteies, -is (m.), Aristotle
arma, -orum (n. pi.), arms
armatiis, ~a, -una, armed, in

arms; subst., an armed man
armo,-ar€, -avi, -atGin, to arm
ars, -tis (f), an art, accomplish-
ment; cunning; ars memoriae,

the art of remembering
Artaphernes, -Is (m.), Artapher-

nes, brother of Dareus
Artemisia, -ae (f.), Artemisia^

queen of Halicarnasus
artifex, -icis (m.), a master
artificlum, -i, (n.), a service
arx, -CIS (f.), a citadel
AscalOnius, -i (m.), an Ascalon-

ian, inhabitant of Ascalon
aselius, -1 (m.), an ass
Asia, -ae (f.), Asia
asiniis, -i (m.), an ass
asper, -S, -tim, sharp; aspgra

vita, a life full of hardships
aspicio,-ere, aspexX, aspectGin,

to look at, behold
assumo, see adsumo
Assyriiis, -i (m.), an Assyrian
astus, -us (m.), craft; astu, cun-
ningly
Astyages, -is (m.), Astyages, last

king of the Medians

at, but; for at least

Athenae, -arum (f. pi.), Athens

Athgniensis, - (m.), an Athenian

atque, and

atqui, nevertheless

Atrebates,-um (m. pi), the Atre-
bates, a people in Gallia Bel-
gica

attero, -ere, attrivi, attritum,
to impair

Atthis, -idis (f.), Atthis, daugh-
ter of king Cranaus

Atticus, -i (m.), an Athenian

attingo, -6re, attigi, attactum,
to touch, reach

attribuo, -erg, attribui, attribu-
tftm, to assign, allot

auct5r, -oris (m.), an author;
auctor auxilii, the source of
assistance; auctor belli, the
originator of the war; auctor
sententiae, the adviser of an
opinion; auctore Aristide,
upon the advice of Aristides

auctoritas, -atis (f.), authority,
influence

audacia, -ae (f ), boldness

audaciter, boldly

audeo,-ere, ausus sum, to dare,
venture

audio, -ir6, -ivi, -itum, to
hear

auf^ro, -rg, abstiill, ablatum, to
take away from, to withdraw

augeo, -ere, auxi, auctflm, to
augment, increase

aureus, -a, -um, golden

aurltulus, -i (m.), a long-eared
animal, an ass

auriim, -i (n.), gold

Aurunculejus, -i (m.), Auruncu-
leius

— 128

auspicatus, -a, -um, lucTcy; au-
spicata sedes, lucky founda-
tion; male auspicatus, evil he-
gun; auspicatissimus, founded
under the most favorable aus-
pices

auspicium, -i (n.), an augury;
auspiciis, under the guidance

auspicor, -ari, -atus sum, to
begin

aut, or; aut..aut, either.. or

autgm, but

auxiliaris, -S, assisting; auxili-
ares,-iuin(m.pl.), auxiliaries

auxilTum, -T (n.), assistance; au-
xilium ferre, to bring assist-
ance; in auxilium venire, to
come to assistance; communia
auxilia, common sources of aid;
auxilia, auxiliary troops

avarltiS., -ae (f), avarice

aversor, -ari, -atus sum, to
avoid

avidus, -3,, -tiin, eager, greedy;
avidus vini, fond of the cup

avitiis, -a, -um, derived from a
grandfather, ancestral; avitus
mos, a hereditary custom

avolo, -are, -avi, -atiSna, tojly
away

avunculus, -i (m.), an uncle

avus, -i (m.), a grandfather

B.

Babylon, -is (f.), Babylon, the
chief city of the Babylo-Assy-
rian empire

Babylonia, -ae (f.), Babylonia,
the land named after its capital

Bactrianus, -i (m.), a Bactrian

balbus, -a, -um, stammering

barba, -ae (f.), a bmrd.

barbartis, -a, -um, barbarous
barbatus, -a, -um, bearded
beattis, -a, -um, happy
bellicosus, -a, -um, warlike
bellicum, -I (n.), a signal; belli-

cum canere, to give the signal
for an attack
belltim, -i (n.), war
b6n6, well; bene plangque, full

well
bgneficiQm, -i (n.), a kindness
bestia, -ae (f.), a beast, an ani*

mal
bibo, -erg, bibi, bibitum, to

drink
biformis, -e, two-shaped
bini, -ae, -a, two
bis, twice
bitumen, -inis (n.), mineral

pjitch
blandieus, -tis, flattering
blandiis, -a, -um, insinuating
Boeotia, -ae (f.), Boeotia
bonitas, -atis (f.), goodness
bonum, -i (n.), a blessing, good
boniis, -a, -um, good; bonus

auctor, a trusty author
bos, bovis (m.), an ox
brevis, -e, short; brevi, in a

short time
br6vit6r, in a few words
Britannia, -ae (f.). Great Britain
Britannus, -i (m.), a Briton
bubulcus, -i (m.), a driver
bubulus, -a, -um, belonging to

an ox; caput bubiilum, an ox-
head
bustum, -1 (n.), a bust
Byrsa,-ae (f.), Byrsa, the citadel

of Carthage

— 129 —

cacumen, -inis (n.), the top
cadaver, -is (n.), a corpse
cado,-ere, cecidi, casum, to fall
caecatus, -a, -um, blinded
caedes,-is (f.), a murder ^slaugh-
ter; a heating; caedem edere,

to bring forth a defeat^ to cause

a slaughter; inter caedem, in

the course of heating
caedo, -ere, cecldi, caesum, to

slay; flagellis caedere, to whip,

scourge
caelatus, -a, -um, engraved; ar-

gentum aurumque caelatum,

gold and silver x>late
caelum, -i (n.), heaven
Caesar, -aris (m.), Caesar
Calanus, -i (m.), Calanus, name

of an Indian
calceus, -i (m.), a shoe
calco, -are, -avi, -a turn, to

trample upon
calculus, -i (m.), a pehhle
callidus, -a, -um, cunning j sly
calx, -CIS (f.), the heel
Cambyses, -is (m.), Camhyses,

father of Cyrus
campus, -i (m.), afield
candens, -tis, red-hoi
canis, -(f), a dog; canis femina,

a she-dog
cano, -ere, cecini, cantum, to

sing; of oracles, to foretell;

bellicum canere, to give the

signal for an attack
cantus, -us (m.), a song
capesso, -ere, capessxvi, capes-

situm, to take to; pugnam,

proelium capessere, to engage

in a fight

capillus, -i (m.), the hair
capio, -ere, cepT, cap turn, to
take, seize; to hold; to take
prisoner; somnum capere, to
find sleep; captus, enslaved
capitalis, -e, capital; capitale
esse coepit, it began to be a
capital crime
capti vitas, -atis (f.), captivity
captivus, -a, -um, captured
caput, -itis (n.), the head; judi-
cium capitis, trial for life; ca-
pitis damnare, to condemn to
death; cenae caput, the chief
dish of the meal
career, -is (m.), a prison
careo,-ere,-ui, (no sup.), to want,

be in want
caro, carnis [t), flesh
Carthaginiensis, - (m.), a Car-
thaginian
casa, -ae (f.), a hut
caseiis, -i (m.), cheese
castigatiO, -onis (f.), reproof
castra, -orum (n. pi), a camp
castus, -a, -um, guiltless
casus, -lis (m.), a fall, calamity;
casus gravis, a heavy downfall;
casus discordiarum, cases of
dissension
catena, -ae (f.), a chain
caterva, -ae (f ), a heap
Catinienses,-ium (m. pi.), the Ca-
tinienses, inhabitants of Catina
Caucasus, -i (m.), the Caucasus
caupO, -onis (m.), an innkeeper;
ad caupOnem devertere, to put
up at an inn
causa, -ae (f.), a cause; causam
probare, to approve an enters-
prise; causa, w. gen., for the
sake of

130 —

caveo, -erS, cavi, cautum, to he

on one's guard, hew are
caverriS,, -ae (f.), a hollow^ cavity
cavillor, -ari, -atus sum, to jest
Cecrops, -opis (m.), Cecrops^

first king of Athens
cGdo, -ere, cessi, cessum, to

give way, retreat^ retire; pos-
sessionlbus cedere, to give up

one's propei^ty
celebcr, -ris, -re, celehrated
celebritas, -atis (f.), a great

numher
celebro, -are, -avT, -atum, to

celehrate
celer, -is, -e, quick
celeritas, -atis (f.), speed, quiclc-
celeriter, quickly [ness

celsus, -a, -um, lofty
cenS, -ae (f.), a dinner
cenatus, -a, -um, having dined,

after dinner
ceno,-are, -avT, -atiiiii, to dine
censeo, -erg, censuT, censQin,

to express one's opinion; to

assent; to helieve
centum, a hundred
cera, -ae (f), wax; a tahlet (^to

write uponj
(Jeramlcus, -i (m.), Ceramicos,

the pot market
cerno,-ere, crgvi, erg turn, to see
certamen, -inis (n.), a contest;

certamina Olympica, the Olym-
pic games
certatim, emulously, eagerly
certe, certainly^ assuredly
certo, -are, -avi, -atum, to

contend (cum, against)
eertiis, -a, -um, sure, certain;

certus modus, a fixed measure;

certiorem facere, to inform

cervix, -icis (f.), mostly in the

pi., the neck, nape
cervils, -1 (m.), a stag
cessim, hackward; cessim ire, to

stay hehind
ceterum, hut
(cetgrus), -a, -um, all the other,

the rest
Chariades, -is (m.), Chariades,

an Athenian general in the

Peloponnesian war
Charillus,-! (m.), Charillus, cous-
in of Lycurgus
Charybdis, - (f.), Charyhdis, a

whirlpool between Italy and

Sicily, and opposite to the rock

Scylla
cibarlus, -S, -um, pertaining to

food; cibarlus panis, hlack

hread
cibus, -i (m.), food
ci6o, -er€, civi, citum, to rouse;

bellum ciere, to stir up battle;

Acerbam ciet, she invokes

Acerbas
circa, with ace. , around, ahout
circTter, about

circum, with ace, round ahout
circumdo, -are, circumdgdi, cir-

cumdatum, to surround
circumspicio, -ere, circumspexi,

circumspectum, to look around
circumsto, -are, circumsteti, (no

sup.), to surround
circum venio, -ire, circumv6ni, cir-

cumventiim, to surround
cito, quickly, in a short time
cito, -are, -avi, -atum, to

quicken; citato cursu, at a

quick run; citato impetu, witli

rapid motion
civilis, -e, of a citizen, civil

131

civis, - (m. & f.), a citizen, fellow-
citizen

civitas, -atis (f.), a state; a city

clades, -is (f.), a defeat

clam, secretly

clamito, -ar6, -avi, -attim, to
cry out

clamor, -oris (m.), shouting

clandestiniis, -3,, -um, clandes-
tine, secret

clams, -a, -lim, famous, of re-
nown, remarkable; clarum tin-
tinnabiilum, the tinkling hell

classis, - (f.), ajleet

claudo, -Sre, clausT, clausum, to
shut, close

Cocalus, -1 (m.), Cocalus, an an-
cient king of Sicily

coctiis, -3,, -tiin, cooked; baked;
later coctus, a hrick

Codrus, -1 (m.), Godrus, the last
king of Athens

coeo, -irS, coii, coitum, to come
together; in se coire, to dash
against each other; una coire,
to unite

coepi, coepisse, to begin

coepta,-oruin (n.pl.), an under-
taking

coeptus, -a, -um, begun

coerceo, -ere, -iSi, -TtQm, to
hold together; matrimonia co-
ercere, to restrain their wives

cogito, -arg, -avi, -atfim, to
think

cognati5, -onis (f), kindred;
7'elatives

cognatus, -i (m.), a kinsman

cognomlno, -are, -avi, -atfim,
to surname, name

cognosco, -6r5, cognovi, cogni-
ttim, to know, to learn; to in-

vestigate; causam cognosc6re,
to investigate a case
cOgo, -ere, coegi, coactum, to
bring together, to compel

cohortor,
exhort

collaudo, -are.

-ari, -attis siim, to

-avi, -atum, to

praise
colligo, -ere, coUSgi, collecttiin,

to collect
collis, - (m.), a hill
collocS, -are, -avi, -atum, to

place; filiam collocare, to give

one's daughter in marriage
coll6quitim,-i {ii.)^a conversation
coUoquor, -i, collocutiis sum, to

parley, confer; to speak to; col-

loquendi copia, opportunity of

a conference
colliim, -i (n.), the neck
colo, -ere, colui, cultum, to till,

cultivate; amicitiam colore, to

cultivate friendship
colubra, -ae (f ), a snake
columbS,; -ae (f ), a dove, pigeon
cSlumelia, -ae (f), a pillar
columns,, -ae (f.), a column
colGs, -i (f.), a distaff
comburo, -ere, combussi, com-

bustum, to burn wholly
comgdo, -ere, c6m6di, comSsiim

(comestum), to eat
comds, -itis (m. & f.), o, com-
panion
commeatfis, -us (m.), provisions
commgmoro, -are, -avi, -atum,

to make mention of, to relate
commendo, -are, -avi, -atum,

to commend
commercitim, -i (n.), trade; com-

mercium mutuarum rerum,

trade by exchange of goods

— 132

commgreo, -er6, -tii, -Itflm, to

deserve [soldier

commilito, -onis (m.), a fellow-

committo, -ere,- commlsi, com-
missum, to commit, intrust;
salutem committere, to intrust
one's safety; proelium commit-
tere, to commence a battle; to
fight a battle; se committere,
to intrust one's self

CommiQs, -i (m.), Commius

commode, well

commodum, -i (n.), interest

commodQs, -&, -liin, convenient

commottis, -&, -iiiii, thoroughly
roused

commovfio, -ere, commovi, com-
motttm, to move (thoroughly)

communico, -are, -avi, -atum,
to impart; to communicate

communis, -e, common

commQto, -are, -avi, -atGm, to
change

compare, -are, -avi, -atum, to
compare

compello, -ere, compuli, com-
pulsum, to drive; to compel

compensati5,-onis (f.), exchange,
barter

compesco, -ere, compescui, (no
sup.), to restrain

complures, -a, several

concede, -ere, concessi, conces-
siim, to concede; in imperium
concedgre, to consent to the
government

conciliflm, -i (n.), an assembly;
a company

concinne, elegantly

concipio, -ere, concgpi, concep-
tum, to take in; fraudem con-
cipere, to commit a crime

concit5r, -5ris (m.), an exciter
concordans, -tis, harmonizing
Concordia, -ae (f.), concord, har-

mony
concors, -dis, united in heart;

concordi ammo, of one mind
concubius, -3., -Giii, belonging

to the time of sleep; concubia

nocte, in the first sleep
concupisco, -gre, concupivT, con-

cupitum, to covet
concurro, -erg, concurri (conctl-

curri), coucursum, to rush

together
concursus, -fis (m.), a rush, a

gathering
conderano, -are, -avi, -atum,

to condemn
condiciO, -onis (f.), an option^

a condition; condicio ponitur,

a choice is left
condlmentiim, -i (n.), a spice
condio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, to

season
conditor, -oris (m.), a founder
condo, -SrS, condidi, conditum,

to found, build; moenia con-

dere, to build walls; (of the

dead) to bury
confectus, -a, -um, worn out
confSro, -re, contidi, collatiim,

to bring together, to unite; col-

latis viribus, with united forces;

se conlerre, to betake one's selj
confessiO, -onis (f.), a confes-
sion
conficio, -ere, confeci, confec-

tuni, to end, finish
confido, -gre, confisiis sum, to

trust, confide
confiteSr, -eri, confessus sum,

to confess

133

conflfio, -ere, confluxi, conflu-

xum, to flock together
confodio, -ere, confodi, confos-

sum, to stab, pierce
confugio, -ere, confugT, (no sup.),

to take refuge
congredior, -T, congressus sum,

to engage
congrossiO, -onis (f.), an attack
conjectura, -ae (f.), a conjecture
conjTcio, -ere, conjeci, conjec-

tum, to throw, to thrust into
conjungo, -ere, conjunxi, con-

junctum, to connect
conjunx (conjux), conjugis (f.), a

wife; conjugem ducere, to

marry
conjiiratiO, -onis (f.), a conspir-
acy
conlido, -6re, conlisi, conllsum,

to dash together
conpello, -ere, conpuli, conpiil-

sum, to compel
conpendium, -i (n.), a short cut
conpes, -edis (f.), a fetter
conpono, -ere, conposui, conpo-

situm, to get up
conprehendo, -ere, conpreliendi,

conprehensum, to seize
conqulsltus, -a, -um, select,

choice
consangumeus, -i (m.), a kins-
man, relative
coiiscendo, -ere, conscendi, con-

scensuin, to mount; navem

conscendere, to go on hoard

ship
conscisco, -ere, conscivi, consci-

tum, to procure; mortem sibi

consciscere, to bring death

upon one's self
cousciiis, -i (m.), an accomplice

consectSr, -ari, -atus sum, to
pursue

consenesco, -ere, conseniii, (no
sup.), to grow old

consentio, -Ire, consensT, consen-
sum, to agree

consequor, -i , consecutus sum,
to obtain, to reach; to follow,
overtake

consero, -ere, conseriiT, conser-
tum, to- join; manum conse-
rere, to join battle

consilium,-! (n.), apian, design,
deliberation, skill; humanum
consilium, human understand-
ing; superioris temporis consi-
lium, a purpose of former
times; magnitudo consilli,
amount of prudence

consisto, -ere, constiti, (no sup.),
to stand (still), halt; in flucti-
bus consistere, to maintain the
position among the waves;
consistens in loco, standing
still in one place; consistere
in, to consist in

consoler, -ari, -atus sum, to
console

consopio, -Tre, -Tvi, -itum, to
lull to sleep; somno consopiri,
to fall asleep

conspectus,-us (m.), sight, view;
in conspectum admittere, to ad-
mit to one's presence

conspicio, -ere, conspexT, con-
spectum, to see

consplrati5,-oiiis (f.), a conspir-
acy

conspire, -are,-avi, -atum, to
enter into a conspiracy

constantia, -ae (f.), self -co m-
7nand

— 134 —

constitiio, -6re, constitui, con-
titutum, to appoint; rem con-
stituere, to arrange an affair,
fix a matter; navem constituere,
to moor or station a ship;
supplicium constitugre, to im-
pose a punishment; concor-
diam constitu6re, to establish
harmony

consto, -ar6, constiti, (no sup.),
to standfast, consist; constat,
it is an established fact

consuesco, -ere, consiievi, con-
suetum, to accustom one's self

consuetude, -iiiis (f.), a custom;
consuetudo propinquorum, so-
cial intercourse of relatives

consulo, -ere, consului, consul-
turn, to consult; reipublicae
consulgre, to consult the inter-
est of the state; sibi consulere,
to consult one's own interest;
to take care of one's self

consummo, -are, -avT, -atum,
to consummate, complete

consumo, -ere, consumpsi, con-
sumptiim, to consume; op6ram
consumere, to take pains

consurgo, -ere, consurrexi, con-
surrectuni, to stand up for

contaglO, -onis (f.), connection

contamino, -are, -avi, -atfini,
to contaminate

contego, -ere, contexi, contec-
tum, to cover up, conceal

contemno, -er6, contempsT, con-
temptum, to despise

contemptus, -iis (m.), contempt

contends, -ere, contendT, conten-
ttim, to make Jor; to exert
one's self; proficisci contendit,
lie hastens to start

contentiO, -onis (f.), a contest;
contentio vocis, an elevation of
the voice

contentius, very vigorously

contentiis, -3,, -uni, contented

conterritus, -a, -um, alarmed

contestor, -ari, -atus sum, to
invoke

contineo, -ere, -ui, contentum,
to contain; plebem, rempubli-
cam continere, to control the
people; animam contingre, to
arrest the current of air; con-
tineri (pass.), to be bounded,
confined

contingO, -er6, contigi, contac-
tum, to fall to one's lot; con-
tingit, it happens

continuatiO, -onis (f.) , a contin-
uous outflow

contlnuiis, -3», -um, uninter-
rupted

contid, -onis (f.), an assembly

contiOnSr, -ari, -atus sum, to
harangue

contra, with ace, against; contra
Galliam, over against Gaul;
contra, adv., just the contrary,
on the other side, in return

contraho, -ere, contraxi, con-
tractuHi, to collect, concen-
trate; pestem contrahgre, to
generate a plague; auxilia con-
trahgre, to collect forces; na-
ves contrahgre, to concentrate
ships

contrarius, -S., -um, opposite

contrOversia, -ae (f.), a dispute^
question

contiimax, -acis, insolent; as a
noun, a refractory child

contumglia, -ae (f.), contumely

135

convalesce, -erg, convalfii, (no
sup.), to gain strength

convena, -ae (m. & f.), coming
together; pL, runaway stran-
gers

convenio, -Tre, conveni, conven-
tum, to agree; to come to-
gether^ to assemble; convenit,
it is becoming

converto, -ere, convert!, conver-
sum, to turn

convexum, -i (n.), a hollow

convicium, -i (n.), railing, hard
speeches

convlviiim, -i (n.), a feast, ban-
quet

convlvor, -ari, -atus sum, to
take meals together

convoco, -are, -avi, -atum, to
call together

convulnero, -are, -avi, -atum,
to wound severely

copia, -ae (f.), abundance; copia
colloquendi, opportunity of a
conference; copTae, -arum,
forces; property

coquo, -ere, coxT, coctum, to
cook

corium, -1 (n.), a hide

cornu, -us (n.), a horn; ramosa
cornua, antlers

corona, -ae (f), a wreath

corono, -are, -avT, -atum, to
crown

corrTpio, -ere, corripui, correp-
tum, to seize

corruptus, -a, -um, corrupt

corpus, -oris (n.), a body

corvus, -1 (m.), a crow

cotidianus, -a, -um, daily

Cotta, -ae (m.), Cottaj a Roman
surname

Cranaus, -i (m.), Granaus, king
of Athens

credens, -tis, full of confidence

credo, -gre, credidi, creditum,
to credit, believe, intrust; ne-
mini credgre, to trust no one

credulus, -a, -um, credulous;
convivia credula, trusting ban-
quets

cremo, -arS, -avi, -atum, to
burn

creo, -are, -avi, -atum, to
create; magistratus, duces cre-
are, to appoint magistrates,
leaders

crepusculum, -i (n.), twilight

cresco, -ere, crevi, cretum, to
grow; to make progress, im-
prove

Creta, -ae (f.), Crete

Crito, -onis (m.), Crito, a friend
of Socrates

cruciatus, -us (m.), torture

crudelis, -e, cruel

crudelitas, -atis (f.), cruelty

cruenttis, -S, -um, bloody

crudr, -oris (m.), gore

crus, -Uris (n.), a leg

crux, crucis (f.), a cross

Ctesiphon, -ontis (m.), Ctesi-
phon, a friend of Demosthenes

cubicularis, -e, pertaining to a
sleeping chamber; lectus cubi-
cularis, a bed

cubiculum, -i (n.), a chamber

cubitum, -i (n.), a cubit

culmen, -inis (n.), a roof

cultus,-iis (m.), cultivation, care;
literarum cultus, the cultiva-
tion of science

cultus, -S,, -urai, cultivated; cul-
tius, moi^e elegantly

— 136

cum, with abl., hjUIi

cum, conjunction, when^ as; though

cunctor, -ari, -atus sum, to
delay, hesitate

cunctus, -a, -um, all (together)

cupldltas, -atis (f.), eagerness;
ambition; greed; cupiditas fu-
giendi, desire to flee; imperii
cupiditas, ambition for power;
cupiditas pecuniae, eagerness
for money; cupiditates impo-
tentium, the passions of those
who are not master of them-
selves

CLipidus, -si, -um, desirous

cupio, -ere, cupivi, cupittim, to
wish

cur, why

euro, -are, -avT, -atum, to take
care of care for; to have (a
thing done); to order

curriis, -iis (m.), a chariot

cursiis,-us (m.), a run, a course;
cursum tenere, to hold on one's
way; cursus ad EurOtam, run-
ning on the banks of the Euro-
tas; cursus levis, nimble run-
ning

custodia, -ae (f.), protection,
care; custodia corp(3ris, life-
guard; custodia divitiarum, the
keeping of riches; custodia
publica, the public prison

custos, -odis (m. & f.), a guard

Cyclopes, -um (m. pi.), the Cy-
clops, a gigantic race of Sicily

cycnus, -i (m.), a swan

Cyneglriis, -i (m.), Cynegirus,
an Athenian who distinguished
himself in the battle of Mara-
thon

Cypriiis, -a, -umi, Cyprian

Cyprus, -i (f.), the island of

Cyprus
Cyrus, -1 (m.), Cyrus, first king

of Persia

D.

daemonium, -T (n.), a demon
damno, -are, -avi, -atum, to

find guilty, condemn
damnum, -i (n.), a loss
Damocles, -is (m.), Damocles, a

courtier of the tyrant Diony-

sius
Damon, -ouis (m.), Damon, a-

Pythagorean in the time of Dio-

nysius
Dareiis, -i (m.), Dareus, the

name of several Persian kings
de, with abl, /rom; 0/ (partitive);

concerning, about; victoria do

Persis, a victory over the Per-
sians
debeo, -ere, -uT, -itum, to owe;

to be obliged; pass, be owing,

due
dec6do,-ere, decessi, dGcessum,

to depart, to die
decem, ten
decerno, -ere, decrevT, decre-

tum, to decree; classem decer-

nere, to determine upon the

building of a fleet
deciens centum milia, 1.000.000
decimus, -a, -um, the tenth
decipio,-ere, decGpi, deceptum,

to deceive
declamo, -are, -avi, -atum, to

declaim
declaro, -are, -avi, -atum, to

declare, manifest
decoro, -are, -avi, -atum, to

distinguish, decorate

137

decretum, -i (n.), a decree

decurro, -ere, dScurri (decu-
curri), decursum, to run down

decus, -oris (n.), grace

dedecus, -oris (n.), disgrace; in-
famy; naturae dedecus, mon-
ster of nature

dediti5, -onis (f.), a capitulation

deditus, -a, -um, given

deduco, -ere, deduxi, deductum,
to draw down; coplas dedu-
cere, to march the troops; in
agrum deducere, to bring into
the country; auxilia deduc6re,
to withdraw troops \tion

defecti5,-onis (f.), a revolt^ defec-

defectus, -a, -um, stricken in

defendo, -ere, defend!, defen-
sum, to protect from; bellum
defendere, to repel a war

defero, -re, detuli, delatum, to
bring; deferre ad, to bring be-
fore; rem deferre, to make a
report; inde deferre, to draw
from thence; in Africae sinum
delatus, having been carried
into a bay of Africa

deficio, -ere, defeci, defecttiin,
to fail; tempus anni deficit, the
season is too late

deflagro, -are, -avT, -atum, to
burn down

deflens, -tis, weeping

defluo, -ere, defluxi, defluxum,
to glide down

deformis, -e, disfigured

defungor, -i, defunctiis sum, to
have done with, to discharge;
(morte) defungi, to die

dego, -ere, degi, (no sup.), to
spend (time); vitam degere,
to pass one's life

degusto, -are, -avi, -atum, to

taste
dein, deinde, then, after, there-

upon
deinceps, after that
dejicio, -ere, dojeci, dejectftm,

to throw down
delatus, -a, -um, having been

carried
delecto, -are, -avi, -atum, to

delight
delectus, -a, -um, selected, choice
deleo, -ere, delevi, deletum, to

destroy, annihilate
dellbero, -are, -avi, -atum, to

deliberate
deligo, -6re, delegi, delectiim,

to appoint; to choose, select
delitiis, -a, -um, smeared over
Delium, -i (n.), Delium, a small

place in Boeotia
Delphi, -orum (m. pi.), Delphi,

the famous city of the oracle of

Apollo
Delphlciis, -sl, -um, Delphic
delubrum,-i {n.),ashrine, temple
demando, -are, -avi, -atiim, to

intrust; insulae demandare, to

send to an island for safety
Demanittis, -i (m.), Demaratus
dementia, -ae (f.), insanity, mad-
ness
Demetrius, -i (m.), Demetrius,
the name of several Greeks
demitto -erg, demisi, demissum,

to let down
demo, -ere, dempsi, demptiim,

to take off, away
demonstro, -are, -avi, -atum,

to demonstrate, point out
Demophoon, -ontis (m.). Demo-

phoon, son of Theseus

138 —

Demosthenes, -Is (m.), Demos-

theyies, 1. an Athenian general,

2. the most celebrated of the

Grecian orators
demiim, at last
deniqug, in fine
dens, -tis (m.), a tooth; tusk
denuntiO, -arg, -avi, -atum, to

give notice
denuo, again
depono, -ere, depostii, dep6si-

tum, to give up; in terra de-

ponere, to put on shore
derlsus, -us (m.), derision
derogo, -are, -avi, -atum, to

withhold; fidem derogare, to

withhold the credit
descendo, -ere, descendl, de-

scensum, to go down, to come

down
desero,-er6, des6rui, desertum,

to abandon, forsake; bellum

deserere, to give up war
deserter, -oris (m.), a runaway
desertus, -&, -tim, forsaken; de-

sertus viribus, his strength

gone
desldero, -arS, -avi, -atum, to

require
desTdia, -ae (f.), sloth
desido, -gre, desSdi, (no sup.), to

si7ik, to tumble down
desilio, -ire, desiltii, desultum,

to jump down
desperatid, -onis (f.), hopeless-
ness
despicio, -€re, despexi, despec-

tum, to despise
destine, -arg, -avi, -atGm, to

destine
destituo, -grS, destitui, destita-

tum, to forsake

destitvLttLSj-SL^-iiin, disappointed

dSsum, deesse, defui, (no sup.), to
be wanting, to fail

detSgo, -ere, dgtexi, detectum,
to expose

deterreo, -ere, -uT, -ittim, to
deter

detineo, -erS, detiniii, deten-
tum, to keep back

detorqueo, -erg, detorsT, detor-
tum, to turn away

detraho, -erg, detraxi, detrac-
tGm, to take away

detritus, -a, -um, galled

Deucalion -onis (ra.),Z)ewcaZi07i,
son of Prometheus, famous on
account of the deluge

deiis, -i (m.), God

deverto, -gre, deverti, dever-
sum, to put up

devinco, -erg, devici, devictiim,
to defeat

deviQs, -S., -tlm, out of the way;
iter devium, a by-way

devoro, -are, -avi, -attim, to
devour

dexter, -3,, -um, right; dextra,
sc. manus, the right hand

Diana, -ae (f.), Diana, the daugh-
ter of Jupiter

dico, -erg, dixi, dictum, to say,
call; jus dic6re, to pronounce
judgment, to administer jus-
tice

dico, -arg, -avi, -atum, to ded-
icate

dictito, -are, -avi, -attim, to
say

dictiim, -i (n.), a saying

dies,-ei (m. & f.), a day; in dies,
from day to day; ad diem, on
the appointed day

139 —

differo, -re, distuli, dilatum, to
defer; differre a, to he different
from; multura differre, to differ
widely

difficilTs, -e, difficidt

dilficiiltas, -atis (f.), a difficulty

diffisus, -a, -iiin, distruHting

difFusiis, -a, -iiiii, diffused

digitus, -i (m.), a finger

dignitas, -atis (f.), a position,
dignity; imperatoria dignitas,
generalship

digniis, -a, -um, worthy, worth

dllabor, -i, dllapsus sum, to scat-
ter

dilatiO, -onis (f.), a 2)^tting off,
postponement

dlligens, -tis, careful; diligenter,
carefully; comp. diligentius,
superl. diligentissime

diligentia, -ae (f.), diligence

dlligo, -ere, dilexi, dilectum, to
esteem, highly; to like

dimensio, -onTs (f.), a measuring

dimico, -are, -avi, -atum, to
fight; dimicatum est, there was
a contest

dimitto, -ere, dimisi, dlmissum,
to let go, dismiss

Dionysiiis,-! (m.), Bionysius, the
name of two tyrants of Syracuse

dIrimo,-ere, dIremT,dirempttitn,
to separate

diripio, -ere, dlripiii, dlreptum,
to plunder

dirtis, -a, -um, fearful

discedo, -ere, discessi, disces-
sum, to depart, to separate; a
bello discedere, to lay doivn
arms; sine querella discedere,
to come off without complaint

discesstis, -us (m.), a departure

discipline, -ae (f.), discipline
disco, -ere, didici, (no sup.), to

learn
discordia, -ae (f.), disagreement,

d iscord, d, isse 1 1 s i o n
dlsertus, -a, -um, eloquent
displiceo, -ere, -uT, -itum, to

displease
dispiito, -are, -avi, -atum, to

discuss
dissensiO, -onis (f.), difference of

opinion
dissero, -ere, dissgrui, disser-

tum, to discoui^se
dissimfdo, -are, -avi, -atiim,

to dissemble; dissimulatus, -a,

-um, concealed
dissipo, -are, -avi, -atum, to

scatter
dissolutus, -a, -um, loose
dissolve, -ere, dissolvi, dissSlu-

tum, to abolish (of laws)
distraho, -ere, distraxi, distrac-

tiim, to draw (in diflferent di-
rections)
distribuo, -ere, distrlbui, distri-

butum, to divide, distribute
dm, for a long time; diutius,

somewhat long, a considerable

time
diversus, -S, -um, contrary, op.

posite, different
dives, -itis, rich
divide, -ere, dIvTsi, divTsum, to

divide
divinatiO, -onis (f), divination
dlvino, -are, -avi, -atum, to

divine; quiddam divlnans, some

touch of divination
divlnfls, -Sl, -um, divine; divi-

num quiddam, a divine some-
thing

140

divitiae, -arum (f. pL), riches
do, -are, dedi, datum, to give;

terga dare, to tarn the hack;

senteutiam judicibus dare, to

charge a jury; se dare, to give

one's self up; primas dare, to

give the first place; poeuas

dare, to suffer punishment;

veniam dare, to forgive
doceo, -ere, docui, doctiim, to

teach; to show
doctor, -oris (m.), a teacher
doctus, -a, -iim, learned
dociimentum, -i (ii.), a lesson^ an

example
doleiidiis, -a, -um, deplorable
doleo, -ere, -ui, (no sup.), to he

grieved, to lament^ to rue for
dolor, -oris (m.), paln^ gvief
dolosiis, -a, -um, cuyining
dolus, -1 (m.), a trick, wile; per

dolura, deceitfully
doinesticus, -a, -um, belonging

to a family, domestic, private;

domesticus judex, a family

judge
doiiiliiatTO, -oms, (f.), dominion
domTaatiis, -iis (m.), dominion
domTritis, -i (m.), a lord, master
domo, -are, domui, domitiim,

to subdue
domus, -iis (f.), a house; domi,

at home; domum, home; domo,

f7^om home
donee, until

donum, -i (n.), ci gift, p>'i^6sent
Dorienses, -ium (m. pi.), tlte

Dorians
Doris, -idis (f.), Boris, wife of

Dionysius
dormio, -ire, -xvi, -itum, to

dleep

dos, dotis (f), a dowry

draco, -ouis (m.), a dragon, a

sort of serpent
Draco, -ouis (m.), Draco, the

Athenian lawgiver
DrLiides,-um (m. pi.), the Druids,

priests and wise men of the

Gauls
dubltatiO, -onis (f.), hesitation;

sine dubitatione, promptly
dubito, -are, -avi, -atum, to

doubt, hesitate
dubius, -a, -um, doubtful, un-
decided; dubius consilii, wa-

veriiig in ojjlnion
ducenti, -ae -a, two hundred
diico, -ere, duxi, ductiim, to

lead; to deem, to conclude; con-

jugem ducere, to marry; in

numero ducere, to count among;

aevum sollicitum ducere, to lead

a life of care
dulcedo, -iuis (f.), dellghtfulness,

charm
dulcis, -e, sweet
dilm, while, as long as; until
duo, -ae, -6, two; duodequadra-

ginta, thirty eight
duplex, -icis, double
duro, -are, -avi, -atum, to last
durus, -a, -um, hard, hardy
dux, duds (m.), a leader; ducera

praeponere, to put in command

E.

e, see ex

ebrietas, -atis (f.), drunkenness

edico, -ere, edixi, edictum, to

order
edisco, -ere, edidici, (no sup.), to

learn by heart
editus, -a, -um, elevated

— 141

Scio, -ere, eclT, esum, to eat

edo, -ere, eclTdi, gditiim, to
give out; caedem edere, to
brHng forth a defeat; to cause a
slaughter; orationem edere, to
deliver an oration; vocem
edere, to exclaim

educo, -are, -avT, -atiiin, to
hring up

educo, -ere, eduxT, eductiim, to
march out, to lead out

eflfero, -re, extidi, elatura, to
carry out (for burial) ; to bury

eflficio, ^ere, effeci, effectum, to
make, voork out, effect, com-
plete; efficitur, it follows, it is
understood

eflflgies, -ei (f.), an image

egeo, -ere, -ui, (no sup.), to he in j
want

eggro, -ere, egessT, egestum, to
bring out (in heaps); to dis-
charge

ego, J

egredior, -i, egressus sum, logo
out,marchout; navibus egredi,
to land, to disembark; in proe-
liura egredi, to march out to
battle

egregius, -S., -um, excellent;
multa egregia, many excellent
deeds

elaboro, -are, -avT, -atum, to
elaborate, work out

EleusTnius, -a, -ilm, Eleusinian

Eleusis, -iiiis (f.), Eleusis, a
very ancient city of Attica

elevo, -are, (no perf), -atiim, to
disparage, make light of; ver-
bis elevare, to cry doum

gligo, -ere, 6legi, electum, to
choose, pick

Elissa, -ae (f.), Elissa, another

name for Dido, the celebrated

foundress of Carthage
eloglum, -i (n.), a saying
eloquentia, -ae (f), eloquence
61 Lido, -ere, elusi, elusum, to

baffle
emico, -are, emlcQi, emlcatuni,

to shine forth
emineo, -ere, -uT, (no sup.), to be

conspicuous
emitto, -ere, emlsi, emissum^ to

send forth; to let go
emo, -ere, emi, emptiini, to buy
cmptiO, -onis (f.), a purchase
enascor, -i, enatus sum, to grow

up
60, Ire, Ivi, itum, to go, march
CO, to that place, thither
Ephgsiiis, -a, -um, Ephesian,

pertaining to Ephesus in Asia

Minor
Epidauriis, -T (f.), Epidaurus, a

city in Argolis
epistula, -ae (f.), a letter
epidae, -arum (f. pi.), a (sump-
tuous) feast, a repast; conqui-

sitisslmae epidae, the choicest

dishes
epillor, -ari, epulatus sum, to

feast up)on
eques, -itis (m.), a horseman;

equTtes, cavalry
equidem, I for my part
equiniis, -a, — uni, of a horse;

saeta equina, a horse-hair
equitatus, -us (ra.), cavalry
equiis, -T (m.), a horse
erado, -ere, erasT, erasiim, to
^ scrape off
Erechtheus,-ei [m.),Erechtheus,

an ancient king of Athens

- 142 --

ergastiiliini, -I(n.), a workhouse

ergo, therefore

eripio, -ere, eriptiT, ereptflm,
to set free, deliver

eructo, -are, -avi, -atum, to
throw up

erudio, -ire, -ivT, -itum, to in-
struct

Grudltus, -3., -um, accomplished,
learned

€ru6, -ere, eruT, griituni, to drag

escS., -ae (f.), food [out

essgdarliis, -i (m.), a charioteer,
one who fights from an essedum

esto, let it he so; well

esurlens, -tis, hungry

6t, and

gtiam, also, even

etai, although

EurOpa, -ae (f.), Europe

Eurotas, -ae (f.), Eurotas, a
river in Laconia

Eurymgdon, -ontis (m.), Eury-
medon, an Athenian general

evehor, -T, evectus sura, <o ride,
sail oat

6v6nio, -ire, 6veni, Cventum, to
turn out, happen

eventus, -us (m.), an issue, suc-
cess

6v6co, -are, -avi, -atum, to
summon, call out

6v61o, -are, -avT, -atum, to
rush out

ex (before vowels and conso-
nants), 6 (before consonants), w.
abl., out of, from out of, on the
side of; in accordance with

exaestuo, -are, -avi, -atum, to
boil up

exardesco, -ere, exarsi, exar-
stim, to be incensed

exaudio, -ire, --Tvi, ^itttm, to hear

excedo, -ere, excessi, exces-

sum, to dejMrt
excldo, -ere, excldi, excisumi,

to extirpate
excTpio,-ere,exc6pi, exceptum,

to catch; to take uj)
cxcQso, -are, -avi, -atum, to
apologize, to plead in defense
exemplum, -i (n.), an example
exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, to go out,
march off; ex urbe exire, to
leave the city
exerceo, -er6, -ui, -itum, to
exercise, practice; regna ex-
ercere, to tyrannize; imperlum
exerc6re, to enforce the power
exercitatus, -&, -um, practised
exercltus, -us (m.), an army
exigo, -ere, ex6gi, exactum, to
exact; pueritiam exigere, to
spend one's boyhood
cxiguiis, -a, -um, small
exiraius,-a,-um, extraordinary
eximo, -ere, exemi, exemptum,

to take from
exinteratus,-a, -um, eviscerated
existimo, -are, -avi, -atum, to

believe, suppose
exitium, -i (n.), destruction
exitiis, -us (m.), an outlet, exit
exorno, -are, -avi, -atum, to

adorn
exoro, -are, -avi, -atum, to

beg earnestly
expeditus, -a, -um, unimpeded^
free; omnibus membrls expe-
ditus, having the free use of all
one's limbs; motus ad usum
expeditior, movement quicker
for use, i. e., more easy to be
managed

— 143 —

expello, -er6, expuli, expulsum,
to drive out

expgrlmontuin, -i (n.), a trial,
experiment

expgridr, -iri, expertiis sum, to
try, experience

expeiTectiis,-3;, -tim, awakened

expers, -tis, having no share in

expio, -are, -avi, -atum, to ex-
piate

expilo, -are, -avi, -atum, to
plunder

explore, -are, -avT, -atum, to
explore, examine

expOno, -gre, exposui, exposi-
tum, to expose, to explain; co-
pias expongre, to draw up
forces

exposco, -erg, expoposci, (no
sup.), to implore

expositiO, -onis (f.), an exposing

expugno, -are, -avi, -atum, to
take by storm; to subdue

exsScrdr, - ari, -atus sum, to
curse

exsilitim, -i (n.), exile

exsisto, -ere, exstlti, (no sup.), to
rise, exist

exspectatiO, -onis (f.), expecta-
tion

exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum, to
expect, to wait; non exspec-
tato, without waiting any
longer; non exspectandus, un-
expected; exspectare in ancoris,
to wait at anchor

exspiro, -are, -avi, -atum, to die

exstingiio,-ere, exstinxi, exstinc-
tum, to put out, to undo; pass.,
to die

exstirpo, -arS, -avi, -atQm, to
root out

exsto, -are, exstiti, (no sup.), to
he extant, to exist

exstruo, -ere, exstruxT, exstruc-
tum, to erect; mensae exstru-
ebantur, the tables were heaped

exsul, -is (m.), an exile

exsiilo, -are, -avi, -atum, to
live in exile

extemplO, forthwith

externus, -a, -um, external,
foreign

exterritus, -&, -um, greatly ter-
rified

extollo, -ere, (no perf. & sup.), to
elevate; in majus extollere, to
exaggerate

extra, with ace, outside of

extraho, -ere, extraxi, extrac-
tum, to draiv out

extremus, -S, -um, last

extundo, -ere, extiidi, extusum,
to strike out; frontem extun-
d6re, to knock out the brains

F.

fabellS, -ae (f.), a short fable, a

tale
fabrico, -are, -avi, -atum, to

build
fabiiia, -ae (f.), a fable, story
fabidosiis, -a, -um, fabulous
facilis, -e, easy; facile, easily
facilitas, -atis (f.), facility, read-
iness
facillime, very easily
f acinus, -oris (n.), a deed; a

crime
facio, -ere, feci, factum, to do,
make; certiorem fac6re, to in-
form; classem fac6re, to build
a fleet; conspirationera fac6re,
to form a conspiracy; iter

144 —

facere, to travel; bellum facere,
to wage war; sacra facere, to
sacrifice

factiO, -onis (f.), a faction^ party

factito, -are, -avi, -atum, to
practice; studiOse factitare, to
be fond of

factum, -i (n.), a deed, action,
transaction

facultas, -atis (f.), opportunity,
chance

fallacia, -ae (f.), deceit, trickery

fallo, -ere, fefellT, falsum, to
deceive

falx, -CIS (f.), a sicl'Ie

faraa, -ae (f.), fame, report,
rumor; public opinion, re-
nown; fama, by hearsay

fumes, -is (f ), hunger; a famiyie

familla, -ae (f.), the slaves in a
household; the family serv-
ants

familiaris, -e, familiar; (subst.)
an intimate friend

familTiirTtas, -atis (f.), intimacy,
fr ien dsh ip; acq u ai n ta nee

faniiin, -i (ii.), a temple

fas, indecl. allowable, lawful, right

fastidio, -ire, -ivi, -ituni, to
loathe, despise

fastlgTum, -i (n.), a top, summit

fatigo, -are, -avi, -atum, to
weary; fatigatus, wearied

fatum, -i, (n.), fate

faux, -CIS (f ), usually faucCs (pi.),
jaiDs; a defile, narroivs; im-
proba faux, voracity

favdr,-oris (m.), favor, goodwill

fellcitas, -atis (f.), good fortune;
nascendi felieitas, a lucky cir-
cumstance of birth

f^lmter^successfully

felix, -icis, lucky, happy

fernmd, -ae (f.), a ivife, woman,
female; canis fernma, a she-
dog

fenestra, -ae (f.), a window

fera, -ae (f.), a wild beast

ferax,-acis, productive, fruitful

fgrg, almost, nearly

fgritas, -atis (f ), fierceness

ferme, about, nearly

fero, -re, tulT, latum, to carry,
bear-, auxilium ferre, to bring
assistance; legem ferre, aliquid
ferre, to make a motion, pro-
pose a law; graviter ferre, to
be annoyed, take ill, amiss; in-
digne ferre, to take ill; in sub-
lime ferri, to be borne high in
the air; sententiam ferre, to
give one's vote; ferunt, tJiey
say; fertur, it is said; fructum
ferre, to bear fruit

ferOcitas, -atis (f.), fierceness

fermm, -i (n.), i7'on, a sword, a
razor

ferus, -a, -umi, wild; subst. fe-
rns, a wild beast, especially a
lion

fervens, -tis, foami7ig

fessus, -a, -um, weai^y

fictus, -a, -um, fictitious

fid el is, -e, faithful

fides, -ei (f.), (good) faith, faith-
fulness; summa fide, conscien-
tiously; fides pacis, the promise
of peace; spectata fides, tried
honesty; fidem servare, to keep
a promise; fidem habere, to
believe; fides mortis adest, the
news of the death proves to be
time; fidem populi Romani se-
qui, to seek the protection of the

^ 145

Roman people; in fidem rcci-
p6re^ to receive under protec-
tion; Mem derogare, to with-
hold the credit
fiduci^,, -ae (f.), confidence
fldiis, -3., -um, faithful, trusty
figura, -ae (f.), the form
filia, -ae (f.), a daughter
fllliis, -i (m.), a son
fing6,-ere, finxi, fictum, to feign
flnio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, to limit
finis, - (ra.), a boundary, end
flnitimus, -a,-uin, neighboring;

as subst., a neighbor
fio, fieri, factiis sum, to be made
or done, to become; to be
brought about; certiOrem figri,
to be informed
firmo, -are, -avi, -atiim, to
strengthen, confirm; firmare
in or ad, to animate to
fiscus, -i (m.), a money-bag
fistula, -ae (f.), a pipe; a canyon;

a passage
flagelliiin, -i (n.), a whip, rod
flagitium, -1 (n.), a disgrace
flagito, -are, -avi, -atiim, to

demand
flamma, -ae (f ), aflame
flatus, -us (m.), a blowing [for
fleo, -6re, flevT, fletum, to weep
floreo,-ere,-uT, (no sup.), toflour-
flOs, floris (m.), a flower [ish
fluctus, -lis (m.), a wave, tide
flumen, -inis (n.), a river
foeditas, -atis (f.), horribleness;
foeditas morientmm, the hoirri-
ble sight of the dying
foediis, -S,, -um, ignominious
foediis, -eris (n.), a league; foe-

dus ic6re, to make a league
fons, -tis (m.), a sptring

forg, Fut. Inf. of sum and fio
forem, Subj. Imperf. of sura and fio
fdris,- (f.), & fores, -iilin, a door
forma, -ae (f.), shape, form, ap-
pearance; insignis, eximia for-
ma, gi^eat beauty
formatus, -a, -uni, informed
forsitan, fortasse, perhaps
forte, by chance

fortis, -e, brave, courageous,
gallant; fortius, with greater
courage
fortune, -ae (f.), fortune; fate;
fortuna privata, private con-
dition
fortunattis, -a, -fim, happy
forum, -i (n.), a market-place
fossS, -ae (f.), a ditch, trench
foveo, -ere, fovi, fotum, to

warm, hug
fragilis, -e, brittle, fragile
frango, -ere, frggi, fractum, to

break
fratgr, -ris (m.), a brother
fraterniis, -a, -urn, brotherly
fraus, fraudis {i.), fraud; a crime
fremitus, -us (m.), roaring
frSniim, -i (n.), a bridle, reins
frequenter, often
frequently, -ae (f.) , a large num-
fretiim, -i (n.), straits \ber

frgtus, -a, -um, relying
frigidus, -a, -iim, cold
frigiis, -oris (n.), cold
frons, -tis (f.), the forehead; a
frontibus, in front; frontem
extundere, to knock out the
brains
fructuOsiis, -&, -um, productive
fructtts, -lis (m.), fruit; fructum

ferre, to bear fruit
frugalitas, -atis (f.), frugality

146 —

fruges, -tim (f. pi.), fruit
frumentiiin, -i (n.), corn
fruSr, -i, fruitiis (fructQs) sum,

to enjoy
frustra, in vain; without cause
frustiim, -i (n,), a piece, morsel
friitex, -icis (f.j, a shrub
fugS, -ae (f.), Jlight; banishment
fugio, -6re, fugi, (no sup.), to flee;

fugientes, those endeavoring

to escape
fugito, -are, -avi, -atiiiii, to

flee from
fulgens, -tis, glittering
fulgdr, -oris (m.), glitter
fulmgn, -inis (n.), a thunderbolt
fulmineiis, -a, -um, belonging

to lightning, flashing
fumtis, -i (m.), smoke
funda, -ae (f.), a sling
fundamentiiin, -i (n.), a founda-
tion; fundamenta jacgre, to lay

the foundation
fundo,-ere, fudi, f ustim, to rout;

sanguinem fundere, to shed

blood
fundus, -i (m.), apiece of land;

fundus imus, the lowest bottom
funus, -eris (n.), a funeral
fiir, furls (m.), a thief
fur o, -ere, (noperf. & sup.), to rage,

to be mad
furdr, -oris (m.), madness
furlim, stealthily, secretly
fiiturus, -a, -um, future

G.

GajQs, -1 (m.), Gaius
Gallia, -ae (f ), Gaul
Gallicfis, -a, -um, Gallic
gaudeo, -erg, gavisQs sum, to
rejoice

G6I0, -onis (m.), Gelo, tyrant of
g61u, -us (n.), cold [Sicily

ggmitiis, -us (m.), groaning
g6n6r, -i (m.), a brother-in-law
gengro, -are, -avi, -atum, to

produce
ggnitus, -a, -iim, born
gens, -tis (f), a tribe, a nation
ggniis, -eris (n.), a race, kind;
genus StratOnis, the family of
Strato; genus urbis, the stock
of the city
geometrica,-oriim (n. pi.), geom-
etry
Germanus, -i (m.), a German
germgn, -inis (n.), a germ
ggro, -erg, gessT, gestiim, to
carry, wear; bellum gergre,
to wage war; res gerundae,
public business; res gestae,
exploits, achievements
gestio, -irg, -ivi, -itumi, to long
gigno, -erg, g6nuT, genitum, to
beget, to bear; pass. , to be born
gladitis, -i (m.), a sword
gliscens, -tis, kindling [nown
gloria, -ae (f.), glory, fame, re-
glorI5r,-arT, -atiis siim, to boast
glorlostis, -a, -mn, glorious
gradatim, step by step
gradiis,-us (m.), a degree; step;
GraecS, in Greek [stage

Graecia, -ae (f ), Greece
Graectis, -a, -tim, Cfreek
grandis, -e, great, heavy; grandis
pecunia, an immense amount
of money
grassor, -ari, -atiis sum, to rage
gratia, -ae (f.), favor, gratitude;
gratiamfinggre, to feign friend-
ship; gratlam quae r ere, tra-
li6re, to seek, to gain favor

— 147 —

gratiis, -S.,-fim, grateful^ accept-
able; gratius facere, to do a
greater favor

gravattis, -a, -tim, loaded

gravis, -e, heavy^ oppressive;
gravis imago, a grievous im-
age; graviora bella, severer
wars; gravis casus, a heavy
downfall; gravem pati, to be in-
dignant at, to be greatly em-
bittered-against

graviter, heavily , seriously; gra-
viter ferre, to be annoyed

grgmiGm, -i (n.), the lap

grex, gregis (f.), a herd; crowd

gruis, - (f.), a crane

guia, -ae (f.), the gullet

Gylipptis, -i(m.), Gylippus, gen-
eral of the Spartans in Sicily

Gytheiim, -i (n.), Gytheum, a
seaport in Laconia

habeo,-erS, -tii, -itflm, to have,
hold, possess; to consider,
think; haberi pro, to be con-
sidered as; fidem habere, to
believe; magni habere, to con-
sider of great importance; pro
nihilo habere, to regard as
nothing; obvlum habere, ^o meet

habilis, -e, easy (of shoes)

habitus, -us (m.), dress; defor-
mis habitu, deformed by his
dress; habitus squalOris, the
appearance of squalor

haereo, -ere, haesT, haesum, to
stick at; to hesitate

Halicarnasiis, -i (f.), Halicarna-
sus, a city of great antiquity in
Asia Minor

Hamilcar, -§,ris (m.), Hamilcar

harenS, -ae (f.), sand
hariolus, -i (m.), a soothsayer
Harpagus, -i (m.), Harpagus, a

Median nobleman
hand, not

hausttts, -us (m.), a draught
hercle, hercule, by Hercules
Hercules, -is (m.), Hercules
heredltas, -atis (f.), a?i inherit-
ance
heres, -edis (m. & f.), an heir
Hermae, -arum (m. pi.), the

Hermae
hesternus -3,, -um, of yesterday
hibernus, -a, -fim, winter-
hic, haec, hoc, this; the latter,

the former
hic, adv., here
hiems, -emis (f.), winter
Himera, -ae (f.), Himera
hinc, here, on this side; from

here, hence
Hipparchiis,-! (m.) , Hipparchus,

& Hippias, -ae (m.), Hippias,

sons of Pisistratus
historia, -ae (f.) history
hodle, to-day

hodiernus, -a, --Qin, io-day\s
Homericus, -S, -um, belonging

to Homer, Homeric
Homerus, -i (m.), the Greek poet

Homer
homo, -inis (m.), man, human

being; pi., people
honestus, -a, -um, honorable,

noble, excellent; honestius , ivith

more honor
honor, -oris (m.), an honor,

dignity; esteem, regard
honoratGs, -a, -lim, respected
hOra, -ae (f.), an hour (twelfth

part of daylight or night, the

^ 148 -~

first hour being, say, 6 a. m. or

p. M.) ; horae meridiaaae, noon
hordeiim, -i (n.), grain
horrendus, -S, -urn, horrible
hortdr, -ari, -atus sum, to ex-

ho7% urge
hospes, -itis (m.), a stranger^

guest, friend
hospitium, -i (n.), Jiospitality; iu !

hospitio, at a friend's
hostllis, -e, of an enemy, Jiostile
hostis, - (m. & f.), an enemy
hue, hither; hue aeeGdit, to this

is added
humauitas, -atis (f.), human

nature; pia humanitas, kind

feelings
humanus, -3,, -um, human
humllis, -e, low; humiliOres, the

weaker ones
humo, -are, -avT, -atflm, to

bury; terra humare, to inter
humdr, -oris (m.), a liquid,

moisture
hydrus, ~i (ra.), a snake
Hyrcani, -oruin (m. pi.), the

Hyrcanians ou the Caspian Sea

ibl, there

ico, -ere, ici, ictum, to strike,

hit; foedus icere, to make a

league
ictus, -us (ra.), a stroke, blow
ideireO, therefore
Idem, eadem, idem, the same; at

the same time, likewise
ideo, on that account [venient
idoneus, -a, -um, suitable, con-
igitur, therefore
ignavus, -3., -um, coward
ignis, - (m.), fire

ignomlnia, -ae (f.), a disgrace;
ignominia judicii, a disgrace
■inflicted by the court; contempt
of court

ignoro, -are, -avi, -atum, not
to know, be unacquainted with

ignotus, -3,, -um, unknown; he
who does not know

Ilias, -adis (f.), Iliad

ill6, ilia, illiid, that; he, she, it;
the former; the latter; illud,
that well-known saying

ill6c6brae, -artim (f. pL), attrac-
tion

illle, there

illicio, -6re, illexi, illectilm, to
allure, entice

illo, illuc, thither

Illyrictis, -3, -ttm, Ulyrian

imagO, -inis (f.), an image

imber, -ris (m.), a shower,
storm

imberbis, -e, beardless

imltatiO, -onis (f.), imitation

imitor, -ari, -atus sum, to imi-
tate

immlneo, -ere, (no perf. & sup.), to
threaten

immolo, -are, -avi, -atum, to
sacrifice

immortalis, -e, immortal

immortalltas, -atis (f.), immor-
tality

impatientius, beyond endurance

impedimentiim, -i (n.), hin-
drance, ivipediment

impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itiim, to
hinder, impede; manibus im-
pedltis, with their hands en-
gaged

impello,-ere, impuli, impulsum,
to push on, inMigate, impel

•— 149 —

impend€o,-er6, (no perf. & sup.), to
hang over, to be impending^
to threaten

imperatdr, -oris (m,), a com-
mander, general; emperor

imperatorius,-a,-um, belonging
to a general; dignitas impera-
toria, generalship; mors impe-
ratoria, a general' s death

imperltiis,-a, -um, unpractised,
unskilled, ignorant

imperium, -i (n.), dominion,
government, empire; imperium
paternum, his father's domin-
ion; imperium regis, the king's
order; justitia imperiOrum, the
justice of commands; impe-
rium temptare, to make an at-
tempt on the government; im-
perium orbis, empire of the
world; imperium exercere, to
enforce the power

impero, -are, -avi, -atum, to
give commands, to command,
order; obsides imperare, to
~- order to famish hostages

impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, to
obtain, get

impetus, -us (m.), violence; an
attack; citato impetu, with
rapid motion

impietas, -atis (f.), impiety

impius, -3,, -um, impious

impleo,-ere, implevi, impletum,
to fill

implOro, -are, -avi, -atum, to
call upon for aid, to beseech

impono, -ere, imposuT, imposi-
tum, to put in; navibus impo-
nere, to put on board

impotens, -tis, not master of
one's self

impressiO, -onis (f.), an attack
imprimis, see inprlmis
improbtis, -a, -um, ivicked
improvlso, unawares, unexpect'
impubgr, -is, under age [edly
impune, without punishment
imus,-a,-um, the lowest, deepest
in, with ace, into, to, towards, for,
against; in Ctesiphontem, as
prosecutor of Ctesiphon; with
abl., in, amongst, in the case of
inambulans, -tis, walking
incendium, -i (n.), a fire, con-
flagration
incendo, -ere, incendi, incen-
sum, to set on fire, to fire; in-
census, -&, -um, burnt out;
of the mind, incensed
incertus, -a, -um, uncertain,

doubtful
incido, -ere, incidi, incasum, to

fall into, to chance upon
incite, -are, -avi, -atum, to
urge; naves incitare, to set the
s?ii2}S in rapid motion; equum
incitare, to spur on a horse
inclino, -are, -avi, -atum, to

incline .
inclitus, -a, -um, celebrated, re-
nowned
incliido, -ere, incliisi, inclusiim,

to shut up
incognitus, -a, -um, unkiiowri
incola, -ae (m.), an inhabitant
incolo, -ere, incolui, incultum,

to inhabit
incolumis,-e, unhurt, unharmed,

safe
inconpositus, -a, -um, disor-
dered
increbresco, -ere, increbrui, (no
sup.), to gain grouncj

— 150

incredibilis, -6, passing belief,

incredible
incrgmentum, -i(n.), increase
incumbo, -er€, incubiii, incubi-

tflm, to hasten
incursiO, -onTs (f.), anincursion
inde, there, thence; from thence;

hinc . . inde, here . . there
indicium, -i (n.), an indication,

information
indignati5,-onis(f.), indigrna^ion
indigne ferre, to take ill, to be in-
dignant at
indignSr, -ari, -attls sum, to be

indignant at
indigniSs, -&, -um, unworthy,

disgraceful; undeserving
indoctus, -S», -tim, untaught
indoles, -is (f.), disposition, tal-
ent, temper
indiibitatus, -Si, -tiin, without

doubt
indulgentia, -ae (f.), indulgence
Indus, -1 (ni.), an Indian [try
industria,-ae (f.), energy, indus-
industrlus, -a, -Gui, industri-
ous, active
ineo, -ire, inii, initfim, to enter
upon; consilium inire, to form
apian; epulas inIre, to go to a
repast
inermis,-e, unarmed, defenseless
iners, -tis, silly, simjile
inexpiabilis, -e, inexpiable
infamiS., -ae (f.), a disgrace, in-
famy
infans,-tis(m.&f.), an infant, child
infelix, -icis, calamitous
inferi, -orum (m. pi.), the gods

below, the lower world
inferiae, -arum (f. pi), sacri-
Jices (in honor of the dead)

inferidr,-us, lower, further down

infero,-r6, intiili, illatum, to bear
in, to carry iii or upon, to in-
flict; bellum inferre, to make
war upon; venalia inferre, to
offer for sale; jurgii causam in-
ferre, to pick a quarrel

infestus, -S,, -tim, implacable;
dangerous

inflatiis, -&, -um, puffed up

ingemisco,-6re,ing6mui, (no sup.),
to groan

inggnitim, -i (n.), mind, talents,
character, disposition; inge-
nium mite, mild disposition

ingens,-tis, gig antic, vast, great;
ingens pugnandi animus, an
eager desire for the combat

inggnuiis, -S,, -tim, free-born;
ingenuus homo, a gentleman;
ingenia ingenua, natural diS'
position of a freeman

ingratfis, ~&, -um, ungrateful

ingrgdidr, -i, ingressus sum, to
step in, enter; to march; to
walk up

inhibgo, -ere, -Gi, -itum, to re-
strain; inhibere remis, to row
a ship backwards

initium, -i (n.), a beginning;
initia (pi.), sacred mysteries

inlquus, -Sl, -lim, unfair, unjust

injicio, -ere, injeci, injectiim,
to throw into; to throioover;
metum injicere, to strike one
with fear; pallium injicere, to
put on a cloak

injuria, -ae (f.), a wrong, out-
rage, injury; injustice

injustQs, -3/, -tim, unjust, iniq-
uitous, severe

inlec6brae, see ill6c6brae

— 151

inlustrls, -e, bright, famous

inluvies, -ei (f.), an inundation;
inluvies aquarum, a deluge

inmerito, without cause, unde-
servedly

inmortalls, see immortalis

innocens, -tis, innocent

innoxius, -3,, -urn, innocent

innumerus, -a, -um, innumer-
able

inSpia, -ae (f.), want, scarcity

inopmans, -tis, not expected,
unaware

inopTnatiis, -3., -iiin, unexpected

mops, -6pis, without means

inpressiO, -onis (f.), an attach.
Written also impressio

inprlmis, chiefly, especially

inquam, quoth I, I say

inquino, -are, -avi, -atum, to
defile

inrumpo, -ere, inrupi, inrup-
tuin, to rush into, burst into

inscendo, -ere, inscendi, inscen-
sum, to step upon

inscitia, -ae (f.), unexperience

inscrlbo, -ere, inscripsi, inscrip-
tum, to write on, inscribe

insequ5r, -i, insecutus sum, to
follow up, pursue

insero, -ere, inseruT, insertfim,
to put into

insidiae, -artini (f. pL), an am-
bush, snare

insidiOsus,-a,-uin, treacherous,
insidious

insignis, -e, prominent, extra-
ordinary; insignis oratTo, ex-
traordinary style of speech;
insignis forma, great beauty

insTlio, -ire, insiliii, insulttim,
to leap upon

insolens, -tis, insolent, arrogant

ins6Iitus,-a, -um, unaccustomed,
unfamiliar

inspicio, -ere, inspexi, inspec-
tum, to look at

inspirattis, -a, -um, inspired

instabilis, -e, unsteady

instar, indecl., as good as; instar
civitatis, an outline of a city

instituo, -ere, institui, institu-
tum, to set up, arrange, in-
stitute; leges instituere, to
frame or enact laws; heredem
instituere, to appoint one heir

institutum, -i (n.), an establish-
ment; instituta, institutions;
institutis uti, to have institu-
tions

institutus, -S,, -tini, educated;
bene institutus, well-bred

instructus, -3,, -um, provided

instrumentum, -i (n.), a means;
instrumenta beilorum, imple-
ments of war

instruo, -ere, instruxi, instruc-
tum, to draw up (in battle
array); bellum instruere, to
make preparations for war;
odia instrugre, to occasion
hatred

insu6factiis, -a, -um, trained to

insuetus, -a, -um, not accus-
tomed to, unusual

insula, -ae (f.), an island [suit

insulto,-are,-avi, -atum, to in-

insusurro, -are, -avi, -atum, to
whisper to

integer, -rS, -riim, unchanged,
fresh, virtuous; ex intggro,
anew

intellegOj-ere, intellexi, intellec-
tura, to observe, to see clearly

152 —

intentiis, ~&, -iim, intent

intgr, with ace, between, among;
in the midst of; inter se, among
themselves, with one another;
inter caedem, i?i the course of
heating

intercipio, -ere, interc6pT, inter-
ceptflm, to cut off, intercept

intercludo, -ere, interclusi, in-
terclusum^ to cut off"

interclusiis, -a, -um, cut off'

interdlu, in daytime

interdum, sometimes

interea, meanwhile [derer

interfector, -oris (m.), a mur-

interflcio, -ere, interfeci, inter-
fectum, to kill

interim, meanwhile

interirao, -erg, intgremi, inter-
em ptum, to kill, slay

interltus, -lis (m.), destruction

interjicio, -ere, interjeci, inter-
jectuin, to cast between; tem-
pore interjecto, some time
having intervened

intermisceo, -erg, intermisctii,
intermixttim, to intermingle

internuntlus,-! (m.), a messenger

interpello, -ar6, -avT, -atum,
to hinder

interrogatiO, -onis (f.), a ques-
tion

interrogo, -are, -avi, -atum,
to ask, question

interrumpo, -ere, interrupT, in-
terruptflm, to break down

intersterno, -ere, interstravi, in-
terstratum, to lay between

intra, with ace, within; intra tri-
cesimum annum, within thirty
and forty

iatrins6cus, on the inside

intro, -ar6, ~avi, -atum, to

penetrate
introitQs, -us (m.), an entrance
intueor, -eri, intuitus sum, to

look at, observe; nutum intueri,

to await the beck
inultus, -3,, --Qm, unavenged
inusltatiis, -a, -um, unusual,

novel
inutilis, -e, useless
invado, -ere, invasT, invasum,

to attack; naves invadgre, to

seize the shij^s; rempublicam in-

vad6re, to seize the government
inv6nio, -ire, invGni, inventum,

to invent, find
inventio, -onis (f.), invention;

(of laws) framing
invicem, mutually, each other
invictus,-3/, -um, unconquered;

invincible
invIdSo, -ere, invidi, invisum,

to envy
invidiOsus, -§-, -um, spiteful,

malicious
inviolatfts, -&, -um, unhurt
invisus, -S,, -umi, hated, detested
invito, -are, -avi, -atum, to

invite
invIttis,-S;,-tim, unwilling; non

invitus^ cheerful(ly)
involucrum, -i (n.), a case
involvo, -ere, involvT, involu-

tiim, to pack up
iones, -um (m. pi.), the lonians
ipse, -a, -um, self
Ira, -ae (f.), anger
IS, ea, id, he, she, it; that; eo mi-
nus, the less
iste, -a, -ud, that of yours
ita, so; non ita, not so, not 60

very; not quite

— 153 —

Italia, -ae (f.), Italy

itaque, and so, consequently^
therefore

item, just so, likewise

it6r, itineris (n.), a journey,
march, road; iter felicius, a
luckier march; iter terrestre,
a land journey; iter facere, to

iterum, again [travel

jaceo, -ere, -uT, (no sup.), to lie

(prostrate)
jacio,-ere, j5ci, jactum, to hurl,

throw; of foundations, to lay
jacto, -are, -avi, -atuni, to

throw, toss; to boast; tintinna-

bulum jactare, to shake the bell;

frusta jactare, to cast morsels to
jactus, -us (m.), a throw, cast
jaciiluni, -1 (n.), a javelin
jam, already, now, by this time;

jam non, no more, no longer;

the translation of jam is often

inadmissible in English,
jocans, -tis, in jest
jocus, -i (m.), joking
jiibeo, -ere, jussi, jussuiu, to

bid, order
jacundus, -a, -um, pleasant,

delicious; jucundiiis, more de-

liciously [man

judex, -icis (m.), a judge, jury-
judicmin, -i (n.), a judgment,

decision, sentence; a court; ]\i-

diclo, by discretion; judicium

capitis, trial for life
judico, -are, -avi, -atum, to

judge; to think, consider
juglans, -dis (f), a walnut
jungo, -ere, junxi, junctum, to

join

JQniiis, -1 (m.), June

Juppiter, Jo VIS (m.), Jupiter^ the
supreme God; Gr. Zevq

jurgium, -i (n.), a quarrel; in
jurgio, in the heat of dispute;
jurgli causam inferre, to pick
a quarrel

jus, juris (n.), right, justice, au-
thority; jus humanum, human
laiu — jus, juris (n.), broth

jus jurandum, juris jurandi (n.),
an oath

justltia, -ae (f.), justice

Justus, -a, -um, just; justa,
-orum (n.pl.), customary rites

jiivenis, - (m.), a young man

juventiis, -titis (f.), youth

JLivo, -are, jCivi, jutum, to assist

juxta, with ace, beside, according
to; juxta praeceptum, accord-
ing to the order

li.

labellGm, -i (n.), a small vessel

labor, -oris (m.), toil, labor,
exertion, trouble; labor mili-
tlae, the toil of military serv-
ice; labor quaerendi, acquisi-
tive disposition

labOrlosus, -a, -um, troubled

laboro, -are, -avi, -atum, to
suffer from, to be in distress;
nihil laborare, not to care about

lac, lactls (n.), milk

Lacaena, -ae (f.), a Spartan
woman

Lacedaemon, -6nis (f), the city
of Lacedaemon

Lacedaemonius, -T (m.), a Lace-
daemonian

lacero, -are, -avi, -atum, to
lacerate, tear in pieces

— 154 —

Laches, -etis (m.), Laches^ an

Athenian general
lacrimS., -ae (f.), a tear
lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atttm, to

shed tears, to weep
lacunar, -aris (n.), a ceiling
laedo, -erg, laesT, laestim, to

ivjure, insult
laetiis> -&, -flm, glad, joyful
LamachGs, -i (m.), Lamachus,

an Athenian general
laments, -orum (n. pi.), lamen-
tation
lamentabilis, -6, attended with

lamentation
lamentatiO, -onis (f.), lamenta-
tion
Lamponiiis, -i (m.), Lamponius,

an Athenian general
lanetis, -&, -flm, woollen
laniggr, -S, -iiin, wool-bearing,

\. e. a sheep
lar, laris (m.), a household god
largiis, -3-, -tlin, ample, abun-
dant
lascivia, -ae (f.), wantonness;
per lasciviam, from wanton-
ness
latebr3>, -ae (f.), a hiding-place
lateo, -ere, latiii, (no sup.), to lie

hid, to he hidden
later, -is (m.), a brick
latratiis, -us (m.), barking
latro, -^nis [m.),a highwayman
latro, -are, -avi,-atiiiii, to bark
latrocinium, -i (n.), robbery (on

the highway)
latus, -§/, -um, broad, ivide; la-
ti fines, extensive possessions;
quam latissimae solitudines,
deserts as extensive as possible
latus, -eris (n.), a side, fiank

laudo, -arS, ~avi, -attim, to

praise
laus, -dis (f.), praise, glory
lectus, -I (m.), a couch
lectus, -a, -um, picked
legatus, -i (m.), an envoy; in the

Roman army, a lieutenant
IggiO, -onis (f.), a legion (at the
time of Caesar consisting of 10
cohorts of from 300 to 360 men
each)
16go,-6r6, l6gT, lectflm, <opicfe,
choose, gather; read; vitae sor-
tem leggre, to choose a condi-
tion of life
165, -onis (m.), a lion
Lgonldas, -ae (m.), Leonidas, a

king of Sparta, 1480
lepQs, -6ris (m.), a hare
16vis, -6, light, silly; levis cur-

sus, nimble running
lex, legis (f.), a law; a condition
libens, -tis, willing (ly)
libgr, -ri (m.), a book
liber, -a, -tim, free
liberalitgr, generously
libdri, -orum (m. pi.), children
libgro, -are, -avi, -atQm, to de-
liver
llbertas, -atis (f.), freedom
libido, -inis (f.), pleasure; libi-

dines, passions
JAhySL, -ae (f.), Libya, Africa
licentia, -ae (f.), license; leave
licet, -ere, licuit, licitum est,
it is left free, one may; it is
lawful
lignfius, -a, -una, wooden
lignum, -i (n.), wood, log
llmen, -inis (n.), a threshold
limiis, -i (m.), mud [leave

linquo, -ere, llqui, (no sup.), to

155 —

liqu6r,-oris [m.], a liquid; water
lis, litis (f.), a suit at law
littera,-ae (f.),a letter (character

of the alphabet); pi. litterae,

letter, epistle; letters, studies,

science
littis, -oris (n.), a shore
loco, -are, -avi, -atQin, to

place, bring
Locrensis, - (m.), a Locrian, in-
habitant of Locri
Locri, -oriiin (m. pL), Locri, a

city in the territory of the

Bruttii
locuples, -etis, rich, wealthy
locus, -1 (m.), a place, position,

spot; loca, regions; honesto

loco natus, sprung from decent

family
longg, far, distant, by far
longitiidO, -inis (f ), length; colli

longitudo, a long neck
longtis, -S, -urn, long; navis
longa, a ship of war, galley
16qii6r,-T, locutus sum, to speak,

talk
luceo, -ere, laxi, (no sup.), to

shine; lucet, the day dawns
Lucius,-! (m.), Lucius, a Roman

name, usually represented by L.
lucriim, -i (n.), profit, gain
luctor, -ari, -atus sum, to

wrestle, struggle, fight
luctlis,-us (m.), mourning, grief
ludo, -ere, lusi, lusum, to play,

sport; pila ludere, to play ball
lugeo, -ere, luxi, (no sup.), to

be in mourning, to bewail
lugubris, -e, plaintive
luna, -ae (f.), the moon; Luna,

the moon-goddess
lupus, -i (m.), a wolf

lux, lucis (f), light; ante lucem,

before daybreak; luce, during

the day
luxuria, -ae (f ), luxury
Lycurgus, -i (m.), Lycurgus, the

lawgiver of the Spartans
Lysias, -ae (m.), LysiaSj an

Athenian orator

M.

Mac6do, -onis (m.) , aMacedonian
Macedonia, -ae (f.), Macedonia
macies, -ei (f.), leanness, thin-
ness
maerSr, -oris (m.) , grief, mourn-
ing
Magi, -orum (m. pi.), the Magi,

priestly caste in Persia
magicus, -&, -um, magic
magis, more [ter

magist6r,-ri (m.), a teacher, mas-
magistratus, -us (m.), a magis-
trate
magnificentia-, -ae (f.), magnif-
icence
magnificus, -S,, -tim, magnif-
icent, gi'and
magnitudO, -inis (f.), bigness,
greatness, size; magnitude ani-
mi, magnanimity; magnitudo
consilii et ingenii, amount of
prudence and capacity
magnus, ^a, -um, great, large,
big; magni habere, to consider
of great importance; magna
voce, with a loud voice
majestas, -atis (f.), majesty; ma-
jestatem administrare, to exer-
cise supreme power
major, -tis, greater, more im-
portant; majores, ancestors; in
majus extollerCj to exaggerate

— 166 —

male, badly; male auspicari, to
begin unfortunately; cum male
pugnatum esset, after the defeat

maiedico, -ere, maledixi, male-
dictum, to speak evil against^
revile

maleficus, -a, -Gm, wicked

malltia, -ae (f.), malice

malo, malle, malui, (no sup.), to
wish rather; to prefer

malflm, -i (n.), an evil, adver-
sity, calamity; malum discor-
diae, the seed of discord

mandatum,-! (n.), a commission

mando, -are, -avi, -attim, to
commit, to order

mane, (in good time) in the morn-
ing, early in the morning

maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum,
to remain

manifestus -S, -um, manifest

manubiae, -ar.uin (f. pi.), spoils

manus,-us (f.), the hand; a band
(of men); force; manum con-
serere, to join battle

MarathOnitis, -a, -um, Marathon-
ian

MardOnius, -i (m.), Mardonius

mare, -is (n.), the sea

marinus, -a, -tim, belonging to
the sea, sea-; commeatus mari-
nus, provisions by sea

maritimus,-a,-um, sea-;ora ma-
ritima, the seashore; res mari-
timae, naval operations

maritus, -i (m.), a husband

mater, -ris (f.), a mother

materia, -ae (f.), material

maternus, -a, -um, maternal

matrimonlum, -i (n.), marriage;
in matrimonium tradgre, to
marry; matrimonia (pi.), wives I

matrons., —ae (f.), a lady
maturo, -are, -avi, -atum, to

accelerate
matiirtis, -S, -Qm, ripe; matura

hiems, an early winter
matutinus, -S., -um, of the morn-
ing; matutlnum tempus, the
morning hours
maxim e, especially; properly
maximus, -a,-iim, greatest; ma-
ximus natu, oldest; maxima
vox, a very loud voice
Medi, -orum (m.pl), the Medes;
Media,t\iQ country ofthe Medes
medlclna, -ae (f.), an operation
mediocris, -e, middling, indif-
ferent; ordinary; non medio-
cris, not common [tice
medit6r,-ari,-atus s\im,toprac-
medius, -S., -um, middle; medio
tempore, in the meantime; me-
dio noctis, at midnight
Megara, -ae (f.), Megara
Megarenses, -ium (m. pi), the

Megarenses
melior, -us, better
membrum, -i (n.), a member
memini, -isse, to remember
memor, -is, mindful
memorabilis, -e, remarkable
memoria, -ae (f.), memory, rec-
ollection; memorla nominis,
remembrance of his name; ars
memoriae, the art of remember-
ing
Menapii, -orum (m. pi), the Me-
napii, a people of Belgic Gaul
Meno, -onis (m.), Menon, a

dialogue of Plato
mens, -tis (f.), the mind, dispo-
sition, understanding; tristior
mens, deeper affection

157 —

mensS,, -ae (f.), a table
mensis, - (m.), a month
mentiO, -onis (f.), a mentioning
mentior, -iri, -itus sum, to lie,

tell a lie
mercator, -oris (m.), a merchant
merces, -edis (f.), pay^ reward
MercLirlus, -i (ra.), Mercurius
mereo, -ere, -m, -itum, to de-
serve
mergo, -ere, mersT, mersum, to

sink
merldianus, -a, -um, midday-;

horae meridianae, noon
merito, deservedly
meritum, -i (n.), a merit, desert
merx, -cis (f.), ware
metuendus, -3-, -um, dreadful,

shocking
metiio, -ere, -i, (no sup.), to fear
metiis, -us (m.), fear; metus re-

ligionis, religious awe
MicythuSj-i {m.),Micythus, name

of a Sicilian
migratiO, -onis (f.), a removal
migro, -are, -avi, -atum, to

migrate
miles, -itis (m.), a soldier
mllitia, -ae (f.), military service
mille, inded., one thousand
MiltTades, -is (m.), Miltiades
miluus, -i (ra.), a kite
minae, -arum (f. pi.), threats,

menaces
minax, -acis, threatening; ani-
mus minax, animosity
Minerva, -ae (f.), Minerva
minime, by no means, not at all
minimus, -a, -um, least
minister, -ri (m.), a minister,

servant
ministgrium, -i (n.), a service

ministrator, -oris (m.), an at-
tendant
ministro, -are, -avi, -atum, to

attend, wait upon
minor, -us, less, smaller
minuo, -ere, minuT, miniitum,
to weaken, diminish; contro-
verslas minuere, to settle dis-
putes; desidiam minuere, to re-
move sloth
minus, less; nihilo minus, 7iot a

whit the less
miraculiim, -i (n.), a miracle,

wonder
mirandus, -a, -um, wonderful
miror, -ari, -atus sum, to ad-
mire, be surprised, wonder at
mirus, -a, -um, wonderful
misceo, -ere, miscuT, mixtum,
to mix; civitatem miscere, to
disturb the state
miser, -a, -um, wretched, mis-
erable, sad
misericordia, -ae (f.), pity, com-
passion
misgricors, -dis, compassionate
mitigo, -are, -avi, -atum, to

soothe
mltis, -e, mild

mitto, -ere, misi, missum, to
send, let go, throw; malum dis-
cordiae mittere, to sow the seed
of discord
m6deratid,-onis (f.), moderation
moderatus, -5,, -uin, moderate;
moderatius, more moderately
modo, only

modus, -i (m.), a measure, man-
ner, size; hoc modo, i7i this
way; nullo modo, by no means;
ejus modi versum, some such
verse

158

moenTS, -Xfiin (n. pi.), (city)
walls

moles, -is (f.), a mass

mOlior, -iri, -itiis sum, to un-
dertake

momentum, -i (n.), a moment,
short space

moneo, -erg, -uT, -itCiin, to ad-
monish, warn

monitus, -us (m.), an admoni-
tion

mens, -tis (m.), a mountain

monstrum, -i (n.), a monster

monumentiiin, -i (n.), a monu-
ment

Morlni, -orGin (m. pi.), the Mo-
rini, a people of Gaul

morior, -i, mortQtis sum, to die;
to be in a dying state

moror, -ari, -attis sum, to de-
lay, tarry

mors, -tis (f.), death

morsus, -us (m.), a bite; the teeth

mortalis, -e, mortal

mortifer, -3,, -um, deadly, fatal

mortuus, -3., -um, dead

mOs, moris (m.), custom, way;
mores, character, manners,
morals

motus, -us (m.), a motion, move-
ment; terrae motus, an earth-
quake

moveo, -erS, movi, motum, to
move, affect; arma movere, to
take up arms; seditionem mo-
v5re, to stir up a sedition;
possessionem movSre, to dis-
turb a possession

mox, soon

muliebris, -e, womanish

muligr, -is (f.), a woman [an

muliercuia, -ae (f.), a little wom-

multitud5,-inis (f.), a large body,
great number, crowd, multi-
tude

multiis, -a, -um, many

mulus, -i (m.), a mule

mundus, -i (m.), the world

municeps, -cipis (m. & f.), a
citizen

munltiO, -onis (f.), fortifying, a
fortification, intrenchment

muniis, -€ris (n.), a gift

muriis, -i (m.), a wall

muto, -ar6, -avi, -atGm, to
change

mutuiis, -&, -um, mutual; mu-
tuarum rerum commercium,
trade by exchange of goods

MuttO, -onis (m.), Mutto, king
of Tyre

Mycale, -es (f.), Mycale, a prom-
ontory and city in Ionia

N.

nam, namquS, for

nanciscdr, -i, nactGs sum, to get,
to find

narratio, -onis (f.), a tale

narro, -are, -avi, -atum, to
relate

nasc5r,-i, natus sum, to be born,
to be produced; to take origin
from; of plants, to grow; feli-
citas nascendi, the lucky cir-
cumstance of birth; ordo na-
scendi, priority of birth

nasturtium, -i (n.), watercress

natio, -onis (f.), a nation

natu, in age; maximus natu,
oldest

natura, -ae (f.), nature, natural
quality

naturalis, ^, natural

159

natiis, -S, -ilin, old (so and so

many years) ; honesto loco na-
tus, sprung from a decent
family

naufragium, -i (n.), shipwreck

navalis, -e, naval; proelium na-
\aXe, a sea fight; bellum navale,
a sea war

navigatIO, -onis (f.), navigation^
a voyage

navigium,-! (n.), a sailing vessel

navlgo, -are, -avi, -atum, to sail

uavis, - (f.), a ship; navis longa,
a ship of loar^ a galley; navis
oneraria, a ship of burden

-ne, interrogative particle = ?

n6, not^ that not, lest; ne quis, lest
any one; ne . . quidem, not even

nee, nor; see neque

necesse, necessary

necessitas, -atis (f.), necessity

necessitiidd, -inis (f.), necessity;
pi. relatives

neco, -are, -avi (necui), -atum,
to put to death, kill

nefas, indecl, wrong

neglggo, -ere, neglexT, neglec-
tuni, to neglect, to pay no
heed to

nego, -are, -avi, -atum, to de-
clare that not

nemo (Gen. nulllus), no one, nobody

neo, -ere, nevi, netum, to spin

nepos, -Otis (m.), a grandson

nequaquam, in no wise

neque (nee), nor, and not; ne-
que. .neque, neither, .nor; nee
non, and besides; nee solum . .
verum etiam, not only.. but
also; neque enim, for; neque
modo..sed etiam, not only.,
but also

n6qu6o, -ir6, -ivi, -itiim, not

to be able
nescio, -ire, -ivi, -itiim, not to

know
neve, or (that) not, and (that) not
nex, necis (f.), murder; death
ni, if not
Nicias, -ae (m.), Nicias, an

Athenian general
Nicocles, -IS (m.), Nicocles, ty-
rant of Sicily
niger, -ra, -rum, black
nihil, indecl, nothing; not at all;

pro nihilo habere, to regard as

nothing
nil = nihil
nlmis, too much, too; non nimis,

not very
n!mius,-a, -iim, too great, exces-
sive
Ninus, -i (m.), Ninus, king of

the Assyrians
Ninyas or Ninya, -ae (m.), Nin-

yas, son of Ninus
nisi, unless, except, without, if

not
niteo, -ere, -ui, (no snp.), to be

sleek '
nitor, -oris (m.), shine, sheen
nix, nivis (f.), snow
nobilitas, -atis (f.) nobility
noctu, by night
nolo, nolle, nolui, (no sup), to be

unwilling, not to want
nomen, -inis (n.), a name, a

word; nomine, by name
nomino, -are, -avi, -atum, to
non, not [name

nondum, not yet
nonng, not?
nonnisT, except
nonnulli, -ae, -a, some

— 160 —

nonus, -a, -urn, the ninth
nosco, -ere, nOvi, notum, to

learn to know, become acquaint-
ed with
noster, -ra, -rum, our; nostri,

our men
nota, -ae (f.), a sign, nod
nOtus,-a, -um, known; one who

knows
novus, -S,, -iim, new
nox, noctis (f.), the night; media

nox, midnight
nubo, -ere, nupsi, nuptum, to

marry (of the woman)
nullus, -a, -lim, none, no; quam

niiUus, Jiow insignificant
numeci, -iiiis (n.), deity; divine

will; numine quodam, by the

will of the gods
numero, -are, -avT, -atiim, to

pay down
numerus, -i (m.), a number,

amount; in numero nullo esse,

to be of no consequence
nummiis, -i (m.), a coin, money
numquam, never, not ever
nunc, noiv; nunc.. nunc, now..

now
nuncupo, -are, -avT, -atum, to

declare
nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, to

bring word, announce
nuntlus, -i (m.), neios, message;

a messenger
nuper, (newly), lately, recently
nusquam, nowhere
nutrlmentum, -i (n.), nourish-
ment; of fire, fuel
nutrio, -ire, -ivi, -Ttum, to

bring up; ignem nutrire, to

feed afire
nutrix, -icis (f.), a nurse

nutus, -us (m.), a nod, beck;

O.

6b, with ace, for, on account of;

quam ob rem, thei^efor^e
obduco,-ere,obduxi, obductum,

to cover over
objiciO, -ere, obj6ci, objectum,

to throw in the way of; to ^ore-

sent
oblige, -are, -avi, -atum, to

bind
obllviO, -onTs (f.), forgetting
obllviscor, -i, oblitus sum, to

forget
obnoxliis, -a, -lim, liable
obruo, -ere, obrui, obrutumi, to

cover, bury
obscurus, -a, -um, obscure
obsequlum, -i (n.), obedience
obsequor, -i, obsecutus sum, to

obey
obsero, -ere, obsevi, obsitum,

to sow, p)lant
obses, -idis (m. & f.), a hostage
obsldeo, -ere, obsedi, obsessum,

to beset, besiege
obsTdiO, -onis (f.), a siege, block-
ade
obsisto, -ere, obstltT, obstitum,

to oppose
obtempero, -are, -avi, -atum,

to submit to
obtineo, -ere, obtinui, obtent um,

to hold, obtain
obumbro, -are, -avi, -atum, to

overshadow
obvTam, in the way; obviam ha-
bere, to meet
obvius, -&, -um, in the way;

obvium habGre, to meet

161

occasiO, -onTs (f.), a favorable
timej oppo7'tu7iity, chance

occidens, -tis (m.), tJie setting
sun, West

occldio, -onis (f.), ct massacre;
occidione caedere, to cut down
completely

occido, -ere, occidi, occasum,
to fall, set

occido, -ere, occidi, occlsum, to
kill, slay

occulte, secretly

occultus,-a,-um, hidden, secret;
in occulto esse, to remain
hidden

occumbo, -ere, occubui, occii-
bitum, to go down; occum-
bere mortem, to die

occupatiO, -onis (f.), an engage-
ment

occupatus, -a, -uni, surprised

occiipo, -are, -avT, -atum, to
take possession of, to occupy;
transitum occupare, to antic-
ipate the passage

occurro, -ere, occurri (occii-
curri), occursum, to run up
to, to meet; obviam occurrere,
to run to meet; oculis occur-
rere, to offer to the sight

octodecim, eighteen

octoginta, eighty

oculus, -T (m.), the eye; sub ocu-
lis, in the sight of

odium, -1 (n.), hatred; odium
regis, hatred for the king

odor, -oris (m.), perfumery

offendo,-ere, offendi, offensum,
to offend; sibi offendere, to in-
jure one's self; pontem offen-
dere, to hit upon the bridge

offensa, -ae (f.), enmity

offero, -re, obtCilI, oblatum, to
offer; se offerre, to offer, pre-
sent one's self; periculis so
offerre, to oppose one's self to
dangers

offlclum, -i (n.), duty [time

olim, informer times, once on a

Olymplas, -adis (f.), Olympian,
Alexander's mother

Olympicus, -a, -tiiii & Olymplus,
-a, -um, Olympic

Olynthus, -i (f.), Olynth, a city
of Thrace

omen, -inis (n.), an omen

omnino, entirely

omnis, -e, all, whole

onerarius, -S., -um, fit for bur-
den; navis oneraria, a ship of
burden

onus, -eris (n.), a burden, load

onustus, -a, -um, loaded; onusta
navis, a freighted vessel

opera, -ae (f.), care, pains, help;
operam consumere, to take
pains

operosus, -a, -um, sumptuous,
costly

6plni5, -onis (f.), expectation

oportet, -ere, -uit, (no sup.), it
behooves, one must, ought, is to
be

oppidum, -i (n.), a town

oppono, -ere, opposuT, oppo-
situm, to oppose

opportune, opportunely

opportimus, -a, -um, conveni-
ent, suitable, timely

opprimo, -ere, oppress!, oppres-
sum, to crush, oppress; to
surprise

(ops), 6pis (f.), help; pi. riches^
power

162 —

opsone, -arS, -avi, -atum,

[bipuvEO)), to buy provisions:
opsonare famem, to get iqy an
appetite

optatus, -a, -iim, ivished for,
desirable

optimiis, -a, -um, superl. of bo-
nus, excellent; optime, very
well

opto, -arg, -a\T, -atfim, to
wish

opulentia, -ae (f.), luealth

opulentius, more sumptuously

opulentiis, -S,, -um, wealthy,
rich

opus, -eris (n.), work; opus est,
it is needful, wanted; opus tec-
tormm, stucco

Ora, -ae (f.), a coast; era mari-
tima, a sea-shore

oraculum, -T (n.), an oracle

oratiO, -onis (f.), ci speech, ha-
rangue; insignis oratio, extra-
ordinary style of speech

orator, -oris (m.), an orator

Oratorius, -&, -um, oratorical

orbis, - (m.), a circle; orbis (ter-
rarum), the wide world, the
world; impermm orbis, the em-
pire of the world

orbitas, -atis (f.), bereavement

ordO, -inTs (m.), order, rank,
class; ordo successionis, reg-
ular succession; ordo nascendi,
priority of birth

oriens, -tis, rising; sc. sol, (m.),
rising sun = East

Qrlgo, -inis (f.), origin

orior, -iri, ortus sum, to rise,
arise

ornatus, -us (m.), adornment,
beauty of style

orno, -are, -avi, -atfim, to

adorn

oro, -are, -avT, -atum, to beg,

beseech, entreat
ortus, -us (m.), a rising, birth
OS, oris (n.), the mouth, face
OS, ossis (u.), a bone
oscidor, -ari, -atus sum, to kiss
ostendo, -ere, ostendi, osten-

stim, to show
otiosus, -S-, -um, at leisure

pacisc5r, -i, pactQs sum, to stip-
ulate
pactus, -&, -tim, stipulated
paene, almost

paenitenti3», -ae (f.), repentance
paenitet, -ere, -uit, (no sup.), to

be sorry for, repent, regret
pagQs, -i (m.), a district
palam, openly

pallitim, -i (n.), a cloak, robe
palmgs, -itis (m.), a branch
palus, -tidis (f.), a swamp
panis, - (m.), bi^ead
pannostis, -3., -tim, ragged
par, paris, like, equal; same
paratus, -3,, -um, ready
parco, -ere, peperci, parsiim,

to spare
parens, -tis (m. & f.), a parent
parents, -are, -avi, -atiim, to
bring funeral sacrifices, to do
honor to the dead
pareo,-ere,-ui, (no sup.), to obey
pario, -ere, peperi, partum, to

bear, bring forth
pariter, alike, equally
paro, -are, -avT, -atiim, to
make ready, prepare, get ready
for; exercitum parare, to get

— 163

ready an army; naves parare,
to equip ships; latos fines pa-
rare, to acquire extensive pos-
sessio7is; interitum parare, to
bring destruction upon

parricIdiQin, -i (n.), foul mur-
der,the murder of one's relative

pars, -tis (f.), a partj portion,
side; pi. party; in contrarias
partes, in opposite directions

parsimonia, -ae {t), frugality

particeps, -cipis, sharing , par-
taking; Bubst., a sharer

partim, partly

partio, -ire, (-ivi) -ii, -itum,
to distribute

parum, but little, too little, not
enough

parvulus, -a, -um, very small;
as subst., a little one

parvus, -a, -um, small

passim, at different places

passiis, -us (m.), a pace; mille
passuum, lOOO paces, a Roman
mile

pastor, -oris (m.), a herdsman,
shepherd

patefacio, -ere, patefSci, patS-
factum, to open; to bring to
light

pateo,-ere, -uT, (no sup.), to stand
or be open

pater, -ris (m.), a father

patera, -ae (f.), a cup

paternus, -a, -um, paternal

patior, -1, passiis sum, to suffer,
endure, permit; gravem pati,
to be indignant at

patria, -ae (f.), one's own coun-
try, native land

patrimonilim, -i (n.), an inherit-
ance^ property

patrutis, -i (m.), an uncle

paucitas, -atis (f.), fewness,
small number

paucus, -a, -um, small; pauci,
few, (but) few

paulatim, little by little, gradually

paululum, a very little

paulum, a little; abl. paulo; paulo
ante, a short while ago

pauper, -is, poor

pavens, -tis, struck with fear

pavidus, -a, -um, timid

pax, pacis (f.), peace

pecco, -are, -avi, -atiim, to do
wrong, sin

pecLinia, -ae (f.), money

pecus, ~6ris (n.), cattle, sheep

pecus,-udis (f.), a head of cattle,
an animal

pedester, -ris, -re, on foot, by
land; pedestres copiae, land
forces; proelium pedestre,
battle by land

pelagus, -i (n.), the sea

pello, -ere, peptili, pulsiim, to
drive, to beat; regno, imperio
pellere, to drive from the throne

Peloponngsius, -i (m.), a Felo-
ponnesian

Peloponnesus, -i (f.), the Pelo-
ponnesus

penes, with ace, with, in posses-
sion of

penetrabilis, -e, penetrable

pgnitus, entirely, thoroughly

penna, -ae (f.), a feather; cele-
ritas pennae, swiftness of
flight

pensum, -i (n.), a task

p6r, with ace, through, by means
of; during; per ordinem, in
order; per somaum,iri his sleep

— 164

pgragro, -are, -avi, -atiim, to

ivander over

percTpio, -ere, percepT, percep-
tum, to receive, hear; to learn

percontor, -ari, -atiis sum, to
aak

perciilsiis, -&, -uni, panic-
stricken

Perdiccas, -ae (m.), Ferdiccas,
one of Alexander's officers

perdltus, -a, -um, ruined

perdomc), -are, perdOmui, per-
doinituin, to subjugate

perdiico, -6re, perduxi, perduc-
tum, to bring, lead over

peregrinus, -a, -um, from a-
broad, foreign; subst., a for-
eigner

pereo, -ire, -ii, - itum, to perish

perfero, -re, pertulT, perlatum,
to get th7'ough, convey; to en-
dure to the end

perfTcio, -erg, perfecT, perfec-
tum, to bring about, accom-
plish

perfldia, -ae (f.), bad faith, per-
fidy

pergo,-ere, perrexi, perrectum,
to go on

perlcliira = perlculum

periculosiis, -a, -um, dangerous

perrciilum, -T (n.), a risk, dan-
ger; pericidum facere, to make
the experiment

perltiis, -a, -um, experienced,
skilled ; peritissimus, well
versed

perlego, -ere, perlegi, perlec-
tum, to read to the end

permaneo, -ere, permansT, per-
mansiim, to persevere; mos
permanet, the custovi lasts

permitto, -ere, permisi, permis-
sum, to permit, alloiv; admi-
nistrationem, potestatem per-
mittere, to intrust the adminis-
tration, power
permotiis, -a, -um, influenced
permCito, -are, -avi, -atum, to

interchange
pernlcies, -ei (f.), ruin
perpastus, -a, -um, well-fed
perpes, -etis, continuous
perpetior, -i, perpessGs sum, to

endure
perpetuo, forever
perpetuus, -3.,-um, continuous;
perpetilum exsilium agere, to
live in exile for life; perpetuus
honor, dignity for life
Persa, -ae (m.), a Persian
perscrlbo, -ere, perscripsi, per-
scriptum, to report (in writ-
ing)
perscrutor, -ari, -atus sum, to

examine
Persepolis, - (f.), Persepolis, cap-
ital of the Persians
persequor, -i, persecutus sum,

to pursue
Perses, -ae (m.), a Persian
persevero, -are, -avi, -atum,

to persevere
Persicus, -a, -um, Persian
perspicio, -ere, perspexi, per-

spectum, to explore
persuadeo, -ere, persiiasi, per-
SLiasum, to 2')ersuade, convince
perterritus, -a, -tim, greatly

frightened, alarmed
perutilis, -e, very useful
pervenio, -ire, pervSni, perven-
tum, to reach; eodem per-
venire, to reach the same point

— 165

pSs, pedis (m.), afoot

pestis, - (f.), a%)lcigu6

petltus, -a, -um, sought-for

peto, -ere, petivi, petitum, to
make for; to beg^ seek, ask;
petitum est, they asked him;
pacem petere, to sue for peace;
Siciliam petere, to make for
Sicily; praetorium petere, to
attack the headquarters; auxi-
lium petere, to ask for assist-
ance

petulans, -tis, impudent

Phalereus, -ei (m.), Phalereus, a
ruler of Athens and a famous
orator

Phalericus, -a, -um, Phalerian

phiditia, -orum (n. pi.), the pub-
lic meals of the Lacedaemon-
ians

Philipptis, -1 (m.), Philip, king
of Macedon

philosoplius, -i (m.), a philoso-
pher

Phintias, -ae (m.), Phintias, a
Pythagorean

PhoenTce, -es (f.), Phoenice

Phoenix,-icis (m.), a Phoenician

Phthia,-ae (f.), Phthia, the birth-
place of Achilles

pictus, -a, -um, embroidered;
magnificis operibus pictus,
magnificently embroidered

pietas, -atis (f.), (filial) duty,
affection, piety; pietatis jura,
the rights of duty

piia, -ae (f.), a ball

pingo, -ere, pinxi, pictum, to
paint, embroider

piscatorius, -a, -um, of fisher-
men; scapha piscatoria, a fish-
ing boat

piscis, - (m.), a fish
Pisistratus, -i (m.), PisistratuS}

a tyrant of Athens
plus, -a, -um, pious; pia hu«

manitas, kind feelings
placeo, -ere, -uT, -itum, to

please; mihi placet, / am of

opinion
placldus, -a, -um, gentle
plane, absolutely, clea7^ly; bene

planeque, full ivell
planTils, more distinctly
planum, -i (n.), a plane
planus, -a, -lim, level
Plataeae, -arum (f. pi.), Plataea
Plataeenses, -ium (m. pi.), the

Plataeans, inhabitants of Pla-
taea
Plato, -onis (m.), Plato
plaustrum, -i (n.), a wagon
plebs, plebis (f.), the common

people, commonalty
plecto, -ere, (no perf.), plexum,

to punish
pleniis, -a, -um, full; plenus

artis, richly wrought
plerlque, pleraeque, pleraque,

most, the majority, many
plerumque, for the greater part,

geneimlly
plures, -a, more; many, several
plurimiis, -a, -um, very much
plus, pluris, more
pociilum, -1 (n.), a cup
poena, -ae (f.), punishment;

poenas repetere, to demand

satisfaction; poenas dare, to

suffer punishment
poenitentla, -ae (f.), repentance;

also written paenitentia
polliceor, -eri, -itus sum, to

promise

— 166 —

Polydectes, -ae (m.), Polydectes,
king of Sparta, Lycurgus'
brother
pondus, -eris (n.), weight
pOno, -ere, posui, positum, to
put, place; conditio ponitur, a
choice is left; tunicam ponere,
to take off the tunic; timorem
ponere, to dismiss fear'; posi-
tum esse, to depend
pons, -tis (m.), a bridge
pontic ulus, -i (m.), a little bridge
popularis, -e, p)opular
populuSj-i (m.), a people, nation
porrectiis, -3,, -um, outstretched
porrlgo, -ere, porrexi, porrec-

tum, to put out
porro, moreover
porta, -ae (f.), a gate
portendo, -ere, portendi, por-

tentum, to portend
portus, -lis (ra.), a port, harbor
posltus, -a, -una, placed; posi-
tum esse, to depend on
possessi6,-onis (f.), a possession
possideo, -ere, possedi, posses-
sum, to hold, occupy
possum, possg, potiii, (no sup.),
can, to be able; omnia posse, to
be all-powerful
post, w. ace, after, behind
postea, after that, afterwards;

postga quam, after
posterus, -a, -um, following,
next; poster!, -orum (m. pi),
the descendxints, posterity
postquam, posteaquam, after
postremiis, -S, -um, last; po-
stremo, ad postremum, at last
postrldig, next day, following day
postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, to
require, demand, claim

postumus, -a, -um, born after
the father^ s death, late-born

potens, -tis, powerful

potent! a, -ae (f.), power, capacity

potestas, -atis (f.), power, com-
mand; potestas bellOrum, con-
trol of wars; p. vitae necisque,
power of life and death

potiSr, -iri, -itus sum, to get or
hold possession of; rerum po-
tlri, to gain dominion

potisslmiim, chiefly; if possible

potlus, rather

prae, w. abl, for, on account of;
in comparison with

praebgo, -ere, -uT, -Itiim, to
offer; ub6ra praebere, to suckle;
speciem praebSre, to famish
the appearance; se praebere,
to offer one's self

praeceptum, -T (n.), an order

praeclpio, -ere, praec6pi, prae-
ceptum, to order, enjoin, di-
rect

praeclarS, very well

praeclarQs, -&, -um, splendid,
illustrious; praeclara, illus-
trious deeds

praecludo, -ere, praeclusT, prae-
clusum, to shut up; praeclusa
voce, his voice failing him

praeco, -onis (m.), a crier, her-
ald, proclaimer

praeda, -ae (f.), booty, plunder

praedico, -are, -avi, -atum, to
declare; to praise, laud

praeditus, -3,, -um, gifted, en-
dowed; possessed of

praefectus, -i (m.), a prefect

praefero, -re, praetuli, praela-
tum, to prefer; omen prsLefervGj
to present an omen

I6t -

praeficio, -ere, praefgci, prac-
fectuni, to put over, to appoint

praemitto, -ere, praemisi, prae-
missuiii, to send ahead

praemium, -I (n.), a reward

praemoneo, -ere, -iii, -itum, to
forewarn

praenuntio, -are, -avi, -atiini,
to foretell

praeparattis, -a, -um, ready

praepono, -ere, praeposui, prae-
positum, to place first, prefer;
genti praeponere, to set over a
tribe; ducem praepongre, to
put in command; praepositus,
set over

praesagiens, -tis, presaging;
quiddam praesagiens, some
touch of presage

praesagltid, -onis (f.), presaging

praesens, -tis, present; ad prae-
sens tempus, for the moment;
praesens mors, imminent death

praesentiens, -tis, foreboding;
quiddam praesentiens, some-
thing like foreboding

praesidium, -i (n.), help, protec-
tion; a garrison

praestO, present, at hand, ready

praesto, -arg, praestitT, (no sup.),
to show, perform; fulfill (a
promise); to surpass; officTum
praestare, to perform, dis-
charge a duty; tutum praestare,
to keep safe; praestat,2^ is better

praesum, praeesse, praeful, (no
sup.), to be at the head, to com-
mand; rebus divlnis praeesse,
to preside over religious rites;
bello praeesse, to have the com-
mand in war

praetgr, w. ace, except, beyond

praeterga, besides

praetor, -oris (m.), a general,

leader
praetOriiim, -T (n.), the general's

tent, headquarters
prandeo,-ere, prandi, pransum,

to breakfast
preces, -uiu (f. pi.), prayers,

entreaty; summis precibus,

with every entreaty
precor,-ari, -atiis sum, to pray,

supplicate
premo, -ere, pressi, pressum,

to press hard; vocem premere,

to be silent
pretiostis, -a, -um, precious,

costly
pretium, -i (n.), a price
pridem, long since
prlmiis, -a, -tim, first; primo,

at first; primum, first; in pri-

mis, especially; primas dare,

to give the first place
princeps, -ipis (m.), a x)rince,

chief; the first
princTpium, -i (n.), a beginning;

principia, the elements
prior, -us, former, previous;

more excellent
pristlnus, -a, -uni, former, pre-
vious, original
prius, formerly
prTusquam, before that, sooner

than
privatiis,-a,-uin, private; subst.,

a private citizen
privTlegium, -i (n.), a privilege
pro, w. abl., for, instead of, in

proportion to; in behalf of
probatus, -a, -iim, of a2yproved

goodness; minus probatus, not

so good

168 —

pro bo, -are, -avi, -atum, to

approve
procax, -acts, shameless
procedo, -ere, prOcessi, proces-
sum, to go on, proceed; obvi-
um procedere, to proceed to
meet
procelia, -ae (f.), a storm
procreo, -are, -avi, -atum, to

bring forth; pass., to he horn
procdl, at a disiancey from afar
prOcuratiO, -onis (f.), a charge
prOcurro, -ere, procurri (procii-
curri), prOcursum, to rush
forwards
prOdlgium, -T (n.), an omen
proditor, -oris (m.), a traitor
prodo, -gre, prodidi, proditum,
to disclose; memoriae prodere,
to record; proditum est, it has
been recorded, there is a tradi-
tion; aquilam prodere, to give
up the standard
proeli6r,-ari,-atus sum, to fight
proellum,-! (n.), a skirmish, hat-
tie
profecto, really, indeed
profero, -re, prOtulI, prolatum,
to bring forth, extend; in lo-
cum editum proferre, to bring
to an elevated spot; artem pro-
ferre, to bring out an art; ca-
put proferre, to put out one's
head; in forum . proferre, to
bring into the market
proficiscor, -T, profectiis sum,
to set out, to proceed, depart;
in bellum proficisci, to go to
war; proficisci ad mortem, to
go to die
profiteor, -erf, professiis sum,
to profess; give in one's name

prof ugio, -ere, profugT, profugi-
turn, to flee away, escape

prOgrediSr, -i, progressus sum,
to proceed, advance; cultius
progredi, to walk along more
elegantly

prShibeo, -ere, -iii, -itum, to
keep from, hinder; to forbid;
prohibere ab injuria, to protect
from injury; pr6hibita,-oruin
(n. pi.), forbidden things

proinde, accordingly, therefore

prOjIcio, -ere, projeci, projec-
tum,to cast forth; se projicSre,
to rush

prOloquor, -i, prolocutiis sum,
to speak out

prOmissus, -3-, -iim, long, flow-
ing

promitto, -ere, prOmisT, promis-
sum, to promise

promptus, -a, -urn, forward,
ready

promuntorliim, -i (n.), a prom-
ontory

pronuntio, -are, -avi, -atum,
to denote, declaim

proniis, -3,, -um, sloping down

prope, with ace, near, hard-by;
adv. nearly, almost; near, nigh

propediem, at an early day

propello, -ere, prOpuli, propul-
sum, to repel

propinquus, -a, -iim, near; pro-
pinquus, subst., a relative

prOpdno, -ere, proposuT, propo-
situm, to set before, to issue;
proposita fuga, flight put before
the eyes

proprletas, -atis (f.), possession

proprius, -3, -um, own; pro-
prium est, it is the mark

169 —

propter, w. ace, on account of^ in
consequence of

propterea, on that account

prorsiis, wholly, absolutely; pre-
cisely

proscrlbo, -ere, proscripsi, pro-
scrij)tiini, to write upon

prOsequor, -i, prOsecCitus sum,
to follow

Proserpina, -ae (f.), Proserpine

prosper, -a, -iini, favorable

prospTcio, -ere, prospexi, pro-
spectum, to foresee

prosum, prOdesse, proful,(no8up.),
to he useful^to benefit, to do good

protinus, on the spot, immediately

prOtraho, -ere, protraxi, prO-
tractum, to protract

provgho, -ere, provexi, provec-
tum, to promote; provehi in
altum, to proceed to the deep
water

provenio, -Tre, proveni, prOven-
tum, to be born

provideo, -ere, provIdT, prOvI-
sum, to foresee

provoco, -are, -avT, -atum, to
call forth

proximus, -S, -Gm, next; pro-
xima quaeque victoria, every
preceding victory; proxima
nocte, last night; proximi (m.
pi), the nearest relatives

prudens, -tis, foreseeing ^ sen-
sible, prudent

prytaneum, -i (n.), the pryta-
neum, or town-hall

Ptolemaetis, -i (m.), Ptolemy, the
name of the kings of Egypt
after Alexander the Great

S£:^Hs}<'/^"^-'^'

adult

publicus, -S,, -fim, public; pu-
hilee, publicly, at the cost ofiJu
state, in behalf of the state; in
publico, in the street; in publi-
cum, in public
Publlfis, -1 (m.), Publius, a

Roman praenomen
pudor, -oris (m.), shame
puer, -i (m.), a boy, a slave; ad-

modum puer, a mere boy
pueritia, -ae (f.), boyhood
pugna, -ae (f.), a fight, battle
pugnans,-tis (m.), a fighting man
pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, to
fight; pugnatum est, the battle
was fought
pulcher, -rS, -rum, fine
pulchritudd,,-5nis (f.), beauty
pulmentarium, -i (n.), a dainty
pulraentiim, -i (n.), delicate fare
pulso, -are, -avi, -atum, to beat
purpura, -ae (f.), purple
puslO, -onis (m.), an urchin
piitamen, -inis (n.), the shell of

a nut
puto, -are, -avi, -atum, to

think, consider
Pygmalion, -onis (m.), Pygma-
lion, king of Tyre
pyra, -ae (f.), a funeral pile
'Pythsig6rSiS,-SLe {m..), Pythagoras
Pythagoreus, -i (m.), a Pythago-
\rean
Q.
quadraginta, forty
quadratum, -i (n.), a square
quadriduum, -i (n.), a space of

four days
quadrigae, -arum (f. pL), a team
of four horses; quadrigarum
currus, a chariot drawn by
four horses

— ilo —

quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quae-
situm, to ask, seek; gratiam
quaerere, to oUain favor; se-
des quaerere, to search for
settlements; labor quaerendi,
acquisitive disposition; quae-
situs, sought for

quaeso, I pray, prithee

quaestiO, -onis (f.), a question,
a subject of inqui7'y ; quaestioni
esse, to he doubtful

quaestfir, -oris (m.), a pay-
master, quaestor

quaestus, -us (m.), gain; quae-
stus divitiarum, the way of
making riches

qualiS;-e, (such) as, of which sort

qualitercunquG, howsoever

quam, as, how, than; quam . .
tarn, as . . so; quam primum,
as soon as jjossible; quam w.
superl., as. .as possible

quamquam, although; neverthe-

quamvls, though [less

quantus, -a, -tim, how much,
as much as

quare, wherefore, why

quarttis, -a, -uin, the fourth

quasi, as if; as it were

quattiior, four

-que, and

quemadmodum, how

querella, -ae (f.), a complaint

qu6rdr, -i, questtis sum, to com-
plain

qui, quae, quod, rel., who, which,
that; interrog., what (manner
of)? qui, qua, quod, indef., any,
some — qui, how?

quia, because

quicumque, quaecumque, quod-
cumqug, whoever, whatever

quidam, quaedam, quoddam (quid-
dam), someone, a certain; quo-
dam modo, in a certain meas-
ure; quiddam praesentiens, di-
vinans, some touch of presage,
divination; divlnum quiddam,
a divine something

quidgm, true, indeed; ne . . qui-
dem, not. .even

quies, -etis (f.), rest, sleep

quiesco, -ere, qulevi, quietiini,
to rest, to be at rest, to keep
quiet; to retire to rest

quietCis, -a, -um, quiet

(luln, (how not), so as not; why
not; quin etlam, yea indeed

quindecim, fifteen

quingenti, -ae, -a, five hundred

quinquaginta, fifty

quinqug, five

quinquennium, -T (n.), a space of
five years

quintus, -&, -uui, the fifth

Quinttis,-! (m.), Quintus,^. Roman
praenomen

quippe, namely, for

quis? — quid? who? what? quid?
why?

quis, qua, quid, indef, some one,
any one; ne quis, lest any one,
that no one

quisnam? quidnam? who? what

quisquam, quidquam, any at all

quisqug, quaeque, quidque (quod-
que), each one

quisquis, quidquid, whoever,
whatever

quo, whither, to whom, to which

quo, with compar., that the

quoad, as long as, until

quod, that, in that, because;
quodsi, if

lYl

quomodo, how

quondam, formerly

quoniam, (noio ihat)^ since, as

quoque, also [indeed

quotiens, how often

K.

rabidus, -a, -um, savage

radlcula, -ae (f.), a rootlet, root

radix, -icis (f.), a root; radices
Caucasi, ^/le/oo^ of the Caucasus

ramOsus, -S, -um, branching;
ramOsa cornua, antlers

ramulus, -i (m.), a little twig

rana, -ae (f.), a frog

rapinS., -ae (f.), plunder

rapio, -ere, rapui, raptum, to
carry off, rob, steal; raptiis,
-a, -um, carried with, stolen;
raptae virgines, the captured
virgins

raptor, -oris (m.), a plunderer

raro, seldom

ratio, -onis (f.), reasoning, ac-
count; a method, way; ratio
rei militaris, the principles of
military discipline

ratis, - (f.), a raft

reatus,-us {m.),an impeachment

rebello, -are, -avi, -atum, to
revolt, rebel

recedo, -ere, recessi, recessum,
to retire

recens,-tis, fresh; recens tabula,
a freshly written tablet

rScido, -ere, recidi, recasum, to
recoil

rgcipio, -ere, recepl, receptum,
to take back; to take in; in
fidem recipgre, to take under
protection; se recipgre, to with-
draw; to come back

recordatiO, -onis (f.), remember-
ing

recordor, -ari, -attis sum, to
remember

recumbo, -ere, recubiii, r6cu-
bituui, to lie down again

recLipero, -are, -avi, -atum, to
recover

reddo, -ere, reddidi, redditum,
to give back; to make, render

redeo, -ire, -ii, -itflm, to re-
turn

redigo, -ere, redegi, rgdactiim,
to bring back, reduce; in capti-
vitatem redigere, to reduce to
captivity

reditus, -us (m.), return

refectus, -a, -umi, revived

refero, -re, retuli (rettuli), rela-
tiim, to bring back, report,
relate; controversTam referre,
to start a question; ad aliquem
referre, to refer to some one;
pedem referre, to retreat

refertus, -a, -um, (choke-)full,
full to overflowing

reficio, -ere, refeci, rSfectum,
to repair; to refresh, recover

rgfugium, -i (n.), a refuge

regalis, -e, royal, regal

regia, -ae (f.), the king's palace

reglna, -ae (f.), a queen

Regini, -oriim (m. pi.), the Re-
gini, inhabitants of Regium

regi5, -onis (f.), a country, re-
gion, province

Regiiim, -i (n.), Regium, a town
on the Sicilian Straits

regius, -a, -um, of a king^
royal

regno, -are, -avi, -atum, to he
king, to reign

— 172 —

regniiiii, -i (n.), royal power ^
kingdom^ realm, throne; reg-
num agitare,to sjjend the reign;
regna exercere, to tyrannize

regredior, -T, regressus sum, to
step hack, to return

reltgio, -onis (f.), religious feel-
ing; divine service; metus re-
ligiOnis, religious aive; religio
juris jurandi, the obligation of
an oath; cruenta sacrOrum re-
ligio, bloody sacrifices

relinquo, -ere, rgllqui, relictum,
to leave

reliquiis, -S, -um, (ivhat is left),
remaining, rest

remaneo, -ere, remansT, reman-
siliii, to remain, stay behind

remediuin, -i (n.), a remedy

remissio, -onis (f.), a depression

remitto,-ere, remlsT, remissiim,
to send back, to slack

removeo, -ere, remOvi, remO-
tum, to move back, to remove

rcmus, -i (m.), an oar; inliibCre
rem is, to row a ship back-
wards; remis incitare, to set in
rapid motion luith the oars

renovo, -are, -avi, -atuin, to
renew

renuntio, -are, -avi, -atQin, to
report

reor, -eri, ratus sum, to think,
suppose

reparo, -are, -avi, -atum, to re-
new

repello, -ere, repuli, repulsum,
to drive back, reject

repente, suddenly

repentinus, -3,, -um, sudden

reperio,-ire, repperi, repertuin,
to discover, find

repeto, -ere, repgtivi, r6p6ti-
tiSm, to seek again, to dis-
cover; poenas repetere, to
demand satisfaction; altius re-
petere, to begin further back;
Siciliam repetere, to return to
Sicily; sacra repetere, to re-
cover the sacred vessels; cer-
tamen repetere, to renew a
contest

reprimo, -ere, repress!, rgpres-
sum, to keep back

repudio, -are, -avi, -attim, to
reject

require, -erg, rgquTsivi, requi-
situm, to inquire after; to re-
quire

res, r6I (f.), a thing, an event, a
circumstance, an affair, a
deed; res gestae, exploits,
achievements; res TyriOrum,
the history of the Tyrians; res
publica, a commonwealth; res
male acta, a failure; res mari-
timae, naval operations; res
militaris, military affairs; res
divlnae, religious rites; res
gerundae, public business; re-
rum abundantia, riches, (res is
often to be translated by com-
bination, often to be omitted.)

reservo, -are, -avi, -atum, to
preserve, spare

resldo, -gre, resgdi, (no sup.), to
sit down, to perch

rSsisto, -ere, restiti, (no sup.), to
make resistance, oppose, with-
stand; to stand still

respectus, -us (m.), considera-
tion

respicTo, -ere, respexi, respec-
tum, to regard

173

respiro, -are, -avi, -atum, to

recover breath; spatium respi-
randi, a breathing sj^ace
respondeo, -er€, respond!, re-
sponstiin, to answer; to suit
to; respoiisum erat, an ansiver
was received
responstiin, -i (n.), an answer
restaurs, -are, -avi, -atum,

to renew
restituo, -erg, restitui, restitu-

tum, to restore
restitutio, -onis (f.), rebuilding;
restitutio etiam in majus, re-
building even on a larger scale
ret€, -is (n.), a net
rgtenttis, -^, -um, entangled
retineo, -ere, retinui, reten-

tum, to keep back
reus, -T (m.), a defendant
reverto, -ere, reverti, rever-

sum; reverter, -i, to return
revoco, -are, -avi, -atuni, to

recall
rex, regis (m.), a king, sovereign
Ehodius, -i (m.), a Rhodian
Rhodiis, -i (f.), Rhodes^ an island

in the Aegean Sea
rideo,-ere, risi, risum, to laugh,
rlgens, -tis, frozen [smile

risiis, -lis (m.), laughing
rivus, -i (m.), a brook
robustiis, -a, -tim, strong
rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, to re-
quest, entreat, ask; summis
precibus rogare, to use every
entreaty
rogtls, -i (m.), a funeral pile
Roxane, -es (f.), Roxane, wife of

Alexander the Great
rudis, -e, ignorant, inexperi-
enced

RufGs, -i (m.), Rufus, a Roman

surname
rumpo, -ere, rupi, ruptum, to

burst, break
ruo, -ere, rui, rCituiii, to rush
rursum, rursus, again
rus, ruris (n.), the country

S.
Sablniis, -i (m.), a Sabine; also

a Roman surname, Sabinus
saccus, -i (m.), a bag
sacer,-ra, -rum, sacred; sacra,
-orum, sacred objects; sacra
Eleusinia, the Eleusinian mys.
teries; sacra Herculis, the sa-
cred vessels of Hercules; sacra
facere, to sacrifice
sacerdos,-otis (m. & f.), a x^riest,

priestess
sacerdotium, -i (n.), prie.s'^/iOO(^
sacrificium, -i (n.), a sacrifice
sacrllcgus, -i (m.), a sacrilegist
sacro, -are, -avi, -atum, to

consecrate
saeculum, -i (n.), a century
saepe, often

saeta, -ae (f.), a hair, bristle
saevio,-ire, -ivi, -itiim, to rage
saevitia, -ae (f.), cruelty
saevus, -a, -iim, furious, fierce
sagitta, -ae (f.), an arrow
Salamlnius, -a, -um, of Salami s
Salamis, -iuis (f.), Salamis, an

island in the Saronic Gulf
salio, -ire, salGi, saltiim, to leap
salus, -litis (f.), safety; saliiti
consulere, to have a care for
safety
salutaris, -e, advantageous
saluto, -are, -avi, -atum, to
salute, greet

lU —

sancio, -Tre, sanxi, sancTtum &
sanctum, to sanction, enact a
law; caplte sancire, to enact
capital punishment against;
lege sancire, to constitute by
law
sanctissime, most purely
sanctus, -a, -um, inviolable,
sane, indeed [sacred

sanguis, -inis (m.), blood
sano, -ar6, -avi, -atum, to heal
sapiens, -tis, wise; ady., sapien-

ter, wisely
sapTentia, -ae (f.), wisdom
sarcinS., -ae (f.), a package
Sarclanapalliis. -i (m.), Sardana-
pallus, an effeminate king of
Assyria
sarmentum, -i (n.), a fagot
satclles,-itis (m.), an attendant
satiO, -oiiis (f.), aj)lcinting
satTo, -are, -avi, -atum, to sat-
isfy, fill
satis, enough, sufficiently; non
satis fieri, to be without iridem-
nificaiion
saucio, -are, -avi, -atum, to

wound .
saxum, -i (n.), a rock [skiff

scaphS,, -ae (f.), a light boat, a
sceliis, -eris (n.), a crime
scilicet, of course
scio, -ire, -ivi, -itiim, to know
sciscitor, -ari, -atus sum, to

inquire
scrlbo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum.,
to ivrite; scriptus, in writing;
scriptum est, it has been com-
municated
scriptor, -oris (m.), a writer;
scriptures rerum suarum, re-
porters of his exploits

scriptum, -T (n.), (t writing
scripturS, -ae (f.), a writing
Scylla, -ae (f.), Scylla, a rock

between Italy and Sicily
sGclusiis, -a, -um, separated
seco, -ar6, secui, sectiim, to cut
secundum, w. ace, after, accord-
ing to, during
secundus, -a, -um, following,

second; favorable
securis, - (f.), an axe
s6curitas, -atis (f.), security
securus, -a, -um, without care^

(feeling) safe
sed, but
86deo,-ere, s6di, sessum, to sit;

of birds, to perch
sedes, -is (f.), a seat, abode, set-
tlement; of a king, throne; au-
spicata sedes, a lucky founda-
tion
sedltio, -onis (f.), a sedition
sedo, -are, -avi, -atum, to bring
to order; dissensionem sedare,
to settle a difference
sejungo, -ere, sejunxi, s6junc-

tum, to disjoin
Semlramis,-i<iis (f.), Semiramis,

queen of Babylon
senatus, -us (m.), the senate
senectus, -utis (f.), old age
senesco, -ere, senui, (no sup.), to

grow old
senex, -Is (m.), an old man; as

adject., old,, aged
sententla, -ae (f.), an opinion,

a vote, decision
sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum, to
become aware, think, feel; to
notice
sepglio,-ire, s6p61ivi, sepultflm,
to bury

175

septSm, seven

septentriones, -iiin (m. pi.), (sev-
en stars, Great Bear), North
septingenti, -ae, -a, seven liun-
septuaginta, seventy [dred

sepulcrum, -i (n.), a tomb, se-

pulcre
sepultura, -ae (f.), a burial
sequens, -tis, following
sequor, -T, secutiis sum, to fol-
low; fidem populi Romani se-
qui, to seek the protection of the
Roman people
Serlphius, -i (m.), a Seriphian
Senphiis, -i (f.), Seriphus, a
small island in the Aegean sea
sgriiis, -a, -um, serious; seria,

serious matters
sermd, -onis (m.), a speech, talk
serus, -a, -um, late, too late
servTlis, -e, of a slave, servile;
servilibns verberibus adfici, to
^6 flogged by a slave; servllis
ingenii ratio, the reasoning of
a servile mind
servio, -ire, -ivi, -Ttum, to

serve
servitus, -litis (f.), slavery
servo, -are, -avi, -atum, to
serve, preserve; rescue, save;
I fldem servare, to keep a promise
servus, -i (m.), a slave; adject.,

slavish, enslaved
sescenti, -ae, -a, six hundred
sen, or; sen.. sen, either.. or
sever itas, -atis (f.), severity
severus, -a, -lim, severe; seve-

rius, more rigidly, carefully
sevoco, -are, -avi, -atQm, to
sex, six [remove

sextiis, -3,, -lim, the sixth
sexus, -lis (m.), sex

si, if; si modo, if only; si quidem,

as far as
SIC, so

SicanTa, -ae (f.), = SicilTa, Sicily
sicco, -are, -avi, -atum, to

drain
Sicilia, -ae (f.), Sicily
sicubi, wheresoever
sicut, sTcuti, as; sicut. .ita, as. .so
Sicyon, -onis (f.), Sicyon, a city

in the Peloponnesus
SicyOnius, -i (m.), a Sicyonian
Sidon, -onis (f.), Sidon, a Phoe-
nician city
sidon, fish
sidus,-eris (n.), a star, a group

of stars
Sigeum, -i (n.), Sigeum, a town

in Troas where Achilles was

buried
signifies, -are, -avi, -atiim, to

foretoken, to point out
signtim, -i (n.), a signal
Silentiiim, -i (n.), silence
silva, -ae (f.), a wood, forest
similis, -e, like, similar
similitrid6,-inis (f.), resemblance
Simonides, -is (m.), SimonideSj

a famous lyric poet
simpliciter, frankly, openly
simul, at the same time
Simulacrum, -i (n.), an image,

a statue; a phantom
simulo, -are, -avi, -atum, to

make believe, feign
simultas, -atis (f.), a feud
sin, but if

Sine, w. abl., ivithout
singiili,-ae,-a, each, individual,

single, one by one; singula

emere, to buy retail
sinister, -rS, -riim, left;

176

sintls,-us (m.), thehosom; a gulfj

Biquldem, in as much as [hay

slquO, if somewhere

sisto, -er6, stiti, statum, to
cause a person to appear in
court; vas sistendi, bail for his
appearing in court

sitiens, -tis, thirsty

sitis, - (f.), thirst

sittis, -a, -tim, situate; situm
esse, to depend upon

siv6, or; sive..sive, either.. or

societas, -atls (f.), companion-
ship

sociiis, -i (m.), a companion, an
ally; socia civitas, a state in
alliance

Socrates, -is (m.), Socrates

Socratictis, -&, -tim, Socratio

Soebares, -Is (m.), Soehares, Cy-
rus' companion

sol, soils (m.), the sun; Sol, the
sun-god

soleo, -erg, solitiis sum, to be
ivont, accustomed, in the habit,
use

solidtis, -a, -tim, whole, entire

solitudO, -inis (f.), a desert

s61itus,-a,-tim, usual, ordinary

sollemnis, -6, established

sollers, -tis, ingenious

sollertia, -ae (f.), skill

sollicitattis, -S., -um, stirred up,
allured

sollicito, -arS, -avi, -atOm, to
induce, stir up; to allure; in
amicitiam sollicitare, to urge
to friendship; sollicitare in
partes suas, to draw over to
one's side

solllcitus, -a,
full of cares

Solon, -onis (m.), Solon, the
lawgiver of the Athenians

solum, -i (n.), the soil, ground

solum, 072ly

solus -a, -tim, alone

soluttis, -S, -tim, relaxed, loose;
let loose (of a dog)

solvo, -6r6, solvT, solutum, to
loosen; solvere frenum, to
slacken the reins; pontem sol-
vere, to destroy a bridge; reli-
gione solvere, to free from an
obligation; solvere (navem), to
weigh anchor, set sail

somnitiin, -i (n.), a dream

somntis, -i (m.), sleep

sontis, -i (m.), a sound, noise

sorbeo, -erg, --ai, (no sup.), to
suck up, swallow

sordidQs, -S-, -tim , squalid, dirty;
sordida veste, by putting on
mourning

s6r5r, -oris (f.), a sister

sors, -tis (f.), a lot; sors vitae,
condition of life

sortidr, -iri, -ittis sum, to draw
lots; in the perfect tenses, to
obtain (by lot)

sospes, -itis, safe and sound

Spacds, -1 (f.), Spacos, Cyrus'
nurse

Sparta, -ae (f.), Sparta, capital
of Laconia

Spartantis, -T (m.), a Spartan

Spartiates, -ae (m.), a Spartan

spatitim, -i (n.), room, space,
time; loci spatium, extent of
space

spgcies, -ei (f ), a show, appear-
ance; sub specie, under the
mask; species navium, the
shape of the ships

177 —

spectacultim, -i (n.), a sight,
view; spectaculo dignus, worth
seeing

spectatSr, -5rls (m.), a beholder,
spectator

spectatGs, -3,, -tim, tried

specto, -arfi, -avi, -atttm, to
look at; to observe

speculor, -ari, -atfls sum, to
spy out

spes, spel (f.), hope

spTramentflin, -i (n.), an airhole

spirittis, -us (m.), a breath, a
draught, (current of) air; spi-
ritum extremum trahere, to
breathe one's last

splendeo, -erg, -tii, (no sup.), to
shine

splenddr, -oris (m.), excellence

spoliattis, -a, -um, spoiled,
stripped

spondeo, -erg, spSpondT, spon-
sum, to promise

squal5r, -oris (m.), fllthiness,
squalor; habitus squaloris, the
appearance of squalor

stabulum, -T (n.), a stable

stagnuui,-! (n.), a swamp; Assy-
rium stagnum. Lake Gene-
sareth in Palestine

statim, immediately

statuo, -6re, statu!, stattittini,
to place; to resolve, decide; se-
dem statuSre, to fix one's res-
idence; vectigal statuere, to
fix a tax

statiis,-us (m.), a situation, con-
dition

sterctis, -oris (n.), dung

sterno, -erg, stravi, stratGin, to
(strew), cover over, throw down

stirps, -is (f.), offspring

st5, -arg, stgti, statum, to
stand; ex adverse stare, to face

stragulum, -i (n.), a fabric

Straton, -ouis (m.), Siraton, a
chief of the Tyrians

stratiis, -a, -um, prostrate,
spread; stratus sulphure, cov-
ered with sulphur

strenue, strenuously

strepittis, -us (m.), a din, noise

studeo, -erg, -ui, (no sup.), to
pay attention to, to endeavor;
arti studere, to devote one^s self
to an art; sacrificiis studere,
to pay attention to sacrifices;
agriculturae non studere, not
to care for agriculture

studiostis, -a, -um, fond; stu-
diose, fondly

studium,-! (n.), zeal; belli studla,
zeal for war; studium majOris
imperii, endeavor to enlarge
the dominion; studium rei mi-
litaris, belli gerendi, pursuit
of military affairs, of warfare;
studia doctrlnae, study and
learning

stultitia, -ae (f ), folly

stultGs, -a, -um, foolish

stupor, -oris (m.), stupidity

SLiadeo, -erg, suasi, suasum,
to advise

suavis, -e, sweet

sub, with ace. & abl., under; sub
oculis, before the eyes; sub
monte, at the foot of a moun-
tain

subdolus, -5,, -um, deceitful

subduco, -grg, subduxT, subduc-
tiim, to haul ashore

subigo, -gre, sub6gi, subactiim,
to subjugate

178

subitO, suddenly

subTtiis, -§., -um, sudden

sublego, -ere, sublegi, sublec-

tiim, to elect
subllmis, -e, aloft^ high in the

air; in sublime, high in the air
subministro, -are, -avi, -atum,

to supply
submoveo, -ere, submOvi, sub-

mOtuin, to put out of the way
suboles, -is (f.), offspring
subsequor, -i, subsecutus sum,

to follow closely
substerno, -ere, substravT, sub-
stratum, to lay under
subtraho, -ere, subtraxT, sub-

tractiim, to take away; se sub-

trahere, to retire
subvenio, -ire, subveni, subven-

tum, to assist
succedo, -ere, succcssi, succes-

sum, to succeed; to folloio^

march on
successiO, -onis (f.), succession
successor, -oris (m.), a successor
succurro, -ere, succurri (succu-

curri), succursiini, to succor
sudor, -oris (m.), sweat, perspi-
ration
suffOco, -are, -avi, -atum, to

stifle
suggesttim, -i (n.), a platform
sui, sibl, se, self
sulphur, -is (n.), sulphur
Sulplcliis, -i (m.), Sulpicius, the

name of a Koman gens
sum, esse, fuT, (no sup.), to he; ca-

pillo sunt promisso, they luear

their hair long
summus, -S, -um, highest,

greatest; summls precibus,t(;i^7i

every entreaty; summa belli,

the command in chief; summa
voce, at the top of one's voice;
vir summus, a very nobleman;
summis viribus, with the ut-
most vigor; summa fide, con-
scientiously

sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum,
to take

sumptuOsus, -a, -um, expensive

sumptus, -us (m.), expense

super, with ace, over, above, be-
sides

siiperinduco, -ere, superinduxi,
superinductum, to do over^ to
coat

superior, -us, upper, higher,
former; preceding, last; super-
iorem esse, to have the advan-
tage; superior vita, the former
life; superior annus, last year;
superius tempus, former time

supgro, -are, -avi, -atiim, to
subdue, to overcome, to beat

silpersum, superesse, superful, (no
sup.), to be more than sufficient;
to remain, survive

supCriis, -a, -um, on high; mare
superum, the upper, i. e. the
Adriatic and Ionian sea

siipervenio, -ire, superveni, su-
perventum, to fall upon sud-
denly

supplementiim, -i (n.), a supple-
ment; supplementumcopiarum,
reinforcements

supplex, -icis, on one^s knees,
suppliant

supplicTum, -i (n.), punishment

supprimo, -ere, suppress!, sup=
pressum, to sink

supra, with ace, above, over; adv.,
over

— 179 —

suprSmus, -S., -uin, Mgliest, last
surgo,-ere, surrexT, surrectum,

to get lip
suscipio, -ere, suscepT, suscep-

tum, to take up; of a child, to

hrmg up; susccptus, horn;

bellum suscipei'e, to undertake

ivar
suscito, -are, -avi, -atum, to

lift up; suscitare e somno, to

awake
suspicor, -ari, -attis sum, to

suppose
sustineo, -ere, sustiniii, susten-

tiim, to hold up; to hold out
susurrus, -T (m.)^ whispering
siitis, -a, -iim, his^ her, its own;

siii, his men; sua, their p)rop-

erty
symbolus,-! (m. ), a sign or mark;

a symbol
Syracusae, -arGm (f. pi), Syra-
cuse
Syracusantis, -i (ra.), a Syracu-
Syrus, -1 (m.), a Syrian [sail

T.

tabella, -ae (f.), a tablet

taceo, -ere, -in, -itum, to be

silent

tacTtus, -a, -iiin, silent; tacito,
secretly; tacite, silently

taediiim, -i (n.), trouble; taedi-
um belli, disgust ivith war

talis, -ej such; such like

tarn, so

tamen, yet, nevertheless

tandem, at length; pray

tango, -ere, tetigi, tactSm, to
touch

tantiilus,-a, -lim, so small, triv-
ial, insignificant

tantum, only

tanttis, -a, -um, so great, so
much; tantus. . .quantus, so
much.. as; quod tanti est, an
equivalent

tardus, -a -um, slow; paulo tar-
dlus, rather tardily

tauriis, -T (m.), a bull

tectorius, -a, -iirn, that serves
for covering; opus tectorium,
stucco

tectum, -i (n.), a roof; a house

tegmen, -inis (n.), a cover

tego, -6re, texi, tectum, to cov-
er, hide

teliim,-! (n.), a weapon, javelin

temere, rashly; commonly; with-
out good reason

temperamentum, -i (n.), moder-
ation

temperantia,-ae (f.), moderation

tempestas, -atis (f.), weather;
storm; time; tertia tempestas,
the third day

templum, -i (n.), a temple

tempto, -are, -avI, -atiim, to
make an attempt upon

tempus, -5ris (n.), time; ad
tempus, at the right time; anni
tempus, a season; post tempus,
hereafter

teneo, -ere, teniii, tentiim, to
hold (in possession) , keep; re-
strain; imperlum tengre, to
hold the supreme poiver; te-
neri, to be bound; tenere quo-
minus, to detain fr 0771; portum
tenere, to guard the harbor;
cursum tenere, to hold on one's
way; vento teneri quominus,
to be prevented by the wind
from

— . 180

tenuis, -e, thin

tenuitas, -atis (f.), humble sta-
tion; slenderness
tergiversor, -ari, -attis sum,

to turn one's back; tergiver-

santes, deserters
tergtini,-! (n.), iheback; de tergo,

post terga, in the rear; terga

dare, to turn the back
terminus, -i (m.), a limit, bound
terra, -ae (f.), earth, land; uni-

versae terrae, tJie whole ivorld
terreo, -ere, -tii, -itiim, to

frighten
terrester, -ris, -re, by land
terribilis, -e, terrible
terror, -oris (m.), dir.ad, terror
tertiiis, -S, -tim, third
testimonium,-! (n.), atestimony,

evidence
textllis, -6, textile [tocles

Themistocles, -is (m.), Themis-
Thermopylae, -arum (f. pi.),

They^mopyJae, the famous de-
file of Oeta, where Leonidas

fell
ThGseiis, -ei (m.), Theseus, king

of Athens
Thespiae, -arum (f. pi.) , Thes-

piae, a town of Boeotia
Thessalia, -ae (f.), Thessaly
tiglllum, -T (n.), a little log
Timaeus, -i (m.), Timaeus, a

Greek historian of Sicily
timens, -tis, timid(ly)
timeo, -ere, -uT, (no sup.), to fear
tlmldus, -a, -um, timid
timor, -oris (m.), fear
tintinnabulum, -T (n.), a bell
Titurliis, -i (m.), Titurius, a

legate of Caesar in the Gallic

war

toUo, -6re, sustuli, sublatiim,
to take up, to take away; of
a child, to bring up; of laws,
to abolish; ancoras tollere, to
weigh anchor; timorem tollgre,
to take away fear; clamorem
tollere, to set up a. cry

tondgo, -erg, totondi, tonsQm,
to shave

tonsor, -oris (m.), a barber

tonstrlcuia, -ae (f.), a little bar-
ber

tormentum, -i (n.), torture; a
missile

iorvens,-tis,rolling in a stream,
rushing

tot, (indecl.), so many

totus, -a, -tim, whole; totis viri-
bus, with might and main

tracto, -are, -avi, -atum, to
handle, treat; bella tractare,
to conduct war

trado, -ere, tradidi, traditum,
to hand over, deliver, report,
relate; in matrimonium tradere,
to marry; epulandum tradere,
to set before to feast upon; ex-
ercitum tradere, to surrender
an army; quern biformem tra-
didere, whom they said was
two-shaped; traditur,!^ is said;
regnum tradere, ^o entrust a
kingdom; artem tradere, to
teach an art; se tradere, to
give one's self up

traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, to
draw, derive; proclium tra-
here, to protract a battle; spiri-
tum extremum trahere, to
breathe one's last; vitam tra-
here, to drag one's life; gratiam
trahere, to gain favor

181 —

trajectiis, -us (m.), a crossing,

passage
trajici6,-ere, trajeci, trajectum,

to cross
transeo,-ire,-ii,-ituin, to cross,

pass by, to pass; transeuntes,

the passers-by
transfero, -re, transtuli, transla-

tum, to transfer, to bring over;

se transferre, to betake one's

self; se transferre a bello ter-

restri in navale, to pass from

war by land to war by sea
transition -onis (f.), desertion
transitiis, -us (m.), a crossing,

passage
transporto, -are, -avi, -atum,

to transport, carry across
trecenti, -ae, -a, three hundred
trepidatio, -onis (f.), confusion
trepldiis, -a, -um, restless
tres, trta, three
tribuntis, -i (m.), a tribune; tri-

bunus milltum, a military trib-
une
tribuo, -ere, tribui, tributiim,

to attribute, give
trlduGm, -i (n.), a space of three
trlginta, thirty [days

Trinacria, -ae (f.), Trinacria,

old name of the island of Sicily
TriptSlemus, -i (m.), Triptole-

mus, king of Eleusis, inventor

of agriculture
tristis,-e, sad, gloomy, disheart-

ening; tristior mens, deeper

affection
trivium, -i (n.), a cross road
TrOjanus, -i (m.), a Trojan
tropaeum, -T (n.), a trophy
trucido, -are, -avi, -atuni, to

butcher i slay

triido, -ere, trusi, trusiim, to

drive
trunciis, -i (m.), the trunk
trux, triicis, fierce, wild
tu, thou
tueor, -eri, (tuitus, tutus) tu-

tatus sum, to protect
turn, then; turn temporis, at that

time
tumens, -tis, swollen
tumultiior, -ari, -atus sum, to

be in confusion
tumultus, -us (m.), a tumuli,

confusion
tumulus, -1 (m.), a mound
tunc, then, at that time
tunica, -ae (f), a shirt, tunic
turba, -ae (f), a crowd
turbidus, -a, -um, muddy
turbo, -are, -avi, -atiini, to

disturb
turbulentus, -a, -lim, muddy
turpis, -e, shameful, disgraceful,

dishonorable
turris, - (f.), a tower
tutela, -ae (f.), guardianship
tutor, -ari, -atus sum, to pro-
tutus, -S,, -um, safe [tect

tiius, -a, -lim, thy
tyrannis, -idis (f.), absolute

power, tyranny
tyrannus, -i (m.), a tyrant
TyrTiis, -i (m.), a Tyrian
T5"rus, -i (f.), Tyre, a commer-
cial city of the Phoenicians

U.

uber, -IS (n.), a dug; ubera prae-

bere, to suckle
ubertas, -atis (f.), abundance
ubi, where; when, as; ubi pri-

mum, as soon as

182 —

ulciscor, -1, ultus sum, to avenge

ulliis, -a, -tim, any; in negative
and conditional clauses

ulteridr, -lis, remoter

ultiO, -onis (f.), avenge; in ulti-
onem, to avenge one's self

ult6r, -oris (m.), an avenger

ultra, w. ace, beyond; &i.Y., further

ultro, of one/s own accor^d

umbrS,, -ae (f.), a shade

umquam, ever

una, together

unda, -ae (f.), a wave

unde, whence

undiqug, from all quarters

unguent lim, -i (n.), a perfume,
ointment

unguis, - (ra.), a claw^ talon

uniciis, -a, -um, only, sole

iiniversiis, -S, -um, whole, all
together

linus, -a, -iiiii, one, sole, only

urbs, -is (f.), a city

urgeo, -ere, ursi, ursiim, to
urge, press hard

usquam, anywhere; usque terra-
rum, anywhere in the world

usque, as far as, to

usiis, -us (m.), use, usefulness;
Usui esse, to he of service or
advantage; usus belli, experi-
ence in war

lit, uti, how, as, when, that; after
verbs of wishing and willing,
to; after verbs of fearing, that
not; sic ut, so as to; ut . . ita,
as. .so

fiter, -ra, -rum, which of two

uterqug, utraque, utrumqug, ei-
ther, both; utrique, both par-
ties; ex utraque parte, on both
sides

Utica, -ae (f ), Ulica, a very old
town in Africa

Uticensis, - (m.), an inhabitant
of Utica

titilis, -e, useful

utilitas, -atis (f ), utility

utor, -i, usus sum, to use, make
use, enjoy, have; legibus uti,
to obey the laws; alacritate
uti, to show alacrity; institutis
uti, to have institutions

utrum . . an, whether. . or

uva, -ae (f,), a grape

uxor, -oris (f.), a wife

V.

vaco, -are, -avT, -atiim, to be

without

vacuus, -a, -um, empty, want-
ing something; vacuus homi-
nibus, deserted

vadum,-i (n.), a ford; the depths

vaecors, -dis, insane; subst., a
madman

vagor, -ari, -at lis sum, to roam
about

val€o, -erS, -ui, -itum, to be
strong, p)owerful; plus val6re,
to have more influence

vallis, - (f.), a valley

vapor, -oris (m.), vapor

varle, in various ways

varietas, -atis (f.), changeable-
ness, fickleness, variety

varlus,-a, -um, varHous, varied

vas, vadis (m.), bail

vasto, -are, -avi, -atum, to de-
vastate, lay waste

vates, -is (m.), a prophet

vaticinor, -ari, -at us sum, to
predict, prophecy

vectigai, -alis (n.), a tax

183

vShemens, -tis, violent
vfihementer, very much
vgho, -6re, vexi, vectum, to

carry; pass., to be carried^

borne; to ride, drive, sail
velocitas, -atis (f.), speed
velut, veliitl, as if, as it were
venalis, -e, for sale
venans, -tis, & venator, -oris

(m.), a hunter
v5nati6, -Onis, (f.), hunting
vSnator, -oris (m.), a hunter
venatus, -us, (m.), hunting
vendo, -ere, vendidi, venditum,

to sell
vgnenatiis, -a, -um, poisoned
Yenetictis, -S, -um, Venetian
venia,, -ae (f.), permission, par-
don, pretext; veniam dare, to

forgive
venio, -Tre, veni ventum, to

come; ventum est, they came
venOr, -ari, -atus sum, to hunt
venter, -ris (m.), the belly
ventito, -are, -avi, -atum, to

keep coming; to be wont to

come
ventus, -i (m.), the wind
verber, -is (n.), a scourge
verbum, -i (n.), a word; verbis

elevare, to cry down
vere, truly
vereor, -eri, veritus sum, to

fear
vergo, -ere, (no perf. & sup.), to

incline, to lie
Veritas, -atis (f.), truth
vero, truly, indeed; but
versiculus, -i (m.), a little verse
versus, -us (m.), a verse
versutus, -a, -um, clever
vertex, -Icis (m.), a whirlpool

verto, -ere, verti, verstim, to
turn; in fugam verti, turn to
flight; versa vice, reversedly
vSrum, (true), but
vescor,-!, (no perf.), to feed on, eat
vesper, -i (m.), vespera, -ae (t.),
evening; prima vespera, at the
first appearance of dark
vester, -ra, -rum, your
vestis, - (f.), a garment [bid
veto, -are, vetui, vetitum, tofor-
veteranus, -i (m.), a veteran
vetus, -eris, old; former
vetustas, -atis (f.), antiquity
vexatus, -a, -um, harassed
via, -ae (f.), a road
vice, turn; instead of; versa vice,

reversedly
vicinitas, -atis (f.), vicinity
viclnus, -a, -um, neighboring;

subst., a neighbor
victim^, -ae (f.), a victim
victor, -oris (m.), victrix, -icis
(f.), a conqueror, winner; vic-
torious, triumphant
victoria, -ae (f.), victory
Yictorioia, -ae (f.), a little statue

of Victory
victus,-a,-um, overcome; subst,

a loser
victus,-us {m.), sustenance, food;

living
video, -ere, vidi, vlsiim, to see;
videri, to seem, appear; mi hi
videtur, it seems (good) to me
vigeo, -ere, -uT, (no sup.), to be

in force
vigilla, -ae (f.), watch; tertia vi-
gilia, at the beginning of the
third watch
vigilo, -are, -avi, -atum, to
watch, to be wakeful

— 184

vigintT, twenty

vigor, -oris (m.), liveliness

vilis, -e, vile

vinco, -ere, vicT, victum, to de-
feat, overcome J to win a vic-
tory; in a lawsuit, to gain the
cause; pass., vinci, to he re-
strained; consilio vincgre, to
icin over by one's opinion

vin(lex,-icls (ra. & f.), a protector

vindico, -are, -avi, -atum, to
take revenge, avenge; to de-
liver, to claim; regnura vindi-
care, to claim the kingdom;
se vindicare a captivitate, to de-
liver one's self from captivity

vindicta, -ae (f.), vengeance

vine3,, -ae (f.), a vine-trellis

vinuiii, -1 (n.), wine; vini avidus,
fond of the cup

vi6io,-are, -avi, -atiim, to offer
violence, to violate; to mutilate;
respublica violanda, betraying
one's country

vTr, -i (m.), a man

Virgo, -inis (f.), a virgin, maid-
en; virgo regia, a royal prin-
cess

virilis, -6, manly, suitable to a
man

virtus, -utis (f.), bravery, valor,
virtue

VIS, - (f.), strength, power, force,
violence; summis virlbus, vnth
the utmost vigor

viscgra, -flm (n. pi.), entrails,
vitals

viso, -ere, visi, vlsiiin, to go to
see, to look

visum, -i (n.), a vision

Vita, -ae (f.), life

vltis, - (f.), a vine

vitiiiin, -i (n.), a vice; vitia ebri-

etatis, the injurious effects of

drunkenness

VI to, -are, -avi, -atum, to avoid

vitiipero, -are, -avi, -atum, to

find fault with
vivo, -erg, vixi, victum, to live
vivus, -a, -um, living, alive
vix, hardly

voco, -are, -avi, -attim, to call
volo, velle, voliii, (no sup.), to be
willing, wish, want; to mean,
be of opinion
voluntas, -atis (f.), will
voluntariiis, -a,-um, voluntary;

voluntaria mors, suicide
voluptas, -atis (f.), pleasure
Voluseniis, -i (m.), Volusenus
voragO, -inis (f.), a whirlpool
vOs, you

vox, vocTs (f.), a voice, word, re-
mark; voce, by word of mouth;
magna voce, with a loud voice;
vocem edere, to exclaim; vocem
premere, to be silent [fire

Vulcanus,-! (m.), Vulcan, god of
vulgus, -i (n.), the rabble, masses
vulnero, -are, -avi, -atiim, to

wound
vulnus, -€ris (n.), a wound
vulpes, -is (f.), a fox
vultus,-us (m.), the countenance

X.

Xenophon, -ontis (m.), Xeno-
phon, a Grecian historian

Xerxes, -is (m.), Xerxes, king
of Persia

Z.

Zoroastres, -is (m.), Zoroaster ^
the lawgiver of the Medes

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Particular attention is invited to the Ahn-Henn Ger 1)1(111, French,
and Lathi Text-book.^i, tlie use of ^hich results 1) in a saving of
expentie for books: the prices are very moderate; — 2) in a suvhlif of
time and needless troitble to both teacher and pupil: the real
progress of the latter is rapid, while the teacher's task is rendered very
light; — 3) in a desire to study, because pupils find this simple n>>d
natural method at once so easy and inviting; — 4) in a marked
gain in sound, practical knowledge of the languages sufficient for the
usual requirements of the learner. Another point of excellence is the
judicious Selection of the exercises, and the clear moral tone of the same.

These books aro printed in large, clear type, and issued in
superior style. They have stood the actual test of the class-room and
the most searching criticism; have been adopted for exclusive use in
numberless academies, private and public schools all over the countiy, and
are universally acknowledged t.- be the most suitable books for th»
instruction of children, while at the same time they afford the best
preparation for the scientific study of the languages in colleges, etc.

To facilitate the iiitrodlictioil of the Ahn-Henn books, we furnish
them, in certain cases, free in exchailgre for those heretofore used in
the same classes, — Specillfieil copies for examination suit to teachers
upon receipt of half the advertised pri«!e, which will be refunded when the
books are either returned or introduced, Specimen pages sent gratis.

R. Steijfer & Co., 25 Park Place, New York.